Hunger. The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach –Washburn study.

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1 Hunger

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3 The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach –Washburn study

4 Physiology of Hunger Washburn’s studies showed hunger was partially related to the stomach. But those with their stomachs removed still feel hunger.

5 Body Chemistry Glucose The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat. When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

6 The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose Insulin Hypothalamus –Lateral hypothalamus orexin –Vetromedial hypothalamus

7 The Brain In the 1960’s it was discovered that hunger comes from……….. The Hypothalamus

8 The Hypothalamus & Hunger Along the sides of the hypothalamus is the lateral hypothalamus: which brings on hunger. Stimulate the lateral hypothalamus and even a well fed animal will begin to eat. Lesion the lateral hypothalamus and a starving animal will have no interest in food.

9 The Hypothalamus and Hunger Along the lower middle section of the hypothalamus is the ventromedial hypothalamus: which depresses hunger. Stimulate the ventromedial hypothalamus and the animal will stop eating Lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus the animal will continuously want to eat.

10 How does the hypothalamus work? Leptin Leptin is a protein produced by bloated fat cells. Hypothalamus senses rises in leptin and will curb eating and increase activity. Can leptin injections help me? Set Point Hypothalamus acts like a thermostat. We are meant to be in a certain weight range. When we fall below weight our body will increase hunger and decrease energy expenditure (Basic Metabolic Rate). What happens if we go above our set point? Two Theories

11 The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones –Ghrelin –Obestatin –PYY –Leptin Set point Basal metabolic rate

12 The Appetite Hormones Insulin: Hormone secreted by pancreas—controls blood glucose. Leptin: Protein secreted by fat cells—when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger. Orexin: Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus. Ghrelin: Hormone secreted by empty stomach—sends “I’m Hungry” signals to the brain. Obestatin: Sister hormone to ghrelin. Secreted by stomach—sends “I’m Full” signals to the brain. PYY: Digestive tract hormone—sends “I’m Not Hungry” signals to the brain.

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14 The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Taste preferences –Sweet & Salty: Genetic & Universal –Neophobia: fear of trying new and unfamiliar—extends to foods –Adaptive taste preferences

15 The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders Eating disorders –Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa –Bulimia nervosaBulimia nervosa –Binge-eating disorderBinge-eating disorder

16 Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder in which a normal weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

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18 Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high caloric foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

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20 Are these disorders cultural?

21 Body Image

22 Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

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26 Obesity and Weight Control Historical explanations for obesity Obesity – Definition (BMI 30 & ↑) – Statistics Adult obesity, 34%(more than doubled in last 40 yrs) Child-teen obesity has quadrupled – Obesity and life expectancy

27 Calculate your BMI

28 Obesity

29 Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues. Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity. Click on the pictures to see some case studies on obesity.

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31 Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity Social effects of obesity Weight discrimination Psychological effects of obesity

32 Weight Discrimination

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34 Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Fat Cells We store energy in fat cells, which become larger & more numerous if we are obese, and smaller (but still more numerous) if we then lose weight.

35 Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Set point Metabolism – Once we become fat, we require less food to maintain our weight – Fat tissue has a lower metabolic rate – Overweight person’s weight drops below previous set point, hunger ↑ and metabolism ↓ – Body adapts to starvation by burning off fewer calories

36 Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity The genetic factor The food and activity factor –Sleep loss –Social influence –Food consumption and activity level

37 Obesity and Weight Control Losing Weight Realistic and moderate goals Success stories Attitudinal changes

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40 Division title (green print) subdivision title ( blue print) xxx –xxx

41 Division title (green print) subdivision title ( blue print) Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished

42 Definition Slide = add definition here

43 Definition Slides

44 Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

45 Instinct = a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

46 Drive-reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

47 Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

48 Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

49 Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

50 Glucose = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

51 Set Point = the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

52 Basal Metabolic Rate = the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

53 Anorexia Nervosa = an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

54 Bulimia Nervosa = an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high- calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

55 Binge-eating Disorder = significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

56 Sexual Response Cycle = the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

57 Refractory Period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

58 Estrogens = sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

59 Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

60 Sexual Orientation = an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).