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Types of C.T.Fibers There are three(3) types of C.T. 1-white collagennous fibers 2-yellow elastic fibers 3-reticular fibers
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1-White Collagenous Fibers Shape: colourless wavy branching bundles,the fibers run paralled to each other Charcter: soft,strong&flexible but not elastic fibers
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Structures: formed of protein known as (collagen) which can be digested by pepsin&trypsin enzymes Staining: collagenous fibers are acidophilic, stain pink with eosin,red in van-Gison&blue with Mallory stain
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Types of collagen There are five(5) types of collagen 1-Type I collagen: Present: losse C.T.,White fibro-cartilage,bone&teeth this type is formed by fibroblast,osteoblast,odontoblast 2-Type II collagen: hyaline&elastic cartilage&formed by chondroblast
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3-Type III collagen: skin,smooth muscle&reticular fibers formed by fibroblast&by smooth muscle cells 4-Type IV collagen: present in the basement membrane of epithelial tissue&lenes of eye,It formed by fibroblast&by endothelial cells 5-Type V collagen: in placenta,it is formed by fibroblast
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2-Elastic fibers Shape: fine,straight branching fibers Carachter: the fibers branched&anastomose with each other They run singly¬ in bundles Appear yellow in fresh state
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Structures: formed of protein known as elastin which is resistant to chemical and to boiling Can digested by the pancreatic elastase enzyme Staining: brown with orcein,black with verhoeff and yellow with van-Gison
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Orecin Stain for Elastin – purple “ribbon candy”
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3-Reticular Fibers Shape: they are thin,branched anastomose to form anetwork or reticulum Strucures: -formed of protein known as collagen type III -Staining: Black with silver
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Sliver Stain for Reticular Fibers
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PAS stain of epithelial basement membranes (BM)
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Masson’s Trichrome Stain – blue = collagen
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Areolar Tissue Pink = collagen Purple = elastin
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following 6 types of C.T. proper 1-Areolar C.T. 2-Adipose tissue 3-Yellow elastic C.T. 4-White Collagenous C.T. 5-Reticular C.T. 6-Micoid C.T.
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1-Areolar C.T. Commone type in the human body contain all types of C.T.fibers&C.T. cells Function: packaging material for other tissue
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Structures: formed of aloose matrix formed of mucopolysacchids contain areolar(spaces)filled with air or fluid C.T. cells&C.T. fibers are embedded in the loose matrix C.T. cells are mainly fibroblasts,macrophages,fat &mast cells C.T. fibers are mainly collagenous which are found in dermis of skin
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Sites: 1-submucosa of digestive tract 2-Present in all over the body except brain tissue&under dermis of skin 3-pleura,peritoneum&pericardium 4-under epithelial lining of organs 5-around the organs&blood vessels
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2-Adipose C.T . The fat cells develop from(UMC) transformed in lipoblast then into fat cells
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There are 2 types of adipose C.T. A.White Adipose Tissue B.Brown Adipose tissue
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A-White adipose tissue Composed of large fat cells These fat cells have eccentric flat nuclei -the rim of cytoplasm around the nuclei contain few cell organelles These fat cells can form fatty acids from glucprotien processes is regulate by hormones as insulin This type affect by hormones&by the restriction of diet(regime)
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Function of White Adipose C.T. -Heat insulator&fat storge areas Gives the body normal shape Sites: 1-under the skin(in female)present in mammary glands&gluteal region 2-Around the kidney&blood vessels 3-in mesentry,omentum,abdominal wall
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B-Brown adipose C.T . Formed of small fat cells filled with many droplets of pigmented lipid Develops mainly in the emrbyo from UMC.persist for few months after birth,supplies new born infant with heat to protect them from cold
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Function: Heat generator,gives,heat to the different body organs Site: Interscapular region,axillary region,mediastinal around the thoracic aort Present: Eyelid,lung
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3-Elastic C.T. Appears yellow when present in afresh condition -stained brown with orecin stain -elastic fibers separated with areolar C.T. -elastic tissue stretchable -elastic tissue is present in the form of elastic membranes as in aorta
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Site: -aorta&large arteries -bronchi,bronchioles&around alveoli of lung -ligment nuchae(in the back of the neck)to facilitate movments of trunk&neck
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4-White Collagenous Very dense type of C.T.form collagenous fibers -seperated from each other by areolar C.T. Arrangement of the collagenous bundles White fibrous C.T.may be regular or irregular Fibroblast===tendon cells The fibroblast are triangular in shape with basophilic cytoplasm cell&their nuclei are oval in shape
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Type of white collagenous C.T . 1-regular white collagenous C.T. regular collagenous bundles present cornea,eye,tendons of muscle 2-Irregular white collagenous:irregular collagenous bundles
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Present: 1-sclera 2-capsule 3-dura mater 4-perichondrium,periosteum 5-Reticular C.T. From the stroma or background of glands
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5-Reticular C.T.is formed of a-reticular fibers which are thin fibers b-reticular cells which are stellate shape cells c-mononuclear phagocitic cells the reticular cells&fibers form anetwork Staining: Brown with silver stain
