David Herbert

A specimen from the original type material of Calliostoma multiliratum (Sowerby, 1875) has been located; it is figured and designated lectotype. C. multiliratum appears to be a Chinese/Japanese species. No similar material is known from South Africa and local material previously known as C. multiliratum should be referred to C. crossleyae Smith, 1910. An updated synonymy and a summary of information currently available for C. crossleyae are given.

Priotrochus iris sp. n. is descriptionbed from the coast of south-east Africa. It is thought to be more closely related to P. chrysolaema (von Martens, 1880) and P. goudoti (Fischer, 1878) than to P. obscu­rus (Wood, 1828), the type species and the only other member of the genus known from this area. Details of external anatomy and radula morphology are given.

One of South Africa's foremost malacologists, Richard Kilburn passed away somewhat suddenly on 26 July 2013 at the age of 71. Dick, as he was known to his many friends and correspondents, was born on 7 January 1942 in Port Elizabeth. He attended Grey High School and as a schoolboy developed an interest in sea shells that was to become a passion to which he devoted the rest of his life. Matriculating in 1959, he then took up a clerical job with Barclays Bank in Port Elizabeth, purely to earn some funds so that he could go to university. During this time he corresponded with Keppel Barnard at the South African Museum, the then authority on South African marine molluscs, and he also regularly visited Dolf van Bruggen who was at the time curator of the newly established Port Elizabeth Oceanarium.

Clanculus largillierti (Philippi, 1849), previously of unknown provenance, has been found living intertidally and in shallow water off the Mascarene Islands of Mauritius and Reunion. As none of the original material is extant a neotype is designated. The taxon is redescriptionbed and is shown to be distinct from Clanculus mauritianus Melvill, 1909.

Today, like all scientists, the museum natural scientist is bombarded with calls for relevancy. In a South African museum, such a scientist has two broad, but not independent, spheres of relevance - the global issue of the Biodiversity Crisis, and the national one of redressing past educational and social imbalances, thus bringing our population as a whole to higher levels of awareness and understanding concerning the natural world. Our ability to make progress in this respect, however, is not straight forward - needs far exceed provisions and capabilities, ideals still cloud realities and governmental responsibility is fragmented, leaving natural science In South Africa's museums somewhat orphaned and lacking an obvious home. The scale of the task is enormous and the paucity of manpower and funding is crippling. Additionally, the scientists run the risk of spreading themselves so thinly that they are effective at nothing, the institutions for which they work thus losing authenticity and authority. It is all too easy to lose focus and end up dancing to the beat of someone else's drum.

The external anatomy and radula of Cosmetalepas africana (Tomlin, 1926) and Macroschisma africana (Tomlin, 1932) are descriptionbed and figured, and biological notes on both species are given. The systematic positions of the two genera are discussed in the light of these observations. The relation­ships of Cosmetalepas are currently uncertain whilst Macroschisma clearly belongs in the Fissurellinae. A note on the correct spelling of Macroschisma is appended.

A lectotype for Haliotis rugosa Lamarck, 1822, is designated. Conspecific material has been collected in the Mascarene Islands. The Mahebourg area of Mauritius is designated as type locality. The taxon appears to be a Mascarene endemic, but the possibility that it is a synonym of, and an earlier name for, H. pustulata Reeve, 1846, needs to be investigated.

A new species of the endemic southern African genus Herbertina Marshall, 1988 (Gastropoda: Trochoidea) is descriptionbed. The species, H. hayesi, representing the third species referable to this genus, is presently known only from the eastern half of the Agulhas Bank.

