LEXICAL APPROACH TO CARDIACEA (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA). RECORDS OF TAXA. PART 2: A-M

Jørgen Hylleberg

ABSTRACT. Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Lymnocardiidae. Parts 2 and 3 encompass records of about 6,000 taxa of fossil and living cardiaceans. I have compiled information on characters and occurrence and I quote original descriptions by authors. Emphasis has been on Spengler whose descriptions are paraphrased from the translation into English of his 1799 study of cockles. For the first time illustrations of all Spengler's specimens deposited in the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen University, Denmark, can be seen. 19th Century remarks on cardiids, especially by Reeve, are also cited. I include illustrations of type specimens as well as photos of specimens identified by Linnaeus, Forskal, Lamarck, Born, Sowerby, Reeve and other early authors. A check list of fossil specimens in the Paleontological Collection of Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, is published for the first time. Jacques Vidal studied these taxa in 1999. I list about 250 taxa where homonymy has been recorded or should be considered in future studies. Many of the homonyms are in need of replacement names because names of fossils compete in homonymy with living species in zoological nomenclature. [2004. J. Hylleberg]

Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Lexical approach to CARDIACEA Records of taxa Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Lymnocardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Jorgen Hy lle berg Part 2: A-M Editor of the TMMP Proceedings Prof Dr Jorgen Hylleberg, Aarhus University, Denmark Assistant Editor Dr Anuwat Nateewathana, Thailand Advisory Editorial Board Director Oonchit Bhatiyasevi, PMBC, Phuket, Thailand Prof. Dr. Barbara Brown, University of Newcastle, UK Chief of Reference Collection Dr Somchai Bussarawit, Phuket, Thailand 352 DEDICATION I dedicate the present work on cardiaceans to Mr. Klaus Winkel former Chief of the ENRECA section of DANIDA the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark. On behalf of all participants in the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) I am indeed pleased to acknowledge his efforts, which have resulted in significant enhancement of research capacity in the participating countries. Table of Contents Part 2 Introduction Acknowledgements Annex: Chronostratigraphic divisions Records oftaxaA-M 355 359 360 361 Part 3 645 Records N-Z Portrait of mollusc curator O.A.L. M0rch 841 Plates 842 843,922 Cardium 843 Ringicardium 843 Acanthocardia 849 Cerastoderma 852,926 Clinocardium 852 Cliatocardium 853,922 Serripes 854,922,926 Trachycardium 959,925,926 Vasticardium 872, 924,927 Acrosterigma 881 Vepricardium 887,928,929 Fulvia 892,929,930 Laevicardium 899 Lyrocardium 900,928 Nemocardium 901 Microcadium 901 Frigidocardium 902 Plagiocardium 902 Ctenocardia 904 Americardia 905,931 Trigoniocardia 905,931 Fragum 908 Microfragum 908 Hemicardium 910,932 Lunulicardia 913 Corculum 915,919,933 Parvicardium 917,934 Papyridea 917,933 Afrocardium 919 Hemidonax 920,921 Fossils 921 Non cardiid taxa 935 Index of Plates 939 Rectifications Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 355 Lexical approach to CARDIACEA Parts 2 & 3. Records of taxa Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Lymnocardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Jorgen Hylleberg. 2004. Lexical approach to Cardiacea. Parts 2 and 3. Records of taxa. Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Lyrnnocardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 30: 353-940. Parts 2 and 3 encompass records of about 6,000 taxa of fossil and living cardiaceans. I have compiled information on characters and occurrence and I quote original descriptions by authors. Emphasis has been on Spengler whose descriptions are paraphrased from the translation into English of his 1799 study of cockles. For the first time illustrations of all Spengler's specimens deposited in the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen University, Denmark, can be seen. 19,h Century remarks on cardiids, especially by Reeve, are also cited. I include illustrations of type specimens as well as photos of specimens identified by Linnaeus, ForskaI, Lamarck, Born, Sowerby, Reeve and other early authors. A check list of fossil specimens in the Paleontological Collection of Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, is published for the first time. Jacques Vidal studied these taxa in 1999. I list about 250 taxa where homonymy has been recorded or should be considered in future studies. Many of the homonyms are in need of replacement names because names of fossils compete in homonymy with living species in zoological nomenclature. JfJrgen Hylleberg, Institute ofBiological Sciences, Aarhus University Department of Marine Ecology, Finlandsgade 14, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark E-mail: hylleberg@biology.au.dk INTRODUCTION Format of the catalogue Words of entry are listed alphabetically (superfamily, family, subfamily, tribus, species, subspecies, and infrasubspecific names). Taxa are followed by the author and year of publication. Separated by a dash, I give my judgement of the present classification, the family where the taxon currently belongs, and the occurrence over geological time. I summarise all synonyms of individual species under the heading "Other judgements". Records of taxa are listed chronologically. Individual records are separated by two dots to facilitate search. Bold regular font is used for misprinted species, typographical errors, and non binominal names applied to fossil & living cardiids. After the records, marked by - Characters and occurrence I list characters of diagnostic value, descriptions, dimensions, remarks, habitats and geographical distribution. Nomenclature Zoological nomenclature is the system of scientific names applied to taxonomic units of extant or extinct animals. I have worked with the following categories: Genus and higher rank (uninominal names) The scientific name of a taxon of higher rank than the species group consists of one word (i.e. the name is uninominal); it must begin with an 356 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) upper-case letter. Mode Subgenus (uninominal names) The scientific name of a subgenus, when used with a binomen or trinomen, must be interpolated in parentheses between the generic name and the specific name; it is not counted as one of the words in the binomen or trinomen. It must begin with an upper-case letter. Species (binomen) The scientific name of a species, and not of a taxon of any other rank, is a combination of two names (a binomen), the first being the generic name and the second being the specific name. The generic name must begin with an upper-case letter and the specific name must begin with a lowercase letter. A typographical sign such as ?, and an abbreviation such as aff., prox. or cf., does not form part of the name of a taxon even when inserted between the components of a name. The ending of a specific name depends on gender of the genus, e.g., Cardium groenlandicum becomes Serripes groenlandica when the species is transferred from Cardium (neutral gender) to Serripes (feminine gender). Since most species have been classified in different genera over the years, the ending of a specific name may shift between (-a, -um, -us), (-ense, -ensis), or (-Ie, -lis). Subsequent change of mode are indicated in the catalogue. New combination If I have moved a taxon from the original genus to another genus, I have indicated such action by "- New combination -" For example Jekelius 1944 described Limnocardium tuberosum. This is an invalid emendation of the genus Lymnocardium and I have changed the name to Lymnocardium tuberosum (Jekelius, 1944). Changed combination Subspecies (trinomen) The scientific name of a subspecies is a combination of three names (a trinomen, i.e. a binomen followed by a sub specific name). The subspecific name must begin with a lower-case letter. Variety and form (infrasubspecific) There are well-defined biological criteria as far as extant species are concerned. Living subspecies can interbreed, and they are separated geographically with a small or no overlap in distribution. Therefore upgrading of varieties of living species has little meaning when based on year of publication. In contrast, fossil varieties are based on morphological characters. I have therefore ignored all infrasubspecific classification ofliving species and only adopted the rule of year of publication on fossil species. E.g. the extant species Cardium tuberculatum var. acuticostis Coen, 1937 is referred to as infrasubspecific. There is no evidence of subspecific status. In comparison, the fossil Iyrnnocardiid Cardium trigonoides var. elongata Pravoslavleff, 1913 is referred to as the subspecies Didacna trigonoides elongata (Pravoslavleff, 1913) with reference to the ICZN Article 45.6.4. which states: infrasubspecific entities mayor may not be not regulated by the code. According to ICZN Article 45.6.4, a variety has subspecific rank if published before 1961 unless the author specifically gave it infrasubspecific rank A variety has infrasubspecific rank (not regulated by the code) if published after 1960. According to Article 45.6.4.1 it is deemed to be subspecific from its original publication if, before 1985, it was adopted as the valid name of a species or subspecies. In the opinion of Schenck & Keen (1940 p. 389) nomenclatural sadists tend to keep the names of genera in perpetual chaos. The present records clearly emphasise this point since a single species may have been classified in up to 10 different genera over time (Hylleberg 1994). I use the term "changed combination" for species where authors subsequently have changed the genus compared to the original description, e.g. H. Woods described a Cretaceous cardiid Cardium turoniense. The contemporary classification is shown as "Changed combination: Pleuriocardia turoniense (H. Woods)". Other suggestions Often a multitude of synonyms have been presented by authors. I refer to these as "Other suggestions" and list the synonym(s) without priority separated by hyphens. The sources of suggestion(s) are listed in the "Records" included at the end of each word of entry. Chevrons «<) initiate the second paragraph when I return to information concerning the original word of entry. Type material A type genus must be specified for each family and a type species for each genus. Otherwise the family or genus is not valid. Lamarck (1799) was a pioneer in this matter. However, he used the phrase characteristic species of each genus, and this has not been accepted as being identical with the concept of "type species" even if the meaning of Lamarck was absolutely clear. He specified one species which could be used for comparison of all Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) species assigned to the genus in question. E.g. Lamarck (1799 p. 86) stated that Cardium aculeatum Lin. was the characteristic species of Cardium. However, the type species of Cardium has later been fixed by Children (1823), who used the word "type" and designated the first species (Cardium costatum) in the Systema Naturae (Linne 1758) as the type. Because of this act, the genus Cardium only harbours one or two living species and a few fossil species today. Nomen nudum If a species is published just as a name without a description or figures, e.g. in checklists or a manuscript, this name is invalid and cannot be used. It is referred to as a nomen nudum. Replacement names: homonyms and synonyms If the same name is given to different species it is referred to as homonymy. Names offossils compete in homonymy with living species in zoological nomenclature. This fact has created cases of homonymy, when geologists working with fossils have been unaware of names used by zoologists describing living species, and vice versa. For example, K16den (1834), Forbes (1845), and d'Orbigny (1850) have described species called Cardium concentricum. Some action has been taken by authors: Cardium concentricum Forbes, 1845 has been replaced by Cardium haldeni Deshayes, but homonymy remains to be decided for Cardium concentricum d'Orbigny, 1850 and the same name used by Kl6den 1834. The type specimens should be examined to decide the proper assignment to genus. Most homonyms are still classified as "Cardium" in the Linnean sense. I only indicate cases of homonymy to be considered. I have not tried to coin new names since most homonyms are fossils where it is impossible to provide a meaningful classification without analysis of the specimens. In addition, more studies of the literature are needed. For example, "Cardium" karelini was described by Andrussow 1902 and by Andrusov 1963. I do not know if these authors are identical since spelling of translated Russian names may vary much, even when the name is written by the author himself. Obviously we have a case of homonymy if Andrussow if different from Andrusov. If different binominal names have been used for the same species it is referred to as synonymy and we have to decide priority (identify the senior synonym). However, we also have an almost unbelievable case where two authors gave the same name to the same species in the same year. Both Poiret (1789) and Bruguiere (1789) have described a species called Cardium glaucum. Poiret is known as an author thanks to Gme1in (1791) who refers to 357 him. I have tried hard to locate Poiret's paper in French and Danish libraries, but in vain. However, Bruguiere's work is illustrated and easily accessible. I recommend that C. glaucum of Poi ret should be ignored in the future. The exact time of printing of the two papers from 1789 will probably be impossible to decide anyway. Authorship and availability I have tried to verify the spelling of author names and the year of publication but realise that I need much more time than available to carry out such a task. An overwhelming number of publications are needed to do this and, as mentioned in part 1 of this work, the information must be gathered from libraries in many countries. Here I only give a few examples to indicate the problems. Various authors have referred to Gmelin's 13th edition of Linne's Systema Naturae as being published in 1789, 1790, 1791, and 1792 respectively. The correct year is 1791 which I use throughout except when I quote authors in the present Records. The Conchological Illustrations of Sowerby, are troublesome because the Plates rarely are dated and the original wrappers rarely have been bound together with the Plates. The year 1834 is an exception because month and year of publication were printed together with the legends. Shaw (1909 p. 340) found a copy in UK (referred to as the Ratcliffe copy) where the years of printing could be seen or deduced. Shaw maintains that the first two plates (46th and 47th parts) were printed in 1833. The wrapper of the copy I have seen at the ZMUC shows 1834. Nevertheless, I have followed Shaw and used 1833 (see Part 1, Plates p. 108109). The Remaining Plates of cardiids in Concho logical Illustrations were printed in 1838 and 1840. Shaw could not be specific regarding the latter year and 1841 is used by many authors. However, I have used the year 1840 because Part 191 was published 1840 according to a wrapper preserved at the ZMUC, and Part 184 was the last part of the cardiids printed by Sowerby. After the Plates he also made a catalogue and a list of corrected names of cardiids he had illustrated. This catalogue is referred to as Sowerby 1841 by authors as seen in many citations of the present Records. Shaw (1909) states the year 1840? as the year of publication. I adopted 1840 for the present Records (see also under Sowerby 1841 Part 1: 318). All names published prior to Linne 1758 (Systema Naturae) are invalid by definition. After 1758 names may be unavailable because the author failed to be consistently binominal. For example, Cardium groenlandicum Mohr, 1786 is unavailable because Mohr is not consistently binominal. His listing of species starts with Cardium Gr6nlandicum Testa cordata, lrevi antice .... (i.e. 358 the description). Chemnitz (1782) did it the same way and he is also unavailable. Paetel (1890) listed Cardium asiaticum Chemnitz. Although the taxon C. asiaticum is a valid name, the author Chemnitz 1782 is not available and cannot be cited (ICZN ruling). Instead we must use C. asiaticum Bruguiere, 1789. He is binominal and the first author after Chemnitz to describe the species based on the unavailable work of Chemnitz. Paetel (op. cit.) also listed Cardium fabricii Deshayes = Cardium columba Lea. = C. groenlandicum Chemnitz . Deshayes and Lea are available but their species are junior synonyms. We must use C. groenlandicum Bruguiere, 1789, which is a senior synonym, subsequently classified as Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789). Schroter 1786 used German names mixed with binominal names so he is also unavailable. The reference to Cardium coronatum Spengler in Schroter 1786 must therefore be changed to Vepricardium coronatum (Spengler, 1799). Priority and synonyms The objects of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Code are to promote stability and universality in the scientific names of animals and to ensure that the name of each taxon is unique and distinct. It is a nice rule but not always easy to apply. The boreal species C. glaucum Bruguiere, 1789 has priority over C. lamarckii Reeve, 1845. They are conspecific, but it has been proposed by authors to name the southern (Mediterranean) species C. glaucum while C. lamarcki should be a northern species characteristic of the Baltic. There are no known morphological characters which can be used to separate the two taxa. In consequence, these common cockles can only be given a name if we know where they come from. I therefore suggest that only C. glaucum Bruguiere, 1789 should be used. Paetel (1890) listed "Cardium" maculatum Sowerby and "Cardium" maculatum Gmelin. He found that C. maculatum Gmelin was the same as C. magnum Born so the problem of having two species within the same genus (homonyms) was apparently solved. C. macula tum Gmelin became invalid. However, the matter is not straight forward: C. magnum Born, 1778 is a synonym of Trachycardium robustum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786) and several other synonyms have been suggested for this species, e.g., Cardium obliquum Spengler and Cardium ventricosum Bruguiere. There is type material of Spengler's and Bruguiere's species but I have not found information on repository of Lightfoot's material, if it exists. The synonymy chosen in this catalogue reflects a combination of published evidence and the opin- Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) ion of the present author. Erroneous synonymy The records show many cases of synonyms, which subsequently turned out not to be synonyms, or the synonym is a synonym of another synonym. E.g. Paetel (1890) listed Cardium glaucum Brug. = C. edule L. This is erroneous. Both species are valid: Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789) and Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758) respectively. Paetel (1890) also listed Cardium laevigatum Penn. = C. norwegicum Spglr. Both species are available but invalid since they both are junior synonyms of Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791) Origin of words and emendations The name of the genus Cardium is derived from Greek "kardia" meaning heart. The Greek "kardia" has been latinised and spelled with a "C" instead of the "K", e.g. in Acanthocardia meaning prickly heart. "Acantho" is also a latinised form of a Greek word. Most cardiid genera are composed of two words and most of them end on -cardium, e.g. Bucardium, Europicardium, Loxocardium, Parvicardium, Plagiocardium etc. However, --cardia has also been used in a number of genera, e.g. Acanthocardia, Agnocardia, Dallocardia, Ctenocardia, Mexicardia, Phlogocardia, Trigoniocardia, and more. It is important to note whether the ending is --cardium or --cardia. The spelling of generic names cannot be changed, not even with a single letter. Hence the suggestion by Stoliczka (1871 p. 207) cannot be followed even if it would be practical to do so. Stoliczka noted that the original word is Cardium, which in the compound words should remain and not be changed to --cardia. It is liable to cause confusion. Stoliczka also described the genus Lymnocardium in the subfamily Lyrnnocardiinae. However, instead of the original Lymnocardium, Fischer spelled the genus Limnocardium, a spelling that has been widely adopted, e.g. by most Russian students of cockles. This is not correct so I have consequently replaced all Limnocardium by Lymnocardium Once published, the name given to a taxon cannot be altered or changed. This is valid for all modifications whether they are related to preferences of authors, mistakes or printing errors. Illustrations I have photographed shells using a digital Olympus 2.5 Megapixel Progressive CCD and 3 x Zoom, recording on SMART Media. However, true colours are difficult to reproduce with the sensitive digital camera. A slight change in light, not recognised by the human eye, result in different colours, which again look different on different 359 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) computer screens and when printed on paper. I have also use flatbed scanners (Agfa Studioscan IIsi and Heidelberg Linoscan) to scan shells directly at 1200 dpi. Subsequently images were reduced before printing. The inside cover of Part 3 shows an example of what that can be achieved with this technique. These shells were converted to gray scale, but it also works very well with colours. I have received photos from colleagues and museums to be included in this book but experienced many problems with variable back ground colours which resulted in colour smudging: green, blue or red tones of shells. When I used automatic functions of the PhotoShop 5.5, colours often turned out to be far from natural. Therefore, I have manually adjusted the colour balance of individual pictures. In some cases colours were too far from natural to allow adjustment of balance so I had to convert colour to gray scale. I have removed dirt and background colours manually (automatic tools often cut into the pictures in unexpected ways). I have edited all pictures, provided them with text, and mounted them on the present Plates. The Figures are not shown exactly to the scale. Smaller figures have often been somewhat enlarged. If available, I have pasted scales of I cm on the pictures. The finished plates were transferred to PageMaker 6.0 for printing. The process of writing I am the only person who has typed and treated the present information since this project started 10 years ago. Unfortunately, computer crashes have been countless, occasionally so serious that the whole manuscript disappeared and I had to reconstruct it from back-up copies. I also experienced that mistakes reappeared even if! thought I already corrected them. It happened when I failed to hit the copy-paste functions correctly and the computer pasted a previous copy instead of the new one I thought I requested. Sometimes I felt it went too much up hill. ABBREVIATIONS Museums AM or AMS: Australian Museum Sydney, Australia ANSP : Academy of Natural Sciences of Phi lade 1phia. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. BMNH or NMH : The Natural History Museum. London, United Kingdom . GSC : Geological Survey of Canada. Ottawa. Ontario, Canada. LSL: Linnean Society, London, UK. MHNB: Museum d'Histoire Naturelle & Dautzenberg Coil. , Brussels, Belgium MHNG: Museum d ' Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, Switzerland MNHN: Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France NMW: Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria OCM(NH): Osaka City Museum (Natural History), Japan PMBC; Phuket Marine Biological Center, Thailand PRJ: Paleontological Research Institution. Ithaca. New York, USA . USNM: United States National Museum. Washington, D.C., USA. WAM: Western Australia Museum, Australia YPM: Yale Peabody Museum. New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ZMA: Zoologish Museum Amsterdam, Netherlands. ZMUC : Zoological Museum University of Copenhagen, Denmark. ZR: Zoological Record. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to all the people and institutions acknowledged in Part I . In the final phase of finishing part 3, I received photos from the Linnean Society of London and the type collection of the Natural History Museum London. I am very grateful to Curator Mrs Amelia MacLellan for help in this matter. This volume is dedicated to former chief of ENRECA Mr. Klaus Winkel. He was the person who coined the idea that research capacity building should be part of the work of DANIDA. We were fortunate to be able to benefit from his visions for 12 years. We owe him much for his continuous support to scientific research. In particular we thank him for his understanding of the importance of having a research programme associated with higher education. In consequence, after graduation from the University of Aarhus, the Cambodian, Indonesian, Thai, and Vietnamese M.Sc and Ph.D graduates could apply achieved research skills in their own countries. Thanks to the Danida funding of TMMP they could present their findings at our international Congresses and Workshops, and have their results published in English after having passed our international referee procedure. It should be obvious that Klaus Winkel has been instrumental in making this concept successful. However, he has not worked alone. Our gratitude also encompasses Erik Riidinger, Bente Ils0e, and Line S0rensen at the ENRECA office. Financial support was received from SUMA. (Dr Chi, Head of this Danida project in Vietnam). Without this help I could not print part 3 of the present work. 360 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) ANNEX Chronostratigraphic division of geological time Based on a stratigraphic chart prepared by the International Commission on stratigraphy (ICS) the following divisions have been adopted for the Cenozoic and Mesozoic eras i.e. the important period of cardiacean evolution. Numbers show million years before present, i.e. the beginning of each epoch: Cenozoic Era Quaternary period with the epochs Holocene Pleistocene 1.75 Neogene period with the epochs Pliocene 5.30 Miocene 23 .5 Paleogene period with the epochs Oligocene 33 .7 Eocene 53 .0 Paleocene 65 .0 Mesozoic Era Cretaceous period with the epochs Upper Cretaceous 96 Lower Cretaceous 135 Jurassic period with the epochs Upper Jurassic 154 Middle Jurassic 175 Lower Jurassic 203 Triassic period with the epochs Upper Triassic 230 Middle Triassic 240 Lower Triassic 250 Each epoch is subdivided into stages often referred to in the literature quoted in the present book. I just list the names starting with the most recent and moving back in time. Pliocene stages: Gelasian Piacenzian Zanc1ean Miocene stages: Messinian Tortonian Serravallian Langhian Burdigalian Aquitanian Oliogocene stages: Chattian Rupelian Eocene stages: Priabonian Bartonian Lutetian Ypresian Paleocene stages: . Thanetian Selandian Danian Upper Cretaceous stages: Maastrichtian Campanian Santonian Coniacean Turonian Cenomanian Lower Cretaceous stages: Albian Aptian Barremian Hauterivian Valanginian Berriasian Upper Jurassic stages: Tithonian Kimmeridgian Oxfordian Middle Jurassic stages: Callovian Bathonian Bajocian Aalenian Lower Jurassic stages: Toarcian Pliensbachian Sinernurian Hettangian Upper Triassic stages Rhetian Norian Carnian Middle Triassic stages: Ladinian Anisian Lower Triassic stages: Oleneklan Induan Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) RECORDS of TAXA A aalensis Cox, 1946. - Tutcheria aalensis Cox, 1946. Cardiidae. Upper Lias. RECORDs. ··1946 ZR: Tutcheria aalensis Cox, 1946. sp. nov. Well-sinking S. of Dun dry Church, Sommerset. abbreviatiforme Schauroth, 1865 - Unicardium abbreviatiforme Schauroth, 1865. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1980. Ruhoff: Unicardium abbreviatiforme Schauroth, 1865; p. 130, pI. 3, fig. 10. abchasica Dzhanelidze, 1967. - Paradacna abchasica Dzhanelidze, 1967. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene . R ECORDS. ··1967 ZR : Paradacna ab chasica Dzhanelidze, 1967 sp. nov. Abkhazia, USSR. aberrans Ebersin. - Limnodacna aberrans Ebersin . Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. R ECO RDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Limnodacna aberrans Ebersin. abescunica (subspecies). - See under praetrigonoides abescunica Popov, 1983. abichi Homes, 1874 . - Changed combination: Paradacna abichi (Homes, 1874). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. Type species of genus Paradacna Andrussov, 1909. RECORDS. ··1907 Andrussow: Abichia abichi R. Homes. ··1953 Celidje: Paradacna abichi R. Homes. ··1961 ZR: Paradacna abichi Pliocene [Ref. Jenko 1961]. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium abichi Homes, 1874. abichi minor Andrussow (variety). - Paradacna abichi var. minor (Andrussow) . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1953. Celidje: Paradacna abichi R. Hornes . var. minor Andrussow. abichi slavonica Jenko, 1961 (variety). - Paradacna abichi var. slavonica Jenko, 1961. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1961 ZR: Paradacna abichi var. slavonica Jenko, 1961 nov. Pliocene, Pozega and Kasonja Mts. Yugoslavia. abichi toerteliense Szeles, 1962 (subspecies). - New combination: Lymnocardium abichi toerteliense Szeles, 1962. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Limnocardium abichi toerleliense Szeles, 1962 subsp. nov. pp. 54, 59 Tortel, Hungary, Pannonian, Miocene [Ref. Szeles 1962]. Abichia Andrussow, 1907 (genus). - Abichia Andrussow, 1907. Lymnocardiidae . Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1980 . Vokes: Abichia Andrussow, 1907. abkhasica Khimshiashvili , 1958 . - Proto cardia abkhasica Khimshiashvili, 1958. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Protocardia abkhasica Khimshiashvili, 1958 sp. nov. Brdzyshka and ａｫｨｾ＠ ibokh Georgia USSR Jurassic. abnormalis Olsson, 1944. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium "? abnormalis Olsson, 1944. Cardiidae. Upper Senonian . RECORDS . ··1944 ZR : Cardium ? abnormalis Olsson, 1944b sp. n. Upper Senonian, Paita Peninsula, Peru. abreki Uspenskaia, 1931 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " abreki Uspenskaia, 1931. Cardiacea. Miocene . RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Cardium abreki U spenskaia, 1931 n. sp. Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. abrolhense Vidal, 1999. [Figs. Part 3 p. 872] . - Acrosterigma abrolhense Vidal, 1999. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. ·'1999 Vidal : Western Australia, in the vicinity of the Abrolhos Islands and in Cheyne Bay near Albany, from 42 to 76 m depth. TYPE MATERIAL. 361 aalensis - absconditum Vidal (1999): Holotype: A paired specimen, Flinders 1977, stn. 8 (WAM 775-91). Paratype I: A left valve, Gascoyne 1962, east of Cheyne Bay, Western Australia, 71-76 m (AMS C31 0554). Paratype 2: A right valve, Rumphius I, 1973, St. Li 2, east of Piru Bay, Ceram, Indonesia (WAM 43-94). TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype and paratype 2: Western Australian Museum, Perth (WAM) . Paratype I: Australian Museum, Sydney (AMS). RECORDS. "1999 Vidal, p. 284, Figs. 3J, 3K: Acrosterigma abrolhense sp. nov. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: characterised by numerous pustular holes on the ribs. DESCRIPTION. ·'1999 Vidal: shell obliquely ovate, slightly inequilateral, with posterior margin forming a vague obtuse angle, not elongated and somewhat compressed. Lunule small, equally developed in both valves, not shifted from margin, and slightly hollowed. Colour white, both externally and internally, except for lunule , slightly pink. Hinge symmetrical and moderately angled. Rib number 43--46 (n = 4). Regular elongated, oblique scales occur posteriorly on posterior part of ribs; towards the central part, ribs are low, slightly rounded, and retro-ridged or retro-tuberculated on their lower sides, near interstices; in anterior part ribs become progressively flat-topped, slightly squared, and bituberculated, side tubercles being roughly pyramidal to slightly elongated and acute and almost touching across interstice . More anteriorly, side tubercles lengthen and become sharp lateral oblique ridges which tend to join on top, forming herring-bone sculpture; anteriorly, ribs become at once laterally tuberculated and top-ridged with thin free ridges. Interstices always very narrow. Tops of ribs covered by a multitude of very thin holes , sometimes concentrically aligned on juvenile part, probably corresponding to lost pustules. DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: length 12.3, width 13.2, breadth 7.3 mm . HABITAT. "1999 Vidal: Recorded from 42 to 76 m depth. REMARKS. ··1999 Vidal: the rib ornamentation of A. abrolhense is comparable to that of A. marielae, but the rib morphology is different, as is the lunule, the number of ribs and the colour. A. abrolhense differs from A. cygnorum and A. kerslakae by its smaller size, colours and rib ornamentation. This species is further characterized by the very numerous pustular holes on the ribs, present but never as abundant in several other Acrosterigma species. DISTRIBUTION . ··1999 Vidal : Western Australia, in the vicinity of the Abrolhos Islands and in Cheyne Bay near Albany. The record from Ceram, represented by a single valve (para type 2) needs confirmation. abruptum Gabb , 1860 . - Changed combination : Acanthocardia abrupta (Gabb, 1860). Cardiidae . Cretaceous . TYPE LOCALITY. From North America . RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka : Cardium abruptum (subgenus Acanthocardium sic). Referred to by Meek 1864. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium abruptum Gabb, 1860; vol. 4: 302. absconditum Deshayes, 1853 . - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " absconditum Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium incertum Desh. 1836 - Replaced by C. absconditum. Desh. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium absconditum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48 . 362 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) abundans - Acathocardia abundans Liverovskaja, 1939. - Changed combination: Plagiocardium abundans (Liverovskaja, 1939). Cardiidae, Oligocene. RECORDs. ··1940 ZR: Cardium abundans Liverouskaja sic, 1939 sp. n. Oligocene N. and S. Yergheny. "1 977 Popov: Plagiocardium (Plagiocardium) abundans (Liverovskaja, 1939). ··1977 Popov: Parvicardium abundans. Acanthocardia Gray, 1851 (genus). Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous and Recent. Type species: Cardium aculeatum Linnaeus, 1758. Type selected by Stoliczka (1871). RECORDS. ··1876 Meek: Acathocardia sic Gray, 1847. Synon. Cardiidae. ··1 887 Fischer: Acanthocardia Gray, 1847. Jun. syn. of Cardium, s. s. Lamarck, 1799. ··1977 Popov: Acanthocardia Gray, 1851 . Genotype: Cardium aculeatum Linne, 1758 . "1980 Keen: Acanthocardia Stoliczka, 1870. Type species Cardium aculeatum Linne, 1758. Subsequent designation by Stoliczka, 1870. ··1 980 Vokes: Acanthocardia Gray, 1851 . Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Acanthocardia in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1984 ZR : Acanthocardia. Palaeoecology. Middle Miocene, Poland. Ref. to Gutowski. ··200 I Vidal, p. 406, Group I: Acanthocardia. ··2002 Schneider: Acanthocardia: Cardiinae, not Fraginae. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRlPTIONS. ··1969 Moore et al.: shell oblique-quadrate, cardinal teeth in left valve partially fused at base, ribs nodose to spinose. EuropeAsia-North and South America ··2002 Schneider: the right anterior cardinal tooth does not extend ventrally to the hinge line, nor do the right anterior cardinal teeth connect dorsally to the right posterior cardinal teeth. Right posterior cardinal teeth longer than high with a weaker hook. The radial ribs are strongly expressed from the ventral margin all the way to the umbo. Strong, sharp spines with notches on the posterodorsal portion of their spines. The adductor muscle scars are not impressed into the shell. Acanthocardia (A canthocardia) has labial palps with length less than one-third the length of the entire animal (minus the shell). ··2001 Vidal: siphons relatively long, close to each other, often fused at their bases. No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. ··1 980 Keen: Archicardium, Eucardium, Orbis, and Sphaerocardium are jun. synonyms. Acanthocardia Gray, 1851 (section and subgenus). Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. SubgenusAcanthocardia of the genus Cardium. Upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS. "1 890 Paetel : 4. Sect. Acanthocardia Gray of Cardium. ..1 891 Romer: IV. Sect. Acanthocardia Gray of genus Cardium L. Acanthocardiini Kafanov & Starobogatov, 1977 (tribus). - Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1 977 Kafanov & Starobogatov: Acanthocardiini. Acanthocardium Romer, 1865 (genus). - Invalid spelling of genus name. Identical with Acanthocardia. Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. ··1 980 Keen : Acanthocardium Romer, 1868, (? 1865). Type species Cardium aculeatum Linne, 1758. Subsequent designation by Tryon, 1869. "1980 Vokes: Acantho-cardium Romer, 1865 = A canthocardia Gray, 1851 in subfamily Cardiinae. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OESCRlPTIONS. ··1869 Romer: shells inflated, obliquely heart-formed, somewhat inequilateral, rather solid, ornamented with medium strong, raised longitudinal ribs carrying spines, warts, or knobs. The edge of closure curved. Posterior edge weak or not gaping at all, surrounded by wavy edges. Hinge in both valves with two cardinal teeth; lateral teeth clearly developed, somewhat obliquely positioned, the posterior in the left valve small and close to the edge [I have translated from German]. Acanthocardium Romer, 1869 (section and subgenus). - Invalid spelling. Identical with Acanthocardia Gray, 1851 .» Regarding Acanthocardium: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Stoliczka (1871) designated Cardium aculeatum Linne, 1758 type species of subgenus Acanthocardium of genus Cardium. REMARKs. Stoliczka (1871) preferred the spelling Acanthocardium to Acanthocardia, but such preference is not possible according to the rules. RECORDS. ··1869 Romer: Sectio Acanthocardium Romer. ··1869 ZR: subgenus Acanthocardium, type Cardium aculeatum (L.) [Ref. Romer 1869]. acanthoides Popov, 1982. - Merklinicardium acanthoides Popov, 1982. Cardiidae . Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1 982 ZR : Merklinicardium acanthoides Popov, 1982 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Popov et af. p. 45. Acantocardia (error, genus) in Morais, 1941. - Printer's error. Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Acantocardia err. pro Acantho- Gray, 1851 in Morais, 1941. Acardo Swainson, 1840 (genus) . - New name. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes : Acardo Swainson, 1840 in subfamily Adacninae. [Treat. Malaco!. 374 (n. n.) non Bruguiere, 1797 (Hipruritidae)]. Acardo Swainson, 1840 (subgenus) . - Synonym of Serripes Beck. » Regarding Acardo: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1840 Swainson, p. 374: Acardo Sw. [subgenus]. "1 847 Gray, No. 559: Acardo, Swains. 1840.; not Brug. nor Lamarck. (synonym of Aphrodite, Lea; 183? not Linn .) . ··1857 Deshayes : Acardo Swainson, Sowerby Jun.: syn. of Cardium . ··1858 Adams & Adams: Acardo Swains . is a synonym = Subgenus Serripes Beck. ··1887 Fischer: Acardo Swainson, 1840. Jun. syn. of subgenus Serripes Beck, fide Gould 1841. acardo Deshayes, 1838. - Changed combination: Arcicardium acardo (Deshayes). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. Cardium acardo Deshayes is type species of genus Arcicardium (Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903). TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. REMARKS. Arcicardium acardo Deshayes is without shell teeth (Andrussoff 1903) . RECORDS . ·· 1838 Oeshayes, p . 58, pI. 4, figs. 1-5 : Cardium acardo. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium acardo. ··1887 Fischer: Arcicardium acardo Deshayes (in s. g. Arcicardium, Fischer. 1887). ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903 : Cardium acardo Deshayes. "1907 Andrussow: Arcicardium acardo Deshayes. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 27: Cardium acardo Deshayes, 1838. "1977 Popov: Arcicardium acardo. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium acardo Deshayes. Pliocene. The Crimea, various localities: B37632, B37633, B37634, B37635, B37636, and B37640. Acathocardia in Meek 1876 (genus). - Printer's error. Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 363 aeerbum - aellieatum Acathocardia (error). - err. pro Aeantho- Gray, 1851 in Meek, 1876. aeerbum Kolesnikov, 1929. - Changed combination: Sarmatieardium aeerbum (Kolesnikov, 1929) Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. "1929 ZR : Cardium aeerbum Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. "1979 ZR: Sarmatieardium aeerbum (Kolesnikov) Comb. nov. Ref. to 8agdasaryan, p. 41. aeeste d 'Orbigny, 1850. - Unieardium aeeste Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 31: Unieardium aeeSle d'Orbigny, 1850. aeherontis Freneix & Grant-Mackie, 1978. Auslrocardium aeherontis Freneix & Grant-Mackie, 1978. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1978 Freneix & Mackie, p. 507, Figs. 1-6: Auslroeardium aeherontis n. gen. et n. sp. "1998 Schneider: Austroeardium aeherontis Freneix & Grant-Mackie, 1978. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Auslrocardium aeherontis Freneix & G.-Mackie. Maestrictien. New Zealand, R60957, R60958, R60959, R60960. aeobae Tscheltzov, 1965. - Changed combination: Aeobaeeardium aeobae (Tscheltzov, 1965). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. Nevesskaya et at. (1986 p. 192) designated Cardium aeobae Tscheltzov, 1965 type species of genus Aeobaeeardium Paramonova, 1986. RECORDS. "1986 Nevesskaya et al. : Aeobaeeardium aeobae (Tscheltzov, 1965). "1987 ZR : Cardium acobae Tscheltzov, 1965. Designated type species for new genus Aeobaecardium. Ref. to Nevesskaya et af. p.I92. Acobaecardiini Paramonova, 1986 (tribe). - RECORDS. "1987 ZR: Acobaecardiini Paramo nova, 1986. Tribe nov. Type genus Aeobaeeardium. Ref. to Nevesskaya et at. p. 192. Aeobaeeardium Paramonova, 1986 (genus). - RECORDS. "1987 ZR: Aeobaeeardium Paramonova, 1986 gen. nov. of Acobaecardiini. Lymnocardiidae. Type species Cardium aeobae Tscheltzov, 1965. Pliocene. Ref. to Nevesskaya et at. p. 192. aeroeome Dall, 1898. - Changed combination: Agnocardia aeroeome (Dall, 1898) . Cardiidae. Oligocene . Burdigalian. RECORDS. "1898 DalJ : Cardium aeroeome DaB, 1898 n. sp . .. 1926 Gardner: Cardium (Aeanthoeardia) acrocome . .. 1977 Popov: Bueardium (Agnocardia) aerocome (Dall, 1900). "1977 Vokes: Agnoeardia aeroeome (Dall). ··1984 ZR: Cardium aeroeome DaB, 1900. Referred to Agnoeardia. Ref. to Vokes p. 40. "1998 Schneider: Agnoeardia acroeome (Dall, 1900). "2002 Schneider: Agnoeardia acroeome (DaB, 1900). Aerosterigma Dall, 1900 (genus). - Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene and Recent. Type species: Aerosterigma dalli (Hei1prin , 1887). RECORDS . .. 1961 Olsson: Aerosterigma DaB, 1900. "1977 Popov: Aerosterigma DaB, 1900. Genotype: Cardium dalli Heilprin, 1887. "1980 Vokes: Aerosterigma Da1l, 1900 in subfamily Trachycardiinae. "1982 Kilburn & Rippey : Aerosterigma Dall, 1900 synonym of Traehyeardium Morch, 1853 . "1998 Lamprell & Healy: Acrosterigma Dall, 1900 . .. 1999 Vidal : Genus Acrosterigma Dail, 1900 . .. 2001 Vidal, p. 407, Group 2: Aerosterigma.CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1969 Moore et at. emend. Hylleberg 1994: shells solid, elliptical; hinge strongly bent, to 60 degrees or more; ribs smooth except for slight pitting (rugose) along edges of incised intercostal spaces (spinose ribs on anterior and posterior slopes); ribs more than 30, often forming interlocking projections marginally) cardinal teeth unequal in size. - "2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. Aerosterigma Dall , 1900 (section and subgenus). Cardiidae. U. Oligocene and Recent. Dall (1900) introduced Aerosterigma as a section of subgenus Traehyeardium, genus Cardium (Vidal 1999). Dall (op. eil.) designated C. dalli Heilprin, 1887 type species of the section Aerosterigma. Section takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. "1900 Dall, pp. 1073,1090. "1900 ZR: Aerosterigma DaB, 1900 n. sect. of Traehyeardium type Cardium dalli Heilprin. "1953 Olsson & Harbison : Subgenus Aerosterigma DaJl, 1900. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPnONS. "1969 Moore et al.: shell with an elevated mesial rib internaJly, radiating from the umbonal cavity. Pliocene of Florida (DaB 1900). Hinge bent to 60° or more; ribs smooth except for slight pitting along edges of incised intercostal spaces. Aerosterigma (n. sp. a) Oliver, 1995. - Synonym of Aerosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833). » Regarding Aerosterigma n. sp.(a): Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1999 Vidal : Oliver, 1995, p. 246, fig. 1089: Aerosterigma n. sp.(a) = Aerosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833). aculcatum Linne in Aradas & Benoit 1870. (error) Misprint of aeuleata Linne, 1758. aeuleata (mode). - See under aeuleatum Linne, 1758. aCllleatllm Linne, 1758 I Gmelin, 1791 . [Figs. Part 1 p. 38,39,41,46,49,58,65,72,82,83 . 90,95,97, 127, 130,164,170. Part 3 p. 843, 844]. - Changed combination: Acanthoeardia aeuleata (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Miocene and Recent. Tryon (1869) designated Cardium aculeatum Linne, 1758 type species of the genus Aeanthoeardium sic Romer, 1868 (1865 according to Keen 1980). Stoliczka (1871) selected Cardium aeuleatum Linnaeus, 1758 type species of subgenus Aeanthoeardium sic of genus Cardium. TYPE LOCALITY. Oceanus Europaeo australi (Linne 1758) (= Southern Europe, Mediterranean). TYPE REPOSITORY. Unknown. [Lamarck's specimen of aeuleatum is deposited in the Geneva Museum] . RECORDS. "1684 Bonanno. 10 by Linnaeus 1758 & Gmelin 1791 : Cardium aeuleatum recr. 2. f. 96. 97 . "1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium aeuleatum t. 321. f. 158. "1742 ArgenviBe (Cor bovis). ID by Linnaeus 1758 & Gmelin 1791 : Cardium aculeatum conch. t. 26. f. B. "1742 Gualtieri. 10 by Linnaeus 1758 and by Gmelin 179 ｃ｡ｲｾｩｵｭ＠ aeuleatum t. 72. f. A. "1758 Linnaeus (i ot editIOn), p. 679, No. 62. [murieatum err. = aeuleatum]. "1758 Seba. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium aeuleatum mus. 3. t. 86. f. 4. "1758 Seba, pI. 86, fig . 3: Cardium aculeatum (jide Spengler 1799). "1764 Linnaeus (Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg.) ｾｯＮ＠ 35. [murieatum err.]. .. 1767 Linnaeus (12 th , 13 t editions) No. 78. "1772 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium aeuleatum Vergn. 6. t. 3. f. 1. "1777 Pennant, IV, p. 90, pI. L, fig. 37: Cardium aculeatum . .. 1778 Born, G7: Cardium aeulealum Linn. S.N. Sp. 78. ·'1782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium aeulealum mus. Kirch. 2. f. 95 . h 364 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) aculeatum 97.98. ··1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 15 Fig. 155-157: Cardium aeulea/um Lin. ··1788 Schroter: Cardium aculea/um, VI, 145. 161. 162. ··1789 Bruguiere, No. 9. Cardium aeulea/um Linn. - pI. 298. fig. 1. ID by Lamarck: Cardium aeuleatum. ··1791 Gmelin, p, 3247, No. 7: Cardium aeulea/um. ··1799 Spengler, p. 1213, No.5: Cardium aeuleatum Linnei Sp. 78. p. 1122. ··1786 Solander, p. 16 no. 344. Cardium aeuleatum L. ··1786 Schroter, No, VI: Cardium aculeatum Linn. XII. pag. 1122. Sp. 78. ··1800 Donovan, PI. 2, fig. 3: Cardium aeuleatum. ··1802 Bosc, III, p. 100: Cardium aeulea/um. ··1803 Montagu: Cardium aeulea/um Lin. ··1807 Maton & Rackett, No.3 : Cardium aeuleatum Linn, Gmel. (first figured by Mr. Pennant). ··1807 Fischer, III, p. 264, No, 8-9: Cardium aeulea/um. ··1815 Wood, p. 207, No.1: Cardium aeulea/um . ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium aculeatum Linnaeus. ··1819 Lamarck, VI, p. 7, No. 14: Cardium aeuleatum. ··1823 Dillwyn, Tab, 321 fig, 158 Cardium aculea/um. ··1825 Wood, p. 24, No. I: Cardium aeulea/um. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium aeuleatum. ··1839 Anton, p. 11, No. 371: Cardium aeulea/um. ··1840 Pfeiffer: Chemnitz Fig. 156 sic, Cardium aeulea/um Lin, = Cardium erinaeeum Lam. 15, ﾷｾＱＸＴＰ＠ Sowerby, p, 3, No. 33 : Cardium aeuleatum Linn. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium aeulea/um Linn . Gmel. ··1844 Reeve pI. 7 fig. 17: Cardium aeuleatum Linne, 1767. ··1845 Catlow & Reeve: Cardium aeuleatum Linnaeus, Chemnitz pI. 15, f. 156. ··1856 Jeffreys: Cardium aeuleatum Ph. & B. M. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Isoeardia) aeulea/um Linn. ··1869 Romer: Cardium aeuleatum L. ··1869 ZR: Section, subtypical - 1. Rugosisculptae: aculeata (L.), isoeardia (L.), &c. [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. ··1869 Tryon: Cardium aeuleatum Linne, 1758. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium aeulea/um is type species of the subgenus Aeanthoeardium sic Gray, 1853. ··1881 ZR: Cardium aeuleatum (L.), Bergen is probably an erroneous locality [Ref. Jeffreys 1881]. ··1884 Tryon, 3, p, 193, pI. 116, fig. 75: Cardium (Aeanthoeardia) aeuleatum Lin. ··1887 Fischer: Cardium aculeatum, Linne, ··1888 Servain: Cardium aculeatum Linnaeus, 1767. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium aeulea/um L. ··1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium aeuleatum Linn. ··1892 B.D.D, p, 251-256: Cardium aeuleatum Linne. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium aculeatum L. is type species of genus Cardium Linneo 1758. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium aeulea/um Linne, 1767. ··1901 Dall: Cardium aeuleatum Linnaeus. ··1902 Dall: Cardium aeulea/um Linnaeus, is type of subgenus Cardium s.s. ··1902 Sherborn, p, 8: Cardium aeuleatum Linnaeus, 1758, 1767. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 8: Cerastoderma (L.) aeuleatum Poli, 1795. Cardium aeuleatum. ··1907 ZR: Cardium (s. strict.) aeuleatum [Ref. Martinel Ii 1907], ··1930 Stewart: Aean/hoeardia aeulea/um (Linne, 1758). Stoliczka, 1870 sic designated Cardium aculeata type species of Aeanthoeardia Gray 1851. ··1931 ZR: Cardiumaculeatum. [Ref. Lamy 1931, citation number 499]. ··1932 Winckworth: Cardium (Aeanthoeardia) aeuleatum Linne, 1758. ··1933 Coen: Eueardium (Cardium) aeuleatum Linnea. ··1933 Coen & Vatova: Eueardium (Cardium) aeuleatum Linnaeus. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Aeanthoeardia) aeuleata. ··1937 ZR: Cardium aeulea/um L., 1758. Type of Arehieardium Sand berger 1863 = Aeanthoeardia Gray 1851 [Ref. Keen 1937]. ··1938 ZR: Cardium aculeatum fig. Juist [Ref. Girscher 1938a]. ··1962 PasteurHumbert: Cardium aeulea/um Linne. ··1963 ZR: Cardium aeuleatum from Italian sea, photos, [Ref. Santarelli 1963]. ··1969 Nordsieck: Aeanthoeardia aeuleata (Linne, 1767). ··1970 Glibert & Poe!: Cardium aeuleatum Linne, 1758 (Stoliczka, 1870) is type species of subgenus Aeanthoeardia Gray, 1851. ··1977 Popov: Cardium aculeatum Linne, 1758. Type of Aeanthoeardia Gray, 1851. ··1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Aeanthoeardia (Aeanthoeardia) aeuleata (Linne, 1767). ··1983 Salvini-Plawen, p. 365, pI. 127: Aeanthoeardia aeuleata (L.). ··1990 Dance, p. 246: Aeanthoeardia aculea/a Linnaeus. ··1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Aeanthoeardia aculea/a (Linnaeus, 1767). ··1998 Macedo et al.: Aeanthoeardia aeuleata (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium aculeatum. ··2001 Vidal, p. 407: Aeanthoeardia aeuleatum ··2002 Schneider : Aeanthoeardia (Aeanthoeardia) aeuleata (Linne, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS , ··1758 Linnaeus: shell subcordate, intercostal spaces with convex impressed lines, exterior spinose-ci1iated [I have translated from Latin], ··1799 Spengler, citing Linne 1758: testa subeordata, suleis eonvexis linea exaratis exlerius aeulealo-eiliatis. ··1844 Reeve: shell ovate, somewhat squarely oblique; 23 costae, convex, armed down the middle with a dense row of prominent prickles bent over in the posterior direction; intercostae transversely rugosely impressed; light reddish brown; interior rather deeply grooved. ··2001 Vidal: tentacles around siphons only, No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. ··1799: Spengler stated that Gualtieri 1742, pI. 72, fig. A. = C. aeulealum (fide Linne 1758), ··1815: Wood claimed that varieties of C. aeulealum by Gmelin are not to be trusted. ··1844 Reeve: the prickly spines of this well known species are peculiarly laterally compressed in an early stage of growth as represented at Plate IV.; but they soon disappear by friction or other causes, except on each side beneath the umbones. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium aeuleatum Uuvenile), which M. Deshayes has apparently taken for the Cardium eiliare, see Plate VII. ··1856: Jeffreys gave reference to Ph. (= Philippi) and B.M. (= British Mollusca by Forbes & Hanley). ··1876 Meek: the specific name C. murieatum appears two times in Linne 1758. No. 62: C. murieatum is a misprint (= C. aeuleatum). No. 69 is the correct C. muriea/um, ··190 I Dall: a Pacific record of C. aculea/um Linnaeus must be wrong. It is probably a ballast specimen. ··1979 : Richardson, Abbott & Davies have the following remarks to early records: C. aeulealum in Chemnitz 1782, only fig, 156. C. aeuleatum in Bruguiere 1789, p. 216, No.9 = fig. 156 only, in Chemnitz 1782. C. aeuleatum in Fischer 1807, III, p. 264, No. 8-9 = fig. 156 in Chemnitz 1782. C. aeuleatum in Lamarck 1819, VI, p. 7, No. 14 = fig. 156 in Chemnitz 1782. C. aeulealum in Anton 1839, p. 11, No. 371 = fig. 156 in Chemnitz 1782. HABITAT, ··1844 Reeve: dredged off the coast of Dartmouth amongst sand and shells at the depth of about 10 fathoms . ··1869 Romer: muddy bottom, 10-50 m depth. ··ZMUC: sand Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 365 aculeatum - aculeatum depressa and shells, about 20 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1807 Maton & Rackett: Hebrides, Orkneys, Devonshire. ··1844 Reeve: Seas of Europe. "1869 Romer: West Europe, Mediterranean. ··1884 Grasset: Algeria, Corsica. ··1969 Nordsieck: South Norway to Morocco, Mediterranean. aculeatum Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal (variety).Misidentification of Acanthocardia spinosum (Solander). » Regarding Cardium aculeatum var. : Cardiidae: Recent. REMARKS. Chemnitz 1782 rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere: Cardium aculeatum, variet. tertia; Martini, tom. 6. pag. 163, tab . 15, fig. 157. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium aculeatum var. Chemnitz = Cardium spinosum Solander's MSS . aculeatum Wood 1815 (variety). - Misidentification of Acanthocardia erinacea. OTHER JUDGEME NTS : Acanthocardia deshayesii. - Acanthocardia echinata. » Regarding Cardium aculeatum var: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean (Wood & Hanley 1856). RECORDS. ··18 I 5 Wood, pI. 51, fig. I: Cardium aculeatum variety from the Indian Ocean. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. I: Cardium aculeatum Wood [1815J (not of authors). ··1 867 Weinkauff: Cardium var. aculeatum = Cardium deshayesii Payr. = Cardium echinatum. ··1 917 Hidalgo: Cardium acuieatum Wood = Cardium erinaceum. aculeatum A Chemnitz, 1782. [Part 3 p. 844J . (Variety) . Non binominal. - Not available.» Regarding Cardium aculeatum var. A: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1782 Chemnitz VI pI. 15, fig. 155: Cardium aculeatum var. A Linne ... 1799 Spengler p. 12-13, No.5 : Cardium aculeatum var. A Chemnitz Tom. 6. Tab. 15 . fig. 155 . "1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 sp. 5, Variety A. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCEOF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Spengler collection. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: shell elongated round, thin, translucent, yellowish, with a total of 20 ribs; posterior slope truncated with 7 narrow, thin ribs, interspaces broad transversely striped; all ribs ornamented with numerous, white, pointed spines, flat with a broad base, the largest and longest spines on the posterior slope, shells somewhat gaping [I have translated from Danish]. DIMENSIONS. Width 41 mm (I Tom. 7 Linier), height 33 mm (l Tom 3 Linier). REMARKS. ··1799: Spengler assumed that aculeatum var. A was the species Linne described as Cardium aculeatum. aculeatum alba Philippi (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Changed combination: Acanthocardia aculeata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding acuieatum var. alba: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean. RECORDS. ··1878 Monterosato: Cardium aculeatum var. alba. "1892 B.D.D. p. 256: Cardium aculeatum var. (ex colore) alba Philippi. ··1969 Nordsieck: Acanthocardia acuieata (Linne, 1767) var. alba (Philippi). aculeatum Blbeta Linne, 1758 / Gmelin, 179 I (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 59. Part 3 p. 844]. - Unknown, but it has characters of Cardium isocardia Linnaeus, 1758. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium spinosum of Sower by. » Regarding Cardium aculeatum var. beta: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS ... 1758 Seba. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium aculeatum var. beta, mus. 3. t. 86. f. 5. f. 8. ··1771 Knorr, VI, pI. 3, fig. I: Cardium aculeatum (fide Spengler 1799). ··1758 Seba, pI. 86, fig. 4: Cardium aculeatum (fide Spengler 1799). ··1782 Chemnitz, [not availableJ pI. 15, fig. 156: Cardium aculeatum (fide Spengler 1799). ··1791 Gmelin, p. 3247, No.7: Cardium aculeatum beta . .. 1799 Spengler, p. 13-14, No.5: Cardium aculeatum var. B Chemnitz Tom. 6. Tab. 15, fig. 156 ... 1815 Wood: Cardium aculeatum var. beta = Cardium spinosum of Sowerby. ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 sp. 5, Variety B. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: variety B, one specimen. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler after Knudsen & Hylleberg (1999): Central part of posterior shell slightly elevated with small opening, posterior slope somewhat truncated, ribs flat, broad, slightly rounded edges, inters paces broad, transversely striped, central on ribs a furrow which is armed with strong, pointed, partly bent spines; anterior ribs with rounded nodules, no spines. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: length and width 92 mm (3 112 tom.); thickness 78 mm (3 tom). DISTRIBUTION. The Mediterranean. aculeatum C Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part 1 p. 72 No. 157. Part 3 p. 844]. Non binominal (variety). - Not available. Cardiidae. Recent. Chemnitz 1782 rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. TYPE LOCALITY. Mediterranean (Spengler 1799). RECORDS. ··1782 Chemnitz, pI. 15, fig. 157: Cardium aculeatum var. C Linne. "1799 Spengler, p. 14-16, NO.5: Cardium aculeatum var. C Chemnitz Tom. 6. Tab. 15, fig . 157. ··1806 Link: Cardium var. aculeatum Linn. [Chemnitz. fig . 157J. More ribs than the previous aculeatum Chemnitz figs. 155-156 ... 1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799. sp. 5, Variety C. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE- DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler after Knudsen & Hylleberg (1999): shell nearly spherical, 36 ribs, rounded, armed with numerous, differently shaped spines; interstices transversely striped, half as broad as ribs, snow-white spines on the 9 posterior ribs, cone-shaped, straight, split bases; central area with shorter spines, strong split bases, upper half knee-bent, sharply pointed, 10 anterior ribs with thick, rounded nodules, no spines. Strong cardinal and lateral teeth. Colour inside white, outside yellow with brown transverse bands. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: height 78 mm (3 Tom.), width 70 mm (2 Tom. 8 Linier), thickness 35 mm (2 Tom. 4 Linier). aculeatum delta Gmelin, 179 I (variety). [Figs. Part 1 p. 66J. - Identical with Trachycardium robustum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786). » Regarding Cardium aculeatum var. delta : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1780 Born. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium aculeatum var. delta, mus. Caes. Vind. test. t. 3. f. 5. ··1791 Gmelin NO. 7: Cardium aculeatum var. delta. "1815 Wood: Cardium aculeatum var. delta by Gmelin = Cardium ventricosum in Wood 1815. aculeatum depressa Marshall , 1893 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. OrnER JUDGEMENTS: Acanthocardia aculeatum depressa Marshall, 1893 .» Regarding Cardium aculeatum var. depressa: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1893 Marshall, p. 246: Cardium aculeatum var. depressa Marsh. n. var. ··1893 Byne: Cardium aculeatum var. depressa Mar. ··1897 Marshall : Cardium aculeatum var. depressa 366 Tropical Marin e Mollusc Programme (TMMP) aculeatum gamma - acutilaqueatum (cf.) taphrium Mars ha ll 1893. "190 I Chaster et al. : Cardium aeuleatum var. depressa Marshall. --1926 McClelland: Cardium aculeatum depressa Marshall, 1893 n. sp. aculeatum gamma Gmelin, 1791 (variety) . [Figs . Part I p. 38]. - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION . Habitat in the Mediterranean (Gmelin 1791) . RECORDS... 1684 Bonanno. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium aeulealum var. gamma recr. 2. Fn sic 93 . .. 1782 Bonannio. 10 by GmeJin 1791: Cardium aculeatum var. gamma mus. Kirch. 2. f. 94 . --1791 Gmelin No. 7: Cardium aeulealum var. gamma . aculeatuln giovani JeflTeys-Capellini, 1860. - Synonym of Acanthocardia echinatum ( L inne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium aculealum giovani: Cardiidae. Recent. RE CORDS. --1867 Weinkauff: Cardium aculeatum giovani Jeffreys-Capellini, 1860 = C. deshayesii Payr. = echinatum L. --1867 Weinkauff: Cardium aculeatum Giov. JeflTeys-Capellini (iuv.) = Cardium echinatum Linne. aculeatum perrugosa Fontannes in Gentil, 1880 (variety). - Synonym of Acanthoeardia paucicostatum Sowerby. » Regarding Cardium var. perrugosa: Cardiidae. Recent. REc ORDs. --1899 Sacco: Cardium aculealum var. perrugosa Fontannes 1880. --1899 Sacco: Cardium aeuleatum var. perrugosa in Fontannes 1881 = Cardiumpaucicostatum Sowerby 1839. --1952 Lecointre: Cardium aculeatum L. var.perrugosa Font. in Gentil = Cardium paueicostatum Sowerby. --1970 Glibert & Poel : Cardium aculeatum var. p errugosa Fontannes, 1879-1882. aculeatum producta Glibert & Poel, 1970 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium aculealum var. producta: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium aculeatum var. producta non B.D.D. 1892. aculeatuln transversa Sacco , 1899 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco, pI. 8, fig . 12: Cardium aeuleatum var. transversa Sacco aculeiferum Schuebler in Zieten, 1833 . - Not a cardiid. » Regarding "Cardium " aculeiferum Schuebler, 1833 . Cardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs. "1857 Deshayes : Cardium aculeiferum Zieten. In genus Spondy lus. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 52 : Cardium aculeiferum Schuebler, 1833 . acupicta Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. Not a cardiid. RECORDS. --1784 Martyn: Cardium acupicta. acutangllillm Phillips, 1829. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " acutangulum Phillips , 1829 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn 59: Cardium acutangulum Phillips, 1829. "1947 ZR : Cardium acutangulum Phillips, Dogger, Peak near Whitby, Inferior Oolite [Ref. Melmore 194]. aClltensis Gillet, 1970. - Prosodacna acutensis Gillet, 1970. Lyrnnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1970 ZR: Prosodacna (Pachydaena sic) aculensis Gillet, 1970 sp. nov. Miocene, 'Monte dei Corvi ' deposits, Ancona district, Italy. acuticosta (subspecies). - See under anguslicostata aculicosta Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. aCllticosta. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " serrigerum Lamk. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1819 Lamarck : Vener ieardia aculicosta = Cardium serrigerum Lamk. aCllticoslata Agassiz, 1842. - Pholadomya acuticoslala Agassiz, 1842. Lyrnnocardiidae. Recent TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. - REMARKS. Very similar to the fossil Pholadomya crispa Agassiz, 1842 (Andrussoff 1903). RECORDS . --1842 Agassiz: Pholadomya aculicostata. --1903 Andrussoff: Pholadomya aeutieostala. aCllticostata Papaianopol , 1989 . - Pa chy da cna aeutieostala Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Basin Dacique, Romania . RECO RDS. --1989 Papaianopol, p. 62, fig.; Pachydacna (Pachydacna) acuticoslata sp. nov. *acuticostatum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium aeuticostatum from 2 sources: Munster, 1834 . Orbigny, 1843. aeuticostatum Freneix. - Identical with Bucardium lillei Freneix & Mackie, 1978.» Regarding Acanlhocardia aeuticostatum: Cardiidae . Fossil. RECOR DS . "1978 Freneix & Mackie : Acanthocardia (Acantho eardia) aeutieoslalum Freneix 1958, 1960 (non d' Orbigny, 1842) = Cardium (Bucardium) lillei n. sp. aCllticostatllm Munster, 1834. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " aeuticostatum Munster, 1834. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 61: Cardium aeuticostatum Muenster, 1834 . --1857 Deshayes : Cardium acuticostatum Munster, 1834. acuticoslalum Orbigny, 1843 . - Changed combination: Acanthoeardia aeulicostatum (Orbigny, 1843). OTHER JU DGEMENTS : Cardium cleryi Deshayes. » Regarding Cardium aeutieostatum : Cardiidae. Cretaceous and Lower Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Beds on Quirquina, Chile . RECO RDS. "1857 Deshayes : Cardium acuticoslatum d'Orbigny, 1843 . "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium acutieostatum d ' Orb . (?genus Cardium proper) . "1936 ZR : Cardium (Ringicardium) acuticostatum D'Orb. [Ref. Schneider 1936]. --1978 Freneix & Mackie: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) aeulieastata (d ' Orb .). "1992 Schneider: Cardium aculicostatum . --1998 Schneider: Austroeardium acuticostatum (Orbigny, 1842). --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm .) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Aeanthocardia acuticoSlala d'Orbigny. Senonian . Noumea (Bassin de Moindon), R60930 , R60934 , R60935 , R60937. Maestrictien R05697 . aculicostis (variety). - See under tuberculatum aeuticostis Coen, 1937. aClltiiaqueatum Conrad, 1834. - Changed combination: Ch esaeardium acutilaqueatum (Conrad, 1834) . Cardiidae. Pliocene of the Atlantic coastal plain . Classification comp iled from Schneider (2002) : Cardium (Cerastoderma) (Conrad 1863, Dall 1900). Cerastoderma (Gardner 1944) . - Planieardium (Campbell et al. 1975, Stanley 1986). - Clinocardium (Planieardium) (Campbell et al. 1995). - Chesacardium (Ward 1992). RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 61: Cardium aeutilaqueatum Conrad, 1834. --1992 Ward, p. 89 : Ch esaeardium acutilaquealum (Conrad) comb. nov. --2002 Schneider citing Conrad (1863) : Cardium (Cerastoderma) aeutilaqueatum Conrad, 1839. Pliocene of the Atlantic coastal plain. acutilaquealllln (cf.) taphrium Mansfield, 1932. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "2002 Schneider: citing Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 367 acutirostra - adamsi Mansfield 1932: Cardium (Cerastoderma) acutilaqueatum 'sp. cf. taphrium '. acutirostra Hall, 1843. - Lunulicardia acutirostra (Hall, 1843). Not in Cardiidae. Devonian. RECORDS. "1997 Vidal: Pinnopsis acutirostra Hall, 1843 = Lunulicardia acutirostra (Hall, 1843). acutirostrum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" acutirostrum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 63: Cardium acutirostnlm d'Orbigny, 1850. acutum Blanckenhorn, 1890. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" acutum Blanckenhorn, 1890. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1890 ZR: fossil Cardium acutum Blanckenhom, 1890 n. sp. acutum Tscheltzov. - Miricardium acutum (Tscheltzov). Lymnocardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. ··1964 ZR: Avicardium acutum Cheltzov, 1964 sp. nov. Akchagylian of Kopet-Dag Mts. Turkmenia. ··1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Miricardium acutum (Tscheltzov) comb. nov. ··1987 ZR: Miricardium acutum (Tscheltzov) comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 193. Adachna (error). - Printer's mistake for Adacna Eichwald, 1838 in Sacco, 1887 (Vokes 1980). Adacna Eichwald, 1838 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. GENOTYPE. Glycimeris edentula Eich. (Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow, 1903). RECORDS. ··1838 Eichwald: genus Adacna n. (Glycymeris Lam. Hypanis Pand.). ··1847 Gray, No. 559: Adacna Eichwald 1838. Type species M. - ? [synonym of Aphrodite, Lea; 183? not Linn.]. ··1857 Deshayes: Adacna Eichwald: syn. of Cardium. ··1859 Chenu: Adacna. Eichwald 1838. ··1869 GrahamPonton: Adacna for fossil Austrian brackish water cardiids (fide Andrussoff 1903). ··1869 ZR: Gen. Adacna, with subgen. Monodacna and Didacna. Ref. to Graham-Ponton 1869. ··1876 ZR: Adacna: their affinity to Didacna, Monodacna, Cardium discussed and the known species enumerated. Ref. to Vest. ··1884 Grasset: Genus Adacna Eichwald (in family Cardiidae). ··1887 Fischer: Genus Adacna Eichwald, 1838. ··1890 Paetel, 995: Gen. Adacna Eichw. ··1903 Andrussoff: Adacna Eichwald, 1838. ··1905 Dollfus (commenting Andrussow, 1903): Adacna Eichwald. ··1916 ZR: Adacna. Ref. to Kalickij 1916. ··1924 ZR: Adacna. Ref. to Borcea 1924. ··1928 ZR: Adacna. Ref. to Borcea 1928a. ··1929 ZR: Adacna . Ref. to Ruzencev. / Sidaroff. / Macarovici - fossil. ··1946 ZR: Adacna, hinge. Ref. to Lamy 1946. ··1969 ZR: Adacna Eichwald, 1838 in subfamily Didacninae. Ref. to Nordsieck, 1969. ··1970 ZR: Adacna Ref. to Borisov & Doroshev. ··1977 Popov: Adacna. ··1980 Vokes: Adacna Eichwald, 1838 (as Adacne, p. 171) in subfamily Adacninae. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1875: Vest concluded that he was unable to find anatomical features which should separate Adacna from Cardium. ··1903: Andrussoff found no relationship between Adacna and Panopaea or Pholadomya. The latter relationship had been suggested by Middendorff. ··1903: Andrussoff stated that Adacna (and Monodacna) have long siphons. Adacna Eichwald, 1838 (section, subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1858 Adams & Adams: Adacna Eichwald. subgenus of Cardium. ··1890 Paetel: I. Sect. Adacna Eichw. of Adacna. Adacnidae (family). - Lymnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Adacnidae in the Mus. nat. d'Histoire naturelle Paris [Ref. Lamy 1946]. ··1971 ZR: Adacninae Vest 1875 replaced by Hypaninae [Ref. Starobogatov 1971]. Adacninae (family) Vest, 1875. - Lymnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1903 Andrussoff: Family erected by W. von Vest 1875. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Erected to place the genus Adacna [brackish water cardiidsJ near the family Cardiidae. Adacninae (subfamily) von Vest, 1875. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1980. Vokes: Subfamily Adacninae von Vest, 1875. *adacnoides - Homonymy to be noticed. Didacna adacnoides from 2 sources: Ebersin, 1959. Nevesskaya, 1956. adacnoides Ebersin, 1959. - Didacna adacnoides Ebersin, 1959. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1959 ZR: Didacna adacnoides Ebersin, 1959 sp. nov. fossil. adacnoides Kafanov & Savizky, 1982. - Profulvia adacnoides Kafanov & Savizky, 1982. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1982 Kafanov & Savizky: Profitlvia adacnoides Kafanov & Savizky. ··1982 ZR: Profulvia adacnoides sp. nov. Russian SFSR, Oligocene. Ref. to Kafanov et al. p. 39. adacnoides Nevesskaya, 1956. - Didacna adacnoides Nevesskaya, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Didacna adacnoides Nevesskaya, 1956 sp. nov. Khazar deposits, Quaternary. Cheleken, Russia, Turkmenia. adacnoides Tscheltzov, 1965. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" adacnoides Tscheltzov, 1965. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Cardium adacnoides Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Akchagylian (Pliocene), Turkmenia, USSR. adacnoides curta Popov, 1983 (subspecies). - Didacna adacnoides curta Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. - TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. ··1983 Popov, p. 153, fig.: Didacna adacnoides curta subsp. nov. adamis (error). Printer's mistake for adamsi in Kuroda & Habe 1952. *adamsii. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium adamsii from 2 sources: Adams & Reeve, 1850. - Tryon, 1872. adamsi (cf.) Adams & Reeve. RECORDS. ··1964 Shikama: Trigoniocardium cf. adamsi (Adams & Reeve). adamsi mode of adamsii Adams & Reeve, 1850. adamsi Tryon, 1872. - New name: Nemocardium samarangae Makiyama, 1934. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium modes tum Adams & Reeve, 1850 = Nemocardium samarangae Makiyama, 1934. » Regarding Cardium adamsi: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1872 Tryon: Cardium adamsi new name for Cardium modestum Adams & Reeve, 1850. ··1872 Tryon, p. 267,77: Cardium (Serripes) adamsi, Tryon. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Nemocardium adamsi (Tryon) (? Microcardium). ··1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: Cardium adamsi Tryon, 1872 = Nemocardium (Keenaea) samarangae Makiyama, 1934. ··1977 368 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) adamsii - aeolicum Fischer-Piette, p. 128: Cardium adamsiTryon, 1872 = Cardium modestum Adams & Reeve, 1850. "1 977 Habe: Cardium adamsi Tryon, 1872, non Adams & Reeve, 1850 = Keenaea samarangae (Makiyama, 1934). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. 001 971 Kuroda et al.: Japan, Honshu to Kyushu. 001994 Hylleberg: C. samarangae East China Sea. 001994 Hylleberg: C. modestum Indo-Pacific. adamsii Adams & Reeve, 1850 [Figs. Part 3 p. 902]. Synonym of CtenocardiaJornicatum (Sowerby, 1840). » Regar-ding Cardium adamsii: Cardiidae. Fossi l and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Borneo. (Wilson & Stevenson 1972). TyPE REPOSITORY. BMNH reg . no . 1874. 12.11.391. (Wilson & Stevenson 1972). REMARKs. Cardium adamsii Adams & Reeve, 1850 is a junior synonym of Ctenocardia Jornicata (Wilson & Stevenson 1977). RECORDS. 001850 Adams & Reeve, p. 77 , pI. 22, fig. 2: Cardium adamsii. 001 869 Dunker: Hemicardium (Ctenocardia) adamsii. 001 858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Ctenocardia) adamsii Reeve. 001884 Grasset: Hemicardium adamsi Reeve. 001885 Smith: Cardium adams ii, Reeve = Cardium (Fragum) Jornicatum, Sowerby. 001890 Paetel: Hemicardium adamsi R v. 001897 Sowerby: Cardium adamsi Reeve. 001906 Melvill & Standen, p. 840: Hemicardium (Ctenocardia) adamsi Reeve. 001 922-32 Sherborn, p. 70: Cardium adamsii Adams & Reeve, 1850. 001 937 Viader: Cardium adamsi, Adams and Reeve. 001 962 Habe : Trigoniocardium adamsi (Adams & Reeve). 001 964 Habe: Trigoniocardium adamsi (Adams & Reeve). 001966 Habe & Kosuge: Trigoniocardium adamsi (Adams & Reeve). 001 967 Habe, No. 19: Trigoniocardium adamsi (Adams & Reeve). 001977 Fischer-Piette, p. 128: Corculum (Trigoniocardia) adamsii (Adams & Reeve, 1850). 001977 Popov: Fragum (Ctenocardia) adamsi (Reeve, 1848 sic) . 001977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium adamsii Adams & Reeve, 1850 = Ctenocardia Jornicatum (Sowerby, 1840). 001994 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen : Trigoniocardia adamsi (Adams & Reeve). 001 995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Trigoniocardia adamsi (Adams & Reeve). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. 001906 Melvill & Standen: 10 fathoms, sandy-mud bottom. DISTRIBUTION. 001884 Grasset: Red Sea. 001897 Sowerby: Red Sea, IndoSouth West Pacific, Australia; South Africa. adigeica Bagdasaryan, 1979. - Inaequicostata adigeica Bagdasaryan, 1979. Cardiacea. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. 001979 ZR: Inaequicostata (Inaequicostata) adigeica Bagdasaryan, 1979 sp. nov. Russian SFSR, Ref. to Bagdasaryan. adjacens (variety). - See under natalense var. adjacens Turton, 1932. adriaticum (variet y). - See under echinatum var. adriaticum Coen, 1941. adriaticum Gi ll et, 1970. - New combination : Lymnocardium adriaticum. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. 001970 ZR: Limnocardium adriaticum [Gillet, 1970] sp. nov. sic Miocene, 'Monte dei Corvi' deposits, Ancona district, Italy. adusta (variety). - See under rectidens var. adusta. aegyp/iacum Orlebar, 1845. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" aegyptiacum Orlebar, 1845. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 86: Cardium aegyptiacum Orlebar, 1845 . aegyptica Chenu. [Figs. Part 1 p. 151]. - Tridacna aegyptica Chenu. Tridacnidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001 845 Chenu, pI. 7 f. 1 & 2: Tridacna aegyptica Chenu fossil Egypt. aehlerti Barrois, 1889. - Conocardium aehlerti Barrois, 1889. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001889 ZR: Conocardium aehlerti Barrois, 1889 n. sp. with fig. Aenigmoconcha Benedictova, 1950 (subfamily) . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001969 ZR: Aenigmoconcha Benedictova, 1950, designated type genus of Aenigmoconchiidae subfam. nov. q.v. [Ref. Cox, Newell et al. 1969]. Aenigmoconchiidae Betekhtina & Sukov, 1969 (subfamily). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001969 ZR: Aenigmoconchiidae Betekhtina & Sukov, 1969 subfam. nov. sic of Cardiidae for type genus Aenigmoconcha Benedictova, 1950, to include Yavorskiella Khalfin, 1950. aeolicum Born, 1780. [Figs. Part I p. 38,40,64,75,88, 103, 165. Part 3 p. 899]. - Synonym of Lyrocardium pectinatum (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium aeolicum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1844). REcoRDs. 001684 Bonanno. ID by Grnelin 1791: Cardium aeolicum recr. 2. f. 91. 001687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium aeolicum t. 314. f. 150. 001 742 Argenville . ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium aeolicum conch. t. 21. f. A. 001770 Lister, fig. 150: pectunculus ruber, biforiam striatus. 001 771 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium aeolicum Vergn. 5. t. 26. f. I. 001778 Born, G 15. Cardium aeolicum Ref. to Bonan. Recr. cl. 2. f. 91 . / Knorr Vergn. V. t. 26. f. 2. - t. 27 f. 3. 00 1780 Born, p. 48, illustrated: Cardium aeolicum Bonanni, Knorr. 001782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium aeolicum mus Kirch. 2. f. 89. 001782 Chemnitz, p. 191 - 193, pI. 18, figs. 187-188: Cardium aeolicum testa. 001782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium aeolicum t. 18. f. 187. 188. 001786 Schroter, No. 10: Die Ost- und Westmuschel Cardium aeolicum Chemnitz Choncyl. Th. vi. tab. 18. fig. 187. 001 788 Schroter: Cardium aeolicum. VI, 146. 191. 192. 001789 Bruguiere : Cardium aeolicum von Born . 0017 91 Gmelin, p. 3254, No. 33: Cardium aeolicum. 001798 Bruguiere: ID by Lamarck Cardium aeolicum pI. 296. fig. 4. 001798 Roding, p. 190, No. 403: Cardium aeolicum. 001815 Wood, p. 235, No. 39: Cardium aeolicum. 001817 Dillwyn: Cardium aeolicum Born = Cardium pectinatum Linnaeus. 001819 Lamarck, p.ll, No. 28: Cardium aeolicum Born = Cardium pectinatum Brug. Dict. no. 18. 001 825 Wood, p. 27, No. 40: Cardium aeolicum. 001 827 Bory de St. Vincent: p. 155 : Cardium aeolicum Lamarck = C. aeolicum Born, 1780 (fide Fischer-Piette (1977). 001 840 Sowerby, p. 6, No. 76: Born (1780 p . 36) Cardium aeolicum = C. pectinatum Linn.? 001 844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium aeolicum Born. 001 844 Reeve: Cardium aeolicum Born, 1780 = junior syn. of Cardium pectinatum Linne, 1758. 001847 Gray, No. 557: C. aeolicum type species of Laevicardium sp. Swains. 1840. 001856 Wood & Hanley, No. 40: Cardium aeolicum Born, T. Caes. 48. = C. pectinatum Lin. 001859 Chenu: Laevicardium eolicum sic Lamarck. 001869 Dunker: Cardium aeolicum Born. 001868 ZR: Cardium pectinatum (L.) probably not = aeolicum (Born) [Ref. Romer 1868]. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 369 aeolicum - affenuatum ··1869 Romer: Cardium aeolieum Born, An Cardium pee tina tum L. ··1870 March: Cardium aeolieum Born; junior synonym of Cardium pee tina tum L. ··187 J Stoliczka: Cardium aeolieum Born, = Syn. peetinatum Linn. ··1876 Meek: Laevieardium eolieum sic Born. ··1877 Locard : Cardium aeolieum Born , 1780 = Cardium peetinatum Linne, 1766. ··1878 Brauer, vol. 77, Abt. II; p. 127: Cardium aeolieum Reeve. = C. aeolieum Born, 1780 (fide Fischer-Piette (1977) . ··1890 Paete1: Laevicardium aeolieum Born. ··1891 Romer: Laevicardium aeolieum Born. ··1906 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium (Diseors) aeolicum Born . ··1915 Tomlin & Shackleford: Cardium (Laevieardium) aeolicum Born, 1780. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 16: Cardium aeolieum Born, 1778. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 16: Cardium aeolieum Gme1in, 1790 sic. ··1942 Lamy: Cardium aeolieum Born. ··1955 Nickles: Laevieardium aeolieum Born. ··1945 ZR: Cardium aeolieum Born [Ref. Lamy 1945] . ··1958 MarcheMarchand: Laevieardium aeolieum Born. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevieardium (Diseors) aeolieum Born. ··1989 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Lyroeardium aeolieum (Born, 1780). ··1989 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Cardium aeolieum Born, 1778 is a nomen nudum . ··1990 Dance, p. 249 : Nemoeardium aeolieum Born . ··1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Lyroeardium aeolieum (Born, 1778). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 183 : Cardium aeolieum Born, 1778. Synonym of Lyroeardium peel ina tum (Linnaeus, 1758). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: off French Guinea, Bay of Praia San Pedro Bay, St. Vincent. Spengler collection: 3 specimens, Guinea. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: ··1840 Sowerby: a space on the posterior side of the shell is entirely free from ribs in either direction. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1840 Sowerby, and Dance 1990: Shell thin but solid, inflated. Surface with three distinct patterns. Umbona1 area almost smooth. Escutcheon smooth. Rest of shell with numerous fine radial ribs crossed by raised concentric ridges which stop short at the midline. Inside whitish flushed in the umbonal area with yellow. DIMENSIONS. ··1990 Dance: 45-60 mm. REMARKS. Cardium aeolieum was not figured by Born (1780), but Chemnitz (1782) ｢･ｬｩｶｾ､＠ that the description of Cardium peelinalum Linne, 1758 is in general agreement with the description of C. aeolieum given by Born (1780). Linne referred to Gualtieri (1742) pI. 75 for C. peelinalum, but Chemnitz stated that the species on pI. 75 is a species of Venus, not Cardium. The C. aeolieum of Born is identical with C. peelinalum Linne according to Bruguiere (quoted from Sowerby 1840). The Linnaean name Cardium p eelinalum was restored by Reeve (J 844) as a senior synonym of Cardium aeolieum Born, 1780 (see peelinatum) . ··1844 Reeve: Regarding Cardium aeolieum Born, Lamarck, Sowerby. After Reeve had restored the Linnaean name, M. Deshayes much regretted that the appellation erroneously followed by Lamarck should have become so popular amongst conchological writers and amateurs. Few students of cockles have taken Bruguiere's or Reeve's statements into account. The authorship of Lister, Bonanni, Knorr, and Chemnitz are not available for nomenclatorial purposes. HABITAT. ··ZMUC: sand and corals, 22-45 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1840 Sowerby, p.6. No. 76: West Africa; Indian Ocean, China. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Indian Seas? Guinea ? ··1891 Romer : Martinique. aeolicum ofGmelin, Lamarck, and Reeve. - See under aeolicum Born. aequale Cheltzov, 1964. - Avieardium aequale Cheltzov, 1964. Previously in Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1964 ZR: Avieardium aequale Cheltzov, 1964 sp. nov. Akchagylian of Kopet-Dag Mts. Turkmenia. *aequale. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium aequale from 2 sources: Deshayes, 1854. - Gauerndorff(? year). aequale Deshayes, 1854. [Figs. Part 3 p. 913] . - Corculum aequale (Deshayes, 1855). Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype BMNH. Without locality. RECORDS. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium aequale Dsh. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Coreulum (Fragum) aequale Deshayes, 1855. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium aequale Deshayes, 1854; p. 332. aequale Gauerndorff. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" aequale Gauemdorff. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium aequale Gauerndorff. aequicostata Marinescu, 1975. - Budmania aequieoslata (Marinescu, 1975) . Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene . RECORDS. ··1975 ZR: Limnoeardium (Budmania) aequieoslata Marinescu, 1975 sp. nov. Romania, Banat. Ref. to Marinescu, p . 24. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Budmania aequieostala . ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnoeardium (Budmania) aequieostala. aequilaterale Hi1gard & Hopkins, 1878. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " aequilaterale Hilgard & Hopkins, 1878. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1878 ZR: Cardium aequilaterale Hilgard & Hopkins, 1878 sp. n. subfossil. aequilaterale (variety). - See under pauli var. aequilaterale Blanckenhorn, 1934. aequilateralis Meek & Hayden, 1860. - Taneredia ?aequilateralis Meek & Hayden, 1860. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1860 Meek & Hayden: Taneredia ?aequilateralis Meek & Hayden, 1860. aequilaterum . - Not known. Cardiidae . Recent. REMARKS. ··ZMUC: Cardium aequilaterum = murieatum according to label in box with murieatum. I have not found literature references to a species called Cardium aequilaterum. aequiliratum Poutiers, 1981. [Figs. Part 3 p. 90 I]. Mieroeardium aequiliratum Poutiers, 1981 . Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Philippines. RECORDS. ··1981 Poutiers: Mieroeardium aequiliratum. ··1981 ZR: Mieroeardium aequiliratum Poutiers, 1981 sp. nov. Philippines. Ref. to Poutiers, p. 339. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Philippines. aequistriatum Baily, 1858. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" aequistriatum Baily, 1858 . Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium aequistriatum Baily, 1858; vol. 14: 138, pI. 8 figs . 6a-b. aequivalvis Go1dfuss. - Pholadomya aequivalvis Goldfuss . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. - REMARKS . Stoliczka (1871) mentioned that the hinge was similar to that of a Pholadomya, but the species was referred to Cardium by Conrad. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Pholadomya aequivalvis Goldf. affenuatum (error). - Printer's mistake for allenuatum 370 Trop ical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) afjine - Agnocardia in Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen 1995 . *afjine, Cardium. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium affinelaJJinis from 2 sources: Muenster, 1835. - Spieker, 1922. a/fine Munster, 1835 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " aJJine Muenster, 1835. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 121 : Cardium aJJine Muenster, 1835 . a/finis Spieker, 1922 . - New combination: Trigoniocardia afJinis (Spieker, 1922). Cardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1941 Pilsbry & Olsson : Cardium (Trigoniocardia) aJJinis Spieker, 1922. *afjinis, Hemicardia . - Homonymy to be noticed. Hemicardia aJJinis from 2 sources: Nelson, 1870. Nelson, 1984. a/finis Nelson, 1870. - New name and Changed combination: Trigoniocardia spiekeri (Hanna & Israelsky, 1925). » Regarding Hemicardia aJJinis: Cardiidae. Pliocene. REcoRDs. ··1941 Pilsbry & Olsson: Hemicardia aJJinis Nelson, 1870 (not Munster, 1835). "1941 Pilsbry & Olsson: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) spiekeri Hanna & Israelsky, 1925 ; new name for Cardium aJJinis Nelson. a/finis Nelson, 1984. - Hemicardia afJinis Nelson. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1984 ZR: Hemicardia ajJinis Nelson, sp. nov. sic Peru, Tertiary. Ref. to Nelson, p. 80. a/ra Gliozzi & Malatesta, 1983 . - Acanthocardia afra Gliozzi & Malatesta, 1983 . Cardiidae. Paleocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Basin del Rio Massintonto, Maputo, Mozambique, Africa . RECORDS. "1983 Gliozzi & Malatesta, p. 96, pI. I, fig. : Acanthocardia afra n. sp. a/ricana Cox, 1965. - Proto cardia africana Cox, 1965. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Protocardia africana sp. nov. Cox, 1965 sp. nov. Didimtu hill, N .E. Kenya, Toarcian. A/rico/ragum Eames, 1957 (subgenus). - Synonym of Schedocardia Stewart, 1930 . » Regarding Africofragum: Cardiidae. Eocene. Synonym with the Paleocene-Eocene subgenus Schedocardia Stewart, 1930. Original designation. Eames, 1957 designated Fragllm (Acanthocardia) newtoni type for the subgenus Africofragum of the genus Acanthocardia (Moore et al. 1969). RECORDS. ··1957 ZR: Africofragum Eames, 1957 subgen. nov. fossil of Fragum Cardiidae. ··1957 ZR: Fragum (Africofragum) Eames, 1957 subgen. nov. subgenotype: Fragum (Africofragum) newtoni Eames, 1957 sp. no v. Eocene , Nigeria . "1980 Vokes : Africofragum Eames, 1957 in subfamily Cardiinae. A/rocardium Tomlin, 1931 (genus). - Cardiidae. Recent. GE NO TYPE. Tomlin 1931 designated Fragum (Afrocardium) shepstonense Tomlin, 1931 type species of the subgenus Afrocardium in the genus Ctenocardia Adams & Adams, 1857. Afrocardium raised to generic level by authors . RECORDS . ··1980 Vokes: Afrocardium Tomlin, 1931 in subfamily Fraginae. "1982 Kilburn & Rippey: Afrocardium Tomlin, 1931. ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Afrocardium. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1994 Hylleberg: small, oblique shells, somewhat quadrate (suboval); umbonal ridge oblique, indistinct. Sculpture of radial rib lets with scales or spines. Umbones near the anterior third of the shell, beaks towards the anterior. Otherwise as Ctenocardia. ··2002 Schneider: Afrocardium has alternating wide and narrow ribs on the central slope. The ribs and spines achieve equal strength midway through ontogeny. Spines on the narrow ribs are weaker than those on the wider ribs. Spines form symmetric concave-down triangles. Afrocardium has labial palps with length less than one-third the length of the entire animal (minus the shell). "2001 Vidal: two siphons. No eyes. DISTRIBUTION . ··2002 Schneider: Afrocardium known predominantly from Recent species in the Indian Ocean. Afrocardium was present in Europe andAlgeria from the Late Eocene through the Pliocene. A/rocardium Tomlin, 1931 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1931 ZR: Afrocardium subg. n. type Fragum (Afrocardium) shepstonense Tomlin, 1931. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··2002 Schneider: Keen (1951, 1969, 1980) classified Afrocardium as a subgenus of Ctenocardia on the basis of Afrocardium heavy tubular spines. Kafanov and Popov (1977) placed Afrocardium in subfamily Fraginae , tribe Parvicardiini. Popov (1977) synonymised Afrocardium with Plagiocardium . Schneider (2002) placed Afrocardium Tomlin, 1931 in subfamily Orthocardiinae Schneider, 2002. agalarova Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968. - Didacna agalarova Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968 . Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1968 ZR: Didacna agalarova Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968 sp. nov. Khazarian, Quaternary, Azerbaijan, USSR . agassizii Michelotti, 1839. - Combination to be revised: " Cardium " agass iz ii Michelotti, 1839. Fossil, Cardiidae. RECORDS . .. 1922-32 Sherborn, p. 140: Cardium agassizii Michelotti, 1839. agdschakendense Bobkova, 1956. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " agdschakendense Bobkova, 1956. Cretaceous, Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Cardium agdschakendense Bobkova, 1956 sp. nov. Armenia Cretaceous. Caucasus, Russia; Azerbaijan. agheilensis (subspecies). - See under glaucum agheilensis Kaltenbach, 1943 . agheilensis Kaltenbach, 1949. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma agheilensis Kaltenbach , 1949 . Cardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Nordsieck 1969 classified it as subspecies Cerastoderma glaucum agheilensis ( Kaltenbach , 1943). DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean, Libya, salt lakes on Cyrenaika (Nords ieck 1969). RECORDS. "1949 Kaltenbach, p. 20-21 , Tables 2, 5: Cardium (Cerastoderma) agheilensis n. sp. ··1949 ZR: Cardium (Cerastodernia sic) agheilensis Kaltenbach, 1949 sp. nov. 22 km W. Agheila (Syrte), S. der Via Balbia, N.E. Africa. Agnocardia Stewart, 1930 (genus). - Cardiidae. Type species Agnocardia c!aibornense (Aldrich) . RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Agnocardia Stewart, 1930. Type species Cardium c!aibornense Aldrich, 1911. ··1980 Vokes: Agnocardia Stewart, 1930 in subfamily Cardiinae. "1992 Schneider p. 155: Agnocardia. Type species Agnocardia c!aibornense (Aldrich) . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DES CRIPTI ONS. ··2002 Schneider: Agnocardia has a strong right anterior cardinal tooth that does project downwards over the socket opening; the tooth is usually not hemispherical in shape with the ventral edge being flat. Agnocardia has alternating wide and narrow ribs on the central slope. Additionally, the spines on the narrow ribs are s Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 371 Agnocardia - alata weaker than those on the wider ribs. The ribs and spines achieve equal strength midway through ontogeny. Spines form symmetric concave-down triangles. CLASSIFICATION --2002 Schneider: Stewart (1930) erected Agnocardia as a subgenus of Trachycardium. Agnocardia was raised to generic level by Vokes (1977). Keen (1951, 1969, 1980) considered Agnocardia a subgenus of Acanthocardia. Popov (1977) classified Agnocardia as a subgenus of Bucardium. Stewart, (1930. Schneider (2002) placed Agnocardia in subfamily Orthocardiinae Schneider, 2002. DISTRIBUTION. --2002 Schneider: the extinct Agnocardia known almost exclusively from south-eastem USA and the Caribbean. Agnocardia was present in Europe and Egypt in the Late Eocene. Agnocardia Stewart, 1930 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Eocene-Miocene. Stewart (1930) designated Cardium claibomense Aldrich, 1911 type species of the subgenus Agnocardia of the genus Acanthocardia. RECORDS. --1930 ZR: Agnocardia Stewart, 1930 fossil subgen. n. of Trachycardium type Cardium claibornensis Aldrich. --1995 Pacaud & Renard: Agnocardia Stewart, 1930 in subfamily Cardiinae. --1999 Vidal: Subgenus Agnocardia Stewart, 1930 of the genus Trachycardium with at least 6 fossil nominal species. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1969 Moore et al.: The shell of Agnocardia has numerous ribs, flattopped with hollow, A-shaped spines. DISTRIBUTION. North and South America. ahalcikhensis Popov, 1982. - Korobkoviella ahalcikhensis Popov, 1982. Cardiacea. Oligocene. RECORDS. --1982 ZR: Korobkoviella ahalcikhensis Popov, 1982 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Popov et al. p. 43. aiguillonne Blainville, 1830. - Synonym of Acanthocardia aculeata Linnaeus, 1758.» Regarding Cardium aiguillonne: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean. RECORDS. --1830 Blainville, pI. 8, figs. 6, 6a: Cardium aiguillonne. --1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium aiguillonne = Cardium aculeatum. --1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 103: Cardium aiguillonne, Blainville, 1830. Syn of Cardium aculeatum Linne, 1758. ainuanum Yokoyama, 1927. - Changed combination: Ciliatocardium ainuanum (Yokoyama, 1927). Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. --1927 Yokoyama: Cardium ainuanum. --1927 ZR: Cardium ainuanum Yokoyama, 1927b sp. n. Tertiary Japan. --1973 Keen: Clinocardium ainuanum (Yokoyama, 1927). --1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium ainuanum (Yokoyama, 1927) Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. aitaiense Jekelius, 1934. - New combination: Lymnocardium aitaiense J ekelius, 1934. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1935 ZR: Limnocardium aitaiense Jekelius, 1934 sp. n. Pliocene Rumania. akmanaica Ebersin, 1967. - Macradacna akmanaica Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1967 Ebersin: Macradacna akmanaica sp. n. --1967 ZR: Macradacna akmanaica Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. akobae Tscheltzov, 1965. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" akobae Tscheltzov, 1965. Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1965 ZR: Cardium akobae Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Akchagylian (Pliocene), Turkmenia, USSR. akschaena Popov, 1983. - Didacna akschaena Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. --1983 Popov, p. 194, fig.: Didacna akschaena sp. nov. RECORDS. --1989 Mikhailesku: Didacna akschaena Popov. --1989 Klimanov, Mikhailesku & Chepalyga: Didacna akschaena Popov. alabamense Gabb, 1876. - Changed combination: Granocardium alabamense (Gabb, 1876). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1998 Rindsberg: Granocardium (Criocardium) alabamense (Gabb, 1876). alabastra (mode). - See under alabastrum Carpenter, 1855. alabastrum Carpenter, 1855. - Synonym of Trigoniocardia graniferum (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829).» Regarding Cardium alabastrum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1855 Carpenter: Cardium alabastrum. --1860 Carpenter: Cardium alabastrum Cpr. --190 I Dall: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) alabastrum Carpenter, 1857. --1968 Keen: Cardium alabastrum Carpenter, 1857 = Trigoniocardia granifera (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). --1974 Abbott: Cardium alabastrum Carpenter, 1857 = Trigoniocardia granifera (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). --1977 Popov: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) alabastra (Carpenter, 1857). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium alabastrum Carpenter, 1857 = Cardium graniferum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium alabastrum Carpenter, 1855; [1855-1857] p. 94. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. --1971 Keen: Cardium alabastrum Carpenter, 1855, from Mazatlan, is based on an unfigured, immature specimen. DISTRIBUTION. California, Peru. alaeforme Agassiz in Sowerby, 1827. - Conocardiidae, previously in Cardiidae. Devonian. Conocardium alaeforme (Agassiz in Sowerby, 1827). RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium alaeforme Sowerby. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 215: Cardium alaeforme Sowerby, 1827. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 215: Conocardium alaeforme Agassiz in Sowerby, 1842. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium alaeforme Sowerby. Belgium (Tournai), B06499. alaskense Clark, 1932. - Changed combination: Nemocardium alaskense (Clark, 1932). Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene. RECORDS. --1932 ZR: Cardium (Laevicardium) alaskensis Clark, 1932 sp. n. Oligocene S. Alaska. --1954 Keen: Nemocardium (Keenaea) alaskense (Clark), 1932. --1972 ZR: Nemocardium (Keenae?) alaskense (Clark 1932) Combination nov. transferred from Cardium (Laevicardium) [Ref. Addicott 1972]. --1972 ZR: Cardium (Laevicardium) alaskensis Clark 1932. Referred to Nemocardium (Keenae?) [Ref. Addicott 1972]. --1977 Popov: Pratulum alaskense (Clark, 1932). alaskensis (mode). - See under alaskense. alata (variety). - See under baeri var. alata Gadzhiev, 1968. alata Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968. - Didacna alata Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. --1968 ZR: Didacna alata Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968 sp. nov. Khazarian, 372 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) aLatop/anum - aLburgense Quaternary, Azerbaijan, USSR. aLatoplallum Andrussow. - Oraphocardium alatoplanum (Andrussow). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1907 Andrussow: Phyllicardium alatoplanum Andrus. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Oraphocardium alatoplanum (Andrus.). aLatop/anum infracimmericum Eberzin, 1956 (subspecies) . - Oraphocardium afatoplanum infracimmericum Eberzin, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Oraphocardium alatoplanum infracimmericum Eberzin, 1956 subsp. nov. Kerchenski, Crimea Pliocene, Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvi1i : Oraphocardium alatoplanum infracimmericum (Ebers.) afatop/anum minor. Nomen nudum. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Oraphocardium alatoplanum minor (nomen nudum). afatop/anum transcaucasicum Eberzin, 1956 (subspecies). - Oraphocardium alatoplanum transcaucasicum Eberzin, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Oraphocardium alatoplanum transcaucasicum Eberzin, 1956 subsp. nov. Duab, south of Samarkand. Pliocene, Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Oraphocardium a/atoplanum transcaucasicum Ebers. aLba (variety). - See under aculeatum var. alba Philippi. - fasciatum var. alba Jeffreys, 1863. - papillosum var. alba Locard & Caziot, 1900. - rectidens var. alba Monts. Mss. afbensis (variety). - See under cottaldi var. albensis Mordvilko, 1932. a1bescens Meuschen, 1778 . Non binominal. - Not available. Cardium albescens Meuschen, 1778. Insufficiently known. RECORDS. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 26: Cardium albescens Meuschen, 1778. a/bida Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. - Hypanis albida Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Black Sea, Caspian. RECORDS. ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis albida Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. aLbida (variety). - See under glaucum var. albida Locard & Caziot, 1900. albida Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. Not a cardiid. RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium albida. albidum Gmelin, 1791 . [Figs. Part I p. 50]. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium albidum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1742 Gualtieri. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium albidum t. 83. f. H. "1791 Gmelin, 13 ed. p. 3256, No . 47 : Cardium albidum. ··1815 Wood: Cardium albidum Linn. Gme!.; perhaps the young ofa larger shell. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium albidum GmeJin should be ignored. ··1828 Wood: Cardium albidum Gmelin, 1791. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 45: Uncertain albidum Gme!. 3256, from Gualt. 83, f. H., irrecognisable. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 28: Cardium albidum Gmelin, 1790 sic. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium albidum (insufficiently known) nomen dubium. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS . ··1791 Gmelin: shells inequilateral ribs whitish, interior purple [I have translated from Latin] . 14 ribs. DIMENSIONS. 9 mm. REMARKS. Gmelin has used the name C. albidum for pI. 83, fig. H, in Gualtieri (1742). DISTRIBUTION. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: unknown. albidum (variety). - See under luberculatum var. albidum Brusina, 1865. a/binum (variety). - See under exiguum var. albinum Monterosato. albohamatum Hylleberg & Vidal, 2000. [Figs. Part 3 p. 881]. - Vepricardium albohamatum Hylleberg & Vidal, 2000. HOLOTYPE: an almost complete right valve (posterior part of hinge lacking) and a large piece of the left one. Live specimen broken during sampling at Ko Sur in, Ranong, Thailand. Reference Collection of Phuket Marine Biological Center, Thailand. Reg. No 642 . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKS. ··2000 Hylleberg & Vidal: close to V. rubrohamatum as far as dimension, shape, morphometry, hinge of the right valve, rib number are concerned; differing in colour, size of lunule, rib structure and rib ornamentation. DrsTRIBuTION. Only known from the Andaman Sea, Thailand (the holotype and a single left valve dredged after description of the species). album (variety). - See under lamarckii tenuesubquadratum var. album Coen, 1937 and tuberculatum var. album Monterosato, 1878. album Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part I p. 73]. Non binomina!. - Not available. Identical with Fragum fragum. » Regarding Fragum album: Cardiidae. Recent. Chemnitz rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. Spengler (1799) refers to the same fig. in Chemnitz (Tab. 16 Fig. 167) for both No. 36 Cardium imbricatum and No. 39 Cardium fragum . Since he illustrated C. fragum, Knudsen & Hylleberg (1999) suggested that the reference to Chemnitz is a printer's error in the case of C. fragum . RECORDS. ··1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 16 Fig. 166-167: Fragum album seu flavum Lin. (ex museo Spengleriano). ··1799 Spengler, No. 39: Fragum album ChemnitzTom. VI. Tab. 16 Fig. 167. seujlavum Lin. = No. 39 Cardium fragum in Spengler (East Indies). ··1799 Spengler: Fragum album Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 16 Fig. 167 seujlavum Lin. = No. 36 Cardium imbricalum in Spengler (without locality). ··1840 Pfeiffer: Chemnitz Fig. 166-167. Cardium medium Lin. = Cardium fragum Lam. 41. ··1870 Morch: Fragum album = Cardiumji-agum;junior synonyms of Cardium imbricatum Born. album Rumphius, 1705. [Figs. Part I p. 43] . Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Fragum album: Cardiidae. Recent. Rumphius 1705 rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere: Fragum album Rumph. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum album Rumphius, 1705 = Fragum fragum Reeve, 1833 . album seu f1avum Martini. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Fragum album: Martini (i.e. Chemnitz) rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere: Fragum album seu flavum: Martini tom. 6. pag. 171, tab. 16, fig. 166, 167. album Verkriizen , 1877 . - Synonym of Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere , 1789). » Regarding Cardium album : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1974 Abbott: Cardium album Verkriizen, 1877 = Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1980 ZR: Serripes album Verkriizen, 1877. Synonym. Ref. to Kafanov. alburgense. - Loxocardium alburgense. Cardiidae. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 373 alcesiana - alternatum Lower Paleocene. RECORDS. "1979 ZR: Loxocardium alburgense. Ukraine. Ref. to Makarenko. alcesiana McLearn, 1933. - Pr%cardia alcesiana McLearn, 1933. Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1934 ZR: Pr%cardia alcesiana McLearn, 1933 sp. n. Lower Cretaceous Northern Alberta. alcyone d'Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium alcyone d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn, p. 207 : Unicardium alcyone d'Orbigny, 1850. aleuticum Girard, 1843. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" aleuticum Girard, 1843. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 211: Cardium aleuticum Girard, 1843. alexinum Tsche1tzov, 1964. - Changed combination: Miricardium alexinum (Tsche1tzov, 1964). Cardiacea. Neogene. RECORDS. "1964 ZR: Avicardium alexinum Cheltzov, 1964 sp. nov. Akchagylian of Kopet-Dag Mts. Turkmenia. "1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Miricardium alexinum (Tsche1tzov) comb . nov. "1987 ZR : Miricardium alexinum (Tsche1tzov) comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 193 . alfuricum Fischer, 1921 . - Changed combination: Fragum alfuricum (Fischer, 1921). Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS ... 1921 ZR: Cardium alfuricum Fischer, 1921 sp. n. Pliocene, Moluccas. "1927 Fischer, pI. IS, fig. 114: Fragum alfuricum. "1927 ZR: Cardium (Fragum) alfuricum Fischer, 1927 sp. n. Pliocene Dutch E. Indies. "1933 Nomura, pI. 3, fig. 22 : Cardium (Fragum) alfuricum (Fischer). algirum Coquand, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" algirum Coquand, 1862. Cardiidae . Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY . Constantine. RECORDS. .. 1862 Coquand, vol. 2, p. 205: Cardium algirum. .. 1871 Stoliczka: Cardium algirum Coquand, 1862 (?). .. 1980 Ruhoff: Cardium algirum Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 205. alibajramliniva Vekilov, 1970. - Didacna alibajramliniva Vekilov, 1970. Lymnocardiidae. Holocene. RECORDS. "1970 ZR: Didacna alibajramliniva Vekilov, 1970 sp. nov. Holocene anthropogenic deposits, N.E. Azerbaijan, USSR. alicula Dall, 1898. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia alicula (Dall, 1898). Cardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. Chipo1a, FI. USA. RECORDS. "1898 Dall: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) aticula n. sp ... 1958 Abbott: Trigoniocardia alicula Dall 1900 [Tertiary]. "1977 Popov: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) alinda (Dall, 1900). "1977 Vokes: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) aticula (Dall, 1900). "1977 Vokes: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) aticula in Dall 1900 (in part) = Fragum tunicula Vokes, 1977. . aliforme Sowerby. - Conocardium aliforme (Sowerby) Conocardiidae. Originally classified in Cardiidae. Carboniferous. Cardium aliforme Sow. is type species of genus Conocardium Bronn, 1835 = Pleurorhynchus Phil. 1836 (Stoliczka 1871). RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium aliforme Sow... 1887 Fischer: Conocardium aliforme Sowerby. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium aliforme d'Orbigny (Sowerby). Eloffe, Devonien, Vise-Liege-Belgique, S00290, B03599 i.a. aliforme minina Yanishevskii, 1960 (variety). - New combination: Conocardium atiforme minina Yanishevskii, 1960. RECORDS. "1960 ZR: Yanishevskii, 1960 Conocardium aliforme var. nov. minina Yanishevskii, 1960 as minima (pI. 3, p. 26, and p. 29). "1960 ZR: Conocardium altforme var. minina Yanishevskii, 1960 var. nov. Lower Carboniferous, right bank of Ragusaha river, N.W. Moscow basin, USSR aliforme clathratum Goldfuss (variety). - Upgraded. Conocardium clathratum d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS ... 1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1342: Cardium aliforme var. clathratum Goldfuss = Conocardium clathratum d 'Orbigny, 1850. almerae. - Kralovna almerae . ?family. Middle Devonian. RECORDS. "1961 ZR: Kralovna almerae, type species of Barcinia Coma, 1961 (= Kralovna s.I.). Barrande, Barcelona, Vallcarca, Middle Devonian, Spain [Ref. Coma 1961]. .. 1961 ZR: Barcinia almerae Middle Devonian, Spain [Ref. Coma 1961]. almerai Gillet, 1965. - Lymnocardium almerai Gillet, 1965. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS ... 1987 Anaya: Lymnocardium (Euxinicardium) almerai Gillet, 1965. alpinum Gumbel, 1861. - New combination: Acanthocardia alpina. Cardiidae Cretaceous. RECORDS. ..1861 Gumbel, p. 396,407. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium alpinum (Acanthocardium sic). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium alpinum Gumbel, 1861; pp. 396, 407. alpocensis leke1ius, 1944. - Replidacna alpocensis lekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ..1946 ZR: Replidacna alpocensis lekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. alta (variety). - See under praemoquicum var. alta Ebersin. alta cuniiformis Chiplonkar, 1983. - Protocardia alta cuniiformis Chiplonkar, 1983. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous ... 1983 ZR: Protocardia (Protocardia) alta cuniiformis Chiplonkar, 1983 subsp. nov. India. Ref. to Chiplonkar et af. p. 152. *alternans. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium altemans from 2 sources: Munster, 1840. - Reuss, 1846. alternans Munster, 1840. - Conocardium altemans (Munster 1840). Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium altemans Munster 1840. "1922-32 Sherborn: Cardium altemans Muenster, 1840. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 231: Conocardium altemans d'Orbigny, 1850. alternans Reuss, 1846 . - Synonym of "Cardium" productum Sowerby. » Regarding Cardium alternans: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 231: Cardium alternans Reuss, 1844. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium alternans Reuss, 1846 - C. productum Sow. alternata Hubbard, 1920. - Agnocardia alternata (Hubbard, 1920). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1984 ZR: Agnocardia alternata (Hubbard, 1920) Comb. nov. Transferred from Cardium (Trachycardium). Ref. to Vokes p. 42 . "1984 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) alternalus Hubbard, 1920. Raised from Cardium (Trachycardium) cinderellae var. allernalus. Ref. to Vokes p. 42. *alternalum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium alternata I alternatum lalternatus from 4 sources: Sowerby, 1840. - Orbigny, 1844. - Sowerby in Dixon, 374 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) alternatum - alterum 1850. - Hubbard, 1920. alternatum Orbigny, 1844. - Combination to be revised: synonym of "Cardium" subalternatum Orbigny, 1850. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium intercostatum Deshayes. - Cardium inlercostatum Dujardin. » Regarding Cardium alternatum: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium allernatum d'Orbigny, 1843, changed to C. inlercostatum Desh. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium allernatum d'Orbigny = Cardium inlercoslatum Dujardin. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 234: Cardium a/ternatum d'Orbigny, 1844. "1954 Keen: Cardium alternatum d'Orbigny = Cardium subalternalum d' Orbigny, 1850. "1999 Jacques Vidal ( pers. comm.) MNHN , Paris : Fossils from the Paleontologica l Collection as Cardium alternatus d 'Orbigny. Turonien. Bourre-Loir, B 16793. altematum Sowerby in Dixon, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " alternatum Sowerby in Dixon, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 234: Cardium alternalum Sowerby in Dixon, 1850. alternatum Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part 1 p. 120, 136]. Synonym of Vaslicardium angu/atum (Lamarck, 1819). » Regarding Cardium allernatum: Cardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Ticao, the Philippines (Sowerby 1840). TYPE REPOSITORY. Lectotype: Cuming Collection BMNH no. 1971.24, Ticao, the Philippines, selected by Wilson & ｓｾｶ･ｮｳｯ＠ (1977). RECORDS. "1840 Sowerby, 183 r part , fig 64: Cardium allernalum. "1840 Sowerby, p. 108: Cardium alternatum. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 5, No. 60: Cardium a/lermitum Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium allernatum (Sowerby No. 60). "1845 Callow & Reeve: Cardium alternatum Sowerby, 1840. "1845 Reeve, sp. 65: Cardium alternalum Sower by, 1840. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium allernatum Sowerby, 1840. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) alternatum Sow. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium allernatum Sow. "1864 Jenkins: Cardium alternatum Sow. "1869 Romer: Cardium a/lerna/um Sowerby. "1884 Grasset: Cardium alternalum. Sow. "1890 Paetel : Cardium a/lernatum Sow. "1891 Romer : Acanthocardia a/ternalum Sow. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 234: Cardium alternatum Sowerby, 184 J. "1939 Adam & Leloup: Laevicardium (Trachycardium) allernatum (Sowerby 1840). "195.0 Tremlett: Cardium allernalum Sowerby in Dixon 1850 = Cardium (Vepricardium) asperulum Lamarck, 1805. "1955 Kira : Vaslicardium allernalum. "1955 Rost & Soot-Ryen: Trachycardium a/lernalum Sowerby, 1840. "1956 ZR: Trachycardium allernalum Swby. new to Seychelles [Ref. Rost & Soot-Ryen 1956]. "1960 Kuroda: Trachycardium (Acroslerigma) a/lernalum (Sowerby) . .. 1966 Habe & Kosu ge: Vaslicardium a/lernalum . "1972 Kira : Vasticardium altern alum (Sowerby). "1977 Fi sc her- Piette: Laevicardium (Vasticardium) alternalum Sowerby. "1977 Habe: Tr ac hycardium (Vasticardium) a/lernatum (Sowerby, 1841). "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Acroslerigma allernatum (Sowerby, 1841). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium alternalum Sowerby in Dixon, 1850; p. 92 , pI. 3 fig. 14. "1986 Springsteen & Leobrera: Trachycardium (Vaslicardium) a/lernalum (Sowerby). "1990 Dance: Acrosterigma a/ternalum (Sowerby). "1991 Vidal: Acrosterigma alternalum (Sowerby, 1840) = A. angulalum (Lamarck, 1819). "1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Cardium allernatum Sowerby, 1840 = Trachycardium angulata (Lamarck, 1819). "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Cardium allernalum Sowerby, 1840 = Acrosterigma angulala (Lamarck, 1819). "1994 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Laevicardium allernalum (Sowerby). "1999 Vidal: Cardium allernalum Sowerby, 1840 = Vasticardium angu/atum (Lamarck, 1819) ... 2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn , p. 184: Cardium a/ternalum. Trachycardium alternalum. Synonym of Vaslicardium angulatum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic va lue : very obliquely curved growth, sculpture of the interstices present the appearance of hav ing minute alternate ribs DESCRIPTIONS . "1845 Reeve: shell depressly ovate, very oblique, posteriorly slightl y angulated and a little gaping; radiatel y ribbed, 32 angulated ribs, the posterior especially; anterior ribs crenated, posterior prickly; interstices between the ribs convex, peculiarly impressly grooved down each side; whitish or flesh-colour, spotted with yellow, sometimes richly sta ined with pinkish brown towards the margins; margins violet-brown interiorly. "1990 Dance: Shell large, solid. Obliquely rounded shell with prominent, incurved umbo. About 27 strong, flat topped radial ribs, scaly particularly at the anterior side of shell. Deep, narrow grooves between ribs. Yellowish. DIMENSIONS. "1840 Sowerby: long. 2.40 poll. (61 mm), lat. 1.30 poll. (33 mm), all. 2.60 poll (66 mm); Rost & SootRyen (1955): Length 69.4 mm, height 62.6 mm, diameter 41.9 mm. REMARKS. "1845 Reeve: this fine species may be distinguished by its very obliquely curved growth, and by the peculiar sculpture of the interstices between the ribs, which present the appearance of having a minute alternate rib. "1864: Jenkins stated that Cardium allernatum Sow. is a recent ally of Cardium suba/ternatum [Tertiary]. "1869: Romer found that Cardium a/ternatum Sowerby is closely related to Cardium leucostomum Born. "1955 : Rost & Soot-Ryen stated that this oblique species has a low rib between the large radiating ribs. HABITAT. In coral sand on reefs (Sowerby 1840, 1841; Reeve 1845). DI STRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve: Island of Ticao , Philippines. "1884 Grasset: Australia. "1891 Romer: Nicobar Islands. "of authors: Indo-West Pacific. alternatum/-us (variety). - See under cinderellae var. allernatum Hubbard, 1920. *alternum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium allernum from 2 sources: Munster (? 1840). - Reuss (?year). alternum Munster. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " allernu m Munster. Cardiidae . Fossil. REC ORDS. "1857 Deshayes : Cardium a/lernum Munster. altermlm Reu ss. - Com bination to be revised : "Cardium " a/lernum Reuss. Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Bohemia . RECO RD S. "1 857 Deshayes: Cardium alternum Reuss . a/terum Gregorio, 1930. - Dicerocardium allerum Gregorio, 1930. Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS. "1936 ZR: Dicerocardium allerum Gregorio, 1930 sp. n. Lias Palermo. alterum Rumphiu s, 1705 . Non binominal. - Not available. Rumphius rejected for nomenclatorial 375 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) altior - Americardia purposes. Cardi idae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere: Fragum alterum = Cardium hemicardium Linn. altior (variety). - See under glaucum var. altior Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1892. *altum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium altum from 3 sources: Forbes ex Sowerby, 1846. - Sowerby in Forbes, 1856. - Tscheltzov, 1965. altum Forbes ex Sow. MS, 1846. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" altum Forbes ex Sow. MS, 1846. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 237: Cardium altum Forbes ex Sow. MS, 1846. altum Sowerby in Forbes, 1856. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " altum Sowerby in Forbes, 1856. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs . "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium altum Sowerby in Forbes, 1856; vol. 7: 145, pI. 15, fig. 13. altum Tscheltzov, 1965. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " altum Tscheltzov, 1965. ?Cardiidae . Pliocene. REMARKS. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Cardium altum Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Akchagylian (Pliocene), Turkmenia, USSR. altum Vu Khuc, 1991. - Vietnamicardium altum Vu Khuc, 1991. Cardiidae. Triassic . TYPE LOCALITY. Vietnam. RECORDS. "1991 Vu Khuc et. al. p. 101 , fig: Vietnamicardium altum Vu Khuc, 1991; sp. nov. alumen (subspecies and variety). - See under chipolanum alumen Gardner, 1926 and chipolanum var. alumen Gardner, 1926. alutaceum Munster in Goldfuss, 1836. - Changed combination: Granocardium alutacium (Munster in Goldfuss, 1836). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium aluta ceum (Acanthocardium sic). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 239: Cardium alutaceum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837 . ··1986 Abdel-Gawad, pI. 40, figs . 3,4: Granocardium (Granocardium) alutacium (v. Munster, 1836). alutacium (error). - Printer's mistake for alutaceum in Abdel-Gawad 1986. alveolatum Deshayes, 1853 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" alveolatum Oeshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Oeshayes: Cardium alveolatum. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium alveolatum Deshayes, 1853 ; vol. 2: 64. amaenum Coquand , 1865. - New combination: Cerastoderma amaenum (Coquand , 1865). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka, 88: Cardium amaenum Coquand, 1865 (Cerastoderma). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium amaenum Coquand, 1865; vol. 3: 308, pI. 10, fig. 9. amanoiTashiro & Matsuda, 1986. - Protocardia amanoi Tashiro & Matsuda , 1986. Cardiidae . Lower Cretaceous . TYPE LOCALITY. Sakawa area, Shikoku, Japan. RECORDS. "1986 Tashiro & Matsuda, p. 382, fig.:Protocardia (Protocardia) amanoi sp. nov. ··1987 ZR: Protocardia (Proto cardia) amanoi Tashiro, 1987 sp. nov. Japan, Lower Cretaceous. Ref. to Tashiro, M. et al. p. 382. amaradica (subspecies). - See under tohanensis amaradica Papaianopol. amaradica Papaianopol, 1982. - Pontalmyra amaradica Papaianopol, 1982. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Basin Oacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1982 Papaianopol, p. 60, fig .: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) amaradica sp. nov. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra amaradica Papaian . ··1987 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) amaradica Papaianopol, 1987 sp. nov. Romania, Pliocene. Ref. to Papaianopol p. 60. Amathusia Philippi, 1887 (genus). - Lahillidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Amathusia Philippi, 1887 non Fabricius, 1807 (Lepid.). Amatusia (error). - Printer's mistake for Amthusia in 1hering 1907 (Vokes 1980). *ambiguum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium ambiguum from 3 sources : Costa, 1839. - Sowerby, 1840. - Oarwyn (?year). ambiguum Costa, 1839. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " ambiguum Costa, 1839. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1932 Sherborn: Cardium ambiguum Costa, 1839. ambiguum Darwyn. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " ambiguum Darwyn. Cardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALIT Y. India. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes : Cardium ambiguum Oarwyn sic. ambiguum Sowerby, 1840. - New name: Cardium cotteri Cox, 1931. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 248: Cardium ambiguum Sowerby, 1840 . •• I 931 ZR: Name replaced: Cardium cotleri Cox, 1931 nom. n. for Cardium ambiguum 1. de C. Sowerby non O.G. Costa, Laki of Sind. amboinense Gmelin, 1791. - Not a cardiid. RECORDS. •• 1782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium amboinense mus. Kirch. 2. f. 129. "1791 Gmelin No. 43 ... I 815 Wood: Cardium amboinense Gmelin belongs to the genus Arca . •• I 902 Sherborn, p. 40: Cardium amboinense Gmelin, 1790 sic. ambrae Eberzin, 1956. - Oxydacna (?) ambrae Eberzin, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Oxydacna (?) ambrae Eberzin, 1956 sp. nov. Pliocene Russia Ambra river. ameghinoi Ihering, 1907. Hedecardium (Iheringicardium) ameghinoi (Ihering, 1907). Cardiidae. Oligocene. Lower Miocene? RECORDS. ··2002 Schneider: Cardium ameghinoi lhering, 1907. ··2002 Schneider: Hedecardium (Iheringicardium) ameghinoi (lhering, 1907). americana Meek & Hayden, 1856. - Tancredia americana Meek & Hayden, 1860 . Cardiidae . Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1860 Meek & Hayden: Hetlangia americana Meek & Hayden, 1856 ... I 860 Meek & Hayden: Tancredia americana Meek & Hayden, 1860. Americardia Stewalt, 1930 (genus). - Cardiidae. Recent. Upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS. •• I 930 Stewart: Americardia (Miocene) . ··1980 Vokes : Americardia Stewart, 1930 in subfamily Fraginae. "2000 Coan et al.: Genus Americardia Stewart, 1930. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE CHARACTERS of diagnostic value. "1994 Hylleberg: shell quadrate, medium in size, ribs and intercostal spaces smooth. Americardia Stewart, 1930 (subgenus) . - Cardiidae . Recent. Stewart, 1930 designated Cardium medium Linne, 1758 type of the subgenus Americardia of the genus Trigoniocardia Dall , 1900. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: (Americardia) Stewart, 1930 fossil subgen . n. of Trigoniocardia type Cardium medium L. •• I 934 Johnson: (Americardia) Stewart 1930 . •• I 953 Olsson 376 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) amicorum - anadariformicum & Harbison: Subgenus (Amerieardia) Stewart, 1930. ··1961. Olsson : (Americardia) Stewart, 1930. ··1977 Popov : (Amerieardia) Stewart, 1930. Type species: Cardium medium Linne, 1758. amicorum (cf.) Ebersin. - Changed combination: Euxinieardium cf. amicorum Ebersin. Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya: Limnoeardium (Euxinieardium) cf. amicorum Eberzine sic. amicorum Ebersin. - Euxinicardium amicorum Ebersin. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium amicorum Ebers. amiense form of amiensis used by Abbott (1958). amiensis Dall 1900. - Trigoniocardia amiensis (Dall, 1900). Cardiidae. Tertiary. - TYPE LOCALITY. Restriction of type locality Vokes 1989, p. 119. RECORDS. ··1958 Abbott, p. 126: Trigoniocardia amiensis Dall 1900. ··1958 Abbott, p. 124: Trigoniocardia amiense Dall 1900. ··1977 Popov : Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) amiensis (Dall, 1900). ··1989 Vokes. p. 119: Cardium (Trigonioeardia) amiense Dall , 1900. amirante Vidal, 1999. - Aeroslerigma amiranle Vidal 1999. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Holotype, Amirante Island, Seychelles . TYPE REPOSITORY . Holotype, The Natural History Museum, London. Paratype : Museum national d ' Histoire naturelle, Paris. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype, A bivalved shell, Amirante Island, Seychelles, 71.3m (BMNH Ref. 1910-8- 31702, J. S. Gardiner coll.). Paratype: A partially broken and incomplete left valve, Tulear, Madagascar, 280m (MNHN). RECORDS. ··1999 Vidal, p. 296, Table 21, Figs. 7 N,Q, 8B : Acroslerigma amiranle n. sp. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: the lunule shape, rib number, and details of rib ornamentation are diagnostic . DESCRIPTfONS. ··1999 Vidal : shell ovoid, not truncated posteriorly, nearly equilateral, moderately elongated and rather globose. Lunule somewhat imperfectly delineated, small, almost equivalent on both valves, its margin raised near umbo. External colour a uniform pale yellow, except for a pink umbo. Interior white, with a pink concentric band in the middle and two pink umbonal rays. Hinge slightly asymmetrical and moderately angled. On right valve, cardinals more than usually fused at base. Rib number 52-55. Posteriorly, interstices very thin, ribs very flat with an axial longitudinal thin furrow separating two zones of simi lar width. Elongated, thin, straight, oblique scales occupy entire posterior zone and encroach upon anterior zone, straddling axial furrow. Posteriorly on middle surface, features are at first similar, but then the posterior zone becomes slightly raised and ribs become flatly triangular; axial furrow gradually disappears and anterior smooth zone becomes anterior flank of the rib. Scales shorten, becoming only more numerous small flank-ridges; rib-tops become smooth. On anterior part of shell. flank-ridges extend again onto rib tops and eventually become transverse top-ridges, at first free and thin, then, towards anterior part, becoming wide, imbricated and even irregularly tubercular near lunule. DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: length 20.0, width 23.9 (24.2 mm, thickness 16.5 mm, (width 24 .2 mm in the incomplete paratype). REMARKS. Previously identified as Laevieardium (L.) maurilianum (Deshayes) . Aeroslerigma amiranle resembles A. uniornalum in dimensions, shape, and colour. It is close to A. profundum in lunule shape and rib number, but differs in rib morphology having no high bi-crenulated ribs on the median part of the shell. DISTRIBUTfON. Indian Ocean: Amirante Islands and Madagascar. *amnicum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium amnicum from 2 sources: Pulteney, 1799. - Montagu, 1803. amnicum Montagu, 1803. - Not a cardiid. RECORDS. ··1803 Montagu: Cardium amnieum Pulteney Cat. Dorset. p. 31 ? ··1803 Montagu: Tellina amniea Gmel. p. 3242 = Cardium amnicum. ··1853 Forbes & Hanley: Cardium amnicum not a cardiid. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 270: Cardium amnieum Montagu , 1803. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium amnieum Montagu not a cardiid. amnieum Pulteney, 1799. - Not a cardiid. RECORDS. ··1902 Sherborn: Tellina amnieum Muller. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 44: Cardium amnieum Pulteney, 1799 = Tellina amnieum (Mull.) . amotapense Olsson, 1934. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " amotapense Olsson, 1934. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1934 ZR: Cardium amolapense Olsson, 1934 sp. n. Cretaceous Peru. ampeJasciensis Andrussow, 1907. - Nomen nudum . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1907 Andrussow, p. 112: Prosodacna ampelasciensis nov. sp. (no description). ampelakiensis schirvanica Andrusov, 1963 (variety). Infrasubspecific. Prosodacna ampelakiensis Andrusov, 1963 . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1963 ZR: Prosodacna ampelakiensis var. sehirvanica Andrusov, 1963 noy. Amphicardium Martens, 1880 (genus). - Synonym of Lyrocardium Meek, 1876. Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1980. Vokes : Amphicardium Martens, 1880 [= Lyrocardium Meek, 1876). Amphicardium Martens, 1880 (section). - Synonym of Discors Deshayes, 1858.» Regarding Amphieardium: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1887 Fischer: Amphieardium E. von Martens, 1880. Jun. syn of section Discors Deshayes, 1858. "1937 ZR: Amphicardium Von Martens 1880 "type here designated Cardium lyralum Sowerby, 1841" = Lymeardium Meek, 1876 [Ref Keen 1937]. Amphidesma Krynicki, 1837 (genus). - Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1903 Andrussoff: Amphidesma Krynicki, 1837. amphitritis Coquand, 1865. - New combination: Laevieardium amphitritis (Coquand, 1865). Cardiidae. Cretaceous . RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium amphitrilis Coquand, 1865 (?Laevicardium). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium amphitrilis Coquand, 1865; yol. 3: 310, pI. 9, figs. 9,10. amp/lim Baily, 1858 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" amplum Baily, 1858. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium amp/um Baily, 1858; vol. 14: 144, pI. 9, figs . 2a-<l . amygdala Barrande. - Conoeardium amygdala Barrande. Conocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS . "1887 Fischer: Conoeardium amygdala Barrande. ··1887 Fischer placed Conocardium in Cardiidae. anadariformicum Popov, 1982 . - Cerastoderma anadariformicum Popov, 1982. Cardiidae. Oligocene. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 377 anapensis - angulaUi RECORDs. --1982 ZR: Cerastoderma anadariformicum Popov, 1982 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Popov et al.p.41. anapensis Eberzin, 1960. - Pachydacna anapensis Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1960 ZR: Pachydacna anapensis Eberzin, 1960 sp. n. Pliocene Anapskaya, Kuban, USSR. anaxium Oliver & Chesney, 1997. - Lyrocardium anaxium Oliver & Chesney, 1997. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1997 Oliver & Chesney, 1997, Journal of Conchology 1997 Vol. 36: Lyrocardium anaxium anclotense Mansfield, 1937. - New combination: Trachycardium anc/otens e (Mansfield, 1937). Cardiidae . Lower Miocene . RECORDS . "1937 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) anclotense Mansfield, 1937 sp. n. Tampa limestone Florida (Lower Miocene). anconensis Gillet , 1970 . - New combination : 1970. Ly mnocardium an conensis Gillet, Lymnocardiidae . Miocene. RECORDS. "1970 ZR : Limnocardium an conens is Gillet, 1970 sp . nov. Miocene Pannonian, 'Monte dei Corvi' deposits , Ancona district, Italy. andreae Dujardin, 1837. [Figs. (syn.) Part 3 p. 920]. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" andreae Dujardin, 1837. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS . "1886 Dol1fus & Dautzenberg: Cardium andreae Duj. --1877 Locard: Cardium andreae Dujardin, 1837. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium andreae Dujardin, 1837. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 305: Cardium andreae Dujardin, 1837. "1952 Lecointre: Cardium andreae Dujardin, 1837. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Acanthocardia) andreae Dujardin, 1837: "1999 Recorded by Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium andreae Dujardin. Helvetien; France, B26031, B26711. andrusoviGude , 1913. - New name: Didacna andntsovi Gude, 1913 . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1913 ZR: Didacna andrusovi Gude, 1913 nom. nov. for Cardiumsulcatinum Desh . 1838 non Lamarck, 1819. andrusovi (aff.) Loer. - Pontalmyra andntsovi (Loer.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvi Ii : Pontalmyra afT. andntsovi (Loer.). andrusovi Sokolov, 1899 . - Changed combination: Acanthocardia andntsovi (Sokolov, 1899). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium andrussovi Sokolov. --1961 ZR: Cardium andntssovi Miocene. --1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Acanthocardia) andrusovi Sokolov, 1899. --1977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) andrusovi (Sokolov, 1899). andrusovi spinosum Loer (subspecies) . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " andntsovi spinosum Loer. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECO RDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium andntsovi spinosum Loer. andrussovi. - Replidacna andntssovi. Lymnocardiidae. . Cenozoic. RECORDS . --1967 ZR: Replidacna andrussovi, Akehagyl d e posits (Cenozoic) , Azerbaidjan, SSR [Ref. Baba-Zade 1967]. andrussovi latecostatum Senes, 1955 (subspecies). New combination : Acantho cardia andrussovi latecostatum (Senes, 1955). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1955 ZR: Cardium (Acanthocardia) andrussovi latecostatum Senes, 1955 subsp. nov. Miocene, Czechoslovakia. 40. andrussovi pavlinovi Zhizhchenko, 1961 (variety). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" andrussovi pavlinovi. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1961 ZR Cardium andrussovi var. pavlinovi Zhizhchenko, 1961 nov. Panonian, Miocene; Northern Caucasus North Russia. --1971 ZR: Cardium andntssovi pavlinovi First record. Miocene. Romania, Pannonian Basin [Ref. Raileanu & Sagatovici 1971]. andrussovi tulskajellsis Pavlinova-I1yina , 1961 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. Combination to be revised "Cardium " andntssovi var. tulskajensis. Cardiacea. Paleozoic. RECORDS. --1961 ZR: Cardium andntssovi var. tulskajensis Pavlinova-I1yina, 1961 nov. Konksk horizon, Paleozoic, Beloi river basin, Russian Platform Alldrusovicardium Paramonova, 1986 (genus). RECORDS --1987 ZR Andrusovicardium Paramonova, 1986 gen nov. of Avicardiini . Type species Cardium radiiferum Andrusov, 1902. Pliocene. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p 192 andrussowi Eberzin, 1956. - Paradacna andntssowi Eberzin, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS . "1956 ZR: Paradacna andrussowi Eberzin, 1956 sp. nov. Kerchenski Crimea and Kuban. angelicum Talent & Philip, 1956. - Conocardium angelic urn Talent & Philip, 1956. Conocardiidae Fossil. RECORDS. --1956 ZR : Conocardium angelicum Talent & Philip, 1956 sp. nov. Marble Creek, Thomson River, Victoria, Australia. anglica Woods. - Protocardia anglica Woods. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1934 ZR: Protocardia anglica Woods Cretaceous Bulgaria [Ref. Boncev 1933]. ang/ica spinosa Dimitrova , 1975 (subspecies). Protocardia anglica spinosa Dimitrova, 1975 Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous . RECORDS. --1975 ZR Proto cardia ang/ica spinosa Dimitrova, 1975 subsp. nov. Bulgaria, Troyan. Ref. to Dimitrova, p. 108. angmagsalikense Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992. Laevicardium angmagsalikense Voskuil & Onverwagt. 1992. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Angmagsalik Greenland. RECORDS. -'1992 Voskuil & Onverwagt Laevicardium angmagsalikense. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Greenland, Arctic but the occurrence of this species in Greenland should be checked. 1. Vidal has seen the specimen and he believes that labels have been mixed resulting in wrong locality data (pers. comm.). angresianum de Ryckh. in Dewalque. - Synonym o r Protocardium semiaspentm (Deshayes). » Regarding Cardium angresianum: Cardiidae. Eocene . RECORDS. --1886 Cossmann: Cardium angresianum de Ryckh. in Dewalque = Protocardium semiaspentm (Deshayes). angulata (mode and variety). - See under angulatum Lamarck, 1819. - tuberculatum var. angulata Coen. 1933. angulata Philippi . - Lahillia angulata (Philippi) . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1992 Schneider p. 155 Lahillia angulata (Philippi) Type species of Lahillia. angulata Siodkewitsch, 1938. - Changed combination: Profolvia angulata (Slodkewitsch, 1938). Cardiidae. Upper Miocene-Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Sakhalin Island. RECORDS. "1938 Siodkewitsch: Papyridell angulata. "1945 ZR: Papyridea angulata ' Kogan ' Siodkewitsch, 1938 sp. nov. Upper Miocene Sakhalin 378 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) angulatum - anguliferum --1973 Keen: Fulvia angulata (Slodkewitsch, 1938). "1976 ZR: Papyridea angulata Siodkewitsch, 1938. Referred to Profulvia, Ref. to Kafanov, p. 482 [orig. p. III]. --1976 ZR: Profulvia angulata (Slodkewitsch, 1938) Comb. nov. Transferred from Papyridea. Ref. to Kafanov, p.482 [orig. p.111]. *angulatum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium angulatum from 2 sources: Lamarck, 1819. - Munster, 1837. angulatum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 1 p. 59 No.6, p. 137. Part 3 p. 859]. - Changed combination: Vasticardium angulatum (Lamarck, 1819). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium jlavum Linnaeus., 1758. Cardium rugosum Lamarck, 1819. - Not syn. of C. rugosum Lamarck, 1819. » Regarding Cardium angulatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1844). Holotype: American Seas (Lamarck 1819), emended to Samar, Philippines, by Voskuil & Onverwagt (1991). Lectotype and two paralectotypes from Ticao, Philippines (Wilson & Stevenson 1977). TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype in the Lamarck Collection, MHNG no. 1085/44; Lectotype and two paralectotypes BMNH type-coll. no. 1971.24. OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: 3 specimens from Ceylon. RECORDS. --1758 ID by Lamarck: Cardium angulatum Seba, Mus. 3. tab. 86. fig. 6. [Seba is non binomial]. "1819 Lamarck p. 9, No. 19: Cardium angulatum. --1835 Deshayes: Cardium angulatum Lamarck. --1840 Sowerby, p. 4, No. 51: Cardium angulatum Lamarck. --1843 Hanley: Cardium angulatum Lamarck. --1845 Catlow & Reeve: Cardium angulatum Lamarck. --1845 Reeve sp. 70: Cardium angulatum. "1852 Sowerby, fig. 123: Cardium angulatum. "1853 Orbigny: Cardium angulatum Lamarck, 1819. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) angulatum, Lam. --1869 Romer: Cardium angulatum Lamarckjun. syn. of Cardium jlavum L. --1872 Tryon: Cardium angulatum Lamarck. "1884 Grasset: Cardium angulatum Lam. Panama. --1889 Martens: Cardium angulatum Sow. (p. 48). Ascension lsI., 110 m, coralline sand. --1899 Hedley: Cardium angulatum Lamarck. --1890 Paetel: Cardium angulatum Lm. = jlavum L. --1903 Hidalgo: Cardium angulatum Lamarck. --1905 Bulow: Cardium angulatum Reeve. --1905 Hidalgo: Cardium angulatum Lamarck. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 315: Cardium angulatum Lamarck, 1819. "1928 Faustino: Cardium angulatum Lamarck. --1939 Adam & Le10up: Cardium angulatum Lamarck = Laevicardium (Trachycardium) jlavum (Linne 1758). .. 1941 Lamy: Cardium angulatum Lmk. = Cardium flavum Linne. --1951 Habe: Vasticardium angulatum Lamarck. --1952 Kuroda & Habe: Trachycardium angulatum Lmk. --1960 Kuroda: Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) angulatum (Lamarck). --1977 FischerPiette: Cardium angulatum Lamarck = Cardiumjlavum L. --1977 Habe: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) angulatum (Lamarck, 1822). --1991 Abbott: Trachycardium angulatum. --1991 Vidal: Acrosterigma angulatum (Lamarck, 1819); senior syn. of A. alternatum (Sowerby 1840). "1991 Vidal: Acrosterigma angulatum (Lamarck, 1819) removal from synonymy with A. rugosum (Lamarck 1819) p. 60. --1991 Vidal: Acrosterigma angulatum (Lamarck, 1819) diagnostic characters to distinguish from A. rugosum (Lamarck, 1819). --1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Trachycardium angulatum (Lamarck, 1819). --1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma angulata (Lamarck, 1819). --1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 378: Trachycardium angulatum (Lamarck, 1819). "1999 Hylleberg, p. 40 I: Vasticardium angulatum (Lamarck, 1819). ID J. Vidal. --1999 Vidal: Vasticardium angulatum (Lamarck, 1819). "1999 Vidal, p. 357: C. angulatum Lamarck sensu Reeve, 1845 identical with Vasticardium orbifa philippinense. --2003 Hylleberg and Kilburn, p. 184: Plate 2, fig. 9: Vasticardium angulatum (Lamarck, 1819). Synonym of Vasticardium angulatum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: --I 840 Sower by. The grooves of this common species are deep; the ribs angular and serrated; the shell oval, ventricose. DESCRIPTIONS. --1845 Reeve: shell rather squarely ovate, rather depressed, posterior side angulated, radiately ribbed, 35-40 angularly convex ribs, extreme posterior ribs peculiarly flattened, prickly on the posterior side, middle ribs obliquely crenulated on both sides, anterior ribs very closely crenated; white, zoned with pale purple, posterior side stained with pale purple within and without. "1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: shell with 2834 low ribs, asymmetrical and triangular on the central part of the shell, flat anteriorly, serrated posteriorly. Intercostal spaces narrow, usually less than half the width of the ribs, covered with many minute growth striae. "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: shell obliquely ovate, 28-34 radial ribs which are triangular in cross section, anterior ribs strongly rugose, posterior with fine prickles, median with rugae on posterior side; interstices deep, delineated by radial grooves at base of ribs. Colour, cream, with blotches of yellow, tan, purple to orange; interior white. DIMENSIONS. --1991 b Voskuil & Onverwagt: up to 90 mm high. "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: to 95 mm. REMARKS. "1845 Reeve: this species may be recognised first, by the square angulated growth of the posterior side; secondly, by the strong oblique crenulated sculpture of the middle and posterior ribs, and thirdly, by its purple colouring. The ribs are extremely variable in number; in one specimen before me they are 39-40, in another 35, whilst Lamarck mentions 32 only. HABITAT. --1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: littoral sand. DISTRIBUTION. --1845 Reeve: unknown. --1884 Grasset: Panama. --1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt; --1994 Hylleberg: IndoWest Pacific from Japan southward to Australia. --1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea & Gulf of Thailand ... 2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. anguifltum Muenster, 1837. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" angulatum Muenster, 1837. Cardiidae. Fossil. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 315: Cardium angulatum Muenster, 1837. angulatum of Reeve. - Misidentification. RECORDS. --1997 Vidal: Cardium angulatum Lamarck sensu Reeve 1845 sp. 70 = Vasticardium orbita philippinense (Hedley, 1899). anguliferum Roemer, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" anguliferum Roemer, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium anguliferum Fr. Roemer, 1850; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 27, pI. 4, fig. 12. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 379 anguliferum - annettae anguliferum Sandberg, 1863. - Synonym of "Cardium" cingula tum Goldfuss, 1840. Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium anguliferum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. --1886 Vincent: Cardium anguliferum Sandb. = Cardium cingula/um Goldfuss, 1840. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium anguliferum F. Sandberger, 1863; p. 318, pI. 27, figs. 6a-c. angulosa Deshayes, 1853 . - Changed combination : Plagiodacna angulosa (Deshayes, 1857) . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium angulosum Desh. --1970 Glibert & Poel: Plagiodaena angulosa (Deshayes, 1857). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium angulosum Deshayes 1853; vol. 2: 47. angulosum (mode). - See under angulosa. angusta (subspecies). - See under subcatillus angusta Popov, 1983. angustata (subspecies). - See under semisulcata angustata Eberzin, 1960. angustatum Sowerby, 1821 . - Changed combination: Cerastoderma angus tatum (Sowerby, 1821). OTH ER JUDGEMENTS: Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium angus tatum: Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1899 Sacco: Cerastoderma angus tatum (Sow.). "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium angus tatum Sowerby, 1821 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 323: Cardium angusta/um Sowerby, 1821. --1970 Glibert & Poel : Cerastoderma (s.s.) angustatum (Sowerby, 1821). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium angustalum Sowerby. Crag. U.K. (Suffolk), S 11312, B39319 (or 919). angusticostata Borcea, 1926. - Changed combination : Hypanis angusticostata (Borcea, 1926). Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis angusticostata (Borcea). "Scarlato & Starobogatov: Hypanis angustieostata angusticostata Borcea, 1926. --1976 ZR: Hypanis angusticostata. Rate of growth. Artificial rearing environment. Caspian Sea. Ref. to Galperina. --1981 ZR: Hypanis angusticostata angusticostata Black Sea, south east shelf. First record. Ref. to Mikashavidze. angusticostata Papaianopol , 1989. - Pachy dacna angustieostata Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. - TYPE LOCALITY. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. --1989 Papaianopol, p. 84, fig .: Pachydaena (Pachydacna) angusticostata sp. nov. angusticostata Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842. - Changed combination: Stenodaena angusticostata (Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 330: Cardium angustieostatum Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842. "1969 Moore et al: Stenodacna angusticostata (Rousseau, 1842). angusticostata (subspecies) . - See under colorata angusticostata var. Borcea, 1926. angllsticostata aCllticosta Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967 (subspecies). - Hypanis angusticostata acuticosta Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. - DISTRIBUTION . Caspian Sea. RECORDS. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis angusticostata acuticosta Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. angusticostata polymorpha Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967 (subspecies). - Hypanis angusticostata polymorpha Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. Lymnocardi idae . Recent. DI STRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis angusticostata polymorpha Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. angustior Lister, 1687. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. --1687 Lister, tab. 331, fig. 168: Pectunculus angustior rufescens. --1789 Bruguiere: Lister, fig. 168: Pectuncu1us angustior. angustum (variety). - See under neglectum var. angus tum Holzl, 1962. angustum Yokoyama, 1925. - Changed combination: Laevicardium angustum (Yokoyama, 1925). Cardiidae. Miocene-Pliocene. RECORDS. --1925 Yokoyama, p. 13, pI. 4, fig. 2: Cardium angustum n. sp. "1926 ZR: Cardium angus tum Yokoyama, 1926a sp. n Tertiary Japan . --1973 Keen : Laevicardium angustum (Yokoyama, 1925). annae Pilsbry, 1904. - Synonym of Fulvia mutiea (Reeve, 1844). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia papyraeea (Chemnitz, Schroter). » Regarding Cardium annae: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Kamakura, Japan (Kuroda et al. 1971). RECORDS. --1904 Pilsbry: Cardium annae. --1904 ZR: Cardium annae Pilsbry, 1904 n. sp. Japan. "1909 Lynge: Cardium annae. "1952 Kuroda & Habe: annae Pilsbry = Fulvia mutica Reeve. --1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: Cardium annae Pilsbry, 1904 = Cardium muticum Reeve, 1844 . --1973 Keen : Serripes annae (Pilsbry, 1904). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium anna'e Pilsbry, 1904 = C. papyracea (Chemnitz), Schroter. "1977 Habe: Cardium annae Pilsbry, 1904 = Fulvia mutica (Reeve, 1844). "1994 Vidal: Cardium annae Pilsbry, 1904 = Fulvia (Fulvia) mutiea (Reeve, 1844) . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE-OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: sand and stones, 2-10 m depth. DISTRlBUTION. --1971 Kuroda et al.: Japan. --ZMUC: Singapore, Gulf of Thailand (= Siam). anllettae Dall , 1889 . - Changed combination: Lophoeardiu m annettae (Dall, 1889) . Cardiidae . Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Lower California, near Cerros Island, in 25 fathoms (DaB 1889). TYPE REPOSITORY. Hypotype: Calf. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type ColI. Hertlein & Strong 1947, left valve, east coast of Lower California in 30 fathoms (55 m), Plate I, figs. 3, 8, 13. RECORDS. "1889 Dall: Cardium (Lophocardium) annettae. --1890 DaB: Lophoeardium anne/tae (DaB, 1889). "190 I Dall: Protocardia (Lophocardium) annettae DaB, 1889. --1932 Pilsbry & Lowe: Cardium (Lophocardium) annettae Dall. "1945 Smith: Lophoeardium annettae Dall. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Lophocardium) annettae Dali. --1958 Keen: Lophoeardium annettae DaB . --1960 Shasky: Lophoca rdium annettae Dall. --1961 Olsson: Lophocardium annettae Dall . --1964 Parker: Lophoeardium annettae (DalJ, 1889). --1967 Dushane & Poorman : Lophocardium anne/tae DaB . --1971 Keen : Trigoniocardiulll annettae DaB. --1971 Keen & McLean: Lophocardium annettae (Dall, 1889). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Lophoeardium annettae Dall. --1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Lophocardium annettae (Dall, 1889) . --1994 Schneider: Nemocardium (Lopho cardium) annettae Dall, 1889. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS 380 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) annosa - alltillarum of diagnostic value: shell decidedly longer than high; two distinct areas of shell sculpture; no lateral teeth. DESCRIPTIONS. --1947 Hertlein & Strong: shell elongated, thin, fragile, gaping posteriorly; a raised radial lamella fringed with periostracum separates the posterior 18-20% of the shell from the rest, the surface of the anterior shell is finely reticulated; flat, little elevated, radial ribs become very weak and can be observed only with magnification on the anterior end, the radial sculpture is crossed by fine raised irregular concentric laminae; the posterior area is ornamented by well developed radials crossed by somewhat irregular laminae which are sparser and higher than the radials, and much higher than the anterior area; two pointed cardinal teeth in the right valve, one in the left, lateral teeth absent; colour of periostracum light brown, colour of shell salmon pink to white, deepest on the posterior area. --1971 Keen: the colour is light salmonpink, deepening to rosy red at the posterior margin. The numerous weak radial ribs fade out anteriorly. The posterior end shows several concentric ridge and is set off by a raised rib fringed with periostracum that is light brown an persistent. DIMENSIONS. --1947 Hertlein & Strong: 46.8 mm long, 38.7 mm high. REMARKS. --1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium annettae resembles Cardium eumingii Broderip, 1833. Specimens from Costa Rica show some variation in the height and character of the diagnostically important lamina. Hence, it is not certain that the specific name annettae can be retained for a form distinct from C. eumingii. HABITAT. "1971 Keen & McLean: intertidal to deeper water. --ZMUC: sand, shelly sand, silty clay, 29-119 m depth, Gulf of California. DISTRIBUTION. --1971 Keen & McLean: from the head of the Gulf of California to Costa Rica. "1971 Keen: a rare shell. annosa Chelidze, 1957. - Didaena annosa Chelidze, 1957. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1957 ZR: Didacna annosa Chelidze, 1957 sp. nov. Pliocene, River Zhuzhi, Makharadze town, Georgia, Russia. annosa TscheL - Pontalmyra annosa (Tschel.) . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra annosa (Tschel.). annulatum Gabb, 1864. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" annulatum Gabb, 1864. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From California. RECORDs. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium annulatum Gabb. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium annulatum Gabb, 1864; vol. I: 171, pI. 23, fig. 152. annulatus Rous. - Valeneiennius annulatus Rous. Cardiacea . Fossil. RECORDS. "1955 Ebersin: Valenciennius annulatus Rous. annulatus praeannulatus Ebersin, 1955 (subspecies). - Valenciennius annulatus praeannulatus Ebersin, 1955. Cardiacea . Fossil. RECORDS. "1955 Ebersin: Valenciennius annulatus praeannulatus subsp. nov. allomale (mode). - See under anomalum, anomalus. allomalodollta (variety). - See under anomalodonta var. planissima. anomalum Matheron 1842. - Changed combination: Nemocardium anomalum (Matheron 1842). Cardiidae. Miocene . RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium anomale Matheron = Cardium discrepans Basterot. "1864 Mayer (1864) compared C. anomale with Cardium hartungi Bronn. "1864 Mayer: C. anomale Matheron. "1899 Sacco: Diseors ana malus (Math.). ··1902 Dol/fus & Dautzenberg: Cardium anomale Matheron. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 354: Cardium anomale Matheron, 1843 . "1 991 Bonci et al. : Nemocardium (Discors) anomalum (Matheron 1842). anscollditum Deshayes. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " ansconditum Deshayes. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium ansconditum Desh. anselae (error). - Printer's mistake for aselae in Severin & Cooper 1989. Anthocardia (error). Printer's mistake for Aeanthocardia in Gray, 1851 (Vokes 1980). alltillarum of Clench and Smith 1944 . Misidentification. RECORDs. "1974 Abbott: Cardium antillarum Orbigny in Clench and Smith (\ 944) = Amerieardia guppy Thiele, 1910. antillarum Orbigny, 1845. - Trigoniocardia antil/arum (Orbigny, 1845). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trigonioeardia ceramida (Dall 1886). - Cardium graniferum Broderip » Regarding Cardium antillarum: Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Cuba. RECORDS. "1845 Orbigny, No. 515, p. 338: Cardium antil/arum (d'Orb., 1846). "1846 Orbigny, p. 309, pI. 27, fig. 53- 55, Cardium alltil/arum. "1863 Swift: Cardium an til/arum d ' Orbigny Moll. de Cuba. 1846. page 309, pI. 27, f. 53 & 54 ... 1864 Krebs : Cardium antillanlm d'Orb. = C. granifenlm Brod. "1889 Dall: Cardium antil/arum Orbigny [Pliocene]. "1902 Dall: Cardium (Trigonioeardia) an til/arum Orbigny, 1845. "1902 Dall & Simpson, p. 488: Cardium (Fragum) antillarum d'Orbigny = Cardium eeramidum Dall. "1934 10hnson: Trigonioeardia an til/arum Orbigny 1846. ··1936 McLean: Trigonioeardia antil/arum d'Orb. ··1939 McLean: Trigonioeardia antil/arum. "1939 ZR: Trigonioeardium an til/arum figs. [Ref. Mclean 1939]. "1944 ZR: Trigoniocardia antillarum Orb. fRef. Clench & Smith 1944]. "1958 Abbott: Trigonioeardia an til/arum Orbigny 1846 (= Trigonioeardia ceramida Dall 1886). "1961 Weber: Trigonioeardia antil/arum. "1962 Warrnke & Abbott: Trigoniocardia antillarum Orbigny, 1842. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Coreulum (Trigoniocardia) antillarum. "1977 Vokes: Trigoniocardia antil/arum (d'Orbigny, 1845). "1997 Shelton: Trigoniocardia antillarum (Orbigny, 1842). "1998 Schneider: Trigonioeardia antillanlm (Orbigny in Ramon de la Sagra, 1842). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS . "ZMUC: wet collection. DESCRIPTIONS. "1902 Dall & Simpson: shell small, quite inequilateral, solid, moderately inflated, with from 18-20 ribs, the last 6-7 on the posterior area crossed by fine, irregular, sharp, concentric threads. Of these the last 4-5 are nodulous; the next 2 are without nodules; the central ribs are very strong, gradually becoming smaller toward the anterior end; they all have a row of nodules or heavy scales and the spaces between them are concentrically grooved; sometimes the ribs, if worn, are nearly destitute of scales, and in other cases they are all more or less scaly: within, the ribs show faintly; beak cavities deep; hinge and teeth strong. Colour white or yellowish throughout. DIMENSIONS. Length 10, height 9.5, diameter 7 mm (Dall & Simpson 1902). REMARKS. "1864: Krebs stated that Cardium an til/arum d'Orb. = C. graniferum Brod. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 381 antillarum ceramidum - apertum (graniferum was first published and should have precedence). DISTRIBUTION. ··Of authors: Florida, West Indies, Greater Antilles. ··ZMUC: St Thomas, Cuba. antil/arum ceramidum Dall, 1886 (subspecies). Changed combination: Trigoniocardia ceramidum (DallI886). Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1889 Dall: Cardium (antillarum Orb. var.?) ceramidum Dall. antiqua (subspecies). - See under bengasiensis antiqua Kaltenbach, 1949. - semisulcata anliqua Eberzin, 1960. antiquum Koninck 1885. - New name. Conocardium tournaisense Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1942 ZR: Conocardium anliquum Koninck 1885 replaced by Conocardium tournaisense Branson, 1942 nom. nov. antiquus Steininger 1837. - Pleurorhynchus antiquus Steininger 1837. ? Family. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1942 ZR: Pleurorhynchus antiquus Steininger 1837 [Ref. Branson 1942] antisemigranulatum M'Coy, 1877. - Changed combination: Nemocardium anlisemigranulalum (M'Coy, 1877). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1897 Harris: Prolocardium anlisemigranulatum M'Coy. (sp.) 1877. ··1992 Poutiers: Nemocardium antisemigranulatum (McCoy, 1877). antiverpiense (error). - Printer's mistake for antwerpiense in Glibert 1945. antwerpiense Glibert, 1947. - Synonym ofLaevicardium dingdense (Lehmann, 1892). » Regarding Laevicardium antwerpiense: Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1947 ZR: Laevicardium antiverpiense sic Glibert, 1945 sp. nov. Miocene Anversian, Anvers, Belgium. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Laevicardium antwerpiense Glibert syn. of Laevicardium (Habecardium) dingdense (Lehmann, 1892). apatetica (mode). - See under apaleticum. apateticum Dall, 1900. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia apatetica Dall, 1900. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1900 Dall: Trigoniocardia apateticum (Dal\) 1900. ··1921 Maury: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) apateticum Dall, 1900. ··1922 Olsson: Cardium apateticum Dall. ··1958 Abbott: Trigoniocardia apatetica Dall 1900. ··1970 Glibert & Poe I: Trigoniocardia (s.s.) apateticum (Dall, 1900). ··1977 Popov: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) apatetica (Dall, 1900). aperta (mode). - See under aperlum Bruguiere, 1789. apertum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium apertum from 3 sources: Bruguiere, 1789. - Bosc s.il Deterville, 1801. - Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. apertum Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part I p. 75, 165 No. 1-3. Part 3 p. 889]. Non binominal. To be replaced by Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: ?Solen bullatus, Linnaeus, 1758. - Cardium hians Spengler, 1799. - Cardium rugatum Gronovius [not available]. - Cardium rugatum Meuschen, 1781 [not available]. - C. virgineum Gmelin. » Regarding Cardium apertum: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1782 Chemnitz, VI, p. 145 & 189-190, pI. 18, figs. 181183: Cardium apertum sive hians (ex museo Spengleriano). ··1788 Schroter: Cardium apertum VI, 145. 189. ··1789 Bruguiere, p. 226: Cardium apertum. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium aperlum Chemnitz = Cardium ruga tum Gronovius. ··1845 Cat low & Reeve: Cardium aperlum Chemnitz = C. virgineum Gmelin. ··1850 Jay: Cardium apertum Chemn. = Cardium rugatum Gron. ··1857 Deshayes: Living. Cardium apertum Chemnitz. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 35: Cardium apertum Ch. vi. f. 181,2,3. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Cardium apertum Ch. = ?Solen bullatus, Lin. Syst. ··1869 Romer: Cardium apertum Chemnitz jun. syn. of Cardium rugalum Gronov. ··1871 Lischke: Cardium apertum Chemnitz. ··1874 Lischke: Cardium apertum sive hians Chemnitz = Cardium rugatum Meuschen, 1781. ··1887 Fischer: Papyridea aperta, Chemnitz. ··1889 Martens: Cardium apertum Chemnitz = Cardium (Papyridea) rugatum Gronov. ··1890 Paetel: Papyridea aperta Ch. = rugata Gronov. [not available]. ··1891 Romer: Papyridea aperta Ch. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium apertum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium rugatum Gronovius, 1781. ··1945 ZR: Cardium apertum Chern. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium apertum Chemnitz, 1782 [non binomial] = Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 Cardium apertum sive hians Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 18 Fig. 181-183. = No. 24 Cardium hians in Spengler (Jamaica). apertum Bosc s.il Deterville, 180 I. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" apertum Bosc s.il Deterville, 180 I. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 388: Cardium apertum Bosc s.il Deterville, 1801. Cardiidae. Recent. apertum Bruguiere, 1789. [Figs. Part 1 p. 75, 88, 102, 135. Part 3 p. 889]. - Changed combination: Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia bullata (Linnaeus, 1758). - Cardium rugatum Meuschen, 1781. » Regarding Cardium apertum: Cardiidae. Recent. Type species of (Fulvia) Gray, 1853 of the genus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. Fulvia subsequently raised to generic level. TYPE LOCALITY. Jamaica (Sowerby 1840). Asiatic and American Oceans (Smith 1945). TYPE MATERIAL. Lectotype designated, Vidal 1994, p. 98. Gray designated Cardium aperlum Bruguiere, 1789 type species of the subgenus (Fulvia) Gray, 1853. RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere, No. 22. Cardium apertum Chemnitz. ··1798 Bruguiere: ID by Lamarck 1819 pI. 296. fig. 5 a, b. Cardium apertum. ··1799 Spengler: Cardium apertum. ··1802 Bosc III p. 104: Cardium apertum. ··1815 Wood p. 232 No. 44: Cardium apertum. ··1819 Lamarck VI p. 5 No.8: Cardium apertum. ··1825 Wood p. 27 No. 35: Cardium apertum. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium apertum. ··1840 Sowerby, p. I, No. 12: Cardium apertum, Brug. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium apertum, Chemnitz, Lamarck, Sowerby = Cardium rugatum. ··1852 Sowerby, figs. 503,504: Cardium apertum (Papyridea). ··1853 Gray designated Cardium apertum Bruguiere, 1789 as type species of the subgenus (Fulvia) Gray, 1853. ··1858 Adams & Adams: Papyridea (Fulvia) apertum. ··1872 Tryon: Papyridea apertum. ··1874 Lischke: Cardium apertum Bruguiere = Cardium rugatum Meuschen, 1781. ··1902 Dall: Cardium apertum Bruguiere, type of section Fulvia Gray. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 59: Cardium (ex Chemn.) apertum Bruguiere, 1789. ··1932 Prashad: Cardium (Papyridea) apertum. ··1945 Smith: Cardium apertum Bruguiere, 1789 syn. = Fulvia bullata Linne. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: apertum Bruguiere = Fulvia bullata (Linne). ··1961 Cotton: Cardium 382 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) apertum - apicinum apertum Bruguiere 1789. Type species of Fulvia Gray 1853. ··1969 Moore et al.: Laevicardium (Fulvia) aperta (Bruguiere, 1789) . ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Papyridea apertum Bruguiere. ··1977 Popov: Cardium apertum Bruguiere, 1789. Type of Fulvia Gray, 1853. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Fulvia apertum (Bruguiere, 1789). "1994 Vidal p. 97: Fulvia aperta (8ruguiere). Type species of Fulvia. ··1994 Vidal: Cardium aperla Bruguiere, 1789; lectotype designated, p. 98. ··200 I Vidal, p. 408: Fulvia aperta. ··2003 Hylleberg and Kilburn, p. 178: Plate 2, fig. 3. Fulvia aperta (8ruguiere, 1789). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: 1 specimen in Spengler coil. Caribbean Sea. ··ZMUC: I specimen in the Spengler colI. Jamaica, Caribbean Sea. Syntypes of Cardium hians Spengler, 1799 (according to label). DESCRIPTIONS. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: shell fragile, strongly gaping posteriorly. Sculpture 3751 fine cordial cords, stronger posteriorly; interstices wide, crossed by fine concentric striae; antero-ventral area roughened by numerous minute granules in the interstices of ribs. Colour. internally and externally white or cream with yellow and purple flecks. ··2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. DIMENSIONS. Length to 55 mm (Lamprell & Whitehead 1992). REMARKS. Valid authorship is Bruguiere, 1789; ChellU1itz's authorship (Chonchyliencabinet, 1782) has been rejected by ICZN. In addition to Asia, Lamarck (1819) refers to Jamaica as a possible habitat. Lamarck's specimen of apertum is not deposited in Paris. Fischer-Piette (1977) maintains that records of aperlum from the West Indies, Jamaica and America are mistaken; apertum is an Indo-Pacific species. HABITAT. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: littoral sand. DISTRIBUTION. ··1884 Grasset: China. ··1856 Wood & Hanley : Indian Ocean. ··1891 Romer: East Indies . ··1994 Hylleberg: Japan, East Indies, Australia. ··2003 Hyl\eberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. apertum Gronovius. Non binominal. - Not available. OTHER JUDGEMEN TS: Dubious species. - Cardium virgineum L. by Gmelin. » Regarding Cardium apertum: Gronovius rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. RECORDS. ··1815 Wood: Cardium apertum Gronov. referred to C. virgineum L. by Gmelin. ··1868 ZR: Cardium rugatum (Gronov.) = apertum (ChellU1.) [Ref. Romer 1868] . apertum (cf.) Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Replaced. New combination : Lymnocardium cf. vindobonense (Partsch) . » Regarding L. cf. apertum: LYllU1ocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium cf. apertum (Muenst.). apertum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Replaced by Lymnocardium vindobonense (Partsch). New combination. » Regarding Cardium apertllm : LYllU1ocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium apertum Munster = C. vindobonense Partsch. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 388: Cardium apertum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. "1970 Glibert & Poel : Limnocardium apertum (Munster in Goldfuss, 1837). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium apertum (Muenst.). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium apertum Miinster. Austria (Bassin de Vienne), 831392. apertum Solander, 1786. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium apertum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 388: Cardium apertum Sol ander, 1786 [nomen nudum]. aperturatum Deshayes, 1853 . - Dreissenomya aperta Desh. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes : Cardium aperturalum Deshayes. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium aperturatum Deshayes, 1853 ; vol. 2: 48 . ··1988 Lyutzkanov & Ziatev: Dreissenomya aperta Desh. Aphrodita Lea, 1834 (error). - Printer 's mistake for Aphrodite. RECORDS. ··1858 Adams & Adams : Aphrodita Lea. is a synonym = subgenus Serripes Beck. ··1884 Grasset: Genus Aphrodita Lea. ··1980 Vokes: Aphrodita (err pro -dite Lea. 1834) Leach, 1839, in G. B. Sowerby. Aphrodite Lea, 1834 (genus). Replaced by Serripes Gould. TYPE SPECIES Cardium edentulum. RECORDS. "1847 Gray, No. 559: Aphrodite Lea; 183? not Linn. ··1857 Deshayes: Aphrodite Lea, in Gray: syn. of Cardium . ··1887 Fischer: Aphrodite Lea, 1834. Jun. syn. of subgenus Serripes Beck, fide Gould. 1841 . ··1980 Vokes: Aphrodite (genus) Lea, 1834, [non Link, 1807 (Gastr.), = Serripes Gould, 1841]. Aphroditha (error). - Printer 's mistake for Aphrodite in Paete1, 1875 (Vokes 1980). apicinum (subspecies). - See under elenense apicinum Carpenter, 1864. apicinum Carpenter, 1864. Synonym of Laevicardium substriatum (Conrad, 1837) .. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium elenense (Sowerby, 1834) . Laevicardium elenense apicinum Carpenter, 1864. » Regarding Laevicardium apicinum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1864 Carpenter, p. 313: Laevicardium apicinllm. ··1864 ZR: Laevicardium apicinum Carpenter. ··1869 Romer: Cardium apicinum Carpenter. ··1872 Carpenter: Liocardium apicinum. ··1872 Tryon: Laevicardium apicinum Carp. ··1884 Grasset: Laevicardium apicinum Carp. ··1890 Paetel: Laevicardium apicinum Crptr. ··1895 Stearns: Cardium (Liocardium) apicinum Carpenter = ?Cardiul11 elenense Sowerby, Carpenter's Maz. Cat. ··1901 Dall : Cardium apicinum Carpenter, 1864 = Cardium elenense Sower by, 1840 (also suspected by Carpenter). ··1902 Pilsbry & Vanatta: Cardium apicinum Carp. ··1909 Lamy: Levicardium sic apicinum Carpenter (1864) = Cardium elenense Sowerby. ··1930 Strong & Hanna: Cardium apicinum Carp. ··1932 Pilsbry & Lowe: Cardium (Laevicardium) apicinum Cpr. ··1961 Olsson: Laevicardium apicinum Carpenter, 1864 = Laevicardium (Laevicardium) elenense apicinum Carpenter, 1864. ··1963 Palmer: Laevicardium apicinum Carpenter, 1864 p. 307-308, pI. 69, figs. 56 . ··1971 Keen & McLean: Cardium apicinum Carpenter, 1864 = Cardium elenense Sowerby, 1840. ··1974 Abbott: Cardium ?apicinum Carpenter, 1864 = Laevicardium elenense (Sowerby, 1840). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium apicinum Carpenter, 1864 = Laevicardium elenense Sowerby. ··1980 Ruhoff: Levicardium sic apicinum Carpenter, 1864; vol. 13: 313. ··2000 Coan et al.: Laevicardium apicinum Carpenter, 1864 = Laevicardium substriatum (Conrad, 1837). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 383 Apiocardia - aradasi HABITAT. "1971 Keen & McLean: as for Laevicardium elenense: intertidal to depths of 90 m. DISTRIBUTION. "1884 Grasset: California. ,·1971 Keen & McLean: as for L. elenense: from Baja California to Peru . Apiocardia Olsson, 1961(subgenus). - Cardiidae . Fossil and Recent. GENOTYPE. Original designation. Olsson 1961 designated Cardium obovale Sowerby, 1833 type species of subgenus Apiocardia of the genus Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900. REcORDs. "1961 Olsson : (Apiocardia) new subgenus. "1961 ZR: (Apiocardia) Olsson, 1961 subgen nov. of genus Trigoniocardia Zorritos , Peru. Subgenotype Trigoniocardia (Apiocardia) obovale. "1980 Vokes : Apiocardia Olsson 1961 in subfamily Fraginae. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: "1994 HylJeberg. Shell rounded-ovate, ribs nearly smooth. aposto[ovense Merklin, 1975. - Merklinicardium apostolovense (Merklin, 1975) . Cardiidae. Middle Oligocene. RECORDS. "1975 ZR: Cerastoderma ? aposlOlovense Merklin, 1975 sp. nov. Ukraine, Dnepropetrovsk Province, Bol 'shaya Kostromka. Ref. to Merklin. .. I 977 Popov: Cerastoderma apostolovense Merk!. .. I 982 ZR: Merklinicardium apostolovense (Merk., 1974) comb. nov. Previous combination not given. Ref. to Popov et at. p. 45. apostolovense meskheticum Popov, 1982 (subspecies). - Merklinicardium apostolovense meskhelicum Popov, 1982. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS . "1982 ZR: Merklinicardium apostolovense meskhelicum Popov, 1982 subsp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Popov et al. p. 45. Apscheronia Andrussow, 1903 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. Subgenotype: Monodacna propinqua. RECORDS . 001905 Dollfus (commenting Andrussow, 1903): Apscheronia n.s.g. "1969 ZR: Apscheronia origin and development [Ref. Mamedyarova 1969]. "1976 ZR: Apscheronia. Variation . Ref. to Mamedyarova . "1977 Popov : Apscheronia Andrussow, 1903. "1980 Vokes: Apscheronia Andrussow, 1903 in subfamily Adacninae. Apscheroniidae (family). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. "1976. ZR: Apscheroniidae. Systematic relationships. Practical taxonomy. Ref. to Mamedyarova. aquilinum Mittre, 1842. - Synonym of Cerasloderma exiguum Gmelin . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Eucardium (Parvicardium) exiguum var. subangulata Scacchi.» Regarding Cardium aquilinum: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1890 Paetel: Cardium aquilinum Mittr. = exiguum Gm. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 416: Cardium aqui/inum Mittre, 1842. 001933 Coen: Cardium aqui/inum Mittre Eucardium (Parvicardium) exiguum var. subangulata Scacchi. "1937 Coen: aquilinum Mittre = Cerastoderma (Parvicardium) exiguum subangulatum Scacchi. aquitanicum (mode). - See under aquitanicus. aquitanicus Mayer, 1858. - Changed combination: Discors aquitanicus aquitanicus (Mayer, 1858). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium pectinatum Linne, 1766. » Regarding Cardium aquitanicum: Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS ... 1877 Locard: Cardium aquitanicum Mayer, 1858 = Cardium pectinatum Linne, 1766. "1886 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium (Divaricardium) aquilanicum Mayer. "1899 Sacco: Cardium aquilanicus Mayer 1858. "1 899 Sacco: Discors aquitanicus (May.) (an D. anomalus (Math.) var.). "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium aquitanicum Mayer, 1858. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Discors aquilanicus aquilanicus (Mayer, 1858). "1977 Popov: Discors aquilanicum (Mayer, 1858). "1980 Ruhof'f: Cardium aquilanicum Mayer, 1858; [1857-1869] vo!' 7 : 89, pI. 4 , fig. 9. "1994 Marcomini : Discors aquitanicus (Mayers, 1858). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium aquitanicum Mayer. Tortonien. Stampien. Discors. B24030, B29894. aquitanicus laevinflatus Sacco, 1899 (variety). Upgraded . Changed to Discors aquilanicus laevinjlatus (Sacco, 1899). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco, p. 55, pI. 12 , figs. 13,14,15,16: Discors aquitanicus var. laevinjlata Sacco "1970 Glibert & Poel : Discors aquitanicus laevinjlatus (Sacco, 1899). aqllitanicus Mayer (variety). -Discors aquitanicus var. (Mayer). Cardiidae. Miocene-Pliocene. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco: Discors aquitanicIIs (May.) var. aquitallus Mayer. - Cardium aquitanus Mayer. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium aquitanus Mayer. Tortonien. B29383. aquosa Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. Not a cardiid. RECORDS. "1784 Martyn: Cardium aquosa. arabicum (mode). - See under arabicus Issei, 1869. arabicus Issei, 1869. - Synonym of Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827). » Regarding Cardium arabicus: Cardiidae. Recent, Holocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Rada di Suez. REMARKS. Issei (1869) gives reference to Savigny (Descript. de l'Egypte, coq., plate 9, fig. 13) in the description of Cardium arabicus. RECORDS ... 1869 Issei p . 77: Cardium arabicus. "1869 ZR: Cardium arabicum Issei, 1869 sp. n. [Figured in Savigny: Descript. de I'Egypte, Coquilles, pI. 9. fig. II]. "1890 Paetel : Cardium arabicum IsseI. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium arabicum Issei = Cardium richardi (Audouin, 1827). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium arabicus Issei, 1869; p. 77 . " 1992 Oliver: Cardium arabicus Issei, 1869 = Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827) . .. 2002 Schneider: Cardium arabicus Issei, 1869. Synonym of Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827) . "2003 Hylleberg and Kilburn, p. 176: C. arabicus Issei, 1869. Syn of Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827) according to J . Vidal. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION. "1869 Issei: shell fragile, equivalve, convex, subquadrilateral, rhombic outline, much inequilateral, anterior short, posterior much produced, subtruncate, numerous ribs, armed with many small scales, pointed umbo, interior white, exterior straw-yellow, margin markedly crenulated. [I have translated from Latin]. DIMENSIONS. "1869 Issei: length 7.5 mm, width 6 mm, diameter 5 mm. DISTRJBUTION. Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific. aradasi Crema. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium ,. aradasi Crema. Cardiidae. ?Recent. RECORDS. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg, p. 322: Cardium papil/osum var. obliquata Aradas 1846 (non var. obliquatum Michelotti, 1839) = Cardium aradasi Crema. 384 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) arakawae - arcticum arakawae (subspecies). - See under asagajense arakawae Kamada, 1962. arakawaense. - Invalid name. RECORDS. 001982 ZR: Cardium arakawaense Invalid name. Ref. to Masuda et ai. p. 7. aralense Abich, 1858. - Nemoeardium araiense (Abich, 1858). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001977 Popov: Nemocardium (Habeeardium) aralense (Abich, 1858). aralense Eichwald, 1867. - New combination: Aeanthoeardia aralense (Eichwald, 1867). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001871 Stoliczka: Cardium araiense Eichwald, 1867 (?Aeanthoeardium sic). arborescens Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. Not a cardiid. RECORDS. 001784 Martyn: Cardium arboreseens. arca (invalid) R6ding, 1798. REcORDs. 001798 Bolten: Cardium area. [R6ding p. 190: Cardium area]. 001902 Sherborn, p. 66: Cardium area Bolten, 1798 [no n.]. 001977 Fischer-Piette: no type, or description, or figure. arcaceum Brusina, 1897. - New combination: Lymnoeardium areaeeum Brusina, 1897. Lymnocardiidae. RECORDS. 001987 Taktakishvili: Limnoeardium areaeeum Brus. 001990 Basch: Limnoeardium (Zagrabieardium) areaeeum Brusina, 1897. arcae/ormis (subspecies). - See under earinata areae/ormis Wenz. - subearinata areaeformis Wenz, 1942. arcae/ormis Chapman & Crespin, 1934. - New name: Fragum ehapmani Crespin, 1945. » Regarding Cardium areaeformis: Cardiidae. Miocene. REcoRDs. 001936 ZR: Cardium areaeformis Chapman & Crespin, 1934 sp. n. Miocene Albany, Western Australia. 001945 ZR: Cardium areaeformis Chapman & Crespin: J. Roy. Soc. W. Australia 20 1934 p. 121 = Fragum ehapmani nom. nov. Crespin, 1945 non Gabb 1869 nec Cardium (Cerastoderma) a. Boettger 1880. arcaeformis Gabb, 1869. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" areae/ormis Gabb, 1869. Cardiidae. Jurassic. TYPE LOCALITY. Volcano, Nevada USA. REcoRDs. 001869 Gabb: Cardium arcaeformis Gabb. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium areaeformis Gabb, 1869; vol. 5: 11, pI. 3, fig. 9. arcel/a Dujardin, 1837. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma areella (Dujardin, 1837). Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Val de Loire. REcORDs. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium arcella Dujardin. 001886 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium (Cerastoderma) areella Duj. 001902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium (Cerastoderma) areella Dujardin, 1837. 00 1907 ZR: Cardium areella [Ref. Bogatchew 1907]. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 428: Cardium arcella Dujardin, 1837. 001952 Lecointre: Cardium (Cerastoderma) areella Dujardin, 1837. 00 1970 Glibert & Poel: Cerastoderma (s.s.) arcella (Dujardin, 1837). 001977 Popov: Cerastoderma arcella (Dujardin, 1838). 001989 Gontsharova: Cerastoderma arcella (Dujardin, 1837). 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium areella Dujardin. Helvetien. France, B30187, B45416. arcella bogatchevi Kolesnikov, 1929 (subspecies). Cerastoderma areella bogatehevi (Kolesnikov, 1929). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001989 Gontsharova: Cerastoderma areella bogatehevi (Kolesnikov, 1929). Archaeocardiidae Khalfin, 1940 (family). - RECORDs. 001980 Vokes: Family Archaeocardiidae Khalfin, 1940. Ineertae sedis. Archaeocardium Khalfin 1940 (genus). Archaeocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001980 Vokes: Arehaeoeardium (genus) Khalfin 1940. Ineertae sedis. archiaci Orbigny. - Afrieardia arehiaei Orb. Cardi idae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001951 ZR: Afrieardia arehiaci Orb., fossil, figs. [Ref. Petitot 1951]. archiaciana. - Afrieardia arehiaciana. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001930 ZR: Afrieardia arehiaeiana Cretaceous [Ref. Acquaotta 1929]. archiaciana sulcata (variety). - Upgraded. Afrieardia arehiaeiana var. suleata Acquaotta, 1929. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001930 ZR: Afrieardia arehiaciana var. suleata Acquaotta, 1929 nov. Cretaceous Monte Gargano [Ref. Acquaotta 1929]. Archicardium Sandberger, 1863 (genus). - Synonym of Aeanthoeardia Gray, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Objective synonym. RECORDS. 001937 ZR: Arehieardium Sandberger 1863 "type here designated Cardium aeuleatum L., 1758" = Aeanthoeardia Gray 1851 [Ref. Keen 1937].001969 Moore et al.: Arehieardium = Aeanthoeardia Gray, 1851. 001980 Vokes: Arehieardium Sandberger, 1863 Aeanthoeardia Gray, 1851. arcicardiformis Stevanovic, 1979. - Protoplagiodaena areieardiformis Stevanovic, 1979. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. 001979 ZR: Protoplagiodaena areicardiformis Stevanovic, 1979. sp. nov. Yugoslavia, Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 340. Arcicardiini (tribe). - RECORDs. 001987 ZR: Arcicardiini Nevesskaja, 1986 Tribe nov. ofCardiidae. Type genus Areieardium Fischer 1887, Miocene/Pliocene. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 190. Arcicardium Fischer, 1887 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001903 Andrussoff: Areieardium Fischer, 1887. 001905 Dollfus (commenting Andrussow, 1903): Areieardium Fischer. 001907 Andrussow: Areieardium near Piagiodaena. 001934 ZR: Areieardium Davidachvili, 1934 "n. sp." sie. 001970 ZR: Areieardium phylogenetic origin and development [Ref. Taktakishvili 1970]. 001971 ZR: Arcieardium Pliocene Zorlentul Mare. 001977 Popov: Areieardium Fischer, 1887. 001980 Vokes: Areieardium Fischer, 1887. 001987 ZR: Arcieardium Fischer, 1887. Arcicardium Fischer, 1887 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. Subsequent designation. Fischer 1887 designated Cardium aeardo Deshayes type species of subgenus Areieardium of the genus Limnoeardium. Upgraded to generic level by authors. - TYPE LOCALITY. Crimean iron ore deposits. RECORDS. 001887 Fischer: Areieardium subgenus of genus Limnoeardium, Stoliczka, em. 1870. arcticum Sowerby, 1834. [Figs. Part I p. Ill. Part 3 p. 852]. - Synonym of Ciliatoeardium cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). » Regarding Cardium aretieum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Arctic Seas. TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH: Cardium areticum Sowerby; possible syntypes Reg. no. 1975618. Neg. No. 0231. RECORDS. 001834 Sowerby, 51 st part, fig. 26: Cardium areticum nobis. 001840 Sowerby, p.106: Cardium aretieum. 001840 Sowerby, p. 2, No. 27: Cardium aretieum, Sow. 001840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium aretieum, Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 385 Aretopratulum - arenatum Sowerby No. 27. --1844 Reeve: Cardium arcticum Sowerby, 1840 = Cardium icelandicum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium cilia tum Fabricius, 1780. --1845 Catlow & Reeve: Cardium arcticum Sowerby, 1840. --1850 Jay: Cardium arcticum Sowb. = Cardium icelandicum Chemn. --1868 March: Cardium arcticum Sow. = Cardium (Cerastoderma) ciliatum Fabr. --1869 Romer: Cardium arcticum Sowerby = jun. syn. of Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. --1870 Gould: Cardium arcticum Sowerby (syn.) = Cardium islandicum Linn. --1888 Kobelt: Cardium arcticum Sowerby = Cardium islandicum Linne. --1890 Paetel: Cardium arcticum Sow. = islandicum Ch. [not available]. --1902 Dall: Cardium arcticum Sowerby, 1840 = Cardium cilia tum Fabricius, 1780. --1912 Jensen: Cardium arcticum Sowerby, 1840 = Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. --192232 Sherborn, p. 432: Cardium arcticum Sowerby, 1841. --1939 McLean: Cardium arcticum Sowerby, 1841 = Cardium cilia tum Fabricius, 1780. --1977 FischerPiette: Cardium arcticum Sowerby = Corculum ciliatum Fabricius. --1974 Abbott: Cardium arcticum Sowerby, 1840 = Clinocardium cilia tum Fabricius, 1780). --1980 ZR: Ciliatocardium arcticum (Sowerby 1841) is a junior synonym of C. ciliatum (Fabricius 1780). Ref. to Kafanov. --2000 Coan et al.: C. arcticum G. B. Sowerby, 1834 = Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1840 Sowerby: shell oval, compressed, subequilateral, 27 narrow, subcrenulated ribs, epidermis thick, dark--olive, eroded towards the umbo, elongated ligament, central cardinal tooth obsolete, lateral teeth distant [I have translated from Latin]. DIMENSIONS. --1840 Sowerby: long. 1.55 poll.(39 mrn), lat. 0.90 poll. (23 mm), alt. 1.40 poll (36 mm). REMARKS. --1840 Sowerby: Cardium arcticum differing from C. groenlandicum, in having ribs, and from C. icelandicum, in being less ventricose and in ribs being angular. DISTRlBUTION. --1844 Reeve: Iceland, circumpolar. Aretopratu[um Keen, 1954 (subgenus). Cardiidae. Miocene RECORDS. --1954 ZR: (Arctopratulum) Keen, 1954 subgen. nov. of Nemocardium subgenotype Nemocardium (Arctopratulum) griphus Keen, 1954 sp. nov. Miocene, Washington. --1980 Vokes: Arctopratulum Keen, 1954 in subfamily Protocardiinae. arcuatulum Sowerby, 1873. [Figs. Part I p. 145]. Synonym of Fragum mundum (Reeve, 1845). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fragum fragum Linne. » Regarding Cardium arcuatulum: Cardiidae. Recent. - RECORDS. --1873 Sowerby, p. 721, pI. 59, fig. 10: Cardium arcuatulum. --1873 ZR: Cardium arcuatulum Sowerby, 1873 sp. n. locality unknown. --1884 Grasset: Hemicardium arcuatulum Sow. --1890 Paetel: Hemicardium arcuatulum Sow. --1906 Larny: Cardium arcuatulum Sowerby. --1920 Pilsbry: Cardium arcuatulum Sowerby. --1933 Dautzenberg & Bouge: Cardium arcuatulum Sow. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium arcuatulum Sowerby = Corculum (Fragum) fragum Linne. --1979 Kay: Cardium arcuatulum Sowerby, Pilsbry, 1921 (jun. syn.) = Fragum (Fragum) mundum (Reeve, 1845). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. --1884 Grasset: Philippines. --1906 Dautzenberg in Lamy: China. --1906 Lamy: Tuamotu (Pacific). *areuatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium arcuatum from 2 sources: Montagu, 1803. - Munster (?year). areuatum Montagu, 1803. [Figs. Part 1 p. 145. Part 3 p. 921]. - Not in Cardiidae. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: ?Parvicardium scabrum Philippi. - ?Parvicardium minimum. » Regarding Cardium arcuatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. Falmouth Harbour, Britain (Reeve 1845). RECORDS. --1803 Montagu, Tab. 3. f. 2: Cardium arcuatum. --1807 Maton & Rackett, No. 12: Cardium arcuatum Montagu p. 85. --1813 Fleming: Cardium arcuatum Montagu. --1815 Wood: Cardium arcuatum Mont. --1828 Wood: Cardium arcuatum Montagu. --1845 Reeve, sp. 133: Cardium arcuatum Montagu. --1856 Wood & Hanley, No.9: Lucina arcuatum Mont. T. B. 85, pI. 3, f. 2 (not Reeve). Syn. L. commutata, Phil. Sic. i. 32, pI. 3, f. 15; subsequent to Tellina divaricata, Lin. Sys. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium arcuatum Montagu. Living. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 436: Cardium arcuatum Montagu, 1803. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium arcuatum Montagu = species insufficiently known. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: numerous, obtuse, arched scales. DESCRJPTION. --1845 Reeve: Shell ovate, very thin, somewhat transparent, radiately ribbed, ribs flatly convex, irregularly sculptured with unusually numerous, obtuse arched scales; whitish. DISTRlBUTION. --1807 Maton & Rackett: Falmouth Harbour. --1845 Reeve: Falmouth Harbour, Britain. --1856 Wood & Hanley: Britain &c.; Mediterranean. areuatum Munster. - Identical with "Cardium" recurvum Desh. Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium arcuatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium arcuatum Munster Fossil.; C. recurvum Desh. areuatum of Reeve, 1845. - See under arcuatum Montagu. Misidentification of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding C. arcuatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1856 Wood & Hanley: C. arcuatum Reeve = Cardium edule Lin. --1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium arcuatum Reeve, 1844 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. areumbona Wiedey, 1928. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" arcumbona Wiedey, 1928. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium arcumbona Wiedey, 1928 (n. sp.). arduini. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" arduini. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. --1934 ZR: Cardium arduini Oligocene Palestine fig. [Ref. Cox 1934]. areciboense (variety). - See under haitense var. areciboense Hubbard, 1920. arenatum (error). - Printer's mistake for arcuatum in the index of Reeve 1845. arenatum Carpenter, 1872. - Synonym of Laevicardium quadragenarium Conrad. » Regarding Cardium arenatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1872 Carpenter, p. 29: Cardium arenatum. --1901 Dall: Cardium arenatum Carpenter, 1857 (testa juv.) = Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium arenatum Carpenter = Laevicardium quadragenarium Conrad. 386 Tropical Marille Mollusc Programme (TMMP) arenicola - arkansense arenicola (mode). - See under arenico/um Reeve, 1845. arenicola (aff.) Reeve. - Trachycardium aff. arenicola Reeve. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1946 Abrard : Cardium (Trachycardium) aff. arenicola Reeve. arenicoloides Akutsu, 1964. - Changed combination: Vasticardium arenicoloides (Akutsu, 1964). Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Miocene of south and central Japan. REMARKS. Akutsu (1964) compared Vasticardium arenicoloides with arenicola and burchardi (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. ··1 964 Akutsu, p. 284, pI. 59, figs 67: Vasticardium arenicoloides. "1964 ZR: Vasticardium arenic%ides Akutsu, 1964 sp. nov. Miocene, Shimotokurazawa, Tochigi Pref. Japan. ··1973 Keen: C/inocardium arenicoloides (Akutsu, 1964). ··1999 Vidal: Vasticardium arenicoloides Akutsu, 1964. arenicolum Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part I p. 139. Part 3 p. 872, 924]. - Synonym of Acrosterigma maculosum (Wood, 1815). OTHER JUDGEMEN TS : Cardium enode Sowerby. - Not a synonym of Cardium enode. - C. maculosum Sow. non Wood. - Cardium simplex Spengler. » Regarding Cardium arenicolum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Ticao, the Philippines (Reeve 1845). TYPE REPOSITORY . 3 syntypes BMNH 1978132. RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve, species 78: Cardium arenicolum Reeve, 1845. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. arenicolum Reeve, C .l. Car. f. 78 = Cardium maculosum Wood. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) arenicolum, Reeve. "1870 March: c. arenicolum Reeve = C. maculosum Sow? non Wood; junior synonym of Cardium simplex Spgl. "1871 Lischke: Cardium arenicola Reeve. "1890 Paetel: Cardium arenicu/um sic Rv. "1901 Dall: ?Cardium arenicolum Reeve, 1845 = Cardium maculosum Wood, 1815. "1909 Lynge: Cardium (Trachycardium) arenicolum. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 448: Cardium arenicolum Reeve, 1845. "1954 Kira: Vasticardium crenicola sic (Reeve). "1960 Kuroda: Trachycardium (A crosterigma) arenicola (Reeve). "1962 Kira: Vasticardium arenicola (Reeve). "1971 Kuroda , Habe & Oyama : Vasticardium arenicolum (Reeve). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium arenicolum Reeve, 1845 = Cardium enode Sowerby. ··1977 Habe : Trachycardium (Vasticardium) arenicola (Reeve, 1845). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardillm arenicolum Reeve, 1845. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Acrosterigma arenicola (Reeve). "1990 Dance: Acrosterigma arenicola (Reeve). ··1992 Oliver: Trachycardium arenicolum (Reeve, 1845). ··1993 Vidal: Cardium arenicolum not synonym of Cardium enode as suggested by Fischer-Piette. ··1994 ChungHung & Hsi-Jen: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) arenicola (Reeve). "1 995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Trachycardium arenicola (Reeve) . "1999 Vidal : C. arenicolum Reeve, 1845 : Sp. 78. = Acrosterigma maculosum (Wood, 1815). ··2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Acrosterigma arenicola (Reeve , 1845) . ··2003 Hylleberg and Kilburn , p. 177: Cardium arenicolum Reeve, 1845 = Acrosterigma arenicola = Vasticardium arenicola. Syn . of Acrosterigma maculosum : CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: dry collection, 2 shells from Singapore, Konsul Gad 1905. Siam, Gulf of Thailand. ··ZMUC: wet collection. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: oblique curve in its growth, posterior nodular spines large. DESC RIPTIONS . ··1 845 Reeve: shell obliquely curved, attenuated towards the umbo, radiately ribbed, 46 ribs, convex , smooth, extreme posterior ribs squamulous; whitish, variegated with large ruddy spots . •• J990 Dance: with about 45 low radial ribs. Yellowish brown, mottled with purplish red. ··1992 Oliver: outline ovate, much higher than long; dorsal margins very short; posterior margin rather straight; anterior margin more curved. Sculpture of about 47 fine radial ribs. Posterior 10 ribs rather flat with small well spaced nodular spines; remainder of ribs almost smooth with only weak cross scales on the posterior sides of median ribs. Colour pale yellowish white with pink or orange-pink patches and blotches, internally white. DIMENSIONS. "1971 Kuroda et al.: length 31.6, height 37.8, breath 25.5 mm. ··1990 Dance: ca. 40 mm . REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: this is not the Cardium maculosum; it is of larger size, longer in proportion, and has an oblique curve in its growth. "1871 Lischke: the form Cardium arenicola is grammatically more correct than Cardium arenicolum . ··1966 Habe & Kosuge: Vasticardium arenicola ally of Laevicardium pulcherrimum Sakurai & Habe, 1966. ··1992 Oliver: Cardium maculosum Wood, 1815 has often been confused with Cardium arenicolum Reeve, 1845, but they are two distinct species. HABITAT. ··1845 Reeve: among coral sand at a depth of about 6 fathoms . ··1971 Kuroda e/ al.: sandy bottom from lower tide mark to 100 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve: Island of Ticao, Philippines. "1856 Wood & Hanley: Philippines. "1971 Kuroda et al.; Hylleberg 1994: Japan, tropical Pacific, Gulf of Thailand. ··2000 Lutaenko: Known from Vietnam. areniculum (error) . - Printer's mistake for arenicolum in Paetel 1890. arestum Dall , 1900. - Synonym of Trigoniocardia columba (Heilprin, 1886). » Regarding Cardium arestum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1900 Dall : Cardium ares/urn. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison : Cardium (Fragum) ares/urn Dall, 1900 = Trigoniocardia (Americardia) columba (Heilprin, 1886). ··1977 Vokes: Cardium ares tum Dall, 1900. areumbona Wiedey, 1928. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " areumbona Wiedey, 1928. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1928 ZR: Cardium areumbona Wiedey, 1928 sp. n. argesiellsis Papaianopol, 1992. - Pa chy dacna argesiensis Papaianopol, I g92 . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Dacien inferieur (Getien). Basin Dacique, Romania. RE CORDS. ··1992 Papaianopol, p. 24, fig . : Pachydacna (Parapachydacna) argesiensis sp. nov. argovianu", Mayer, 1865. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" argovianum Mayer, 1865 . Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium argovianum Mayer 1865; [1864-1865] vol. 13: 318. arguni Uspenskaia, 1931. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " arguni Uspenskai a , 1931 . Cardiacea . Miocene. RECORDS. "1932 ZR : Cardium arguni Uspenskaia, 1931 n. sp. Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. arkansense Conrad, 1855. - New combination: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 387 Arkitella - asiaticum Proloeardium arkansense (Conrad, 1855). Cardiidae . Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From North America. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium arkansense (Proloeardium). Referred to by Meek 1864. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium arkansense Conrad, 1855; vol. 7: 266. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium arkansense Conrad, 1860; vol. 4: 298, pI. 46, fig. 46. Arkitella Repman, 1961 (genus). - Pseudocardinidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. "1961 ZR: Arkitella Repman, 1961 gen. nov. of Pseudocardinidae Arkit, USSR, Jurassic. Genotype Arkitella pteropernoida Repman, 1961. armavirense (variety). - See under obliquoobsofetum var. armavirense Kolesnikov, 1929. armenicum Eichwald, 1868. - New combination: Aeanthocardia armenica (Eichwald, 1867). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka : Cardium armenicum Eichwald, 1867 (?Acanthocardium sic). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium armenicum Eichwald, 1868; [1853-1868) vol. 2: 689. arnhemense Skwarko, 1983 . - Nemoeardium arnhemense Skwarko, 1983 . Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1983 ZR: Nemoeardium (Pratufum) arnhemense Skwarko, 1983 sp . nov. Northern Territory. Ref. to Skwarko, p. 75. arpadense Hornes, 1870. - New combination: Lymnoeardium arpadense (Hornes, 1870) . Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. Ba sch (1990 p . 47) designated Cardium mpadense Homes, 1870 type species of subgenus (Podravinieardium) of genus Limnoeardium. Subsequent designation. RECORDS. "1966 ZR: Limnoeardium arpadensis Pannonian, Mecsek Mts. Yugoslavia, pis. [Ref. Bartha 1966]. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Limnocardium arpadense (Homes, 1861). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium arpadense Homes, 1862; [1859-1870] , vol. 4: 198, pI. 19, fig. 2. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnoeardium arpadense (M. Hoern.). "1990 Basch: Limnoeardium (Podravinieardium) arpadense (Homes, 1870). arpadensis (mode) . - See under arpadense. Arpadicardiu1tl Eberzin, 1947 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene . RECORDS. "1958 ZR: (Arpadieardium) Eberzin, 1958 subgen. nov. of genus Limnoeardium. Pliocene of the Ponto Caspian basin, Russia Subgenotype Limnoeardium (Arpadieardium) peregrinum Eberzin , 1958. Krasnodar, north west Caucasus. Pliocene. "1958 ZR : (Arpadieardium) subgen. nov. of Limnocardium q. v. [Ref. Ebersin 1958] . "1980 Vokes: Arpadieardium Ebersin, 1947 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae . "1987 Taktakishvili: (Arpadieardium) Ebersin, 1947. Arpaoicardium (subgenus). - Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. RECORDS. "1953 ZR : (Arpaoicardium) subgenus of Limnoeardium Pontian Serbia [Ref. Stevanovic 1951]. arquatu1tl Muenster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" arquatum Muenster, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 481 : Cardium arquatum Muenster, 1840. arrasciensis (variety). - See under edufe reetidens var. arraseiensis Gambetta, 1929. articulatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" artieulatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 486: Cardium artieulatum d'Orbigny, 1850 artum Schafhiiutl, 1863 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" artum Schafhiiutl, 1863. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium ar/um Schafhiiutl, 1863;p. 166, pl. 37, fig. 5. asagaiense Makiyama, 1934. - Changed combination: Cilia/ocardium asagaiense (Makiyama , 1934). Cardi idae. Upper Oligocene. RECORD S. "1934 Makiyama: Cardium asagaiense (fide Keen 1973). "1935 ZR: Cardium (Ceras/oderma) asagaiense Makiyama, 1934 sp. n. Oligocene Japan. "1973 Keen: Clinoeardium asagaiense (Makiyama, 1934). "1974 ZR: Ciliatoeardium asagaiense (Makiyama, 1934) Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov. "1977 Popov: Clinoeardium asagaiense (Makiyama, 1934). "1980 ZR: Cilia/ocardium asagaiense (Makiyama, 1934) is a senior synonym of C. safvationemense (Lautenschliiger 1962). Ref. to Kafanov. "1999 Kafanov et al.: Ciliatoeardium asagaiiense (Makiyama). asagaiiense (spelling). - See under asagaiense Makiyama, 1934. asagajense arakawae Kamada, 1962 (subspecies). Clinocardium asagajense arakawae Kamada, 1962. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1962 ZR: Clinoeardium asagajense arakawae Kamada, 1962 subsp. nov. Iwasaki-Honko, Nagakura, Iwasaki, Joban City, Japan, Tertiary. asagajense makiyamae Kamada, 1962 (subspecies). Clinoeardium asagajense makiyamae Kamada, 1962. Cardiidae. Tertiary. REcoRDs. "1962 ZR: Clinoeardium asagajense makiyamae Kamada, 1962 subsp. nov. Nabezuka, Hirono--machi, Japan, Tertiary. asaphum Leanza, 1942. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" asaphum Leanza, 1942. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1944 ZR: Cardium asaphum Leanza, 1942 sp. nov. fossil. aschrafi Alizade, 1968. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" asehraji Alizade, 1968. Cardiidae. Middle Oligocene. RECORDS. "1968 ZR: Cardium aschraji Alizade, 1968 sp. nov. Middle Oligocene, Kubatlinsk region, Mirlyar, Azerbaidjan, USSR. aselae Bartsch, 1947. - Synonym of Corelilum cardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Coreufum aselae: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Near Cebu City, Philippines. TYPE REPOSLTORY . USNM 543566 (Franco 3d). RECORDS. "1947 Bartsch, p. 226, pI. 2, fig. I : Coreufum ase/ae, new species. "1947 ZR: Corell/urn asefae Bartsch, 1947 sp. nov. near Cebu City, Cebu. "1952 Kuroda & Habe: Coreufum ase/ae. "1960 Kuroda: Coreufum asefae Bartsch. "1964 Shikama: Coreu/um (Coreufum) asefae Bartsch. "1977 FischerPiette: Coreufum asefae = Coreufum eardissa Linne, 1758. "1977 Habe: Coreu/um ase/ae Bartsch, 1947 = Coreufum eardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). "1989 Severin & Cooper: Coreufum ansefae sic Bartsch, 1947. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS. Type measurements: Height 44.2 mm; length 17.8 mm; diameter 38.3 mm. REMARKS. "1989 Severin & Cooper: Coreu/um asefae Bartsch, 1947 is part of an ecological continuum of Coreufum represented by a cardissa'morph and a 'monostroma' -morph at each of the two ends. aswtica (mode and variety). - See under asiatieum and porufosum var. asiatica Kakhanova, 1957. *asiaticum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium 388 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) asiatieum - aspersum asiatieum from 2 sources: Bruguiere, 1789. - Bosc s.a Deterville, 180 I. asiatieum Bosc s.a Deterville, 1801. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " asiatieum Bosc s.a Detervil1e, 1801. Cardiidae. Recent. REM ARKS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p . 494: Cardium asiatieum Bose s.a Deterville, 180 I. asiatieum Bruguiere, 1789. (Figs. Part I p. 72, 85, 141 , 164 . Part 3 p. 882]. - Veprieardium asiatieum (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium costatum Indiae orientalis Chemnitz, 1782 (not available). - Cardium eoronatum Spengler, 1799. Laevieardium eoronatum Schroter. - Cardium lima Gmelin, 1791. - Cardium lamellatum Spengler, 1799. - Cardium mirabile Deshayes, 1854. » Regarding Cardium asiatieum: Cardiidae. Upper Miocene and Recent. TYPELOCALlTY. China (Reeve 1845). HOLOTYPE is a figure by Chemnitz, 1782: 160, pI. 15, figs 153154. This shell is the holotype of Cardium asiatieum but has not yet been located. Cited by Bruguiere 1789 (Vidal 2000). RECORDS. "1782. Chemnitz [not available], VI, p. 145 & 160-161, pI. 15 figs. 153-154: Cardium costatum Indiae orientalis. "1789 Bruguiere, p. 224, No. 19: Cardium asiatieum Nob. "1798 Bruguiere: ID by Lamarck 1819, pI. 293. fig . 2. Cardium asiatieum. "1802 Bosc, III, p. 103: Cardium asiatieum. "1815 Wood: Cardium asiatieum Brug. '=' Cardium lima Linn. GmeL "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium asia/ieum. Bruguiere = Cardium lima Gmelin. "1819 Lamarck, VI, p. 4 , sp. 4: Cardium asiatieum. "1836 Bosc: Cardium asia/ieum. "1840 Sowerby, No.5: Cardium asiatieum Brug. "1845 Reeve: Cardium asiatieum Bruguiere. "1856 Wood & Hanley: C. Asiatieum Brug. = Cardium lima Gm. "1868 Cuvier, pI. 29 fig. 3: Cardium asiatieum Brug. Mers de Chine. "1870 March: Cardium costatum indiae orientalis Chemnitz = Cardium asiatieum Brug. "1890 Paetel: Cardium asiatieum Ch. "1902 Sherborn, p. 80: Cardium asiatieum Bruguiere, 1789. "1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 837: Cardium (Aeanthoeardia) asialieum Chemn. = eoronatum Spengler). "1909 Lynge: Cardium (Bueardium) asiatieum Bruguiere, 1792. "1919 Martin: Cardium asiatieum Brug. [U. Miocene to Recent]. "1939 Adam & Leloup: Cardium (Aeanthoeardia) asiaticum Bruguiere 1789. "1945 ZR: Cardium asiatieum Brug. [Ref. Lamy 1945). "1969 ZR: Cardium asiatieum first record from the coastal sandstone, southern Mozambique [Ref. Moura 1969). "1977 Fischer- Piette: Cardium asiatieum Bruguiere = Laevieardium eoronatum Schroter. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson : Veprieardium asiatieum (Bruguiere, 1792) . .. 1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium asiatieum (Bruguiere, 1792); senior synonym of Cardium mirabile Deshayes, 1854. "1990 Abbott & Dance: Traehyeardium asiaticum . .. 1994 Chung-Hung & HsiJen: Veprieardium asiaticum Bruguiere. "1995 ChungHung & Hsi-Jen: Veprieardium asia/ieum Bruguiere. "1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 378 : Veprieardium asia/ieum Bruguiere, 1789. "2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Veprieardium asiatieum (Bruguiere, 1789). Del. D .G. Reid. 1. Vidal. 1. Hylleberg. "2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Veprieardium asiatieum (Bruguiere, 1789) . .. 2000 Vidal, p. 452, Fig. 3: Cardium asia/ieum Bruguiere, 1789: 224. "2000 Vidal, p . 456: Misidentification: V asiatieum (Wilson & Stevenson, 1977: 35) = Veprieardium incarnatum (Reeve, 1844). "2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: p. 64: Veprieardium asiatieum (Bruguiere, 1792). "2003 Hyl\eberg and Kilburn, p. 185, Plate 5, fig. 17: Veprieardium asiaticum (Bruguiere, 1789) . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: Tranquebar, Gulf of Thailand (Mortensen collection). CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: roughened surface of the middle and anterior ribs, only posterior ribs being lamellated. DESCRlPTIONS. "1845 Reeve: shell globose, rather thin, radiately ribbed, 37 narrow, rather elevated ribs, smooth round about the umbones, towards the margins the posterior lamelliferous, the rest peculiarly roughened with a profusion of solid raised dots; fleshy cream colour, interstices between the ribs pale rusty brown, interior white, Conspicuously grooved, extreme posterior edges rose purple. "2000 Vidal: Veprieardium asiatieum differs from other species of this genus by two main characters : (I). Only the most posterior 9 to 12 ribs carry lamellae. (2). In the left valve the anterior lateral is prolonged by a ridge separated from the dorsal margin by a very deep elongated cleft reaching the cardinal area. It also is remarkable for the strength of its " internal ribbing". "2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. REMARKS. "1845 Reeve: This interesting species is singularly characterized by the roughened surface of the middle and anterior ribs. It may also be easily distinguished from Cardium fimbriatum by its orbicular form, and by the posterior ribs only being lamellated . "1906 Melvill & Standen: after many examples in all stages of growth, it is the opinion of Mr. Alexander Abercombie that Cardium coronatum Spengler is a synonym ... ZMUC: synonyms according to label Cardium costa tum Chemnitz fig. 153, Cardium lima Gmelin, Cardium lamellatum Spengler, 1799. HABITAT. "ZMUC: gravel, 10 m depth. DISTRlBUTI ON. "1782 Chemnitz: Nicobar Islands. "1845 Reeve China. "1856 Wood & Hanley: China. "1884 Grasset: Nicobar Islands. "1994 Hylleberg: Philippines, India, Thailand. "1999 Aungtonya: Andaman Sea & Gulf of Thailand ... 2000 Hylleberg: Known from Vietnam and Cambodia. "2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: South India. "2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Nha Trang, Vietnam. asiatieum Patte, 1929. - Lunulieardium asiaticum Patte, 1929. Cardiidae. Paleozoic. R ECORDS . "1935 ZR: Lunulieardium asiatieum Patte, 1929 sp. n. Paleozoic Tonkin. aspacia d'Orbigny, 1850. - Unieardium aspaeia d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn, p. 497 : Unieardium aspaeia d'Orbigny, 1850. aspera (error). - I assume that aspera is a printer 'S mistake for aspersa in Paetel 1890: Papyridea asp era Sowerby 1833, p. 85. Panama. aspereostatum Gorj .- Kramb . - Lymnoeardium aspereostatum Gorj.-Kramb. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili : Limnoeardium aspereostatum Gorj.-Kramb. aspersa (mode). - See under asperswn Sowerby, 1834. aspersum Sowerby, 1833 . [Figs . Part I p. 108] . Papyridea aspersa (Sowerby, 1833) . - OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium bullatum var. beta Lam . - Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 389 asperu/a - asperum Papyridea soleniforme (Bruguiere , 1792). » Regarding Cardium aspersum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Santa Elena, Ecuador (designated by Hertlein & Strong 1947). Montechristi also cited originally. Found in sandy mud at 7 fathoms depth (Sowerby 1833, p. 85). RECORDS . --1833 Sowerby, p. 85 : Cardium aspersum. --1834 Sowerby, 48 th part, fig . 15 : Cardium aspersum nobis. --1840 Sowerby, p. 2, No. 15: Cardium aspersum. --1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium aspersum (Sowerby No. 15). --1844 Reeve : Cardium aspersum Sowerby, 1834 = Cardium bullatum var. beta Lamarck, 1819 ... 1846 Orbigny: Cardium aspersum Sowerby. Maybe a variety of B. sic bullatum. --1850 Jay: Cardium aspersum Sow. = Cardium bullatum Lam. --1890 Paetel: Cardium aspersum Sowerby 1833 p. 85. S. Elena ... 1895 Stearns: Cardium (Papyridea) aspersum Sowerby. --1922 Olsson: Cardium aspersum Sowerby along the Pacific coast. "1928 Tomlin: Papyridea aspersa (Sow.). --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 502: Cardium aspersum Sowerby, 1833 . "1932 Pilsbry & Lowe : Card.,ium (Papyridea) aspersum Sby. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Papyridea) aspersum Sowerby, 1833. --1964 Parker: Papyridea aspersa (Sowerby, 1833). "1969 Nordsieck: C. aspersa = Papyridea soleniforme (Bruguiere, 1792). -- I 971 Keen & McLean: Papyridea aspersa (Sowerby, 1833). "1977 Popov: Papyridea aspersa (Sowerby, 1833). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Papyridea aspersa Sowerby. "1997 Kafanov : Papyridea (Papyridea) aspersa Sowerby in Broderip et Sowerby, 1833. --2001 Vidal, p. 408: Papyridea aspersa. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: Gulf of California, I worn specimen, 84 m sand , Gulf of California 69 m sand, worn specimen. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell decidedly longer than high; without distinct areas of sculpture, lateral teeth present. DESCRIPTIONS. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: shell elongately oval, subequilateral, gaping; mottled with reddish-brown and light coloured areas; ribs numerous, the anterior ones finer and crenulated, the central ones flattened, the posterior ones coarser and ornamented with short spines; the ends of the ribs form a serrated margin posteriorly. - --1971 Keen: the elongate form and the large posterior gape easily distinguish this species from any other West Coast cockle. The shell is almost paper thin, with numerous prickly ribs. The colour is white, mottled with red dish brown, the pattern showing through to the inside. This species is found on sand bars or beaches from Manuela Lagoon, Lower California, south to Peru, including the whole of the Gulf of California. It is the Pacific analogue of P soleniformis (Bruguiere, 1789), from the Caribbean. A shorter, more inflated species from off the west coast of Lower California has been named P crockeri Strong & Hertlein, 1937. --200 I Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. REMARKS. --1921 Maury; --1947 Hertlein & Strong: C. aspersum Sowerby is the Pacific form very close to the Atlantic species C. spinosum Meuschen but the form from the eastern Pacific appears to have flatter ribs and less posterior elongation. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: the form descr ibed by Verrill as Papyridea bullata val'. californica has not been illustrated but is probably identical with the species described by Sowerby. HABITAT. "1971 Keen & McLean: P aspersa: is found in shallow water. --1964 Parker: occasionally to a depth of about 90 m. DISTRIBUTION . --1971 Keen & McLean : P aspersa: Manuela Lagoon, Gulf of Cali fomi a to Peru. asperula (variety). - See under tuberculatum val'. asperula . *asperulum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium asperulum from 2 sources: Lamarck, 1805. Brongniart (? year) . asperulum Brongniart. - Synonym of "Cardium" verrucosum Deshayes non Lamarck. Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium asperulum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. --1835 Lamarck: Cardium asperulum Brongniart = Cardium verrucosum Desh. non Lamarck. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium asperulum Brongniart - C. verrucosum Deshayes asperu/um Lamarck, 1805. - Changed combination: Vepricardium asperulum (Lamarck, 1805). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France, Lutetian. RECORDS. --1805 Lamarck: vol. 6, p. 343, pI. 18, figs 18a, b: Cardium asperulum . "1922-32 Sherborn , p. 503: Cardium asperulum Lamarck, 1805. "1832 Bronn: Cardium asperulum Lmk. ann. VI. Brg. 79. --1835 Lamarck : Cardium asperulum Lamk . = Cardium asperulum Brong. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium asperulum Lamk . --1886 Cossmann: Cardium asperulum Lamarck . --1899 Sacco: Cardium asperulum Lamarck ... 1950 Tremlett: Cardium (Vepricardium) asperulum Lamarck, 1805. "1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Trachycardium) asperulum Lamarck. --1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Vepricardium) asperulum Lamarck, 1805 . "1995 Le Renard et al. : Vepricardium (s . str.) asperulum [Cardium asperulum] Lamarck, 1805. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Vepricardium (Vepricardium) asperulum . "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers . comm .) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium (Trachy cardium) asperulum Lamarck . Ypresien, Lutetien as Trachycardium asperulum Lamarck. Paris. B52679 to 52692, B69001 , B70538 . asperll/um ledianum Glibert, 1980 (subspecies) . Vepricardium asperulum ledianum Glibert, 1980. Cardiidae. Middle Eocene. RECORDS. --1980 ZR : Vepricardium asperulum ledianwn Glibert, 1980 subsp. nov. Belgium. Ref. to Glibert p. 21 . *asperum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium asperum from 2 sources: Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. Sowerby (?year). asperum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Synonym of "Cardium" bispinosum Dujardin. Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium aspen/m: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium asperum Munster variety of Cardium bispinosllm Dujardin . --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 497: Cardium asperum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837 asperllm Sowerby. - Synonym of Papyridea bulla/um (Linnaeus) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium bullatum (Linnaeus). - Cardium (Papyridea) aspera SowerbyCardium spinosum Meuschen [not available] . » Regarding Cardium aspera: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456 : Cardium (Papyridea) aspera Sow. -'1869 Romer: Cardium asperum Sowerby, related to Cardium 390 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) assimile - attenuatum bullatum (L.) Chemnitz. ··1885 Smith: Cardium aspentm Sowerby = Cardium (Papyridea) bullatum [Linn.?) Chemnitz. ··1886 Dall: Cardium asperum Sowerby, confer C. spinosum Meuschen. assimile Reeve, 1844. [Figs. Part I p. 132, 173. Part 3 p. 859, 925] . - Changed combination: Vasticardium assimile (Reeve, 1844). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Bucardium sp. in Oliver 1992. - Cardium lacunosum Reeve, 1845. - Cardium ntbicundum Reeve. - Cardium rugosum Lamarck. » Regarding Cardium assimile: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Zanzibar, east coast of Africa (Reeve 1844). TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH London, 3 syntypes 1978129. RECORDS. ··1844 Reeve, p. 169: Cardium assimile. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Tra chycardium) assimile, Reeve. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium assimile Rv. ··190 I Sturany: Cardium assimile Rve. (possible synonym of Cardium nlgosum). ··1902 Shopland: Cardium assimile Rve. = Bucardium sp. in Oliver (1992). ··1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 837 Cardium (Trachycardium) assimile Rve. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 508: Cardium assimitis Reeve, 1844. ··1945 Altena: Laevicardium assimile (Rv.). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium assimile Reeve = Laevicardium rubicundum Reeve. ··1992 Oliver: Cardium assimile Rve. in Shopland 1902 = Cardium lacunosum Reeve, 1845 . ··1995 Oliver, fig. 1091: Acrosterigma assimile (Reeve, 1845). ··1998 Vidal: Vasticardium assimile (Reeve, 1844). "1999 Vidal: Vasticardium assimile (Reeve, 1844) = Cardium lacunosum Reeve, 1844. ··1999 Vidal: Vasticardium assimile assimile. ··200 I Vidal, p. 407: Vasticardium assimile. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Vasticardium assimile (Reeve, 1844). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: one specimen, sine loc., labeled Ribe 1860 No. 191 . Seven specimens, BMNH (Spry Col I.), P. G. Oliver del. 1996. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: 35 ribs. DESC RIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell oblong, ovate, obliquely radiately ribbed, 35 ribs, broad and approximated at the base, attenuated towards the summit, anterior ribs crenated, the extreme posterior tuberculated , the middle smooth and very finely impressly serrated at the sides; pale purple red, whitish towards the umbo, variegated with scattered spots. ··1995 Oliver: solid, moderately thick, tumid, ovate, higher than long . Sculpture of 28- 35 radial ribs; posterior 5-7 with oblique nodulose spines. Externally white with zones, patches, and spots of reddish brown often so dense as to appear predominantly brown; internal margin reddish to purple brown, umbonal cavity initially with a pair of longitudinal purplish bars and suffused with fawn to orange remaining visible in most shells. ··My observations: specimens at BMNH: 6-7 ornamented post. ribs. Total rib count 33 -34. ··2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1992 Oliver: 21 .5 mm height. ··1995 Oliver: length to 55 mm. REMARKS. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium assimile approximates the Cardium subelongatum, yet it has greater number of ribs, and the ribs are of another structure. ··1992 Oliver: The specimens described as Cardium assimile by Reeve (1845) and by Shopland (1902) are considered identical to a Red Sea Bucardium sp. with thin, suborbicular shell, posterior margin less rounded than anterior; 39 low riblets, interspaces 1/3 width of riblet, barely sunken; fragile wavy raised radial flanges arising from posterior edge of all rib lets but strongly developed laterally, worn medially, anterior area not pustulose. This Bucardium sp. however, is not similar to the species described as assimile (by Reeve 1845), which has distinct ribs. HABITAT. ··1995 Oliver: in sand, offshore. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Zanzibar, East Africa. ··1884 Grasset: Socotora. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: West Indian Ocean. Known from S. India. assimile lacullosum Reeve, 1845 (subspecies). Changed combination: Vasticardium assimile lacunosum (Reeve, 1845). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1998 Vidal, p. 117: Vasticardium assimile lacunosum (Reeve , 1845) new combination. ··1999 Vidal: Vasticardium assimile lacunosum. ｡ｳｴｾ＿ｲｩｮｵｦＱｉ＠ d' Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " astierianum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 515: Cardium astierianum d 'Orbigny, 1850. astonellsis Cox , 1946. - Pseudopis astonensis Cox, 1946. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Pseudopis astonen s is Cox, 1946 sp. nov. Type species of Pseudopis gen nov. Cardiidae. Lower Aston Magna Wores. atacellse Archiac, 1854. - New combination: Acanthocardia atacense. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium atacense (Acanthocardium sic). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium atacenseArchiac, 1854; vol. 11: 212, pI. 3, fig. 7. attenuata (variety) . - See under oblongum attenuata Locard & Caziot, 1900. attenuatum Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part 1 p. 100, 138, 175, 176]. - Changed combination: Acrosterigma at/enuatum (Sowerby, 1840). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. ··1840 Sowerby: ad insulam Ceylon (Sri Lanka); ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson lectotype Ceylon (?). TYPE REPOSITORY. Lectotype in the Cuming Coil. BMNH no. 1971.26, selected by Wilson & Stevenson (1977). TYPE MATERIAL. ··1999 Vidal: Several bivalved shells, bearing data "Ceylon, Zanzibar, Philippines, M.e. sic" (although only "Ceylon" [Sri Lanka] is mentioned in Sowerby's description), are considered as syntypes (BMNH, Reg. 1971-26) A lectotype was selected by Wilson & Stevenson (1977 : 57). RECORDS. ··1840 Hanley, p. 140, pI. 17 , fig . 33: Cardium attenuatU17l Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 109: Cardium attenuatum. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 6, No. 69: Cardium attenuatum, Sow. ··1845 Reeve, sp. 72: Cardium altenuatum Sowerby. ··1869 Romer, p. 81, pI. 13, figs 1-2: Cardium attenuatum Sow. ··1872 Tryon: Laevicardium altenuatum Sow. ··1884 Grasset: Laevicardium at/enuatum Sow. ··1888 Jousseawne: Laevicardium at/enuatum Sow. ··1890 Paetel: Laevicardium altenuatum Sow. ··1903 Hidalgo: Laevicardium attenuatU17l Sow. ··1905 Hidalgo: Hemicardium atlentlatum Sow. ··1906 Standen & Leicester: Laevicardium attenuatum Sow. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 558: Cardium atlenuatwn Sowerby, 1841. ··1928 Faustino: Cardium attefluatum Sow. ··1951 Habe: Laevicardium altenuatU17l Sow. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Laevicardium attenuatum Sow. "1960 Kuroda: Laevicardium attenuatum (Sowerby). ··1962 Habe: Laevicardium attenuatum Sow. ··1964 Habe: Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 391 aubersonense - aurantiacum Laevicardium attenuatum Sow. "1964 Shikama: Laevicardiwn attenuatum Sow. ··1966 Habe & Kosuge: Laevicardium attenuatum Sow. ··1967 Habe: Laevicardium attenuatum (Sowerby). ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Laevicardiwn atlenuatum (Sowerby). "1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 26: La evicardium attenuatum Sowerby. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Laevicardium attenuatum (Sowerby, 1841) ... 1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Laevicardium attenuatum (Sowerby, 1841). ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Laevicardium attenuatum (Sowerby, 1840). "1995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Laevicardium afrenuatum sic (Sowerby). "1999 Aungtonya et al. , PMBC-SP 19(2): 377: Laevicardium atlenuatum (Sowerby, 1841). "1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma aLtenuatum (Sowerby, 1841). ··2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Vasticardium attenuatum (Sowerby, 1841). Det. R. Kilburn, D.G. Reid. J. Hylleberg. J. Vidal. ··200 I Vidal, p. 407: Acrosterigma attenuatum. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Vasticardium attenuatum (Sowerby, 1841) ... 2003 Hylleberg and Kilburn , p . 176, Plate 2, fig. I: Acrosterigma attenuatum (Sowerby, 1841). Of authors: Cardium attenuatum . Vasticardium attenuatum. Laevicardium attenuatum . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ZMUC : 2 specimens Zanzibar. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell elongately ovate, somewhat oblique, peculiarly attenuated towards the umbo, rayed with rather obsolete grooved striae, posterior area smooth; yolk-yellow, stained and spotted with red, posterior spots of a deeper red; umbones pink. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: sculpture, 51 - 55 smooth, flat radial ribs, obsolete anteriorly, visible internally; interstices shallow, with microscopic undulating concentric sculpture. Colour, cream, often with variable red- brown pattern; interior white. Periostracum, straw coloured. ··1999 Vidal: shell ovoid and almost equilateral when juvenile, becomes more and more inequi lateral with expansion of median shell and strong straightening of entire posterior margin; adults very elongated and moderately inflated. Lunule sometimes marked on right valve by a nalTOW hollowed zone; umbonal margin raised and slightly spatulifonn. External colour generally white and yellow, rarely purple, Posterior and anterior slopes being darker. Interior white, with yellow margin and umbonal cavity. Hinge almost symmetrical and strongly angled. A weak sterigma is present in about 40% of the specimens. Mean rib number 56.9 ± 3.9, range 52--65. On posterior slope, characteristic ribbing features of genus only discernible on juvenile part: interstices very thin; flat ribs divided into two roughly equal parts, separated by a thin axial furrow; irregular, tubercular, more or less prismatic scales present on last ribs, becoming progressively smaller; presence of scales restricted to a small part of juvenile shell, mainly on last ribs. Three wide pseudo-interstices are already formed on very juvenile part of shell, separating the last ribs that thereby become well marked; generally two (rarely three) of these last ribs remain prominent and always readily discernible in adult shells; other more anterior ribs of posterior slope less discernible but strongly marked on margin which is always crenulated. On the median part of shell, ribs, while not marked on the external surface of shell, often discernible by colours and confirmed by internal marginal "ribbing," which is visible at some distance from margin. On posterior part of anterior slope, ribs become again apparent very occasionally with posterior crenulations, then disappear and are replaced by rather irregular longitudinal striation; this disappearance happens, on each rib, more and more backwards as shell grows; as it is rather abrupt, it forms an oblique, "diachronous" demarcation line. On anterior striated zone, vague ribbing can still be visible by colouring, and still marked on internal margin; this interna l marginal ribbing, and associated coloured ribbing, disappear eventually, always at the same distance from "lunule," most anterior part of shell being totally smooth. Anterior and posterior parts of shell bear a rather irregular concentric ornamentation. ··2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. 1.80 poll. (46 mm), lat. 1.20 poll. (31 mm), all. 2.60 poll. (66 mm). ··1999 Vidal: max. length 55.7, height 87.6, width 37.6 mm. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: very much more elongated than C. biradiatum (Sowerby 1840, No. 69). Perfectly distinct from all the species with which it has been at different times confounded: Cardium biradiatum, Cardium laevigatum, and Cardium serratum. HABITAT. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: offshore; fine coral sand. ··1999 Vidal: recorded from 12 to 88 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve : Ceylon , Zanzibar, Philippines. ··1884 Grasset: Ceylon. ··1994 Hylleberg: East Africa, West Pacific , Northern & Western Australia. ··1999 Aungtonya: Thailand, Andaman Sea & Gulf of Thailand. ··2000 Hylleberg: Vietnam. "2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: S. India. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Nha Trang, Vietnam. aubersollense Pictet & Campiche, 1865 . - New combination: Acanthocardia aubersonense (Pictet & Campiche, 1865). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium aubersonense (Acanthocardium sic). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium aubersonense Pictet & Campiche, 1865 ; [1861-1871] ser. 4, p. 245, pI. 117. auberti Abrard, 1946. - New combination: Laevicardium auberti (Abrard, 1946). Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Epi, New Hebrides. RECORDS. "1946 Abrard, p. 36, pI. 3, fig. 5-6: Cardium (Laevicardium) auberti n. sp. ··1947 ZR: Cardium (Laevicardium) auberti Abrard, 1946 sp. nov. Upper Miocene, Foreland Bay, Epi, New Hebrides. auca d'Orbigny, 1842 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" auca d'Orbigny, 1842. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 562: Cardium auca d'Orbigny, 1842. aupsellse Repelin, 1906. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " aupsense Repelin, 1906. Cardiidae. Lower Campanien. RECORDS. ··1906 Repelin: Cardium aupsense n. sp. ··1906 ZR: Cardium aupsense Repelin, 1906 sp. n. Lower Campanian, S.E. France. auralltiaca mode of aurantiacum Adams & Reeve, 1850. aurantiacum Adams & Reeve , 1850 . - Changed combination: Nemocardium aurantiacum (Adams and Reeve, 1850. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium lyra tum (Sowerby, 1834). » Regarding Cardium aurantiacum: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. Fischer-Piette (1977): Cardium aurantiacum Adams & Reeve is considered a junior synonym = Laevicardium lyra tum (Sowerby, 392 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) aurantiacum - auricula 1834). Fischer-Piette (1977) : Cardium aurantiaeum Adams & Reeve = Laevieardium (Diseors) lyratum (Sowerby, 1834) by Me1vill & Standen 1906, Prashad 1932, Habe 1951, 1952, 1964, Kuroda & Habe 1952. Bosch & Bosch (1982) referred a species from the Arabian Sea to Lyroeardium aurantiaeum, but Oliver (1995, fig. 1086) considers the Arabian Sea species undescribed, and distinct from the Asian species. RECORDS. --1850 Adams & Reeve, p. 77, pI. 22, fig. 4: Cardium aurantiacum. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium aurantiaeum Adams and Reeve. --1890 Paete1 : Laevieardium aurantiaeum Ad. et R v. "1906 Melvill & Standen : Cardium (Laevieardium) aurantiacum Ad. & Rve. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 571 : Cardium aurantiaeum Adams & Reeve, 1850 . .. 1932 Prashad: Cardium (Laevicardium) aurantiaeum Ad. & Rve. "1951 Habe: Lyrocardium aurantiacum Ad . & R ve. --1952 Kuroda & Habe : Lyrocardium aurantiaeum Ad. & Rve. "1960 Kuroda : Diseors aurantiaea (Adams & Reeve). "1962 Habe: Discors aurantiacum Ad . & R ve ... 1964 Habe : Discors aurantiaeum Ad. & R ve. "1966 Habe & Kosuge: Lyrocardium aurantiacum Ad . & Rve. "1967 Habe : Diseors aurantiaca (Adams & Reeve). "1974 Habe & Kosuge: Lyroeardium aurantiacum (Adams et Reeve, 1850). --1977 Fischer-Piette : Cardium aurantiacum Adams & Reeve. "1977 Habe : Diseors aurantiacum (Adams & Reeve, 1850). --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Diseors aurantiaeum (Adams and Reeve, 1848). Lyroeardium aurantiacum (Adams & Reeve, 1848). --1982 Bosch & Bosch: Nemoeardium aurantiaeum (Adams and Reeve, 1850). --1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Discors aurantiaca (Adams & Reeve, 1850). "1998 Lamprell & Healy: Nemocardium (Lyrocardium) aurantiacum (Adams & Reeve, 1850). --2001 Vidal, p. 407: Lyrocardium aurantiacum . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIO NS. --2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DISTRlBUTlON. --1994 Hylleberg: Japan, Australia. aurantiacum Roding in Bolten, 1798. Nomen nudum. Not available. RECORDS. --1798 Bolten: called Cardium aurantiacum the orange heart shell. With ribs on shell. "1902 Sherborn, p. 93 : Cardium aurantiaeum Bolten, 1798 [no n.]. aurantiaeum Rev. = aurantiaeum Adams & Reeve, 1850. aurasium Coquand , 1862. - Unieardium aurasium Coquand, 1862. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Unieardium aurasium Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 208, pI. 9, fig. 5. aurea (variety). - See under papillosum aurea Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. aureliana Jekelius, 1944. - Replidacna aureliana Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Replidaena aureliana Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banal. auressense Coquand, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" auressense Coquand, 1862. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium auressense: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Constantine. RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka, 104: Cardium auressense Coquand , 1862 (species insufficiently known). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium auressense Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 205 , pI. 10, figs. 8-9. auri Fischer-Piette, 1977. [Figs. Part 3 p. 915]. Synonym of Parvicardium papi/losum (Poli, 1791). » Regarding Coreulum auri: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Gulf of Guinea. TYPE REPOSITORY . Paris Museum (MNHN). RECORDS. --1977 Fischer- Piette: Corcufum (Trigonioeardia) auri. "1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Coreulum auri Fischer-Piette, 1977 = Parvicardium papil/osum (Po Ii, 1795). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. --1980 Keen : the species represents an extension of Trigoniocardia to the eastern Atlantic. --1991: Voskui1 & Onverwagt stated that Coreulum (Trigoniocardia) auri Fischer-Piette, 1977 (p. 121, fig. 9) is a junior synonym of Parvicardium papi/losum (Poli, 1795). DISTRIBUTION. Senegal. auricula Niebuhr in Forsskiil, 1775 . [Figs. Part I p. 116, 130, 177. Part 3 p. 932] . - Changed combination : Lunulieardia auricula (Niebuhr in Forsskaa1, 1775). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Lunulicardia retusa (Linnaeus, 1758). - Not a synonym of Cardium retusum Linnaeus. » Regarding Cardium auricula: Cardiidae. Recenl. TYPE LOCALITY . Suez, north-west extremity of the Red Sea (Reeve 1844). TYPE REPOSITORY . --ZMUC : lectotype , para lectotype (Forsskaal Collection) . RECORDS. --1758 Regenfuss. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium auricula Conch. 2. (ined.) I. 9. --1775 Niebuhr in Forskaal: Cardium auricula. "1775 Forskiil. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium auricula Fn. arab. p. 122. n. 52 . "1791 Gmelin No. 27. "1815 Wood: Cardium auricula Linn. Gmel. Forsk. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium auricula Forsk. Gmelin. ｗｯｾ＠ = Cardium retusum. Linnaeus. --1840 Sowerby, 179t part, fig. 47 : Cardium auricula. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No . 93: Cardium auricula Forskall. --1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium auricula (Sowerby, No. 93) . --1844 Reeve, species 39: Cardium auricula Forskael, Fauna Arabica, f. 122. "1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 31 : Cardium auricula Gm. 3253, from Forsk. Arab. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 459 : Hemicardia (Lunulieardia) auricula, Forsk . "1863 Deshayes: Cardium auricufa Forsk. "1865 Vaillant: Cardium auricula Forska l. "1868 ZR : Cardium auricula (Forsk .) is a distinct species but Cardium subretusum (Sow. , Reeve) is only a variety of retusum (1.), [Ref. Romer 1868] . "1869 . ZR : auricula [classification by Graham-Ponton) Section, subtypical - 6. Impressilunuliales auricula (Forskiil). --1869. Romer: Cardium auricula Forskial sic(p. 120, pI. 14, figs . 18-19). "1869. Issei : Cardium (Lunulicardia) auricula Forskal. --1870 Ma rch : c. auricula Niebuhr is a variety from the Coromandel coast = a junior synonym of Cardium retusum 1. --1 884 Grasset: Hemicardium auriculum Forsk. --1886 Cooke: Cardium auricula Forsk. --1890 Paetel : Hemicardium auricula Forsk. --1899 Sturany: Hemicardia auricula Forsk. --1902 Sherborn, p. 96 : Cardium auricula Forskal, 1775. "1905 Sturany: Hemicardia auricula Forsk. --1905. Tillier & Bavay : Cardium (Hemicardium) auricula Forsk . "1905 Stura ny: Hemicardium auricula (Forsk.) . --1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 840: Hemicardium (Lunulicardia) auricula Forsk. "1926 Pallary: Cardium (Opisocardium) auricula Forskal. --1927 Lamy: Cardium (Opisocardium) auricula Forskal. "1938 Lamy: Cardium (Opisocardium) auricula Forskaal 1939. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 393 auricula - australe Moazzo: Lamy: Cardium (Hemicardium) auricula Forskal. ··1972 Barash & Danin: Lunuticardia auricula Forskal. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium auricula Forsklll = Corculum retusum Linne. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium auricula (Niebuhr in Forsskaal, 1775) = Cardium retusum Linne, 1767. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium auricula Forskal, 1775; junior synonym of Fragum (Lunuticardium) retusum (Linnaeus, 1758) . ··1984 Sharabati: Fragum (Lunuticardia) auricula. ··1986 Yaron et al.: Cardium auricula Niebuhr in Forsskaal, 1775. ··1987 ZR: Cardium auricula Niebuhr in Forsskal, 1775 lectotype designated. Ref. to Yaron et at. p. 175. ··1992 Oliver: Lunulicardia auricula. ··1994 Lamprell & Cook: Lunulicardia auricula (in Australia). ··1995 Oliver, fig. 1083: Lunulicardia auricula (Niebuhr in Forsskaal, 1775). "1998 Lamprell & Healy: Fragum (Lunulicardia) auricula (ForsskaJ in Niebuhr, 1775). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.). MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium auricula Forskal. Quaternary. Egypt (Suez), B42199. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: I specimen, Spengler's coll. Mentioned by Chemnitz (1782, VI, p. 139) and Spengler (1799, p. 54, No. 35) from the Red Sea. The specimen was sent from Arabia to Copenhagen by Forskaal. ··ZMUC 2 specimens. Spengler's coll. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: the lunule is hollowed out with remarkable force . DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell somewhat squarely cordate, very much swollen, posteriorly concavely depressed, indistinctly radiately ribbed , ribs flattened, interstices faintly punctured, posterior ribs smooth, anterior ribs here and there tuberculated crenated, separated from the posterior by a rather obtuse keel running down from the umbo to the margin; lunule deeply excavated, with a callosity intruding; yellowish white, elegantly stained with pink spots. ··1992, 1995 Oliver: shell outline rhomboidaltrigonal, much higher than long; posterior carina acutely angled in small specimens, more rounded in larger ones. Lunule very large and deeply excavated. Sculpture of 20-25 low ribs with widely separate tubercles. DIMENSIONS. ··1992, 1995 Oliver: shell to 50 mm. REMARKS . ··1844 Reeve: about 26 ribs, but being rather indistinctly developed they cannot be enumerated with accuracy. The lunule is hollowed out with remarkable force. ··1906 Melvill & Standen: it is an Erythrean species, occurring in the Gulf ofManaar, and probably a true inhabitant of the Persian Gulf. HABITAT. ··1906 Melvill & Standen: 10 fathoms. ··1992, 1995 Oliver: in sands, offshore. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Suez, northwest extremity of the Red Sea. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Red Sea. ··1884 Grasset: Red Sea. ··1994 Lamprell & Cook, ··1994 Hylleberg: Suez, Red Sea, Great Barrier Reef, Indo-West Pacific. ··1995 Oliver: Arabian Sea. auricula Niebuhr. - See under Forsskaal in Niebuhr, 1775. auriculum mode of auricula. aurum Woodring. - Chrysocardium aurum Woodring. ?Fami Iy. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1992 Schneider: Chrysocardium aurum Woodring. austeni Forbes, 1845. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " austeni Forbes, 1845. Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. England. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium austeni Forbes. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 604: Cardium (Hemicardium) allsteni Forbes, 1845. *australe - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium australe from 2 sources: Sowerby, 1834. - Dana, 1849. australe Dana, 1849. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" australe (Dana, 1849). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 609: Pleurorhynchus australe M'Coy. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 609: Cardium (M'Coy) australe Dana, 1849. - Pleurorhynchus. australe Sowerby, 1834. [Figs. Part I p. 108, 142, 174. Part 3 p. 829, 880]. - Fulvia australis (Sowerby, 1834). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Papyridea papyraceum Schroter. - Cardium pulchrum Reeve. - Cardium striatum Spengler. » Regarding Cardium australe: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Australia (Reeve 1845). OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: dry and wet ｣ｯｬ･ｴｾｮｳＬ＠ Gulf of Thailand. RECORDS. ··1834 Sowerby, 48 t part, fig. 12: Cardium australe. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 105: Cardium australe. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. I, No. 10: Cardium australe. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium australe (Sowerby No. 10). "1845 Reeve, sp. 97: Cardium australe Sowerby. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium australe Sow. ··1869 Romer: Cardium (Pectunculus) australe. ··1869 Dunker: Laevicardium australe. "1870 Morch: C. australe Sowb . = Cardium pulchrum Reeve (besl match); junior synonyms of Cardium striatum Spgl. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium australe [referred to Ctenocardium by Romer but to Donacidae by Stoliczka). "1884 Grasset: Adacna australiensis Rv. "1878 Smith: Cardium (Laevicardium) australe Sowerby. .. 1878 ZR: Cardium australe (Sow.) = pulchrum (Reeve), Andaman examples [Ref. Smith 1878]. "1885 Smith: Cardium (Eucardium) australe Sowerby, 1840. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium pulchrum Rv. = australe Sow. ··1891 Smith: Cardium ｡ｵｳｴｲｬｩｾ＠ Sowerby. ··1896 Shopland: Cardium australis Sowb. ··1899 Sturany: Cardium australe Sow. ··1902 Shopland: Cardium australe Sow. "1906 Anthony. Cardium australe Sow. ··1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 837: Cardium aI/strafe Sowb. = pulchrum R ve. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium (Laevicardium) australe. "1909 Melvill: Cardium (Papyridea) austrafe, Sowb. = pulchrum Reeve. ··1927 Lamy: Cardium (Papyridea ) australe Sowerby. ··1928 Kuroda: ?australis Sowerby syn. = Papyridea papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). ··193g Lamy: Cardium (Papyridea) australe Sowerby. ··1931 Thiele & Jaeckel : Cardium australe Sowerby. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 609: Cardium australe Sowerby, 1841 ··1939 Moazzo: Cardium (Papyridea) austral(' Sowerby. ··1956 ZR: Laevicardium austrafe Swby. new Seychelles [Ref. Rost & Soot-Ryen 1956] . ··1960 Kuroda: Fulvia australis (Sowerby) ... 1962 Kira Fulvia australis (Sowerby). "1972 Kira: Fulvio australis (Sowerby). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium australe Sowerby = Papyridea papyraceum (Chernnitz ) Schroter. ··1977 Habe: Fulvia australis (Sowerby. 1841). "1981 Koyama et al. : Fulvia australe. "198 R Drivas & Jay: Fulvia australis (Sowerby, 1841). ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Fulvia australe (Sowerby. 1834) = aperta (this study). "1992 Oliver: Fulvi(l australe (Sowerby, 1834). ··1992 Oliver: Cardium australis Sowb. in Shopland 1896 = pulchrum Reeve 394 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) australe - australiense ··1995 Oliver: Fulvia australe (Sowerby, 1834). ··1994 Vidal: Fulvia (Fulvia) australis (Sowerby, 1834). ··1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 377: Fulvia australis (Sowerby, 1841). ··2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Fulvia australis (Sowerby, 1834). ··200 J Vidal, p. 407: Fulvia australis. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Fulvia australis (Sowerby, 1834). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 178: Plate 2, fig. 4 . Fulvia australis (Sowerby, 1834). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: narrow posterior ribs and a distinct groove on the posterior side. DESCRIPTION S. ··1845 Reeve : shell obliquely ovate, attenuated towards the umbo; very finely ribbed, ribs very numerous; whitish, faintly spotted with pinkish purple, umbo purple, extreme posterior area banded with purple, interior yellow, with a single purple ray diverging beneath the umbo in each valve. Shell ovate when adult slightly higher than long, slightly oblique, not gaping. Sculpture of 40-45 riblets; flattened smooth, more pronounced on posterior slope; interspaces narrow. ··1878 Smith: the Andaman specimens are rather young and bear remains of their epidermis, which takes the form of very thin, short, inegular yellowish lamellae arising from the radiating striae. Their colour is whitish or yellow, marked with subconcentric inegular yellowish brown bands, which are more purple-brown within the valves and towards the umbo. The latter at the tips and the hinge-margin are purple; and within, a line of the same colour extends from the umbo to about the middle of the valves. ··1988 Drivas & Jay: about 44 obsolete ribs in central area. ··1992, 1995 Oliver: periostracum poorly developed on posterior edge of ribs, usually absent. Colour whitish blotched all over with pale orange or pink; internally, inegulariy suffused with deep pink, posterior area often pink. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: shell elongateovate, slightly gaping posteriorly. Sculpture 50-56 fine radial cords, stronger posteriorly; interstices wide, smooth, crossed by fine concentric striae; small antero-ventral area roughened by numerous minute granules in the interstices of the ribs. Colour, white, with orange and pink pattern, deep pink blotches and concentric rays, pink beneath. ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. DJMENSJONS. ··1840 Sowerby : long. 1.2 poll. (31 mm), lat. 0.85 poll. (22 mm), alt. 1.30 poll. (33 mm). ··1988 Drivas & Jay: ant. - post. 29.6 mm, umbo-ventr. 31.5 mm. ··1992, 1995 Oliver: shell to 30 mm. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: this shell, which has a peculiarly oblique form, is very nearly allied to the Cardium tenuicostatum. ··1878: Smith considered Cardium pulchrum Reeve a variety of Cardium (Laevicardium) auslrale Sowerby. Reeve does not mention that the anterior dorsal area of pulchrum is blotched with purple at the extremity, as in the case of C. australe. The sculpture of both fonns is identical: both have the groove on the posterior side, which, within the valves, forms a raised oblique ridge; but in some specimens it is more conspicuous than in others . ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: australe described in seems to be a different species, probably aperta. HABJTAT. ··1992, 1995 Oliver: offshore sands, muddy sands. ··ZMUC 38 m depth. ··1988 Drivas & Jay: Reunion, western Indian Ocean to 60 m depth. ··1909 Melvill : 30 fathoms, broken shell and coral lumps, western Indian Ocean. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: Australia. ··1884 Grasset: Australia. ··1994 Hylleberg: East Africa, Red Sea, Andaman Sea, Gulf of Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, Pacific. ··1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. ··2000 Hylleberg: Vietnam. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn : S. India. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn : Nha Trang , Vietnam. australe Sowerby, 1834. (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 108, 142]. - Identical with Cardium pulchrum Reeve, 1845, which is a synonym of Fulvia australe (Sowerby, 1840). » Regarding Cardium var. australe: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. China, Ceylon (Sowerby 1840). RECORDS. ··1834 Sowerby, 48 th part, fig. 12 *: Cardium val'. australe. ··1840 Sowerby, conecled list, p. 8, No. 10: Cardium australe Sow. jun. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium var. auslrale Sowerby = Cardium pulchrum Reeve, 1845. australica Singleton, 1943. - Lahillia australica Singleton, 1943. Cardiacea. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1943 ZR : Lahillia auslralica Singleton , 1943 sp. nov. Victoria, Eocene. australiense Reeve, 1844. [Figs. Part I p . 128]. Changed combination : Hemidonax australiense (Reeve, 1844). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Port Lincoln, South Australia (Reeve 1844). REMARKS. Reeve (1844): auslraliense allied to C. donaciforme but the posterior portion of auslraliense is contracted flexuous prolongated, and one half of the shell is grooved while the other half is smooth and shining. Romer (1869): Cardium australiense Reeve is a variety of Cardium donaciforme Spengler. Stoliczka (1871): H. & A. Adams placed Cardium australiense in genus Didacna. Allan (1950): Anatomical structure places Hemidonax in the family Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1844 Reeve, p. 168 sp. 24: Cardium auslraliense. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 460: Adacna (Didacna) australiensis Reeve. ··1867 Angas: Cardium australiense Reeve. ··1868 ZR: australiense (Reeve) is a variety of Cardium donaciforme (Spengl.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1869 Romer: Cardium australiense Reeve. ··187 I Stoliczka: Cardium australiense. ··1876 ZR: Cardium auslraliense Reeve in Donacicardium g. n. [Ref. Vest 1875 1876] [Donacicardium = Hem idon ax, Morch 1870] . •• I 882 ZR: Hemicardia donaciformis (Schroter) = australiensis (Reeve) [Ref. Brazier 1882]. ··1890 Paetel : Adacna australiense R v. is Hemicardium. ··1890 Paetel : Hemicardium australiense R v. = donaciforme Spglr. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 607 : Cardium australiense Reeve, 1844. ··1950 Allan: Hemidonax australiense. ··1981 ZR : Cardium australiense Reeve 1844. Lectotype designated. Ref. to Ponder et al. p . 48 . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: contracted flexuous prolongation of the posterior portion . One half of the shell being conspicuously grooved, whilst the other half is smooth and shining. DESCRIPTIONS . ··1844 Reeve : shell transversely ovate, Donax-shaped, a little contracted in the middle, posteriorly flexuously angulated, slightly beaked, anteriorly compressly attenuated; posterior half of the shell radiately grooved, anterior smooth, shining; whitish, posterior area ornamented on each side with short brown stripes. REMARKS ··1844 Reeve : this shell Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 395 australiensis - avonum may be chiefly distinguished from the Cardium donaeiforme, to which it is in many respects allied, by the contracted flexuous prolongation of the posterior portion, and by the peculiarity of one half of the shell being conspicuously grooved, whilst the other half is smooth and shining. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Port Lincoln, South Australia. australiensis (mode). - See under australiense. australiense Reeve (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Hemieardium australiense Rv. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1890 Paetel: Hemieardium var. australiense Rv. australinum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" australinum d 'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From Chile. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium australinum d'Orb. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 607: Cardium australinum d'Orbigny, 1850. australis mode of australe Sowerby, 1834. austriaea Hauer. - Palaeoeardita austriaea (Hauer). RECORDS. ··1992. Schneider p. 155: Palaeoeardita austriaea (Hauer). Type species of Palaeoeardita. austriaeum Deshayes, 1853. - "Cardium" austriaeum Deshayes. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium austriaeum Desh. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium austriaeum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 49. Austroeardium Freneix & Grant-Mackie, 1978 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. GENOTYPE. Austroeardium aeherontis Freneix & Grant-Mackie, 1978. RECORDS. ··1978 Freneix & Mackie: Genus Austroeardium n. gen. ··1980 Vokes: Austroeardium Freneix & Grant-Mackie, 1978. Fossil. automolos Martin, 1916. - "Cardium" automolos Martin, 1916. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. West-Progogeb. Java, Indonesia. TYPE REPOSITORY. Possibly Geologischen Reichs-Museum, Leiden, the Netherlands. RECORDS. ··1917 ZR: Cardium automolos Martin, 1917 n. sp. Miocene Java. ··1919 Martin: Cardium automolos Martin, 1916-1917. Avieardium Kolessnikov, 1950 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1967 ZR: Avieardium, considered as an independent gen. on the grounds of characteristic peculiarities of test and hinge apparatus [Ref. Ebersin & Tscheltzov 1967]. ··1977 Popov: Avieardium Kolesnikov, 1950. ··1980 Vokes: Avieardium Kolessnikov, 1950 in subfamily Adacninae. Avicardium Ko1essnikov, 1950 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1967 ZR: (Avieardium), subgen. of Cardium considered as independent gen. q.v. [Ref. Eberzin & Tsche1tzov 1967]. avieulaeformis (variety). - See under papyraeeum var. avieulaeformis Kolesnikov, 1929. aviculare Lamarck, 1805. [Figs. Part 3 p. 921]. Changed combination: Avieularium avieulare (Lamarck, 1805). Tridacnidae. Eocene. Previously in Cardiidae. TYPE SPECIES. Gardita sic avieularia Lamarck, 1805 (Dall, 1900) of the genus Avieularium Gray, 1853. (Glibert & Poe1 1970: Family Tridacnidae). TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France, Lower Eocene. RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium avieulare Desh. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardita avieularia = Cardium lithoeardium Lamk. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardita avieularia = Hemieardium avieulare. ··1847 Gray, No. 561: ?Cardium, sp. Lam.; Type species Card. avieularia. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium avieulare Lamk. ··1857 Deshayes, pI. 25, figs. 7-9: Cardium avieulare Lamarck. ··1871 Stoliczka: Hemieardium avieulare Lam. = Lithoeardium avieulare apud Woodward. ··1886 Cossmann: Lithoeardium avieulare (Lamarck). ··1887 Fischer: Lithoeardium avieulare Lamarck; Eocene. ··1890 Woodward: Lithoeardium avieulare. ··1859 Chenu: Conoeardium avieulare. ··1902 Dall: Cardium avieulare Lamarck, type of section Avieularium s.s. ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Lithoeardium avieulare (Lamarck). ··1930 ZR: Lithoeardium avieulare fossil [Ref. Lorin 1930]. ··1970 Glibert & Poe1: Avieularium (s.s.) avieulare (Lamarck, 1805). (Family Tridacnidae). ··1998 Schneider: Avieularium avieularium (Lamarck, 1805). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium, Lithoeardium avieulare Lamarck. Lutetien. avieulare Potiez & Michaud, 1844. - Changed combination: Hemieardium avieulare (Potiez & Michaud, 1844). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium avieulare Lam. = Hemieardiwn avieulare. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Hemieardium avieulare Nob. ··1922-32 Sherborn: Lamarck: Cardita avieularia. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 622: Hemieardium (Lamarck) avieulare Potiez & Michaud, 1844. - Cardita avieularia. avieulare Sinzow. - ?Tridacnidae. RECORDS. ··1979 ZR: Avieuloeardium avieulare (Sinzow) Comb. nov. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 45. aviculare Sowerby. - Cardium avieulare Lamk. ?Tridacnidae. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Hippopus? avieulare Sowerby = Cardium avieulare Lamk. avieularia ( mode). - See under avieulare Lamarck, 1805. Aviculariidae (family). - Superfamily Tridacnoidea. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Aviculariidae Skarlato et al., 1980 fam. nov. ofTridacnacea, type genus Avieularium Gray 1853, Palaeogene. Ref. to Skarlato et al. p. 35. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Avieularium Gray, 1853. Superfamily Tridacnoidea. Family Aviculariidae. Avieularium Gray, 1853 (genus). - Aviculariidae. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR.: Tridacnacea. Avieularium Gray 1853 is designated type genus for new family Aviculariidae. Ref. to Skarlato et al. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Avieularium Gray, 1853. Superfamily Tridacnoidea. Family Aviculariidae. ··1998 Schneider: Avieularium. avieularium (mode). - See under avieulare Lamarck, 1805. avieulinum Deshayes, 1829. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" avieulinum Deshayes, 1829. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 622: Cardium avieulinum Deshayes, 1829. Aviculocardium Bagdassarian, 1978 (genus). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1979 ZR: Avieulocardium Bagdasaryan, 1979 gen. nov. Type species Cardium injlatum Sinzow 1875. Upper Miocene. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 44. ··1980 Vokes: Avieuloeardium Bagdassarian, 1978. avonum Richards in Richards & Palmer, 1953. Aeanthoeardia avonum Richards in Richards & Palmer, 1953. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1998 Schneider: Cardium (Aeanthoeardia) avonum Richards in 396 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) avus - baked Richards & Palmer, 1953 in genus Sawkinsia. avus Eichwald, 1865. - New combination: Acanthocardia ava (Eichwald, 1865). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium avus Eichwald, 1867 (?Acanthocardium sic) . --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium aVlIs Eichwald, 1865; vol. 38(2): 202. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium avus Eichwald, 1868; [1853-1868], vol. 2: 684, pI. 25, fig. 12. Awadia Abbass, 1962 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Vokes: Awadia Abbass, 1962 in subfamily Protocardiinae. Awadia Abbass, 1966 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1966 ZR : (Awadia) Abbass, 1966 subgen. nov. of Nemocardium. SUbgenotype Nemocardium (Awadia) magharensis Abbass, 1966 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Egypt. axinoelongatum Thurmann, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" axinoelongalum Thurmann, 1862. Cardiidae. Jurassic . RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium axinoelongatum Thurmann, in Thurmann & Etallon, 1862; p. 181 , pI. 21, fig Ic. axinoob/iquum Thurmann, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" axinoobliqllum Thurmann, 1862. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium axinoobliqullm Thurmann, in Thurmann & Etallon, 1862; p. 182, pI. 21, fig. Id. axonense Cossmann, 1906. - Changed combination: Jurassicardillm axonense (Cossmann, 1906). Cardiidae. Jurassic. TYPE LOCAliTY. France. RECORDS. --1906 Cossmann: Cardium (Jurassicardium) axonense sp. n. --1906 ZR: Cardium (Jurassicardium) axonense Cossmann, 1906 sp. n. Jurassic, France. "1937 ZR: Cardium (Jurassicardium) axonense Cossmann, 1906, type of Jurassicardium Cossmann, 1906 [Ref. Keen 1937]. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Jurassicardium axonense (Cosmo). B47041, R05009. azerbaidjanica Zade & Ribinina, 1969. - Replidacna azerbaidjanica Zade & Ribinina , 1969 . Lymnocardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. --1969 ZR: Replidacna azerbaidjanica Zade & Ribinina , 1969 sp. nov. Sarmatian, Chakhnakh Mts, Precaspian region . azilensis Archiac, 1859. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" azilensis Archiac, 1859. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium azilensis Archiac, 1859; vol. 16: 80 I. azovica Eberzin, 1960, - Pachydacna azovica Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1960 ZR : Pachydacna azovica Eberzin, 1960 sp. n. Pliocene Akmanai, Kerchenski, Crimea, USSR. azovicus Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus azovicus Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECO RDS. --1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus azovicus sp. n. --1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus azovicus Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. B babadjanica (subspecies). - See under semisulcata babadjanica. babadjanicus Andrussow, 1963. - Changed combination: Pseudocatillus babadjanicus (Andrussow, 1963). Lyrnnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1963 ZR: Monodacna babadjanica Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Miocene, Russia . --1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus babadjanicus (Andrus.). Babinkidae Horny 1960 (family). - RECORDS. "1960 ZR : Babinkidae Horny 1960 fam. nov. q. v. of Diplacophora Horny 1960. bacuana Andrussow, 1923 . - Changed combination: Hyrcania bacuana (Andrussow, 1923). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1970 Glibert & Poel: Pseudocatillus bakuana Andrussov, 1923. --1977 Popov: Hyrcania (Hyrcanomya) bacuana. baed Grimm, 1877. [Figs. Part I p. 180]. - Changed combination: Didacna baeri (Grimm, 1877). Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. --1877 Grimm, p. 51, pI. 8, figs. 2 a-d : Cardium baeri sp. n. --1877 ZR: Cardium baeri Grimm, 1877 sp. n. Caspian Sea. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Didacna baeri (Grimm). --1968 ZR: Didacna baeri Caspian Sea [Ref. Gadzhiev 1968] . --1968 ZR : Didacna baeri shell variability [Ref. Gadzhiev 1968]. --1987 Taktakishvili : Didacna baeri (Gr.). baed a/ala Gadzhiev, 1968 (variety). - Didacna baeri var. a/ata Grimm, 1877. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1968 ZR: Didacna baeri var. alata Gadzhiev, 1968 nov. Caspian, Baku archipelago. baericrassa (subspecies). - See under crassa baericrassa Pavlov, 1926. baericrassa Pavlov, 1926. - Changed combination: Didacna baericrassa (Pavlov 1926). Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. --1926 ZR: Cardium (Didacna) baericrassum Pavlov, 1926 sp. n. Tertiary S.E. Europe. --1935 ZR: Didacna baericrassa [Ref. Eherzin 1935 sic = Eberzin]. --1985 Mikhailescu: Didacna baericrassa . "1989 Klimanov, Mikhailesku & Chepalyga: Didacna baericrassa Pav!. --1989 Mikhailescu: Didacna baericrassa Pav!. baericrassum Pavlov, 1929. - Cardium baericrassum Pavlov, 1929. Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. "1929 ZR: Cardium baericrassum Pavlov, 1929 sp. n. Neogene & Quaternary of S.E. Europe. bajarunasi Kolesnikov, 1929. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma bajarunasi (Kolesnikov, 1929). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1929 ZR: Cardium bajarunasi Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sannatian. --1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) bajarunasi Key to subspecies. Ref to I1 ' ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 75. bajarunasi urupense Kolesnikov, 1929 (subspecies). New combination: Cerastoderma bajanmasi urupense (Kolesnikov, 1929). Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. --1929 ZR: Cardium bajarunasi var. urupense Kolesnikov, 1929 nov. Sarmatian. bajocensis Palmer, 1973. - Cryptocardia bajocensis Palmer, 1973. Cardiacea. Middle Jurassic. RECORDS. --1973 ZR: Cryptocardia bajocensis Palmer, 1973 sp. nov. France, Calvados, Bayeux, Ref. to Palmer, p. 169 (1521). "1995 Schneider: Cryptocardia bajocensis Palmer, 1974: NHM 66193 (holotype). bajocinum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " bajocinum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 642 : Cardium bajocinum d 'Orbigny, 1850. bake"; Gardner, 1945. - Changed combination: Dinocardium bakeri (Gardner, 1945). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1946 ZR: Cerasto-derma (Dinocardium) bakeriGardner, 1945 sp. nov. Oligocene 'Tertiary'N .E. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 397 bakuana- barbotdemarnii Mexico. ··1977 Popov: Dinocardium bakeri (Gardner, 1945). baku ana - See under bacuana Andrussov, 1923. balatonicus Fuchs. - Pseudocatillus balatonicus Fuchs. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus balatonicus Fuchs. bafcicensis Gillet, 1938. - New combination: Lymnocardium balcicensis Gillet, 1938. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1939 ZR: Limnocardium balcicensis Gillet, 1938 Sarmatian. Roumania. ballastum (subspecies). - See under delphicum ballastum Mansfield, 1937. ballenium Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941. - New combination: Trachycardium ballenium (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941). Cardiidae. PI iocene. REcORDs ... 1941 Pilsbry & Olsson pp. 10,58-59, pI. 12, fig. 9: Cardium (Trachycardium) ballenium new species. ··1941 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) ballenium Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941 sp. n. Pliocene, lama formation, Puerto Jama, Western Ecuador. ballieni Vidal, 1994. [Figs. Part 3 p. 887] . - Fulvia ballieni, Vidal, 1994 Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1994 Vidal : Fulvia ballieni. TYPE LOCALITY. Hawaii. Misidentification to be revised, 1. Vidal 2003 pers comm. balthicum. - See under beltieum Beck, 1842. Balticardium Lambiotte, 1979 (genus). Synonym of Cerastobyssum Petersen & Russell, 1973 . » Regarding Baltieardium: Cardiidae. Erroneous erection of the genus Baltieardium Lambiotte, 1979 to replace the valid genus Cerastobyssum Petersen & Russell, 1973 selected for the type species Cerastobyssum hauniense (Petersen & Russell, 1973). "1979 ZR: Balticardium Gen. nov. Type species Cardium hauniense Petersen & Russell 1971. Ref. to Lambiotte. balticum (variety). - See under edule var. balthiea Beck. banaticum Fuchs, 1870. - Changed combination: Bosphorieardium banatieum (Fuchs, 1870) . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco: Cardium banaticum Fuchs, 1886. ··1899 Sacco: Adacna banatiea (Fuchs). ··1899 Sacco: Limnoeardium banatieum (Fuchs) . ··1966 ZR: Limnoeardillm banatiellm Pannonian, Mecsek Mts. Yugoslavia, pis. [Ref. Bartha 1966]. ··1970 Glibert & Poe!: Limnocardillm banatieum (Fuchs , 1870). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardillm banatieum (Fuchs). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Bosphorieardium banaticum. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN , Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Limnoeardium banatieum Fuchs. Pannonian. Rumania, B31118. banaticum bilogorense Basch, 1990 (subspecies). - New combination: Lymnoeardium banatieum bilogorense (Basch, 1990) . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Yugoslavia. RECORDS. ··1990 Basch, p. 42, fig.: Limnoeardium (Bosphorieardium) banatieum bilogorense subsp. nov. banneianum Thurmann, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " banneianum Thurmann, 1862. Cardiidae. Lias-Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium banneianum Thurmann, in Thurmann & Etallon, 1862; p. 181, pI. 22, figs. 1a, b. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium banneianum Thurmann. Bourges, Aube, S05174, S05290, S05291. bannoi Otuka, 1937. - Changed combination: Fragum bannoi (Otuka, 1937). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fragum earinatum (Lynge, 1909). - Fragum seruposum (Deshayes). » Regarding Corculum (Fragum) bannoi: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. "1999 Higo et at.: Boko island (Penghu Liedao), Taiwan; in shelly sand. RECORDS. ··1937 Otuka: Coreulum (Fragum) bannoi. "1937 ZR: Coreulum (Fragum) bannoi Otuka, 1937 sp . n. Hokoto Taiwan. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: bannoi Otuka = Coreulum carinatum Lynge. ··1959 Kira: Fragum bannoi (Otuka). "1960 Kuroda: Fragum bannoi Otuka. ··1972 Kira: Fragum bannoi Otuka. "1973. Keen : Fragum bonnoi sic (Otuka, 1937). Recent. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Coreulum bannoi Otuka = Coreufum fragum Linne. ··1977 Habe: Corculum (Fragum) bannoi Otuka, 1937 = Fragum carinatum (Lynge, 1909). ··1997 Nguyen et al.: Fragum bannoi (Otuka). ··1999 Higo et al.: Cardium (Fragum) bannoi Otuka, 1937. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 178: Fragum bannoi (Otuka, 1937). Synonym of Fragum scneposum . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. ··1972 Kira: shallow water to 9 m depth. ··1999 Higo et al.: intertidal to 20 m, sand. DISTRlBUTlON. ··1994 Hylleberg: Japan. ··1999 Higo et al.: Boso peninsula (Kuroda & Habe, 1981) and southwards, East China Sea; Philippines, South China Sea, Hainan, southeast Asia, western Pacific. bannoi (variety). - See under oriovaeensis banatieum var. bannoi Gillet, 1943 . baraci Brusina. - Changed combination: Taurieardium baraei (Brusina). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium baraci (Brus.). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium baraci. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Taurieardium baraei. baraganicus Papaianopol & Lubenescu, 1985. Pseudoeatillus baraganicus Papaianopol & Lubenescu, 1985. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. La Plate-forme Moesienne (Muntenia), Romania. RECORDS. "1985 Papaianopol & Lubenescu, p. 128, fig.: Pseudoeatillus baraganicus sp. nov. barbata Papaianopol. - Pontalmyra barbata Papa ian. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra barbata Papaian. ··1978 ZR: Paradaena barbata Papaianopol, 1978 sp. nov. Romania, Pliocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, I. p. 290. ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Sinupontalmyra) barbata Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 44. Barbot-de-Marnii (invalid spelling) . - See under barbotdemarnii. barbotdemarnii Grimm, 1877. [Figs. Part I p. 180, 181]. - Changed combination: Didaena barbotdemarnii (Grimm, 1877). Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1877 Grimm, p. 56, pI. 8, figs . 5 a-d: Cardium Barbot-de-Marnii sp. n. ··1877 ZR: Cardium barbotdemarnii Grimm, 1877 sp. n. Caspian Sea. ··1962 ZR: Didacna barbotdemarnyi from the Caspian Sea, study of food reserves [Ref. Aliev 1962]. "1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Didaena barbotdemarnyi (Grimm). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium barbotdemarnii Grimm = Cardium edule Linne. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna barbotdemarnyi (Gr.). barbotdemarnyi (error). - Printer's mistake for 398 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) barboti - bazini barbotdemarnii in Logvinenko & Starobogatov 1968. barboti (Hoem ). - Cerastoderma barboti (Hoem ). Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Inaequicostata) barboti. Key to subspecies. Ref to Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 78. ··1980 ZR: Cerastoderma barboti (Hoem ). Designated type species for new subgenus Cerastoderma (Chartocardium). Ref. to Muskhelishvili, p. 29. Barcinia Coma, 1961 (genus). Cardiacea. Middle Devonian. RECORDS. ··1961 ZR: Barcinia Coma, 1961 gen. nov. (= Kralovna s.l.) - GENOTYPE. Kralovna almerae, Barrande, Barcelona, Vallcarca, Middle Devonian Spain. baremensis d'Orbigny, 1850. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" baremensis d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 662: Cardium baremensis d'Orbigny, 1850. barrandai Mayer-Eymar mss in Ivolas & Peyrot 1900. - Synonym of "Cardium" turonicum Mayer in Hoernes, 1863. Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium barrandai: Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium barrandai Mayer-Eymar mss in Ivolas & Peyrot 1900 = Cardium turonicum Mayer in Hoemes, 1863. barrandai Mayer (variety). - Infrasubspecific. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" var. barrandai Mayer. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium barrandei Mayer var. Helvetien. B26434. barrandei (spelling). - See under barrandai Mayer. barrandei schafferi Kautsky, J925 (variety). - Upgraded. New combination. Combination to be revised. "Cardium" barrandei schafferi (Kautsky, 1925). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium barrandei var. schafferi Kautsky, 1925. Bulgaria, B44409. bartonense. - Loxocardium bartonense Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Loxocardium bartonense. bartonensis (variety). - See under bouei var. bartonensis Tremlett, 1950. barzaviaer Jekelius, J 934. - New combination: Lymnocardium barzaviaer Jekelius, 1934. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1935 ZR: Limnocardium barzaviaer lekelius, 1934 sp. n. Pliocene Rumania. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardiwn barzaviae. barzviae Jekel. - Euxinicardium barzviae Jekel. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya: Euxinicardium barzviae Jekel. barzaviae tenuissimum Andreescu, 1971 (subspecies). - Changed combination: Euxinicardium barzaviae tenuissimum (Andreescu, 1971). Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1971 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) barzaviae tenuissimum Andreescu, 1971 subsp. nov. Pleistocene Rimnicu-Sarat Valley, Dumitresti, Romania. ··1972 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) barzaviae tenuissimum Andreescu, 1972 subsp. nov. Romania. Pleistocene. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium barzaviae tenuissimum (Andreescu). ··1975 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) barzaviae tenuissimum Andreescu, 1975 p. 116. subsp. nov. Romania, Vrancea district. Ref. to Andreescu. I. (139). basatinensis Abbass, 1978. - Cardium basatinensis Abbass, 1978. Cardiidae. Upper Eocene. "1978 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) basatinensis Abbass, 1978 sp. nov. Egypt. Ref. to Abbass, p. 154, fig'd. basiliense Gmelin. - Misspelling of brasiliense by Wood 1815. bassarabica (variety). - See under rumana vaL bassarabica Macarovici, 1961. basteroti Deshayes, 1853. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium basteroti: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium basteroti Deshayes, 1853 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. batesoni (subspecies and variety). - See under edule batesoni Grossu 1961 and edule batesoni Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. bavarica (Ammon). - Limnopagetia bavarica (Ammon). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Limnopagetia bavarica (Ammon) Miocene, Helvetian; Ulm, Germany [Ref. Schlickum 1963]. *bavaricum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium bavaricum from 2 sources: Orbigny, 1850. - Deshayes, 1853. bavaricum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bavaricum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 675: Cardium bavaricum d'Orbigny, 1850. bavaricum Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bavaricum Deshayes, 1853. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium bavaricum Desh. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium bavaricum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48. bayeri Haanstra & Spiker, 1932. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bayeri Haanstra & Spiker, 1932. Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS . •• J933 ZR: Cardium bayeri Haanstra & Spiker, 1932 sp. n. Neogene Sumatra. bayernigiganthea Pana, 1974. - Chartoconcha bayerni giganthea Pana, 1974. Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Chartoconcha bayerni giganthea Pana, 1974 subsp. nov. Romania, Dobrogea, Ostrov. Ref. to Pana. bayerni R. Homes. - Chartoconcha bayerni (R. Hom). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Cardium bayerni R. Hom has a smooth shell surface (Andrussoff 1903). RECORDS. ··1907 Andrussow: Chartoconcha bayerni R.Hom. bazarcoensis d' Archiac. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bazarcoensis D'Archiac. Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium bazarcoensis D' Archiac. Turkey (Bazarkoi), B22338. bazini Deshayes, 1858. - Cardium (s.s.) bazini Deshayes, 1858. Cardiidae. Upper Paleocene-Eocene. - TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. "1886 Cossmann: Cardium bazini Deshayes. ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium bazini Deshayes. ··1970 Glibert & Poe!: Cardium (s.s.) bazini Deshayes, 1858. "1970 ZR: Cardium bazini Deshayes, 1858 transferred from Cardium (Bucardium) to Cardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 399 beani - bechei (Cardium) [Ref. Glibert & Van De Poe I 1970]. ··1978 Freneix & Mackie: Cardium bazini Deshayes. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium bazini Deshayes, 1858 [1856-1865] vol. I: 775. Vol. I: 553, pI. 57 [sic = 56], figs. 1-4. ··1995 Le Renard et af.: Cardium (Bucardium) bazini Deshayes 1858. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Cardium (Bucardium) bazini. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. conun.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium bazini Deshayes. Thanetien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52598-52602, B69969, B70526. beani Deshayes, 1853. - New name. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" beani Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium beani new name for Cardium globosum Bean in Roemer. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium beani Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48, 53. beaufortiPrashad, 1932. [Figs. Part 3 p. 873].-Synonym of Acrosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Not a synonym of Acrosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833). - Vasticardium jlavum (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium beauforti: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Indonesia. 'Siboga' sta. 133, 'at the Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island' (Taland island group, eastern Celebes Sea, Indonesia) (Higo et af. 1999). TYPE MATERIAL. Cardium beauforti Two sheIls in ZMA No 314-4, from Siboga Expedition, stn 133, Salibabu Island (between Philippines and Moluccas), the holotype selected and figured by Prashad. A paratype from the same area in NMW, Melvill-Tomlin collection 55.158.1245 (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. ··1932 Prashad, p. 270, Figs. 27-28: Cardium (Trachycardium) beauforti. ··1932 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) beauforti Prashad, 1932 sp. n. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Trachycardium) beauforti = Cardiumjlavum Linne auctorum. ··1977 Wi lson & Stevenson: Cardium (Trachycardium) beauforti Prashad, 1932. ··1998 Lamprell & Healy: Acrosterigma beauforti (Prashad, 1932). ··1999 Higo et af.: Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) beauforti (Prashad, 1932). ··1999 Vidal: Prashad 1932, p. 270, pI. 6, figs 27-28: Cardium beauforti = Acrosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: length 20.3, height 27.3, width 17.8 mm. HABITAT. ··1999 Higo et al.: 20-150 m, sand and mud. DISTRIBUTION. ··1981 Kuroda & Habe, ··1999 Higo et al.: Izu peninsula and southwards, East China Sea, Philippines, South China Sea, Indonesia. beaumonti d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" beaumonti d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium beaumonti. ··1922-32 Sherborn: Cardium beaumonti d'Orbigny, 1850. becenencis Andreescu, 1980. - Zamphiridacna becenencis Andreescu, 1980. Lymnocardiidae. Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Zamphiridacna becenencis Andreescu, 1980. sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 49. becenensis Andrussov 1964. - Didacna becenensis Andrussov, 1964. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1964 ZR: Didacna becenensis Andrusov, 1964 sp. nov. Tertiary, USSR. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna becenensis Andrus. bechei Reeve, 1847. [Figs. Part I p. 182]. - Changed combination: Nemocardium bechei (Reeve, 1847). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Sooloo Seas Sea [Sulu Sea] and Korean Archipelago (Reeve 1847). Negros, the Philippines; lectotype Ticaoa, Philippines, selected by Wilson & Stevenson 1977. TYPE REPOSITORY. Lectotype in the Cuming Collection BMNH (Wilson & Stevenson 1977). RECORDS. ··1847 Reeve, p. 25: Cardium bechei. ··1850 Adams & Reeve [po 78, pI. 22, fig. 12]: Cardium bechei. ··1858Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium beechei sic Adams and Reeve. ··1872 Tryon: Laevicardium beechei sic Ad. & Rve. ··1877 Brazier: Laevicardium beechei sic Ad. & Rve. ··1879 ZR: Laevicardium bechei (Adams & Reeve) occurs from the Corean Archipelago to N .E. Australia and New Caledonia [Ref. Brazier 1876]. ··1882 Dunker: Cardium bechei Ad. & Rve. ··1890 Paetel: Laevicardium beechei Ad. et Rv. ··1895 Pilsbry: Cardium beechei sic Ad. & Rve. ··1899 Melvill & Standen: Cardium bechei Ad. & Rve. ··1903 Hidalgo: Cardium bechei Rve. ··1904 Hedley: Cardium bechei Rve. ··1904 ZR: Cardium bechei Rve., note on. [Ref. Hedley 1904]. ··1905 Hidalgo: Hemicardium bechei Rve. ··1905 ZR: Cardium bechei Rve. note on [Ref. Smith 1905]. ··1910 Hedley: Cardium bechei Rve. ··1918 Hedley: Cardium bechei Rve. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1825: Cardium bechei Reeve, 1847. ··1928 Faustino: Cardium bechei R ve. ··1937 Otuka: Cardium bechei Rve. ··1951 Habe: Nemocardium bechei Reeve. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Nemocardium bechei Reeve. ··1954 Taki: Cardium bechei Rve. ··1954 Keen: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) bechei (Reeve), 1847. ··1955 Kira: Nemocardium bechei Reeve. ··1960 Kuroda: Nemocardium bechei (Sowerby). ··1961 Shikama: Nemocardium beckei sic. ··1962 Kira: Nemocardium bechei (Reeve). ··1962 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: Nemocardium bechei Reeve. ··1964 Shikama: Cardium (Nemocardium) beckei sic (Reeve). ··1964 ZR: Cardium bechei crenated folds of midgut gland [Ref. Nakazima 1964]. ··1967 Okutani & Takemure: Nemocardium bechei. ··1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) bechei (Reeve). ··1973 Keen: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) bechei (Reeve, 1847). ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 4: bechei Reeve, 1947 sic. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Nemocardium bechei Reeve. ··1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) bechei (Reeve, 1847). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) bechei Reeve, 1840 sic. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium bechei Reeve, 1840 (sic). ··1978 ZR: Nemocardium bechei (Reeve 1840). Syn. nov. Pratulum probatum Iredale 1927. Ref. to Wilson, et af. p. 63. ··1990 Dance: Nemocardium bechei Reeve. ··1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Nemocardium bechei (Reeve, 1847). ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead, No. 216: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) bechei (Reeve, 1840 sic). ··1992 Schneider: Nemocardium bechei (Reeve). ··1994 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Nemocardium bechei (Reeve). ··1994 Schneider: Nemocardium bechei. ··1995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Nemocardium bechei (Reeve). ··1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) bechei (Reeve, 1847). ··1998 Schneider: Nemocardium bechei (Reeve, 1847). ··1999 Higo et al.: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) bechei (Reeve, 1847). ··2001 Vidal, p. 407: Nemocardium bechei. ··2002 Schneider: Nemocardium 400 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) beche; - belcher; (Nemocardium) bechei (Reeve, 1847), the single living species of the nominal subgenus. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: dry coil., Kei Islands. "ZMUC: wet coil., Roa Strait. DESCRIPTIONS . "1990 Dance: shell solid, inflated with well rounded anterior margin, almost straight posterior margin and produced, rounded umbones. Median area and anterior side of valves with fine radial threads crossed by finer concentric striae; posterior side has crowded axial ribs bearing tiny, blunt prickles. Margins finely serrated and interlocking. Shades ofred and pink, the prickles being creamy yellow. Shiny brown periostracum. "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: shell ovate-quadrate, 110-132 fine, flat radial ribs crossed by even finer concentric striae, posteriorly the radial ribs become stronger, raised and spinose; interstices narrow, shallow. Colour pink, dark pink marginally, spines yellow ; interior white, with deep pink marginally. ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes .on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1971 Kuroda et al. : length 53 mm, height 55 mm, breath 41 mm. "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead : length to 80 mm. HABITAT. "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead : sand to 145 m. "1971 Kuroda et al. : sandy bottom, 10-70 m depth. ··ZMUC and "1999 Higo et al.: 10-145 m, sand, bryozooan bottom, coral sand. DISTRIBUTION. "1847 Reeve: Sooloo Seas and Korean Archipelago. ··1971 Kuroda et al. "1994 Hylleberg: Japan, Honshu to Kyushu, tropical Pacific (Australia, Andaman Sea. "1981 Kuroda & Habe, "1999 Higo et al.: Boso peninsula and southwards, Japan Sea (Mishima), East China Sea, southern Korea, South China Sea, Indo-western Pacific, Australia. bechei (cf.) Reeve, 1847. - Nemocardium cf. bechei (Reeve, 1847). Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1988 Noda: Nemocardium cf. bechei (Reeve, 1844). beckei (error). - Printer's mistake for bechei in Shikama 1961. becldi (error). - Printer's mistake for becksii in Dtmker 1882. becksii (cf.) Muller, 1847.- Acanthocardia cf. becksii (Muller, 1847). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1983 Gliozzi & Malatesta: Acanthocardia cf. becksii (Muller, 1847). becksii Miiller, 1847. - Changed combination: Loxocardium becksii (Muller, 1847). Cardiidae. Cretaceous and Oligocene. RECORDS. "1847 Muller: Cardium becksii n. sp. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium becksii (Acantho cardium sic) . "1889 ZR: Cardium becksii with fig. [ref. Holzapfel] . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 678: Cardium becksii Mueller, 1846. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium becksii Muller [Loxocardium]. "1882 ZR: Cardium beckii sic (Ad. & Rv.), Japan [Ref. Dtmker 1882]. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological- Collection as Cardium becksii Muller. Oligocene. Aix la Chapelle, B24910. beechei (error). - Printer 's mistake for bechei in Adams &Adams 1858, Tryon 1872, Brazier 1877, Paete11890. Pilsbry 1895. beibatica Andrussov, 1924. - Monodacna beibalica Andrussov, 1924 . Lymnocardiidae . Pleistocene . RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Monodacna beibatica Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. "1963 ZR : Monodacna beibatica Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Pliocene, Russia. beika Vokes, 1946. - Protocardia beika Vokes, 1946. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Protocardia beika Vokes, 1946 sp. nov. Cretaceous (Aptian) Lebanon. belcheri Adams. - Unknown taxon. » Regarding Pachycardium belcheri: Recent, Cardiidae. REMARKS. Conrad stated that P belcheri lives in the Soloo Sea [Sulu Sea] in deep water. The species he referred to is not identified . RECORDS. "1869 Conrad: Pachycardium belcheri Adams (Recent). "1870 Conrad: Pachycardium belcheri Adams (Recent). belcheri Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. [Figs. Part 1 p. 124]. - Changed combination: Trachycardium belcheri (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). Cardiidae. Recent. T YPE LOCALITY. Coast of California and Panama Sowerby (1841); Reeve (1844) . TYPE SPECIES: Stewart (1930) designated Trachycardium belcheri type species of subgenus Phlogocardia Stewart, 1930. Upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS. "1829 Broderip & Sowerby p.366, pI. 9, fig . 3: Cardium belcheri. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 3, No. 41: Cardium belcheri Brod. & Sow. "1844 Reeve, sp. 5: Cardium belcheri Broderip and Sowerby, Zoological Journal, vol. iv. p.336. pI. 9. f. 3. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 454: Cardium (Pectunculus) belcheri Brod. and Sow. "1860 Carpenter: Cardium belcheri Brod. & Sby. "1869 Romer : Cardium belc heri Sowerby is related to Cardium consors Sowerby. "1890 Paetel: Cardium belcheri Brod. et S. "190 I Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) belcheri Sowerby, 1829. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 680: Cardium belcheri Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 . "1928 Tomlin : Cardium (Acanthocardia) belcheri (Brod . & Sow.). "1930 Stewart: Trachycardium belcheri (Broderip and Sowerby, 1829) [Recent]. "1930 ZR: Phlogocardia Stewart, 1930 sec. n. Trachycardium type Cardium belcheri Brod. and Sow. [Ref. Stewart 1930]. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Phlogocardia) belcheri (Broderip & Sowerby). "1955 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Phlogocardia)belcheri Broderip & Sowerby. "1964 Parker: Trachycardium (Phlogocardia) belcheri (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). "1969 Moore et al.: Trachycardium (Phlogocardia) belcheri (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). "1971 Keen & McLean: Trachycardium (Phlogocardia) belcheri (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). "1977 Popov p. 48 : Cardium belcheri Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. Type of Phlogocardia Stewart, 1930. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium belcheri Broderip and Sowerby, 1829. "1990 Dance: Trachycardium belcheri Broderip & Sowerby. "1999 Vidal: Trachycardium (Phlogocardia) belcheri (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) ... 2001 Vidal, p. 407: Trachycardium belcheri. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS ... ZMUC: dry and wet collections, Gulf of California. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell decidedly higher than long; central ribs with an elevated serrated ridge (erect flattened festooned scales) on posterior side. DESCRlPTIONS. "1844 Reeve: shell gibbously globose, longitudinally rather obliquely ribbed, about 25 ribs, peculiarly armed with compressed flatly pointed scale, bent over in the anterior direction; yellowish fleshcolour, brightly stained at the sides and around the base with rose-- pink. "1947 Hertlein & Strong : shell Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 401 belgicum - belticum elongately oval from beak to base, inflated; ornamented by about 24 triangular ribs which, on the posterior side, are surmounted by a narrow, serrated ridge. This rare and striking shell may be easily recognised by the sharp saw-toothed ridges adorning the posterior side of each of the 23 to 25 ribs. The colour of the shell, both inside and out, is a blend of white with pastel shades of yellow, brown, and rose. --1990 Dance: shell thick, elongate, very inflated with produced umbone. Serrated radial ribs with deeply incised grooves between them. Yellowish white with 2 or 3 broad, orange or pinkish transverse bands. Inside yellowish flushed orange and pink. "2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. --1947 Hertlein & Strong: about 53 mm length of a large specimen. "1971 Keen: maximum height is about 55 mm. HABITAT. --ZMUC: shelly sand, silty sand, silty clay, 42-119 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. --1844 Reeve: California-Panama. --ZMUC: GulfofCalifornia. "1971 Keen & McLean: West Mexico to Panama. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: dredged to the northward of Isabella Island, at the entrance to the Gulf of California, in 15 fathoms. --1971 Keen: specimens are obtained mostly from fairly deep water (to 60 fathoms), from Cedros Island and Guaymas, Mexico, south to Panama. "1999 Vidal: in the Pacific. belgicum (subspecies and variety). - See under porulosum belgieum Glibert, 1933. - edule var. betgieum Malzine, 1867. - porulosum var. belgieum Glibert, 1933. belgicum Malzine, 1867. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758).» Regarding Cardium belgieum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1867 Malzine, p. 26, pI. I, figs. 5-6: Cardium belgieum. --1867 ZR: Cardium belgieum, Malzine, 1867 sp. n. Belgian coast [note by ed. ofZR: Too closely allied to some forms ofC. edule]. "1868 Colbeau: Cardium belgieum De Malz. "1897 Dollfus: Cardium belgieum de Malzine (1867). --1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium belgieum de Malzine, 1867 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. --1917 Hidalgo: Cardium belgieum Malzine = Cardium edule Linne. --1970 Glibert & Poel: Cerastoderma belgieum (de Malzinne sic). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium belgieum de Malzine = Cardium edule Linne. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium belgieum Malzine, 1867; p. 26, pI. I, figs. 5-6. belgicum eismai Glibert & Poel, 1970 (subspecies). Cerastoderma belgieum eismai Glibert & Poel, 1970. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1970 Glibert & Poel: Cerastoderma (s.s.) belgieum eismai nov. subsp. --1970 ZR: Cerastoderma belgieum eismai Glibert & Van De Poel, 1970 subsp. nov. Pontilevian, Miocene, Bossee, Loire Basin, France. belgicum hostiei Chavan, 1945 (subspecies). Cerastoderma belgicum hostiei (Chavan, 1945). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 40: Cerastoderma belgieum hostiei sic (Chavan, 1945). belgradensis Richards, 1948. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" belgradensis Richards, 1948. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1948 ZR: Cardium belgradensis Richards, 1948 sp. nov. Miocene (Trent formation) Belgrade, Onslow Co., North Carolina. bella Conrad, 1858. - Papyridea bella Conrad, 1858. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Papyridea bella Conrad, 1858; vol. 3: 326. bella Papaianopol, 1981. - Pontalmyra bella Papaianopol, 1981 Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Sinupontalmyra) bella Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref to Papaianopol, p. 46. --1987 Taktakishvili Ponlalmyra bella Papaian. bellegardense Pictet & Renevier, 1854. - New combination: Prolocardium bellegardense Pictet & Renevier, 1854. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium bellegardense (genus Protoeardium). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium bellegardense Pictet & Renevier, 1854; vol. I: 81, pI. 8, fig. 5. bellulus Cresswell 1893. - Conoeardium cresswelli Talent & Philip, 1956. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1956 ZR: Pleurorhynehus bellulus Cresswell (non Barrande) 1893; nom. nov. = Conocardium eresswelli Talent & Philip, 1956. bellum Cooper & Cloud, 1938. - Conoeardium bellum Cooper & Cloud, 1938. Conocardiidae. Devonian. RECORDS. "1938 ZR: Conoeardium bellum Cooper & Cloud, 1938 sp. n. Devonian Illinois, U.S.A. bellum. - "Cardium" bellum. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Palestine. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium bellum (Stoliczka: unfamiliar species). beltica (variety). - See under edule var. balthiea Beck. belticum Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part I p. 143. Part 3 p. 851]. - Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium beltieum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Baltic Sea (Reeve 1845). Holbaek Fjord, Denmark (March 1871, p. 166, foot note). TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH; Cardium beltieum Reeve. 3 syntypes. reg. no. 1975621. Neg. No. 0228. Reeve (1845) refers to "Beck, MMS. Mus. King of Denmark". Cuming received the species from Beck (March 1871, p. 166, foot note). RECORDS. "1845 Reeve, sp. 113: Cardium beltieum Beck, MSS. Mus. King of Denmark. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Cerastoderma) balticum Beck. "1868 ZR: Cardium edule (L.), to its varieties belong also lamarekii (Reeve), baltieum (Beck, Reeve), and rusticum (Chemn. not L.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1869 Romer: Cardium ballieum Reeve = Cardium edule L. "1871 March, p. 215, No. 202: Cardium baltieum Beck, Reeve = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule L. --1867 Weinkauff: Cardium ballieum Reeve = Cardium edule Linne. --1888 Kobelt: Cardium baltieum Reeve = Cardium var. edule. --1890 Paetel: Cardium ballieum Rv. = edule L. --1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium bellieum Reeve, 1844 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 688: Cardium beltieum Reeve, 1845. --1932 Winckworth: Cardium edule beltiea Reeve, 1845. "1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaueum beltieum (Reeve, 1844). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium bellieum Reeve = Cardium edule Linne. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: may be distinguished by its narrow, flattened, smooth, distant, dark brown ribs, which are very conspicuous upon the light ground of the shell. DESCRJPTIONS. --1845 Reeve: shell rather thin, transversely ovate, somewhat oblique, posteriorly compressly produced, radiately ribbed, ribs about 30 in number, flattened, narrow, smooth, rather distant; whitish middle and posterior ribs blackish-brown. 402 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP ) belviderei - besairiei --1871 Morch, p, 166, foot note: Umbo and radiating ribs often red. REMARKS. --1845 Reeve: may be distinguished by its narrow, flattened smooth, distant, dark brown ribs, which are very conspicuous upon the light ground of the shell. DIMENSIONS. --1871 Morch, p. 166, foot note: long. 4 1/2, lat. 2, alt. 3 Lin. May not be quite correct. DISTRIBUTION. --1845 Reeve: Baltic Sea. belviderei Cragin, 1889. - Nomen nudum. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1986 Scott: Cardium belviderei Cragin (1889) nomen nudum. "1987 ZR: Cardium belviderei Cragin, 1889. Nomen nudum. Ref. to Scott p.1193. bendovanica Gadzhiev, 1968. - Didacna bendovanica Gadzhiev, 1968. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1968 ZR: Didacna bendovanica Gadzhiev, 1968 sp. nov. Caspian, Baku archipelago. benedeni Muller. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" benedeni Muller. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka: Cardium benedeni Muller. Unfamiliar species. bengasiensis antiqua Kaltenbach, 1949. - Cerastoderma bengasiensis antiqua (Kaltenbach, 1949). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1949 Kaltenbach, p. 18, Tables 2,5, pI. I , fig . 4 : Cardium (Cerastoderma) bengasiensis antiqua n. subsp. --1949 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) bengasiensis antiqua Kaltenbach, 1949 subsp. nov. Agheila Syste sic [Wuste] gleich sudlich Via Balbia. bengasiensis Kaltenbach, 1943. - Cerastoderma bengasiensis (Kaltenbach, 1943). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium bengasiensis: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1 943 Kaltenbach, p. 136 & 138-39, figs . 3-4 : Cardium bengasiensis n. sp ... 1949 Kaltenbach, p. 17, Tables 2,5, pI. 1, fig. 3: Cardium (Cerastoderma) bengasiensis bengasiensis Kaltenbach, 1943. "1945 ZR: Cardium bengasiensis Kaltenbach, 1943 sp. nov. Bengazi . -- I 969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum bengasiensis (Kaltenbach, 1943). "1977 FischerPiette: Cardium bengasiensis Kaltenbach = Cardium edule Linne. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck: Mediterranean, Bengasi Sea off Libya, Lagoon of EI Coefia. bengasiensis berkaensis Kaltenbach, 1949 (subspecies). - Cerastoderma bengasiensis berkaensis (Kaltenbach, 1949). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1949 Kaltenbach, p. 19, Table 5, pI. I, figs. 5- 8: Cardium (Cerastoderma) bengasiensis berkaensis n. subsp. "1949 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) bengasiensis berkaensis Kaltenbach, 1949 subsp. nov. Berka bei Bengasi . bengasiensis halyi (error). - Printer's mistake for bengasiensis hatzi in ZR for 1949 with ref to Kaltenbach, 1949. bengasiensis hatzi Kaltenbach, 1949 (subspecies). Cerastoderma bengasiensis hatzi (Kaltenbach, 1949). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS, --1949 Kaltenbach, p. 19, Tables 2, 5, pI. 1, figs. 9-10: Cardium (Cerastoderma) bengasiensis hatzi n. subsp . "1949 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) bengasiensis hatyi sic Kaltenbach, 1949 subsp . nov. Sebecka di Punta bei Bengasi (Cyrenaika). bengestiensis Papaianopol, 1992. - Pontalmyra bengestiensis Papaianopol, 1992. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Dacien inferieur (Getien). Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. --199 2 Papaianopol, p. 27, fig.: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra ) bengestiensis sp. nov. benoisti Cossmann, 1895. - Changed combination : Parvicardium benoisti (Cossmann, 1895). Cardiidac. Miocene. RECORDS. "1899. Sacco: Papillicardium benoisti (Cossmann). "1970 Glibert & Poel Parvicardium benoisti (Cossmann, 1896). --1977 Popov: Parvicardium benoisti (Cossmann, 1895). bellstedi Forbes, 1845. - Combination to be revised "Cardium " benstedi (Forbes, 1845). Cardiidae Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. England. RECORDS. "185 7 Deshayes: Cardium benstedi Forbes. --1871 Stoliczka: Cardium benstedi Forbes (?Acanthocardium sic) , "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 693: Cardium ｢･ｮｳｴ､ｩｆｯｲｾＮ＠ 1845. berberum Dall, 1915 (in part). - Synonym of Fragum tunicula Vokes, 1977. RECORDS. --1977 Vokes: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) berberum Dall, 1915 (in part) ｾＬ＠ Fragum tunicula Vokes, 1977. berberllm Dall, 1915 . - Trigoniocardia berberum (DaIL 1915). Cardiidae. Oligocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Oligocene of Tampa. RE CORDS. "1915 Dall: Cardiu m (Trigolliocardia) berberum Dall, 1915. "1915 ZR Cardium (Trigoniocardia) berberum Dall, 1915 sp. n. Oligocene Florida. "1977 Vokes , Trigoniocardia( Trigoniocardia) berberum (Dall, 1915) berbestiensis Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna berbestiensis Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidat . Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. --1989 Papaianopol, p. 87, fig.: Pachydacnu (Pachydacna) berbestiensis sp. nov. bergi (subspecies). - See under vitrea bergi Starobogatov. 1978. berkaensis (subspecies). - See under bengasiensis berkaensis Kaltenbach, 1949. berllardinllm d'Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardiul!! bernardinum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil RECORDS . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 696: UnicardiuIII bernardinum d'Orbigny, 1850 bernayi (variety). - See under capsoides bernay! Cossmann, 1886. bernouilense Loriol, 1867. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" bernouilense Loriol, 1867. Cardiidac. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium bernouilense Loriol in Loriol & Cotteau, 1867; vol. 21: 560, pI. 9. fig. 9. berr;; Richards, 1947. - Protocardia ben-ii ｒｩ｣ｨ｡ｲ､ｾＮ＠ 1947. Cardiidae. Mesozoic . R ECORDS. "1947 ZR . Protocardia berrii Richards, 1947 sp. nov. Mesozoic. Middle Albian; Peruvian Andes. besairiei Basse, 1933. - Combination to be revised : " Cardium " besairiei Basse, 1933 . Cardiidac . Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1933 ZR: Cardium besairiei Basse, 1933 sp. n. Cretaceous Madagascar. besairiei Collignon, 1949 . - Tridacna besairie ! Collignon, 1949, Tridacnidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALln . Madagascar. RECORDS. -·1952 ZR: Tridacna besairiei Collignon, 1951 sp, nov. Cretaceous Madagascar, ··1998 Schneider: Tridacna besairiei Collignon, 1949. Maastrichtian (later redescribed as Danian) of Madagascar. However, it probably is no older than Miocene. besairiei Cox, 1965. - Protocardia besairiei Cox, 1965. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 403 beshbulaki - biallgulatum Cardiidae. Fossi I. RECORDS. · ·1965 ZR: Protocardia besairiei Cox, 1965 sp . nov. Lihimaliao Creek, Tanzania, Bajocian. besllbulaki Mirkamalova, 1958. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " beshbulaki Mirkamalova, 1958. Cardiidae. Palaeogene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Cardium beshbulaki Mirkamalova, 1958 sp. nov. Besh-Bulak Sumsarsk beds, Palaeogene. Kyzyl Kum, USSR. beshbaluki sumsarica Mirkamalova, 1958 (variety). Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" beshbaluki sumsarica Mirkamalova, 1958. Cardiidae. Palaeogene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Cardium beshbaluki var. sumsarica Mirkamalova, 1958 nov. Besh-Bulak, Sumsarsk beds, Palaeogene. Kyzyl Kum, USSR. beslachubae Eberzin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus beslachubae Eberzin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus beslachubae sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus beslachubae Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. bessarabicum chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 (form). - Upgraded. New combination. Combination to be revised : "Cardium " bessarabicum chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. Lymnocardiidae. Sarmatian . RECORDS. · · 1946 ZR : Cardium bessarabicum n. f. Chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 Sarmatian fossil , Rumania. bessarabiellsis (variety). - See under gra cile var. bessarabiensis Gillet, 1938. bewertense Whitfield, 1891. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bewertense (Whitfield, 1891). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1891 ZR: Cardium (Serripes ?) bewertense, Whitfield , 1891 n. sp., Cretaceous of Syria. bezanconi Cossmann & Lambert. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" bezanconi Cossmann & Lambert. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium bezanconi Cossmann & Lambert. Stampien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52832 . bhagothorellse Vredenburg, 1928 . - Nemocardium bhagothorense (Vredenburg, 1928). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) bhagolhorense (Vredenburg, 1928). biali Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911 . - Changed combination: Laevicardium biali (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911) . Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. ··1911 ZR : Cardium (Laevicardium) biali Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911 sp. n. France Neogene . ··1966 ZR: Laevicardium (Laevicardium) biali from Lower Miocene, Chropov region, Czechoslovakia [Ref. Bilek 1966). biangulatum Sowerby in Brodenp & Sowerby, 1829. [Figs. Part 1 p. 106, 129, 177). - Changed combination: Americardia biangulata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). Cardiidae. Pleistocene to Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. St Elena (Sowerby 1841 No. 82); St Elena, Ecuador (type locality designated by Hertlein & Strong 1947) . RECORDS. ··1829 Broderip & Sowerby, 367: Cardium biangulatum. ··1834 Sowerby, 46 part, fig . 2: Cardium biangulatum. "1840 Sower by, catalogue p. 7, No. 82: Cardium biangulatum, Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list p. 8: Cardium biallgulatum, (Sowerby No. 82). ··1844 Reeve, sp. 29: Cardium biangulatum Sowerby, Zool, Journal. vol. iv. p. 307; Conch. IlIus. f.2. ··1846 Orbigny: Cardium biangulatum Sowerby, lh 1829. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia (Fragum) biallgulata Brod. and Sow. ··1860 Carpenter: Cardium biangulatum, B. & Sby. ··1864 Carpenter: Hemicardium biallgulatum, Sby. ··1885 Smith: Cardium biangulatum (on the west side of America). ··1890 Paetel: Hemicardium biangulatum Sow. ··190 I Dall: Cardium (Fragum) biallgulatum Sowerby, 1829. ··1924 Oldroyd: Cardium biallgulatum Sowerby, 1929. ··1928 Tomlin, p. 194: Fragum biangulatum (Sow.). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 702: Cardium biangulatum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. "1934 Hertlein: Cardium biangulatum Sowerby [fossil]. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Americardia) biallgulatum (Broderip & Sowerby). ··1964 Parker: Trigoniocardia (Americardia) biangulata (Brodenp & Sowerby, 1829). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Trigoniocardia) biangulatum Sowerby. ··1994 Hertz: Trigoniocardia (Americardia) biangulata. ··2000 Coan et al.: Americardia biangulata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Trigoniocardia biallgulata. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: ··1844 Reeve: well distinguished amongst other characters by the peculiarly irregular manner in which the nbs are crenated, and by its rich purple interior. ··Of diagnostic value: shell decidedly higher than long; ribs with fine concentric imbrications; cardinals symmetrically spaced between anterior and posterior laterals. OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Gulf of California. Specimen in poor condition. Two specimens from beach, poor condition; 10 specimens. rather poor condition. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell somewhat squarely cordate, rounded anteriorly, concavely angulated and a little produced posteriorly, 28 ribs, the extreme posterior 9 of which are narrow, small, round, the rest wider, rather flat and peculiarly obliquely or undately crenated, interstices transversely crenated; interior richly stained with purple. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: shell inflated , umbo abruptly angulated posteriorly, posterior end concavely flexed and truncated; ribs fairly broad, flattened, about 27-28 in number; colour of exterior light brown with reddishbrown spots, interior white tinged with reddish-brown areas. ··1971 Keen: the solid and inflated shell has 27 or 28 broad, flattened ribs. The exterior is yellow or white, marked with large brown spots, and the interior is partly white, partly reddish brown, lighter along the margins. ··200 I Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the fOOl aperture. No eyes. DIMENSIONS. ··1971 Keen: length, about 35 mm . REMARKS. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: C. medium of the Caribbean region is similar in shape bUi has more numerous and narrower ribs. C. biangulatum has proportionately broader shell, fewer ribs and reddish- brown interior shell in comparison to C. gllanacastense which is white. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: found in coral sand at the depth of 17 fathoms. ··1964 Parker: shelly sand 4 to 69 m depth; occasionally to a depth about 100 m. From the intertidal to depths of 85 fathoms . DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: St. Elena and Isle of Plata, West Columbia. ··1884 Grasset: Columbia. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: St. Elena, W. Columbia. •• I 971 Keen: From southern California the specie, ranges south to Guayaquil, Ecuador. Commonly found along shore. 404 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) biangulatum - biradiatum biangulatum (mode) . - See under biangulata. biearinatum Munster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" biearinatum Muenster, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 705 : Cardium biearinatum Muenster, 1840. *bieolor. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium bieolor from 2 sources: Deshayes, 1855. - Sowerby (?year). bieolor Deshayes, 1855 . Insufficiently known. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium bieolor Sowerby = C. bieolor Deshayes, 1855 . » Regarding Cardium bieolor: Cardiidae. REcORDs. ··1855 Deshayes, p. 330: Cardium bieolor. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium bieolor Desha}(es. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium bie%r Deshayes, 1854; p. 330. bicolor Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. Not a cardiid. RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium bieolor. bieolor Sowerby. Insufficiently known . » Regarding Cardium bieolor: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. The reference to Sowerby by Lienard (1877) and Viader (1937) are erroneous since Sowerby never published a species named bieolor. Unknown type, unknown habitat, no figures, Probably no more than a variety of C. edule (Staadt, quoted by Fischer-Piette 1977). REcORDs. ··1877 Lienard: Cardium bie%r Sow. ··1880 Martens: Cardium bie%r Sowerby (from Mauritius. Species not known to Martens). ··1890 Paete1: Cardium hieolor Sow. ··1937 Viader: Cardium hicolor Sow. bieostatum Abbass, 1966. - Granocardium bieostatum Abbass, 1966. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1966 ZR: Granocardium bicostatum Abbass, 1966 sp. nov. bieostatum Poyarkova. - Trachycardium bieostatum. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1978 ZR: Cardium (Trachyeardium) bicostalum sp. nov. Kirgizia. Ref. to Poyarkova, p. 108 fig'd. bidorsatllm Coquand, 1865. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bidorsatum (Coquand, 1865). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium bidorsatum Coquand, 1865 (Laevicardium or Aeanthocardium sic) . "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium bidorsatum Coquand, 1865; vol. 3: 311, pI. 12, figs 5-7. bifarium Winchell, 1866. - Conocardium bifarium Winchell , 1866. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1943 ZR: Conoeardium bifarium Winchell, 1866. Revised description by Branson (1943). bifasciatum Spinelli mss. - Synonym of Aeanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758) . OTHER JUDGEME NTS: Cerastoderma tubercula tum var. torquatum Coen. » Regarding Cardium bifaseiata : Cardiidae. Recent. REcoRDs. ··1933 Coen: Cardium bifasciata Spinelli mss = Eueardium (Rudicardium) tubercula tum var. spinosa Coen. ··1937 Coen: bifasciatum Spinelli mss = Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum torquatum Coen . . bifidoeostum Berezovskii, 1998. Nemoeardium bifidoeostum Berezovskii, 1998. Cardiidae. Middle Eocene . RECORDS. ··1998 Berezovskii, downloaded abstract: Nemoeardium bifidoeostum n. sp. Southern Ukraine. biiclIs Chelidze, 1975. - Pseudoeatillus biieus Chelidze, 1975. Lymnocardiidae. Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR: Pseudoeatillus biicus sp. nov. Chelidze, 1975 Georgia SSR, Khobs region. Ref. to Chelidze, p. 187. bilogorense (subspecies) . - See under banaticum bilogorense Basch, 1990. bilsteinense Bronn, 1848. - Conoeardium bilsteinense (Roemer, 1844). Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 759: Pterinaea bilsteinense c.F. Roemer, 1844. ··1922-32 Sherborn , p . 759: Conoeardium (Roemer) bilsteinense Bronn, 1848. Pterinaea. bimarginatum d' Orbigny, 1844. - New combination : Aeanthoeardia bimarginata. Cardiidae. Cretaceous . RECORDS. "1871 Sto1iczka : Cardium bimarginatum (Aeanthocardium sic). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 767 : Cardium bimarginatum d'Orbigny, 1844. Bingicardium (genus). - Printer's error. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Bingieardium err. pro. Ring- Fischer, 1887 in Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932. bipartitum d' Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" bipartitum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherbom, p. 774: Cardium bipartitum d'Orbigny, 1850. bipiCox, 1965. - Protoeardia bipi Cox, 1965. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Protocardia bipi Cox, 1965 sp. nov. Lihimaliao Creek, Tanzania, Bajocian. biradiacum (error). - Printer's mistake for biradiatum in Barnard 1964. *biradiatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium biradiatum from 2 sources: Bruguiere, 1789. - Bosc s.a Deterville, 180 I. biradiatum Bosc s.a Deterville, 1801. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" biradiatum Bosc s.a Deterville, 1801. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 784: Cardium biradiatum Bosc s.a Deterville, 1801 . biradiatum Bruguiere, 1789. [Figs. Part 1 p. 75, 90, 133, 16 . Part 3 p. 879]. - Acrosterigma biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevieardium serratum (Linnaeus). - Cardium laevigatum Linnaeus. - Cardium linea/um Gmelin, which is ajunior synonym according to Vidal ( 1999). - Laevicardium rubropietum Habe & Kosuge , 1966 . » Regarding Cardium biradiatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Island of Burias, the Philippines. Neotype, Sri Lanka. - 'de 1'!le de Ceylan. sur les cotes sablon-neuses' (Sri Lanka, on sandy shores). (Higo et al. 1999). TYPE REPOSITORY . Neotype, The Geneva Museum, Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Geneve. TYPE MATERIAL. Vidal (1999): Types not traced. Some authors consider that a possible type specimen is a shell from Sri Lanka, MHNG 1085/ 60 Lamarck colI. Vidal 1999 (Figs. 16Q-R) selected this shell as neotype of C. biradia/um. Laevieardium rubropictum ho10type and two para types, from Zamboanga (Philippines), in National Science Museum (Tokyo). Lamarck 's specimen of biradiatum is not deposited in the Paris Museum. RECORDS. ··1782 Chernnitz [not available] pI. 18, figs . 185-186: Cardium laevigatum . ··1789 Bruguiere, p. 231 , No. 28: Cardium biradiatum Nob. ··1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 298 . fig. 6. Cardium biradiatum. "1815 Wood: Cardium biradia/um = C. serratum vaT. = C. laevigatum . "1815 Wood : Cardium biradia/um Brug. is correct according to Sowerby 1840, p. 109. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium biradiatum Bruguiere = Cardium linea tum Gmelin. ··1819 Lamarck Cardium biradiatum Brug. ··1827 Bory de St. Vincent : Cardium biradia/um Lmk. ··1835 Deshayes : Cardium biradiatum Brug. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2 004) 405 biradiatum --1836 Bosc: Cardium biradiatum . --1839 Anton : Cardium biradiatum Bruguiere = Cardium serra tum Chemnitz. --1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 5, No. 68 : Cardium biradiatum Brug. Dict. 28 . "1843 Hanley: Cardium biradiatum Brug. --1844 Reeve, sp. 49: Cardium biradiatum Bruguiere. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevieardium biradiatum, Brug. --1869 Martens: Cardium biradiatum Brug. --1869 Romer: Cardium biradiatum Brug. "1870 March: biradiatum Brug. = C. laevigatum Chemn.; junior synonym of C. serratum L. --1872 Tryon: Laevicardium biradiatum Brug. --1877 Lienard: Cardium biradiatum Brug. --1880 Martens: Cardium biradiatum Bruguiere. --1884 Grasset: Laevieardium biradiatum. Brug. --1886 Cooke: Cardium biradiatum Brug. --1886 Cooke: Cardium biradiatum. --1896 Elera: Laevieardium biradiatum Brug . --1890 Paetel: Laevieardium biradiatum Brug. --1899 Melvill & Standen: Cardium biradiatum Brug. "1899 Sturany: Laevicardium biradiatum Brug. --190 I Sturany: Cardium biradiatum Brug. --1902 Sherborn, p. 131: Cardium biradiatum Bruguiere, 1789. "1903 Smith: Cardium biradiatum Brug. --1905 Anthony: Cardium biradiatum Brug. --1905a Hidalgo: Laevieardium biradiatum Brug. --1906 Anthony: Cardium biradiatum Brug . "1909 Melvill: Cardium (Laevieardium) biradiatum, Brug. --1910 Hedley: Cardium biradiatum Brug. --1911 Lamy: Cardium biradiatum Brug. --1917 Odhner: Cardium biradiatum Brug. --1928 Faustino: Cardium biradiatum Brug. "1932 Prashad: Cardium (Laevieardium) biradiatum. --1937 Viader: Cardium biradiatum Brug. "1938 Lamy : Cardium (Laevicardium) biradiatum Bruguiere. --1942 Lamy: Cardium biradiatum Brug. --1952 Kuroda & Habe: Laevicardiwn biradiatwn Brug. --1945 ZR: Cardium biradiatum Brug. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. "1954 Kira: Laevieordium sic biradiatum Bruguiere. "1954 Taki: Cardium biradiatum Brug. --1955 Rost & Soot-Ryen: Laevieardium biradiatum Brug. --1955 Kira: Laevieardium biradiatum Brug. --1960 Kuroda: Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguiere). "1962 Kira: Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguiere). --1964 Barnard: Laevicardium biradiacum sic (Bruguiere). "1966a Habe & Kosuge: Laevicardium biradiatum Brug. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevieardium biradiatum Bruguiere. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguiere, (789) . --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium biradiatum Bruguiere, 1789; senior synonym of Cardium serratum Gmelin, 1791 . --1988 Drivas & Jay : Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789). --1992 Larnprell & Whitehead, No. 222: Laevieardium biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789). --1992 Oliver: Laevieardium biradialwn (Bruguiere, 1789). --1999 Higo et al.: Cardium biradiatum Reeve, 1845 non Bruguiere, 1789, nee Bosc, 180 I = Laevicardium rubrapietum Habe & Kosuge, 1966. --1999 Vidal: Cardium biradiatum Bruguiere, 1789. --2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Acrasterigma biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789). --2001 Schneider & Carter: Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··2001 Vidal, p. 407: Acrasterigma biradiatum . .. 2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Acrosterigma biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: biradiatum in the same box as c. serratum. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: almost smooth, lacks rib sculpture, obsolete ribs on anterior and posterior areas. DESCRIPTIONS. -·1844 Reeve: shell elongately ovate, attenuated towards the umbones, radiately striated, posterior and anterior areas smooth; white, sparingly variegated with waved pink spots, interior vividly stained with two pink rays. --1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: shell elongate-ovate. Sculpture smooth, 35-53 flat ribs, weaker anteriorly and posteriorly, finely crenate laterally, crossed by fine sinuate transverse lirae. Colour white, mottled with brown, cream and concentric blotches of dark brown, interior white, sometimes with two broad radial bands of purple pink. --1992 Oliver: outline ovate, slightly oblique, very low radial ribs, obsolete on anterior and posterior areas, inner margin finely crenulated, smooth towards the hinge. Colour pale cream with pale orange or brownish markings especially on the dorsal margins. --1999 Vidal: shell roughly pear-shaped (maximum length measured much closer to ventral than dorsal margin), with median ventral margin straightened, and almost equilateral with posterior dorsal margin often more receding; median shell margin sometimes slightly expanded and posterior slope often slightly truncated with an obtuse notch in margin. Variably elongated, and somewhat compressed. Lunule not delineated, because there are no ribs on the anterior-most part; umbonal margin rising slightly on right valve. External colour variable, beige-yellow with fairly numerous irregular red-brown splashes (sometimes lacking); on posterior slope there are several radially disposed darker stains, often triangular and well delineated. Hinge rather symmetrical and appreciably angled. A thin sterigma in the umbonal cavity in about 10% of shells. Mean rib number 50.9 ± 3.9, range 46-61. On the most anterior part this number is based on internal marginal marks of ribbing (clearer than the degenerated ribbing). On posterior slope, the characteristic ribbing features of the genus are only discernible on the juvenile part: very thin interstices; flat ribs divided into two parts roughly equivalent in width and separated by a thin axial furrow; irregular, tubercular, more or less prismatic scales present on the last ribs, becoming progressively smaller. Presence of scales restricted to a small part of juvenile shell, mainly on the last ribs; then the axial furrow and posterior part of rib unite to form a wide" pseudointerstice". On median shell, ribs very low, slightly rounded and smooth (except for some ribs near posterior slope, which have a little fine posterior ridging); interstices smooth. Anteriorly, ribs become progressively retro-ridged with numerous thin oblique ridges regularly disposed, causing crenulations of posterior side of top zone. On anterior slope, a zone occurs of 3 to 5 uno rna men ted ribs that are almost indistinct, but still well marked on margin ; this is followed by a smooth zone of equal width, with neither ribs nor marginal-internal marks, posteriorly confused with lunule, i.e. a sublunule. Anterior and posterior parts of shell with a rather irregular concentric ornamentation. --2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. "1992 Oliver: Ant.-post. 36.5 mm, umbo-ventr. 45.8 mm. --1988 Drivas & Jay: shell to 45 mm. --1999 Vidal: length 45 .2, height 56.8, width (calculated) 30.0 mm. REMARKS. --1844 Reeve: the two 406 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) birdanum - blanchei pink rays, which diverge from within the umbone in each valve, as its name implies, represent The characteristic mark of this species. I regret not having exhibited the interior of the shell in the accompanying plate, but Chemnitz most accurately displays the character. --1966 Babe et Kosuge: Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789), ally of Laevicardium pulcherrimum Sakurai & Babe, 1966. The specimens figured by Oliver (1992) and Lamprell & Whitehead (1992) differ considerably in outline and sculpture. Lamprell & Whitehead (1992) is closer to fig. 49 in Reeve (1844). "1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 25: LaevicalJiium rubropictum Habe & Kosuge is ajunior synonym of Laevicardium biradiatum. "1999 Vidal: Some authors found C. biradiatum to be a junior synonym of Cardium serratum Linne, 1758. For example Clench & Smith (1944: 23) stated "The name L. serratum must replace that of L. biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789)". The syntypes of C. serra tum in Linne's personal collection at The Linnean Society in London, encompass three single valves that belong undoubtedly to the American Atlantic Laevicardium laevigatum (Linne) sensu Clench & Smith, 1944. The largest, a left valve [37.7 x 31.5 x (24.0)], with Linne's hand marks 73 and 89 (his list numbers in 1758 and 1767) still discernible, has been selected by Vidal (1999, p. 327) as lectotype of Cardium serratum Linne. Three syntypes of Cardium laevigatum Linne are present in the Linnean Society, two bivalved shells that are Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789) [see Vidal 1994: 99] and a single valve that is probably Fulvia australis (Sowerby, 1834). The largest of the two bivalved shells [46.2 x 46.5 x 31.1], hand marked 88 by Linne (his list number in 1767) has been selected by Vidal (1999, p.327) as lectotype of Cardium laevigatum Linne, 1758, a senior synonym of Cardium papyraceum Bruguiere, 1789. For remarks on classification of the species, see Laevicardiinae. HABITAT. "1844 Reeve: coral sand at the depth of about 6 fathoms. "1909 Melvill: 31-34 fathoms among Polyzoa, coral and shell-rubble, Amirantes and Seychelles. --1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: fine sand to 10m. --1988 Drivas & Jay: to 60 m depth, Reunion, western Indian Ocean. --1999 Higo et at.: subtidal to 20 m, sand. "1999 Vidal: recorded from 13 to 295 m depth, mostly about 30-60 m. DISTRIBUTION. --1884 Grasset: Ceylon. --1909 Melvill. --1844 Reeve: Island of Burias, Philippines. --1994 Hylleberg: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific. --1999 Vidal: recorded from the Indo-Pacific (compare with C. laevigatum). Indo-West Pacific, from east coast of Africa to Micronesia. --1981 Kuroda & Babe; --1999 Higo et at.: Kii peninsula and southwards, East China Sea, Philippines, South China Sea, Australia, IndoPacific. --2000 Lutaenko; --2003 Bylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. birdanum Whitfield, 1891. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" birdanum Whitfield, 1891. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1891 ZR: Cardium (Protocardium?) birdanum Whitfield, 1891 n. sp., Cretaceous of Syria. bisati Yates, 1962. - Chaenocardiola bisati Yates, 1962. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1962 ZR: Chaenocardiola bisati Yates, 1962 sp. nov. Namurian Slieve Anierin, Co. Leitrim, Eire. bisculptus. - Pleuriocardia bisculptus. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Geary: Pleuriocardia bisculptus. bisectum Forbes, 1856. - Pachycardium bisectum (Forbes, 1856). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. India. RECORDS. --1869 Conrad: Cardium bisectum Forbes. --1870 Cardium bisectum Forbes (India). "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium bisectum Forb. (No. 171: Protocardium biseotum err. pro bisectum). Conrad placed it in the genus Pachycardium. --1876 Meek: Pachycardium bisectum Forbes. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 786: Cardium bisectum Forbes, 1846 sic. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium bisectum Forbes, 1856; vol. 7: 144, pI. 17, fig. 9. biseptum (subspecies). - See under ornatum biseptum Papp, 1953. biseriata Pervinquiere 1912. - replaced by P. pervinquieri Freneix, 1980. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. .. 1980 ZR: Proto cardia biseriata Pervinquiere 1912 Preoccupied name, replaced by P pervinquieri Freneix, 1980. Ref. to Freneix p. 172. . bisolare (mode). - See under bisolaris. bisolaris Cragin, 1894. - Nemocardium bisolaris (Cragin, I 894). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1986 Scott: Cardium (Nemocardium) bisolaris Cragin, 1894. --1986 Scott: Nemocardium bisolaris (Cragin, 1894). bispinosum Dujardin, 1837. -Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bispinosum (Dujardin). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium bispinosum Dujardin. --1871 Stoliczka: Cardium bispinosum (Acanthocardium sic). --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 790: Cardium bispinosum Dujardin, 1837. bistrami Conti, 1954. - Unicardium bistrami Conti, 1954. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1954 ZR: Unicardium bistrami Conti, 1954 sp. nov. Upper Norico Trias Val Solda Italy. bistriata. - Cypricardinia bistriata. Cardiacea. Paleozoic. RECORDS. --1962 ZR: Cypricardinia bistriata Paleozoic. bistriata ovaloides Sadykov, 1962 (variety). - Upgraded. New combination. Cypricardinia bistriata. Cardiacea. Paleozoic. RECORDS. --1962 ZR: Cypricardinia bistriata var. ovaloides Sadykov, 1962 nov. Karaghandinsk basin, Kazakhstan SSR, Paleozoic. bivirgatum. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bivirgatum Wanner & Hahn, 1935. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1935 ZR: Cardium bivirgatum Wanner & Hahn, 1935 sp. n. Miocene Java. bizeti Chavan, 1950. - Protocardia bizeti Chavan, 1950. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1950 ZR: Proto cardia bizeti Chavan, 1950 sp. nov. fossil, Astartian sands Cordebule. blackwelderi (subspecies). - See laqueatum blackwelderi Ward, 1992. blakeanum Dall, 1900. - New name. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" blakeanum Dall, 1900. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. --1930 Stewart: Cardium blakeanum Dall (new name for Conrad's C. modestum, a homonym). --1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium blakeanum Dall, 1900 (new name for Cardium modes tum Conrad, 1857). blanchei Shalem. 1937. - "Cardium" blanchei Shalem. 1937. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Cardium blanchei Shalem. 1937 sp. n. Cretaceous Syria. Phl/ket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 407 blandita - bonei blandita Papaianopol , 1978 . - Paradacna blandita Papaianopol, 1978 . .Lymnoca rdi idae . Pliocene. REcoRDs. ·· 1978 ZR: Paradacna blandita Papaianopol, 1978 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, I. p. 286. blandulII Gould , 1850. - Synonym of Clinocardium californiense (Desha yes, 1841). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardiumfucanum Dall, 1907 » Regarding Cardium blandum: Cardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Puget Sound, Washington. TYP E REPOSITORY. U. S. Nat. Museum Cat. No. 3899 - Photographs of holotype in Schenck & Keen (1940) figs . 17-20. RECORDS. ··1850 Gould, p. 276: Cardium blandum . ··1858 Adams & Adfrms, p. 456: Cardium (Serripes) blandum Gould. ··1864 Carpenter: Cardium var. blandum Gld. Otia. = californiense Desh. ··1869 Lischke: Cardium blandum Gould . .. 1869 ZR: Cardium californiense (Desh.) = pseudofossile (Reeve) = Cardium blandum (Gould) [Ref. Lischke 1869] . ··1869 Romer: Cardium blandum Gould. ··1871 Lischke : Cardium var. blandum = Cardium californiense. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium blandum Gld. "1900 Dall : Cardium (Cerastoderma) blandum Gould, 1850, section Cerastoderma (fide Schneider 2002) . "1901 Dall : Cardium blandum Gould, 1850 (testa juv.) = Cardium callforniense Deshayes, 1839. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 806: Cardium blandum Gould, 1850. "1936 Keen: Clinocardium blandum (Gould, 1850) . .. 1936 ZR: Clinocardium blandum Gld. , 1850 [Ref. Keen 1936]. "1940 Schenck & Keen: Clinocardium blandum (Gould, 1850). ··1954 Keen: Cardium blandum Gould, 1850. [Pleistocene] . '·1970 Bernard: Clinocardium blandum (Gould, 1850) = Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1841). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium blandum Gould = Corculum californiense Deshayes. '·1980 Ruhoff: Cardium blandum Gould, 1851 ; vol. 3: 276. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium blandum Gould, 1852; vol. 12: 418, fig . 534. "1998 Schneide r: Clinocardium (Ke enocardium) blandum (G o uld , 1850) . ··2000 Coan et al .: Clinocardium (Keenocardium) blandum (Gould, 1850). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. "1869 Romer: Cardium blandum Gould is closely related to Cardium ciliatum. "1936 Keen: " Cardium" blandum Gould; must take the namefitcanum in many cases. DISTRlBUTION. "1884 Grassel: Vancouver. Alaska, North West USA. blanfordi Chiplonkar & Badve, 1976. - Indocardium blanfordi Chiplonkar sic & Badve, 1976. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. REcORDs. ··1976 ZR: Granocardium (Indocardium) blanfordi sp. nov. Madhya Pradesh, Narmada Valley. Ref. to Chiplonkar, p. 53 ... 1998 Schneider: lndocardium blanfordi Chiplonkar & Badve, 1976. blanfordi Chiploukar, 1975. - Proto cardia blanfordi Chiploukar, 1975 . Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous . REcoRDs. ··1975 ZR: Protocardia blanfordi Chiploukar, 1975 sic sp . nov. Kashmir, Badia. Ref. to Chiploukar, p.94. bloulltense (s ubspecies ). - See under laqueatum blountense Mansfield, 1932. boeckhi Halavats. - New combination: Lymnocardium boeckhi (Hala vats ) . Lymnocardiidae . Miocene. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium boeckhi (Hal.) . "1998 Schultz : Limnocardium boeckhi (Halavats) . bogatchevi. - Spelling of bogatchovi Kolesnikov, 1928 by Glibert & Poe! (1970) . bogatchovi Kol e snikov, 1928. - Cerastoderma bogatchovi (Kol esnikov, 1928). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1970 Glibert & Poe l: Cerastoderma (s.s.) bogatche vi sic (Kolesnikov, 1928). '·1974 ZR: Cerastoderma bogatchevi. Interspecific variation. Ref. to Baghdasariani . ··1977 Popov : Cerastoderma bogatchovi (Kolesnikov, 1928). bogatchovi (aff.) Kolesnikov, 1928. - RECORDs. ·'1985 Ananiashvili : Cardium aff. bogatschovi Koles. bohellliculII Barrande. - Conocardium bohemicum Barrande. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1889 ZR: Conocardium bohemicum cited by Barrois (1889). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Conocardium bohemicum Barrande. Boheme, B0489 I. bohemiculII depressa (variety). - Upgraded. New combination : Conocardium bohemicum depressa. Conocardiidae. Fo ss il. RECORDS. ·'1889 ZR : Conocardium bohemicum var. depressa with fig . (ref. Barrois). bohemicum longula (variety) . - Upgraded. New combina ti o n.: Conocardium bohemicum longula . Conocardiidae . Fo ssil. RECORDS. "1889 ZR : Conocardium bohemicum var. longula with fig. (ref. Barrois). boholellsis Vidal, 1994. [Figs. Part 3 p. 887]. - Fulvia boholensis Vidal, 1994 . Cardiidae . Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Philippines. RECORDS. "1994 Vidal, p. 107, pI. 3, figs. 6 a,b: Fulvia (Fulvia) boholensis sp. nov. boinitzellse Kojumdgieva, 1970. - New combination : Cerastoderma boinitzense (Kojumdgieva, 1970). Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. '·1970 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) boinitzense Kojumdgieva, 1970 sp. nov. Sarmatian, Upper Miocene, Boinitza, Vidinsko, Bulgaria. bo/ivarellsis Cl ark & Durham, 1946. - Fragum bolivarensis Clark & Durham, 1946. Cardiidae. Eocene. R ECO RDS. ··1946 ZR: Fragum (Trigonio cardia) bolivarensis Clark & Durham, 1946 sp. nov. Eocene Bolivar, Colombia. bollellense (mode). - See under bollensis. bollenellse M ayer. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " bollenense Mayer. Cardiidae. Foss il. RECORDS. '·1886 Fischer: Cardium bollenense Mayer. bol/ellsis Mayer, 1871. - Changed combination: Didacna bol/ensis (Mayer, 1871). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. '·1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.) bollensis (Mayer, 1871) ... 1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN , Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium bollenense Mayer. Lower Pliocene. Bollene, B35023. bomasellse Martin, 1917. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bomasense Martin, 1917. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene . TYPE LOCALITY . West-Progogeb. Jav a, Indonesia. TYPE REPOSITORY. ?Geologischen ReichsMuseum, Leiden, the Netherlands. RECORDS. '·1917 ZR: Cardium bomasense Martin, 1917 n. sp . Miocene Java. "1919 Martin : Cardium bomasense Martin. 1916-1917. . bonei (variety). - See under proximum var. bone ; Pavlovitch, 1928. bOllei Hanganu, 1975. - Valenciennius bOllei Hanganu, 408 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) bonelli - bosphoranum 1975. Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR: Valenciennius bonei Hanganu, 1975 sp. nov. Romania, Mehedinti region. Ref. to Hanganu. bonelli Bellardi, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bonelli Bellardi, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium bonelli Bellardi, 1852; vol. 4: 241, pI. F [sic = 17], fig. 8. bongniarti Mayer. - Plagiocardium commutatum Rov. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Plagiocardium commutatum Rov. = Cardium bongniarti Mayer non D'Arch. bonii Conti, 1954. - Myophoricardium bonii Conti, 1954. CardiacF!a. Upper Noric Trias. REcoRDs. ··1954 ZR: Myophoricardium bonii Conti, 1954 sp. nov. Upper Noric Trias, Lugano, Italy. bonnoi (error). - Printer's mistake for bannoi in Keen 1973. boonei Cossmann, 1924. - Protocardia boonei Cossmann, 1924. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Protocardia boonei Cossmann, 1924b n. sp. Jurassic, France. *boreale. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium boreale / borealis from 4 sources: Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. - Reeve, 1845. - Eichwald, 1867. - Whiteaves, 1885. boreale Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. [Figs. Part 3 p. 922]. Nomen dubium. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Ciliatocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). - Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1839).» Regarding Cardium boreale: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. North Europe, Arctic. RECORDs. ··1829 Broderip & Sowerby: Cardium borea/e. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium boreale Brod. et S. ··1902 Dall: Cardium boreale Broderip and Sowerby, 1829 = Cardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 831: Cardium boreale Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. ··1974 Kafanov: Cardium boreale Broderip and Sowerby, 1829 non Reeve, 1845 = Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1839). ··1974 ZR: Cardium boreale Broderip & Sowerby 1829. Proposal to Commission. Placed on Official Index. Proposed suppression. For the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy Kafanov. p. 239. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium boreale Broderip & Sowerby = Clinocardium cilialum Fabricius. ··1974 Abbott: Cardium boreale Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 = Clinocardium cilia tum Fabricius, 1780). ··1977 ZR: Cardium boreale Broderip & Sowerby 1829. Proposed suppression. Comments. Ref to Mayr & Melville p. 204. ··1980 ZR: Serripes boreale (Reeve, 1845) is ajunior synonym of S. groenlandicus (Bruguiere 1789). Ref. to Kafanov. ··1984 ZR: Cardium boreale Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. Comments on proposal to Commission concerning suppression. Ref. to Heppell p. 6. ··1984 ZR: Cardium boreale Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. Concerning suppression. Ref. to Melville p. 6. ··2000 Coan et al.: 7 C. boreale Broderip & G. B. Sowerby, 1829 = Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). ··2000 Coan et al.: C. boreale is a nomen dubium (lCZN ruling). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRJPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell somewhat transversely ovate, radiately finely grooved, middle and anterior grooves obsolete; whitish, very faintly painted with pale brown triangular lines, covered near the margins with a thin periostracum. REMARKS. Reeve states that the anterior part of the small shell is comparatively smooth while the posterior part is distinctly grooved. DISTRJBUTION. Arctic. boreale Eichwald, 1867. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" boreale (Eichwald, 1867). 7Cardiidae. 7Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium boreale Eichwald, 1867 (7 Cerastoderma). boreale Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part 1 p. 145]. - Synonym of Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium boreale: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Greenland (Reeve 1845). - TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH; Cardium boreale Reeve. Holotype. reg. no. 1879.2.26.235. Neg. No. 0230. RECORDs. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium boreale. ··1869 Romer: Cardium boreale Reeve, (juv.) = Cardium gronlandicum Chemnitz. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium boreale Rv. = groenlandicum Ch. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium boreale Reeve. ··190 I Dall: Cardium boreale Reeve, 1844 (not of Broderip and Sowerby, 1829) = Serripes gronlandicus sic Gmelin, 1792. ··1902 Dall: Cardium boreale in Reeve, 1844, not a synonym of Cardium cilia tum Fabricius, 1780. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium boreale Reeve 1845 = Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum, (Chemnitz) Bruguiere, Gmelin. ··1912 Jensen: Cardium boreale Reeve, 1844-45 = Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum Chemnitz. ··1939 McLean: Cardium boreale Reeve, 1845 = Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium boreale Reeve = Serripes groenlandicum (Chemnitz) Schroter. ··2000 Coan et at.: Cardium boreale Reeve, 1845 non Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 = Serripes (Serripes) groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRJPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell somewhat transversely ovate, radiately finely grooved, middle and anterior grooves obsolete; whitish, very faintly painted with pale brown triangular lines, covered near the margins with a thin epidermis. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: the anterior portion of this little shell is comparatively smooth, whilst the posterior is distinctly grooved. I have not seen any other specimen. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: Greenland. borealis Whiteaves, 1885. - Protocardia borealis (Whiteaves, 1885). Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1970 Speden: Cardium borealis Whiteaves, 1885. ··1970 Speden: Protocardia borealis (Whiteaves, 1885). boriesi Doncieux, 1912. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" boriesi Doncieux, 1912. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1912 ZR: Cardium boriesi Doncieux, 1912 sp. n. France Eocene. borisphenica (subspecies). - See under ebersini borisphenica Nevesskaya, 1963. borissjaki Pcelinzev, 1928. - Changed combination: Protocardia borissjaki Pcelinzev, 1928. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1928 ZR: Proto cardium borissjaki Pcelinzev, 1928 sp. n. [Protocardia]. bosniaca Stevanovic, 1982. - Didacnomya bosniaca Stevanovic, 1982. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1982 ZR: Didacnomya bosniaca Stevanovic, 1982 sp. nov. Yugoslavia. Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 124. bosphoranum Eberzin, 1956. - Arcicardium bosphoranum Eberzin, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Arcicardium bosphoranum Eberzin, 1956 sp. nov. Pliocene. Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 409 bosphorica - brantlyi Kerchenski, Crimea Peninsula, Russia. bosphorica (variety). - See under subsquamulosum var. bosphorica Eberzin, 1958. bosphorica. - Tauricardium bosphorica. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Tauricardium bosphorica. Bosphoricardium Ebersin, 1947 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Bosphoricardium Ebersin, 1947 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. Bosphoricardium Eberzin, 1958 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: (Bosphoricardium) Eberzin, 1958 subgen. nov. of Lymnpcardium Pliocene of the Ponto Caspian basin, Russia. Subgenotype: Lymnocardium emarginatum Desh. Pliocene. "1987 Taktakishvili: (Bosphoricardium) Ebersin, 1947. bosquetiNyst. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bosqueti Nyst. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1886 Vincent: Cardium bosqueti Nyst. botenicum Papaianopol, 1982. - Euxinicardium botenicum. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1982 Papaianopol, p. 192, fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) botenicum sp. nov. "1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium botenicum Papaian. botenicus Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus botenicus Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus botenicus sp. n. "1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus botenicus Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. boltai Shalem. 