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Site: 1-present in the stroma of bone marrow 2-stroma or framework of the spleen,lymph nodese,liver,testis,ovary&endocrine glands 3-kidney,lung&gastro-intestinal tract
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6-Mucoid C.T. Fromed of 1-mucoid cells which are young fibroblast 2-matrix formed of hyaloronic acid&collagenous fibers
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Site of mucoid C.T . 1-umbilical cord(between the blood vessels of umbilical cord where it is calles wartons jelly) 2-in adult it is present in vitreous of the eye ball&pulp of growing teeth
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The pigmented type of C.T. Is an adult type of C.T. proper similar to areolar C.T. It is very rich in pigment cells Present in the iris,ciliary body&choroids of the eye
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Function of C.T. proper Support&connects organs&tissue together C.T.plasma cells secret antbodies,mast cells secrete histamine&heprine C.T.is important in regeneration&healing of wounds Defency&immune response
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Cartilage Definition: it is firm rigid flexible dense C.T poor in blood supply Structures: 1-cartilage cell:young&mature chondrocytes 2-C.T. Fibers:collagenous&elastic C.T.Fibers 3-Matrix:formed of collagen glycoproteins
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Cartilage Cells 1-Young Chondrocytes== Condroblast==Chondrogenic cells -flat cells with flat nuclei they can divide -cytoplasm is basophilic contains all organoid&inclusions -present mainly under the perichondrium
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2-Mature Chondrocytes Rounded cells with round nuclei -cytoplasm is basophilic contain all organoids&inclusion,rich in glucogen fat&phosphatase enzymes Condrocytes can divid present in group called cell nests -the groups of cartilage cells are surrounded with aspaces called lacuna
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Function of mature chondrocytes: synthesis type II collagen proteoglycans,hyaluronic acid&chondroprotein of the matrix
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Matrix of cartilage -rubbery in consistency -formed of proteins called proteoglcans,hyaluronic acid -glycoprotein&type II collagen Basophilic in staining,blue with hematoxline
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Type of Cartilage Carilage cells&the C.T. fibers are embeded in rubbery matrix in order,following 3 types of cartilage 1-Hyaline cartilage(appears glassy) 2-Elastic fibro-cartilage(contain elastic fibers) 3-white fibro-cartilage(white collagenous bundles)
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Hyaline Cartilage Commonest type of cartilage,translucent&pale blue in color The matrix is poor in blood supply -covered by avascular membrane or perichondrium -perichondrium is formed of a-outer fibrous layer of collagenous bundles:rich in B.V.&fibroblast b-Inner chondrogenic layer formed of chondroblast which can be change into chondrocytes can divid&can secrete new matrix
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Function of perichondrium 1-supplies cartilage with blood 2-chondroblast form matrix of cartilage 3-provides an attachment for muscles
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Embeded in matrix are 2 types of cartilage cells 1-Young chondrocytes: flat cells surround by lacunne they have flat nuclei&basophilic cytoplasm present single cells under the perichondrium
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2-Mature Chondrocytes Spherical cells with round nuclei&basophilic cytoplasm rich in phosphatase enzymes Each cells is present in aspace called Lacune
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Site of hyline cartilage 1-costal cartilages present in thoraciccage 2-cartilage of respiratory passages,nose,trachea,bronchi,larnx 3-articular surface of joints(cartlage is not carred with perichondrium)
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2-Yellow elastc fibro-cartilage This type of carilage is similar structures to hyaline cartilage but a-the matrix is rich in elastic fibers surround by cartilage cell surround by perichondrium b-this cartilage is flexible&yellow in color due to presence of elastic fibers
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site of elastic-fibro cartilage 1-Epiglotitis,artetenoid,corniculate 2-External ear&Eustachian tube
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3-White fibro-cartilage Characteristic of fibro-cartlage 1-simillar to hyaline cartilage very rich in type I collagen fibers 2-matrix is acidophilic due to presence of type I collagen 3-formed of chondrocytes 4-cartilage cells arranged in rows or in columns 5-the white F-C. is not covered by chondrium 6-cartlage cells are separated by acidophilic collagenous bundles
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Site of W.F.C. in the body 1-presence in the intervertebral disc 2-semilunar cartilage of knee joints 3-symphysis pubis,acetabulum 4-discs between sterno- clavicular&mandibular joint 5-terminal parts of the muscle tendon
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Function 1-maintaining the patency of respiratory passages 2-cartilage&bone form the skeleton of body 3-cartilage forms asmooth firm surface for the articular joints 3-cartilage is essential for growth of bone before birth 4-cartilage&bone protect essential organs as lung,brain&bone marrow
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Young cartilage can grow out by the following 2 different methods 1-Interstitial growth: from groups of young chondrocytes secret the matrix resulting in growth of cartilage 2-Appositional growth: chondroblast of the perichondrium become transformed into chondrocytes which secret the matrix
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(resorcin-fuchsin stain) Elastic Fibers Elastic Fibers- silver stain Elastic Cartilage- pinnae of ear Elastic Cartilage Matrix hyaluronic acid chondroitin sulfate kertatin sulfate Fibers elastic (elastin) Typical Locations external ear walls of external auditory canal and eustachian tubes epiglottis & larynx bridge of nose Properties resiliency and pliability
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Fibroblasts Collagen Perichondrium Blood vessels Chondroblasts Hyaline matrix Isogenous groups (nests of chondrocytes)
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Hyaline cartilage Chondrocytes nucleus Matrix Lacuna EM : hyaline cartilage
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