All species of the Umboniinae known to occur in the seas off southern Africa and Mozambique are discussed (12 species, 4 new, belonging to 4 genera, 2 new). Observations on the external anatomy, radula and behaviour are given whenever possible. The systematics of the subfamily as a whole are discussed in the light of new data presented. The subfamily contains species with a monopectinate ctenidium and species with a bipectinate ctenidium. Several genera exhibit a morphology intermediate between more typical trochids and the highly derived members of the Umboniinae. The genus Lirularia is considered to be umboniine. Type specimens of a number of extralimital species are illustrated. New genera: Inkaba, type species Inkaba tonga sp. n.; Pseudominolia, type species Solariella splendens Sowerby, 1897. New species: Ethalia bysma, E. electra, E. gilchristae, Inkaba tonga. New synonyms: Minolia variegata Odhner, 1919 = Pseudominolia splendens (Sowerby, 1897); Margarita dilecta A. Adams, 1855 = Antisolarium egenum (Gould, 1849); Minolia eucoronata Sowerby, 1905 = Ethminolia impressa (G. & H. Nevill, 1869). New combinations: Solariella splendens Sowerby, 1897, and Margarita articulata Gould, 1861, belong to Pseudominolia gen. n.; Solarium impressum G. & H. Nevill, 1869, Solariella sculpta Sowerby, 1897, Cyclostrema gravieri Lamy, 1909, and Solariella durbanensis Kilburn, 1977, belong to Ethminolia Iredale, 1924. New records: Ethalia carneolata Melvill, 1897, Ethminolia nektonica (Okutani, 1961) and Ethminolia stearnsii (Pilsbry, 1895) are recorded for the first time from the south-western Indian Ocean; Ethminolia durbanensis (Kilburn, 1977), E. gravieri (Lamy, 1909), E. sculpta (Sowerby, 1897) and Pseudominolia splendens (Sowerby, 1897) are recorded from Mozambique for the first time. Lectotypes designated and figured: Ethalia carneolata var. rubrostrigata Melvill, 1904; Ethalia minolina var. infralaevior Schepman, 1907; Ethalia striolata A. Adams, 1855; Margarita dilecta A. Adams, 1855; Minolia eucoronata Sowerby, 1905; Minolia glaphyrella Melvill & Standen, 1895; Minolia stearnsii Pilsbry, 1895; Minolia variegata Odhner, 1919; Monilea philippii A. Adams, 1855; Solariella splendens Sowerby, 1897; Solarium impressum G. & H. Nevill, 1869. Types figured: Holotype - Cyclostrema gravieri Lamy, 1909; syntype - Ethalia carneolata Melvill, 1897; holotype - Ethalia minolina Melvill, 1897; holotype - Margarita articulata Gould, 1861; holotype - ­Minolia edithae Melvill, 1891; holotype - Monilea vernicosa Gould, 1861; holotype - Solariella durbanensis Kilburn, 1977; lectotype - Solariella sculpta Sowerby 1897; holotype - Solarium egenum Gould, 1849; holotype - Talopena gloriola Iredale, 1929; syntype - Trochus eudeli Deshayes, 1863; holotype - Trochus (Solariella) lamprus Watson, 1880.

This paper summarises the results of a survey undertaken to investigate the use of invertebrate animals in the traditional medicine trade in KwaZulu-Natal. An inventory of the invertebrate taxa on sale in the traditional medicine market in Durban is provided. The nature and origin of the material are discussed and issues relating to conservation are considered. Much is either collected dead or obtained as by-catch from other unrelated activities / industries. Some concern is expressed in relation to the conservation of the mollusc Chiton salihafui in Zululand, and the coral Tubipora musica and large tropical echinoderms in Mozambique. Monetary values of the products (Rand/kg) are generally high compared with those of plants, but no figures on utilisation levels are available. Examples highlighting the cultural significance of the animals are given and the importance of symbolism in relation to use is emphasised. The Zulu names for some of the organisms are discussed in relation to folk systematics, classical Linnaean nomenclature and modern taxonomic practices.

Gulella dejae sp. n., G. hamerae sp. n., G. latimerae sp. n. and G. newmani sp. n. are described from the Transkei region, Eastern Cape, South Africa. All are unusual amongst southern African Gulella species in having a peristome which is not interrupted in the parietal region, G. latimerae sp. n. and G. newmani sp. n. also being exceptional in having a detached apertural tube. The conservation of the species is discussed in relation both to their restricted ranges and to the vulnerability of forest habitats in which they occur. All appear to meet the criteria for red-listing as threatened species.

... This vicariant event, which occurred in the Lower Miocene (Burdigalian) or Mid Miocene (Badenian) (Adams, Gentry & Whybrow, 1983; Robba, 1987), has subsequently resulted in the isolation of 0. kotschyi on the eastern side ... TROCHUS KOTSCIJYI REFERRED TO OSILINUS ...

... (f) Memba Bay. ... Radula (Plate 11): Formula 00 + 5 + 1 + 5 + co; asymmetrical, some specimens strongly so; rachidian and laterals with prominent cusps, rachidian broad basally, narrowing toward the cutting edge; laterals each with a basal alate process on the outer edge ...

Agagus agagus Jousseaume, 1894, is redescribed and a lectotype is designated and figured. Two species Gibbula townsendi Sowerby, 1895 and Gibbula perspectiva Sowerby, 1900, are shown to be junior synonyms. A new species, Agagus stellamaris, is described from East Africa. Observations on radula morphology and external anatomy are given. The genus Agagus is thought to be distinct from other trochid genera and to belong to the subfamily Trochinae, tribe Gibbulini. The holotype of Gibbula (Enida) perspectiva Sowerby, 1900, is figured.