1937. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" boltai Shalem. 1937. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Cardium bolta; Shalem. 1937 sp. n. Cretaceous Syria. bouci (error in Ruhoff 1980) = bouei Deshayes, 1858. boudyi Bede, 1934. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" boudyi. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1935 ZR: Cardium (Ringicardium) boudyi Bede, 1934 sp. n. Eocene N Africa. bouei (variety). - See under obliquum var. bouei Deshayes. - proximum var. bouei Pavlovic, 1929. bouei Deshayes, 1858. - Changed combination: Loxocardium bouei (Desha yes, 1858). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium pulchrum. - Cardium obliquum Lamarck. » Regarding Cardium bouei: Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCAUTY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. "1886 Cossmann: Cardium bouei Desh. = C. pulchrum = Cardium obliquum Lamarck. "1950 ZR: Cardium (Loxocardium) bouei Desh. [Ref. Tremlett 1950]. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Loxocardium bouei (Deshayes, 1858). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium boud sic Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865] vol. I: 567, as pulchrum, pI. 55, figs. 25-28. "1995 Le Renard et al.: Loxocardium bouei [Cardium bouei] Deshayes, 1858 (pulchrum). "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Loxocardium bouei. bouei bartonensis Tremlett, 1950 (subspecies). Changed combination: Loxocardium bouei bartonensis (Tremlett, 1950). "1950 ZR: Cardium (Loxocardium) bouei Desh. bartonensis Tremlett, 1950 nov. "1995 Le Renard et al.: Loxocardium bouei bartonense [Cardium bartonense] Tremlett, 1950. bourdoti Cossmann, 1882. - Changed combination: Parvicardium bourdoti (Cossmann, 1882). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCAUTY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. "1882 Co ssm ann, p. 226, pI. XIV, fig. 13-15: Cardium bourdoti. "1886 Cossmann: Cardium bourdoti Cossmann, 1882. "1899 Sacco: Plagiocardium bourdoti (Cossmann). "1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Plagiocardium) Bourdoti Cossmann. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvicardium bourdoti (Cossmann, 1882). "1995 Le Renard et at..' Parvicardium bourdoti [Cardium bourdoti] Cossmann, 1882. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Parvicardium bourdoti. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. corum.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Plagiocardium bourdoti Cossmann. Ypretien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52733. bourguignati Rochebrune. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bourguignati Rochebrune. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium bourguignati Rochebrune. Aptien. Somalie, B44481. bouryi Cossmann, 1886. - Changed combination: Orthocardium bouryi Cossmann, 1886. Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCAUTY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. "1886 Cossmann, p. 165, pI. VIII, fig. 7-9: Cardium bouryi nov. sp. "1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Trachycardium) bouryi Cossmann. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Orthocardium) bouryi Cossmann, 1886. "1995 Le Renard et al . .' Cardium (Orthocardium) bouryi Cossmann, 1886. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Cardium (Orthocardium) bouryi. bovipedale Winchell, 1862. - Conocardium bovipedale Winchell, 1862. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (Dall 1895, p. 519). RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Conocardium bovipedale Winchell, 1862; p. 420. bowdenense Dall, 1900. - Changed combination: Trachycardium bowdenense (Dall, 1900) Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1925 Woodring, p. 137, PI. 18, Figs. 14-16: Cardium (Trachycardium) bowdenense Dall, 1900. Bowden, Jamaica. "1977 Popov: Trachycardium (Dallocardia) bowdenense (Dall, 1900). bowenae Stephenson, 1941. - New combination: Granocardium bowenae (Stephenson, 1941). Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1947 ZR: Cardium (Granocardium) bowenae Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Upper Cretaceous, Navarro Group Texas. bpevialatum (error). - printer's mistake for brevialatum in Deshayes 1857. brabanticum Glibert, 1933. - Nemocardium brabanticum Glibert, 1933. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1933 ZR: Nemocardium brabanticum Glibert, 1933 sp. n. fossil, Belgium. Brachiodacna Ebersin, 1964 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Brachiodacna (genus) Ebersin, 1964 (fide Ebersin, 1965) in subfamily Didacninae. brantlyi Weisbord, 1929. - Changed combination: Dinocardium brantlyi (Weisbord, 1929). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1929 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) brantlyi Weisbord, 1929 sp. n. Miocene Colombia. "1994 Rio: Dinocardium brantlyi (Weisbord). 410 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) brasilianum - breveri brasilianum (subspecies). - See under serra tum brasilianum. brasilianum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 1 p. 119, 135, 177. Part 3 p. 929]. - Synonym of Laevieardium sen"alum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium lamareki Orbigny, 1846. - Laevieardium laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758).» Regarding Cardium brasilianum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. TYPE REPOSITORY. National Museum in Paris, unknown availability. RECORDS. --1819 Lamarck, p. 5, No.7: Cardium brasilianum. "1840 Sowerby, 180tli part, fig. 60: Cardium brasilianum. --1840 Sowerby, ｣｡ｴｬｯｾｵ･＠ p. 6, No. 72: Cardium brasilianum Lam. --184U Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8 : Cardium brasilianum (Sowerby, No. 72). --1843 Hanley: Cardium brasilianum Lmk. --1844 Reeve, sp. 61: Cardium brasilianum Lamarck. --1846 Orbigny : Cardium brasilianum Lamk., 1819 (non brasiliense Gmelin, 1789) = Cardium lamareki d'Orb ., 1846. Maybe a colour variety of Cardium serratum. --1854 Gray: Cardium brasilianum Lamk . = Cardium lamarckii, d'Orb. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium brasilianum, Lam. --1864 Krebs in Clench, Aguayo & Tumer 1948: Cardium brasilianum Lmk. --1869 Romer: Cardium brasilianum Lmk . --1872 Tryon: Laevieardium brasilianum Lamarck. --1884 Grassel: Laevieardium brasilianum Lam. --1890 Paetel: Laevicardium brasilianum Lm. --1891 Dall: Cardium brasiliensis Lmk. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 862: Cardium brasilianum Lamarck, 1819. --1939 McLean: Cardium brasilianum Lamarck, 1819 = Laevieardium serra tum brasilianum (Lamarck, 1819). --1941 Lamy: Cardium brasilianum Lmk. --1945 ZR: Cardium brasilianum Lk. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. "1949 Morretes: Laevieardium brasilianum Lamarck. --1950 Gofferje : Laevieardium brasilianum Lamarck. --1953 Haas: Laevieardium brasilianum Lamarck. --1959 NowellUsticke: Laevieardium brasilianum Lamarck. --1968 Jong & Christensen: Laevieardium brasilianum Lamarck. --1970 Rios: Cardium brasilianum Lamarck, 1819 = Laevieardillm laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). --1977 Popov: Laevieardium brasilianum (Linne, 1758). --1977 Fischer- Piette: Laevicardium brasilianllm Lamarck. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: the radiating longitudinal lines, with which this shell is partially painted, are very characteristic (Reeve 1844). --1819 Lamarck : ribs obsolete, the radiating longitudinal coloured lines are very characteristic. --1844 Reeve: shell obliquely ovate, attenuated towards the umbones, smooth, shining; ashy white, closely painted towards the margins with brownish red longitud inal I ines ; posterior and anterior areas somewhat irregularly crossed with rather broad dark ashy bands. DIMENS IONS. --1819 Lamarck: 24 mm length. DISTRIBUTION. --1819 Lamarck, --1844 Reeve: Brazil. --1884 Grasset: Brazil. *brasiliellse. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium brasiliense from 2 sources: Gmelin, 1791 . - White, 1887. brasiliense Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part 1 p. 39). - Not a cardiid. Genus Area. RECORDS. --1684 Bonanno. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium brasiliense recf. 3. f. 395. --1782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium brasiliense mus. Kirch. 2. f. 117. --1791 Gmelin, p. 3255 , No. 42: Cardium brasiliense. --1815 Wood: Cardium basiliense sic Gmelin is doubtful. --1900 Dall, p. 387: Cardium brasiliense Gmelin = Area. --1902 Sherborn, p. 141 : Cardium brasiliense Gmelin, 1790 sic. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium brasiliense = Area. brasiliense White, 1887. - Changed combination: Nemoeardium brasiliense (White, 1887). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1887 White: Cardium brasiliense. --1950 Keen: Nemocardium brasiliense (White, 1887). brasiliensis Lmk . - See under brasilianum Lamarck. brassica Bosc, 1802. - Synonym of Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758). Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1999 Higo et al.: Hippopus brassica Bosc, 1802 = Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758). braunei (error). - Printer 's mistake for braunsi in ZR for 1906 with ref to. Tokunaga 1906. brQlmii d 'Orbigny, 1849. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " braunii d ' Orbigny, 1849. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 869: Cardium braunii d'Orbigny, 1849. braunni Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" braunni Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1857 Deshayes: Cardium braUlwi Desh. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium braunni Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 45. braulISi Tokunaga, 1906. - Changed combination: Fuseoeardium braunsi (Tokunaga, 1906). Cardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. --1906 ZR: Cardium braunei sic Tokunaga, 1906 sp. n. Post Tertiary, Japan. --1926 Yokoyama: Cardium braunsi Tok. (Up. Musashino). --1954 Keen: Clinocardium braunsi (Tokunaga), 1906. --1974 ZR: Cardium braunsi Tokunaga 1906 designated type species for new subgenus Clinocardium (Fuscocardium) Oyama, 1974. Fossil. Oyama, p. 100. --1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium braunsi Tokunaga, 1906 Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. --1977 Habe: Fuscocardium braunsi (Tokunaga, 1906). --1998. Schneider: Clinocardium (Fuscocardium) braunsi (Tokunaga, 1906). --1999 Higo et al.: Fuscocardium braunsi (Tokunaga, 1906). Type locality: Oji, Tokyo City (fossil). Distribution: Genkai-nada (Fukuoka prefecture, Kyushu; in fishery spoil-heaps). bravardi Philippi 1893. - Dinocardium bravardi (Philippi 1893). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1994. Rio: Dinocardium bravardi (Philippi 1893). --1974. ZR: Cardium bravardi. First record. Upper Miocene Uruguay. Entrerriana Formation. Ref. to Figueiras. brazoense Shumard, 1860. - Synonym of Prolocardia multislriala (Shumard, 1854). » Regarding C. brazoense: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From North America. RECORDS. -·1871. Stoliczka: Cardium brazoense (Protocardium). Referred to by Meek 1864. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium brazoense Shumard , 1860; vol. I : 600. --1986 Scott: Cardium brazoense Shumard, 1860 = Protocardia mliitislriata (Shumard, 1854). bredai Muller, 1859. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bredai (Muller, 1859). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS . --1871 Stoliczka: Cardium bredai Muller, 1859 (Laevicardium or Acanthocardium sic). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium bredai J. Muller, 1859; p. 12, pI. 7, fig. 16. breveri (error). - Printer's mistake for brewerii in Nagao 1928. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 411 brevia/atum - brueggeni brevia/atum Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" brevialatum Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium brevialatum Desh. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium brevialatum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48. Brevicardium Stephenson, 1941 (genus). - Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Brevicardium Stephenson, 1941 Cretaceous, Texas gen. nov. Cardiidae. - GENOTYPE. Brevicardium fragile Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. ··1947 ZR: Brevicardium Stephenson, 1941 gen. nov. Cardiidae. B. fragile Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Mississippi Owl Creek formation at Owl Creek, Tippah Co. Upper Cretaceous, ｔ･ｸｾＮ＠ ··1980 Vokes: Brevicardium Stephenson, 1941 in subfamily Protocardiinae. Brevicardium Stephenson, 1941 (subgenus). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Brevicardium). breviformis (subspecies). - See under vindobonense breviformis Papp, 1954. brevior (variety). - See under propinqua var. brevior Androussov, 1923. brevis Tashiro & Kozai, 1988. - Granocardium brevis Tashiro & Kozai, 1988. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. - TYPE LOCALITY. Monobegawa Group, Japan. REcORDS. ··1988 Tashiro & Kozai, p. 56, fig.: Granocardium brevis sp. nov. breweri Gabb, 1864 = brewerii Gabb, 1864. brewerii Gabb, 1864. - Changed combination: Schedocardia brewerii (Gabb). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From California. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium breweri. Recorded by Gabb. ··1907 ZR: Cardium breweri Eocene, California [Ref. Arnol.d 1907 a,b]. ··1915 Dickerson: Cardium brewerii Gabb. ··1930 Stewart: Plagiocardium (Schedocardium) brewerii (Gabb). ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium brewerii Gabb, 1864. ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Plagiocardium (Schedocardia) brewerii (Gabb, 1864). ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Schedocardia brewerii (Gabb). ··1977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Schedocardia) breweri (Gabb, 1864). ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Schedocardia) breweri (Stewart, 1930). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium breweri Gabb, 1864; vol. 1: 173, pI. 24, fig. 155. brewerii hartleyense Clark & Woodford, 1927 (subspecies). - Changed combination: Plagiocardium brewerii hartleyense (Clark & Woodford). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Plagiocardium (Schedocardia) brewerii (Gabb) hartleyense (Clark & Woodford). brewerii robusta Weaver & Kleinpell, 1963 (subspecies). - New combination: Trachycardium brewerii robusta Weaver & Kleinpell, 1963. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) brewerii robusta Weaver & Kleinpell, 1963 subsp. nov. Middle Gaviota formation, Oligocene, Gaviota Canyon, California. briarti Cossmann, 1908. - Loxocardium briarti (Cossmann, 1908). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1909 ZR: Cardium (Loxocardium) briarti Cossmann, 1908 sp. n. Belgium Tertiary. ··1979 ZR: Loxocardium briarti. Lower Paleocene, Ukraine. Ref. to Makarenko. brocchi Mayer, 1866. - Synonym of Acanthocardia turonica (Homes, 1861). Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. RECORDs. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium brocchii Mayer 1866. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium brocchii Mayer, 1866; [18571869] vol. 14: 67, pI. 2, fig. 4. "1986 Studencka, p. 69: Cardium brocchi Mayer 1866; syn. nov.; of Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) turonica (Homes 1861). ··1987 ZR: Cardium brocchi Mayer, 1866. New synonym of Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) turonica (Homes, 1861). Ref. to Studencka p. 69. *brongniarti. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium brongniarti from 2 sources: Mayer, 1863. - d'Arch. (?year). brongniarti d' Arch. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" brongniarti d' Arch. ?Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium brollgniarti d'Arch. brongniarti Mayer, 1863. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" brongniarti Mayer, 1863. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium brollgniarti Mayer, 1863; [1861-1870] vol. II: 94, pI. 3, fig. 2. *brooksi. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium brooksi from 2 sources: Clark, 1932. - Possibly MacNeil, 1943. brooksi Clark, 1932. - Changed combination: Clinocardium brooksi (Clark, 1932). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Cardium (Papyridea) brooksi Clark, 1932 sp. n. Oligocene S. Alaska. ··1954 Keen: Cardium (Papyridea) brooksi Clark, 1932 (belongs to the genus Fulvia). ··1972 ZR: Clinocardium brooksi (Clark 1932). Combination nov. Transferred from Cardium (Papyridea) [Ref. Addicott 1972] . brooksi MacNeil, 1943. - Synonym of Keenocardium califorlliense (Deshayes 1839). ··1980 ZR: Keenocardium brooksi (MacNeil, 1943) is a junior synonym of K. californiense (Deshayes 1839). Ref. to Kafanov. brooksvillense conjunctionense Mansfield, 1937. - New combination: Trachycardium brooksvillense conjullctionense Mansfield, 1937. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) brooksvillense conjunctionellse Mansfield, 1937 subsp. n. Tampa limestone Florida (Lower Miocene). brooksvillense Mansfield, 1937. - New combination: Trachycardium brooksvillense (Mansfield, 1937). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDs. "1937 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) brooksvillense Mansfield, 1937 sp. n. Suwannee limestone Florida (Oligocene). brouzetense Cossmann, 1908. - New combination: Pterocardia brouzetense (Cossmann, 1908). Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1908 ZR: Cardium (Pterocardia) brouzetense Cossmann, 1908a sp. n. brueggeni Olsson, 1944. - Changed combination: Perucardia brueggelli (Olsson, 1944). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. Olsson 1944 designated Cardium brueggeni Olsson type species of subgenus Perucardia of genus Vepricardium. Original designation. TYPE MATERlAL. Paratypes 4827a, 4829, 4831: Paleontological Research Institution. Ithaca, New York, USA . (Schneider 2002). RECORDS. ··1944 ZR: Cardium (Perucardia) brueggelli Olsson, 1944 sp. nov. genotype of (Peru cardia) Olsson, 1944. Paita District Peninsula, Upper Senonian. ··1969 Moore et af.: Vepricardium (Peru cardia) brueggelli Olsson, 1944. ··1998 Schneider: Perucardia brueggelli Olsson, 1944. ··2002 Schneider: Perucardia brueggeni Olsson, 1944. 412 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) bruguierei - buekkianum serratulum bruguierei Deshayes. - Synonym of Cardium exiguum Gmelin. » Regarding Cardium bruguierei: Cardiidae, Recent. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium bruguierei Desh. = C. exiguum Gmelin. brunnense Homes in Andrussov, 1903. - New combination: Lymnocardium brunnense (Homes in Andrussov, 1903). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Limnocardium brunnense (Homes in Andrussov, 1903). "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium brunnense (M. Hoem. sic). "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium brunnense (Hal. sic). brunneri Hector, 1886. - Hedecardium brunneri (Hector, 1886). Cardiidae. Middle and Upper Eocene. TYPE ｌｏｃａｉｾＮ＠ South Canterbury, New Zealand. RECORDS. "1886 Hector: Cardium brunneri. "1977 Popov: Hedecardium brunneri (Hector, 1886). "1998 Schneider: Hedecardium brunneri (Hector, 1886). "1978 Maxwell: Hedecardium (Hedecardium) brunneri (Hector, 1886). ··2002 Schneider: Hedecardium brunneri (Hector, 1886). briiggeni (invalid spelling). - See under brueggeni Olsson, 1944. brykense Gontsharova & Zhgenti, 1989. Parvicardium? brykense Gontsharova & Zhgenti, 1989. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. "1989 Gontsharova, p. 133, pI. 18, figs. 19-20: ?Parvicardium brykense Gontsharova & Zhgenti, 1989; sp. nov. Bucardia. - Not in Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1864 ZR: Bucardia (Meiocardia) cumingii. China Seas. [Ref. Adams 1864]. Bucardites Schlotheim, 1820 (genus). - Invalid (nom. van.). Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Bucardites in Laugius, Bajerus, Bourget, Schlotheim etc. syn. of Cardium. Bucardium Gray, 1853 (genus). - Cardiidae. Lower Miocene and Recent. Subgenus Bucardium upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Bucardium Gray, 1853 in subfamily Cardiinae. "1998 Schneider: Bucardium. No Cretaceous cardiids belong to this genus. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1969 Moore et al., emend. Hylleberg 1994: medium sized shells. Inflated. Outline rounded, ovate-subcircular; dorsal margins sinuous, thickened, smooth. Sculpture of radial ribs with calcareous ridges arising from their posterior edges, mostly at the margins; ribs often projecting posteriorly (strongly digitate), interlocking over a slight or absent gape. Lower cardinals large, projecting, upturned. "2002 Schneider: Bucardium has a massive right anterior cardinal, which is above and anterior to the right anterior cardinal socket. The right anterior cardinal tooth extends all the way to the ventral margin of the hinge. The radial ribs are strongly expressed from the ventral margin all the way to the umbo. The 'lunule flap' is strongly folded over the exterior shell surface anterior of the beak, covering the entire lunule, and the lunule flap has several nearly vertical ridges on its surface. The dorsal surface of the nymph is distinctly concave. The posterior end of the nymph has a sharp dorsal extension (nymph flare). The lengths of the labial palps are more than half the length of the animal. Bucardium Gray, 1853 (section, subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Type species: Vest, 1875 designated Cardium ringens Bruguiere, 1789 type of the subgenus (Bucardium) Gray, 1853 of the genus Cardium Linne, 1758. RECORDS. "1858 Adams & Adams: subgenus Bucardium Gray is a synonym = Pectunculus, Adanson. "1890 Paetel: 2. Sect. Bucardium Gray of Cardium. "1891 Romer: II. Sect. Bucardium Gray of genus Cardium L. "1969 Moore et al.: subgenus Bucardium. "1977 ZR: Bucardium. Key to subgenera. Ref. to Popov, p. 43. "1978 Freneix & Mackie: subgenus Bucardium Gray, 1853 = Ringicardium Fischer, 1887. "1983 Anaya: (Bucardium) Gray, 1853. (= Ringicardium Fischer, 1887). Type: Cardium. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: (Bl/cardium) Gray, 1853 subgenus of Cardium Linne, 1758 in subfamily Cardiinae. buckmani Morris & Lycett, 1853. - Changed combination: Protocardia buckmani (Morris & Lycett, 1853). Cardiidae. Lias-Jurassic. RECORDS. "1976 Ma Qi-hong et af.: Protocardia buckmani (Morris & Lycett, 1853). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium buckmani Morris & Lycett, 1853; [1853-1854] vol. 2: 64, pI. 7, fig. 2. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Protocardia buckmani (Morris & Lycett). Ardennes, Aisne, R05021, B47035. budaense Shattuck, 1903. - Changed combination: Granocardium budaense (Shattuck, 1903). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1978 Scott: Cardium (Granocardium) budaense Shattuck, 1903. "1978 Scott: Granocardium (Criocardium) budaense (Shattuck, 1903). "1978 ZR: Granocardium (Criocardium) budaense (Shattuck 1903). Description. Ref. to Scott, p. 900. budmani Brusina. - New combination: Lymnocardium budmani Brus. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium budmani Brus.1987. Taktakishvili: Didacna budmani (Brus.). "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra budmani (Brus.). budmani complanata Papaianopol, 1981 (subspecies). - Pontalmyra budmani complanata Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) budmani complanata Papaianopol, 1981 subsp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 19. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra budmani compfanata Papa ian. Budmania Brusina, 1897 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. GENOTYPE. Cardium squamulosum Deshayes. RECORDS. "1897 ZR: Budmania Brusina, 1897 of Limnocardium (n. subgen. p. 34). "1905 Dollfus (commenting Andrussow, 1903): Budmania Brusina, 1897. "1905 Dollfus: in reality a subgenus of Limnocardium. "1980 Vokes: Budmania Brusina, 1897 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. Budmania Brusina, 1897 (subgenus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: (Budmania) Brusina,1897. buekkianum Roth v. Telegd, 1914. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" buekkianum (Roth v. Telegd, 1914). Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene. RECORDS. "1914 ZR: Cardium (Ringicardium) buekkianum Roth v. Telegd, 1914 sp. n. Upper Oligocene Hungary. "1936 ZR: Cardium (Ringicardium) buekkianum. Hungary [Ref. Noszki 1936]. buekkianum serratulum Noszki, 1936 (variety). Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" buekkianum serratulum (Noszki, 1936). Cardiidae. Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 413 buellowi - bullatum Oligocene. RECORDS. "1936 ZR: Cardium (Ringicardium) buekkianum var. serratulum Noszki, 1936 nov. Oligocene Hungary. buellowi (error). - Printer's mistake by authors for buelowi. buelow; (subspecies). - See under californiense buelowi Rolle, 1896. buelow; Rolle, 1896. [Figs. (syn.) Part 3 p. 852]. Clinocardium buelowi (Rolle, 1896). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Yokohama, Japan. California (in litt.); erroneous record as pointed out in Kuroda et ai., (1971). No specific locality given; title of paper is 'Von den Cardium der nordpacifischen Kiisten' (Cardium of the coasts of the northern Pacific') (Higo et al. 1999). RECORDS. "1896 Rolle, p. 114: Cardium buelowi. "1896 ZR: Cardium buelowi Rolle, 1896 n. sp. "1896 ZR: Cardium buelowi Rolle, 1896 n. sp. Japan. "1936 Keen: Clinocardium buelowi (Rolle, 1896). "1936 ZR: Clinocardium buelowi (Rolle, 1896) [Ref. Keen 1936]. "1952 Kuroda & Habe: Clinocardium buelowi (Rolle) (? Jastosum Yokoyama). "1954 Keen: Clinocardium buelowi (Rolle), 1896. [Recent]. "1973 Keen: Clinocardium buelowi (Rolle, 1896) [Recent]. "1977 Habe: Clinocardium (Keenocardium) buellowi sic (Rolle, 1896). "1978 ZR: Cardium (Keenocardium) buellowi Rolle, 1896. Syn nov. C. vulva Jousseaume, 1898. Ref. to Habe, T. p. 194. "1981 Koyama et al.: Clinocardium (Keenocardium) buellowi sic. "1999 Higo et at.: Clinocardium (Keenocardium) buellowi (Rolle, 1896). "200 I Schneider & Carter: Clinocardium (Keenocardium) buellowi. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell triangular outline, heavy, with 28-30 broad, coarse ribs. DESCRIPTIONS ... 1896 Rolle: shell roundish, posteriorly flattened, solid, umbo slightly curved in anterior direction, 28-30 strong, slightly diverging and low rounded ribs, separated by smooth furrows, and 7 indistinct ribs, only separated by excavated lines on the flattened posterior area, extend from the umbo in a weak curve to the ventral margin. A large ligament. Interior shell smooth. Rather weak crenulation along the ventral margin. [I have translated from German]. DfJv(ENSIONS. "1896 Rolle: length 62 mm, width 58 mm, diameter 42 mm. REMARKS. The German letter 'ii' must be changed to 'ue' when converted to Latin (biilowi = buelowi). HABITAT. "1971 Kuroda et al.: shallow bays; sand, mud, 10-100 m depth "1999 Higo et al.: 10-200 m, sandy mud. DISTRIBUTION. "1971 Kuroda et al.: Japan; Honshu to Kyushu. Higo et al.: northeastern Honshu (Fukushima prefecture) and northwards, northern Kyushu and northwards, Japan Sea, Hokkaido, Korea, Yellow Sea. buguntyrica Eberzin, 1956. - Oxydacna buguntyrica Eberzin, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1956 ZR: Oxydacna buguntyrica Eberzin, 1956 sp. nov. Pliocene Russia. bukinjum Soklic, 1958. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bukinjum Soklic, 1958. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS ... 1958 ZR: Cardium bukinjum Soklic, 1958 sp. nov. Sarmatian; Miocene, Bukinja near Tuzla, N .E. Bosnia, Yugoslavia. bulbosa Dall, 1898. - Changed combination: Papyridea bulbosa (Dall, 1898). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1898 Dall: Cardium (Papyridea) bulbosum Dall, 1898 n. sp. "1926 Gardner: Cardium (Papyridea) bulbosum Dall. "1977 Popov: Papyridea bulbosa (Dall, 1900). "1977 Vokes: Papyridea bulbosa (Dall). bulgarica Boncev, 1933 (variety). - Protocardia bulgarica var. Boncev, 1933. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1934 ZR: Protocardia bulgarica Boncev, 1933 var. n. Cretaceous Bulgaria [Ref. Boncev 1933]. bulla Gabb, 1873. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" bulla (Gabb, 1873). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1989 Vokes: Cardium (Serripes) bulla Gabb,1873. bullata (mode). - See under bullatum. *bullatum. - Homonymy to be noticed, Cardium bullatum from 2 sources: Lamarck, 1819. - Locard, 1890. bullata of Swainson. - Papyridea bullata. Swainson. Cardiidae. Recent. Remarks. The reference by Verrill (1870) to Sw is not known. It is not Swainson 1840 (no mention of bullata). I believe Sw is a printer's error repeated in the Zoological Record. See under Papyridea bullata Sw. var. californica. RECORDS. "1870 ZR: Papyridea bullata Swains. [Ref. Verrill 1870]. bullatum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 1 p. 70, 88. Part 3 p. 917]. - Synonym of Papyridea soleniJorme (Bruguiere, 1792). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Papyridea bullatus (Linne, 1767). - Papyridea spinosum (Meuschen, 1778) [Not available]. » Regarding Cardium bullatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Islands of Nevis and St. Vincent, West Indies (Reeve 1844). RECORDS. "1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 296. fig. 6 a, b. Cardium bullatum. "1819 Lamarck, vol. 6, p. 394: Cardium bullatum. "1819 Lamarck: Cardium bullatum = Cardium soleniforme Brug. no. 34. "1839 Anton: Cardium bullatum Lamarck = Solen bullatus Linne. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 14: Cardium bulla tum Lam. "1844 Reeve: Species 8. Cardium bullatum = Solen bullatus, Linnaeus. Ref. to Lamarck, 'Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes edit.), vol. vi. p.394. Ref. to Chernnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. vi. pl. 6. f. 49, 50."1853 Dunker, 135: Cardium bullatum Lamarck. "1853 Orbigny: Cardium bullatum Lamarck, 1819 = Solen bullatus, Linne [1767] no. 41, p. IllS. "1856. Wood & Hanley: C. bullatum Lam. = Cardium soleniforme Brug. "1864 Krebs: Cardium bullatus pars Lmk. = Cardium spinosum Meusch. "1884 Grasse!: Cardium bullatum Lam. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 932: Cardium bullatum Lamarck, 1819. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: dry collection; Bay of Praia, Atlantide St. 43 A (I specimen); Tranquebar Schbnh. (I specimen); sine loc. (5 specimens); Taboga, Tanama ? different species (I specimen); Antilles (1 specimen); St Helena off Jamestown, Mortensen coil., 20-30 fathoms (2 specimens & 2 shells); Antilles (2 specimens); Praia, San Thiaga Atlantide St. 42 (I shell). "ZMUC: wet collection St Helena, 20-30 fathoms. DESCRlPTIONS. "1844 Reeve: shell transversely ovate, thin, gaping at both sides, posterior side produced; about 46-47 ribs, rather narrow, with a very fine raised striae intervening between each, anterior ribs crenulated, posterior squamiferous; whitish, spotted here and there with rose or purple. REMARKS. "1921: Maury referred to bullatum of many authors, but not of Linnaeus, = Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum Meuschen, 1778. HABITAT. "1969 Nordsieck: C. soleniforme: 0-37 m depth. 414 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) bullatum - bullatus ··ZMUC: C. bulla tum: 38-54 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve Islands of Nevis and St. Vincent, West Indies. ··1884 Grasset: Guadeloupe. ··1939 McLean: C. spinosum: North Carolina to Brazil. ··1969 Nordsieck: C. soleniforme: Brazil, Florida- West Indies, West Africa, Cape Verde Islands, Lusitanean Seas. bullalum Linne, 1758 / Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part 1 p. 43 , 125, 174]. - Species not recognisable. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: ? Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789) . Cardium ntgatum Meuschen, 1781 [not available]. Cardium spinosum Meuschen [not available]. Laevicardium soleniforme Bruguiere. » Regarding Solen bullatus: Recent, Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1705 Rumphius. ID by Linnaeus 1758: Solen bulla/us mus. t. 44. f. N. ··1758 Linne, p. 673, No. 31: Solen bulla/us. ··1767 Linne p. 1115: Solen bullatus. ··1789 Bruguiere: Solen bllllatus Linnaei; Martini, conchyl. pag. 65 , tab. 6, fig. 49, 50. ··1790 Gmelin p. 3226: Solen bullatus. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud : Cardium bullatum Linn. Gmel. ··1853 March: Papyridea bullata. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457 : Cardium (Fulvia) bullata Linne. ··1857 Deshayes : Solen bullatus. ··1865 Reibisch : Cardium bullatum L. ··1869. Romer, p . 74, No. 43 : Cardium bullatum (L.) Chemnitz. ··1874 Lischke : Solen bullatus Lilmaei Chemnitz = Cardium bullatum Lamarck ; Reeve. ··1874 Lischke : ? Solen bullatus Linne = Cardium rugatum Meuschen, 1781 . ··1885 Smith: Solen bullatus (?) Linne = Cardium (Papyridea) bullatum (Linn. ?) Chemnitz). ··1887 Fi sc her: Papyridea bullata Linne. ··1891 Romer: Fulvia bullata Lam. Martinique (Romer 1891). ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium (Papyridea) bullatum (from West Africa). ··1932 Prashad : Cardium bullatum Linne, 1758 = Cardium (Papyridea) apertum Bruguiere, 1789. ··1945 Smith: Fulvia bullata Linne, 1758 = Solen bullatus Linne, 1758. ··1952 Dodge: Solen bullatus Linne = species rejected as unrecognisable. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Fulvia bullata (Linne). ··1960 Kuroda: Fulvia bullata (Linne). "1962 Kira: Fulvia bullata (Linne) . ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Papyridea bullata = insufficiently known species. ··1977 Habe: Fulvia bullata (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Cardium bullatum Linne, 1758 = nomen dubium. ··1994 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Fulvia bullata (Linne). ··1994 Vidal: ? Cardium bullatum Linne, 1758 = Fulvia (Fulvia) aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 377: Laevicardium bullata (Linnaeus, 1758). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 178: Cardium bullatllm Linn., 1758. Synonym of Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1915: Tomlin & Shackleford stated that Smith recorded Solen bullatus as indeterminable. This name invalidates Solen bullatus Chemnitz, even if the latter were strictly binomial. ··1939 McLean: species not recognisable. The authorship ofChemnitz (1782) is not applicable. Not binomial. HABITAT. 38-54 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: West Indies. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: W. Indies. "1865 Reibisch: St. Domingo, Martinique. ··1977: Fischer-Piette stated that L.c. Smith (1945) maintained that Fulvia bullata Linne is an Australian-East Asian species mistaken by authors for that of Papyridea hiatus Meuschen, which is a Western Atlantic species. DI STRIBUTION. ··1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. bullalum Locard, 1890. - Synonym of Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium duregnei de Boury mss. - Acanthocardia echinata duregnei (Monterosato, 1891). » Regarding Cardium bullatum: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1890 Locard: Cardium bullatum nov. sp. ··1891 ZR: Cardium bulla tum French Coasts [Ref. Locard 1891] . ··1892 Locard, p. 303: Cardium bulla tum Locard, 1890 nov. sp. (close to echinatum). ··1899 Locard: Cardium bullatum, Lac., 1892 = Cardium duregnei de Boury. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium bullatum Locard 1892 (non Lamarck) Cardium (Acanthocardia) echinatum, Linne. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cardium bullatum Locard, 1890 = Acanthocardia ech inata duregni sic (Monterosato, 1891). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium bullatum Locard = Cardium echinatllm Linne. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIB UTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: the subspecies echinata duregnei: Atlantic, rare in the Mediterranean. bullalum of authors. - Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium spinosum Meuschen [not available]. - Papyridea hiatus (Meuschen) [not available]. - Papyridea papyraceum Schroter 1787 [not available] . » Regarding Cardium bullatum: Recent, Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1868 ZR: Cardium bullatllm of authors perhaps not Solen bullatus of Linne [Ref. Romer 1868] . ··1902 Dall : Cardium bulla tum of authors (but not Linnaeus, 1758) = Cardium spinosum Meuschen, 1778. ··1951 McLean: Cardillm bulla tum of authors not Linnaeus = Papyridea hiatus (Meuschen). ··1977 Fischer- Piette: Papyridea bullata " Linne" auctorum = Laevicardium soleniforme Bruguiere. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Papyridea bullata of Japanese authors = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter. bullatllm of March. - Identical with Cardium ntgatum Meuschen, 1781 [not available] . ··1874 Lischke: Cardium bulla tum in March, = Cardium ruga tum Meuschen, 1781. bullatus Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part I p. 70: 49-50]. Non binominal. - Not available. Replaced by Papyridea soleniforme (Bruguiere, 1798). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium spinosum Meuschen, 1778 [not available]. Cardium petitianum Orbigny » Regarding Solen bulla/us: Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. ··1782 Chernnitz: Solen bullatum . ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Solen bullatus Ch. (not Lin.) vi. f. 49, 50 = Cardium soleniforme Brug. ··1863 Swift: Solen bullatlls Chernn. non Linn. = Cardium spinosum Meuschen fide March Yoldi Cat. ··1864 Krebs: Solen bullatus Chemnitz non Linne = Cardium spinosum Meuschen. ··1869 Romer: Cardium bullatum (L.) Chemnitz. ··1869 ZR: Section, subtypical - 7. Papyraceae: bullata (L.), papyracea (Chemn.), &c. [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. "1890 Paetel: Papyridea petiliana Orb. = bullata Ch. [not available]. "1890 Paetel : Cardium petitianum Orb. = Papyridea bullata. ··1902 Dall: Cardium bullatum Chemnitz (Solen), 1782 = Cardium spinosum Meuschen , 1778. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: Solen bulla tum Chemnitz, figs. 49,50, 1782, not Linnaeus = Cardium spinoswn Meuschen. ··1939 McLean : Solen bulla tum Chemnitz, 1782 = Papyridea spinosum Meuschen, 1778. ··1945 ZR: Cardium bulla tum Chem. (non Linne) [Ref. Lamy 1945). ··1969 Nordsieck: ? Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 415 bullata cali/ornica - burchardti bullata (Chemnitz, 1782) = Papyridea salenifarme (Bruguiere, 1792). bullata cali/ornica Verrill, 1870 (subspecies). Synonym of Papyridea aspersa (Sowerby, 1833). » Regarding Papyridea bullata califarnica: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. Lectotype designated (Johnson 1989: p. 27). RECORDS. ··1870 Verrill: Papyridea bullata Sw. var. califarnica, nov. ··1870 ZR: Papyridea bullata, Swains., var. califarnica Verrill, 1870 nov. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Papyridea bullata var. califarnica Verrill, 1870 = Cardium (Papyridea) aspersum Sowerby, 1833 . ··1971 Keen & McLean : Papyridea bullatacali/arnica (Verrill , 1870) = Papyridea aspersa (Sowerby, 1833). ··1980 Ruhoff: Papyridea bullata califarnica Verrill, 1870; vol. 49: 225 . "1989 Johnson: Papyridea bu//ala califarnica. ··1997 Kafanov: Papyridea bullata califarnica Verrill, 1870, p. 225 = Papyridea (papyridea) aspersa Sowerby in Broderip et Sower by, 1833. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. ··1971 Keen & McLean: shallow water. DISTRIBUTION. ··1971 Keen & McLean: as for P aspersa: Manuela Lagoon, Gulf of California to Peru. bullatum beta Bruguiere, 1791 (variety). » Regarding Cardium bullalUm var. beta: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. ··1844 Cuming in Reeve: Island ofSt Elena and Monte Christi, West Columbia. RECORDS ... 1791 Bruguiere, pI. 296, figs. 6 a,b : Cardium bullatum var. beta. ··1844 Reeve, sp. 8, variety: Cardium bulla tum var. beta. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell with the posterior side less produced, ribs rather flatter, rose or purple spots larger, more frequent. REMARKS. The modification of character which distinguishes variety beta, cannot be regarded of any particular specific importance (Reeve 1844). Cardium bullatum var. beta Lamk. figured by Bruguiere (1791) pI. 296 figs. 6 a,b = Cardium aspersum Sowerby (1833) = Cardium bu//atum Lamarck, 1819. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: sandy mud at the depth of 7 fathoms . DISTRIBUTION . Both in the Atlantic (St Elena) and the Pacific (Monte Christi , West Columbia). bullatum beta of Reeve (variety) . - Identical with Acanthacardia spinasa (Meuschen, not available). » Regarding Cardium bullatum : Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. ··1844 Reeve : Cardium bullatum Variety bela. Bruguiere Encyc\opedie Methodique, pI. 296, f. 6 a, b. ··1902 Dall & Simpson : Cardium bullatum in Reeve, fig. 8, 1844 = Cardium spinasum citing Meuschen. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION. ··1844 Reeve: Shell with the posterior side less produced, ribs rather flatter, rose or purple spots larger, more frequent. REMARKS. ··1844 Reeve: I do not conceive that the modification of character which distinguishes variety beta, figured in the 'Encyclopedie Methodique,' can be regarded of any particular specific importance. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: Hab. St. Elena and Monte Christi, West Columbia (found in sandy mud at the depth of seven fathoms) . burchanae (subspecies). - See under edule burchanae Gierscher, 1938, 1940. burchardi (error). - Printer 's mistake for burchardti by authors. burchardti Dunker, 1877. [Figs. Part I p. 182]. Changed combination: Vasticardium burchardti (Dunker, 1877). Cardiidae. Neogene-Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype: The shell described and figured by Dunker, 71 mm high, with 40--42 ribs; not traced. TYPE LOCALITY. Recent species from Sagami Bay, Honshu. Fossil record according to Vidal (1999): the Oligocene Ogano Formation (Yokoyama 1926: 134, pI. 19, figs 3-4) and from the Miocene Kanomatazarawa formation. - 'Japan' (from article title); given as 'Sagami Bay' in Kuroda, Habe & Oyama (1971), but without any note of designation (H igo et al. 1999). REMARKS. Trachycardium burchardti is cited as a Neogene fossil from Taiwan (Gu Zhi-wei et al., 1976: 70) according to Vidal (1999). RECORDS. ··1877 Dunker, p. 67: Cardium burchardti sic. ··1877 ZR: Cardium burchardti, Dunker, 1877 sp. n. Japan. ··1882 Dunker, p. 210, pI. 15, figs 4-6: Cardium burchardi sic Dunker. ··1882 ZR: Cardium burchardi (Dkr.), Japan [Ref. Dunker 1882]. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium burchardi Dkr. ··1925 Yokoyama: Cardium burchardi Dunker [Upper Musashino to Recent]. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Trachycardium burchardi (Dunker). ··1962 Kira: Vasticardium burchardi. ··1964 ZR: Cardium burchardi crenated folds of midgut gland [Ref. Nakazima 1964]. ··1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama : Vasticardium burchardi. ··1973 Keen: Vasticardium burchardti (Dunker, 1877). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Vasticardium) burchardi. ··1977 Habe : Trachycardium (Vasticardium) burchardi (Dunker, 1877). ··1990 Dance: Acrasterigma burchardi Dunker. ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Trachycardium burchardi. ··1994 Chung-Hung & Hsi- Jen: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) burchardi (Dunker). ··1995 ChungHung & Hsi-Jen: Trachycardium barchardi sic (Dunker). ··1999 Higo et al.: Acraslerigma (Vasticardium) burchardi (Dunker, 1877). ··1999 Vidal: Acrasterigma burchardi (Dunker, 1877). ··1999 Vidal: Cardium burchardi in Yokoyama, 1925: 120, pI. 14, fig. 9 = Vasticardium atukai Hatai & Nisiyama, 1952. ··1999 Vidal: Trachycardium burchardi cited as Neogene fossils from Taiwan (Gu Zhi-wei et aI. , 1976: 70). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1990 Dance: shell thick, solid, ovateelliptical. Large prominent external ligament. Numerous crowded, flat topped, smooth ridges with narrow interspaces. Escutcheon surrounded with few toothed ridges. Yellowish pink, inside whitish yellowish. ··1999 Vidal: shells very asymmetrical; anterior margin raised and rounded; posterior margin receding and almost straight due to flattening of posterior slope. Shell moderately elongated and appreciably depressed. Lunule narrow, more developed on right valve, a little hollowed and bounded by a wide, high, longitudinal fold , which bears fine oblique ridges. External colour yellowish, sometimes with pinkish shades; Posterior slope often purplish. Interior white. Hinge line and strongly. Umbonal cavity filled with a brown callosity that often terminates ventrally in a short sterigma. Mean rib number 42.2 ± 1.7 (range 40--45). On posterior slope thin tubercles of ribs can be joined together by a thin ridge; on other parts of shell ribs flat-topped, slightly overhanging interstices, retro-crenulated in the central area, progressively bicrenulated, and then very slightly top-ridged. On most large specimens, ribs become rounded and interstices wider in the central shell area. DIMENSIONS. ··1999 416 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) burdigalinum - buvignieri Vidal: length 71 .0 mm, width 84.2 mm, breadth 45.3 mm. HABITAT. ··1971 Kuroda et al.: sandy bottom from the lower tidal zone to 20 m depth. ··1999 Vidal: recorded from 18 to 48 m. ··1999 Higo et af.: intertidal to 20 m, sand. DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Japan; Honshu, Skikoku, Kyushu, Indo-West Pacific. ··1999 Higo et al.: Boso peninsula and southwards, Japan Sea (Oga peninsula), South China Sea. ··1999 Vidal: the living species occurs exclusively in Japan, Honshu (Boso Peninsula, east of Tokyo, as northern limit), Shikoku and Kyushu, Japan. *burdigalinum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium burdigalinum from 2 sources: Lamarck, ) 819. Possibly Schaffer (?year). . burdigalinum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 3 p. 920].Cardium burdigalinum Lamarck , 1819 . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium hians Brocchi - Cardium ringens Bruguiere » Regarding Cardium burdigalinum: Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Miocene of Bordelais (Basterot) . RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium burdigalinum Lamk. ··1825 Basterot : Cardium burdigahnum Lamarck. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium burdigalinum Lamarck. ··1844 Philippi: Cardium burdigalinum Lamk. = Cardium hians Broc. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium burdigalinum Lam. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium burdigalinum (fossil) Lamarck = Cardium hians Brocchi. ··1850 Jay : Cardium burdigalinum Lam = Cardium hians Brocchi. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium burdigalinum. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium burdigalinum Lamarck 1819 = Ringicardium burdigalinum (Lk.). ··1899 Sacco: Ringicardium burdigalinum (Lk.) . ··1911 Dol1fus: Cardium burdigalinum Lamk. = Cardium (Ringicardium) ringens Chemnitz. ··1912 Favre: Cardium burdigalinum Lamarck. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 937: Cardium burdigaUnum Lamarck, 1819. ··1952 Lecointre: Cardium (Ringicardium) burdigalinum Lamarck 1819. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Bucardium) burdigalinum Lamarck, 1819. ··1994 Marcomini: Cardium (Ringicardium) burdigalinum Lamarck, 1819. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Ringicardium burdigalinum Lamarck. Burdigalien. France; Suisse; i.a. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Cardium burdigalinum Lamarck, 1819 = Cardium hians Brocchi , 1814 according label. REMARKS. ··1871 Stoliczka: the fossil species burdigalinum distinctly indicates a transition between the genera Cardium Linne, 1758 and Acanthocardium sic Gray, 1853. Deshayes (1857) found Cardium burdigalinum Lamarck to be close to Cardium ringens (living sp.). DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: Algeria. burdigalinum Schaffer. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" burdigalinum. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1959 Csepreghy-Meznerics: Cardium burdigalinum Schaffer, compared with Cardium (Ringicardium) hoernesianum Grat. burdigalinum grandis (subspecies). - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" burdigalinum grandis. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1959 CsepreghyMeznerics: Cardium (Ringicardium) burdigalinum grandis. buria Papaianopol, 1984. - Prosodacna buria Papaianopol, 1984. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS . ··)984 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) buria sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol p. 103. burns; Dall, ) 898. - Mode of burnsii Dall 1898. bumsii Dall 1898. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia burnsii (Dall, 1898). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1898 Dall: Cardium (Fragum) Burnsii Dall, 1898 n. sp. (in Vokes 1977). ··1925 Woodring, p. 141: Cardium burnsii Dall. Florida. ··1958 Abbott: Cardium (Fragum) burnsi Dall , 1900 placed in the genus Americardia. ··1970 Glibert & Poel : Trigoniocardia (Americardia?) burnsi (Dall, 1900). ··1977 Vokes: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) burnsii (Dall). ··1977 Vokes: Cardium (Fragum) burnsii Dall (1900, in part) = Trigoniocardia (Americardia) decidua Vokes, 1977. burnupi Sowerby, 1897. [Figs. Part 3 p. 883]. - Changed combination: Vepricardium burnupi (Sowerby, 1897). OrHERJUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium coronatum (Schroter) [not available]. - Vepricardium coronatum (Spengler, 1799) is not a synonym of Cardium burnupi. » Regarding C. burnupi: Cardiidae . Recent. TYPE MATERIAL: ··2000 Vidal : Cardium burnupi Sowerby, 1897: 25, pI. 8, fig. 25 . Four syntypes, from Durban, South Africa, in The Natural History Museum, London: BMNH Reg. 99.4 . 14.3166. TYPE LOCALITY . Durban, South Africa. RECORDS. ··1897 Sowerby p. 25, pI. 8, fig. 25: Cardium burnupi Sowerby n. sp. ··1897 ZR: Cardium burnupi S. Africa . Ref. to Sowerby (1897). ··1964 Spry: Cardium (A canthocardia) burnupi (Sowerby). ··1974 Barnard: Cardium burnupi Sowerby 1897 in MacNae & Kalk 1958 = Cardium asiaticum. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium burnupi Sowerby = Laevicardium coronatum Schroter. ··1979 ZR: Vepricardium burnupi (Sowerby 1897). Comb. nov. Transferred from Cardium. Ref. to Lambiotte, p. 49. ··2000 Vidal, p. 448, Fig. I: Vepricardium burnupi. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1879 Sowerby: shell rounded, inflated, somewhat heavy, 29 narrow, dark meat-coloured, radiating ribs; sub-remote anterior ribs armed with strong scales, spines in middle part, thorny spines posteriorly (I have translated from Latin). ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1879 Sowerby: length antero-post. 44 mm, width umbo-marg o 43 mm. REMARKS. My judgement: Suggested synonymy is erroneous. Vepricardium burnupi (Sowerby, 1897) is a good species, which Sowerby (1897) found to be intermediate in character between C. lima Gmelin and C. acuieatum Linn . Vepricardium burnupi has been considered closely related to C. coronatum Spengler. Cardium corona tum burnupi Sowerby, 1897 has been considered a synonym of Cardium asiaticum Bruguiere, 1792. However, C. burnupi Sowerby, 1897 is not so close to C. coronaturnl asiaticum characterised by nonimbricate ribs along the ventral margin. This part of the shell of coronatuml asiaticum carries raised lamellae. The central rib area of burnupi is ornamented by curved spines in lateral position, extending all the way from umbo to ventral margin. Scales on the posterior slope of burnupi are triangular in outline. DISTRIBUTION . ··1879 Sowerby: South Africa. ··2000 Vidal: Natal, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar; may be present as far north as the Red Sea (the figures 12a-b of Oliver 1992 could be this species). buvignieri Deshayes, 1853 . - Changed combination: Pterocardia buvignieri, (Deshayes, 1853). Cardiacea. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 417 biikkianum - californiense Fossil. REcORDs. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium buvignieri. --1887 Fischer: Pterocardia buvignieri Deshayes. --1945 ZR: Pterocardium buvignieri Desh. [Ref. Deckaseaux 1945]. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium buvignieri Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 49, 55. biikkianum (invalid spelling). - See under buekkianum. biillowi (invalid spelling). - See under buelowi Rolle, 1896. biilowi (invalid spelling). - See under buelowi Rolle, 1896. Byssocardium (genus) Munier-Chalmas, 1882. Aviculariidae (Tridacnidae). Eocene. RECORDS. "1887 Fischer: Byssocardium Munier-Chalmas, 1882. --1980 ZR: Tridacnacea. Byssocardium Munier-Chalmas 1882. Referred to new family Aviculariidae. Ref. to Skarlato et al. p. 35. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Byssocardium Munier-Chalmas, 1882. Superfamily Tridacnoidea. Family Aviculariidae. "1998 Schneider (\ 998b): Byssocardium. A wider byssal gape is present throughout ontogeny. Byssocardium (section, subgenus) Munier-Chalmas, 1882. - Aviculariidae (Tridacnidae). Eocene. RECORDS. --1886 Cossmann: section Byssocardium MunierChalmas, 1882 of the genus Lithocardium Deshayes. C cabezai Gardner, 1945. - Changed combination: Dinocardium cabezai (Gardner, 1945). Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. RECORDS. --1946 ZR: Cerastoderma (Dinocardium) cabezai Gardner, 1945 sp. nov. Miocene 'Tertiary' N .E. Mexico. "1977 Popov: Dinocardium cabezai (Gardner, 1945). cabezai (cf.) Gardner, 1945. - RECORDS. "1994 Rio: cf. Dinocardium cabezai (Gardner 1945) in Woodring 1982. caboblanguensis Weisbord, 1964. - Trigoniocardia caboblanguensis Weisbord, 1964. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1977 Popov: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) caboblanguensis Weisbord, 1964. cabopasada Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941. - Trigoniocardia cabopasada (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941). Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1941 Pilsbry & Olsson, pp. 10, 59, pI. 12, figs. 6-7: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) cabopasadum new species. --1941 ZR: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) cabopasadum Pi Isbry & Olsson, 1941 sp. n. Pliocene, lama formation, Puerto Jama, Western Ecuador. --1958 Abbott: Trigoniocardia cabopasada Pilsbry and Olsson 1941. --1977 Popov: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) cabopasada (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941). cairense Cuvillier. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cairense Cuvillier. Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium cairense Cuvillier. Egypt, B43929, B43931. Caladacna Andrussow, 1917 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1977 Popov: Caladacna Andrussow, 1917. --1980 Vokes: Caladacna Andrussow, 1917 in subfamily Didacninae. --1987 Taktakishvili: Caladacna Andrussow, 1917. calcitrapoides Lamarck, 1805. - Not in Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium calcitrapoiaes Lamarck. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium calcitrapoides Lamarck. Not a cardiid: in genus Cardita. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 987: Cardium calcitrapoides Lamarck, 1805. caledonicum Munier-Chalmas. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" caledonicum Munier-Chalmas. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1978 Freneix & Mackie: Cardium caledonicum Munier-Chalmas in Gamier, 1867, p. 46. californense Deshayes, 1939: printer's mistake for californiense in Gladenkov & Sinelnikova 1990. californianum Conrad, 1837. - Synonym of Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad, 1837).» Regarding Cardium californianum: Cardiidae. Recent RECORDS. --1837 Conrad: Cardium californianum. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Cerastoderma) californianum Conr. --1869 Lischke: Cardium californianum Conrad = Cardium var. nuttallii Conr. --1869 Romer: Cardium californianum Conrad = Cardium nuttallii Conrad. "1890 Paetel: Cardium californianum Conr. = nuttalli Conr. --1901 Dall: Cardium californianum Conrad, 1838 (testa juv.) = Cardium corbis Martyn, 1784. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 989: Cardium californianum Conrad, 1837. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium californianum Conrad = Clinocardium nuttallii Conrad. --2000 Coan et al.: Cardium californianum Conrad, 1837= Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad, 1837). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: wet colI. Nanaimo, tho Mortensen. DISTRIBUTION. North West Pacific, Bering Sea, California. californica (subspecies and variety). - See under bullata californica Verrill, 1870 and bullata var. californica Verrill, 1870. californica Verrill, 1870. - Synonym of Papyridea aspersa (Sowerby, 1833). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Papyridea bullata (Linnaeus).» Regarding Cardium californica: Cardiidae Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. La Paz [Baja California]. TYPE REPOSITORY. Lectotype selected, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, YPM 4072; paralectotypes YPM 2807 and YPM 4071 (Johnson 1989). DISTRIBUTION. California, Peru. RECORDS. --1870 Verrill: Cardium californica. --1890 Woodward, p. 76. Cardium californicum. "1974 Abbott: Papyridea californica Verrill, 1870 = Papyridea aspersa (Sowerby, 1833). "1989 Johnson: californica Verrill, 1870 = Papyridea bullata. californiense Deshayes, 1839. [Figs. Part 3 p. 852,926]. Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1839). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium blandum Gould. - Cardium var. blandum Gld. - Cardium pseudofossile Reeve. » Regarding Cardium californiense: Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. Type species of genus Keenocardium Kafanov, 1974. TYPE LOCALITY. Lectotype: Kamtchatka; of description by Deshayes: Seas of California. RECORDS. --1839 Deshayes, p. 360: Cardium californiense. "1841 Deshayes, pI. 47: Cardium californiense. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerastoderma) californiense, Desh. "1860 Carpenter: Cardium californiense Deshayes. --1864. Carpenter: californiense Desh. = Cardium var. blandum Gld. Otia. "1867 ZR: Cardium californiense (Desh.) Bay de Castries (Schrenck 1867). --1868 ZR: Cardium californiense (Desh.) = pseudofossile (Reeve), very near to ciliatum (Fabr.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1869 Romer: Cardium californiense Deshayes. --1869 ZR: 418 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) ca/iforniense hue/owi - Cal/ocardia Cardium californiense (Desh.) = pseudofossile (Reeve) Cardium blandum (Gould) [Ref. Lischke 1869]. ··1869 Lischke: Cardium californiense Deshayes. ··1871 Lischke: Cardium californiense. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium californiense Dsh. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium pseudofossile Rv. = californiense Dsh. "1891 Steams No. 550: Cardium (Cerastoderma) californiensis Desh. "1900 Dall: Cardium (Cerastoderma) californiense Deshayes, 1839, section Cerastoderma (Schneider 2002). "1901 Dall: Cardium (Cerastoderma) californiense Deshayes, 1839. ··1907 ZR: californiense compo with cilia tum [Ref. Dall 1907]. "1921 ZR: Cardium californiense [Ref. Dall 1921]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 991: Cardium californiense Deshayes, 1839. "1924 Oldroyd: Cardium californiense Deshayes, 1841. ··1925 Yokoyama: Cardium californiense, Deshayes [Pliocene to Recent]. ··1930 Stewart: Cerastoderma californiense. ··1936. Keen: Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1839). ··1936 ZR: Clinocardium californiense (Desh., 1839) [Ref. Keen 1936]. ··1940 Schenck & Keen: Laevicardium (Cerastoderma) californiense (Deshayes). "1953 La Rocque: Clinocardium californiense californiense Oeshayes 1841. "1954 Keen: Cardium californiense Deshayes, 1839. [Neogene to Recent]. ··1962 Kira: Clinocardium californiense = Clinocardium californiense buellowi sic (Rolle) in (Kuroda Habe & Oyama 1977). ··1971 Kuroda Habe & Oyama: Cardium californiense Deshayes = Clinocardium californiense buellowi sic (Rolle). "1972 Kira: Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes). ··1974 ZR: Cardium californiense Deshayes 1839 designated type species for new subgenus Clinocardium (Keenocardium) Kafanov, 1974. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Keenocardium) californiense. ··1977. Habe: Clinocardium (Keenocardium) californiense (Deshayes, 1839). "1977 Popov: Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1839). ··1990. Gladenkov & Sinelnikova: Cardium californense sic Deshayes, 1939 sic. ··1980 ZR: Clinocardium californiense. Ref. to Kubota. ··1980 ZR: Keenocardium californiense (Deshayes 1839). Restriction of type locality. Removal from synonymy with K. fastosum Yokoyama 1927. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 309. ··1980 ZR: Keenocardium californiense is a senior synonym of K. brooksi (MacNeil 1943), and of K. interrogatorium (FischerPiette 1977), and of K. pseudofossile (Reeve 1845). Ref. to Kafanov. ··1984 ZR: Cardium californiense Deshayes, 1839. Comments on proposal to commission concerning validation. Ref. to Heppell p. 5. ··1984 ZR: Cardium californiense Deshayes, 1839. Concerning validation. Ref. to Melville p. 6. "1993 Selin: Keenocardium californiense. ··1998 Schneider: Clinocardium (Keenocardium) californiense (Deshayes, 1839). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium californiense Deshayes. Cretaceous. Japan, B20565. "1999 Lutaenko: Clinocardium (Keenocardium) californiense (Deshayes, 1839). ··2000 Coan et al.: Clinocardium (Keenocardium) californiense (Deshayes, 1839). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKS. ··1869 Romer: Cardium californiense Deshayes is closely related to Cardium ciliatum. HABITAT. "Of = authors: 9 to 18 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1884 Grasset: Kamtchatka. ··1994 Hylleberg: North Japan, Alaska, California. californiense hue/owi Rolle, 1896 (subspecies). Synonym of Clinocardium buelowi. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Corculum californiense Deshayes. » Regarding Clinocardium californiense buelowi: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Japan, (California; erroneous record according to Kuroda et al., 1971). RECORDS. ··1896 Rolle, p. 104, text fig. c: Cardium buelowi 1896. "1962 Kira, p. 156, pI. 56, fig. 4: Clinocardium californiense buelowi. ··1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: Clinocardium californiense buellowi sic (Rolle). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium buelowi Rolle = Corculum californiense Deshayes. ··1981 Koyama et al.: Clinocardium californiense buelowi in Kira, 1962 = Cardium buelowi Rolle, 1896. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1971 Kuroda et al.: 35 x 29 x 19 mm with about 36 radial ribs. REMARKS. ··1839 Deshayes and ··1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: Clinocardium californiense buellowi sic is a southern form of Clinocardium californiense. HABITAT. "1962 Kira: 9 to 18 m depth. ··1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: shallow bays; sand, mud, 10-100 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: C. californiense buellowi sic: Japan. ··1971 Kuroda et al.: Japan; Honshu to Kyushu. ca/iforniense comoxense Dall 1900 (subspecies). Synonym of Ciliatocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1839). - Variant of Ciliatocardium cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). » Regarding californiense comoxense: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1901 Dall: Cardium californiense var. comoxense Dall = Cardium californiense Deshayes, 1839. ··1916 Dall: Cerastoderma californiense var. comoxense Dall, 1900. "1921 Dall: Cerastoderma californiense comoxense Dall, 1900. ··1953 La Rocque: Clinocardium californiense comoxense Dall 1900. ··1954 Keen: Cardium californiense comoxense Dall, 1900. (= a variant of C. ciliatum). ··2000 Coan et al.: C. californiense comoxense Dall, 1900 = Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). ca/iforniense genuina Middendorff, 1851 (subspecies). - Synonym of Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1839). » Regarding Cardium californiense "genuina": Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··2000 Coan et al.: Cardium californiense "genuina" Middendorff, 1851 = Clinocardium (Keenocardium) californiense (Deshayes, 1839). Callicardia Conrad, 1873 (genus). - Nomen dubium.» Regarding Callicardia: Cardiidae. lncerta sedis. RECORDS. ··1937 Keen: Nomen dubium (Bull. Mus. roy. Hist. nat. BeJg. 13(7): 20). "1980 Vokes: Callicardia Conrad,1873. calliope d'Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium calliope d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 998: Unicardium calliope d'Orbigny, 1850. callirhoe d'Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium callirhoe d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn, p. 1000: Unicardium callirhoe d 'Orbigny, 1850. Cal/ocardia. - Not in Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1864 ZR: Callocardia g. n. A. Adams. Near lsocardia (Lam.). Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 419 callopistes - cansanense Type species Cal/ocardia guttala. ··1864 ZR: Callocardia g. n. A. Adams, near Isocardia (Lam.). callopistes (variety). - See under longiuscula var. callopisles Davidasvili, 1930. calloplensum Gabb, 1879. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" calloplensum Gabb, 1879. Cardiidae. PI iocene. RECORDS. ··1911 Dollfus : Cardium calloplensum Gabb, 1879 (Pliocene of Costa Rica). callopleura Gabb 1881. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia callopleurum (Gabb, 1881). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1881 Gabb: Cardium (Fragum) callopleurum Gabb, 1881. ··1958 Abbott: Trigoniocardia callopleura Gabb 1881 [Tertiary] . ··1977 Vokes: Trigoniocardia callopleurum (Gabb, 1881). ··1998 Schneider: Trigoniocardia (Goniacardia) callopleura Gabb,1881. calloviense d'Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium calloviense d' Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn , p. 1003: Unicardium calloviense d ' Orbigny, 1850. calvescens Andrusov, 1963. - Apscheronia calvescens Andrusov, 1963 . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Apscheronia calvescens Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. calypso d'Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium calypso d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 1009: Unicardium calypso d'Orbigny, 1850. camellatum = lamellalum Spengler; printers error in Morch 1870. camilla d 'Orbigny, 1849. - Cardium camilla d'Orbigny, 1849. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1013: Cardium camilla d'Orbigny, 1849. campaniensis d'Orbigny. - Anisocardia campaniensis d 'Orbigny. Cardiacea. Lias-Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Anisocardia campaniensis d 'Orbigny. S02711 . campechiense Roding , 1798. - Synonym of Trachycardium muricalum .(Linne, 1758) . » Regarding Cardium campechiense: Cardiidae. Recent. REC ORDS. ··1798 Roding II, p. 191 : Cardium campechiense with reference to Cardium muricalum Gmelin sp. 15 . ··1798 Roding: variety a of Cardium campechiense = Cardium muricalum illustrated by Chemnitz (1782) t. 17. fig . 178. ··1902 Da ll : Cardium campechiense Bolten, 1798 = Cardium muricalum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1921 Maury: campechiense Bolten, 1798 = Cardium (Trachycardium) muricatum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 162: Cardium campechiense Bolten, 1798. ··1939 McLean: Cardium campechiense Bolten 1798 in Roding (1798) = Cardium muricalum Linne, 1758. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1939 McLean: C. muricalum, South East USA, Brazil. canaliculatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " canaliculatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium canaliculatum (Acanthocardium sic). ··192232 Sherborn, p. 1024 : Cardium canaliculatum d'Orbigny,1850. canalifer Munster, 1840. - Conocardium canalifer (Munster, 1840). Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1028: Lunulacardium canalifer Muenster, 1840 . ··1922-32 Sherborn , p. 1028 : Conocardium (Muenster) canalifer d 'Orbigny, 1850. - Lunulacardium. *cancellatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium cancellalum from 2 sources : Gme1in, 1791 . - Nomura, 1933 . can cella tum Gmelin, 1791 . Insufficiently known. » Regarding Cardium cancellatum: RECORDS. ··1742 Gualtieri. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium cancellalum t. 75. f. B. "1791 Gmelin, p. 3256, No. 45 : Cardium cancellalum. ··1815 Wood: Cardium cancel/alum Linn. Gmel.; a small species described only by Chemnitz. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium cancellalum Gmelin should be ignored. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 164 : Cardium cancel/atum Gmelin, 1790 sic. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium cancellalum = insufficiently known species. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1742 Gualtieri: shells pectiniform equilateral, small, thin, stripes cancellate, painted with reddish colour [I have translated from Latin]. REMARKS. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: it is uncertain if the fig . by Gualtieri represents a Cardium, and the name of the species is unknown. Gualtieri is not available. cancellatum Nomura, 1933. - New name: Trifaricardium nomurai (Kuroda & Habe, 1951 ). » Regarding Cardium cancellatum: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1933 Nomura, p. 81 , pI. 3, figs. 9 a,b : Cardium (Acanlhocardia) cancellalum n. sp. ··1933 ZR: Cardium (Acanthocardia) cancellalum Pliocene [Ref. Nomura 1933]. ··1951 Kuroda & Habe: Cardium cance/lalum Nomura = Trifaricardium nomurai new name (Kuroda & Habe, 1951). ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Trifaricardium cancel/a tum Nomura, 1933 (syn). ··1952 Kuroda & Habe : cancellatum Nomura = Trifaricardium nomurai Kuroda and Habe (new name). ··1961 ZR: Cardium (Acanthocardia) cancellatum Nomura 1933 = nomurai p. 34, nom. nov. pro cancellalum Nomura 1933 non Gmelin 1791, Japan. Genotype of Trifaricardium Kuroda & Habe. 1961. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium cancellalum Nomura = Trifaricardium nomurai Kuroda & Habe. ··1977 Habe : Cardium cancellatum Nomura, 1933 nOD Gmelin, 1791 = Trifaricardium nomurai Kuroda & Habe, 1951. ··1981 Koyama et al.: Cardium cancellalum Nomura (1933) = Trifaricardium nomura; Kuroda & Habe, 1951 . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. West Africa. candida Papaianopo1, 1975. - Charloconcha candida Papaianopol , 1975 . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . R ECORDS. ··197 5 ZR : Charloconcha candida Papaianopo1, 1975 sp. nov. Romania. Gorj. Bobaita. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 130. candida Papaianopol, 1975 . - Ponlalmyra candida Papaianopol , 1975 . Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR : Ponlalmyra (Ponlalmyra ) candida Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 29. ··\987 Taktakishvili: Ponlalmyra candida Papaian . cansanenu Meek , 1871. - Changed combination Pleuriocardia cansanellse (Meek, 1871). Cardiidae . Cretaceous. Type species of genus Pleuriocardia . RECORDS. ··1978 Scott: Cardium cansanense Meek. 1871. ··1978 Scott: Cardium? cansanense Meek, 1871 ··1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) cansanense (Meek, 1871). ··1978 Scott: Trachycardium cansanense (Meek) in Scott (\970). 420 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) cantuariense - Cardigenus cantuariense Laws, 1933. - Changed combination: Hedecardium cantuariense (Laws). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. South Canterbury N. Z. RECORDS. "1933 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) cantuariense Laws, 1933 sp. n. Tertiary N.Z. "1933 Laws: Cardium (Trachycardium) cantuariense Laws, 1933 type species of Hedecardium (Schneider 2002). "1977 Popov: Hedecardium cantuariense (Laws). "1978 Maxwell: Hedecardium (Titanocardium) cantuariense (Laws, 1933). caparti Nickles, 1955. [Figs. Part 3 p. 887]. - Changed combEuropicardium capartiNickles, 1955.Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Off Liberia, West Africa. TYPE REPOSITORY. "ZMUC: Nickles colI. RECORDS. "1955 Nickles: Fulvia caparti. "1958 ZR: Cardium caparti Nickles, 1958 sp. nov. Liberian coast, 95 m, West Africa. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium caparti Nickles. "1999 Vidal: Cardium caparti Nickles, 1955. "1999 Vidal: Europicardium caparti (Nickles, 1955). "2002 Schneider: Cardium caparti Nickles, 1955. Europicardium caparti (Nickles, 1955) Senegal to Angola. Holocene. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: dry collection, off Liberia, off French Equatorial. Africa, Belgian Congo, off Nigeria, off Gold Coast, off Sierra Leone, off Senegal. ··ZMUC: wet colI. off Liberia, 78 m, Atlantide St. 60, Gold Coast 65 m, Atlantide St. 70. HABITAT. Sa-ndy mud, muddy sand, mud, shells, calcareous, polyzooans, 50-95 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··ZMUC: West Africa off Liberia, French Equatorial. Africa, Belgian Congo, Nigeria, Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, Senegal. capellinii Gillet, 1964. - Didacna capellinii Gillet, 1964. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1964 ZR: Didacna capellinii Gillet, 1964 sp. nov. Pontian, Miocene, Toscana, Italy. capsoides Bayan, 1873. - Changed combination: Papyridea capsoides (Bayan, 1873). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. "1886 Cossmann: Papyridea capsoides (Bayan, 1873), nom. mut. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium capsoides Bayan, 1873. "1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Papyridea capsoides Bayan. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Papyridea capsoides (Bayan, 1873). "1977 Popov: Papyridea capsoides (Bayan, 1873). "1995 Le Renard et al.: Papyridea capsoides [Cardium capsoides] Bayan, 1873 (= venustum). - See under Cardium venustum Deshayes. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Papyridea capsoides. capsoides bernayi Cossmann, 1886 (variety). Upgraded. New combination: Papyridea capsoides bernayi Cossmann, 1886. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1886 Cossmann: Papyridea capsoides var. bernayi Cossmann, 1886. caracutum Andrussov in Uspenskaja. - Changed combination: Miricardium caracutum (Andrussov in Uspenskaja). Cardiacea. Neogene. RECORDS. "1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Miricardium caracutum (Andrussov in Uspenskaja) comb. nov. "1987 ZR: Miricardium caracutum Andrusov in Uspenskaja. Comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 193. carasi lekelius, 1944. - Replidacna carasi lekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Replidacna carasi lekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Cardiidae, type of Replidacna lekelius, 1944 Miocene Soceni Banat. carboni/era Stevanovic, 1951. - Prosodacnomya carboni/era (Stevanovic, 1951). Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. "1953 ZR: Prosodacna carbonifera Stevanovic, 1951 sp. nov. Ponti an Serbia. "1991 Muller & Magyar: Prosodacnomya carbonifera (Stevanovic, 1951). carbonifera elongata Stevanovic, 1979 (subspecies). Prosodacna carbonifera elongata Stevanovic, 1979. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. "1979 ZR: Prosodacna carbonifera elongata Stevanovic, 1979 subsp. nov. Yugoslavia. Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 324. Cardea Whitfield, 1885 (genus). - Synonym of Criocardium.» Regarding Cardea: Cardiidae. Fossil. Objective synonym (Moore et al. 1969). RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Cardea (Conrad MS) Whitfield, 1885 = Criocardium Conrad, 1870. cardenasensis Myers, 1968. - Changed combination: Pachycardium cardenasensis (Myers, 1968). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1968 ZR: Cardium (Pachycardium) cardenasensis Myers, 1968 sp. nov. Cardenas formation, Mexico. "1969 ZR: Cardium (Pachycardium) cardenasensis, Myers, 1969 sp. nov. Cardenas formation, Arroyo del Aguaje, Mexico. Cardia (genus). - Printer's error. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Cardia (err. pro -dium Linnaeus, 1758) GrahamPonton, 1869. Cardiacea Lamarck, 1809(family). - Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1839 Anton: Family Cardiacea. "1844 Brown, Family III: Cardiacea. "1852 Sowerby: family Cardiacea (Cardiaceees sic Lam.). The family contains the genera Cardium, Cardita, Cypricardia, Hiatella, Isocardia, and others. Cardiacea Romer in Kuster, 1869 (genus). - Synonym. RECORDS. "1930 Stewart: Cardiacea Romer in Kuster, 1869 is an objective synonym of Acanthocardia. Cardiacea Lamarck, 1809 (superfamily). - Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1909 Dall: Superfamily Cardiacea. "1938 Cotton, Bernard & Godfrey: Superfamily Cardiacea. "1951 Carcel\es & Williamson: Superfamily Cardiacea. "1953 Olsson & Harbison: Superfamily Cardiacea. "1965 ZR: Taxonomy of Miocene brackish water Cardiacea [Ref. Schlickum & Ctyroky 1965]. "1972 ZR: Cardiacea. Ref. to Salvat. "1973 ZR: Cardiacea. Systematic accounts of species. Pliocene Bulgaria. [Ref. Stoykov]. "1975 ZR: Cardiacea. Systematic accounts of species. Pliocene. Italy Astigiano. [Ref. Pavia]. / Checklists. Cretaceous. Madhya Pradesh [Ref. Dassarma]. "1976 ZR: Cardiacea. Andrusov, 1903. Systematics. [Ref. Mamedyarova, p. 134]. "1978 Maxwell: Superfamily Cardiacea. "1980 Vokes: Cardiacea (superfamily) Lamarck, 1809. "1982 ZR: Cardiacea. Eocene. France. Photographic record. [Ref. Cossmann et al.]. "1983 Anaya: superfamily Cardiacea Lamarck. 1809. "1986 Abdel-Gawad: superfamily Cardiacea Lamarck, 1809. Cardiadae Lamarck, 1809 (family). - RECORDS. "1847 Gray, 1. E.: Fam. III Cardiadae p. 185, Nos. 557-561. Cardiarius Dumeril, 1806 (genus). - Synonym of Cerastoderma Poli, 1795. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Cardiarius Dumeril, 1806 = Cerastoderma Poli, 1795. Cardiarlus (genus). - Printer's error. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Cardiarlus (err. pro Cardiarius Dumeril, 1806) auct.? Fossil. Cardigenus (genus) Renier, 1807. - Invalid. RECORDS. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 421 Cardiidae - Cardwmorpha ··1980 Vokes: Cardigenus Renier, 1807. Invalid, ICZN 427. Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809 (family) . Upper Silurian to Recent. RECORDS. ··1853 Orbigny: family Cardiidae. ··1855 Clark: Family Cardiadae. ··1887 Fischer: Family Cardiidae. "1890 Paetel: 129. Fam. Cardiidae. ··1897 Harris: Family Cardiidae. ··1899 Sacco: family Cardiidae Lamarck 1809, emend. Broderip 1839. ··1900 ZR: Cardiidae synopsis of family [Ref. 1900b. DaH]. ··1909 Dall: Family Cardiidae. "1938 Cotton, Bernard & Godfrey: Family Cardiidae. ··1918 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. 1918a. Hedley]. ··1920 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. 1920. Yokoyama]. ··1922 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. 1922. Pilsbry]. ··1924 Oldroyd : Cardiidae Linnaeus, 1758 . Upper Silurian ib Pleistocene. ··1930 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. 1930. Gambetta: Oasis Giarabub Lake Arrascia] . ··1934 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. 1934 .. Haas: siphons, figs.]. ··1935 ZR: Cardiidae [Refs. 1935 . Germain. / Zuber]. ··1936 ZR : Cardiidae [Ref. 1936a. Keen: with subfamilies Cardiinae, Trachycardiinae, Fraginae, Laevicardiinae.].·· J937 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. J937. Girscher]. ··1938 ZR: Cardiidae [Refs. 1938. Keen. / Girscher: North Sea Islands, Juist]. ··1947 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. 1947. Smith]. ··1950 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. 1950. Tremlett: English Eocene and Oligocene species]. ··1951 Carcelles & Williamson : Family Cardiidae. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Family Cardiidae. "1951 ZR: Cardiidae [Refs . 1951. Keen: proposed classification of the family. / Ebersin: Pliocene of the USSR]. ··1962 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. 1962. Nevesskaya: ontogenetic development of the hinge, Black Sea]. ··1964 ZR: Cardiidae [Refs. Davitashvili & Kitovani: phylogenesis of some spp. from Guri and Chaudin deposits, Georgia SSR. / Spry: Dar es Salaam]. ··1965 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. 1965. Kundu: spp. from the Gulf of Kutch]. ··1966 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. 1966. Compagnoni: Pliocene, Palo, Italy]. ··1969 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. Logvinenko & Starobogatov 1969: Caspian Sea, key to genera]. ··1971 ZR: Cardiidae [Ref. 1971 . Neuffer: UV-fluorescence. Shell. Related to Coloration] . ··1973 ZR : Cardiidae. Upper Pliocene. [Ref. Jikia] . / Japan. [Ref. Keen]. ··1975 ZR: Cardiidae. Phylogeny. Miocene. [Ref. Bagdasaryan]. ··1976 ZR: Cardiidae. Upper Eocene. Egypt. Systematic accounts of species. [Ref. Strougo]. ··1979 ZR: Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809 [Ref. Bernard, / Emerson et al. / Land, / Bagdasaryan]. ··1980 Vokes: Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809. ··1980 ZR: Cardiidae Lamarck 1809. [Ref. Keen, / Ie Pennec, / Singh et al. / Kafanov]. ··1981 ZR : Cardiidae . Malaysia. [Ref. Liong]. ··1982 ZR : Cardiidae . [Ref. Flugel, / Dougherty, et al.]. ··1983 Anaya: family Cardiidae Lamarck. 1809. ··1983 ZR: Cardiidae. Evolutionary adaptation. [Ref. Savazzi]. ··1984 ZR: Cardiidae. Revision of taxa. Classification. Phylogenetic relationships, Systematic analysis. Pliocene, Black Sea. [Ref. Akhvlediani]. ··1985 ZR: Cardiidae. Shell evolution. Functional morphology & life habit, adaptive radiation & trends . [Ref. Savazzi]. ··1986 AbdelGawad: family Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard : Family Cardiidae. ··1999 Vidal: Family Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809. ··2000 Coan el al.: Family Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809. ··2000 Lutaenko: Family Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: shells equivalve. Sculpture normally radial; ribs may be smooth, but normally ornamented (scales, spines, beads on the whole shell or on anterior and posterior slopes); change of ribbing pattern on posterior slope. Ligament parivincular, external, typically short. Adductor scars subequal. Hinge with two conical cardinal teeth in either valve. Cardinals of unequal size in left valve, teeth separate or fused in right valve. Laterals distant from cardinals, one anterior and one posterior lateral tooth in left valve, two anterior and one posterior lateral in right valve. Cardiinae Lamarck, 1809 (subfamily). Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Family Cardiidae, subfamily Cardiinae. ··1936 ZR: subfamily Cardiinae in Cardiidae [Ref. Keen 1936a]. ··1980 Vokes: Cardiinae Lamarck, 1809. ··1986 Abdel-Gawad: subfamily Cardiinae Lamarck, 1809. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Subfamily Cardiinae. ··1999 Vidal : Subfamily Cardiinae Lamarck, 1809. ··2002 Schneider: Cardiinae originate in the Palaeogene, not Cretaceous. Cardiinae are restricted to Schedocardia, Acanthocardia s.s. , A. (Rudicardium), Dinocardium , Planicardium (= Chesacardium), Vepricardium , Bucardium and Cardium. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: semicircular to quadrangular or, rarely elliptical; rib ornamentation along rib crests beading or furrowing, or in intercostal spaces, never arising from sides of ribs; posterior margin digitate or crenulate; hinge, with few exceptions, nearly straight (deviating less than 25 degrees from straight line), relatively long posterior cardinal in left valve elevated. Cardima (genus). - Printer's error. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Cardima (err. pro -dium Linnaeus, 1758) Ferussac, 1801. cardinalis Cowper-Reid, 1943. - Ferrazia cardinalis Cowper-Reid, 1943. Cardiacea. Trias. RECORDS. ··1947 ZR: Ferrazia cardinalis Cowper-Reid, 1943 sp. nov. Trias, Brazil. Cardinium (genus). - Printer's error. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Cardinium (err. pro -dium Linnaeus; 1758) Todtmann, 1933. Cardioidea Lamarck, 1809 (superfamily). Superfamily with two families, fossil and Recent. Family Cardiidae. Family Hemidonacidae. RECORDS. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Superfamily Cardioidea. ··2000 Coan et al.: Superfamily Cardioidea Lamarck, 1809. cardioides Lamarck . - Variety of Hemicardium donaciforme Spengler. » Regarding DOllax cardioides: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1903 Hidalgo: Donax cardioides Lamarck is a variety of Hemicardium donaciforme Spengler. cardioides Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium cardioides d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 1083: Unicardium (Ph.) cardioides d'Orbigny, 1850 - Corbula cardioides . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1083: Corbula cardioides Phillips, 1835 [no etf]. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Unicardium cardioides d'Orbigny. Sinemurien. B09041. Cardiola (genus). - RECORDS. ··1859 Chenu: Cardiola Broderip & Sowerby, 1834. Cardiomorpha (genus). - RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardiomorpha de Kroninck, in Bronn, d'Orbigny, 422 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Cardiopsis - cardissa Morris: syn. of Cardium. ··1857. Deshayes, p. 49: Cardiomorpha from Trenton Limestone, North America. [Silurian]. ··1859 Chenu: Cardiomorpha De Koninck, 1842. Cardiopsis (genus). - Uncertain status. » Regarding Cardiopsis: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1887 Fischer: ?Genus Cardiopsis Meek et Worthen, 1861. Cardissa Megerle von Muhlfeld, 1811 (genus). Synonym of Hemieardium Cuv. = Corculum Roding, 1798. » Regarding Cardissa: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. GENOTYPE. Cardium eardissa Linne, 1758. RECORDS. "1847 Gray, No. 558: Cardissa, Megerle, 1811. Type species Card. eardissa. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardissa Megerie syn. of Hemieardium Cuv. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardissa MegerJe, 1814, in Swainson, Gray: syn. of Cardium. "1858 Adams & Adams: Cardissa Mlihlf. is a synonym = Genus Hemicardia Klein. ··1887 Fischer: Cardissa Megerle von Muhlfeld, 1811. Jun. syn. of subgenus Hemicardia Klein, 1755. "1890 Paetel: Cardissa Mhlfld. syn. of Hemieardium Cuv. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1084: Cardissa Megerle, 1811. - Linnaeus. ··1980 Vokes: Cardissa Megerle, 1811 [= Coreulum Roding, 1798]. Cardissa Oken, 1815 (genus). - Synonym of Cardium Linnaeus, 1758. [Oken is not available]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1084: Cardissa Oken, 1815. - Linnaeus. Cardissa Swainson, 1840 (genus). - Synonym <if Coreulum Roding, 1798. Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 1084: Cardissa Swainson, 1835. "1980 Vokes: Cardissa Swainson, 1840 [= Coreulum Roding, 1798]. cardissa Linne, 1758/ Grnelin 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 35, 37,40,41,43,44,46,51,52,54,65,67,68,71,85,86. 87, 104, 105, 168. Part 3 p. 913, 914,921]. - Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. Type species: Stoliczka (1871) Cardium eardissa Linn. is type species of genus Hemieardium, Klein, 1757 = Coreulum Bolten, apud Romer. - Gray (1847. No. 558): Cardium eardissa is type species of Cardissa, Megerle, 1811. - Type designation by von Martens, 1870. TYPE LOCALITY. Oceanus Asiatico (Linne, 1758), Nicobar Islands (Spengler 1799). RECORDS. "1616 Columna. ID by Gme1in 1791: Cardium eardissa aq. 16. Misidentified. ··1684 Bonanno. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium cardissa recr. 2. f. 49. "1687 Lister. ID by Schroter 1786: Cardium eardissa. Hist. Conchyl. tab. 320. fig. 157. ··1705 Rumphius. ID by Linnaeus 1758 and Gmelin 1791: Cardium eardissa mus. t. 42. f. E. [ID by Linnaeus is erroneous. It should have been Cardium isoeardia]. ··1742 Argenville (Cor veneris). ID by Linnaeus 1758 & Grnelin 1791: Cardium eardissa conch. t. 26. f. I. "1742 Gualtieri. ID by Linnaeus 1758 and by GmeJin 1791: Cardium eardissa t. 84. f. B.C.D. ··1753 Klein. ID by Linnaeus 1758 and by Gmelin 1791: Cardium eardissa ostr. t. 10, f. 39. ··1757 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium eardissa Vergn. I. t. 18, f. 3 et 4. ··1758 Linne, p. 678, No. 59: Cardium eardissa. ··1764 Linnaeus (Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg.) No. 32. ··1767 Linne, p. 1121, sp. 74: Cardium eardissa. ··1769 Knorr: C. eardissa. ··1772 Argenville. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium eardissa zoomorph. t. 12. f. K. ··1772 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium eardissa Vergn. 6. t. II. f. I. ··1780 Born. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium eardissa mus. Caes. Vind. test. t. 2. f. 15, 18. ··1778 Born, G2. Cardium eardissa Linn. S.N. Sp. 74. "1780 Born, pI. 2, figs. 17-18: Cardium eardissa (jide Spengler 1799). ··1782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium eardissa mus. Kirch. 2. f. 48. ··1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 14 Figs. 143-144: Cardium eardissa Linnaei. ··1786 Schroter, No. II: Cardium eardissa Linn. XII. pag. 1121. Spec. 74. [Schroter not available]. ··1789 Bruguiere, No. I: Cardium eardissa Linn. ··1789 Karsten: Cardium eardissa Linne. ··1791 Gmelin, p. 3245, No.2: Cardium eardissa. "1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 293. fig. 3 a, b. Cardium eardissa. ··1789 Karsten: Cardium eardissa Chemnitz fig. 143. "1798 Roding, p. 188, No. 381: Cardium eardissa. ··1799 Spengler: Cardium eardissa A. Linnei Sp. 74. pag. 1121. "1802 Bosc, III, p. 98: Cardium eardissa. ··1807 Link, pt. 3, p. 151: Cardium eardissa Linne. "1807 Fischer, Ill, p. 264, No. 1-2: Cardium eardissa Linne. ··1815 Wood, p. 244, No. 53: Cardium eardissa Linne. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium eardissa Linne. "1819 Lamarck, VI, p. 16, No. 45: Cardium eardissa. ··1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 317 fig. 154 Cardium Cardissa. "1825 Wood, p. 28, No. 53: Cardium eardissa. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium eardissa. ··1839 Anton, p. 11, No. 413: Cardium eardissa Linne. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 7, No. 95: Cardium eardissa Linn. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium eardissa Linnaeus. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium eardissa Linn. Gmel. = Hemieardium eardissa Menke. "1847 Gray, No. 558: Card. eardissa Type species of Cardissa Megerle, 1811. "1850 Cuvier, pI. 99: Cardium eardissa Lin. "1853 Morch: Hemieardium eardissa. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 53: Cardium Cardissa Lin. Syst. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia eardissa Linn. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium eardissa. ··1869 Romer: Cardium (Coreulum) eardissa. ··1869 Frauenfeld: Semieardium eardissa. "1869 ZR: Section, subtypical - 5. Hemicardiaformes eardissa (L.) [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. ··1870 Martens designated Cardium eardissa Linne, 1758 type species of the genus Coreulum Roding, 1798. ··1880 Martens: Cardium (Hemicardium) eardissa. "1884 Grasset: Hemieardium eardissa L. ··1887 Fischer: Hemicardia eardissa Linne. "1890 Paetel: Hemieardium eardissa L. "1902 Dall: Cardium eardissa Linnaeus, type of genus Coreulum Bolten. "1902 Sherborn, p. 177: Cardium eardissa Linnaeus, 1758. "1932 Prashad: Coreulum eardissa. ··1945 ZR: Cardium eardissa L. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. ··1947 Bartsch: Coreulum eardissa (Linnaeus). ··1950 ZR: Coreulum eardissa (L.) Habitat, Shell, and development and its association with Zooxanthellae [Ref. Kawaguti 1950] ... 1960 Kuroda: Coreulum eardissa (Linne). "1962 Kira: Coreulum eardissa (Linne). "1968 ZR: Coreulum eardissa ultrastructure of mantle and gill containing zooxanthellae [Ref. Kawaguti 1968]. "1969 Moore et al.: Coreulum eardissa. "1972 Kira: Coreulum eardissa (Linne). ··1975 ZR: Coreulum eardissa. Palaeoecology. Associations. Algae. Ref. to Vogel. ··1977 FischerPiette: Coreulum eardissa Linne. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium eardissa Bartsch = Cardium eardissa Linne. ··1977 Popov: Coreulum (Coreulum) eardissa (Linne, 1758). ··1977 Popov: Cardium eardissa Linne, 1758. Type of Coreulum Roding, 1798. ··1979 Richardson et al.: Cardium eardissa in Gmelin 1791 = Cardium humanum (jide Chemnitz). ··1979 Richardson et al.: Cardium eardissa in Bosc 1802 = Cardium humanum Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 423 eardissa - cardissa B (fide Chemnitz. ··1979 Richardson et al.: Cardium eardissa Linne in Link 1807 = Cardium humanum (fide Chemnitz. ··1989 Severin & Cooper: Coreulum eardissa. ··1990 Dance, p. 248: Coreulum eardissa Linnaeus. ··1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Coreulum eardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1992 Oliver: Coreulum eardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1995 ChungHung & Hsi-Jen: Coreulum eardissa Linne. ··1998 Schneider: Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). ··1999 Aungtonya e/ al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 377: Coreulum eardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Coreulum eardissa. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Coreulum eardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: China, East Indies, West Java, New Brittany, Bismarck Island West Pacific, Singapore, Philippines, Andaman Islands. ··ZMUC: 2 specimens in the Spengler coil. Nicobar Islands p. 48 nr. 32 a. Small white specimen. few windows. ··ZMUC: wet coil., Phuket. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1758 Linnaeus: shells cl)rdate, valves compressed, dentate-carinate, umbones not touching [I have translated from Latin]. ··1799 Spengler: testa cordata valvulis compress is den/atocarina/is, natibus approximatis. ··1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: shells of thin, transparent, rock-like material, not found in any other cardiid, small nymphs, in heart-shaped cavity covered with thin periostracum, cardinals of same size as ligament, umbones not touching, but curved passing each other upon opening of the shells, posterior with strong ribs and interstices. ··1815 Wood: shell heartshaped, valves compressed, toothed on the keel: beaks close together [Linne's description in Latin translated by Wood]. ··1844 Reeve: shell laterally heart-shaped, sides flatly compressed, both sides convex, the anterior side with equal, equidistant, flat, rather obsolete ridges, the posterior with minute raised lines; valves very sharply elevately keeled in the middle, keel sometimes sharp-prickled, sometimes obtusely smooth, margins of the valves simple, slightly crenulated, interlocking; transparent white, faintly tinged with straw colour, the posterior minute radiating lines generally scarlet-red; ligament small. ··1990 Dance: compressed heartshaped shell with strong lateral keel which is usually ornamented with fine, pointed lamellae. Slightly convex posteriorly and anteriorly. Umbones strongly incurved and slightly overlapping each other. Numerous widely spaced radial ribs which are stronger on anterior side. Translucent and whitish yellow. ··200 I Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: length 65 mm (2 112 Tom.), width 33 mm (1.25 Tom.). ··1990 Dance 5-8 cm. ··1992 Oliver: shell to 50 rum ... 1947 Bartsch: height 66.5 mm, length 31.2 mm, diameter 63.2 mm. REMARKS. ··1840 Sowerby, No. 95: nearly equilateral. ··1844 Reeve: the remarkable laterally compressed growth of this species renders it one of extremely interesting character; and the changes of colour and style of painting which it exhibits are numerous and characteristic. The typical differences of form and colour were regarded both by Chemnitz and Lamarck of sufficient importance to characterize distinct species. Reeve was inclined to agree, however, with Bruguiere that no specific difference can be established, an opinion abundantly confirmed by the late numerous arrival of specimens from China, and various islands in the Eastern Hemisphere. ··1989: Severin & Cooper found that most specimens from Motopure Island could be placed in a morphological continuum, the end-members of which correspond roughly to Bartsch's (\ 947) description of C. eardissa and C. monstrosum. They distinguish the end-members of the continuum by the terms 'cardissa'morph and 'monstrosum' -morpho Synonymous genera according to Moore et al. (\ 969): Cardissa Megerle von Mlihlfeld, 1811 (obj.). Hemicardia Fleming, 1811 (obj.). Hemieardium Schweigger, 1820 (obj.). HABITAT. ··1962 Kira: coral and coral sand, intertidal. To about 9 m depth. ··1989 Severin & Cooper: intertidal, occasionally to about 17 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Eastern Seas. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: China. ··1884 Grasset: Moluccas. ··1994 Hylleberg: IndoWest Pacific. ··ZMUC: China, East Indies, West Java, New Brittany, Bismarck Island West Pacific, Singapore, Tranquebar, Philippines, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, West coast of Thailand. ··1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. eardissa Menke, 1828. - Hemieardium eardissa Menke, 1828. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1084: Hemieardium eardissa Menke, 1828. eardissa of Bolten, 1798. - Coreulum eardissa (Linnaeus, 1758) ... 1902 Sherborn, p. 177: Coreulum (Gm.) eardissa Bolten, 1798. - Cardium eardissa. cardissa of Lamarck. - Corculum eardissa (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1891 Romer: Hemieardium eardissa Lam. East Indies. cardissa A Bruguiere, 1789 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 71]. - Bruguiere, 1789. - Identical with Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding eardissa var.: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere, p. 208, No.1: Cardium eardissa var A. ··1979 Richardson et al.: Cardium eardissa var. Bruguiere = Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Gulf of Thailand, Singapore. HABITAT. Stones and shells, 9-68 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. Gulf of Thailand, Singapore North Indian Ocean. cardissa A/alpha Linne, 1758 (variety). [Figs. Part 1 p. 126. Part 3 p. 914]. - Identical with Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding eardissa Variat alpha: Cardiidae. Recent. DESCRIPTIONS. Linne (1758): Testa lateribus utrinque planis aut altere eoneavo. (Valves flat from both sides, or concave from one side. [I have translated from Latin]. RECORDS. ··1758 Linne, p. 678, Cardissa. 59: Variat. ··1764 Linne, p. 484, Cardissa, 32: Variat alpha, colore rufo. ··1767 Linne, p. 1I20, Cardissa 74: M.L.U. 484. n. 32. ··1799 Spengler, p. 48-50, No. 32: Cardium eardissa A. Linnei Sp. 74. p. 1121. cardissa alpha Born, 1780 (variety). [Figs. Part 1 p. 67]. - Identical with Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium humanum Chemnitz [not available].» Regarding eardissa var. alpha: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1780 Born, pI. 2, figs. 15-16: Cardium eardissa. Alpha: Carina valvularum integra. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium eardissa alpha Born = Cardium humanum Chemnitz. cardissa B Spengler, 1799 (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p. 914]. Identical with Coreu/um eardissa (Linne, 1758). » 424 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (fMMP) cardissa Blbeta - cardissa delta Regarding eardissa var. B: Cardiidae Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Nicobar Islands (Spengler 1799). TYPE REPOSITORY. --ZMUC: the Spengler coil. RECORDS. --1799 Spengler, p. 50, No. 32: Cardium eardissa var. B. --1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium eardissa var. B Spengler, 1799. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. Spengler's colI. 1 specimen, Nicobar Islands, p. 50 B. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: edge anned with sharp spines. DESCRIPTIONS. --1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: of a beautiful yellow-green colour. The margin set with sharp spines, rather big. DIMENSIONS. --1799 Spengler: length 57 mm (2 Tom. 2 Lin.), width 52 mm (2 Tom.). DISTRIBUTION. Nicobar Islands. cardissa Blbeta Linne, 1764 (variety). [Figs. Part 1 p. 41, 71]. - Identical with Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium humanum Chemnitz [not available]. - Cardium junoniae Lamarck. » Regarding eardissa var. beta: Cardiidae, Recent. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell with the anterior side concave. RECORDS. --1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium eardissa var. beta, t. 320. f. 157. "1764 Linne, p. 484, Cardissa, 32: Variat beta. --1789 Bruguiere, No.1: Cardium eardissa var. B. Linn. (ref. Lister tab. 319, fig. 156 & tab. 320, fig. 157. Bonanni fig. 49). --1791 Gmelin No.2. Cardium eardissa var. beta. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium eardissa var. beta Linnaeus Mus Lud. Ulr. = Cardium humanum Chemnitz. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium eardissa var. beta Bruguiere = Cardium hum anum Chemnitz. --1835 Lamarck: Cardium eardissa var. beta = Cardium junoniae Lamk. cardissa beta Bruguiere (variety). - See under eardissa Blbeta Linne, 1764. cardissa beta Born, 1780 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 67]. - Identical with Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding eardissa var. beta: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1780 Born, pI. 2, figs. 17-18: Cardium eardissa. Beta: Carina valvularum crenata. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium eardissa. var. beta. Born = Cardium eardissa Linne. eardissa beta Reeve 1844 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 126]. - Identical with Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding eardissa var. beta: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1844 Reeve PI. III, fig. 15c: Cardium eardissa var. beta. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1844 Reeve: Variety beta: shell undulately variegated with bright straw colour. cardissa C Bruguiere, 1789 (variety). [Figs. Part 1 p. 71]. - Identical with Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding eardissa var. C: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1782 Chemnitz [not available]. Replaced by Bruguiere, 1789, p. 154, tab. 14, figs. 147-148: Cardium roseum. --1789 Bruguiere, No.1: Cardium eardissa C. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium eardissa var. C. Bruguiere = Cardium roseum Chemnitz. cardissa CSpengler, 1799 (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p. 914]. Identical with Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding eardissa var. C: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Nicobar Islands (Spengler 1799). TYPE REPOSITORY. --ZMUC: the Spengler coli. RECORDS. "1799 Spengler, p. 50-51, No. 32: Cardium eardissa var. C. '-1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium eardissa var. C Spengler, 1799. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC Spengler's collection: large, white specimen, Nicobar Islands. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell ovifonn, largest width at the middle, narrowing above the middle, produced below, margin smooth without spines, bent towards the posterior, anterior strongly bent over and inflated. DESCRIPTIONS. --1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: this big Venus heart has quite different proportions than all the other known species, which generally are almost equal in breadth and length. This variety has however an elongate eggshaped figure. Its greatest breadth is in the middle, above, at the umbo, it narrows, and below it tapers into a long point. The other margin is smooth without spines and turned in towards the anterior side. The backside on the back of the bivalve is bent strongly outward and vaulted. DIMENSIONS. --1799 Spengler: length 72 mm (2 3/4 Tom.), width 52 mm (2 Tom.). DISTRIBUTION. Nicobar Islands. cardissa D Bruguiere, 1789 (variety). - Identical with Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium inversum = Cardium monstrosum. » Regarding eardissa var. D: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1782 Chemnitz, p. 155, tab. 14, figs. 149-150: Cardium monstrosum. --1789 Bruguiere, No.1: Cardium eardissa D. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium eardissa var. D. Bruguiere = Cardium monstrosum Chemnitz. "1819 Lamarck: Cardium eardissa Lin. Brug. var. D = Cardium inversum. --1835 Lamarck: Cardium eardissa var. D. Bruguiere = Cardium inversum = C. monstrosum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Chemnitz 1782 is not available. To be replaced by Bruguiere, 1789. cardissa D Spengler, 1799 (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p. 914]. Identical with Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding var. D: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Tranquebar, India (Spengler 1799). TYPE REPOSITORY. --ZMUC: the Spengler coil. RECORDS. --1799 Spengler, p. 51, No. 32: Cardium eardissa var. D. --1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium eardissa var. D Spengler, 1799. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC Spengler's coil. (var. D.) Tranquebar. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: anterior part concave, nearly smooth, posterior part much raised, forming a sharp keel at the middle, right-angled at the margin, without spines. DESCRIPTIONS. --1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: this Cardium deviates much from the usual Venus heart. The backside, instead of being more or less inflated, is here quite concave and mostly smooth. The front side, on the other hand, is extremely elevated, forming a sharp crest in the middle, which makes a right angle with the outer margin. The margin has no spines. DISTRIBUTION. Tranquebar, Coromandel coast [East India]. cardissa delta of Reeve (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 71, 126]. - Identical with Corculum eardissa (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium roseum Chemnitz [not available]. - Cardium junoniae var. Lamarck. » Regarding var. delta: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1844 Reeve: Cardium eardissa Linnaeus var. delta = Cardium roseum Chemnitz [not available]. "1844. Reeve: Cardium eardissa Linnaeus var. delta = Cardium junoniae var. Lamarck. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1844 Reeve: Characters of variety gamma: Shell with the anterior side spotted with rose. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 425 eardissa E - carditaeformis ehisinau cardissa E Spengler, 1799 (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p. 914] . Identical with Coreufum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding cardissa var. E: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Tranquebar, India (Spengler 1799). TYPE REPOSITORY. ··ZMUC: the Spengler coIl. RECORDS. ··1799 Spengler, p. 51 , No. 32: Cardium cardissa var. E. ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium cardissa var. E. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZM UC: I specimen. Tranquebar. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: posterior side flat, straight, somewhat glossy, fine striped lines, raised, densely spinose margin, anterior part caved towards margin, brown spots. - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: Instead of being vaulted, the backside of this cockle is quite straight and rather shining, covered by indistinct lines, which are finely striped longitudinally. On the margin there is an elevated edge, whereby this backside is encased as in a frame . In addition, it is densely set with spines. The front side is deeply and broadly hollowed towards the margin and covered with brown spots. DISTRIBUTION. Tranquebar, the Coromandel coast [East India]. eardissa F Spengler, 1799 (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p . 914]. Identical with Corcufum cardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding eardissa var. F: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Nicobar Islands (Spengler 1799). TYPE REPOSITORY. ··ZMUC: the Spengler coil. RECORDS. "1799 Spengler, p. 51-52, No. 32: Cardium eardissa var. F. ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium cardissa var. F Spengler, 1799. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Spengler's coil. labeled p. 51. 32 F. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: ribs ornamented, some are flat, transverse furrows, dorsally, others are rounded, spinose, or nodulose. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: To avoid being too lengthy, I shall only mention the present Venus heart, because it differs so much from the already mentioned species. As many variations possessed by the Venus heart, as many differences adorn the ribs on the front side of the cockle. Some are flattened on the back and intersected by transverse furrows ; others have a rounded back, ornamented with fine spines, or set with pearls etc. No ribs are seen on the present bivalve, but instead of these, solely rows of pearls, which in the most beautiful and regular order display as many heart-shaped figures as there are ribs on the surface. This Cardium has a thin, deep hollowed margin, which is set with long spines. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: length 48 mm (I Tom 10 Lin.), width 44 mm (I Tom . 8 Lin.). DISTRIBUTION. Nicobar Islands. eardissa gamma Reeve, 1844 (variety). [Figs. Part 1 p. 126]. - Identical with Corcufum cardissa (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium humanum Chemnitz [not available]. - Cardiumjunoniae Lamarck. » Regarding var. gamma : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . ··1844 Reeve, species 15 : variety gamma. "1844 Reeve: Cardium eardissa Linnaeus var. gamma = Cardium humanum Chemnitz [not available]. "1844 Reeve: Cardium eardissa Linnaeus var. gamma = Cardium junoniae Lamarck. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. cardissa var. Reeve, 1. ii . Car. f. 15, a = Cardium humanum Ch., Wood . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: Characters of variety gamma: Shell with the anterior side spotted with rose. cardissa H Spengler (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p. 914]. No published records seen . eardissa inversllm Romer, 1891 (variety). - Identical with Coreulum cardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Hemicardium eardissa var. inversum: Cardiidae . Recent. REMARKS. Lamarck did not describe a variety called inversum . RECORDS ... 1891 Romer: Hemicardium cardissa var. inversum Lam. East Indies . cardissa testa albidae Chenmitz. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium cardissa testa albidae: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1789 Karsten: Cardium cardissa testa albidae, Chemnitz fig. 144. Cardita. - Not in Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1839 Anton: Genus Cardila Lam., Desh. in Family Cardiacea. ··1852 Adams: Family Cardiidae. Genera Cardita and Cardium. carditaeforme Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part 1 p. 145. Part 3 p. 917, 933] . - Afroeardium earditaeforme (Reeve, 1845). OTHER JUD GEM ENTS: Afroeardium richardi (Audouin, 1827). » Regarding earditaeforme: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . "1845 Reeve: unknown. TYPE REPOSITORY . ··BMNH: Cardium earditaeforme Reeve Holotype. reg. no. 1978140. Neg. No. 0391. RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve : Cardium earditaeforme. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458 : Hemicardia (Fragum) earditaeformis Reeve. ··1890 Paetel: Hemieardium carditaeforme Rv. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1084: Cardium carditaeformis Reeve, 1845. ··1977 FischerPiette: Coreulum (Afrocardium) earditaeforme Reeve. "1991 Vosku i I & Onverwagt: Afroeardium earditaeforme (Reeve, 1845). "1992 Oliver: Hemicardia earditaeforme in Cooke (1886) = Afroeardium richardi (Audouin, 1827). ··1992 Oliver: Cardium (Fragum) earditaeforme in Macandrew (1870) = Afroeardium riehardi (Audouin, 1827). ··2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Afroeardium carditaeforme (Reeve, 1845). ··2002 Schneider: Afrocardium carditaeforme (Reeve, 1845). Holocene ... 2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 176: C. eardilaeforme Reeve, 1845. Syn of Afroeardium riehardi (Audouin, 1827) according to J. Vidal. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell transversely oblong, anterior side very short finely radiately ribbed, ribs covered with very minute scales the posterior of which are the more eminent white faintly tinged posteriorly with orange brown. REMARKS. "1845 Reeve : a small thin shell, partaking very much of the characters of Cardita. although it has the hinge of Cardium. HABITAT. Stones and shells, 9-68 m depth. DISTRJBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: unknown. ··2000 Lutaenko: Vietnam . "Of authors: Gulf of Thailand, Singapore, North Indian Ocean. carditaeformis Pavlovitch, 1929. - New combination: Lymnoeardium earditaeJormis Pavlovitch, 1929 . Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. RECORDS. ··1928 ZR: Limnocardium carditaeformis [Ref. Pavlov itch 1928]. ··1929 ZR: Limnoeardium earditaeformis Pavlovic, 1929 sp . n. Pontian Serbia. "1987 Taktakishvili : Limnoeardium earditaeformis Pavl. carditaeformis chisinall Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. Upgraded . Combination to be revised: "Cardium " earditaeformis ehisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. Lymnocardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. "1946 . ZR: Cardium carditaeformis n. f. Chisinau Simionescu & 426 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) carditoides - Cardium Barbu, 1940 Sannatian fossil, Rumania. carditoides Andrusov, 1964. - Didacna carditoides Andrusov, 1964. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1916 ZR: Didacna carditoides Ref. to Kalickij (1916). "1943 ZR: Didacna carditoides Ref. to Joukove (1943). 001964 ZR: Didacna cardiloides Andrusov, 1964 sp. nov. Tertiary, USSR. 001987 Taktakishvili: Didacna carditoides Andrus. carditoides Mayer, 1857. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" carditoides Mayer, 1857. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium cardiloides Mayer, 1857; [1856-1857] vol. 5: 364. Cardium Barrande 1881 (genus). - New name: Joachymcardium Ruzicka & Prantl , 1960. Cardiacea. RECORDS. 001960 ZR: Cardium Barrande 1881 non Cardium Linnaeus 1767 = Joachymcardium Ruzicka & Prantl, 1960 nom. nov. Cardium Eichwald, 1838 (genus). - Uncertain status. RECORDS. 001838 Eichwald: did not refer to Cardium sp. 001847 Gray: Cardium protractum. 001847 Gray, No. 559: Cardium sp. Eichw. 1838. [synonym of Aphrodite, Lea; 183? not Linn.] . Cardium Lamarck (genus). Uncertain status. RECORDs. 001847 Gray, No. 561: ?Cardium sp. Lam. 001847 Gray referred to Cardium avicularia as type, now placed in the genus Avicularia in the family Tridacnidae. Cardium Linne, 1758 (genus). Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. GENOTYPE. Cardium costalum Linne, 1758. Subsequently designated by Children, 1823. REcORDs. 001758 Linne: Genus Cardium. 001823 Children: Type species: Cardium costa tum Linnaeus, 1758. 001829 Eichwald: Cardium L. 001839 Anton: Genus Cardium L. in Family Cardiacea. 001840 Swainson, p. 373: Cardium Linn. [in family Tellinidae, subfamily Venerinae]. 001847 Gray: No. 557. Type species of Cardium Linn: Cardium coslalum. 001847 Gray, No. 557: Cardium, Linn Ref. to Lam. 1801, Megerle, 1811, Swains. 1840. 001853 Orbigny: Cardium Bruguiere. 001863 Swift: Cardium Linne 1758 emend. 1767 . 001870 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1870. Morch : account of Lor. Spengler 1808]. 001 871 Stoliczka: Cardium Linne 1758. 00 1876 Meek: Cardium Linnaeus, 1758. (typical, = Acanthocardium sic, Gray) Cardium aculeatum, Linn. regarded as genotype. 001876 Vest: the affinity of Cardium to Didacna, Monodacna, Adacna discussed and the known species enumerated. [Ref. ZR 1876]. 001887 Fischer: Cardium Linne, 1758. 001890 Paetel: 991 . Gen. Cardium L. / I. Sect. Cardium L. of Cardium . 001891 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1891. Menegaux: anatomy]. 001902 Sherborn, p. 177: Cardium Linnaeus, 1758. 001903 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1903. Baker: variation of ribbing]. 001904 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1904. Zugmayer: sensory organs in the tentacles]. 001905 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1905. Biilow: notes with figg. I Ostroumoff: variation of Caspian fonns]. 001914 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1914. Dollfus & Dautzenberg. I Morand. I Stromer]. 001916 ZR: Cardium [Ref. to Dall. I Kalickij]. 001918 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1918. Bell. I Hedley]. 001919 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1919. Morse. I Odhner. I Schafer]. 001920 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1920. Couffon. I Roman & Mazeran]. 001921 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1921. Dautzenberg] . 001922 ZR : Cardium [Refs. 1922. Nordgard. ! 0yen] . 001923 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1923. Cossmann. ! Havinga .1 Lissajous.! Migliorini. 1 Oliver. I Orton. I Stefanini . ! Trechmann] . 001924 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1924. Cox. I Hiigg. I Iredale]. 001925. ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1925. Ulrich]. 001926ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1926. Yokoyama]. 001927. ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1927. Dautzenberg. ! Fox. I Gillet. ! Ravn. ! Schodduyn. I Trechmann]. 001928 Kuroda: Genus Cardium (Linne, 1758). 001928 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1928. Boone. ! Lamy.! Mancini.! Patte.! Pravoslavlev. ! Weymouth]. 001929 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1929. Gambetta .! Lees.! Powell & Bartrum. I Ruzencev. ! Sidaroff.! Yokoyama]. 001930 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1930. Davidasvili. ! Musio]. 001933 ZR: Cardium L. [Ref. 1933. Gennain]. 001931 ZR: Cardium [ Ref. to Beebe. - Kamanin & Siodkevic]. 001934 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1934. Elmhirst: ecology. ! Harega: variation]. 001937 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1937. Davidaschvili: evolutionary change in size figs .]. 001938 Cotton, Bernard & Godfrey: Cardium Linne, 1758. 001938 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1938. Wells: larvae, Thames Estuary. I Monod: Soudan] . 00 1945 ZR : Cardium [Refs. 1945. Lamy: Lamarck's species. ! Lamy: notes on the Lamarckian species. I Bokova: in the Northern Caspian from the food value angle.]. 001947 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1947. Marcolini : pigment]. 001952 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1952. Schuster: association with Arenicola]. 001953 Olsson & Harbison: Genus Cardium Linne, 1758. 00 1953 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1953. Verwey: ecological notes from the Dutch Waddensee] . 001958 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1958. Petersen: growth and biology of different species in Danish brackish water area]. 001963 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1963 . Tavernier & Heizlin: strata in Flandre Occidentale, Belgium]. 001964 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1964. Hegemann: Greifswalder Bodden, Germany, osmoregulation.]. 001965 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1965. Gillet et al. : spp. nov. Miocene, Baccinello region, Grosseto, Italy] . 001966 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1966. Bacescu: Black Sea, Dobrogea Region, Rumania. ! Palla : Pliocene to Recent of Val d'Elsa, Italy, description and distribution]. 001967 ZR: Cardium [Ref. 1967. Hoggarth & Trueman: techniques for recording activity]. 001970 ZR: Cardium [Refs. 1970. Mason: density and flesh condition, Scotland. I Drinkwater: distribution on Valley Strand, north Uist, Inverness, Scotland. ! Popov: shell structure of some genetic types) . 001971 ZR: Cardium [Refs . 1971. Paramonova : infraspecific variation. Upper Miocene. USSR. / Jelnes et al.: Isoenzymes. Use in Systematics]. 001973 ZR : Cardium . Upper Miocene . [Ref. Muskhelishvili]. I North Sea. [Ref. van der Baan] I Coastal North Sea. [Ref. Heerebout] I Europe. Effect of salinity. [Ref. Russell) I Lamarck 1799. Systematic relationships. Species. Nomenclature. [Ref. Petersen, G.H.) . 001979 ZR: Cardium Gases. Exposure to air, physiological & biochemical responses. [Ref. Widdows et al.]. 001980 Vokes : Cardium (genus) Linnaeus, 1758 in subfamily Cardiinae. 001980 ZR: Cardium. [Ref. Brandhorst, / Kommann et af. I Zaijko]. 001981 ZR: Cardium. Brazil. [Ref. Lopes et al.]. 001982 ZR: Cardium. [Ref. Cossmann et al. I Sonnany]. 001983 Anaya: Genus Cardium Linne, 1758 (= Bucardita von Sclotheim sic, 1820 (no van) = Tropicardium Romer, 1856). 001983 ZR: Cardium . Palaeoecology. Upper Miocene, Hungary. [Ref. Bohn-Havas]. 001987 ZR: Cardium. Mesolithic & Neolithic settlements, France. [Ref. Vigie et al.). 00200 I Vidal, p. 406, Group 1: Cardium . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE 001844 Reeve : shell equivalve, more or less Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 427 Cardium - carinatum inequilateral, somewhat heart-shaped , umbones prominent, posterior side sometimes gaping; generally ribbed, ribs diverging symmetrically from the umbones, most frequently armed with scales or spines; margins of the valves crenulated, inter-closing with each other. Hinge: four teeth in each valve, two central, oblique, approximated, interserted cross-wise; two lateral , remote. Muscular impression of the mantle entire. Ligament short, external. --1897 Harris: characters of genus Cardium, Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 678. Shell convex; umbones elevated, incurved and slightly inclined anteriorly; right valve having one or two cardinal teeth, two anterior lateral teeth, and one or two posterior lateral teeth; left valve, two cardinal teeth, one anterior lateral tooth, and one posterior lateral; ligament external ; surface ornamented by more or less conspicuous radial costae; pallial line entire. "1994 Hylleberg: Cardium s.l. The old definition of this genus covered most of the contemporary genera, e.g. Swainson (1840): Shell ventricose, cordate, or longitudinally oval; umbones prominent; cardinal teeth 2 over 2; lateral teeth 2 over 2, remote. Today there are only two recent species of the genus Cardium s.s. "1994 Hylleberg: modem definition of the genus Cardium Linne, 1758, e.g. Moore et at. (1969): Cardium s.s . Ribs either keeled or spinose, cardinal4b elevated, vertically above 2, or nearly so. Shell gaping at posterior margin. South Europe- West Africa. Of authors: Equivalve, sub-equilateral, sometimes gaping posteriorly, ornamented on the outside by ribs radiating from the umbones; cardinal teeth, two in each valve, locked into each other crosswise; lateral teeth, two in each valve; remote; muscular impressions, two in each valve; pallial impression entire; ligament external, inflated. Cardium. --2001 Vidal: siphons relatively long, close to each other, often fused at their bases. No eyes on tentacles. "2002 Schneider: Cardium has a massive, wedge-shaped right anterior cardinal tooth that is completely anterior of the right anterior cardinal socket. The right anterior cardinal tooth extends all the way to the ventral margin of the hinge. It has right posterior cardinal teeth longer than high with a weaker hook. The 'lunule flap' is strongly folded over the exterior shell surface anterior of the beak, covering the entire lunule, and the lunule flap has several nearly vertical ridges on its surface. The radial ribs are strongly expressed from the ventral margin all the way to the umbo . The keels are hollow. The dorsal surface of the nymph is distinctly concave. The posterior end of the nymph has a sharp dorsal extension (nymph flare).The adductor muscle scars are not impressed into the shell. The lengths of the labial palps are more than half the length of the animal. REMARKS . --1844 Reeve: The genus Cardium is one of the very few established by Linnaeus that remains entire; the species, which are somewhat numerous, exhibit a great similarity of form throughout, and may be generally recognised by their cordiform shape, and the prominent development of the umbones. The most characteristic variation in form occurs in those species, which Cuvier distinguished by the new title of Hemicardium, such as the Cardium hemicardium,/ragum, retusum, auriculatum, &C., but the difference cannot for a moment be regarded of any particular generic importance. --1903 Andrussoff: the species Myocardia trnncata Vest (Hungarian fossil) bridges the gap between Adacna and Cardium . It has a hinge like in Cardium and a siphonal sinus like in Adacna. Cardium Linne, 1758 (section, subgenus). Cardiidae. Eocene and Recent. GENOTYPE. Cardium costalum Lirme, 1758. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. "1839 Anton: I. subgenus (Cardium) Cuv. of Genus Cardium L. in Family Cardiacea. --1840 Swainson, p. 373: Cardium Lirm. [su bgenus]. .. 1886 Cossmann: Section Cardium (sensu stricto) of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. --1887 Fischer: Cardium , s. s. Lamarck, 1799. Section of genus Cardium Lirme, 1758. "1891 Romer: I. Sect. Cardium L. of genus Cardium L. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1840 Swainson : Shell ventricose, equilateral; cordate, with costated ribs; often armed with spines. Typical. [Cardium s.I.] . --1969 Moore et af.: shell gaping at posterior margin; cardinal 4b vertically above 2 or nearly so. France to West Africa. [Cardium s.s.]. Cardium sp. 2 Woods. - Identified as Elhmocardium woodsi Marwick, 1944. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1944 ZR: Cardium sp. 2 Woods N .Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. p. 38 pI. 18 f. 4, 5, = Ethmocardium woodsi Marwick, 1944a sp . nov. Selinqu Rapids, Piripanan, Upper Cretaceous. Carduim (error). - Printer's mistake for genus Cardium in Bell, 1858 (Vokes 1980). Carduit (error). - Printer's mistake for genus Cardium in Ossaulenko, 1936 and 1939 (Vokes 1980). Cardum (error). - Printer's mistake for genus Cardium in Li 1930. (Vokes 1980). carinata (mode and subspecies). - See under carinalum Deshayes, 1838. - carinatum Lynge, 1909. - pontica carinata Grossu & Baltac, 1963. carinata Martinson, 1959. - ·Pseudocardinia carinala Martinson, 1959. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1959 ZR: Pseudocardinia carinala Martinson, 1959 sp. nov. Tyan-Shan, Atbaya region, Fergana, fossil. carinata Pflucker y Rio, 1868. - Protocardia carinala Pflucker y Rio, 1868. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Protocardia carinata Pflucker y Rio, 1868, vol. 20: 418. carinata arcae/ormis Wenz (subspecies). - Plagiodacna carinata arcae/ormis Wenz. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1988 Lyutzkanov & Ziatev: Plagiodacna carinata arcae/ormis Wenz. *carinatum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium carillatum from 5 sources : Bronn, 1832. - Deshayes, 1838. - Deshayes in Capellini, 1879. - Lynge, 1909.Possibly Goldfuss (?year). carinatum Alizade. - Andrusovicardium carinatum Aliza de . Cardiacea. Neogene. RECORDS. --1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Alldrusovicardium carinatum (Alizade) comb. nov. --1987 ZR: Andrusovicardium carillatum Alizade comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 192. carinatum Bronn, 1832. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" carinatum Bronn, 1832. Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY . Italy. RECORDS . "1832 Bronn, Ergebnisse Reise tiber Italien, II, p. 613: Cardium carilla tum ... 1857 Deshayes: Cardium carinalum Bronn, 1831. --1977 Fischer-Piette 1977, p. 138: Cardium carinatum Bronn 1832. carinatum Deshayes III Capellini, 1879. 428 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) carinatum - carnuntinum Misidentification. ··1970 ZR: Cardium carinatum Desh. in Capellini, 1879, See under Limnocardium adriaticum Gillet, 1970 sp. nov. carinatum Deshayes, 1838. - Replaced by Cardium angulosum Deshayes. Combination to be revised. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Plagiodacna carinata (Deshayes, 1838). » Regarding Cardium carinatum: Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. RECORDS. ··1838 Deshayes, p. 54, pI. 2, figs. 16-18: Cardium carinatum. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium carina tum Deshayes, 1837 - C. angulosum Desh. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium carina tum Deshayes 1838 = Pontalmyra carinata (Desh.). ··1899 Sacco: Adacna carinata (Desh.). ··1899 Sacco: Pontalmyra carinata (Desh.). ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Cardium carina tum Deshayes type species of Plagiodacna. ··1907 Andrussow: Plagiodacna carinata Desh. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1091: Cardium carinatum Deshayes, 1838. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium carinatum Deshayes, 1838 non Bronn, 1831 (DO). Type species of Genus Plagiodacna Andrussov, 1903. Family Limnocardiidae. ··1977 Popov: Plagiodacna carinata. ··1987 Anaya: Plagiodacna carinata (Desh.). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium carina tum Desh. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium carinatum Deshayes. The Crimea, B32858. carinatum Goldfuss. - Dubious record. Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium carinatum Goldfuss. carinatum Hall, 1858. - Conocardium carinatum Hall, 1858. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (Dall 1895, p. 519). RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Conocardium carina tum Hall, 1858, vol. 4: 14. carinatum Lynge, 1909. - Fragum carinatum (Lynge, 1909). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fragum bannoi Otuka, 1937. -Fragumfragum (Linnaeus, 1758). -Fragum scruposum Deshayes. » Regarding Cardium var. carinata: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Gulf of Thailand. TYPE REPOSITORY. ··ZMUC. RECORDS. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium (Fragum) var. carinata. ··1932 Prashad: Cardium (Fragum) carinata Lynge, 1909 = Fragum fragum Linne, 1758. ··1951 Habe: Fragum carinatum Lynge. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Corculum carinatum Lynge. ··1954 Taki: Fragum carinatum Lynge. ··1954 Kira: Fragum carinatum (Lynge). ··1955 Kira: Fragum carinatum Lynge. ··1962 Habe: Fragum carina tum Lynge. ··1964 Habe: Fragum carinatum Lynge. ··1967 Habe: Fragum carinatum (Lynge). ··1970 Habe: Fragum carina tum (Lynge). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium carinatum Lynge = Corculum fragum Linne. ··1977 Popov: Fragum (Fragum) carinatum (Lynge). ··1977 Habe: Fragum carinatum (Lynge, 1909). ··1995 Chung-Hung & HsiJen: Fragum carina tum (Lynge). ··1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 377: Fragum carinatum (Lynge, 1909). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 178: Fragum carinatum (Lynge, 1909). Synonym of Fragum scruposum according to 1. Vidal. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: on the beach at Koh Kahdat, Gulf of Thailand, Th. Mortensen coil. 1/6 1900. REMARKS. ··1977 Fischer- Piette, p. 138: quotes correspondence with 1. Knudsen ZMUC (25.4.74). "I have found Lynge's samples of H. fragum. The name "carinata" does not appear on the label nor did he single out the shell figured or a type ofvar. carinata". Fischer-Piette (1977) maintains that Lynge's species is insufficiently founded and should be ignored. However, in general collection of ZMUC, I have subsequently identified the specimen figured by Lynge 1909. DISTRJBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Gulf of Thailand. ··1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. carinatum elongata Capellini (variety). - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" carina tum var. elongata Capellini. Cardiidae. Fossil. - REMARKS. var. elongata closer to Didacna (s. s.) pseudoschemachinica Gillet, 1961 (Anaya 1987). RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya: Cardium carinatum Deshayes var. elongata Capellini. carinatum jilicostata Almera & Bofill (variety). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" carinatum var. Jilicostata Almera & Bofill. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya: Cardium carinatum Deshayes var.Jilicostata Almera & Bofill. carinatum magnocardo Almera & Bofil! (variety). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" carina tum var. magnocardo Almera & Bofill. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya: Cardium carinatum Deshayes var. magnocardo Almera & Bofill. carinatum major Bayle (variety). - Plagiodacna obliquata Gillet, 1970. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Cardium carinatum major Bayle in Capellini, 1879. See under Plagiodacna obliquata Gillet, 1970 sp. nov. sic. carinatum minor Almera & Bofill (variety). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" carinatum var. minor Almera & Bofill. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya: Cardium carinatum Deshayes var. minor Alrnera & Bofill. *carini/era - Homonymy to be noticed. Monodacna carini/era from 3 sources: Androussov, 1923 and possibly Andrussov, 1924 and Andrusov, 1963. I do not know how Androussov, Andrussov, and Andrusov are related. carini/era Androussov, 1923. - Monodacna carini/era Andrussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Monodacna carini/era Androussov, 1923 sp. n. carini/era Andrussov, 1924. - Monodacna carini/era Andrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Monodacna carini/era Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. carini/era Andrusov, 1963. - Monodacna carini/era Andrusov, 1963. Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Monodacna carini/era Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron beds, Pliocene, Russia. carlotac Gardner, 1945. - Cerastoderma carlotac Gardner, 1945. Cardiidae. Paleocene. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Cerastoderma carlotac Gardner, 1945 sp. nov. Paleocene 'Tertiary' N.E. Mexico. carneosum da Costa, 1778. - Not in Cardiidae. Synonym of Tellina carnaria, Linnaeus. » Regarding Cardium carneosum: RECORDS. ··1853 Forbes & Hanley, vol. I, p. 313: Cardium carneosum da Costa = Tellina carnaria, Linnaeus. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 180: Cardium carneosum da Costa, 1778. carnuntinum Hoernes ex Partsch MS, 1848. - New Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 429 carnuntinumetruscum - caspia combination: Lymnocardium carnuntinum (Hoernes ex Partsch MS, 1848) . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene . RECORDS. -- 1922-32 Sherborn, p . 1106: Cardium carnuntinum Hoernes ex Partsch MS, 1848. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium carnuntinum (Partsch). --1998 Schultz: Limnocardium carnuntinum (Partsch). carnuntinumetruscum Cop. - New combination: Lymnocardium carnuntinumetruscum Cop. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium carnuntinumetruscum Cop. caroli Doncieux, 1912. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " caroli Doncieux, 1912. Cardiidae. Eocene. REcORDs. --1912 ZR: Cardium caroli Doncieux, 1912 sp. n. France Eocene. carolimartini Beets, 1984. - Acanthocardia? carolimartini Beets, 1984. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCAUTY. Preangerian deposits ofMandulisland, north-eastern Kalimantan Timur (east Borneo). Indonesia . R ECORDS. --1984 Beets, p. 66 , fig. d: Acanthocardia? carolimartini sp. nov. --1985 ZR: Acanthocardia? carolimartini sp. nov. Indonesia, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Beets p. 66. carolinae Maury, 1913. - New combination : Trigoniocardia carolinae (Maury, 1913). Cardiidae. Oligocene . RECORDS . --1913 ZR: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) carolinae Maury, 1913 sp. n. Trinidad Oligocene. carolinense (mode). - See under carolinensis Conrad, 1862. carolinensis Conrad, 1862. - Synonyrn of Tra chycardium robustum (Solander, 1786). » Regarding Cardium carolinense: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1902 Dall: Cardium carolinense Conrad, 1862 (not of Conrad , 1875) = Cardium robustum Solander, 1786. --1939 Mclean: Cardium carolinense Conrad, 1863 = Cardium robustum Solander, 1786. --1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium carolinensis Conrad, 1863 = Cardium (Dinocardium) robustum Solander, 1786. --1974 Abbott: Cardium carolinensis Conrad, 1863 = Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786) . --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Cerastoderma) carolinensis Conrad , 1862, p. 576. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Trachycardium) carolinensis Conrad , 1867, vol. 3: 13 . --2002 Schneider: citing Conrad (1863): Cardium (Cerastoderma) carolinensis Conrad, 1863. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Virginia to Jamaica. carolinum Orbigny, 1844. - Changed combination: Granocardium carolinum (d' Orbigny, 1844) . Cardi idae. Cretaceous. Type species of Granocardium. RECORDS. --1871 Stol iczka: Cardium carolinum (Acanthocardium sic) . --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1109: Cardium carolinum d ' Orbigny, 1844. --1954 Keen: Cardium carolinum d'Orbigny, 1844. Type species of Granocardium Gabb, 1869. --1978 Scott: Cardium carolinum d'Orbigny. --1992 Schneider p. 155: Granocardium carolinum (d'Orbigny). Type species of Granocardium. --1998. Schneider: Cardium carolinum Orbigny, 1844 in genus Granocardium by Gabb (1869). --1998. Schneider: Granocardium (Granocardium) carolinum (Orbigny; 1844). --1999. Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Granocardium carolinum d'Orbigny. Algeria, R05212. carpomorphum Dalman, 1825. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " carpomorphum (Dalman, 1825). Cardiidae. Fossi I. REcoRDs. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium carpomorphum Dalman. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1112: Cardites carpomorphus Dalman, 1825. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1112: Lunulacardium (Dalman) carpomorphum Bronn, 1848. - Cardites carrozzai Aartsen & Goud, 200 I. - Parvicardium carrozzai Aartsen & Goud, 2001. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Tuscan Sea, Italy, 200-300 m. TYPE REPOSITORY. National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, Netherlands. REcORDs. --200 I Aartsen & Goud: Parvicardium carrozzai spec. nov. carteri Maxwell, 1992. - Nemocardium carteri Maxwell, 1992. Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Waihao River, South Canterbury, New Zealand. RECORDS. --1992. Maxwell, p. 75, fig .: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) carteri sp. nov. Cartissa (genus). - Printer 's error. RECORDS. --1980 Vokes: Cartissa (? err. pro Card- Megerle, 1811) Herrmannsen, 1846. cartissae Rumphius, 1705 . Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding cartissae: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1947 Bartsch: Cartissae Rumphius 1705 = Corculum cardissa (Linnaeus). Linnaeus adopted Rumphius' name for his species. casertanum Poli, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 81] . - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardium casertanum: TYPE LOCALITY. Bosquet Royal de Caserte, Italy, in small river. RECORDS. --1791 Poli , p. 65 , pI. 16, fig. I: Cardium casertanum. --1818 Schmidt, 5te Art: Cardium casertanum . --1829 Costa : Cardium casertanum, Poli, Tab. XVI, f.!. [from Sebeto River]. --1902 Sherborn, p. 182: Cardium casertal1um Poli, 1795. caspia (mode). - See under caspium Eichwald 1829. caspia Eichwald 1829. [Figs. Part J p. 122]. - Changed combination: Monoda cna caspia (Eichwald, 1829). Lymnocardiidae . Recent. Type species : Corbula caspica type of genus Monodacna (Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903) . Type of genus MOl1odacna Eichwald, 1838. (Glibert & Poel 1970). TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. --1829 Eichwald, p. 281, Tab. 5, f. 6: Corbula caspia n. --1838 Eichwald: MOl1odacna caspia n. --1841 Eichwald: Monodacl1a caspia. --1845 Reeve: Cardium caspium Eichwald . --1857 Deshayes: Cardium caspicum sic Reeve. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 460: Adacna (Monodacna) caspia Eichw. --1859 Chenu: Monodacna caspium Eichwald . --1875 von West designated Corbula caspia Eichwald, 1829 as type species of the genus Monodacna Eichwald, 1838 . --1876 ZR : Monodacna caspia (Eichw.) [Ref. Vest 1876] . --1876 ZR: Cardium [Monodacna] caspium (Eichw.) several rneasurements of it [Ref. Grimm 1876]. --1877 Grimm: Cardium caspium Eichwald. --1884 Grasse!: Adacna caspia. Eich. --1887 Fischer: Monodacna caspia Eichwald (in s. g. Monodacna, Eichwald . 1838). "1888 Kobelt: Cardium caspium Eichwald (Monodacna). --1890 Paetel: Adacna caspia Eichw. --1890 Woodward : Monodacna caspia, Eichwald; Caspian . --1903 Andrussoff: Corbula caspia Eichwald, 1829. --1903 Andrussoff: EichwaJd, 1838 Corbula caspia (moved to genus Monodacna). --1903 Andrussoff: Cardium caspium Eichw. = Pholadomya hiantula Agassiz. (1849. Middendorff). --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1118: Corbula caspia Eichwald, 1829. --1922-32 Sherborn, 430 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) caspia - catastomum p. 1118: Monodacna caspia Eichwald, 1838. - Corbula caspia Eichwald, 1829. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1118: Cardium caspium Reeve, 184. --1947 ZR: Monodacna caspia effect of salinity in the Caspian Sea. [Ref. Karparich 1947]. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis caspia (Eichwald). --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Cardium caspium (Eichwald) Grimm, 1876 = Hypanis caspia jilatovae Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. "1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis caspia caspia (Eichwald). --1969 Nordsieck: Monodacna caspia (Eichwald, 1829). --1969 Moore et al.: Monodacna caspia (Eichwald). --1970 Glibert & Poel: Monodacna caspia caspia (Eichwald, 1830). --1977 Popov: Monodacna caspia (Eichw.). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. --1845 Reeve: North coast of the Caspian Sea. --1884 Grasset: Caspian Sea. --1969 Nordsieck: Black Sea, Caspian Sea. caspia Krynicki, 1837 - Synonym of Hypanis vitrea (Eichwald, 1829. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Hypanis vitrea glabra (Ostroumoff). » Regarding Amphidesma caspia: Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS ... 1837 Krynicki, p. 63: Amphidesma caspia. Mihi. "1838 Eichwald: Amphidesma caspia Kryn. 1837 = Adacna vitrea Eichwald ... 1841 Eichwald: Amphidesma caspia Krynicki = Adacna vitrea (Eichwald, 1829). "1849 Middendorff: Amphidesma caspia Kryn. in the genus Pholadomya (fide Andrussoff 1903). "1903 Andrussoff: Amphidesma caspia Krynicki, 1837. --1903 Andrussoff: Amphidesma caspia Krynicki, 1837 = Glycimeris plicata Eichw. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Amphidesma caspia Krynicki, 1837 = Hypanis vitrea glabra (Ostroumoff). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. caspia jilatovae Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967 (subspecies). - Hypanis caspia jilatovae Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. Lymnocardiidae Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. REcORDs. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis caspia jilatovae Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. caspia grossui Skarlato & Starobogatov (subspecies).Hypanis caspia grossui Skarlato & Starobogatov. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --Scarlato & Starobogatov: Hypanis caspia grossui. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. caspia knipowitschi Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967 (subspecies). - Hypanis caspia knipowitschi Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis caspia knipowitschi Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. caspia pontica Eichwald, 1841 (subspecies). - Upgraded. Monodacna caspia pontica (Eichw.). Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. --1841 Eichwald: Monodacna pontica. --1969 Nordsieck: Monodacna caspia (Eichwald, 1829) var. pontica (Eichwald). --Scarlato & Starobogatov: Monodacna caspia pontica (Eichw.). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. caspia tamanica Nevesskava, 1963 (subspecies). Monodacna caspia tamanica Nevesskava, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. --1963 ZR: Monodacna caspia tamanica Nevesskava, 1963 subsp. nov. Quaternary, Black Sea basin. caspica Agassiz, 1842. - Synonym of Adacna laeviuscula Eichwald in Middendorff, 1849. » Regarding Pholadomya caspica: Lymnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. "1842 Agassiz, p. 45-48, pI. 1, figs. 7-23: Pholadomya caspica Ag. --1903 Andrussoff: Pholadomya caspica Agassiz, 1842. --1903 Andrussoff: Pholadomya caspica Agassiz, 1842 = Adacna laeviuscula Eichwald, 1829 in Middendorff 1849. Caspicardium (genus) Astafieva, 1955. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. GENOTYPE. Cardium trapezinum Andrusov, 1923. Pliocene. Azerbaijan and Turkmenia, USSR Remarks. Astagyeva, 1955 is presumably just a different spelling of Astafieva, 1958. RECORDS. --1956 ZR: Caspicardium Astagyeva, 1955 gen. nov. Cardiidae, Turkmenia, Asserbaydjan. --1958 ZR: Caspicardium Astafieva, 1958 gen. nov. Cardiidae. "1980 Vokes: Caspicardium Astafieva, 1955 in subfamily Adacninae. caspicum Reeve. - Deshayes (1857): err. pro caspium with reference to Reeve 1845. caspium Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part I p. 122]. - Changed combination: Monodacna caspia (Eichwald, 1829). RECORDS. "1845 Reeve, species 96: Cardium caspium. "1845 Reeve: Corbula caspia = Monodacna caspia. Eichwald, Fauna Caspio-Caucasia, p. 274. pI. 39. f. 4 a,b,c. = Cardium caspium Reeve. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1845 Reeve: shell transversely ovate, posteriorly gaping; radiately ribbed, ribs smooth, flatly depressed, as if worn down; whitish, ribs yellowish or reddish brown, interior reddish. REMARKS. --1845 Reeve: the ribs of this species being somewhat broad and peculiarly flattened, have the appearance of coloured rays diverging from the umbones. DISTRIBUTION. --1845 Reeve: North coast of the Caspian Sea; Eichwald. castellinensis Capellini, 1874. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra castellinensis (Capellini, 1874). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1899 Sacco: Cardium castellinensis Capellini 1874. "1899 Sacco: Adachna sic castellinensis (Cap.). "1899 Sacco: Pontalmyra castellinensis (Cap.). castrensis Martyn, 1784 non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. "1784 Martyn: Cardium castrensis. castra (mode). - See under cas tum Guppy, 1866. castum Guppy 1866. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia casta (Guppy 1866). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. --1867 Guppy: Cardium castum Guppy. --1958 Abbott, p. 126: Trigoniocardia casta Guppy 1866. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium cas tum Guppy, 1866, vol. 22: 582. catalaunica Gillet, 1961. - Didacna catalaunica Gillet, 1961. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1960 ZR: Didacna catalaunica Gillet, 1960 sp. nov. Pliocene, Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. --1961 ZR: Didacna catalaunica Gillet & Vicente sic 1961 sp. nov. Pliocene, Barcelona, Spain. --1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.) catalaunica Gillet, 1961. catastomum Hall, 1858. - Conocardium catastomum Hall. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (Dall 1895, p. 519). RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publica/ion vol. 30 (2004) 431 catephes - caudatum chisinau Conoeardium eatastomum Hall, 1858, vol. 4: 13. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. USA (Indiana), B07409. eatephes (variety). - See under erassatekata var. eatephes Davidasvili, 1930. Catilloides Andrussow, 1923 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RE CORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Catilloides Andrussow, 1923 in subfamily Adacninae. Catilloides Andrussow, 1923 (section, subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS . "1930 ZR: Catilloides sec. nov. Monodacna catilloides Andrussov [Type] [Ref. Androussov 1923]. ··1963 ZR: Catilloides Andrusov, 1963 sect. nov. of Monodacna Pliocene, Russia. Subgenotype: Monodaena catilloides Andrussov. catilloides Andrussov. - Monodacna catilloides Andrussov. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Monodacna catilloides Andrussov [Type of sec. Catilloides] [Ref. Androussov 1923] ... 1963 ZR: Monodacna (Catilloides) catilloides Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Pliocene, Russia. catillus Eichwald, 1841. [Figs. Part 1 p. 123]. - Changed combination: Didacna catillus (Eichwald, 1841). Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. "1841 Eichwald, p. 221, pI. 40, figs. 1-2: Monodacna catillus m ... 1866 Issei: Monodacna catillus, Eichwald, 1842. "1877 Grimm: Cardium catillus Eichw. = Monodaena eatillus Eichwald. ··1877 ZR: Cardium catillus (Eichw.) also recent in the Caspian Sea [Ref. Grimm 1877]. '·1903 Andrussoff: Monodacna catillus Eichwald , 1841. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1141 : Monodaena eatil/us Eichwald, 1841. "1943 ZR: Didaena catillus Ref. to Joukove (1943). ··1977 Popov : Didacna catillus (Eichwald , 1841). ·'1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna catillus (Eichw.). ··1989. Mikhailesku: Didacna catillus. catillus Grimm, 1877. [Figs. Part I p. 181]. - Synonym of Didaena protmeta protmeta (Eichw). » Regarding Cardium eatillus: Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Cardium eatillus Grimm, 1877 non Eichwald, 1841 = Didaena protraeta protmcta (Eichw) . catillus of Grimm (partim). - Synonym of Didaena para/lella Bogatschev, 1932. » Regarding Cardium eatillus: Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1877 Grimm : Cardium eatillus Eichw. ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Cardium catillus (Eichw.) Grimm, 1877, partim = Didacna parallella Bogatschev, 1932. catillus devexa Popov, 1983 (subspecies). - Didacna eatillus devexa Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. "1983 Popov, p. 150, fig.: Didacna catillus devexa subsp. nov. catillus transcaspica Nevesskaya, 1959 (subspecies).Didacna catillus transcaspica Nevesskaya, 1959. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1959 ZR: Didacna catillus /ranscaspica Nevesskaya, 1959 subsp. nov. Quaternary, Cheleken Peninsula Turkmeniya USSR catillus vo/gensis Svitoc, 1967 (subspecies). - Didaena catillus volgensis Svitoc, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1967 ZR: Didaena eatillus volgensis Svitoc, 1967 subsp. nov. Quaternary, central Caspian region. catillus (variety). - See under parvula var. eatillus. eatillusrudis (variety). - See under eatillusrudis var. varia. catinus Maxwell, 1992. - Nemoeardium eatinus Maxwell, 1992. Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Waihao River, South Canterbury, New Zealand . RECORDS. ··1992 Maxwell, p. 76, fig.: Nemoeardium (Pratulum) catinus sp. nov. caucasia Androussov, 1923. - Didacnomya eaucasia Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Didacnomya caucasia Androussov, 1923 sp. n. [type]. caucasica Andrussov, 1924. - Changed combination: Hyrcania caucasica. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene . RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Monodacna eaucasica Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. ··1930 ZR: Monodacna caucasica [Ref. Androussov 1923] . ··1963 ZR: Monodacna (Didacnomya) caucasica Andrusov, 1963, sp. nov. Apsheron beds, Pliocene, Russia . ··1977 Popov: Hyrcania (Didacnoides) caucasica. caucasica Popov, 1983. - Limnopappia caucasica Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae . Miocene. RECORDS. ··1983 ZR: Limnopappia caucasica Popov, 1983 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Popov, p. 34. caucasica mu/ticostata Androussov, 1923 (variety). Upgraded. Monodacna caucasica multicostata Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Monodacna caucasica var. multicostata Androussov, 1923 nov. [Ref. Androussov 1923]. caucasica oblonga Androussov, 1923 (variety). Upgraded. Monodacnacaucasica oblonga Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Monodacna caucasica var. oblonga Androussov, 1923 nov. [Ref. Androussov 1923]. caucasica pluricostata Androussov, 1923 (variety). Upgraded Monodacna caucasica pluricostata Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. •• J 930 ZR: Monodacna caucasica var. pluricostata Androussov, 1923 nov. [Ref. Androussov 1923] . caucasicum Yanishevsky, 1922. - Lunulicardium caucasicum Yanishevsky, 1922. Not in Cardiacea. Silurian. RECOR DS . ··1922 ZR : Lunulicardium caucasicum Yanishevsky, 1922 Silurian Russia. caudagalli Hede, 1915. - Lunulicardium caudagalli Hede, 1915. Not in Cardiacea. Silurian. RECORDS. ··1915 ZR: Lunulicardium caudagalli Hede, 1915 sp. n. Silurian Sweden. *caudatum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium cauda tum from 2 sources: Goldfuss, 1837. - Possibly Romer (?year). caudatum Goldfuss, 1837. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" caudatum Goldfuss, 1837. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1146: Cardium cauda/um Goldfuss, 1837. caudatum Romer. - Changed combination: Pholadomya caudata (Romer). Cardiacea. Fossil. REMARKS. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium cauda/um Romer in genus Pholadomya. ··1871 Stoliczka: Pholadomya caudata Romer has the hinge of a Pholadomya but is referred to Cardium by Conrad. caudatum chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 (forma). - Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" caudatum chisiflau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Cardium cauda/um n. f. chisinau 432 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) cazecae - centralis Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 Sarmatian fossil , Rumania. cazecae Andrussov, 1889. - Changed combination: Monodacna cazecae (Andrusov, (889). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Remarks. The species referred to Andrussov (1889) and Andrusov (1965) in ZR seem to be identical. RECORDS. "1889 ZR: Cardium cazecae Andrussov, 1889. n. sp. with fig. "1965 ZR: Cardium cazecae Andrusov, 1965 sp. nov. S. Russian seas. "1977 Popov: Monodacna, cazecae. cedonii Tavani, 1948. - New combination : Protocardia cecionii (Tavani, 1948) . Cardiidae. Cretaceous . RECORDS. "1948 ZR: Cardium (Protocardia) cecionii Tavani, 1948 sp. nov. Cretaceous Somaliland. cekusi Gorj .-Kramb . - New combination : Lymnocardium cekusi (Gorj .-Kramb .) . Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium cekusi (Gorj .-Kramb.). celaeno (subspecies and variety). - See under medeae celaeno Davidachvili and medeae var. celaeno Davidachvili . celaeno. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra celaeno. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna celaeno. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra celaeno. celatum R6ding, 1798. - Unknown species. « Regarding Cardium celatum: R6ding referred to this species as the furrowed heart shell. With imbricate surface. RECORDS. "1798 R6ding: Cardium celatum. "1902 Sherborn, p. 190: Cardium celatum Bolten, 1798. celebesensis Dollfus, 1915. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" celebesensis Dollfus, 1915. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1915 ZR: Cardium celebesensis Dollfus, 1915 sp. n. Celebes, Oligocene. "1918 ZR: Cardium celebesensis Dollfus, 1918 sp. n. Celebes Oligocene. cenomanense Orbigny, 1844. - Changed combination: Granocardium cenomanense (d'Orbigny). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS . "1871 Sto1iczka: Cardium cenomanense (Acanthocardium sic) [Cretaceous]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. '1166: Cardium cenomanense d' Orbigny, 1844. "1978 Scott: Cardium cenomanense d 'Orbigny. "1978 Scott: Granocardium (Criocardium) cenomanense (d'Orbigny). centifilosum (variety). - See under modesta centifilosa. centifilosum Carpenter, 1864. - Changed combination: Nemocardium centifilosum (Carpenter, (864). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Catalina Island, California (Carpenter, 1864 p. 611) 30-40 fathoms. RECORDS. "1864 Carpenter, p. 611: Cardium var. centifilosum. "1864 Carpenter: Cardium (? modes tum ) var. centifilosum. "1864 Carpenter: Cardium var. centifilosum. Probably = modestum, Ad. & Rv. "1864 Carpenter: Cardium (Fulvia , Gray) var. centifilosum. "1867 Carpenter: Cardium (? modestum) var. centifilosum . "1867 ZR: Cardium (? modestum, var.) centifilosum sp. n. Carpenter, 1866. Monterey. "1872 Carpenter: Cardium (? modestum) var. centifilosum. "1901 Dall: Protocardia centifilosa Carpenter, 1864. "1907 Berry: Cardium centifilosa Carp. "1907 Kelsey: Protocardia centifilosa Carp. "1916 Dall: Protocardia centifilosa Carp. "1918 Packard: Cardium (Protocardium) centifilosa Carpenter. "1921 Dall: Protocardia centifilosa Carp. "1924 Oldroyd: Proto cardia centifilosa Carpenter, 1864. "1931 Grant & Gale: Laevicardium centifilosum Carp. "1937 Keen: Nemocardium centifilosum . "1944 Burch: Nemocardium centifilosum Carp. "1945 Burch: Nemocardium centifilosum Carp. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium centifilosum Carpenter. "1948 Smith & Gordon: Cardium centifilosum Carpenter. "1950 Keen: Nemocardium centifilosum (Carpenter, (866). "1953 La Rocque: Cardium centifilosum. "1954 Keen: Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter), 1866 . [Recent] . "1954 Abbott : Nemocardium centifilosum Carp. "1960 Eyerdam : Protocardia centifilosa (Carpenter). "1960 Morris: Laevicardium centifilosum Carp. "1964 Parker: Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter, 1864). "1965 Coan: Nemocardium centifilosum Carp. "1966 Morris: Nemocardium centifilosum Carp. "1970 Bernard: Nemocardium centifilosum Carp. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter, 1864). "1974 Abbott: Nemocardium centijilosum Carp. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Nemocardium centifilosum Carpenter. "1977 Popov: Pratulum centifilosum (Carpenter, 1899). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium centifilosum Carpenter, 1864, p. 642. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium centifilosum Carpenter, 1866, p. 209. "1990 Dance: Nemocardium centifilosum Carpenter. "1994 Schneider: Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter, 1864) ... 1998 Schneider: Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter, 1864). "2000 Coan et al.: Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter, 1864). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: dry coil. Departure Bay, Nanaimo, Gulf of California 132 m. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell almost as high as long; all ribs and interspaces on posterior area crossed by strong concentric laminae. DESCRIPTIONS. Hertlein & Strong (I 947): Shell roundly trigonal, ornamented by numerous fine radial ribs, the posterior ribs are coarser and are crossed by raised concentric lamellae. Dance (I 990): small, almost circular shell with radial and concentric ornament producing a cancellate effect on posterior slope. Anterior 2/3 of shell with fine radial ribs separated from posterior 1/3 by a single prominent rib . Greyish, greenish grey or brownish covered with thin periostracum. Inside white. DIMENSIONS. Average height 15 mm (Hertlein & Strong (947). REMARKS. Complete description of this species by Carpenter (1867). HABITAT. "ZMUC: mud, sand, gravel, stones, 36-549 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. Farallon Islands, California to lower California. centijilosum richardsoni Whiteaves, 1878 (variety). Upgraded. Protocardia centifllosa richardsonii Whiteaves. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1901 Dall: Protocardia centifilosa var. richardsonii Whiteaves, 1878. "1916 Dall : Protocardia centifilosa var. richardsoni Whiteaves, 1878. "1921 Dall, p. 40, pI. 2, fig. 3: Protocardia centifilosa richardsonii Whiteaves, 1878. ··1924 Oldroyd: Protocardia centifllosa richardsonii Whiteaves, 1878. "1953 La Rocque: Cardium centifilosum richardsoni Whiteaves 1878. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium centifilosum richardsoni Whiteaves, is a northern form; it is generally a little larger and more coarsely sculptured. centralis Richards, 1947. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" centralis Richards, 1947. Not in Cardiidae. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 433 centropleurum - Cerastoderma Permian. RECORDS. ··1947 ZR: Cardium centralis Richards, 1947 sp. nov. Coniacean Permian Andes. centropleurum Andrusov, 1961. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" centropleurum Andrusov, 1961. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1961 ZR: Cardium centropleurum Andrusov, 1961 sp. nov. Akburun, Akhtiar, Crimean region, Russia, Sarmatian Miocene. centumliratum Melvill, 1906. [Figs. Part 3 p. 900]. Changed combination: Frigidocardium centumliratum (Melvill, 1906). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fragum torresi (Smith, 1885). » Regarding Cardium centumliratum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Persian Gulf(Melvill & Standen, 1906). RECORDs. ··1906 Melvill, p. 839, pI. 53, fig. 2: Cardium (7 Fragum) centumliratum n. sp . •• 1906 ZR: Cardium (7 Fragum) centumliratum Melvill & Standen, 1906 sp. n. Persian Gulf. ··1909 Melvill: Cardium lOO-liratum, Melv. & St. •• I 928 Mel viII: Microcardium centumliratum Melv. ··1932 Prashad: Cardium centumliratum = Cardium (Fragum) 7 torresi Smith, 1885 . •• I 977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium centumliratum Melvill, in Mel viII & Standen 1906 = Cardium torresi Smith. ··1977 Popov: Pratulum centumliratum (Melvill, 1906). ··1995 Oliver, fig. 1087: Microcardium centumliratum (MelviII & Standen, 1907). ··2001 Vidal, p. 407: Frigidocardium centumliratum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1995 Oliver: roundly subquadrate, longer than high, posterior margin almost straight, anterior broadly rounded, hinge margin long. Sculpture of numerous (about 100) narrow radial riblets with interspaces of equal size; about one third of the interspaces bear widely separated, subtubular spines. The spine-free interspaces show no fixed patterns, the gaps may be 1-4 ribs. White ... 200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1906 Melvil.l & Standen: alt. 21, lat. 21, diam. 14 mm (sp. maj.). REMARKS . •• I 906 Melvill & Standen: a most delicate white shell, the very fine and elaborate radiating sculpture being almost too minute for a comprehensive description. The lirae are over one hundred in number, closely running together, every third or fourth row possessing larger spinose excavated squamae; many of them slightly curved at the apex, others erect, straight; these spines are much worn off towards the umbones. The form of the shell is almost identical with hat of the much smaller C. (Fragum) torresi E. A. Sm., from the Torres Straits, but the sculpture is quite different. Smaller examples, hardly adult, exist in greater or less degree in the shelldredging at 15 fathoms in the Gulf of Oman. The larger examples come from Mussandam. It seems also allied to C. (Fulvia) peramabilis Dall. Described by Dall as one of the most exquisite and elegant shells known. And C. 1OO-liratum must rival this when in its complete beauty, but, unfortunately, no absolutely perfect specimen has yet been obtained. HABITAT . •• I 906 Melvill & Standen: 40-156 fathoms. "1995 Oliver: offshore. DISTRIBUTION . •• I 995 Oliver: Arabian Sea. centumpanium Andrussov, 1911. - Changed combination: Acanthocardia centumpania (Andrussov, 1911). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . •• I 970 Glibert & Poe1: Cardium (Acanthocardia)centumpanium Andrussov, 1911. ··1977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) centumpanium (Andrussov). ··1985 Ananiashvili: Cardium centumpanium Andrus. ··1989 Gontsharova: Cardium centumpania Andrussov, 19 I I. Laevicardium (Laevicardium) •• I 989 Gontsharova: Acanthocardia centumpania (Andrussov, 1911). ceramidum Dall, 1886. - Synonym of Trigoniocardia an til/arum (d'Orbigny, 1845).» Regarding Cardium ceramidum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . •• I 886 Dall, p. 269, pI. 4, fig. 6: Cardium ceramidum n. sp. ··1886 ZR: Cardium ceramidum Dall, 1886 n. sp., West Indies. •• I 902 DaII: Cardium ceramidum DaII, 1886 = Cardium an til/arum Orbigny, 1845 . •• I 902 Dall & Simpson: Cardium ceramidum DalI, 1886 = Cardium (Fragum) an til/arum d'Orbigny, 1845 . •• I 934 Johnson: Trigoniocardia ceramidum Dall 1886 . •• 1939 McLean: Trigoniocardia ceramidum. ··1939. ZR: Trigoniocardium ceramidum figs. [Ref. McLean 1939]. ··1944 ZR: Trigoniocardia ceramidum Dall.[Ref. Clench & Smith 1944] . •• I 95 I McLean: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) ceramidum (DalI). ··1958 Abbott: Trigoniocardia ceramida Dall 1886 = Trigoniocardia antil/arum Orbigny 1846. "1958 Olsson & McGinty: Trigoniocardia ceramidum (DalJ). ··1974 Abbott: Cardium ceramidum Dall, 1886 = Trigoniocardia an til/arum (Orbigny, 1842) . •• I 977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Trigoniocardia) ceramidum DaII. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS. ··1939 McLean: 8.2 x 8.2 x 8.0 mm; ribs 18. - HABITAT. 320 m depth. - DISTRlBUTION. Greater Antilles. Cerastes Poli, 179 I (genus). - Homonym. Replaced by Cerastoderma Poli, 1795. » Regarding Cerastes: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1847 Gray, No. 557: Cerastes Polio Synonym of Cardium, Linn. ··1857 Oeshayes: Cerastes Poli: syn. of Cardium. ··1858 Adams & Adams: Subgenus Cerastes, Poli, not Hasselquist, is a synonym = subgenus Cerastoderma Poli. ··1887 Fischer: Cerastes Poli, 1791 jun. syn. of Cardium Linne, 1758. ··1937 ZR: Cerastes Poli 1795 = Cerastoderma Poli, 1795. Genotype designated Cerastes gracilis Poli 1795 = Cardium edule L., 1785 [Ref. Keen 1937]. ··1980 Vokes: Cerastes Poli, 1791 [non Laurenti, 1768 (Rept.); = Cerastoderma Poli, 1795]. Cerastes Hasselquist (subgenus). - Ref. Adams & Adams (1858): subgenus Cerastes Hasselquist. Cerastobyssum (genus). - See under hauniense Cerastoderma Miirch, 1853. - See Poli, 1795. Cerastoderma Poli, 1795 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Type species: Martens 1870 designated Cardium edule Linnaeus, 1758 type species of genus Cerastoderma Poli, 1795 (Glibert & Poel 1970). RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cerastoderma Poli: syn. of Cardium. ··1876 Meek: Cerastoderma (Poli), Miirch, 1853. Synon. Cardiidae. Cardium edule Linne regarded as genotype . •• I 887 Fischer: Cerastoderma Poli, 1795 jun. syn. of Cardium Linne, 1758. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 194: Cerastoderma Poli, 1795. ··1930 Stewart: Cerastoderma (Poli) Miirch, 1853 may have to placed under Acanthocardia. ··1937 ZR: Cerastoderma Poli, 1795. Genotype designated Cerastes gracilis Poli 1795 = Cardium edule L., 1785 [Ref. Keen 1937]. ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Genus Cerastoderma Polio ··1969 ZR: Cerastoderma (Poli, 1795) Miirch, 1853, included in subfamily Cerastodermatinae Nordsieck, 1969 [Ref. Nordsieck 1969]. ··1975 ZR: Cerastoderma. Key to species. USSR. Oligocene. [Ref. Merklin, p. 94]. ··1975 ZR: 434 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Cerastoderma - Chartocardium Cardium. Baltic Sea. [Now classified as genus Cerastoderma] [Ref. Haage]. "1977 Popov: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma). "1977 Popov: Cerastoderma Poli, 1795. Type species: Cardium edule Linnaeus, 1758. Type designation by von Martens, 1870. ··1980 Vokes: Cerastoderma Po Ii, 1795 in subfamily Laevicardiinae. ··1980 ZR: Cerastoderma Poli 1795. Taxonomic position. [Ref. Kafanov, p. 298]. ··1983 ZR: Cerastoderma Poli 1795. Diagnosis. [Ref. Sremac]. ··1982 ZR: Cerastoderma. Allopatric & sympatric populations, Denmark. [Ref. Brock]. ··2001 Vidal, p. 406, Group 1: Cerastoderma. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - ··1994 Hylleberg: medium sized shells. ObJique-quadrangular, hinge only moderately arched; beaks orthogyrate; ribs moderately strong on posterior slope, sculptured with cross-threads or smooth. Hinge almost straight, teeth prominent. Inner margin strongly crenulate. ··2001 Vidal: siphons relatively long, close to each other, often fused at their bases. Eyes on tentacles. Cerastoderma Poli, 1795 (section, subgenus). Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. REcORDs. ··1858 Adams & Adams: subgenus (Cerastoderma) Polio ··1869 ZR: subgenus (Cerastoderma) (Poli, March), type Cardium edule (L.) [Ref. Ramer 1869]. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium edule, L. type species of subgenus (Cerastoderma) March (ex Poli) 1851. ··1887 Fischer: Cerastoderma Poli, 1795; March, 1853. Section of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. ··1890 Paetel: 5. Sect. Cerastoderma Poli of Cardium. ··1891 Ramer: v. Sect. Cerastoderma of genus Cardium L. ··1899 Sacco: Cerastoderma edule (L.) type species of subgenus (Cerastoderma) Poli 1791, em. March 1853 Adams 1858. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: subgenus (Cerastoderma) Poli, 1795. ··1924 Oldroyd: Subgenus (Cerastoderma) Morch, 1853. ··1934 Johnson: (Cerastoderma) March, 1853. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium.edule Linne, 1758 (von Martens 1870). Type species of subgenus (Cerastoderma) Poli, 1795. ··2002 Schneider: citing Dall (1900): Cardium (Cerastoderma), section Cerastoderma. Cerastodermatinae Nordsieck, 1969 (subfamily). Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1969 ZR: Cardiidae to include subfamily Cerastodermatinae Nordsieck, 1969 subfam. nov. q.v. ··1969 ZR: Cerastodermatinae Nordsieck, 1969 subfam. nov. of Cardiidae to include Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884, Cerastoderma Poli, 1795) March, 1853. Cerastodermi Poli, 1795 (genus). - Synonym of Cardium Linne. RECORDS. ··1847 Gray, No. 557: Cerastodermi sp. Poli [synonym of Cardium Linne]. Ceratoderma (genus). - Printer's error. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Ceratoderma (err. pro Cerasto- Poli, 1795) Jousseaume. Ceratodesma (error). - Printer's mistake for Cerastoderma in Anaya, 1983 (Vokes 1980). cercadicum (variety). - See under haitense var. cercadicum Maury, 1917, 1919. cerevicianum Pasic, 1951. - Corculum cerevicianum Pasic, 1951. Cardiidae. Senonian. RECORDS. ··1952 ZR: Corculum (Fragum) cerevicianum Pasic, 1951 sp. nov. Senonian near Cerevic. cerevicianum Petha, 1906. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cerevicianum Petha, 1906. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1906 Petha: Cardium cerevicianum sp. n. Cretaceous, Hungary. ··1906 ZR: Cardium cerevicianum Petha, 1906 sp. n. Cretaceous, Hungary. cestum Dall, 1898, - Trachycardium cesIUm (Dall, 1898). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. ··1898 Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) cestum Dall, 1898 n. sp. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Trachycardium (s.s.) cestum (Dall, 1900). ··1977 Vokes: Trachycardium (Conilocardium) cestum (Dall). Chama (genus). - Not in Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Chama. Genus now in family Chamacea. ··1937 ZR: Chama gigas L. Now classified as Tridacna gigas [Ref. Iredale 1937] Chametrachea (subgenus) RECORDS. ··1998. Schneider: (Chametrachea) subgenus of Tridacna. chamidi Belen'kaya, 1972. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" chamidi Belen 'kaya, 1972. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. ··1972 ZR: Cardium chamidi Belen'kaya, 1972 sp. nov. Uzbekistan. Lower Miocene. chamoides Link, 1807. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" chamoides Link, 1807. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1210: Cardium chamoides Link, 1807. chancellorensis Oleksyshyn, 1959. - Cerastoderma chancellorensis Oleksyshyn, 1959. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1959 ZR: Cerastoderma chancellorensis Oleksyshyn, 1959 sp. nov. from St. Mary's City, Chancellor Point, St. Mary's County, Maryland, Miocene. ··2002 Schneider: citing Oleksyshyn (1959): Cerastoderma chancellorensis sp. nov. chapmani Crespin, 1945. - Fragum chapmani Crespin, 1945. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1945 ZR: Fragum chapmani Crespin, 1945 nom. nov. for Cardium arcaeformis Chapman & Crespin. 1934. J. Roy. Soc. W. Australia 20, p. 121, non Gabb 1869 nec Cardium (Cerastoderma) a. Boettger 1880. charamica Ruzencev, 1929. - Didacna charamica Ruzencev, 1929. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Didacna charamica Ruzencev, 1929b sp. n. Apscheronian Transcaucasia. charkovensis Slodkewitsch, 1929. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" charkovensis Slodkewitsch, 1929. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium (Plagiocardium?) charkovensis Slodkewitsch, 1929 sp. n. Tertiary Russia. chartacea Brusina. - Paradacna chartacea Brusina. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Paradacna chartacea Brusina. Ponti an Miocene Rumania. chartacea radmanesti Gillet, 1943 (variety). - Upgraded. Paradacna chartacea radmanesti Gillet, 1943. