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Hypocalcaemia

Symptoms Congestive heart failure Muscle stiffness, muscle spasm Cataracts Dry coarse skin, dermatitis, hyperpigmentation, and eczema Gastric achlorhydria Seizures Abdominal cramps Arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) Depression Confusion Lethargy or sluggishness Tetany (excessive nerve activity, causing extreme pain) Petechia

Causes Parathyroid hormone [PTH] deficiency/malfunction Vitamin D deficiency Dietary calcium deficiency Hypermagnesaemia Hypomagnesaemia Chronic kidney failure Pancreatitis High levels of phosphorous Low levels of protein albumin Decreased sun exposure

Hypocalcemia
Treatments Intravenous calcium
supplementation Monitoring under medical supervision Oral calcium supplementation Treatment of underlying causes of hypocalcaemia

Preventive Measures
Maintain a diet that is sufficient in fat-soluble vitamins (including D) and dietary calcium Moderate alcohol intake Moderate amount of sun exposure Reduce intake of caffeine (coffee & tea), sodium-rich foods, acidic foods

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