Turbo trochoides Reeve, 1848, Priotrochus sepulchralis Melvill, 1899, and Trochus nabataeus Issel, 1869, are synonymised with Priotrochus obscurus (Wood, 1828). An additional synonym, Trochus signatus Jonas, 1844, is also discussed. Trochus (Aphanotrochus) chrysolaemus von Martens, 1880, is synonymised with Trochus goudoti Fischer, 1878, and Monodonta quadrasi Sowerby, 1899, with Thalotia tricingulata A. Adams, 1853. Lectotypes designated and figured: Trochus obscurus Wood, 1828; Priotrochus sepulchralis Melvill, 1899; Thalotia tricingulata A. Adams, 1853. Other type material figured: Holotype - Turbo trochoides Reeve, 1848; holotype - Trochus (Aphanotrochus) chrysolaemus von Martens, 1880; holotype - Trochus goudoti Fischer, 1878; holotype -Monodonta quadrasi Sowerby, 1899. Durban Bay is selected as type locality for Trochus obscurus Wood, 1828. Trochus bicinctus Philippi, 1849, and Trochus satorius Deshayes, 1863, are regarded as nomina dubia.

The name Turritella declivis, as described by Adams and Reeve in the ‘The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Samarang’ (Adams & Reeve 1848-1850), is currently used for two distinct species of turritellid gastropod, one inhabiting the Agulhas Bank off South Africa and the other occurring off the Australian coast. Examination of the type material clearly shows that the name is referable to the southern African species. The Australian species must henceforth be known as Turritella captiva Hedley, 1987, a name previously regarded as a junior synonym of T. declivis. The original type locality ‘China Seas’ is erroneous, as was often the case with material collected during the voyage of the Samarang. It is emended to be the Agulhas Bank, over much of which T. declivis is common and may, in places, be hugely abundant, forming Turritella-dominated benthic communities. Such communities have been recorded in other parts of the world and are frequently associated with seasonal upwelling events, but have not previously been documented off South Africa.

The assignment of species to the vetigastropod genus Solariella Wood, 1842, and therefore the family Solariellidae Powell, 1951, is complicated by the fact that the type species (Solariella maculata Wood, 1842) is a fossil described from the Upper Pliocene. Assignment of species to genera has proved difficult in the past, and the type genus has sometimes acted as a ‘wastebasket’ for species that cannot easily be referred to another genus. In the light of a new systematic framework provided by two recent publications presenting the first molecular phylogenetic data for the group, we reassess the shell characters that are most useful for delimiting genera. Shell characters were previously thought to be of limited taxonomic value above the species level, but this is far from the case. Although overall shell shape is not a reliable character, our work shows that shell characters, along with radular and anatomical characters, are useful for assigning species to genera. Sculpture of the e...

Invertebrates in general have long been underrepresented in studies on biodiversity, biogeography and conservation. Boundaries of biodiversity hotspots are often delimited intuitively based on floristic endemism and have seldom been empirically tested using actual species distributions, and especially invertebrates. Here we analyse the zoogeography of terrestrial malacofauna from south-eastern Africa (SEA), proposing the first mollusc-based numerical regionalisation for the area. We also discuss patterns and centres of land snail endemism, thence assessing the importance and the delimitation of the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany (MPA) biodiversity hotspot for their conservation. An incidence matrix compiled for relatively well-collected lineages of land snails and slugs (73 taxa in twelve genera) in 40 a priori operational geographic units was subjected to (a) phenetic agglomerative hierarchical clustering using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA), (b) parsimony ...

Gulella bruggeni spec. nov., G. bomvana spec. nov., G. tietzae spec. nov. and G. ndibo spec. nov. are described from the Transkei region of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. All are minute, smooth-shelled species with complex apertural dentition. Due to their limited ranges and continuing decline in extent and quality of habitat, G. bruggeni spec. nov., G. bomvana spec. nov. and G. ndibo spec. nov. are likely to meet the distribution-based criteria for red-listing as Critically Endangered and G. tietzae spec. nov. as Endangered. G. aprosdoketa and G. chi are discussed and illustrated for comparison and the known distribution of each is extended.

The endangered false limpet, Siphonaria compressa , originally described by Allanson in 1958 from Langebaan Lagoon, Saldanha, has been found living in intertidal eelgrass meadows in the embayment of the Knysna River estuary at Bollard Bay, Leisure Isle, Knysna, South Africa. This represents only the second known site of occurrence of the species. Although classified by the IUCN as critically endangered, the Knysna population is viable.