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Paradacna chartacea Brusina var. radmanesti Gillet, 1943 nov. Pontian Miocene Rumania. Chartadacna Celidje, 1953 (genus). New name. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1953 CeJidje p. 157: Chartadacna pontica gen. et sp. nov. ··1980 Vokes: Chartadacna (genus) Celidje, 1953 [n.n.] in subfamily Paradacninae. Chartocardium Muskhelishvili, 1980 (genus). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Chartocardium ["Muskhelishvili, 1966" of auct.]. Fossil. ··1987 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 435 Chartocardium - ehoetawense Kojumdgieva p. 13: Chartocardium (Muskhelishwili in Bagdasarjan 1978). Cardiidae. Miocene, Sarrnatian. Emended diagnosis. Chartoeardium Muskhelishvili, 1980 (subgenus). Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. "1980 ZR: (Chartocardium) Muskhelishvili, 1980 subgen. nov. of genus Cerastoderma. Type species C. barboti (Hoem.). Ref. to Muskhelishvili p. 29. Chartoeoneha Andrussow 1907 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1975 ZR: Charto concha Systematic accounts of species. Pliocene. Romania, Dacic Basin. Ref. to Papaianopol. "1977 Popov: Chartoconcha Andrussow, 1907. "1980 Vokes: Chartoconcha Andrussow, 1907 in subfamily Paradacninae. '·1987 Taktakishvili p. 179: Chartoconcha. Chartoconchini Taktakishvili, 1987 (tribus). Lymnocardiidae. REcORDs. "1987 Taktakishvi Ii, p. 179: Chartoconchini . Tribe nov. of Lirnnocardiinae. Type genus Chartoconcha Andrussow, 1907. ehasariea (subspecies) . - See under trigonoides chasarica Svitoc, 1967. ehebeikana Freneix, 1980. - Protocardia chebeikana Freneix, 1980. Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. RECORDs. "1980 ZR: Protocardia (Proto cardia) chebeikana Freneix, 1980, sp. nov. Morocco. Ref. to Freneix, p. 170. Cheiopteria (genus). - Cardiacea . Fossil. RECORDS. "1976 ZR: Cheiopteria new genus. Type species Cardium glabrum Goldfuss, 1837 not Munster 1840. Ref. to Pojeta, p. 15. chejsliensis Sinelnikova , 1990. - Ciliatocardium chejsliensis Sinelnikova , 1990. Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Russian SFSR. RECORDS. "1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova, p. 71 , pI. 16, fig. 8: Ciliatocardium chejsliensis sp . nov. Sinelnikova 1990. chejsliensis Sinelnikova, 1990. - Serripes chejsliensis Sinelnikova, 1990. Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. "1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova, p. 72, pI. 17, fig. 3: Serripes chejsliensis sp. nov. Sinelnikova, 1990. cheribonense Oostingh, 1935. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" cheribonense (Oostingh, 1935). Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1 935 ZR: Cardium (Acanthocardia) cheribonense Oostingh, 1935 sp. n. Pliocene Java. ehersonese Nossovskii, 1962. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " chersonese Nossovskii, 1962. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1962 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) chersonese Nossovskii, 1962 sp. nov. Oligocene, Khersonsk province, USSR Chesacardium Ward, 1992 (genus). - Synonym of Planicardium. « Regarding Chesacardium: RECORDS. "2002 Schneider: Chesacardium Ward (1992). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCEDESCRlPTIONS. "2002 Schneider: Chesacardium is a basal grade of Planicardium and therefore should be considered ajunior synonym of Planicardium. ··2002 Schneider: the right anterior cardinal teeth are small, blunt, longer than high, anterior and dorsal to the right anterior cardinal socket, and do not obscure the face of the socket. The adductor muscle scars are not impressed into the shell. chesterensis Weller, 1921. - Conocardium chesterensis Weller, 1921. Conocardi idae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1921 ZR: Conocardium chesterensis Weller, 1921 sp. n. Basal Okaw and Golconda limestones. chiae Almera & Bofill, 1894. - Didacna chiae (Almera & Bofill, 1894). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.) chiae (Almera & Bofill, 1984 sic). ehiatellaeformis (subspecies). - See under doengingki chiatellaeformis. chikagawaense Kotaka, 1950. - Synonym of Ciliatocardium cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). » Regarding Cardium chikagawaense: Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1950 ZR: Cardium (Clinocardium) chikagawaense Kotaka, 1950 sp. nov. sea-cliff at the outlet of the Chikagawa R., Aomori, Japan. "1973 Keen: Clinocardium chikagawaense Kotaka. 1950. "1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium chikagawaense (Kotaka 1950) Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. "2000 Coan et al.: C. chikagawaense Kotaka, 1950 = Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). chikryzovi Mirkama10va, 1958. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" chikryzovi Mirkamalova, 1958. Cardiidae. Palaeogene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Cardium chikryzovi Mirkamalova, 1958 sp. nov. Besh-Bulak, Sumsarsk beds, Palaeogene. Kyzyl Kum, USSR chinense misprint of sinense in Popov (1977). chipolanum Oall , 1898. - Changed combination: Dinocardium chipolanum (Dall, 1898) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium robustum "So lander". » Regarding C. chipolanum : Cardiidae. Early Miocene. RECORDS . "1898 Oall: Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum Dall, 1898 n. sp. "1 900 Dall: Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum Dall, 1900. "1930 Stewart: Cardium robustum "Solander", apparently the first valid name for Dinocardium chipolanum (Dal!) [Miocene]. "1964 ZR: Dinocardium (Exocardium) chipolanum Dall from Chipola Miocene of Florida [Ref. Olsson 1964]. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Cerastoderma (s.s.) chipolanum (Oall, 1900). "1977. Vokes: Dinocardium chipolanum (Dall). "1977 Popov: Dinocardium chipolanum (?). "1994 Rio: Dinocardium chipolanum s. str. (DaIl1900) [Early Miocene]. "2002 Schneider: citing Dall (1900): Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum sp. nov. section Dinocardium. ehipo/anum a/umen Gardner, 1926 (subspecies). Changed combination: Dinocardium chipolanum alumen (Gardner, 1926). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Dinocardium chipolanum: only a variety (Gardner 1926). » Regarding chipolanum alumen: Cardiidae. Early Miocene. RECORDS. "1926 Gardner: Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum alumen Gardner, 1926 n. subsp. "1926 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum alumen Gardner, 1926 subsp. n. Tertiary U.S.A. "1977 Vokes: Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum alumen Gardner, 1926 = only a variety... 1977 Vokes: Dinocardium chipolanum. "1994 Rio: Dinocardium chipolanum alumen (Gardner). chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 (forma). Upgraded. See under bessarabicum chisinau. / carditaeformis chisinau. / caudatum chisinau. / macoveii chisinau. / moldavicum chisinau. / morosanui chisinau. / visternicense chisinau. choctawense Shumard, 1860. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " choctawense (Shumard, 1860). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From North America. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium 436 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) chordotomlln - ciliare choctawense (Protocardium). Referred to by Meek 1864. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium choctawense Shumard, 1860, vol. I: 599. chordotonum Muenster in Go1dfuss, 1837. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" chordotonum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1252: Cardium chordotonum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. chouteauensis Branson, 1938. - Dexiobia chouteauensis Branson, 1938. Cardiacea. Carboniferous. RECORDS. "1940 ZR: Dexiobia chouteauensis Branson, 1938 sp. n. Mississippian (Carboniferous) Knox Co. Missouri USA. christopher (variety). - See under medium var. christopher Trechmann, 1932. Chrysocardium (genus). - Synonym. RECORDS. "1992 Schneider p. 148: Chrysocardium Woodring 1982. Junior synonym of Sawkinsia Cox 1941. chva/ynica (subspecies). - See under trigonoides chvalynic Svitoc, 1967. chvintellse Popov, 1982. - Merklinicardium? chvintense Popov, 1982. Cardiacea. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1982 ZR: Merklinicardium? chvintense Popov, 1982 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Popov et al. p. 46. chyzeri Brusina, 1902. - Changed combination: Didacna chyzeri (Brusina, 1902). Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Didacna (s.s.) chyzeri (Brusina, 1902). "1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna chyzeri Brus. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra chyzeri (Brus.). ci/iare (aff.) Borson 1825. - Synonym of Acanthocardia paucicostata (Sowerby 1839). » Regarding Cardium aff. ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco: Cardium sp. aff. ciliare Borson 1825 = Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby 1839. ciliare Brocchi, 1814. - Synonym of Acanthocardia aculeatum (Linne, 1758). » Regarding ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1983 Anaya: Cardium ciliare Brocchi, 1814 = Cardium (Acanthocardia) aculeatum Linne, 1758. ciliare Linnaeus, 1758 I Gmelin, 1791. [Figs . Part I p. 41,49,74,81,90,96,105 , 130,167. Part 3 p. 844).Several synonyms and ID's have been proposed. See below. » Regarding Cardium ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Oceanus Mediterraneo (Linne, 1758); unknown (Reeve 1844). - TYPE REPOSITORY. Unknown. SUGGESTED ID's. - [I] - Acanthocardia aculeata Linne: "1813 . Fleming: Cardium ciliare = juv. of aculeatum. "1832 Deshayes: Cardium ciliare Gmel. = Cardium aculeatum L. "1836 Bosc: Cardium ciliare. "1844 Brown: Cardium ciliare, the young shell of Donovan and Montagu = Cardium aculeatum. "1844 Philippi : Cardium ciliare by authors = Cardium aculeatum juv. "1844 Reeve: Cardium ciliare Linne, 1767 = Acanthocardia aculeata (Linne, 1767) (juvenile shown in Deshayes). "1856 Jeffreys: young (Cardium cWare Ph .) = Cardium aculeatum (Note: Ph. = Philippi). "1857. Deshayes, p. 73 : Cardium ciliare, Linne. This unknown species should be rejected. "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium cWare auctoris (= juv. aculeatum). "1859 Sowerby: C. ciliare = Cardium aculeatum, Linn. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium ciliare Linne in Romer 1869 = Cardium aculeatum Linne . - (2) A canthocardia echinata Linne: 1819 . Lamarck: Cardium cWare in Bruguiere (no. 11) = Cardium echinatum. Lin. "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium cWare Gmelin - Linne (juv.) = Cardium echinatum Linne. "1869 Romer: Cardium ciliare L. = Cardium echinatum L. - [3] - Acanthocardia paucicostata (Sowerby): 1900. Locard & Caziot: Cardium cWare in Payr p. 55 = Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby, 1859 sic. "1900 Locard & Cazio!: Cardium ciliare in Requien p. 26 = Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby, 1859 sic. "1 902 Sherborn, p. 207: Cerastoderma (L.) ciliare Poli, 1795. - Cardium cWare . .. 1916 Milaschewitch: Cardium ciliare Lin. = Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby var. impedita Mil. (1909). "1844 Reeve: Cardium ciliare in Philippi = Acanthocardia paucicostata (Sowerby, 1841). "1857 Deshayes: C. cWare is most likely = Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby. "1867 Hidalgo: Cardium ciliare auct. non Lin . = Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby. "1880 Stossich: Cardium cWare Linne. = Cardium paucicostatum Sow. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium ciliare Linne (pro parte ?) = Cardium paucicostalum Sowerby. OTHER RECORDS. "1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium ciliare t. 325. f. 162. "1742 Gualtieri. ID by Linnaeus 1758 and by Gmelin 1791: Cardium ciliare t. 72 . f. C. "1742 Gualtieri, pI. 72, fig. C = Cardium ciliare ffide Poli 1795]. "1758 Linne, p. 679, No. 64: Cardium cWare. "1767 Linne, p. 1122, sp. 80: Cardium cWare. "1769 Knorr. C. ciliare. [Author not available). "1771 Knorr, pI. 5, fig. 162: Cardium ciliare ffide Spengler 1799) . "1772 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium cWare Vergn. 6. t. 5. f. 5. "1777 Pennant, pI. 50, fig. 39: Cardium ciliare ffide Polj 1795). "1782 Chemnitz, VI, Tab. 17 Fig. 171-172: Cardium ciliare Lin. [Author not available). "1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: CardiumcWaret.17. f. 171. 172. "1782 Chemnitz, XI, figs. 1951-1953: Cardium cWare Linne [fide Spengler 1799]. "1786 Schroter, No. VIII: Cardium cWare. Linn. XII. pag. 1122. Spec. 80. "1788 Schroter: Cardium ciliare. VI. 145. 178. 179. "1789 Bruguiere, No. II. Cardium ciliare Linn. var. A. Linn. pag. 1122, num. 80. "1791 Gmelin, p. 3248, No.9: Cardium ciliare. "1791 Poli, pI. 16, fig. 20: Cardium cWare Linn. pag. 1122. "1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 298. fig. 4. Cardium cWare. "1799 Spengler, p. 18, No.7: Cardium ciliare Linnei Sp. 80 . p. 1122. "1800 Donovan, PI. 9, fig. 3a Cardium ciliare. ｾＧＱＸＰＲ＠ Bosc, III p. 101: Cardium cWare. "1803 Montagu: Cardium ciliare Lin. "1815 Wood: Cardium ciliare Linn. "1807 Link, pt. 3 p. 151: Cardium cWare Linne. "1807 Fischer, III p. 265 No. 15-17: Cardium ciliare Gmelin. "1807 Maton & Rackett, No.6: Cardium ciliare Linn. "1815 Wood, p. 209 No.3: Cardium ciliare Linne. "1825 Wood, p. 24, No.3: Cardium ciliare. "1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium ciliare Gmel. Mediterranean, African coasts, certain American islands. "1850 Jay: Cardium ciliare Gmel. = Cardium aculeatum Linn. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium ciliare Linne. "1867 ZR: Cardium echinatum (L.), its young state = Cardium ciliare (L.) [Ref. Weinkauff 1867]. "1868 ZR: Cardium cWare (Linne, not Reeve) is = paucicostalum of Sowerby and Reeve [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1890 Paetel: Cardium ciliare L. = echinatum L.juv. "1891. Danilo & Sandri: Cardium ciliare Linn. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Acanthocardia) ciliare cWare Linne, 1758. "1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 161: Cardium cWare Linne = species insufficiently Phuket Marine Biological Cenler Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 437 ciliare - ciliaris milaschewitschi known. ··1979 Richardson et af. : Cardium ciliare Linnaeus, 1758. ··1980 ZR: Cardium ciliare Linnaeus 1758. Replacement name for C. paucicoslalum Sowerby 1834. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 625. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. Lamarck's specimen in the Geneve Museum is labeled Cardium ciliare Gmel. in addition to Cardium ciliare Lin. Lamk. (c. echinatum Lin. juvenile). It is a juvenile paucicostalum (G. Hapner Petersen pers. comm.). ··ZMUC: Spengler colI. 1 specimen labeled from Mediterranean p.18, no. 17. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1758 Linnaeus: shell subcordate, sulci elevated triangular, outer part spinose-ciliated (I have translated from Latin). ··1799 Spengler: Testa subcordala: sulcis elevatis triquetris: extremis aculeato-ciliatis. - Colour light yellow, with white transversal bands. Linne's specimen was snow-white. ··1819 Lamarck: C. lesta rOlundato-cordata, lenui, albida, luteo subzonala; cos lis Iriquetris, subcarinalis, aculealis, inlerslitiis plan is, transverse rugosis. ··1844 Reeve: shell somewhat cordate, radiately ribbed, 16 narrow ribs, peculiarly compressly ciliated. DIMENSIONS. The specimen in the Geneve Museum is max. 17 mm. REMARKS. ··1799 Spengler: it resembles Cardium echinatum and similar species, except that it is much smaller. Reverend Chemnitz possesses a specimen, which is unusually large ··1844 Reeve: Cardium ciliare is distinct from the young of Cardium aculeatum, which has 23 ribs, whilst Cardium ciliare, like the Cardium paucicoslalum, has only 16 (Reeve). Dodge (1952) maintains that ciliare is none of the species echinatum,paucicostatum or aCllleatum but the name ciliare as used today (Fischer-Piette 1977, p. 161). DISTRIBUTION . "1807 Maton & Rackett: Dorset, Cornwall, Devonshire, Orkneys. ··1819 Lamarck: African coasts and American islands. ··1844 Reeve: unknown. ciliare of Lamarck. - Synonym of Acanlhocardia paucicostala (Sowerby). » Regarding Cardium ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. REPOSITORY. ?Lamarck's specimen in the Geneve Museum No. 1085/42. RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck, p. 6: Cardium ciliare Gmelin, p. 3226. "1866 Brusina: Cardium ciliare Lamarck. ciliare of Pennant. - Synonym of Acanlhocardia aculeata (Linne). » Regarding Cardium ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRJBUTION. Britain &c. (Wood & Hanley 1856). RECORDS . ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No.3: Cardium ciliare Pen. (not Lin.). ··1890 Paetel: Cardium ciliare Penn. = aculeatum L. juv. ciliare of Philippi. - Synonym of Acanlhocardia paucicoslala (Sowerby). » Regarding Cardium ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1836 Philippi, p. 49, 2: Cardium ciliare L. var bela. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium ciliare of Philippi = Cardium paucicoslalum Sowerby, 1841. ciliare of Polio - Synonym of Acanlhocardia paucicoslala (Sowerby). » Regarding Cardium ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1791 Poli, p. 59: Cardium ciliare Linne, p. 1122. ··1819 Lamarck, p. 6, II.: Cardium cilialum b var. = Poli, Conch. I. tab. 16, fig. 20. ··1886 Locard: Cardium ciliare (non Linne), Poli, 1791 = Cardium paucicoslalum Sowerby. 1859. ··1917 Hidalgo: Cardium ciliare Poli = Cardium paucicoslalum Sowerby. ··1933 Coen: Cardium ciliare Poli = Eucardium (Sphaerocardium) paucicoslalum Sowerby. "1937 Coen: ciliare Poli = Cerasloderma (Sphaerocardium) paucicoslalum Sowerby. ciliare Solander, 1786. - Not valid. » Regarding Cardium ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 1276: Cardium ciliare Solander, 1786 In. n.]. ciliare bianconiallum Cocconi, 1873 (subspecies). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ciliare bianconiana (Cocconi). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Acanthocardia) ciliare bianconianum Cocconi, 1873. ciliare Bruguiere, 1789 (variety). - Synonym of Cardium ciliare Linnaeus, 1758. » Regarding Cardium ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere, p. 218, No. 11: Cardium ciliare var. ··1979 Richardson el af. p. 246: Cardium ciliare var. Bruguiere, 1789 = Cardium ciliare Linnaeus, 1758. ciliare B Bruguiere, 1789 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 72]. - Synonym of Cardium echinalum. Linnaeus. » Regarding Cardium ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1789 Bruguiere, No. II. Cardium ciliare Linn. var. B., confer Concha strigis. Bonanni pag. 110, fig. 90. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium ciliare Var. B. Bruguiere = Cardium echinatum . Linnaeus. ciliare blbeta Lamarck, 1819 (variety). - Synonym of Acanlhocardia paucicoslatum (Sowerby, 1841). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Acanthocardia echinala (Linnaeus, 1758). - Acanlhocardia aculeala (Linnaeus, 1758). - Cardium ciliare Linnaeus, 1758. » Regarding Cardium ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. ?Lamarck's specimen in the Geneve Museum No. 1085/42. RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck, p. 6, II.: Cardium cilialum b var. ··1819 Lamarck, p. 6: Cardium ciliare var. beta = Cardium echinatum according to Bruguiere (cited in Lamarck 1819, p. 6) ... 1836 Philippi: Cardium ciliare var. bela (Poli t. 16. fig. 20. bene) (p. 49). ··1836 Philippi, p. 49, 3: Cardium ciliare Larnk. var beta = Poli t.J6, f. 20. bene. "1844 Philippi, p. 37: Cardium ciliare var. beta. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium ciliare var. beta Lamarck, 1819 = Acanthocardia paucicostalum (Sowerby, 1841). "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium ciliare var beta Lamarck (iuv.) = Cardium echinatum Linne. "1979 Richardson et af. p. 247: Cardium var. ciliare Lamarck, 1819 = Cardium ciliare Linnaeus, 1758. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1819 Lamarck: Var. tubercularis brevioribus obtusioribus: lateris compressis distantibus. ciliare beta Brocchi 1814 (variety) . - Synonym of Cardium aculeatum L. » Regarding Cardium ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco : Syn. Cardium ciliare var. beta Brocchi 1814 = Cardium aculealum L. ciliare gamma Brocchi 1814 (variety). - Synonym of Acanlhocardia paucicostata (Sowerby 1839). » Regarding Cardium ciliare: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium ciliare var. gamma Brocchi 1814 = Cardium paucicoslatum Sowerby 1839. ciliaris milaschewitschi Kafanov, 1980. - Acanthocardia ciliaris milaschewilschi Kafanov, 1980. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1980 Kafanov: Acanthocardia (Sphaerocardium) ciliaris milaschewitschi Kafanov. "1980 ZR: Acanlhocardia (Sphaerocardium) ciliaris milaschewitschi nom. nov. for Cardium paucicoslalum 438 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Ciliatocardium - ciliatum var. impedita Milaschewitsch 1909 nec C. impeditum. Deshayes 1860. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 625. Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. REcORDs. "1974 Kafanov, p. 1469: Ciliatocardium. ··1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium gen. nov. ofCardiidae. Type Species Cardium cilialum Fabricius 1780, Kafanov, p. 1469. "1975 ZR: Ciliatocardium. Kafanov 1974. Referred to new tribe Clinocardiini, p. 146. Ref. to Kafanov. "1980 Vokes: Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974. ··1980 ZR: Ciliatocardium Kafanov 1974. Key to species & subspecies. Ref. to Kafanov. ··1 981 ZR: Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974. Western Pacific, temperate zone. Ref. to Skarlato, p. 343. ··1982 ZR: Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974. Key to species. Sakhalin. Neogene & Palaeogene. Ref. to Kafanov et al. p. 53. Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1974 Kafanov, p. 1469: Ciliatocardium. ··1980 Vokes : Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974. Recent. ··2000 Co an et al. : Subgenus Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974. ciliatum Fabricius, 1780. [Figs. Part 1 p . 76, 169, 172, 179. Part 3 p. 852, 853, 890). - Changed combination: Ciliatocardium ciliatum ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). Cardiidae. Pleistocene and Recent. Type species of genus Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974. TyPE LOCALITY. Greenland. RECORDS . ··1780 Fabricius, No. 411 : Cardium cilia tum. ··1780 Fabricius. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium cilialum Fn. groenl. p. 410. n. 411 . ··1791 Gmelin, p. 3248, No. 10: Cardium ciliatum O. Fabr. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium ciliatum. Fabricius . ··1846 Hancock: Cardium ciliatum, O. Fabr. = Cardium Islandicum Chemnitz. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. ciliatum o. Fab. = Cardium icelandicum Ch. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerasloderma) ciliatum Fabr. ··1868 Morch : Cardium (Cerastoderma) ciliatum Fabr. ··1870 Gould: Cardium ciliatum Fabr. (syn.) = Cardium islandicum Linn . ··1873 Tryon : Cardium ciliatum o. Fabricius, 1780 = Cardium islandicum Linnaeus, 1767. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium cilia tum Fabricius = Cardium islandicum Linne. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium cilia tum Fab. = islandicum Ch. ··1900 Brogger: Cardium cilia tum Fabr. ··190 I Friele & Grieg: Cardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780. ··1902 Dall: Cardium (Cerastoderma) cilia tum o. Fabricius, 1780. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 207: Cardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780. ··1907 ZR: Cardium cilialum compo with californiense [Ref. Dall 1907]. ··1910 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium cilia tum Fabricius 1780 (non ciliare Linn.) = Cardium islandicum Chemnitz ... 1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium ciliatum Fabricius 1780 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) islandicum, Chernnitz 1782. ··1924 Oldroyd: Cardium cilia tum Fabricius, 1780. ··1924 Schlesch: Cardium (Cerastoderma) cilia tum (Fabricius) Recent. ··1930 ZR: Cardium cilia tum [Ref. Messjatzen 1930]. ··1934 Thorson: Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. ··19 36 Keen : Clinocardium cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). ··1936 ZR: Clinocardium ciliatum (Fab., 1780) [Ref. Keen 1936]. ··1939 McLean: Clinocardium ciliatum. ··1936 ZR: Cardium ciliatum metabolism and temperature [Ref. Sparck 1936]. ··1939 Soot-Ryen: Cardium (Cerastoderma) ciliatum Fabricius. ··1939 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) ciliatum fig. [Ref. McLean 1939]. ··1944 ZR: Clinocardium ciliatllm Fabricius [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944]. ··1953 La Rocque: Clinocardium ciliatum O. Fabricius 1780. ··1954 Keen : Cardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780. [Pleistocene]. ··1962 Kira: Clinocardium cilia tum (Fabricius). ··1969 Nordsieck: Clinocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). ··1971 ZR: Cardium cilia tum Acoustic communication. Water vibrations [Ref. Vilenkin & Vilenkina 1971). ··1972 ZR: Clinocardium cilia tum [Ref. Andrews 1972]. ··1974 ZR: Cardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780 designated type species for new genus Cilialocardium Kafanov, 1974. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Keenocardium) ciliatum Fabricius. ··1977 Habe: Clinocardillm (Ciliatocardium) ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). ··1979 ZR: Cilia to cardium ciliatum. Ref. to Kafanov. ··1980 ZR: C. comoxense Dall 1900, C. hayesii Stimpson, 1864, C. icelandicum Reeve, 1845 , C. islandicum Bruguiere, 1789, and Ciliatocardium padimeicum Merklin & Zarkhidze, 1979 are jWlior synonyms of Ciliatocardium cilia tum (Fabricius 1780). Ref to Kafanov 1980. ··1980 ZR: Cardium cilia/um Fabricius 1780 . Lectotype designated. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 312. ··1980 ZR: Ciliatocardium cilialum (Fabricius 1780) is a senior synonym of Ciliatocardium comoxense (DaU 1900), C. padimeicum Merklin & Zarkhidze 1979, C. arclieum (Sowerby 1841), C. hayesii (Stimpson 1864), and C. icelandicllm (Reeve, 1845). Ref. to Kafanov. "1980 ZR: Cilialocardium ciliatum (Fabricius 1780) Senior synonym of C. islandicum (Bruguiere 1789). Ref. to Kafanov p. 312. "1981 ZR: Ciliatocardium ciliatum. Neogene, western Pacific. Ref. to Kafanov. ··1982 ZR: Ciliatocardium cilia tum ciliatllm (Fabricius 1780) Diagnosis. Ref. to Kafanov et at. p. 53. ··1985 ZR: Clinocardium ciliatum. Holocene Ref. to Blake. ··1987 ZR: Clinocardium cilia tum (Fabricius 1780). Ref. to Backeljau et al. I Maximovich. ··1989 Okutani, Tagawa & Horikawa: Clinocardium (Cilialocardium) cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). ··1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova: Cardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780. Type species of genus Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974. ··1998 Schneider: Cilia to cardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). ··1999 Lutaenko: Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). ··2000 Coan et at.: Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) cilialum (Fabricius, 1780). "2001 Vidal, p. 407: Clinocardium ciliatum. ··2002 Schneider: citing Dall (1900): Cardium (Cerastoderma) cilia tum Fabricius, 1780, section Cerastoderma. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Ciliatocardium cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). It is known only from the Arctic. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: wet colI. South Greenland . DESCRIPTIONS. ··1780 Fabricius: Cardium testa subcordata, sulcis eleuatis sublriquetris cilia tis. DIMENSIONS. ··1939 McLean: 51 x 46 x 31 mm; ribs 36-38. "200 I Vidal: with a few additional larger tentacles outside siphons. No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. ··1912: Dautzenberg & Fischer argued that Fabricius indicated that his new species Cardium ciliatum might be identical to Cardium ciliare, which was previously described by Linne 1758. Because ciliatum is a derivative of ciliare (and the names have coexisted within the same genus) one of the two names must disappear. The authors refer to the law of priority, which demands the junior synonym to be removed: ciliatum is not a valid name. Further, the authors note Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 439 ciliatum - circulare that C. ciliare is a juvenile cardiid and a synonym of C. echinatum according to Hanley. HABITAT. ··1969 Nordsieck: sandy and rocky clay at 11-100 m depth around Greenland; 22-125 m depth in Norwegian Fjords. DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: Arctic, North America, North Europe. ··1994 Hylleberg: Japan. ciliatum of Gmelin and of authors. - Synonym of Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding C. ciliatum: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1815 Wood: Cardium ciliatum ofGmelin (p. 3248) = C. echinatum. ··1852 Leach: Cardium ciliatum of authors = Cardium echinatum. cilia tum brooksi MacNeil, 1943 (subspecies). - New combination: Ciliatocardium ciliatum brooksi (MacNeil, 1943). Cardiidae. Pliocene. REcORDs. ··1943 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) cilia tum brooksi MacNeil, 1943 subsp. nov. Alaska. Pliocene. ··1954 Keen: Cardium (Cerastoderma) cilia tum brooksi MacNeil, 1943. ciliatum comoxense Dall, 1900. - Changed combination: Ciliatocardium ciliatum comoxense (Dall, 1900). » Regarding C. ciliatum comoxense: RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium comoxense (Dall, 1900). Downgraded to Ciliatocardium ciliatum comoxense. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1470. ciliatum maruyamense Kafanov & Savizky, 1982 (subspecies). - Ciliatocardium cilia tum maruyamense Kafanov & Savizky. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1982 Kafanov & Savizky: Ciliatocardium cilia tum maruyamense Kafanov & Savizky. ··1982 ZR: Ciliatocardium ciliatum maruyamense subsp. nov. Russian SFSR, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Kafanov et al. p.56. ciliatum nordenskioeldi Kafanov, 1981 (subspecies). Synonym of Ciliatocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). » Regarding C. ciliatum nordenskioeldi: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1981 Kafanov: Cilia to cardium cilia tum nordenskioeldi Kafanov. ··2000 Coan et al.: Ciliatocardium cilia tum nordenskioeldi Kafanov, 1981 = Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). ciliatum ochotense Kafanov, 1981 (subspecies). Synonym of Ciliatocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). »Regarding C. ciliatum ochotense: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1981 Kafanov: Cilia to cardium cilia tum ochotense Kafanov, 1981. ··2000 Coan et al.: Ciliatocardium cilia tum ochotense Kafanov, 1981 = Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). ciliatum padimeicum Merklin & Zarkhidze, 1979 (subspecies). - Clinocardium ciliatum padimeicum Merklin & Zarkhidze, 1979. Cardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1979 ZR: Clinocardium ciliatum padimeicum Merklin & Zarkhidze, 1979 subsp. nov. USSR. Ref. to Merklin et al. p. 44. cilia tum tchuktchense Kafanov in Skarlato 1981 (subspecies). - Synonym of Ciliatocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). » Regarding C. ciliatum tchuktchense: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1981 Kafanov: Ciliatocardium cilia tum tchuktchense Kafanov. ··1981 ZR: Ciliatocardium ciliatum tchuktchense Kafanov, 1981 subsp. nov. Bering Sea. Ref. to Skariato, p. 343. ··2000 Coan et al.: Ciliatocardium cilia tum tchuktchense Kafanov in Skarlato, 1981 = Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRJBUTION. North Europe, Arctic. cinderellae Maury, 1917. - Changed combination: Agnocardia cinderellae (Maury, 1917). ). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium (Trachycardium) alternatus Hubbard, 1920. « Regarding Cardium cinderellae Maury, 1917: Cardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. restriction of type locality Vokes 1989, p.1 04. RECORDS. "1917 Maury: Cardium (Trachycardium) cinderellae Maury, 1917 (fide Schneider 2002). ··1919 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) cinderellae Maury, 1919 sp. n. Tertiary S. Domingo. ··1984 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) alternatus Hubbard, 1920. Raised from Cardium (Trachycardium) cinderellae var. alternatus. Ref. to Vokes p. 42. ··1984 ZR: Agnocardia cinderellae (Maury, 1917). Comb. nov. Transferred from Cardium (Trachycardium) cinderellae Maury, 1917. Ref. to Vokes, p. 42. ··1989 Vokes: Cardium (Trachycardium) cinderellae Maury, 1917. ··1998 Schneider: Agnocardia cinderellae (Maury, 1917). ··2002 Schneider: Agnocardia cinderellae (Maury, 1917). cinderellae alternatum Hubbard, 1920 (variety). Upgraded. Changed combination: Agnocardia cinderellae alternatum (Hubbard, 1920). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1920 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) cinderellae var. alternatum Hubbard, 1920 var. n. Tertiary Porto Rico. ··1984 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) cinderellae var. alternatus Hubbard, 1920. Raised to Cardium (Trachycardium) alternatus. Ref. to Vokes p. 42. ··2002 Schneider: Agnocardia cinderellae var. alternatus (Hubbard, 1920). cingumtum Goldfuss, 1837. - Changed combination: Nemocardium cingulatum (Gold fuss, 1837). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium tenuisulcatum var. (Nyst). » Regarding Cardium cingulatum: Cardiidae. Oligocene . RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium cingula/um Goldfuss. ··1886 Vincent: Cardium cingulatum Goldfuss, 1840. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium cingulatum Goldf. ··1907 ZR: Cardium cingulatum [Ref. Amthor 1907]. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1308: Cardium cingulatum Goldfuss, 1837. ··1936 ZR: Laevicardium cingulatum figs. [Ref. Gillet & Theobald 1936]. ··1946 ZR: Tutcheria cingulata (Goldfuss) [Ref. Cox 1946]. ··1959 Csepreghy-Meznerics: Cardium (Laevicardium) cingula tum Goldf. compared with Cardium (Trachycardium) polycolpatum. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium cingulatum variety of Laevicardium tenuisulcatum (Nyst). ··1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Habecardium) cingula tum (Goldfuss, 1837). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium cingulatum Goldfuss. Aquitanien. Germany, B24911. cipangense (subspecies). - See under elongatum cipangense Vidal, 1993. ciplyense Vincent, 1931. - Nemocardium ciplyense Vincent, 1931. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1931 ZR: Nemocardium ciplyense Vincent, 1931 sp. n. Poudingue Belgium. ··1975 ZR: Nemocardium ciplyense Vincent, 1930. Lectotype designated. Ref. to Glibert, p. 59. circulare d' Archiac. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" circulare d' Archiac. Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.m.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological 440 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) eireulare - citrinum Collection. Cardium eireufare d' Archiac. Turkey, B22341. eireulare d' Orbigny, 1850. - Unieardium eireufare d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn, p. 1320: Unieardium eireufare d 'Orbigny, 1850. Circulum (genus). - Printer's error. REcORDs. ··1980. Vokes: Cireufum (err. pro Cor- Rading, 1798) Gray, 1851. eisaralensis Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudoeatillus eisaralensis Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudoeatillus eisaralensis sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Pseudoeatillus eisaralensis Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. eiseaueasiea Ebersin, 1967. - Maeradaena eiseaueasiea Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin : Maeradaena eiseaueasiea sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Maeradacna eiseaucasia Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. eismontana Ebersin, 1962. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra cismontana (Ebersin, 1962) . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Didaena (Pontalmyra) cismontana Eberzin, 1962 sp. nov. Azerbaidzhan, Azov region, Pliocene, Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Ponlalmyra eismontana (Ebers.). citrinoideum Phillips, 1829. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" citrinoideum Phillips, 1829. Cardiidae. Lias-Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium citrinoideum Phillips. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1333: Cardium eitrinoideum Phillips , 1829. ··1947 ZR: Cardium citrinoideum Phillips. Cornbrash, Scarborough, Inferior Oolite [Ref. Melmore 1947]. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium citronideum Phillips. Pas de Calais, B 13008. citrinum Chemnitz, 1782 [Figs. Part 1 p. 75 No. 189]. Non binominal. Not available. - Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium citrinum Chemnitz [not available]. - Cardium hiatus Meuschen [not available]. - Cardium serra tum Linnaeus, 1758. » Regarding Cardium citrinum: Cardiidae. Recent. Type specimen not known. RECORDS. ··1687 Lister, pI. 349, fig. 83 = Cardium eitrinum (fide Chemnitz 1782). ··1742 Gualtieri, pI. 82, fig. A = Cardium citrinum (fide Chemnitz 1782). ··1758 Linne, p. 680, No. 73: Cardium eitrinum (fide Chernnitz 1782). "1764 Linne, p. 491 , No. 45: Cardium cilrinum (fide Chemnitz 1782). ··1767 Linne, p. 1123, No. 89: Cardium citrinum (fide Chemnitz 1782). ··1778 Born, p, 35: Cardium citrinum (fide Chemnitz 1782). ··1780 Born, p. 47: Cardium eitrinum (fide Chemnitz 1782). ··1781 Gronovius, p. 266, No. 1128: Cardium citrinum (fide Chemnitz 1782). ··1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 18 Fig. 189: Cardium citrinum seu cardium serratum Lin. ··1788 Schrater: Cardium citrinum. VI, 146. 193. ··1799 Spengler: Cardium eill-inum Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 18 Fig. 189 seu cardium serratum Lin. = No. 28 Cardium laevigatum in Spengler 1799 (West Indies). ··1799 Spengler, p. 43 , No. 28: Cardium eitrinum in Gualtieri (1742) (fide Chemnitz 1782) = Cardium laevigalum Linne. ··1840 Pfeiffer: Chemnitz Fig. J 89. Cardium citrinum seu cardium serratum Lin. = Cardium laevigatum Lam. 26. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 6, No. 71: Cardium citrinum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium laevigatum Linne. ··1853 Dunker: Cardium citrinum Chemnitz. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardillm citrillum Chemn. ··1864 Krebs: Cardium citrinum Chemnitz = Cardium hiatus Meuschen. ··1878 Poulsen: Cardium citrinum Chemnitz. ··1890 Paetel: Laevicardium citrinum Ch. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Krabbe West Indies = ? laevigatum Linnaeus. ··ZMUC: two specimens, Antilles = ? laevigatum Linnaeus . REMARKS . Cardium citrinum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium laevigatum Linne, 1758 according to label, the general collection of ZMUC. DISTRIBUTION. West Indies. North Carolina to Brazil (Reeve, 1844). eitrinum Wood, 1815 . [Figs. Part I p. 100]. - Synonym of Laevicardium serratum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium brasilianum (Lamarck, 1819). - Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). - Laevicardium oviputamen (Reeve, 1844). - Laevicardium serratum (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding C. citrinum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1815 Wood, p. 223, pI. 54, fig 3: Cardium citrinum Linn. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium citrillum Wood = Cardium serra tum Linnaeus. ··1925 Woodring, p. 145: Cardium cilrinum Wood, 1815 is identical with Cardium serra tum Linne, 1758. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium cilrinum Wood, 1815 = Cardium oViputamen Reeve, 1844. ··1844 Thorpe: Cardium citrinum Wood. G. C. t. 54. fig. 2 = Cardium levigatum sic, Lin. 1123. ··1846 Conrad: Cardium citrinum Wood. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 22: Cardium citrinum Wood, G. C. 223, pI. 54, f. 3. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Cardium cilrinum Wood, subsequent to C. serra tum Lin. Syst. ··1850 Jay: Cardium eitrinum Wood = Cardium serratum Linn. ··1902 Dall: Cardium eilrinum of Wood, 1815 = Cardium serratum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1921 Maury: cilrinum Wood , 1815 = Cardium (Laevieardium) serratum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1334: Cardium citrinum Wood, 1826. ··1939 McLean: Cardium citrinum Wood, 1815 = Laevicardium serra tum (serra tum) (Linne, 1758). ··1951 McLean: Cardium eitrinum Wood (1815) = Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus). ··1969 Work: Cardium eitrinum Wood, 1815 = Laevieardium laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p.l 71: Cardium citrinum Linne of Wood = Laevicardium brasilianum Lamarck, 1819. eitrinum of Dunker. - Misidentification of Laevicardium erassum Gmelin. » Regarding Cardium citrinum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 12: Cardium citrinum of Dunker = Laevieardium crasswn Gmelin. eitrinuln of Linne. - Not of Linnaeus, 1758 . » Regarding Cardium eitrinum: Linnaeus did not describe the taxon citrinum. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere: Cardium citrinum Linnaei, Martini, tom. 6. pag. 193, tab. 18, fig. 189. ··1815 Wood, I, p. 223, pI. 54, fig. 3: Cardium citrinum Linn . (also figured by Chemnitz). ··1815 Wood: Cardium citrinum Linn. distinct from Cardium laevigatum Linnaeus = C. serralum. citrinum Chemnitz, 1782 (variety). Non binominal. Not available. » Regarding var. cilrinum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1870 March: Cardium var. citrinum Chemnitz = C. laevigatum Reeve = C. pristis Valenc.; Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 441 citrinum serra tum - c1avatum junior synonyms of Cardium laevigatum L. citrinum serra tum Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal. Not available. » Regarding citrinum serratum: synonym of Laevicardium serratum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1782 Chemnitz. p. 193-195, pI. 18, fig. 189: Cardium citrinum serratum Linnaei . "1925 Woodring, p. 145: Cardium citrinum serratum Chemnitz, 1782 is identical with Cardium serratum Linne, 1758. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium citrinum serra tum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium serratum Linne, 1767. ··1846 Orbigny: Cardium citrinum serra tum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium serra tum Linne , 1767. ··1853 Orbigny : Cardium citrinum serratum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium serratum, Linne, 1767. ··1854 Gray: Cardium citrinum serra tum Chemn. = Cardium serratum Linn . ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Laevicardium laevigatum citrinum serra tum Chemnitz, 1782 = Laevicardium laevigatum laevigatum (Linne, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: West Indies. citrillum tubercutatum Brusina, 1865. - Infrasubspecific. » Regarding "Cardium" tuberculatum citrinum: no evidence of sub specific status. Cardiidae. Recent. HABITAT. Sandy bottom at 8-73 m depth (Nordsieck 1969). - DISTRlBUTlON. As for the nominal species (Nordsieck 1969). RECORDS. ··1969 Nordsieck: Rudicardium tuberculatum citrinum (Brusina, 1865). civiculII Yokoyama, 1927. - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardium civicum: RECORDS. ··1927 Yokoyama, p. 169, 179, pI. 48, figs. 3-4: Cardium civicum Yok. n. sp. ··1927 ZR: Cardium civicum Yokoyama, 1927 sp. n. Tertiary Japan. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe : Linga civicum Yokoyama. c1aibomellse Aldrich, 1911. - Changed combination: Agnocardia claibornense (Aldrich, 1911). Cardiidae. Eocene. Type of subgenus Agnocardia Stewart, 1930. RECORDS. ··1911 Aldrich: Cardium (Trachycardium) claibornense. "1911 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) claibornensis Aldrich, 1911 sp. n. Mississippi Eocene. ··1930 ZR: Agnocardia Stewart, 1930 fossil subgen. n. of Trachycardium type Cardium claibornensis Aldrich, [Ref. Stewart 1930] . ··1969 Moore et af. : Acanthocardia (Agnocardia) claibornense (Aldrich, 1911). ··1977 Popov: Bucardium (Agnocardia) claibornense (Aldrich, 1911). ··1977 Popov: Cardium claibornense Aldrich, 1911. Type of Agnocardia Stewart, 1930. ··1984 ZR: Agnocardia claibornense (Aldrich, 1911) comb. nov. Transferred from Cardium (Trachycardium) claibornense Aldrich, 1911. Ref. to Vokes p. 38. ··1998 Schneider: Agnocardia claibornense Aldrich, 1911. ··1992 Schneider p. 155: Agnocardia claibornense (Aldrich). Type species of Agnocardia. ··2002 Schneider : Agnocardia claibornense (Aldrich, 1911). c/ariollellse Hertlein & Strong, 1947. - Changed combination: Laevicardium clarionense (Hertlein & Strong, 1947). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Off Pyramid Rock, south of Clarion Island, Gulf of California in 55 fathoms (100 m). TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, left & right valves, off Pyramid Rock, south of Clarion Island. Paratype, right valve, Santa Inez Bay, east coast of Lower California, in 35 fathoms (64 m). Calf. Acad. Sci . Paleo. Type Coil . (Hertlein & Strong 1947, Plate I, figs. 5,6, 7, 14). RECORDS. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Laevicardium) clarionense. ··1947 ZR: Cardium (Laevicardium) clarionense Hertlein & Strong, 1947 sp. nov. dredged 3 m. off Pyramid Rock, S. of Clarion Island, in 55 fms. rock and coral bottom. ··1958 Keen. Laevicardium clarionense Hertlein & Strong. ··1961 Olsson: Laevicardium clarionense Hertlein & Strong. ··1964 Parker: Laevicardium clarionense (Hertlein & Strong, 1947). ··1967 Dushane & Poorman: Laevicardium clarionense Hertlein & Strong. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Laevicardium clarionense. ··1974 Abbott: Laevicardium clarionense Hertlein & Strong. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium clarionense Hertlein & Strong. ··2001 Vidal, p. 407: Laevicardium clarionense. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Gulf of California. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell decidedly higher than long; elongately oblique; surface nearly smooth but with fine radial sculpture along the basal margin and at the edges of the resting stages, interior white with yellow patch under the umbo. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1971 Keen: shell very obliquely ovate, rather compressed, pointed at the beaks, very slightly gaping at the sides; smooth over most of the surface but with fine radial sculpture along the basal margin and the edges of the resting stages; internally with the basal and lower half of the anterior margin finely serrated; a narrow posterior area defined by a slight angle exteriorly but scarcely visible internally; exterior light yellowish, variously maculated and spotted with brown, internally with a large yellow patch extending from the beaks to the middle of the shell, a broad white band along the margins; lateral teeth strong, cardinal teeth small, two in the left valve, one in the right. ··2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS . ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: length, 23.9 mm, height 31.4 mm, breadth 16.5 mm (holotype). Maximum: length 32 mm, height 41 mm Length, 24 mm, height, 31 mm, diameter, 16.5 mm (Keen 1971). REMARKS. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Laevicardium clarionense resembles Cardium etatum Sowerby of the same size but is more oblique and more compressed. ··1971 Keen: a rare offshore form, resembling the much larger L. elatum and might be mistaken for the young of that species except for the oblique outline. The shell is yellow, spotted with brown. HABITAT. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: muddy sand, shelly mud, depths of 64-155 m. ··1971 Keen: in depths of 35 to 85 fathoms . DISTRIBUTION. ··1971 Keen & McLean: from Santa Inez Bay, Gulf of California to Clarion Island, Revillagigedo group. ··1971 Keen : West Panama, Santa Inez Bay, Gulf of California, to Clarion Island, Revillagigedo group. clathratum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Changed combination : Conocardium clathratum d'Orbigny. Conocardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Austria. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium clathratum d'Orbigny. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1342: Conocardium clathratum d'Orbigny, 1850 = Cardium aliforme var. clathratum Goldfuss. clavatulII Hilber. - Synonym of "Cardium" turonicum vidali Cossmann & Peyrot. Combination to be revised . » Regarding Cardium clavatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1886 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium 442 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) cleryi - cobalcescui clavatum Hitber. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium clavatum Hilber = Cardium turonicum var. vidali Cossmann & Peyrot. cleryi Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cleryi Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: C. cleryi Desh. ··1980. Ruhoff: Cardium clelyi Deshayes, 1853, vol. 2: 47. cliffwoodensis Weller. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia cliffwoodensis (Weller). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1978 Scott: Cardium cliffwoodensis Weller. ··1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Dochmocardia) cliffivoodensis (Weller). Clinocardiidae (family). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR: Clinocardiidae Kafanov 1975. Western Pacific, temperate zone. [Ref. Skarlato, p. 342]. Clinocardiinae Kafanov, 1975 (subfamily). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1975 Kafanov: Clinocardiinae. ··1975 ZR: Clinocardiinae subfam. nov. ofCardiidae. Type genus Clinocardium Keen 1936, p. 146. [Ref. Kafanov]. ··1980 ZR: Clinocardiinae Kafanov 1975. [Ref. Kafanov]. ··2000 Coan et al.: Subfamily Clinocardiidae Kafanov, 1975. Clinocardiini Kafanov, 1975 (tribus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1975 Kafanov: Clinocardiini. ··1975 ZR: Clinocardiini. Tribe nov. ofCardiidae. Type genus Clinocardium Keen 1936. p. 146. Ref. to Kafanov. I Keen 1936 designated the type genus for new tribe Clinocardiini. [Ref. Kafanov]. Clinocardium Keen, 1936 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Type species: Keen 1936 designated Cardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837 type species of genus Clinocardium. RECORDS. ··1936 ZR: Clinocardium Keen, 1936 gen. n. for genotype Cardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837 [Ref. Keen 1936]. ··1954 Keen: Clinocardium Keen, 1936. ··1973 ZR: Clinocardium. Pleistocene. Japan. Semata Formation. [Ref. Ohara, S.]. I Tokyo Formation. [Ref. Ando]. I Pliocene. Japan. [Ref. Hayasaka]. I Pliocene. Japan. [Ref. Kaseno]. I Northern Pacific. [Ref. LeBlanc]. ··1974 ZR: Clinocardium. Continental drift. Miocene and Oligocene. [Ref. Kafanov]. ··1975 ZR: Clinocardium. Diagenesis. Shell structure. Comparative study. [Ref. Kamiya]. "1977 Popov: Clinocardium Keen, 1936. Type species: Cardium nultallii Conrad, 1837. ··1979 ZR: Clinocardium (Fabricius 1780). [Ref. Merklin]. ··1980 Vokes: Clinocardium Keen, 1936 in subfamily Laevicardiinae. ··1980 ZR: Clinocardium (Clinocardium) Keen 1936. [Ref. Kafanov]. ··2000 Coan et al.: Genus Clinocardium Keen, 1936. ··200 I Vidal, p. 406, Group I: Clinocardium. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: oblique-elliptical, hinge well arched; beaks pro so gyrate, ribs weak on posterior slope, ornamented with cross-threads; cardinal 4b weak, left posterior double. ··200 I Vidal: siphons relatively long, close to each other, often fused at their bases. No eyes on tentacles. Clinocardium Keen, 1936 (subgenus). Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. GENOTYPE. Cardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837. REcORDs. ··2000 Coan et at.: Subg. Clinocardium s.s. clinocostata Vokes, 1989. - Trigoniocardia clinocostata Vokes, 1989. Cardiidae. Neogene. TYPE LOCALITY. Dominican Republic. RECORDS. ··1989 Vokes. p.1l6, fig. Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) clinocostata n.sp. Clisocolus (genus). - Cardiacea. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Clisocolus Upper Cretaceous Southern California [Ref. Popenoe 1937]. cloacinum Quenstedt, 1856. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cloacinum Quenstedt, 1856. Cardiidae. Mesozoic. RECORDS. ··1976 Ma Qi-hong et al. p. 255: Cardium cloacinum Quenstedt, 1856. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium cloacinum Quenstedt. Rhetien. Cole-d'or, France. clodiense (mode, subspecies and variety). - See under clodiensis Brocchi, 1814. - rectidens clodiense Renier. - edule var. clodiense Renier. *clodiense. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium clodiense from 2 sources: Renier, 1804. - Brocchi, 1814. clodiense Renier, 1804. [Figs. Part I p. 94]. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium rusticum, Lk. (non Lin.) = Cardium lamarcki, Reeve = Cardium glaucum Bruguiere. - Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule var. quadrata, B.D.D. » Regarding Cardium clodiense: Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. RECORDS. ··1804 Renier: Cardium clodiense,fide Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1912. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium clodiense Renieri; extreme variety of Cardium edule. ··1866 Brusina: Cardium clodiense Renier. ··1869 Romer: Cardium clodiense Renier = Cardium edule L. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium clodiense Sandri sic [fossil] = Cardium edule Linne. ··1878 Monterosato: Cardium clodiense, Ren. (non Brocc.) = C. rusticum, Lk. (non Lin.) = C. lamarcki, Reeve = C. glaucum Bruguiere = C. edule auctt. (non L.). ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium clodiense Brocchi = Cardium var. edule. ··1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium clodiense Ren. ··1899 Sacco: Cerastoderma clodiense Renier 1804 [Pliocene and Recent]. ··1899 Sacco: Cerastoderma clodiense (Ren.) (an C. edule var.). ··1902 Bellini: clodiensis in Brusina, Monterosato = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule var. quadrata, B. D. & D. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium clodiense Renier, 1804 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1364: Cardium clodiense Renier, 1804. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cerastoderma clodiense (Brocchi, 18(4). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium clodiense Renier = Cardium edule Linne. clodiensis Brocchi, 1814. - Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding clodiense: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1832 Deshayes: Cardium clodiense Brocc. Fossilis = Cardium edule L. ··1880 Stossich: Cardium clodiense, Brocchi = Cardium edule Linne. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum clodiensis (Brocchi, 18(4). ··1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Cerastoderma edule clodiense (Brocchi, 18(4). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: unknown. clodiensis (subspecies). - See under edule clodiensis. coalescens (variety). - See under tuberculatum var. coalescens Coen, 1933,1937. cobalcescui Fontannes, 1887. - Changed combination: Prosodacna cobalcescui (Fontannes, 1887). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: P. cobalcescui Fontannes. ··1907 Andrussow: Prosodacna cobalcescui Font. ··1932 ZR: Prosodacna cobalcescui Pliocene [Ref. Davidasvili 1930a] ... 1974 ZR: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol, 30 (2004) 443 cobalcescui - coloradoensis Lymnocardium cobalcescui Fontannes, 1886 designated type species for new genus Parapachydacna, p, 141, Ref, to Andreescu. ··1987, Anaya: Limnocardium cobalescui sic Fontannes, 1887. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Prosodacna ( = Parapachydacna) gr. cobalcescui (Font.). cobalcescui Ionesi, 1983. - Cardium cobalcescui Ionesi, 1983. Cardiidae, Upper Miocene, REcORDs. ··1983 ZR: Cardium cobalcescui Ionesi, 1983 sp, nov, Romania, Ref. to Ionesi, p. 39, cobalcescui duabica Davidasvili, 1930 (variety). Upgraded, Prosodacna cobalcescui duabica Davidasvili, 1930. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene, REcoRDs, ··1932 ZR: Prosodacna cobalcescui var. duabica Davidasvili, 1930 nov. Pliocene Transcaucasia [Ref. Davidasvili I 930a]. cobalcescui serena Sabba, 1896 (variety), - Upgraded. Pachydacna cobalcescui serena Sabba, 1896, Lymnocardiidae, Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya: Pachydacna groupo cobalcescui sic Font. y var. serena Sabba, 1896. ··1987 Anaya: Pachydacna cobalescui sic var. serena Sabba, 1896, cobalescui (error). - Printer's mistake for cobalcescui in Anaya 1987. coccinea Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium coccinea: not a cardiid. REcoRDs. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium coccinea. Cochiea (error). - Printer's mistake for Cochlea in Gladenkov & Sinelnikova 1990. coejiensis Kaltenbach, 1943 - Changed combination: Cerastoderma glaucum coefiensis (Kaltenbach, 1943). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium coefiensis: Cardiidae, Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1943 Kaltenbach, p. 139141, figs. 5-6: Cardium coefiensis n, sp, ··1945 ZR: Cardium coefiensis Kaltenbach, 1943 sp, nov, Bengazi. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum coefiensis (Kaltenbach, 1943). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium coefiensis Kaltenbach = Cardium edule Linne. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: Mediterranean off Libya, Lagoon of EI Coefia, coejiensis cyrenaica Kaltenbach, 1949 (subspecies). Changed combination: Cerastoderma coefiensis cyrenaica(Kaltenbach, 1949). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1949 Kaltenbach, p. 21, Tab. 2: Cardium (Cerastoderma) coefiensis cyrenaica n. subsp. ··1949 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) coefiensis cyrenaica Kaltenbach, 1949 subsp, nov. Sebecka Ain es Selamic bei Bengasie (Cyrenaika). coejiensis heilmeieri Kaltenbach, 1949 (subspecies). Changed combination: Cerastoderma coefiensis heilmeieri (Kaltenbach, 1949), Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1949 Kaltenbach, pp. 21 & 23, Tabs. 2, 5: Cardium (Cerastoderma) coefiensis heilmeieri n, subsp. ··1949 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) coefiensis heilmeieri Kaltenbach, 1949 subsp. nov. Sebecka n. Str, Bengasi-Benina (Cyrenaika) . coefiensis (invalid spelling), - See under coefiensis. coelata Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium coe/ata: not a cardiid. RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium coe/ata. coeni (subspecies), - See under glaucum coeni Mars, 1951. *cognatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium cognatum from 2 sources: Philips, 1829, - Goldfuss, 1836, cognatum Goldfuss, 1836. - Replaced by "Cardium" nova tum Deshayes, Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium cognatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium cognatum Goldfuss, 1836 - C. novatum Desh. cognatum Philips, 1829, - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cognatum Philips, 1829. Cardiidae. Fossil. Remarks. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium cognatum Philips, 1829 (England, Germany). ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium cognatum Phillips in Goldfuss. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1388: Cardium cognatum Phillips, 1829. coislinense Cossmann, 1905. - Changed combination: Parvicardium coislinense (Cossmann, 1905). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1908 ZR: Cardium coislinense Cossmann, 1908b sp. n. Loire inferieure. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvicardium coislinense (Cossmann, 1905), colchica Davidasvili, 1930. - Prosodacna colchica Davidasvili, 1930. Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Prosodacna colchica Davidasvili, 1930a sp. n, Pliocene Transcaucasia. collegno Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" collegno d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae, Fossil. RECORDS, ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium collegno d'Orbigny. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1400: Cardium collegno d'Orbigny, 1850. collineum Buvignier, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" collineum Buvignier, 1852, Cardiidae. Jurassic and Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium collineum Buvignier, 1852; atlas p, 16, pI. 15, figs, 39--41. ··1985 Fiirsich & Werner: Cardium collineum Buvignier, 1852, collinsi Marwick, 1960. - Hedecardium collinsi Marwick, 1960, Cardiidae. Middle Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY, Otaio Gorge, South Canterbury, N. Z. REMARKS. Oldest know species of Hedecardium (Maxwell 1978). RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Hedecardium collinsi Marwick, 1960 sp. nov. p. 17, pI. 1, fig, 10. Tertiary, Otaio Gorge, South Canterbury, New Zealand. ··1978 Maxwell: Hedecardium (Hedecardium) collinsi Marwick, 1960. ··1998 Schneider: Hedecardium collinsi Marwick, 1960. colombianum d'Orbigny, 1842, - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" colombianum d'Orbigny, 1842, Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p, 1409: Cardium colombianum d'Orbigny, 1842. coloradense (error). - Printer's mistake for coloradoense in Stoliczka 1871. coloradoense Shumard, 1860. - Synonym of Protocardia Ii/osa (Conrad, 1857), » Regarding Cardium coloradoense: Cardiidae. Cretaceous, TYPE LOCALITY, From North America (Stoliczka 1871), RECORDS, ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium coloradense sic (Acanthocardium sic). Referred to by Meek 1864, ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium coloradoense Shumard, 1860, vol. 1: 599, ··1986 Scott: Pr%cardia coloradoense (Shumard) = Protocardia Ii/osa (Conrad, 1857). ··1987 ZR: Protocardia coloradoensis (Shumard, 1860). Junior synonym of P filosa (Conrad, 1857), Ref. to Scott p. 1203. coloradoensis (mode). - See under coloradoense Shumard, 1860. 444 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) c%rata - columba colorata Eichwald, 1829. - Changed combination: Hypanis colorata (Eichwald, 1829). Lymnocardi idae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. "1829 Eichwald, Zoo!. Spec. I. Tab. V. Fig. 4: Glycimeris colorata. "1838 Eichwald : Adacna colorata m. "1838 Eichwald : Glycymeris colorata ZooJ. spec. "1841 Eichwald, p. 222: Adacna colorata Eichwald, 1829. "1841 Eichwald: Adacna colorata. ? An Hypanis plicata Pando "1838 Eichwald: Adacna colorata. "1847 Siemaschko: Adacna colorata Eichw. = Glycimeris colorata Eichw . .. 1847 Siemaschko: Adacna color'ata Eichw. An Hypanis (??) plicata Pander? "1849 Middendorff: Pholadomya colorata Eichw. (fide Andrussoff 1903). "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 460: Adacna colorata, Eichw. "1876 Middendorff: Pholadomya colorata (Eichw.). "1876 ZR : Monodacna colorata (Eichw., as Adacna) [Ref. Vest 1876]. "1890 Paetel: Adacna colorata Eichw. "1890 Woodward: Adacna colorata Eich. - Caspian, Black Sea. ··1893 Ostroumoff: Cardium coloratum (Eichw.). "1903 Andrussoff: Glycimeris colorata EichwaI.d, 1829. "1903 Andrussoff: Eichwald, 1838 Glycimeris colorata (moved to genus Adacna). "1916 Milaschewitch: Monodacna colorata (Eichwald). "1922-32 Sherborn, p . 1405: Adacna colorata Eichwald, 1838. "1927 ZR: Monodacna colorala [Ref. Borcea 1927b] . "1928 ZR: Monodacna colorala Roumania, [Ref. Borcea 1928b] . "1951 Caspers: Didacna colorata (Eichw.). "1963 ZR: Monodacna colorata [Refs. 1963. Grossu & Baltac: from deposits of the Danube delta. / Kossova: from lower Volga, shel I measurements]. "1964 ZR: Monodacna colorata [Refs. 1964. Kaspevich: bio--ecological characteristics in Taganrog Bay, Russia. / Miroshnichenko: mass development and wide dispersal in the Tsimlyansk reservoir]. "1967 ZR: Monodacna colorata [Ref. 1967. Zhuravel: distribution in USSR]. "1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis colorata (Eichwald). "1970 ZR: Monodacna colorata [Ref. 1970. Karpevich & Lukonina: transplantation to USSR waters in 1966]. "1971 ZR: Monodacna co lorata [Ref. 1971. Nekrasova: distribution Azov Sea]. "1972 ZR: Monodacna colorata [Ref. Gajdash 1972]. "1974 ZR: Monodacna colorata. Artificial pond. Ref. to Ioffe. "1975 ZR: Monodacna colorata. Distribution. Lake. USSR. Ref. to Zhuravel. "1977 Popov : Monodacna colorata . "1981 ZR: Monodacna co lorata Introduction. Russian SFSR. Ref. to Milovidov. "1986 Kharchenko & Lyashenko: Monodacna colorata . "1998 Schneider: Glycimeris colorata Eichwald, 1829. "1998 Schneider: Hypanis (Monodacna) colorata (Eichwald, 1829) . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. c%rata allgusticostata Borcea , 1926 (variety). Synonym of Hypanis angusticostata Borcea, 1926. » Regarding M. colorata var. angusticostata: Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1927 ZR: Monodacna colorata var. angusticostata Borcea, 1927 nov. [Ref. Borcea 1927b]. "1928 ZR: Monodacna colorata var. angusticostata Borcea , 1928 nov. Roumania [Ref. Borcea 1928b]. "1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis colorata var. angusticostata = Hypanis angusticostata (Borcea). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. coloratajalpugensis Borcea, 1926 (variety). - Changed combination: Hypanis jalpugensis (Borcea, 1926). » Regarding M. colorata var. ialpugellsis: Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RE CORDS. "1928 ZR: Monodacna colorata var. ialpugensis Borcea, 1928 nov. Roumania, [Ref. Borcea 1928b] . "Scarlato & Starobogatov: Hypanis colorata var. jalpugensis Borcea, 1926 = Hypanis jalpugensis (Borcea, 1926). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. colorata lucida Borcea, 1926 (variety). - Changed combination: Hypanis colorata (Eichwald, 1829). » Regarding M colorata var. lucida : Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1926 Borcea: Monodacna colorata var. lucida. "1927 ZR: Monodacna colorata var. lucida Borcea, 1927 nov. Roumania [Ref. Borcea 1927b]. "1928 ZR : Monodacna colorata var. lucida Borcea, 1928 nov. Roumania [Ref. Borcea I 928b]. "Scarlato & Starobogatov: Hypanis colorata var. lucida = Hypanis colorata (Eichwald, 1829). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. colorata razelmiana Borcea, 1926 (variety). - No evidence of subspecific status. Hypanis colorata (Eichwald, 1829). » Regarding M. colorata razelmiana: Lymnocardi idae. Recent. RECORDS. "1926 Borcea: Monodacna colorata var. razelmiana. "1927 ZR: Monodacna colorata var. razelmiana Borcea, 1927 nov. [Ref. Borcea 1927b] . "1928 ZR: Monodacna colO/'ata var. razelmiana Borcea, 1928 nov. Roumania [Ref. Borcea 1928b]. "Scarlato & Starobogatov: Hypanis colorata var. razelmiana. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION . Caspian Sea. colorata tanaisiana Milaschewitch, 1916 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Hypanis colorata (Eichwald, 1829). » Regarding M colorata var. tanaisiana: Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1916 Mi1aschewitch, p. 270, pI. 8, figs. 15: Monodacna colorata var. (ex forma) tanaisiana Mil. colossea. - Didacna colossea. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1966 ZR: Didacna colossea fossil [Ref. Asadullaev 1966]. colossea miranda Asadullaev, 1966 (variety). Infrasubspecific. Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1966 ZR: Didacna colossea var. miranda Asadullaev, 1966 nov. Gyurgyan, SSR. colosseum Cox, 1941. - Sawkinsia colosseum (Cox, 1941). Cardiacea. Eocene. RECORDS. "1998 Schneider: Cardium (Trigoniocardia?) colosseum. "1998 Schneider: Cox, 1941 in genus Sawkinsia. . columba Heilprin, 1866. - Synonym of Trigoniocardia medium (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Hemicardium columba: Cardiidae. Pliocene to Recent. RECORDS. "1887 Heilprin, pI. 11, figs. 26-26a: Hemicardium columba nov. sp. "1902 Dall: Cardium columba Heilprin, 1886 = Cardium medium Linnaeus, 1758. "1921 Maury: Hemicardium columba Heilprin, 1886 = Cardium (Fragum) medium Linnaeus, 1758. "1939 McLean: Cardium columba Heilprin, 1866 = Cardium medium Linne, 1758. "1953. Olsson & Harbison: Trigoniocardia (Americardia) columba (Heilprin, 1886). "1964 ZR: Hemicardium columba Heilprin, 1964 sp. nov. "Floridian" formation ofCa100sahatchie, Pliocene, Florida . "1977 Popov : Trigoniocardia (Americardia) columba (Heilprin, 1886). "1977 Vokes: Trigoniocardia (Americardia) columba (Heilprin, 1887). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 445 columba - composita DISTRJBUTION. North Carolina USA, West Indies, Brazil. columba Lea, 1834 . - Synonym of Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Aphrodite columba: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . ··1834 Lea: Aphrodite columba. ··1844 Reeve: Aphrodite columba Lea = Cardium groenlandicum •• I 845 Philippi, p. 69: Aphrodite columba Lea = C. groenlandicum Chemn. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Aphrodita columba Lea = Cardium groenlandicum Ch. ··1869 Romer: Aphrodite columba Lea = Cardium groenlandicum Chemnitz. ··1870 Gould: Aphrodite columba Lea (syn .) = Aphrodite groenlandica . ··1873 Tryon: Aphrodite columba, Lea, 1834 = Serripes groenlandicus, Chemnitz, 1782. ··1888 Kobelt : Aphrodite columba Lea = Aphrodite groenlandicus. ··1890 Paete1: Cardium columba Lea. = groenlandicum Ch. [not available] . ··1901 Dall: Aphrodite columba Lea, 1834 = Serripes gronlandicus Gmelin, 1792. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Aphrodite columba Lea 1837 = Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum (Chernnitz) Bruguiere, Gmelin. ··1939 McLean: Cardium columba Lea, 1834 = Cardium groenlandicus . ··1977 FischerPiette : Aphrodite columba Lea = Serripes groenlandicum (Chemnitz) Schroter Bruguiere, 1789. ··1980 ZR: Serripes columba (Lea, 1834) is a junior synonym of S. groenlandicus groenlandicus (Bruguiere 1789). Ref. to Kafanov. ··2000 Coan et af. : Aphrodite columba Lea, 1837 = Serripes (Serripes) groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve : Greenland. "1856 Wood & Hanley: Newfoundland. coiumbianum Orbigny Combination to be revised: "Cardium " columbianum d'Orbigny. Cardiidae. Cretaceous . TYPE LOCALITY. Santa Fe of Bogota. RECORDS . ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium columbian urn d'Orbigny. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium columbianum d' Orb. columbina Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium columbina: REcORDs. ··1784 Martyn, pI. 48, fig. 2: Cardium columbina. ··1890 Paete!: Laevicardium columbinum Mart. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1784 Martyn: China. comatulum Bronn, 1860. - Changed combination: Nemocardium comatulum (Bronn, 1834). Cardiidae. Middle Oligocene and Middle Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Sandberger, Mainzer Becken (fide Ravn 1907) . RECORDS. ··1863 Bronn, p. 320, Tav.27, Fig. 8: Cardium comatulum (fide Ravn 1907). ··1864 Mayer: Cardium comatu/um . Bronn. ··1899 Sacco: Laevicardium comatulum (Bm.) [Oligocene]. ··1899 Sacco: Discors comatu/us Bronn iri Roverento 1898. ··1907 Ravn: Cardium comatulum Bronn, 1863. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium comatulum, non Bronn in Hartung 1860. ··1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Habecardium) comatulum (Bronn, 1834). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium comalU/um Bronn, 1860, p. 125, fig . 10. combei. - Protocardia combei. Cardiidae. Cenomanian. RECORDS. ··1965. ZR: Protocardia combei described, figd ., synonymy, Cenomanian, Egypt [Ref. Fawzi 1965] comes Coquand, 1865. - Protocardium comes (Coquand, 1865) . Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium comes Coquand, 1865 (genus Protocardium). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium comes Coquand, 1865, vol. 3: 309, pI. 19, figs . 3-4. comingi = cumingii; error in reference to fig 738 in Smith 1944. commilitalls Davidasvili, 1930. - Replacement name: Macradacna commititans (Davidasvili, 1930). » Regarding Monodacna commilitans: Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Monodacna commititans Davidasvili, 1930 sp. n. Pliocene Transcaucasia. ··1967 Ebersin: Macradacna commititans sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Macradacna commilitans (David., 1930) pro Monodacna commititans (David., 1930) [Ref. Eberzin 1967]. commune Mayer, 1866. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edute (Linne, 1758). » Regarding C. commune: Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Doll fus & Dautzenberg: Cardium commune Mayer, 1866 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium commune Mayer, 1866; [1857-1869] vol. 14: 68. commutata (mode). - See under commutatum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & DolJfus, 1892. commutatum (subspecies and variety). - See under exiguum commutatum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 and exiguum commutatum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. commutatum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. - Replacement name : Parvicardium commutatum (B.D.D, 1892). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1991 van Aartsen & Giannuzzi-Savelli: Parvicardium commutatum (B.D.D, 1892) replacement name for Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844, nec da Costa 1778. commutatum Roverento, 1898. - Synonym of "Cardium " bongniarti Mayer. Combination to be revised . » Regarding Plagiocardium commutatum: Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco Plagiocardium commutatum Rov. = Cardium bongniarti Mayer non D' Arch . ··1977 Popov: Bucardium (Europicardium) commutatum (Roverento. 1898). comoxense (subspecies and variety) . - See under californiense comoxense Dall 1900. californiense comoxense Dall 190 I. ciliatum comoxense (DalJ, 1900). comoxellse Dall, 1900. - Synonym of Clinocardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780. » Regarding Clinocardium comoxense: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1936 ZR Clinocardium comoxense (Dall, 1900) [Ref. Keen 1936] . ··1954 Keen: Cardium comoxense Dall = Clinocardium cilia turn. ··1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium comoxense (Dall, 1900) Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov. p. 1469. ··1977 Popov: Clinocardium comoxense (Dall. 1900). "1980 ZR: Ciliatocardium comoxense (Dall 1900) is a junior synonym of C. ciliatum (Fabricius 1780). Ref. to Kafanov. complanata (subspecies). - See under budman ! comp/anata PapaianopoJ, 1981 . complanatum Fuchs, 1870 . - Phyl/ocardium complanatum (Fuchs, 1870). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Phyllocardium complanalUm (Fuchs, 1870). composita (subspecies). - See under megrelicu composita Papa ian. composita Papaianopol, 1981 . - Pontalmyra compositu Papaianopo\, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR: Ponta/myra (Pontalmyra) compositll Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. 446 Tropical Marine Mol/lise Programme (TMMP) compressa - Conilocardium Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 28. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra compos ita Papaian. compressa Reeve, 1862. - Synonym of Tridacna elongata (Lam.). Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. » Regarding Tridacna compressa: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001884 ZR : Tridacna compressa (Reeve) = Tridacna elongata (Lam.) [Ref. Sowerby 1884]. 001980 Ruhoff: Tridacna compressa Reeve, 1862, [1851-1870] vol. 14 (Tridacna) pI. 6, sp. 5. compressum Dall, 1898. - Changed combination: Laevicardium compressum (Dall, 1898). Cardiidae . Fossil. REcORDs. "1898 DaH: Cardium (Laevicardium) compressum Dall, 1898 n. sp. 001977 Vokes: Laevicardium compressum (Dall). "1977 Vokes, p. 145: Cardium (Laevicardium) compressum Dall, 1898. 001977 Vokes, p . 185: Cardium (Laevicardium) compressum DaH , 1900. "1977 Popov: Laevicardium compress lim (Dall, (900). comptum Deshayes, 1853 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" comptum Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium comptum Desh. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium comptum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 49. compunctum Kira, 1955. [Figs. Part 3 p. 859] . Synonym of Vasticardillm rubicundum (Reeve, 1844). » Regarding Vasticardium compunctum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001954 Kira: Vasticardillm compunc/um Kuroda, MS. 001955 Kira: Vas/icardium compunc/um. 001960 Kuroda: Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) compunctum Kuroda. 001972 Kira, p. 139, pI. 55, No.9: Vas/icardium compunc/um Kira. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Vas/icardium) compunc/um. 001977 Habe: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) compunc/um (Kira , 1959). 001997 Poorten: Acrosterigma compuneta (Kira, 1955). 001998 Vidal: Vaslicardium compunctum Kira, 1959 = Vasticardium rubicundllm (Reeve, (844).001999 Vidal: Vaslicardium compunctum Kira, 1959 = Vas/icardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1844). 002003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 185: Vastieardium compunc/um (Kira, 1955). Synonym of Vas/icardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1845). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. 001994 Hylleberg: Japan. conalifer Munster, 1840. - Lunulacardium conalifer Muenster, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 00192232 Sherborn, p. 1028 : Lunulacardium conalifer Muenster, 1840 [canalifer p. 131. ?err. pro conalifer] conattactum Ebersin, 1958. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium conaltac/um (Ebersin, 1958). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . 001958 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) conallactum Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Kerchenski Peninsula. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. ..1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) conallactum Ebers. 001987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium conattactum. conattacum. Euxinicardium conaltacum. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium conattacum. concameratum H61zl, 1958 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" concamera/um (H6Izl, (958). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDs. 001958 ZR: Cardium (Ceras/oderma) concamera/um H61zl, 1958 sp. nov. Sulz. (Biirnschutz) Upper Bavaria, Germany. Cyrena beds, Oligocene. concameratum Wood. - Hemicardia concamera/a Wood. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Lunu/icardia) concamerata, Wood. 001890 Paetel with ref to Pet. 1. 1869 p. 223: Hemicardium sic concameratum Wood. *concentricum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium concentricum from 3 sources: Kl6den, 1834. - Forbes, 1845. - Orbigny, 1850. concentricum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" concentricum d 'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 1441: Cardium concen/ricum d'Orbigny, 1850. c01lcentricum Forbes, 1845. - Replaced by "Cardium" haldeni Deshayes. Combination to be revised. » Regarding concen/ricum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium concen/ricum Forbes, 1845 - C. haldeni Desh. 001871 Stoliczka: Cardium concen/ricum (Laevicardium). 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 1441: Cardium concentricum Forbes, 1845. concentricum Kl6den, 1834 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" coneentricum. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Brandenburg, Germany. RECORDS. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium concentricum Kl6den, 1834. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 1441: Cardium concentricum Kloeden, 1834. concentricum Wade, 1926. - Unicardium concentricum Wade, 1926. Cardiacea. Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001926 ZR: Unicardium concentricum Wade, 1926 sp. n. Cretaceous U.S.A. Concha striata non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Concha striata: RECORDS. 001857 Deshayes: Concha striata in Rondelet, Gesner, Aldrovande [none of the authors are available]: syn . of Cardium. concinna Beyrich, 1845. - Synonym of Cardium concinnum Buch = Protocardia striatula (Sowerby 1829). » Regarding Protocardia concinna: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 1449: Pr%cardia (Buch) concinnum Beyrich, 1845. - Cardium concinnum. concinna Papaianopol, 1981. - Pontalmyra concinna Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) concinna Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 14 ... 1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra concinna Papaian. concillllum Buch 1844. - Synonym of Proto cardia striatula (Sowerby 1829). » Regarding Protocardia concinna: Cardiidae. Upper Jurassic. REcORDs. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium concinuum sic de Buch. 00192232 Sherborn, p. 1446: Cardium concinnum Buch, 1844. 001982 Fursich, p. 78: Protocardia (Protocardia) s/riatula (Sowerby 1829); senior synonym of Pr%cardia concinna (von Buch 1844). concinuum (error) . - Printer's mistake for concinnum in Deshayes 1857. congestum Conrad, 1857. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" congestum (Conrad, 1857). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From North America. RECORDS. 001871 Stoliczka : Cardium conges/urn (Acanthocardium sic). Referred to by Meek 1864. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium conges/um Conrad, 1857, vol. I: 149, pI. 6, figs. 5a--d. coniacum (error). - Printer's mistake for conniacum in Stoliczka 1871. Conilocardium Vokes, 1977 (genus). - RECORDS. 001980. Vokes: Conilocardium Vokes, 1977. Fossil Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 447 Conilocardium - consors Conilocardium Vokes, 1977 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977 Vokes: (Conilocardium) n. subgenus. ··1999 Vidal: Subgenus Conilocardium Vokes, 1977 of the genus Trachycardium with 1 fossil species. conjugens trifkovici Brusina 1902. New combination: Lymnocardium conjugens trifkovici (Brusina 1902). Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. R ECORDS. ··1979 ZR : Limnocardium conjugens trifkovici (Brusina 1902) Neotype. Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 335. conjunctionense (subspecies) . - See under brooksvillense conjunctionense Mansfield, 1937. conjungens Partsch in Hornes , 1848 . - New combination: Lymnocardium conjungens (Partsch in Homes, 1848). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1887 Fischer: Limnocardium conjungens Partsch (in section Myocardia, Vest. 1875). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1473: Cardium conjungens Hoernes ex Partsch MS, 1848. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Limnocardium conjungens (Partsch in Homes, 1861). ··1987 Taktakishvi Ii: Limnocardium conjungens (Partsch). ··1998 Schultz: Limnocardium conjungens (Partsch). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium conjungens Partsch. Austria (Vienna), B31393. conniacum Orbigny, 1844. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia conniacum (Orbigny, 1844). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka : Cardium coniacum (Cerastoderma) . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1474: Cardium conniacum d 'Orbigny, 1844. ··1978 Scott: Cardium conniacum d 'Orbigny. ··1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Do c hmocardia) conniacum (d'Orbigny). Conocardiidae (family). - The fossil conocardiids were first placed in the family Cardiidae. Later they were transferred to the family Tridacnidae, which now are considered close to Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1916 ZR: Conocardium Ref. to Tschernyschew (1916). Conocardiopsis (genus). - Conocardiopsis Beushausen, 1895 . Cardiacea. Fossil. RE CORDS. ··1895 ZR: Conocardiopsis Beushausen, 1895 n.g. for Cardium leyelli D'Arch. & Vern. Conocardium Bronn, 1834 (genus). Devonian & Carboniferous . REMARKS . Conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (Dall 1895 , p. 519) . REC ORDS. ··1839 Agassiz : Genus Conocardium Bronn. ··1857 Deshayes: Conocardium Bronn: syn. of Cardium . · · 1859 Chenu : Conocardium Brown, 1837. (Devonian & Carboniferous). ··1887 Fischer: Conocardium Bronn , 1835 . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1475 : Conocardium Bronn, 1834. "1927 ZR: Conocardium [Ref. Reed 1927]. Conocardium Brown, 1837. - See under Conocardium Bronn, 1834. conradi Stephenson, 1923. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" conradi Stephenson, 1923. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1923 ZR: Cardium conradi Stephenson, 1923 sp. n. Cretaceous U.S.A. consobrinum Terquem & Jourdy, 1869. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" consobrinum Terquem & Jourdy, 1869. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1939 ZR: Cardium consobrinum Miocene, Transcaucasia [Ref. Boghachev 1938b]. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium consobrinum Terquem & Jourdy, 1869, vol. 9: 102, pI. 11, figs. 1-3. consors laxum Dall. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " consors laxum (Sowerby, 1833). Cardiidae Recent. RE CO RDS. ··1901 Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) consors var. laxum Dall = Cardium consors Sowerby, 1833. cOl/sors Sowerby, 1833. (Figs. Part I p. 107, 140, 172. Part 3 p. 857 , 922, 923]. - Changed combination: Trachycardium consors (Sowerby, 1833). Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Santa Elena, Guacomayo (Sowerby 1841). Specified by Hertlein & Strong (1947) to be Santa Elena, Ecuador, in 6-11 fathoms, sand mud. RECORDS. ··1833 Broderip & Sowerby, p. 85: Cardium consors. "1834 Sowerby, 47th part, fig. 8: Cardium consors. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 3, No . 40: Cardium consors. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p . 8: Cardium consors, (Sowerby No . 40). ··1845 Reeve, sp. 86: Cardium consors. ··1846 Orbigny: Cardium consors Broderip et Sowerby, 1833 . "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Isocardia) consors, Brod. and Sow. ··1887 Heilprin: Cardium consors is a Recent ally of Cardium floridanum (Pliocene] . "1860 Carpenter: Cardium consors Brod. & Sby. ··1895 Steams: Cardium consors, Broderip & Sowerby. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium consors Sow. "1901 Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) consors Sowerby, 1833 . ··1928 Tomlin : Cardium (Trachycardium) consors (Sow., 1833). ··1932 Pilsbry & Lowe : Cardium (Trachy cardium) consors Sby. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1484 : Cardium consors Sowerby, 1833 . ··1934 Hertlein : Cardium consors Sowerby [fossi I]. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Trachycardium) consors Sowerby, 1833. "1971 Keen & McLean: Trachycardium (Trachycardium) consors (Sowerby, 1833). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium consors Sowerby. ··1999 Vidal: Trachycardium (Trachycardium) consors (Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium consors Sowerby. Mexico (Apapulco), B39386 . ··2001 Vidal , p . 407: Trachycardium consors. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF CO LL ECTIONS. ··ZMUC : California, Ecuador, Galapagos. Lower California and near Cupica, Columbia . DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell obliquely heart-shaped, very gibbous ; radiately ribbed, 32 squamiferous ribs, scales erectly vaulted, numerous, close-set, compressly flattened on the posterior side, anterior scales obtusely thickened; whitish or straw colour, stained and marbled, especially on the posterior side, with brownish red, interior purple. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: shell elongately oval, very convex, thick, somewhat oblique and gaping posteriorly; ornamented by about 30-34 strong, elevated, radial ribs which bear strong, close-set squamose imbrications which are compressly flattened on the posterior side, extend over the top, but are absent on the anterior side of the ribs; coloured yellowishwhite stained with brown, especially on the. posterior slope, the interior coloured reddish-purple with white along the margins. ··1971 Keen: the 30 to 34 strong ribs are covered by spines that are imbricate, fitting over one another like tiles on a roof; anteriorly these spines are more flattened and posteriorly more pointed. The shell is light buff to pink or yellowish, with brown 448 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) conspectllm - coosellse stains, darker toward the posterior margin. The inside is reddish purple to flesh coloured, yellow or white around the margins. Length, 60 mm.; height, 54 mm.; diameter, 50 mm. The species is fairly common on tide flats from the southern part of the Gulf of California south to Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands, and has been dredged from depths of25 fathoms. It is the Pacific Coast relative of T. (T.) isocardia (Linnaeus, 1758), from the Caribbean, a lighter coloured, less indented, less highly ornamented species. DIMENSIONS . Large shells about 75 mm height. ··2001 Vidal : tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. "1841 Sowerby: the imbrications on the ribs of Cardium consors are closer than in C. isocardia. ··1845 Reeve: this extremely interesting species differs from the Cardium isocardia in having the scales much more numerous and close-set and peculiarly compressly flattened one upon the other on the posterior side. "190 I Dall: a more elongated variety with the imbrications rather distant from each other was named /axum. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: the Caribbean species Cardium isocardia Linnaeus is similar to C. consors. HABITAT. ··1845 Reeve: in sandy mud at a depth of from 6-11 fathoms. ··1971 Keen & McLean: tidal flats to 45 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: St. Elena and Guacomayo, West Columbia. ··1884 Grassel: Jamaica. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Ecuador, Galapagos. ··ZMUC: Lower California, Cupica Columbia. conspectllm Tscheltzov, 1965. - Changed combination: Acobaecardium conspectum (Tscheltzov, 1965). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. "1965. ZR: Cardium conspectllm Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Akchagylian (Pliocene), Turkmenia, USSR. "1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Acobaecardium conspectum (Tscheltzov) comb. nov. "1987 ZR: Acobaecardium conspectum (TscheJtzov) comb . nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 192. constantiae (afT.) Sabba Stefanescu. - Ponta/myra aff. constantiae Stefanescu. Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS ... 1987 Taktakishvili : Ponta/myra aff. constantiae Sabba. constantiae Sabba Stefanescu. - Changed combination: Didacna cOllstantiae (Stefanescu) . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1896 ZR : Ponta/myra constantiae Miocene, Roumania [Ref. Stefanescu 1896]. "1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna constantiae Sabba. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Ponta/myra constantiae Sabba. constanlii Orbigny, 1844. - Changed combination: P/euriocardia constantii (Orbigny, 1844). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Novion. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium constantii d'Orbigny. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium constantii (Acanthocardium sic). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1489: Cardium constantii d'Orbigny, 1844 . ··1978 Scott: P/euriocardia (Pleuriocardia) constantii (d'Orbigny). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium constantii [?d 'Orbigny]. Albien. Ardennes; Pas de Calais, S06788, S06925. constantinellse Cossmann & Pissarro, 1904. - Changed combination: Orthocardium constantinense (Cossmann & Pissarro, 1904). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1970 G1ibert & Poe1: Cardium (Orthocardium) constantinense Cossmann & Pissarro, 1904. contectllm PapaianopoJ, 1982. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium contectum (Papaianopol, 1982) . Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Pontien et Dacien du Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1982 PapaianopoJ, p. 187, fig .: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) con tectum sp. nov. "1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium con tectum Papaian. controversa (subspecies). - See under steindachneri controversa. contllsa (aff.) Healey, 1908. - Protocardia aff. contusa Healey, 1908. Cardiidae. Mesozoic. RECORDS. ··1976 Ma Qi-hong et at.: Protocardia aff. contusa Healey, 1908. con versa Papaianopol, 1981. - Ponta/myra con versa Papaianopo1, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Ponta/myra) con versa Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 36. ··1987 Taktakishvi1i: Pontalmyra conversa Papaian. convexa Papaianopol, 1975. - Prosodacna convexa Papaianopol, 1975. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1975 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) convexa Papaianopol, 1975 sp. nov. Romania, Dealu1 .sekiu Mare. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 259. convexllm Deshayes, 1858. - Changed combination: Agnocardia convexum (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium convexum Deshayes. "1899 Sacco: P/agiocardium convexum (Deshayes). ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (P/agiocardium) convexum Deshayes. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Vepricardium) convexum Deshayes, 1858. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium convexum Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865] vol. I: 559, pI. 55, figs. 18-21. " 1984 ZR: Agnocardia convexum (Deshayes, 1858) Comb. nov. Transferred from Cardium convexum Deshayes, 1858. Ref. to Vokes p. 37. "1995 Le Renard et al.: Agnocardia convexa [Cardium convexa] Deshayes, 1858. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard : Agnocardia convexa. ··2002 Schneider: Agnocardia convexum (Deshayes, 1858). cooarasi Jekelius, 1944. - Rep/idacna cooarasi Jekelius, 1944. Lyrnnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Replidacna cooarasi Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. cookiana. - Dinodacna cookiana. Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Dinodacna cookiana. Tridacnidae genotype. Gilbert Islands. cooper;; Gabb, 1864. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cooperii Gabb, 1864. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From California. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium cooperi. Recorded by Gabb. ··1915 Dickerson: Cardium cooperii Gabb. ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium cooperii Gabb, 1864 (n. sp.). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium cooperii Gabb, 1864; vol. 1: 172, pI. 24, fig 154. cooperii lorenzallllm Arnold, 1908 (variety). Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cooperii lorenzanum Arnold, 1908. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1908 ZR: Cardium cooperi var. lorenzanum Arnold, 1908. var. n. Oligocene (San Lorenzo forrnn.), California and Washington [Ref. Arnold 1908] . ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium cooperii lorenzanum Arnold, 1908 (n. var.). coosense Dall, 1909. - Changed combination: Clinocardium coosense (Dall, 1909). Cardiidae. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 449 copiosum - Corbula Miocene and PI iocene. REcORDs. ··1909 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) coosense Dall , 1909 sp. n. Oregon Miocene. ··1936 ZR: Clinocardium coosense (Dall, 1909) [Ref. Keen 1936] . ··1954 Keen: Cardium (Cerastoderma) coosense Dall, 1909. [Pliocene] . ··1977 Popov: Clinocardium coosense (Dall, 1900). copiosum Tscheltzov, 1965. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " copiosum Tscheltzov, 1965. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . ··1965 ZR: Cardium copiosum Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Akchagylian (Pliocene), Turkmenia, USSR. coquandi. - Protocardia coquandi. Cardiidae. Cenomanian . RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Protocardia coquandi described, figd. , synonymy, Cenomanian, Egypt [Ref. Fawzi 1965]. Cor (genus) Meuschen. - Invalid for Cardiidae. REcORDs. ··1858 Adams & Adams: Cor Meusch. is a synonym = Genus Hemicardia Klein. ··1890 Paetel: Cor Meusch. syn. of Hemicardium Cuv. ··1980 Vokes: Cor (ex Meuschen) Merch, 1853 [= Corculum Reding, 1798]. cor Linne. [Figs. Part I p. 163]. - Not a cardiid. Now in the family Isocardiidae. RECORDS. ··1844 Brown: Isocardia cor. ··1867 Weinkauff: lsocardia cor Linne. coralense (subspecies). - See under elongatum cora/ense Vidal, 1993. *corallinum Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium corallinum from 2 sources: Linne, 1758. - Leymerie, 1846. corallinum Leymerie, 1846. - Cardium corallinum Leymerie, 1846. Cardiidae. Lias and Jurassic. REcORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1514 : Cardium corallinum Leymerie, 1846. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Corallien. France, B 11789 , B 11790, B12333. corallinum Linne, 1758. [Figs. Part I p. 37,47] . - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardium corallinum: Genus Mactra. RECORDS. ··1684 Bonanno. ID by Linnaeus 1758: Cardium corallinum recr. 2. t. 53. ··1742 Gualtieri. ID by Linnaeus 1758: Cardium corallinum test. t. 71. f. B. ··1758 Linne sp. No. 75 . Cardium corallinum. ··1788 Schreter: Cardium corallinum. "1902 Sherborn, p. 243: Cardium coral/inum Linnaeus, 1758. corauritum Gmelin, 1791. - Not a cardiid. Reding (1798) called to this species "the large fool's mantle. With a smooth shell". RECORDS. ··1798 Reding: Cardium cor auritum = Chama cor Gmehn sp. 1. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 242: Cardium corauritum Bolten, 1798. - Chama cor Gm. corbierense Archiac, 1854. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" corbierense (Archiac, 1854). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium corbierense (Acanthocardium sic). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium corbierense Archiac, 1854; vol. 11: 212, pI. 3, fig. 6. Corbis Martyn 1789. Non binominal. (genus). - Not available. » Regarding Corbis: Recent, invalid for Cardiidae. Pulo Condore. corbis Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. ?Synonym of Clinocardium nullallii (Conrad, 1837). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium ca/ifornianum Conrad. Cardium /eu costomum Born. » Regarding Cardium corbis: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. PuloCondore [Vietnam] (Martyn, 1784). RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn, p. 25, pI. 28, fig. 2 Cardium corbis. "1817 Dillwyn : Cardium corbis Martyn = Cardium /eucostomum Born . ··1864 Carpenter: Cardium corbis Mart. = nuttalli. ··1864 Carpenter: Cardium cO/"bis Mart. = californianum Conr. ··1870 Conrad: C. corbis Meusch or of Martyn. ··1872 Dall: Cardium corbis Desh., Cpr., not Martyn = Cardium nuttallii Conrad. "1884 Grasset: Cardium corbis. Mart. "1890 Paetel: Cardium corbis Mart. ··1896 Rolle: Cardium corbis Martyn. "190 I Dall: Cardium (Cerastoderma) corbis Martyn, 1784. ··1907 ZR: Cardium corbis [Ref. Arnold. 1907b]. ··1916 Da1l: Cerastoderma corbis Martyn, 1784. ··1919 ZR: Cardium corbis [Ref. Edmonson 1919]. "1921 DaB: Cerastoderma corbis Martyn, 1784. ··1924 Oldroyd : Cardium cO/'bis Martyn, 1784. ··1930 Stewart: Cochlea corbis Martyn is not conspecific with C. nuttallii. ··1 931 ZR : Cardium corbis Ref. to Fasten (1931). ··1932 ZR : Cardium corbis figs. [Ref. Weymouth & Thompson 1932]. ··1933 ZR: Cardium corbis Martyn [Ref. Fraser 1933]. ··1935 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) corbis shell structure [Ref. Mitchell 1935]. ··1936 Keen: Cardium corbis Martyn is unavailable. ··1960 ZR: Cardium corbis temperature, growth and mortality [Ref. Taylor 1960]. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium corbis Martyn = Corculum nuttallii Conrad. ··1974 Abbott: Cardium corbis Martyn = C/inocardium nuttallii (Conrad , 1837). ··1983 ZR: Cardium corbis. British Columbia. Ref. to Albright el al. ··2000 Coan et aZ.: Cochlea corbis Martyn auctt. = Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad, 1837). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: one shell, without locality. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1870 Conrad: 35 large ribs; with an intermediate smaller rib between most of them; 3 wide ribs on posterior slope. Ligament narrow. Moderately prominent beaks. REMARKS. The type locality may be erroneous. This is the case with other localities given by Martyn. Martyn's Universal Conchologist is not consistently binomial and hence is to be rejected. Martyn's identification is erroneous and confusion has been created. ··1870: Conrad compared C. corbis Meusch or of Martyn, from Pooloo Condor [Vietnam] with C. nuttallii Conrad from Upper California. The two were claimed to be synonyms by Carpenter, but Conrad showed them to be very different. ··1930 Stewart: Cardium corbis is not conspecific with C. nuttallii (1869. ZR: Cardium nuttallii (Conrad) is distinct from corbis (Martyn) [Ref. Conrad 1869]). ··1936 Keen: the only available name is Clinocardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837. DISTRIBUTION. "1884 Grasset: Behring. corbisoideum d' Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium corbisoideum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1517: Unicardium corbisoideum d'Orbigny, 1850. Corbula Eichwald, 1838 (genus). - Invalid for Lymnocardiidae. » Regarding Corbula: RECORDS . ··1829 Eichwald: Corbu/a Brug. ··1847 Gray, No. 559: Corbula sp. Eichwald, 1838. Type species Corbo caspia. [Corbu/a synonym of Aphrodite, Lea; 183? not Linn.]. ··1857 Deshayes: Corbu/a (spec.) Eichwald: syn. of Cardium. ··1875 von West: Corbu/a caspia Eichwald, 1830. ··1903 Andrussoff: Corbula Eichwald, 1829. ··1903 Andrussoff: Corbula caspia Eichwald (moved to genus Monodacna). 450 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) corbuloides - cornutum corbuloides Deshayes, 1838. - Changed combination: Pontafmyra corbufoides (Deshayes, 1838). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. REcORDs. ··1838 Deshayes, p. 54, pI. 1, figs. 11-13: Cardium corbufoides. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1517: Cardium corbufoides Deshayes, 1838. ··1967 Ebersin: Didacnomya corbuloides (Desh.). ··1977 Popov: Didacnomya corbufoides. ··1981 ZR: Cardium corbufoides Deshayes 1838. Designated type species for new subgenus Pontafmyra (Sinupontafmyra). Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 41. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontafmyra corbufoides (Desh.). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1903 Andrussoff: Cardium corbufoides has a thick shell. corbuloides (cf.) Deshayes, 1838. - RECORDS. ··1953 CeJidje: Didacnomya cf. corbufoides Desh. corburicum Basse & Senesse, 1939. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" corburicum Basse & Senesse, 1939. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS ... 1945 ZR: Cardium corburicum Basse & Senesse, 1939 sp. nov. Cretaceous Source-salee, France. Corculum Hebenstr. (genus). - Invalid for Cardiidae. » Regarding Corcufum: RECORDS. ··1858 Adams & Adams: Corcufum Hebenstr. is a synonym = Genus Hemicardia Klein. Corculum Roding in Bolten, 1798 (genus). Cardiidae. Recent. Type species: Martens 1870 designated Cardium cardissa Linnaeus, 1758 type species of genus Corcufum Roding, 1798. REMARKS. Hemicardia Klein, 1755 (not available) and Cardissa, Megerle, 1811, are synonyms. RECORDs. "1847 Gray, No. 558: Corcufum, Bolten, 1778. ··1887 Fischer: Corcufum Bolten, 1798. Jun. syn of subgenus Hemicardia Klein, 1755. ··1890 Paete1: Corcufum Bolt. syn. of Hemicardium Cuv. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 243: Corculum Bolten, 1798. ··1928 Kuroda: Genus Corcufum Bolten, 1798. ··1977 Popov: Corcufum Roding, 1798. Genotype: Cardium cardissa Linne, 1758. ··1980 Vokes: Corcufum Roding, 1798 in subfamily Fraginae. ··1987 ZR: Corcufum. Shell microstructure & evolution. Ref. to Watson et at. ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Corcufum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: medium sized shells. Equivalve, laterally compressed, height and width almost equal, posterior slope nearly plane, bounded by sharp median keel (carina). Posterior area of shell thin, may have glassy texture, sculpture on ribs faint. Beaks strongly intumed. Hinge very short, angled. ··2001 Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. Corculum Roding in Bolten, 1798 (section, subgenus). - Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ,,1869. ZR: subgenus Corcufum (Bolten), type Cardium cardissa (L.) [Ref. Romer 1869]. Corculum Bolten, 1798. - See under Roding in Bolten, 1798. corculum Roding, 1798. - Not known. » Regarding Cardium corcufum: called "the small fool's mantle. With a smooth shell". RECORDS. ··1798 Roding: Cardium corcufum. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 243: Cardium corcufum Bolten, 1798 [no n.] cordata Meek & Hayden, 1857. - Synonym of Bucardia? moreauensis Meek & Hayden. » Regarding Cyprina cordata: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1860 Meek & Hayden: Cyprina cordata Meek & Hayden, 1857 (Non B. cordata sp. Buckm.) = Bucardia? moreauensis Meek & Hayden. cordatum Hector. - Not identifiable. Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1944 ZR: Hemicardium cordatum Hector (type lost) without which sp. is not identifiable (Loc. "Mahomo" should be Maheno, Oamaru) [Ref. Marwick 1944b]. cordatum Mayer, 1857. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cordatum Mayer, 1857. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium cordatum Mayer, 1857; [1856--1857] vol. 5: 359. cordierianum Matheron, 1843. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cordierianum Matheron, 1843. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1521: Cardium cordierianum Matheron, 1843. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium cordierianum (Acanthocardium sic). Cordissa (genus) - Invalid emendation. Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Cordissa (emend. pro CardMegerle, 1811) Gistl, 1848. Cordium (error). - Printer's mistake for Cardium in Bechstein 1794, Gistl 1848, and Ihering 1914. cordutum Papaianopol, 1982. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium cordutum (Papaianopol, 1982). Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien du Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1982 Papaianopol, p. 191, fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) cordutum sp. nov. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium cordutum Papaian. corneum Linne, 1758. - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Tellina cornea: from freshwater. RECORDS. ··1758 Linne, p. 678, No. 57: Tellina cornea. ··1803 Montagu: Cardium corneum Pult. Cat. Dorset. p. 31. ··1803 Montagu: Tellina cornea Lin. 72. ··1813 Poultry: Cardium corneum. ··1853 Forbes & Hanley: Cardium corneum not a cardiid. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 245: Cardium (L.) corneum Pulteney, 1799. - Tellina corneum. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Tellina cornea = Sphaerium. corneum of Pulteney, 1799. - See under corneum Linnaeus, 1758. cornucopiae Goldfuss, 1837. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cornucopiae Goldfuss, 1837. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1859 Chenu: Cardiofa cornucopiae, Goldfuss. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1534: CardiumcornucopiaeGoldfuss, 1837. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium cornucopiae Goldfuss. Germany, B 18204. cornuelianum d'Orbigny, 1844. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cornuelianum d 'Orbigny, 1844. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS ... 1857 Deshayes: Cardium cornuelianum. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1535: Cardium cornuelianum d 'Orbigny, 1844. ··1986 Scott: Cardium cornuelianum d'Orbigny. *cornutum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium cornutum from 2 sources: Deshayes, 1853. Cossmann, 1905. cornutum Cossmann, 1905. - Changed combination: Fragum cornutum (Cossmann, 1905). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1908 ZR: Cardium cornutum Cossmann, 1908 sp. n. Loire inferieure. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Fragum cornutum (Cossmann, 1905). ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Hemicardium cornutum. cornutum Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cornutum Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Phuket Marine Biological Cenler Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 451 coronaensis - corpulentum Fossil. RECORDs. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium cornutum Desh. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium cornutum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48. coronaensis Packard, 1924. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " coronaensis Packard, 1924. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Cardium (Cordium sic) coronaensis Packard, 1924 sp. n. Cretaceous California. coronatum Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part I p. 79, 93, 174. Part 3 p. 883, 884]. - Changed combination: Vepricardium coronatum (Spengler, 1799). Cardiidae. Recent. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium asiaticum Bruguiere [erroneous synonym]. TYPE MATERJAL. ··2000 Vidal , p. 450 : three bivalved specimens from the Nicobars (India), in Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. TYPE LOCALITY. Nicobar Islands. TYPE REPOSITORY. ··ZMUC (Spengler coiL): it could be the type, a lthough it carries the inscription Cpo 2 corona/um. Tranquebar = fimbria/um Lm . The label was made after Spengler had died . Authorship has been quoted by authors as Spengler in Schroter, but Spengler is the valid author. RECORDS. ··1782 Chemnitz, p. 161: Cardium var. lamellatum . ··1784 SchrDter, Tab. 7 fig . 13 a, b: Cardium corona/um SpengJeri . [SchrDter is not available). ··1786 Schroder (= SchrDter) p. 53: Cardium coronatum. [SchrDter is not available, not fully binominal]. ··1791 Gmelin, No. 30. Reference to Cardium coronatum . ··1799 Spengler: Cardium coronatum Ref. to SchrDders Einleitung 3 Theil, Tab. 7. fig. 13. a. b. p.53. "1799 Spengler, p. 9-10, No.3, p. 60, figs. 1 a,b: Cardium coronatum SchrDder sic. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 454: Cardium (Pectunculus) corona/um Spengl. ··1868 ZR: Cardium coronatum (Spengler) = fimbriatum (Reeve) [Ref. RDmer 1868]. ··1869 Romer: Cardium coronatum Spengler. ··1889 Martens : Cardium (Bucardium) coronatum Spengler, 1786. ··1890 Paetel : Cardium coronatum Spglr. ··1890 Paetel : Cardium fimbriatum Wood = corona tum Spglr. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 249 : Cardium corona/um Spengler, 1799. ··1904 Smith: Cardium corona/um Spengler. ··1906 Melvill & Standen : Cardium corona/um Spengler, 1799 = Cardium asiaticum Bruguiere, 1792. ··1907 ZR : Cardium corona tum syn. Dautzenberg & Fischer 1907]. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium (Bucardium) corona tum Spengler, 1786. ··1919 Odhner, p. 13 : Cardium coronatum Spengler. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Vepricardium) coronatum SchrDter. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium coronatum Spengler, 1799 = Cardium asiaticum Bruguiere, 1792. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium coronatum Spengler, 1786. ··1981 ZR: Cardium coronatum Spengler. Diagnostic characters. Ref. to Satyanarayana Rao et al. p. 671. ··1991 Rao, Rao & Maitra: Acanthocardia coronata (Schroeter, 1786). "1992 Oliver, p. 124, pI. 22: Bucardium corona tum Spengler in SchrDter, 1786. ··1995 Oliver, fig . 1076 : Bucardium coronatum (Spengler, 1799). ··1997 Nguyen et a1.: Vepricardium coronatum (Spengler) . ··2000 HyUeberg, p. 532: Vepricardium corona/um (Spengler in SchrDter, 1786). ··2000 Vidal, p. 450, Fig. 2: Vepricardium corona/um . Cardium coronatum SchrDter, 1786: 53, pl . 7, figs. 13ab. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 64 : Vepricardium corona/um (Spengler in SchrDter, 1786). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 185, Plate 5, figs . 18 a,b: Vepricardium coronatum (Spengler in SchrDter, 1786). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC dry colI.: Bombay as C. fimbriatum; Gulf of Thailand, 20 fathoms mud; Gulf of Thailand, 3-5 fathoms soft clay; cf. C. corona tum Spengler, 1799. ··ZMUC: wet collection: Lampong bay, Kei, 25 m mud, ?true lamellae absent on ribs. - IS fathoms Gulf of Thailand. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: Shell with 37 ribs, 30 of these with lamellae along the margin, only the 7 most anterior ribs do not carry lamellae or spines. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: Testa cordata aequivalvi, cos/is versus marginem triden/ato-Iam ellatis, ano pro/uberante. ··1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: Since they never became as big as the preceding species [c. lamella/um = C. asiaticum] the 37 ribs with which it is provided, are very narrow, furthermore smoothly rounded and shining on the umbones. Only seven of the short ribs, which are bent towards the posterior part of the bivalve, reach the lower margin, free without lamellae or spines, but below at the margin, the remaining 30 are provided with crenulated white lamellae, which make the bivalve appear as an elegant wreath or crown. whereby it becomes distinctly different from the preceding species. The posterior part [old terminology = anterior part], which constitutes the anus has no heart-shaped impression, but due to the margin of both valves, there is in this place a thick elevated curved frame. ··1995 Oliver: subcircular, margins evenly rounded . Sculpture of36--38 very low radial ribs, these bearing a calcareous raised flange on their posterior margins, developed most on posterior ribs which interdigitate at the margin. White suffused with weak shades of orange-pink posteriorly. ··2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: length 35 mm (I inch 4 lines), width 35 mm, diameter 31 mm (I inch 2 lines). ··1995 Oliver: shell to 55 mm. REMARKS. The species coronatum is distinctly different from asiaticum Bruguiere. 1792 referred to in Melvill & Standen 1906. HABITAT. "1904 Smith: mud, soft clay, 5-36 m depth, 20-30 fathoms. DISTRIBU TION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Bombay to Goa, Karachi. Bay of Bengal, Mergui Archipelago, Hong Kong, Annam , China. ··2000 Hylleberg: Vietnam and Cambodia. ··2000 Vidal: the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf and northern Indian Ocean to the north of the Pacific from Gulf of Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines and southern China; southwards, recorded in south east Java. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: S. India. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: North to South Vietnam. coronatum (subspecies). - See under burnupi coronatum Sowerby, 1897. corporata (subspecies) . - See under tohanensis corporata Papaianopol. corporata Papaianopol, 1981. - Pon/almyra corporata Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) corporata Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p . 37 . ··1987 Taktakishvili : Pontalmyra corporata Papaian. corpulentum Amano, 1957. -Combination to be revised : "Cardium " corpulentum (Amano, 1957). Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1957 ZR : Cardium corpulentum Amano, 1957 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Hagino, 452 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) corrugatum - costatum Shikoku, Japan. "1973 Keen: Cardium corpulentum Amano , 1957 . Lower Cretaceous. Incertae sedis: ?Nemocardium (Pratulum). "1981 Canerot & Canerot: Laevicardium (?) corpulentum Amano. corrugatum Sharpe, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " corrugatum (Sharpe, 1850). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS . "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium corruga/um (genus Pr%cardium). 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 1552: Cardium corrugatum Sharpe, 1850. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium corrugalum Sharpe, 1850; vol. 6: 181, pI. 14, fig. 3. corrugatus Popenoe, 1937 . - Clisocolus corrugatus Popenoe, 1937. Cardiacea. Upper Cretaceous. REcORDs. 001937 ZR: C/isocolus corrugatus Popenoe, 1937 sp. n. Upper Cretaceous Southern California. corviensis Gillet, 1970. - Plagiodacna corviensis Gillet, 1970. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1 970 ZR: Plagiodacna corviensis Gillet, 1970 sp. nov. Miocene, 'Monte dei Corvi' deposits, Ancona deposits, Italy. cosmetum Cossmann, 1886. - Changed combination: Parvicardium cosmetum (Cossmann, 1886). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. "1886 Cossmann, p. 168, pI. VIII, fig. 10-12: Cardium cosme/um nov. sp . "1899 Sacco : Plagiocardium cosmetum (Cossmann) [Eocene). "1904 Cossmann & Pissarro : Cardium (Plagiocardium) cosme/um Cossmann . "1977 Popov : Plagiocardium (Plagiocardium) cosmetum (Cossmann) . "1 995 Le Renard et at.: Parvicardium cosme/um [Cardium cosmelum) Cossmann, 1886. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Parvicardium cosmetum. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium (Plagiocardium) cosmetum. Lutetien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52726, B52727. cosoni Papaianopol , 1982. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium cosoni (Papaianopoi, 1982). Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene . TYPE LOCALITY . Pontien et Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS . "1982 Papaianopol, p. 184, fig .: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) cosoni sp. nov. "1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium cosoni Papaian. cossmanni Vincent, 1882. - Changed combination: Agnocardia cossmanni Vincent, 1882. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1882 Vincent. Cardium cossmanni Vincent, 1882. (fide Schneider 2002). "1886 Vincent: Cardium cossmanni? Vinc. "2002 Schneider : Agnocardia cossmanni (Vincent, 1882). Belgium Glibert (1936). Bartonian. costaricanum Olsson, 1922 - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" costaricanum Olsson, 1922. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922 Olsson, p. 226, pI. 27, fig. 3: Cardium cos/aricanum n. sp. "1922 ZR: Cardium cos/aricanum Olsson, 1922 sp. n. Costa Rica. costaricensis Olsson, 1922. - Proto cardia costaricensis Olsson, 1922. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922 Olsson, p. 229, pI. 27, fig. 13: Protocardia costaricensis n. sp. *costatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium costatum from 2 sources: Linnaeus, 1758. - Perry, 1811. costatum Linne, 1758 / GmeJin, 1791. [Figs. Part 1 p. ＳＵＬＴＲＶｾ＠ 54, 68, 69, 73, 85,102,105,125, 164. Part 3 p. 843,922). - Cardium (Cardium) costalum Linne, 1758. Cardiidae. Recent. Type species: Children 1823 designated Cardium costalum Linne, 1758 type species of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. Type species of subgenus Cardium (Glibert & Poe I 1970). TYPE LOCALITY. 001758 Linnaeus: unknown. [From West Africa). RECORDS. 001616 Columna. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium costatum purp. 26. t. 27. "1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium costatum t. 327. f. 164. 001687 Lister, fig. 164 Cardium costalum (jide Spengler 1799). 001705 Rumphius. ID by Linnaeus 1758 and Gmelin 1791: Cardium costa/um mus. t. 48. f. 6. 001742 Argenville (Concha exotica). ID by Linnaeus 1758 & Gmelin 1791: Cardium costatum conch. t. 26. f. A. 001742 Gualtieri. ID by Linnaeus 1758 and by Gmelin 1791: Cardium cos/atum t. 72. f. D. 001757 Adanson (Kaman). ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium costa tum Seneg. t. 18. f. 2. 001757 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium costatum Vergn. I. t. 28. f. 2. 001758 Linne, p. 678, No. 58: Cardium costatum. 001764 Linnaeus (Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg.) No.3!. 001767 Linne, p. 1121, sp. 73: Cardium costatum. 001769 Knorr [not available): C. costatum . 001771 Knorr, pI. 28, fig. 2 [not available): Cardium costalum. 001778 Born, G 1. Cardium costatum Linn. S.N. Sp. 73 . 001780 Born: Cardium costa tum Linn. S. N. Sp. 73. 001782 Chemnitz, pI. 15, figs . 151152 [not available): · Cardium costatum Linn. 001782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium costatum t. 15 . f. 151. 001786 Schrater, No. I: Cardium costatum Linn. XII. pag. 1121. Spec. 73. 001789 Bruguiere, No. 20 . Cardium costatum Linn. 001791 Gmelin No. 1. Cardium costatum. 001799 Spengler, p. 5-6, No. I: Cardium costatum Linnei Sp. 73. pag. 1121. 001817 Dillwyn: Cardium costa/um Linnaeus. "1823 Children designated Cardium costalum Linne, 1758 type species of the genus Cardium Linne, 1758 Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (Gmelin edit.), p. 3244. 001 823 Dillwyn, Tab. 327 fig. 164 : Cardium costatum. "1836 Bosc: Cardium costa/um . 001840 Sowerby: Cardium costatum Linn. No. I. "1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium costatum Linn. Gmel. 00] 844 Reeve: Cardium cos/atum. 001856 Wood & Hanley, No. 34: Cardium costatum Lin. Syst. 001 858 Adams & Adams, p. 454: Cardium costatum Linn. 001871 Stoliczka: Cardium costatum L. 001887 Fischer: Cardium coslatum Linne . ··1890 Paetel: Cardium costatum L. 001902 Dall : C. costatum Linnaeus, type of subgenus Tropidocardium Roemer. 001902 Sherborn, p. 253: Cardium costatum Linnaeus, 1758. 00 1927 Lamy, p. 386: Cardium (Tropidocardium) costa tum Linne . 001930 Stewart: Children 1823 designated Cardium costatum Linne type species of Cardium. 001945 ZR: Cardium costalum L. [Ref. Lamy 1945). "1952 Lecointre: Cardium costa tum [no fossils known from Africa) . 001962 Pasteur-Humbert: Cardium costa/um Linne. "1969 Nordsieck: Cardium cos/atum Linne, 1758. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Cardium) costatum Linne. 001977 Fischer-Piette: C. costa/um in Chemnitz = C. coronatum Schrater [erroneous statement). 001991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe : Cardium costatum Linnaeus, 1758. 002002 Schneider: Cardium costatum Linne (1758). 00200 I Vidal, p. 407: Cardium costatum . 002003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Cardium costa/um Linnaeus, 1758. It is known only from West Africa. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: dry specimens off Nigeria, Dakar, Guinea, Congo, Gambia, Accra, Port Marshall, off Angola, South of Victoria in Cameroon . "ZMUC : wet specimens off Congo (Atlantide St. 131, 26-27 m) , Bota of Victoria in Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 453 costatum - cOllvrili Cameroon (Galathea St. 61, 8-9 m). DESCRIPTIONS. ··1758 Linnaeus: shells inflated, equivalve: elevated ribs with concave, membranous ridge [1 have translated from Latin]. ··1799 Spengler: testa gibba aequivalvi: costis elevatis carina tis concavis membranaceis. ··1844 Reeve: Shell ovately globose, thin, ventricose, nearly equilateral, posterior side gaping; radiately ribbed, 9 narrow, compressed, sharply elevated, hollow, rather distant ribs; snowy white, interstices between the ribs, the posterior especially, longitudinally brown-banded. ··2001 Vidal: tentacles around siphons only. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: length 70 mm, width 78 mm, depth 65 mm. ··1819 Lamarck: length 126 mm, width 100 mm. REMARK S. One specimen in the ZMUC Spengler collection is a gift from a friend in Paris. Lamarck's specimen of costatum is deposited in Paris. ··1844 Reeve: This remarkable and well-known shell stands almost alone in the genus, the Cardium hians, Plate being the only other species which presents any real affinity with it. HABITAT. ··ZMUC: mud and sand at 8-29 m depth (dead shells, tidal zone). DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: East Africa sic should read West Africa. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Guinea. ··1884 Grasset: Goree. ··ZMUC: West Africa off Nigeria, Dakar, Guinea, Congo, Gambia, Accra, Port Marshall, off Angola, South of Victoria in Cameroon. costatllm Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium costa turn d' Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn, p. 1578: Unicardium costalum d'Orbigny, 1850. costatllm Perry, 1811 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" coslatum Perry, 1811. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1570: Cardium costa turn Perry, 1811. costatllm Spengler, 1799 (variety). - Identical with Cardium indicum Lamarck.» Regarding Cardium var. costatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. India. RECORDS. ··1799 Spengler, p. 6-7, No.1: Cardium var. costalum. ··1870 March : Cardium var. costalum in Spengler, 1799 = Cardium indicum Lam. = Cardium hians Brocchi. ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium costalum var. Spengler, 1799. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS . •• ZMUC: Spengler collection, one specimen from India. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: shell rounded , central part with 8 narrow ribs, 6.5 mm high, with raised, snow-white, broad lamellae, rounded from both sides, 8 broad interstices, yellow and transversely striped, posteriorly with 6 similar lamellae, but not located on thin ribs, posterior margin sharply denticulate, the most anterior part is smooth, followed by a part with 5 ribs, and as many interspaces [I have translated from Danish]. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: length 65 mm, width 72 rnm, diameter 59 mm. REMARKS. The ZMUC specimen in the Spengler collection is a gift from the Royal Collection in Madrid. ··1799 Spengler: more spherical than C. coslalum. DISTRIBUTION. ··1799 Spengler: from India. costatum Africanum Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding costatum Africanum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 15, Fig. 151-152: Cardium costatum Africanum, "" ··1789 Bruguiere: Cardium costatum Africanum. Martini, tom. 6. pag. 157, tab. 15, fig. 151, 152. costa tum Indiae Orientalis Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part v., I p. 72]. Non binominal. - Not available. Identical with Cardium asialicum. » Regarding costatum Indiae: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 15 Fig. 153-154: Cardium costatum Indiae Orienta lis. ··1789 Bruguiere: Cardium costatum Indiae orientalis. Martini, tom. 6. pag. 160, tab. 15, fig. 153, 154. ··1799 Spengler: Cardium coslatllm Indiae Orienta lis , Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 15 Fig. 153-154 = No. 2 Cardium lamellatum in Spengler 1799 (Nicobar Islands). ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium costatum Indiae oriental is Chemnitz = Cardium lima Gmelin. ··1840 Pfeiffer: Chemnitz Fig. 153-154. Cardium coslatum Indiae Orientalis = Cardium asiaticum Lam. 4. costa tum puleus. - Unknown status. » Regarding costatum puleus: OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: one shell from Guinea labeled Cardium costatum puleus = ciliare in Chemnitz (1782) = echinata Linne. - REMARKS. Guinea is the West African Ghana. costici (cf.) Pavl. - New combination: Lymnocardium cf. costici Pavl. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium cf. costici Pavl. costlliatum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " costulalum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 1581: Cardium costulalum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. cottaldi albensis Mordvilko, 1932. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " cotlaldi var. albensis Mordvilko, 1932. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS . ··1933 ZR: Cardium cottaldi var. albensis Mordvilko, 1932 nov. Cretaceous North Caucasus [Ref. Mordvilko 1932]. cottaldi. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" coltaldi. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1933 ZR: Cardium coltaldi Cretaceous [Ref. Mordvilko 1932]. cottaldina (mode). - See under cottaldinum. cottaldinum Orbigny, 1844. - Changed combination: Ple urio cardia cOllaldinum (d'Orbigny, 1844). Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous . RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium cottaldinum (? subgenus Pectunculus). ··1876 Meek : Cardium cottaldinum d'Orbigny. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1585 : Cardium cotlaldinum d'Orbigl1Y, 1844. ··1966 Rasmussen : Cardium cottaldinum (1. Cretaceous (Alb) Bornholm, the Baltic). ··1978 Scott: Cardium cottaldinum d'Orbigny. ··1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) cottaldinum (d'Orbigny). ··1986 Abdel-Gawad : Pleuriocardia cottaldina (d 'Orbigny). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium cottaldinum [without author]. France, S05549. cotteri Cox, 1931. - New name for Cardium ambiguum Sowerby. Combination to be revised. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1931 ZR: Cardium colleri Cox, 1931 nom. n. for Cardium ambiguum J. de C. Sowerby non O.G. Costa. Laki of Sind. coulatum Branson, 1942. - Conocardium coulatum Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1942 ZR: COllocardium coulatum Branson, ) 942 nom. nov. p. 388, for Conocardium cuncalum Hall 1856 non Roemer 1850. couvrili Fischer-Piette, 1977. [Figs. Part 3 p. 874]. Synonym of Acrosterigma impo/itum (Sowerby, 1833). » Regarding Laevicardium couvrili: C ardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Gabon, W. Africa. TYPE REPOSITORY. Museum national d'Histoire nature lie, 454 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (fMMP) coxi - crassatellatum Paris. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype in MNHN, the only reported specimen, said to be from off Gabon (West Africa) (Vidal 1999). RECORDs. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Trachycardillm) collvrili n. sp. "1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Laevicardillm (Trachycardillm) cOllvrili Fischer-Piette, 1977. ··1999 Vidal: FischerPiette 1977, p. 57, pI. 5, fig. 2: Laevicardillm (Trachycardium) couvrili = Acrosterigma impo/ilum (Sowerby, 1833). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: length 36.6, height 46.6, width 27 .5 mm. REMARKS. ··1980: Keen suggested that Laevicardium CO!lvrili could be a species of Acanthocardia (Europicardium), a first record in the Recent fauna. ··1991: Voskuil & Onverwagt found Laevicardium couvrili Fischer·-Piette, 1977 to be close to Trachycardium impo/itum (Sowerby, 1833) and Trachycardium dampierense (Wilson & Stevenson, 1977). DISTRIBUTION. Indo-West Pacific. coxi lung, 1976. - Sawkinsia coxi Jung, 1976. Cardiidae. Middle Eocene. REcORDs. ··1976 ZR: Sawkinsia coxi sp. nov. Tridacnacea. St Barthelemy, Anse des Cayes. p. 748, fig'd . Middle Eocene. Ref. to lung. coxi Mathur, 1975. - Trachycardium coxi Mathur, 1975. Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR: Trachycardium coxi Mathur, 1975 sp. nov. Himachal Pradesh, Simla Hills p . 23. Lower Eocene. Ref. to Mathur. coycllarensis Maury, 1913. - Protocardia coycuarensis Maury, 1913. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REcORDs. ··1913 ZR: Protocardia coycuarensis Maury, 1913 sp. n. Venezuela Cretaceous. crassa (mode). - See under crassum. crassa Eichwald, 1829. [Figs. Part I p. 123]. - Didacna crassa Eichwald, 1829. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium eichwaldi Kryniky (Deshayes 1857). « Regarding Cardium crassum: Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. REcORDs. ··1829 Eichwald, p. 283: Cardium crassum n. ··1838 Eichwald: Didacna crass a n. ··1838 Eichwald: Cardium crassum m. Eichwaldi Kryn. ··1841 Eichwald: Didacna crassa Eichwald, 1829. ··1847 Siemaschko: Didacna crassa Eichw. = jun. syn. Cardium eichwaldi Kryn. ··1857 . Deshayes: Cardium crassum Eichwald, 1838 - C. eichwaldi Kriniky sic. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 460: Adacna (Didacna) crassa, Eichw. ··1876 Grimm: Cardium crassum Eichwald . ··1876 ZR: Cardium [Didacna] craSSl/m (Eichw.) and trigonoides (Pall.), in the Caspian Sea, cOlmected by intermediate forms [Ref. Grimm 1876]. ··1877 ZR: Cardium crassum (Eichw.) also recent in the Caspian Sea [Ref. Grimm 1877]. ··1877 Grimm: Cardium crassum Eichwald. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium crassum Eichwald (Didacna). ··1890 Paetel: Adacna crassa Eichw. ··1890 Woodward: Didacna crassa Eichwald - Black Sea. ··1903 Andrussoff: Cardium craSSl/m Eichwald, 1829. ··1903 Andrussoff: Eichwald, 1838 Cardium crassum (moved to genus Didacna). ··1916 ZR: Didacna crassa Ref. to Kalickij (1916). ··1927 ZR: Didacna crassa [Ref. Borcea 1927] . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1603: Cardium crassum Eichwald, 1829. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1604: Didacna crassa Eichwald, 1838. - Cardium crassa Eichwald, 1829. ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Cardium crassum Eichwald, 1829 non Gmelin, 1789 sic = Didacna baeri (Grimm). ··1977 Popov: Didacna crassa (Eichwald). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna crassa (Eichw.). ··1989 Mikhailesku: Didacna crassa. crassa baericrassa Pavlov, 1925 (subspecies). - Didacna crassa baericrassa (Pavlov, 1925). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Didacna (s.s.) crassa baericrassa (Pavlov, 1925). crassa guriensis Nevesskaya, 1963 (subspecies). Didacna crassa guriensis Nevesskaya, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Didacna crassa guriensis Nevesskaya, 1963 subsp. nov. Quaternary, Black Sea basin. crassa pontocrassa Pavlov, 1925 (subspecies). Didacna crass a pontocrassa (Pavlov, 1925). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Didacna (s.s.) crassa pontocrassa (Pavlov, 1925). crassa supsae Nevesskaya, 1963 (subspecies). - Didacna crassa supsae Nevesskaya, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Didacna crass a supsae Nevesskaya, 1963 subsp. nov. Quaternary, Black Sea basin. crassa tamanica Nevesskaya, 1963 (subspecies). Didacna crassa tamanica Nevesskaya, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Didacna crassa tamanica Nevesskaya, 1963 subsp. nov. Quaternary, Black Sea basin. Crassadacna Ebersin, 1962 (genus). - Lynmocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1980. Vokes: Crassadacna Ebersin, 1962 in subfamily Didacninae. ··1987 Taktakishvili pp. 58-85: Crassadacna Ebersin. Crassadacna Eberzin, 1962 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Didacna (Crassadacna) crassatellata Eberzin, 1962 subgen. nov. of Didacna q.v. Azov region; Pliocene, Russia. crassatekata. - Didacna crassatekata. Lynmocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Didacna crassatekata Pliocene [Ref. Davidasvili 1930a]. crassatekata catephes Davidasvili, 1930 (variety). Upgraded. Didacna crassatekata catephes Davidasvili, 1930. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Didacna crassatekata var. catephes Davidasvili, 1930a nov. Pliocene Transcaucasia. crassatellata (mode). - See under crassa/ellatum. crassatellatoides Andrusov, 1963. - Changed combination: Ponta/myra crassatellatoides (Andrusov, 1963). Lynmocardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. ··1963 ZR: Didacna crassatellatoides Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Miocene, Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra crassatellatoides (Andrus.) . crassatellatum Deshayes, 1838. - Changed combination: Didacna crassatellata(Deshayes, 1838). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. GENOTYPE. Cardium crassatellatum Deshayes, 1838 (D.O .). Type species of subgenus Crassadacna Ebersin, 1962. Family Limnocardiidae. (Glibert & Poel 1970). TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. RECORDs. ··1838 Deshayes, p. 5 I, pI. 3, figs. 7-10: Cardium crassatellatum. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1590: Cardium crassatellatum Deshayes, 1838 . ··1962 Eberzin: Didacna (Crassadacna) crassatellata. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Didacna (Crassadacna) crassatellata (Deshayes, 1838). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna crassatellata (Desh.). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Ponta/myra crassate//ata (Desh.). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 455 crassatellum - crassum comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Didacna crassatellata Deshayes. Pontien. The Crimea, B32853. crassatellum Rousseau. - Combination to be revised: " Cardium" crassatellum Rousseau. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDs. '·1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium crassatellum Rousseau. The Crimea, B37637. crassidens Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842. - Changed combination: Prosodacna crassidens (Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1842 Rousseau, Vol. II, p. 816, pI. 9, fig . 2: Cardium crassidens. ··1886 Fischer: Prosodacna crassidens Rousseau, 1842. ··1907 Andrussow : Prosodacna crassidens Rouss. "1922-32 Sherborn, p . 1595: Cardium crassidens Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842. ··1977 Popov: Prosodacna crassidens. crassispinosum Sowerby, 1834. [Figs. Part I p. 111].Acanthocardia echinata var. (Linne , 1758). » Regarding Cardium cl'assispinosum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1834 Sowerby, 51 st part, fig . 28: Cardium crassispinosum nobis. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected Jist p. 8: Cardium crassispinosum = Cardium var. echinatum. ··1844 Philippi: Cardium crassispinosum Sow. = Cardium echinatum. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium crassispinosum Sowerby = Cardium echinatum Linne. crassum (mode, subspecies, variety). - See under crassa. - glaucum crassum Coen, 1915. - edule var. crassum. *crassum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium crassum from 5 sources: Gmelin, 1791. - Defrance, 1817. - Eichwald, 1829. - Bronn 1832. - Deshayes (?year). crassum Bronn, 1832. - Probably synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding C. crassum: Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium crassum Bronn = Cardium var. edule. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium crassum Bronn. Pliocene. Italy, B36839. crasslIm Defrance, 1817. - Synonym ofCerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium rusticum Chernn. nOll Lamie - Cerastoderma edule var. umbonata (Wood). » Regarding C. crassum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1832 Bronn: Cardium crassum Df. 5. Suppl. 106 (Recent & fossil). "1836 Philippi: Cardium crassum Defr. dict. 5. suppl. p. 106. videtur. = Cardium rusticum Chernn. lion Lamie ··1844 Philippi: Cardium crassa Dfr. = Cardium edule L. [fossil]. "1844 Philippi : Cardium crassum Dfr. = Cardium edule L. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium crassum Defrance, 18 17. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium crassum Defrance (i 8 16-1 830) [fossil] = C. edule Linne. "1899 Sacco: Cardium crassum Defrance 1817 = Cerastoderma edule var. umbonata (Wood). ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium crassum Defrance, 1817 (non Gmelin) = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1603: Cardium crassum Defrance, 1817. crassum Deshayes. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" crassum Deshayes. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1866 Brusina: Cardium crassum Deshayes. ··1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium crassum Desh. crassllm Eichwald, 1829. - See under crassa Eichwald, 1829. crassllm Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 79. Part 3 p. 895, 896, 930]. - Changed combination: Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium flavum Linnaeus, 1758. - Cardium laevigatum Linnaeus, 1758. - Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengler, 1799). - Var. of Cardium oblongum Chemnitz [not available]. - Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. » Regarding Cardium crassum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1784 Schrater [not binominal]. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium crassum Einl. in Conch. 2. t. 7. f. 12. "1791 Gmelin, ed . 13, p. 3254, No. 35: Cardium crassum . ··1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck Tabl. Encycl. pI. 299, fig. 2: Cardium crassum. ··1803 Montagu : Cardium crassum Gmel. 35? = Cardium laevigatum Lin. ··1815 Wood: Cardium crassum Gmelin p. 3254 is probably a variety of C. oblangum. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium crassum Gmelin = Cardium laevigatum Linnaeus. "1829 Costa: Cardium crassum Gmelin a variety of C. flavum Linne. "1836 Philippi: Cardium crassum Gm. p. 3254 = Cardium sulcatum Lamk. ··1853 March: Liocardium crassum Gme!. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium crassum Gmelin. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium crassum Gme1in = Cardium oblongum Chernnitz. ··1890 Paetel : Cardium crassum Gm. = oblongum Ch. ··1869 Ramer: Cardium crassum Gmelin = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. "1871 March, p. 215, No. 200: Cardium (Liocardium) crassum Gm. ··1888 Kobel!: ? Cardium crassum Gmelin = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 256: Cardium crassum Gmelin, 1790 sic. "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium crassum Gmelin 1790 = Cardium (Laevicardium) norvegicum Spengler 1799. ··1927 Dautzenberg: Cardium (Laevicardium) crassum Gmelin. "1932 Winckworth: Cardium (Laevicardium) crassum Gmelin, 1791. ··1938 ZR: Cardium crassum larvae, figs. [Ref. Lebour 1938]. "1938 ZR: Laevicardium crassum figs. [Ref. Girschen 1938]. "1967 ZR: Laevicardium crassum leaping and other movements [Ref. Ansell 1967]. ··1967 ZR: Laevicardium crassum presence of 80,000 and 40,000 molecular weight arginine kinase in muscle [Ref. Moreland & Watt 1967). "1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791) = Laevicardium lIorvegicum (Spengler) . ··1971 ZR: Laevicardium crassum Oxygen consumption Effect of Oxygen concentration [Ref. Bayne 1971]. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium crassum Gmelin. ··1978 Janssen & Van der Slik : Laevicardium (Laevicardium) crassum (Gmelin, 1791). "1980 ZR: Laevicardium crassum Ref. to Glemarec et al. ··1983 Anaya: Laevicardium crassum crassum (Gmelin, 1791) = Laevicardium (s. s.) norvegicum (Spengler, 1790). ·'1998 Macedo et al.: Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium crassum [author not stated] . Danien. Denmark, B 18469. ··200 I Vidal, p. 407 : Laevicardium crassum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: dry collection off French Guinea, 32, 34,41 m. Norway. ··ZMUC: wet collection Naples, Mediterranean. Bergen. DESCRIPTIONS. ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous . No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. Janssen & Van der Slik (1978) states that 456 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) crassum - crenulatum Laevicardiwn (Laevicardium) crassum (Gmelin, 1791) is a senior synonym of Cardium norvegicum Spengler. HABITAT. ··ZMUC: mixed bottom, 32-41 m depth. ··1969 Nordsieck: 7-180 m (-2195). DISTRIBUTION. ··Of authors: North Europe, Mediterranean, West Africa. crassum of Dall. Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium crassum Dall = Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin). crassum 2a Cocconi, 1873 (variety). - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule var. contortula Sacco, 1899. » Regarding var. 2a: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium crassum var. 2a Cocconi 1873 = Cerastoderma edule var. contortula Sacco, 1899. crassllm beta Groelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 42]. - Unknown status. "1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium crassum var. beta t. 332. f. 169. ··1791 Gmelin No. 35. Cardium crassum var. beta. crassum edule Defrance (variety). - Probably synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding C. crassum var. edule: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium crassum var. edule Defrance. Turkey, B37541, B37600. crassumfragile Brocchi, 1814 (subspecies). - Changed combination: Laevicardium crassum fragile (Brocchi, 1814). Cardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. See underoblongum comitatensis (variety) for synonymy. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel : Laevicardium (s .s.) crassum fragile (Brocchi, (814). crassumfuscaAnton, 1839 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status: Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin) . Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1839 Anton: Cardium crassum Gmelin var. fusca. crassum mediterraneum (subspecies) - Laevicardium crassum mediterraneum. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Laevicardium crassum mediterraneum first record, Tuscanian Sea [Ref. Barsotti & FrilJi 1970]. craticuloides Conrad, 1845. - Changed combination : Chesacardium eratieuloides (Conrad, 1845). Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE REPOSITORY. Neotype designated, Ward 1992, p. 92. RECORDS. "1845 Conrad : Cardium cratieuloides. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1610: Cardium eratieuloides Conrad, 1845. ··1992 Ward: Cerastoderma cratieuloides (Conrad 1845). "1992 Ward, p. 92 : Chesaeardium eralieuloides; (Conrad 1845). ··2002 Schneider: citing Conrad (1863): Cardium (Cerasloderma) eraticuloides Conrad, 1845. crawfordii Leckenby, 1858. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" crawfordii Leckenby, 1858 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium crawfordii Leckenby, 1858; vol. 15: 14, pI. 3, figs. 9 a,b. crebriechinatum Conrad. Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium crebriechinatum: RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka, 97: Cardium crebrieehinatum Conrad . Palaestine. Species insufficiently known. crebristriata Fischer, 1886. - Prosodacna crebristriata Fischer. Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY . Josseni, Roumania. RECORDS. "1886 Fischer, p. 223 , PI. 9, fig. 5: Prosodacna erebristriata. ··1886 Fischer: Prosodaena erebristriata Fischer mss. crebrns (error) . - Printer 's mistake for crebrus according to ZR for 1936 with ref. to Gregorio 1930. crebrus Gregorio, 1930. - Myacites crebrus Gregorio, 1930. Cardiacea. Lias. RECORDS. ··1936 ZR: Myaeites crebrns [crebnts 1Gregorio, 1930 sp. n. Lias Palermo. crenatocostatum Bronn, 1832. - Synonym of Cardium costalum Linne . » Regarding Cardium crenaloeostatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1832 Bronn, No. 588, p. 610 : Cardium crenatoeostalum n. sp. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium erenatocoslalum Bronn. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1613: Cardium crenaloeostatum Bronn, 1831. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium crenatocostatum Born = Cardium eostatum Linne. *crenatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium erenatum from 2 sources: Gray, 1825. -Orbigny, 1850. crenatum d'Orbigny, 1850. -Combination to be revised: "Cardium " erenatum d ' Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn,p. 1614: Cardium crenatum d'Orbigny, 1850. crenatum Gray, 1825 . - Insufficiently known . » Regarding Cardium crenatum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1825 Gray, IX, p. 138: Cardium erenatum. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1614 Cardium crenatum Gray, 1825. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: no figure, no references, insufficiently known. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION. Shells cordate, white, carinated umbones, 22 convex ribs, anterior very small, lunule very deep intruding, callous [I have translated from Latin]. crenelloides Melvill, 1909. [Figs. Part 3 p. 917] . Changed combination Afroeardium erenelloides (Melvill , 1909). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Afroeardium riehardi (Audouin , 1827) . » Regarding C. crenelloides: Cardiidae. Holocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Cargados Carajos, western Indian Ocean. RECORDS. "1909 Melvill, p. 134, pI. 5, fig. 13: Cardium (Fragum) crenelloides sp. nov. ··1909 ZR: Cardium (Fragum) crenelloides Melvill, 1909 sp. n. Cargados Carajos. ··1937 Viader: Cardium crenelloides Melvil!. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Afroeardium) crenelloides Melvill. ··2002 Schneider: Afrocardium crenelloides (Melvill, 1909). "2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 176: C. crenelloides Melvill, 1909. Syn of Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827) according to 1. Vidal. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1909 Melvill: shell equivalve ,inequilateral, fragile, papyraceous, trapezoid in form, very swollen, particularly at the umbo, which are closely approximate to each other; the surface is manyribbed longitudinally, with 38-40 oblique, closely scaled costae, shortly spinulose posteriorly. Pure white colour DfMENSIONS. ··1909 Melvill : alt. 8, 1at. 9, diam. 6 mm. REMARKS. ··1909 Melvill : the superficial likeness in form to Crenella suggest the specific name. HABITAT. ··1909 Melvill: 28 fathoms, coarse coral-rubble bottom. DISTRIBUTION. "Of authors: Cargados Carajos, western Indian Ocean. crenicola (misprint) of arenieola Reeve in Kira 1954. crenulata (mode).- See under erenulatum Rousseau. *crenulatal-um - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium erenulalum from 2 sources: Lamarck, 1819. - Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842. crenulatum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part I p. 143 . Part 3 p. 850]. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding C. crenulatum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . European seas, at Manche . TYPE REPOSITORY. Lamarck's cabinet in the Geneva Museum. RECORDS. "1819 Lamarck, p. 13, No. 34: Cardium crenulatum (close to C. edule L. according to Lamarck, p. 13). ··1836 Philippi: Cardium erenulatum ejusd. = Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 457 crenulatum - cdstulata Cardium edule. ··1841 Lamarck in Delessert pI. 11, figs. 5a-c: Cardium crenulatum . ··1844 Philippi: Cardium crenulatum Lamk. = Cardium edule L. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium crenulatum Lam. close to Cardium edule Linn. ··1845 Reeve, No. 112: Cardium crenulatum. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. crenulatum Lam. = Cardium edule Lin. ··1859 Sowerby : C. crenulatum = Cardium edule, Linn. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium crenulatum Deshayes-Lamarck, Reeve = C. edule Linne. ··1869 Romer: Cardium crenulatum Lamarck = Cardium edule L. ··1871 March, p. 215, No. 202: Cardium crenulatum "Lam.", Reeve? = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule L. ··1886 Locard: Cardium crenulatum, de Lamarck, 1836. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium crenulatum Lam. = Cardium var. edule. ··1890 Paetel : Cardium crenulatum Lm. = edule L. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium crenulatum Lamarck, 1819 = Cardium species, fossi I, Lymnocardiidae. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1619: Cardium crenulatum Lamarck, 1819. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium crenulatum Lamarck = Cardium edule Linne. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. Two specimens in the Geneva Museum. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve : Shell transversely ovate, nearly equilateral; radiately ribbed, about 20 convexly flattened ribs, sculptured with transverse creniform wrinkles; whitish, stained and spotted on the posterior side with rusty brown. REMARKS . ··1819 Lamarck: can be confused with Cardium edule but is less inequilateral, ornamentation of ribs more spaced, and no colour inside. Length 26 mm. ··1845 Reeve: C. crenulatum is one of several species, which have been erroneously confounded together as varieties of Cardium edule. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: Plymouth, Britain. ··1969 Nordsieck: The British Channel. crenulatum Lamarck, 1819 (subspecies). - See under edule crenulatum Lamarck, 1819. crenulatum Lamarck, 1819 (variety). - Unknown. » Regarding var. crenulatum: Lamarck did not describe a variety of crenulatum. RECORDs. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 2, No. 22: Cardium edule in Chemnitz (1782, pI. 19, fig. 194) = C. var. crenulatum Lam. crenulatum Reeve, 1845 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 144]. - Misidentification. » Regarding var. crenulatum: ··1845 Reeve, Fig . 116: Cardium crenulatum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: The shell here represented proves upon further examination to be a variety of the Cardium crenulatum in which the creniforrn wrinkles of the ribs are almost obsolete. crenulatum Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra crenulata (Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn, p. 1619: Cardium crenulatum Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna crenulata (Rouss.). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra crenulata (Rouss.). crespinae Day, 1980. - Onestia crespinae Day, 1980. Cardiacea. Lower Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Onestia crespinae Day, 1980 sp. nov. Queensland. Ref. to Day p. 39. cresswelli Talent & Philip, 1956. - Conocardium cresswelli Talent & Philip, 1956. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Conocardium cresswelli Talent & Philip, 1956 nom. nov. for Pleurorhynchus bellulus Cresswell (non Barrande) 1893. cricovensis Papaianopol, 1989 . - Pachydacna cricovensis Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. T YPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. REcORDs. ··1989 Papaianopol, p. 97, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) cricovensis sp. nov. Criocardium Conrad, 1870 (section, subgenus). Stoliczka (1871) designated Cardium dumosum Conrad, 1870 type species of subgenus Criocardium of genus Granocardium. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1876 Meek: Criocardium Conrad, 1870 (as a subgenus of Cardium). Synon. Cardiidae. ··1887 Fischer: Criocardium, Conrad, 1870. Section of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. ··1923 ZR: Criocardium [Ref. Stephenson 1923]. ··1978 Scott: (Criocardium) (Cretaceous) ... 1980 Vokes: Criocardium Conrad, 1870 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1986 Abdel-Gawad: subgenus (Criocardium) Conrad, 1870 . ··2002 Schneider: Criocardium has been transferred to Profraginae. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS. ··1969 Moore et af.: the shell of Criocardium is quadrate, hinge straight, relatively long; intercalary ribs tending to be single rows of small spines between ribs. REMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. DISTRIBUTION. North America, Europe. Criocarpium Bohm, 1884 (genus). - Printer's error. Invalid . Nom. null. (Moore et af. 1969). RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Criocarpium (err. pro Criocardium Conrad, 1870). crispa Agassiz, 1842. - Synonym of Adacna plicata Eichwald, 1829. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Pholadomya acuticostata. » Regarding Pholadomya crispa: Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. ··1842 Agassiz, p. 48, pI. I, figs. 1-6: Pholadomya crispa Ag. ··1903 Andrussoff: Pholadomya crispa Agassiz, 1842 = Adacna plicata Eichwald, 1829 (1849 . Middendorf!). ··1903 Andrussoff: Pholadomya crisp a Agassiz, 1842 very similar to Pholadomya aCl/ticostata. crispata. - Tridacna crispata. Tridacnidae. Recent. ··1979 ZR: Tridacna crispata Chemical composition. Crispatone, structure. Ref. to Ireland, C. et al. crispum Papaianopol, 1982. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium crispum (Papaianopol, (982) . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1982 Papaianopol, p. 198, fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) crispum sp. nov. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium crispum Papa ian. cristagalli Roth. - Changed combination: Budmania cristagalli (Roth). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Budmania cristagalli. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium cristagalli (Roth). cristatagalli Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn, PI. 43, fig. 3: Cardium cristata glli [sic ?err. pro galli] from Martinique. cristulata Ebersin, 1936 . - Limnodacna cristulata Ebersin, 1936. Lymnocardiidae. Kimmeridgian. RECORDS . ··1938 ZR: Limnodacna cristulata sp. n. Ebersin, 1936. Genotype (Cardiidae). Kimmeridgian Trans-Caucasus. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnodacna cristulata Ebers. 458 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) croaticum - Ctenocardia croaticum. - New combination: Lymno cardium croaticum. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium croalicum. crocea Lamarck. [Figs. Part I p. 149]. - Tridacna crocea Lamarck. Tridacnidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1845 Chenu, pI. 4 f. 2, pI. 6 f. 4: Tridacna crocea Lamarck. ··1868 ZR: Tridacna crocea [Refs. 1868. Kuster. "1884 ZR: Sowerby: Tridacna ferruginea (Reeve) a variety of Tridacna crocea (Lam.). ··1932 ZR : Lamy./ Stephenson & others. / Yonge. ··1936 ZR: Yonge: life, feeding, digestion and symbiosis with Zooxanthellae. ··1937 ZR: Merle. / Roughley. / Otter: rock boring. "1939 ZR : Boone. ··1947 ZR: McLean. ··1951 ZR: Yonge: section of boring in coral rock fig. ··1955 ZR : Purchon: biological note, fig. ··1962 ZR: Yonge: byssus retained in adult life as a permanent fixation organ . ··1963 ZR: Yonge : boring clams in coral rock, photo., study of mechanism. ··1965 ZR: Rosewater: described and figd. , range, habitat and synonymy discussed. ··1966 ZR: Kawaguti : observations on the mantle, iridophores and muscles. ··1967 ZR: Kawaguti : electron microscopy on the mantle to show zooxanthellae and iridophores]. "1973 ZR: Tridacna crocea. Trace element content Uranium. Fossil vs recent. Ref. to Omura Tridacnacea. ··1976 ZR : Tridacna crocea. Development. Life cycle. Ref. to Jameson. / Coral reef. Burrowing effect on habitat substrate. Ref. to Hamner. ··1983 ZR: Tridacna crocea. Ref. to Delia et al. / Kawaguti, / Khristoforova et al. ··1985 ZR: Tridacna crocea. Ref. to Ohno. ··1987 ZR: Tridacna crocea Ref. to Coates et al. / Wilkens. ··1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2) : 378: Tridacna crocea Lamarck, 1819. ··2000 Lutaenko, p. 372 : Tridacna crocea Lamarck, 1819. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 186: Tridacna crocea Lamarck, 1819. crockeri Strong & Hertlein, 1937. - Papyridea crockeri Strong & Hertlein, 1937. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1937 Strong & Hertlein: Papyridea crockeri. ··1937 ZR: Cardium (Papyridea) crockeri Strong & Hertlein, 1937 sp. n. 13 m. SE of Cabo Tosco Santa Margarita Is. Lower California Mexico. ··1961 Olsson: Papyridea crockeri (Strong & Hertlein). ··1964 Parker: Papyridea crockeri Strong & Hertlein, 1937. "1971 Keen & McLean: Papyridea crockeri Strong & Hertlein, 1937. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Papyridea crockeri Strong & Hertlein. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DIMENSIONS. ··1971 Keen : P crockeri: length, about 45 to 50 mm. DISTRlBUTION. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Gulf of California to Ecuador. cruciatum Eichwald, 1868. - Combination to be revised : "Ca rdium" cruciatum Eichwald , 1868. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium cruciatum Eichwald, 1868; [1853-1868] vol. 2: 279, pI. 25, fig. 7. cruentatum Gould, 1855. - Synonym of Laevicardium substriatum (Conrad, 1837). » Regarding Cardium cruen/alum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECO RDS. ··1864 Carpenter: cruentalum Gld. = Liocardium substriatum Conr. ··1872 Carpenter: Cardium cruentalum Gld. "1890 Paetel: Cardium cruenta/um Gld . ··1901 Dall: Cardium cruentatum Gould , 1856 = Cardium substriatum Conrad, 1838 . ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium cruen/atum Gould, 1856 (fide Dall 1900) = Laevicardium subs/riatum (Conrad , 1837). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium cruentatum Gould, 1855; p. 26. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium crenatum Gould, 1856; vol. 5: 334, pI. 11, figs. 21-22. ··2000 Coan et al.: Cardium cruen/alum Gould, 1855 = Laevicardium substrialum (Conrad, 1837). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS. 20-25 mm height (FischerPiette 1977). DISTRIBUTION . ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Acapulco, Gulf of California, Oregonian and Californian. cruentum Perry, 1811. - Synonym of Fragum unedo (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium cruentum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1811 Perry: Cardium cruenlum. "1932 Prashad : Cardium cruentum Perry, 1811 = Fragum unedo (Linne, 1758). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1659: Cardium cruentum Perry, 1811. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium cruentum Perry, 1811; junior synonym of Fragum unedo (Linnaeus, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. "1994 Hylleberg: Indo-Pacific. Cryptocardia Palmer, 1973 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1973 ZR: Cryptocardia Palmer, 1973 gen. nov. ofCardiidae. Type species C. bajocensis Palmer, 1973, Ref. to Palmer, p.168. ··1980 Vokes: Palmer, 1974. cryptornatum Jekelius, 1944. - New combination: Lymnocardillm cryptornatum Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae . Miocene. RECORDS . ··1946 ZR: Limnocardillm cryptomatum Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banal. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium cryptornatum Jek. cryptum d ' Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " cryptum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1666: Cardium cryptum d'Orbigny, 1850. Ctenocardia H. & A. Adams, 1857 (genus). - Cardiidae. Recent. Dall (1900) designated Cardium hystrix Reeve, 1844 type species of subgenus (Ctenocardia) of genus Fragum. SUBSEQUENT TYPE CLASSIFICATION. Hemicardia (Ctenocardia) hystrix Adams &Adams, 1857 = Fragum (Ctenocardia) symbolicum (Iredale, 1929) = Ctenocardia symbolicum (Iredale, 1929). RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Ctenocardium Adams & Adams is not to be separated from Fragum. ··1980 Vokes: Ctenocardia H. & A. Adams, 1857 in subfamily Fraginae. ··200 I Vidal, p. 408: Ctenocardia. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS . ··1994 Hylleberg: small shells; equivalve, inequilateral. With imbricating or tubular spines on ribs; hinge with cardinals subequal, midway between laterals. Two posterior laterals in the right valve. Outline quadrate, not oblique (subquadrate); umbonal ridge evident but not steeply angled. ··2001 Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. Ctenocardia H. & A. Adams, 1857 (section, subgenus). Cardiidae. Recent. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. Dall 1900 designated Cardium hystrix Reeve, 1844 type species of the subgenus Clenocardia of the genus Fragum. Subsequent classification: Fragum (Ctenocardia) symbolicum (iredale , 1929), new name for Hemicardia (Ctenocardia) hystrix Adams & Adams, 1857. RECORDS. ··1858 Adams & Adams: subgenus Ctenocardia H. and A. Adams. ··1887 Fischer: Ctenocardia H. et A. Adams, 1857. Section of subgenus Hemicardia KJein, 1755 . Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 459 ctenolium - cumingii ··1890 Paetel: 3. Sect. Ctenocardia H. A. Ad. of Hemicardium. ··1891 Romer: III. Sect. Ctenocardia H. A. Ad. of genus Hemicardium. ··1977 Popov: (Ctenocardia) Adams H. & Adams A. , 1858. Type species: Cardium hySlrix Reeve, 1844. clenolium Dall, 1900. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ctenolium Dall, 1900. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1930 Stewart: "e." ctenolium Dall, 1900. cubensis Kojumdgieva & de la Torre, 1982. Laevicardium cubensis Kojumdgieva & de la Torre, 1982. Cardiidae. Late Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Cuba. RECORDS. ··1983 ZR: Laevicardium (Dinocardium) cubensis Kojumdgieva et al., 1983 sp . nov. Cuba, Palaeogene Ref. to Kojumdgieva et at. p. 7. ··1998 Schneider: Laevicardiwn (Dinocardium) cubensis Kojumdgieva & de la Torre, 1982. cucestiensis Andrusov. - Prosodacna cucestiensis Andrusov. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya: Prosodacna cucestiensis Andrusov (non Fontannes). cucestiensis Fischer, 1886 (Fontaines, mss.). - New combination: Lymnocardium cucestiensis. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY . Bassin of Rhone, France. RECORDS. ··1886 Fischer, p. 222: Limnocardium cucestiensis Fontaines, mss. cucul/atum Goldfuss, 1837. Combination to be revised: "Cardium " cucullatum Goldfuss, 1837. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1672: Cardium cucullatum Goldfuss, 1837. *cucurtense. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium cucurtense from 2 sources: Andrussow, 1902. Andrusov, 1963. cucurtense Andrussow, 1902. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cucurtense (Andrussow, 1902). Card iidae. Fossi I. RECORDS. ··1905 Do Ilfus, commenting Andrussow 1902: Cardium cucurtense n. sp. tends towards Cerastoderma. cucurtense Andrusov, 1963. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cucurtense Andrusov, 1963. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1961 ZR: Cardium cucurtense Andrusov, 1961 "sp. nov."[in a table] Miocene Caspian region, Russia. ··1963 ZR: Cardium cucurtense Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Neogene, Russia. culjinense Pavlovec, 1959. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" culjinense Pavlovec, 1959. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1959 ZR: Cardium culjinense Pavlovec, 1959 sp. nov. Marly limestones from Promina, Ledian, Eocene Culjina near Lukar, Dalmatia. culvescens Androussov, 1923. - Apscheronia culvescens Androussov, 1923. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Apscheronia culvescens Androussov, 1923 sp. n. cumanicum. - New combination : Lymnocardium cumanicum. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (s. lato) cumanicum. cumberlandiae Swartz. - Conocardium cumberlandiae Swartz. Conocardiidae. Devonian. RECORDS. ··1914 ZR: Conocardium cumberlandiae Swartz sp . n. Maryland Devonian [Ref. Prosser & Kindle 1913] . cuming;; A. Adams. Not in Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1864 ZR: Bucardia (Meiocardia) cumingii A. Adams. ··1864 ZR: Bucardia (Meiocardia) cumingii. China Seas. [Ref. Adams 1864]. cuming;; Broderip, 1833. [Figs. Part 1 p. 107, 135]. Changed combination: Nemocardium cumingii (Broderip, 1833). Cardiidae. Recent. Type species of (Lophocardium) Fischer, 1887. TYPE LOCALITY . "Hab. in America Centrali (Gulf of Dulce, Costa Rica). It was obtained from sandy mud, at a depth of twelve fathoms (Hertlein & Strong 1955). RECORDS. ··1833 Broderip, in Broderip & Sowttrby p. 82: Cardium cumingii. ··1834 Sowerby, 47 part, fig. 5: Cardium cumingil Brod. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 1, No. II: Cardium cumingii Brod. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list p. 8: Cardium cumingii (Sowerby No. II). ··1843 Hanley: Cardium cumingii Brod. ··1844 Reeve, sp. 59: Cardium cumingii Broderip, 1833. ··1857 Carpenter: Cardium cumingii Brod. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457 : Cardium (Fulvia) cumingii Brod. ··1860 Carpenter: Cardium cumingii Brod. ··1869 Romer: Cardium cumingii Sowerby, related to Cardium bullatum (L.) Chemnitz. ··1871 Stoliczka: Papyridea cumingii. ··1872 Carpenter: Cardium cumingii Brod . ··1872 Tryon: Cardium cumingii Sowerby. ··1887 Fischer: Papyridea cumingi Sowerby. ··1890 Paetel: Papyridea cumingi Sow . ··190 I Dall: Protocardia (Lophocardium )cumingii Sowerby, 1833. ··1902 Dall Cardium cumingi Broderip, type of subgenus Lophocardium Fischer, 1887. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1679: Cardium cumingi Broderip, 1833. ··1933 Strong. Hanna, & Hertlein: Cardium (Laevicardium) cumingii Sowerby. ··1944 Smith, M .: Protocardia (Lophocardium) cumingii Sowerby. ··1945 Smith Lophocardium cumingii (Broderip, 1833). ··1955 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Lophocardium )cumingii Broderip, 1833 . ··1958 Keen: Lophocardium cumingi! Sowerby. ··1961 Olsson: Cardium cumingii Brod . ··1964 Parker: Lophocardium cumingii (Broderip. 1833). ··1969 Moore et al.: Nemocardium (Lophocardium) cumingii (Broderip, 1833). ··1971 Keen: Lophocardium cumingii Sowerby. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Lophocardium cumingii (Broderip, 1833). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Lophocardium cumingi; Broderip. ··1977 Popov: Cardium cumingii Broderip. 1833. Type species of Lophocardium Fischer, 1887. ··1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Lophocardium cumingii (Broderip, 1833). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Gulf of Cal ifornia. DES CRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: she ll transversely ovate, thin, fragile, posterior side gaping; very finely cancellated, wrinkled anteriorly, anterior portion of the shell very beautifully ornamented with n thin elevated crest or lamina running down from the umbones to the margins; transparent rose pink. ··1955 Hertlein & Strong: the cardinal teeth are well developed, but there are no anterior lateral teeth. There is a faint trace of a left posterior lateral. Exteriorly the shell is sculptured with fine radial riblets crossed by faint concentric lamellae. ··1971 Keen: this species that has been collected only a few times. The shells are thin, a light color, longer for the height, and without the concentric ridges on the posterior slope. Acapulco. Mexico, to Colombia always offshore, in 12 to 14 fathoms of water. Length, 28 mm. DIMENSIONS. ··1955 Hertlein & Strong: length 27.8, width 22, breadth ca . 18.6 mm. REMARKS. ··1955 Hertlein & Strong: the radial rib along the posterior umbonal slope, which ､･ｬｩｭｴｾ＠ a posterior area, is composed of periostracal material rather than of shelly material as stated by Broderip. C. cumingii is distinguished from the closely related C annettae DalJ, the latter has greater shell thickness. 460 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) cumingii - cygnorum darker colour, and a posterior dorsal area sculptured with 5-7 concentric ridges composed of periostracal material which run parallel to the lines of growth. HABITAT. --1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud at the depth of 12 fathoms. --1955 Hertlein & Strong: shelly sand, 22-110 m depth; grey sand bottom. DISTRIBUTION. --1844 Reeve: Gulf of Dulce, Central America. --1971 Keen & McLean: West Mexico to Columbia. -'1964 Parker: Gulf of California. cumingii Reeve, 1862. - Tridacna cumingii Reeve, 1862. Tridacnidae. Recent. REcORDs. 001980 Ruhoff: Tridacna cumingii Reeve, 1862; [1851-1870] vol. 14 (Tridacna) pI. 7, sp. 7. cumingii Sowerby, 1833. - See under cumingii Broderip, 1833. cuncatum Hall, 1858. - Replaced by Conocardium coualatum Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001942 ZR: Conocardium cuncatum Hall, 1856 replaced by C. coualatum [Ref. Branson 1942]. 001980 Ruhoff: Conocardium cuncatum Hall, 1858; vol. 4: 14. cuncatum Roemer 1850. - Conocardium CltnCatum Roemer 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001942 ZR: Conocardium cuncatum Roemer 1850. [Ref. Branson 1942]. cunctatulII. - Changed combination: loachymcardium cunclarum. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. 001960 ZR: Cardium cunclalum genolectotype ofloachymcardium nom. nov. for Cardium Barrande, 1881 non Cardium Linnaeus, 1767 [Ref. Ruzicka & Prantl 1960]. cuneus Hall. - Conocardium cuneus Hall. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm .) MNHN, Paris as Conocardium cuneus Hall: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. USA (New York), B05737. REMARKS ... 1895 Dall, p. 519: conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship. cuniiformis (subspecies). - See under alta cuniiformis. curta (subspecies). - See under adacnoides curta Popov, 1983 and levis curIa Eberzin, 1960. curta Conrad, 1869. - Protocardia curta Conrad, 1869. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001980 Ruhoff: Protocardia curta Conrad, 1869; vol. 5: 42, pI. 1, fig. I. curtum Meek & Hayden, 1861. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia (Acanthocardia) curtum (Meek & Hayden, 1861). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From North America. RECORDS . 001871 Stoliczka : Cardium curtum (Acanthocardium sic). Referred to by Meek 1864. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Hemicardium) curIum Meek & Hayden, 1861; p. 442. --1987 Geary: Pleuriocardia curium. cuvillieri Bede, 1934. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cuvillieri Bede, 1934. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. 001935 ZR: Cardium cuvillieri Bede, 1934 sp. n. Eocene N Africa. cllvillieri Strougo, 1976. - Discors cuvillieri Strougo (?), 1976 (?). Cardiidae. Upper Eocene. REcORDs. 001976 ZR: Discors cuvillieri sp. nov. Egypt, Maadi. Ref. to Strougo, p. 115. cybe/e d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cybele d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 1736: Cardium cybele d'OrbignY,1850 Cyclodonta . Suborder, encompassing Ca rdi acea. RECORDS. 00193 8 Cotton, Bernard & Godfrey: Suborder Cyclodonta encompassing superfamily Cardiacea. cygnorum Deshayes, 1854. [Figs. Part 3 p. 874, 892]. Changed combination: Acrosterigma cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Cuming collection, from Swan River, Western Australia (Vidal 1999). TYPE REPOSITORY. Paratype, Cuming Collection, BMNH . reg. no. 1971.23 (Wilson & Stevenson 1977). BMNH: Cardium cygnorum Deshayes Holotype and 2 paratypes reg. no. 1971 231 3,2, I. Neg. No. 0071 . - 1869.2.2.75, Stewart Is. Pacific Ocean. Ex: C. Trail Esq. I.S.v.O. RECORDS. 