December, 1987 A total of 32 species (18 new) and one subspecies belonging to 3 genera (I1anga, Solariella and Spectamen) ·are discussed. All except 2 are described and where possible the radula and protoconch are illustrated using SEM. Over 70 % of species have been found alive. Relationships with other Solarielline genera and the problems involved in the interpretation of Solariella s.s. are discussed. All southern African species previously referred to the genus Minolia Adams, 1860, were incorrectly assigned. External anatomy was examined in all cases where alcohol preserved material was available. Differences in external anatomy are concomitant with differences in radula structure and are thought to be of taxonomic significance. Protoconch form is similar throughout the subfamily and may serve to distinguish certain subfamilies of otherwise similar shell morphology. Biological observations on behaviour, feeding and reproduction are given; two species brood developing larvae in the mantle cavity. New genus: Ilanga, type species Trochus laevissimus von Martens, 1881.

A complete inventory of the known Recent vetigastropod fauna of South Africa is provided. Bibliographic citations to works discussing the taxonomy, synonymy and distribution of the species in a southern African or south-western Indian Ocean context are provided. Additional explanatory notes are given where pertinent.        New genus records for South Africa: Acremodontina B.A. Marshall, 1995; Choristella Bush, 1879; Cocculinella Thiele, 1909; Conjectura Finlay, 1926; Crosseola Iredale, 1924; Falsimargarita Powell, 1951; Lepetella Verrill, 1880; Profundisepta McLean & Geiger, 1998; Stomatella Lamarck, 1816; Stomatia Helbling, 1779; Stomatolina Iredale, 1937; Synaptocochlea Pilsbry, 1890; Tibatrochus Nomura, 1940; Visayaseguenzia Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006; Zetela Finlay, 1926.        New species records for South Africa: Acremodontina aff. carinata Powell, 1940; Anatoma finlayi (Powell, 1937); Anatoma munieri (P. Fischer, 1862); Calliotropis acherontis B.A. Marshall, 1979; Calliot...

Predicting biotic resistance to highly invasive strains of "killer algae" (Caulerpa spp.) requires understanding the diversity and feeding preferences of native consumers, including sea slugs in family Oxynoidae. Past studies reported low algal host specificity for Oxynoe (6 spp.) and Lobiger (4 spp.), but these taxonomically challenging slugs may represent species complexes of unrecognized specialists that prefer different Caulerpa spp. Here, we assess global diversity of these genera by integrating gene sequences with morphological data from microscopic teeth and internal shells, the only hard parts in these soft-bodied invertebrates. Four delimitation methods applied to datasets comprising mtDNA and/or nuclear alleles yielded up to 16 species hypotheses for samples comprising five nominal taxa, including five highly divergent species in Lobiger and five in Oxynoe. Depending on the analysis, a further four to six species were recovered in the O. antillarum-viridis comple...

The affinities of the enigmatic South African land snail genus Prestonella Connolly, 1929 were discussed by Herbert (2007) and Herbert & Mitchell (2009), who showed, on the basis of morphological and molecular data, that the genus is referable to the superfamily Orthalicoidea. Currently, the three described species of Prestonella are the only known African representatives of this diverse superfamily. Earlier, van Bruggen (1978) had recognized that these species formed a distinct group and had placed them in the (new) family Prestonellidae. However, as noted by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005: 140), no diagnosis was provided by van Bruggen; the name Prestonellidae thus does not meet the requirements of ICZN Art. 13.1, and is not an available name. In this paper we will redress this issue, also taking into account more recent research which has shed light on the systematic position of this genus within the Orthalicoidea.

The genus NataWatson, 1934 is a southern African endemic belonging to the Gondwanan family of carnivorous snails, Rhytididae. We present a molecular phylogeny of the genus based on two mitochondrial (16S and COI) and two nuclear genes (ITS2 and 28S RNA), and complement this with an appraisal of morphological characters relating to both the shell and soft parts. We identify four reciprocally monophyletic lineages for which valid names are already available, plus two undescribed species restricted to the Albany Thicket Biome. We show that Nata sensu lato may not be monophyletic. Rather there exist two deep lineages within Nata s.l., one lineage potentially sister to a clade dominated by the Australian and New Zealand radiation, and the other occupying a basal position within Rhytididae. Accordingly we recommend a revision recognising two genera, namely Nata s.s. and Natella respectively. Despite deep molecular divergences within Nata s.s., phenotypic evolution has been remarkably cons...