001855 Deshayes, p. 331: Cardium cygnorum. 001865 Angas: Cardium cygnorum Desh. 001890 Paetel: Cardium cygnorum Dsh. 001901 Dall: Cardium cygnorum Deshayes is from Swan River, Australia. Not a Bermudan species. "1903 Pritchard & Gatliff: Cardium cygnorum Deshayes. 001917 Hedley, p. 686: Cardium cygnorum Deshayes. 001 938 Cotton, Bernard & Godfrey: Cardium cygnorum Deshayes 1854. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Vasticardium) cygnorum Deshayes. 001977 Wilson & Stevenson: Acrosterigma cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855). 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium cygnorum Deshayes, 1854; 33 sic. 001992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855). 001999 Vidal : Acrosterigma cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: anterior surface area carries ribs with thin ridges which do not touch (Vidal 1999). DESCRIPTIONS . Vidal (1999): Shell generally symmetrical with anterior margin rounded and raised, and posterior slightly receding, with a small oblique truncation. Posterior slope a little flattened, forming a rounded obtuse angle with rest of shell. Not elongated, moderately compressed. Lunule narrow, identical on both valves, and slightly hollowed, with posterior margin well delimited. External colour cream to yellowish, with more or less developed brownish splashes; interior white . Hinge approximately symmetrical, and moderately angled. A low sterigma occurs in about 40% of the specimens. Mean rib number 42.6 ± 2.2 (range 36-47). Posterior rib scales sometimes prolonged above the anterior smooth part, forming herringbones. In central area ribs rather high, variably rounded to subtriangular in section, sometimes with a thin top-crest; always retro-ridged on adult part, becoming bi-tuberculated. Interstices thin on juvenile shell, 1/3 to 1/2 the width of ribs in adult. On adult part, anterior half of ribs becomes progressively more square-sided, bi-tuberculated or bi-ridged, then topridged. Ridges always thin and free (not imbricated throughout), sometimes herringboned. Interstices simi lar to those on MPQ, smooth and s lightly overhung by ribs. DIMENSIONS. Length 46.8, width 55 .7, breadth 32.2 mm (Vidal 1999). DISTRIBUTION. Southern Australia, the most northern records being Fremantle in the west coast, and Montagu Island on the east coast (Wilson & Stevenson 1977: 92). It is also "fairly common along the north coast" of Tasmania (May 1958: 13). REMARKS. Cardium Joveolatum Sowerby, 1841: 111. = Acrosterigma cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855). Cardium Joveolatum from Swan River could not be traced; Wilson & Stevenson (1977 :91) were convinced of the synonymy with C. cygnorum and suspected that a type specimen could be one of the syntypes of C. 461 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) cymbula - Dacicardium cygnorum. Laevicardium (Trachycardium) gaillardi Fischer-Piette, 1977: 58, pI. 6, figs 1-2. = Acrosterigma cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855). Holotype in MNHN, collected by Quoy & Gaymard during the voyage of " I' Astrolabe" (1826-1829), labeled as coming from New-Zealand. However, C. cygnorum has never been recorded from this country, and the specimen probably originates from Australia where the Astrolabe called at several times during the same voyage. cymbula Clarke & Swartz, 1913 . - Lunulicardium cymbula Clarke & Swartz, 1913 . ?Family. Devonian. REcORDs. "1914 ZR: LUl1ulicardium cymbula Clarke & Swartz, 1913 sp. n. Maryland Devonian. cymbula Defrance, 1817. - Changed combination: Avicularium cymbula (Defrance, 1817). Aviculariidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1995 Le Renard et al.: Avicularium cymbula [Cardita cymbula] Defrance, 1817. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Avicularium cymbula Superfamily Tridacnoidea. Family Aviculariidae. cymbulare Lamarck, 1819. - Changed combination: Avicularium cymbulare (Lamarck, 1819).- OTH ER JUDGEMENTS: Hippopus cymbularis . « Regarding Cardium cymbulare: Tridacnidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RE CORDS. ··1819. Lamarck : Cardium cymbulare Lamk. ··1821-1834 Sowerby: Cardium cymbulare Lamarck = Hippopus cymbularis. ··1886 Cossmann: Lithocardium cymbulare (Lamarck). ··1890 Woodward : Lithocardium cymbulare Lam. ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Lithocardium cymbulare (Lamarck). ··192232 Sherborn, p. 1757: Cardium cymbulare Lamarck, 1819. ··1970 Glibert & Poe!: Avicularium (s.s.) cymbulare (Lamarck, 1819). (Family Tridacnidae). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Lithocardium cymbulare Lamarck. Bartonien, Lutetien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52909, B5291 0, B5291 I. B72598. cymotomon Felix, J 890. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " cymotomon Felix, 1890 . Cardiidae. Neocomian. RECORDS. ··1890 ZR : fossil Cardium cymotomon Felix, 1890 n. sp. ··1891 ZR: Cardium cymotomon Neocomian of Mexico [Ref. Felix 1891] . cypria (mode). - See under cyprium. cypria of Hauer. - Changed combination: Nemocardium cyprium (Brocchi). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes : Cardium cypria Hauer = Venus cypria Brocchi. Cypricardia (genus) RECORDS. ··1839 Anton: Genus Cypricardia Lam. in Family Cardiacea. cyprium Brocchi, 1814. [Figs. Part I p. 94]. - Changed combination: Nemocardium cyprium (Brocchi, 1814). OTHERJUDGEMENTS: Nemocardium hillanum (Sow.) Df. « Regarding Venus cypria: Cardiidae. The genus Venus adopted by Brocchi, 1814 is not valid for cardiids. It must be replaced. Pliocene and Recent. RECORDS. ··1814 Brocchi: Venus cyprium. ··1832 Bronn: Venus cypria Brch . 545. = Cardium hillanum (Sow.) Of. ··1832 Bronn: Cythera ? Cypria Se. 148 = Cardium hillanum (Sow.) Df. ··1899 Sacco: Laevicardium cyprium (Br.). ··1899 Sacco, p. 52, PI. 12, figs. 1-3: Venus cypria Br. = Laevicardium cyprium (Brocchi, 1814). ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium cyprium Brocchi. ··1931 ZR: Cardium cyprium Ref. to Patrini (1931). ··1952 Lecointre: Cardium (Laevicardium) cyprium Brocchi, 1814. ··1954 ZR: Nemocardium cyprium (Brocchi , J 814) a critical revision [Ref. Ronchetti 1954] . ··1958 Sorgenfrei: Laevicardium cyprium (Brocchi, 1814) [Pliocene and Oligocene]. ··1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Habecardium) cyprium (Brocchi). ··1983 Anaya: Laevicardium (s. s.) cyprium (8rocchi, 1814) [Pliocene]. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comrn.) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Nemocardium cyprium 8rocchi . Morocco ; Italy. 838096, 844544. cyprium Hauer, 1839. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cyprium Hauer, 1839. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1766: Cardium cyprium Hauer, 1839. cyprillm Sacco, 1899. - Laevicardium cyprium (Sacco 1899). Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Laevicardium cyprium . ··1970 Glibert & Poel : Cardium cyprium, non Brocchi, 1814 in Sacco 1899. cyprium taurolaevis Sacco, 1899 (variety). - Upgraded . Laevicardium cyprium taurolaevis Sacco, 1899. Cardiidae. Miocene-Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco, p . 53, pI. 12, fig . 4: Laevicardium cyprium var. taurolaevis Sacco cyprillm taurolonga Sacco, 1899 (variety) . - Upgraded. Laevicardium cyprium taurolonga Sacco. Cardiidae. Miocene-Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco, p. 53 , pI. 12, fig. 5: Laevicardium cyprium var. taurolonga Sacco. cyrenaica (subspecies). - See under coefiensis cyrenaica Kaltenbach, 1949. cyrelliforme 8uvignier, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " cyreniforme Buvignier, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium cyreniforme 8uvignier. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium cyreniforme Buvignier, 1852; atlas p. 15, pI. 13, figs. 23-27 . D dacianum Stefanescu 1896. - Dacicardium dacianum (Sabba Stefanescu J 896). Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Dacicardium dacianum (Sabba Stefanescu 1896). Description. Ref. to Papaianopol et al.p.316. daciallus Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus dacianus Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus dacianus sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus dacianus Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. Ref. to Eberzin. ··1984 ZR: Pseudocatil/us dacianus Ebersin, J 967. Redescription. Ref. to Marinescu et af. p. 9. daciea Papaianopol, 1977. - Plagiodacna dacica Papaianopol , 1977. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Plagiodacna dacica Papaianopol, 1977 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, I. p. 40, fig'd. dadca Papaianopol , 1981. - Pontalmyra da cica Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) dacica Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 16. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra dacica Papa ian. Dacicardium Papaianopol, 1975 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECOR DS. ··1980 Vokes: Daci- 462 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) dactylus - dampierense cardium Papaianopol, 1975. ··1975 ZR: Dacicardillm Papaianopol, 1975 gen. nov. ofCardiidae. Type species. Limnocardium rumanum Fontannes 1886. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 255. ··1978 ZR: Dacicardium . Morphological variation. Pliocene, Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol et al. ··1984 ZR: Dacicardium. Upper Miocene. Romania, Dasian Basin. Ref. to Papaianopol. dactylus Hedley, 1923. Hemidonax dactylus Hedley, 1923. Hemidonacidae. Recent. ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Hemidonax dactylus Hedley, 1923. daganakiikensis (variety). - See under productum var. daganakiikensis Bobkova, 1963. daharrensis Tavani, 1948. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" daharrensis Tavani, 1948. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1948 ZR: Cardium daharrensis Tavani, 1948 sp. nov. Cretaceous Somaliland. dahestanicum Uspenskaja, 1931. - Changed combination: Miricardium dahestal1icum (Uspenskaja, 1931). Cardiidae. Pliocene. Nevesskaya et af. (1986 p. 193) designated Cardium dahestanicum Uspenskaja, 1931 type species of genus Miricardium Paramonova, 1986. RECORDS. ··1931 Uspenskaja : Cardium dahestal1icum. ··1932 ZR: Cardium dahestal1icum Uspenskaia , 1931 n. sp. Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. "1986 Nevesskaya et a/.: Miricardium dahestanicum (Uspenskaja, 1931). ··1987 ZR: Cardium dahestal1icum Uspenskaja, 1931 . Designated type species for new genus Miricardium. Ref. to Nevesskaya et a/. p. 193. dahestanicum parvulus Uspenskaia, 1931 (variety). Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dahestanicum parvulus U spenskaia, 193 I. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Cardium dahestanicum var. parvulus U spenskaia, 193 I nov. Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. dahli Soot-Ryen, 1957. - Cyamiocardium dahli SootRyen, 1957. Cardiacea. Recent. RECORDS. "1957 ZR: Cyamiocardium dahli Soot-Ryen, 1957 sp. nov. Golfo de Ancud, Canal San Antonio 15 m. dainelli Brusina, 1902. - Prosodacl1omya dainelli (Brusina, 1902). Lymnocardiidae. Late Miocene. RECORDS. "1991 Muller & Magyar: Prosodacnomya dainelli (Brusina, 1902). dalii Chelidize, 1957. - Monodacna da/ii Chelidize, 1957. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. REMARKS. I assume that Tschel. is alternative spelling of Chelidize. RECORDS. ··1957 ZR: MOl1odacna daW Chelidize, 1957 sp. nov. Tzikhisperdi Pliocene, Georgia, Russia. ··1964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani: "Monodacna" dalii Tschel. "1967 Ebersin: Didacnomya da/ii (Tsel.). dalii Tschel. - See under da/ii Chelidize, 1957. *dalli. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium dalli from 3 sources: Heilprin, 1887. - Toula, 1909. - Dickerson, 1913. daW Dickerson, 1913. - New name: Cardium marysvillensis Dickerson, 1916. » Regarding Cardium daW: Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1914 ZR: Cardium daW Dickerson, 1914 sp. n. California Eocene. ··1916 ZR: Cardium da//i name replaced by Cardium marysvillensis Dickerson, 1916 nom. n. "1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium dalli Dickerson, 1913. daW Heilprin, 1887. - Acrosterigma dalli (Heilprin, 1887). Cardiidae. Pliocene. Dall (1900) designated Cardium daW Hei Iprin , 1887 type species of Acrosterigma. TYPE LOCALITY. Caloosahatchie Forma- tion, Florida. Pliocene. RECORDS . .. 1887 Heilprin: Cardium dalli . ··1900 ZR: Cardium daW Heilprin [Ref. Dall 1900a]. "1900 Dall designated Cardium dalli Heilprin , 1887 as type species of the genus Acrosterigma Dall, 1900. ··1900 Dall : Cardium dalli Heilprin; type of section Acrosterigma Dall, 1900. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium (Acrosterigma) daW Heilprin, 1887. ··1964 ZR: Cardium daW Heilprin 1964 sp. nov. Caloosahatchie, Florida, Pliocene. ··1969 Moore et al.: Acrosterigma (Acrosterigma) da//i. ··1977 Popov: Acrosterigma dal/i (Heilprin, 1887). ··1977 Popov: Cardium dalli Heilprin, 1887. Type of Acrosterigma Dall, 1900. "1977 Vokes: Acrosterigma (Acrosterigma) dalli (Heilprin, 1887). "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium dalli Heilprin, 1887. "1978 Maxwell: Acrosterigma dalli (Heilprin, 1887). ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma da/li. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. "1999 Vidal: the genus Acrosterigma is distinguished from the older genus Trachycardium only by the hinge which is bent to angle of60 degrees or more in Acrosterigma, while the hinge is nearly straight in Trachycardium. However, the transition between characters of the two genera is so gradual that a distinction based on this character can not be made. ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma dalli is very close to A. pristip/eura from which it differs in its larger size (height 137 mm), more flattened posterior part, wider first ribs, the lunule, more rounded ribs, and wider interstices. dalli Toula, 1909. - New name. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" gorgasi Hanna, 1924. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1909 ZR: Cardium (Laevicardium) daW Toula, 1909 sp. n. Panama Early Tertiary. ··1924 ZR: Cardium (Laevicardium) daW Toula replaced by Cardium gorgasi Hanna, 1924 nom. n. Dal/ocardia Stewart, 1930 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Stewart (1930) designated Cardium quadragel1arium Conrad, 1837 type species of the subgenus Dallocardia of genus Trachycardium March, 1853. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Dallocardia Stewart, 1930 in subfamily Trachycardiinae. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: large shells with ornamentation of non imbricating spines along posterior sides of ribs. Dallocardia Stewart, 1930 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Stewart (1930) designated Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837 type species 0 f the subgenus Dal/ocardia of genus Trachycardium March, 1853. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Dal/ocardia Stewart, 1930 subgen. n. of Trachycardium type Cardium quadrigel1erium, Conrad, fossil. "1961 Olsson: (Dal/ocardia) Stewart, 1930. ··1977 Popov p. 46: (Dallocardia) Stewart, 1930. Genotype: Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837. "1983 Anaya: (Dal/ocardia) Stewart, 1930. Type: (D.O.) Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837 ... 1999 Vidal: Subgenus (Dal/ocardia) Stewart, 1930 of the genus Trachycardium. ··2000 Coan et a/.: Subgenus Dal/acardia Stewart, 1930. dalmatinum. Cardium dalmatil1um. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1961 ZR: Cardium da/matinurn Lutetian Eocene, Ostrovica, Dubravica and Bribir, Dalmatia, [Ref. Pavlovec 1961]. dampierense Wilson & Stevenson, 1977. [Figs. Part 3 p. 874] . - Synonym of Acrosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833).» Regarding Acrosterigma Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 463 danicici - debile dampierense: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Holotype, Port Hedland, Western Australia. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype in Western Australian Museum (WAM 3334-68). Fifteen paratypes, all from the northernmost part of Western Australia, north from Dampier Archipelago (with one exception), Northern Territory, Queensland, and Aru Island (Indonesia) (Vidal 1999). RECORDs. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson, p. 98-101, pI. 6, figs . 1-5, text fig. 17: Acrosterigma dampierense sp. nov. ··1978 ZR: Acrosterigma dampierense Wilson, 1978 sp. nov. Western Australia. Ref. to Wilson et al. p. 98, fig'd. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma dampierense. ··1998 Lamprell & Healy: Acrosterigma dampierense Wilson & Stevenson, 1977. ··1999 Vidal: Wilson & Stevenson 1977, p. 98, pI. 6, figs. 1-5 : Acrosterigma dampierense = A crosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS. Length 32.4, height 39.3, width (calculated) 19.5 mm (Vidal 1999). DISTRIBUTION. Indonesia, North Australia (Hylleberg 1994). danicici Pavlovic, 1928. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra danicici (Pavlovic, 1928). Lymnocardiidae. Pontian . RECORDS. ··1928 ZR : Limnocardium danicici sp. n. [Ref. Pavlovitch 1928]. ··1929 ZR: Limnocardium dancici sic Pavlovic, 1929 sp. n. Pontian Serbia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra danicici (Pavl.). danovi Kolesnikov, 1929. - Combination to be revised: "Cardiu m " danovi Kolesnikov, 1929. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium danovi Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sannatian. danubia hialls Mayer, 1866 (variety). - Upgraded. Ringicardillm danubia hians Mayer, 1866. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1999. Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Ringicardium danubia var. hians Mayer, 1866. Tortonien. N.W. Bulgaria, B44407 . danubialis Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna danubialis Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1989. Papaianopo1, p. 95, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) danubialis sp. nov. danubianum Mayer, 1866. - Cardium danubianum Mayer, 1866. Cardiidae. Miocene. REMARKS. Locard 1877: Cardium hians 1870 Homes = Cardium danubianum Mayer, 1866. RECORDS. "1877 Locard: Cardium danubianum Mayer, 1866. ··1899 Sacco: Ringicardium danubian urn (Mayer) [Miocene]. ··1977 Popov: Cardium danllbianum Mayer, 1865. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium danubian urn Mayer, 1866; [18571869] vol. 14: 71. danubianllm (cf.) Mayer, 1866. - RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Ringicardium cf. danubianum (May.). ··1899 Sacco: Cardium danubianum Mayer, 1866 = Ringicardium cf. danubian urn (May.). danllbianlls Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus danubianus Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatilllls danubianus sp. n. ··1967 ZR : Pseudocatillus danubian us Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. danubica Mikhailesku, 1989. - Didacna danubica Mih. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1989 Mikhailesku: Didacna danubica Mih. ··1989 Klimanov, Mikhailesku & Chepalyga: Didacna danubica Mih. darwill; Mayer, 1866. - Synonym of Cardium hians Brocchi . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium indicum Lamarck, 1819. » Regarding Cardium darwini: Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Algeria. DISTRIBUTION. West Mediterranean, Indian Ocean. RECORDS. ··1866 Mayer: Cardium darwini. ··1867 ZR: Cardium hians (Brocchi) = C. darwini [Ref. Mayer 1866]. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium darwini Mayer = Cardium hians Brocchi. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium darwini Mayer = Cardium hians Brocchi. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium darwini Mayer. ··1945 Smith: Cardium darwini Mayer 1866 = Cardium indicum Lamarck 1819. ··1977 Popov: Cardium darwini Mayer, 1865 sic. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium darwini Mayer, 1866; [1 857-1869] vol. 14: 69. ··1994 Marcomini: Cardium (Ringicardium) darwini Mayer, 1865. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium darwini Mayer. Suisse, 830835. - Synonymy, see a lso Cardium indicum Lamarck. darwishi Abbass, 1966. - Protocardia darwishi Abbass, 1966. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1966 ZR: Protocardia darwishi Abbass, 1966 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Egypt. dautzenbergi (variety). - See under tubercula tum var. dautzenbergi. davidaschvilii . - Eoprosodacna davidaschvilii Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Eoprosodacna davidaschvilii [Ref. Kereselidze, 1960]. daviesi Dey, 1962. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" daviesi Dey, 1962. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Cardium (s.l.) daviesi Dey, 1962 sp. nov. Indo-Pacific, Miocene. dawsolli Stimpson, 1862. - Synonym of Clinocardium cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). » Regarding Cardium dawsoni : Card iidae . Recent. DI STRIBUTION. Circumpolar. RECORDS. ··1862 Stimpson: Cardium dawsoni. ··1863 Stimpson: Cardium dawsoni. ··1873 Tryon : ?Cardium dawsonii Stimpson = Cardium islandicum Linnaeus, 1767. ··1902 Dall: Cardium dawsoni Stimpson, 1862 = Cardium cilia tum Fabricius, 1780. ··1939 McLean: Cardium dawsoni Stimpson, 1862 = Clinocardium cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). ··1974 Abbott: Cardium dawsoni Stimpson, 1862 = Clinocardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780). ··2000 Coan et al.: C. dawsoni Stimpson, 1862 (Pleistocene) = Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). deadense Mansfield, 1932. - Trigoniocardia deadense (Mansfield, 1932). Cardiidae . Miocene. RECORDS. ··1938 ZR: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) deadense Mansfield, 1932 sp. n. Choctawhatchee formation (Miocene) "Deadens," Washington Co. Florida. debeyanum Muller, 1846. - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardium debeyanum: Family Mactridae. Cretaceous. RECORDS . ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium debeyanum. ··1922-32 Sherborn p. 1794: Cardium debeyanum Mueller, 1846. debile Deshayes, 1855. - Insufficiently known. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Synonym of Vepricardium asiaticum . » Regarding Cardium debile: TYPE LOCALITY . China. REMARKS. No figure, no mention of this species after publication; species insufficiently known (FischerPiette 1977). RECORDS. ··1855 Deshayes, p. 332: Cardium debile. "1890 Paetel: Cardium debile Dsh. 464 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) decidua - defraneei ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium debile Deshayes. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium debile Deshayes, 1854; p. 332. ··1999 Higo et al.: Cardium debile Deshayes, 1854 = Vepricardium asiaticum (Bruguiere, 1789). decidua Vokes, 1977. - Trigoniocardia decidua Vokes, 1977. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1977 Vokes, p. 184, pI. 6. fig. 4, pI. 8, figs. 4-6: Trigoniocardia (Americardia) decidua H. E. Vokes n. sp. "1977 ZR: Trigoniocardia (Americardia) decidua sp. nov. Florida. Ref. to Vokes p. 184, fig'd . declive Gabb, 1881. - Changed combination: Acroslerigma declive (Gabb, 1881). Cardiidae. ?Miocene. Pliocene . TYPE LOCALITY. Costa Rica. RECORDS . .. 1925 Woodring, p. 139: Cardium declive Gabb. ··1 999 Vidal : Acrosterigma declive (Gabb, 1881). deeoratum Grewingk, 1850. - Synonym of Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad, 1837). Cardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··190 I Dall: Cardium (Cerastoderma) decoratum Grewingk, 1850. "1916 Dall: Cerastoderma deCO/'alum Grewingk, 1850. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1806: Cardium decoralum Grewingk, 1850. ··1936 Keen: "Cardium" decoratum Grewingk. ··193 6 ZR: Clinocardium decoratum (Grewingk, 1850) [Ref Keen 1936]. ··1954 Keen: Cardium decoratum Grewingk, 1850 [? Pleistocene]. ··1977 Popov: Clinocardium decoratum (Grewingk, 1850). ··1979 ZR: Cardium decoralum Grewingk 1850. Ref. to Kafanov. ··1980 ZR: C/inocardium decoratum Grewingk 1850 . Nomen dubium. Type locality designated. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 305. ··1982 ZR: Cardium? decoralum Grewingk 1850. New synonym of Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad 1837) Ref. to Kafanov et al. p. 43 . ··2000 Coan et at.: ? Cardium decoralum Grewingk, 1850 = Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nullallii (Conrad, 1837). ··2002 Schneider: citing Dall (1900): Cardium (Cerasloderma) decoralum Grewingk, 1850, section Cerastoderma. decorticatum Wood, 1840. - Changed combination: Laevicardium decorticatum (Wood, 1840). Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Laevicardium decorticatum (Wood) [Pliocene] . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1808: Cardium decorticalum Wood, 1840. "1937 Altena: Cardium decorticalum Wood (L. Pliocene). ··1937 Altena: Laevicardium decorticatum (S. Wood 1840). ··1938 ZR: Laevicardium decorticalum [Ref. Girschen 1938]. ··1960 ZR: Laevicardium decorticatum typical Coralline Crag form in Suffolk [Ref. Baden-Powell 1960. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Laevicardium (s.s.) decorticalum (Wood, 1840). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm .) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium decorticalum Wood. Coraline Crag. U.K. (Suffolk), B35431, B35560. decorum Fuchs, 1870. - New combination: Lymnocardium decorum. Lymnocardiidae . Late Miocene. RECORDS. ··1 970 Glibert & Poel: Limnocardium decorum (Fuchs, 1870). ··1977 Popov: Lymnocardium decorum. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium decorum (Fuchs) . "1991 Muller & Magyar: Lymnocardium decorum decorum (Fuchs, 1870). decorum (aff.) Fuchs , 1870 . - RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvi1i: Limnocardium aff. decorum (Fuchs). decorum ponticum Halavats, 1902 (subspecies). - Lymnocardium decorum ponticum (Halvahs 1902). Lymnocardiidae. Late Miocene. REMARKS. Continuous change in shell morphology from the subspecies Lymnocardium decorum ponticum to Prosodacnomya vutskiISi.(Muller & Magyar 1991). RECORDS. ··1991 Muller & Magyar: Lymnocardium decorum ponticum (Halavlits, 1902). *decussatum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium decussalum from 3 sources : Mantell, 1822. - Munster, 1840. - GoJdfuss (?year). decussatul1l Etheridge, 1873. Conocardium decussatum Etheridge, 1873. Conocardiidae. Carboniferous. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Conocardium decllssatum R. Etheridge Jr. 1873, nomenclatorial note, Carboniferous, Scotland [Ref. Wilson 1962]. decussatum GoJdfuss. - Replaced by "Cardium" defeclum Deshayes. Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium decllssatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1 857 Deshayes: Cardium decllssatllm Goldfuss (non Mantell) - C. defectum Desh. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium decussatllm Goldfuss. May bea cardiid. decussatum Mantell, 1822. - Changed combination: Pholadomya decussatum (Mantell). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium decussatum Mantell, 1822 moved to genus Pholadomya. ··1986 Abdel-Gawad: Photadomya (Procardia) decussala (Mantell, 1822). decussatul1I? Mantell, 1822. Combination to be revised. "Cardium" ?decussatum: ?family. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1986 Abdel-Gawad: Cardium ?decussalum Mantell, 1822 decussatum Munster, 1840. - ?Replacement name. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" devonicum d'Orb. » Regarding Cardium decussatum : Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium decussatum Munster, 1840 - C. devonicum D'Orb. [I am not sure what Deshayes had in mind. The type script of Deshayes indicates C. decussatum Munster to be a valid species, but a hyphen connects it to C. devonicum d'Orb.]. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1813: Cardium decussatum Muenster, 1840. Decussicardium Fischer-Piette, 1977 (genus). Invalid. » Regarding Decussicardium: no description or type designated. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Decussicardium gen. nov. of Cardiidae, type species Cardium gilchristi Sowerby, 1904. Ref to Fischer-Piette, E. p. 94. "1980 Vokes: Fischer-Piette, 1977. defectum Deshayes, 1853. - "Cardium" defectum Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium defeclum Deshayes. ··1980. Ruhoff: Cardium defectum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 47, 58. deforl1lis Eberzin, 1956. - Paradacna deformis Eberzin, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1956 ZR: Paradacna deformis Eberzin, 1956 sp. nov. Kerchenski Crimea and Kuban. deformis kubanica Eberzin, 1956 (subspecies). Paradacna deformis kubanica Eberzin, 1956. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Paradacna deformis kubanica Eberzin, 1956 subsp. nov. Kuban Pliocene Russia. defrancei Deshayes, 185 8. - Changed combination: Afrocardium defrancei (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Lower Oligocene. RECORDS. "1858 Deshayes: Cardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 465 degrangei - denticostatum defrancii. --1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvicardium defrancei (Deshayes, 1858). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium defranch Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865] vol. 1: 560, pI. 56, figs. 25-28. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium defrancei Deshayes. Stampien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52826, B52827, B52828. "2002 Schneider: Afrocardium defrancii (Deshayes, 1858). Lower Oligocene of France. degrangei Cossmann, 1895. - Changed combination: Plagiocardium degrangei (Cossmann, 1895). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium hirsutum (Bronn, 1831). » Regarding Plagiocardium degrangei: Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1899 Sacco: Plagiocardium degrangei (Cossmann) [Miocene]. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Syn. Cardium Degrangei Cossmann, 1895 = Cardium (Plagiocardium)hirsutum Bronn, 1831. "1977 Popov: Plagiocardium (Plagiocardium) degrangei (Cossmann, 1895). delanouei Strougo, 1985. - Acanthocardia delanouei. Cardiidae. Lower-Middle Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Egypt. RECORDS. "1985 Strougo, p. 372, fig. I: 9-10: Acanthocardia (Schedocardia) delanouei n. sp. --1985 ZR: Acanthocardia (Schedocardia) delanouei Strougo, 1985 sp. nov. Egypt. Eocene. Ref. to Strougo p. 372. delectabile Maxwell, 1978. - Trachycardium delectabile Maxwell, 1978. Cardiidae. Cenozoic. Middle Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Clifdenian (M. Miocene), Waiau River, South Island, New Zealand. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype TM 5462. - REMARKS. This species has 57 ribs (Maxwell 1978: 22) Vidal (1999). RECORDS. "1978 Maxwell, p. 21, fig. 16-18: Trachycardium (Regozara) delectabile n. sp. --1978 ZR: Trachycardium (Regozara) delectabile Maxwell, 1978 sp. nov. New Zealand, Cenozoic. Ref. to Maxwell, PA. p. 21. --1999 Vidal: Trachycardium (Regozara) delectabile Maxwell, 1978. delenda. - Didacna delenda. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1977 Popov: Didacna delenda. delenda emendata Popov, 1983 (subspecies). - Didacna delenda emendata Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. --1983 Popov, p. 174, fig.: Didacna delenda emendata subsp. nov. delicatulum Smith, 1915. [Figs. Part 3 p. 854]. Changed combination: Trachycardium delicatulum (Smith, 1915). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 14 syntypes (valves). 1915.4.18.297-308. BMNH London. RECORDS. "1915 Smith, p. 93, pI. 2, fig. 9: Cardium delicatulum n. sp. "1915 ZR: Cardium delicatulum Smith, 1915 sp. n. W. of Falkland Islands. --1944 Carcelles: Cardium delicatulum Smith, 1915. "1951 CarceUes & Williamson: Cardium delicatulum E. A. Smith 1915. --1970 Castellanos: Trachycardium delicatulum (Smith). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium delicatulum Smith. --1999 Vidal: Cardium delicatulum Smith, 1915. "1999 Vidal: cites Castellanos 1970, p. 231: Trachycardium delicatulum (Smith, 1915). --1999 Vidal: cites Powell 1960, p. 182: Trachycardium delicatulum (Smith, 1915). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1970 Castellanos: 38 radial, not prominent ribs, with minute tubercles on the ridge of ribs. DISTRIBUTION. --1999 Vidal: Argentina, Brazil; Atlantic, South American species. delicatulum Stoliczka, 1870. - Proto cardia delicatulum Stoliczka, 1870. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Protocardia delicatulum Stoliczka, 1870; [1870-1871] vol. 3: 220, pI. 13, fig. 8. delicatus Marinescu et al. 1984. - Pseudocatillus delicatus Marinescu et al. 1984. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1984 ZR: Pseudocatillus delicatus Marinescu et al. 1984 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Marinescu et at. p. II. delpeutum. - Cardium delpeutum. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1964 ZR: Cardium delpeutum photo., from West Africa [Ref. Anonymous 1964]. delphicum ballastum Mansfield, 1937. - Trachycardium delphicum ballastum (Mansfield, 1937). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) delphicum ballastum Mansfield, 1937 subsp. n. Tampa limestone Florida (Lower Miocene). deltanum Stephenson, 1941. - New combination: Granocardium deltanum Stephenson, 1941. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Cardium (Granocardium) deltanum Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Navarro formations, Cretaceous, Texas, Neylandville marl 1/2 m. N. of Cooper Delta Co. "1947 ZR: Cardium (Granocardium) deltanum Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Upper Cretaceous, Navarro Group Texas. deltoideum Young & Bird, 1828. "Cardium" deltoideum Young & Bird, 1828. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1834: Cardium deltoideum Young & Bird, 1828. demidojJi Baily, 1858. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" demidojJi Baily, 1858. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium demidojJi Baily, 1858; vol. 14: 144, pI. 9, figs. 3a-c. deminutum Holzl, 1962. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" deminutum Holzl, 1962. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. --1962 ZR: Cardium deminutum Holzl, 1962 sp. nov. Isarufer am Kalvarienberg (Tolz) Chattian, Oligocene, Bavaria. denisonensis. - Proto cardia denisonensis. Cardiidae, Cretaceous. REMARKS. With seven small pedal attachment scars. RECORDS. --1986 Scott: Proto cardia denisonensis. densestriatum Korner, 1937. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" densestriatum Korner, 1937. Cardiidae. Trias. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Cardium densestriatum Komer, 1937 sp. n. Trias N. Peru. densilineata Hoppe, 1922. Protocardia densilineata Hoppe, 1922. Cardiidae. Vraconian. RECORDS. "1922 ZR: Protocardia densilineata Hoppe, 1922 Vraconian Sinai. dentatum Michelotti in Potiez & Michaud, 1844. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dentatum Michelotti in Potiez & Michaud, 1844. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium den tatum Mich. Tertiary, Pyrenees-orientales. --192232 Sherborn, p. 1844: Cardium dentatum Michelotti in Potiez & Michaud, 1844. dentex Solander. - Synonym of "Cardium" ringens.» Regarding Cardium dentex: not valid. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium dentex Solander's MSS = Cardium ringens Chemnitz [not available]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1847: Cardium dentex Solander, 1786 [no n.]. *denticostatum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium denticostatum from 2 sources: d'Orbigny, 1850. Beets, 1941. 466 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) denticostatum - derasa denticostatum Beets, 1941. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dentieostatum (Beets, 1941). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001946 ZR: Cardium (Traehyeardium) dentieostatum Beets, 1941 sp. nov. Miocene Borneo. denticostatum Berezovskii, 1998. Laevieardium dentieostatum Berezovskii, 1998. Cardiidae. Middle Eocene. RECORDS. 001998 Berezovskii, downloaded abstract: Laevieardium dentieostatum n. sp. Southern Ukraine. denticostatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dentieostatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 1849: Spondylus dentieostatum KI ipstein, 1845. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 1849: Cardium (Klip.) dentieostatum [denti-eostatum, invalid spelling] d'Orbigny, 1850. - Spondylus. denticostulatum Beets, 1941. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dentieostulatum Beets, 1941. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. 001945 ZR: Cardium (Aeanthoeardia) dentieostulatum (anonymous 1941) sp. nov. 001999 Vidal: cites Beets 1941, 163, pl. 8, figs 319-326: Cardium (Aeanthoeardia) dentieostulatum. Upper Miocene of Borneo. Compared with laeunosum, flavum, elongatum, fultoni by its author. denticulata (mode). - See under dentieulatum. *denticulatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium denticulatum from 3 sources: Humphrey, 1797. - Baily, 1855. - Griesbach, 187l. denticulatum Baily, 1855. - Changed combination: Aeanthoeardia dentieulata (Baily, 1855). Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Cliffs on S. African coast, near the Umtafuna and Umzambani Rivers. RECORDS. 001855 Baily p. 460, pI. 13, fig. 4: Cardium dentieulatum nov. sp. 001871 Stoliczka: Cardium dentieulatum (Aeanthoeardium sic) South Africa. 001896 Newton: Cardium denticulatum Baily, 1855. 001906 ZR: Cardium dentieulatum Bail. redescribed and figd. [Ref. Woods 1906]. 001978 Freneix & Mackie: Cardium dentieulatum Baily. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium dentieulatum Baily, 1855; vol. 11: 460, pI. 13, fig. 4. 001983 Gliozzi & Malatesta: Aeanthoeardia denticulata Baily. 001992 Schneider: Cardium denticulatum Baily. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. 001855 Baily: shell suborbicular, convex, anterior side rounded, posterior truncated; ribs about 34, angular, and elevated, with scale-like markings and concentric striae between; posterior margin deeply indented by the sharp ribs. denticulatum Griesbach, 1871. - New name. Combination to be changed: "Cardium" griesbaehi Woods, 1906. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Cretaceous, Pondoland. RECORDS. 001906 Woods: Cardium dentieulatum Griesb., redescribed and figured. = Cardium griesbaehi n. sp. 001906 ZR: Woods, 1906. sp. n.: Cardium griesbaehi (307) = Cardium dentieulatum Griesbach, 1871. denticulatum Humphrey, 1797. - Synonym of Coreulum eardissum (Linnaeus, 1758). 001999 Higo et al.: Cardium dentieulatum Humphrey, 1797 = Coreulum eardissum (Linnaeus, 1758). denticulatum Jekelius, 1944. - New combination: Lymnoeardium dentieulatum Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001946 ZR: Limnoeardium dentieulatum Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. dentrachalis Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. Not a cardiid. 001784 Martyn: Cardium dentraehalis. deolaense Dassarma, 1975. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" deolaense Dassarma, 1975. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. 001975 ZR: Cardium deolaense Dassarma, 1975 sp. nov. Madhya Pradesh, Dhar. Cretaceous. Ref. to Dassarma p. 45. depauperata (variety). - See under tubereulatum var. depauperata Coen, 1933. depereti Andrussov, 1963. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra depereti (Andrussov, 1963). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001963 ZR: Didaena depereti Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Miocene, Russia. 001987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra depereti (Andrus.). depressa (mode and variety). - See under depressum Deshayes, 1838 and bohemieum depressa. depressum (variety). - See under papillosum var. depressum Locard. depressum Deshayes, 1838. - Changed combination: Didaena depressa (Deshayes, 1838). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. REcORDs. 001838 Deshayes, p. 47, pI. 2, figs. 19-23: Cardium depressum. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium depressum Verneuil. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 1863: Cardium depressum Deshayes, 1838. 001987 Taktakishvili: Didaena depressa (Desh.). 001987 Taktakishvili: Oraphoeardium depressum (Desh.). depressum Koenen, 1893. - Changed combination: Diseors depressum (Koenen, 1893). Cardiidae. Oligocene. REcORDs. 001899 Sacco: Diseors depress us (Koen.) [Oligocene]. 001977 Popov: Diseors depressum (Koenen, 1893). depressum Orbigny, 1850. - Unieardium depressum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 00192232 Sherborn: Corbula depressum Phillips. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 1871: Unieardium (Ph.) depressum d'Orbigny, 1850 - Corbula depressum. depressus (mode). - See under depressum. derasa Roding, 1798. - Tridaena derasa (Roding, 1798). Tridacnidae. Recent. Type locality: none originally given; designated 'Ambo ina, Indonesia' (Rosewater 1965) (Higo et af. 1999). RECORDS. 001798 Roding Tridaehnes derasa Roding, 1798 (Higo et al. 1999). 001932 ZR: Tridaena derasa [Ref. Stephenson & others 1932. / Yonge 1932a]. 001935 ZR: Tridaena derasa unattached in adult state [Ref. Yonge 1935].001936 ZR: Tridaena derasa life, feeding, digestion and symbiosis with Zooxanthellae [Ref. Yonge 1936]. 001947 ZR: Tridaena derasa Roding, 1798. "1953 ZR: Tridaena derasa uncommon on the Great Barrier Reef [Ref. Mollison 1953]. 001956 ZR: Tridaena derasa Symbiosis, Habitat, Feeding, figs. [Ref. Yonge 1956]. 001963 ZR: Tridaena derasa from the Great Barrier Reef [Ref. Schnierer 1963]. 001965 ZR: Tridaena derasa described and figd., range, habitat and synonymy discussed [Ref. Rosewater 1965]. 001979 ZR: Tridaena derasa. Ref. to Uhlenbruck et al. 001981 ZR: Tridaena derasa. Caroline Islands. Ref. to Beckvar. 001982 ZR: Tridaena derasa. Shell morphology. Compared with H. poreellanus. Ref. to D' Attilio et al. 001984 ZR: Tridaena derasa Ref. to Braley. 001987 ZR: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 467 derbenticum - deshayesii Tridacna derasa. Ref. to Braley / Summons et af. / Wilkens. ··1998 Poutiers: Tridacna derasa (Roding, 1798). Tridacnidae. Recent. ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Tridacna (Persikima) derasa Roding, 1798. ··1999 Higo et al.: Tridacna (Flodacna) derasa (Roding, 1798). ··1998 Schneider: Tridacna (Persikima) derasa Roding, 1798. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. Intertidal to 20 m, in atoll lagoons and on reefs; usually attached (Higo et af. 1999). DISTRIB UT ION. Southern Shikoku (Cape Muroto ; Okinoshima) and southwards, South China Sea, Philippines, Australia, Indonesia, Cocos-Keeling islands to western Micronesia (Higo el al. 1999). derbellticllm Andrusov, 1961. - "Cardium " derbenticum Andrusov, 1961. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ·· 196 1. ZR: Cardium derbenticum sic Andrusov, 1961 "sp. nov." Derbent, Russia. derbellticum Andrussow, 1905. - "Cardiu m " derbeuticum Andrussow, 1905. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1905. Andrussow: Cardium derbeuticum sp. n. ··1906. ZR: Cardium derbeuticum sic Andrussow, 1906 sp. n. Miiotisches Becken. dertogibba Sacco. - Discors dertogibba (Sacco). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1912. Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium (Discors) dertogibba Sacco. dertonense (subspecies). - See under papillosum dertonensis Michelotti 1847. dertonellse G. Michelotti, 1847. - "Cardium" dertonense G . Michelotti, 1847. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1876: Cardium dertonense AJ. Michelotti, 1846 In. n.]. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1876: Cardium dertonense G. Michelotti, 1847. derupta (subspecies). - See under lindleyi derupta Popov, 1983. deserta Stoliczka, 1862. - Pontalmyra deserta (Stoliczka, 1862). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium desertum Stoliczka, 1862; vol. 12(1): 538, pI. 17, fig . 10. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna deserta Stol. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra deserta (Stol.). ··1998 Schultz: Didacna deserta (Stoliczka). desertorllm Oppenheim. - Changed combination: Cardium desertorum Oppenheim. Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN , Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Lutetien. Egypt, B43633, B43635, B43636, B43637. deshaesii . - Printer's error of deshayesii Payraudeau in Maravigna 1838. deshayesi Payr (variety). - Unknown taxon . » Regarding "Cardium" var. deshayesi: RECORDS. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium var. deshayesiPayr. deshayesi perelongata Kutassy, 1929. - Upgraded. Myocardia deshayesi perelongata Kutassy, 1929 . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Myocardia deshayesi var. perelongata Kutassy, 1929 nov. Miocene Hungary. [Ref. Kutassy 1929]. deshayesi. - Myocardia deshayesi. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Myocardia deshayesi Miocene [Ref. Kutassy 1929]. deshayesianum Bianconi, 1856. - Synonym of Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium deshayesianum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Bonfitto, Sabelli, Tomrnasini & Herbert: type locality restriction, p . 136. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium deshayesianum Bianconi, 1856; p. 41. ··1994 Bonfitto, Sabelli, Tommasini & Herbert: Cardium deshayesianum Bianconi , 1856; junior synonym of Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). deshayesii (variety). - See under echinatum var. deshayesii Payr. - mucronatum deshayesii Payr. *deshayesii. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium deshayesii from 2 sources: Payraudeau, 1826. Andrezjowski (?year). deshayesii Andrezjowski. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" deshayesii Andrezjowski . Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium deshayesii Andrezjowski . [It is different from C. deshayesii Payraudeau ]. deshayesii Payraudeau, 1826. [Figs. Part I p. 121, 140. Part 3 p. 845]. - Changed combination: Acanthocardia deshayesi (Payraudeau, 1826). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: (1) Acanthocardia deshayesi = Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758): ··1832 Deshayes: Cardium deshayesii Payr. = Cardium echinatum L. ··1856 Jeffreys: young Cardium deshayesii Ph. = Cardium echinatum Ph. & B. M. (Note: Ph. & B. M. = Philippi and "British Mollusca", Forbes & Hanley 1849 respectively). ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium deshayesii Payraudeau = Cardium echinatum Linne. ··1869 Romer: Cardium deshayesii = Cardium echinatum L. (2) Acanthocardia deshayesi = Acanthocardia echinata var. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium deshayesii Peyraudeau sic; ? variety of echinatum. (3) Acanthocardia deshayesi = Cardium scobinatum. Lam. ··1848 Requien: Cardium deshayesii Payr. = Cardium scobinatum Lam. no. 38 (? synonym). « Regarding Cardium deshayesii: Cardiidae. Miocene and Recent. RECORDS. ··1826 Payraudeau, p. 56, figs. 33 , 35, N. 95: Cardium deshayesii. Nob. Fig. ··1838 Maravigna: Cardium deshayesii Payr. ··1840 Sowerby, 184 th part, fig. 70: Cardium deshayesii Payr. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 3, No. 30: Cardium deshayesii Payr. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium deshayesii (Sowerby, No. 30). ··1845 Reeve: Cardium deshayesii. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (lsocardia) deshayesii Payr. ··1867 ZR: Cardium deshayesii (Payr.) is found in the Mediterranean, and not on the Atlantic shores of Europe [Ref. Weinkauff 1867]. ··1868 ZR : Cardium deshayesii Payr., is a variety of echinatum (L.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1890 Hidalgo: Cardium deshayesii Payraudeau [very rare, recognised by fishermen]. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium deshayesiPayr. = echinatum L. ··1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium deshayesii Payr. ··1892 Locard: Cardium deshayesii Payraudeau, 1826. ··1899 Locard: Cardium deshayesii Payraudeau . •• J 900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium deshayesii Payraudeau, J 826 . •• J 922-32 Sherborn, p. 1879: Cardium deshayesi Payraudeau, J826 . ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Acanthocardia) deshayesii Payraudeau. ··1969 N ordsieck: Acanthocardia echinala deshayesi (Payraudeau, 1826). ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Acanthocardia) deshayesi Payraudeau, 1826. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium deshayesi Payraudeau. ··1977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) deshayesi (Payraudeau, 1826). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium deshayesi Payraudeau. Helvetien. Austria; Italy; Greece. B3139 i.a. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell rotundately cordate, gibbous, nearly equilateral; 468 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (fMMP) desioi - diasticum radiately ribbed, 22 ribs, armed down the middle with a row of short spoon-shaped scales, vaulting over towards the umbones, anterior scales wider and rather depressed; interstices between the ribs transversely marked with wrinkled striae; pale rusty brown. REMARKS "1845 Reeve: this species is certainly distinct from any of the prickly group which inhabit the Mediterranean; the scales being of a peculiar spoonshape, not papilliferous, and, contrary to the usual order of scales, arched over, or back as it were, towards the umbones. DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve : Islands of Corsica, Sicily, &c.; Mediterranean. desioi (variety). - See under edule var. desioi Vecchi, 1934. desioi Rossi, 1942. Cardium desioi Rossi, 1942. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Cardium desioi Rossi, 1942 sp. nov. Middle Eocene Gebel Nero Serir Tibesti, N. Africa. "1950 ZR: Cardium desioi Rossi, 1942 sp. nov. Eocene, Libyan Sahara. deslongchampsi Tate. - Pselldopis des[ongchampsi (Tate) . Cardiidae. Middle Lias. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Pseudopis deslongchampsi (Tate) Middle Lias, Uley Glos. (Ref. Cox 1946]. despectum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardillm despectum d' Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn: Lucina despectllm Phillips. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1886: Unicardium (Ph.) despectum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Lucina despectum . desperatum Kolesnikov, 1929. - Cerastoderma desperatum (Kolesnikov, 1929). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1929 ZR: Cardium desperatum Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. "1977 Popov: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) desperatum. "1979 ZR: Sarmaticardium desperatum (Kolesnikov) Comb. nov. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 41 . desperatum maikopicum Bagdasaryan, 1979 (subspecies). - Sarmaticardium desperatum maikopicum Bagdasaryan, 1979. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. "1979 ZR : Sarmaticardium desperatum maikopicum Bagdasaryan, 1979 subsp. nov. Russian SFSR. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 42 . desvauxi (aff.) Coquand, 1862. - Insufficiently known. » Regarding Proto cardia aff. desvauxi : Cardiidae. Paleocene. RECORDS. "1965 ZR: Cardium aff. desvauxi synonymy, Cenomanian, Egypt [Ref. Fawzi 1965]. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Protocardia aff. desvauxi (Coq.). Algeria, Sahara, R05253. desvauxi Coquand, 1862. - Insufficiently known. » Regarding Cardium desvauxi: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ,·1871 Stoliczka: Cardium desvauxi Coquand, 1862. From Constantine. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium desvauxi Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 206, pI. II, figs. 3-4. devexa (subspecies). - See under catil/us devexa Popov, 1983. devexa Popov, 1955. - Didacna devexa Popov, 1955 . Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. "1956 ZR: Didacna devexa Popov, 1955 sp. nov. Sa1o-Manitcluter rivers Quaternary Russia? devions (variety). - See under norvegicum var. devians Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. devonicum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " devonicum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. F ossi I. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes : Cardium devonicum D'Orb . "1922-32 Sherborn, p . 1890 : Cardium devonicum d' Orbigny, 1850. dialllhinum Melvill & Standen, \899. [Figs. Part 3 p. 875]. - Changed combination: Acrosterigma dianthinum (Me1vill & Standen, \899). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Torres Strait, Australia. TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype, Natural History Museum, London. TYPE MATERIAL. All type series from channel between Hammon Is and Wednesday Split, Torres Strait (Australia). Syntype: A bivalved specimen in BMNH, Reg. \899.2.23.11. Three syntypes : Two bivalved shells and one right valve in NMW Reg. 1955.158.693. Five syntypes: Three bivalved shells and two single valves in Manchester Museum (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. "1899 Melvill & Standen: Cardium dianthinum. "1899 ZR : Cardium (Trachy cardium) dianthinum Melvill & Standen, 1899 n. sp. Torres Straits. "1977 FischerPiette: Laevicardium dianthinum Melvill & Standen. "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma dianthinum. "1999 Vidal: Cardium (Trachycardium) dianthinwn Melvill & Standen, 1899: 190, pI. 11 , figs. "1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma dianthinum (Melvill & Standen, 1899). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARA CTERS of diagnostic value: characteristic shape and by the consistent rib-top pustules. DESCRIPTIONS. Vidal (1999): Shell transversally ovoid in shape and asymmetrical, but not posteriorly truncated, elongation variable, but moderate, and moderately inflated. Lunule small, slightly wider and hollowed on right valve, and well delineated. External colour uniformly beige, only median part being coloured brown- purple; interior slightly yellow in umbonal cavity and purple on median part (and sometimes part of posterior slope) by transparency; nymph yellow; no umbonal rays observed. Hinge slightly asymmetrical and moderately angled. Mean rib number 46.1 ± 2.5, range 42-50. On posterior slope, ribs flat, interstices thin but well marked; anterior smooth part of ribs slightly narrower, and posterior part bears elongated, strong, regular and regularly disposed scales. On median part, ribs low, slightly rounded, rarely somewhat flatly triangular, and smooth except for presence on posterior third of top of regularly disposed small rounded tubercular pustules. On median part of shell, ribs become flatter and very low, are sometimes slightly retro-crenulated, still bearing pustules. Relatively wide interstices, often bearing regular fine grooves in adult part, sometimes with a very thin, fairly clear, riblet on bottom . Anteriorly, pustules lengthen, and become progressively wider and stronger top-ridges. DIMENSIONS. Length 13.2 (15.2 in a damaged shell), height 14.2, width 8.4 (calculated) (12 .7 in a damaged shell) mm (Vidal 1999). REMARKS. Vidal (1999): Acrosterigma dianthinum is easily separated from the other small species of the genus both by its characteristic shape and by the consistent rib-top pustules. The regular elongated scales of PQ and the well delineated lunule are characters of the species-group of A. variegatum, but it is placed in the A. maculosum species-group because of its shape and low and poorly ornamented ribs. HABITAT. Recorded from 5 to 25 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. North East Australia (Hylleberg 1994). diasticum Cossmann, 1885. - Synonym of Cardium formosum Deshayes. » Regarding Cardium diasticum : Phukel Marine Biological Cenler Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 469 Dicerocardium - Didacnomya Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium diasticum Cossmann, 1885 = Cardium formosum Deshayes. Dicerocardium (genus). - Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS . ··19 36 ZR: Dicerocardium Lias Palermo [Ref. Gregorio 1930]. *dichotomum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium dichotomum from 2 sources: Braun in Muenster, 1842. - Orbigny, 1850. dichotomum Braun in Munster, 1842. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dichotomum Braun in Munster, 1842. Cardiidae. Fossil RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1903: Cardiumdichotomum Braun in G. v. Muenster, 1842. dichotomum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dichotomum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1903: Cardiola dichotoma G. v. Muenster, 1840. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1903 : Cardium (Muenster) dichotomum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Lithodendron. dickersoni Clark, 1918. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dickersoni Clark, 1918. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1920 ZR: Cardium dickersoni Clark, 1920 sp. n. Oligocene U.S.A. ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium dickersoni Clark, 1918 (n. sp.). Diconcha (genus). - Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1758 Regenfuss, p. 37, pI. 5, fig. 56: genus Diconcha re Cardium isocardium Linnaeus. Didacna Eichwald, 1838 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. GENOTYPE. Cardium trigonoides Pallas or Cardium crassum (Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903). CHARACTERS. Andrussoff (1903) : Didacna has two siphonal openings like in marine cardiids, i.e. no siphonal sinus. REMARKS. According to Andrussoff 1903, Didacna is characterised by having a laminar cardinal tooth in the right and a simple pit in the left valve. This genus encompasses species in the previous 3 genera erected by Eichwald: Didacna, Monodacna, and Adacna. However, Monodacna, and Adacna are maintained at the subgeneric level Dollfus (1905) distinguished between 3 groups: (I) with poorly developed lateral teeth; type Cardium ovatum. (II) with lateral teeth missing or nearly, sub-form Pontalmyra; type Cardium planicostatum Desh. (III) lateral teeth missing or rudimentary = true Didacna. RECORDS . ··1838 Eichwald, p. 166: Genus Didacna n. ··1903 Andrussoff: Didacna Eichwa1d, 1838. ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Didacna Eichwald . ··1928 ZR: Didacna [Ref. Borcea 1928c]. ··1929 ZR : Didacna [Refs. Macarovici 1929 . / Vassoievitch 1929a]. ··1946 ZR: Didacna hinge, fig . [Ref. Lamy 1946]. ··1962 ZR: Didacna Eichwald in subfam . Didacninae Eberzin, 1962, family Cardiidae [Ref. Eberzin 1962] . ··1967 ZR: Didacna structure, conchology [Ref. Svitoc 1967]. ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Genus Didacna Eichw. ··1969 ZR : Didacna, Caspian Sea, key to spp. [Ref. Logvinenko & Starobogatov 1969]. ··1976 ZR: Didacna. Species diversity. Azerbaidjan. Brackish habitat. Holocene. Ref. to Vekilov. ··1977 Popov: Didaclla Eichwald, 1838. ··1978 ZR : Didacna. Spawning. Larval numbers in plankton, relationships, Caspian Sea. Ref. to Galperina ··1979 ZR : Didacna. Pleistocene. USSR . PontCaspian. Ref. to Fedorov. ··1980 Vokes : Didacna Eichwald, 1838 in subfamily Didacninae. ··1980 ZR: Didacna Pleistocene, USSR. Ref. to F edorov. / Caspian Sea. Ref. to Garasimova. ··1985 Mikhailescu: genus Didacna Eichwald, 1838. ··1987 Anaya: Didacna Eichwald, 1838. Type (Stoliczka, 1870): Cardium trigonoides Pallas, 1771. ··1987 ZR: Didacna. Pleistocene. Moldavia. Lower River Prut & Danube, shell morphometrics & systematic accounts. Ref. to Mikhailescu (2680). ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Didacna (genus) . Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene and Pleistocene. Didacna Eichwald, 1838 (subgenus). - Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. ··1 857 Deshayes: Didacna Eichwald: syn. of Cardium . ··1858 Adams & Adams : Subgenus Didacna Eichwald. ··1 859 Chenu: (Didacna) Eichwald, 1838. ··1887 Fischer: Didacna Eichwald, 1838 subgenus of genus Limllocardium, Stoliczka, em. 1870. ··1869 ZR: Gen. Adacna, with subgen. Monodacna and Didaclla [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. ··1876 ZR : Didacna: their affinity to Monodacna, Adacna, Cardium discussed and the known species enumerated [Ref. Vest 1876]. ··1890 Paete1: 3. Sect. Didacna Eichw. of Adacna. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 422 : Didacna Eichwald, 1838. ··1985 Mikhailescu: (Didacna) s. str. ··1987 Anaya: (Didacna) Eichwald, 1838. Type species: Cardium trigonoides Pallas, 1771 designated by Stoliczka 1870. Didacninae Eberzin, 1962 (subfamily). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Didacninae Eberzin, 1962 subfam. nov. of Cardiidae for Didacna Eichwald, Oxydacna Davidaschvili, Oraphocardium Ebersin, Pteradacna Andrussov, Stenodacna Andrussov and provisionally Plagiodacna Andrussov and Phyllocardium Fischer. ··1969 ZR: Didacninae Nordsieck, 1969 subfam. nov. p. 106, ofCardiidae, to include Monodacna Eichwald, 1838, Adacna Eichwald, 1838, Hypanis Menetries, 1832. ··1970 ZR: Didacninae Ebersin, 1962, brackish water fauna, Ponti an, Yugoslavia, Stevanovic (2). ··1 980 Vokes: Subfamily Didacninae Ebersin, 1962. ··1987 Anaya: Didacninae Ebersin, 1962. Didacnoides Astafieva-Urbajtis, 1960 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Didacnoides Astafieva-Urbajtis, 1960. didacnoides Andrussov, 1924. - Changed combination: Hyrcania didacnoides (Andrussov, 1924). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: MOllodacna didacnoides Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. ··1930 ZR: Monodacna didacnoides Androussov, 1923 sp. n. ··1963 ZR: Monodaclla didacnoides Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron beds, Pliocene, Russia. ··1977 Popov: Hyrcallia (Didacnoides) didacnoides. didacnoides major Androussov, 1923 (variety). Upgraded. Monodacna didacnoides major Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Monodacna didacnoides var. major Androussov, 1923 nov. Didacnomya Andrussow, 1923 (genus). Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Didacnomya Androussov. 1923 sec. nov. Monodacna caucasia sp. n. [type] . ··1963 ZR: (Didacnomya) Andrusov, 1963 sect. nov. of Monodacna Pliocene, Russia . ··19 80 Vokes: Didacnomya Andrussow, 1923 in subfamily Didacninae. ··1977 Popov: Didacnomya Andrussow, 1923. ··1981 Taktakishvili: Didacnomya. ·· 1987 470 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) difficile - Dinocardium Taktakishvili, p. Ill: Didacnomya Andrussow, 1923; referred to new tribe Pseudocatillini. 00200 I Schneider & Carter: Didacnomya (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. difficile Deshayes, 1858. - Synonym of Protocardium hoernesi (Deshayes, 1858). » Regarding Cardium difficile: Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. 001886 Cossmann: Cardium difficile Deshayes = Protocardium hoernesi (Desha yes ). 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium difficile Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865] vol. I: 572, pI. 55, figs. 6-7. difficile Michelotti, 1861. - Combination to be revised: "Hemicardium" difficile Michelotti, 1861. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001980 Ruhoff: Hemicardium difficile Michelotti, 1861; vol. 15: 73, pI. 8, fig, 18, as Hemicardium, Fuchs, 1870; vol. 30(2): 166, pI. 7, figs. 1-3. digitatum Branson, 1942. - Conocardium digitatum Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001942 ZR: Conocardium digitatum Branson, 1942 nom. nov. p. 388, for Conocardium irregulare Koninck 1847 non Eichwald 1830. digressa Livental, 1931. - Digressodacna digressa. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. Davidaschvili & Kitovani (1964) designated Didacna digressa Livental, 1931, type species of the genus Digressodacna Davidaschvili & Kitovani, 1964. RECORDS. 001964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani: Digressodacna digressa Liv. 001977 Popov: Didacna (Pontalmyra) digressa. 001981 Taktakishvili: Digressodacna digressa (Livent.). Digressodacna Davidaschvili & Kitovani, 1964. (genus) - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. GENOTYPE. Didacna digressa Livental, 193 j. RECORDS. 001964. Davidaschvili & Kitovani, p. 384: Digressodacna gen. nov. 001964 ZR: Digressodacna Davitashvili & Kitovani, 1964 gen. nov. of Cardiidae, genotype Digressodacna lithopodoliciformis Davitashvili & Kitovani, 1964. 001978 ZR: Digressodacna. Phylogeny. Pliocene, Georgia SSR. Ref. to K valiashvili. 001980 Vokes: Digressodacna Davidaschvili & Kitovani, 1964 in subfamily Didacninae. 001981 Taktakishvili: Digressodacna Davitaschvili & Kitovani, 1964. Upper Pliocene Gurian genus. 001981 ZR: Digressodacna. Upper Pliocene. Ref. to Taktakishvili. Digressodacnini Taktakishvili - (tribus) 1987. Lymnocardiidae. RECORDS. 001987 Taktakishvili: Digressodacna Davitaschvili & Kitovani, 1964. 001987 Taktakishvili, p. 118: Digressodacnini; tribe nov. of Limnocardiinae. dUatata Papaianopol, 1981. - Pontalmyra dilatata Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) dilatata Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 31. 001987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra dilatata Papaian. *dUatatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium dilatatum from 2 sources: Deshayes, 1853. - Eichwald (?year). dUatatum Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dilatatum Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea RECORDS. 001857 Deshayes: Fossil. Cardium dilatalum Deshayes. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium dilatalum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 45. dUatatum Eichwald. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dilatatum Eichwald. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. 001857. Deshayes: Cardium dilatatum Eichwald. dUatatum. - Protocardia dilatatum Cardiidae. Cenomanian. RECORDS. 001965 ZR: Protocardia dilatatum described, figd., synonymy, Cenomanian, Egypt [Ref. Fawzi 1965]. dUmunensis (subspecies). - See under impolitum dilmunensis Oliver & Chesney, 1997. dUuvianum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 3 p. 920]. Synonym of Cardium hians Brocchi, 1814. » Regarding Cardium diluvianum: Cardiidae Fossil. RECORDS. 001819 Lamarck: Cardium diluvianum Lamk. Note: Great resemblance with Cardium hians Brocchi. 001877 Locard: Cardium diluvianum Deshayes in Lamarck, 1835 = Cardium hians Brocchi, 1814. 00 1899 Sacco: Cardium diluvianum Lamarck. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 1928: Cardium diluvianum Lamarck, 1819. diluvianum Mayer-Eymar. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" diluvianum Mayer-Eymar. Cardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium diluvianum Mayer-Eymar. Egypt (Pyramid), B42201. *dimidiatum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium dimidiatum from 2 sources: Goldfuss, 1840. - Bobkova, 1956. dimidiatum Bobkova, 1956. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dimidiatum Bobkova, 1956. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001956 ZR: Cardium dimidiatum Bobkova, 1956 sp. nov. Armenia Cretaceous. Caucasus, Russia. dimidiatum Goldfuss, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dimidiatum Goldfuss, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 1931: Cardium dimidiatum Goldfuss, 1840. dingdense Lehmann, 1892. - Changed combination: Laevicardium dingdense (Lehmann, 1892). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trachycardium multicostatum (Brocchi, 1814).» Regarding Cardium dingdensis. Cardiidae: Miocene. RECORDS. 001902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium dingdensis Lehmann = Cardium (Trachycardium) multicostatum Brocchi, 1814. 001958 Sorgenfrei: Laevicardium dingdense (Lehmann, 1892) [Miocene]. 001970 Glibert &Poel: Laevicardium (Habecardium) dingdense (Lehmann, 1892). 001970 ZR: Laevicardium (Habecardium) dingdense (Lehmann, 1892) [Ref. Glibert & Van De Poe I 1970]. dingdensis (mode). - See under dingdense. Dinocardiini Kafanov 1977 (tribus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001977 Kafanov: Dinocardiini Kafanov. 001977 ZR: Dinocardiini Kafanov. Tribe nov. of Cardiidae, type genus Dinocardium Dall 1900. Ref to Kafanov & Popov, p. 62 [Transl. p. 312]. Dinocardium Dall, 1900 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. 001973 ZR: Dinocardium. Stratigraphical distribution. Quaternary. Japan. Ref. to Hayasaka. / Kaseno. 001977 Popov: Dinocardium Dall, 1900. Genotype: Cardium robustum Lightfoot, 1786. 001977 ZR: Dinocardium Dall 1900 designated type genus for new tribe Dinocardiini Kafanov. Ref to Kafanov & Popov p. 62 [Transl. p. 312]. 001980 Vokes: Dinocardium Dan, 1900 in subfamily Laevicardiinae. 001980 ZR: Dinocardium Dall 1900. Taxonomic position. Ref. to Kafanov. p. 298. 001992 Schneider p. Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 471 Dinocardium - Discors 148: Dinocardium Dall, 1900. Dinocardium Dall, 1900 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Dall 1900 designated Cardium robustum Lightfoot, 1786 type species of the subgenus Dinocardium in the genus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. Classification compiled from Schneider (2002): Dall (1900): Cardium (Cerastoderma), section Dinocardium. Cardiinae not Laevicardiinae. Dinocardium, long considered to be a laevicardiine, but is a eucardiid cardiine that is closely related to Vepricardium, Bucardium and Cardium. RECORDS. ··1900 ZR: Dinocardium Dall, 1900a n. sect. of Cerastoderma type Cardium magnum Born. ··1930 Stewart: (Dinocardium) Dall 1900. ··1934 Johnson: (Dinocardium) Dall 1900. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Subgenus Dinocardium Dall, 1900. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: Ribbing on anterior slope and beaks stronger than in Laevicardium (Laevicardium); ornamentation of threadlike nodes crossing ribs. ··2002 Schneider: Dinocardium:S radial ribs are wide and grooved underneath. The radial ribs are strongly expressed from the ventral margin all the way to the umbo. The adductor muscle scars are not impressed into the shell. The 'lunule flap' is strongly folded over the exterior shell surface anterior of the beak, covering the entire lunule, and the lunule flap has several nearly vertical ridges on its surface. The dorsal surface of the nymph is distinctly concave. The posterior end of the nymph has a sharp dorsal extension (nymph flare). Dinocardium has the right caecum located in the middle of the stomach floor. The labial palps with length less than one-third the length of the entire animal (minus the shell). Dinodacna Iredale, 1937 (genus). - Synonym. Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Dinodacna Iredale, 1937 gen. n. Tridacnidae type cookiana Gilbert Islands. ··1999 Higo et at.: Dinodacna Iredale, 1937 = Tridacna Bruguiere, 1797. Tridacnidae. dionaeum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. [Figs. Part I p. 117, 144]. - Changed combination: Corculum dionaeum (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Corculum cardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). Cardium hemicardium Linnaeus, 1758. » Regarding Corculum dionaeum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Oceano Pacifico, Broderip & Sowerby 1829. RECORDS. ··1829 Broderip & Sowerby, p. 367: Cardium dionaeum. ··1840 Sowerby, 180 th part, fig. 52: Cardium dionaeum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No. 94: Cardium dionaeum Sow. ··1845 Reeve, sp. 122: Cardium dionaeum. "1852 Sowerby, fig. 122: Cardium dionaeum (Cardissa). ··1858Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia dionaea Brod. and Sow. ··1869 Romer: Cardium dionaeum Sowerby, from the west coast of Central America. ··1884 Grasset: Hemicardium dionaeum Sow. ··1911 Pelseneer: Hemicardium dionaeum. ··1890 Paetel: Hemicardium dionaeum Brod. et Sow. ··1932 Prashad: Cardium dionaeum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 = Cardium hemicardium Linne, 1758. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1940: Cardium dionaeum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. "1947 Bartsch: Corculum dionaeum (Broderip and Sowerby, 1829). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium dionaeum Sowerby = Cardium cardissa Linne. ··1977 Habe: Corculum dionaeum Broderip & Sowerby, 1828 = Corculum cardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Corculum dionaeum. ··1999 Higo et al.: Cardium dionaeum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 = Corculum cardissum (Linnaeus, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Andaman Islands. ··ZMUC: west coast of Central America, I specimen. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell laterally heart-shaped anterior side produced, posterior very flatly concavely depressed, the middle very gibbous, keeled keel spinosely dentated; posterior side radiately grooved anterior radiately flatly ridged, ridges prickly noduled white, posterior area flaked with opaque snowy spots. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: a delicate pretty species, allied to the Cardium cardissa the anterior side of which is attenuately produced whilst the posterior is peculiarly flattened. ··My conclusion: Cardium dionaeum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 seems inseparable from Corculum cardissa (Linne, 1758). HABITAT. ··1845 Reeve: found among fine coral sand at low water. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean. ··1884 Grasset: California. ··1994 HyUeberg: Australia. ··ZMUC: Andaman Islands, west coast of Central America. dionaeum Sowerby, 1834 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 106]. - Synonym of Corculum cardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium var. dionaTtm: Cardiidae Recent. RECORDS. ··1834 Sowerby, 46 t part, fig. I * Cardium var. dionaeum. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No. 95: Cardium var. dionaeum fig. 1* = Cardium cardissa Linn. ··1899 Hedley: Cardium cardissa var. dionaeum Sowerby. Diplacophora (order). - RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Diplacophora Horny 1960 ord. nov. class Pelecypoda, Babinkidae Horny 1960 fam. nov. q.v. ofDiplacophora. diplopleura (mode). - See under diplopleurum. diplopleurum Brusina. - Changed combination: Caladacna diplopleurum (Brus.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium diplopleurum Brus. diplopleurum (cf.) Brusina. - RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Caladacna cf. diplopleura (Brus.). diprosopum Brusina, 1884. - New combination: Lymnocardium diprosopum (Brusina, 1884). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Limnocardium diprosopum (Brusina, 1884). ··1987 Taktakishvil i: Limnocardium diprosopum (Brus.). ··1990 Basch: Limnocardium (Podravinicardium) diprosopum (Brusina, 1884). disceptum Deshayes, 1858. - Synonym of "Cardium" obliquum Lamarck. » Regarding Cardium disceptum: Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium disceptum Deshayes = Cardium obliquum Lamarck. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium disceptum Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865] vol. I: 564, pI. 56, figs. 15-17. Discors Deshayes, 1858 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1914 ZR: Discors [Ref. Cossmann & Peyrot 1914]. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Genus Discors Deshayes, 1858. ··1977 Popov: Discors Deshayes, 1858. Genotype: Cardium subdiscors Orbigny, 1850. "1980 Vokes: Discors Deshayes, 1858 in subfamily Protocardiinae. ··1995 Schneider: Discors parisiense (Orbigny, 1850). ··1999 Higo et al.: Discors Deshayes, 1858. Type species: Cardium discors Lamarck, 1805 non Montagu, 1803 (by tautonymy). 472 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Discors - discus Discors Deshayes, 1858 (section and subgenus). Cardiidae . Fossil and Recent. REMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. "1887 Fischer: Discors, Deshayes. 1858. Section of subgenus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. "1906 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Subgenus Discors Deshayes, 1858 of genus Cardium Linne 1758. "1928 Kuroda: (Discors) Deshayes, 1858. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: (Discors) Deshayes , 1858 subgenus of Nemocardium in subfamily Protocardiinae. *discors - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium discors from 3 sources: Montagu, 1803. - Lamarck, 1805.Orbigny (?year). discors Lamarck , 1805. - Changed combination: Nemocardium discors (Lamarck, 1805). Cardiidae. Eocene and Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Grignon, France. RECORDS. "1805 Lamarck: Cardium discors (fossil from Grignon). "1835 Lamarck: Cardium discors Lamk. "1844 Potiez & Michaud, p. 179: Cardium discors Lam. fossi I of France. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium discors. "1858 Deshayes designated Cardium discors Lamarck, 1905 type species of the subgenus (Discors) Deshayes, 1858. Recognised at the generic level by authors. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1957: Cardium discors Lamarck, 1805. ··1969 Moore et al.: Nemocardium (Discors) discors (Lamarck, \805) . "1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium discors Lamarck, 1805. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium discors Lmk. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium discors Lamarck, 1805. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE "1969 Moore et al.: the Eocene-Miocene fossil Nemocardium (Discors) discors = Cardium parisiense d 'Orbigny, 1850 ,;, Hemidiscors I11gifentm Rovereto, 1898. See parisiense Orbigny for synonymy. "1970: Glibert & Poe I stated that Cardium discors Lamarck, 1805 , non Montagu, 1803 = parisiense Orbigny, type of genus Discors Deshayes, 1858. DISTRIBUTION. "\969 Moore el al.: Europe-Asia. discors Montagu, 1803. Doubtful species. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Tellina pisiformis. - Cardium parisiense Orbigny. » Regarding Cardium discors: RECORDS. "1803 Montagu, I, p. 84: Cardium discors ? identical with Tellina pisiformis Gml. "1807 Maton & Rackett, No. 13 : Cardium discors Montagu p. 84 (doubtful species according to Mr. Montagu) ? T. pisiformis Linn. Gmel. p. 3241. ··1813 Fleming: Cardium discors Montagu. "1815 Wood: Cardium discors Mont. "1825 Gerville: Cardium discors Mtg. "1828a Wood: Cardium discors Mtg. "1853 Forbes & Hanley : Cardium discors, Montagu = Tellina pisiformis, Linnaeus . "1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 10: Tellina discors Mont. T.B. 84 = pisiformis Lin. probably. "1922-32 Sherborn, p . 1957: Cardium discors Montagu , 1803. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium discors Montagu, 1803 = parisiense Orbigny. 001977 Fischer- Piette: Cardium discors Montagu = species insufficiently known. discors Orbigny. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " discors d'Orbigny. RECORDS . "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers . comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium discors d'Orbigny. Oligocene. discors martorsensis Liompart, 1977 (subspecies). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" discors martorsensis Llompart, 1977. Cardiidae. Palaeogene. RECORDS. "1977 ZR: Cardium discors martorsensis subsp. nov. Spain. Ref to Llompart, C. p. 3, fig'd. Stampien. France. *discrepans - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium discrepans from 3 sources: Basterot, 1825. - Brown, 1827. - Bord. (?year). discrepans Basterot, 1825. - Changed combination: Discors dis crepans (Basterot, 1825). Cardiidae. Miocene. Cardium discrepans Basterot, type species of genus Divaricardium Dollfus et Dautzenberg, 1886. RECORDS. 001835 Lamarck: Cardium discrepans Bast. "1844 Potiez & Michaud : Cardium discrepans Bast. fossil of France. "1857 Deshayes, pI. 26, figs. 4-5: Cardium discrepans Basterot. "1886 Cossmann: type species C. discrepans Bast. "1886 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium (Divaricardium) discrepans Bast. 001899 Sacco: Discors discrepans (Bast.). "1900 ZR: Cardium discrepans Bast. [Ref. Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1900]. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium discrepans Basterot. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1959 : Cardium discrepans Basterot, 1825. 00 1929 ZR: Cardium discrepans [Ref. Gavala 1929]. "1938 ZR: Discors discrepans Miocene, Lybia, figs. [Ref. Alberichi & Mauroner 1938]. 001970 Glibert & Poel : Discors discrepans (Basterot, 1825). "1994 Marcomini : Discors discrepans (Basterot, 1825). "1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Divaricardium) discrepans (Basterot, 1825). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium discrepans Basterot. Helvetien. France, B26435 i.a. discrepans Bord. - Changed combination: Nemocardium discrepans (Bord.). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1864 Mayer: Cardium discrepans (comparison with Cardium hartungi Bronn .). 001977 Popov: Nemocardium (? Nemocardium) discrepans (Bord.). discrepans Brown, 1827. - Synonym of Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836). » Regarding Cardium discrepans: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1871 Morch, p. 215, No . 206 Cardium discrepans Brown? = Cardium minimum Phil. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1959: Cardium discrepans Brown, 1827. discrepans dertogibba Sacco, 1899 (variety). Upgraded. Discors discrepans dertogibba Sacco, 1899. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. '·1899 Sacco, p. 54, pI. 12, fig. 11: Discors discrepans var. dertogibba Sacco discrepans herculea Dollfus, Cotter & Gomes, 1903 (variety). - Synonym of Discors spondyloides (Hauer, 1847).» Regarding Cardium discrepans var. herculea: Cardiidae. Fossil. RE CORDS. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg : Cardium discrepans var. herculea Dol\fus, Cotter & Gomes, 1903 = Cardium (Discors) spondyloides V. Hauer, 1847. discrepans persulcata Sacco, 1899 (variety). Upgraded. Discors discrepans persulcata Sacco, 1899. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco, p. 54, pI. 12, fig. 9: Discors discrepans var. persulcata Sacco discrepans semisulcata Sacco, 1899 (variety). - Discors discrepans semisulcata Sacco, 1899. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001899 Sacco, p. 54, pI. 12, fig. 10: Discors discrepans var. semisulcata Sacco discus Vidal, 1999. [Figs. Part 3 p. 875]. - Acrosterigma discus Vidal, 1999. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. H. Fischer colI.: Holotype and four paratypes. TYPE LOCALITY. All from Mauritius. - TYPE REPOSITORY . Phuket Marine Biological Cenler Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 473 disjunetum - Divarieardium Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris. RECORDS. 001988 Drivas & Jay, p. 17, fig. 14: Trachycardium cf mauritianum (Deshayes) = Acrosterigma discus Vidal, 1999. ··1999 Vidal, p. 290, Table 17, Figs. 5K-M: Acrosterigma discus sp. nov. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1999 Vidal: Shells almost circular, almost perfectly equilateral, sometimes very slightly truncated at posterior end, and very rarely slightly expanded backwards. Shell also strongly flattened, giving it a "disk-like" appearance. Lunule extremely narrow to non existent on both valves, and may be absent altogether, with reduced ribbing practically reaching margin. On right valve this margin appreciably raised near umbo. Periostracum thin and homogeneous. External colour light beige, more or less mottled with brown-purple, and umbo sometimes has two radial purplish rays. Interior white with purplish stains corresponding to external markings. Hinge nearly symmetrical. Mean rib number 56.3 ± 3.2, range 5363. In posterior area, anterior smooth part of each rib unusually large, axial furrow very thin and often confused with posterior part of rib, which is also very thin, sometimes practically non-existent. Persistent scales, inserted in the furrow, are high, elongated, ellipsoidal in section and slightly twisted; they encroach slightly upon anterior part of rib. These scales placed at a narrow angle to axis of shell, almost longitudinally. In median-posterior area, ribs asymmetrically triangular with posterior flank steeper; they are generally smooth (rarely with ridges in continuity with scales). The rib top (apex of triangle) bears a smooth, regular, longitudinal crestal fold. Interstices rounded and smooth. On anterior half of shell, ribs become progressively asymmetrically rounded, more or less retro-ridged or festooned, then top-ridged; on first ribs of anterior area, top scales become tubercular and a little irregular, and tend to take on a vaguely concentric alignment. DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: length 28.0, width 31.5, thickness 17.8 mm. HABITAT. Recorded at depths of8 to 60 m. REMARKS. Acrosterigma discus resembles A. mauritianum with which it has been confused. However, it differs in its discoid shape, higher rib number, and more triangular shape of the ribs in median posterior shell area. DISTRIBUTION. ··1999 Vidal: mainly Indian Ocean, very abundant in Mauritius, where it is sympatric with A. mauritianum and similarly collected ex pisce; recorded in Reunion only by Drivas & Jay. Known as far east as the Moluccas. disjunetum Muenster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" disjunctum Muenster, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1961: Cardium disjunetum Muenster, 1840. dispar Meuschen, 1778. Non binominal. - Not available. Synonym of Lyrocardium pectinatum (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium dispar: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1778 Meuschen: Cardium dispar. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium dispar Meuschen = Cardium pectinatum Linnaeus. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 305: Cardium dispar Meuschen, 1778. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium dispar Meuschen = Laevicardium aeolicum Born. dissidepietum Woodring, 1925. - Changed combination: Agnocardia dissidepictum (Woodring, 1925). Cardiidae. Upper Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1925 Woodring, p. 135, PI. 18, Figs. 10-11: Cardium (Acanthocardia) dissidepictum. Bowden, Jamaica. ··1977 Popov: Bucardium (Agnocardia) dissidepictum (Woodring, 1925). ··1984 ZR: Agnocardia dissidepictum (Woodring, 1925) Comb. nov. Transferred from Cardium (Acanthocardia?) dissidepictum Woodring, 1925. Ref. to Vokes p. 42. ··1992 Schneider: Agnocardia dissidepic/um (Woodring). ··1998 Schneider: Agnocardia dissidepictum (Woodring, 1925) USNM 352819 (holotype). Late Pliocene. ··2002 Schneider: Agnocardia dissidepictum (Woodring, 1925). *dissimile. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium dissimile from 2 sources: Sowerby (1827). - Sowerby (1836). dissimile Sowerby, 1827. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dissimile. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium dissimile Sowerby, 1827. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1968: Cardium dissimilis Sowerby, 1827. dissimile Sowerby, 1836. - Replaced by Protocardia sphaeroidea (Forbes, 1845). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium dissimile Sowerby, 1836 - C. sphoeroideum sic Forbes. distans Lamarck, 1819. - Cardium distans. Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. England. TYPE LOCALITY. Lamarck's cabinet, unknown availability. RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium distans. ··1912 Favre: Cardium dis tans Lamarck. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1970: Cardium dis tans Lamarck, 1819. distineta Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna dis/incta Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1989 Papaianopol, p. 70, fig.; Pachydacna (Pachydacna) distinc/a sp. nov. distinguendum Mayer, 1890. - Changed combination: Loxocardium distinguendum (Mayer, 1890). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium distinguendum Mayer. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Loxocardium distinguendum (Mayer, 1890). ··1977 Popov: Loxocardium distinguendum (Mayer, 1890). distortum Philippi, 1846. Insufficiently known. » Regarding Cardium distortum: Cardiidae. Recent TYPE LOCALITY. Insula Amicorum (Tonkin Bay). (FischerPiette 1977). RECORDS. ··1846 Philippi, p. 55: Cardium distortum Philippi, 1846. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1977: Cardium distortum Philippi, 1845. ··1972 Tryon: Hemicardia dis/orta Phil. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium distorrum Philippi is a species insufficiently known. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. Shell slightly subcordate, strongly oblique, angulate, carinate, white-yellow; ribs distinct rather smooth, interstices narrow divided in posterior area 6, anteriorly 18-20 [I have translated from Latin citation in Fischer-Piette 1977, p. 162]. DIMENSIONS. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: long. 5 112"', alt. 4 1/2 "', crass. 4 112'''. REMARKS. Form, size, colour nearly as in C. obovale Sowerby, which, however, is less inflated, and has more strongly curved ribs, numbering 12 based on the fig. in Sowerby [I have translated from German in Fischer-Piette 1977]. DISTRIBUTION. Tonkin Bay. Divaricardium Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1886 (genus).Cardiidae. Eocene. GENOTYPE. Cardium discrepans Bast. RECORDS. ··1900 ZR: Divaricardium Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1900 n. gen. for Cardium discrepans Bast. ··1886 Cossmann: Genus Divaricardium Dollfus et Dautzenberg, 1886. ··1980 Vokes: Divaricardium 474 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Divaricardium - d%rosum Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1886 in subfamily Protocardiinae. Divaricardium (subgenus). - RECORDS . "1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Divaricardium). divaricata Linnaeus. - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Tellina divaricata: RECORDS. "1803 Montagu: Tellina divarieata of Linnaeus resembles Cardium areuatum Tab. 3. f. 2. Diversicostata Wassoievic & Ebersin, 1930 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1980. Vokes: Diversieostata Wassoievic & Ebersin, 1930. Subfamily uncertain. Diversicostata Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930 (section, subgenus). - Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1931 ZR: Diversieostata Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930 sec. n. of Monodaena. Type species Monodaena maxima URSS Pliocene. *diversum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium diversum from 2 sources: Conrad, 1847. - Possibly Mayer (?year). diversum Conrad, 1847 . - Changed combination: Nemoeardium diversum (Conrad, 1847). Cardiidae. Middle Oligocene. TYPE LOCALITY. North America. REcORDs. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium diversum. "192232 Sherborn, p. 1983: Cardium diversum Conrad, 1847. ··1954 Keen: Nemoeardium (Nemoeardium) diversum (Conrad, 1847). "1970 Glibert & Poel: Nemoeardium (Keenaea) diversum (Conrad, 1847). ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Nemoeardium diversum Cardiidae (Conrad, 1848). Early Cenozoic, Oligocene, Mississippi, USA. diversum Marwick, 1928. Nemoeardium diversum Marwick, 1928. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1928 ZR : Nemoeardium diversum Marwick, 1928 sp. n. Tertiary N. Zealand. diversum Mayer. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" diversum Mayer. Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1886 Fischer: Cardium diversum Mayer. diversum waynense Mansfield, 1940 (subspecies). Nemocardillm diversum waynense Mansfield, 1940. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1940 ZR: Nemocardium diversum waynense Mansfield, 1940 subsp. n. lower Chickasawhay Marl [Oligocene] Alabama. Divicardium Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1886 (genus). Synonym of Diseors Deshayes, 1858. » Regarding Divieardium: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1887 Fischer: Divieardium Dollfus et Dautzenberg, 1886. Jun. syn of section Discors, Deshayes. 1858. djanelidzei Kharatishvili 1958. - Cardium (Cardium) djanelidzei Kharatishvili 1958. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) djanelidzei Kharatishvili 1958 sp. nov. Grakali; Miocene. Georgia USSR djaricaneux Martin, 1889. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. '·1889 ZR: Cardium djaricaneux Martin, 1889. n. sp. with fig. djaroensis Mirkamalova, 1958. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" djaroensis Mirkamalova, 1958. Cardiidae. Palaeogene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Cardium djaroensis Mirkamalova, 1958 sp. nov. Besh-Bulak, Sumsarsk beds, Palaeogene. Kyzyl Kum, USSR djunggranganense Martin, 1916. - Combination to be revised: "Cardillm " djunggranganense Martin, 19 I 6. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY . WestProgogeb. Java, Indonesia. - TYPE REPOSITORY. ?Geologischen Reichs-Museum, Leiden, the Netherlands . RECORDS. "1917 ZR: Cardium djunggranganense Martin, 1917 n. sp. Miocene Java. "1919 Martin: Cardium djunggranganense Mart. dnjeprovicum (subspecies). - See under semidecussatum dnjeprovicum Moroz, 1978. dobrogiacum Simionescu, 1910. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dobrogiaeum Simionescu, 1910. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. "1911 ZR: Cardium dobrogiacllm Simionescu, 1910 sp . n . Roumania Jurassic. dobrogiana Papaianopol , 1989 . - Pachydaena dobrogiana Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1989 Papaianopol, p. 95, fig.: Paehydacna (Pachydacna) dobrogiana sp. nov. Dochmocardia Scott, 1978 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Cretaceous. SUBGENOTYPE. Cardium paliperclllllm Meek, 1871. RECORDS. "1978 Scott, p. 894, pI. I, figs. 14-15: Subgenus Dochmocardia of genus Pleuriocardia Scott, 1978. n. subgen. OD. "1978 ZR: Pleurioeardia (Dochmocardia) Scott, 1978 subgen. nov. Type species Cardillm pauperculum Meek 1871 . Ref. to Scott p. 894. "1995 Schneider: Pleuriocardia (Doehmoeardia) Scott, 1978. Type species Pleuriocardia (Dochmoeardia) paupereula (Meek, 1871). doengingki. - Planaeardium doengingki. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1936 ZR: Limnocardium doenginki sic [Ref. Krach 1936] . "1977 Popov: Planaeardillm doengingki. "1977 ZR : Cerastoderma (Planaeardium) doengingki. Key to subspecies. Ref to Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova. p. 78. doengingki chiatellae/ormis Bagdasaryan, 1979 (subspecies). Planaeardium doengingki ehiatellae/ormis Bagdasaryan, 1979. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene . RECO RDS. "1979 ZR: Planaeardium doengingki ehiatellae/ormis Bagdasaryan, 1979 subsp. nov. Moldavia. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 37. doengingki costatum Paramonova (subspecies). Cerastoderma doengingki costa tum Paramonova, 1977. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. "1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Planaeardium) doengingki costa tum Paramonova Subsp. nov. Ukraine, Upper Miocene. Ref to Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 207, fig ' d. doenginki. - See also under doengingki doenginki prae/ormis (subspecies) . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" doenginki prae/ormis Papp, 1954. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. "1954 ZR: Cardium doenginki sic prae/ormis Papp, 1954 subsp. nov. Sarmatian, Vienna. dolomiticum. - Diceroeardium dolomiticum Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1934 ZR: Dieeroeardium dolomitieum [Ref. Parona 1934]. dolorosum Roding, 1798. - Synonym of Coreuium eardissa Linne, 1758. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Coreulum monstrosum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium dolorosum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1798 Roding, p. 189: Cardium doiorosum. "1798 Bolten: Coreulum dolorosum = Cardium monstrosum Gmelin sp. 29. "1869 Romer: Bolten Mus. N. 4. p. 189 Coreulum dolorosum Bolten = Coreulum monslrosum Chemnitz. "1902 Sherborn, p. 308: Coreulum dolorosum Bolten, 1798. "1947 Bartsch: Coreulum dolorosum Roding, 1798 jun. syn. = Coreulum monstrosum (Gmelin, 1791). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium dolorosum = Corelilum eardissa Linne, 1758. Phukel Marine Biological Cenler Special Publication 1'0/, 30 (2004) 475 dolosmiana - DOllacicardium "1977 Habe: Corcu/um d%rosum (Riiding, 1798) = Corcu/um monstrosum (Gmelin, 1791), "1999 Higo et af,: Corcufum dolorosum Riiding, 1798 = Corcu/um monstrosum (Gmelin, 1791), dolosmiana (form and variety). - See under pficata relicta f dolosmiana Borcea, 1926 and relicta var, dolosmiana Borcea, 1928. dolosmiana Borcea, 1926. - Hypanis d%smiana Borcea, 1926. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS, --1926 Borcea: Hypanis d%smiana(jide Skarlato & Starobogatov). --Scarlato & Starobogatov: Hypanis dolosmiana Borcea, 1926. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION, Black Sea. dombra Andrussow, 1902. - Changed combination : Cerastoderma dombra (Andrus sow, 1902). Cardiidae, Neogene. Oligocene. R ECORDS, --1905 Dollfus , commentingAndrussow 1902: Cardium dombra n. sp, tends towards Cerastoderma . "1961 ZR: Cardium dombra Andrusov, 1961 " sp, nov."[in a table] Miocene Caspian region, Russia. --1963 ZR: Cardium dombra Andrusov, 1963 sp, nov. Neogene, Russia, Ref to Andrusov, --1967 ZR: Cardium dombra Akchagilsk transgression, USSR , Ref. to Kovalevskii, --1977 Popov: Cerastoderma dombra, "1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium dombra. --200 I Schneider & Carter: Cerastoderma dombra. Cardiidae, Oligocene. Caspian Basin. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKS, I do not know how Andrussow (1902) is related to Andrusov (1961, 1963). dombra magnum (subspecies). - Cardium dombra magnum, Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1972 ZR: Cardium dombra magnum, Ref. to Archambault. dominicanum Dall, 1900. - Changed combination: Trachycardium dominicanum (Dan). Cardiidae, Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Restriction of type locality Vokes, 1989, p , 110, RECORDS, --1922 Pilsbry: Cardium (Trachycardium) dominicanum Dall . "1977 Popov : Trachycardium (Trachycardium) dominicanum (Dall, 1900), --1989 Vokes : Cardium (Trachy cardium) dominicanum Dall, 1900, dominicense G abb, 1873 . - Changed combination: Trachycardium dominicense (Gabb, 1873). Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Restriction of type locality Vokes 1989, p.1 07 , - REMARKS, Cardium lillguatigris Maury appears to resemble this species rather closely, Pilsbry 1922, RECORDS, --1922 Pilsbry: Cardium (Trachycardium) dominicense Gabb, 1873, "1922 Olsson: Cardium dominicensis Gabb, 1873. --1925 Woodring, p. 139: Cardium dominicense Gabb. --1989 Vokes: Cardium (Trachycardium) dominicense Gabb, 1873, dominicense hadratatum Woodring, 1982 (subspecies). - Trachycardium dominicense hadratatum Woodring, 1982. Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE MATERIAL. Type series USNM 647469 and 647470, REcORDs. --1999 Vidal: Trachycardium (Dal/ocardia) dominicense hadratatum Woodring, 1982, donaceum Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part I p. 79. Part 3 p. 918]. - Not a cardiid . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Hemidonax donaceum (Spengler, 1799). - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium donaceum: not in Cardiidae. TYPE LOCALITY, Trondheim, Norway. DISTRIBUTION. "1782 Chemnitz: West Indies, --1799 Spengler: Norway, RECORDS. "1782 Chemnitz, p. 171 , pI. 16, fig, 165: Cardium donaciforme. Chemnitz stated that this the name is used by Spengler. "1799 Spengler, p, 37-38, No, 23: Cardium dOllaceum. A. ChemnitzTom. 6, Tab. 16. fig. 165, .. 1870 Miirch: Cardium donaceum Spgl. = a subgenus of Donax: Hemidonax, -- I 971. Boss: Hemidonax . --1902 Sherborn, p. 309: Cardium donaceum Spengler, 1799, "1977 Fischer-Piette: Hemidona x; not a cardiid, --1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 No. 23: Cardium donaceum, - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS, --ZMUC: Norway (Spengler 1799). --ZMUC: I specimen Spengler coil. donaceum sp, A, Trondhjem, Norway. DESCRIPTIONS. --1799 Spengler: Testa cordata, va/vulis carinatis stria tis, costis p/anatis, margine intus dentato , --1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: Small, thick shelled, Donax-shaped, triangular, umbo central, but shells not equilateral, posterior slope marked, separated by prominent carina, rounded ribs, umbones not in contact, flat ribs, furrows absent on the curved surface, very weak ribs anteriorly, very small ligament, hinge ofleft valve with one curved cardinal under the umbo, right valve with two oblique teeth, lateral teeth present, shell white, grey spots posteriorly. DrMENSIONS. --1799 Spengler: height 17 mm (8 Linier), breath 28 mm (I Tom. I Linie) , REMARKS. --ZMUC: the specimens have been mixed over the years. The mysterious record of Cardium donaceum from Norw ay is obviously wrong (Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999), "1950 Allan: Miirch (1870) placed the species in the genus Hemidonax. Subsequently, this genus was transferred to the family Hemidonacidae Iredale & McMichael (1962) . However, it is still debated whether this is justified. The anatomical structure places Hemidonax in the family Cardiidae, donaceum B (variety) Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part 3 p. 918]. Orig. label missing. New label: donaciforme Spengler. » Regarding donaceum var. B: TYPE LOCALITY. Trondheim, Norway. TYPE REPOSITORY. Not found in the ZMUC coil. RECORDS, --1799 Spengler, p. 38-39, No. 23 : Cardium donaceum B. --1870 Miirch: Cardium donaceum Spgl. = a subgenus of Donax: Hemidonax. --1977 Fischer-Piette : Hemidonax ; not a cardiid. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. --1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Small variety of donaceum. A, more ribs, smooth and round anterior and posterior, colour orange-yellow inside and outside, REMARKS. See under C. donaceum. donaceum C (variety) Spengler, 1799. - Unknown species, » Regarding donaceum var, C: TYPE LOCALITY, Trondheim, Norway, TYPE REPOSITORY. Not found in the ZMUC coil. RE CORDS, "1870 Miirch: Cardium donaceum Spgl. = a subgenus of Donax: Hemidonax. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Hemidonax; not a cardiid. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. See under donaceum . DESCRIPTIONS. "1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: umbo central, the rounded anterior part approaching the umbo, the ventral margin nicely curved, describing part of a circle, 24 ribs, the posterior 5 ribs raised, smooth dorsal edge, widely separated, the remaining 19 ribs rounded , with small nodules, colour white throughout, posterior slope glossy darkbrown , 1799, Spengler, p, 39 , No , 23 : Cardium donaceum C. Donacicardium Vest, 1875. (genus) - Cardiidae. Fossil. CHARACTERS. Lateral teeth very close to cardinal teeth, anterior lateral tooth connected with the first cardinal tooth (Andrussoff 1903) . RE CORDS, "1876 ZR: 476 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Donacicatillus - doncieuxi Donacicardium g. n. for Cardium donaciforme (Schroter) [Chemnitz] [Donacicardium = Hemidonax, March, Mal. Bl. 1870, p. 121] [Ref. Vest 1875, 1876]. Donacicatillus Akhvlediani, 1984 (subgenus). Lyinnocardiidae. RECORDS. ··1984 ZR: Pseudocatillus (Donacicatillus) Akhvlediani, 1984 subgen. nov. Type species P donacoides Andrussov. Ref. to Akhvlediani p.70. donaciforme Bruguiere, 1789. [Figs. Part 1 p. 73, 88, 111 , 128, 166, 177. Part 3 p. 919]. - Changed combination: Hemidonax donaciforme (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Hemidonax donaceum (Spengler). - Cardium australiense Reeve. » Regarding Cardium donaciforme: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1784 Schroter, Tab. 7, fig. 14: Cardium donaciforme Spengl. [Schroter is not available]. ··1786 Schroter, No . 53: Cardium donaciforme Spengl. [Schroter is not binomina1) . ··1789 Bruguiere, No.6. Cardium donaciforme Schroet. ··1791 Gmelin, No.6 p. 3246: Cardium medium var. beta Cardium donaciforme. ··1 815 Wood: Cardium donaciforme Brug. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium donaciforme. Schroeter. ··1834 Sowerby, 51 st part, fig. 27: Cardium donaciforme. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium donaciforme. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 6, No. 79: Cardium donaciforme, Schroeter. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium donaciforme, (Sowerby No. 79). ··1844 Reeve, species 25: Cardium donaciforme Schroeter, Einl. Conch. vol. iii. p. 68. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 38: Cardium donaciforme Speng. in Ch. vi. 171, f. 165. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia (Fragum) donaciformis Spengl. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 460 : Adacna (Didacna) donacl/ormis Schroet. ··1859 Chenu : Didacna donaciformis, Schroeter. ··1868 ZR : Cardium donaciforme (Spengl.), a variety of it is australiense (Reeve) [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1869 ZR : Section, subtypical - 4. Semicordiformes: fragum (L.), unedo (L.), donaciformis (Spengl.), &c. [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. ··1870 March: c. donaciforme Spengler in Schroter = Cardium donaceum Spengler; a subgenus of Donax: Hemidonax . .. 1871 Stoliczka: Cardium donaciforme [referred to Ctenocardium by Romer but to Donacidae by Stoliczka). ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium donaciforme placed in genus Didacna by H. and A. Adams. ··1876 ZR: Donacicardium donaciforme (Schroter). Genotype [Ref Vest 1875, 1876. [= Hemidonax March, Mal. Bl. 1870, p. 121]. ··1882 ZR: Hemicardia donaciformis (Schroter) = australiensis (Reeve), Port Jackson [Ref. Brazier 1882]. ··1884 Grasset: Adacna donaciformis. Schr. ··1889 Whitelegge: Cardium donaciforme , Schroeter. 1786. = C. australiense, Reeve . ··1890 Paetel: Adacna donaciformis Spglr. ··1890 Paetel : Hemicardium donaciforme Spglr. ··1890 Paetel: Hemicardium australiense Rv. = donaciforme Spglr. "1 891 Romer: Didacna donaciformis Schrot. ··1 903 Hidalgo: Hemicardium donaciforme Spengler (in Chemnitz 1782). ··1902 Dall: Cardium donaciforme Schroeter, type of? Genus Hemidonax March. "1905 Hidalgo : Hemicardium donaciforme Spengler, 1799. ··1928 Faustino: Cardium (Hemicardium) donaciforme Schroeter. ··1931 ZR: Cardium donaciformis [Ref. W.D. Smith 1931]. ··1977 Popov: Fragum (Fragum) donaciforme (Spengler). ··1981 ZR : Cardium donaciforme Schroter 1786. Lectotype designated. Ref. to Ponder, p. 47. ··1998 Poutiers: Hemidonax donaciformis (Bruguiere, 1792). Hemidonacidae. Recent. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC Spengler coil. donaciforme sp. B, sine loc. DESCRIPTIO N. ··1844 Reeve: shel l transversely ovate, rather solid, Donax-shaped , angulated posteriorly, compressly attenuated anteriorly; radiately grooved, anterior grooves less distinct; whitish, or orange yellow, nebulously painted with scattered blackish dots. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud at low water. REMARKS. ··1844 Reeve: the Cardium donaciforme is of a much more solid and ventricose structure than the Cardium australiellse, wanting the posterior contraction, whilst the radiating grooves extend over its entire surface. The colour assumes a deeper tint and the spots are more clouded together on the posterior area, though presenting no appearance of cross stripes as in the preceding species. DISTRIBUTION. ··1840 Sowerby: Asiatic Ocean, Tranquebar. ··1844 Reeve: Island of Negros, Philippines. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Philippines. ··1884 Grasset: Philippines. ··1891 Romer: Sulawesi, Indonesia. donaciformis Bruguiere, 1798. [Figs. Part 1 p. 88]. Changed combination: Hemidollax dOllaciformis (Spengler, 1799). RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 1997: Cardium donaciformis Bruguiere, 1792. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Bruguiere did not describe Cardium donaciformis. He referred to Schroeter, 1786. donaciformis (mode) . - See under donaciforme. donaciformis australiensis Reeve, 1844 (subspecies).Hemidonax donaciformis australiensis (Reeve, 1844): Cardi idae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1998 Poutiers: Hemidonax donaciformis australiensis (Reeve, 1844). Hemidonacidae. donacoides Andrussow, 1907 . - Redescribed by Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. » Regarding Monodacna donacoides: Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1907 Andrussow: Monodacna donacoides nov. sp. (no description). ··1934 ZR: MOllodacna donacoides Andrus. Pliocene [Ref. Davidachvili 1933]. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus donacoides (Andrus.). ··1984 ZR: Pseudocatillus donacoides Andrussov. Designated type species for new subgenus P. (Donacicatillus). Ref. to Akhvlediani p. 70. donacoides Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. - Monodacna dOllacoides Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. REMARKS . Wassoievic & Eberzin (1930) have redescribed Monodacna dOllacoides. RECORDS . ··1931 ZR: Monodacna donacoides Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. sp. n. URSS Pliocene. donacoides postdonacoides Davidachvili, 1933 (variety). - Upgraded . Monodaclla dOllacoides postdonacoides Davidachvili, 1933. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1934 ZR : Monodacna dona co ides Andrus. var. postdonacoides Davidachvili, 1933 "nov" Upper Pliocene Georgia, Caucasus [Ref. Davidachvili 1933]. doncieuxi Cossmann, 1922. - Nemocardium doncieuxi Cossmann, 1922. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1922 ZR: Nemocardium dOllcieuxi Cossmann, 1922 sp. n. Eocene. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 477 donohuense - dulce donohuense Stephenson, 1923. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" donohuense Stephenson, 1923. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1923 ZR: Cardium donohuense Stephenson, 1923 sp. n. Cretaceous U.S.A. dositeji Pavlovic, 1929 . - New combination: Ly mnocardium dositeji (Pavlovic, \929). Lymnocardiidae. Pontian . RECORDS . "1928 ZR: Limnocardium (Phyllicardium) dositeji [Ref. Pavlovitch 1928] . "1929 ZR : Limnocardium (Phyllicardium) dositeji Pavlovic, 1929 sp. n. Pontian Serbia. douabica David, 1959. - Pachydacna douabica David, 1959. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1987 Anaya: Pachydacna douabica David, 1959. drepanense Gregorio, 1930. - Dicerocardium drepanense Gregorio, 1930. Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS. --1936 ZR: Dicerocardium drepanense Gregorio, 1930 sp. n. Lias Palermo. drepanensis (variety) . - See under rectidens var. drepanensis Coen, 1917. drobetica Papaianopol, 1981 . - Pantalmyra drobetica Papaianopol, 1981 . Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. "1981 ZR : Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) drobetica Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 34. --1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra drobetica Papa ian. drobeticum Papaianopol, 1975. - Arcicardium drobeticum Papaianopol, 1975 . Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1975 ZR: Arcicardium drobeticum sp. nov. Romania, Mehedinti, Schlinteesti. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 151. druidicum Dall , 1900 . - New combination : Cerastoderma druidicum (Dall, 1900). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --2002 Schneider: citing Dall (1900): Cardium (Cerastoderma) druidicum sp. nov. section Cerastoderma . duabica (variety). - See under coba/cescui var. duabica Davidasvili, 1930. *dubia. - Homonymy to be noticed. Monodacna dubia from 3 sources: Andrussov, 1923. - Andrussov, 1924. - Andrusov, 1963. REMARKS. Probably the same species referred to in ZR for 1924, 1930 and 1963 (see below). dubia Andrussov, 1923. Monodacna dubia Andrussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene . RECORDS . --1924 ZR: Monodacna dubia Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. --1930 ZR: Monodacna dubia Androussov, 1923 sp. n. --1963 ZR: Monodacna dubia Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron beds, Pliocene, Russia. dubia Williams & Breger, 1916. - Conocardium dubia Williams & Breger, 1916. Conocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. --1916 ZR : Conocardium dubia Williams & Breger, 19 J 6 sp. n. Silurian U.S.A. dubiosa Hoemes, 1936. - Rzehalda dubiosa Hoemes, 1936. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. --\972 ZR: Rzehalda dubiosa Hoemes, 1936. Removal from synonymy with R. socialis Rzehak 1882 [Ref. Ctyroky 1972]. *dubium. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium dubium from 3 sources: Bronn, 1827. - Geinitz, 1840. MUnster, J 842 . dubium Bronn, 1827. - Replaced by Acanthocardia deshayesi. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium echinatum var. gibba Defrance 1817.» Regarding Cardium dubium: Cardiidae. Fossi I and Recent. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium dubium Bronn - C. deshayesi. --\899 Sacco: Cardium dubium Bronn J 827 = Cardium echinatum var. gibba Defrance 1817. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2027: Cardium dubium Bronn, 1827. dubium Geinitz, 1840. Combination to be revised: "Cardium " .dubium. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes : Cardium dubium Geinitz. Lima. Reus. [This is not clear. The type script shows that Deshayes considered C. dubium Geinitz to be a valid species, but he has added Lima. Reus. after C. dubium]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2027: Cardium dubium Geinitz, 1840 dubium Munster, 1842. - Dubious species. Combination to be revised: "Cardium " dubium MUnster, 1842. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium dubium MUnster, 1842. A dubious species. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2027: Cardium dubium Muenster, 1841. duboisi Mayer, 1857. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " duboisi Mayer, 1857. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium duboisi Mayer, 1857; [1856-1857] vol. 5: 301. dubuchense Douville in Zeiller, 1889. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dubuchense (Douville in ZeiJler, 1889). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECOR DS. "1978 Freneix & Mackie : Cardium dubuchense (Douville in Zeiller 1889, p. 446). ducici Brusina . - New combination: Lymnocardium ducici Brus. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium ducici Brus. ducici laevicostatum Wenz (subspecies). - New combination: Lymnocardium ducici laevicostatum Wenz. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium ducici laevicostatum Wenz. dufouri Cossmann, 1905. - See under dufouri Cossmann, 1908. dufouri Cossmann, 1908. - Changed combination: Fragum dufouri (Cossmann, 1905). Cardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Probably the species referred to by Glibert & Poel (1970) as Fragum dufouri (Cossmann, 1905). RECOR DS. --1908 ZR: Cardium dufouri Cossmann, 1908b sp. n. Loire inferieure. --1970 Glibert & Poel: Fragum dufouri (Cossmann, 1905). dufrenoycum Buvignier, 1852. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " dufrenoycum Buvignier, 1852. Cardiidae. Lias and Jurassic. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium dufrenoycum Buvignier, 1852; atlas p. 16, pI. 13, figs. 6-7. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium dufrenoycum Loriol in Loriol & Cotteau, 1867; vol. 21: 550, pI. 10, figs. 2-3. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium dufrenoycum Loriol in Loriol & Pellat, 1867; vol. 19: 61, pI. 5, fig. 6. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium dufrenoycum Buvignier. Lequanien. France (Yonne), S04671, R5021 O. dufrenoyicum Buvignier. AIternative spelling of dufrenoycum Buvignier. RECOR DS. "1999 . Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium dufrenoy icum Buvignier. dulce Deshayes, 1863. [Figs. Part 3 p. 888]. - Changed combination: Fulvia dulcis (Deshayes, 1863). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Papyridea papyra ceum Schrbter. » Regarding Papyridea dulcis : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Lectotype designated , Vidal 1994, p. 107. RECORDS. "1863 Deshayes, no. 32, pI. 2, figs . 4-5: Cardium dulce n. sp. "1880 Martens : Cardium (Papyridea) dulce Desh . --1890 Paetel: Papyridea 478 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) dulcinea - dupuchense dulcis Dsh. ··1937 Viader: Cardium dulce, Deshayes = C. papyraceum, Chemnitz. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium dulce Deshayes = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schriiter... 1980 Ruboff: Cardium dulce Deshayes, 1863; p. 12, pI. 2, fig. 4-5. ··1988 Drivas & Jay : Fulvia dulcis (Deshayes, 1863). "1994 Vidal: Cardium dulce Deshayes, 1863; lectotype designated , p. 107. ··1994 Vidal: Fulvia (Fulvia) dulcis (Deshayes, 1863) . ··2001 Vidal , p . 408: Fulvia dulcis . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1988 Drivas & Jay: Characteristic rose-violet shell colour of umbonal area. DIMENSIONS. ··1988 Drivas & Jay: ant.-post. 11.1 mrn, umbo-ventr. 13 mrn. HABITAT. ··1988 Drivas & Jay: Reunion, western Indian Ocean at 12-30 m depth. dulcinea Dall, 1916. - Synonym of Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby, 1833). » Regarding Cardium dulcinea: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Real LJejos, Gulf of Dulce, Central Americas. TYPE LOCALITY. USNM Cat. No. 193824. RECORDS. ··1916 ZR: Cardium dulcinea Dall, 1916 sp. n. N. W. America. "1917 Dal\, p. 412 : Cardium dulcinea, new species. ··1961 Olsson: Cardium dulcinea Dall , 1916= Mexicardia procera (Sowerby, 1833). "1968 Velez: Cardium dulcinea = Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1971 Keen & McLean: Cardium dulcinea Dall = Laevicardium procerum Sowerby. ··1974 Abbott: Cardium dulcinea Dall, 1916 = Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium dulcinea Dall, 1916 = Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum (Sowerby, 1833). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1917 Dall: shell obliquely ovate, strongly radially sculptured with about 22 rounded ribs with narrower not channeled interspaces ; the more anterior ribs are flattened; between the last 6 in the narrow interspaces is a minute undulation which becomes obsolete as the shell grows; the colour of the shell is ivory white, more or less concentrically mottled with reddish brown; interior white, channeled in harmony with the radial sculpture, the margins, especially behind, deeply sulcate; beaks prominent, conspicuously incurved . DIMENSIONS. "1917 Dall : length 43, height 52, diameter 36 mm. ··2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. DISTRIBUTION. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Gulf of Dulce, Central Americas; as for procerum: occasional in the Gulf of California, South West Mexico to Chile. dulcis (mode). - See under dulce Deshayes, 1863. dumasi Cossmann, 1905, 1908. Loxocardium dumasi (Cossmann, 1905). Cardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Cossmann (1908) is probably the same as referred to by Glibert & Poe I (1970) as Cossmann (1905). RECORDS. ··1908 ZR: Cardium dumasi Cossmann, 1908b sp. n. Loire inferieure. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Loxocardium dumasi (Cossmann, 1905). dumbeae Freneix, 1958. - Nemocardium dumbeae Freneix, 1958. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1978 Freneix & Mackie: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) dumbeae Freneix, 1958. "1957 ZR: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) dumbeae Freneix, 1957 sp. nov. Cretaceous, New Caledonia. "1986 Scott: Nemocardium dumbeae Freneix (1958). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN , Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Nemocardium dumbeae Freneix. Campanien. New Caledonia, Noumea, R60725, R60829. dumicici Gorj.-Kramb . - New combination: Lymnocardium dumieiei Gorj .- Kramb. Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. Type species ofsubgenus Pannonicardium. RECORDS. ··1953. ZR: Limnocardium dumicici (Gorj. Kramb) subgenotype of Pannonicardium subgen. of Limnocardium Pontian Serbia. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnoeardium dumiciei Gorj.-Kramb. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pannonicardium dumicici. dumosum Conrad, 1871. - Changed combination: Granocardium dumosum (Conrad). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. Type species of Criocardium Conrad. RECORDS. "1876 Meek: Cardium dumosum Conrad regarded as genotype of Criocardium Conrad. ··1887 Fischer: Cardium dumosum Conrad. ··1969 Moore et af. Granocardium (Criocardium) dumosum (Conrad, 1870). ··1978 Scott: Cardium dumosum Conrad. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium dumosum Conrad, 1870; vol. 6: 75. ··1992 Schneider: Granoeardium dumosum (Conrad). "1995 Schneider: Granoeardium dumosum. "1998 Schneider: Cardium (Criocardium) dumosum Conrad, 1871. "1998 Schneider: Criocardium. Type species Cardium (Criocardium) dumosum Conrad, 1871. ··1998 Schneider: Stoliczka (1871) designated Cardium dumosum Conrad, 1871 as type species of Criocardium. dunkeri Roemer, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dunkeri F. Roemer, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium dunkeri F. Roemer, 1850; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 14, pI. 3, fig . 9. dupini Orbigny. - See under dupinianum d'Orbigny, 1844. dupinianum d 'Orbigny, 1844. - Changed combination: lntegricardium dupinianum (d'Orbigny, 1844). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. Type species of lntegricardium Rollier 1912. TYPE LOCALITY. Ervy. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium dupinianum d 'Orbigny. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium dupinianum, d'Orb. (Serripes). "]922-32 Sherborn, p. 2047: Cardium dupinianum d'Orbigny, 1844. "1947 ZR: Cardium dupinianum Orb., Cretaceous (Albian), France, type of lntegricardium Rollier 1912 Mem. Soc. Paleont. Suisse vol. 38 p. 127 [Ref. Vokes 1946]. ··1992 Schneider p. 148: lntegricardium dupinianum (d'Orbigny). Type species of lntegrieardium. ··1995 Schneider: Integricardium dupinianum (Orbigny, 1844). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. As Cardium dupini d'Orbigny. Cenomanian. France, Seine-Maritime, BI6111. duplicatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" duplicatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2048: Cardium duplicatum d'Orbigny, 1850. dupuchense (subspecies and variety). - See underflavum dupuchense. dupuchense Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part 1 p. 137. Part 3 p. 925]. - Changed combination: Vasticardium Jlavum dupuchense (Reeve, 1845). OTHER JUDGEMEN TS: Vastieardium dupuchense (Reeve, 1845). VastieardiumJlavum (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium dupuchense: Cardiidae. Upper Miocene and Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 479 dupuchnesse - donginki Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Dupuch Island, Western Australia . TYPE LOCALITY. Lectotype, Cuming Collection, BMNH (London) reg. no. 1971.2511-3 selected by Wilson & Stevenson (1977). RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve, sp. 67: Cardium dupuchense. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) Dupuchense Reeve . ··1867 Frauenfeld: Cardium dupuchense Rve. ··1872 Tryon: Cardium dupuchense Rve. ··1889 Morlet: Cardium dupuchense R ve. ··1890 Paetel : Cardium dllpuchense Rv. "1891 Fischer: Cardium dupuchense R ve. ··1909 Lynge : Cardium dupuchense Reeve, 1845 = Cardium jlavum Linne, 1758. ··1910 Hedley: Cardillm dupuchense Rve . .. 1914 Iredale: Cardium dupuchense Reeve, 1845 ... 1919 Martin: Cardium dupuchnesse sic Reeve [U. Miocene to Recent]. ··1919 Odhner: Cardium dupuchense R ve. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2052: Cardium dupuchense Reeve, 1845. ··1923 Dautzenberg: Cardium dupuchense Rve. ··1932 Lamy: Cardium dupuchense R ve. ··1937 Serene: Cardium dupuchense R ve. ··1937 Viader: Cardium dupuchense, Reeve. ··1939 Adam & Leloup: Cardium dupuchense Reeve = Laevicardium (Trachycardium) jlavllm (Linne 1758). "1950 Allan: Regozara dupuchense Rve. ··1964 Shikama: Cardium dupuchense R ve. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium dupuchense Reeve = Laevicardium jlavum Linne auctorum. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Acrosterigma dupuchense (Reeve, 1845). ··1978 ZR: Cardium dupuchense Reeve 1845 . Type locality. Amendation, Ref. to Wilson et al. p. 86. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma dupuchense. ··1998 Poutiers: Trachycardium dupuchense (Reeve, 1845). ··1999 Higo et at.: Cardium dupuchense Reeve, 1845 = Acrosterigma (Regozara) jlava (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1999 Vidal: Cardium dupuchense Reeve, 1845 = Vasticardiumjlavum (Linne, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell orbicularly ovate, rather thick, radiately ribbed, 24-26 large, prominent ribs, rather distant, extreme posterior ribs prickly, middle ribs smooth, posteriorly very finely crenulated, the rest rugosely crenated; white, covered with a yellowish brown epidermis, bright purple crimson within . REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: the sculpture and general external character of this shell are very similar to Cardium rugosum; it is, however, of a shorter and more orbicular form, and singularly characterised by its deep crimson interior. Fischer & Fischer (1926) classified C dupuchense as a variety of Cjlavum, while Vidal (1997) accepted C dupuchense at the subspecific level. Habitat. ··1845 Reeve: found on the reefs at low water. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve lsI. of Dupuch, Torres Strait. ··1884 Grasset: Lombok. ··1994 Hylleberg: West Australia. dupuchnesse. - Misprint in Martin 1879 & 1919. RECORDS. ··1999 Vidal : cites Martin 1879, p. 106: C dupuchnesse sic, misprint of Cardium dupuchense (Reeve, 1845). duregnei (subspecies). - See under echinata duregnei Monterosato, 1891. duregnei Monterosato, 1891. - Identical with Acanthocardia echinatum (Linne, 1758).» Regarding Cardium duregnei: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1891 Monterosato: Cardium duregnei De Boury mss. ··1896 Locard: Cardium duregnei (de Boury Mss) Monterosato. ··1899 Locard: Cardium duregnei, de Boury. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium duregnei Monterosato, 1891 (de Boury mss) = Cardium (Acanthocardia) echinatum Linne. ··1974 ZR: Rudicardium duregnei (Monterosato, 1891) Valid. Ref to Lacourt, p. 139. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium duregnei (de Boury Mss) Monterosato = Cardium echinatum Linne. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1891 Monterosato described Cardium duregnei very briefly (shape and ribs) and mentioned the occurrence near Arcachon, France. He mentioned that C duregnei should not be confused with C echinatum or C. mucronatum. DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: Atlantic, rare in the Mediterranean. duregni (error). - Printer's mistake for duregnei in Nordsieck 1969. *durum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium durum from 2 sources: Brown & Pilsbry, 1914. - Gabb (7year). durum Brown & Pi1sbry, 1914. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" durum Brown & Pi1sbry, 1914. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1914 ZR: Cardium durun sic Brown & Pilsbry, 1914 sp . n. Panama Oligocene. ··1922 Olsson: Cardium durum Brown & Pilsbry. durum Gabb. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" durum Gabb. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1922 Pilsbry: Cardium durum Gabb. durum Solander, 1786. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium durum: RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2053: Cardium durum Solander, 1786 [nomen nudum]. durun (error). - Printer's mistake for durum in Pilsbry 1922 (Proc. A.N .5. Phila. 1912, p. 516). dutempleanum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" dutempleanum (d'Orbigny, 1850). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium dutempleanum (7 Acanthocardium sic). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2054: Cardium dutempleanum d 'Orbigny,1850. dutrugei Coquand, 1862. Insufficiently known. » Regarding Cardium dutrugei: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Constantine. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium dutrugei Coquand, 1862 (species insufficiently known). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium dutrugei Coquand, 1862 vol. 2: 204, pI. 10, fig. 7. dynamis Schwets. - Changed combination: Macradacna (7) dynamis (Schwets). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1913 ZR: Cardium dynamis Schwez, 1913a sp. n. Tertiary, Kertsch. ··1967 Ebersin: Macradacna (7) dynamis (Schwets). ··1967 ZR: Macradacna (7) dynamis pro Monodacna (7) dynamis Schwets, 1912 [Ref. Eberzin 1967]. dyonesium Buvignier, 1852. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " dyonesium Buvignier, 1852 . Cardiidae. Jurassic and Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium dyonesium Buvignier, 1852; atlas p. 16, pI. 13, figs. 28-29. ··1985 Fiirsich & Werner: Cardium dyonesium Buvignier, 1852. dzumathiensis Chelidze, 1975. - Stenodacna dzumathiensis Chelidze, 1975. Lymnocardiidae. Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR: Stenodacna dzumathiensis Chelidze, 1975 sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Dzhumati. Ref. to Chelidze. donginki (invalid spelling). - See under doenginki. 480 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) ebaranum - echinatum E *ebaranum - Homonymy to be noticed. - Cardium ebaranum from 2 sources: Yokoyama, 1927. - Possibly Sowerby (?year). ebaranum Sowerby. - Plagiocardium ebaranum (Sowerby). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1977 Popov: Plagiocardium (Pfagiocardium) ebaranum (Sowerby). ebaranum Yokoyama, 1927. [Figs. Part 3 p. 917].Changed combination: Afrocardium ebaranum (Yokoyama, 1927). OrnER JUDGEMENTS: Afrocardium carditaeforme (Reeve, 1845). » Regarding C. ebaranum: Cardiidae. Pleistocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Shinagawa, Tokyo City. RECORDS. --1927 Yokoyama, p. 430-431, pI. 48, fig. 15: Cardium ebaranum n. sp. [fossil]. "1927 ZR: Cardium ebaranum Yokoyama, 1927 sp. n. Tertiary Japan. --1952 Kuroda & Habe: Corcufum ebaranum Yokoyama. "1954 Kira: Afrocardium ebaranum (Yokoyama). "1962 Kira: Afrocardium ebaranum. --1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: Afrocardium ebaranum (Yokoyama, 1927). "1973 Keen: Ctenocardia (Afrocardium) edarana sic (Yokoyama, 1927). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Corcufum (Afrocardium) ebaranum. "1977 Habe: Afrocardium ebaranum (Yokoyama, 1927). --1998 Schneider (1998): Cardium ebaranum Yokoyama, 1927 (Pleistocene to Recent) in Afrocardium. --1999 Higo et al.: Afrocardium ebaranum Yokoyama, 1927 = Afrocardium carditaeforme (Reeve, 1845). --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 176: C. ebaranum Yokoyama, 1927. Syn of Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827) according to J. Vidal. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS. "1971 Kuroda et al.: 9.9 x 7.9 x 6 mm. REMARKS. "1927 Yokoyama: Cardium ebaranum resembles Cardium adamsi Ad. et Rve. HABITAT. "1971 Kuroda et al.: Gravel, from the intertidal to 50 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. --1971 Kuroda et al.: Japan, Honshu to Kyushu. --1994 Hylleberg: Indo-Pacific. ebersini Andreescu, 1971. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium ebersini Andreescu, 1971. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1971 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) ebersini Andreescu, 1971 sp. nov. Pleistocene Rimnicu-Sarat Valley, Dumitresti, Romania. --1972 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinocardium sic) ebersini Andreescu, 1972 sp. nov. Romania. Pleistocene. --1975 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) ebersini Andreescu, 1975 sp. nov. Romania, Vrancea district. Pleistocene. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 113. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) ebersini. --1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium ebersini Andreescu. ebersini Semenko, 1966. - Prosodacna ebersini Semenko, 1966. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1966 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) ebersini Semenko, 1966 sp. nov. Lower Cimmerian deposits, Azov Sea. ebersini. - Didacna ebersini. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1963 ZR: Didacna ebersini. ebersini borisphenica Nevesskaya, 1963 (subspecies). - Didacna ebersini borisphenica N evesskaya, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. --1963. ZR: Didacna ebersini borisphenica Nevesskaya, 1963 subsp. nov. Quaternary, Black Sea basin. eboraceum Hall. - Conocardium eboraceum Hall. Conocardiidae. Fossil. "1943. ZR: Conocardium eboraceum Hall Ref. to Branson (1942). eboriferum (error). - Printer's mistake for eburniferum Guppy, 1875. eburnea (variety). - See under paucicostatum var. eburnea Coen, 1914, 1933. eburnea rarepartita Coen, 1937 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" eburnea. » Regarding Cardium eburnea var. rarepartita: RECORDS. "1937. ZR: Cardium (Sphaerocardium) eburnea var. rarepartita Coen, 1937 nov. Adriatic. eburniferum Guppy, 1869. - Synonym of Trachycardium isocardia (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium eburniferum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1875 ZR: Cardium eburniferum [eboriferum] Guppy, 1875 sp. n. Trinidad and Grenada. .. 1902 Dall: Cardium eburniferum Guppy, 1875 = Cardium isocardia Linnaeus, 1758. --1902 Dall & Simpson: Cardium eburniferum Guppy, 1875 = Cardium isocardia Linne, 1758. "1939 McLean: Cardium eburniferum Guppy, 1875 = Trachycardium isocardia (Linne, 1758) ... 1951 McLean: Cardium eburniferum Guppy (1875) = Cardium (Trachycardium) isocardia Linnaeus. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium eburniferum Guppy (species poorly known). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium eburniferum Guppy, 1869; vol. I: 367. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. --1902 Dall & Simpson: C. eburniferum Guppy appears identical with the typical C. isocardia. DISTRIBUTION. Florida, Venezuela, West Indies. Ecericardium Eberzin, 1958 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. --1980 Vokes: Ecericardium Ebersin, 1947 in subfamily Lyrnnocardiinae. Ecericardium Eberzin, 1958 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. --1958 ZR: (Ecericardium) Eberzin, 1958 subgen. nov. Pliocene of the Ponto Caspian basin, Russia. SUbgenotype: Limnocardium (Ecericardium) ecericum Eberzin, 1958 Pliocene. "1965 ZR: (Ecericardium) subgenus of Limnocardium [Ref. Eberzin 1965]. "1966 ZR: (Ecericardium) Pliocene, Rumania, compared with Moquicardium Ebersin [Ref. Schoverth 1966] ... 1987 Taktakishvili: (Ecericardium) Ebersin, 1947. ecericum Ebersin, 1958. - New combination: Lymnocardium ecericum Ebersin. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Ecericardium) ecericum Eberzin, 1958 Esheri, Guriya region, south-eastern borders of the Black Sea. Pliocene of the Ponto Caspian basin, Russia. Subgenotype of (Ecericardium ) Eberzin, 1958. --1987 Taktakishvi1i: Limnocardium (Ecericardium) ecericum Ebers. ecericum guttula Ebersin (subspecies). - Ecericardium ecericum gut/ufa Ebersin. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Ecericardium ecericum gut/ufa Ebers. *echinatum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium echinatum from 3 sources: Linnaeus, 1758. Bruguiere, 1789. - Dujardin (?year). echinatum Bruguiere, 1789. [Figs. Part 1 p. 72, 90] Synonym of Acanthocardia spinosa (Solander). » Regarding Cardium echinatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1789 Bruguiere, No. 10. Cardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 481 echinatum echinatum Nob. "1789 Bruguiere, p. 217: Cardium aculeatum variet. tertia; Martini, tom. 6, pag. 163, tab. IS, fig. 157 = Cardium echinatum nob. "1977 FischerPiette: Cardium echinatum Bruguiere = Cardium spinosum Solander. echinatum Dujardin. - Synonym of "Cardium" turonicum Mayer. » Regarding Cardium echinatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1886 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium echinatum Duj. non Lk . Cardium turonicum Mayer. echinatum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 3 p. 846]. - The specimen label by Lamarck indicates C. echinatum Lin. » Regarding Cardium echinatum: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. .. 1819 Lamarck, No. 12 : Cardium echinatum . .. 1922-32 Sherborn, 2067: Cardium echinatum Lamarck, 1819 [non Brug.]. echinatum Linnaeus, 1758. [Figs. Part I p. 36, 38,41, 49,52,58,70,80,82,83,96,129,164,167,170. Part 3 p. 845, 846, 848]. - Changed combination: Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. ··1758 Linne: Oceanus septentrionali (= northern ocean). RECORDS. .. 1678 Lister. ID by Linnaeus 1758: Cardium echinatum t. 5. f. 33. "1684 Bonanno. ID by Linnaeus 1758 & Gmelin 1791: Cardium echinalum recr. 2. f. 90 . "1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium echinatum t. 324. f. 161. "1742 Gualtieri. ID by Linnaeus 1758 and by Gmelin 1791: Cardium echinatum t. 72. f. B. "1753 Klein. ID by Linnaeus (1758) and by Gmelin (1791): Cardium echinatum ostr. t. 10. f. 40. "1758 Linne, p. 679, No. 63: Cardium echinatum. "1758 Seba. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium echinatum mus. 3. t. 86. f. 3 . [ID by Gmelin is erroneous. Should be C. spinosum]. "1764 Linnaeus (Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg.) No. 36 ... 1767 Linne, XII, p. 1122, sp. 79: Cardium echinatum . "1769 Knorr (not available): C. echinatum. "1776 Muller Zoologia Danica, Pt. J: Cardium echinatum . •• J 778 Costa. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium echinatum Brit. Conch. p. 176. t. 14. f. 2. "1780 Fabricius. ID by Gmelin J791: Cardium echinatum Fn. groenl. p. 409. n. 410. "1782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 179 \: Cardium echinatum mus. Kirch. 2. f. 88. "1782 Chemnitz, Tab. IS Fig. 158: Cardium echinatum Lin. "1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium echinatum t. IS. f. 158. "1786 Solander, p. 17 no. 382: Cardium echinatum. "1784 Schroter, No. VII: Cardium echinatum Linn. XII. pag. 1122. Spec. 79. "1788 Miiller. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium echinatum zool. dan. I. p. 46. t. 13. f. 1.2. t. 14 f. 1-4. rar. p. 28. "1791 Gmelin No.8 : Cardium echinatum . "1799 Spengler, p. 16-18, No.6 : Cardium echinatum Linnei Sp . 79. p. 1122. "1800 Donovan, PI. 27, fig. 8 Cardium echinatum. "1803 Montagu: Cardium echinatum Lin. "1807 Maton & Rackett, No. 5: Cardium echinatum Linn . (first noticed by Lister). "1817 Dillwyn, p. 116 No. 14: Cardium echinatum. Linnaeus . .. 1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 324 fig. 161 Cardium echinatum. "1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 325 fig . 162 young Cardium echinatum. ··1844 Forbes : Cardium echinatum Lin. "1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium echinatum Linn. "1844 Reeve, species 34: Cardium echinatum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. p. 1122. "185 I Gray: type species of the subgenus (Acanthocardia) . 1855. Clark: C. echinatum Linnaeus. "1856 Wood & Hanley, No.2: Cardium echinatum Lin. Syst. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (fsocardia) echinatum Linn. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium echinatum Linne. "1868 Morch: Cardium (A canthocardia) echinatum L. "1871 Morch: Cardium (Acanthocardia) echinatum L. "1871 ZR: Cardium echinatum (L.). [Ref. Morch 1871]. "1881 ZR: Cardium echinatum (L.), note on its life [Ref. Jeffreys 1881]. "1888 Petersen: Cardium echinatum L. "1890 Paetel: Cardium echinatum L. "1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium echinatum Linn. = Cardium jlexuosum Gmel. "1899 Sacco: Cardium echinatum L. 1758 [Pliocene-Recent). "1900 Brogger: Cardium echinatum, Lin . "1902 Sherborn, 318: Cardium echinatum Linnaeus, 1758 . "1906 Dautzenberg & Durouchoux : Cardium echinatum Linne. "1907 ZR: Cardium echinatum [Refs. Christensen / Colgan / Hoel / Johnstone / Joubin / Martinelli / Nordgaard / 0yen / Stefani / Zimmermann]. "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium (Acanthocardia) echinatum Linne ... 1924 Schlesch: Cardium echinatum (Linne) ? Pliocene. "193 I ZR: Cardium echinatum. [Ref. to Lamy 1931, citation number 498. - Lonnberg] . "1932 Winckworth: echinatum sic type species of the subgenus (Acanthocardia). "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cardium) echinatum Linneo. "1933 Coen & Vatova: Eucardium (Cardium) echinatum Linnaeus. "1934 ZR: Cardium echinatum [Ref. Forrest 1934). "1936 ZR: Cardium echinatum presence of carotenoids in Iiver-organs [Ref. Lonnberg 1936]. "1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Acanthocardia) echinatum Linneo. "1931 Thiele & Jaeckel: Cardium (Acanthocardia) echinatum Linne. "1932 Winckworth: Cardium (Acanthocardia) echinatum Linne, 1758. "1937 ZR : Cardium echinatum at Kerleven fig. [Ref. Bouxin 1937]. "1938 ZR: Cardium echinatum [Refs. Girscher / Lebour larvae, figs. 1938]. "1961 ZR: Cardium echinatum autofluorescence of pigments [Ref. Arvy & Lerma 1961] . "1962 ZR: Cardium echinatum from the Arcachon Basin, ecology and associations [Ref. Bouchet 1962]. "1962 Pasteur-Humbert: Cardium echinatum Linne. "1963 ZR: Cardium echinatum from Italian sea, photos. [Ref. Santarelli 1963). "1967 ZR: Cardium echinatum, leaping and other movements [Ref. Ansell 1967]. "1969 Nordsieck: Acanthocardia echinata echinata (Linne, 1758). "1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Acanthocardia) echinatum echinatum Linne, 1758. "1972 ZR: Cardium echinatum [Ref. Feder 1972] . "1973 ZR : Cardium echinatum. Escape reaction . Jumping. Ref. to Christensen, M. "1974 ZR: Cardium echinatum. Shell form. Azimuth orientation. Experimental study. Ref. to Futterer. "1976 ZR: Acanthocardia echinata. Irish Sea. Southwest Lancashire. Stranding record. Ref. to Lingwood. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium echinatum Linne. "1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) echinata (Linnaeus, 1758). "1987 ZR: Acanthocardia echinata. Norway, Varangerfjorden. First record. Ref. to Backeljau et al. "1993 Poutiers: Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). "1998 Macedo et al.: Acanthocardia echinata (Linnaeus, 1758). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Acanthocardia (s.s.) echinata Linne. Miocene- Pliocene-Quaternary. France; Algeria; Norway; Italy. B48445, B29255, i.a. '·2001 Vidal , p. 407: Acanthocardia echinatum. -//- 482 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) echinatum MISIDENTIFICATIONS of Acanthocardia echinata: - [1] Acanthocardia erinaceum (Lamarck, 1819). "1789 Bruguiere: Cardium echinatum Linnaei. "1791 Poli, p. 60-61, pI. 17, figs. 4-6: Cardium echinatum Linn. pag. 1122. "1819 Lamarck: echinatum Bruguiere, Dict. no. 10 = Cardium erinaceum. "1836 Bosc: Cardium echinatum. "1836 Philippi: Cardium echinatum Brug. Dict. 10., Poli t. 17. figs. 4-6 = Cardium erinaceum Lamk. "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium echinatum Bruguiere No. 10 (non Linne) = Cardium erinaceum Lamarck. "1886 Locard: Cardium echinatum (non Linne) Bruguiere, 1789 = Cardium erinaceum Lamarck, 1819. "1886 Locard: Cardium echinatum (non Linne) Poli, 1791 = Cardium erinaceum Lamarck, 1819. "1888 Kobe1t: Cardium echinatum Poli = Cardium erinaceum Lamarck. "1917 Hidalgo: Cardium echinatum Poli = Cardium erinaceum. - [2] - Acanthocardia ciliare(Linne, 1758). "1782 Chemnitz, p.155-57: Cardium echinatum. "1819 Lamarck, pI. 298. fig. 3. Cardium echinatum. C. ciliare. Brug. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 3. No. 31: Cardium echinatum in Chemnitz 1782 = juv. C. ciliare. "1979 Richardson et at.: Cardium echinatum in Dillwyn (1817) = Cardium ciliare. - [3] - Acanthocardia aculeata (Linne, 1758). "1742 Gualtieri, pI. 72, fig. A = Cardium echinatum (fide Linne 1758). "1815 Wood: Cardium echinatum in Gualtieri, pI. 72, fig. B = C. aculeatum. ··1979 Richardson et al.: Cardium echinatum in R6ding (1798) p. 191, No. 413 = Acanthocardia aculeata (Linne, 1758). - [4] Acanthocardia mucronatum (Po Ii, 1791). "1886 Locard: Cardium echinatum, pars auct. Weinkauff, 1867 = Cardium mucronatum, Poli, 1791. "1917 Hidalgo: Cardium echinatum Sowerby = Cardium mucronatum. REMARKS. Cardium mucronatum Poli, 1791 = Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758) according to the index in Reeve (1844). - [5] Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). "1807 Montagu, suppl. p. 33: Cardium echinatum Linne. [6]-=-Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). "1856 Wood & Hanley: Cardium echinatum var. Mont. T.B. 79; Sup. 33. = Cardium tuberculatum Lin. "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium var. echinatum = Cardium deshayesii Payr. = echinatum. "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium var. echinatum Chenu = Cardium tubercula tum Linne. "1886 Locard: Cardium var. echinatum Montagu, 1803 = Cardium tuberculatum, Linne, 1767. "1892 B. D. & D.: Cardium var. echinatum Montagu, 1807 = Cardium tubercula tum Linne. - [7] - Acanthocardia spinosum (Solander). "1817. Dillwyn: Cardium echinatum. Bruguiere = Cardium spinosum Solander's MSS. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: dry collection: one specimen from Morocco. 2 shells off La Luz, Gran Canaria. "ZMUC: Portugal, Tenerife, Algeria, Guinea. "ZMUC: Spengler's coil. I specimen Mediterranean, p 16 no. 6. "ZMUC: wet collection, Herthas Flak, North Sea; North Sea 57 N 26 E,40-70 m; Kristineberg; Kol\efjord; Faroe Islands. DESCRIPTIONS. "1758 Linnaeus: shell subcordate, sulci impressed lines spinose--ciliated, curvature somewhat more [I have translated from Latin]. "1799 Spengler: testa subcordata sulcis exaratis linea ciliata aculeis injlexis plurimis. Shell with 19 ribs, dorsally and laterally rough, chequered (small glossy spines and tubercles), dorsal rib furrows round and carved with raised semicircular scales and spines connected to the rough lateral ornamentation of ribs. "1844 Reeve: shell orbicularly cordate, nearly equilateral, radiately ribbed, 20 ribs, sometimes more, ploughed down the middle with a regular row of small short spines rising out of the groove, ribs and interstices conspicuously wrinkled or rather shriveled; whitish or brownish, concentrically banded with brown. ··200 I Vidal: with a few additional larger tentacles outside siphons. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. Mediterranean specimens, height and width 59 mm (2 1/4 Tom.), Nordic specimens width 52 mm (2 Tom.), height 48 mm (1 Tom, 10 Linier) (Spengler 1799). REMARKS. "1844: Reeve could not exactly concur in Lamarck's description of this wellknown species (Enc. meth., pI. 298. f. 3.), because its chief peculiarity appeared to Reeve to consist in the spines being very small, short, and not papilliferous at the base as in the Cardium erinaceum. HABITAT. "1844 Forbes: Aegaean Sea depth range 7-50 fathoms. "1876 Duprey: Cardium echinatum L. intertidal on the coast of New Jersey with a tidal range of about 13 m. "Of authors: sand, mud, hard bottom with sponges, 20 m (Mediterranean); 40-90 m (Gran Canaria); 20-35, 180 m (Tenerife). DISTRIBUTION. "1844 Reeve: Europe. "1856 Wood & Hanley: Britain &c. "ZMUC: West & North Europe, Iceland; Mediterranean, Tenerife, West Africa off Morocco, Algeria, Guinea. echinatum of Muller (= Mi.iller). - See under echinatum Linne, 1758. echinatum of O. Fabricius, 1780. Synonymy to be decided. RECORDS. "190 I Dall: Cardium echinatum o. Fabricius, 1780, not a Greenlandic species. echinatum of Poli, 1795. - Acanthocardia echinata (Linnaeus, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1902 Sherborn, 318: Cerastoderma (L.) echinatum Poli, 1795. - Cardium echinatum. echinatum Clement 1879 (variety). - Synonym of Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium var. echinatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1879 Clement, p. 74: Cardium var. echinatum. "1892 B. D. & D. p. 258: Cardium var. echinatum Clement, 1879 = Cardium tuberculatum Linne. echinatum Deshayes (variety). - Synonym of Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium var. echinatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1839 Anton: Cardium var. echinatum Desh. = C. tubercula tum L. echinatum Karsten, 1789 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status: Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium echinatum var: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1789 Karsten: Cardium echinatum testa pall ida. echinatum Linne (variety). - Juvenile stage of Acanthocardia deshayesii (Payr.). » Regarding Cardium echinatum var: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1867 ZR: a variety of Cardium echinatum (L.), its young state = Cardium deshayesii (Payr.) [Ref. Weinkauff 1867]. echinatum Montagu (variety). - Synonym of Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium echinatum var: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1856 Wood & Hanley: echinatum var. Mont. T.B. 79; Sup. 33. probably Cardium tuberculatum Lin. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 483 echinatllm - echinatum ovata echinatum Sacco, 1899 (variety). - Unknown variety. » Regarding Cardium echinatum var: Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium echinatum L. var. echinatum A Lamarck (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p. 845). No literature records encountered. echinatum a Chemnitz. Non binomina1 (variety). - Not available. » Regard ing Cardium echinatum var. a: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. "1839 Anton : Cardium echinatum L. var. a. Chemnitz. echinatum adriaticum (variety) - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status: Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium echinatum var. adriaticum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1948 ZR : Cardium (A canthocardia) echinatum var. adriaticum Co en, 1941 nov. Venice. echinatum alpha minor Gmelin, 1791 (variety) . Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium echinatum var. alpha minor: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1836 Philippi: Cardium echinatum var. alpha minor Gm., Larnk. = Cardium echinatum L. echinatum B Lamarck (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p. 845). Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium echinatum Linne var. B Lamarck: REcORDs. "1912 Favre: Cardium echinatum Linne var. B Lamarck. echinatum beta GmeJin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 60). - Unknown, but it has characters in common with Cardium isocardia Linnaeus, 1758. » Regarding Cardium echinatum var. beta: RECORDs. ··1758 Seba. lD by Gmelin 1791: Cardium echinatum var beta, mus. 3. t. 86. f. 13. "1791 Gmelin, p . 3248 : Cardium echinatum var. beta with ref. to Seba mus. 3. t. 86. f. 13. echinatum deshayesi Payraudeau, 1826 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status: Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding C. echinatum var. deshayesi : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1826 Payraudeau : Cardium echinatum deshayesi. ··1969 Nordsieck: Acanthocardia echinata deshayesi (Payraudeau, 1826). ··1872 Monterosato, p. 39: Cardium echinatum var. deshayesii. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium echinatum L. var. deshayesi Payraudeau 1826 (an species distinguenda). "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cardium) echinatum var. deshayesii Payraudeau . ··1933 Coen & Vatova: Eucardium (Cardium) echinatum var. deshayesii Payraudeau. ··1977 FischerPiette, p. 109: Cardium echinatum L. var. deshayesii Payr., Weinkauff, 1867. Syn. of Cardium deshayesii Payraudeau, 1826. ··1978 Alvisi et at.: Acanthocardia echinata deshayesi (Payraudeau). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. ··1969 Nordsieck: coralline grounds. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean, rare. echinatum duregnei Monterosato, 1891 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status: A canthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). OTHER NDGEMENTS: Cardium bullatum Loc. non Lk. - Cardium echinatum Linne var. duregnei de Boury. » Regarding Cardium echinatum var. duregnei: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . ··1899 Sacco: Cardium echinatum var. duregnei De Boury = Cardium bulla tum Loc. non Lk. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Acanthocardia) echinatum dllregnei Monterosato. ··1952 Lecointre: Cardium echinatum Linne var. duregnei de Boury. ··1969 Nordsieck: Acanthocardia echinata duregnei (Monterosato , 1891). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRJBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck: Atlantic, rare in the Mediterranean. echinatum expansa Jeffreys , 1863 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status: Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium echinatum var. expansa: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1875 Leckenby & Marshall: Cardium echinatum var. expansa. ··1897 Marshall: Cardium echinatum var. expansa Jeff. "1901 Chaster et af. : Cardium echinatum var. expansa Jeffreys. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium echinatum expansa Jeffreys, 1863; [1862-1869] vol. 2: 271. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck : Faroe Islands, Iceland to Norway, Canary Islands, Agadir, rare in the Mediterranean. echinatum Jasciata Coen , 1937 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status: Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Eucardium echinatum var.fasciata: Cardiidae. Recent. RE CORDS. ··1933 Coen, Note 218: Eucardium (Cardium) echinatum var.fasciata. ··1937 Coen, Note 262 : Cerastoderma (Acanthocardia) echinatum Linneo var.fasciata (Spinelli mss. in collez) n. var. ··1937 ZR: Cardium (Acanthocardia) echinatum var. Jasciata (Spinelli mss.) Coen, 1937 nov. Adriatic. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. the Mediterranean. echinatum gamma Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part 1 p. 37). - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium echinatum gamma: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1684 Bonanno. lD by Gmelin 1791: Cardium echinatum var gamma recr. 2. f. 72. '·1782 Bonannio. lD by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium echinatum var gamma mus Kirch. 2. f. 71. "1791 Gmelin, p. 3248: Cardium echinatum var. gamma with ref to Bonanno 1684 recr. 2. f. 72. echinatum gibba Defrance 1817 (variety). - Upgraded. Cardium echinatumgibba Defrance 1817. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium echinatum var. gibba Defrance 1817 . "1912 Favre : Cardium echinatum L. var. gibba Defr. lD suggested by Favre. echinatllm minor Dujardin (variety). - Synonym of "Cardium " turonicum Mayer mss. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium echinatum var. minor Dujardin = Cardium turonicum Mayer mss. echinatum mucronatum Poli , 1791 (variety). Upgraded . Changed combination : Acanthocardia mucronata (Poli, 1791). Cardiidae. Recent. REcoRDs. "1917 Hidalgo : Cardium echinatum var. mucronatum Dautzenberg sic = Cardium mucronatum. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cardium) echinatum var. mucronatum Poli. ··1969 Nordsieck: Acanthocardia echinata mllcronata (Poli , 1791). "1970 G1ibert & Poel: Cardium (Acanthocardia) echinatum mucronatum Poli, 1791.CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION . ··1969 Nordsieck: Mediterranean, Atlantic, rare. A. echinata mucronata coexists to some extent with A. echinata echinata in the Mediterranean. echinatum ovata Jeffreys , 1863 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status: Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium echinatum var. ovata : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . ··1891 Greene: Cardium echinatum var. ovata. ··1897 Marshall: Cardium echinatum var ovata. 484 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) echinatum pliomucronata - edentulum --1901 Chaster et at.: Cardium echinatum var. ovata Jeffreys. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium echinatum ovata Jeffreys, 1863 [1862-1869] vol. 2: 271. echinatum pliomucronata Sacco, 1899 (variety). Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" echinatum pliomucronata Sacco Fossil. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco, p. 39, pI. 9, fig. 9: Cardium echinatum var. pliomucronata Sacco echinatum roseum Lamarck (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status: Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Eucardium echinatum var. roseum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cardium) echinatum var. roseum Lamarck. echinatum simouensis Cowper Reed, 1935 (variety). Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" echinatum simouensis Cowper Reed, 1935. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1935 ZR: Cardium echinatum L. var. simouensis Cowper Reed, 1935 nov. Pliocene Cyprus. echinulatum Basterot. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" echinulatum Basterot. Cardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. Bordeaux. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium echinulatum Basterot. ecuadorialis Olsson 1932. - Changed combination: Dinocardium ecuadorialis (Olsson 1932). Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. RECORDS. --1964 ZR: Cardium (Dinocardium) ecuadorialis Olsson 1932 sic Lower Miocene, Ecuador. "1994 Rio: Dinocardium ecuadorialis Olsson 1964. ecuadoriene Olsson, 1964. - Microcardium ecuadoriene Olsson, 1964. Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. --1964 ZR: Microcardium ecuadoriene Olsson, 1964 sp. nov. Esmeraldas formation, Neogene, Quebrada Carnarones, Ecuador. edarana (misprint) of ebarana = ebaranum Yokoyama, 1927. eden tatum Deshayes. - Cardium edentatum Deshayes. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium eden tatum Deshayes. The Crimea, B37623, B37624, B37636. *edentula/-um. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium edentulum from 3 sources: Montagu, 1808. - Fleming, 1813. - Deshayes, 1838. edentula (mode). - See also under edentulum. edentula Fleming, 1813. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" edentula Fleming, 1813. Synonymy to be decided. » Regarding Cardium edentula: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, 2074: Cardium edentula Fleming, 1813. edentula Grimm, 1877. [Figs. Part I p. 181]. - Synonym of Hypanis semipellucida Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. » Regarding Adacna edentula partim: Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Adacna edentula Grimm, 1877, partim, non Mya edentula Pallas, 1771 = Hypanis semipellucida Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. edentula Pallas, 1771. [Figs. Part 1 p. 123). - Changed combination: Adacna edentula (Pallas, 1771). Lyrnnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1771 Pallas, p. 478,Anhangp. 435, No. 87: Mya edentula (fide Grimm 1876). "1776 Pallas, Anhang p. 26, No. 87: Mya edentula. "1841 Eichwald: Adacna edentula Pallas, 1771. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 460: Adacna edentula Pallas. "1876 Grimm: Adacna edentula Pall. = Mya edentula Pallas. "1877 Grimm: Adacna edentula Pallas. --1877 ZR: Adacna edentula (Pall.) Caspian Sea [Ref. Grimm 1877]. "1887 Fischer: Adacna edentula Pallas. --1890 Paetel: Adacna edentula Pallas. --1890 Woodward: Adacna edentula Pallas. --1903 Andrussoff: Mya edentula Pallas. "1903 Andrussoff: Eichwald, 1838 Glycimeris edentula (moved to genus Adacna). "1959 ZR: Monodacna edentula from the Caspian Sea, & biometrical study [Ref. Neiman 1959]. --1963 ZR: Monodacna edentula, food and feeding mechanism, [Ref. Romanova 1963]. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Mya edentula Pallas, 1771. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1776 Pallas: Testa poliicaris tenuis, alba, subantiquata, striata, ovalis, aequivalvis, valvulis productiore extremitate late hiantibus. Striae seu costae argutae circiter 33. in breviore extremitate distantes, in productiore confertae. Cardo edentuus, labio crassiusculo, subinjlexo, neque spina intra testam ulla. edentulum Deshayes, 1838. - Changed combination: Pteradacna edentulum (Deshayes, 1838). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene, TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. REMARKS. Moore et al. 1969 suggested Cardium subedentulum d'Orbigny, 1852 to be a synonym. RECORDS. "1838 Deshayes, p. 57, pI. 3, figs. 3-6: Cardium edentulum. --1886 Fischer: Cardium edentulum Deshayes. --1907 Andrussow: Pteradacna edentula Desh. "1922-32 Sherborn, 2074: Cardium edentulum Deshayes, 1838. "1969 Moore et al.: Pteradacna edentulum (Deshayes, 1838). --1970 Glibert & Poel: Didacna (Pontalmyra) edentula (Deshayes, 1838). --1977 Popov: Pteradacna edentula. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. camm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium edentulum Deshayes. Taman, URSS, the Crimea. B37625, B37626, B37627, B37628, B37630, B37631. edentulum Deshayes (variety). - Synonym of Plagiodacna sellii. >> Regarding Cardium edentulum: Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1970 ZR: Cardium edentulum Desh. var. in Capellini, 1879, See under Plagiodacna sellii sp. nov. sic. edentulum Lamarck. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" edentulum Lamarck. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1821-1834 Sowerby: Cardium edentulum Lamarck. --1850 Jay: Cardium edentulum Sowb. = Cardium groenlandicum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Cardium edentulum Lam., being almost destitute of teeth, according to Sowerby. edentulum Montagu, 1808. - Synonym of Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium edentulum: Cardiidae. Recent. Ty1'E LOCALITY. Greenland. GENOTYPE. Cardium edentulum of genus Aphrodita Lea (Gray 1847). RECORDS. "1808 Montagu: Cardium edentulum. --1813 Fleming: Cardium edentula. --1844 Reeve: Cardium edentulum Montagu, 1808, as figured by Sowerby = Cardium groenlandicum Bruguiere, 1780. --1846 Hancock: Cardium edentulum, Montagu = Cardium Groenlandicum, Chemnitz. --1847 Gray, No. 559: Aphrodite sic Lea; 183? not Linn. Type species Cardium edentulum. --1856 Wood & Hanley: C. edentulum Mont. = Cardium Groenlandicum Ch. "1868 March, no. 120: Cardium edentulum Lin. in Sowerby = Cardium (Serripes) gronlandicum Chemn. var solida March, 1868. --1869 Romer: Cardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 485 edentulum - edule edentulum Montagu = Cardium Gronlandicum Chemnitz. ··1870 Gould: Cardium edentulum Montagu (syn.) = Aphrodite groenlandica. ··1888 Kobe1t: Cardium edentulum Montagu (1808) = Aphrodite groenlandicus. ··1890 Paete1: Cardium edentulum Mtg. = groenlandicum Ch. [not available]. ··1902 Dall: Cardium edentulum of Montagu, 1808 = Serripes gronlandicus Gmelin, 1792. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium edentula Montagu 1808 = Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum, (Chemnitz) Bruguiere, Gme1in. ··1939 McLean: Cardium edentulum Montagu, 1808 = Cardium groenlandicum Bruguiere, 1789. ··1969 Nordsieck: edentulus (Montagu, 1808) = Serripes groenlandicus (Gmelin, 1790). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium edentulum Montagu = Serripes groenlandicum (Chemnitz) Schroter. ··1980 ZR: Serripes edentulum (Montagu, 1808) is a junior synonym of S. groenlandicus groenlandicus (Bruguiere 1789). ZR Ref. to Kafanov. ··2000 Coan et al.: Cardium edentula Montagu, 1808 = Serripes(Serripes) groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Arctic. Greenland. edentulum Sowerby. - See under edentulum Lamarck. edentulus (mode). - See under edentulum. edesma Almera et Bofill, 1894. - Changed combination: Lymnocardium edesma (Almera et Bofill, 1894). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya: Cardium edesma A1mera et Bofill, 1894. ··1987 Anaya: Lymnocardium (Euxinicardium) edesma (A1mera et Bofill, 1894). edgari Newton, 1914. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" edgariNewton, 1914. Cardiidae. Cenozoic. RECORDS. ··1914 ZR: Cardium edgari Newton, 1914 sp. n. Cenozoic S. Africa. edlauer; Papp, 1951 . - New combination: Lymnocardium edlaueri Papp, 1951. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1948 ZR: Limnocardium edlaueri Papp, 1948 'no sp.' [nomen nud.] [Ref. Papp 1948]. ··1951 ZR: Limnocardium edlaueri Papp, 1951 sp. nov. Pannonian Vienna Basin. ··1987 Taktakishvi1i: Limnocardium edlaueri Papp. edlauer; Papp, 1953. - Laevicardium edlaueri Papp, 1953. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Laevicardium edlaueri Papp, 1953 sp. nov. Edmondia. - RECORDS. ··1857. Deshayes, p. 49: Edmondia from Trenton Limestone, North America. [Silurian]. edone (misprint) of enode in Kira 1954. edouardi Orbigny, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" edouardi Orbigny, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium edouardi Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 120. edula Wood, 1853. - Synonym of Cardium edule edulinum J. Sowerby 1821. » Regarding Cardium edula: Cardiidae. Middle Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1840 Swainson: Cardium edula Wood. ··1937 A1tena: Cardium edule S. Wood 1853 = Cardium edule edulinum J. Sowerby 1821. (M. Pliocene). edule Linnaeus, 1758/ Gme1in, 1791. [Figs. Part 1 p. 36,42,48,53,70,76,82,83,101,127,158-161,169, 171. Part 3 p. 849, 850, 851]. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Miocene to Recent. Type species: Martens (1870) designated Cardium edule Linne, 1758 type species of genus Cerastoderma Poli, 1791. RECORDS. ··1678 Lister. ID by Linnaeus 1758: Cardium edule t. 5. f. 34. ··1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium edule t. 333. f. 170., 334. f. 171. ··1687 Lister. ID by Spengler 1799 Cardium edule. ··1742 Gualtieri. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium edule t. 71. f. F. ··1758 Linnaeus (lOth edition) No. 77. Cardium edule. ··1767 Linne, p. 1124, No. 90: Cardium edule. ··1772 Knorr. ID by Gme1in 1791: Cardium edule Vergn. 6. t. 8. f. 2.4. ··1782 Chemnitz: Cardium edule. ··1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium edule p. 141. Vign. 4. f. C et 19. ··1784 Schroter, No. XVIII: Cardium edule. Linn. XII. pag. 1124. Spec. 90. ··1789 Bruguiere, No. 13: Cardium edule Linn ... 1791 Gme1in No. 20: Cardium edule. ··1791 Poli: Cardium edule Linne. ··1795 Poli: Cerastoderma edule. ··1799 Spengler: Cardium edule Linnei. ··1800 Donovan, PI. 32, figs. 4, 5: Cardium edule . .. 1803 Montagu: Cardium edule Lin. ··1807 Maton & Rackett, No.9: Cardium edule Linn. (large variety figured by Mr. Donovan as Cardium rusticum). ··1815 Wood: Cardium edule Linn. Gmel. = C. rusticum in Donovan British Shells, pI. 124, fig. 2. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium edule Linnaeus. ··1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 334, fig. 171: Cardium edule. ··1829 Eichwald: Cardium edule L. ··1835 Gray: Cardium edule has two different forms; one in brackish water and one in the sea. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium edule. ··1841 Eichwald: Cardium edule L. ··1844 Forbes: Cardium edule, Lin. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium edule Linn. Gmel. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium edule. ··1848 Deshayes: Cardium edule Linne. ··1850 Cuvier, pI. 99: Cardium edule Lin. ··1855 Clark: C. edule Linnaeus. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 26: Cardium edule Lin. Sys. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linn. ··1868 Morch: Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule L. ··1870 ZR: Cardium edule L. [Ref. 1870. Friedel: in brackish water on the shores of the in Eastern Holstein]. ··1871 Morch: Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule L. "1872 Meyer & Mobius: Cardium edule L., siphons, tentacles ill. ··1872 ZR: Cardium edule (L.) [Ref. 1872. Meyer & Mobius: from Kiel]. ··1873 ZR: Cardium edule (L.) [Ref. Lehmann 1873: animal described]. ··1875 ZR: Cardium edule L. [Ref. 1875. Metzger: varieties in the German Sea]. ··1877 Grimm: Cardium edule Linne. ··1881 ZR: Cardium edule (L.) [Ref. 1881. Jeffreys: popular uses concerning it]. ··1887 Fischer: Cardium edule Linne. ··1888 Petersen: Cardium edule L. ··1888 Servain: Cardium edule Linnaeus, 1767. ··1889 ZR: Cardium edule variations [Ref. 1889 Bateson]. ··1890 Paete1: Cardium edule L. ··1890 Woodward: Cardium edule, L.: Caspian, Black Sea ··1893 Frenzel: Cardium edule L. ··1899 Sacco: Cerastoderma edule (L.) [PlioceneRecent]. ··1899 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref. 1899. Johnstone: anatomy and economics]. ··1900 Brogger: Cardium edule Lin. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium edule Linne, 1767. "1902 Dall: Cardium edule Linnaeus, type of subgenus Cerastoderma Morch. ··1902 Sherborn, 320: Cardium edule Linnaeus, 1758. ··1906 Dautzenberg & Durouchoux: Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne. ··1906 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs. 1906. Ostroumoff: structure of shell. / Nicoll: trematode parasites. / Pelseneer: trematode parasites]. ··1907 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs. 1907. Christensen. / Colgan. / Hoel. / Hooley. / Joubin. / 486 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) edule Kennard & Woodward. / Roule. / Sheppard & Stather. / Zimrnennann. / 0yen. / Scott: as fish food. / GuerinGanivet: fishery. / Lebour: trematode parasites]. ··1911 Dollfus: Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne. ··1920 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref. 1920. Walton]. ··1921 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref. 1921. Winckworth]. ··1923 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref. 1923. Nordmann]. .. 1924 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref. 1924. Rozsenyi]. ··1926 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref. 1926. Orton]. ··1927 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref. 1927. Wright]. ··1929 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs. 1929. Desio / Bisacchi]. ··1930 Stewart: Cardium edule Linne designated type species of Cerastoderma by von Martens 1869. "1930 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs. 1930. Adamovic. / Blegvad. / Gambetti. / Hecht & Matern. / Legeux. / Semichon. / Stephens]. ··1931 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref. to Archangelski. - Lamy 1931, citation number 499.Liiders & Trusheim. - Pravoslavlev. - Stephen. Trusheim]. ··1932 ZR : Cardium edule [Refs.: Gardner. / Kilian. / Seurat. / Stephen. 1932]. ··1932 Winckworth: Cardium (Cerasloderma) edule edule Linne, 1758. ··1933 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Jessen. / Moore. / Schwarz. / McCance & Shipp: chemical constituents. / Orton: re spatfall of Mytilus]. "1934 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Borcea. / Forrest. / Freyberg. / Gennain. / Klahn. / Stephen: ecology / Stork: nerves. 1934]. ··1935 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref.: Orton: bionomic studies]. ··1936 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Thamdrup. / Bimstein: growth and propagation and effects of salinity. / Tomlin. / Sparck: metabolism and temperature. / Bunting el al.: rate of growth]. "1937 Altena: Cardium edule edule Linne 1758 [Lower Amstelien]. ··1937 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Boghachev. / Bouxin. / McCloy et at. / Paulais: chemical contents. / Larsen: in Dybs0 Fjord as fishfood . / Stoll: locomotion. / Orton: spatfall]. ··1938 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Brindley: alive at Tydd Gates, R. Nene. / Girscher: figs / Rinke & Hertling: chemical contents. / Purchon: duration of life in mud silt. / Lebour: larvae / Bemer: salivary glands]. ··1939 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Linke. / Purchon: variation and effect of environment]. ··1942 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Simons: as food, recipes. / Brady: distribution, Northumberland] . ··1944 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref.: Wemsteatsic: food]. ··1945 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Kreger: ecology. / Hoop: structure] . ··1947 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Katparich: effect of salinity in the Caspian Sea. / Heras & Costa: composition. / Stoll: mode of locomotion]. ··1948 ZR: Cardium edule L. [Refs.: Chavan: correlation of varieties. / Chavan: list of varieties]. ··1949 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref.: Lambert: a general review of the species and its occurrence]. ··1950 ZR: Cardium edule L. [Ref.: Mars: variations]. ··1953 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Willemsen: water circulation. / Baggennan: spatfall and transport]. ··1956 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Cole: factors affecting growth-rate. / Cole in Graham: general biology and culture. / Oskarsson: in Iceland. / Mars: observations on variation]. ··1957 ZR : Cardium edule [Ref.: Kristensen: growth and density in the Dutch Wadden Sea]. ··1958 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref.: Petersen distinctive characters]. ··1960 ZR: Cardium edule [Ref.: Simkiss: properties of the organic matrix of the shell] / Cardium edule-Tellina lenuis association on Arcino beach, Spain [Ref. Figueras 1960] . ··1961 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Figueras Monfort: colouration of beach sands due to Cardium pigmentation. / Monfort: developmental study. / Oskarsson: increasing distribution in Icelandic waters] . ··1962 PasteurHumbert: Cardium edule Linne. ··1962 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Aliev: the Caspian Sea food reserves studied [vide etiam Cerasloderma]. / Jayakar: biometrical study of natural selection. / Clay: biology, anatomy and morphology. / Jak!. / Shillitoe: Holocene, Yorkshire, palaeoecology. / Stefan: periodic activity. / Hancock & Simpson: yield estimates in exploited populations. / Kaltenbach: from the R. Orwell, shell variation study]. ··1963 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs. : Santarelli: from Italian sea. / Pohlo.: comparison / Leloup & Polk: growth in the "Bassin de Chasse", Ostend. / Romanova: food and feeding mechanism. / Sisini: metabolism. / Khusainova: origin in the Aral Sea. / Craig & Hallam: size frequency and growthring analysis]. ··1964 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Leutwein: trace elements in shells. / Straaten: in the Waddenzee, Holland. / Makhmudov: chemical composition, Caspian. / Hul\icher: eaten by the oystercatcher]. ··1965 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Hancock : graphical estimation of growth parameters. / Figueiras: growth and ecology. / Lopez- Benito: seasonal change in chemical composition. / Eisma: shell characteristics as indicators of salinity]. ··1966 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Kleinhout: as a prey to Nalica, Pliocene. / Schlieper: cellular osmotic resistance. / Konig: from Rantum basin, Germany. / Newell: metabolism . / Figueras: growth and ecology. / Makhmudov: iodine number of fat. / Hancok & Urquhart: natural mortality and its causes. / Popham: Ribble estuary, England. / Trueman et af. / burrowing]. ··1967 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Davidson: predation by oystercatchers. / Trueman: activity and heart rate. / Montfort: age and growth. / Theede & Lassig: cellular resistance. / LopezBenito: chemical composition. / Kovalevskii: effect of environmental salinity on size. / Muus: distinction of species. / Muus: ecology and distribution. / Newell & Northcroft: metabolism. / Davidson: fisheries. / Hancock: growth. / Nellen: in the Schlei R., Gennany. / Ansell: leaping and other movements. / Chussainowa: migration into the Aral Sea . / James & Bowers: parasitized. / Zaouali-Laidain: palaeoecology, Tunisia. / Moreland & Watts: arginine kiniase. / Sheldon: relationship between shell-weight and age. / Mason: Scottish fisheries / Barber & Land: anatomy and physiology of eye. / Krishnaswamy el al.: succinic dehydrogenase. / Doyle: the crystalline style]. "1968 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Hollman : analysis of shell abrasions. / House & Farrow: daily growth banding in shell. / Neifert: speed of filtration . / Portmann & Connor: toxicity of some oil-spill removers]. ··1969 Moore et al.: Cerasloderma edule (Linne, 1758). ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma edule edule (Linne, 1767). ··1969 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Boyden: comparison with C. lamarcki. / Boyden: ecology. / Bowers: Trematoda. / Loos-Frank: Trematoda. / Hancock: populations . / Barber & Wright: ultrastructure of eye and optic tentacle]. ··1970 Glibert & Poe I: Cerasloderma (s.s.) edule edule (Linne, 1758). ··1970 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Owen: digestive tubule fine structure, histochemistry. / Morton: feeding. / Meixner: fishery. / Bessonov el al.: morpho-typical variation. / Phukel Marine Biological Cenler Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 487 edule Rygg: variability. / Olivari & Rotovskaya: Ukraine benthos]. ··1971 ZR: Cardium edule [Refs.: Swedmark et af.: detergent pollution. / Jelnes et al.: distribution. / Russell: distribution. / Por: Eastern Mediterranean. / McMillan: exceptional size, Orkney. / Kiseleva & Shcherbina: industrial pollution / Russell: N.E. Atlantic. / Fini & Scossiroli: morphological characters. / Leloup: North Sea. / Hertweck: prey of Polydora ciliata (Annelida). / Lauckner: trematode parasites. / Boyden: Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus 1758) Priority / Boyden: reproduction. / Farrow: shell growth]. ··1972 ZR: Cardium edule with refs. to: Alyakrinskaya. Archambault. Boyden. Gimazane. Hancock. Kristensen. Russell. Waugh. - Cerastoderma edule with refs. to: Boyden. Farrow. Morgan. ··1973 ZR: Cardium edule. Industrial pollution. Ref. to Blackman. / Water pollution. Ref. to Portrnann. / Periostracum. Epithelial cell. Outer Shell. Ref. to Bubel. / Gill ventilation mechanics. Oxygen consumption. Ref. to Vah!. / Morphological variation. Ref. to van Urk. /Trematode parasites. Ref. to Matthews. edule. - ··1973 ZR: Cerastoderma edule. Shell structure morphology. Effect of salinity. Ref. to Boyden. / English Channel. Ref. to Barnes. / Irish Sea. Ref. to Roberts. edule. ··1973 ZR: Ceratoderma (sic = Cerastoderma) edule. Population size. Food availability. Ref. to Silva ·'1974 ZR: Cardium edule. Shell form. Azimuth orientation. Experimental study. Ref. to Futterer. / Sexual maturation Annual activity pattern. Larva. Salinity. Influencing factors. Ref. to Kingston. / Mortality causes. Predation. Ref. to Brown. edule. - ··1974 ZR: Cerastoderma edule. Filter feeding. Effect of turbidity. Comparative study. Ref. to Foster-Smith. ··1975 ZR: Cardium edule. Lipid metabolism. Sterols. Synthesis. Ref. to Voogt. / Development. Effect of physical environment. Ref. to Spichak. / Ecology. North east Atlantic continental shelf. Ref. to Franklin. - ··1975 ZR: Cerastoderma edule. Filter feeding. Effect of gill. Porosity. Role of mucus. Digestion. Assimilation efficiency. Ref. to Foster-Smith. / Gill function. Amino acid metabolism. Ref. to Bamford. / Population structure. Effect of growth. Mortality. Reproductive cycle. Ref. to Seed. - ··1976 ZR: Cardium edule. Collection of specimens Marine habitat. Comparative study. Ref. to Howard. / Organic chemicals. Oil. Oil surfactants & disopersants. Toxicity. Experimental study. Ref. to Swedmark. / Burrowing. Effect of age. Light. Temperature. Ref. to Gimazane. / Morphological variation. Shell ornamentation. Ribs. North east Atlantic continental shelf. Ref. to Moulet. / New host records. Protozoan parasites. Marteilia refringens. English Channel. Ref. to Comps. - ··1976 ZR: Cerastoderma edule. Growth. Ref. to Brown. / Irish Sea. Southwest Lancashire. Stranding record. Ref. to Lingwood. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne. ··1977 Popov: Cardium edule Linne, 1758. Type species of Cerastoderma Poli, 1795. ··1977 ZR: Cardium edule. Numerical taxonomy. Polymorphic index. Ref to van Urk / Digestive style. Effect of respiration. Ref to Alyakrinskaya / Population dynamics. Biomass & seasonal abundance. Ref to Evans / Population study. Estuarine indicator & associated community, Morocco. Ref to Elkaim / Predators. Opeatostoma, use of teeth like protrusions on shell for food capture, North Sea. Ref to Steinert / Rate of growth. Water depth & habitat substrate, North Sea. Ref to Kuhlmorgen-Hiille. - ··1977 ZR: Cerastoderma edule. Ecology, Biology, Irish Sea. Ref to Brown. / Distribution & cytogenetics. Ref to Koulman & Wolff. / Measurements. Mediterranean Sea. Ref to Parenzan. / North Sea. Humber estuary, heavy metal content. Ref to Jones / Cerastoderma edule. Population density. Predator effects, Haematopus ostralegus (Aves), Wales. Ref to Horwood & GossCustard. / Cerastoderma edule. Predators Haematopus ostralegus (Aves), foraging strategy, Northern Ireland. Ref to O'Connor & Brown. / Pollutant content. Heavy metals. Ref to Martoja, Lhonore & Elkaim. / Reproductive condition. Seasonal function, Northern Ireland. Ref to Seed & Brown. ··1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Cerastoderma edule edule (Linnaeus, 1758). - ··1978 ZR: Cardium edule. North Sea. Netherlands, Lake Grevelingen. Biomass. Ref. to Wolff et af. / Protein content. Cholinesters & cholinesterase distribution, haemolymph & smooth muscle. Ref. to Winners et af. / Shell form & structure. Variation. Ref. to Karnekamp. / Speciation. Morphological & biochemical criteria, North Sea. Ref. to Brock. - ··1978 ZR: Cerastoderma edule Linnaeus, 1758. Diagnostic characters. Ref. to Turk, p. 6. / Digenean parasites. Cercaria cerastodermae I, parasite life cycle. United Kingdom (marine). Ref. to Sannia et af. / Prevalence, influencing factors, North Sea. Ref. to Sannia et al. / Growth. Survival strategy, Irish Sea. Ref. to Seed, R et al. / Mutualism. Paravortex cardii (Turbellaria). Entosymbiosis Ref. to Jennings et al. / Pollutant content. PCB accumulation. Ref. to Langston / PCB persistence. Ref. to Langston / Population dynamics. England (marine). Ref. to Sharpe / Steroid content. Sterol composition & chromatographic analysis. Ref. to Ballantine et al. / Sterol composition, chromatographic analysis. Ref. to Ballantine et al. ··1979 ZR: Cardium edule Ref. to Brock, / Corlett, / Howard, / Hylleberg et al. / Meixner, / Partaly, / Pommeranz et af. - Cerastoderma edule. Ref. to Berry, / De Vias, / Goerke et af. / Jackson et al. / Jennings et al. / Jones, / Jones et al. / Moore et af. / Neri, / Richardson, / Stromgren, / Willing. ··1980 ZR: Cardium edule. Ref. to Brock, / Ferreira et al. / Franklin et af. Newell et al. / Pamatmat, / Soares, / Tear. Cerastoderma edule Ref. to Agarova, / Beaumont et af. / Beukema, / Brock. / Gosling, / von Banning, / Richardson et al. / West et al. / Wilson. ··1981 ZR: Cardium edule. Ref. to Ansell et al. / Carlsson et al. / Delattre, et af. France. / Gade / Jaenicke et af. / Lejbson et af. / Mclusky et al. / Meinardus et al. / - Cardium edule x C. glaucum. Hybridization. North Sea. Ref. to Lauckner. - Cardium edule x C. lamarcki. Hybridization. North Sea. Ref. to Lauckner. ··1981. ZR: Cerastoderma edule. Ref. to Alunad et al. / de Vias. / Eder et al. Dutch Wadden Sea. / Faranda et al. Sicily. / Germain. Iceland. / Ivell. Denmark. / Jennings. / Jones et al. Scotland. / Mcmahon et al. / Pastoriza et al. Spain. / Pike et al. Scotland. / Radtke et al. Pleistocene, Italy. / Richardson et al. / Simonarson. Greenland Norwegian zone & north east Atlantic. / Sutherland. Irish Sea. / Wilson. Irish Sea. ··1982 ZR: Cardium edule. Ref. to Brown. Northern Ireland. / Mayev et af. Aral Sea. / Newell. - Cerastoderma edule. Ref. to Beukema. North Sea. / Brock. Denmark. / Giacobbe. Sicily. / Pastoriza. 488 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) edule I Raven. Netherlands. I Sutherland. Wales./Sutheriand . England. I Verwey, 1. North Sea. !Wilson. Irish Sea. ··1983 Anaya: Cardium edule Linne, 1758 . Type species of (Ceratodesma) (err pro Cerastoderma) . Type designated by von Martens 1870. "1983 ZR: Cardium edule. Ref. to Brinkhoff et af. I Meixner, I Moller, et af. I Mohlenberg et al. I Nossier, Tuncer et af. Cerastoderma edule. Ref. to Ballantine et al. I Beukema, I Caudron et at. I Deith, I Franklin, I Gerlach, Kiorboe et al. I Richardson. I Southgate et al. I Wilson . "1984 ZR Cardium edule. Ref. to Ahmad et al. I Irwin et af. I Newell. - Cerastoderma edule. Ref. to AIJeboiuri et af. I de Monte. I Dewarumez, I Langston, I Twomey et af. I Wilson. "1985 ZR Cardium edule. Ref. to. Lauckner, I Livingstone et al. I Jarzebski et al. I Panebianco et al. I Widdows et al. I Jensen as Cerastoderma volutator [printer's error = Cerastoderma edule]. - Cerastoderma edule: Ahmad et al.1 Beukema, I Essink et al.1 Farke et al. I Miramand et at. I Jensen et al. I Leopold et al. / Ohno. "1987 ZR : Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Ref. to Brock. Cardium edule Ref. to Ahmad , / Amiard et al. / Brey. Cerastoderma edule Ref. to Auffret et aJ. / Backeljau et af. I Carruesco et aJ. / Deith, / Ducrotoy et al. I Essink et af. / Jones et af. / Langston, / Nossier, / Poder et af. / Triplet et al. I Yankson ... 1991 Krzyminska & Wolowicz: Cardium edule (Cerastoderma edule) Linne. "1993 . Poutiers: Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). "1998 Macedo et al.: Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758). "1998 Schneider: Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comrn.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne. Helvetien : France, Suisse, Italy, Austria, i.a. Quaternary : Atlantic and Mediterranean areas. "200 I Schneider & Carter: Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). "2001 Vidal, p. 407: Cerastoderma edule. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. .. ZMUC: south of Banjul, Gambia. "ZMUC: 2 specimens and 2 shells in Spengler coil. North Sea p 38 no. 19. DESCRIPTIO NS. "1799 Spengler: testa antiquata sulcis 26. obsolete recurvato-imbricatis. Linnei Sp. 90. pag. 1124. "1844 Reeve: shell ovate1y cordate, slightly oblique, radiately ribbed, about 26 nodulously crenulated ribs; whitish, faintly tinged with rusty brown; interior white, posterior edge reddishbrown. "2001 Vidal: with a few additional larger tentacles outside siphons. Eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. "1799 Spengler: lengthJ5 mm (1 Tom. 4 Linier), 39 mm width (1.5 Tom.). REMARKS. "1900: Locard & Caziot synonymised Cardium edule in Payr. with Cardium lamarcki Reeve (1845) = Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). Cerastoderma vulgaris (da Costa, 1778) = Cerastoderma edule (edule) (Linne, 1767) . "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg , p . 327: Cerastoderma edule appears during the Miocene. "1969 Moore et aJ.: Cerastoderma Pol i, 1791 = Cerastes Poli, 1791 and Edulicardium Monterosato, 1923 (obj.). HABITAT. "Of authors: intertidal, shallow water... 1844 Forbes: Aegaean Sea; depth range littoral. DISTRJBUTION. "1844 Reeve: Seas of Europe. "ZMUC: Europe, West Africa, off Gambia. "Nordsieck 1969: North Norway to Canary Islands, North America. edule Mohr, 1786. Non binominal. - Identical with Clinocardium cilia tum (Fabricius 1780). » Regarding Cardium edule: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1786 Mohr: Cardium edule. "1868 March : Cardium edule Mohr p. 128 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) cilia tum Fabr. "1939 McLean: Cardium edule Mohr 1786 = Serripes ciliatum (Fabricius 1780). "1902 Dall: Cardium edule in Mohr, 1786 = Cardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780. .. 1912 Jensen: Cardium edule Mohr 1786 = Cardium ciliatum Fabricius . "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium edule Mohr = Corculum ciliatum Fabricius. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Iceland, Arctic. edule of authors. - Misidentification of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium edule : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1878 Monterosato: Cardium edule auctt. (non L.) = C. lamarcki Reeve = C. glaucwn Bruguiere = C. rusticum Lk. (non Lin.) = C. clodiense Ren. (non Brocc.). "1886 Locard : Cardium edule (pars auctorum) = Cardium lamarcki Reeve, 1845 . edule of Bruguiere . - Misidentification of Cardium erassum Defrance. Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS . "1832 Bronn: Cardium edule Brug. (non Lin. Lmk.) = Cardium crassum Df. edule of Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium edule: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1840 Sowerby: Cardium edule in Chemnitz 1782 = C. var. crenulatum Lam. edule of Eichwa1d , 1829. - Misidentification of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere , 1789). » Regarding Cardium edule: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Cardium edule L. in Eichwald 1829 = Cerastoderma lamareki (Reeve). "1974 Starobogatov : Cardium edule L. in Eichwald 1829 = Cerastoderma lamarcki (Reeve). edule ofGiamrnaica. - [unknown species] .» Regarding Cardium edule: Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1829 Costa: Cardium edule of Giamrnaica. edule of Lamarck. - Synonym of "Cardium" incertum Bronn, 1832. » Regarding Cardium edule: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1832 Bronn: ?Cardium edule Lrnk (non Brch.) = Cardium incertum Bm. edule of March, 1867. - Misidentification of Parvicardium ovale. » Regarding Cardium edule : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1912 Jensen: Cardium edule in March 1867 p. 93 = Cardium Jasciatum Montagu. edule of Poli . - Misidentification of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium edule: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1829 Costa : Cardium edule ofPoli. "1836 Philippi : Cardium edule Polio = Cardium rusticum Chemn. non Lamk. varieties of edule edule auct. (variety). - Mixed species Acanthocardia tubereulata (Linne, 1758) and Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1839 Anton: Cardium var. edule = Cardium rusticum Lamarck. "1839 Anton: Cardium vaT. ?edule = Cardium crenulatum Lamarck . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Anton (1839) : Cardium erenulatum Lamarck should be considered a good species. This is erroneous: C. crenulatum (Lamarck) = C. edule (L.). edule Brocchi, 1814 (variety). - Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cerasloderma edule var. cOlltor/ula Sacco. » Regarding edule var : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco: Cardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 489 edule - edule desioi edule var. Brocchi 1814 = Cerastoderma edule var. contortula Sacco. edule Bronn 1848 (variety). - Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cerastoderma edule var. umbonata (Wood). » Regarding edule var: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium edule var. Bronn 1848 = Cerastoderma edule var. umbonata (Wood). edule Brown 1844 (variety). - Misidentification of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1844 Brown, fig. 4: Cardium edule variety. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKS. Thin variety, generally of rusty-brown colour. DISTRIBUTION. Lough Stranford, Ireland. edule Deshayes (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 141, 143. Part 3 p. 851]. - Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve, sp. 93: Cardium var. edule Deshayes = Cardium lamarcki Reeve, 1845. ··1845 Reeve, sp. 112: Cardium edule var. Deshayes = Cardium crenulatum Lamarck. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium edule, var. Deshayes = Cardium lamarckii. REMARKS. Cardium lamarcki Reeve, 1845 = Cardium glaucum Bruguiere, 1789. edule Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1902-1920 (variety). Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poe!: Syn Cardium edule variety Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1902-1920. edule Grimm 1876 (variety). - Unknown variety. » Regarding Cardium edule var: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . ··1876 Grimm: Cardium edule L. var. edule [reference to Martens] . ··1877 Grimm: Cardium edule varietas. edule Wood. - See under edula Wood, 1853. edule altior Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1892 (variety). - InfTasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. » Regarding Cardium edule var. altior: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1911 Dollfus: Cardillm edule var. altior B.D.D. edule aureotincta Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1892 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium edule var. allreotincta: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1897 Dollfus: Cardium edule L. var. aureotincta B. D. D. edule balthica Beck (variety). - Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium edule var. balticum: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. C. edule var. balthica = Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). RECORDS. ··1884 Collin: Cardium edule var. balthicum Beck. ··1888 Petersen: Cardium edule var. balticum Beck. ··1868 ZR: Cardium edule var. balticum (Beck, Reeve) [Ref. Ramer 1868]. ··1871 ZR: Cardium edule var. balticum (Beck, Reeve) = glaucum (Brug.)? [Ref. March 1871]. ··1897 Marshall: Cardium edule var. balthica of Beck = var. rustica Chern. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium var. balticum R v. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium edule var. beltica sic Beck. edule balthicum Beck (variety). - See under edule balthica Beck edule batesoni Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1892 (variety). - Cerastoderma edule var. batesoni B.D.D. » Regarding C. edule var. batesoni: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium edule batesoni var. ex forma. New name for Cardium pectinatum in Lamarck, which is totally different from Cardium pectinatllm Linne. ··1911 Dollfus: Cardium edule var. batesoni B.D.D. ··1961 ZR: Cardium edule batesoni variations in the Black Sea [Ref. Grossu 1961]. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: Arcachon. edule belgicum De Malzine, 1867 (variety) . - Identical with Cerastoderma edule hostiei Chavan, 1945. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cerastoderma edule belgicum (De Malzine, 1867) = Cerastoderma obtrita (Locard, 1889) (Nordsieck 1969). » Regarding Cardium edule var. belgica: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1897 Dollfus: Cardium edule L. var. belgica de Malzine. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma edule belgicum (De Malzine, 1867). ··1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Cardium edule var. belgicum De Malzine ? = Cerastoderma edule hostiei Chavan, 1945. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck: Atlantic to the British Channel. edule burchanae Gierscher, 1938 (subspecies). - New combination: Cerastoderma edule burchanae (Gierscher). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1938 ZR: Cardium edule burchanae Girscher, 1938 subsp. n. Pleistocene, Juist. "1943 Kaltenbach: Cardium edule burchanae. ··1949 Kaltenbach Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule burchanae Gierscher. edule carinulatum Almera & Bofil! (variety). Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding edule var. carinulatum : Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1983 Anaya: Cardium edule var. carinulatum Almera & Bofill = edule. edule clodiense Renier (variety) - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. » Regarding Cardium edule var. clodiense: Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. ··1870 ZR: Cardium edule L. var. clodiense Renier, shortly characterized [Ref. Brusina 1870]. ··1937 ZR: Cardium edule clodiensis Renier figs. [Ref. Barkman 1937]. edule contortula Sacco, 1899 (variety) . - Upgraded. Cerastoderma edule contortula Sacco, 1899. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco, p. 49. pI. II , figs. 29,30: Cerastoderma edule var. contorlula Sacco edule crassum DeFrance (variety). - New combination: Cerastoderma edule craSSl/m DeFrance. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere). » Regarding Cardium edule var. crassum: Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1871 ZR: Cardium edule var. crass urn = glaucum (Brug.)? [Ref. March 1871]. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule var. crassum DeFrance. Moree, B37541. edule crenulatum Lamarck, 1819 (variety). - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding edule var. crenulata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1885 Smart: Cardium edule var. crenulata L. ··1896 Tregelles: Cardium edule var. crenulala Lmk. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium edule var. crenulata Lamarck. ··190 I Chaster et at.: Cardium edule var. crenulala Lamarck. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma edllle crenulatum (Lamarck, 1819). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: The British Channel. edule desioi Vecchi , 1934 (variety). - Upgraded. Cerasloderma edule desioi (Vecchi, 1934). Cardiidae. 490 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) edule edulittUm - edule maeotica Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1934 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule var. desioi Vecchi, 1934 nov. Pliocene, Is. Coo. edule edulinum Sowerby, 1821 (subspecies). - Cerastoderma edule edulinum (Sowerby, 1821). Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cerastoderma (s.s.) edule edulinum (Sowerby, 1821). edulefasciatum Montagu (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. » Regarding edule var. fasciatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1844 Thompson: Cardium edule var.fasciatum Mont. edule felsense Steininger, 1963 (subspecies). Combination to be revised : "Cardium" (Cardium) edule felsense Steininger, 1963. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1963 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) edule felsense Steininger, 1963 subsp. nov. Miocene, Austria, [Ref. Steininger 1963]. edulejluviatilis Brown, 1844 (variety). - No evidence of subspecific status: Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium fluviatilis: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1844 Brown: Cardium fluviatilis . ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma edule fluviatiliS (Brown, 1844). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: Ireland . edule fulva Dautzenberg (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding edule var.folva: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1897 Dollfus: Cardium edule L. var. (ex colore)fidva Dautzenberg. edule glaucum Bruguiere , 1789 (variety). Misidentification of Ceras toderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding edule var. glaucum : Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS . ··1789 Bruguiere : Cardium edule var. glaucum . ··1844 Reeve: Cardium edule var. glaucum Bruguiere, 1789 = Cardium edule Linne, 1767. ··1984 ZR: Cerastoderma edule glaucum. Ref. to Auernheimer et al. ··1995 Sfriso, Marcomini & Zanette : Cerastoderma edule glaucum . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. The synonymy in Reeve (1845) is erroneous. C. edule is not a variety of C. glaucum; the two .species are distinct. DISTRIBUTION . ··1844 Reeve: Seas of Europe. edule globulosa Pallary, 1906 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium edule vaT. globulosa: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1906 ZR: Cardium edule L. var. n. globulosa Pallary, 1906. [Ref. Pallary 1906]. edule hostei Chavan 1945 (subspecies). - Cerastoderma edule hostei sic Chavan 1945. Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Cerastoderma edule hosteiChavan 1945. Systematic relationships. Ref. to Janssen et al. p. 62. edule inaequilatera Kobelt, 1888 (variety). - Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789) . » Regarding Cardium edule var. inaequilatera: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. Cardium lamarckii Reeve = Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). RECORDS. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium lamarckii Reeve = Cardium edule var. inaequilatera. edule incerta Bronn, 1831 (variety). - Upgraded. Cerastoderma edule incerta Bronn, 1831 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cerastoderma edule var. incerta (Bm.). ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium edule var. incerta Bronn, 183 I. edule injlatum (variety). - Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium edule var. injlatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1871 ZR: Cardium edule var. inflatum = rusticum (Eichwald) eichwaldi (Reeve) [Ref. Morch 1871]. edule intermedia Milachewitch, 1916 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium edule var. 4. intermedia: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1916 Milaschewitch, p. 260, pI. 7, fig. 13: Cardium edule var. 4. (ex forma) intermedia Mil. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. Black Sea and Sea of Azov. edule lamarcki Reeve, 1845 (variety). - Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cerastoderma edule edule (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium edule var. lamarckii: Cardiidae. Lower Amstelien and Recent. RECORDS. ··1868 ZR: Cardium edule var.lamarckii (Reeve) [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1 899 Sacco: Cardium edule var. cf. lamarcki (Reeve). ··1908 Milaschewitch: Cardium edule. L. var.lamarcki Reeve. ··1911 Dollfus: Cardium edule var. lamarcki Reeve. ··1916 Milaschewitch: Cardium edule var. 5. (ex forma) lamarcki Reeve. ··1932 Winckworth: Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule lamarcki Reeve, 1845. ··1936 ZR: Cardium edule var. lamarcki figs. [Ref. Brackman 1936]. ··1936. ZR: Cardium edule var. lamarcki in Sussex [Ref. Tomlin 1936]. ··1937 A1tena: Cardium edule var. lamarcki Reeve 1844 = Cardium edule edule Linne 1758 [L. Amstelien). ··1938 ZR: Cardium edule lamarcki fig. Juist [Ref. Girscher 1938a]. "1952 Lecointre: Cardium edule Linne var. lamarcki Reeve. ··1961 ZR: Cardium edule lamarcki variations in the Black Sea [Ref. Grossu 1961]. "1980 ZR: Cardium edule lamarcki. Ref. to Mirza et al. ··1991 Krzyminska & Wo10wicz: Cardium edule var. lamarcki Linne sic. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Seas of Europe. edule libenicensis Brusina, 1870 (variety). - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Lirme, 1758). » Regarding Cardium edule var. libenicense: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1870 Brusina: Cardium edule libenicensis. ··1870 ZR: Cardium edule L. var. libenicense Brusina, 1870. nov. shortly characterized [Ref. Brusina 1870] . "1969 N ordsieck: Cerastoderma edule libenicensis (Brusina, 1870). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: Roussillion. edule loppensi Mars, 1951. - Downgraded to Cerastoderma edule var. loppensi. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma edule loppensi: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1951 Mars: Cerastoderma edule loppensi. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma edule loppensi (Mars, 1951). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: Atlantic, Mediterranean. edule lutea Dollfus, 1897 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status . » Regarding Cardium edule var. lutea: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1897 Dollfus: Cardium edule L. var. (ex colore) lutea. edule maculalum Dautzenberg, 1890 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status.» Regarding Cardium edule var. maculata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1890 Dautzenberg: Cardium edule maculatum. ··1897 Dollfus: Cardium edule L. var. (ex colore) maculata Dautzenberg . ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma edule maculatum (Dautzenberg, 1890). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: Roussillion. edule maeotica Milaschewitch, 1908 (variety). = Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 491 edule major - edule regularis Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium edule var. 2. maeotica: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Sea of Azov. RECORDS. ··1908 Milaschewitch, p. 994: Cardium edule var. maeotica, m. ··1916 Milaschewitch, p. 259, pI. 7, figs. 9-10: Cardium edule var. 2. (ex forma) maeotica Mil. ··1960 ZR: Cardium edule var. maeotica in the bottom fauna of the Molochnaya estuary [Ref. Lubyanov 1960]. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Sea of Azov. edule major Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. » Regarding Cardium edule var. major: Cardiidae. Lower Amstelien and Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium edule major. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma edule major Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus. ··1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Cerastoderma edule edule (Linnaeus, 1758) forma major Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus. ··1937 Altena: Cardium edule var. major B.D.D., 1892 = Cardium edule edule Linne 1758 [Lower Amstelien]. "1961 ZR: Cardium edule major variations in the Black Sea [Ref. Grossu 1961]. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: Ireland. ··1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: North Sea, Holland. edule mareotiea Pallary, 1913 (variety). -Cerastoderma edule var. mareotiea (Pallary, 1913). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1913 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Lin. var. mareotica Pallary, 1913 var. n. Egypt. edule mereatorium Coen, 1915 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium edule var. mercatorium: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1915 Coen: Cardium edule mercatorium. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma edule mercatorium (Coen, 1915). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Atlantic. edule minor DolJfus, 1911 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium edule var. minor: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1911 Dollfus, p. 60: Cardium edule var. minor. edule nuciformis Milachewitch, 1916 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status.» Regarding Cardium edule var. 1. nuciformis: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1916 Milaschewitch, p. 257, pI. 6, figs. 7-8: Cardium edule var. 1. (ex forma) nuciformis Mil. ··1961 ZR: Cardium edule nuciformis variations in the Black Sea [Ref. Grossu 1961]. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Black Sea. edule paludosa Bucquoy, Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1892 (variety). - Identical with Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium edule var. paludosa: Cardiidae. Lower Amstelien and Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium edule var. ex forma paludosa. ··1937 Altena: Cardium edule var. paludosa B.D.D. 1892 = Cardium edule edule Linne 1758. ··1943 Kaltenbach: Cardium edule paludosa Bucquoy, Dollfus & Dautzenberg. ··1949 Kaltenbach: Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule paludosa Bucquoy, Dollfus & Dautzenberg. ··1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Cerastoderma edule var. paludosum Bucquoy, Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1892. DESCRIPTIONS. Described as a variety, 24 ribs. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Eastern part of France, especially in etangs. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Corsica. edule parva Danilo & Sandri, 1891 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium edule var. parva: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium edule Linn. var. parva nob. edule payiolensis Almera et Bofill (variety). - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium edule var. payiolensis: Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1983 Anaya: Cardium edule var. payiolensis Almera y BofiU = edule. edule pieolina Kaltenbach, 1943. - New combination: Cerastoderma edule picolina (Kaltenbach, 1943). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1943 Kaltenbach (pp. 144-145, figs. 7-8): Cardium edule picolina n. subsp. edule pieta Milachewitch, 1916 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium edule var. 3. picta: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1916 Milaschewitch, p. 259, pI. 7, figs. 11-12: Cardium edule var. 3. (ex forma et colore)picta Mil. Black Sea and Sea of Azov. ··1964 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule pictum from a raised beach above the Sea of Azov [Ref. Karlov 1964]. edule planior Stimpson (variety). - Synonym of Ciliatocardium ciliatum (Fabricius). » Regarding Cardium edule var. planior: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1868 March: Cardium edule var. planior Stp. = Cardium (Cerastoderma) ciliatum Fabr. edule quadrata Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety) . ..., Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. » Regarding Cardium edule var. quadrata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892: Cardium edule var quadratum. ··1902 Bellini: Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule var. quadrata, B.D.D. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium edule var. quadrata B.D.D. ··1961 ZR: Cardium edule quadrata variations in the Black Sea [Ref. Grossu 1961]. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum quadratum (Bucquoi (sic = Bucquoy), Dautzenberg & Dollfus). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. ··1969 Nordsieck: hypersaline water. DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: West Europe. edule rastellensis Fontannes, 1879-1882 (variety). Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium edule var. rastellensis: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1983 Anaya: Cardium edule var. rastellensis Fontannes, 1879-1882 = edule. edule reetidens (subspecies). - Cerastoderma edule rectidens. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium edule rectidens [Ref. Gambetta 1929b]. edule rectidens arrasciensis Gambetta, 1929 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. "Cardium" edule rectidens. » Regarding Cardium edule rectidens var. arrasciensis: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium edule rectidens var. arrasciensis Gambetta, 1929 nov. Oasis of liarabub N. Africa [Ref. Gambetta 1929b]. ··1930 ZR: Cardium edule-rectidens var. arrasciensis Gambetta, 1930 nov. [Ref. Gambetta 1930a]. edule regularis Pallary, 1900. - Downgraded to Cerastoderma edule var. regularis (Pal\ary, 1900). » Regarding Cerastoderma edule regularis: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Oran. RECORDS. ··1900 Pal\ary: Cardium edule regularis. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma edule regularis (Pallary, 1900). 492 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) edule rotundata - edwards; edule rotundata Dujardin (variety). - Cerastoderma edule var. ro/unda/um (Dujardin). Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1886 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium (Ceras/oderma) edule var. ro/unda/um Duj. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium edule var. ro/unda/a Dujardin. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium edule variety rotundata. edule rufovariegatum auct. (variety). - Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium edule var. rufovariegatum: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1871 ZR: Cardium edule var. rufovariegatum = rusticum (Eichwald) = eichwaldi (Reeve) [Ref. March 1871]. edule rusticum auct. (variety) - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium edule var. rustica: Cardiidae. Lower Amstelien and Recent. RECORDS ... 1937 Altena: Cardium edule var. rustica auct. nec Linne 1758 = Cardium edule edule Linne 1758 [L. Amstelien] . edule rusticum Chemnitz, 1782 . Non binominal. (variety). - Not available. » Regarding Cardium edule var. rusticum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1866 Issei: Cardium edule Linneo. var. rustica Chemnitz. "1867 Hidalgo: Cardium edule var. rusticum Chemnitz et Lamarck (non. Linne = Cardium edule). ··1868 ZR: Cardium edule var. rusticum (Chemn. not L.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1876 Grimm: Cardium edule Linne c. var. rusticum. ··1876 Grimm: Cardium edule, L. var. rusticum. [reference to Martens] . "1890 Woodward: Cardium edule var. (rusticum Chemn.) - Aral, Caspian, Black Sea. ··1897 Marshall: Cardium edule var. rustica Chemnitz. ··1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Cardium edule var. rusticum Chemnitz. edule rusticum Jeffreys (variety) . - No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium edule L. var. rustica: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1882 Cooke: Cardium edule L. var. rustica Jeffreys. ··190 I Chaster et al.: Cardium edule var. rustica Jeffreys. edule rusticum Lamarck (variety). - No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1876 ZR: Cardium edule (L.) var. rusticum (Lam.), in the Caspian Sea, rather small and sharply angulated [Ref. Grimm 1876]. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule var. rusticum Lamarck. Moree, B37540. edule rusticum Linne, 1758 (variety). -Linne is probably error pro Chemnitz . Linne did not describe var. rusticum. RECORDS. ··1890 Bofil y Poch: Cardium edule Linne var. (ex forma) rusticum Linne. edule sedecimcostata Bede, 1948 (variety). - New combination: Cerastoderma sedecimcostata (Bede, 1948). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1948 ZR: Cardium edule var. l6-costata Bede, 1948 nov. El Ariana type in Co!. Servo Geo!. TW1is. edule sublamarcki Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1902 (variety) . - Synonym of Cerastoderma belgicum eismai. » Regarding Cardium edule var. sublamarcki: Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg, p. 326: Cardium edule var. sublamarcki D. & D. n. var. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium edule var. sublamarcki in Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1902-1920, non fig. 17-20 = Cerastoderma (s.s.) belgicum eismai. edule umbonata Wood, 1850 (variety). - Cerastoderma edule var. umbonata (Wood 1850). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium edule var. umbonata Wood 1850 = Cerastoderma edule var. umbonata (Wood). ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium edule var. umbonata Wood. edule xglaucum. - RECORDS. ··1973 ZR: Cardium edule xc. glaucum. Artificial interspecific hybridisation. In captivity. Ref. to Kingston. Edulicardium Monterosato, 1923 (genus). - Synonym of Cerastoderma Po Ii, 1795. RECORDS. "1980. Vokes: Edulicardium (genus) Monterosato, 1923 [= Cerastoderma Poli, 1795]. *eduliforme. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium eduliforme from 2 sources: Roemer, 1836. - M'Coy (?year). eduliforme M'Coy. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" eduliforme M'Coy. Not in Cardiidae. Carboniferous. TYPE LOCALITY. Ireland. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium eduliforme M'Coy. eduliforme Roemer, 1836. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " eduliforme Roemer, 1836. Cardiidae. RECORDS . ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium eduliforme Roemer. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2076: Cardium eduliforme FA Roemer, 1836. edulilla (mode). - See under edulinum . *edulinum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium edulinum from 2 sources: Sowerby, 1821 . - Conyb .. (?year). edulillum Conyb. - Synonym. Combination to be revised : "Cardium" crassum Df. » Regarding Cardium edulinum: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1832 Bronn: Cardium edulinum S1. 393; Conyb. Phil. (Recent & fossil) = Cardium crassum Df. edulinum Sowerby, 1821. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758).» Regarding Cardium edulinum: Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium edulinum. "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium edulinum Sowerby (1827) [fossil] = Cardium edule Linne . ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium edulinum Sow. = Cardium var. edule. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium edulina Sowerby, 1821 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. "1924 Schlesch: Cardium edulinum Sowerby ? Pliocene. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2076: Cardium edulina Sowerby, 1821 . ··1937 Altena: Cardium edule edulinum 1. Sowerby 1821. (M. Pliocene). edwards; Deshayes, 1858. - Synonym of Nemocardium semigranulatum (Deshayes). » Regarding Protocardium edwardsi: Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Paris Basin, France. RECORDS . ··1886 Cossmann: Pr%cardium edwardsi (Deshayes). ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Nemocardium edwardsi (Deshayes). "1925 Woodring, p. 146: Cardium edwardsi Deshayes. Eocene, Paris Basin. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Nemocardium (s.s.) edwardsi (Deshayes, 1858). "1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) edwardsi (Deshayes, 1858). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium edwardsi Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865] vol. \: 57 \. ··1995 Le Renard et al.: Nemocardium (s. Sir.) edwardsi [Cardium edwardsi] Deshayes, 1858 (= semigranulatum) . .. 1995 Pacaud & Renard : Nemocardium (Nemocardium) edwardsi. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Nemocardium edwardsi Deshayes. Thanetien. France (Bassin de Paris), i. a. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 493 egerense - eLattocostatum egerense Roth v. Telegd, 1914. - Changed combination: Combination to be revised: "Cardium" egerense Roth v. Telegd, 1914. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1914 ZR: Cardium egerense Roth v. Telegd, 1914 sp. n. Upper Oligocene Hungary. egmontianum Shuttleworth, 1856. - Trachycardium egmontianum (Shuttleworth, 1856). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trachycardium isocardia (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium egmontianum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Egmont Key, entrance. RECORDS. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium egmontianum Sh. ··1902 Dall: Cardium egmontianum Shuttleworth, 1856 = Cardium isocardia Linnaeus, 1758. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: Cardium egmontianum Shuttleworth, 1856 = Trachycardium isocardium egmontianum. ··1921 Maury: egmontianum Shuttleworth, 1856 = Cardium (Trachycardium) isocardia Linnaeus, 1758. ··1944 ZR: Trachycardium egmontianum Shuttwth. [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944). ··1970 ZR: Trachycardium egmontianum gi II ci lia, nervous and chemical stimulation [Ref. Aiello 1970). ··1974 Abbott : Trachycardium egmontianum (Shuttleworth, 1856). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium egmontianum Shuttleworth = Laevicardium isocardia Linne. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium egmontianum Shuttleworth, 1856; vol. 5: 172. ··1981 ZR: Trachycardium egmontianum. Ref. to Stanley. ··1990 Dance: Trachycardium egmontianum (Shuttleworth, 1856). ··1999 Vidal: Trachycardium (Trachycardium) egmontianum (Shuttleworth, 1856). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: 1 specimen from Sanibel Island, Florida. 2 shells from west coast oflsla de Ceralbo, Gulf of California, Tampa Bay, Florida. ··1901 Dall & Simpson: the common form of C. isocardia in Florida has 27-30 ribs, and the spinose decoration is less dense than that in the typical West Indian form, which has 30--35 ribs. In the former that periostracum is more dense and dull coloured, and the channels between the ribs, owing to the lessdeveloped sculpture, appear wider. This variety was named C. egmontianum by Shuttleworth, and the name seems worthy of retention in a varietal sense. The typical C. isocardia is brighter coloured and has more yellow inside than the variety. DISTRIBUTION. ··1990 Dance: North Carolina, US, West Indies. ··Of authors: Transatlantic, Caribbean. egregium Yokoyama, 1926. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" egregium Yokoyama, 1926. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1926 Yokoyama, p. 354, pI. 39, fig . 10: Cardium? egregium n. sp. "1927 ZR: Cardium egregium Yokoyama, 1927a sp. n. Tertiary Japan. eicltwaLdi Krynicki, 1837. - Synonym of Didacna baeri (Grimm) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Didacna crass a (Eichwald, 1829). » Regarding Cardium eichwaldi: Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. REMARKS . Cardium eichwaldi Krynicki is a very different species compared with Cardium eichwaldi Reeve. RECORDS. ··1841 Eichwald: Cardium eichwaldi Krynicki = Didacna crassa (Eichwald, 1829). ··1847 Siemaschko: jun. syn. Cardium eichwaldi Kryn = Didacna crassa Eichw. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium eichwaldi Kriniky sic. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium eichwaldi Krynicki = Didacna crassa. ··1890 Woodward: Didacna eichwaldi Krynicki - Black Sea. ··1903 Andrussoff: Cardium eichwaldi Krynicki, 1837 Cardium crassum Eichwald, 1829 (non Gme!.). ··1903 Andrussoff: Cardium eichwaldi Kryn in Middendorff 1849 = Cardium crassum Eichw. ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Cardium eichwaldi Krynicki, 1837 non Reeve, 1845 = Didacna baeri (Grimm). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Monodacna eichwaldi [author not stated]. Caspian Sea, URSS, B37638. eichwaLdii Reeve, 1845 . [Figs . Part 1 p. 142. Part 3. p. 851). - Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium rusticum fide Eichwald 1841. - Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758). - Cardium vaT. edule. - Cerastoderma lamarcki (Reeve). - Ceras/oderma umbonatum (Wood, 1850). - Cerastoderma glaucum eichwaldi (Reeve, 1845). » Regarding Cardium eichwaldi: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH; Cardium eichwaldii Reeve Possible type reg. no. 1975622, Neg. No. 0232. RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium eichwaldii. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium eichwaldii = Cardium rusticum (fide Eichwald 1841) not Linne, nor Lamarck. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium eichwaldi Reeve. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium eichwaldi Reeve = Cardium edule Linne. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerastoderma) eichwaldi Reeve. ··1871 Morch, p. 215, No. 202: Cardium eichwaldi Reeve = Cardium (Ceras/oderma) edule L. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium Eichwaldi Reeve = Cardium var. edule. ··1890 Paete1: Adacna eichwaldi R v. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium eichwaldi R v. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium eichwaldi Reeve, 1844 = Cardium (Ceras/oderma) edule Linne, 1758. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2085: Cardium eichwaldi Reeve, 1845. ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Cardium eichwaldi Reeve, 1844 (non Krynicki, 1837) = Cerastoderma lamarcki (Reeve). ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum eichwaldi (Reeve, 1845). ··1974 Starobogatov: Cardium eichwaldi Reeve, 1844 (non Krynicki, 1837) = Ceras/oderma umbonatum (Wood, 1850). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium eichwaldii Reeve = Cardium edule Linne. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell nearly ovate, rather thick, very gibbons, slightly angulated on the posterior side, strongly ribbed, about 22-23 ribs, more or less indistinctly tuberculated; transversely roughly striated; whitish, interior white, faintly stained with livid brown on the posterior side. REMARKS. This species, which is intermediate between the Cardium edule and Cardium lamarckii, should, 1 think, be distinguished on account of its tuberculated structure, and further peculiarity of form. DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve: Caspian Sea. eismai (subspecies). - See under belgicum eismai Glibert & Poel, 1970. elae Mirkama10va, 1958. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " elae Mirkamalova, 1958. Cardiidae. Palaeogene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Cardium elae Mirkama1ova, 1958 sp. nov. Besh-Bulak, Sumsarsk beds, Palaeogene. Kyzyl Kum, USSR elaeforme. - Conocardium elaeforme. Conocardiidae. Palaeozoicum. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Conocardium elaeforme [Ref. Branson 1960a]. elattocostatum Woodring, 1925. - New combination: Fragum elattocostatum (Woodring, 1925). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1925 Woodring, p. 141, pI. 19, fig. = 494 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) elatum - elegantula 7: Cardium (Fragum) elattocostatum new species. etatum Reeve, Say. - See under elatum Sowerby, 1833. elatum Sowerby, 1833. [Figs. Part I p. 106, 131 , 175, 176. Part 3 . p. 892] . - Changed combination: Laevicardium elatum (Sowerby, 1833). Cardiidae. Pleistocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Hab. ad Guyamas in Sinu Californiense (Sowerby 1833). Guyamas, Sonora, Mexico, in the Gulf of California, at low water in sandy mud (Hertlein & Strong 1947). RECORDS . --1833 Sowerby, in Broderip & Sowerby, p. 84: Cardium elatum. --1834 Sowerby, 46 th part, fig. 3: Cardium elatum nobis. --1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 5, No. 65: Cardium elatum Sow. --1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium elatum (Sowerby No. 65). --1841 Reeve p. 98, pI. 73, fig. 3: Cardium elatum. --1844 Reeve, sp. 41: Cardium elatum. --1846 Valenciennes: Cardium elatum Reeve sic. --1857 Carpenter: Cardium eta tum Sow. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium elatum Sow. "1860 Carpenter: Cardium elatum Sow. --1864 Carpenter: Liocardium elatum Sby. "1867 Mitchell: Cardium etatum Sow. -·1869 Romer: Cardium elatum Sow. --1872 Tryon: Laevicardium elatum Sow. --1877 Yates: Liocardium elatum Say sic. -·1890 Paetel: Laevicardium elatum Sow. "1895 Mabille: Cardium elatum Sow... 1895 Steams: Cardium (Liocardium) elatum, Sowerby. --1901 Dall: Cardium (Laevicardium) eta tum Sowerby, 1833. "1907 Kelsey: Liocardium elatum Sow. "1916 Dall; Laevicardium elatum Sow. --1909 Lamy : Cardium elatum Sow. -·1921 Dall: Laevicardium eta tum Sow. --1922-32 Sherborn, 2089: Cardium elatum Sowerby, 1833. --1924 Oldroyd: Cardium elatum Sowerby, 1833. --1931 Grant & Gale: Laevicardium elatum Sow. ··1932 Pilsbry & Lowe: Cardium (Laevicardium) elatum Sby. "1933 Lowe: Cardium elatum Sow. -·1933 ZR: Cardium elatum [Ref. Allan 1933] . "1937 Keen: Laevicardium elatum. --1944 Burch: Laevicardium elatum Sow. --1945 Burch: Laevicardium elatum Sow. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Laevicardium) etatum Sowerby, 1833. --1951 Palmer: Cardium elatum Sow. -·1954 Abbott: Laevicardium elatum Sow. "1958 Keen: Laevica rdium etatum Sow. "1960 Morris: Laevicardium elatum Sow. "1961 Olsson: Laevicardium etatum Sow. -·1964 Parker: Laevicardium elatum (Sowerby, 1833). --1964 Shikama: Laevicardium elatum. --1965 Coan: Laevicardium elatum Sow. --1966 Brann: Cardium elatum Sow. --1966 Morris: Laevicardium elatum Sow. --1967 Dushane & Poorman: Laevicardium elatum Sow. --1968 Abbott: Laevicardium elatum Sow. ·-1970 Glibert & Poel : Laevicardium etatum (Sowerby). -·1971 Keen & McLean: Laevicardium etatum (Sowerby, 1833). --1974 Abbott: Laevicardium elatum (Sowerby, 1833). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium eta tum Sowerby. -·1995 Poutiers: Laevicardium eta/um (Sowerby, 1833). --2000 Coan et at.: Laevicardium eta tum (Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby 1833). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell large, very convex; radially grooved. OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: Gulf of California. --ZMUC: 2 specimens (labeled C VIII Cuming) St. Elena, West Columbia). Perfect agreement with Reeve No. 41. California-Panama eta tum Sowerby, 1833. --ZMUC: Gulf of California, 64 m shelly sand, 69 m sand, 82 m sand, 68-70 m sand, 15 m shelly sand, 34 m sand. DESCRIPTIONS. --1844 Reeve: shell ovate, oblique, very large, radiately ridged, about 43 flatly convex ridges, obsolete towards the umbones, extreme posterior and anterior areas smooth; citron yellow, interior white. --1971 Keen: the very inflated shell shows only faint traces of ribs; even these are wanting at the anterior and posterior margins. The shell is yellow, with a few brown streaks on some specimens; the interior is white. There is a smooth, hom colored periostracum. Specimens have been found from southern California south as far as Panama, but the species is apparent most common (though far from abundant) on mud flats in the Gulf of California and along the outer coast of Lower California. Young specimens a noticeably different in proportion from adult shells, being broader for the height, and are buff rather than yellow, with faint brown markings. -·ZMUC My observations : shell oval, somewhat oblique, very ventricose, yellow with a thin brownish periostracum; surface ornamented with numerous shallow radiating ' grooves; the anterior and posterior margins smooth; 45--48 ribs; ventral margin serrated and interlocking. REMARKS. --1844 Reeve : this and the Cardium pseudolima are by far the largest species of the genus. DIMENSIONS. --1947 Hertlein & Strong: height 170 mm, or slightly higher. HABITAT. --1844 Reeve: found on mud-banks at low water. --1971 Keen & McLean: on mud flats . ·-ZMUC: gravel, sand, shelly sand, muddy sand at 13-278 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. "1844 Reeve Califomia. --1884 Grasset : California. --1971 Keen & McLean: Southern California to Panama. --ZMUC: Gulf of California, Panama, St. Elena, West Columbia. eldaricum. - Cerastoderma etdaricum. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1977 Popov: Cerastoderma eldaricum. electum. - Changed combination: Moquicardium electum. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Moquicardium) electum. "1987 Taktakishvili : Moquicardium electum. *eiegans. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium elegans from 3 sources: MUnster, 1840. - Nyst, 1845. - Orbigny, 1850. elegans Gregorio, 1930. - Dicerocardium elegans Gregorio, 1930. Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS. --1936 ZR: Dicerocardium elegans Gregorio, 1930 sp. n. Lias Palermo. elegaflS Munster, 1840. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " elegans Munster, 1840. ?Family. Fossil RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium elegans (cardiola sic) Munster, 1840. e/egans Nyst, 1845. - Replaced by "Cardium" elegantulum Deshayes. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium cingula tum Goldfuss, 1840. » Regarding Cardium elegans: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ·-1857 Deshayes: Cardium etegans Nyst, 1843 - C. elegantulum Deshayes . "1886 Vincent: Cardium elegans Nyst = Cardium cingula tum Goldfuss, 1840. ·-1922-32 Sherborn, 2095: Cardium elegans Nyst, 1845. elegans Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " etegans d ' Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, 2095: Cardium elegans d'Orbigny, 1850. elegans (variety). - See under tuberculatum elegans Brusina, 1865. elegantula (mode). - See under elegantulum. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 495 elegantula - elenense apicinum elegantula Cox, 1946. - Tutcheria elegantula Cox, 1946. Cardiac ea. Lower Lias. REcORDs. ··1946 ZR: Tutcheria elegantula Cox, 1946. sp. nov. Lower Lias Web's Pit, Bow Bridge, .near Pershore, Wores. elegantula Dickins, 1963. - Cypricardinia? elegantula Dickins, 1963. Cardiacea. Pennian. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Cypricardinia ? elegantula Dickins, 1963 sp. nov. Fossil Cliff, Irwin River area, W. Australia, Pennian. elegantulata Vokes, 1956. - Liapistha elegantulata Vokes, 1956. Cardiacea. Cretaceous. REcORDs. ··1956 ZR: Liapistha elegantulata Vokes, 1956 nom. nov. for Cardium elegantulum Roemer, 1849 (non Beck, 1842) Austin Chalk, Cretaceous, Texas [Ref. Vokes 1956]. *elegantulum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium elegantulum from 5 sources: Beck in Moller, 1842,Romer, 1849. - Orbigny, 1850. - Deshayes, 1853.Uspenskaia, 1931. elegantu!um Beck in Moller, 1842. [Figs. Part 1 p. 178]. - Char, ｾ･､＠ combination: Caethemia elegantulum (Beck, in Moller, 1842). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. West Greenland, clay, gravel, pebble, in 55109 m (Schi0tte & Waren 1992). TYPE REPOSITORY. 2 syntypesZMUC BIV-12 & BIY. 13; 2 syntypes SMNH 3837; 5 syntypes BMNH 1843.6.30.238-242 (Schi0tte & Waren 1992) RECORDS. ··1842 Beck in Moller, p. 93: Cardium elegantulum. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerastaderma) elegantulum Beck. ··1860 Stimpson: Cardium elegantulum Moll. ··1868 Morch: Cardium (Cerastaderma) elegantulum Beck. ··1873 Tryon: Cardium elegantulum Beck in Morch, 1857. ··1878 ZR: Cardium elegantulum (Beck), Finmark, 30--50 fath. [Ref. Sars 1878]. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium elegantulum. Moll. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium elegantulum Moll. ··1901 Friele & Grieg: Cardium elegantulum Beck, 1842. ··1902 Dall: Cardium (Cerastaderma) elegantulum Beck, 1842. ··1912 Jensen: Cardium elegantulum (Beck) M011er, 1842. ··1934 Johnson: Cardium elegantulum Beck 1842. ··1939 McLean: Cardium (Cerastaderma) elegantulum Beck. ··1939 ZR: Cardium (Cerastaderma) elegantulum fig. [Ref. McLean 1939]. ··1944 ZR: Cerastaderma elegantulum Beck [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944a]. ··1953 La Rocque: Cerastaderma elegantulum Beck in Moller 1842. ··1969 Nordsieck: Vepricardium elegantulum (Beck, 1875). "1974 Clarke: Cerastaderma elegantulum (Beck). ··1974 Abbott: Cerastaderma elegantulum Beck, in Moller, 1842. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium elegantulum Moller. ··1977 Lambiotte: Caethemia elegantulum. ··1979 Lambiotte: Cardium elegantulum Beck in Moller, 1842. Type species of the genus Caethemia Lambiotte, 1979. Monotypic. ··1979 ZR: Cardium elegantulum Beck in Moller 1842. Designated type species for new genus. Caethemia. Ref. to Lambiotte, p. 53. ··1983 ZR: Cardium elegantulum. Barents Sea. Ref. to Jacobson. ··1986 Backeljau e/ at.: Vepricardium elegantulum (Beck, 1875 sic). ··1992 Schi0tte & Waren, figs. 82-83, 94: Cardium elegan/ulum MoHer 1842. ··1998 Schneider: Cae/hemia elegantula (Moller, 1842 ex Beck MS). ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Caethemia elegantulum (Moller, 1842). ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Caethemia elegantulum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··2001 Vidal: two siphons. No eyes. DIMENSIONS. ··1939 McLean: 11.5 x 10 x 7 mm; ribs 22-28. ··ZMUC: BIV-12: 7.7 mm long (Schi0tte & Waren 1992) REMARKS. 1992 Schi0tte & Waren: stated that the genus Caethemia Lambiotte, 1979 may tum out to be a synonym for some North Pacific genus. DISTRlBUTION. ··1884 Grasset: Greenland. ··1969 Nordsieck: Greenland, Spitzbergen. ··Of authors: North Atlantic. elegantulum Deshayes, 1853. New name. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" elegantulum Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium elegantulum Deshayes new name for Cardium elegans Nyst. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium elegantulum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48,70. elegantulum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" elegantulum Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1850 Orbigny, p. 198: Cardium elegantulum. ··1939 McLean: Cardium elegantulum. elegantulum Romer, 1849. - New name: Liapistha elegantulata Vokes, 1956. » Regarding Cardium elegan/ulum: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Texas (Stoliczka 1871). RECORDS. ··1869 Romer, p. 405: Cardium elegantulum. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2096: Cardium elegantulum C.F. Roemer, 1849. ··1939 McLean: Cardium elegantulum. ··1956 ZR: Cardium elegantulum Roemer, 1849 (non Beck, 1842) Austin Chalk, Cretaceous, Texas = Liapistha elegantulata Vokes, 1956 nom. nov. [Ref. Vokes 1956]. elegantulum U spenskaia, 1931. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" elegantulum Uspenskaia, 1931. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Cardium elegantulum Uspenskaia, 1931 n. sp. Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. elenense (mode). - See under elenensis. elenense apicinum Carpenter, 1864. - Changed combination: Laevicardium elenense (Sowerby, 1834). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium elenense apicinum Carpenter, 1864. » Regarding Cardium apicinum elenense: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Cape San Lucas, Lower California. RECORDS. ··1864 Carpenter: Cardium (Laevicardium) elenense fonna apicinum. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium apicinum elenense Carpenter. ··1957 Emerson & Puffer: Cardium (Laevicardium) elenense fonna apicinum (Carpenter), 1864. ··1961 Olsson: Laevicardium (Laevicardium) elenense apicinum Carpenter, 1864. ··1963 Palmer: Laevicardium elenense apicinum (Carpenter) in Hertlein and Strong, 1947,p. 146; Keen, 1958,p.120; Olson, 1961, p. 256. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Cardium elenense apicinum = Laevicardium elenense (Sowerby, 1834). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium apicinum elenense Carp. = Laevicardium elenense Sowerby. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. See under Cardium elenense. REMARKS. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: the subspecies Cardium elenense apicinum Carpenter is very close to Cardium elenense Sowerby. By some authors (e.g. Hertlein & Strong 1947) considered a valid subspecies. Some of the northern specimens appear to be separable as a subspecies. They are broader with more spotted colouring both exteriorly and interiorly (Hertlein & Strong 1947). Not recognised as a subspecies by Keen & McLean (1971) and Fischer-Piette (1977). HABITAT. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: in 35 fathoms on a sand and weed bottom. DISTRlBUTlON. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Gulf of California to Isla Grande, West Mexico, and 496 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) elenense apicinum - elocallensis probably to Peru. ··1971 Keen & McLean: northern Gulf of California. elenense apicinum (forma). - See under elenense apicinum Carpenter, 1864. elenensis Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part I p. 118, 143. Part 3. p. 892] . - Changed combination: Laevicardium elenense (Sowerby, 1840). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium substriatum (Conrad, 1837). » Regarding Cardium elenensis: Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. ··1840 Sowerby: Santa Elena, Ecuador, ad Sanctam E1enam, H. Cuming legit. RECORDS . ··1840 Sowerby, 181 th part, fig. 58: Cardium elenensis nobis. ··1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. Lond. p. 109: Cardium elenense. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 6, No. 73: Cardium elenensis, Sow. "1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium elenensis (Sowerby, No. 73). "1843 Hanley: Cardium elenense Sow. "1845 Reeve, sp. 104: Cardium elenense. "1846 Orbigny: Cardium elenense Sow. 1840. ··1854 Gray: Cardium elenense Sow. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium Elenense, Sow. ··1860. Morch: Cardium elenense Sow. ··1864 Carpenter: C. elenense [Peru] almost identical with Liocardium substriatum, Conr. ··1868 ZR: Cardium elenense (Sow.) shortly characterized [Ref. Romer 1868] . "1869 Romer: Cardium elenense Sow. ··1872 Carpenter: Cardium elenense Sow. ··1872 Tryon: Laevicardium elenense Sow. ··1877 Marrat: Cardium (Laevicardium) elenense, Sow. "1884 Grasset: Laevicardium elenense. Sow. .. 1890 Paetel: Laevicardium elenensis Sow. "1900 Dall: Cardium elenense Sow. "1909 Lamy: Cardium elenense Sow. ··1909 Dall: Cardium elenense Sow. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2112: Cardium elenense Sowerby, 1841. .. 1924 Olsson : Cardium elenense Sow. "1928 Tomlin: Laevicardium elenense (Sow.). ··1932 Pilsbry & Lowe: Cardium (Laevicardium) elenense Sby. ··1932 Soot-Ryen : Laevicardium elenense Sow. ··1934 Hertlein: Cardium elenense Sowerby [fossil]. "1938 Bales: Laevicardium elenensis Sow. ··1941 Pilsbry & Olsson: Laevicardium elenense Sowerby (also spelled elenensis Sby. in the same paper) [Pliocene]. ··1942 Durham: Laevicardium elenense Sow. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Laevicardium) elenense Sowerby. "1955 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Laevicardium) elenense Sowerby. ··1957 Soot-Ryen: Trachycardium elenense Sow. ··1957 ZR: Laevicardium elenense first record from Peru, southern extension or range (Ref. Soot-Ryen 1957]. ··1958 Keen: Laevicardium elenense Sow. "1961 Olsson: Cardium elenense Sow. ··1964 Parker: Laevicardium elenense (Sowerby, 1840?). ··1967 Dushane & Poorman: Laevicardium elenense Sow. ··1971 Keen: Laevicardium elenense Sow. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Laevicardium elenense (Sowerby, 1840). ··1974 Abbott: Laevicardium elenense Sow. ··1977 Fischer- Piette: Laevicardium elenense Sow. ··2000 Coan et al.: Cardium elenense Sowerby, 1840? = Laevicardium substriatum (Conrad, 1837) . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: South California, Panama. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell thin, ovate, somewhat attenuated towards the umbones; transversely and longitudinally striated, transverse striae very fine and close-set, longitudinal striae rather broad and comparatively distant; pale fulvous, painted with triangular spots of reddish brown dots, posterior area unspotted; umbones livid purple, interior banded with brownish red ... 1971 Keen: shell thin, smooth, oval, gently inflated, externally coloured reddish-yellow and brown, with brown or purple dots, interiorly with reddish-brown bands or, in some specimens, almost completely reddish-brown. Weathered specimens usually show the presence of fine radial sculpture. The shells are thin and nearly smooth; eternally brown and yellow with brown or purple dots, internally with reddish brown uniformly or in bands. Fine radial ribs can be made out in worn specimens. Magdalena Bay, Lower California, through the Gulf and south to Ecuador, rare intertidally, mainly offshore in depths to 50 fathoms. The name derived from Santa Elena, Ecuador, the type locality. A northern subspecies has been recognized by some authors. L. elenense apicinum (Carpenter 1864), said to be broader, with more spotted coloring. DIMENSIONS ... 1840 Sowerby: long. 0.75 poll. (length 19 mm), lat. 0.50 poll. (width 13 mm), alt. 0.75 poll (height 19 mm). REMARKS. 1840, 1841 Sowerby p. 6, No. 73 : C. elenensis is not so much elongated posteriorly as in C. brasi/ianum; not coloured in radiating lines. "1845 Reeve: The minute dotted painting of this shell is one of its characteristic features. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium elenense is very close to the subspecies Cardium elenense apicinum Carpenter. Differences are found in a narrower form of Cardium elenense and in the colour patterns . Cardium elenense is also close to the generally more northern Cardium substriatum Conrad from southern California, but it is smaller and displays colour di fferences. HABITAT. ··1840 Sowerby: shelly sand at 7 fathoms. ··1845 Reeve: found in sandy mud at the depth of 7 fathoms . ··1971 Keen & McLean: intertidal to depths of 90 m. ··ZMUC: sand, shelly sand, clayey sand, 0-64 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: St. Elena, W. Columbia ... 1884 Grasset: Columbia Occ. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Galapagos Islands. "1971 Keen & McLean: from Baja California to Peru. ··ZMUC Gulf of California, Panama. elevata Gillet, 1970. - Prosodacna elevata Gillet, 1970. [Miocene, Lymnocardiidae] . RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Prosodacna elevata Gillet, 1970 sp. nov. Miocene, 'Monte dei Corvi' deposits, Ancona district, Italy. eliai Shalem, 1929. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " eliai Shalem, 1929. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium eliai Shalem, 1929 sp. n. Cenomanian Palestine. elizabetae. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" elizabetae. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Cardium elizabetae, fossil [Ref. Vascautanu 1930]. e/lipticum Schafhautl, 1863. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" ellipticum Schafhautl, 1863. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium ellipticum Schafhautl, 1863; p. 166, pI. 39, fig. 5. elnaggari Abbass, 1972. - Agnocardia elnaggari (Abbass, 1972). Cardiidae. Upper Eocene. RECORDS. ··1972 Abbass: Cardium (Agnocardia) elnaggari (fide Schneider 2002). ··1978 ZR: Cardium (Acanthocardia) elnaggari Abbass, 1978 sp. nov. Egypt. Ref. to Abbass p. 157 fig'd. ··2002 Schneider: Agnocardia elnaggari (Abbass, 1972). elocanensis Tavani, 1948. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" elocanensis Tavani, 1948. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1948 ZR: Cardium elocanensis Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 497 elongata - elongatum Tavani, 1948 sp. nov. Cretaceous Somali land. elongata (mode, subspecies, variety). - See under elongatum Bruguiere, 1789. - See under carboni/era elongata Stevanovic, 1979. - See under isseli var. elongala Androussov, 1923. - See under pseudomulticostatum var. elongata Baghdasaryan, 1961. - See under trigonoides var. elongata Pravoslavleff,1913. elongatafuiele Vidal, 1992. - See also underfidele Vidal, 1992. elongata Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part I p. 146, 147]. Synonym of Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). » Regarding Tridacna elongata: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1845 Chenu, pIs. 1, 2: Tridacna elongata Lamarck. ··1868 ZR: Tridacna eiongata [Ref. Kuster 1868]. "1879 ZR: Tridacna eiongata (Lam.). On its variability in shape [Ref. Martens 1879]. "1902 ZR: Tridacna eiongata anatomy and morphology [Ref. Lacaze-Duthiers 1902b] . .. 1903 ZR: Trida cna elongata Rve. nec Lamarck replaced by Tridacna reevei Hidalgo, 1903 n.n. ··1918 ZR: Tridacna elongata [Ref. Hedley 1918b]. "1931 ZR: Tridacna elongata Ref. to Tamura (1931). "1932 ZR: Tridacna elongata [Ref. Lamy 1932] ... 1936 ZR: Tridacna elongata [Ref. Gruvel 1936]. ··1937 ZR: Tridacna elongata [Ref. Merle 1937]. "1946 ZR: Tridacna elongata mande chambers, figs. [Ref. Mansour 1946]. "1946 ZR : Tridacna elongata Zooxanthellae in visceral mass [Ref. Mansour 1946]. "1950 ZR: Tridacna elongata morphological and histological characteristics [Ref. Mansour 1950]. "1963 ZR : Trida cna elongata, orientation and form [Ref. Stasek 1963]. "1964 ZR: Tridacna elongata crenated folds in the midgut gJand , [Ref. Nakazima 1964]. .. 1999 Higo et af.: Tridacna elongata Lamarck, 1819 = Tridacna (Flodacna) maxima (Roding, 1798) Tridacnidae. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 186: Tridacna elongata Lamarck . Synonym of Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). elongata Martinson, 1959. - Pseudocardinia elongata Martinson, 1959. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1959 ZR: Pseudocardinia elongata Martinson, 1959 sp. nov. Fergana, fossil, USSR elongata Sokolov, 1899. - Parvicardium elongata (Sokolov, 1899). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Parvicardium elongata (Sokolov, 1899) (p. 59, my print is unclear? olongata). elongata okinawaense Kuroda, 1960 (subspecies). Cha nged combination: Vasti cardium okinawaense (Kuroda, 1960). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Acrosterigma elongata okinawaense (Kuroda, 1960). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Yaeyama islands, Okinawa prefecture (Higo et af. 1999). RECORDS. ··1999 Higo et ai.: Trachycardium eiongata okinawaense Kuroda, 1960. ··1999 Higo et aJ.: Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) elongata okinawaense (Kuroda, 1960). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. ··1999 Higo et al.: Intertidal to 20 m, sand. DISTRIBUTION. ··1999 Higo et al.: Okinawa islands and southwards. elongata okinawaense. - See also under okinawaense Kuroda, 1960. elongatissima Bianconi, 1856. - Synonym of Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819. » Regarding Tridacna elongatissima: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1879 ZR : T. elongatissima (Bianconi) is not sufficiently distinct from Tridacna elongata (Lam.) [Ref. Martens 1879]. ··1980 Ruhoff: Trida cna eiongatissima Bianconi, 1856; p. 41. ··1980 Ruhoff: Tridacna elongatissima Bianconi, 1856; vol. 7: 408, pI. 25, fig. 2. ··1999 Higo el al.: Tridacna e/ongatissima Bianconi, 1856 = Tridacna (Flodacna) squamosa Lamarck, 1819 Tridacnidae. elongatoplana (subspecies) . - See under subcatillus elongatoplana Popov, 1983 . *elongatum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium elongatum from 10 sources : Bruguiere, 1789. - Bosc s.a Deterville, 1801. - Montagu, 1803 . - Sowerby, 1815.-Wood, 1815. -Turton, 1822. - Sowerby, 1831. - Bronn, 1834. - Agassiz in Sowerby, 1841 . - Thomas & Peron, 1891 . elongatum Agassiz in Sowerby, 1841 . - Conocardium elongatum Agassiz in Sowerby, 1841 . Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn , 2127 : Conocardium (Sow.) elongatum Agassiz in Sowerby, 1841. - Cardium elongatum Sowerby. elongatum Bosc s.a Deterville, 180 I. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " elongatum Bosc s.a Deterville, RE CORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2126: Cardium elongatum Bosc s.a Deterville, 180 I. elongatum Bronn, 1834. - Conocardium elongatum (Bronn, 1834). Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, 2126: Cardium (Conocardium) elongatum Bronn, 1834. elongatum Bruguiere, 1789. [Figs. Part I p. 58,74,116, 132,172. Part 3. p. 860,861 , inside of back cover]. Changed combination: Vasticardium elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). Cardiidae. Recent. Iredale selected Cochlea nebulosa Martyn = Cardium elongatum Bruguiere, 1789 type species of the genus Vasticardium according to Keen (1980). TYPE MATERIAL. C. elongatum Bruguiere, 1789 is based on seven syntypes belonging to at least two species (Vidal 1993). TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype in the Lamarck coil. Museum national d' Histoire naturelle, Geneva (MHNG) (Voskuil & Onverwagt 1991); lectotype in Geneva MHNGreg. No 1085/54 selected by Vidal (1993). TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype from Philippines (Voskuil & Onverwagt 1991); lectotype unknown (Vidal 1993). RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere p. 228, No. 26: Cardium elongatum Nob. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium elongatum Bruguiere = Cardium leucostomum Born. ··1836 Bose: Cardium elongatum. "1840 Sowerby, 179 th part, sp. 49: Cardium elongatum Lam. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 4, No. 54: Cardium elongatum Lam. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium elongatum (Sowerby, No. 54) . ··1844 Reeve sp . 46 : Cardium elongatum Bruguiere. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium elongatum Brug. "1869 Romer in Kuster pI. 10 figs 8-9: Cardium elongatum [cited by Vidal 1993 : 44] . "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium elongatum Brug. ··1880 Martens: Cardium (Trachycardium) elongatum Bruguiere. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium elongatum Brug. "1902 Sherborn, 324 : Cardium elongatum Bruguiere, 1789. "1906 Melvill & Standen , p. 837 : Cardium (Tra chycardium) elongatum Brug. ··1919 Martin: Cardium elongatum Brug.(?) [fossil]. ··1931 ZR: Cardium elongatum Ref. to WD . Smith (1931). "1937 Keen : Cardium elongatum Bruguiere 1792 = Cardium magnum Linnaeus, 1758 (Maxwell 1978). "1937 Viader : Cardium elongatum Bruguiere = C. nebulosum , Martyn . ··1939 Adam & Leloup: Laevicardium 498 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) elongatum (Trachycardium) elongatum (Bruguiere 1789). "1944 Clench & Smith: Cardium elongatum Bruguiere 1792 of Indonesia origin (Maxwell 1978). "1977 FischerPiette: Cardium elongatum Bruguiere = Cardium leucostomum Born. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium elongatum Bruguiere, 1789. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Acrosterigma elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). "1988 Drivas & Jay: Trachycardium elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). "1990 Dance: Acrosterigma elongata (Bruguiere) = Acrosterigma en ode (Sowerby). "1990 Abbott & Dance: Trachycardium elongatum. "1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Tra chycardium elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead : Acrosterigma elongata (Bruguiere, 1789). "1993 Vidal p. 44: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) elongatum in Springsteen & Leobrera (1986) = Acrosterigma fidele (Vidal , 1992). "1993 Vidal : Trachy cardium (Vasticardium) elongatum in Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 = Acrosterigma fidele (Vidal, 1992). "1993 Vidal, p. 51 , pI. I, figs . I a,b, 3, 7: Acrosterigma e/ongatum elongatllm (Bruguiere, 1789). "1999 Vidal, p. 358: Vasticardium e/ongatum s.s. (Bruguiere, 1789). "1999 Vidal: Vasticardium elongatum elongatum. ··2000 Hylleberg, p. 532 : Vasticardium e/ongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··2001 Schneider & Carter: Trachycardium e/ongatum . ··2001 Vidal, p. 407: Vasticardium e/ongatum . ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63 : Vasticardium elongatum elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 184, Plate 3, fig. 10: Vasti cardium elongatllm (Bruguiere, 1789). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: foundation of anterior lateral teeth is gently curved and moderately strong (non-hooked a ppearance) in elongatum and its subspecies. DESCRIPTIONS. "1844 Reeve: shell elongately ovate, posterior side somewhat square, serrated, radiately ribbed, 43 flattened ribs, very close-set, the anterior very finely crenulated; whitish, ornamented with a few scattered large yellowish spots, ribs, the posterior especially, stained with brown towards the margins. "1999 Vidal : the shell has smooth interstices. DIMENSIONS. "1988 Drivas & Jay: length 69.5 mm, width 86.9 mm. REMARKS. "1844 Reeve: A fine shell in which the ribs are peculiarly flattened, and so closely arranged, that the interstitial grooves have the appearance of deep narrow cuts. "Of authors: More ventricose, and elongated than C. marmoreum and C. orbita, with 39-40 flattened ribs. The synonymy with leucostoma Born is erroneous; this species occurs in the West Indies. HABITAT. "1844 Reeve: found among coral sand in deep water. "1988 Drivas & Jay: Reunion, western Indian Ocean to 12-60 m depth. "1906 Melvill & Standen: not uncommon at 10 fathoms, in sandy mud. DISTRIBUTION . "1840 Sowerby and "1844 Reeve: Ticao, the Philippines. "1884 Grasset: Australia. "1994 Hylleberg: Philippines, Moluccas, Australia. "1999 Vidal: E. Indonesia (Komodo). ,·2000 Hylleberg: Vietnam. "2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: South India. "2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: South Vietnam. elongatum Gerhardt, 1897. - Protocardia elongatum Gerhardt, 1897. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1983 Arango & Gonzalez: Protocardia elongatum Gerhardt, 1897. elongatum Lamarck = elongatum Bruguiere, 1789. elongatum Montagu, 1803. [Figs. Part 1 p. 144]. Synonym of Parvicardium ovate (Sowerby, 1841). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium fasciatum Montagu. Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1791. - Cardium obovale Sowerby. - Parvicardium pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831). » Regarding Cardium elongatllm: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Britain. DISTRIBUTION. Salcombe Bay, Devon (Maton & Racket! 1807); Britain (Reeve 1845). RECORDS. "1803 Montagu, p. 82, No.7: Cardium elongatum n. sp. "1807 Maton & Rackett, No. 14: Cardium elongatum Montagu p. 82. "1813 Fleming: Cardium elongatum Montagu. "1815 Wood: Cardium elongatum Mont. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium elongatum Montagu. "1844 Thorpe: Cardium elongatum. Mont. p. 82 = Cardium obovale. Sow. in C. 1. "1845 Reeve : Cardium elongatum Montagu, 1803 = Cardium ovale new name Sowerby, 1841. "1846 Loven: Cardium elongatum " Mont." Turt. (vix Mont.) = Cardium fas ciatum " Mont.", Reeve 118 (non Mont.). "1856 Wood & Hanley, No. II : Cardium elongatum Mont. T.B. 82 . "1859 Sowerby: C. elongatum = Cardium fasciatum Mont. "1869 Romer: Cardium elongatum Montagu, p. 82 = Cardiumfasciatum Montagu. "192232 Sherborn, 2126: Cardium elongatum Montagu, 1803. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium elongatum Montagu = Cardium exiguum Grnelin ... 2000 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium elongatum Montagu, 1803 not Bruguiere, 1789 is a synonym of Parvicardium pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831). elongatum Sowerby, 1815. - Replaced by C. rostratum Deshayes. » Regarding "Cardium " elongatum : Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium elongatum. Sow. - C. rostratum Desh. "1922-32 Sherborn, 2126: Cardium elongatum Sowerby, 1815. elongatum Sowerby, 1831. - Synonym of Vasticardium leucostomum (Born, 1780). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Vasticardium enode (Sowerby). - Trachycardium magnum (Linne 1758). - Cardium rostra tum Deshayes. » Regarding Cardium elongatum: Cardiidae Recent and fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium elongatum Sowerby - C. rostratum Desh. "1902 Dall: Cardium elongatum Sowerby 1831 = Cardium leucostoma Born, 1780. "1939 McLean: Cardium e/ongatum Sowerby, 1831 = Trach ycardium leucostoma (Born, 1780) . .. 1944 Clench & Smith in Abbott 1958: elongatum Sowerby 1831, junior synonym of magnum Linne 1758. "1977 FischerPiette: Cardium e/ongatum in Sowerby = Cardium enode Sowerby. elongatum Thomas & Peron, 1891 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " elongatum Thomas & Peron. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1891 ZR: Cardium elongatum Cretaceous of Tunis [Ref. Peron 1891]. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.), MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Santonien. Cardium e/ongatum Thomas & Peron. Tunesia (Djekel Feriana), R51453 . elongatum Turton, 1822. - Synonym of Parvicardium ova/e. » Regarding Cardium elongatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1822 Turton, pI. 13, fig . 9: Cardium elongatum. "1888 Kobelt: Cardium e/ongatum Turton = Cardium fasciatum Montagu. "1917 Hidalgo: Cardium elongatum Turton = Cardium fasciatum Montagu. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 499 elongatum - emarginatum elongatum Wood, 1815. - Synonym of Vasticardium leucostomum (Born, 1780). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardiumfasciatum Montagu. » Regarding Cardium elongatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium elongatum Turton, Wood = Cardium fasciatum Montagu. ··1902 Dall: Cardium elongatum Wood, 1815 = Cardium leucostoma Born, 1780. elongatum cipangense Vidal, 1993 (subspecies). [Figs. Part 3. p. 873]. - Upgraded. Vasticardium cipangense (Vidal, 1993).» Regarding Acrosterigma elongatum cipangense: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype and paratype No. I from Tosa, Japan (Vidal 1993). TYPE REPOSITORY. Hirase coil. USNM 346125 (Vidal 1993); para type No. I MNHN, Staadtcoll. 1969 (Vidal 1993). RECORDS. ··1993 Vidal, p. 53, pI. 2, figs. 5 a,b: Acrosterigma elongatum cipangense subsp. nov. "1999 Vidal: Vasticardium elongatum cipangense (Vidal, 1993). "1999 Higo et at.: Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) elongata cipangense Vidal, 1993. ··1999 Vidal, p. 358: Vasticardium elongatum cipangense Vidal, 1993. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. ··1999 Higo et al.: intertidal to 50 m, sand. DISTRIBUTION. ··1999 Vidal: Japan. "1999 Higo et al.: Boso peninsula and southwards. East China Sea. elongatum coralense Vidal, 1993 (subspecies). [Figs. Part 3. p. 873]. - Upgraded. Vasticardium coralense (Vidal, 1993). » Regarding Acrosterigma elongatum coralense: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Noumea, New Caledonia. TYPE REPOSITORY. MNHN (pI. 3 fig 3 in Vidal 1993). RECORDs. ··1993 Vidal, p. 54, pI. I, figs. 5,6; pI. 3, fig. 3: Acrosterigma elongatum coralense subsp. nov. ··1999 Vidal, p. 358: Vasticardium elongatum coralense Vidal, 1993. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1993 Vidal: North East Australia, North California. elongatum enode Sowerby, 1840 (subspecies). [Figs. Part I p. 117. Part 3. p. 860]. - Changed combination: Vasticardium enode (Sowerby, 1840). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Vasticardium elongatum enode (Sowerby, 1840).» Regarding Acrosterigma elongatum enode: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1993 Vidal: Acrosterigma elongatum enode (Sowerby, 1840) downgraded fromA. enode. ··1999 Vidal: Vasticardium elongatum enode. "1999 Vidal: Cardium enode Sowerby, 1840 = Vasticardium elongatum (Bruguiere 1789). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 184: Vasticardium elongatum enode (Sowerby, 1841). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: I specimen from Ceylon studied by Spengler. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: 38 ribs, narrow interstices. DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. 2.30 poll. (length 60 mm), lat. 1.60 poll. (width 41 mm), alt. 2.60 poll (height 66 mm). ··1971 Kuroda et al.: 78 x 99 x 68 mm. REMARKS. ··1840 Sowerby: C. enode has a less ventricose shell, with ribs flatter, terminating in very strong over-wrapping teeth, and closer than in C. elongatum. Based on the original illustration, I suggest that Sowerby fig. 51 could be Vasticardium luteomarginatum. ··1992 Oliver: referred to Cardium en ode Sowerby, 1834 pt. 48 sp. 57, fig. 51 but I find that the first record is Sowerby (1840) I 80 th part fig. 51. HABITAT. "1971 Kuroda et al.: sandy or shelly bottoms from the lower intertidal to 50 m depth. DISTRlBUTION. ··1993 Vidal: West Pacific-Solomon Islands. "1845 Reeve: Ceylon, Indo-West Pacific. ··1884 Grasset: Ceylon. ··1891 Romer: Mazatlan. ··1971 Kuroda et at.: Honshu, Japan, tropical Pacific. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. elongatum enode. - See also under enode Sowerby, 1840. elongatumfidele Vidal, 1992 (subspecies). - Upgraded. Changed combination: Vasticardium fide Ie (Vidal, 1992). » Regarding Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) elongata fidele (Vidal, 1992). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1999 Higo et al.: Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) elongata fidele Vidal, 1992. Type locality: Okinawa. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1999 Higo et al.: Okinawa, India, Malaysia, Burma, Kenya, Madagascar, Philippines. elongatum indioceanum Vidal, 1993 (subspecies). [Figs. Part 3. p. 864]. - Upgraded. Changed combination: Vasticardium indioceanum (Vidal, 1993). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Vasticardium elongatum indioceanum (Vidal, 1993). » Regarding Acrosterigma elongatum indioceanum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Mombassa, Kenya (Vidal, 1993). TYPE REPOSITORY. MNHN (pI. 2 fig 3a-b in Vidal 1993). RECORDS. ··1993 Vidal, p. 53, pI. 2, figs. 3 a,b; pI. 3, figs. I, 2 a,b: Acrosterigma elongatum indioceanum subsp. nov. ··1999 Vidal: Vasticardium elongatum indioceanum (Vidal, 1993). ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Vasticardium elongatum indioceanum (Vidal, 1993).CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1993 Vidal: Indian Ocean from East Africa to Thailand. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: S. India. elongatum wilsoni Voskui I & Onverwagt, 1991 (subspecies). [Figs. Part 3. p. 872]. - Upgraded. Changed combination: Vasticardium wilsoni (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Vasticardium elongatum wilsoni (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). » Regarding Acrosterigma elongatum wilsoni: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Broome, Western Australia. TYPE REPOSITORY. NNM 56583 (Vidal 1993). REMARKS. Subspecies elongatum wilsoni downgraded from A. wilsoni by Vidal (1993). RECORDS. ··1993 Vidal: Acrosterigma elongatum wilsoni (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). "1999Vidal,p. 358: Vasticardium elongatum wilsoni (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 184, Plate 3, fig. 11. Vasticardium elongatum wilsoni (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION ... 1993 Vidal: North West Australia. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. elongatum (variety). - See under maxima vaT. elongatum Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. elucubratum Millet, 18547 - Synonym of: "Cardium" andreae Dujardin, 1837. Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium elucubratum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium elucubratum Millet, 18547 = Cardium andreae Dujardin, 1837. *emarginatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium emarginatum from 3 sources: Deshayes, 1829. Deshayes, 1832. - Deshayes, 1837. emarginatum Deshayes, 1829. - Changed combination: 500 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) emarginatum - enode Bosphoricardium emarginatum (Deshayes, 1829). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. RECORDS. --1829 Deshayes: Cardium emarginatum (fide Sherborn 1932). "1 835 Lamarck: Cardium emarginatum Desh. --1838 Oeshayes, p. 48, pI. I, figs. 7-10: Cardium emarginatum . "1922-32 Sherborn, 2143: Cardium emarginatum Deshayes, 1829. "1953 Celidje: Limnocardium (Bosphoricardium) emarginatum Oesh. --1958 ZR: Limnocardium emarginatum Desh. Subgenotype of (Bosphoricardium) Eberzin, 1958. Pliocene of the Ponto Caspian basin, Russia. --1979 ZR: Lymnocardium (Bosphoricardium) emarginatum. Upper Miocene, Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol et af. --1987 Taktakishvi Ii: Limnocardium emarginatum (Desh.) . "1987 Taktakishvi Ii: Limnocardium (Bosphoricardium) emarginatum (Oesh.). --1987 Taktakishvili: Bosphoricardium emarginatum. emarginatum Deshayes , 1832. - Byssocardium emarginatum Deshayes. Aviculariidae. Eocene. Glibert & Poe I 1970: Cardium emarginatum Deshayes, 1829 (D.O.) Subgenotype of Byssocardium. (Family Tridacnidae). TYPE LOCALITY . Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. '-1857 Deshayes : Cardium emarginatum Deshayes, 1832. "1886 Cossmann : Lithocardium emarginatum (Oeshayes). --1887 Fischer: Byssocardium emarginatum Deshayes. "1902 Dall: Cardium emarginatum Deshayes, type of section Byssocardium Munier Chalmas , 1882. --1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Lithocardium (Byssocardium) emarginatum (Oeshayes). --1970 Glibert & Poel: Avicularium (Byssocardium) emarginatum (Deshayes, 1829). "1977 Popov: Lymnocardium emarginatum. "1995 Le Renard et af.: Byssocardium emarginatum [Cardium emarginatum] Deshayes, 1829. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Byssocardium emarginatum Superfamily Tridacnoidea. Family Aviculariidae. --1998 Schneider : Byssocardium emarginatum (Deshayes, 1829). --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Lithocardium (Byssocardium) emargina/um Oeshayes. Bartonien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52912. emarginatum Oeshayes , 1837. - Replaced by Lymnocardium apertura/um (Deshayes, 1829). New combination. » Regarding Cardium emarginatum: Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. '-1857 Deshayes: Cardium emarginatum Deshayes, 1837 - C. aperturatum Oesh. emendata (subspecies). - See under defenda emendata Popov, 1983. emendate Popov, 1955. - Didacna emendate Popov, 1955. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. "1956 ZR: Didacna emendate Popov, 1955 sp. nov. Primanu part of Pricaspian Quaternary Russia. emersa Papaianopol & Lubenescu, 1985. - Pachydacna emersa Papaianopol & Lubenescu, 1985. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Le Ponti en et Ie Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. --1985 Papaianopol & Lubenescu, p. 142, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) emersa sp. nov. emmetense Winchell. - Conocardium emme/ense Winchell. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1943 ZR: Conocardium emmetense Winchell Ref. to Branson (1942). emmonsi Conrad, 1867. - Changed combination: Trachycardium emmonsi (Conrad, 1867). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium (Trachycardium) emmonsi Conrad, 1867. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Trachycardium (s.s.) emmonsi (Conrad, 1867). "1977 Popov: Trachycardium (Trachycardium) emmonsi (Conrad, 1867). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Trachycardium) emmonsii Conrad, 1867; vol. 3: 13. emmrichi Gumbel, 1861. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" emmrichi Gumbel, 1861. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium emmrichi Gumbel, 1861; p. 742. Encardium (error) . - Printer's mistake for Sphaerocardium (Eucardium) in ZR for 1937 with ref to Keen 1937. endymionis Maury, 1934. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" endymionis Maury, 1934. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1934 ZR: Cardium endymionis Maury, 1934 sp. n. Cretaceous Brazi I. enneus attenuatum (Conrad). - Conocardium enneus altenuatum (Conrad). Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1943 ZR: Conocardium enneus altenttalum (Conrad) Ref. to Branson (1942). ell ode (subspecies). - See under efongatum enode Sowerby, 1840. enode Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part I p. 117,138,173. Part 3. p. 860] . - Changed combination: Vasticardium enode (Sowerby, 1840). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Vasticardium e/ongatum enode (Sowerby, 1840). » Regarding Cardium enode: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Ceylon (Sowerby 1840); 'ad insulam Ceylon' (Sri Lanka) (Higo et af. 1999); neotype from Port-Vila, Vanuatu (Vidal (1993). TYPE REPOSITORY. lectotype BMNH, Hugh Cuming coIl. no. 1991.04411. Para lectotype no. 1991.044/2 (Voskuil & Onverwagt 199Ib). The selected lectotypes do not fit Sowerby's descriptions (Vidal 1993). Neotype MNHN (pI. 3 fig 7a-b in Vidal 1993). RECORDS. "1840 Sowerby, 180! part, fig. 51: Cardium enode. "1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. Lond. p . 108: Cardium enode. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p . 5, No. 57: Cardium enode, Sow. "1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium enode (Sowerby, No. 57). "1845 Reevesp. 73: Cardium enode Sowerby. .. J 858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) enode Sow. --1869 Romer pI. II fig. 9: Cardium enode (Vidal 1993: 44). "1890 Paetel : Cardium enode Sow. "1891 Romer: Trachycardittm enode Sow. --1903 Hidalgo: Cardium enode in Reeve 1844 = variety of Cardium efongatum. --1922-32 Sherborn, 2 J57: Cardium enode Sowerby, 1841. --1954 Kira: Vasticardium edone sic (Sowerby). --1960 Kuroda: Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) enode (Sowerby). "1962 Kira: Vasticardium enode. "1964 Shikama: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) enode (Sowerby). --1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: Vasticardium enode (Sowerby). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium enode Sowerby. --1977 Habe: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) enode (Sowerby, 184 J). "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Acrosterigma enode (Sowerby, 1841). --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium enode Sowerby, 1840. "1986 Springsteen & Leobrera: Trachycardittm (Vasticardium) enode. "1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1840). '-1992 Oliver: Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1834 sic) . "1993 b Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 501 enstromi - erinaceum Vidal: Cardium enode Sowerby, 1841 = Acrosterigma elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). "1993 Vidal: Acrosterigma enode (Sowerby, 1840) downgraded to A. elongatum enode. "1994 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) enode (Sowerby). "1995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Trachycardium enode (Sowerby). "1997 Vidal: Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1840) sensu Oliver, 1992 [not Vasticardium elongatum enode (Sowerby, 1840)] = Vasticardium luteomarginatum marentbrum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). "1997 Vidal: Laevicardium (Trachycardium) enode (Sowerby) sensu Fischer-Piette 1977 [not Vasticardium elongatum enode (Sowerby, 1840)] = Vasticardium luteomarginatum luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). "1993 Vidal: Trachycardium enode in Oliver, 1992 = Trachycardium luteomarginata Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. "1999 Higo et al.: Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) enode (Sowerby, 1841). "2000 Lutaenko: Acrosterigma enode (Sowerby, 1841). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1845 Reeve: shell rather obliquely ovate, radiately ribbed, 36-38 ribs, interstices rather widely grooved, extreme posterior ribs prickly, middle ribs smooth, crenu1ated on the posterior side, anterior ribs crenated; whitish, tinged with pink on the posterior side, marbled with faint yellow. REMARKS. "1845 Reeve: this species mainly differs from the Cardium angulatum in the deep interlocking ofthe marginal extremities ofthe ribs, and in the width and decided character of the interstitial grooves. HABITAT. "1999 Higo et at.: intertidal to 50 m, sand. DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve: Ceylon. "1999 Higo et al.: Okinawa islands and southwards, Philippines, South China Sea, Indonesia, northern Australia. "2000 Lutaenko: Vietnam. enstromi Bergquist, 1944. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" enstromi Bergquist, 1944. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1944 ZR: Cardium enstromi Bergquist, 1944 sp. nov. Coleraine formation (Cretaceous), Hill Annex Mine, Calumet, Minnesota. eolicum (error). - Printer's mistake for aeolicum in Chenu 1859 and Meek 1876. Eoprosodacna (subgenus) Davidachvili, 1934. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1935 ZR: Eoprosodacna Davidachvili, 1934 sub gen. n. of Cardium Type: Cardium (Eoprosodacna) kartlicum Davidachvili, 1934. "1958 ZR: Eoprosodacna [Ref Korobkov 1958]. "1974 ZR: Eoprosodacna Davitaschvili, 1934 referred to new subfamily Prosodacninae. Ref to Andreescu, p. 128. "1977 Popov: Eoprosodacna Davidaschvili, 1934. "1980 Vokes: Eoprosodacna Davidaschvili, 1934 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. "2001 Schneider & Carter: Eoprosodacna (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. eos Kuroda, 1929. - Synonym of Frigidocardium torresi (Smith, 1885).» Regarding Cardium eos: Cardiidae. Recent. Type species: Frigidocardium eos Kuroda, 1929. Type species of (Frigidocardium) Habe, 1951. TYPE LOCALITY. Tateyama Bay, Chiba Pref Honshu (Kuroda et al. 1971). RECORDS. "1929 Kuroda: Cardium eos. ,,1930 ZR: Cardium (Fragum?) eos Kuroda, 1929 sp. n. Tateyama Bay, Japan. "1951 Habe designated Cardium eos Kuroda, 1929 as type species of the subgenus (Frigidocardium) Habe, 1951; recognised at the generic level by authors. "1952 Kuroda & Habe: Cardium eos Kuroda. "1962 Kira: Frigidocardium eos Kuroda. "1969 Moore et al.: Nemocardium (Frigidocardium) eos (Kuroda, 1929). "1971 Kuroda et al.: Frigidocardium eos (Kuroda, 1929). "1973 Keen: Nemocardium (Frigidocardium) eos (Kuroda, 1929). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Frigidocardium eos Kuroda. "1977 Habe: Frigidocardium eos (Kuroda, 1929). "1977 Popov: Pratulum eos (Kuroda, 1929). "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium eos Kuroda, 1929. "1981 Koyama et at.: Frigidocardium eos Kuroda, 1929 = Frigidocardium torresi (Smith, 1885). "1988 Noda: Frigidcardium sic (Fragum ?) eos Kuroda. "1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Frigidocardium) Type species Nemocardium (Frigidocardium) eos (Kuroda, 1929). "1999 Higo et al.: Cardium (Fragum?) eos Kuroda, 1929 = Frigidocardium torresi (E. A. Smith, 1885). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS. "1971 Kuroda et al.: 22 x 21 x 17 mm. REMARKS. "1966 Habe & Kosuge: Frigidocardium eos (Kuroda, 1929): no posterior flexure, but resembling Frigidocardium kirana Sakurai & Habe, 1966. "1969 Moore et at.: Frigidocardium Habe, 1951, p. 152; nom. null. HABITAT. 1971 Kuroda et at.: fine sandy bottom from 30-200 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. "1971 Japan Kuroda et al.: from Honshu to Kyushu. eparcyensis Fischer, 1964. - Pterocardia eparcyensis Fischer, 1964. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. "1964 ZR: Pterocardia eparcyensis Fischer, 1964 sp. nov. Jurassic, Creuse Valley (Indre), France. epidemia (variety). - See under modiolaris var. epidemia Davidasvili, 1930. equilaterale Hall, 1858. - Conocardium equilaterale Hall, 1858. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (Dall 1895, p. 519). RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Conocardium equilaterale Hall, 1858; vol. 4: 16. equilateralis Gillet, 1970. - Pontalmyra equilateralis Gillet, 1970. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1970 ZR: Pontalmyra equilateralis Gillet, 1970 sp. nov. sic. Miocene, 'Monte dei Corvi' deposits, Ancona district, Italy. "1970 ZR: Cardium spratti Fuchs. in CapelJini, 1879, See under Pontalmyra equilateralis sp. nov. [?Ref]. equinus Morch, 1853. - Synonym of Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Hippopus equinus: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1999 Higo et al.: Hippopus equinus Morch, 1853 = Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758) Tridacnidae. erato d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" erato d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, 2180: Cardium erato d'Orbigny, 1850. erecta Warren, 1932. - Proto cardia erecta Warren, 1932. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. "1933 ZR: Protocardia erecta Warren, 1932 sp. n. Jurassic Alberta [Ref Warren 1932]. erinaceum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 1 p. 58, 68, 72 No. 157, p. 82 No. 4-6, p. 89,135,164,170. Part 3. p. 848]. - Synonym of Acanthocardia spinosum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Acanthocardia aculealum (Linne, 1758). - 502 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) erinaceum alba - esperanzae Acanthocardia echinatum (Bruguiere). « Regarding Cardium erinaceum: Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. The Mediterranean. TYPE REPOSITORY. ?Paris Museum ?Lamarck's Collection in the Geneve Museum No. 1085/47 (2 specimens). RECORDS. ··1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 297. fig. 5. Cardium erinaceum. ··1819 Lamarck, p. 8, No. 15: Cardium erinaceum. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium erinaceum = C. echinatum Bruguiere, Dict. no. 10. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 3, No. 34: Cardium erinaceum Lam. ··1844 Forbes: Cardium erinaceum Lam. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium erinaceum Lam. ··1844 Reeve, pI. 12 No. 62: Cardium erinaceum Lamarck. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. erinaceus Lam. = C. aculeatum Wood (not of authors). ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium erynaceum sic Lamarck. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (lsocardia) erinaceum Lam. ··1870 Miirch: C. erinaceum Lam. junior synonym of Cardium aculeatum L. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium erinaceum Lm. ··1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium erinaceum Lam. = Cardium echinatum. Brug. ··1892 Locard: Cardium erinaceum Lamarck, 1819. ··1899 Locard: Cardium erinaceum Lamarck. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium erinaceum Lamarck 1827 [Pliocene-Recent]. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium erinaceum Lamarck, 1819. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2187: Cardium erinaceum Lamarck, 1819. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cardium) erinaceum Linneo sic. ··1933 Coen & Vatova: Eucardium (Cardium) erinaceum Linnaeus sic. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Acanthocardia) erinaceum Linneo sic. ··1945 Smith: Cardium erinaceum Lamarck 1819 = Cardium spinosa Solander 1786. ··1967 Rehder: Cardium erinaceum Lamarck, 1819, p. 8 = Acanthocardia echinatum (Linne, 1758). ··1969 Nordsieck: Acanthocardia erinaceum (Lamarck, 1819) = Acanthocardia spinosum (Solander, 1786). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: C. erinaceum Lamarck = Cardium spinosum Solander. ··1998 Macedo et al.: Acanthocardia spinosa (Sol ander, 1786) = Cardium erinaceus Lamarck, 1819. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium erinaceum Linne. Italy, Algeria, i.a. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: this species may be easily distinguished from Cardium aculeatum by a greater number of ribs, and by the papilliferous structure of its spines (Reeve 1844). OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: specimen labeled Abildgaard. Mediterranean. Left valve No. 82.; ··ZMUC: 12 complete specimens. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell rotundately cordate, globose, radiately ribbed, 36 sharply angled ribs, very closely armed down the middle with numerous rather short spines bent over in the posterior direction and papilliferous at the base, the anterior especially, interstices between the ribs deeply excavated, transversely impressly striated; light reddish-brown. ··ZMUC: 33-38 ribs. REMARKS. Chemnitz (1782 fig. 157) is labeled C. aculeatum but clearly shows Cardium erinaceum. ··1891 Steams: C. erinaceus is a distinct Mediterranean species. HABITAT. ··1969 Nordsieck: C. spinosum in zone of laminarians. ··1844 Forbes: the Aegaean Sea, depth range 20 fathoms. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: C. erinaceum: in the Mediterranean. ··ZMUC: from Neapel, Portugal, Mediterranean. ··1969 Nordsieck: C. spinosum in the Mediterranean, Lusitanean area. erinaceum alba Monterosato (variety). - No evidence of sub specific status.» Regarding Cardium erinaceum var. alba: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1878 Monterosato: Cardium erinaceum var. alba. ermanensis Sinelnikova. - Clinocardium ermanensis Sinelnikova. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1976 ZR: Clinocardium ermanensis Sinelnikova sp. nov. Russian SFSR, West Kamchatka. Ref. to Sinelnikova, p. 38. erosne Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" erosne d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium erosne d 'Orbigny. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2191: Cardium erosne d'Orbigny, 1850. erubescens Phil. - Synonym of Vepricardium multispinosum. » Regarding Cardium erubescens: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1850 Jay: Cardium erubescens Phil. = Cardium multispinosum. erugatum Tate, 1889. - Changed combination: Fragum erugatum (Tate, 1889). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1889 Tate: Cardium erugatum. ··1889 ZR: Cardium erugatum Tate, 1889 n. sp. with fig. ··1912 Verco: Cardium erugatum Tate, 1888 sic. ··1938 Cotton, Bernard & Godfrey: Cardium erugatum Tate 1888. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Afrocardium) erugatum Tate. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum (Afrocardium) erugatum (Tate, 1889). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium erugatum Tate, 1889. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Afrocardium erugatum. ··1998 Schneider: Cardium erugatum Tate, 1889 (Recent) in Afrocardium. ··1998 Schneider: Cardium erugatum. Placed in genus Microfragum. ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Fragum erugatum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··2001 Vidal: no tentacles. No eyes. DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: East Africa, West Australia. erynaceum (error). - Printer's mistake of erinaceum in Deshayes 1857. erythrodon Solander, 1786 n. n. » Regarding Cardium erythrodon: Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2203: Cardium erythrodon Solander, 1786 [no n.]. escheri C. May. - Caladacna escheri (C. May.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Caladacna escheri (c. May.). escheri Schwez, 1913. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" escheri Schwez, 1913. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1913 ZR: Cardium escheri Schwez, 1913a sp. n. Tertiary, Kertsch. escheri verecunda (subspecies). - Caladacna escheri verecunda. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Caladacna escheri verecunda. eshelmani (subspecies). - See under laqueatum eshelmani Ward, 1992. esperanse (error). - Printer's mistake of esperanzae in Popov 1977. esperanzae Andrusov. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium esperanzae (Andrusov). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1907 Andrussow: Limnocardium esperanzae Andrus. ··1977 Popov, p. 78: Lymnocardium esperanse sic. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium esperanzae Andrus. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) esperanzae Andrus. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium esperanzae. Phukef Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 503 esperanzae minor - eufaulense esperanzae minor (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. New combination : Euxinicardium esperanzae. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnoeardium esperanzae var. minor. esperanzae subesperanzae (subspecies). - Euxinicardium esperanzae subesperanzae. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinieardium esperanzae subesperanzae. esphrosinae. - Prosodaena esphrosinae. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . .. 1963 ZR: Prosodaena (Psilodon) esphrosinae, geological significance in the Dacian of the Berca-Arbanasi formation [Ref. Macarovici 1963]. esutoruensis Yokoyama. - Laevicardium Irislieulum (Yokoyama) . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1999 Kafanov el al.: Laevieardium Irisliculum (Yokoyama) (= Cardium esuloruensis). etheridgei Etheridge, 1892. - Onestia etheridgei (Etheridge, 1892). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Onestia etheridgei (Etheridge, 1892) first adequate description [Ref. Fleming 1970]. etheridgei Tremlett, 1950. - Changed combination : Parvicardium etheridgei (Tremlett, 1950). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS . ··1950 ZR : Cardium (Plagiocardium) etheridgei Tremlett, 1950 sp. nov. Hampshire Basin, Hampstead . ··1980 ZR: Onestia elheridgei (Etheridge 1892). Ref. to Day. ··1998 Schneider: Parvicardium (Papillicardium) elheridgei (Tremlett, 1950) NHM L 80479 (holotype). etheringtoni Effinger, 1938. - Loxocardium etheringtoni Effinger, 1938. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1938 ZR: Loxocardium etheringtoni Effinger, 1938 sp. n. Oligocene, W. Washington. etheringtoni Slodkewitsch, 1938. - Changed combination: Clinocardium etheringtoni (Slodkewitsch, 1938). Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Sakhalin Island. REcORDs. ··1938 Slodkewitsch: Laevicardium elheringloni. ··1945 ZR: Laevicardium (Ceras/oderma) etheringtoni Siodkewitsch, 1938 sp. nov. Middle and Upper Miocene, Sakhalin. ··1954 Keen: Laevicardium (Cerasloderma) etheringtoni Slodkewitsch, 1938. ··1973 Keen: Clinocardium etheringtoni (Slodkewitsch, 1938) (Laevicardium) Miocene, Sakhalin Is. Ethmocardium White, 1880 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. Upgraded to generic level by authors. REcORDs. ··1980 Vokes: Elhmocardium White, 1880 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··2002 Schneider: Ethmocardium has been transferred to Profraginae. Ethmocardium White, 1880 (subgenus) . Cardiidae. Fossil. GENOTYPE. Meek (1876) designated Cardium speeiosum Meek & Hayden, 1856 type species of subgenus Elhmocardium White, 1880 of genus Granoeardium Gabb, 1869. ··1954 Keen: (Ethmocardium) White, 1880. Eucardium Fischer, 1887 (genus) . - Synonym of Acanthocardia Gray, 1851. RECORDS . ··1930 Stewart: Eucardium Fischer, 1887 is a synonym of Acanthocardia. ··1980 Vokes: Eucardium Fischer, 1887 = Acanlhocardia Gray, 1851 . Eucardium Fischer, 1887 (subgenus). - Objective synonym of Acanthocardia Gray, 1851. » Regarding Eucardium: Cardiidae. RECORDS . ··1887 Fischer: Subgenus Eucardium Fischer, 1887 of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. ··1914 Coen: Subgenus Eucardium Fischer 1887 of genus Cardium Linneo 1758. ··1969 Moore et al.: Eucardium = Acanthocardia Gray, 1851. eudoxia Dall, 1917. - Synonym of Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby, 1833). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Nomen nudum. - Trachycardium (Mexicardia) panamense (Sowerby, 1833) . » Regarding Trigoniocardia eudoxia : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Gulf of California, in 7 fathoms. TYPE REPOSITORY. USNM Cat. No. 208590. REMARKS. Keen (1944) stated that the holotype, from the Gulf of California, is a young Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum . (cited from Hertlein & Strong 1947). RECORDS. ··1916 Dall : Trigonioeardia eudoxia Dall, 1916 (nomen nudum) . ··1917 Dall, p. 412: Trigoniocardia eudoxia , new species. ··1924 Oldroyd : Cardium eudoxium Dall, 1916. ··1937 Keen: Trigoniocardia eudoxia. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium eudoxia Dall = Cardium (Mexicardia) procerum Sowerby. ··1961 Olsson: Cardium eudoxia DaB, 1916= Mexicardia procera (Sowerby, 1833). ··1971 Keen & McLean: Trigoniocardia eudoxia Dall, 1916 = Trachycardium (Mexicardia) panamense (Sowerby, 1833). ··1974 Abbott: Trigoniocardia eudoxia DalJ, 1916 = Trachycardium (Mexicardia) panamense (Sowerby, 1833). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium eudoxia Dall = Laevicardium procerum Sowerby. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1917 Dall : Ｌ＠ shell small, mottled with lighter and darker ｲｯｳ･ｾｬｵ suborbicular, inflated , strongly sculptured; radial sculpture of 15 sharp angular ribs with subequal interspaces, the keel of the ribs sparsely, regularly, minutely pustular; on the posterior dorsal area are six additional smaller more closely pustular riblets; the interspaces in all are finely concentrically rugose; the hinge is strong; the interior margins deeply sulcate in harmony with the radial sculpture; the central part of the interior whitish. DIMENSIONS. ··1917 Dall: length 9, height 9, diameter 8 mm. HABITAT. In 7 fathoms. DISTRIBUTION . ··1971 Keen & McLean: as for C. panamense San Ignacio Lagoon in Baja California to Costa Rica, not reaching Panama. eufaIense (error). - Printer's mistake for eufaulensis in Stoliczka 1871 and Rindsberg 1998. eufalense huntanum (error). - Printer's mistake for eufalilensis huntanum in ZR for 1947. eufaulense Conrad, 1860. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia eufaulensis (Conrad, 1860). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From North America. Remarks. The specific name was spelled differently in ZR 1946 and 1947. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka, p. 215: Cardium eufalense (Acanthocardium sic) Referred to by Meek 1864. ··1946 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) eufaulense Cretaceous [Ref. Stephenson 1941]. ··1947 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) eufalense sic Cretaceous. ··1978 Scott: Cardium eufaulensis Conrad. ··1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Dochmocardia) eufaulensis (Conrad). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Trachycardium) eufaulense Conrad, 1860; vol. 4 : 282, pI. 46 fig . 12 [13] . ··1995 Schneider: Pleuriocardia (Dochmocardia) eufaulense (Conrad, 1860). ANSP 19597 (holotype). ··1998 Rindsberg: Trachycardium eufalense sic Conrad, 1860. ··1998 Schneider: Pleuriocardia eufaulense (Conrad, 1860): ANSP 19597 (holotype). 504 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) eufaulense huntanum - euryalus eufaulense huntanum Stephenson, 1941 (subspecies). - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia eufaulense huntanum (Stephenson, 1941). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) eufaulense var. huntanum Stephenson, 1941 nov. p. 202 pI. 36 f. 4, Nacatoch sand, 1 1/2 m. W. of Campbell Hunt Co. Navarro formations, Cretaceous, Texas. 001947 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) eufalense sic huntanum Stephenson. 001978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Dochmocardia) eufaulense huntanum (Stephenson). eufaulensis (mode). - See under eufaulense. eugenense Clark, 1927. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" eugenense Clark, 1927. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. 001927 ZR: Cardium eugenense Clark, 1927 sp. n. Oligocene W.N. America. euglyptum Sowerby, 1914. [Figs. Part 3 p. 917]. Synonym of Afrocardium ebaranum (Yokohama, 1927). » Regarding C. euglyptum: Cardiidae. Holocene and Recent. REMARKS. Cardium euglyptum G. B. Sowerby, 1914 = Cardium carditaeforme Reeve, 1845 = Cardium ebaranum Yokohama, 1927. RECORDS. 001914 Sowerby, p. 480, pI. 19, fig. 14: Cardium euglyptum. 001914 ZR: Cardium euglyptum Sowerby, 1914 sp. n. New Caledonia. 001931 Tomlin: Fragum (Afrocardium) euglyptum Sow. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Afrocardium) euglyptum Sowerby. 002002 Schneider: Afrocardium euglyptum (Sowerby, 1914). Holocene. 002003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 176: C. euglyptum Sowerby, 1914. Syn of Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827) according to 1. Vidal. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ooOf authors: Indonesia, Japan. eulachia Fed. - Didacna eulachia Fed. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. 001970 ZR: Didacna eulachia Holocene [Ref. Vekilov 1970]. eulachia (cf.) Fed. - RECORDS. 001985 Mikhailescu: Didacna cf. eulachia Fed. eulachia mingetschaurica Veki10v, 1970. - Didacna eulachia mingetschaurica Veki10v, 1970. Lymnocardiidae. Holocene. RECORDS. 001970 ZR: Didacna eulachia mingetschaurica Vekilov, 1970 subsp. nov. Holocene anthropogenic deposits. eulachia miussica Popov, 1983. - Didacna eulachia miussica Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. 001983 Popov, p. 187, fig.: Didacna eulachia miussica subsp. nov. eulimene Munster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" eulimene Munster, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001932 Sherborn: Cardium eulimene Muenster, 1840. Eupatorina Ahvlediani, 1970 (genus). - Synonym of Pseudoprosodacna Gillet, 1943. » Regarding Eupatorina: Ahvlediani: Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. 001974 ZR: Eupatorina Ahv1ediani, 1970 referred to new subfamily Prosodacninae. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 128. 001978 ZR: Eupatorina. Upper Miocene. Romania, Boteni. List & stratigraphy. Ref. to Pavnotescu et al. 001980 Vokes: Eupatorina =Pseudoprosodacna Gillet, 1943. euperanzee. - New combination: Lymnocardium euperanzee. Lymnocardiidae. Post Tertiary. RECORDS. 001929 ZR: Limnocardium euperanzee Post Tertiary [Ref. Vassoievitch 1929]. euperanzee minor Vassoievitch, 1929 (variety). Upgraded. Lymnocardium euperanzee minor (Vassoievitch, 1929). Lymnocardiidae. Post Tertiary. RECORDS. 001929 ZR: Limnocardium euperanzee var. minor Vassoievitch, 1929 nov. Post Tertiary. N. Caucasus. eupheno d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" eupheno d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, 2237: Cardium eupheno d'Orbigny, 1850. euridesma - Parapscheronia euridesma. - Cardiacea. RECORDS. 001977 Popov: Parapscheronia euridesma. europaeum Wood. - See under europeum Swainson, 1840. europeum Swainson, 1840. - Synonym of Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengler 1799). » Regarding Cardium europeum: Cardiidae. Recent. Stoliczka, 1871 designated Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791) type species of genus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. However, the description of Swains on is based on a figure in Wood (1815) representing the species C. laevigatum = C. crassum Gmelin, 1791. RECORDS. 001840 Swainson, p. 373: Cardium europeum type species of the subgenus (Laevicardium) Swainson, 1840. 001840 Swainson: Laevicardium europeum. Wood, Con. pI. 54. fig. 1. 001858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium europaeum Wood. 001912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Laevicardium europeum Swainson, 1840 = Cardium (Laevicardium) norvegicum Spengler 1799. 001932 Winckworth: Cardium europeum Swainson, 1840. 001977 FischerPiette: Laevicardium europeum Swainson = Laevicardium crass urn Gme1in. Europicardium Popov, 1977 (genus). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980 Vokes Europicardium Popov, 1977. 001998 Schneider: Europicardium. Type species Europicardium multicostatum (Brocchi, 1814). Cardiidae. Miocene to Pliocene. 002002 Schneider: Europicardium Popov, 1977 in subfamily Orthocardiinae Schneider, 2002. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. 002002 Schneider: the genus has right subova1 anterior cardinal teeth that are not directly above the socket but are slightly anterior of it; the tooth does not hang down over the socket opening. It has simple spines early in ontogeny. Midway through ontogeny, there is a rapid shift from knob-like spines emanating from the top of the ribs to twisted frills emanating from the posterior edge of the ribs. It has twisted frills, which appear to be heavily imbricated and fused individual spines. 002002 Schneider: Europicardium is found to be the sister taxon to Loxocardium, and is represented by four fossil species known from Europe and north-west Africa, and by a single Recent species. Europicardium Popov, 1977 (subgenus). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001977 Popov p. 44: Europicardium subgen. nov. 001977 ZR: Bucardium (Europicardium) subgen. nov. Type species Cardium multicostatum Brocchi, 1841 sic. Ref. to Popov p. 44. 001999 Vidal: Subgenus Europicardium Popov, 1977. euryalus Coquand, 1865. - Laevicardium euryalus Coquand, 1865. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001871 Stoliczka: Cardium euryalus Coquand, 1865 (Laevicardium or Acanthocardium sic). 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium euryalus Coquand, 1865; vol. 3: 308, pI. 18, figs. 8-9. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 505 Eurydesma - excavatllm Eurydesma Morris (genus). Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1937 ZR: Eurydesma Morris n. gen. in fam. Eurydesmidae [Ref. Reed 1936]. *eurydesma. - Homonymy to be noticed. Apscheronia eurydesma from 2 sources: Androussov, 1923. Andrusov, 1963. eurydesma Androussov, 1923. - Apscheronia eurydesma Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1930 ZR: Apscheronia eurydesma Androussov, 1923 sp. n. eurydesma Andrusov, 1963. - Apscheronia eurydesma Andrusov, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. REcORDs. ··1963 ZR: Apscheronia eurydesma Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. eurydesma montispetrolei Androussov, 1923 (variety). - Upgraded. Apscheronia eurydesma montispetrolei Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR : Apscheronia eurydesma var. monlispelrolei Androussov; 1923 nov. ··1963 ZR: Apscheronia ewydesma var. monlispelrolei Andrusov, 1963 nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. Eurydesmidae (family). - Fossil. REcORDs. ··1937 ZR: Eurydesmidae fam. n. gen. Eurydesma Morris [Ref. Reed 1936]. euterpe d'Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium euterpe d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··192232 Sherborn, 2251: Unicardium euterpe d'Orbigny, 1850. euxinica (subspecies and variety). - See under rudis euxinica Popov, 1983. - sleindachneri euxinica Ebersin, 1956. - vilrea var. euxinica Nevesskaya, 1963. ellxinica Popov, 1955. - Monodacna ellxinica Popov, 1955. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Monodacna euxinica Popov, 1955 sp. nov. Primarily part ofPricaspian Quaternary Russia 1955. Euxinicardillm Ebersin, 1947 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Euxinicardium Ebersin, 1947 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. ElIxinicardium Eberzin, 1958 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. Type species (D.O.) Lymnocardium subsyrmiense Andrussov, 1903. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR : (Euxinicardium) Subgen. nov. of Limnocardium. Subgenotype Limnocardium subsyrmiense Andrus. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia [Ref. Eberzin 1958). ··1987 Anaya: (Euxinicardium) Ebersin, 1947. Type species (D.O.) Lymnocardium subsyrmiense Andrussov, 1903. ··1987. Taktakishvili: (Euxinicardium) Ebersin, 1947. evergladeensis Mansfield, 1931. - New combination: Trachycardium evergladeensis (Mansfield, 1931). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1931 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) evergiadeensis Mansfield, 1931 sp. n. S. Florida. Tertiary. eversllm Conrad, 1847. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" eversum Conrad, 1847. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2255: Cardium eversum Conrad, 1847. ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Trachycardium eversum (Conrad, 1848). Cardiidae. Oligocene, Mississippi, USA. evsseevi Kafanov & Savizky, 1982. - Ciliatocardium evsseevi Kafanov & Savizky, 1982. Cardiidae. ?Recent. RECORDS. ··1982 Kafanov & Savizky: Ciliatocardium evsseevi Kafanov & Savizky. ··1982 ZR: Ciliatocardium evsseevi sp. nov. Russian SFSR, Upper Oligocene. Ref. to Kafanov el af. p. 54. exasperatum Sowerby, 1838. [Figs. Part I p. 113,143, 171. Part 3 p. 90 I). - Nemocardium exasperatum (Sowerby, 1838). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Swan River, Australia; 'ad oras Auslraliae (Swan ｒｩｶ･ｾＩＧ＠ (Higo et af. 1999). REcoRDs. ··1838 Sowerby 150t part, fig. 37: Cardium exasperatum nobis. ··1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. Land. p.106: Cardium exasperatum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 3, No. 36: Cardium exasperatum, Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium exasperatum (Sowerby No . 36). ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Ctenocardia) exasperala Sow. ··1868 ZR: Cardium exasperalum (Sow.), the lunule is formed by the left valve only [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium exasperalum. Sow. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium exasperalum Sow. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2260: Cardium exasperatum Sowerby, 1841. ··1977 FischerPiette: Frigidocardium exasperatum Sowerby. ··1977 Habe: Frigidocardium exasperatum (Sowerby, 1841). ··1977 Popov: Pratuium exasperatum (Sowerby) . ··1977 Popov: Fragum (Ctenocardia) exasperatum (Sowerby). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Nemocardium (Microcardium) exasperatum (Sowerby, 1838). ··1978 ZR: Cardium exasperatum Sowerby, 1838. Lectotype designated. Ref. to Wilson et al. p. 67 . ··1981 Koyama el af.: Frigidocardium exasperalum. ··1989 Wang: Microcardium exasperatum. ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Nemocardium exasperalum. ··1994 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Nemocardium (Frigidocardium) exasperatum (Sowerby). ··1995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Nemocardium exasperatum (Sowerby). ··1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Frigidocardium) exasperatum (Sowerby, 1838). ··1999 Higo el af.: Frigidocardium exasperatum (Sowerby, 1841) ... 2000 Lutaenko: Frigidocardium exasperalum (Sowerby, 1841). ··1999 Aungtonya et ai., PMBC-SP 19(2): 377: Frigidocardium exasperatum (Sowerby, 1841). ··2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Frigidocardium exasperatum (Sowerby, 1841). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 183, Plate 2, fig. 7: Nemocardium exasperatum (Sowerby, 1838). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Singapore. DESCRJPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell somewhat squarely globose, radiately ridged, ridges about a hundred in number, very minute, very closely arranged, every third ridge, surmounted by a row of erect spine-like scales, the two intervening ridges by a row of minute short scales; snowy white, sides tinged with pinkish orange, lunule bright orange, interior white, margins very minutely serrated . DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. I. poll. (length 25 mm), lat. 0.70 poll. (width 18 mm), alt. 0.95 poll (height 24 mm). HABITAT. ··1999 Higo el af.: 50-200 m, fine sand. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: Swan River. ··1884 Grasset: Lombok. ··1979 Matsumoto: Mie prefecture (offOwase). ··1994 Hylleberg: Red Sea, Japan, West Australia. ··1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. ··1999 Higo et al.: Kii peninsula (Kuroda & Habe, 1981) and south-wards, East China Sea, Philippines, Sooth China Sea, Hainan, Australia, Red Sea, western Pacific. ··2000 Lutaenko: Vietnam. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Central Vietnam. ··ZMUC: Singapore. excavatllm Humphrey, 1797. - Lunulicardia retusa (Linnaeus, 1767). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1999 Higo et al.: Cardium excavatum Humphrey, 1797 = 506 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) excavatum - exiguum Lunulicardia ret usa (Linnaeus, 1767). excavatum Schrater, 1786. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium exeavatum: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. According to label at ZMUC: Cardium exeavatum = Cardium humanum Chemnitz, 1782: VI, p. 147-148. / Cardium humanum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium junoniae Lamarck, 1819: No. 47. Cardium junoniae Lamarck, 1819 = Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758) REcoRDs. "I have not found the name Cardium exeavatum in Schrater 1786. excentricum d'Orbigny. - Unieardium exeentrieum d'Orbigny. Cardiidae. Lias and Jurassic. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, 2265: Unieardium exeentricum d'Orbigny, 1850. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Unieardium exeentricum d'Orbigny. Sequanien. France, S05031, B10991, B1092, B1093. excomatulum Glibert & Poel, 1970. - Laevicardium excomatulum Glibert & Poel, 1970. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poe I, p. 36: Laevicardium (Habecardium) excomalulum nov. sp. ··1970 ZR: Laevicardium (Habecardium) excomatulum Glibert & Van De Poel, 1970 sp. nov. Chattian, Oligocene, Krefeld, Germany. excrescens d 'Orbigny, 1850. - Conocardium exereseens d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2267: Lunulacardium excrescens Munster, 1840. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2267: Conocardium (Muenst.) excrescens d'Orbigny, 1850. - Lunulacardium excrescens. exigua (mode). - See under exiguum. exiguum Bellini 1903 (variety). - Unknown status: Parvicardium exiguum var. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1903 ZR: Parvicardium exiguum n. var. described by Bellini 1903. exiguum Brown, 1844. Insufficiently known. » Regarding Cardium exiguum: Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1844 Brown, p. 88, p!. 35, fig. 10: Cardium exiguum. ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 150: Cardium exiguum Brown (non Gmelin ?), species insufficiently known. exiguum Eichwald. - Replaced. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" parvum Deshayes. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium exiguum Eichwald; C. parvum Desh. exiguum Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 40, 144, 171. Part 3 p. 915]. - Changed combination: Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. Type species of Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884. REMARKS. Locard & Caziot (\ 900) refer to Gmelin, 1790 XII p. 3255 (= 1791 XIII). Species that should be replaced by Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1791: Weinkauff(l867) suggested C. parvum (Phi!.). Ramer (1868) suggested C. stellatum (Reeve). Paetel (\ 890) suggested C. aqulinum Mittr. C. parasilicum Cost. C. parvum Phi. C. pygmaeum Donov. C. siculum Sow. and C. subangulatum Scach. RECORDS. ··1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium exiguum t. 317. f. 154. ··1791 Gmelin, p. 3255, No. 37: Cardium exiguum. ··1803 Montagu: Cardium exiguum Gme!. 37. ··1807 Maton & Rackett, No.2: Cardium exiguum Lister. Walker. Linn. Gme!. (figured by Mr. Walker). ··1815 Wood: Cardium exiguum Linn. Gme!. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium exigtlUm. Gmelin. ··1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 316 fig. 153 Cardium exigtlUm. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 25: Cardium exiguum, Gme!. ··1844 Forbes: Cardium exiguum, Lin. ··1844 Philippi: Cardium exiguum ofScac. non Gm!. = Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium exiguum. ··1846 Loven: Cardium exiguum "Gm.", Macg., (non Gm., non Mont., non Phil.) = Cardiumfasciatum "Mont.", Reeve 118 (non Mont.). ··1849 Middendorff: Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1856 Jeffreys: (Cardium exiguum Ph.) = Cardium pygmaeum, B. M. (Note: Ph. & B. M. = Philippi and "British Mollusca", Forbes & Hanley 1849 respectively). ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerastoderma) exiguum Linn. ··1859 Sowerby: C. exiguum = Cardium pygmaeum, Donovan. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1871 March, p. 215, No. 205: Cardium (Hemicardium ?) exiguum Gm. ··1878 Monterosato: Cardium exiguum, Gm. = C. subangulatum, Sc. ··1888 Petersen: Cardium exiguum Gmelin = Cardium pygmaeum Don. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium exiguum Gm. ··1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium exiguum Gme!. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1892 Locard: Cardium exiguum, Gmelin, 1789 sic. ··1893 Ostroumoff: Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1899 Sacco: Parvicardium exiguum (Gme!.) [Pliocene-Recent]. ··1900 Bragger: Cardium exiguum Gmel. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1790. ··1902 Bellini: C. exiguum, in Scacchi = Cardium (Parvicardium) parvum Phi!. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 343: Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1790 sic. ··1906 Dautzenberg & Durouchoux: Cardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gmelin. ··1907 ZR: Cardium exigtlUm [Refs. 1907: Colgan. / Stefani. / Zimmermann]. ··1916 Milachewitch: Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1927 Dautzenberg: Cardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gmelin. ··1932 Winckworth: Cardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gmelin, 1791. ··1933 Coen: Eueardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gmelin. ··1933 Coen & Vatova: Eucardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gmelin. ··1937 Altena: 229. Cardium exigttum Gmelin 1791 [Pleistocene]. ··1937 ZR: Cardium exiguum [Ref. 1937. Larsen: in Dybs0 Fjord as fishfood]. ··1946 ZR: Cardium exiguum Gme!. [Ref. 1946. Dalsum: in the Netherlands]. ··1948 ZR: Cardium exiguum Gmel. [Ref. 1948. Dalsum: in the Netherlands]. ··1958Abbott: Americardia exigua Gmelin 1791, placed in the genus Americardia. ··1962 Grossu: Cardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gme1in, 1790. ··1962 Allen: Cardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gmelin 1791. ··1967 ZR: Cardium exiguum, ecology and distribution in Danish waters [Ref. Muus 1967]. ··1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium exiguum (exiguum) (Gmelin, 1791). ··1970 Glibert & Poe1: Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). ··1970 ZR: Cardium exiguum [Ref. 1970. Brodniewicz: Baltic Sea southern distribution]. ··1971 ZR: Cardium exiguum [Refs. 1971. Jelnes et at.: distribution. / Petersen & Russell: shell form, comparative study]. ··1972 ZR: Cardium exigttum Gmelin, 1791. Removal from synonymy: C. parvum Philippi, 1844. [Ref. Petersen 1972]. ··1975 ZR: Parvicardium exiguum. Measurement of growth. Bertalanfly's sic growth equation. Ref. to Babyrina. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1977 Popov: Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1790. Type of Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884. ··1978 Janssen & Slik: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 507 exiguum - exiguum ovata Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). ··1978 Janssen & Slik: Cerastoderma exiguum (Gmelin). ··1978 Janssen & Slik: Cerastobyssum sic exiguum (Gmelin). ··1 978 ZR: Parvicardium exiguum Statistics. Bertalanffy's growth equation, Azov Sea. Ref. to Babyrina el at. ··1979 ZR: Parvicardium exiguum (J .F. Gmelin, 1791) Ref. to Lambiotte, p. 44. ··1979 ZR: Par vicardium exiguum Ref. to Spichak el at. ··1987 ZR: Parvicardium exiguum. Ref. to van Dalsum et al. ··1991 Krzyminska & Wolowicz: Cardium exiguum Gmel. ··1998 Macedo el al.: Parvicardium exiguum (GmeIin, 1791). ··1998 Schneider (I 998b): Parvicardium. Type species Cardium exiguum (GmeIin, 1791) according to most other authors. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium exiguum GmeIin. Quaternary. Tunesia, B42007. ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). ··2001 Vidal , p. 408: Parvicardium exiguum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell obliquely ovate, gibbous, anterior side very short, posterior angulated; radiately ribbed, ribs two and twenty in number, obsoletely tuberculated, interstices between the ribs punctured; whitish, faintly tinged with rusty brown. ··2001 Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. REMARKS. ··1 845 Reeve: the tubercles are, in some specimens, almost obliterated. HABITAT. ··1876 Duprey: intertidal on the coast of New Jersey with a tidal range of about 13 m. ··1969 Nordsieck: littoral and algal zone, Orkney lsI. ··1844 Forbes: Aegaean Sea depth range 7-30 fathoms. DISTRIBUTION. ··1807 Maton & Rackett: Sandwich, Falmouth Harbour. ··1845 Britain: Reeve. ··1969 Nordsieck: North Europe, Mediterranean, Black Sea. exiguum Lamarck. - See under roseum Lamarck. exigllum Linnaeus. - See under exiguum GmeIin. exigullm Montagu. - Changed authorship: Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin , 1791) . Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION . Britain &c. (Wood & Hanley 1856). RECORDS. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No.6: Cardium exiguum Mont. 82 . exigllllm albinum Monterosato, ?1884 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status : Parvicardium exiguum. » Regarding Cardium exiguum var. albinum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··?1884 Monterosato: Cardium exiguum var. albinum. ··1900 Locard & Cazio!: Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1790 sic var. albina. ··1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium exiguum exiguum (Gmelin, 1791) var. albinum Monterosato. Unknown distribution. exigullm beta (variety). - Unknown status.» Regarding Cardium exiguum var. beta: Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium exiguum var. beta. exigllum commutata Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - synonym of Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Parvicardium exiguum commutalum B.D.D. - Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844. - Parvicardium siculum (Sowerby, 1839) . » Regarding Cardium exiguum var. commutala: Cardiidae. Recent.). RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, p. 282: Cardium exiguum var. (ex forma) 3 commutata. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1790 sic var. commutata. ··1916 Milaschewitch: Cardium exiguum var. 2 (ex forma) commutala B.D.D. (1892). ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Parvicardium) exiguum var. commutata B.D.D. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Parvicardium) exiguum commutatum B . D. D . ··1962 Grossu: Cardium exiguum forma commutata B. D. & D. , 1892 . ··1964 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) exiguum commulalum from a raised beach above the Sea of Azov [Ref. Karlov 1964]. ··1969 Moore el al.: Cardium exiguum commutatum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 = Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844. ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium exiguum var. commutatum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dolfus, 1892 is a synonym of Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Cardium exiguum commutatum B. D. D ., 1892 = Parvicardium exiguum parvum (Philippi , 1844) = Parvicardium siculum (Sowerby, 1834) (siculum has priority) = Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin,1791). HABITAT. ··1969 Nordsieck: P commutatum; littoral and algal zone. DISTRIBUTION. ··1900 Locard & Cazio!: Mediterranean. exiguum hirta Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Infrilsubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Parvicardium exiguum var. hirlum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, p. 282: Cardium exiguum var. ex forma 2 hirta. ··1937 Coen: CeraSloderma (Parvicardium) exiguum hirlum B.D.D. ··1962 Grossu: Cardium exiguum forma hirla B. D. D., 1892. ··1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium exiguum (e.xiguum) (Gmelin, 1791) var. hirtum Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: unknown. exiguum impedita Milascewicz, 1909 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium exiguum var. impedita: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1909 ZR : Cardium exiguum impedila Milascewicz, 1909 var. nov. Black Sea [Ref. Milascewicz 1909]. exiguum luridum Danilo & Sandri (subspecies). - New combination: Parvicardium exiguum luridum Danilo & Sandri. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1937 Coen: Cerasloderma (Parvicardium) exiguum luridum Danilo & Sandri. exiguum minimum Bellini, 1902 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Parvicardium exiguum var. minimum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1902 Bellini, p. 26, fig. 8: Parvicardium exiguum , Gm. sp. var. minimum n. f. exiguum minor Locard & Caziot, 1900 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Parvicardium exiguum var. minor: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1790 sic var. minor. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1900 Locard & Cazio!: Mediterranean. exigullm ovata Milachewitch , 1909 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Parvicardium eXiguum forma ovala: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1909 ZR: Cardium exiguum ovata Milascewicz, 1909 var. nov. Black Sea. ··1916 508 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) exiguum paludosum - exochum Milaschewitch, p. 264, pl. 7, figs. 20-21: Cardium exiguum var. I (ex fonna) ovata Mil. (1909). "1962 Grossu: Cardium exiguum fOlma ovata Milaschevich sic 1916. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCEDISTRIBUTION. Black Sea. exiguum paludosum Bellini, 1902 (variety). - No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Pm-vicardium exiguum var. paludosum: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. --1902 Bellini, p. 26, figs. 7 a,b: Parvicardium exiguum Gm. sp. var. paludosum n. f. exiguum parvum Phil. (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Parvicardium exiguum var. parvum: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. "1875 ZR: Cardium exiguum var. parvllm (Phil.), from the Baltic comparatively described [Ref. Koch 1875). exiguum parvum Philippi, 1844 (subspecies). Replaced by Parvicardium commutatum (B .D .D. 1892). » Regarding Parvicardium exiguum parvum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium exiguum parvum (Philippi, 1844). --1969 Nordsieck: commutatum B.D.D. = Parvicardium exiguum parvum (Philippi, 1844). "1972 Petersen & Russell: Parvicardium exiguum parvum (Philippi, 1844) = Parvicardium commutatum (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892).- CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. Littoral and algal zone (Nordsieck 1969). DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean (Nord sieck 1969). exiguum paucicostatum Milascewicz, 1909 (variety).Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Parvicardium exiguum var. pauGicostatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1909. ZR: Cardium exiguum var. paucicostatum Milascewicz, 1909 var. nov. Black Sea [Ref. Milascewicz 1909]. exiguum scripta Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Upgraded and combination changed: Parvicardium scriptum (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892). » Regarding Parvicardium exiguum var. scriptum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium exiguum scripta. "1933 Coen : Eucardium (Parvicardium) exiguum var. scripta B.D.D. --1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Parvicardium) exiguum scriptum B.D.D. --1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium exiguum exiguum (Gmelin, 1791) var. scriptum (Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus) . .. 1972 Petersen & Russell : Cardium exiguum scripta Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus. --2000 Aartsen & Goud : Cardium exiguum var. scripta B.D.D., 1892 upgraded to Parvicardium scriptum (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Cardium parvum Philippi , 1844 = Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin , 1791) . DI STRIBUTIO N. .. 1969 Nordsieck: Mediterranean. exigllum suballgulatum Scacchi, 1836 (variety). Nomen nudum . » Regarding Eucardium exiguum var. subangulata: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. Cardium subangulatum Scacchi , 1836 is nomen nudum according to Voskuil, (1989) p. 263 . RECORDS. "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Parvicardium) exiguum var. subangulata Scacchi ... 1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Parvicardium) exiguum subangulatum Scacchi. --1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium exiguum subangulatum (Scacchi, 1836). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. --1969 Nordsieck: littoral and algal zone. DISTRIBUTION. --1969 Nordsieck: Mediterranean. exiguum subquadratum Jeffreys (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status.» Regarding Parvicardium exiguum var. subquadrata: Cardiidae. Recent RECORDS. --1897 Marshall: Cardium exiguum var. subquadrata Jeff. --190 I Chaster et al.: Cardium exiguum var. subquadrata Jeffreys. --1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium exiguum exiguum (Gmelin, 1791) var. subquadratum Jeffreys. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium exiguum subquadrata Jeffreys, 1863; [18621869] vol. 2: 279. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. --1969 Nordsieck : unknown. exile Dunker, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardillm " exile Dunker, 1861 . Insufficiently known. » Regarding Cardium exile: Cardiidae. TYPE LOCALITY. New Caledonia. RECORDS. --1862 Dunker, p. 35: Cardium exile. "1872 Tryon: Cardium exile Dkr. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium exile Dunker. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium exile Dunker, 1861 ; vol. 8: 35. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. Shell small, oblique ovate, subgibbose, colour yellow- greenish variegated, anterior short, posterior subangulate, ribs 24-26, anterior imbricate-granose provided; interstices punctate [I have translated from Latin description in Fischer-Piette 1977]. DIMENSIONS. Length. 8 mm (Fischer-Piette 1977). DISTRIBUTION. New Caledonia. exile (subspecies). - See under serogosicum exile Popov, 1982. eximia Papaianopol, 1977. - Plagiodacna eximia Papaianopol, 1977. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1977 ZR: Plagiodacna eximia Papaianopol, 1977 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, I. p. 51, fig'd. eximium Papaianopol, 1982. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium eximium (Papaianopol, 1982). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania . RECORDS. "1982. Papaianopol , p. 203, fig .: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) eximium sp. nov. --1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium eximium Papaian. exlex. - Didacna exlex Lymnocardiidae. Upper Pliocene. RECORDS. --1934 ZR: Didacna ex/ex Upper Pliocene, Georgia, Caucasus [Ref. Davidachvili 1933]. Exocardium Olsson, 1964 (genus). - Synonym of Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. » Regarding Exocardium: Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1980 . Vokes: Exocardium Olsson, 1964 in subfamily Laevicardiinae. --1999 Higo et al.: Exocardium Olsson, 1964 = Laevicardium Swainson, 1840, Exocardium Olsson 1932 (subgenus). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. --1964 ZR: Dinocardium (Exocardium) subgen. nov. type sp. Cardium (Dinocardium) ecuadoralis Olsson 1932, Lower Miocene, Ecuador. exochum Melvill in Melvill & Standen, 1906. [Figs. Part 3 p. 857]. - Changed combination: Trachycardium or maybe Afrocardium exochum (Melvill, 1906) - all authors seem to have different opinions. Cardiidae. Holocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. P. G. Thairi (Melvill & Standen, 1907). RECORDS. --1906 Melvill, p. 838, pI. 53, fig. 6: Cardium (Acanthocardia) exochum n. sp. --1906 ZR: Cardium (Acanthocardia) exochum Melvill & Standen, 1906 sp. n. Persian Gulf. "1977 509 Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) exoticum - falconensis Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Afrocardium) exochum Melvill & Standen. ··1977 Popov: Plagiocardium (Plagiocardium) exochum (Melvill, 1906). ··1995 Oliver, fig . 1075: Vepricardium exochum (Melvill & Standen, 1907). ··1998 Schneider: Afrocardium exochum (Melvill, in Melvill & Standen, 1906). Several apomorphies ofCardiinae but none of the apomorphies ofFraginae. ··2002 Schneider: Afrocardium exochum (Melvill in Melvill & Standen, 1907). Holocene. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1995 Oliver: beaks in front of midline, sculpture of about 37 radial, close-set ribs all bearing rather long, densely spaced, erect, fluted scales. Hinge condensed anteriorly, laterals close to cardinals. Margin crenulate, extending around post-ventral area and interdigitating. White with a posterior pink area internally. DIMENSIONS. ··1906 Melvill & Standen: Alt. 9, lat. 8, diam. 8 mm. ··1995 Oliver: to 9 mm. REMARKS. Allied to the larger C. sueziense Issei, but more globular and highly coloured, and with close imbricating scales. Also resembling somewhat in form, though not altogether in sculpture, C. gilchristi Sowb. from South Africa. The squamae are all of the same character, closely imbricated and latticed. In form it is roundly convex, peculiarly stained both without and within posteriorly with salmon-pink, being a most refined and dehcate species. DISTRIBUTION. East Africa. exoticum Blainville, 1824. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" exoticum Blainville, 1824. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2279: Cardium exoticum Blainville, 1824. expansa (variety). - See under echinatum expansa Jeffreys, 1863. expansus Hirayama, 1954. - Serripes expansus Hirayama, 1954. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1955 ZR: Serripes expansus Hirayama, 1954 sp. nov. Miocene, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. ··1973 Keen: Serripes expansus Hirayama, 1954 Miocene. exstriatulum Sacco, 1899. - Replaced. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" exstriatulum Sacco 1899. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium striatulum Sowerby 1840 = Cardium exstriatulum Sacco 1899. extensa Papaianopol, 1981. - Pontalmyra extensa Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) extensa Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol , p. 35. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra extensa Papaian. extensum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" extensum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, 2284: Cardium extensum d'Orbigny, 1850 extenuis (subspecies). - See under natella extenuis Eberzin, 1960. exulans Stoliczka, 1870. - New combination: Trachycardium exulans (Stoliczka, 1870). Cardi idae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Trachycardium) e.xulans Stoliczka, 1870; [1870-1871J vol. 3: 216, pI. 11 , figs . 11-13. ezoenseTakeda, 1953. - Arctopratulum ezoense (Takeda, 1953). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1953 ZR: Nemocardium ezoensis Takeda, 1953 sp. nov. Oligocene, Japan. ··1954 Keen:Nemocardium (Arcto- pratufum) ezoense Takeda, 1953. ··1960 ZR: Nemocardium ezoense Takeda [Ref. Oyama et af. 1960]. ··1973 Keen: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) ezoense Takeda, 1953. "1977 Habe: Arctopratulum ezoense Takeda, 1953. ··1977 Popov: Pratl/lum ezoense (Takeda, 1953). F fabriciiDeshayes, 1854. [Figs. Part 3 p. 854]. - Synonym Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardiumfabricii: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Greenland. TYPE REPOSITORY. Possible syntypes reg. no. 1974/38, 3 specimens at BMNH. RECORDS. ··1854 Deshayes, p. 333: Cardiumfabricii . ··1869 March, p. 27: Cardiumfabricii Desh. 1854 = Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum Chern. var. minor. ··1869 Romer: Cardium fabricii Deshayes = Cardium groenlandicum Chemnitz. ··1884 Grasset: Aphrodita fabricii Desh. = A. groenlandica Chern. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium fabricii Dsh. = groenlandicum Ch. ··190 I Dall: Cardium fabricii Deshayes, 1854 = Serripes groenlandicus Gmelin, 1792. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium fabricii Deshayes 1854. ··1912 Jensen: Cardium fabricii Deshayes, 1854 = Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum Chemnitz. ··1939 McLean: Cardium fabricii Deshayes, 1854 = Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1977 FischerPiette: Cardium fabricii Deshayes = Sernpes groenlandicum (Chemnitz) Schroter. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardiumfabricii Deshayes, 1854; p. 333. ··2000 Coan et al.: Cardium fabricii Deshayes, 1855 = Serripes (Serripes) groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1884 Grasset: Norway. ··Of authors: Arctic regions. fabricii Paetel, 1890 (variety). - Unknown status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium var.fabricii Dsh. facca; Tavani, 1948. - New combination: Protocardia faccai (Tavani, 1948). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1948. ZR: Cardium (Protocardia)faccai Tavani, 1948 sp. nov. Cretaceous Somaliland. facetllm Zhizchenko, 1936. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" facetum Zhizchenko, 1936. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Cardium facetum Zhizchenko, 1936 sp. n. fagea Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992. - Synonym Fulvia tenuicosta (Lamarck, 1819). » Regarding Fulvia fagea: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1992 Voskuil & Onverwagt, p. 42: nom. nov. for Fulvia radiatum (Reeve, 1845); nec Gray 1820, nor Dujardin 1837 nor Svagrovsky 1971 ··1994 Vidal: Fulvia fagea Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992 = Fulvia (Fulvia) tenuicosta (Lamarck, 1819). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. See under Fulvia radiatum Reeve, 1845. DISTRffiUTION. ··OF AUTHORS: North Australia, Solomon Islands. falconensis Papaianopol, 1974. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra falconensis (Papaianopol, 1974). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Didacna (Pontalmyra) falconensis Papaianopol, 1974 sp. nov. Romania, Prahova District, Bekiu Mare. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 161. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyrafalconensis Papaian . 510 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) falconensis - fasciatum falconensis Papaianopol, 1977. - Limnocardium fa lconensis Papaianopol, 1977. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. REcORDs. "1977 ZR: Limnocardium falconensis sp. nov. Romania. Ref to Papaianopol, r. p.130, fig'd. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (s. lato) falconensis. fal/ax Fuchs, 1870 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" fallax Fuchs , 1870. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980. Ruhoff: Cardium fal/ax Fuchs, 1870; vol. 30(2): 201 , pI. 11, figs. 4-5. faUax Michelotti 1861. - Synonym of Loxocardium pallasianum (Bast.). » Regarding Cardium fallax: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco: Cardium fal/ax Michelotti 1861 = Loxocardium pallas ian urn (Bast.). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium fallax Michelotti, 1861; vol. 15: 73, pI. 8. fig. 17. fallax ovoides Sacco (variety). - Upgraded. Loxocardium fallax ovoides Sacco. Cardiidae, Fossil. RECORDS . "1899 Sacco: Loxocardium fallax var. ovoides Sacco. fa/unica Schwez, 1913. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium "falunica Schwez, 1913. Cardi idae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1913 ZR: Cardiumfalunica Schwez, 1913a sp. n. Tertiary, Kertsch. farisi Abbass, 1966. - Granocardium farisi Abbass, 1966. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1966 ZR : Granocardiumfarisi Abbass, 1966 sp. nov. fasciaUl (mode and variety). - See underfasciatum and echinatum var.fasciata Coen, 1937. fasciatum Gmelin, 1791. - Synonym of Acanthocardia tuberculata . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium rusticum Linnaeus. » Regarding Cardiumfasciatum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1772 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardiumfasciatum Vergn 6. t. 8. f. 3. [Same ref. as to C. tuberculatum] . .. 1791 Gmelin No. 49: Cardium fasciatum. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardiumfasciatwn Gmelin = Cardium msticum Linnaeus. "1902 Sherbom, p. 350: Cardiumfasciatum Gmelin, 1790 sic. "1977 FischerPiette: Cardium fasciatum Gmelin = Cardium tuberculatum Linne. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRJBUTION. "Of authors: West Europe, Mediterranean. fasciatum Montagu, 1803. [Figs. Part 1 p. 144, 171. Part 3 p. 919]. - Identical with Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby, 1840). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium edule jun. sec. Sow. - Cardium elongatum auctorum . Parvicardium pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831). - Cardium radula Deshayes. - Cardium rubrum (Reeve). Cardium rusticum Linnaeus. - Cardium simile Milachewitch, 1909. - Cardiumzonatum Leach, 1852. »Regarding Cardiumfasciatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. England. Type material missing. (Glibert & Poel, p. 43). RECORDS. "1803 Montagu, p. 30 (pI. 27, fig. 6): Cardiumfasciatum. "1815 Wood : Cardium fasciatum Mont. "1815 Wood: Cardium fasciatum is a variety of C. rusticum. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium fasciatum Montagu. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 21: Cardiumfasciatum Mont. = Cardium msticum Linn. "1845 Reeve: Cardium fasciatum. "1846 Loven: Cardium fasciatum Mont. = Cardium edule jun. sec. Sow. "1852 Leach: Cardium fasciatum Mont. = Cardium zonatum Leach, 1852. "1855 Clark: C. fasciatum Montagu = C. elongatum auctorum. '·1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 13: Cardium fasciatum Mont. T.B. Sup. 30, pI. 27, f. 6. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia (Fragum) fasciata Mont . "1859 Danielssen: Cardium fasciatum Montagu. "1868 Morch: Cardium (Cerastoderma) fasciatum Mtg. "1868 ZR: Cardium rubrum (Reeve) = fasciatum (Mont.); suecicum (Loven) is distinct from minimum (Phil.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1871 Morch, p. 215, No. 203: Cardium (Cerastoderma)fasciatum Mtg. "1872 Meyer & Mobius: Cardium fasciatum, siphons , tentacles ill. "1872 ZR: Cardium fascictum (Montagu), from Kiel [Ref. Meyer & Mobius 1872]. "1875 ZR: Cardium fascia tum (Mont.) from the Baltic comparatively described [Ref. Koch 1875]. "1878 Monterosato: Cardium fasciatum Mtg. = ? C. radula Desh. "1887 Fischer: Cardium fasciatum Montagu. "1888 Petersen : Cardium fascia tum Mtg. "1890 Paetel: Cardium fascialum Mtg. "1890 Paetel: Cardium ovale Sow. = fasciatum Mtg. "1894 Sowerby: Cardiumfascialum in Sowerby, "Marine shells of South Africa", p. 61 = Cardium turloni Sowerby. "1932 Winckworth: Cardium fascialum = Cardium (Parvicardium) ovale Sowerby, J840. "1900. Brogger: Cardium fascia tum Mont. "1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardiumfasciatum (Montagu, 1808 sic). "1901 Dall: Cardium fasciatum Montagu is not inhabiting South Carolina. Occurs in Iceland. "1901 Frieie & Grieg: ' Cardium fascialum Montagu , 1808 sic . •• J907 ZR: Cardium fasciatum [Ref. 1907 Hoel] . "1907 ZR : Cardiumfasciatum [Ref. 1906 Nordgaard]. "1907 ZR : Cardium fascia tum [Ref. 0yen 1907b]. "1916 Milachewitch: Cardium fascia tum Mtg. in Jeffreys (1882), Weinkauff (1882), Ostroumoff (1893) = Cardium simile Milachewitch, 1909. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2311 : Cardiumfasciatum Montagu, J808. "1924 ZR: Cardium fasciatum [Ref. Orton J924]. "1962 Grossu: Cardium fascia tum Montagu in Jeffreys (1882), Weinkauff (J 882) , Ostroumoff (1893) = Cardium (Parvicardium) simile Milaschevich sic. .. J962 Pasteur-Humbert: Cardiumfasciatum Montagu. "1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardiumfascialum (Montagu, J803). "1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvicardiumfasciatum fasciatum (Montagu, 1808 sic). "1974 Barnard: Cardium fascialum Sowerby 1892 in Johnson 1904 = Cardium turtoni . .. J 977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium fascia/urn Montagu = Cardium exiguum Gmelin . .. J977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium fasciatum in Sower by = Corculum papi/losum Poli. "1987 ZR: Cardium fasciatum Montagu 1808 . Junior synonym of Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby, 1840). Ref. to Backeljau et al. "1998 Macedo et al.: Cardium fasciatum Montagu, non Gmelin, 1791 = Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby, 1840). "2000 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium fascia tum Montagu , 1803 not Gmelin, 1791 is a synonym of Parvicardium pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS . .. 1845 Reeve : shell thin, somewhat squarely ovate, posteriorly slightly angu1ated; radiate1y ribbed, 26 ribs, the posterior finely muricated, the anterior obtusely sealed; whitish, faintly stained and banded with rusty brown. REMARKS. "1845 Reeve: A thin pellucid shell, slightly gibbous on the posterior side . .. J 969 Nordsieck : Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby, J 841) = Parvicardium fasciatum (Montagu, 1803). HABITAT . .. J 969 Nordsieck : 0-350 m depth. DISTRIBUTION . "1845 Reeve: Britain (found on the Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 511 fasciatum alba - ferruginosum western coast) . ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Britain &c. fasciatum alba Jeffreys, 1863 (variety). - No evidence of sub specific status. Synonym of Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby, 1840). » Regarding Cardium fasciatum alba: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDs. ··1863 Jeffreys: Cardiumfasciatum alba 1863. ··1897 Marshall : Cardium fasciatum var. alba Jeff. ··1 901 Chaster et af. : Cardium fasciatum var. alba Jeffreys. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium fasciatum alba Jeffreys, 1863; [1862-1869) vol. 2: 282. fasciatum globosa Jeffreys (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium fasciatum var. globosa: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1897 Marshall: Cardium fascia tum var. globosa Jeff. ··1901 Chaster et af.: Cardium fascia tum var. globosa Jeffreys. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium fasciatumglobosa Jeffreys, 1863 [1862-1869) vol. 2: 282. fasciatum minor Locard & Caziot, 1900 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium fasciatum var. minor: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean (Locard & Caziot 1900). RECORDS. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium fasciatum (Montagu, 1808 sic) var. minor. fasciatum pinnulatum Conrad, 1831 (subspecies). Parvicardium fasciatum pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvicardium fasciatum pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831). fasetum Zhizhchenko, 1936. - Synonym. » Regarding C. fasetum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1989 Gontsharova: Cardiumfasetum Zhizhchenko, 1936. Syn. of Cerastoderma arcella bogatchevi (Kolesnikov, 1929). fastosum Yokoyama, 1927. - Changed combination: Clinocardium fastosum (Yokoyama, 1927). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Clinocardium buelowi (Rolle). - Corculum califomiense (Deshayes). - Removal from synonymy with Keenocardium califomiense (Deshayes 1839). » Regarding fastosum: Cardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1927 Yokoyama, p. 168, 178179 (pI. 48, fig. 5): Cardium fastosum n. sp. ··1927 ZR: Cardiumfastosum Yokoyama, 1927a sp. n. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe:fastosum Yokoyama = Clinocardium buelowi (Rolle) (?fastosum Yokoyama). ··1954 Keen: Clinocardiumfastosum (Yokoyama), 1927 . [Pliocene). ··1973 Keen: Clinocardium fastosum (Yokoyama, 1927) [Pliocene). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium fastosum = Corculum califomiense Deshayes. ··1980 ZR: Keenocardiumfastosum Yokoyama 1927. Removal from synonymy with K. californiense (Deshayes 1839). Ref. to Kafanov, p. 309. ··1990 Kitamura : Clinocardium fastosum [Pleistocene). fatici Brusina. - Lymnocardiumfatici Brusina. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium fatici Brus. faujaci d' Orbigny, 1850. - "Cardium " faujaci d' Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 2337 : Cardium faujaci d'Orbigny, 1850. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium faujasii d' Orbigny. France, B 17060. faujasi Moulins. - Cardiumfaujasi Moulins. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardiumfaujasi des Moulins. ··1871 Stoliczka. p. 213, 43-47: Cardiumfaujasi (Acanthocardium sic). felsense (subspecies). - See under edule felsense Steininger, 1963. *fenestratum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium fenestratum from 2 sources: Kner, 1850. - Favre, 1869. fenestratum Favre, 1869. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium "fenestratum Favre, 1869. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium fenestratum Favre, 1869; p. 114, pI. 12, fig. 6. ··1987 ZR: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) fenestratum (Kner, 1850). Ref. to Abdel-Gawad. fenestratum Kner, 1850. - Nemocardium fenestratum (Kner, 1850). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium polonicum Alth. » Regarding Cardium fenestratum: Cardiidae. Maastrichtian/ V. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium fenestra tum = Cardium polonicum A1th. (? Acanthocardium sic). ··1899 Sacco: Nemocardium fenestratum (Kner.) [Cretaceous] . ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium fenestra tum Kner, 1850; vol. 3(2): 26. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium fenestratum Kner 1852; vol. 3: 312, pI. 16, fig. 22. ··1986 Abdel-Gawad, pI. 40, fig. 9: Nemocardium (Nemocardium)fenestratum (Kner 1850). ferdinandeum Hoernes ex Partsch MS, 1848. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ferdinandeum Hoernes ex Partsch MS, 1848. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECOR DS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2355: Cardium ferdinandeum Hoernes ex Partsch MS, 1848. fereyi 1946. Dumortier. - Pseudopisfereyi (Dumortier). Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1946 ZR: Pseudopis fereyi (Dumortier) [Ref. Cox 1946). fernandoensis Arnold, 1907. - Trachycardium fernandoensis (Arnold, 1907). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Trachycardium (Dallocardia)femandoensis (Arnold, 1907). fernandoensis (variety). - See under quadragenarium var·femandoensis Arnold, 1907. ferox Dana, 1849. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ferox Dana, 1849. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2356: Cardium ferox Dana, 1849. Ferrazia Cowper-Reid, I941(genus). - Cardiacea. Trias. RECORDS. ··1947 ZR: Ferrazia Cowper-Reid, 1943 gen. nov. genotype Ferrazia cardinalis Cowper-Reid, 1943 sp. nov., Trias, Brazil [Cardiacea). ferruginea Reeve, 1862. - Synonym of Tridacna crocea Lamarck, 1819. » Regarding Tridacnaferruginea: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1884 ZR: Tridacna ferruginea (Reeve) a variety of crocea (Lam.) [Ref. Sowerby 1884). ··1980 Ruhoff: Tridacna ferruginea Reeve, 1862; [1851-1870) vol. 14 (Tridacna) pI. 8, sp. 8. ··1999 Higo et al.: Tridacnafe.rruginea Reeve, 1862 = Tridacna (Chametrachea) crocea Lamarck, 1819 Tridacnidae. ferrugineum Brusina . - Changed combination: Budmaniaferrugineum. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium (Bl/dmania) ferrugineum (Brus.) . ··1987 Taktakishvili: Budmania ferrugineum (Brusina). ferruginosllm Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part 1 p. 143). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ferruginosum Reeve, 1845. Cardiidae . Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1845). RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve: Cardiumferruginosum Reeve, 1845. Pro. Zool. Soc. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium ferrugineum. Rv. ··1890 Paetel: Cardiumferrugineum Rv. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2368: Cardium ferruginosum Reeve, 1845. ··1977 512 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) fervida - jimbriatum Fischer-Piette: Coreufum (Papillieardium) ferruginosum Reeve. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1845 Reeve: shell somewhat orbicular, rather depressed posteriorly; radiately ribbed, 23 ribs, of which the 6 extreme posterior are flattened, and very finely muricated along the edge, the middle smooth, and the anterior crenated; yellowish white, sprinkled here and there with rusty spots. REMARKS. -- 1845 Reeve: the ribs are rather strongly grooved out in the interior of the shell, and on the posterior side they are a little divided at the extremity, as in the Cardium ringens. DISTRIBUTION . --1845 Reeve : unknown. --1884 Grasset: China. fervida Papaianopol, 1980. - LlIxuridaena fervida Papaianopo1, 1980. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. --1980 ZR: Luxuridaenafervida Papaianopol, 1980 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol p. 50. fervidum fervidum Ebersin, 1958. - Changed combination: Euxinieardiumfervidum (Ebers in, 1958). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. --1958 ZR: Limnoeardium (Euxinieardium) fervidum Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Abkhazia, Duaha river, east coast of Black Sea. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia . --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnoeardium (Euxinieardium) fervidum Ebers. --1987. Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium fervidum . fervidum orsa Ebersin, 1958 (variety). - Upgraded. Euxinicardium fervidum orsa. (Ebersin, 1958). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) fervidum var. orsa Eberzin, 1958 nov. Abkhazia, Duaba river, east coast of Black Sea. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardillm (Euxinicardium) fervidum Ebers. var. orsa Ebers. --1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium fervidum orsa. festivum Deshayes, 1855. [Figs. Part 3 p. 888). Changed combination: Microfragumfestivum (Deshayes, 1855). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 3 syntypes (2 pairs and 1 valve). BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. 'New Ireland' (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea) (Higo et al. 1999). RECORDS. "1855 Deshayes, (1854) p. 332: Cardium festivum. "1884 Grasset: Cardium festivum. Desh. "1890 Paetel: Cardiumfestivum Dsh. "1932 Prashad: Cardium (? Ctenocardia) festivum. --1951 Habe designated Cardium festivum Deshayes, 1854 type species of the subgenus (Microjioagum) Habe, J951. Upgraded to generic level by authors. --1952 ZR: Cardium festivum Desh. genotype of Microfragum Habe, 1951 gen. nov. of Cardiidae . .. 1954 Kira: Microfragum var.festivum (Deshayes). --1969. Moore et at.: Ctenocardia (Microfragum)festivum Deshayes, 1854. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Microfragum festivum Deshayes. -- J 977 Habe: Microfragum festivum (Deshayes, 1854) (p. 168). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium festivum Deshayes, 1854; p. 332. "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Microfragumfestivum. "1998 Schneider: Microfragum festivum (Deshayes, 1854). --1998 Schneider (1998b): Microfragumfestivum (Deshayes, 1854) lacks photosymbionts. --1998 Schneider (l998b) : Microfragum festivum (Deshayes, 1854). --1999 Higo et al.: Microfragumfestivum (Deshayes, 1855). --200 I Vidal, p. 408: Ctenocardia festivum . --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Ctenoeardia festivum (Deshayes, 1855). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRJPTIONS. --200 I Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: 1. Vidal states that 2 valves from Ile Tn! (Vietnam) are deposited in the Collection Saurin at MNHN, Paris. HABITAT. --1999 Higo et af.: 5-20 m, sand. DISTRJBUTION. --1884 Grasset: Hong Kong. --1969 Moore et at.: East Indies-Japan. --1999 Higo et at.: North EastAustralia, Tahiti, South Africa; Kii peninsula (Kuroda & Habe, 1981) and southwards, East China Sea, Philippines, South China Sea, China (Hainan, Fujian), Indonesia, Australia. --2003 Hylleberg & Kilbwll: Vietnam. jibrosum d 'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" fibrosum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2376: Cardium fibrosum d'Orbigny, 1850. jidele Vidal, 1992. [Figs. Part 3 p. 861]. - Changed combination : Vasticardium fidele (Vidal, 1992). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Japan. RECORDS. "1992 Vidal, p. 24-26, figs . 1-5: Acrosterigma fidele n. sp. --1999 Vidal : Vastieardium fidele (Vidal, 1992). --2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Vasticardiumfidele (Vidal, 1992). --2002 Hylleberg & Kilbwn, p. 64: Vasticardium fidele (Vidal, 1992). --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 184, Plate 3, fig. 12. Vasticardiumfidele (Vidal, 1992). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: foundation of anterior lateral teeth is gently curved and moderately strong (non-hooked appearance). DISTRIBUTION. --1999 Vidal: India (Tuticorin), Sri Lanka, Thailand (Phuket), South Africa (Zululand), Singapore, Philippines, Wallis and Futuna Territory. --2000 Hylleberg: Vietnam. --2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: South India. --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: South Central Vietnam. jigax Cossmann. - Plagiocardium figax (Cossmann). Cardi idae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977 Popov: Plagiocardium (Plagiocardium)figax (Cossmann). jilatovae Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. - Hypanis filatovae Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Black Sea, Caspian. RECORDS. --1967 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis filatovae. jilipescui Hanganu, 1975. - Valenciennius fi/ipescui Hanganu, 1975. Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1975 ZR: Valenciennius fi/ipescui Hanganu, 1975 sp. nov. Romania, Prahova region. Ref. to Hanganu. jilosa (Conrad, 1857). - Changed combination: Protocardia filosa (Conrad, 1857). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From North America. RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka: Cardiumfilosum (Protocardium). Referred to by Meek 1864. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Protocardia)filosum Conrad, 1857; vol. I : I SO, pI. 6, figs. 7a,b. --1986. Scott: Cardium (Protocardium) filosum Conrad, 1857. --1986 Scott: Protocardia filosa (Conrad, 1857). --1987 ZR: Protocardiafilosa (Conrad, 1857) is a senior synonym of P coJoradoensis (Shumard, 1860), P quadrans (Cragin, 1894), P securijormis (Cragin, 1893), P stonei Cragin, 1893. Ref. to Scott p. 1203 . jilosum (mode). - See underfilosa. jimbriatum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 3 p. 884]. Synonym of Vepricardium coronatum (Spengler). OruER JUDGEMENTS: Vepricardium asiaticum (Bruguiere, 1789).» Regarding C.fimbriatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Indian Seas? TYPE REPOSITORY. Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 513 fimbriatum - fischerianum Lamarck's holotype in the Paris Museum. RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck, p. 5, No.6: Cardium jimbriatum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 1, No.7: Cardium jimbriatum, Lam. ··1848 Krauss: Cardiumjimbriatum Lamk. (in Gray. Captn. Beechey's voy., pI. 42. fig. 1) is only a half grown Cardium asiaticum. ··1869 Romer: Cardium jimbriatum Uuv.) Lamarck = Cardium coronatum Spengler. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium jimbriatum. Lam. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2390: Cardiumjimbriatum Lamarck, 1819. ··2000 Vidal, p. 450: Cardium fimbria tum Lamarck, 1819 = Vepricardium coronatum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1980 Keen: Lamarck probably had a juvenile specimen of Vepricardium asiaticum Bruguicre, 1789, as indicated by Lamy (1941). See under fimbria tum Wood, 1815. DISTRIBUTION. ··1884 Grasset: Ceylon. fimbriatum Linne, 1758. - Not a cardiid. Fimbria jimbriatum. » Regarding Cardium fimbriatum: Fimbriidae. Recent. REMARKS. Link (1806) stated that jimbriatum belonged to Lucina of Lamarck, but it should not be separated from Cardium. RECORDS. ··1758 Linne:jimbriatum. ··1782 Chemnitz, vol. 7. t. 43. figs. 448-449: fimbriatum. ··1791 Gmelin, p. 3275: jimbriatum. ··1806 Link: Cardium jimbriatum Linne, Gmelin. fimbriatum Wood, 1815. [Figs. Part 1 p. 102, 141]. Synonym of Vepricardium coronatum (Spengler, 1799). »Regarding Cardiumjimbriatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. China (Reeve 1845). RECORDS. ··1815 Wood, p. 234, pI. 56, figs. 4-5: Cardiumjimbriatum. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium jimbriatum Wood. ··1845 Reeve, sp. 91: Cardium jimbriatum. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Cardium fimbria tum Wood, 1815 = C. coronatum, Speng. Sk. Nat. v. pt. I, pI. I, f. I. ··1870 March: c. fimbriatum Wood junior synonym of Cardium coronatum Spgl. ··1889 Martens: Cardium jimbriatum Wood = Cardium (Eucardium) corona tum Spengler, 1786. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium jimbriatum Wood = coronatum Spglr. ··1891 Fischer: Cardium jimbriatum Wood. ··1899. Sacco: Trachycardium fimbriatum (Wood). ··1909 Lynge: Cardium jimbriatum Wood, 1835 sic = Cardium asiaticum Bruguicre, 1792 sic = 1789). ··1906 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardiumjimbriatum Wood. 1815 = Cardium costatum Indiae var. orientalis Chemnitz. 1782. ··1945 ZR: Cardium jimbriatum Wood [Ref. Lamy 1945]. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium jimbriatum Wood = Laevicardium corona tum Schrater. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium fimbriatum Wood, 1815 = Vepricardium asiaticum (Bruguicre, 1792). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson, p. 35: Cardium jimbriatum Wood, 1835 sic. ··1992 Dharma: Vepricardium jimbriatum. ··2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Vepricardium fimbriatum (Wood, 1815). ··2000 Vidal, p. 450: Cardium jimbriatum Wood, 1815 = Vepricardium coronatum. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 185: Vepricardium fimbria tum Wood. Synonym of Vepricardium coronatum (Spengler, 1799). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: ribs 36 in number, narrow smooth, frilled near the margins with a serrated lamella. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell transversely ovate, somewhat produced posteriorly; radiafely ribbed, 36 narrow, smooth ribs, frilled near the margins with a serrated lamella; cream colour, palely tinged with pink. Serrated lamellae absent in juveniles. DIMENSIONS. ··1819 Lamarck: 30 mm length or more. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: Lamarck has always been referred to as the author of this very characteristic species, but it was first described, and most accurately figured, in the year 1815, by our esteemed countryman Mr. Wood, His excellent representation of it, is, I believe, the only one that has been hitherto published, for the shell figured under the above name by Mr. Gray, in the Zoology ofBeechey's Voyage, appears by its orbicular form to be only a young specimen of the Cardium asiaticum. The Cardium jimbriatum in a young state, before the development of the marginal lamellae, would still be of a transverse, posteriorly produced, form. It is perfectly distinct from Cardium asiaticum both in size and shape, as well as in the arrangement and character of its external sculpture. ··My conclusion: Wood and Lamarck gave the same name to the same species, but Wood has seniority. However, Spengler described and figured the species accurately, i.e. C. coronatum Spengler; 1799 has priority. The Indian specimens have lower number of ribs. Lutaenko (2000) wrote: This species is believed to be a synonym of Laevicardium (Vepricardium) coronatum (Spengler, 1799). HABITAT. Mud and sand; littoral, shallow water. DISTRIBUTION. ··1819 Lamarck: Indian Ocean. ··1845 Reeve: China. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: China. ··1994 Hylleberg: India, Thailand. ··2000 Lutaenko: Vietnam. finitima (variety). - See under subsquamulosum var. jinitima Eberzin, 1958. finitima Grishkevitch, 1962. - Tauricardium jinitima (Grishkevitch, 1962). Lymnocardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Cardium jinitima Grishkevitch, 1962 sp. nov. Sarmatian, Trans-Carpathians, USSR ··1987 Taktakishvili: Tauricardium jinitima. finitimus Marinescu. - Pseudocatillus finitimus Marinescu. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1984 ZR: Pseudocatillusjinitimus sp. nov. Bulgaria. Ref. to Marinescu et al. p. 7. finitus Scott, 1986. - Protocardia jinitus Scott, 1986. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1986 Scott, p. 1202, figs. 14.3-14.6: Protocardia jinitus n. sp. ··1987 ZR: Protocardiajinitus sp. nov. Texas, Lower Cretaceous. Ref. to Scott p. 1202. finlayi Bartrum & Powell, 1928. - Nemocardiumjinlayi Bartrum & Powell, 1928. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1928 ZR: Nemocardium jinlayi Bartrum & Powell, 1928 sp. n. Tertiary N. Zealand. firma (variety). - See under ingratum firma var. Kolesnikov,1929. fischeri - Lophocardium jischeri Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1889 ZR: Lophocardium jischeri (ref. Dall). fischeri Gillet, 1943. - Prosodacna jischeri Gillet, 1943. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Prosodacna jischeri Gillet, 1943 designated type species for new genus Fischeridacna. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 139. fischerianum Doengingk 1892. - Protractiforma jischerianum (Doengingk 1892). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1936 ZR: Limnocardium jischerianum [Ref. Krach 1936]. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Cardiumfischerianum Doeng. ··1979 ZR: Cardium fischerianum Doengingk 1892. Designated type species for new subgenus Protractiforma (Fischericardium). Ref. to 514 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Fischericardium - flavum Bagdasaryan p. 44. Fischericardium Bagdassarian, 1978 (genus). Fischericardium Bagdassarian, 1978. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Fischericardium Bagdassarian, 1978. Fischericardium Bagdassarian, 1978 (subgenus). (Fischericardium) Bagdassarian, 1978 . Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. ··1979 ZR: Protractiforma (Fischericardium) subgen. nov. Type species Cardium fischerianum Doengingk 1892. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 44. Fischeridacna Andreescu, 1974 (genus). Lymnocardiidae . Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Fischeridacna Andreescu , 1974 gen. nov. of Lymnocardiidae. Type species Prosodacna fischeri Gillet, 1943. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 139. ··1980 Vokes: Fischeridacna Andreescu, 1974. ··1980 ZR: Fischeridacna Andreescu 1974. Key to species. Ref. to Andreescu. fischeriforme Papp, 1954. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma fischeriforme (Papp, 1954). Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1949 ZR: Cardium fischeriformis 'no sp.' [nomen nud.] [Ref. Papp 1949]. ··1954 ZR: Cardiumfischeriformis Papp, 1954 sp. nov. Sarmatian, Vienna. ··1965 ZR: Cardiumfischeriformis figd., Sarmatian, Yugoslavia [Ref. Spajic 1965]. "1977 Popov: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) fischeriforme. ··1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) fischeriforme Key to subspecies. Ref to Il'ina , Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 75 . fiski Richards, 1954. - Laevicardium fiski Richards, 1954. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1954 Richards: Laevicardium fiski. ··1955 ZR: Laevicardium fiski Richards, 1954 sp. nov. from well off mouth of the Mississippi River. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium fiski Richards. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCEREMARKS. "1861 Ravenel: resembles Laevicardium pictum . HABITAT. ··ZMUC: sand, 49-65 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. "Of authors: South East USA to Brazil. West of Mississippi. fittoni d'Orbigny in Murchison, 1845. - Changed combination: Plicatiforma fittoni (d'Orbigny in Murchison, 1845). Cardiacea. Miocene . RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2401: Cardium fittoni d'Orbigny in Murchison, 1845. "1970 Glibert & Poel : Limnocardium fittoni (Orbigny, 1845). ··1977 Popov: Plicatiforma fittoni. ··1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Plicatiforma) fittoni (Orb.). Key to species. Ref to Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 71. "1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium fittoni d'Orb. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium fittoni d'Orbigny. Sarmatian. URSS; Rumania (Moldavia). fittoniforme Senes , 1938 . - New combination: Lymnocardium fittoniforme (Senes, 1938) Lymnocardiidae. Lower Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1954 ZR: Limnocardium fittoniforme Senes, 1938 sp. nov. Lower Sarmatian, South Slovakia. ··1955 ZR: Limnocardium fit/oniJorme Senes, 1953a sp . nov. Miocene, Czechoslovakia [assumed to be the same species as described by Senes, 1938]. fizulii Alizade, 1968. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" fizulii Alizade, 1968. Cardiidae. Middle Oligocene. RECORDS . ··1968 ZR: Cardium fizulii Alizade, 1968 sp. nov. Middle Oligocene, Kubatlinsk region, Mirlyar, Azerbaidjan, USSR. Jlabellatum (subspecies). - See under glaucum jlabellatum Coen, 1915. flava (mode). - See underjlavum Linne, 1758. flavum Born, 1778. [Figs. Part I p. 67 No.8, 139. Part 3. p. 863, 897, 898] . - Identical with Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium obsoletum Spengler, 1799. - Cardium sulcatum Lamarck, 1819 . » Regarding Cardium jlavum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECO RDS. ··1778 Born, G 13. Cardiumjlauum sic Linn. S.N. Sp. 87 . "1780 Born, pI. 3, fig . 7 sic: Cardium jlavum Linn. S. N. Sp. 87. ··1789 Bmguiere: Cardillmjlavum von Born, pag. 47, tab. 3, fig. 7. "1799 Spengler. p. 28: Cardiumjlavum Born 1780, pI. 3, fig. 8: = C. obsoletum Spengler 1799. ··1817 Dillwyn: The figure to which Born has referred for C. jlavum is C. leuCOSlOmum but his description appears to have been taken from C. oblongum. "1817. Dillwyn: Cardiumjlavum Born = Cardium oblongum. Chemnitz. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium jlavum Born. t. 3. fig. 8. = Cardium sulcatum Lamarck, 1819. "1829 Costa: Cardium jlavum Poli et Born = Laevicardium oblongum Gmelin in Fischer-Piette (1977, p. 18). ··1832 Deshayes: Cardium jlavum Born = Cardium sulcatum Larnk. ··1836 Philippi: Cardiumjlavum Born. Mus. 3. 8.; Poli t. 17. fig. 9 = Cardium sulcatum Lamk. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium jlavum Born = Cardium sulcatum Lam. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium jlavum Born, 1780 = Cardium sulcatum Gmelin, 1791. ··1850 Jay: Cardiumjlavum Born = Cardium sulcatum Gmel. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Cardium jlavum Born (not. Lin.) pI. 3, f. 8. = Cardium oblongum Ch. ··1867 Hidalgo : Cardiumjlavum Born non Linne = Cardium oblongum, Chemnitz. "1868 ZR: the Mediterranean oblongum (Chemn.) =jlavum (Born) =sulcatum (Lam.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1869 Romer: Cardium jlavum Born, non L. = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. ··1878 Monterosato: C. jlavum Poli (non Lin.) = C. sulcatum Lk. = Cardium oblongum Chemn. ··1884 Monterosato: C. jlavum Poli (non Lin.) = C. sulcatum Lk. = Loevicardium sic oblongum. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium jlavum Born = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. "1890 Paetel: Cardium jlavum Born. = oblongum Ch. ··1890 Hidalgo: Cardiumjlavum Born, non Linne = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. ··1917 Hidalgo: Cardiumjlavum Born = Cardium oblongum. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cardium jlavum Born, 1780 = Laevicardium oblongum (Chemnitz, 1782). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium jlavum Born = Laevicardium oblongum Gmelin. ··1999 Knudsen & HyUeberg: Spengler (1799): Cardium jlavum Born, 1780 Tab. 3, fig. 8. = No. 15 Cardium obsoletum (Comments to sp. No. 11) in Spengler. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. ··1969 Nordsieck: Mediterranean, Canary lsI. flavum Chernnitz, 1782. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium jlavum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1782 Chemnitz Tab. 17 Fig. 178. Cardium muricatum flavescens. Cardium jlavum Linnaei ? ··1799 Spengler: Cardium jlavum Chernnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 17, fig. 178 = No. 10 Cardium muricatum in Spengler (the West Indies & the South Seas). flavum Linne, 1758 / Gmelin, 1791 . [Figs. Part I p. 79, 93, 167, 169. Part 3 p. 861, 862, 863. Part 3 p. 861, 862]. - Changed combination: Vasticardium jlavum (Linne, 1758). PROPOSED SYNONYMS. The name C. jlavum cannot be connected with a particular Linnaean type Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 515 flavum specimen, and hence it has been used for a number of different shells. Fischer-Piette has declared many species to be junior synonyms, but most of these are erroneous. His list of junior synonyms of Cardium flavum L. encompass the following species in chronological order: Cardium pectiniforme Born, 1780 (only fig . 10). - Cardium magnum testa Chemnitz, 1782. - Cardiumjlavum Linn. pag. 1123 Poli 1791 p. 63-64, pI. 17, fig. 9. - Cardium angulatum Lamarck, 1819. - Cardium rugosum Lamarck, 1819. - Cardium orbita Broderip & Sowerby, 1833. - Cardium subrugosum Sowerby, 1834. - Cardium jlavum Bosc 1836. - Cardium vertebra tum Jonas, 1844. - Cardium dupuchense Reeve, 1845. - Cardium reevanum Dunker, 1852. - Trachycardium peregrinum Jousseaume, 1888. - Cardium serricostatum Melvill & Standen, 1899.Cardium beauforti Prashad, 1932. - Regozara olivifer Iredale, 1936. - Trachycardium hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 . - Vasticardium nigropunctatum Habe & Kosuge, 1966. » Regarding Cardium jlavum: Cardiidae. Quaternary and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . "1799 Spengler: Red Sea and Nicobar Islands. "1999 Higo et at. : none designated. TYPE REPOSITORY. Uppsala. RECORDS. "1758 Linne, p. 680, No. 71: Cardiumjlavum. "1764 Linne, p. 490: Cardium jlavum . "1767 Linne, XII, p. 1123, No. 87: Cardium jlavum. "1780. Born, pI. 3, fig. 7 sic = fig. 10: Cardium jlavum Linn. S. N. Sp. 87. "1782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium jlavum mus Kirch. 2. f. 79. "1784 Schroter, No. II a, b: Cardiumjlavum. "1786 Schroter, No . XV: Cardium jlavum. Linn. XII. pag. 1123. Spec. 87. "1786 Schroeter. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardiumjlavum Einl. in Conch. 2. L 7. f. II . a. b. "1788 Schroter: Cardium jlavum. VI, 145? 186? 195. "1789 Bruguiere, p. 232, No. 31 . Cardiumjlavum Linn. "1791 Gmelin, sp. 17: Cardium jlavum Linne (fide Bolten 1798). "1795 Poli , vol. xvii, fig. 9: Cardiumjlavum L. = Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791) (FischerPiette 1977, p. 17). "1798 Bolten: Cardium jlavum Gmel. "1799 Spengler, p. II, No. II, p. 60, figs. 2 a,b : Cardium flavum Linnei Sp . 87 . p. 1123. "1799 Spengler: Cardium jlavum Schroters Einleitung 3 rd volume, Tab. 7. fig. 11 a.b. pag. 43. "1808 Spengler, p. 115: Cardiumjlavum Linne. "1815. Wood: Cardium flavum Linne. "1817 Dillwyn : Cardium jlavum Linnaeus. "1828 Wood : Cardium jlavum . .. 1836 Scacchi: Cardium jlavum L. & Poli in Scacchi = Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791) (FischerPiette 1977, p. 17). "1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 24: Cardiumjlavum SchrOL (as of Lin.) Ein. ii. pI. 7, f. II . "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455 : Cardium (Trachycardium) jlavum, Linn. "1868 ZR: Cardium jlavum (L.) = rugosum (Lam.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1869 Dunker: Cardiumjlavum Linne. "1869 Romer: Cardiumjlavum Linne. "1872 Tryon: Cardiumjlavum Linne. "1878 Bauer: Cardium jlavum Linne ... 1888 Caramagna: Cardium jlavum Linne. "1890 Paetel: Cardium angulatum Lm. = jlavum L. "1890 Paetel: Cardium jlavum L. "1895 Pilsbry: Cardium jlavum Linne. "1896 Elera : Cardium jlavum Linne. "1902 Sherborn, p. 379: Cardium jlavum Linnaeus, 1758. "1903 Hidalgo: Cardium flavum Linne. "1905 Hidalgo: Cardium jlavum Linne. "1906 Standen & Leicester: Cardium flavum Linne. "1909 Lynge: Cardium (Trachycardium) jlavum Linnaeus, 1758. .. 1910 Hedley: Cardiumjlavum Linne. "1916 Staub: Cardium jlavum Linne. "1916 Hedley: Cardium jlavum Linne ... 1925 Oostingh: Cardium jlavum Linne. "1928 Faustino: Cardium flavum Linne ... 1930 Thiele: Cardium flavum Linne. "1931 Oostingh: Cardium flavum Linne. "1932 Prashad: Cardium (Trachycardium) jlavum. "1938 Cotton & Godfrey: Cardium jlavum Linne 1758. "1938 Lamy: Cardium flavum Linne ... 1938 Fischer & Fischer-Piette: Cardium flavum Linne ... 1939 Adam & Leloup: Laevicardium (Trachycardium) flavum L. "1942 Abrard: Cardium flavum Linne. "1945 Altena: Laevicardiumjlavum (L.). "1945 Keen: Vasticardium flavum L. "1948 Ray: Cardium (Trachycardium) jlavum. "1950 Allan: Regozarajlava L. "1951 Habe: Vasticardium flavum L. .. 1952 Kuroda & Habe: Cardiumjlavum L. (aucL) ... 1952 Haas: Laevicardium jlavum L. .. 1954 Haas: Laevicardiumjlavum L. .. 1955 Kira: Vasticardium flavum L. "1956 Satyamurti: Cardiumjlavum Linne. "1958 Solem: Trachycardium jlavum Linne. "1961 Cotton: Vasticardium jlavum L. "1961 Rippingale & MacMichael: Regozara jlava L. "1962 Kira: Vasticardium jlavum. "1964 Barnard: Cardium flavum Linne. "1964 Shikama: Trachycardium jlavum Linne. "1964 Spry: Cardium jlavum Linne. "1965 Kundu: Cardiumjlavum. "1965 MacMichael : Regozara flava L. .. 1966 Habe & Kosuge: Regozarajlava L. "1967 ZR: Regozarajlava, effect of myotropic substances on the heart [Ref. Kratzing & Ladd 1967]. "1972 Cernohorsky: Cardium jlavum Gmelin, 1791 = Cardium fragum Linne, 1758. .. 1974 Habe & Kosuge: Regozarajlava (Linne, 1758). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Vasticardium) flavum Linne auctorum ... 1977 Habe: Trachycardium (Regozara) flavum (Linnaeus, 1758). "1978 ZR: Trachycardium flavum Bay of Bengal Burma, Maungmagan. First record. Ref. to Ray... 1984 Morris in Sharabati : Trachycardium flavum Linnaeus = Trachycardium enode Sowerby, 1834 (sic = 1840); in Oliver (1992). "1982 Kilburn & Rippey: Trachycardium flavum (Linne, 1758) . "1986 Springsteen & Leobrera: Trachycardium (Regozara) jlavum . "1986 Barash & Danin: Laevicardiumjlavum (Linnaeus, 1758). "1987 ZR: Laevicardium jlavum. Mediterranean Sea, Israel. First record for Mediterranean Sea. Ref. to Barash et al. "1988 Drivas & Jay: Trachycardiumjlavum (Linne, 1758) ... 1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma jlava. "1995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-len: Trachycardium flavum (Linne). "1997 Nguyen et al.: ?Trachycardiumjlavum (Linnaeus) ... I 997 Vidal: Vasticardiumjlavumjlavum (Linne, 1758) ... 1997 Vidal: Cardium (Trachycardium) jlavum Linne sensu Abrard, 1942 (not Cardiumjlavum Linne, 1758) = Vasticardium luteomarginatum marerubrum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). "1998 Poutiers: Cardium jlavum Linnaeus, 1758 (dubious name). "1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 378: Trachycardiumjlavum (Linnaeus, 1758) identical with Vasticardium pectiniforme. "1999 Higo et al. : Acrosterigma (Regozara) jlava (Linnaeus, 1758). "1999 Vidal: Vasticardium jlavum (Linne, 1758). "1999 Vidal: Vaslicardium jlavum jlavum (Linne, 1758). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium jlavum Linne. Quaternary. Coast of French 516 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) jlavum - flavum subrugosum Somalia, B42408. ··2000 Lutaenko , p. 372: Acrosterigmajlava (Linne, 1758). "200 I Vidal, p. 407: Vasticardium jlavum. "2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 184: Vasticardium jlavum (Linnaeus, 1758). Check of identifications needed because of probable mix up of Vasticardiumsubrugosum (Sowerby) and Vasticardium pectiniforme (Born). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENcE - DESCRIPTIONS. 001758 Linnaeus: shell subovate sulcate: lateral anterior scabrous, posterior dentate [I have translated from Latin]. "1799 Spengler: Testa subovata sulcata: lalere anleriore scabro posteriore dentato. "1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: With the exception of the above mentioned quotation this beautiful bivalve was neither described nor portrayed by any author; what in the lists of the "Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet" is stated under Cardium jlavum, tome VI, tab. 17, fig. 178 is actually Cardium muricatum; and what von Born in Mus. Caesar. Tab. 3, fig . 8. describes I have called Cardium obsoletum in my list. Since this Cardium was described in detail already by Linne in his S. N., notably in the Queen's Museum , and since a very exact description is found in Schroter ' s " Einleitung" according to the above mentioned quotation then a further explanation is superfluous. I would just like to add "the size" and point out that none within the whole genus is as thick-shelled as this Cardium jlavum. Its length is 2 inches 4 lines, the breadth I 3/4 inches, and it is equally thick. From the Red Sea and the Nicobars. "1948 Ray: the single specimen has a yellowish shell nicely banded on the surface with dark red spots. "2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. "1799 Spengler: length 61 mm (2 Tom 4 Linier), width and thickness 46 mm (1.75 Tom.) "1988 Drivas & Jay: ant.-post. 50.1 mm, umbo-ventr. 59.2 mm. REMARKS. "1799 Spengler: no other shell has such a thick shell. 001948 Ray, p . 116 : Prashad (1932) considers C. dupuchense as identical with C. jlavum, but Fischer & Fischer-Piette (1938) separate it from the latter as a variety, while Dautzenberg ranks it as distinct species. "1993 Vidal: Cardium jlavum sensu Fischer-Piette (1977) is a not a senior synonym of Cardium serricostata. "1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 29-31: states that it is practically impossible to know which species Linne described under the name c.jlavum. The name has been applied by authors for various shells coming from Asia, Africa, as well as Central America. HABITAT. 001988 Drivas & Jay: Reunion, western Indian Ocean to 40 m depth. "1999 Higo et al.: subtidal to 20 m, sand. DISTRIBUTION. 001856 Wood & Hanley: Indian Ocean. "1994 Hylleberg: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific. 001999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. 001999 Higo et al.: Amami islands and southwards, East China Sea, Philippines, South China Sea, China, Indonesia, Red Sea, southeast Asia, n011hern Australia, IndoPacific. "2000 Lutaenko: Vietnam. ,,2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn : Vietnam. flavum (cO Linnaeus, 1758. - Vasticardium cfjlavum (Linnaeus, 1758) Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. 001988. Noda: Vasticardium cfjlavum (Linnaeus, 1758). flavllm of Polio [Figs. Part I p. 82, 83]. - Synonym of Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin). » Regarding Cardium jlavum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001829 Costa : Lamarck considered Cardiumjlavum Poli = C. sulcatum . "1836 Philippi: Cardium jlavum Poli = Cardium serratum L. (suggested by Costa). 001867 Weinkauff: Cardiumjlavum (non Linne) in Born, Poli , Scacchi = C. oblongum Chemnitz. 001886 Locard: Cardium jlavum Poli, 1791 = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz , 1782. 001902 Sherborn, p. 379: Cerastoderma (L.) jlavum Poli , 1795. - Cardium jlavum. 001977 Fischer-Piette, p . 17: Cardium jlavum Poli & Born in Costa 1829 = Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791). flavum ofR6ding. - Vasticardiumjlavum (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum jlavum Roding, 1798 = Cardium jlavum Linnaeus. flavllm ofScacchi . - Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001870 Aradas & Benoit: Cardium jlavum Costa, Scacchi = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. flavum of Schroeter. - Vasticardium jlavum (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001789 Bruguiere: Cardiumjlavum Schroeter, tom. 3, pag. 43, tab. 7, fig. 11 , a, b. flavum R6ding in Bolten, 1798. - Synonym of Fragum fragum (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium jlavum. Cardiidae: Recent. RECORDS. 001791 Gmelin: Cardium jlavum . 001798 Roding: Fragum Flavum = Cardium fragum Gmelin sp . 13. 00 1902 Sherborn, p . 379: Fragum jlavum Bolten, 1798. flavum beta Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 65]. - Unknown status. 001772 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium jlavum var. beta, Vergn. 6. t. 3. f 5. 001791 Gmelin No. 17: Cardiumjlavum var. beta. jlavum delta Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 38]. - Unknown status. "1684 Bonanno. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardiumjlavum var. delta recr. 2. f. 89. 001782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium jlavum var. delta mus. Kirch . 2. f 87. 001791 Gmelin No. 17: Cardiumjlavum var. delta. flavllm dupuchense Reeve, 1845 (subspecies). [Figs. Part 3 p. 925] . - Upgraded. Vasticardium dupuchense (Reeve, 1845). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001926 Fischer & Fischer: Cardium (Trachycardium)jlavum L. var. dupuchense Rve. 001997 Vidal: Vasticardium jlavum dupuchense (Reeve, 1845) new combination. 001999 Vidal , p , 356: Vasticardiumjlavum dupuchense (Reeve, 1845). 002003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 184: Vasticardium flavum dupuchense (Reeve, 1845). Vietnam. flavum epsilon Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part 1 p. 43]. - Unknown status . 001705 Rumphius . ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardiumjlavllm var. epsilon, mus. t. 44. f E . 001791 Gmelin No. 17: Cardiumjlavum var. epsilon. flavu", gamma Gmelin, 1791 (variety). - Unknown status. 001742 Gualtieri. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium jlavum var. gamma t. 71. f G. 001791 Gmelin No. 17: Cardium jlavum var. gamma. flav"", subrugosum Sowerby, 1838 (subspecies). [Figs. Part 3. p. 861]. - Upgraded. Vasticardillm subrugosum (Sowerby, 1838). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001997 Vidal: Vasticardillm flavum subrugosum new combination . 001999 Hylleberg, p. 40 I: Vasticardium jlavum subrugosum. ID 1. Vidal. 001999 Vidal : Vasticardium jlavum subrugosum (Sowerby, 1838). 002000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Vasticardium jlavum subrugosum (Sowerby, 1838). 002003 Hylleberg & Kilburn , p. 185, Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 517 flexicostatum - formosum Plate 3, figs . 13 a,b: Vasticardium jlavum subrugosum (Sowerby, 1838). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE- DISTRIBUTION. ··2000 Hylleberg: Vietnam and Cambodia. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilbum : South Central Vietnam. jlexicostatum Vokes, 1989 . - Trachycardium jlexicostatum Vokes, 1989. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Dominican Republic. RECORDS. ··1989 Vokes. p.l04, fig.: Trachycardium (Trachycardium) jlexicostatum sp. nov. flexinodum Koenen, 1893. - Loxocardium jlexinodum (Koenen, 1893). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS ... 1977 Popov: Loxocardiumjlexinodum (Koenen, 1893). flexuosum Gmelin, 1791. Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardiumjlexuosum: RECORDS. "1687 Lister, pI. 343, fig. 180: pectuncu1us fixus stryis. "1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardiumjlexuosum t. 343. f. 180. ··1791 Gmelin, p. 3255, No. 39: Cardiumjlexuosum. "1815 Wood: Cardium jlexuosum Linn. Gmel. .. 1817 Dillwyn: Cardium jlexuosum Gmelin should be ignored. "1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 343 fig. 180. Schroeter's Cardium No. 20, which is the Cardium jlexuosum of Gmelin, has been wholly constituted from this figure. Appears to have been intended for Cardita turgida of Lamarck. "1828 Wood: Cardium jlexuosum. "1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 43 : Cardiumjlexuosum Gmel. 3255, from List. 343, f. 18 = no. 2 = Cardium echinatum Lin. "1866 Brusina: Cardiumjlexuosum Gm. D. e S. 1855 = Cardium echinatum Linne. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardiumjlexuosum Gmelin = C. echinatum L. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 380: Cardium jlexuosum Gmelin, 1790 sic. "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium jlexuosum Gmelin 1790 = Cardium (Acanthocardia) echinatllm, Linne. "1912 Fischer: Cardium jlexuosum Gmelin = C. echinatum L. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium jlexuosum Gmelin = species insufficiently known. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. 1856 Wood & Hanley: Europe. Flodacna Iredale, 1937 (subgenus). - Tridacnidae. RECORDS. "1937 ZR : Flodacna "group" nov. p. 238 (gen. nov. p. 261) Tridacnidae type Tridacna squamosa auct. [Ref. Iredale 1937). ··1999 Higo et af. : Flodacna (subgenus) Iredale, 1937. Type species: Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819 (o.d.) Tridacnidae. floridanum Heilprin, 1887. - New combination. Synonym of Trachycardium emmonsi (Conrad, 1867). » Regarding Cardium jloridanum: Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1887. Heilprin, p. 92-93 (pI. II, fig. 25): Cardium jloridanllm nov. sp. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison : Cardium jloridanum Heilprin, 1887 = Cardium (Trachycardium) emmonsi Conrad, 1867. floridanum Heilprin, 1964. - Cardium floridanum Heilprin, 1964. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1964 ZR: Cardium jloridanum Heilprin, 1964 sp. nov. Caloosahatchie, Florida, Pliocene. *fluviatile. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium jluviatile/ jluviatilis from 2 sources: Gmelin, 1791. Brown, 1844. fluviatile Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 36]. - Synonym of Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791) . » Regarding Cardium jluviatile: Cardiidae . Recent. REMARKS. See under 1807. Maton & Rackett, No. 8: Cardium laevigatum Linn. RECORDS. ··1678 Lister. lD by Gmelin 1791 : Cardiumjluviatile an. angl. t. 5. f. 32. "1791 Gmelin No. 40: Cardium jluviatile. "1803 Montagu: Cardium jluviatile Gmel. 40. = Cardium laevigatum Lin. ··1807 Maton & Rackett: Gmelin has referred to Lister. ··1815 Wood: Cardium jluviatile Gmelin = C. laevigatum. "1817 Dillwyn : Cardium fluviatile Gmelin = Cardium laevigatum Linnaeus. ··1852 Leach : Cardiumjluviatile Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3255 = Cardium laevigatum . ··1871 Morch, p. 215, No. 200: Cardium jluviatile Gm . = Cardium (Liocardium) crassum Gm. "1902 Sherborn , p. 382: Cardium jluviatile Gmelin, 1790 sic. flllviatilis Brown, 1844. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium jluviatilis: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1844 Brown: Cardium jluviatilis. "1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma edule jluviatilis (Brown, 1844) from Ireland. foliatllm. - Cerastoderma foliatum. Unknown status. ··1981 ZR: Cerastoderma foliatum. California. Ref. to Mcpeak. foiiatllm. Genus Ceratostoma not in Cardiacea. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR : Ceratostoma foliatum [Erroneous placement under Cardiacea. Belongs to Gastropoda] . fontanllm Etallon, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium "fontanum Etallon, 1862. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium fontanum Etallon, in Thurmann & Etallon, 1862; p. 184, pI. 22, fig . 6. *forbesi. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium forbesi from 2 sources: Michelotti, 1847. - Pictet & Renevier, 1854. forbesi Pictet & Renevier, 1854. - New combination: Protocardium forbesi (Pictet & Renevier, 1854). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium forbesi (genus Protocardium). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardiumforbesi Pictet & Renevier, 1854; vol. I: 79, pI. 8, fig. 4. forbesii Michelotti, 1847. - Synonym of Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). » Regarding Cardium forbesii: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardiumforbesii Michelotti, 1847 [fossil] = Cardium papillosum Polio ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium forbesi Michelotti (fide Weinkauft) = Cardium papillosum Polio ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2479: Cardium forbesi A.J. Michelotti, 1846 [n. n.]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2479: Cardiumforbesi G. Michelotti, 1847. formosum Deshayes, 1858. - Loxocardium formosum (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene. Type species: Crosse (1886) designated Cardium formosum Deshayes, 1858 type of genus Loxocardium Cossrnann, 1886. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium formosum Deshayes. ··1900 ZR: Cardiumformosum Desh. [Ref. Cossmann 1900]. "1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Loxocardium )formosum Deshayes. ··1970 Glibert & Poe!: Type species of genus Loxocardium Cossmann, 1886 . ··1977 Popov : Loxocardium formosum (Deshayes, 1858). ··1977 Popov: Cardium formosum Deshayes, 1886. Type of Loxocardium Cossmann, 1886. ··1978 ZR: Cardium formosum . 01 igocene. Italy, Castelgomberto Limestone. First record for Oligocene. Ref. to Coletti, F. et af. ··1998 Schneider: Loxocardium. Type species Loxocardium formosum (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae . Eocene ... 1969 Moore et al.: Loxocardium formosum (Deshayes, 1858). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium formosum Deshayes, 1858; [1856- 518 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Jormosum - Jornicatllm 1865] vol. I: 563, pI. 56, figs. 8-11. "1995 Le Renard et at.: Loxocardium Jonnosum [Cardium Jormosum] Deshayes, 1858. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Loxocardium Jormosum. "1999 . Jacques Vidal (pers. conun.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Loxocardium Jormosum Deshayes. Lutetien. France (Bassin de Paris), i.a. Jormosllm Hickman, 1969. - Nemocardium Jormosum (Hickman, 1969). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1969 ZR: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) Jormosum Hickman, 1969 sp. nov. Eugene Formation, Oregon. Jornasinianum Bianconi, 1856. - Synonym of Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere 1789) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium Jomasinianum Bianconi, 1856. - Papyridea apertum ｂｲｵｧｩｬｾ･Ｎ＠ » Regarding Cardium Jornasinianum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Mozambique. REMARKS. Bianconi (1856) stated that his new species was closely related to aperta Chemnitz. However, Jornasinianum differed in the anterior aperture, the structure of ribs. Fischer-Piette (1977) consideredJornasinianum Bianconi ajunior synonym of aperta Chemnitz, Bruguiere, widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific. RECORDS. "1856 Bianconi, p. 409410 (pI. 25, fig. I) : Cardium Jornasinianum. Nob. "1872 Tryon, VII, p. 267 : Cardium Jornasinianum Bianc. "1977 Fischer-Piette, p . 75: Cardium Jornasinianum Bianconi = Papyridea apertum Bruguiere. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium Jornasinianum Bianconi, 1856 vol. 7: 409, pI. 25 , fig . I . "1994 Sonfitto, Sabelli, Tommasini & Herbert: Cardium Jomasinianum Bianconi, 1856; type locality restriction, p. 136;junior synonym of Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere 1789). Jornicata. - Mode ofJomicatum Sowerby, 1841 . Jornicatum Renier, 1804 [non.] » Regarding Cardium Jomicatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2490 : CardiumJomicatum Renier, 1804 [non.] . Jornicatum Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part 1 p. 117, 143. Part 3. p. 902]. - CtenocardiaJomicatum (Sowerby, 1840). Cardiidae . Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . "1909 Melvill: originally described from Erythrean waters. "1999 Higo et a/. : none designated. TYPE REPOSITORY. "1972 Wilson & Stevenson: not located. Possible type from the Malruves. BMNH London. RECORDS. "1840 Sowerby, 180t part, figs. 50, 50a: CardiumJomicatum. "1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. Lond. p. 11 0: Cardium Jornicatum. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No. 84 : Cardium Jornicatum . "1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: CardiumJornicatum (Sowerby, No. 84). "1845 Reeve, species 110: Cardium Jornicatum Sowerby, 1840. Pro. Zoo1. Soc. ref. to Conch. lilus . f. 50. "1850 Adams, H. & A. Adams: Hemicardia (Ctenocardia) Jornicatum . "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Ctenocardia) Jornicata, Sow. "1869 Romer: Cardium (Fragum)Jornicatum. "1872 Tryon: Hemicardia (Fragum)Jornicatum. "1880 ZR: Cardium Jornicatum (Sow.) is from New Caledonia [Ref. Brazier 1880]. "1884 Grasset: HemicardiumJornicatum. Ad. "1890 Paetel: Hemicardium Jornicatum Sow. '·1899 Sturany: Hemicardium Jomicatum. "1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 840: Hemicardium (Ctenocardia) Jornicatum, Sowb. "1909 Lynge: Hemicardium (Ctenocardium)Jornicatum . "1909 Melvill: Cardium (Ctenocardia)Jornicatum, Sowb. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2490: Cardium Jornicatum Sowerby, 1841. "1927 Lamy: Cardium (Hemicardium) Jornicatum . "1 932 Sherborn: Cardium Jornicatum Sowerby, 1841. "1946 Abrard: Cardium (Ctenocardium )Jornicatum Sowerby. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium Jornicatllm Sowerby, 1840. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Coreu/um (Ctenocardia) Jornicatllm Sowerby. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: CtenocardiaJornicata (Sowerby, 1841). "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium Jornicatum Sowerby, 1841. "1981 Koyama et al.: Trigoniocardia Jornicatum. "1988 Drivas & Jay: Fragum Jornicatum (Sowerby, 1840). "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Ctenocardia (Ctenocardia) Jomicatum. "1992 0 liver: Ctenocardia Jomicatum. "1995. Oliver, fig. 1081: Ctenocardia Jornicata (Sowerby, 1840). "1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 377: CtenocardiaJomicata (Sowerby, 1840). "1999 Higo et at.: Trigoniocardia Jomicata (Sowerby, 1841). ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Ctenocardia Jornicatum. "2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Ctenocardia Jornicatum (Sowerby, 1840). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: Siam, 15 fv, mud. 3-5 fv, sand, 7-10 fv, sand mud shells . 5 fv. gravel. "ZMUC : wet collection sine loc.; Gulf of Thailand, 15 fv, stones. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: ribs richly ornamented by vaulted imbrications at the centre, and very minute crenulations raised into points at the sides. DESCRIPTIONS. "1840 Sowerby: shell squarish, slightly longer that high, anterior end rounded, posterior slope concavely angulated; 35 ribs (32--42), lateral ribs with dense imbricating scales, median ribs with erect subtubular spines, posterior median ribs with trifoliate spines. Interstices narrow, transversely finely striated, set with a row of spines laterally (minutely crenulated). Colour white, with orange-brown or purple blotches; interior similarly coloured or bright orange, pinkish purple towards the margins, lunule darker coloured. "1845 Reeve : shell somewhat square, rounded anteriorly, concavely angulated posteriorly; radiately ribbed, 35 ribs, very closely imbricately scaled, minutely crenulated at the sides, interstices between the ribs rather deeply excavated, transversely finely striated; whitish, clouded with pale purple, interior bright orange, pinkish purple towards the margins. "1995 Oliver: sculpture about 35 ribs, lateral ribs with dense, imbricating scales, median ribs with erect subtubular spines. "2001 Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. DIMENSIONS. "1840 Sowerby: long. 1.0 poll. (length 25 mm), lat. 0.75 poll. (width 19 mm), all. 1.0 poll (height 25 mm). "1988 Drivas & Jay: ant.-post. 29.6 mm, umbo-ventr. 24.8 mm. "1995 Oliver: length 22 mm; to 15 mm. REMARKS. "1840 Sowerby: a very beautiful shell, in some respects resembling C. medium . "1845 Reeve: the chief peculiarity of this remarkable shell consists in the ribs having a double pattern of sculpture, being surmounted with a close-set row of small vaulted scales, whilst the sides are minutely crenulated. "1906 Melvill & Standen: al.lied in form to speciosum Ad. & Rve., but of different texture and arrangement of scaly lamellae or spinelets. HABITAT ... ZMUC: sand, sponge and rubble, 2--40 m depth. "1988 Drivas & Jay), Reunion, western Indian Ocean at 60 m depth. "1906 Melvill & Standen: at 15 fathoms. "1909 Melvill: Seychelles, 44 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 519 fortelamellatum - fragile fathoms, coral-rubble. ··1999 Higo et al.: 10-50 m, sand and mud DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: unknown. ··1884 Grasset: Formosa = Taiwan. ··1909 Melvill, and ··1972 Wilson & Stevenson, and ··1994 Hylleberg: widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific, including Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Andaman Sea, Australia. ··1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. ··1999 Higo et al.: Kii peninsula (Kuroda & Habe, 1981) and southwards, East China Sea, Philippines, South China Sea. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. fortelamellatum Holzl, 1958. - New combination: Cerasloderma forlelamellalum (Holzl, 1958). Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. ··1958 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma)fortelamellalum Holzl, 1958 sp. nov. Burdigalian, Miocene. Kaltenbach excavation, Upper Bavaria, Germany. fossa Campbell & Engel, 1963. - Cypricardinia ?fossa Campbell & Engel, 1963. Cardiacea. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1963 ZR: Cypricardinia ?fossa Campbell & Engel, 1963 sp. nov. New South Wales, Toumaisian. fossor (subspecies and variety). - See under Tridacna maxima var.fossor Hedley. fossor. - Vulgodacna fossor Hedley. Tridacnidae. REcoRDs. ··1932 ZR: Tridacnafossor [Ref. Stephenson & others 1932]. ··1937 ZR: Tridacna fossor [Ref. Roughley 1937]. .. 1937 ZR: Vulgodacnafossor Hedley [Ref. Iredale 1937]. foucardi Loriol, 1867. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" foucardi Loriol, 1867. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium foucardi Loriol in Loriol & Cotteau, 1867; vol. 21: 558, pI. 7, fig. 10. foveolatum Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part I p. 120, 141, 173. Part 3. p. 874, 927]. - Synonym of Acrosterigma cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Unidentifiable. - ?Acrosterigma cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855). »Regarding Cardiumfoveolalum: Cardiidae Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Ad oras Australiae, Swan River (Sowerby 1840). TYPE REPOSITORY. Natural History Museum, London. TYPE MATERIAL. Vidal (1999) wrote: Recorded from Swan River, not traced; Wilson & Stevenson (1977:91) were convinced of the synonymy with C cygnorum and suspected that a type specimen could be one of the syntypes of C cygnorum. Cardium foveolatum = Acrosterigma cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855). RECORDS. ··1840 Sowerby, 183th part, fig. 65: Cardiumfoveolatum. ··1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. Lond. p. Ill: Cardium foveolatum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 3, No. 44: Cardium foveolalum, Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium foveolalum (Sowerby, No. 44). ··1845 Reeve: Cardium foveolalum. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) foveolalum, Sow. ··1869 Romer: Cardiumfoveolalum Sowerby. ··1887 Ralph: Cardium foveolalum, Sowerby. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium foveolatum Sow. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2500: Cardium foveolatum Sowerby, 184l. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Trachycardiumfoveolatum (Sowerby). ··1960 Kuroda: Trachycardium (Acroslerigma)foveolalum (Sowerby). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Trachycardium) foveolalum Sowerby. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium foveolalum Sowerby, 1841; figured by Reeve (1845) = Cardium arenicolum Reeve, 1845. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium foveolalum Sowerby, 1841 and Cardium cygnorum Deshayes are certain to be synonyms. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acroslerigma sp. ··1999 Vidal: Cardium foveolalum Sowerby, 1841: III is unidentifiable. ··1999 Vidal: Cardium foveolalum Sowerby, 1841: III = ?Acroslerigma cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855). ··1999 Vidal: Cardiumfoveolalum Sowerby, 1841 in Reeve, 1845: Sp. 87 = Acrosterigma punctolineatum Healy & Lamprell, 1992. ··1999 Higo et at.: Acrosterigma (Vaslicardium) foveolata (Sowerby, 1841). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - ··OF COLLECTIONS. Cardiumfoveolalum in BMNH, negative No. 0070. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: Shell oblongovate, rather compressed, radiately ribbed, 43 ribs, of which the extreme posterior are slightly angulated and prickly, the middle smooth, and the anterior crenated; whitish, ribs crossed at intervals with pale yellowishbrown lines, posterior area ornamented with smal.l black spots; interior white, stained with pale black spots. DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. 1.45 poll. (37 mm), lat. 0.90 poll. (23 mm), alt. 1.55 poll (39 mm). REMARKS. ··1840 Sowerby: the last ribs on the posterior side are hollow, with crenulations crossing them as to form little pits. This species belongs to the same section as C muricatum, but it is much flatter and has a greater number of ribs. ··1845 Reeve: The black spots which are faintly seen in the interior of each valve are still more faintly perceptible on the outside; looking as if they were concealed between the inner and outer layers of the shell. HABITAT. ··1999 Higo et al.: intertidal to 20 m, sand. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: Swan River. ··1994 Hylleberg: West Australia. ··1999 Higo et al.: Okinawa islands and southwards, Philippines, South China Sea, Australia. fragiformis Vidal, 1994. [Figs, Part 3. p. 889]. - Fulvia fragiformis Vidal, 1994. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. New Caledonia. RECORDS. ··1994 Vidal, p. 106, pI. 3, figs. 2 a,b: Fulvia (Fulvia)fragiformis sp. nov. ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Fulvia fragiformis. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. fragila Lubenescu, 1988. - Paradacna fragila Lubenescu, 1988. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. La depression de Birsa-Baraolt, Romania. RECORDS. ··1988 Lubenescu, p. 85, fig.: Paradacna fragila sp. nov. *fragile. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium fragile from 7 sources: Forsskal, 1775. - Brocchi, 1814. Sowerby, 1840. - Melville, 1843. - Reeve, 1845. Haren-Noman, 1881. - Lamarck (?year). fragile Bolten, 1798. - See under fragile Roding in Bolten, 1798. fragile Brocchi, 1814. [Figs. Part 1 p. 94]. - Identical with Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium laevigalum Linnaeus. Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengler, 1799) Laevicardium oblongum juv. » Regarding Cfragile: Cardiidae. Middle Miocene and Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Plaisantin. REMARKS. Brocchi is the first user of the name fragile according to Fischer-Piette (1977). RECORDS. ··1814 Brocchi: Cardium fragile. ··1832 Bronn: Cardium fragile Brch. 505 = Cardium laevigalum (Lin.) Lmk. ··1836 Philippi: Cardium fragile Broc. p. 505 t. 13. fig. 4. = Cardium laevigalum L. (Po Ii t. 17. figs. 10-11). ··1843 Brocchi, p. 505, pI. 520 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) fragile - fragilis 13, Fig. 4: Cardium fragile (fide Ravn 1907). "1857 Deshayes: Cardium fragile Brocchi, 1813 sic. "1872 Monterosato: Cardium fragile, Brocc. "1877 Locard : Cardium fragile Brocchi, 1814. ··1899 Sacco : Cardium fragile Brocchi 1814 = Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengl.). ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium fragile Brocchi (non Cardium fragile in Hoernes) = Cardium oblongum juv. ··1907 Ravn: Cardium fragile Brocchi, 1843. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2503 : Cardium fragile Brocchi , 1814. ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p 28 : Cardium fragile . ··1983 Anaya : Cardium fragil e Brocchi, 1814 = Laevicardium (s. s.) norvegicum (Spengler, 1790). fragile Forskal in Niebuhr, 1775. [Figs. Part 3. p. 888). - Fulvia fragile (Forskal, 1775). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. Neotype designated by Vidal 1994, p. 102. RECORDS. ··1994 Vidal: Cardium fragil e Forsskal in Niebuhr, 1775; neotype designated. ··1994 Vidal: Fulvia fragilis (Forsskal in Niehbuhr, 1775). ··1995 Oliver: Fulvia fragile (Forrskaal sic 1775). ··200 I Vidal, p. 408 : Fulviafragilis. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1995 Oliver: subcircular to obliquely oval, tumid not gaping . Sculpture of 30-35 broad, flat ribs with interspaces almost as wide as ribs; radial periostracal lamellae arising from mid-line of anterior ribs, from posterior edge of others. White to cream, some with transverse, pale fulvous zigzag bands, others with pink blotches; inside with some pink area usually deeply coloured across posterior. 2000 Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles . DIMENSIONS. ··1995 Oliver: to 50 mm. HABITAT. ··1995 Oliver: muddy sand, lower shore and below. fragile Haren-Noman 1881. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" fragile Haren-Noman 1881 . Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1881 ZR: Cardium fragile Haren-Noman, 1881 sp. n., Barents Sea. fragile Lamarck . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " fragile Lamarck. Cardiidae . Miocene. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comrn.) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium fragile Lamarck. Italy (Piemont), B31193 , B36093 . fragile Mel ville, 1843. - Combination to be revised. Replaced by "Cardium " hybridum Deshayes. » Regarding "Cardium" fragile: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium fragile Melville, 1843 - C. hybridum Desh. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2503 : CardiumfragUe Melville, 1843. fragile Reeve, 1845 . [Figs. Part I p. 143 . Part 3. p. 888). - Combination to be revised: "Cardium "fragile Reeve. Probably genus Fulvia. Cardiidae . Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 2 syntypes. BMNH London. 1975623. RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve, sp. 108: Cardium fragile Reeve . ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium fragile Reeve. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2503: Cardium fragile Reeve, 1845. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRlPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: Shell somewhat obliquely ovate, depressed, thin, papyraceous; radiately ribbed, 27 smooth, or obsoletely tuberculated ribs; white. HABITAT. ··1845 Reeve: unknown. fragile Roding in Bolten, 1798. - Not available. Nomen nudum. » Regarding Cardium fragile: Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1798 Bolten: Cardium fragile. ··1798 Roding, p . 190: Cardium fragile. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 388: Cardium fragile Bolten, 1798 [no n.). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium fragile Roding = nomen nudum. ··1977 ZR: Cardium fragile Roding 1798. Nomen nudum. Ref to Fischer-Piette, E. p. 163. fragileSowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part I p. 121]. -New name: Laevicardium tertium Fischer-Piette, 1977. » Regarding Cardium fragile: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOC"cl\"ITY. (Sowerby 1840). RECORDS. ··1840 Sowerby, 184 t part, fig . 68: Cardium fragile . ··1840 Sowerby, Proc . Z .S . Lond . p.lll: Cardium fragile. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 6, No. 75: Cardiumfragile, Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, COITected list, p. 8: Cardium fragile (Sowerby, No. 75). ··1843 Hanley: Cardium fragile. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium fragile. ··1857 Deshayes: Living. Cardium fragile Sowerby =Cardium fragile Reeve. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium fragile, Sow. ··1890 Paetel: Laevicardium fragile Sow. ··1907 ZR: Cardium fragile [Ref. Martinelli 1907]. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2503: Cardiumfragile Sowerby, 1841. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium tertium new name for Cardium fragile Sowerby, 1834. ··1977 ZR: Cardium fragile Sowerby, 1834. Preoccupied name replaced by Laevicardium tertium. Ref to FischerPiette, E . p . 28 . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRlPTIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: shell rounded, thin, smooth, posterior little inflated, white, dark lineated, epidermis brown-yellow, inside white, reddish towards the margin, yellow towards umbones, margin slightly furrowed [I have translated from Latin). DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. 1.05 poll. (length 27 mm), lat. 0.65 poll. (width 17 mm), alt. 1.0 poll (height 25 mm) . REMAR KS. ··1977 : Fischer-Piette referred to Cardium fragile Sowerby, 1834 as being preoccupied by Brocchi, 1814, Conchiologia fossile subappennina, II: 505, pI. 13, Figs. 4a, b. There is also another previous record of Cardium fragile Roding (Mus. Bolt.), but this is a nomen nudum . DISTRIBUTION. ··1840 Sowerby: unknown. fragile Stephenson , 1941 . - Changed combination: Nemocardium fragile (Stephenson, 1941). Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1947 ZR: Brevicardium fragil e Stephenson , 1941 sp. nov. genotype of Brevicardium gen . nov. Cardiidae, Mississippi Owl Creek formation at Owl Creek, Tippah Co. Upper Cretaceous, Texas. ··1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Brevicardium) fragile Stephenson, \941. USNM 76644 (holotype). fragilis (subspecies and variety). - See under incerta var. fragilis Andrusov, 1904, 1964. fragilis Andreescu, 1971. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium fragiliS (Andreescu, 1971). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1971 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) fragilis Andreescu, 1971 sp. nov. Pleistocene Rimnicu-Sarat Valley, Dumitresti, Romania. ··1972 ZR: Limnocardium (Eu.xinocardium sic) fragi/is Andreescu , 1972 sp. nov. Romania. Pleistocene. ··1975 ZR : Limnocardium (Euxinicardium)fragilis Andreescu, 1975 sp. nov. Romania, Vrancea district. Pleistocene. Ref. to Andreescu, p. III. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Euxinicardium fragilis (Andreescu). fragilis Milaschewitsch, 1908 . - Adacna fragilis Milaschewitsch, 1908. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Hypanis laeviuscula fragilis (Milachewitch, 1908). » Regarding Adacna fragilis: Lymnocardiidae. Recent. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 521 fragilis congoensis - fragultl RECORDs. ··1908 Milaschewitch p. 992: Adaenafragilis sp. n. ··1916 Milaschewitch, p. 276 pI. 8, figs. 14-17: Adaena fragilis Milaschewitsch, 1908. ··1963 ZR: Adacna fragilis from Quaternary deposits of the Danube delta [Ref. Grossu & Baltac 1963]. ··Scarlato & Starobogatov: Hypanis laeviuscula fragilis (Milachewitch, 1908). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Black Sea. fragilis congoensis Cosel , 1995 [Figs. Part 3. p. 887, 888] . - Fulvia fragilis congo ens is Cosel, 1995. fragilis edule Tournouer (variety). - Upgraded . "Cardium " fragilis edule Tournouer. Cardiidae . Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vida] (pers . comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium fragilis var. edule Tournouer. Algeria, B41478. Fraginae Stewart, 1930 (subfamily). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Fraginae, originate in the Palaeogene, not Cretaceous according to Schneider (2002). REcORDs. ··1936 ZR: subfamily Fraginae in Cardiidae [Ref. Keen 1936a]. ··1980 Vokes: Fraginae Stewart, 1930. ··1980 ZR: Fraginae Stewart 1930. Key to genera. Ref. to Keen. ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Fraginae (subfamily). ··1999 Higo et af.: Fraginae (subfamily) Stewart, 1930. ··2000 Coan et al.: Subfamily Fraginae Stewart, 1930. ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Fraginae (subfamily) Stewart, 1930. ··2002 Schneider: Fraginae. ··2002 Schneider: citing Kafanov and Popov (1977) subfamily Fraginae, tribe Parvicardiini. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: posterior slope set off by low ridge to sharp keel, posterior-ventral margin angulate; rib ornamentation of threads or imbricating spines, intercostal spaces narrow, cross-striate; hinge short, bent more than 25 degrees from horizontal; cardinal teeth mostly unequal in size. Fragrum (error) . - Printer's mistake for Fragum by Gray, Dillwyn. Hedley, Swainson, and others. fragrum (error). - Printer's mistake for fragum. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2507: Hemicardium (Wood)fragrum [err. profragum] Swainson, 1840.Cardium fragllm Linnaeus, 1758. fragulinum Cossmann, 1895. - Parvicardium fragulinum (Cossmann, 1895). Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Parvicardium fragulinum (Cossmann, 1895). fragulinum Cossmann. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" fragulinum Cossmann. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium fragulinum Cossmann. Fragultl Roding in Bolten, 1798 (genus). - Cardiidae. Tertiary and Recent Type species: Cardium fragum Linne, 1758. Current status : Fragum fragum (Linne, 1758). RECORDS. ··1798 Roding designated the type of genus Fragum by tautonymy. "1847 Gray, No. 558: Fragum Bolten. [synonym of Cardissa Megerie, 1811]. ··1886 Cossmann: Genus Fragum Bolten, 1798. ··1977 Popov : Fragum Roding, ] 798 . Genotype: Cardium fragum Linne, 1758. "1977 ZR : Fragum . Key to subgenera . Ref to Popov p. 54. ··1928 Kuroda : (Fragum) Bolten, ] 798. ··1980 Vokes: Fragum Roding, 1798 in subfamily Fraginae. ··1998 Lamprell & Healy: Fragum Roding. 1798. ··1998 Schneider: Fragum . No Cretaceous cardiids belong to this genus. ··1999 Higo et al.: Fragum Roding, 1798. Type species : Cardium fragum Linnaeus, 1758 (by tautonymy). ··200 I Vidal, p. 408: Fragum . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRlPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: shells small to medium size, equivalve, inequilateral, triangular, umbonal ridge strong, usually with a sharp keel; postero-ventral margin angulate, hinge with cardinals subequal, peg shaped; rib ornamentation threadlike, scales and nodules; interstices narrow, transversely striate. Lunular area not depressed . ··200 I Vidal : only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. Fragultl (section, subgenus) R6ding in Bolten, 1798. Cardiidae. Ter ti ary and Recent. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. ··1858 Adams & Adams: subgenus Fragum Bolten. ··1869 ZR: subgenus Fragum (Bolten), type Cardium unedo (L.) [Ref. Romer 1869]. ··1887 Fischer: Fragum Bolten, 1798. Section of subgenus Hemicardia Klein, 1755. ··1890 Paetel: 2 . Sect. Fragum Bolt of Hemicardium . ··1891 Romer: II. Sect. Fragum Bolt. of genus Hemicardium. ··1902 Sherborn, p . 388 : Fragum Bolten, 1798. ··1924 Oldroyd : Subgenus Fragum Bolten, 1798. *fragultl. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardiwnfragum from 2 sources: Linnaeus, 1758. - Lamarck, 1819. fragultl Lamarck, 1819. Combination to be revised : "Cardium" fragum Lamarck, 1819. Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2507: Cardium fragum Lamarck, 1819. fragultl Linnaeus, 1758/ Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 39,40,48, 50,66,73,87,93, 104, 127, 166. Part 3 p. 905,906]. - Fragumfragum (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. Type species: Cardiumfragum Linnaeus, 1758. Type species of genus Fragum R6ding, 1798. Tautonym. TYPE LOCALITY. Asiatic Ocean, American Ocean (Linne 1758). RECORDS. ··1684 Bonanno. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardiumfragum recr. 3. f. 374. ··1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardiumfragum t. 315. f. 152. "1687 Lister, pI. 315, fig. 151: Cardiumfragum (fide Spengler 1799) = Fragum unedo (this study). ··1705 Rumphius. ID by Linnaeus 1758 and Gmelin 1791: Cardium hemicardium mus. t. 44. f. H. "1742 Gualtieri. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium fragum t. 83. f. E. ··1742 Gualtieri. ID by Linnaeus 1758 and by Gmelin 1791: Cardiumfragum t. 71. f. N. ··1742 Gualtieri, pI. 71, fig. N = Cardiumfragum (fide Linne 1758). ··1758 Linne, p. 679, No. 67: Cardiumfragum . ··1764 Linnaeus (Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg.) No. 39. ··1767 Linnaeus (12 th , 13 th editions) No. 83. Cardiumfragum. "1767 Linne, p. 1123, sp. 83: Cardiumfragum (fide Spengler 1799). ··1769 Knorr (author not available): C. fragum. ··1780 Born. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium fragum mus. Caes . Vind. test. t. 3 . f. 3. 4. "1782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium fragum mus Kirch. 2. f. 110. "1782 Chemnitz, pI. 16, figs. 166167: Cardiumfragum . ··1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardiumfragum t. 16. f. 166. 167. ··1786 Schroter, No. XI : Cardiumfragum Linn. XII. pag. 1123. Spec. 83 . ··1789 Bruguiere, No.4: Cardium fragum ; Linn. "1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 295. fig. 3 a, b, c. Cardium fragum. ··1798 Roding designated Cardium fragum Linne, 1758 as type species of the genus Fragum Roding, 1798. "1791 Gmelin No. 13: Cardium fragum. "1799 Spengler, p. 58-59, No. 39, pI. I, figs . 5 a,b: Cardium fragum Linnei Sp. 83. p. 522 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) fragum - fragum granulatum 1123 . "1815 Wood p. 241, No. 50: Cardiumfragum Linn. Gmel. p. 1123. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardiumfragum. Linnaeus. "1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 314 fig . 151 Cardium fragum. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium fragum . ··1840 Pfeiffer Cardium fragum Chemnitz 1782 Taf. 16, 166-167. ··1840 Swainson: Hemieardium fragrum sic Wood, Conch. pI. 58. figs. 1- 2. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No . 87: Cardium fragum, Linn. ··1844 Reeve, species 23: Cardiumfragum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., p. 1123. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 51 : Cardium fragum Lin. Syst. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458 : Hemicardia (Fragum)fragum Linn. ··1869 ZR: Section, subtypical - 4. Semicordiformes: fra gum (L.), unedo (L.), donaeiformis (Spengl.), &e. [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. ··1870 March: Cardiumfragum L. = Cardium unedo with yellow nodules. ··1870 March: Cardium fragum L. sic? = Fragum album; junior synonyms of Cardium imbrieatum Born . •• 1880 Martens: Cardium (Hemieardium) fragum Linne. ··1884 Grasset: Hemieardium fragum L. ··1890 Paetel: Hemieardium fragum L. "1891 Romer: Ctenoeardia fragum L. East Indies (Romer 189 I). ··1899 Hedley: Cardium fragrum sic Linne. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 388: Cardiumfragum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1903 Hidalgo : Hemieardiumfragum. "1905 Hidalgo: Hemieardium fragum Linne. ··1909 Melvill: Cardium (Cteno eardia) fragum L. "1909 Lynge: Hemieardium (Fragum)fragum . "1926 Fischer & Fischer: Cardium (Hemieardium)fragum L. "1931 Thiele & Jaeckel: Cardium (Fragum) fragum Linne. ··1932 Prashad: Cardium (Fragum) fragum. "1935 ZR: Cardium (Fragum)fragum figs. [Ref. Nomura & Zinbo 1935]. "1945 Altena: Coreufum fragum (L.). ··1945 ZR: Cardium fragum L. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. ··1952 Dawydoff: Hemieardiumfragum Linne. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Coreufum fragum (Linne). "1955 Rost & Soot-Ryen: Fragum fragum Linne, 1758. "1956 ZR: Fragum fragum (L.) new to Seychelles [Ref. Rost & Soot-Ryen 1956]. ··1960 Kuroda: Fragumfragum (Linne). "1962 ZR : Cardiumfragum shell composition [Ref. Ranson 1962]. ··1962 ZR: Fragum fragum off O 'Neil Peak, Zululand, 90 fms., new records for South Africa [Ref. Barnard 1962]. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Coreu/um (Fragum) fragum Linne. ··1977 Popov: Cardium fragum Linne, 1758. Type of Fragum Roding, 1798. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum (Fragum) fragum (Linnaeus , 1758). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium fragum Linnaeus. ··1978 ZR: Cardiumfragum Linnaeus, 1758. Restriction of type locality. Ref. to Wilson et af. p. 38. ··1981 ZR: Cardium fragum. Southern Pacific. Ref. to Richard. ··1982 ZR : Cardium fragum. Southern Pacific. Ref. to Richard. ··1983 ZR: Fragum fragum. Japan. Ref. to Kawaguti .•• I 987 ZR: Cardiumfragum. Southern Pacific. Ref. to Richard. ··1988 Drivas & Jay: Fragumfragum Linne, 1758. ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Fragum fragum . ··1994 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen : Frgum sic fragum (Linne). "1998 Poutiers: Fragum fragum (Linnaeus, 1758. "1998 Schneider (I 998b ): Fragum fragum (Linne, 1758). Harbours photosymbiotic dinoflagellates. ··1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 377: Fragum fragum (Linnaeus , 1758). Ranong, Andaman Sea, 2 valves. ··1999 Higo el af.: Fragum fragum (Linnaeus , 1758). ··1999 Hylleberg, p. 40 I: Fragum fragum (Linne, 1758). ··200 I Vidal, p. 408: Fragumfragum. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 178: Fragumfragum (Linnaeus, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Annaa 2 specimens. Easter Island. Fiji. ··ZMUC : one specimen Rennell, Spengler coil. ··ZMUC: wet collection: North Tonga, West Pacific . DESC RIPTIONS. "1758 Linnaeus : shell subcordate subangulate: sulci notable crescent-shaped elevated [I have translated from Latin]. "1799 Spengler: Testa subeordata subangufata: sulcis nota tis funulis efevatis. ··1799 Spengler: margin of posterior slope curved, rounded keel marks transition to central shell, sulphuryellow oblique imbrications on top of ribs, imbrications posteriorly distant, but thicker, denser, more numerous towards the anterior end. ··1815 Wood: shell somewhat heart-shaped, subangular: ribs marked with elevated rings [Linne's description in Latin, translated by Wood]. ··1844 Reeve: shell somewhat cordate, posterior side flatly angulated , radiately ribbed, about 33 close ribs, armed with small thickly set half-moon scale-like tubercles; straw-tinged white. "200 I Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: length 39 mm (1 .5 Tom.), width 33 mm (1.25 Tom .). ··1988 Drivas & Jay: ant.-post . 25 .8 mm, umbo-ventr. 33.8 mm REMARKS .•• I 758 : Linnaeus referred to two different habitats, Asi atic Ocean, American Ocean, and he refers to Gualtieri (1742, pI. 71 , fig. N) which, however, shows two species, viz.: fragum and squamosum Gmelin , 1791 . ··1799 : Spengler described and figured C fragum. He stated that this species has been misidentified by most previous authors. For correct identification he refers to Lister (1687), Linne (1767), and Chemnitz (1782). However, the yellow strawberry Cfragum of Spengler is a colour morph of the red strawberry C unedo. The Cfragum Linne of authors is the same as C imbrieatum Born, a junior synonym. HABITAT. ··1988 Drivas & Jay: Reunion, western Indian Ocean to 30 m depth. ··1999 Higo et al.: intertidal to 20 m, sand. DISTRIBUTiON. ··1799 Spengler: East Indies. ··1840 Sowerby, No. 87: Red Sea. ··1844 Reeve: China, Philippines, Pacific Islands. ··1856 Wood & Hanley : Philippines, China . ··1884 Grasset: Singapore. Ceylon. ··1994 Hylleberg: Red Sea, Indo-Pacific. ··1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. ··1999 Higo et af. : Easter Island, Annaa lsI., Fiji, Rennell,North Tonga (ZMUC); Amami islands and southwards, Philippines, South China Sea, Red Sea. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn : Vietnam. fragum Spengler (variety). [Figs . Part 3 p. 905]. Unidentified Ctenoeardia sp. No published records. fragum album Klein. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Hemicardia fragum album: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere : Hemicardia fragum album Klein. fragum beta Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 63]. - Unknown status . RECORDS. •• I 769 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium fragum var. beta, Vergn. t. 14. f. 5. [Knorr's volume number 4 not cited by Gmelin]. "1791 Gmelin No. 13: Cardiumfragum var. beta fragum gamma Gmelin, 1791 (variety). - Unknown status . RECORDS . ··1791 Gmel in No . 13: Cardium fragum var. gamma . fragum granulatum Meuschen, 1778. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. "1902 Sherborn, p. 388: Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 523 fragum slIeziense - Frigidoeardillm Cardiumfragum-granulatum Meuschen, 1778. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 388 : See also under granulatum Meuschen, 1778. fragum sueziense Issei, 1869 (variety). - New combination: Parvieardium sueziense (Issei, 1869). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. · · 1869 Issei: Cardium fragum var. sueziense. Unknown distribution. "1909 Lynge: Cardium fragum var. sueziense IsseI, 1869 in Hedley 1896-1900 = Cardium sueziense Issei, 1869. franceschii Nelli, 1915. - Lymnoeardium franeesehii (Nelli, 1915). Lymnocardiidae. Pontian ... I 915 ZR: Limnoeardium franeesehii Nelli, 1915 sp. n. Ponti an Greece. francojurense Schmidtill, 1926. - Integrieardium franeo}urense (Schmidtill, 1926). Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. "1926 ZR: Cardium (lntegrieardium) franeo}urense Schmidtill, 1926 sp. n. Jurassic. fraseri Garrard, 1963. [Figs. Part 3 p. 90 I]. - Changed combination: Plagioeardium fraseri (Garrard, 1963). Cardiidae . Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Wide bay, Queensland (Paratype WAM 2843-67). TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, AM reg. no. C 64068, Para types WAM 2843-67a, b . RECORDS. "1963 Garrard: Regozarafraseri. ··1963 ZR: Regozarafraseri Garrard, 1963 sp. nov. Tin Can Bay, Queensland. ··1966 Habe & Kosuge: Veprieardium fraseri. ··1974 Habe & Kosuge: Veprieardium fraseri (Garrard, 1963). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Plagioeardium (Maorieardium) frazeri (Garrard, 1963). "1978 ZR: Plagioeardium (Maorieardium) frazeri, South east Indian Ocean. Western Australia. Range extension. Ref. to Wilson et at. ··199 I Voskuil & Onverwagt: Maorieardium fraseri (Garrard, 1963). ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Plagioeardium (Maorieardium) fraseri. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 184: Maorieardium fraseri Garrard, 1963. Synonym of Plagioeardium mansitii (Otuka, 1937). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION . ··1994 HyUeberg: Australia. fratereu/a (mode). - See underfratereulus. fratereu/us Deshayes, 1858. - Changed combination: Nemoeardiumfratereulus (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Protoeardium fratereulus (Deshayes). ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Nemoeardium fratereulus (Deshayes) ... I 970 Glibert & Poel: Nemoeardium (s.s.) fratereulus (Deshayes, 1858). "1977 Popov: Nemoeardium (Nemocardium) fratereulus (Desha yes, 1858). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium fratercu/us Deshayes, 1858; [1856- 1865] vol. 1: 575 , pI. 54, figs . 4-{) . •• I 995 Le Renard et al.: Nemoeardium (s. str.) fratereulus [Cardium fratereu/us] Deshayes, 1858. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Nemoeardium (Nemoeardium)fratereu/us. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Nemoeardium fratereu/um Deshayes. Lutetien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52879, B52880. fraternum Mayer, 1864. - Changed combination: Trachyeardium fraternum (Mayer, 1864). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. TyPE LOCALITY. The Aquitanian (Lower Miocene of southwest France). RECORDS ... 1958 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) fraternum Miocene [Ref. Kharatishvili 1958] . "1994 Marcomini: Cardium (Traehyeardium) fraternum Mayer, 1864 . ··1977 Popov: Traehyeardium (Vastieardium) fraternum (Mayer, 1864). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium fraternum Mayer 1864; [1857-1869] vol. 12: 356. "1999 Vidal: Cardium (Traehyeardium) fraternum Mayer, 1864; p. 356. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKS. ··1999 Vidal: Tfraternum probably belongs to the genus Aerosterigma, based on the description and figures of Cossm ann & Peyrot (1912: 502, pI. 22, figs 34 and 38-42). fraternum mlldjirii Kharatishvili, 1958 (variety) . Upgraded . "Cardium " fraternum mud}irii Kharatishvili, 1958. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Cardium (Cardium)fraternum var. mud}irii Kharatishvili, 1958 nov. Kaspi Sakar Aul horizon, Miocene. Georgia USSR fraudator Deshayes . - Synonym of Protoeardium wateleti (Deshayes) . Changed combination . » Regarding Cardium fraudator: Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka : Cardium fraudator Deshayes. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium fraudator Deshayes = Protoeardium wateleti (Deshayes). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium fraudator Deshayes, 1858; [18561865] vol. I: 570, pI. 54, figs. 7-8. frallsllm Loriol, 1867. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" frausum Loriol, 1867. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium frausum Loriol in Loriol & Cotteau, 1867; vol. 21: 555, pI. 7, figs. 7-8 . fravum. - Printer's error: "1999 Higo et al.: Fragum fravum sic Roding, 1798 = Fragumfragllm (Linnaeus, 1758). frazeri (error). - Printer's mistake for fraseri in Wilson & Stevenson 1977 and ZR for 1978 with ref. to Wilson et al. freneixi Elouard, 1962. - Changed combination: Veprieardium freneixi (Elouard, 1962). Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Cardium (Veprieardium )freneixi Elouard, 1962 sp. nov. Lutetian, Senega\. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Lutetien. Mauritania, R05758. Freneixieardia (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. Type species: Cardium verrueosum Deshayes, 1829. RECORDS. "2002 Schneider: Freneixieardia gen. nov. in subfamily Orthocardiinae Schneider, 2002. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··2002 Schneider: Freneixieardia has alternation of wide and narrow ribs across central and anterior slopes throughout ontogeny, rib tops are flat or very slightly convex, ornament very sparse and usually only on anteriormost and posteriormost slopes. Symmetrical or nearly symmetrical, very heavy, imbricated, knoblike spines. The spines on the narrow ribs are weaker than those on the wider ribs. friabi/e Krauss. - Changed combination: Limnopagetia friabile (Krauss). Miocene. Cardiacea. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Cardium friabile Krauss, Miocene, Helvetian: Ulm, Germany. Genotype of Limnopagetia Schlickum, 1963 . •• I 963 ZR: Limnopagetia friabile (Krauss). Miocene. [Ref. Schlickum 1963]. Frigidcardium (error) . - Printer's mistake for Frigidoeardillm in Noda 1988. Frigidoeardium Habe, 1951 (genus) . - Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Frigidoeardium Habe, 1951 in subfamily Protocardiinae [as Erig-, corrected to Frig- 1952]. ··1995 Schneider: Habe (1951) erected Frigidoeardium as a genus . ··1995 Schneider Frigidoeardium synonymized withPratulum by POPOY 524 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Frigidocardium - fugax (1977). 001995 Schneider: Frigidocardium synonymized with Microcardium by Wilson & Stevenson (1977). 001995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Frigidocardium). Type species Nemocardium (Frigidocardium) eos (Kuroda, 1929). 001999 Higo et al.: Frigidocardium Habe, 1952. Type species: Cardium eos Kuroda, 1929 (0. d.). 002001 Vidal, p. 407, Group 2: Frigidocardium. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. 001994 Hylleberg: medium sized shells. Outline rounded-quadrate, beaks almost central. Hinge line sinuous; LV anterior dorsal margin expanding fitting into and over RY. Radial sculpture of narrow riblets, strongly spinose on alternate ribs; beaded throughout, alternate ribs higher. 002001 Vidal : tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. Cardium eos Kuroda, 1929 = Frigidocardium torresi (Smith, 1885). Frigidocardium Habe, 1951 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. 001951 Habe designated Cardium eos Kuroda, 1929 type of the subgenus Frigidocardium of the genus Nemocardium Meek, 1876. 001995 Schneider: Frigidocardium. Treated as a subgenus of Nemocardium by Keen (1969,1980). fucanum Dall, 1907. - Synonym of Clinocardium californiense Deshayes . » Regarding Cardium fucanum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Juan de Fuca Strait, Washington. TYPE REPOSITORY. U. S. Nat. Museum Cat. No. 427773 Photographs ofholotype in Schenck & Keen (1940) figs. 21-24. REMARKS. This species is often confused with C. californiense (Deshayes), an Asiatic species which penetrates the North American coast as far as the Alaskan Gulf area (Schenck & Keen 1940). DISTRIBUTION. Alaska, California. RECORDS. 001907 Dall : Cardium fucanum. 001907 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) fucanum Dall , 1907 sp. n. N.W America. 001907 ZR : Cardiumfucanum [Ref. Berry 1907]. 001916 Dall: Cerasloderma fucantlm Dall, 1907. 001924 Oldroyd: Cardium fucanum Dall, 1907. 001936 Keen: Clinocardium fucanum (Dall , \907). 00\936 ZR : Clinocardium fucanum (Dall , 1907) [Ref. Keen 1936). 001940 Schenck & Keen: Clinocardiumfucanum (Dall , 1907). 001953 La Rocque: Clinocardium fu canum Dall 1907. 001954 Keen : Cardiumfucanum Dall , 1907. [Recent]. 001960 Eyerdam: Clinocardium fucanum (Dall). 001970 Bernard: Clinocardium fucanum (Dall , 1907) = Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1841). 001974 Abbott: Clinocardium fucanum (Dall, 1907). 001977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium fi/cantlm Dall = Corculum californiense Deshayes. 002000 Co an et al.: Cardium (Cerasloderma)fucanum Dall, 1907 = Clinocardium (Keenocardium) blandum (Gould, 1850). fucatum Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part 3 p. 875]. - Synonym of Vaslicardium flavum flavum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Species insufficiently known (FischerPiette 1977). » Regarding C. fucatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. 001799 Spengler: Coast of Guinea. TYPE REPOSITORY. Specimen in ZMUC. RECORDS. 001799 Spengler, p. 30, No. 16: Cardium fucalum. 001902 Sherborn, p. 391: Cardiumfucatum Spengler, 1799. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium fucalum Spengler = species insufficiently known. 001997 Vidal : Cardium fucatum Spengler, 1799 = Vasticardium flavum flavum (Linne, 1758). 001999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium fucalum Spengler, 1799. 00 1999 Vidal, p. 355: Cardiumfucatwn Spengler 1799 identical with Vaslicardium flavum flavum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell solid, inflated , nearly spherical, not gaping, 32 ribs: 10 low, flat posterior ribs, central ribs round, crowded with scales and nodules, laterally indented, 8 anterior ribs laterally indented, but smooth on the top, red finely dentated margin. DESCRIPTIONS. 001799 Spengler: lesla cordata aequivalvi, costis oblique striatoimbricatis, valvis rubro zonatis. 001799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: rightly, it is a matter for surprise that among so many described cockles, whose surfaces are set with ribs and furrows, there are still new species, in which just these ribs, by their number, outline and sculpture, show many unexpected beauties and variations. The present cockle belongs to this kind, since it has so many remarkable and typical traits that it really deserves the attention of nature lovers. Since it has neither edges nor angles, and is strongly vaulted, it approaches the round shape. The number of ribs is 32, the ten first of which are low and flattened, representing the proper front side of the bivalve . In the middle it is roundly elevated with a sharp crest. The serrate teeth are quite small and interlock closely. The foHowing ribs are deeply incised with furrows and rounded from all sides. The first eight on their anterior side are incised, provided with teeth, but smooth on the back. The rest are densely set on the back with elevated scales and tubercles in the most beautiful way, following the ribs on the extreme tip of the umbo , which gives the bivalve a very beautiful appearance. In addition, it has a solid valve and a strong hinge, and lateral teeth. The muscle scars are placed close to these. The scar situated on the posterior side is most deeply incised. The colour of the bivalve is beautifully rosy, but the anterior part is white, except a big, rosy spot, which is found in the middle of the bivalve internally down from the umbo, and the finely serrated margin which is also red, the remaining portion is white. [Note: the anterior referred to by Spengler is the posterior part of our day's terminology, and vice-versa]. DIMENSIONS. Length 33 rom (1.25 Tom), width 31 mm (I Tom 2 Lin .). REMA RK S. Cardium fucatum Spengler, 1799 = ? Cardium gratiosum Deshayes, 1855. 001997 Vidal : Cardium graliosum Deshayes, 1854 = Vasticardium flavumflavum (Linne, 1758). DISTRIBUTION. 001799 Spengler: Guinea [West Africa]. fuccanum (error). - Printer's mistake for fucanum in Habe 1955 . fugax Cossmann, 1886. - Changed combination : Parvicardium fugax (Cossmann, 1886). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. 001886 Co ssm ann, p. 171, pI. VIII, fig. 23-25 : Cardium fugax nov. sp. 001899 Sacco: Parvicardium fugax (Cossmann) [Eocene]. 001 904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Plagiocardium) fugax Cossmann. 001970 Glibert & Poel : Parvicardiumfugax (Cossmann, 1886). 001995 Le Renard el al.: Parvicardium fugax [Cardium fugax] Cossmann, 1886. 001995 Pacaud & Renard: Parvicardium fugax. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. corom.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Plagiocardiumfugax Cossmann. France 525 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) fujinensis - gaasense (Bassin de Paris), B52734. fujinensis Yokoyama, 1923 . - Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Serripes laperousii (Desha yes, 1839). » Regarding Mactra fujinensis: Cardiidae. Miocene and Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. North Pacific. RECORDs. "1923 Yokoyama: Mactra fujinensis. ··1973 Keen: Mactra fujinensis Yokoyama , 1923, (fide Noda, 1962) = Serripes laperousii (Deshayes, 1839). ··1977 Habe: Mactra fujinensis Yokoyama, 1932 sic = Serripes laperousii (Desha yes, 1839). ··1999 Higo et af.: Mactrafujinensis Yokoyama, 1932 = Serripes laperousii (Deshayes, 1839). "2000 Coan et al.: Mactrafujinensis Yokoyama, 1923 = Serripes (Serripes) groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). DISTRIBUTION. Japan, Alaska, Arctic. fultoni Sowerby, 1916. - Synonym of Vasticardium ornatum (Sowerby, 1877). » Regarding Cardium fultoni: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype BMNH reg. no. 1919 . 12.31.69. RECORDS. "1916 Sowerby: Cardiumfultoni. "1916 ZR: Cardiumfultoni Sowerby, 1916. sp. n. Philippines. ··1926 McClelland: Cardium fultoni Sowerby, 1916 n. sp. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Acrosterigma fultoni (Sowerby, 1916). ··1978 ZR: Cardium fultoni Sowerby, 1916. Type locality. Amendation. Ref. to Wilson et al. p. 88. ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Trachycardium fultoni (Sowerby, 1916). "1992 LamprelJ & Whitehead : Acrosterigma fultoni . "1997 Vidal: Cardium fultoni Sowerby, 1916 = Vasticardium ornatum (Sowerby, 1877). "1999 Vidal : Cardiumfultoni Sowerby, 1916 = Vasticardium ornatum (Sowerby, 1877). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1987 Meechan: Natal. ··1994 Hylleberg: West Australia. Fulvia H. & A. Adams, 1857 (genus). - Cardiidae. Recent. ··1980 Vokes : Fulvia H. & A. Adams, 1857 [non Gray, 1853] in subfamily Trachycardiinae. Fulvia Gray, 1853 (genus). - Cardiidae. Recent. Gray (1853) designated Cardium aperta Bruguiere, 1789 type of subgenus Fulvia of genus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. Upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS. "1928 Kuroda: Section Fulvia Gray, 1853 . ··1973 ZR: Fulvia. Stratigraphical distribution . Quaternary. Japan. Ref. to Kaseno. "1977 Popov : Fulvia Gray, 1853. Genotype: Cardium apertum Bruguiere, 1789. ··1978 ZR: Fulvia Gray 1853. Status. Ref. to Wilson et at. p. 52. ··1980 Vokes: Fulvia Gray, 1853 in subfamily Laevicardiinae. "1982 Kilburn & Rippey: Fulvia Gray, 1853. ··1994 Vidal p. 97: Fulvia. Type species Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere). ··1994 Vidal: Fulvia Gray, 1853; Vepricardiini Kafanov & Starobogatov in Kafanov & Popov 1977. "1998 Lamprell & Healy: Fulvia Gray, 1853. ··1999 Higo et af.: Fulvia Gray, 1853. Type species: Cardium apertum Bruguiere , 1789 (rnt.). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: small to medium size, thin-shelled, ventricose, slightly gaping posteriorly, sculpture of low radial ribs, smooth or minutely punctate. Periostracum developed into raised radial ridges between ribs. Cardinal teeth subequal; posterior lateral in LV almost an extension of the dorsal margin, fitting beneath margin of RY. Margin of posterior gape entire, not serrated. Inner margin weakly crenulate. "2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous . Eyes on tip of tentacles. ··2002 Schneider: Fulvia has the right caecum centrally located on the stomach floor. Fulvia Gray, 1853 (section, subgenus). - Cardiidae. Recent. Gray (1853) designated Cardium aperta Bruguiere, 1789 type of subgenus Fulvia of genus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. Upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS. ··1858 Adams & Adams: subgenus Fulvia Gray. ··1887 Fischer: Fulvia Gray, 1853. Section of subgenus Papyridea Swainson. "1890 Paetel: 2. Sect. Fulvia Gray. ··1891 Romer: II. Sect. Fulvia of genus Papyridea Sw. ··1994 Vidal: (Fulvia) Gray 1853 . furnosa Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium furnosa : RECORDS. ··1784. Martyn: Cardiumfurnosa [not a cardiid]. Fuscocardium Oyama, 1973 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Fuscocardium Oyama, 1973. ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Fuscocardium. ··1999 Higo et af.: Fuscocardium Oyama, 1973. Type species: Cardium braunsi Tokunaga, 1906 (0. d.) Fuscocardium Oyama, 1973 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Clinocardium (Fuscocardium) Oyama, 1974 subgen. nov. ofCardiidae. Type species Cardium braunsi Tokunaga 1906. Ref. to Oyama, p. 100. "1980 ZR: Clinocardium (Fuscocardium) Oyama 1973. Key to species. Ref. to Kafanov. fuscum (variety). - See under tuberculatum fuscum Petratx. fusiforme d'Orbigny, 1850. - Conocardiumfusiforme d 'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. It is probably the same as Conocardiumfusiforme MacCoy. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2610: Conocardiumfusiforme d'Orbigny, 1850. fusiforme MacCoy. - Conocardiumfusiforme MacCoy. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm .) MNHN , Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Conocardium fusiforme MacCoy. Belgium (Tournai), B06484. fusiformis Uspenskaia, 1931. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " fusiformis Uspenskaia, 1931. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS . ··1932 ZR: Cardium fusiformis Uspenskaia, 1931 n. sp. Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. fusite Zhizhchenko, 1934. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ji/site Zhizhchenko, 1934. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1939 ZR: Cardium fusite Zhizhchenko, 1934 sp. n. Miocene Ciscaucasia. ··1952 ZR: Cardium fusile Miocene Caucasus [Ref. Zhezhcenko 1934]. futile Ebersin , 1958. - Changed combination: Euxinicardiumfutile (Ebersin, 1958). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RE CORDS. ··1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Eu.xinicardium)futile Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Northern Caucasus near Stavropol. Pliocene of the PontoCaspian basin , Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) futile Ebers. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium futile Ebers. G gaasense Tournouer, 1868. - Changed combination: Fragum gaasense (Toumouer, 1868). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Fragum gaasense (Tournouer in Cossmann, 1921). ··1970 G1ibert & Poel: 526 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) gaasellsis - gambrinum Parvieardium gaasense. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Diseors gaasensis (Tournouer in Cossmann, 1919). "1977 Popov: Fragum (Fragum) gaasense (Tourn., 1868). gaasensis (mode). - See under gaasense. gabbii Remond, 1863. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" gabbii Remond, 1863. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium gabbii Remond, 1863 (n. sp.). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardiumgabbi Remond, 1863; vol. 3: 13. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium gabbii [author not stated) . Miocene. Zanzibar, Contra Costa, B33333. gaditanllm Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 37). - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardium gaditanum: Arcidae or Glycymeridae. RECORDS. "1684 Bonanno . ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardiumgaditanum recr. 2. f. 63. "1782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium gaditanum mus. Kirch. 2. f. 62. "1791 Gmelin No. 41 : Cardium gaditanum. "1815 Wood: Cardium gaditanum Gmelin belongs to the genus Area. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium gaditanum Gmelin should be ignored. "1867 Hidalgo: Cardium gaditanum Gmelin = Peetuneulus. "1890 Hidalgo: Cardium gaditanum Gmelin is not a cardiid (Peetuneulus). "1902 Sherborn, p. 407: Cardium gaditanum Gmelin, 1790 sic. gadsdenense Mansfield, 1937. - New combination: Trigonioeardia gadsdenense (Mansfield, 1937). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Cardium (Trigonioeardia) gadsdenense Mansfield, 1937 sp. n. Tampa limestone Florida (Lower Miocene). gaillardi Fischer-Piette, 1977. [Figs. Part 3. p. 892). Synonym of Aerosterigma eygnorum (Deshayes, 1855). » Regarding Laevieardium gailfardi: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. "1999 Vidal: holotype of Laevieardium gaillardi in MNHN, collected by Quoy & Gaymard during the voyage of "I ' Astrolabe" (18261829), labeled as coming from New-Zealand. However, C. eygnorum has never been recorded from this country, and the specimen probably originates from Australia where the Astrolabe called at several times during the same voyage. TYPE LOCALITY. New Zealand. TYPE REPOSITORY. Paris Museum. REMARKS. Keen (1980) placed the species in genus Vasticardium. Locality may be open to question. RECORDS. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevieardium (Traehycardium) gaillardi n. sp. ··1977 ZR: Laevieardium (Trachyeardium) gaillardi FisherPiette, 1977 sp. nov. New Zealand (marine). Ref to Fischer-Piette, E. p. 58, fig'd. "1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Laevicardium (Trachycardium) gaillardi Fischer-Piette, 1977. "1999 Vidal : Laevicardium (Trachycardium) gaillardi Fischer-Piette, 1977: 58, pI. 6, figs 1-2 = Acrosterigma cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855). galateae Maury, 1934. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" galateae Maury, 1934. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1934 ZR: Cardium galateae Maury, 1934 sp. n. Cretaceous Brazil. *galatieum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium galatieum from 2 sources : d' Archiac (?year). Tchinatcheff (?year). galaticum d'Archiac. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" galaticum d' Archiac. Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium galatieum d' Archiac. Turkey, near Yuzgat, B22336. galaticllm Tchinatcheff. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" galatiellm Tchinatcheff. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium galaticum Tchinatcheff. Soudan, B20252 . galeatum Muller, 1847. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " galeatum Muller, 1847. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn , p. 2622: Cardium galeatum Mueller, 1847. galidzgense N evesskaja, 1977. - Cerastoderma ga/idzgense Nevesskaja, 1977. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene . RE CORDS. "1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Cerastoderma) galidzgense Nevesskaja, sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Upper Miocene. Ref to I1'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 205, fig'd. ga/izgicum Akhvlediani, 1984. - Arcicardium galizgicum Akhvlediani, 1984. Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1984 ZR Ref. to Akhvlediani p. 107: Arcieardium galizgieum sp. nov. Georgia SSR. galliam (cf.). - RECORDS. "1973 ZR: Laevicardium (Laevicardium) cf. L. (L.) galliam. First record Upper Miocene. Czechoslovakia. Ref. to Ondrejickova. gal/icum Mayer, 1866. - Changed combination: Clinocardium gallicum (Mayer, 1866). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1886 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium (Laevicardillm) gallicllm Mayer. "1899 Sacco : Cardium gallicum Mayer 1866 = Trachycardium ? gallicum (May.). "1899 Sacco: Trachyeardium ?gallicum (May.). "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium (Laevicardium) gallicum Mayer, 1866. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Laevieardium (Habeeardium) gallicum (Mayer, 1866). "1970 ZR: Laevicardium (Habecardium) gallicum (Mayer, 1866) [Ref. Glibert & Van De Poel 1970). "1977 Popov: Clinoeardium gallieum (Mayer, 1866). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardiumgallieum Mayer, 1866; [1857-1869) vol. 14: 72 , pI. 2, fig. 3. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium (Laevicardium) gallicum Mayer. Helvetien, France, B26032, i.a. galliellm pedemontana Sacco, 1899 (variety). Upgraded. Traehyeardium gallicum pedemontana Sacco, 1899. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco, p. 42, pI. 10, figs. 7,8,9: Traehycardium gallieum var. pedemontana Sacco galloprovinciale Matheron. - Not in Cardiidae. » Regarding Corbula galloprovineiale: Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium galloprovineiale Matheron. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium galloprovinciale Matheron. Not a cardiid: in genus Corbula. 001922-32 Sherborn , p. 2630: Cardium galloprovinciale Matheron, 1843. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Cotlection. Cardium galloprovinciale Matheron . Senonian. Var. France, S09265 . galvestonense Harris 1895. - Changed combination : Trigoniocardia galvestonensis Harris 1895. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001921 Maury: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) galvestonense Harris, 1895 [Miocene). 001958 Abbott: Trigonioeardia galvestonensis Harris 1895. galvestonensis (mode). - See under galveslonense. gambrinum. - Protoeardium gambrinum. Cardiidae. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 527 gardnerae - geticum Lower Eocene. RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka: Protocardium gambrinum (Referred to by Conrad 1866). gardnerae Cooke, 1926. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" gardnerae (Cooke, 1926). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. --1926 ZR: Cardium (Laevicardium) gardnerae Cooke, 1926 sp. n. Eocene U.S.A. gargadia Meuschen, 1778. Unknown status. RECORDS. --1902 Sherborn: Tellina gargadia Linnaeus. --1902 Sherborn, p. 411: Cardium (L.) gargadia Meuschen, 1778. - Tellina gargadia. gasperinii Dainelli, 1908. - Lithocardium gasperinii (Daine11i, 1908). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. --1 908 ZR: Cardium (Lithocardium) gasperinii Dainelli, 1908 sp. n. Eocene Dalmatia (Vaciane). Gataron Berthold in Latriella, 1827 (genus). - Synonym of Tridacna. Tridacnidae. RECORDS. --1999 Higo et al.: Gataron Berthold in Latriella, 1827 = Tridacna Bruguiere, 1797. gatuensis Dall, 1900 . - Synonym of "Cardium" dominicensis Gabb, 1873 . Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium gatuensis: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922 Olsson: Cardium (Fragum) gatuensis Dall , 1900 ... 1922 Olsson : Cardium (Fragum) gatuensis Da11, 1900 = Cardium dominicensis Gabb, 1873. gatuevi Kolesnikov, 1929. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" gatuevi Kolesnikov, 1929. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. "1929 ZR: Cardium gatuevi Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. gatuevi pseudomichailovi Kolesnikov, 1929 (variety). - Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium " gatuevi pseudomichailovi Kolesnikov, 1929. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. --1929 ZR: Cardium gatuevi var. pseudomichailovi Kolesnikov, 1929 nov. Sarmatian. gatunense Toula, 1908. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" gatunense Toula, 1908. Cardi idae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1909 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) gatunense Toula, 1909 sp. n. Panama Early Tertiary. --1922 Olsson: Cardium gatuensis Toula, 1908 (not Cardium (Fragum) gatuensis Dall, 1900 = Cardium dominicensis Gabb, 1873). gehannamensis Strougo, 1976. - Acanthocardia gehannamensis Strougo, 1976. Cardiidae . Upper Eocene. RECORDS. --1976 ZR: Acanthocardia (Schedocardia) gehannamensis Strougo, 1976 sp. nov. Egypt, Garet Gehannam. Ref. to Strougo, p. 108. gemmatum Gould in Carpenter, 1857. - Nomen nudum: Cardium gemma tum Gould in Carpenter, 1857. » Regarding Cardium gemmatum: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. Dall 1900: p. 392, states that Cardium gemmatum Gould in Carpenter, Rep. British Association, 1857, p. 229, appears to be merely a "list name". RECORDS. "1857 Carpenter, (1856) p. 229: Cardium gemma tum . --1872 Carpenter: Cardium gemmatum. --1900 Dall: Cardium gemmatum = nomen nudum. "1901 Da11: Cardium gemmatum Gould in Carpenter, 1857 (perhaps a "list name"). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium gemmatum Carpenter = species insufficiently known. gentianum Sowerby, 1840 - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " gentianum Sowerby, 1840. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium gentianum . .. 1871 Stoliczka: Cardium gentianum (Acanthocardium sic). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2662: Cardium gentianum Sowerby, 1840. gentosum Gregorio, 1930. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" gentosum Gregorio, 1930. Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS. --1936 ZR: Cardium gentosum Gregorio, 1930 sp. n. Lias Palermo. georgiana Ebersin, 1962. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra georgiana (Ebers in, 1962). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1962 ZR : Didacna (Pontalmyra) georgiana Eberzin, 1962 sp. nov. Abkhaziya, Azov region; Pliocene, Russia. --1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra georgiana (Ebers.). georgiana (cf.) Ebersin, 1962. - RECORDS. "1987. Taktakishvili : Pontalmyra cf. georgiana (Ebers.). georgiensis Popov, 1983. - Eoprosodacna georgiensis Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1960 ZR: Eoprosodacna georgiensis [Ref. Kereselidze, 1960]. --1983 ZR: Eoprosodacna (Kozahuria) georgiensis Popov, 1983 sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Ref. to Popov, p. 33. georgii Rochebrune. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" georgii Rochebrune. Cardiidae . Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection . Cardium georgii Rochebrune. Aptien. Somalia (Daga-Safre), B44480. georgini Belen 'kaya, 1972. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" georgini Belen'kaya, 1972. Cardiacea. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. --1972 ZR: Cardium geOlgini Belen'kaya, 1972 sp. nov. Uzbekistan. Lower Miocene. germ ani Pictet & Campice, 1866. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" germani (Pictet & Campice, 1866). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium germani (Laevicardium). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium germani Pictet & Campice, 1866; [18611871] ser. 4, p. 304, pI. 124, figs. 3-4. germanica Beyrich, 1845. - Protocardia germanica Beyrich, 1845. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2672: Protocardia germanica Beyrich, 1845 [Protocardia germanicum in index]. germanicum (mode). - See under germanica. getiana Papaianopol, 1977. - Prosodacna getiana Papaianopol, 1977 . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RE CORDS. --1977 ZR : Prosodacna (Prosodacna) getiana sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, I. p. 30, fig'd. getiana Papaianopol, 1981. - Pontalmyra getiana Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. -'1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) getiana Papaianopol, 1981 sp . nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 38. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra getiana Papaian. getica Papaianopol , 1981. - Pontalmyra getica Papaianopol, 1981 . Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. "1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) getica Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p . 27 . "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra getica Papaian. geticum Papaianopol, 1982 . - Changed combination: Euxinicardium geticum. Lymnocardiidae . Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1982 Papaianopol, p. 195, fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium)geticum sp. 528 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) ghergutai - gigas nov. --1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium geticum Papaian. ghergutai Jekelius, 1944 . - New combination: Lymnocardium ghergutai (Jekelius, 1944). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1946 ZR: Cardium ghergutai Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. (type f. 1). Miocene Soceni Banat. "1970. Glibert & Poel: Limnocardium ghergutai (Jekelius, 1944). giaurtepica Ruzencev, 1929. - Monodacna giaurtepica Ruzencev, 1929. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1929 ZR: Monodacna giaurtepica Ruzencev, 1929c sp. n. Apscheronian Transcaucasia. gibba (variety). - See under norvegicum gibba Jeffreys. gibberulum Phillips, 1829. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" gibberulum Phillips, 1829. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2678: Cardium gibberulum Phillips, 1829. "1947 ZR: Cardium gibberulum Phillips. Yellow Sands, Inferior Oolite, Glaizedale near Whitby [Ref. Melmore 1947). *gibbosum; Unicardium. - Homonymy to be noticed. Unicardium gibbosum from 2 sources: Morris & Lycett, 1853. - Meek, 1864. gibbosum Meek, 1864. - Unicardium gibbosum Meek, 1864 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Unicardium gibbosum Meek, 1864; vol. I: 50, pI. 8, figs. 8, 8a. gibbosum Morris & Lycett, 1853 . - Unicardium gibbosum Morris & Lycett, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Unicardium gibbosum Morris & Lycett, 1853 [1853-1854] vol. 2: 132; pI. 14, f. 11. *gibbosum; Cardium. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium gibbosum from 2 sources : Muller, 1851. Tate, 1865. gibbosum Meuschen, 1778. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. --1902 Sherborn, p. 416: Cardium gibbosum Meuschen, 1778. gibbosllm Muller, 1851. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" gibbosum Muller, 1851. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Infrasubspecific rank. » Regarding Cardium gibbosum : Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka: Cardium gibbosum = a variety of Cardium becksii (Acanthocardium sic). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium gibbosum J. Muller, 1851; part 2: 65. gibbosum Tate, 1865. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" gibbosum Tate, 1865. » Regarding Cardium gibbosum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium gibbosum Tate, 1865; vol. 21: 39, pI. 4 fig. 6. gibblllinllm Cossmann , 1922. - Trachycardium gibbulinum (Cossmann, 1922). Cardiidae. Eocene . RECOR DS. "1922 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) gibbulinum Cossmann, 1922 sp. n. Eocene. gibbum Defrance 1817. - Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco: Cardium gibbum Defrance 1817 = Cardium echinatum var. gibba Defrance 1817. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2687: Cardium gibbum Defrance, 1817. gibbum (variety). - See under norvegicum gibbum Jeffreys. gigantea (variety). - See under luisa var. gigantea Feruglio, 1937. gigantea Perry, 1811. - Tridacna gigantea Perry, 1811. Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1947 ZR: Tridacna gigantea Perry, 1811 . giganteum (subspecies). - See under planum giganteum Wenz,1942. giganteus d'Orbigny, 1850. - Conocardium giganteus d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn: Pleurorhynchus giganteus M 'Coy. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2693: Conocardium (M'Coy) giganteus d'Orbigny, 1850. - Pleurorhynchus giganteus. giganthea (subspecies). - See under bayerni giganthea Pana, 1974. gigantum - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" gigantum. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1994 EI-Nakhal & EI-Naggar: Cardium gigantum. gigas Defrance, 1817. - Changed combination: Nemocardium gigas (Defrance, 1817). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. --1844. Potiez & Michaud: Cardium gigas Defr. = Cardium hippopaeum Desh. ,,1857 . Deshayes: Cardium gigas. "1886. Cossmann: Cardium gigas Defrance. --1904 . Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium .(Trachycardium) gigas Defrance. --1922-32. Sherborn, p. 2699: Cardium gigas Defrance, 1817. --1970. Glibert & Poel : Discors gigas (Defrance, 1817). "1995 . Le Renard et al.: Nemocardium {Habecardium) gigas [Cardium gigas] Defrance, 1817. "1995 . Pacaud & Renard : Nemocardium (Habecardium) gigas. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium (Trachycardium) gigas Defrance. Lutetien. Turquie. France (Bassin de Paris), 822337, B52603, i.a. gigas Lamarck, 1801. Synonym of Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). Tridacnidae. RECORDS. --1999 Higo et al.: Tridacna gigas Lamarck, 1801 non Linnaeus, 1758 = Tridacna (Flodacna) maxima (Roding, 1798). gigas Linne, 1758. [Figs. Part I p. 146]. - Tridacna gigas (Linne, 1758). Tridacnidae. Fossil and Recent. Type species of Tridacna . TYPE LOCALITY. 'in M. Asiatico' (Asian seas), restricted to 'Amboina, Indonesia' (Rosewater, 1965) (Higo et al. 1999). RECORDS. --1845 Chenu, pI. 1 f. I: Tridaena gigas Lamarck. --1868 ZR : Tridaena gigas [Ref. Kuster 1868). "1880 ZR : Tridacna gigas only on the edge of the reef [Ref. Woods 1880). --1882 ZR: Tridaena gigas (L.) a specimen, 36 inches long, weighing 528 pounds, from Singapore [Ref. Dall 1882). "1884 ZR: [Refs. 1884. Sowerby: a true Tridaena gigas (L.) 3 feet long, fig. II. / Sowerby: Tridaena gigas of Reeve is = Tridacna mutiea (Lam.)]. --1898 ZR: Tridacna gigas [Ref. 1898. Smith: very large specimen). "1932 ZR: Tridaenagigas [Ref. Lamy 1932]. --1937 ZR: [Refs. 1937. Iredale: Chama gigas L. Logotype of Tridachna sic Hwnph. / Iredale: Chama gigas Linne, selected as logotype of Tridaehnes Bolten. / Merle: Tridaena gigas = T. derasa largest species known]. "1947 ZR: Tridaena gigas (L.) [Ref. McLean 1947]. "1947 ZR: Tridaena gigas (L.) Syst. nat. 1738 sic, 691 = derasa Roding 1798 Mus. Bolt. 2 172; = gigantea Perry 1811 Conchol 2; = mutiea Lk A.s. v. 6 1061819, Chem. 1845 Illust. Conch . 2 pI. 4 f. I, la; Sow. 1912 P.M.S. 10 (I) 30; = serrifere sic Lk 1819 A.s.v.6107 ; Rve.C.Icon 186214pI.6f.6;Sow.1912 P.M.S. 10 (I) 30; gigas Sow. non L. Thes. Conch. 5 179 pI. 4 f. II. REMARKS. I cannot decompress this information. --1947 ZR: Tridaena gigas Sowerby non L. "1955 ZR: Tridaena gigas [Ref. 1955. Soey: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 529 gilchrist; - gippslandicum produces giant pearls ]. ··1963 ZR: Tridacna gigas [Ref. 1963. Roberts: valves 43 inches by 29 inches (weighing 579Ibs.), photo.]. ··1964 ZR: Tridacna gigas [Ref. 1964. McNeil: from Great Barrier Reef, figd.]. ··1965 ZR: Tridacna gigas [Refs. 1965. Rosewater: described and figd., range, habitat and synonymy discussed. / Bonham: growth rate revealed by radioautography]. ··1971 ZR: Tridacna gigas [Refs. 1971. Fankboner: biology. / Maynard & Burke: physics and chemistry of muscle]. ··1974 ZR: Tridacna gigas. Commensalism. Ref. to Fankboner. ··1977 ZR: Tridacna gigas. Haemolymph. Antigalactan precipitins, properties. Ref. to Uhlenbruck, Steinhausen & Baldo. ··1979 ZR: Tridacna gigas. Ref. to Entrop. ··1981 ZR: Tridacna gigas. Ref. to Beckvar. Caroline Islands. / Fankboner et al. ··1982 ZR: Tridacna gigas. Atlantic & Pacific Oceans. Ref. to Withers, N.W. et al. ··1984 ZR Tridacna gigas Ref. to Braley, Reid et al. ··1987 ZR: Tridacna gigas. Ref. to Aharon et af. / Braley, / Crawford et al. ··1992 Schneider: Tridacna, type species Tridacna gigas (Linnaeus). ··1998 Poutiers: Tridacna gigas (Linnaeus, 1758). Tridacnidae. Recent. ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Tridacna (Tridacna) gigas (Linne, 1758) has a food groove present on the outer demibranch. A groove absent in all other giant clams. .. 1999 Higo et al.: Chama gigas Linnaeus, 1758. Tridacnidae. ··1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 378: Tridacna gigas (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1999 Higo et al.: Tridacna (Tridacna) gigas (Linnaeus, 1758). ··2001. Kittiwattanawong, PMBC-SP vol. 25 p. 461: Tridacna gigas (Linnaeus, 1758). Extinct in Thailand. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 186: Tridacna gigas (Linnaeus, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. ··1999 Higo et al.: intertidal to 20 m, on coral reefs. DISTRIBUTION. ··1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. ··1999 Higo et al.: Okinawa prefecture (Miyako islands) and southwards, Philippines, South China Sea, Australia, western Pacific. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn : Vietnam. gilchristi Sowerby, 1904. - Changed combination: Nemocardium gilchristi (Sowerby, 1904). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Algoa Bay, 15 fathoms. RECORDS. ··1904. Sowerby, p. II (pI. 7, fig. I): Cardium gilchristi. ··1904. ZR: Cardium gilchristi, Sowerby, 1904 n. sp., South Africa. ,,1974. Barnard: Cardium gilchristi Sowerby. •• J 977. Fischer-Piette: Decussicardium gilchristi Sowerby. ··1977 . ZR: Cardium gilchristi Sowerby, 1904 Designated type species for new genus Decussicardium. Ref to FischerPiette, E. p. 94. ··1991. Voskuil & Onverwagt: Nemocardium (Microcardium) gilchristi (Sowerby, 1894). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: two distinct patterns on shell surface, each finishing abruptly in a subcentral vertical line. DESCRIPTIONS. Shell broadly sub-ovate, thin, inflated, white, surface elaborately sculptured; anterior side (rather less than half), very closely latticed with radiating and transversely undulated ridges, the interstices having the appearance of numerous minute pits; this portion of the surface is separated from the rest by a vertical line reaching from the umbo to the ventral margin. The remaining part has about 18 narrow ribs, with two or three closely punctured grooves between each. Dorsal margin short, convexly sloping on each side; posterior lateral margin rather straightly convex, anterior and ventral rounded. Umbones broad, rounded; cardinal area small; ligament narrow and thin; lunule very small. Interior white, smooth, with serrated margin; abductor scars of moderate size situated rather high up, and very near the lateral margins; pallial line simple. Hinge rather narrow, with two unequal cardinal teeth in each valve, and rather prominent lateral teeth. (Sowerby 1904). DIMENSIONS. Post-ant. 12 mm, umbo-ventr. 13 mm, Thickness (diameter) II mm (Sowerby 1904). REMARKS. Voskuil & Onverwagt (1991): Cardium gilchristi Sowerby, 1894 type species of genus Decussicardium Fischer-Piette, 1977. Decussicardium is ajunior synonym of Microcardium. Sowerby (1904): The sculpture of the posterior portion somewhat resembles that of C. exasperatum Sowerby. HABITAT. 15 fathoms. DISTRIBUTION. South Africa. gilleta (subspecies). - See under longuiscula gil/eta Motas, 1971. gilletae Andreescu, 1971 . - Changed combination: Euxinicardium gilletae (Andreescu, 1971). Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. REMARKS. The genus is abbreviated L. in Taktakishvili (1987) . It is not clear if this is an abbreviation of Limnodacna or Lymnocardium. RECORDS. ··1971 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) gilletae Andreescu, 1971 sp. nov. Pleistocene Rimnico--Sarat Valley, Dumitresti, Romania. ··1972 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinocardium sic) gilletae Andreescu, 1972 sp. nov. Romania. Pleistocene. ··1975 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) gillelae Andreescu, 1975 sp. nov. Romania, Vrancea district. Pleistocene. Ref. to Andreescu, p. J 14. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium gilletae (Andreescu). ··1987 Taktakishvili: L. gil/etae. gilletae Motas, 1976. Limnodacna gillelae Motas, 1976. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1976 ZR: Limnodacna gil/etae sp. nov. Romania, Prahova, Scheii valley, Valea Scheilor. Ref. to Motas, p. 134. Gilletella Marinescu, 1973 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Gilletella Marinescu, 1973. Subfamily uncertain. gilleti Senes, 1938. - New combination: Lymnocardium gilleti Senes, 1938 . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene . RECORDS. ··1954 ZR: Limnocardium gil/eli Senes, 1938 sp. nov. Lower Sarrnatian, South Slovakia. ··1955 ZR: Limnocardium gil/eli Senes, 1953 sp . nov. Miocene, Czechoslovakia. gillieroni Pictet & Campice, 1866. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " gillieroni (Pictet & Campice, 1866). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871. Stoliczka: Cardium gillieroni (?Laevicardium). ··1980. Ruhoff: Cardium gillieroni Pictet & Campice, 1866; [1861-1871] ser. 4, p. 252; pI. 119, fig. 2.; pI. 120. figs. 1-2. giloa Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium giloa: RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium giloa [not a cardiid]. giovani (subspecies). - See under aculealum giovani Jeffreys-Capellini, 1860. gippslandicum Crespin , 1950. - Trachycardium gippslandicum (Crespin, 1950). Cardiidae. Lower Pliocene . RECORDS . ··1950 ZR: Trachycardium (Ovicardium) gippslandicum Crespin, 1950 sp. nov. Lower Pliocene, Victoria. 530 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (fMMP) girundica - glaucllm girundica (mode). - See under girondicllm. girondicum Mayer, 1866. - Changed combination: Acanthocardia girondica (Mayer, 1866). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1899. Sacco: Cardium girondicum Mayer [Miocene]. ··1912. Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium girundicum Mayer-Eymar. ··1912. Favre: Cardium girondicum Mayer. ID suggested by Favre. ··1970. Glibert & Poe!: Cardium (Acanthocardia) girondicllm Mayer, 1866. ··1977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) girondica (Mayer, 1866). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium girondicum Mayer 1866; [1857-1869] vol. 14: 72, pI. 3, fig. 7. ··1994 Marcomini: Cardium girondicum Mayer, 1866. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium girondicum Mayer. Burdigalien. France (Gironde), B28152, B28153. girundicum grundensis Ivolas & Peyrot (variety). Upgraded. Acanthocardia girundica grundensis (I volas & Peyrot). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium girundicum var. grundensis Ivolas & Peyrot. glabra (subspecies). - See under vitrea glabra Ostroumoff & Rosen in Ostroumoff, 1905. glabra Link, 1807. - Synonym of = Tridacna derasa (Roding, 1798). Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1999 Higo et at.: Tridacne glabra Link, 1807 = Tridacna (Flodacna) derasa (Roding, 1798). glabra Ostroumoff, 1905. - Hypanis vitrea glabra (Ostroumoff). » Regarding Adacna glabra: Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1908 Mi1aschewitch: Adacna glabra. ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Adacna glabra Ostroumoff, 1905 = Hypanis vitrea glabra (Ostroumoff). glabra Warren, 1935. - Liopistha glabra Warren, 1935. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1935 ZR: Liopistha glabra Warren, 1935 sp. n. Bearpaw formation Canada. glabratum Easton, 1962. - Conocardium glabratum Easton, 1962. Conocardiidae. Carboniferous. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Conocardium glabratum Easton, 1962 sp. nov. Heath formation, Stonehouse Canyon, Golden Valley Co., Montana, U.S.A., Carboniferous. glabratum Romer, 1869. [Figs. Part I p. 91 f. 3, p. 175, 176]. - Synonym of Laevicardium pristis (Valenciennes, 1827). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium brasilianum (Lamarck, 1819). Laevicardium laevigatum laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). - Laevicardium serratum (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardiumglabratum: Cardiidae. Pleistocene. Type specimen not known. RECORDS. ··1868 ZR: Cardium laevigatum of Reeve is probably not that of Linne, and may be called glabratum [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1869 Romer, (p. 91) (pI. 13, figs. 8-9): Cardium glabratum new name for Cardium laevigatum Reeve (non L.) fig. ··1872 Tryon: Cardium glabratum Romer. ··1890 Paetel: Laevicardium glabratum Rom. ··1890 Paetel: Laevicardium laevigatum Rv. = glabratum Rom. ··1900 Dautzenberg: Cardium glabratum Romer. ··1901 Dall: Cardium glabratum of Roemer, 1869 = Cardium serratum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1939 McLean: Cardium glabratum Romer, 1869 = Laevicardium serratum serratum (Linne, 1758). ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium glabratum Roemer, 1869 = Laevicardium laevigatum laevigatum (Linne, 1758). ··1958 Abbott: Laevicardium glabratum Romer [Pleistocene]. ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 14: Cardium glabratum Romer = Laevicardium brasilianum Lamarck. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium glabratum E. Romer, 1869; [1868-1869] vol. 10(2): 91, pl. 13, figs. 8-9. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: 1 specimen labeled Cardium glabratum Romer, 1869 = M-Ch T. 13, fig. 8-9; [MCh = Martini-Chemnitz]. REMARKS. Laevicardium brasilianum Lamarck in Fischer-Piette (1977). ··2004 Vidal pers comm. : e. glabratum Romer, 1869 is a synonym of C. pristis Valenciennes, 1827. DISTRIBUTION. North Carolina to Brazil. glabrum Go Idfuss, 1837. - Cheiopteria glabrum Goldfuss, 1837. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Bavaria, Germany. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium glabrum. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2708: Cardium glabrum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. ··1976 ZR: Cardium glabrum Goldfuss, 1837 not Munster 1840. Designated type species for new genus Cheiopteria. Ref. to Pojeta, p. 15. gladenkovi Kafanov, 1994. - Clinocardium gladenkovi Kafanov, 1994. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1994 Kafanov in Arkhipova et at.: Clinocardium gladenkovi Kafanov. g/aucum (subspecies and variety). - See under edule glaucum and edule var. quadrata Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus. *g/aucum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium glaucum from 2 sources: Poiret, 1789 and Bruguiere, 1789. Gmelin (1791) referred to Poiret, and it is most likeJy that both Poiret and Bruguiere studied the same species, which they gave the same name in the same year. I have tried hard to locate Poiret's paper in French and Danish libraries, but in vain. However, Bruguiere's work is illustrated and accessible. I recommend that e. glaucum of Poiret should be ignored in the future. The exact printing time of the two papers will probably be impossible to decide, anyway. glaucum Bruguiere, 1789. [Figs. Part 3 p. 851]. Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cerastoderma edule. - Erroneous syn. of Cerastoderma edule. - Cardium lamarcki Reeve, 1845. » Regarding Cardium glaucum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere, No. 14. Cardium glaucum Nob. ··1789 Poiret: Cardium glaucum. ··1791 Gmelin No. 52. Cardium glaucum. Poiret, voyag. en Barbar. 2. p. 13. ··1815 Wood: Poiret found Cardium glaucum on the coast of Algiers. ··1815 Wood: Cardium glaucum Linn. Gmel. Brug. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium glaucum Poi ret. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium glaucum. Brug. (no. 14) = Mediterranean variety ofe. edule. ··1829 Costa: Cardium glaucum, Brug. No. 14 = Cardium edule, L. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium glaucum. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium glaucum Bruguiere, a variety of Cardium edule. ··1850 Jay: Cardium glaucum Brug. = Cardium edule Linn. var. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 16: Cardium glaucum Brug. ··1867 We inkauff: Cardium glaucum Bruguiere = Cardium edule Linne. ··1871 Morch, p. 215, No. 202: Cardium glaucum Brug.? = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule L. ··1871 ZR: Cardium glaucum (Brug.)? [Ref. Morch 1871]. ··1878 Monterosato: Cardium glaucum Bruguiere = C. rusticum, Lk. (non Lin.) = e. Clodiense, Ren. (non Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publicatioll vol, 30 (2004) 53! glaucum agheilensis - g/aucum albida Brocc,) = C Lamarck!, Reeve = C edufe, auctt. (non L.), "1886 Locard : Cardium? gfaucum Bruguiere, 1789 = Cardillm lamarcki Reeve, 1845, "1890 Paetel: Cardium g/aucum Brug. = edule L. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium glaucum Bruguiere, 1792 sic = Cardium (Cerasloderma) edule Linne, 1758, "J902 Sherborn, p , 425 : Cardium gfaucum Poiret, 1789, "1961 ZR : Cardium glaucum " Lago di Patria", ecological study [Ref. Sacchi 1961]. "1962 ZR : Cardium gfaucum ecology, Lago di Patria, Italy [Ref. Sacchi 1962] , "1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma gfaucum gfaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). "1970 ZR: Cerastoderma glaucum Poiret, 1789, (= C lamarcki Reeve, 1844, to be abandoned as specific name) p, 66, variability, spawning and salinity change tolerance discussed [Ref. Rygg 1970]. "1971 ZR: Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret 1789) Priority. [Ref. Boyden 1971] / Cardium glaucum Distribution [Ref. Jelnes et al. 1971]. / Cardium glaucum [Refs, 1971. Petersen & Russell: comparative study. / Russell: N,E. Atlantic, Continental Shelf] / Cerastoderma glaucum Reproduction , Comparative study [Ref. Boyden 1971]. "1972 ZR : Cardium (Cerastoderma) glaucum with refs, to: Boyden, / Bartoli, / Colombo , "1973 ZR: Cardium glaucum, Morphological variation, Ref. to van Urk, R.M, / Trematode parasites, Ref. to Bartoli, p, / glaucum, - "1973. ZR: Cerastoderma glaucum, Morphology. Effect of salinity. Ref. to Boyden / English Channel. Ref. to Barnes, "1974 ZR: Cardium glaucum, Oil dispersant. Toxin toxicity. Experimental study. Ref. to Nagel!. / Sexual maturation. Annual activity pattern. Larva, Salinity. Influencing factors. Ref. to Kingston, "1975 ZR: Cardium glaucum , Larva, Laboratory culture. Effect of Antibiotics, Ref. to Martin. - "1975, ZR: Cerastoderma glaucum , Shell ornamentation. Ribs, Mediterranean Sea, Sexual reproduction Influencing factors. Effect of inorganic chemicals , Ref. to Zaouali. "1976 ZR: Cardium glaucum. Population dynamics. Ref. to Persson. - "1976. ZR: Cerastoderma glaucum, England. Distribution, Lagoon. Ref to Williams. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium glaucum Bruguiere = Cardium edule Linne, "1977 Popov: Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret, 1789), ,,1977, ZR: Cardium glaucum Numerical taxonomy. Polymorphic index. Ref to van Urk, R.M. - "1977. ZR: Cerastoderma glaucum, Chemical pollution, Lipid content effects, Black Sea, Ref to Milobidova, Kargopolova & Shchekatyrina. / Ecology. Distribution & cytogenetics, Ref to Koulman & Wolff. / Measurements. Mediterranean Sea. Ref to Parenzan, P. / Population structure. Quaternary lagoon. Lake, Tunisia. Ref to Zaouali, 1. "1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret, 1789) = Cerasloderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). "1978 Kafanov: Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret, 1789), "1978, ZR: Cardium glaucum, Speciation. Morphological & biochemical criteria, North Sea. Ref. to Brock. - "1978. ZR : Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret 1789). Diagnostic characters. Ref. to Turk p, 6. / Growth rate , Phytoplankton population, environmental & seasonal changes, Coastal lagoon . France, Ref. to Lelong et ai, / Mineral metabolism. Mercuric chloride, protein binding & deposition of metal in tissues, Escoubet el al. / Pollutant content. Lead concentration, body weight correlation, France (marine). Ref. to Hamoui. / Lead, distribution in tissues, Mediterranean Sea, Ref. to Vicente et al. / Predators, Dicentrarchus labrax (Pisces). Western Mediterranean (east of Crete). Ref. to Mienis. "1979 ZR: Cardium glaucum Ref. to Brock, - Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere 1789), Ref. to Eikenboom, / Ivell, / Palmer. "1980 ZR as Cardium glaucum Ref. to Brock, - Cerastoderma glaucum Ref. to Bullimore et al. / Escoubet, / Gosling, / Labourg et al. / Vicente. / Zaouali. "1981 ZR: Cardium glaucum. Ref. to Ansell et ai, / Gaillard et al. Mediterranean, / Wolowicz, - Cardium glaucum x C edufe, Hybridization. North Sea. Ref. to Lauckner. / Cerastoderma glaucum, Ref. to Archambault-Guezou, / Chabert et al. France, / Henry el ai, / Riva el af. France, "1982 ZR: Cardium glaucum. Baltic Sea. Ref. to Varvio-Aho et al. - Cerasloderma glaucum, Ref. to Archambault-Guezou. / Cognetti, Italy. "1983 SalviniPlawen: Cardium glaucum Bruguiere, 1789, "1983 ZR: Cardium glaucum. Ref. to Nossier. - Cerastoderma glaucum, Ref. to Bartoli, Chabert et al. , Gueloroet et al. , Ivell. "1984 ZR Cardium glaucum Ref. to Barker Jorgensen, / Lubet. / Persson, / Piersma , / Wolowicz. "1984 ZR Ref. to Lucas: Cerasloderma glaucum. Shell morphology, Valve thickness & juvenile ribs compared with C nunninkae, Bay of Biscay, "1985 ZR: Cardium glaucum. Ref. to Jarzebski et at. / Le Pennec et at. / Szefer et af. "1987 ZR: Cardium glaucum Ref. to Brock. I Mikhailova. / Nossier. / Yankson, "1993. Poutiers: Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789), .. 1991 Brock: Cardium (Cerasloderma) glaucum . "1991 Krzyminska & Wolowicz: Cardium (Cerastoderma)glaucum Bruguiere. "1992 Oliver: Ceras toderma glaucum , "1998 Macedo el at.: Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret, 1789). "1998 Schneider: Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789), .. 200 I Schneider & Carter: Cerasloderma gfaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). Late Miocene to Recent. "200 I Vidal, p. 407: Cerastoderma glaucum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS ..2001 Vidal: with a few additional larger tentacles outside siphons. Eyes on tentacles, REMARKS. Erroneous synonymy in Reeve (1844) : Cardium glaucum Bruguiere, 1789 is not = Cardium var. edule Linne, 1758 ; erroneous synonymy in Salvini-Plawen (1983) and Fischer-Piette (1977) : Cardium glaucum Bruguiere, 1789 is not = Cardium edule Linne, 1758. Brock & Christiansen (1989) concluded that glaucum and lamarcki most likely are conspecific, and that Cardium glaucum Bruguiere, 1789 has priority over Cardium lamarcki! Reeve, 1845, Brock (1991) proposed C glaucum to be a southern (Mediterranean) species while C lamarck! should be a northern species characteristic of the Baltic. DISTRIBUTION "1844 Reeve: Europe. "1994 Hylleberg: Europe, West Africa, Red Sea. glaucum agheilensis Kaltenbach, 1943 (subspecies). Cerastoderma glaucum agheilensis (Kaltenbach, 1943). Cardiidae, Fossil. RECORDS. "1969 Nordsieck: Cerasloderma glaucum agheilensis (Kaltenbach, 1943), Mediterranean salt lakes ofCyrenaika, Libya, glaucum albida Locard & Caziot, 1900 (variety), Infrasubspecific, No evidence of sub specific status.» Regarding Cerastoderma glaucum var. albida: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS, "1900 Locard & Caziot: 532 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) glaucum altior - glaucum paludosum Cardium lamarcki var. albida. DESCRIPTIONS. --1900 Locard & Caziot: completely white shells. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Unknown. glaucum altior Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status.» Regarding Cerastoderma glaucum var. altior: Cardiidae. Recent. RECOR DS. --1892 . Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, p. 293: Cardium edule var (ex forma 5), altior B .D .D . --1969. Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum altior (Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. --1969 Nordsieck: Arcachon, France. glaucllm arcopsis De Gregorio (variety). Infrasubspecific . No evidence of subspecific status. Identical with Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cerastoderma glaucum var. areopsis: Cardiidae. Recent. REcoRDs. ,,1933 . Coen: Cardium glaueum Bruguiere var. areopsis De Gregorio = Eueardium (Cerastoderma) lamarekii var. ineurva Monterosato . --1937 Coen, p. 113: Cerastoderma glaucum arcopsis De Gregorio = Cerastoderma lamarekii ineurvum Monterosato. glaucum batesoni Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaueum var. batesoni: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1892. Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, p. 293: Cardium edule var. (ex forma 4) batesoni B.D.D. --1969. Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum batesoni (Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Cardium edule in B.D.D. is erroneous identification of Cerastoderma glallcum (Bruguiere, 1789). DISTR IBUTION. --1969 Nordsieck: Arcachon, France. glaucum bellicum Beck, 1842 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaucum var. belticllm: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1892 . B.D.D: Cardium edule var. ex forma 6, beltieum (Beck mss) . --1969. Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum beltieum (Reeve, 1844). glaucum bengasiensis Kaltenbach, 1943 (subspecies). - Cerastoderma glaucum bengasiensiS (Kaltenbach, 1943). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1943 Kaltenbach: Cardium glaueum bengasiensis. --1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaueum bengasiensiS (Kaltenbach, 1943). Mediterranean, Bengasi Sea off Libya, Lagoon of EI Coefia. glaucum clodiensis Brocchi , 1814 (subspecies). Cerastoderma glaucum clodiensis (Brocchi, 1814). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1814 Brocchi: Cardium clodiensis. --1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaueum clodiensis (Brocchi, 1814). Unknown distribution. glaucum coejiensis Kaltenbach, 1943 (subspecies). Cerastoderma glaucum coejiensis (Kaltenbach, 1943). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1943 Kaltenbach: Cardium coejiensis. --1969 Nordsieck : Cerastoderma glaucum coejiensis (Kaltenbach, 1943). Mediterranean off Libya, Lagoon of EI Coefia. glaucum coeni Mars, 1951 (subspecies). - Synonym of Cerastoderma glaueum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cerastoderma glaueum coeni: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaueum eoeni (Mars, 1951). "1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaueum eoeni (Mars, 1951) = Cerastoderma lamarcki in Coen, 1915. Venice. glaucum crassum Coen, 1915 (subspecies). - Replaced by Cardium glaucum marsi Nordsieck, 1969. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium glaucum erassum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1915 Coen: Cardium glaucum crassum. --1969 ZR: Cardium glaucum crass urn (Coen, 1915) replaced by Cardium glaucum marsi Nordsieck, 1969. glaucum eichwaldi Reeve, 1845 (subspecies). - No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaueum eiehwaldi: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum eiehwaldi (Reeve, 1845). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. --1969 Nordsieck Caspian Sea. glaucum flabellatum Coen, 1915 (subspecies) . - No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaueumjlabellatum: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. --1915 Coen: Cardium glaueumjlabellatum. --1969 Nordsieck : Cerastoderma glaucum flabellatum (Coen, 1915). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. --1969 Nordsieck unknown. glaucum isthmicum Issei, 1869 (subspecies). - No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastodermaglaucum isthmieum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum isthmicum (Issei, 1869). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. --1969 Nordsieck: Egypt. . glaucumlacunaris Monterosato, 1915 (subspecies).No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaueum lacunaris : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1915 Monterosato: Cardium glaucum lacunaris . --1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaueum laeunaris (Monterosato, 1915). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DI ST RIBUTIO N. --1969 Nordsieck : Etang de Serre. glaucum lamarcki (subspecies). - No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaucum lamarcki: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1976 ZR: Cardium glaucum lamareki. Estuary. Ecological associations. River Adige, Italy. Ref. to Munari. glaucum mareotica Pallary, 1912 (subspecies). [Figs, Part 3 p. 851]' - No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaucum mareot;ea: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaueum mareotiea (PaJlary, 1912). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. --1969 Nordsieck : Egypt. glaucum marsi Coen, 1915 (subspecies). - New name. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaueum marsi: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaueum marsi (Nordsieck, 1969) new name for Cerastoderma glaueum crassum (Coen, 1915). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. --1969 Nordsieck: Mediterranean. glaucum paludosum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (subspecies). - No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaueum paludosum: Cardiidae. Recent. RE CORDS. --1969 Nordsieck : Phui<et Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 533 glauculII quadratum - globulosa Cerastoderma glaucum paludosum (Bucqoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck: Corsica. glaucllm qlladratum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (subspecies). - No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaucum quadratum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1969 Nordsieck : Cerastoderma glaucum quadratum (Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892).- CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. "1969 Nordsieck: Hypersaline water. DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck: West Europe. glallcum rectidens Coen, 1915 (subspecies). - No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastodermaglaucum rectidens: Cardiidae. Recent. HABITAT. Lagoons. RECORDS. "1915 Coen: Cardium glaucum rectidens. "1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum rectidens (Coen, 1915). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck: Adriatic Sea. glauculII rectidens lIIinor Coen, 1915 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaucum rectidens var. minor: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum rectidens (Coen, 1915) var. minor (Co en, 1915). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. The taxon is a synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). HABITAT. Lagoons. DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck: Adriatic Sea. glauculII rectidens parvulII Brusina, 1870 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaucum rectidens var. parvum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1870 Brusina: Cardium glaucum rectidens var. parvum. "1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum rectidens (Coen, 1915) var. parvum (Brusina, 1870). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. Lagoons. DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck: Adriatic Sea. glaucum syrticum Coen, 1915 (subspecies). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma glaucum syrticum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1915 Coen: Cardium glaucum syrticum. ,,1969. Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum syrticum (Coen, 1915). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION . "1969 Nordsieck : Tripolis. glauculII tenu;ssubquadratulII Coen, 1915 (variety). No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cerastoderma tenuissubquadratum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ,,1915. Coen: Cerastoderma glaucum tenuissubquadratum . ,,1969. Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum tenuis-subquadratum (Coen, 1915). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck : unknown. glauculII ulllbonatum Wood, 1850 (variety) . - No evidence of sub specific status.» Regarding Cerastoderma glaucum umbonatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1969. Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum umbonatum (Wood, 1850). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck: North Africa, Adriatic Sea. glebosulII Conrad, 1848. - Changed combination: Agnocardia glebosum (Conrad, 1848). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2727: Cardium glebosum sic Conrad, 1847. "1984 ZR Ref. to Vokes p. 38: Agnocardia glebosum (Conrad, 1848) Comb. nov. Transferred from Cardium glebosum Conrad, 1848. "1998 Schneider: Agnocardia glebosum (Conrad, 1848) Cardiidae. Tertiary. "2002 Schneider: Agnocardia glebosum (Conrad, 1848). Cardiidae. Fossil. gleichenbergense Papp, 1954. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" gleichenbergense Papp, 1954. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. "1949 ZR: Cardium gleichenbergense 'no sp.' [nomen nud.] [Ref. Papp 1949]. "1954 ZR: Cardium gleichenbergense Papp, 1954 sp. nov. Sarmatian, Vienna. Globocardillm Hayami, 1965 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1973 ZR: Globocardium. Evolution. Ref. to Palmer. "1980 Vokes: Globocardium Hayami, 1965 in subfamily Protocardiinae. Globocardium (subgenus). -Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1965 ZR: Protocardia (Globocardium) subgen. nov. p. 116. Type species Cardium sphaeroideum Forbes, 1845, Aptian, W. Europe and Japan [Ref. Hayami 1965]. "1981 Canerot & Canerot: (Globocardium) Hyami, 1965. globosa (mode and variety). - See under globosum and fasciatum globosa Jeffreys, 1863. *globosulII; Cardium. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium globosum from 2 sources: Roemer, 1836. Bean, 1839. globosum Bean, 1839. - Replaced by "Cardium" beani Deshayes. Combination to be revised. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS ... 1857 Deshayes: Cardium globosum Bean, 1839 - C. beani Desh. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2731: Cardium globosum Bean, 1839. globosulII Roemer, 1836. - Protocardia globosa (Roemer, 1836). Cardiidae. Mesozoic. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium globosum Roemer, 1836. "1976 Ma Qi-hong et aZ.: Proto cardia globosa (Roem.). *globosum; Unicardium. - Homonymy to be noticed. Unicardiwn globosum from 2 sources: Orbigny, 1850. - Moore, 1866. globosulII Moore, 1866. - Unicardium globosum C. Moore, 1866. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Unicardium globosum C. Moore, 1866; [18651866] p. 103, pI. 7, fig. 15. globosum Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium globosum d'Orbigny. Cardiidae. Lias and Jurassic. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn: Mactromya globosum Ag. "192232 Sherborn, p. 2735: Unicardium (Ag.) gZobosum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Mactromya globosum. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Unicardium globosum d' Orbigny. Portlandien. France (Yonne), S05428. globosum Hayami, 1974. - Integricardium globosum Hayami, 1974. Cardiidae. Lower Jurassic. RECORDS. "1974 ZR: lntegricardium (Yokoyamaina) globosum Hayami, 1974 sp. nov. South Vietnam, Lo Duc. Ref. to Hayami, p. 205. globulosum Tolmatchoff, 1925. - Conocardium globulosum Tolmatchoff, 1925. Conocardiidae . Carboniferous. RECORDS. "1925 ZR: Conocardium globulosum Tolmatchoff, 1925 sp. n. Carbon. g/obu/osa (variety). - See under edule var. globulosa Pallary, 1906. 534 Tropical Marine Mol/lise Programme (TMMP) globulosum - gorokuense globulosum (variety). - See under papil/osum var. globulosum Locard. globulum Whitfield . - Int egricardium globulum (Whitfield) . Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. --1992 Schneider: Integricardium globulum (Whitfield). gloriosus Kuroda, 1928. - Discors gloriosus Kuroda, 1928. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1928 Kuroda: Discors gloriosus Kuroda (nov.) Short description in Japanese. Glossus (genus). Not in Cardiacea. RECORDS. "1815 Oken, p. 235: genus Glossus with Chama cor, Glossus rubicundus [Oken is not available]. "1818 Schmidt, p. 158: Glossus rubicundus (Chama cor). Schmidt counts 4 genera: I. Glossus; 2. Isocardia; 3. Cardissa (Venericardia); 4. Cardium. Glycimeris Eichwald, 1838 (genus) . - Invalid for cardiids. » Regarding Glycimeris. Lymnocardiidae. RECORDS ... 1847 Gray, No. 559: Glycimeris, Eichw. 1838. Type species Gly. laeviuscula [synonym of Aphrodite, Lea; 183? not Linn.]. "1903 Andrussoff: Glycimeris Eichwald, 1829. Gnathodon (genus) RECORDS. --1839 Anton : Genus Gnathodon Rang in Family Cardiacea. goesdekiana Andrussov, 1924. - Monodacna goesdekiana Andrussov, 1924 . Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene and Pleistocene. R ECORDS . "1924 ZR: Monodacna goesdekiana Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. --1963 ZR: Monodacna goesdekiana Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Pliocene, Russia. Goethemia Lambiotte, 1979 (genus). - Cardiidae . Recent. Type species : Cardium elegantulum Beck in Moller, 1842. Monotypic. Type designation: Lambiotte, 1979. Monotypic. RECORDS. "1979 ZR: Goethemia Gen. nov. of Cardiidae. Type species Cardium elegantulum Beck in Moller, 1842. Ref. to Lambiotte p. 53. "1998 Schneider: Goethemia. --2001 Vidal, p. 408: Goethemia. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. --1998 Schneider: the fossil record dates from the earliest Pleistocene. Uncertain relationship with other cardiids. --2001 Vidal: two siphons. No eyes. goisiense Nomura, 1940. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " goisiense Nomura , 1940. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECO RDS. --1950 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma ?) goisiense Nomura, 1940 sp. nov. Miocene Moniwa Shell Bed, Goisi, Japan. golbargae (subspecies). - See under plicata golbargae Tadjalli-Pour, 1977. Goldfussia Castelnau, 1843 (genus). Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: stated that Cardium nautiloides is type species of genus Goldfussia Castelnau, 1843. goldfussii Matheron, 1843. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" goldfussii Matheron, 1843 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium goldJussii Matheron. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2751: Cardium goldfilssi Matheron, 1843. golubiatnikovi Androussov, 1923. - Monodacna golubiatnikovi Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene . RECORDS. --1924 ZR: Monodacna golubiatnikovi Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. --1930 ZR: Monodacna golubiatnikovi Androussov, 1923 sp. n. [Ref. Androussov 1923]. --1963 ZR: Monodacna golubiatnikovi Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron beds, Pliocene, Russia. Goniocardiidae (family). Superfamily Tridacnoidea. Fossil. RECORDS. --1995 Pacaud & Renard: Family Goniocardiidae. Superfamily Tridacnoidea. --1980 ZR: Tridacnacea. Goniocardiidae fam. nov. Goniocardium Vasseur 1880 (genus). - Aviculariidae. RECORDS. "1880 Vasseur, p. 35, Palaeogene Goniocardium according to Skarlato et al. Ref. to Skarlato et al. --1980 ZR: Vasseur 1880 . designated Goniocardium type genus for new family Aviculariidae. Ref. to Skarlato et ai., p. 35. --1998 Schneider: Goniocardium lacks a byssal gape (Schneider 1998). Goniocardium Vasseur, 1880 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECOR DS. --1887 Fischer: Subgenus Goniocardillm Vasseur, 1880 of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. "1923 ZR: Goniocardium [Ref. Cossmann 1923]. "1937 ZR : Goniocardium Vasseur, 1880 "type here designated Cardium rachites Deshayes, 1829 Prosodacnidae (7) not a cardiid unit" [Ref. Keen 1937]. --1995 Pacaud & Renard: Goniocardium Vasseur, 1880 Superfamily Tridacnoidea. Family Aviculariidae. goniophoTlim Tremlett, 1950. - Changed combination: Ortho cardium goniophorum (Tremlett, 1950) . Cardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. Highcliff, UK. TYPE REPOSITORY. B.M ., L. 80474 (Tremlett, (950). RECORDS. --1891 Edwards: Cardium goniophorum MS. --1950 Tremlett, p. 129, pI. 19. figs. 19a-c : Cardium (Orthocardium) goniophorum n. sp. --1950 ZR: Cardium (Orthocardium) goniophorum Tremlett, 1950 sp. nov..ex Edwards MS Hampshire Basin, Barton & Highcliff. --1977 Popov: Orthocardium goniophorum (Tremlett, 1950). Goniacardia Woodring, 1982 (genus). Type species Trigoniocardia callopleura (Gabb, 1881). - Source. Ger! Lindner (pers. comm .) . --1998 Schneider: Goniacardia. gordum Myers , 1968 . - New combination: Trachycardium gordum (Myers, (968). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1968 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) gordum Myers, 1968 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Cardenas formation, Mexico . --1969 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) gordum Myers, 1969 sp. nov. Cirdenas formation, Arroyo del Aguaje, Mexico. gorgasi Hanna, 1924. - New name: Cardium gorgasi Hanna, 1924. » Regarding Cardium gorgasi. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1924 ZR : Cardium gorgasi Hanna, 1924 nom. n. for C. (Laevicardium) daW Toula. goriense Davidachvili, 1934. - Changed combination: Eoprosodacna goriense (Davidachvili, 1934). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. Subgenotype of Eoprosodacna (Sliccuridacna) Korobkov, 1958. RECORDS. --1935 ZR: Cardium goriellse Davidachvili, 1934 sp. n. Miocene S. Caucasus. --1958 ZR: Cardium goriense Davidaschviii, Georgia, USSR Subgenotype of Eoprosodacna (Sliccuridacna) Korobkov, 1958 Kotsakhursk horizon, Miocene. "1958 ZR: Eoprosodacna (Succuridacna) goriense (Davidaschvili) [Ref. Korobkov 1958]. gorjensis Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna gOljensis Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS . --1989 PapaianopoJ, p. 62, fig.; Pachydacna (Pachydacna) gorjensis sp. nov. gorokuense Nomura, 1938. - New combination: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Pllblication vol. 30 (2004) 535 gortanU - grajilianum Trachycardium gorokuense (Nomura, 1938). Cardiidae. RECORDS. --1938 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) gorokuense Nomura, 1938 sp. n. Pliocene. Tatunokuti Bed [Pliocene] Goroku, Sendai. gortanii (variety). - See under rugosum var. gortanii Nardini, 1937. gortanU Nardini , 1937. - Changed combination: Vasticardium gortanii (Nardini , 1937). Cardiidae. Pleistocene. D ISTRIBUTION . Red Sea (Vidal 1999). REcORDs. --1997 Vidal : Cardium rugosum var. gortanii Nardini, 1937 = Vasticardium gortanii (Nardini, 1937) = Vasticardium {uteomarginatum marerubrum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991) . "1999 Vidal: Vasticardium gortanii (Nardini, 1937). gosaviense Zittel, 1865 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " gosaviense (Zittel , 1865). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka: Cardium gosaviense (?Laevicardium). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium gosaviense Zittel, 1865; [1865-1866] vol. 24(2): 43, pI. 6, fig. 2. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium gosaviense (?gosariense) Zittel. Senonian. Austria, S 100020, B 1160 1. gossei Deshayes, 1854. - Synonym of Trachycardium muricatum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Species insufficiently known (Fischer-Piette 1977). » Regarding Cardium gossei. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. West Indies (Fischer-Piette 1977). TYPE REPOSITORY. British Museum (Fischer- Piette 1977). DISTRJBUTION. North Carolina to Argentina. RECORDS. --1854 Deshayes : Cardium gossei. --1890 Paetel: Cardium gossei Dsh. --1902 Dall : Cardium gossei Deshayes, 1854 = Cardium muricatum Linnaeus, 1758. --1939 McLean : Cardium gossei Deshayes, 1854 = Trachycardium (Trachycardium) muricatum (Linne, 1758). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium gossei Deshayes = species insufficiently known . --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium gossei Deshayes, 1854; p. 330. gouetense Cossmann, 1905. - Changed combination: Loxocardium gouetense (Cossmann, 1905). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1908. ZR: Cardium gouetense Cossmann, 1908b sp. n. Loire inferieure . --1970. Glibert & Poel: Loxocardium gouetense (Cossmann, 1905). gouriejJi Deshayes, 1838. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra gourieffi Deshayes, 1838. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. RECORDS . --1838 Deshayes, p. 52, pI. 3, figs. 1-2: Cardium gourieffi. "1886 Fischer: Cardium gourieffi Deshayes. "1877 Grimm: Cardium gourieffi Deshayes 1838. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2767: Cardium gourieffi Deshayes, 1838. --1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna gourieffi (Desh.). --1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra gourieffi (Desh.). gourieffi (aff.) Deshayes, 1838 . - New combination : Lymnocardium anconensis (Gillet 1970) . Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1970 ZR: Cardium gourieffi aff. Desh. in Capellini, 1879. See under Limnocardium anconensis sp. nov. sic Gillet 1970. *gracile. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium gracile from 2 sources: Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Pusch, 1837. gracile Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Replaced by Cardium subgracile d'Orbigny. » Regarding Cardium gracile. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium gracile Munster, 1840 - C. subgracile D'Orb. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2771: Cardium gracile Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. gracile Pusch , 1837. - Changed combination: Lymno cardium graCile (Pusch, 1837). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Plicatiforma plicata. » Regarding Cardium graCile: Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium gracile Pusch, 1837. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2771: Cardium gracile Pusch, 1836. "1929 ZR : Cardium gracile Push. Sarmatian [Ref. Kolesnikov 1929]. --1958 ZR: Lymnocardium gracile Pliocene [Ref. Eriinal-Erentoz 1958]. --1965 ZR : Cardium gracile figd., Sarmatian, Yugoslavia [Ref. Spajic 1965]. --1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium gracile (= plicatum) Pusch. "1987 Taktakishvili : Cardium gracile = Plicatiforma plicata. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium gracile Pusch. Turkey, B41463. gracile bessarabiensis Gillet, 1938 (variety). Upgraded. Lymnocardium gracile bessarabiensis {Gillet, 1938). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1939 ZR: Limnocardium gracile var. bessarabiensis Gillet, 1938 nov. Sarmatian [Miocene] Roumania. gracile kasinense Ko1esnikov, 1929 (variety). Upgraded. Lymnocardium gracile kasinense (Kolesnikov, 1929). Lymnocardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. --1929 ZR : Cardium gracile Push. var. kasinense Kolesnikov, 1929 nov. Sarmatian [Ref. Kolesnikov 1929] . gracile mediterranea Eriinal-Erentoz, 1958 (variety).Upgraded. Lymnocardium gracile mediterranea (Eriinal-Erentoz, 1958). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Lymnocardium gracile var. mediterranea Erunal-Erentoz, 1958 nov. Lower Pliocene. Antakya, Turkey. gracile pseudobogatchevi Gillet, 1938 (variety). Upgraded. Lymnocardium gracile pseudobogatchevi (Gillet, 1938). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1939 ZR: Limnocardium gracile var. pseudobogatchevi Gillet, 1938 nov. Sarmatian. Roumania. gracilicostatum Jekelius, 1944. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" gracilicostatum Jekelius, 1944. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1946 ZR: Cardium gracilicostatum Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. (type f. 16). Miocene Soceni Banat. gracilis Ali-Zade & Aleskerov, 1969. - Pseudocatillus gracilis Ali-Zade & Aleskerov, 1969. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1969 ZR: Pseudocatillus graCilis Ali-Zade & Aleskerov, 1969 sp . nov. Apsheron deposits, Bakinsk, Apsheron Peninsula, Azerbaidjan. gracilis Papaianopo1, 1989. - Pachydacna gracilis Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1989 Papaianopol, p. 67, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) gracilis sp. nov. gracilis Poli 1795. - Synonym of Cardium edule Linne, 1758. » Regarding Cerastes graciliS. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Cerastes gracilis Poli 1795 = Cardium edule Linne, 1758 [Ref. Keen 1937]. grajilianum Lamarck. - Identical with Laevicardium crassum. » Regarding: Cardium grafilianum: Cardiidae. Recent. This study: Cardium grafilianum Lamarck = Laevicardium crassum . OF COLLECTIONS. 536 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) grande - Granocardium Potugal sic on the label at ZMUC: Lamarck : Cardium grafilianum. DISTRIBUTION. Potugal (? = Portugal). grande Holzl, 1958. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" grande (Holz1, 1958). Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. "1958 ZR: Cardium (Rudicardium) grande Holzl, 1958 sp. nov. Burdigalian, Miocene. Upper Bavaria , Germany. ··1963 ZR: Cardium grande Miocene, Austria [Ref. Steininger 1963] . grande terticostales Steininger, 1963 (subspecies). Nomen nudum. » Regarding Cardium grande terticostaies: Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. ··1963 ZR: Cardium grande terticostales Steininger, 1963 subsp. nov. , nom. nud. [in table, non descr.] Miocene, Austria. grandis (subspecies). - See under burdigalinum grandis . graniferum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. [Figs. Part 1 p. 109, 131, 177. Part 3 p. 857]. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia granifera (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). Cardiidae. Recent. Cardium graniferum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 (D.O.), type species of genus and subgenus Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900 (Glibert & Poe I 1970). TYPE LOCALITY. Pacific Ocean (Sowerby 1841); Mazatlan, Mexico, in about 6 inches, mud (Hertlein & Strong, 1947). RECORDS. ··1829 Broderip & Sowerby, p.367 : Cardium granifenlm. ··1834 Sowerby, 49 th part, fig. 17: Cardium graniferum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 3, No. 38: Cardium graniferum, Brod. & Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium graniferum , (Sowerby No. 38). ··1841 Reeve, p. 99 (pl. 76, fig. 17): Cardium graniferum. ··1844 Reeve, sp. 43 : Cardium graniferum. ··1846 Orbigny: Cardium graniferum Broderip et Sowerby, 1829. ··1852 Adams : 430. Cardium graniferum Brod. et Sowb. 1829. ··1860 Carpenter: Cardium graniferum Brod. & S. ··1863 Swift: Cardium graniferum Brod. & Sow, 1844. ··1890 Paetel: Hemicardium graniferum Sow. ··1900 Dall: Cardium graniferum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 type species ofthe genus Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900. ··190 I Dall: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) granifera Broderip and Sowerby, 1829. ··1902 Dall: Cardium graniferum Sowerby, type of section Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2802: Cardium graniferum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. ··1928 Tomlin, p. 194: Fragum granifenlm (Brod . & Sow.). ··1932 Pilsbry & Lowe: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) graniferum Brod. and Sby. ··1941 Pilsbry & Olsson : Cardium (Trigoniocardia) graniferum Brod. & Sby. [Pliocene]. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) graniferum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. ··1955 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) graniferum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. ··1958 Abbott: Trigoniocardia granifera Broderip and Sowerby 1829 [Recent). ··1964 Parker: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) granifera (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). ··1969 Moore et af.: Trigonio cardia (Trigoniocardia) granifera (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). ··1977 FischerPiette: Corculum (Trigoniocardia) graniferum Broderip & Sowerby. ··1977 Popov : Cardium graniferum Broderip & ｓｯｷ･ｾ｢ｹＬ＠ 1829. Type of Trigoniocardia Dall , 1900. ··1992 Schneider p. 155 : Trigoniocardia granifera (Broderip & Sowerby). Type species of Trigoniocardia. ··1998 Schneider: Cardium graniferum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. ··2001 Schneider & Carter: Trigoniocardia granifera (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). ··200 I Vidal, p. 408 : Trigoniocardia granifera . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Gulf of California, Bocorones, Panama. California, Peru. ··ZMUC: wet collection. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell almost as high as long, small; umbo abruptly angulated posteriorly; posterior margin truncated; ribs beaded; anterior laterals crowded against cardinals. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell obliquely ovate, Trigonia-shaped, strongly radiately ribbed, 17 angulated, nodulously granulated ribs , interstitial grooves rather wide, deep, very beautifully cancellated; snowy white ··1971 Keen: shell subtrigonal, there are about 12 rather widely spaced, elevated, triangular, finely noded ribs followed by about 6-8 finer, closely spaced, noded ribs which occur on the steeply sloping posterior area; inters paces marked by deep narrow, transverse grooves. The shell rarely exceeding 15 mm. in altitude. There are about 18 to 20 ribs, the anterior ones with prominent grainlike nodules. The wide interspaces are bridged by regularly spaced cross-threads. The shell is a shiny white, some specimens with a yellowish blotch in the interior. ··200 I Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. REMARKS. ··1844 Reeve: this curious little species may be recognised by its singular resemblance in form to a Trigonia. DIMENSIONS. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: about 15 mm in height. ··1971 Keen: height, 15 mm. or less. HABITAT. ··1971 Keen: It is most often found on mud-fats, below the low-tide line, and offshore in depths to 14 fathoms. ··ZMUC: sand, silty sand, muddy sand, 13-67 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Gulf of Nicoya, Central America; and Xipixapi, West Columbia. ··1884 Grasset; Gabon. S. Thomas. ··1971 Keen: Magdalena Bay to Puerto Penasco, Mexico, and south to Zorritos, Peru. ··ZMUC: Gulf of California, Bocorones, Panama, Peru. grallifera (mode). - See under graniferum Broderip & Sowerby,1829. granigerllm Gumbel, 1861 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" granigerum (Gumbel , 1861). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium gralligerum (?Acanthocardium sic) . "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium granigerum Gumbel, 1861; p. 571. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium granigerum as Cardita, Zittel, 1865; [1865-1866] vol. 24(2): 152, pI. 8, fig. 7. Grallocardium Gabb, 1869 (genus). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. Type species: Stewart (1930) designated Cardium carolinum d'Orbigny, 1844 type species of genus Granocardium. The shell of Granocardium is smooth ribbed to spinose, with 1 to 3 intercalary ribs between primaries or with internal pits in intercostal spaces. Asia-New Zealand-Africa-North and South America (Moore et ai. 1969). RECORDS. ··1954 Keen: Granocardium Gabb, 1869. ··1967 ZR: Granocardium spp., Cretaceous, Benguela-Cuio, Angola, distribution [Ref. Soares 1967). ··1978 Scott: Granocardium Gabb, 1869 (Cretaceous). ··1978 ZR: Granocardium (Granocardium) Gabb 1869. Diagnosis. Ref. to Scott p. 900. ··1980 Vokes: Granocardium Gabb, 1868 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1986 Abdel-Gawad: genus Granocardium Gabb, 1869. "1992 Schneider p. 155: Granocardium. Type species Granocardium carolinum (d'Orbigny). ··1995 Schneider: Granocardium known from the Aptian (late Early Cretaceous; Keen 1969, Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 537 Granocardium - grateloupi 1980) and are the oldest eucardiid fossils. --1998 Schneider: Gabb (1869) erected Granocardium for some Late Cretaceous species of cardiids. --2002 Schneider: Granocardium has been transferred to Profraginae. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1998 Schneider: shell quadrate to ovate. Ribbing consists entirely of regularly spaced ribs across entire shell surface. Ribs narrow, smooth-topped, solid underneath, and project beyond rib interspaces. Rows of spines in interspaces between ribs. Spines of two different sizes (termed primary and secondary), but spines within a single row all of one size. Spines within a single row connected by a raised thread, but raised thread never present without spines. Interspaces that bear rows of primary spines raised higher than other interspaces. Spines in microstructural continuity with shell. Concentric sculpture and crossstriae absent. Granocardium Gabb, 1869 (section, subgenus). Cardiidae Upper Cretaceous. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. Stewart (1930) designated Cardium carolinum d'Orbigny, 1844 type species of genus Granocardium. The shell of (Granocardium) is elliptical, hinge nearly straight, wide; intercalary ribs 2 to 3 (Moore et al. 1969). RECORDS. --1887 Fischer: Granocardium Gabb, 1868. Section of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. --1978 Scott: (Granocardium) Gabb, 1869 (Cretaceous). --1986 Abdel-Gawad: subgenus (Granocardium) Gabb, 1869. granosulcatum Traub, 1938. - Nemocardium granosulcatum Traub, 1938. Cardiidae. Paleocene. RECORDS. --1938 ZR: Nemocardium granosulcatum Traub, 1938 sp. n. Paleocene, Europe. *granulatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium granulatum from 2 sources: Lycett, 1850. - Nardo ex Chiereghini, 1847. granulatum Lycett, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" granulatum Lycett, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium granulatum Lycett, 1850; vol. 6: 414. granulatum Meuschen, 1778. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. --1902 Sherborn, p. 434: Cardium granulatum Meuschen, 1778. granulatum Nardo ex Chiereghini MS, 1847. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" granulatum Nardo ex Chiereghini MS, 1847. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2807: Cardium granulatum Nardo ex Chiereghini MS, 1847. granulifera (mode). - See under granuliferum. granuliferum Gabb, 1869. - Synonym of Protocardia multistriata (Shumard, 1854). » Regarding Cardium granuliferum: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Mexico. RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka: Cardium (Protocardium) granuliferum Gabb. --1986 Scott: Cardium (Protocardia) granuliferum Gabb, 1869 [Cretaceous]. --1986 Scott: Cardium (Protocardia) granuliferum Gabb. 1869 = Protocardia multistriata (Shumard, 1854). --1987 ZR: Protocardia granulifera (Gabb, 1869). Junior synonym of P. multistriata (Shumard, 1854). Ref. to Scott p. 1195. granuligerum Cossmann & Pissarro, 1904. Avicularium granuligetum (Cossmann & Pissarro, 1904). Tridacnidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. --1912. Favre: Cardium cymbulare Lamarck (specimen A) = Lithocardium granuliferum Cossm. & Piss. ID suggested by Favre. --1970. Glibert & Poel: Avicularium (s.s.) granuligerum (Cossmann & Pissarro sic, 1904). --1999. Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Lithocardium granuligerum Cossmann & Pissarro. Lutetien, France (Manche), B52913, B52914. granulinum Michelotti, 1839. - Synonym of Papillicardium papillosum (Poli 1791). » Regarding Cardium granuUnum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1899. Sacco: Cardium granulinum Michelotti 1839 = Papillicardium papillosum (Poli 1791). --1922-32. Sherborn, p. 2812: Cardium granuhnum G. Michelotti, 1839. granulosum Lamarck, 1805. - Changed combination: Plagiocardium granulosum (Lamarck, 1805). Cardiidae. Eocene. Type species: Crosse (1887) designated Cardium granulosum Lamarck, 1805 type species of genus Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. --1805 Lamarck: Cardium granulosum. --1835 Lamarck: Cardium granulosum Lamk. --1839 Anton: Cardium granulosum Lamarck. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium granulosum. --1886 Cossmann: Cardium granulosum, Lamarck. --1887 Crosse designated Cardium granulosum Lamarck, 1805 as type species of the genus Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886. --1887 Fischer: Cardium granulosum Lamarck. --1899 Sacco: Plagiocardium granulosum (Lamarck). Type species of subgenus Plagiocardium Cossmann 1886. --1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Plagiocardium) granulosum Lamarck. --1912 Favre: Cardium granulosum Lamarck. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2813: Cardium granulosum Lamarck, 1805. --1930 Stewart: Sacco 1899 designated Cardium granulosum Lamarck type species of Plagiocardium. --1969 Moore et al.: Plagiocardium granulosum (Lamarck, 1805). --1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvicardium granulosum (Lamarck, 1805). --1977 Popov: Plagiocardium (Plagiocardium) granulosum (Lamarck, 1805). --1977 Popov: Cardium granulosum Lamarck, 1805. Type of Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium granulosum Lamarck, 1805. --1995 Le Renard et al.: Plagiocardium granulosum [Cardium granulosum] Lamarck, 1805. --1995 Pacaud & Renard: Plagiocardium granulosum. --1998 Schneider: Plagiocardium granulosum (Lamarck, 1805). --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium (Plagiocardium) granulosum Lamarck. Bartonien, Lutetien. France (Bassin de Paris), i.a. --2002 Schneider: Plagiocardium granulosum (Lamarck, 1805). *grateloupi. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium grateloupi from 2 sources: Michelotti, 1839. - Mayer, 1865. grateloupi Mayer, 1865. - Synonym of "Cardium" hornesianum Basterot in Homes, 1861. Combination to be revised. Cardiidae. Oligocene and Miocene. RECORDS. --1936 ZR: Cardium (Ringicardium) grateloupi Oligocene [Ref. Noszki 1936]. --1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium grateloupi Mayer, 1866 = Cardium (Bucardium) hornesianum Basterot in Homes, 1861. --1977 Popov: Cardium grateloupi Mayer, 1865. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium grateloupi Mayer 1866; [1857-1869] vol. 14: 71. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. 538 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) grateloupi - griphus comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium grateloupi Mayer. Burdigalien. France (Gironde), B27799, B28703 B28800. gratelollpi Michelotti, 1839. - Synonym of Laevicardium cyprium (Brocchi). » Regarding C. grateloupi: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium grate/oupi Michelotti 1839 = Laevicardium cyprium (Br.). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2819: Cardium grateloupi G. Michelotti, 1839. grateloupi oligoceniclIm Noszki, 1936 (variety). Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" grateloupi oligocenicum Noszki, 1936. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1936 ZR: Cardium (Ringicardium) grateloupi var. oligocenicum Noszki, 1936 nov. Oligocene Hungary. gratiosa (mode). - See under gratiosum Deshayes, 1855. gratiosa Papaianopol, 198 I. - Pontalmyra gratiosa Papaianopol, 198 I. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1981 ZR: Ponta/myra (Pontalmyra) gratiosa Papaianopol, 198 I sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 15. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra gratiosa Papaian. gratiosum Deshayes, 1855. [Figs . Part 3 p. 862]. Synonym of Vasticardiumjlavum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium enode Sowerby. - Not a synonym of Cardium enode. - an Cardium rugosum. » Regarding C. gratiosum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Moluccas. TYPE REPOSITORY. Syntype in BMNH. RECORDS. ··1855 Deshayes: Cardium gratiosum . •• I 869 Romer: Cardium gratiosum Deshayes, is related to Cardium ntgosum. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium gratiosum Desh. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium gratiosum Dsh . •• I 977 Fischer-Piette : Cardium gratiosum Deshayes = Cardium enode Sowerby . •• I 980 Ruhoff: Cardium gratiosum Deshayes, 1854; p. 331. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma gratiosa. ··1993 Vidal : Cardium gratiosum not synonym of Cardium enode as suggested by Fischer-Piette. ··1997 Vidal: Cardium gratiosum Deshayes, 1854 = Vasticardiumjlavumjlavum (Linne, 1758). ··1999 Higo et al.: Cardium gratiosum Deshayes, 1854 = Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) enode (Sowerby, 1841). ··1999 Vidal: Cardium gratiosum Deshayes, 1855 = Vasticardiumjlavum (Linne, 1758). gratioslls Papaianopol, 1975. - Dacicardium graliosus Papaianopol, 1975. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Dacicardium gratiosus Papaianopol , 1975 . sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol et at. p. 309. gratllm Defrance in Deshayes, 1825. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " gratum (Defrance in Deshayes, 1825). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. ··1835 Lamarck: Cardium gratum Defr. ··1839 Anton: Cardium gratum Def. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium gralum Deshayes close to Cardium tenuisulcatum Nyst. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium gratum. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium gratum Defrance. ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro : Cardium (Trachycardium) gratum Defrance. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2820: Cardium gratum Defrance in Deshayes, 1825. ··1961 ZR: Cardium gratum Lutetian Eocene, Ostrovica, Dubravica and Bribir, Dalmatia, [Ref. Pavlovec 1961]. ··1970 Glibert & Poe!: Cardium (Orlhocardium) gratum Defrance in Deshayes, 1825. ··1995 Le Renard el al.: Cardium (Orlhocardium) gratum Defrance in Deshayes, 1829. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Cardium (Orthocardium) gralum . ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium (Trachycardium) gralum Defrance. Lutetien. Turkey, Egypt, Belgium, France (Bassin de Paris), i.a. 001999 Vidal, p. 355: C. gratiosum identical with Vasticardium jlavum jlavum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS . ··1980: Keen referred to Acrosterigma (Regozara). DISTRIBUTION . ··1884 Grasset: Philippines. ··1994 Hylleberg: Indo-West Pacific. grayi (error). - Printer's mistake of greyi in Popov 1977. greenoughi d' Archie & Haime , 1853. - Changed combination: Acanlhocardia greenoughi (d' Archie & Haime, 1853). Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. 001919 Martin: Cardium greenoughi d'Arch. et Haime. greenoughi (cf.) d'Archie & Haime, 1853. - REcORDs. ··1984 Beets: Acanlhocardia? cf. A? greenoughi (d' Archie & Haime, 1853). grenadense Stephenson, 1947. - New combination: Trachycardium grenadense (Stephenson, 1947). Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1947 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) grenadense Stephenson, 1947 sp. nov. Upper Cretaceous U.S.A. greyi Hutton, 1873 . - Changed combination: Hedecardium greyi (Hutton, 1873). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Waitakian N.Z. RECORDS . ··1873 Hutton: Cardium greyi Hutton, 1873. Aquitanian (Schneider 2002). ··1965 ZR: Hedecardium greyi revised, Tertiary, New Zealand [Ref. Bareham 1965]. ··1977 Popov, p. 45: Hedecardium grayi (Hutton, 1873). ··1978 Maxwell: Hedecardium (1itanocardium) greyi (Hutton, 1873). ··2002 Schneider: Cardiumgreyi Hutton, 1873 placed in Hedecardium (Titanocardium) by Maxwell (I 978). griesbachi Woods, 1906. - Synonym of "Cardium" griesbachi Woods, 1906. Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium griesbachi: Cardiidae . Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Pondoland. RECORDS. ··1906 Woods: Cardium griesbachi n. sp. ··1906 ZR: Cardium griesbachi (307) = Cardium denticu/atum Woods, 1906. sp. n. Cretaceous. grimmi Andrusov, 1923. - Synonym of Hypanis plicala Eichwald. » Regarding Adacna grimmi : Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Adacna (Hypanis) grimmi Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. = A. plicata Grimm non Eichw. 1877; Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia [Ref. Andrusov 1963] . •• I 968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Adacna grimmi Andrusov, 1923 = Hypanis p/icala plicata Eichwald. grimmi Brusina. - New combination: Lymnocardium grimmi Brusina . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium grimmi Brus. griphus Keen, 1954. - Nemocardium griphus Keen, 1954. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1954 Keen: Nemocardium (Arctopralulum) griphus Keen, n. sp. Type species of Arctopratulum Keen, new subgenus [Miocene]. ··1954 ZR: Nemocardium (Arctopratulum) griphus Keen, 1954a sp. nov. Subgenotype of Arctopratulum Keen, 1954 subgen. nov. of Nemocardium Miocene, Washington. Middle Miocene, Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 539 groeniandicllm Astoria formation, S. W. Washington. ··1977 Habe: Nemocardium (Arclopralulum) griphus Keen, 1954 [fossil]. ··1977 Popov: Pralulum griphus (Keen, 1954). ··1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Arctopratulum) griphus Keen, 1954. USNM 561859 (paratype). groenlandicum Bruguiere, 1789 Igroenlandicum Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part I p. 76, 92,133,169, 177, 179. Part 3 p. 853,922]. Chemnitz is non binominal: to be replaced by Bruguiere, 1789. - Changed combination: Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789). Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. Type species of the genus Serripes Gould, 1841. TYPE LOCALITY. Greenland. REcORDs. ··1782 Chemnitz, pI. 19, fig. 198: Cardium groenlandicum. ··1786 Mohr, non binominal: Reference to Chemnitz Tab. 19 Fig. 198. ··1789 Bruguiere, No. 17. Cardium groenlandicum Chemnitz. ··1790 Gmelin, vol. I, pt. 6, p. 3252: Cardium groenlandicum (fide Johnson, 1915). ··1791 Gmelin No. 22: Cardium groenlandicum t. 19. f. 198. ··1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 300. fig . 7. Cardium groenlandicum. ··1799 Spengler, p. 46--47, No. 31: Cardium gronlandicum Chemnitz Tom. 6. Tab. 19. fig. 198. ··1815 Wood : Cardium groenlandicum Linn . Gme!. , discovered by Chemnitz. ··1817 Dillwyn : Cardium groenlandicum Chemnitz. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium groenlandicum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 5, No. 67: Cardium groenlandicum Gmel. ··1841 Gould designated Cardium groenlandicum (ex Beck, MS) type species of the genus Serripes Gould, 1841. ··1844 Reeve, species 53: Cardium groenlandicum Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., Vol. vi. pI. xix. f. 198. ··1846 Forbes: Cardium groenlandicum; during Red Crag period. ··1852 Sowerby, fig. 123 asterisk: Cardium groenlandicum (Aphrodite). ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 28: Cardium groenlandicum Ch. vi . 202, f. 198. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium groenlandicum Chemnitz. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum, Chemn. ··1860 Carpenter: Cardium (like groenlandicum) . ··1860 Stimpson: Serripes groenlandicus Ch. ··1864 Carpenter: Serripes groenlandicus Chern. auct. ··1867 ZR : Cardium gronlandicum Chemn. Straits ofTartary [Ref. Schrenck 1867]. ··1868 ZR: Cardium gronlandicum (Chemn.), the young of it is boreale (Reeve) [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1869 ZR: Section, subtypical - 8. Serripeditae: groenlandica (Chemn.) [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. ··1871 Stoliczka : Cardium groenlandicum Chemnitz. Type species of genus Serripes, Beck, 1844. ··1872 ZR : S. groenlandicus (Chemn.) distinct from C. (Serripes?) laperousii (Desh.), Sitkha [Ref. DaIl1872]. ··1887 Fischer: Serripes groenlandicus Chemnitz. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium groenlandicum Ch. ··1888 Kobelt: Aphrodile groenlandicus. ··190 I Dall: Serripes gronlandicus sic Gmelin, 1792 [Pleistocene]. ··190 I Friele & Grieg: Aphrodite gronlandica = Serripes groenlandicum Chemnitz, 1782 . •• I 902 Da1l: Serripes gronlandicus Gmelin, 1792 type of genus Serripes Beck. [Pleistocene] . ··1902 Sherborn, p. 438: Cardium (ex Chemn.) groenlandicum Bruguiere, 1789. ··1910 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum Chemnitz. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum (Chemnitz) Bruguiere, Gmelin. ··1912 ZR: Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum (Chemn.) Brug. syn. [Ref. Dautzenberg & Fischer 1912). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2839: Cardium groenlandicum Moller ex Chemnitz, 1842. ··1924 Oldroyd: Serripes groenlandicus Gmelin, 1792. ··1924 Schlesch: Serripes groenlandica (Chemn.) Pliocene. ··1934 Johnson : Serripes groenlandicus groenlandicus Bruguiere 1789. ··1934 Thorson: Cardium groenlandicum Chemn. ··1939 McLean: Serripes groenlandicum . ··1939 ZR: Serripes groenlandicus figs . [Ref. McLean 1939]. ··1944 ZR: Serripes groenlandicus Brug. figs. [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944). ··1953 La Rocque: Serripes groenlandicus groenlandicus. ··1962 ZR: Serripes groenlandicus histology of the rectum [Ref. Greenberg & Jegla 1962]. ··1966 ZR: Serripes groenlandicus, used in radio carbon measurements, Baffin Islands, Canada [Ref. Loken 1966]. ··1969 Moore el al.: Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1969 Nordsieck: Serripes groenlandicus (Gmelin, 1790). ··1971 ZR: Serripes groenlandicum Acoustic communication Water vibrations [Ref. Vilenkin & Vilenkina 1971). ··1972 ZR: Serripes groenlandicum [Ref. Andrews 1972]. ··1973 Keen : Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Serripes groenlandicum (Chemnitz) Schroter. ··1977 Popov : Cardium groenlandicum Bruguiere, 1789. Type of Serripes Beck in Gould, 1841 . •• I978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Serripes groenlandicus (Gmelin, 1791). •• I 978 ZR: Serripes groenlandicus Digestive epithelium. Morphology & histochemistry. Ref. to Pun in. ··1980 ZR: Cardium groenlandicus Bruguiere 1789. Restriction of type locality. Removal from synonymy with Cardium pauperculum Yokoyama 1923. Ref. to Kafanov. I Serripes groenlandicus groenlandicus (Bruguiere 1789) is a senior synonym of S. boreale (Reeve 1845), of S. columba (Lea 1834), of S. edentulum (Montagu, 1808), and of S. radiata Donovan 1803. Ref. Kafanov. I Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere 1789) is a senior synonym of S. litlhus Krishtofovich 1969. Ref. to Kafanov. ··1981 ZR: Serripes groenlandicus. Neogene, western Pacific. Ref. to Kafanov. ··1983 ZR: Serripes groenlandicus. Bering Sea. Ref. to Oliver el al. ··1984 ZR Ref. to Kryukova: Serripes groenlandicus. ··1985 ZR: Ref. to Engelhardt el al.: Serripes groenlandicus. ··1987 ZR: Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789). Ref. to Backeljau el al. ··1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova : Cardium groenlandiCUS Bruguiere, 1789. Type species of genus Serripes Gould, 1841. ··1998 Schneider: Serripes groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). Schneider reports an outer food groove for the first time. ··1999 Higo et al. : Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789) . •• I 999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler No. 31 Cardium gronlandicum Chemnitz. ··1999 Lutaenko: Serripes groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). ··2000 Coan el al.: Serripes (Serripes) groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Serripes groenlandiCus (Mohr, 1786). ··2001 Vidal, p. 407: Serripes groenlandicus.CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS . ··ZMUC: I specimen in Spengler collection. Spengler p. 46 No.3!. ··ZMUC: 3 specimens, sine loc . Spengler, 1799 p. 46 No. 31, Spengler col!. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: testa cordata, laevi, antice & poslice longiludinaliter subtilissime striata, margine exteriore inlegerrimo. ··1782 Chemnitz pag. 540 Tropical Marin e Mollusc Programme (TMMP) groenlandicum - guanacastense 202 : large ovoid shell, umbo displ aced anteriorly, nymphs very broad, close to the edge of shell, posterior slope rounded, bent outwards, flat broad, very weak ribs in adults, but ribs distinct in juveniles, the rest of the shell smooth, somewhat glossy, cardinals and laterals very weak in adults, but clear in juveniles, margins smooth, the only cardiid without dentated margin . Colour inside white, somewhat purplish, outside, without periostracum, yellowish. "1844 Reeve: shell depressly-ovate, thin, somewhat cordate, smooth, radiately ornamented with rather distant impressed striae, the posterior of which are the stronger; ashy white, sometimes painted with minute reddish brown flames, covered with an epidermis. "1939 McLean: inconspicuous radiating ridges. ··200 I Vidal: with a few additional larger tentacles outside siphons. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS . "1799 Spengler: length 72 mm (2 3/4 Tom.), width 83 mm (3 Tom. 2 Lin.). "1939 McLean : 94 x 83 x 55 mm. REMARKS . •• 1844 Reeve: The Cardium groenlandicum which Mr. Lea has described as a new estuary type is certainly a very aberrant form of the genus under consideration; the hinge being almost edentulate, and the shell varying considerably in its proportions at different stages of growth. When young it is nearly orbicular as figured in the Conchylien Cabinet and in the Encyclopedie Methodique ; it then assumes a more transverse Mactriform structure, as in the specimen figured in the accompanying plate; and in a more advanced state, when the valves become thickened and partially eroded, the form is more oblong and rounded, like that of the fine examples figured by Mr. Lea in the Transactions ' above mentioned, and by Mr. Sower by in his 'Genera of Shells.' "1939 McLean: Chemnitz, 1782 not valid authorship; it is Bruguiere, 1789. "1969 Moore el al.: Serripes Gould, 1841 = Aphrodile Lea, 1834. HABITAT: "1999 Higo el al.: 10-260 m, sandy mud. DISTRIBUTION . "1844 Reeve: Greenland . •• 1999 Higo et al.: Arctic seas to Cape Cod, Massachusetts; North Pacific to Puget Sound, northeastern Honshu (Iwate prefecture) and northwards , Japan Sea (off Tajima, Hyogo prefecture K. Ito, 1967); Hokkaido, Kuril islands, Okhotsk Sea ; Alaska , northern Pacific, northern Atlantic Ocean. groenlandicum Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal. - Not available. The species was redescribed by Bruguiere (1789) who becomes the valid author. - See under Bruguiere for references to Chemnitz. groenlandicum of Beck. - Serripes groenlandicum . Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1867 ZR: [Cardium] Serripes groenlandicus (Beck) . Its varieties and differences of age described. Labrador. [Ref. Packard 1867] . groenlandicum of Linne 1Gmelin 1791 . Gmelin did not describe a species called Cardium groenlandicum. He referred to Chemnitz 1782. - See under Bruguiere (1789) for references to Linne 1 Gmelin 1791 . groen1andicum Mohr, 1786. Non binominal. - Not available. Mohr is not consistently binominal. The species was redescribed by Bruguiere (1789) who becomes the valid author. See under Bruguiere (1789) for references to Mohr. groenlandicum of Maller ex Chemnitz, 1842. - See under groenlandicum Bruguiere 1789. groenlandicum minor March , 1869 ( variety) . Synonym of Card ium fabricii Desh. 1854 . » Regardinggronlandicum var. minor: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Bellsound, Spitzberg. RECORDS . •• 1869 March, p. 27: Cardium (Serripes) gronlandicum Chern. var. minor = Syn. Cardium fabricii Desh. 1854. groenlandieus protraetus Dall, 1900 (subspecies). Synonym of Serripes groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). » Regarding Cardium gro enlandicus prolraclus: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . ··1900 Dall: Cardium groenlandicus pro/raclus. "1934 Johnson: Serripes groenlandicus protrac/us Dall 1900. "1939 McLean: Cardium groenlandicus pro/rae/us Dall, 1900 = Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguiere, 1789). •• 1953 La Rocque: Serripes groenlandicus protractus Dall 1900. "2000 Coan e/ af. : Serripes groenlandicus prolrac/us Dall, 1900 = Serripes (Serripes) groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). Arctic. groenlandicum solida March , 1868 (variety). Synonym of Serripes groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). » Regarding Cardium gronlandicum var. solida: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Bellsound, Spitzberg. DISTRIBUTION. Iceland. RECORDS. "1868 March, no. 120: Cardium (Serripes) gronlandicum Chemn. var. solida March, 1868. "1912 Jensen: Cardium groenlandicum var. solida March, 1868, p. 221 = Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum Chemnitz. groenlandicus (mode) . - See under groenlandicum grundensis Ivolas et Peyrot, 1900. - Acanthocardia grundensis Ivolas et Peyrot, 1900. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1989 Gontsharova : Acanlho cardia grundensis Ivolas et Peyrot, 1900 . .. 1989 Gontsharova: Cardium (Acanlhocardia) grundense in Tejkal el al., 1967. gryphaeata Guo, 1988. - PrOlocardia gryphaeata Guo, 1988. Cardiidae . Upper Triassic. Type species of subgenus (Grypocardia) Guo, 1988. Type locality: Yunnan, China. RECORDS. "1988 Guo, p. 128, pI. 5, figs. 12-15: Protocardia (Grypocardia)gryphaea/a sp. nov type of subgenus (Grypocardia) Guo, 1988. Grypocardia (genus) . - RECORDS. "1995 Schneider: Grypocardia Guo, 1988. Rhaetian (latest Triassic) monotypic subgenus of Protocardia. All specimens are internal molds. Grypocardia (subgenus). - RECORDS. "1988 Guo, p. 128, fig .: (Grypocardia) subgen. nov. gronlandicum/-cus (invalid spelling). - See under groenlandicum. guadalupense Stephenson, 1941 . - Brevicardium guadalupense Stephenson, 1941. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORD S. "1946 ZR: Brevicardium guadalupense Cretaceous, Texas, Kemp Clay, 2 m. S.S.E. of Schumansville. "1947 ZR: Brevicardium guadalupellse Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Navarro Group, Upper Cretaceous, Texas. guanacastense Hertlein & Strong, 1947 . [Figs. Part 3 p. 904 (syn.)] .- Changed combination: Trigoniocardia guanacastense (Hertlein & Strong, 1947). Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Culebra Bay, Costa Rica (Hertlein & Strong, 1947). TYPE REPOSITORY. Left valve in California Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coil. (Hertlein & Strong, 1947). RECORDS. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Americardia) guanacastense. "1947 ZR: Cardium (Am ericardia) guanacastense Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 541 guanacastensis - guppy; Hertlein & Strong, 1947 [nom . nov.] for Cardium planicostatum Sow. P.Z.S. 1833 p. 83 not Sedgwick & Murchison 1829 p. 140. ··1964 Parker: Trigoniocardia (Americardia) guanacastense (Hertlein & Strong, 1947). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Trigoniocardia) guanacastensis Hertlein & Strong. ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Trigoniocardia guanacastensis. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: one shell, Gulf of California, 116 m, shelly sand. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell decidedly higher than long; ribs with fine concentric imbrications; cardinals symmetrically spaced between anterior and posterior laterals; about 30 narrow ribs; interior white. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: umbones angulated posteriorly and sloping abruptly downward, the median portion of the posterior area concave; sculptured with about 30 narrow, flat topped ribs of which about 20 occur anterior to the posterior umbonal and about 10 posterior to it, ribs and inters paces crossed by fine concentric imbrications; hinge with 2 cardinals, the anterior the larger, and 2 laterals which are double in the left valve; exterior yellowish-white and pinkish and with somewhat irregularly concentric blotches of brown, the interior white. ··200 I Vidal : only the exhalant aperture is tubeshaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. DIMENSIONS. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: 46 mm high, 36 mm length. REMARKS . ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: the species has long been mistakenly labeled C. magnificum, and not until recent years has a valid name been proposed. C. gllanacastense is in general shape similar to that of C. biangulatum but it is proportionately higher and narrower. Hertlein & Strong (op. cit.) maintain that C. magnifieum = C. biangulatum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. According to the rules of nomenclature, the name C. magnifieum must be relegated to the synonymy of C. biangufatum which is a valid species. ··190 I: Dall stated that C. magnifieum of Carpenter is C. pfanicostatum Sowerby, 1833, but not C. pfanieostatum Sedgwick & Murchison, 1829. Since Sowerby's specific name had been used earlier by Sedgwick & Murchison, a new name was required for Cardium pfanicostatum of Sowerby. Hence, Hertlein & Strong (1947) proposed the name Cardium guanacastense. ··1971 Keen : C. guanacastense is an Atlantic analogue is T media (Linnaeus, 1758) . HABITAT. ··1964 Parker: to a depth of about 200 m. DISTRIBUTION. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Lower California to Paita in Peru. guanacastensis (mode). - See under guanaeastense. gude.xi Laws, 1933. - Changed combination: Maoricardium gudexi (Laws, 1933). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1933 ZR: Cardium gudexi Laws, 1933 sp. n. Tertiary N.Z ... 1977 Popov: Maorieardium gudexi (Laws, 1933). guerangeri d'Orbigny, 1844. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" guerangeri d'Orbigny, 1844. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium guerangeri (genus Protocardium). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2851: Cardium guerangeri d'Orbigny, 1844. guichardi Bernardi, 1857. [Figs. Part I p. 177. Part 3 p. 908]. - Changed combination: Lunulieardia guiehardi (Bernardi, 1857). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium hemieardium Linnaeus. » Regarding C. guiehardi: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. New Caledonia. TYPE REPOSITORY. Coil. du Journal, Paris (Bernardi, 1857). RECORDS. ··1857 Bernardi, p. 53-54, pI. 2, fig. 4: Cardium guichardi. ··1868 ZR: Cardium guichardi (Bernardi) from New Caledonia briefly described [Ref. Romer [868]. ··1869 Romer: Cardium guiehardi Bernardi. ··1884 Grasset: Hemieardium guiehardi. Bern. ··1890 Paetel: Hemieardium guichardi Bern. ··1923 Hedley, p. 304: Opisoeardium guiehardi Bernardi. ··1932 Larny, p. 983: Cardium (Fragum) guiehardi Bern. ··1977 Popov: Coreufum (Coreufum) guichardi (Bernardi). ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 142: Cardium guichardi Bernardi = Coreufum hemicardium Linne. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium guichardi Bernardi, 1857 vol. 6: 53, pI. 2 fig. 4. ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Lunulicardia guichardi. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: One specimen from New Caledonia. DESCRIPTIONS. Shell strongly trapezoid, rather solid, glossy, white interior; divided into two parts by a sharp carina to the edge of the shell, angulated, convex anteriorly, 12-13 ribs, first rounded, next flattened, with scattered, punctiform tubercles, clear red and yellow spots along the edge of ribs, interstices crenulated, 12-13 flattened posterior ribs with indistinct red and yellow spots. Very short ligament. [I have translated from French}. DIMENSIONS. Length. 32 mm, width . 26 mm, height. 25 mm . REMARKS. Bernardi, 1857 refers to the small tubercles and the red spots on the shell surface as being distinctive characters. Cardium guiehardi. Species may be related to ' Cardium hemieardium Linne, 1758. DISTRIBUTION. ··1884. Grasset: N. Caledonia. "1923 Hedley: New Caledonia, Annam River, North Queensland. guichard; E. Romer, 1857. [Figs. Part I p. 177]. Cardium guichardi Romer, 1869. Cardiidae. ?fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium guichardi E. Romer, 1869; [1868-1869] vol. 10(2): 109, pI. 14, figs. 1415 . REMARKS. Romer did not describe Cardium guichardi but gave ref. to Bernardi. guineense Adegoke, 1977. - Cardium guineense Adegoke, 1977. Cardiidae. Paleocene. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) guineense sp. nov. Nigeria, Paleocene. Ref. to Adegoke p. 269. gulchardi (error). - Printer's mistake for guichardi in Popov 1977. gulistanense Bobkova, 1956. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" gulistanense Bobkova, 1956. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Cardium gulistanense Bobkova, 1956 sp. nov. Armenia Cretaceous. Caucasus, Russia. gumistiensis Chelidze, 1971 . - Pseudoeatillus gumistiensis Chelidze, 1971. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1971 ZR: Pseudoeatillus gumistiensis Chelidze, 1971 sp. nov. Pliocene K vemo-Esheri, Abkhazia, USSR. gunter; Mansfield, 1937 . - Hippopus ?gunteri Mansfield, 1937. Tridacnidae. Lower Miocene . RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Hippopus ? gunteri Mansfield, 1937b sp. n. Tampa limestone (Lower Miocene) Florida. guppy; Thiele, 1910. - Changed combination: Americardia guppyi (Thiele, 1910). Cardiidae. Recent. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trigoniocardia antillarum (Orbigny, 542 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) gurabica - haitense 1846). RECORDS. ··1910 ZR: Cardium guppyi Thiele, 1910 sp. n. Barbados Recent. "1916 Thiele, p. 129130, pI. 9, figs. 25-26: Cardium guppyi n. sp. "1939 McLean : Cardium guppyi Thiele , 1910 = Trigoniocardia antil/arum (Orbigny, 1846). ··1951 McLean: Cardium guppyi Thiele, 1910 = Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) antillanlm (d 'Orbigny). ··1958 Abbott: Americardia guppyi Thiele, 1910. ··1962 Wannke & Abbott: Americardia guppyi Thiele, 1910. ··1963 Coomans: Americardia guppyi (Thiele). ··1968 Jong & Kristensen: Americardia guppyi Thiele. ··1970 Rios : Americardia guppyi (Thiele, 1910). ··1975 Humfrey: Americardia guppyi Thiele. ··1977 FischerPiette: Cardium guppyi Thiele = CorcuLum antil/an/m Orbigny. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE OF CO LLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: one specimen from New Caledonia. C. M. Steenberg's collection. DISTRIBUTION. ··1939 McLean: Florida, West Indies. gurabica Maury, 1917. - Protocardia gurabica Maury, 1917. Cardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. Restriction of type locality (Vokes 1989, p.126). RECORDS. ··1919 ZR: Protocardia gurabica Maury, 1919 sp. n. Tertiary S. Domingo . ··1922 Olsson: Protocardia gurabica Maury, 1917. ··1989 Vokes: Protocardia gurabica Maury, 1917. gurabica vaughaniana Mansfield, 1932. - Protocardia gurabica vaughaniana Mansfield, 1932. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1938 ZR: Proto cardia (Lophocardium) gurabica vaughaniana Mansfield, 1932 subsp. n. Vaughan Creek, Walton Co. Choctawhatchee fonnation (Miocene), Florida. gllrganica Vekilov, 1970. - Didacna gurganica Vekilov, 1970. Lymnocardiidae. Holocene. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Didacna gurganica Vekilov, 1970 sp. nov. Holocene anthropogenic deposits, N.E. Azerbaijan. gurianthica (subspecies). - See under panticapaea gurianthica Tschel. gurianthica Chelidze. Oxydacna gurianthica. Probably not in Cardiacea. Carboniferous. RECORDS. ··1976 ZR: Oxydacna gurianthica sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Makharadze district, Gurianta fig'd. Carboniferous. Ref. to Chelidze, p. 426. gllrienais Dzhanelidze, 1963 . - Didacna gurienais Dzhanelidze , . 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Didacna gurienais Dzhanelidze, 1963 sp. nov. Pliocene, Guri, USSR. guriense Davidasvili, 1930. - Changed combination: Moquicardium guriense (Davidasvili, 1930). Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECO RDS. ··1932 ZR: Limnocardium guriense Davidasvili, 1930 sp. n. Pliocene Transcaucasia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Moquicardium) guriense David. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Moquicardium guriense. guriensis (subspecies) . - See under crassa guriensis Nevesskaya, 1963 . guriensis Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus guriensis Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin : Pseudocatillus guriensis sp. n. ··1967 ZR : Pseudocatillus guriensis Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. guttata A. Adams. Not in Cardiidae. » Regarding Cal/ocardia guttata: RECORDS. ··1864 ZR: 1864. Cal/ocardia guttata. Type species of Callocardia. ··1864 ZR: Cal/ocardia guttata. Korea. [Ref. A. Adams 1864]. guttiferum Matheron, 1843. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " gutti/en/m Matheron, 1843 . Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium gUlli/en/m Matheron. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2869: Cardium gUlli/en/m Matheron, 1843. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium gutti/erum Matheron. Cenomanian. France (Sarthe), 816502. gultllia (subspecies). - See under ecericum guttuLa Ebersin. guttula Ebersin, 1958. - Changed combination: Ecericardillm guttula (Ebersin, 1958). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Limnocardillm (Ecericardium) guttula Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Dzhikhandzhiri, Guriya region. Pliocene of the Ponto Caspian basin, Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Ecericardium) gUlluLa Ebers. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Ecericardium gUlluLa. H Habecardium Glibert & Van de Poel, 1970 (genus). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Habecardium Glibert & Van De Poel, 1970 subgen. nov. of Laevicardium q.v. Type sp. Laevicardium tenuisulcatum (Nyst, 1836). "1980 Vokes: Habecardium Glibert & Van de Poel , 1970 . ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: (Habecardium) Glibert & van de Poel, 1970 subgenus of Nemocardium in subfamily Protocardiinae. ··1995 Schneider: Habecardium tenuisulcatum (Nyst, 1836). Habecardillm (subgenus). - RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: (Habecardium) Glibert & Poel, 1970. Type species: Cardium tenuisulcatum Nyst, 1836. haitense areciboense Hubbard, 1920. - Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" haitense areciboense Hubbard, 1920. RECORDS. ··1920 ZR: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) haitense areciboense Hubbard, 1920 var. n. Tertiary Porto Rico. haitense cercadicum Maury, 1917. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" haitense cercadicum Maury, 1917. RECORDS. ··1919 ZR: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) haitense var. cercadicum Maury, 1919 var. n. Tertiary S. Domingo. ··1925 Woodring, p. 143, PI. 19, Figs. 10-11: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) haitense cercadicum Maury, 1917. ··1989 Vokes: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) haitense var. cercadicum Maury, 1917. haitense Sowerby, 1850, 1877. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia haitense (Sowerby, 1850). Cardiidae. Upper Miocene, Pleistocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Vokes (1977) Pleistocene of Costa Rica, Vokes (1989, p.1l2): Restriction of type locality. RECORDS. ··1850 Sowerby: Cardium haitense. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium haitense resembles Cardium medium Linne. "1867 Guppy: Cardium haitense Sow. ··1875 ZR: Cardium haitense (Sow., p. 52, pI. x, fig. II, (Sow. J.G. Soc. vi. p. 52, pI. x. fig. II, as fossil), found in a recent state in the Gulf of Pari a, Trinidad [Ref. Guppy 1875]. ··1886 Dall: Cardium haitense Sowerby a fossil ally of Cardium ceramidum . ··1890 Paetel: Hemicardium haitense Say. ··190 I Dan : Cardium haitense as of Sowerby, 1877, is probably Cardium antillan/m Orbigny. ··1919 ZR: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) haitense Tertiary [Ref. Maury 1919]. ··1922 Pilsbry: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) hailense Sowerby, 1849. Pllukel Marine Biological Cenler Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 543 halaense - harrimani 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 2897: Cardium haitense Sowerby, 1850. 00 1925 Woodring, p. 142, PI. 19, Figs. 8-9: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) haitense haitense Sowerby, 1849. Dominican Republic. 001958 Abbott: Trigoniocardia haitensis Sowerby 1849 [Tertiary]. 001970 Glibert & Poel: Trigoniocardia (s.s.) haitense (Sowerby, 1849). 001977 Popov: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) haitensis (Sowerby, 1849). 001977 FischerPiette: Cardium haitense. 001977 Vokes: Cardium haitense Sowerby, 1850. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium haitense G. Sowerby, 1850; vol. 6: 52, pI. 10, fig. II. 001989 Vokes: Cardium haitense Sowerby, 1850. halaense d' Archiac. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" halaense d' Archiac. Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium halaense d' Archiac. Egypt; Algeria; Senegal. B43027, R05261, R06326. halavatsi Loer. - New combination: Lymnocardium halavatsi Loer. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium halavatsi Loer. haldeni Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" haldeni Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium haldeni Desh. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium haldeni Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 47. halli Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" halli Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001857. Deshayes: Cardium hal/i Desh. 001980. Ruhoff: Cardium halli Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 49. Halocardium (genus). - Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001758 Regenfuss, pI. 3, fig. 25: genus Halocardium re Cardium unedo Linnaeus. hamelini Iredale, 1949. - Changed combination: Afrocardium erugatum (lredale, 1949). Cardiidae. Fossil. DISTRIBUTION. East Africa-West Australia. RECORDS. 001947. Iredale, p. 18-19: Fragum hamelini sp. nov. 001950. Allan: Fragum hamelini [fossil]. 001977. Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum hamelini Iredale, 1949; junior synonym of Fragum (Afrocardium) erugatum (Tate, 1889). 001991. Habe: Fragum hamelini Iredale. 001992. Lamprell & Whitehead: Fragum hamelini Iredale, 1949 = Afrocardium erugatum (Tate, 1889). hamiltonensis Clark, 1932. - Changed combination: Papyridea? hamiltonensis (Clark 1932). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. 001932 ZR: Cardium (Serripes?) hamiltonensis Clark, 1932 sp. n. Oligocene S. Alaska. 001972 ZR: Papyridea? hamiltonensis (Clark 1932). Combination nov. Transferred from Cardium (Serripes) [Ref. Addicott 1972]. hamloni Shalem. 1937. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" hamloni Shalem. 1937. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001937 ZR: Cardium hamloni Shalem. 1937 sp. n. Cretaceous Syria. hannibali Keen, 1954. - Clinocardium hannibali Keen, 1954. Cardiidae. Miocene and Pliocene. RECORDS. 001954 ZR: Clinocardium hannibali Keen, 1954 sp. nov. Montesano formation, Mio-Pliooene, S.W. Washington. 001977 Popov: Clinocardium hannibali Keen, 1954. hannibali (cf.) Keen, 1954. - RECORDS. Clinocardium cf. hannibali Keen, 1954. TYPE REPOSITORY. cf. C. hannibali USNM 265811. USGS loc. M6592. Length 30.8 mm (Allison & Marincovich 1982). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001982 Allison & Marincovich: Clinocardium cf. C. hannibali Keen, 1954. hanpeizanense Nomura, 1933. - Changed combination: Clinocardium hanpeizanense (Nomura, 1933). Cardiidae. Pleistocene. REcORDs. 001933 Nomura pI. 1, figs. 7 a,b, 8a, b; pI. 2 figs. 8-9 Cardium (Trachycardium) hanpeizanense n. sp. 001973 Keen: Clinocardium hanperizanense sic (Nomura, 1933). hanperizanense (error). - Printer's mistake for hanpeizanense in Keen 1973. hanseata Kautsky, 1925. - Changed combination: Acanthocardia hanseata (Kautsky, 1925). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) hanseata (Kautsky, 1925). hanseata (cf.) Kautsky, 1925. - RECORDS. 001958 Sorgenfrei: Cardium cf. hanseatum Kautsky 1925 [Miocene]. hantkeni Fuchs. - New combination: Lymnocardium hantkeni (Fuchs). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium hantkeni (Fuchs). hantoniense Edw. - See under hantoniense Koenen, 1867. hantoniense Koenen, 1867. - Changed combination: Nemocardium hantoniense (Koenen, 1867). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. 001886 Vincent: Cardium hantoniense Edw. 001899 Sacco: Nemocardium hantoniense (Edw.). 001970 Glibert & Poel: Nemocardium (s.s.) hantoniense (Koenen, 1867). 001977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) hantoniense (Koenen, 1867). hallzawai Nomura, 1933. - Changed combination: Clinocardium hanzawai Nomura, 1933. Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. 001933 Nomura, pI. 3, figs. 18a, b, figs. 19a. b Cardium (Cerastoderma) hanzawai n. sp. 001933 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) hanzawai Pliocene [Ref. Nomura 1933]. 001973 Keen: Clinocardium hanzawai (Nomura, 1933). hanzawaiNomura (variety). - Carditella var. hanzawai Nomura. ?family. Fossil. RECORDS. 001952 Kuroda & Habe: Carditella hanzawai Nomura var. haraigensis Hayami, 1965. - Protocardia haraigensis Hayami, 1965. Cardiidae. Aptian. RECORDS. 001965 ZR: Protocardia haraigensis Hayami, 1965 sp. nov. Aptian, Hiraiga formation, Iwate Pref., Japan. harpa Goldfuss. - Conocardium harpa, Goldfuss. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001859 Chenu: Conocardium harpa, Goldfuss. harpa MUnster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardium harpa: Fossil. RECORDS. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium harpa Munster. Not a cardiid: in genus Trigonia. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 2914: Cardium harpa Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837 harriman; Dall, 1904. - Changed combination: Profulvia harrimani (Dall, 1904). Cardiidae. Lower Oligocene and Miocene. Kafanov et al. (1994) designated Papyridea harrimani Dall, 1904 as type species of subgenus Profulvia Kafanov. TYPE LOCALITY. Shumagin Islands, SW Alaska. TYPE REPOSITORY. Ho!otype, U.S. Natl. Mus. no. 164867 (Kafanov et aI. 1994). RECORDS. 001904 Dall, p. 114, pI. 10, fig. 5: Papyridea harrimani. 001973 Keen: Fulvia harrimani (Dall, 1904). 001976 ZR: Papyridea harrimani Dall, 1904. Designated type species for new genus Profulvia, Ref. to Kafanov, p. 544 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) harris; - hauniense 482. ··1980 ZR: Pro/ulvia harrimani (Dall 1904) is a senior synonym of P. nipponica (Yokoyama 1924). Ref. to Kafanov. ··1992 Amano & Tanaka : Pro/ulvia harrimani (Dall). ··1994 Kafanov et al.: Papyridea (Pro/ulvia) harrimani Dall, 1904. ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Pro/ulvia harrimani (Dall, 1904). USNM 164867 (holotype). harrisi Dall. - Protocardia harrisi Dall. Cardiidae. Eocene. REcORDS. ··1921 Aldrich: Protocardia harrisi Dall. hartleyense (subspecies). - See under brewerii hartleyense Clark & Woodford, 1927. hartleyensis Clark & Woodford, 1927. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" hartleyensis Clark & Woodford, 1927. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1928 ZR: Cardium (Pingecardium sic) hartleyensis Clark & Woodford, 1928 sp. n. Eocene California. ··1930 Stewart: Cardium (Pingecardium sic) hartleyensis Clark and Woodford, 1927. "1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium hartleyensis Clark & Woodford, 1927 (n. sp.). hartullgi Bronn, 1860. - Discors hartungi (Bronn, 1860). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1864 Mayer, p. 23, pI. 3, fig. 16: Cardium hartungi. Bronn. ··1864 Mayer: C. hartungi close to C. pectinatum . ··1899 Sacco: Discors hartungi (Bm.) [Miocene]. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium hartungi Bronn. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium hartungi Bronn (in Hartung, 1860). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium hartungi Bronn, 1860: 123, fig. 1l. harveyense (subspecies). - See under oedalium harveyense Mansfield, 1932. hassani Abbass, 1966. - Granocardium hassani Abbass, 1966. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1966 ZR: Granocardium hassani Abbass, 1966 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Egypt. Hassbergia Krumbeck, 1939 (genus). Invalid. » Regarding Hassbergia: no type designated. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Hassbergia Krumbeck, 1939. hataii Hayasaka, 1957. - Clinocardium hataii Hayasaka, 1957. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1957 ZR: Clinocardium hataii Hayasaka, 1957 sp. nov. Pliocene, Futaba district, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. hata;; Noda, 1962 - Serripes hataii Noda, 1962. Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. RECORDS . ··1962 ZR: Serripes hataii Noda, 1962 sp. nov. Iwaigawa, Kamikurosawa, Hagihana-mura, Nishiiwai-gun, Iwate Pref., Nishikurosawa formation. ··1973 Keen: Serripes hataii Noda, 1962. hatchetigbeense (mode). - See under hatchetigbeensis. hatchetigbeensis Aldrich, 1886 - Changed combination: Schedocardia hatchetigbeensis (Aldrich, 1886). Cardiidae. Eocene. Stewart (1930) designated Cardium hatchetigbeense Alrich sic , 1886 type species of subgenus Schedocardia of genus Acanthocardia. Glibert & Poel (1970) stated that Cardium hatchetigbeense Aldrich, 1886 (D.O.) is type species of subgenus Schedocardia Stewart, 1930. TYPE REPOSITORY. Syntypes 638802, 645087: United States National Museum. Washington, DC, USA (Schneider 2002). RECORDS. ··1930 Stewart: "c." (Schedocardia) hatchetigbeense Alrich, 1886. (Eocene) type species of Schedocardia n. subg. ··1930 ZR: Cardium hatchetigbeense Aldrich [Ref. Stewart 1930]. ··1969 Moore et al.: Acanthocardia (Schedocardia) hatchetigbeense (Aldrich, 1886). ··1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 57: Cardium hatchetigbeense Aldrich, 1886. ··1977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Schedocardia) hatchetigbeensis (Aldrich, 1886). ··1998 Schneider: Schedocardia hatchetigbeense (Aldrich, 1886). ··1998 Schneider: Acanthocard;a (Schedocardia) hatchetigbeense (Aldrich, 1886). USNM 638802(2 syntypes). "2002 Schneider: Schedocardia hatchetigbeense (Aldrich, 1886). hatyi (error). - Printer's mistake hatzi in ZR for 1949 with ref to Kaltenbach, 1949. hatzi (subspecies). - See under bengasiensis hatzi Kaltenbach, 1949. haueri Homes, 1861 - New combination: Lymnocardium haueri, Hornes . Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. Type species: Stoliczka (1870) designated Cardium hauer; Homes type species of the genus Lymnocardium. RECORDS. "1870 Stoliczka: Cardium haueri Homes. ··1887 Fischer: Limnocardium haueri Homes [Tertiary]. "1899 Sacco: Limnocardium haueri (Hornes). "1905 DoJlfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Cardium haueri Hoer. "1970 Glibert & Poe1: Cardium haueri Homes, 1861. "1974 & 1975 ZR: Prosodacna (Psilodon) hauer; haueri. Ontogenesis. Upper Pliocene. Romania. Ref. to Motas. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium haueri Homes, 1862; [1851-1870] vol. 4: 198, pI. 19, fig. I. ··1982 ZR: Prosodacna (Psilodon) haueri haueri Cobalcescu, 1883. Description . Pliocene. Bulgaria, Dacian . Ref. to Stoykov. ··1987 Anaya: Cardium haueri Homes, 1861. Type species (D.O.) of Limnocardium sic Stoliczka, 1870. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium haueri (M. Hoemes). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCEREMARKS. ··1905 : Dollfus stated that Cardium haueri Hoer. is type species of genus Limnocardium Hoer. ··1970: Glibert & Poel classified Cardium haueri Hornes, 1861 in subfamily Limnocardiinae. haueriparvum Stev (subspecies). - New combination: Lymnocardium haueri parvum Stev. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1979 ZR: Limnocardium haueri parvum Stevanovic, 1979 subsp. nov. Yugoslavia, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 324. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium haueri parvum Stev. haughtoni Rennie, 1936. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" haughtoni Rennie, 1936. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1936 ZR: Cardium haughtoni Rennie, 1936 sp. n. Upper Cretaceous Portuguese E. Africa. hauniense Petersen & Russell, 1971 - Changed combination: Cerastobyssum hauniense (Petersen & Russell, 1973). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Dybso Fjord, Denmark. TYPE REPOSITORY. ··ZMUC: type collection. RECORDS . ··1971 Petersen & Russell: Cardium hauniense. ··1971 ZR: Cardium hauniense Distribution [Ref. Jelnes et al. 1971]. ··1971 ZR: Cardium hauniense sp. nov. figs. Dybs0 fjord, Baltic Sea [Ref. Petersen & Russell 197 J]. ··1973 Petersen & Russell : Cerastobyssum hauniense. Type species of Cerastobyssum Petersen & Russell, 1973 . "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium hauniense Petersen & Russell. ··1979 Lambiotte: Balticardium hauniense (Petersen & Russell, 1971). "1979 ZR: Cardium hauniense Petersen & Russell 1971. Designated type species for new genus Balticardium Lambiotte, 1979. Ref. to Lambiotte, p. 45. ··1981 ZR: Cardium hauniense. Ref. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 545 hausmanni - Hedecardium to Wolowicz. ··1987 ZR: Cardium hauniense. Netherlands. Ref. to van Dalsum et al. ··1992 Wolowicz: Parvicardium hauniense. ··1998 b Schneider: Parvicardium (Cerastobyssum) hauniense Petersen & Russell, 1971. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1979: Lambiotte made an erroneous erection of the genus Balticardium Lambiotte, 1979 to replace the valid genus Cerastobyssum Petersen & Russell, 1973. ,,1992: Wolowicz found Parvicardium hauniense in the Mediterranean. DISTRIBUTION. Denmark, Baltic Sea. hausmanni Philippi, 1847. - Changed combination: Freneixicardia hausmanni (Philippi, 1846). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1846 Philippi: Cardium hausmanni (fide Schneider 2002). ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium hausmanni Philippi. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium hausmanni Phil. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2924: Cardium hausmanni Philippi, 1845 [n.n.]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2924: Cardium hausmanni Philippi, 1847. "1970 Glibert & Poe): Cardium (Vepricardium) hausmanni Philippi, 1846. ··2002 Schneider: Freneixicardia hausmanni (Philippi, 1846). Rupelian of Germany. hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938. - Synonym of Vasticardium orbita (Sowerby, 1833). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium flavum Linne auctorum [erroneous syn.]. » Regarding Trachycardium hawaiensis: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1938. Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, p. 155, pI. 41, figs. 1-4: Trachycardium hawaiensis new species. ··1939. ZR: Trachycardium hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 sp. n. = Cardium orbiter Bryan Nat. Hist. Hawaii (1915) p. 446 pI. civ f. 19 = Cardium orbita Ostergaard Bull. 51 B.P. Mus. p. 8 non Cardium orbita Brod. & Sow. [Ref. Dall, Bartsch & Rehder 1938]. "1946. Abrard: Cardium hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch et Rehder. ··1960. Morris: Trachycardium hawaiensis Dall. ··1966. Morris: Trachycardium hawaiensis Dall. ··1977. Popov: Trachycardium (Trachycardium) hawaiense (Dall, Bartsch, Render, 1938). "1977. Fischer-Piette: Cardium hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch & Rehder = Cardium jlavum .Linne auctorum. ··1977. Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium hawaiensis Dall. Bartsch and Rehder, 1938. ··1979. Kay: Trachycardium hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch, and Rehder, 1938 (jun. syn.) = Trachycardium orbita (Sowerby, 1833). "1999. Vidal: Trachycardium hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 = Vasticardium orbita (Brode rip & Sowerby, 1833. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Hawaii, Australia. hayamii Keen & Casey. - Yokoyamaina hayamii Keen & Casey in Moore et at. 1969. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1995. Schneider: Yokoyamaina hayamii Keen & Casey in Mooreet al. 1969: MM (2 paratypes). *hayesii. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium hayesii from 2 sources: Packard, 1867. - Stimpson, 1863. hayesii Packard, 1867. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" hayesii Packard, 1867. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1980. Ruhoff: Cardium hayesii Packard, 1867; vol. 1: 278, pI. 7, fig. 14. hayesii Stimpson, 1863. - Synonym of Ciliatocardium cilialum Fabricius, 1780. » Regarding Cardium hayesii: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1863. Stimpson, p. 142: Cardium hayesii nov. sp. (near Cardium islandicum). "1867. ZR: Cardium hayesii (Stimps.) Found on the whole coast of Labrador [Ref. Packard 1867]. ··1868. March: Cardium hayesii Stimps. (wrong synonymy in Stimpson). ··1869. March, p. 27: Cardium hayes ii, Stimpson = Cardium ciliatum, Fabr. ··1873. Tryon: ? Cardium hayesii Stimpson = Cardium islandicum, Linnaeus, 1767. "1902. Dall: Cardium hayesii Stimpson, 1863 = Cardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780. ··1907. ZR: Cardium hayesi compo with Cardium fucanum [Ref. Dall 1907]. "1912. Jensen: Cardium hayesii Stimpson, 1863 = Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. "1939. McLean: Cardium hayesii Stimpson, 1863 = Clinocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). ··1974 Abbott: Cardium hayesii Stimpson, 1868 = Clinocardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780). ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 172: Cardium hayesiiStimpson = Corculum ciliatum Deshayes sic. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium hayesii Stimpson, 1863; p. 142. "1980. ZR: Cilia to cardium hayesii (Stimpson 1864) is a junior synonym of C. cilia tum (Fabricius 1780). Ref. to Kafanov. ··2000 Coan et al.: C. hayesii Stimpson, 1863 = Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1863 Stimpson: shell rather thick, elevated; beaks prominent; ribs acute, 33 to 35. Within yellowish; teeth strong; ligamenta 1 fulcrum short, so that the little notch indicating its posterior extremity is situated about the middle of the distance between the cardinal and the posterior lateral teeth. Inner margin strongly crenated throughout, as well on the prosterior margin as on the inferior and anterior ones. It can be distinguished on the basis of its shortness of the ligamenta1 fulcrum from C. islandicum, C. dawsoni, C. arcticum Sow., and the English crag fossil Cardium interuptum. DISTRIBUTION. "1863 Stimpson: Disco Island, Greenland. Nova Scotia. hazeli (subspecies). - See under robustum hazeli Ward & Blackwelder, 1987. heberti Gerquam. - Tutcheria heberti (Gerquam). ?fami1y. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Tutcheria heberti (Gerquam) [Ref. Cox 1946]. Hedecardium Marwick, 1944 (genus). - Cardiidae. Eocene and Lower Miocene. ··1944: Marwick designated Cardium waitakiense Suter, 1907 [Oligocene, New Zealand] type species of subgenus Hedecardium of genus Vepricardium. RECORDS. ··1944 ZR: Hedecardium Marwick, 1944a gen. nov. Cardiidae type Cardium waitakiense Suter Oligocene N.Z. (Proc. Malac. Soc. vii p. 209, pI. 18 f. 6). "1977 Popov: Hedecardium Marwick, 1944. Genotype: Cardium waitakiense Suter, 1907 ... 1978 Maxwell: Genus Hedecardium Marwick, 1944. ··1980 Vokes: Hedecardium Marwick, 1944 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1992 Schneider p. 149: Hedecardium Marwick, 1944. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: the shell of Hedecardium has smooth ribs, finer on posterior area, interspaces linear. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1978 Maxwell: the genus Hedecardium has inequilateral valves with distinctly truncate posterior ends. Gape large to absent. ··2002 Schneider: Hedecardium has symmetrical or nearly symmetrical knob-like spines. CLASSIFICATION. ··2002 Schneider: Keen, classified Hedecardium as a subgenus of Vepricardium. DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Moore et al.: New Zealand-Australia-Burma. ··2002 Schneider: 546 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Hedecardium - Hemicardillm Hedecardium s.s, often reported to be endemic to New Zealand, but is known from Myanmar and Australia. Hedecardium Marwick, 1944 (subgenus). - Eocene and Lower Miocene. RECORDS. --1978 Maxwell: Hedeeardium subgenus of Vepricardium in Keen 1969. Hedycardium (error). - Printer's mistake for Hedeeardium in Fleming 1950 (Vokes 1980). heeri Mayer in GUmbel, 1861. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" heeri Mayer in GUmbel, 1861 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium heeri Mayer in GUmbel, 1861 ; p. 742. hei/meiri (subspecies). - See under eoejiensis heilmeiri Kaltenbach, 1949. heinzelini Glibert, 1975. - Combination to be revised: "Ca rdium" heinzelini Glibert, 1975. "1975 ZR: Cardium heinzelini Glibert, 1975 sp. nov. Belgium, Mons. Lower Paleocene. Ref. to Glibert p. 35. Hellenicardium Popov & Nevesskaya, 2000 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Late Miocene. RECORDS. --2000 Popov & Nevesskaya, downloaded abstract: (Hellenieardium) n. subgen. hellenicum Popov & Nevesskaya , 2000. Lymnoeardium hellenieum Popov & Nevesskaya, 2000. Cardiidae. Late Miocene. RECORDS . ..2000 Popov & N evesskaya, downloaded abstract: Lymnoeardium (Hellenieardium) hellenieum n. sp. et n. sub gen. helleri Brusina, 1865. - Synonym of Parvieardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium helleri: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Dalmatia, harbour of Zara, among algae. REMARKS. The species is close to C. parvum Philippi according to Brusina (1865) . RECORDS. --1865 Brusina, p. 36: Cardium helleri mihi, in sched et in coil. --1865 ZR: Cardium helleri, closely allied to C. parvum (Phil.) [Ref. Brusina 1865]. --1866 Brusina: Cardium hellerianum . --1880 Stossich: Cardium helleri. "1890 Paetel: Cardium helleri Brus. "1933 Coen: juv. Cardium hellerianum Brusina = Eueardium (Parvieardium) exiguum var. eommutata B.D.D. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium helleri = species insufficiently known. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium helleri Brusina, 1865; vol. 15: 36. "2000 Cardium helleri Brusina, 1865 is a synonym of Parvieardium exiguum (Gmelin, 179 L). hellerianllm Brusina, 1865. - Synonym of Parvieardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium hellerianum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1866 Brusina: Cardium hellerianum Brusina = Cardium helleri Brusi na 1864. --1869 Petit de la Saussaye: Cardium hellerianum Brusina = Cardium exiguum juv. --1880 Stossich: Cardium hellerianum Brusina = Cardium helleri Brusina. --1937 Coen: Cardium hellerianum Brus. = Cerastoderma (Parvieardium) exiguum GmeJin. hellespolltica Fischer. - Anodonta hellespontiea Fischer. ?famiLy. Miocene and Quaternary. RECORDS. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Anodonta hellespontica Fischer. Turkey (Dardanelles), B32994, B32995,B41450,B41472. helmerseni Ilyina, 1960. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" helmerseni (Ilyina, 1960). Cardiidae . Tertiary. RECORDS ... 1960 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) helmerseni Ilyina, 1960 sp. nov. Tertiary KaraTomak, Western shore of Aral Sea, Kazakstan. --1981. ZR: Cardium helmerseni I1yina, 1960. Junior synonym C prigorovskii Bogatschev. Ref. to Vialov et al. p. 45. helmerseni marillae Belen'kaya, 1972 (subspecies). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" helmerseni marinae Belen'kaya, 1972. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. --1972 ZR: Cardium helmerseni marinae Belen' kaya, 1972 subsp. nov. Uzbekistan. Lower Miocene. helveticus Mayer. - Discors helveticus (Mayer). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS . --1899 Sacco: Diseors helveticus (May.). Hemicardia Fleming, 1818 (genus). - Identical with Coreu/um Roding, 1798. RECORDS . --1980 Vokes : Hemicardia (ex Cuvier) Fleming, 1818 [=Coreulum Roding, 1798]. --1999 Higo et al.: Hemicardia Cuvier in Fleming, 1818 = Corculum Roding, 1798 Hemicardia Klein, 1753. Non binominal. (genus). - Not available. RECORDS. --1847 Gray, No. 558: Hemicardia Klein, 1753. [synonym of Cardissa Megerle, 1811]. --1858 Adams & Adams: Genus Hemicardia Klein. --1871 Stoliczka: Hemicardium Klein, 1757 = Corculum Bolten, apud Romer. "1890 Paetel: Hemicardia Klein syn. of Hemicardium Cuv. Hemicardia Klein, 1753. Non binominal. (section, subgenus). - Not available. RECORDS. "1887 Fischer: subgenus Hemicardia Klein, 1755 of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. Hemicardia Schweigger, 1820 (genus). -Identical with Corculum Roding, 1798. --1999 Higo et al.: Hemieardium Cuvier in Schweigger, 1820 = Corculum Roding, 1798. Hemicardia Spengler, 1799 (genus) . - Identical with Coreulum Roding, 1798. Cardiidae. RECORDS. --1980 Vokes: Hemicardia Spengler, 1799 in subfamily Fraginae. hemicardia (mode). - See under hemicardium Linne, 1758. hemicardiaeformis (variety). - See under lamarckii var. hemicardiaeformis Coen, 1933, 1937. Hemicardium Barranda, 1881 (genus). - Not in Cardiacea . RECORDS. --1887 Fischer: Hemicardium Barranda, 1881 , non Hemicardium Cuvier. 1817. In family Lunulicardiidae. Hemicardium Brongniart, 1821 (genus). - RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2947: Hemicardium Brongniart, 1821 . Hemicardium Cuvier, 1817 (genus). - Invalid for Cardiidae. Synonym of Corculum Bolten, apud Romer. » Regarding Hemicardium: RECORDS. --1847 Gray, No . 558: Hemicardium Cuvier, 1817. [synonym of Cardissa, Megerie , 1811]. "1857 Deshayes: Hemicardium Cuvier, 1817 in Ferrusac, Rang, Menke: syn. of Cardium. "1858 Adams & Adams: Hemicardium Cuv. is a synonym = Genus Hemicardia Klein. --1884 Grasset: Genus Hemicardium Cuvier. "1887 Fischer: Hemicardium Cuvier, 1817. Jun . syn of subgenus Hemicardia Klein, 1755. --1890 Paetel, 994: Gen. Hemicardium Cuv. "1891 Romer: Gen. Hemicardium Cuv. --1929 ZR: Hemicardium [Ref. Yokoyama 1929]. Hemicardium Cuvier, 1817 (section, subgenus). Invalid for Cardiidae. Synonym of Corculum Bolten, apud Romer. » Regarding Hemicardium: RECORDS. "1839 Anton: 2. subgenus (Hemicardium) Cuvier of Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 547 Hemicardium - hemicardium Genus Cardium L. in FamilyCardiacea. ··1890 Paetel: I. Sect. Hemicardium Cuv. of Hemicardium. ··1891 Romer: 1. Sect. Hemicardium Cuv. of genus Hemicardium. Hemicardium DaI.l, 1900 (genus). - Cardiidae. REcORDs. ··1980 Vokes: Hemicardium Dall, 1900 [non Schweigger, 1820 = Hemicardia Spengler 1799]. Hemicardium Schweigger, 1820 (genus). - Synonym of Corcufum Roding, 1798. Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Hemicardium (ex Cuvier) Schweigger, 1820 [= Corcufum Roding, 1798]. Hemicardium Swainson, 1840 (genus). - Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2947: Hemicardium Swainson, 1840. ··1980 Vokes: Hemicardium Swainson, 1840 [non Schweigger, 1820; =Hemicardia Spengler 1799]. In subfamily Fraginae. ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Hemicardium. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRlPTIONS. ··1840 Swainson: half heart-shaped; the anterior side abruptly truncated, and very short; representing Donax, &c. ··2001 Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. Hemicardium (section, subgenus) Swainson, 1840. Synonym of Fragum Bolten. » Regarding Hemicardium: RECORDS. ··1840 Swainson, p. 373: Hemicardium Sw. ··1847 Gray, No. 557: Hemicardium Swains. 1840. ··1858 Adams & Adams: Sub-Gen. Hemicardium Swains., not Cuv. is a synonym = SubGen. Fragum Bolten. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1847: Gray considered the subgenus Hemicardium, Swains. 1840 a synonym of Cardium, Linne. He classified C. unedo as type species of Hemicardium Swainson, 1840 because it is the first species mentioned. Swainson did not himself designate any genotypes. hemicardium Brusina. - New combination: Lymnocardium hemicardium Brusina. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: "Limnocardium "hemicardium Brusina. hemicardium Linnaeus, 1758/ Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part 1 p. 43, 50, 65, 68, 73. 87, 103, 130, 166. Part 3 p. 909]. - Changed combination: Fragum hemicardium (Linnaeus, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Oceanus Asiatico (Linne, 1758), Indian Ocean (Sowerby 1841, No. 88). RECORDS. ··1742 Gualtieri. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium hemicardium t. 83. f. C. ··1742 Gualtieri, pI. 83, figs C, C: = Cardium he11cardium (fide Spengler 1799). ··1758 Linnaeus (10 edition) No. 60: Cardium hemicardium. ··1764 Linnaeus (Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg.) No. 33. ··1767 Linne, p. 1121, sp. 76: Cardium hemicardium. ··1772 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium hemicardium Vergn. 6. t. 3. f. 2. ··1778 Born, G5. Cardium hemicardium Linn. S.N. Sp. 76. ··1780 Born: Cardium hemicardium Linn. S. N. Sp. 76. ··1782 Chemnitz, pI. 16, figs. 159-161: Cardium hemicardium Lin. ··1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium hemicardium t. 16. f. 159-161. ··1786 Schroter, No. IV: Cardium hemicardium Linn. XII. pag. 1121. Spec. 76. ··1789 Bruguiere, No.3: Cardium hemicardium Linn. ··1791 Gmelin No.5: Cardium hemicardium. ··1799 Spengler, p. 53-54, No. 34: Cardium hemicardium Linnei Sp. 76, p. 1121. ··1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 295. fig. 2 a, b, c. Cardium hemicardium. ··1798 Roding: Fragum hemicardium. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium hemicardium Linnaeus. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium hemicardium. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No. 88: Cardium hemicardium, Linn. ··1844 Reeve, sp. 38, figs. a,b: Cardium hemicardium. ··1852 Sowerby, fig. 123 double asterisk: Cardium hemicardium. ··1853 Gray: Cerastes hemicardium. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 49: Cardium hemicardium Lin. Syst. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia (Fragum) hemicardium, Linn. ··1869 Issei: Cardium (Hemicardium) hemicardium Linneo. ··1880 Martens: Cardium (Hemicardium) hemicardium Linne. ··1884 Grasset: Hemicardium hemicardium. L. ··1887 Fischer: Hemicardia hemicardium, Linne (in section Opisocardium, Bayle. 1879). ··1890 Paetel: Hemicardium hemicardium L. ··1895 Melvill & Standen: Hemicardium hemicardium Linne. ··1902 Dall: Cardium hemicardium Linnaeus, type of section Hemicardium (Cuvier) Dall, 1900. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 453: Cardium hemicardium Linnaeus, 1758. ··1903 Hidalgo: Hemicardium hemicardium Linne, 1758. (Fig. 38b in Reeve is a variety of Cardium tumoriferum Lamarck). ··1904 Smith: Cardium (Fragum) hemicardium Linn. ··1906 Hedley: Cardium hemicardium Linn. (New to Australia). ··1906 Standen & Leicester: Cardissa hemicardium. ··1932 Prashad: Corcufum hemicardium. ··1945 ZR: Cardium hemicardium L. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. ··1958 Abbott: Hemicardia (Hemicardia) hemicardia Linne. ··1977 Popov: Corcufum (Corcufum) hemicardium (Linne). ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 141: Corcufum (Hemicardium) hemicardium. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum (Lunulicardia) hemicardium (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium hemicardium (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1986 Springsteen & Leobrera: Fragum hemicardium. ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Lunulicardia hemicardium. ··1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Lunulicardia hemicardia (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Fragum (Lunulicardia) hemicardium. ··1994 ChungHung & Hsi-Jen: Lunulicardia hemicardia (Linne). ··1995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Lanulicardia sic hemicardia (Linne). ··1995 Oliver, fig. 1082: Fragum hemicardium (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1998 Poutiers: Fragum hemicardium (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1999 Higo et af.: Lunulicardia hemicardium (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium hemicardium Linne in Spengler, 1799. ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Hemicardium hemicardium. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Singapore, Amboina, Philippines (H. Cuming coil.) ··ZMUC: I specimen in Spengler coil. from Tranquebar. p. 53, No. 34. ··ZMUC: one specimen sine loc. referred to as hemicardium. Misidentified = fragum Linnaeus, 1758. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1758 Linnaeus: shells cordate, approaching four-sided outline: carinated valves, umbones distant [I have translated from Latin]. ··1799 Spengler: testa cordata subquadrilatera vafilulis carinatis, natibus distantibus. ··1799 Spengler: shell triangular, posterior ridge dividing each surface in two parts. ··1844 Reeve: shell swollen, obliquely quadrilateral, posteriorly compressed, about 26 flatly convex ribs, interstices closely punctured, posterior ribs smooth, anterior ribs tubercularly crenated, tubercles always worn away near the umbones, divided from the 548 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) hemicardium - herzegowinense posterior by a prominent keel running down from the umbone to the margin in each valve; white, posterior area sometimes stained with small pink spots. "1995 Oliver: rhomboidal-trigonal, much higher than long; posterior keel acutely angled, posterior slope almost vertical. Lunule absent. Sculpture of 29-31 flat low radial riblets with sparse scales but generally smooth, interspaces punctate. ··2001 Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. DIMENSIONS. "1799 Spengler: length 46 mm (\.75 Tom.), width 39 mm (1.5 Tom.). "1995 Oliver: to 35 mm. REMARKS. "1844 Reeve: The little tubercles, which adorn the anterior ribs of this species, are always worn away towards the umbones. HABITAT. "1844 Reeve: sandy mud at low water. "1995 Oliver: offshore. "1999 Higo et al.: intertidal to 60 m, sand and mud. DISTRIBUTION. "1799 Spengler: Indo-West Pacific, Arabia. "1844 Reeve: St. Nicolas, Island of Zebu, Philippines. "1856 Wood & Hanley: Philippines. "1884 Grasset: Philippines. "1904 Smith: off the Andaman Islands. "1994 Hylleberg: Red Sea, West Pacific. "ZMUC: Singapore, Amboinea, Philippines (H. Cuming coiL). "ZMUC: Tranquebar (Spengler coll.). "1999 Higo et al.: Amami islands and southwards, East China Sea; Philippines, South China Sea, Hainan, Thailand, Indo-Pacific. hemicardium Roding in Bolten, 1798. - Fragum hemicardium (Linnaeus, 1758). "1798 Bolten: Fragum hemicardium Gmelin sp. 5. "1902 Sherborn, p. 453: Fragum (Gm.) hemicardium Bolten, 1798. - Cardium hemicardium. hemicardium carinata Lynge, 1909 (variety). - No evidence of subspecific status. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fragum carinata (Lynge, 1909). » Regarding hemicardium var. carinata: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Gulf of Thailand. TYPE REPOSITORY. "ZMUC type collection. DISTRIBUTION. Gulf of Thailand, Andaman Sea. RECORDS. "1909 Lynge: Cardium hemicardium var. carinata. hemicyclicus Tuomey, 1855. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" hemicyelicus Tuomey, 1855. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium hemicyelicus Tuomey, 1855; p. 170. hemicyclum. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" hemicyclum. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From North America. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium hemicyclum (Acanthocardium sic). Referred to by Meek 1864. Hemidardium (error). - Printer's mistake for Hemicardium in Grasset, 1884 (Vokes 1980). Hemidiscors Rovereto, 1898 (genus). RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Hemidiscors Rovereto, 1898 in subfamily Protocardiinae. Hemidiscors Rovereto, 1898 (section, subgenus). Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1898 ZR: Hemidiscors Rovereto, 1898 n. sect. of Eucardium. "1898 ZR: Hemidiscors Rovereto, 1898 n. sect. of Eucardium for Hemidiscors rugiferum Rovereto, 1898 n. sp. Tongrian of Liguria. "1899 Sacco, p. 54: Hemidiscors (subgenus) Rovereto, 1898. Hemidonacidae (family). - RECORDS. "1980 ZR: Hemidonacinae Iredale & McMichael 1962. Key to genera. Ref. to Keen. "2001 Schneider & Carter: Iredale & McMichael, 1962. Hemidonax (genus). - Hemidonacidae. Recent. Placed in Hemidonacidae by Iredale & McMichael, 1962. However, it is still debated if this is correct. The anatomical structure places in the family Cardiidae (Allan 1950) RECORDS. "1876 ZR: Hemidonax (Morch, Mal. BI. 1870, p. 121) = Donacicardium g. n. Vest, 1876. "1992 Schneider p. 145: Hemidonax Morch, 1870. hemimeris Tate, 1887. - Protocardium hemimeris Tate, 1887. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1897 Harris: Proto cardium hemimeris Tate (sp.). 1887. hemirhytideum Cossmann, 1906. - Unicardium hemirhytideum Cossmann, 1906. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. "1906 ZR: Unicardium hemirhytideum Cossmann, 1906 sp. n. Jurassic France. hepingxiangensis Chen & Lin, 1976. - Protocardia hepingxiangensis Chen & Lin, 1976. Cardiidae. Middle Jurassic. TYPE LOCALITY. Yunnan, China. RECORDS. "1976 Ma et al. 1976, p. 258, pl. 23, figs. 28,34, 3941: Protocardia hepingxiangensis Chen & Lin, 1976. herbeti Coba1cescu . ...:. Changed combination: Stylodacna herbeti (Coba1cescu). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. Type species of genus Stylodacna (Dollfus 1905). RECORDS. 001896 ZR: Psilodon herbeti Cobalcescu [Ref. Stefanescu 1896]. "1896 ZR: Stylodacna n. g. for Psilodon herbeti Cobalcescu [Ref. Stefanescu 1896]. 001905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Stylodacna heberti Cobal. "1983 Papaianopol & Popescu: Stylodacna heberti sic (Coba1cescu). heredium Olsson, 1922. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium "heredium Olsson, 1922. Cardiidae. Lower Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Lower Pliocene of Rio Banano. RECORDS. "1922 Olsson, p. 227, pI. 27, fig. 10: Cardium heredium n. sp. "1922 ZR: Cardium heredium Olsson, 1922 sp. n. Costa Rica. "1977 Vokes: Cardium heredium Olsson, 1922. heredium ohomachii Oinomikado, 1939 (subspecies). - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia heredium ohomachii (Oinomikado, 1939). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001939 ZR: Corculum (Trigoniocardia) heredium ohomachii Oinomikado, 1939 subsp. n. Miocene, Choco, Colombia. herisse Blainville, 1830. - Synonym of Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758).» Regarding Cardium herisse: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS ... 1830 Blainville: Cardium herisse. 001892 B.D.D.: Cardium herisse = Cardium echinatum. "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium herisse Blainville 1830 = Cardium (Acanthocardia) echinatum Linne. hermonense Conrad. - Insufficiently known. » Regarding Cardium hermonense: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Palaestine. RECORDS ... 1871 Stoliczka: Cardium hermonense Conrad (species insufficiently known). hernandoense Mansfield, 1937. - Changed combination: Trachycardium hernandoense (Mansfield, 1937). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) hernandoense Mansfield, 1937 sp. n. Suwannee limestone (Oligocene) Florida. herzegowinense Oppenheim, 1922. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" herzegowinense Oppenheim, 1922. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1923 ZR: Cardium herzegowinense Oppenheim, 1922 sp. n. Eocene Herzegovina. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 549 hesione - hians hesione d'Orbigny, 1850 . - Unicardium hesione d ' Orbigny. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2970: Unicardium hesione d ' Orbigny, 1850. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers . comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Sinemurien. France (Normandy), B08917. heteroclitum Lamarck, 1805. - Cardium heteroclitum Lamarck, 1805 ... 1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2973: Cardium heteroclitum Lamarck, 1805. heteroclitum Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium heteroclytum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae . Lias and Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p . 2973: Lucina heteroclytum d'Orbigny, 1845 . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2973: Unicardium heteroclytum d' Orbigny, 1850. Lucina. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Unicardium heteroclitum d' Orbigny. Portlandien . URSS (Moscow), B 13505, B 13506, B 13507. heteroclytum d 'Orbigny, 1850. - See under heteroclitum. heterophorum Brusina . - New combination: Lymnocardium heterophorum (Brus.). Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium heterophorum (Brus.). *hians. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium hians from 2 sources : Spengler, 1799. - Brocchi, 1814. hians Brocchi, 1814. [Figs. Part I p. 94, 128, 154-157, 170]. - Replaced by Cardium indicum Lamarck, 1819. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium hians Brocchi, 1814. Ringicardium ringens (Bruguiere, 1789). - Cardium danubianum Mayer, 1866. » Regarding Cardium hians: Miocene and Recent. RECORDS. ··1814 Brocchi: Cardium hians. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium hians Brocchi is an analogue of Cardium indicum. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium hyans sic Brocchi. ··1844 Reeve, species 27: Cardium hians Brocchi, Conch. Foss. Subap., vol. ii. p. 508, pI. 13, f. 6. "1848 Deshayes: Cardium hians Brocchi (C indicum Lamk.). "1857. Deshayes, p. 74: Cardium indicum Lamarck is a senior synonym of Cardium hians Brocchi. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 454 : Cardium hians , Brocchi . ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium hians Brocchi [Miocene to Recent]. ··1867 ZR: Cardium hians (Brocchi) = C darwini [Ref. Mayer 1866). ··1869 ZR: Section, typical - Cardia costala (L.) and hians (Brocchi) [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. ··1870 Morch: Cardium hians Brocchi senior syn. of Cardium indicum Lam. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium hians (living form). ··1877 Locard: Cardium hians of Homes 1870 = C danubianum Mayer, 1866. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium hians Brocchi. ··1899 Sacco: Ringicardium hians (Brocchi 1814) [Pliocene-Recent). ..1907 ZR: Cardium (Ringicardium) hyans [Ref. Martinelli 1907] ... 192232 Sherborn, p. 2984: Cardium hians Brocchi, 1814. "1930 Stewart: Acanthocardia hians [Miocene to Recent] . "1969 Nordsieck: Cardium hians Brocchi, 1814 = Ringicardium ringens (Bruguiere, 1789). "1975 ZR: Cardium (Bucardium) hians Brocchi, 1814. Stratigraphical distribution. Diagnostic characters. Ref. to Ghisotti . ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium hians Brocchi = Cardium indicum Lamarck . ··1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Ringicardium hians (Brocchi, 1814). "1991 Aartsen & Giannuzzi-Savelli : Cardium hians Brocchi, 1814; preoccupied name [C hians Spengler, 1799) replaced by C (Bucardium) indicum Lamarck, 1819. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comrn.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium hians Brocchi. France; Suisse; Turkey ; Morocco; Algeria; Greece; Bulgaria; i.a. ··2001 Schneider & Carter: Cardium hians. ··200 I Vidal, p. 407: Cardium hians. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: off Gold coast, 65 m mud, calc. polyzooans; off French Equ. Africa. mud, 50 m; Gold coast, 46 m muddy sand; off Angola 45 m. DESCRlPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell ovately globose, rather oblique, nearly equilateral, very ventricose, very widely gaping posteriorly, radiately ribbed, 20 narrow, rather blunt ribs, middle ribs with a small obtusely convex ridge running between them, anterior ribs squamiferous , posterior compressly flattened one upon the other, serrately spined, spines very irregular; brownish, the posterior-middle interstices blackish brown, extreme posterior ribs pinkish, spines white, like ivory. Algeria. "Of authors: Surface densely set with fine narrow ribs. Posterior slope with 9 ribs of which the 4 lowermost form broad folds . ··2001 Vidal: tentacles around siphons only. No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. ··1844 Reeve: the Cardium hians is of a light ventricose structure, gaping widely at the posterior side, and the only species approximating to the common Cardium costa tum; the ribs of this species are much more feebly developed, but they exhibit a remarkable peculiarity of sculpture, the anterior ribs being surmounted with round vaulted scales somewhat like those of a miniature Tridaclla, whilst the posterior, which are curiously flattened down one against the other, are armed along the edge with irregular short stout white spines, looking exactly like so many rows of small ivory tusks. ··1844 Reeve: this rare and very remarkable shell is one of considerable importance in the genus on account of its being the recent analogue of a fossil species described, and most accurately figured by Brocchi. Lamarck published the description of an odd valve which came into his possession, under the name of Cardium indicum, and another valve was subsequently figured by Sowerby with the same title in the Concho logical Illustrations. M. Deshayes has kindly shown me that Cardium burdigalinum of Lamarck is a local variety of the same species . ··1969 Nordsieck: erroneous synonymy. HABITAT. ··ZMUC: mud, calcareous polyzooans, muddy sand, 45-50 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: West Mediterranean, West Africa. ··1884 Grasset: Algeria. ··ZMUC: Algeria; West Africa off Gold coast, Angola, French Equ. Africa. hians Solander, 1786. Nomen nudum. - Not available. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2984: Cardium hians Solander, 1786 [n.Il.) . hians Spengler 1799. [Figs. Part 1 p. 75 No. 181-183. Part 3 p. 889]. - Synonym of Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia bullata (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium hians: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Jamaica (Spengler 1799). TYPE MATERIAL. Lectotype designated, Vidal 1994, p. 98. RECORDS. ··1781 Gronovius, Fasc. 3, p. 266, No . 1126: Cardium hians [not available] . ··1782 Chemnitz, pI. 18, figs . 181-183 : Cardium apertum sive hians [not available]. ··1799 Spengler, p. 39-40, No . 24 : Cardium hians Chemnitz, figs. 181. 183 [not available] . .. 1799 550 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) hians dertogigantea - hibemicum Spengler: Cardium hians in Gronov. Zoophyl. Fasc. 3. No. 1126 [not available] . "1808 Spengler: Cardium hians. ··1870 Morch: Cardium hians Spengler = Cardium apertum sive hians Chemnitz. ··1870 Morch: Cardium hians Spengler = C. bullalum (Fulvia) L. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 458: Cardium hians Spengler, 1799. ··1945 Smith: Cardium hians Spengler 1799 syn. = Fulvia bul/ala Linne. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium hians Gronovius, Spengler, 1799 = Papyridea (Fulvia) aperlum Bruguiere . .. 1994 Vidal : Cardium hians Spengler, 1799; lectotype designated. ··1994 Vidal: Cardium hians Spengler, 1799 = Fulvia (Fulvia) aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 No. 24 : Cardium hians in Spengler (Jamaica) = Cardium apertum sive hians Chemnitz, Fig. 181-183. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCECHARACTERS of diagnostic value: Shell thin, semitransparent, round, anterior end very short, margin describing part of a circle, posterior end with 9 ribs, expanded like a wing, the lower 4 ribs broad, otherwise many fine, narrow ribs, narrow interstices, shells gaping, nymphs small, hinge on left valve with one pointed cardinal, right valve with 2 smaller cardinals, broad, very thin laterals, colour white throughout, except purple on inside of posterior area, curved purple staining inside under the umbo . DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: testa subcordata lenuissima, costis obsoletis carinalis acutis muticis, margine anlice hianle. ··1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: In this rare and peculiar cockle the back part is very short, forming with the remaining margin of the cockle a considerable arc. The front side is widely extended as a wing; therefore the two valves do not interlock in this part, but are widely separated from each other. The surface of the bivalve is densely set with fine narrow ribs, which are elevated due to the broad, rounded furrows. The widely opened front side however has 9 ribs of which the four lowermost form broad folds, the remaining ones sharply incised ribs. The nymphs are narrow and small. TheAnus is a big deep heart-shaped depression, in which both valves with a delicate margin are joined together like an arc. The hinge in the left valve has only a strong pointed tooth, which is encased by two smaller ones in the right valve. The lateral teeth are broad and as thin as a playing card. Altogether the bivalve is extremely thin and transparent. The margin is provided with fine teeth, which closely interlock both valves. On the inside, the outer furrows are seen as elevated ribs. Inside and outside the shelf is white, except the front side, the inside of which has a beautiful crimson colour shining through and visible from the outside. There are also some circular arcs of the same colour, which are situated, internally below the umbo. It is extremely rare . DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: height and width 52 mm (2 Tom.). REMARKS. ··1799 Spengler: very rare species, citing Gronovius (1781), Fasc. 3, p. 266, No. 1126. ,,1782: Chemnitz referred to Gronovius No. 1125. Gronovius and Chemnitz are not binomial (not available). DISTRIBUTION. ··1799 Spengler: Jamaica. hians dertogigantea Sacco, 1899 (variety). - Upgraded. Cardium hians dertogigantea (Sacco, 1899). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco, p. 43 . pI. 10, fig. 14: Ringicardium hians var. dertogigantea Sacc o hians indica Lamarck (variety). - No evidence of subspecific status : Cardium indica Lamarck. » Regarding hians var. indica: Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Ringicardium hians var. indica. hians recta DoJlfus (variety). - Upgraded. Cardium hians recta Dollfus . Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Portugal. RECORDS. ··1952 Lecointre: Cardium hians var. recta Dollfus. hiantulum Agassiz 1842. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " hialltulum Agassiz 1842. Cardiidae. Fossil. REMA RKS. Very short description of Cardium hiantulum. RECORDS. ··1842 Agassiz, p. 47-48, pI. I, figs. 24-29: Cardium hiantulum Agassiz 1842. hiatus Meuschen, 1778. Non binominal. - Replaced by Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium citrinum Chemnitz, 1782 [not available]. - Cardium spinosum Meuschen, 1778 [not available]. » Regarding Cardium hiatus: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1778 Meuschen, p. 442: Coeur hiatus. ··1864 Krebs : Cardium hiatus Meuschen (syn.) = Cardium citrinum Ch. ··1902 Dall : Cardium hiatus Meuschen, 1778 = Cardium spinosum Meuschen, 1778. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 458: Cardium hiatus Meuschen, 1778. ··1939 McLean: Cardium hiatus Meuschen, 1778 = Papy ridea spinosum (Meuschen, 1778). ··1945 Smith: Papyridea hiatus Meuschen (Western Atlantic species). ··1951 McLean : Papyridea hiatus (Meuschen) not Cardium spinosum Solander, 1786. ··1963 Coomans: Papy ridea hiatus (Meuschen). ··1974 Abbott: Cardium hiatus Meuschen, 1778 [not available] = Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Papyridea hiatus (Meuschen) [not available] = Papyridea soleniforme Bruguiere. hiatus semisulcatum Gray (subspecies). - Changed combination: Papyridea hiatus semisulcatum (Gray). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1944 ZR: Papyridea hiatus Meuschen semisulcalum Gray, figs., [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944]. *hibernicum - Homonymy to be noticed. Conocardium hibernicum from 2 sources: Sowerby, 1815. - Agassiz in Sowerby, 1840. hibernicum Agassiz in Sowerby, 1840. - Conocardium hibernicum Agassiz in Sowerby, 1840. Conocardiidae. Silurian and Carboniferous . RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2986 : Conocardium (Sow.) hibernicum Agassiz in Sowerby, 1840. hibernicum Sowerby, 1815. [Figs. Part 3 p. 921]. - Conocardium hibernicum Sowerby, 1815. Conocardiidae. Silurian and Carboniferous. RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium hibernicum Sow. ··1821-1834 Sowerby: Cardium hibernicum has no claim to be placed in the genus Cardium. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium hibernicum Sowerby. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium hibernicum Sow. ··1859 Chenu: Conocardium hibernicum Sowerby. ··1887 Fischer: Conocardium hibemicum Sowerby. ··1914 ZR: Conocardium hibernicum [Ref. Delepine 1914]. ··1914 ZR: Conocardium hibernicum [Ref. Stefani 1914]. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2986 : Cardium hibernicum Sowerby, 1815. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2986: Cardium hibernicum Sowerby, 1827. ··1930 ZR: Conocardium hibernicum [Ref. Delephhine sic 1930] . •• J999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium hibernicum Sowerby. Ireland (Dublin), B06044. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 551 hibridum - hippopus hibridum Deshayes, 1825. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" hibridum Deshayes, 1825. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1835 Lamarck: Cardium hibridum Desh. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2986: Cardium hibridum Deshayes, 1825. highcliffensis (variety). - See under pondosum var. highcliffensis Tremlett, 1950. hi/bed Andrussov, 1936. - Parvicardium hilberi (Andrussov, 1936). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Parvicardium hilberi (Andrussov, 1936). hillana (mode). - See under hillanum. hillana Woods 1906 (variety). - Protocardia hillana Sow. var. Woods 1906. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1906. ZR: Protocardia hillana Sow. var. described by Woods 1906. hillana prisca Douville, 1917 (mut.). - Protocardia prisca (Douville, 1917). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1917. ZR: Protocardia hillana prisca mut. n. Douville, 1917. Moghara. "1980. ZR: Protocardia hillana prisca Douville 1916. Raised to P prisca. Ref. to Freneix. *hillanum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium hillanum from 2 sources: Sowerby, 1813. - Leymerie, 1844. hillanum Leymerie, 1844. - Replaced by Protocardia peregrinorsa (d'Orbigny, 1843). » Regarding Cardium hillanum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium hillanum Leymerie. 1844. - C. peregrinosum sic d'Orb. hillanum Sowerby, 1813. - Changed combination: Protocardia hillanum (Sowerby, 1813). Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. Stoliczka (1871) Cardium hillanum Sowerby type species of Protocardium, Beyrich, 1845 = Pachycardium Conrad. Meek (1876): Cardium hillanum Sowerby genotype of Protocardia, Beyrich, 1845. Scott (1986) Cardium hillanum Sowerby, 1813 genotype of Protocardia, subsequent designation by Herrmannsen, 1847. Fiirsich & Werner (1985) Cardium hillanum J. Sowerby, 1813 genotype of Protocardia von Beyrich, 1845. REMARKS. Stoliczka (1871): Protocardium hillanum is an Indian species identical with European species. RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium Hillanum Sow. ··1832 Bronn: Cardium hillanum (Sow.) Df. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium hillanum Sowerby, 1813 in the genus Protocardia Beyrich . •• I 871 Stoliczka: Protocardium hillanum Sowerby, 1813. "1887 Fischer: Protocardia hillana, Sowerby. ··1890 Woodward: Cardium hillanum, Sby [Jurassic-Chalk, Europe, India]. ··1902 Dall: Cardium hillanum Sowerby, type of section Protocardia s.s. ··1917 ZR: Protocardia hillana [Ref. Douville 1917] Cretaceous. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2992: Cardium hillanum Sowerby, 1813. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2992: Protocardia (Sow.) hillanum Beyrich, 1845. - Cardium hillanum. ··1965 ZR: Protocardia hillana described, figd., synonymy, Cenomanian, Egypt [Ref. Fawzi 1965]. ··1983 Arango & Gonzalez: Protocardia hillana Sowerby. ··1986 Scott: Cardium hillanum Sowerby, 1813. "1986 Scott: Cardium (Protocardia) hillanum Sowerby in Bose 1910, Adkins 1928 = Protocardia multistriata (Shumard) non Adkins 1928, Perkins 1961; Scott 1975. ··1986 Scott: Protocardia hillanum.·· I 985 Fiirsich & Werner: Cardium hillanum J. Sowerby, 1813. "1985 Fiirsich & Werner: Protocardia (Protocardia) hillanum Sowerby, 1812. "1994 EI-Nakhal & EINaggar: Protocardium hillanum. ··1995 Schneider: Protocardia (Protocardia) hillana (Sowerby, 1813). •• I 999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Protocardia hillanum Sowerby. France. Egypt, i.a. himertum Olsson, 1929. - New combination: Cerastoderma himertum (Olsson, 1929). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1930 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) himertum Olsson, 1929 sp. n., fossil. *hippopaeum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium hippopaeum from 4 sources: Deshayes, 1825. - Nyst 1843. - Sowerby in Dixon, 1850. - Bosquet, 1868. hippopaeum Bosquet, 1868. - Identical with "Cardium" bosqueti Nyst. » Regarding C. hippopaeum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1886 Vincent: Cardium hippopaeum Bosquet 1868, in Prodr. Dewalque = Cardium bosqueti, Nyst. hippopaeum Deshayes, 1825. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" hippopaeum Deshayes, 1825. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1835 Lamarck: Cardium hyppopeum sic Desh. ··1839 Anton: Cardium hippopeum sic Deshayes. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium hippopaeum Desh. fossil of France. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium hippopeum sic. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2998: Cardium hyppopaeum sic Deshayes, 1825. hippopaeum Nyst 1843. - Combination to be changed "Cardium" hippopaeum Nyst. RECORDS. "1886 Vincent: Cardium hippopaeum? Nyst, 1843 is identical with Cardium bosqueti, Nyst. ··1970 G1ibert & Poel: Cardium hippopaeum in Nyst 1843 non Deshayes. hippopaeum Sowerby in Dixon, 1850. - "Cardium" hippopaeum Sower by in Dixon, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 2998: Cardium hippopaeum Sowerby in Dixon, 1850. Hippopus Lamarck, 1799 (genus). - Tridacnidae. Recent and Fossil. RECORDS. "1847 Gray, No. 561: Hippopus sp. Sowerby. "1857 Deshayes: Hippopus (spec.) in Sowerby, Reeve: syn. of Cardium sp. Lam.; type species Cardium avicularia. ··1884 ZR: Hippopus [Ref. Sowerby 1884]. "1891 ZR: Hippopus, anatomy of [Ref. Pelseneer 1891]. "1902 ZR: Hippopus anatomy and morphology [Ref. Lacaze-Duthiers 1902a]. ··1920 ZR: Hippopus [Ref. Anthony 1920]. "1924 ZR: Hippopus [Ref. Hed ley 1924]. "1936 ZR: Hippopus Life, feeding and symbiosis with Zooxanthellae [Ref. Yonge 1936]. "1949 ZR: Hippopus shell and pearl structure [Ref. Reyne 1949]. ··1978 ZR: Hippopus Evolution. Relationship with hermatypic Scleractinia, Eocene. Ref. to Yonge. ··1998 Schneider: Hippopus. ··1999 Higo et al.: Hippopus Lamarck, 1799. ··1999 Higo et al.: Hippopus Martin in Gray, 1847 non Lamarck, 1799 = Tridacna Bruguiere, 1797. hippopus Linnaeus, 1758. [Figs. Part 1 p. 150]. Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758). Tridacnidae. Recent. TYPE SPECIES. Chama hippopus Linnaeus, 1758 (mt.) TYPE LOCALITY. 'in M. Asiatico' (Asian seas) (Higo et al. 1999). RECORDS. ··1898 ZR: Hippopus hippopus Very large specimen [Ref. Smith 1898]. "1918 ZR: H. hippopus [Ref. Hedley 1918b]. "1932 ZR: H. hippopus [Ref. Stephenson & others 1932]. ··1932 ZR: H. hippopus [Ref. Yonge I 932a]. "1935 ZR: H. hippopus unattached in adult state [Ref. Yonge 1935]. ··1937 ZR: 552 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Hippurites - hispidiforme H. hippopus [Ref. Mere11937]. "1937 ZR: H. hippopus [Ref. Roughley 1937]. "1947 ZR: H. hippopus (L.). fig . [Ref. McLean 1947]. ·· 1956 ZR: H. hippopus spawning habits [Ref. Wada 1956] . "1964 ZR : H. hippopus crenated-folds in the midgut-gland [Ref. Nakazima 1964]. ··1965 ZR: H. hippopus described and figd ., range, habitat and nomenclature discussed, Indo-Pacific [Ref. Rosewater 1965]. ··1971 ZR : H. hippopus Posture Self-righting response [Ref. Fankboner 1971]. ··1974 ZR: Hippopus hippopus. Commensalism. Ref. to Fankboner. ··1976 ZR: Hippopus hippopus. Development. Life cycle. Ref. to Jameson. / Crustacean parasites. Lichomolgus tridacnae. New host records. Molucca Strait. Ref. to Humes. ··1978 ZR: Hippopus hippopus. Size. Record, South China Sea. Ref. to Zhuang, Q. ··1979 ZR: Hippopus hippopus Ref. to Uhlenbruck et al. ··1980 ZR: Tridacnacea Hippopus hippopus. Ref. to Khristoforova. ··1981 ZR: Hippopus hippopus. Ref. to Benson et al. Great Barrier Reef. / Entrop. / Trench el al. ··1982. ZR: Hippopus hippopus. Ref. to D' Attilio et al. ··1983. ZR: Hippopus hippopus. Indian Ocean East. Pacific Ocean West. Ref. to Munro. ··1984. ZR: Hippopus hippopus. Ref. to Fitt et al. ··1985 . ZR Hippopus hippopus. Ref. to Braley, / Brown, / Teshima et al. ··1987. ZR Hippopus hippopus. Ref. to Braley, / Fitt et al. / Munro et at. ··1998. Poutiers: Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758). Tridacnidae. Recent. ··1998. Schneider: Hippopus hippopus. ··1999 Higo et al.: Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758) Tridacnidae. ··2001. Schneider & Carter: Hippopus hippopus (Linne, 1758). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 186 : Hippopus hippopus Linnaeus , 1758. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1998 Schneider: Rosewater 1965 found a food groove present on the outer demibranch. HABITAT. ··1999 Higo et al. : subtidal to 30 m, among coral ; juveniles attached by byssus. DISTRJBUTION. ··1999 Higo et al. : Amami islands and southwards, Philippines, South China Sea, Malaysia, northern Australia, western Pacific. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam . Hippurites 1893 (genus). - Not in Cardiacea. The fossil Hippurites are monomyarian bivalves. RECORDS. ··1893 ZR: Douville. 1893. Mem. Soc. geol. France. iii, fasc. 4, pp. 57-94, 8 pis. Revision of the species with many new species. ··1894 ZR: Hippurites with new species [Ref. Douville 1894]. ··1895 ZR: Hippurites with new species [Ref. Douville 1895]. ··1902 ZR: Hippurites classification [Ref. Toucas 1902]. ··1903 ZR: Hippurites classification [Ref. Toucas 1903]. hiraigensis Hayami, 1965. - Prolocardia hiraigensis Hayami, 1965 . Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. REcORDs. ··1973 Keen: PrOlocardia (Brevicardium) hiraigensis Hayami,1965. *hirsutum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium hirsutum from 2 sources: Bronn, 1831. - Defrance (?year). hirsutum Bronn, 1831 . - Changed combination: Afrocardium hirsulum (Bronn, 1831). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium minimum Philippi . - Cardium degrangei. » Regarding Cardium hirsulum : Cardiidae. Miocene and Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1867 Weinkauff: ? Cardium hirsulum Bronn = Cardium minimum Philippi . ··1896 Cossmann : Parvicardium hirsulum (Bronn, 1831) = Cardium degrangei (jide Glibert & Poel 1970). ··1899 Sacco: Cardium hirsutum BrOill 1831. ··1899 Sacco: Plagiocardium hirsutum (Brn.). ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium (Plagiocardium) hirsulum Bronn, 1831. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3001: Cardium hirsutum Bronn, 1831. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvicardium hirsutum (Bronn, 1831). ··1977 Popov: Plagiocardium (Plagiocardium) hirsulum (Bronn, 1831). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium hirsutllm Bronn. Helvetien. France. ··2002. Schneider: Cardium hirsutum Bronn, 1831, Cardiidae. The Miocene of France, Austria, Hungary and Ukraine, Miocene and Pliocene ofItaly, and Pliocene ofAlgeria. Changed classification: Afrocardillm hirsutum (Bronn, 1831). hirsutum Defr. - Replaced by "Cardium" serrigerum Bast. Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium hirsutum: Cardiidae Fossil. RECORDS. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud : Cardium hirsutum Defr. = Cardium serrigerum Bast. hirslltum degrangei Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1902-1920 (variety). - Upgraded. New combination: Afrocardium hirsulum degrangei (Dollfus & Dautzenberg 19021920). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel : Parvicardium hirsutum var. degrangei Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1902-1920, figs. 43-48. hirslltum forbesi Michelotti, 184 7( variety). - Upgraded. New combination: Afrocardium hirsulllm forbesi (Michelotti, 1847). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Plagiocardium hirsutum var.forbesi Michelotti, 1847 . ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium hirsulum var.forbesi Michelotti, 1847. hirslltum hirsulum Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1902-1920 (variety). - Synonym of Parvicardium hirsutum var. degrangei. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poe!: Parvicardium hirsutum var. hirsutum Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1902-1920, figs. 39-42 =Parvicardium hirsutum var. degrangei Dollfus & Dautzenberg 19021920, figs. 43-48. hirslltum obliquatior Sacco, 1899 (variety). - Upgraded. New combination: Afrocardium hirsutum obliquatior (Sacco). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco, p. 46, pI. II, figs. 15,16: Plagiocardium hirsulum var. obliquatior Sacc o ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium hirsulum var. obliquatior Sacco. hirta (mode). - See under hirtum . hirtissimllm (variety). - See under mucronatum var. hirlissimum Coen, 1941 hirtum (forma). - See under e.xig1.lum f. hirtum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. hispanicum Collignon in Canerot & Collignon, 1981. Laevicardium hispanicum Canerot & Collignon, 1981 . Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Traiguera, Province de Castellon, Spain. REcORDs. ··1981 . Canerot & Collignon, p. 236, pI. 2, fig. 12 a,b,c: Laevicardium hispanicum sp. nov. ··1985 . ZR: Laevicardium hispanicum Canerot et aI., 1985 sp. nov. Spain. Lower Cretaceous. Ref. to Canerot el al. p. 236. hispidiforme Davidaschvili , 1932 . - Parvicardium hispidiforme (Davidaschvili, 1932). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel : Parvicardium hispidiforme (Davidaschvili, 1932). ··1977 Popov: Parvicardium hispidiforme (Davidaschvili, 1932). Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 553 hispidum - hobbsae hispidum (variety). - See under subhispidum. hispidum Eichwald, 1830. - Parvicardium papillosum (Poli , 1791). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1864 Mayer: C. hispidum Eichwald in the group of C. echinatum . ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium hispidum ?Eichwald, 1853 [fossil) = Cardium papi/losum Poli. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium hispidllm Eichw. (fide Weinkauf!) = Cardium papillosum Polio ··1899 Sacco: Parvicardium hispidum (Eichwald) [Miocene]. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 3014: Cardium hispidum Eichwald, 1830. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium hispidum Eichwald. Suisse (Bern), B30829, B30830. histiophora Brusina. - Budmania histiophora Brusina. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Budmania histiophora Brus. histrix Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium histrix: RECORDS . ··1784 Martyn, PI. 43, fig. 3a: Cardium histrix from Martinique. histu/llm Bronn. - Cardium histulum Bronn. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1857 Deshayes : Cardium histulum Bronn. hill/ca (mode). - See under hiu/cum Reeve, 1845. hill/clIm Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part I p. 144. Part 3 p. 934]. Changed combination: Papyridea hiu/cllm (Reeve, 1845). OTHER JUDGEME NTS: Cardium bullatum (Linnaeus). - Papyridea spinosum (Meuschen, 1778) [not available]. - Papyridea hiatus (Meuschen) [not available]. » Regarding Cardium hiulcum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1845). TYPE REPOSITORY. 3 syntypes . BMNH London 1978137 . REMARKS. Referred to Ctenocardia (Afrocardium) in Keen (1980). RECORDS . 001845 Reeve : Cardium hililcum. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Papyridea) hiulca, Reeve. ··1885. Smith: Cardium hiulclIm , Reeve, fig. 123 (exemplum distortum) =Cardium (Papyridea) bullatum (Chemnitz). ··1890 Paetel: Papyridea hiulca Rv. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3021: Cardium hiulcum Reeve, 1845 . ··1939 McLean : Cardium hiuleum Reeve, 1845 = Papyridea spinosum (Meuschen, 1778). ··1951 McLean : Cardium hiulellm Reeve (1845) = Papyridea hiatus (Meuschen) . ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Papyridea hiulea Reeve. ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Papyridea (Papyridea) hiulea Reeve.CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell transversely oblong, anterior side short, posterior elongated; radiately ribbed, 38 ribs, the extreme posterior and anterior of which are muricated white, faintly spotted here and there with pink. REMARKS . ··1845 Reeve: This approaches the Cardium bllflatum somewhat in form, but has fewer ribs and a different style of sculpture. DISTRIBUTION . ··1845 Reeve: unknown. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Red Sea. ··Of authors: Mexico, Peru (North Carolina to Brazil). hizenense Nagao, 1928. - Changed combination: Clinocardium hizenense (Nagao, 1928). Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. ··1928 Nagao: Cardium hizenense. ··1928 ZR: Cardillm (Cerastoderma) hizenense Nagao, 1928b sp. n. ··1973 Keen: Clinocardium hizenense (Nagao, 1928). hobbsae Vidal, 1999. [Figs. Part 3 p. 875]. - Acroste- rigma hobbsae Vidal, 1999. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype, Punta Engano, Mactan Is., Philippines, 110m. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. TYPE MATERlAL. Holotype, a bivalved shell from tangle nets at 110 m, Punta Engano, Mactan Is (Philippines), in MNHN. Paratype I: A bivalved shell, same data. Paratype 2: A bivalved shell, same locality, in Mrs. Sue Hobbs' private ColI. Paratype 3: A bivalved shell from Moluccas, in BMNH, Cuming Collection, Reg. 1996423. Paratype 4: A bivalved shell, slightly broken in both umbones, with soft parts, Apra Harbor, Western Shoals, Guam, 2m (UGML, Paulay coli). Paratype 5: A left valve, same locality and repository. Paratype 6: A bivalved shell slightly broken in ventral margin of" right valve, Macgillivray Cay, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, 9-15 m (AMS C138397, Ian Loch et af). Paratype 7: A left valve, New Caledonia: Vieux Touho Lagoon, 15-20m. Paratype 8: A small bivalved specimen, New Caledonia, Chesterfield Plateau, 60m. RECORDS. ··1999 Vidal, p. 315, Table 31, Figs. 16C-H: Aerosterigma hobbsae n. sp. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. Paratype 3 in BMNH 1996423 (labeled 1996243 sic in the collection). Curning Collection. Acc No. 1829. DESCRlPTIONS. ··1999 Vidal: Shell generally ovoid and equilateral, rarely with a very slight oblique elongation and a small expansion of posterior part but never posteriorly truncated ; weakly elongated , and moderately inflated. Lunule relatively wide and slightly hollowed on right valve, with umbonal margin raised very slightly or not at all, narrower on left valve; to some extent on both valves, but mainly on right, posterior limit of lunule well delineated, although ribbing is degenerate near this limit. External colour beige with fairly numerous irregular, brown to purple splashes, more frequent on posterior part and rarely darker on posterior slope; both ribs and interstices coloured. Interior shows same colours by transparency. Hinge asymmetrical, and moderately angled. Mean rib number 61.9 ± 2.6, range 58-65. On posterior slope, interstices very thin, but usually distinct. Ribs flat, not abrupt anteriorly, both parts rather irregular and variable in width, and axial furrow sometimes indistinct. Scales small , not elongated, but irregular in shape and size, vaguely spiniform or spatuliform, and often connected by a small thin ridge. On median part of shell, ribs low and flat, with a small, abrupt posterior flank; ribs smooth, except one to three ribs, which can bear posteriorly a few fine ridges; anterior ribs can become increasingly finely retro-crenulated. More anteriorly, these crenulations change into straight or curved, relatively thin, free top-ridges, first regularly disposed, then lengthening and tending to align concentrically. DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: length 38.0, height 45.5, width 31.0 mm. REMARKS. ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma hobbsae resembles A. punctolineatum as far as general appearance, shape and colours are concerned, but differs by several characters, e.g. rib number, shape of lunule, shape of ribs, and interstices. Paratype 3 previously identified as Laevieardium mauritianum (Deshayes) and Traehycardium maeulosum (Wood). DISTRIBUTION. The type series only; a rare species so far found exclusively in the eastern part of the Western 554 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) hocki - hornelli Paci fic, in relatively "deep" water (Philippines) as well as in littoral areas. hockiTilmann, 1917. - Protocardia hocld Tilmann, 1917 Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS . --1917 ZR: Protocardia hocld Ti lmann, 1917 sp. n. Lias Peru. hoerleorum Vokes, 1977. - Acrosterigma hoerleorum Vokes, 1977 . Cardiidae. Miocene. T YPE LOCALITY. Chipola Formation Florida. RECORDS. "1977 Vokes: Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) hoerleorum Vokes n. sp. "1977 ZR: Acroslerigma (Vasticardium) hoerleorum Vokes, 1977 sp. nov. Florida, Oligocene. Ref. to Vokes p. 162, fig'd . --1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma hoerleorum Vokes, 1977. hoernesi Deshayes, 1858. - Nemocardium hoernesi (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France . RECOR DS. --1886 Cossmann : Protocardium hoernesi (Deshayes). "1 899 Sacco: Nemocardium hoernesi (Desh.) [Eocene}. "1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Nemocardium hoernesi (Deshayes). --1970 G libert & Poel: Nemocardium (s.s.) hornesi (Deshayes, 1858). "1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) hornesi (Deshayes, 1858). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium hornesi Deshayes, 1858; [1856--1865} vol. I: 574, pI. 54, figs. 9-11. --1995 Le Renard et al.: Nemocardium (s . str.) hornesi [Cardium hornesi} Deshayes, 1858. --1995 Pacaud & Renard : Nemocardium (Nemocardium) hornesi. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Nemocardium hoernesi Deshayes. Ypretien. France (Bassin de Paris). *hoernesianum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium hoernesianum from 2 sources: possibly Basterot in Homes, 1861. - Grateloup in Homes, 1862. - I have not been able to check if the original spelling is hoernesianum or hornesianum. hoernesianum Basterot in Homes, 1861. - Cardium hoernesianum Basterot in Homes, 1861. RECORDS. "1970 Glibert & Poe!: Cardium (Bucardium) hornesianum sic Basterot in Homes, 1861. hoernesianum Grateloup in Homes, 1862. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" hoernesianum Grateloup in Hornes, 1862 . Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1899 Sacco : Ringicardium hoernesianum (Grat.). --1959 Csepreghy-Meznerics: Cardium (Ringicardium) hoernesianum Grat. --1970 Glibert & Poe!: Cardium (Bucardium) hornesianum sic Grateloup in Hornes. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium hoernesianum Grateloup in Homes, 1862; [1851-1870} vol. 4: 183, pI. 27, fig. I. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium hoernesianum Grateloup. Turkey, B32959, B32960. ho/manni (cf.) Hal. - New combination: Lymnocardium ho/manni Hal. Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium cf. hofmanni Hal. holubicense Hilber, 1882. - Parvicardium holubicense (Hilber, 1882). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977 Popov: Parvicardium holubicense (Hi lber, 1882). hommairei Orbigny, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" hommairei Orbigny, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium hommairei Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852} vol. 3: 119. homofragile in Rossi-Ronchetti , 1954. - Synonym of Cardium fragile Homes, non Brocchi. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Venus cypria Brocchi, 1814. - Cardium fragile Homes, non Brocchi. » Regarding Laevicardium homoji-agile: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1970 Glibert & Poel: Laevicardium homofragile, in Rossi- Ronchetti, 1954 = Venus cypria Brocchi, 1814. --1970 Glibert & Poel : Laevicardium homoji-agile, in Rossi-Ronchetti, 1954 = Syn. CardiumfragUe Homes, non Brocchi. honiiNyst in Le Hon, 1870. - Cardium honiiNyst in Le Hon, 1870. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium honU Nyst in Le Hon, 1870; vol. 5: 7, pI. I, fig. I. hopkinsi Kanno, 1972. - Clinocardium hopkinsi Kanno, 1972. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1972 ZR: Clinocardium hopkinsi Kanno, 1972 sp. nov. Alaska. Tertiary. hopneri (subspecies). - See under porulosum hopneri Glibert & Van De Poel, 1970. hopneri. - Orthocardium hopneri. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1995 Pacaud & Renard : Cardium (Ortho- cardium) hopneri. Horiadacna (error). - Printer's mistake for Horiodacna in Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903. Horiodacna Sabba Stefanescu, 1896 (genus) . Lymnocardiidae. Erected to accommodate Rumanian Pontian [Tertiary basin} cardiids. RECORDS. --1896 ZR: Horiodacna Stefanescu, 1896 n. g, for Horiodacna rumana Stefanescu, 1896 n. sp. Miocene, Roumania. --1903 Andrussoff: Horiodacna Sabba Stefanescu, 1896. --1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Horiodacna (little known group) . "1 964 ZR: HoriodaclUl zavalui Liteanu & Schoverth, 1964 sp. nov. Zavalu, Rumania, Dacian. --1974 ZR: Horiodacna Sabba Stefanescu, 1896. Referred to new subfamily Prosodacninae. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 128. --1980 Vokes: Horiodacna Stefanescu, 1896 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. hornelli Tomlin, 1928. - Synonym of Acrosterigma pristipleura (Dall, 1901). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium maculosum Sowerby, 1840 = Cardium hornelli Tomlin, 1928 = Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) pristipleura (Dall, 190 I). - Nomen nOVtlm for Cardium maculatum Sowerby. » Regarding Cardium hornelli: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Gorgona Island, Colombia, on shore (Hertlein & Strong 1947). RECORDS. --1901. Dall: Cardium pristipleurum a new name for C. macu/osum Sowerby. "1928. Tomlin, p . 194 : Cardium (Trachycardium) hornelli Tomlin nom. nov. for Cardium maculosum Sowerby, 1833 = Cardium macula tum Sowerby, 1834. --1931. ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) hornelli Ref. to Tomlin (1931) . "1947. Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Trachycardium) hornelli Tomlin, 1928 = Cardium (Acrosterigma) pristipleu ra Dall. --1961 . Olsson: Cardium (Trachycardium) hornelli Tomlin, 1928 = Acrosterigma pristipleura (Dall, 190 I). "1971. Keen & McLean: Cardium hornelli Tomlin, 1928 = Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) pristipleura (Dall, 1901). "1977 . Fischer-Piette: Cardium hornelli a nomen nov. -- J 977. Vokes: Cardium hornelli Tomlin , 1928 = Cardium (Trachycardium) pristip/eura Dall, 1901 = Cardium maculosum Sowerby, 1833. "1999. Vidal: Cardium hornelli Tomlin, 1928: 194. Nomen novum for C. maculatum Sowerby = Acrosterigma pristipleura (Dall, 555 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) hornesi - humanum 1900). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE HABITAT. Shallow water; shore collection. DISTRIBUTION . ··190 I Dall: as for C. pristipleura. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Gulf of California to Ecuador. hornesi (spe.lling). - See also under hoernesi Deshayes, 1858. I have not been able to check if the original spelling is hoernesi or hornesi. hornesianum (spelling). - See also under hoernesianum Grateloup in Homes, 1862 and Basterot in Homes, 1861. I have not been able to check if the original spelling is hoernesianum or hornesianum. hoshmensilicum Uspenskaia, 1931. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " hoshmensilicum Uspenskaia, 1931. Cardiidae. · Miocene . RECORDS . ··1932 ZR: Cardium hoshmensilieum Uspenskaia, 1931 n. sp. Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. hostei (subspecies). - See under edule hostei Chavan, 1945 . hostiei (subspecies) .- See under belgieum hostiei Chavan, 1945. howense (subspecies). - See tmder maeulosum howense Vidal, 1999. howitt; Talent, 1956. - Conoeardium howitti Talent, 1956. Conocardiidae. Devonian. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Conoeardium howitti Talent, 1956 sp. nov. Devonian, Buchan Caves limestone, Victoria, Australia. hubeck; Hauer. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" hubeeki Hauer. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium hubeeki Hauer. Austria (Vienna), B31394 . huberi Zinsmeister & Macellari, 1988. - Lahillia huberi Zinsmeister & Macellari, 1988. Cardiacea. Paleocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsul.a. RECORDS. ··1988 Zinsmeister & Macellari, p. 279, fig .: Lahillia huberi sp. nov. hudsoniense Deshayes, 1855. [Figs. Part 3 p. 890). Synonym of Parvieardium pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831). » Regarding Cardium hudsoniense: Cardiidae . Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Hudson Bay. TYPE REPOSITORY. Possible holotype in BMNH . RECORDS. "1855 Deshayes, (1854), p. 331 : Cardium hudsoniense. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium hudsoniense Dsh. ··1977 FischerPiette: Cardium hudsoniense Deshayes = Coreulum eiliatum Fabricius. ··1980 Keen: Cardium hudsoniense = Parvieardium pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium hudsoniense Deshayes, 1854; p. 331. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION . C. pinnulatum Labrador to North Carolina. hugardi M. Rouault, 1851. Combination to be revised: "Cardium " hugardi M. Rouault, 1851. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium hugardi M. Rouault, 1851; vol. 8: 387. humanum Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part 1 p. 71, 104, 126, 168). Non binominal. - Not available. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Coreulum eardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). Cardium roseum Chemnitz, 1782 [not available) . Cardium junoniae 1. Lamarck 47. » Regarding Cardium humanum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . ··1782 Chemnitz, p. 153, Tab. 14 Fig. 145-146: Cardium humanum (eardissa Lin.) maculis sanguineis adspersum .... ··1798 Roding in Bolten : Coreulum humanum = Cardium eardissa Gmelin sp. 2. ··1798 Roding, p. 189, No. 385: Coreulum humanum. ··1815 Wood, p. 245. No. 54: Cardium humanum with refs. to Knorr, Born, Chemnitz. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium humanum Chemnitz. "1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 318 fig. 155 Cardium humanum. ··1825 Wood: Cardium humanum. ··1840 Pfeiffer: Chemnitz Fig. 145-146. Cardium humanum (eardissa Lin.) = Cardium junoniae . .. 1850 Jay: Cardium humanum Chemn. = Cardium eardissa Linn. var. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia humana Chemn . ··1869 Romer: Cardium humanum Chemnitz (non L.). ··1869 Romer: Cardium humanum, considered a synonym by Bruguiere and Reeve. ··1884. Grasset: Hemi eardium humanum. Chern . = H. Cardissa . ··1890. Paetel : Hemieardium humanum Ch. ··1903. Hidalgo: Hemieardium humanum Chemnitz; Knorr; Reeve; Roemer = Cardium roseum Chemnitz. ··1989. Severin & Cooper: Coreulum humanum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: sine loco CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: margin of shell not dentate. Anterior side convex. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1815 Wood: shell heart-shaped, valves compressed, keel smooth. beaks close together. ··1947 Bartsch: shell greatly compressed bilaterally, lateral outline cordate, depth equal to or greater than length, umbones do not come close to each other. DIMENSIONS. Height 43 mm; length 18 mm; diameter 38.9 mm. REMARKS. ··1989 Severin & Cooper: one specimen with strongly posteriorly deflected marginal keel, could be assigned to Bartsch's Corculum humanum. HABITAT. ··1989 Severin & Cooper: intertidal , shallow water. DISTRIBUTION . ··1844 Reeve: Eastern Seas. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Persian Gulf. ··1884 Grasset : Philippines. humanum Linne, 1758 [Figs. Part 1 p. 37, 44, 46,47, 163).- Misidentification, not a cardiid. RECORDS. ··1684 Bonanno. 1D by Linnaeus 1758: Cardium humanum recr. 2. t. 88. ··1705 Rurnphius. ID by Linnaeus 1758: Cardium humanum mus. t. 48. f. 10. "1742Argenville. ID by Linnaeus 1758: Cardium humanum conch. t. 26. f. K. ··1742 Gualtieri. ID by Linnaeus 1758 Cardium humanum t. 71. f. E. ··1758 Linnaeus (lot edition) No. 82 . ··1853 Forbes & Hanley: Cardium humanum Linn. p. 682 (badly) = Isoeardia cor, Linnaeus. ··1869 Romer: Cardium humanum L. ed. X, N. 82, is Isoeardia cor [Fam. Isocardiidae). "1902 Sherborn, p. 469: Cardium humanum Linnaeus, 1758. humanum of Dillwyn 1817. - Coreulum eardissa. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1979 Richardson et al. : humanum in Dillwyn 1817 = Coreulum eardissa . humanum ofRoding, 1798. - Corelilum eardissa. Cardiidae. Recent. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Coreulum impressum (Lightfoot, 1786). RECORDS. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 469: Coreulum humanum Bolten , 1798. ··1947 Bartsch: Coreulum humanum Roding, 1798. ··1960 Kuroda: Coreulum humanum (Roding). ··1964 Shikama: Coreulum humanum Roding. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium humanum Roding = Cardium eardissa Linne. ··1977 Habe: Coreulum humanum (Roding, 1798) = Coreulum impressum (Lightfoot, 1786). ··1977 Popov: Coreulum (Coreulum) humanum (Roding). ··1979 Richardson et af.: humanum in Roding 1798 = Coreulum eardissa. ··1999 Higo et al.: Coreulum humanum Roding, 1798 = C. impressum (Lightfoot, 1786). humanllm of Romer. - Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. h 556 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) humanum -hungerfordi undatopictum ··1903. Hidalgo: Hemieardium humanum of Roemer Cardium roseum Chemnitz [not available]. humanum of Wood, 1815. - Misidentification of Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Coreulum junoniae (Lamarck, 1819). - Coreulum roseum (Chemnitz) [not available]. » Regarding Cardium humanum: Cardiidae Recent. REMARKS. G. C. = General Conchology 1815. RECORDS. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7 No. 96: Cardium humanum of Wood 1815= Cjunoniae Lamarck, 1819. "1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 54: Cardium humanum Wood (from C humanum &c. of Ch.) G. C. pI. 59, f. 2, 3, 4. "1903 Hidalgo: Hemieardium humanum Wood = Cardium roseum Wood. ··1979 Richardson et at.: humanum in Wood 1815, 1825 = Coreulum eardissa. *humilieostatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Lymnocardium humilieostatum from 2 sources: Jekelius, 1944. - Homes (?year). humiIicostatum Homes. - New combination: Lymnocardium humilieostatum (Homes). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs ... 1987 Taktakishvili: Limnoeardium humilieostatum (M. Hoem.) humilieostatum Jekelius, 1944. - New combination: Lymnoeardium humilieostatum Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Limnoeardium humilieostatum Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat humilis Papaianopol & Lubenescu, 1985. - Pseudoeatillus humilis Papaianopol & Lubenescu, 1985. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. La Plateforme Moesienne (Muntenia), Romania. RECORDS. ··1985 Papaianopol & Lubenescu, p. 131, fig.: Pseudoeatillus humilis sp. nov. hungaricum Homes, 1862. - New combination: Lymnoeardium hungarieum (Homes, 1862). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. Basch (1990 p. 23) designated Cardium hungaricum Homes, 1870 type species of subgenus (Hungaroeardium). RECORDs. ··1887 Fischer, fig. 780: Limnoeardium hungarieum, Homes. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium hungarieum Homes, 1862; [18511870] vol. 4: 194, pI. 28, figs. 2-3. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnoeardium hungarieum (M. Hoem.). hungaricum. - Dieeroeardium hungarieum. Cardiidae. Upper Trias. RECORDS. ··1939 ZR: Dieeroeardium hungarieum Upper Trias Hungary [Ref. Noszky 1939]. hungerfordi Sowerby, 190 I. [Figs. Part 3 p. 890]. Changed combination: Fulvia hungerfordi (Sowerby, 190 I). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Hirado island, Nagasaki prefecture, western Kyushu (Higo et al. 1999). RECORDS. ··1901 Sowerby: Cardium hungerfordi. ··190 I ZR: Cardium (Papyridea) hungerfordi Sowerby, 190 I n. sp. Japan. ··1904 Sowerby & Pilsbry: Cardium hungerfordi. "1909 Lynge: Cardium (Papyridea) hungerfordi. ··1926 McClelland: Cardium hungerfordi Sowerby, 1901 n. sp. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Fulvia hungerfordi (Sowerby). ··1954 Kira: Fulvia hungeifordi (Sowerby). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium hungerfordi Sowerby = Papyridea papyraeeum (Chemnitz) Schroter. ··1977. Habe: Fulvia hungerfordi (Sowerby, 190 I). "1981. Koyama et al.: Fulvia hungerfordi. ··1985. ZR: Laevieardium (Fulvia) hungerfordi. Ref. to Reid et al. ··1994. Schneider: Fulvia hungerfordi (G. B. de Sowerby III, 1901). "1994. Vidal: Fulvia hungerfordi = referred to subgenus Fulvia (Laevifulvia) hungeifordi Sowerby, 190 I. ··1997. Nguyen et al.: Fulvia hungerfordi (Sowerby). "1999 Higo et al.: Fulvia hungeifordi (Sowerby, 190 I). ··2000. Lutaenko, p. 372: Fulvia hungerfordi (Sowerby, 1901). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 178: Fulvia hungeifordi (Sowerby, 190 I). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Gulf of Thailand, Mortensen coil. HABITAT. ··1999 Higo et at.: sandy clay, soft clay, mud; 6-60 m depth; subtidal to 45 m, sandy mud. DISTRJBlITION. ··1985 Reid & Shin: Indo-Pacific. ··1994 Hylleberg: Gulf of Thailand. ··1999 Higo et al.: northeastern Honshu (Iwate prefecture) and southwards, Seto inland sea, Japan Sea (Oga peninsula), South China Sea, Hong Kong, China, Thailand, Indonesia, western Pacific. ··2003 Hyl\eberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. hungerfordi stigmaticum Pilsbry, 1904 (subspecies). Synonym of Fulvia undatopieta (Pilsbry, 1904). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia hungerfordi (Sowerby, 1901).» Regarding Cardium hungerfordi stigmatieum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1904 Pilsbry: Cardium hungerfordi stigmatieum. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: hungerfordi stigmatieum Pilsbry = Fulvia undatopietum. ··1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: Cardium hungerfordi stigmatieum Pilsbry = Laevieardium undatopietum (Pilsbry). ··1977 Habe: Cardium hungeifordi stigmaticum Pilsbry, 1904 = Laevieardium undatopietum (Pilsbry, 1904). "1981 Koyama et al.: Laevieardium hungerfordi stigmatieum (Pilsbry, 1904) = Fulvia hungerfordi (Sowerby, 1901). "1994 Vidal: Cardium hungerfordi stigmatieum Pilsbry, 1904 = Fulvia (Laevifitlvia) undatopieta (Pilsbry, 1904). ··1999 Higo et at.: Cardium hungerfordi stigmatieum Pilsbry, 1904 = Fulvia undatopieta (Pilsbry, 1904). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. 1971 Kuroda et al.: Japan. hungerfordi undatopictum Pilsbry, 1904 (subspecies). - Identical with Fulvia hungerfordi (Sowerby, 190 I). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia (Laevifulvia) undatopieta (Pilsbry, 1904). » Regarding Cardium hungerfordi undatopietum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE SPECIES. Vidal (1994 p. 97) designated Cardium hungerfordi undatopietum Pilsbry, 1904 type species of subgenus (Laevifulvia) of genus Fulvia. TYPE LOCALITY. Hirado, Nagasaki Pref., Kyushu (Kuroda et al., 1971). REcORDs. ··1904 Pilsbry: Cardium hungerfordi undatopietum. ··1904 ZR: Cardium hungerfordi Sby., n. subsp. described by Pilsbry 1904. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Fulvia hungerfordi undatopietum Pilsbry. ··1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama.: Cardium hungerfordi undatopietum Pilsbry = Laevieardium undatopietum (Pilsbry). ··1981 Koyama et al.: Laevieardium hungerfordi undatopietum (Pilsbry, 1904) = Fulvia hungerfordi (Sowerby, 190 I). ··1994 Vidal: Cardium hungerfordi lIndatopietum Pilsbry, 1904 = Fulvia (Laevifulvia) undatopiela (Pilsbry, 1904); designated type species for (Laevifulvia). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 183: Cardium hungerfordi undatopietum Pilsbry, 1904. Identical with Fulvia undatopieta (Pilsbry, 1904). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. "1971 Kuroda et al.: fine sandy, gravely bottoms, 10-100 m depth. DISTRJBUTION. ··1971 Kuroda et al.: Japan, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. ··1994 Phl/ket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 557 huntanum - hystrix Hylleberg: Tropical Pacific, Solomon lsI. huntanum (subspecies and variety) . - See under eu/aulense huntanum Stephenson and eu/aulense var. huntanum Stephenson. huoti Deshayes, 1837. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " huoti Oeshayes, 1837. Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY . Crimea. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium huoti Deshayes , 1837. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium huoti Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 45. huttoni Ihering, 1907. - Cardium huttoni Ihering, 1907. Synonym of " Cardium " grey i Hutton , 1873 . Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium huttoni: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1907 Ihering: Cardium huttoni (fide Schneider 2002) . ··2002 Schneider: Cardium huttoni Ihering, 1907 synonym of Cardium greyi Hutton, 1873 (Powell & Bartrum 1929). hyans (error) . - Printer's mistake for hians in Lamarck 1819 and ZR for 1907 with ref. to Martinelli 1907. hybernicum Sowerby. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " hybernicum Sowerby. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1839 Agassiz: Cardium hybernicum Sowerby. ··1999. Jacques Vidal (pers. comm .) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium hybernicum [author not stated]. Ireland (Cork) BO 1929. hybridum Deshayes, 1825. - Orthocardium hybridum (Deshayes, 1825). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. ··1839 Anton: Cardium hybridum Deshayes. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium hybridum Oeshayes. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium hybridum Oeshayes. ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Trachycardium) hybridum Oeshayes. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Orthocardium) hybridum Deshayes, 1825. "1977 Popov, p. 61 : Orthocardium hybridum (Oashayes sic, 1825). ··1995 Le Renard el af.: Cardium (Orthocardium) hybridum Oeshayes, 1829. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Cardium (Orthocardium) hybridum. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comrn.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium (Trachycardium) hy bridum Oeshayes. Turkey, (Bazar Koi) . France (Bassin de Paris). Hypania "Pander" Kupffer, 1831(genus) = Hypanis Pander, 1838. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1980. Vokes: Hypania "Pander" Kuptfer, 1831 in subfamily Adacninae. ··1980 Vokes: Hypanis (err. pro -nia Kuptfer, 1831) Menetries, 1832. "1980 Vokes: Hypanis Pander, 1838, in Eichwald, [= Hypania Kuptfer, 1831]. hypani/ormis Ebersin , 1967. - Pseudocatillus hypaniformis Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus hypaniformis sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus hypaniformis Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. Hypaninae (subfamily). - Lymnocardiidae. RECORDS. ··1971 ZR: Hypaninae Replacement name for Adacninae Vest 1875 [Ref. Starobogatov 1971]. Hypanis Pander, 1832 (genus). - Synonym of Adacna Eichwald. » Regarding Hypanis: Lymnocardiidae. Dollfus (1905) commenting Andrussow 1903, referred to the group Hypanis Pander with Adacna plicata as type species. RECORDS. ··1858 Adams & Adams: Syn. Hypanis Pander = Adacna Eichwald. ··1890 Paetel: Hypanis Pando syn. of Adacna. ··1903 Andrussotf: Hypanis Pand., in Menetries 1832. "1905 Oollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903 : group Hypanis Pander. ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Genus Hypanis s. str. ··1969 ZR: Hypanis Menetries, 1832 in subfamily Oidacninae Nordsieck, 1969. / Caspian Sea, key to spp. [Ref. Logvinenko & Starobogatov 1969]. ··1974 Starobogatov : Genus Hypanis Menetries. ··1977 Popov : Hypanis Menetries, 1832. ··1978 ZR: Hypanis Menetries. Key to species. Aral Sea . Ref. to Starobogatov p. 245. "1992 Schneider p. 155: Hypanis. Type species Hypanis plica/um (Eichwald). ··1998 Schneider: Hypanis (Monodacna). ··200 I Schneider & Carter : Hypanis (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. hyperboreum Beck. - Synonym of Serripes groenlandicum .» Regarding Cardium hyperboreum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1869 Morch, p. 27: Cardium hyperboreum Beck = Cardium (Serripes) gronlandicum, Chern. var. minor. hypericum d'Archiac, 1847. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" hyperica. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS . ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium hypericum (Acanthocardium sic). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3086: Cardium hypericum d'Archiac, 1847. Hypnaxis Pander, 1830 (genus) = Hypanis Pander, 1838. Lymnocardiidae. RECORDS. "1847 Gray, No. 559: Hypnaxis , Pander, 1830. [synonym of Aphrodite, Lea; 183? not Linn.]. "1857 Deshayes: Hypnaxis Pander: syn. of Cardium . .. 1980 Vokes: Hypnaxis (err. pro panis Pander, 1838) Gray, 1847. hyppopaeum (spelling) . - Printer's mistake for hippopaeum in Sherborn 1922-32, p. 2998. hyppopeum (spelling) . - Printer's mistake for hippopaeum in Lamarck 1835. hyrcalla Popov, 1983. - Didacna hyrcana Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene and Pleistocene. T YPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Didacna hyrcana Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. ··1963 ZR: Didacna hyrcana Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia . ··1983 Popov, p. 159, fig.: Didacna hyrcana sp . nov. Hyrcania Kolessnikov, 1950 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Hyrcania Kolesnikov, 1950. ··1980 Vokes: Hy rcania Kolessnikov, 1950 in subfamily Adacninae. ··1977 ZR: Hyrcania Kolesnikov 1950. Designated type genus for new tribe Hyrcanini Kafanov & Starobogatov. Ref to Kafanov & Popov p. 63 [Trans I. p . 313]. ··2001 Schneider & Carter: Hy rcania (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. Hyrcanini Kafanov & Starobogatov, 1977 (tribus). Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Hyrcanini Kafanov & Starobogatov Tribe nov. of Card iidae, type genus Hyrcania Kolesnikov, 1950, Upper Pliocene. Ref to Kafanov & Popov p. 63. [Trans!. p. 313] . Hyrcanomya Astafieva-Urbajtis, 1960 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS . ··1980 Vokes: Hyrcanomya Astafieva-Urbajtis, 1960. Hyrkania (error) . - Printer's mistake for Hyrcania in Ebersin, 1955 (Vokes 1980). *hystrix. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium hystrix from 2 sources: Lightfoot in Solander, 1786. - Reeve, 1844. hystrix Lightfoot in Solander, 1786. [Figs. Part 3 p. 903]. 558 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) hystrix - ignotum Synonym of Acanthocardia echinata (Linnaeus, 1758). Regarding Cardium hystrix : Cardiidae Recent. REMARKS. Cardium hystrix Solander refers to a figure of C. echinatum and should be a valid name (Ired ale 1916; fide Fischer-Piette 1977, p. 129). RECORDS. ··1786 Lightfoot: Cardium hystrix. "1916 Iredale, p. 86: Cardium hystrix Solander. ··1967 Rehder: Portland Catalogue No. 2550. [Cardium hystrix]: Two fine species of Cardium,. Gual1. 72. "1967 Rehder: Cardium hystrix [Lightfoot, 1786], p. 116. = Trachycardium aculeatum (Linnaeus, 1767). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium hystrix Solander. ··1980 ZR: C. hystrix (Lightfoot 1786) syn. nov. of Cardium echinatum Linnaeus 1758. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 624. hystrix Reeve, 1844. [Figs. Part I p. 131 . Part 3 p. 902, 903]. - New name Ctenocardia symbolica (Iredale, 1929). » Regarding Cardium hystrix: Cardiidae. Recent. Type species: Dall (J 900) designated Hemicardia (Ctenocardia) hystrix Adams & Adams, 1857 type species of the subgenus (Ctenocardia) Adams & Adams, 1857. Recognised at the generic level by authors. Dall (1902) mentioned Cardium hystrix Reeve as type species of section Ctenocardia H. & A. Adams, 1857. TYPE REPOSITORY. 4 syntypes. 1971002 I. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. C. hystrix var. beta, Island ofCorrigidor, Philippines, in coarse sand at the depth of about 7 fathoms, Cuming leg. RECORDS. ··1844 Reeve, species 40: Cardium hystrix Reeve, 1844. Pro. Zool. Soc. ··1872 Tryon: Hemicardia (Fragum) hystrix. ··1878 Smith: Cardium hyslrix Reeve . •• I 887 Fischer: Hemicardia hyslrix, Broderip (in section Ctenocardia, H. et A. Adams. 1857). "1890 Paetel: Hemicardium hystrix Rv. "1900 DaJl: Hemicardia (Ctenocardia) hystrix Adams & Adams, 1857. ··1902 Dall: Cardium hystrix Reeve. ··1903 Hidalgo: Hemicardium hystrix Reeve. 1844. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3096: Cardium hystrix Reeve, 1845. ··1928 Faustino: Cardium (Hemicardium) hystrix Reeve. ··1929 Iredale, p. 264: Fragum (Ctenocardia) symbolicum nom. nov. "1929 ZR: Fragum symbolicum nom. n. for Cardium hystrix Rve. [Ref. Iredale 1929b]. "1932 Prashad: Cardium hystrix Reeve, 1844 = Fragum (Ctenocardia) symbolicum Iredale, 1929 ... I 967 Rehder: Cardium hystrix Reeve, 1844 = Fragum (Ctenocardia) symbolicum Iredale, 1929. "1969 Moore et af.: Ctenocardia (Ctenocardia) symbolica (lredale, 1929). ··1977. Popov: Fragum (Ctenocardia) hystrix (Reeve, 1844). "1977 Popov: Cardium hystrix Reeve, 1844. Type of (Ctenocardia) Adams H. & Adams A. , 1858. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium hystrix Reeve = Corculum symbolicum Iredale. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium hystrix Reeve, 1833; name replaced by Fragum (Ctenocardium) symbolicum Iredale, 1929. "1992 Oliver: Cardium hystrix Reeve, 1844 = Fragum symbolicum Iredale, 1929. ··1999 Higo et at. : Cardium hystrix Reeve, 1844 non Lightfoot, 1786 = Ctenocardia virgo (Reeve, 1845). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Ctenocardium hystrix (Reeve). Identical with Clenocardia perornalum (Iredale, 1929). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: 32 ribs. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve sp. 40: shell somewhat squarely cordate, posteriorly concavely angulated, radiately ribbed, about 32 narrow, compressed ribs, the posterior elegantly » ornamented with small short scales, the rest with erect scale-like spines, a little inflected towards the umbo; interstices between the ribs transversely finely cancellated with raised striae; whitish, interstices between the ribs tinged pink, and painted down each side with a bright scarlet line; interior purple-red. (Description in Latin and English). REMARKS . •• Iredale (1929 p. 264): 1929 Iredale, Fragum (Ctenocardia) symbolicum nom . nov. for Ctenocardia hySlrix (Reeve, 1844) (type of genus named), hyslrix preoccupied by Solander. DISTRIBUTION. "1844 Reeve: Philippines. ··1969 Moore et at.: East Indies ... Of authors: Central Indo-West Pacific. hystrix beta (variety) Reeve, 1844. - Unknown taxon. » Regarding Cardium hyslrix var. beta: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. hystrix var. beta, Island of Corrigidor, Philippines, in coarse sand at the depth of about 7 fathoms, Cuming leg. RECORDS. ··1844. Reeve, Conch . Icon., sp. 40 a,b: Cardium hystrix var. beta. ··1878. Smith: Cardium hystrix Reeve var. beta. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell exteriorly entirely white. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: each rib is surmounted with a close-set row of slender scale like spines, and the interstices are minutely cancellated; they are moreover tinged with pink, and down each side of the ribs is a bright scarlet line. REMARKS. ··1878 Smith: material from the Andamans belongs to Reeve's var. beta, being pure white, with the exception of a pale tint of pink on the posterior side near the ligament. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: found in coarse sand at the depth of about 7 fathoms. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines. ··1878 Smith: Andaman Islands. hyuganum Shuto, 1960. - Vasticardium hyuganum Shuto, 1960. Cardiidae. Upper Middle Miocene. ··1960 ZR: Vaslicardium hyuganum Shuto, 1960 sp. nov. Upper Middle Miocene Tano member Miyazaki Group, Japan. ··1973 Keen: Vasticardium hyuganum Shuto, 1960. hornesi (invalid spelling). - See under hoernesi / homesi Deshayes, 1858. ialpugensis (variety). - See under colorata var. ialpugensis Borcea, 1928. ibbetsoni Forbes, 1845. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ibbetsoni Forbes, 1845. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS ... I 857 Deshayes: Cardium ibbetsoni Forbes (England). ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium ibbetsoni (Laevicardium). ·· I 922-32 Sherborn, p. 3101: Cardium ibbetsoni Forbes, 1845. ibukii Nakazawa & Murata, 1966. - Combination to be revised: ?Protocardia ibukii Nakazawa & Murata, 1966. Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. - RECORDS. ··1973 Keen:? Protocardia (Pachycardium) ibukiiNakazawa & Murata, 1966. ··1980 ZR: Protocardia ibukii Cretaceous. Japan, Shiroi Formation. Ref. to Matsukawa. icelandicum (error). - Printer's mistake for islandicum in Chernnitz, 1782 and Reeve 1844. ignotum Jousseaume. - Synonym of Vasticardium luteomarginalum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 199 I) . » Phuket Marin e Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 559 Iheringieardium - imbrieatum Reg arding Cardium ignotum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1997 Vidal: Cardium ignotum Jousseaume in Lamy 1927 (name not available) = Vasticardium luteomarg inatum luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). Iheringicardium Schneider, 2002 (subgenus). Hedecardium (Iheringicardium) subgen . nov. in subfamily Orthocardiinae. Type species: Cardium ameghinoi lhering, 1907 . Changed combination : Hedecardium (Iheringicardium) ameghinoi (Ihering, 1907). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKs. Erected to accommodate several species from South America, thus providing another example of a South American taxon whose closest relatives are from New Zealand. DESCRIPTIONS. --2002 Schneider: Iheringicardium has symmetrical or nearly symmetrical knob-like spines. illitum Solander. - Synonym of Cardium linea tum Gmelin. » Regarding Cardium illitum: .Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1817 Dillwyn : Cardium illitum Solander's MSS = Cardium lineatum Gmelin. illusa Cowper-Reid, 1943. - Pinzonela illusa CowperReid, 1943 . Cardiacea. Trias. RECORDS. --1947 ZR: Pinzonela illusa Cowper-Reid, 1943 sp. nov. Trias, Brazil. imbecilla (variety). - See under suessi var. imbecilla Kolesnikov, 1929. imbrieata Link, 1807. - Synonym of Tridacna gigas (Linnaeus, 1758). « Regarding Tridacne imbricata: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1999 Higo et al.: Tridacne imbricata Link, 1807 = Tridacna (Tridacna) gigas (Linnaeus, 1758). imbrieatarium Orbigny. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " imbricatarium. Cardiidae. Lias and Cretaceous . RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium imbricatarium (? genus Protocardium). --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium imbricatarium [?imbricatorium] d'Orbigny. Neocomien . France (Yonne). imbricatorium Forbes, 1845 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " imbricatorium Forbes, 1845 . Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn : Lucina imbricatorium Deshayes. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3121 : Cardium (Desh.) imbricatorium Forbes, 1845. - Lucina imbricatorium. imbricatum costis squamulis Chemnitz. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium imbricatum cost is: REcORDs. --1789 Karsten: Cardium imbricatum costis squamulis notatis citrinellis. Chernn. fig. 166. *imbricatum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium imbricatum from 3 sources: Born, 1778. - Orbigny, 1844. - Sowerby, 1840. imbricatum Born, 1778. [Figs. Part I p. 66. Part 3 p. 905, 906]. - Synonym of Fragum fragum (Linne, 1758).» Regarding Cardium imbricatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1687 Lister, pI. 315, fig . 52 : Cardium imbricatum (fide Spengler 1799). --1742 Gualtieri, pI. 83 , figs. E.E. = Cardium imbricatum (jide Spengler 1799). --1778 Born, G4. Cardium imbricatum Ref. to List. Hist. Conch. f. 152. / Gualt. Test. t. 83. f. E. / Mus. Caes. Vindobon. "1780 Born, p. 42 (pI. 3, figs. 3-4): Cardium imbricatum. --1782 Chernnitz, pI. 16, fig. 167: Cardium imbricatum. "1789 Bruguiere: Cardium imbricatum von Born, tab. 3, fig. 3,4, figura optima. --1799 Spengler, p. 56, No. 36: Cardium imbricatum Born, 1778, pag. 42, Tab. 3. fig 3. 4. --1799 Speng ler: Gualtieri Tab. 83. fig . E. E. --1799 Spengler: Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 16. fig. 167. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium imbricatum Born . = Cardium fragum Linnaeus. --1844 Reeve: Cardium imbricatum Born = Cardium fra gum Linnaeus . --1850 Jay: Cardium imbricatum Born = Cardium fragum Linn. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458 : Hemicardia (Fragum) imbrica ta Born. --1890 Paetel: H emicardium imbricatum Sow. "1902 Sherborn, p. 480: Cardium imbricatum Born, 1778. --1929 ZR: Fragum perornatum nom. n. for Cardium imbricatum Sow. [Ref. Iredale 1929b] . "1932 Prashad: Cardium imbricatum Born, 1778 = Fragum fragum (Linne, 1758). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium imbricatum Born = Corculum fragum Linne. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium imbricatum Born, 1778; junior synonym of Fragum (Fragum) fragum Linnaeus, 1758. "1999 Higo et al.: Cardium imbricatum Born, 1778 = Fragum fragum (Linnaeus, 1758). "1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 No. 36: Cardium imbricatum in Spengler (without locality) = Fragum album Chemnitz Tom. VI. Ta b. 16 Fig. 167 seu flavum Lin. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: 2 specimens in Spengler call. (= Fragum fragum). CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell surface with round, narrow, densely imbricate ribs, margin of posterior slope nearly straight, ribs broader, interstices deeper, imbrications stronger. Colour inside white with yellow blotch from umbo towards posterior slope, outside white, imbrications light yellow. DESCRfPTIONS. --1799 Spengler: Testa cordata-trilatera, inter sulcos longitudinales tenues transversim & dense squamulosa. --1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999 : This triangular heart-shaped Cardium is on the entire surface set with rounded small ribs, which on the back have scales, which are hollowed from below upwards and placed close together. The front side, which is encased by a narrow elevated crest, is almost straight, only in the middle, where both valves interlock, slightly elevated. The ribs are here broader and deeper than on the vaulted sides, and correspondingly the scales are stronger. On the margin these ribs are crenulate with serrate teeth, which interlock but are not completely joined. The remaining part of the lower margin, however, is closely interlocked due to its teeth. Internally, six of the ribs of the front side, from the margin and upwards, are hollowed with deep furrows. Inside and outside the bivalve is white. The scales are light yellow; on the inside there is a yellow spot along the front side of the umbo. Remarks. --1799 Spengler referred to the same fig. in Chemnitz (Tab. 16 Fig. 167) for both No. 36 Cardium imbricatum and No. 39 Cardium fragum . --1999: Knudsen & Hylleberg suggested that the reference to Chemnitz is a printer's error in the case of C. fragum. DIMENSIONS. --1799 Spengler: length 41 mm (I Tom. 7 Lin.), width 33 mm (1.25 Tom.). DISTRIBUTION. "1994 Hylleberg: Fragum fragum : Red Sea, Indo-Pacific. imbrieatum Orbigny, 1844. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " imbricatum d' Orbigny, 1844. Cardiidae. 560 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (fMMP) imbricatum - impolitum Fossil. RECORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn: Lucina imbricata Deshayes. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3121: Cardium (Desh .) imbricatum d'Orbigny, 1844. - Lucina imbricata. imbricatum Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part I p. 116, 128. Part 3 p. 903]. - New name: Ctenocardia perornata (Iredaie, 1929). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Ctenocardia fornicata (Iredale, 1929). -Cardium virgo Reeve, 1845 . » Regarding Cardium imbricatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Ad oras Australiae, Swan River (Sowerby 1840). TYPE REPOSITORY. Lectotype: Cuming Collection, BMNH reg. no. 197122, selected by Wilson & Stevenson (1977). Ho10type pI. 4 Figs. 6-8 in Sowerby 1841. Proc. Zool. Soc London, 1840, p. 110. RECORDS. ··1840 Sowerby, 179th part, fig. 48: Cardium imbricatum. ··1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. London p. 110: Cardium imbricatum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No . 85: Cardium imbricatum. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium imbricatum (Sowerby, No. 85). ··1844 Reeve, species 28: Cardium imbricatum Sowerby, 1840. Pro. Zoo 1. Soc. ··1 858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Ctenocardia) imbricata, Sow. ··1869 Romer: Cardium (Fragum) imbricatum. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3121: Cardium imbricatum Sowerby, 1841. ··1929 Iredale: Cardium imbricatum Sowerby, 1841 = Fragum (Ctenocardia) perornatum (n. nov.). ··1958 Abbott: imbricata Sowerby =Ctenocardia (Ctenocardia) perornata Iredale. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium imbricatum Sowerby = Cardium perornatum Iredale. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Ctenocardia imbricatum, junior synonym of Ctenocardia fornicata (Iredale, 1929). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium imbricatum Sowerby, 1841; renamed Fragum (Ctenocardia) perornata Iredale, 1929. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Cardium perornatum Iredale, 1929 in Prashad (1932) = Cardium virgo Reeve, 1845. ··2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Corculum imbricatum (Sowerby, 1834). ··2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Ctenocardia imbricatum (Sowerby, 1841). ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Ctenocardia imbricata (Sowerby, 1834). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Ctenocardia imbricatum (Sowerby, 1834). Identical with Ctenocardia perornatum (Iredale, 1929). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: GulfofThailand (Siam) ··ZMUC: wet collection Gulf of Thailand, 9 fv. DESCRIPTION. ··1844 Reeve: shell somewhat square, rather thick, rounded anteriorly, angulated, impressly concave posteriorly, radiately ribbed, 29 narrow rather elevated ribs, the II most posterior of which are small, smooth, the rest armed with short stout vaulted scales; snowy white, interior bright orange, stained on the posterior side with pale purple. DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. 1.20 poll. (length 30 mm), lat. 1.05 poll. (width 27 mm), alt. 1.30 poll (height 33 mm) . REMARKS. ··1840 Sowerby: C. imbricatum is similar to C. medium in general form, but having vaulted imbrications on the ribs. These are much thicker and larger than in C. fornicatum, and the sides of the ribs are not crenulated as in that species. ··1844 Reeve: the form of this shell is exactly similar to that of the Cardium medium, the anterior and middle ribs being, however, much more strongly squamiferous, and the interstices more deeply furrowed. It is a solid characteristic shell exhibiting an extremely delicate contrast from the interior, especially towards the hollow of the umbones, being of a bright orange, tinged along the posterior edge with pinkish purple, whilst the exterior is of a pure snowy white. "Of authors: C. imbricatum is distinct from C. virgo. ··2000 Lutaenko: Corcu/um imbricatum (Sowerby, 1834) is a primary homonym for Cardium imbricatum Born, 1780 and replacement name is Corculum (Ctenocardia) perornatum (Iredale, 1929) [Corculum is unusual classification used by Fischer-Piette 1977]. HABITAT. ··Of authors: clay, mud, sandy clay, gravel. 10-60 m depth . DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Swan River. "1994 Hylleberg: Central Indo-West Pacific. ··2000 Lutaenko, ··2000 Hylleberg, and ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. ··ZMUC: Gulf of Thailand. imereticum (subspecies). - See under loweni imereticum Muskhelishvili, 1980. immaturum Billings, 1865. Conocardium immaturum Billings, 1865. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Conocardium immaturum Billings, 1865; p. 41 , fig. 43 . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1895 DaB, p. 519: conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship. immutata Papaianopol, 1981. - Pontalmyra immutata Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra im;nutata Papaian. ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) immutata Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 22. impar Zhizhchenko, 1936. - Changed combination: Acanthocardia impar (Zhizhchenko, 1936). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Cardium impar Zhizchenko, 1936 sp. n. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Acanthocardia)impar Zhizhchenko, 1936. ··1977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) impar (Zhizhchenko, 1936). ··1985 Ananiashvili: Cardium impar Zhizh. impedita I-um (variety). - See under exiguum var. impedita Milascewicz, 1909 and paucicostatum var. impeditum Milaskewicz. impeditum Deshayes, 1858. - Changed combination: Loxocardium impeditum (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. ··1886. Cossmann: Cardium impeditum Deshayes . ··1904. Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Loxocardium) impeditum Deshayes. ··1970 . Glibert & Poel: Loxocardium impeditum (Deshayes, 1858). ··1977. Popov: Loxocardium impeditum (Deshayes, 1858). ··1980. Ruhoff: Cardium impeditum Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865] vol. I: 566, pI. 54, figs . 12-14. ··1995. Le Renard et al.: Loxocardium impeditum [Cardium impeditum] Deshayes 1858. "1995. Pacaud & Renard : Loxocardium impeditum. ··1999. Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Loxocardium impeditum Deshayes . France (Bassin de Paris). implexa Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium implexa : RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium implexa [not a cardiid] . implicatum Sow. - Printer's error for impolitum Sow. impolita. - Mode of impolitum Sowerby, 1834. impolitum Sowerby, 1834. [Figs. Part 1 p. 107, 120, 139, Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 561 impolitum 173. Part 3 p. 871,873,874]. - Changed combination: Acrosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1834). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. China. TYPE REPOSITORY. Natural History Museum, London. TYPE MATERIAL. Three shells accessioned 1991.042 in BMNH, Cuming collection, China, are apparentlysyntypes. The largest, certainly the one figured by Reeve (1845: Sp. 80), is possibly that measured and figured by Sowerby (1840: fig. 66) and was selected as Lectotype by Voskuil & Onverwagt (1991, p. 119). SYNONYMS. ··1999 Vidal: junior synonyms are Cardium beauforti Prashad, 1932. Laevicardium couvrili Fischer-Piette, 1977. Acrosterigma vlamingi Wilson & Stevenson, 1977. Acrosterigma rosemariensis Wilson & Stevenson, 1977. - Acrosterigma dampierense Wilson & Stevenson, 1977. - Acrosterigma n. sp.(a) Oliver, 1995. - Trachycardium impolitum dilmunensis Oliver & Chesney, 1997. RECORDS. ··1834 Sowerby, 47 th part, fig. 6 Cardium impolitum nobis. ··1840 Sowerby, 182 n part, fig. 66: Cardium impolitum. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 107: Cardium impolitum. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 4, No. 49: Cardium impolitum. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium impolitum (Sowerby No. 49). ··1845 Reeve: Cardium impolitum. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) impolitum Sow. ··1870 Morch: C. implicatum (sic = impolitum) Sow. (ill. fig. 66) = C. var. subrugosum Sow. junior synonym of Cardium fucatum Spgl. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium impolitum Sow. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium impolitum Sow. ··1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 837: Cardium (Trachycardium) impolitum Sowb. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium (Trachycardium) impolitum. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 3137: Cardium impolitum Sowerby, 1841. ··1932 Lamy, p. 983: Cardium (Trachycardium) impolitum Sow. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium impolitum Sowerby. ··1978 ZR: Trachycardium impolitum Bay of Bengal Burma, Maungmagan. First record for Burmese waters. Ref. to Ray ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma impolitum. ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma impolitum(Sowerby, 1833). ··1999 Vidal: Sowerby 1833, fig. 6: Cardium impolitum. ··1999 Vidal: Sowerby 1841, p. 107: Cardium impolitum. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Acrosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1834). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Acrosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLEC-TIONS. ··ZMUC: Gulf of Thailand. ··ZMUC: wet collection. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell oblong-ovate, ventricose, attenuated towards the umbones, radiately ribbed, 35 convex ribs, anterior ribs rather obsoletely latticed across with small ridges; yellowish white, banded and spotted with faint reddish brown. ··1999 Vidal: Shell subovoid, with umbonal .area more or less pointed. Young specimens almost perfectly symmetrical, then they become slightly asymmetrical, with a receding posterior dorsal margin and a raised and inflated anterior one. Posterior half of posterior slope often flattened, in relation to a straightened margin, forming a rounded angle with anterior part of posterior slope, which can also be slightly truncated. Shells always elongated, but extent varies with populations and individuals; a same variation is observed in amount of compression. Lunule narrow and flat on left valve, slightly wider on right d valve. Under a typical opaque light yellow-brown periostracum, regular over entire shell, external colour generally light, white to yellow, sometimes with purple mottling. Interior white, sometimes slightly stained with purple. Hinge sometimes slightly asymmetrical and moderately angled, but these values seem to depend both on population and shell size, large and adult shells having a generally smaller umbonal angle and looking more pointed. Mean rib number 39.5 ± 6.1, range 2952, possibly reflecting an environmental variation. On posterior slope, interstices always developed and often confused with hollowed posterior part and axial furrow; smooth anterior part wider, with numerous small tubercular scales, sometimes fused and reduced to a thin scar, or occasionally absent. On median part of shell, ribs slightly rounded, triangular and asymmetrical with posterior flank steeper and shorter; posterior flank of ribs more or less retro-ridged on different individuals; interstices become notched with crescentshaped hollows, proceeding up posterior flanks, and sometimes slightly up anterior flank as well, a condition apparently related to the retro-grooving of the ribs. Sometimes a longitudinal split cuts hollows in the bottom of interstice; this split can be double producing a riblet. Sometimes ribs become trapezoidal, with a flat top. On anterior part of shell, lateral ridging progressively proceeds up to top of ribs, forming simple straight cross-bars. These cross-bars are never imbricated, and may be rare or absent. The three or four first ribs following lunule always degenerate anteriorly, becoming smooth, low and sometimes poorly marked. DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. 1.50 poll. (38 mm), lat. 1. 10 poll. (28 mm), all. 1.90 poll (48 mm). ··1999 Vidal: length 44.4, height 56.3, width 33.8 mm. REMARKS. ··1840 Sowerby: remarkable for its wedge-like, nearly equilateral shape. ··1845 Reeve: this shell is of a peculiar ghastly yellow colour. ··1999 Vidal: in nil populations of Australia, and rarely elsewhere (e.g. specimens of "beauforti" and others from the Gulf of Mannar), ribs of certain individuals bear small concentrically aligned granules, generally on flanks but sometimes on tops or in interstices. Acrosterigma impolitum is unusually variable in rib number (29 to 52); it is also rather variable in size. Very schematically, two extreme forms can be observed: (1) large shells (30 to 45 mm high or more) with a few ribs (29 to 40), and (2) smaller shells (20 to 30 mm high) with more ribs (41 to 52). However, many transitional forms exist and Vidal was unable to find significant breaks. Vidal's hypothesis is that large shells with fewer ribs occurring in shallower zones are probably ecophenotypes. Acrosterigma impolitum can easily be separated from the related species of the group by several characters, the most important being: (1) The "pointed" look of the shell and the uniform thick light brown periostracum; these characters may not always be definitive. (2) The regular, crescent-shaped notching of the interstices. (3) The trapezoidal profile of the ribs in section. (4) The possible presence oflocal longitudinal splits in the interstices, sometimes creating small "riblets". (5) The rib-top cross-bars of the anterior part, often disappearing anteriorly, but never degenerating into tubercles. (6) In Australia and occasionally elsewhere, the presence of aligned small 562 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) impolitum dilmunensis - inaequicostatum pustules on the ribs on the median part. Such pustules can be present on other species of the genus, but are smaller, generally less numerous and limited to the juvenile parts of the shells. --1999 Vidal: synonyms of A. impolitum: A. beauforti, which differs only by a slightly more elongated shape and the presence of unusual reddish colours. A. dampierense, rosemariensis and vlamingi, from Western Australia, have many characters of impolitum, and, in Vidal's opinion, no character allowing a specific separation from it, nor among themselves. According to Wilson & Stevenson's data, these species are distributed in three different areas and are practically parapatric, with two exceptions only. This suggests ecophenotypic influences, but the differences among these three taxa are not sufficiently constant to justify even a subspecific separation. In Queensland, a comparable diversity of forms is present, but without apparent geographic or ecological segregation. However, the existence of ecophenotypic variations is admitted in Western Australia by Wilson & Stevenson (1977: 99), but for A. dampierense only; they separate (I) "fresh paired valves collected in shallow water or on beach" and (2) "smaller specimens [taken by dredging in deeper water) , more tumid with slightly higher rib count than others (probably ecophenotypic variations.)" On the other hand, Oliver & Chesney (1997: 68) could not accept the amalgamated [Australian] complex as a single population". These authors (1977:65) separate also a subspecies impolitum dilmunense in the Persian Gulf, based on small differences regarding shape, rib count and morphology, but above all on geographical isolation. A. couvrili: the only specimen is a typical form of A. impolitum. It seems that the only reason for this new species is an erroneous label from West Africa. HABITAT. -- I 999 Vidal: Recorded from 16 to 97 m depth. --ZMUC : shelly bottom 18 m depth. DISTRIBUTION . --1845 Reeve: China. --1884 Grassel: China. --1994 Hylleberg: Indo-West Pacific. --2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: South India. --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. --ZMUC Gulf of Thailand . impolitum dill1lunensis Oliver & Chesney, 1997 (subspecies). - Identical with Acrosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833). » Regarding Trachycardium impolitum dilmunensis: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype, Trucial Coast, Persian Gulf. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, Natural History Museum, London. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype BMNH 1994. 100. Two paratypes, Biggs' collection, from Persian Gulf, one in BMNH, one in NMW (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. --1997 Oliver & Chesney 1997, p. 65, figs. 25-26, 2936 : Trachycardium impolitum dilmunensis. --1999 Vidal : Trachycardium impolitum dilmunensis Oliver & Chesney 1997 = Acrosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCEDIMENSIONS. --1999 Vidal: length 35.7 mm, height 43.1 mrn, width 26.8 mm. *il1lpressul1l . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium impressum from 2 sources: Lightfoot in Solander, 1786. - Deshayes in Leymerie, 1842. impressum Deshayes in Leymerie, 1842. - New combination: Protocardium impressum (Deshayes in Leymerie, 1842). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka: Cardium impressum (genus Protocardium) . .. 1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3140: Cardium impressum Deshayes in Leymerie, 1842. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium (Protocardia) impressum Deshayes. Neocomien. France (Yonne, Aube). il1lpressul1l Lightfoot in Solander, 1786. - Synonym of Corculum cardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium impressum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. 'China' (Higo et af. 1999). RECORDS. --1786. Lightfoot in Solander: Cardium impressum. --1815 Wood: Cardium impressum by Dr. Solander = Cardium roseum Linn. "1817. Dillwyn: Cardium impressum Solander's MSS = Cardium roseum . Chemnitz. "1922-32. Sherborn, p. 3140: Cardium impressum Solander, 1786. --1954. Kira: Corculum impressum (Solander) (p. 111). -·1960. Kuroda : Corculum impressum (So lander). --1962. Kira: Corculum impressum (Solander). --1964. Shikama: Corculum (Corculum) impressum Solander. "1977. Popov: Corculum (Corculum) impressum (Solander). --1977. Fischer-Piette: Cardium impressum Solander = Corculum cardissa Linne. "1986 . Springsteen & Leobrera : Corculum impressum (Lightfoot, 1786). --1991 . Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Corculum impressum (Lightfoot, 1786). --1999 Higo et al.: Corculum impressum (Lightfoot, 1786). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. --1999 Higo et af.: intertidal to 20 m, fine sand on coral reefs. DISTRIBUTION. --1994 Hylleberg: Indo-West Pacific. "1999 Higo et al.: Amami islands and southwards, East China Sea; Philippines, South China Sea, tropical Indo-Pacific. impressum Morris & Lycett, 1853. - Unicardium impressum Morris & Lycett, 1853 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Unicardium impressum Morris & Lycett, 1853; [1853-1854] vol. 2: 73; pI. 8, figs. 9a-c. inaeqealis Bell. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " inaeqealis Bell. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1947 ZR: Cardium inaeqealis Bell, T. [Ref. Melmore 1947]. inaeqiconvexul1l Cossmann & Pissarro, 1927. Combination to be revised: " Cardium" inaeqiconvexum Cossmann & Passer, 1927. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS . --1927 ZR: Cardium inaeqiconvexum Cossmann & Passer, 1927 sp. n. Cretaceous. Inaequicostata K;ojurndgieva, 1969 (genus). - Cardiidae. Sarmatian (late Middle Miocene) brackish-water. "1980 Vokes: Inaequicostata Kojumdgieva, 1969. Incertae sedis. (Tertiary). --1977 Popov: Inaequicostata. --1977 ZR : Cerastoderma (Inaequicostata) . Key to species . Ref to Il'ina , Nevesskaya & Paramonova p.76. --1987 Kojumdgieva p. 12: lnaequicostata Kojurndgieva, 1969. Cardiidae. Miocene, Sarmatian. Emended diagnosis ... 2002 Schneider: Inaequicostata. inaequicostatum d' Orbigny, 1850. - Conocardium inaequicostatum d' Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p . 3149 : Lunulacardium inaequicostatum Munster, 1840. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3149: Conocardium (Muenster) inaequicostatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Lunulacardium. inaequicostatul1l Matheron, 1843. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" inaequicostatum Matheron. Phllket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 563 inaequilatera - incertum Cardiidae . Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium inaequicostatum Matheron. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium inaequicostatum (Acanthocardium sic). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3149: Cardium inaequicostatum Matheron, 1843. inaequilatera (variety). - See under edule inaequilatera Kobelt 1888. inaequilaterale Hilgard & Hopkins, 1878. - Synonym of Laevicardium robustum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786). » Regarding Cardium inaequilaterale: Cardiidae. Subfossil. REcORDs. ··1878 ZR: Cardium inaequilaterale Hilgard & Hopkins, 1878 sp. n. , subfossil. ··1921 Maury: Cardium inaequilaterale Hilgard, 1878 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) robustum Solander, 1786. inaii Hayami , 1959. - Incertae sedis. » Regarding Protocardia inaii. Cardiidae . Jurassic and Lias . REcORDs. ··1959 ZR: Protocardia inaii Hayami, 1959 sp. nov. east of Shizuhama, Miyagi Pref. Japan, Lias. ··1973 Keen: Protocardia inaii Hayarni, 1959 . [Jurassic] Incertae sedis. inaudita Papaianopol, 1984. - Prosodacna inaudita Papaianopol, 1984. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1984 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) inaudita sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol p. 101 . Incacardium Olsson, 1944 (genus). - Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1978 Freneix & Mackie : lncacardium Olsson 1944. ··1980 Vokes: lncacardium Olsson, 1944 in subfamily Cardiinae. "2002 Schneider: Incacardium has been transferred to Pleuriocardiinae. ··1995 Schneider: lncacardium. Upper Cretaceous. Subgenus of the Cenozoic cardiine Acanthocardia (Keen 1951, 1969, 1980). Incacardium Olsson, 1944 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. Type species: Olsson (1944) designated Cardium mellisum type species of subgenus lncacardium of genus Acanthocardia. ··1944 ZR : lncacardium Olsson, 1944 subgen. nov. of Cardium . Type species: Cardium (Incacardium ) mellisum Olsson, 1944 sp. nov. Paita District, Upper Senonian, Peru. "1995 Schneider: Pleuriocardia (Incacardium) Olsson, 1944. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRJPTIONS. ··1969 Moore et at.: the shell of Incacardium has posterior area set offby sinuation; ribs with A-shaped spines on central and anterior slopes; hinge relatively short. Peru. incarceratum Clarke. - Conocardium incarceratum Clarke. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1943 ZR: Conocardium incarceratum Clarke Ref. to Branson (1942). incarnatum Reeve, 1844. [Figs. Part 1 p. 124. Part 3 p. 885]. - Changed combination: Vepricardium incarnatum (Reeve, 1844). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Bay of Manila; Curning coil. TYPE MATERJAL. "2000 Vidal, p. 456: Syntypes, two bivalved specimens and one valve from Manila Bay, Philippines, in The Natural History Museum, London: BMNH Reg. No 1978.123. RECORDS. ··1844 Reeve, p. 167: Cardium incarnatum. ··1844 Reeve, sp. 2: Cardium incarnatum. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 454: Cardium (Peetunculus) incarnatum, Reeve. "1884 Grasset: Cardium incarnatum. Rv. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium incarnatum Rv. ··1903 Hidalgo: Cardium incarnatum Reeve. 1844. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3153: Cardium incarnatum Reeve, 1844. ··1928 Faustino: Cardium incarnatum Reeve. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium incarnatum Reeve. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Vepricardium incarnatum. ··2000 Vidal, p. 456, Fig. 5: Vepricardium incarnatum. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 185, Plate 5, figs. 19 a,b: Vepricardium incarnatum (Reeve, 1844), range extension. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve sp. 2: shell gibbously globose, longitudinally ribbed, about 24 round, smooth ribs, obsoletely short-spined in the middle towards the margins, interstices narrow, rather deep, transversely striated; pale flesh colour, ornamented here and there with transverse rose-coloured rays (Description in Latin as well as in English) REMARKS. ··1844 Reeve, p. 167: a warm flesh-tinted shell of which Mr. Cuming collected a few odd valves in the above-mentioned locality, and has lately received several perfect pairs. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud at the depth of 6 fathoms. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Bay of Manila. ··1884 Grasset: Australia. ··1994 Hylleberg: North Australia, Philippines. "2000 Vidal: most records of this species in literature and in museum collections are from Philippines, particularly from the Bay of Manila (like Reeve's syntypes). As it has been misidentified (see below), the rare distribution records outside the Philippines (Sri Lanka, Macassar, China, Taiwan) must be considered with suspicion and need confirmation ... 2003 HyUeberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. ID by Vidal. inceptum (cf.) Hall, 1859. - Conocardium cf. inceptum Hall, 1859. Conocardiidae. Silurian. RECORDS. ··1943 ZR: Conocardium inceptum Hall Ref. to Branson (1942). ··1960 ZR: Conocardium cf C inceptum Hall, 1859 Silurian the Hunton Group, Oklahoma [Ref. Branson & Amsden 1960] . incerta (mode). - See also under incertum. incerta fragi/is Andrusov, 1904 (variety). - Upgraded. Changed combination: Pontalmyra incerta fragi/is (Andrusov, 1904). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1964 ZR: Didacna incerta var. fragilis Andrusov, 1964 nov. Miocene USSR. ··1987 Anaya: Didacna incerla var. fragilis Andrusov, 1904. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Pontalmyra incertafragilis (Andrus.) incerta novorossica Barb (subspecies). - Pontalmyra incerta novorossica (Barb.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra incerta novorossica (Barb.) incerta verrucosicostata Sen. (subspecies). - Pontalmyra incerta verrucosicoslata (Sen.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra incerta verrucosicostata. incertnm (error). - Misprint of incertum in Deshayes 1857. *incertum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium incertum from 5 sources: Philips, 1829. - Bronn, 1832. - Deshayes, 1838. - Goldfuss, 1840. - Thomas & Peron (?1891). incertum Bronn, 1832. - Didacna incerta Bronn, 1832. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium edule var. Linnaeus, 1758. » Regarding Cardium incertum: Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1832 Bronn: Cardium incertum Brn. n. 201 [fossil]. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium incertum Bronn, 1831 - C edule var. ··1888 Kobelt: 564 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) incertum - indicum Cardium incertum Bronn = Cardium var. edule . --1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium incertum Bronn, 1831 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3155: Cardium incertum Bronn, 1828. "1977 Popov: Didacna (Pontalmyra) incerta . incertum Deshay es , 1838. - Pontalmy ra in certa (Deshayes , 1838). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Cardium absconditum Deshayes . » Regarding Cardium incertum: Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. TYl'E LOCALITY. The Crimea. RECORDS. "1838 Deshayes, p. 56, pI. 2, figs . 11-13: Cardium incertum. "1857 Deshayes : Cardium incertum Desh . 1836 sic - C. absconditum Desh . --1922-32 Sherborn, p . 3155: Cardium in certum Deshayes, 1838. --1964 ZR: Didacna incerta Miocene [Ref. Andrusov 1964]. "1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.) the group incerta Deshayes, 1910 s ic . --1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium in certum Desh . --1987 Taktakishvili : Didacna incerta (Desh .). --1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra incerta incerta (Desh .). incertum Go1dfuss, 1840. - Replaced by "Cardium " subincertum Orbigny. Combination to be revi sed. » Regarding Cardium incertum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1857 Deshayes: Cardium in certum Goldfuss, 1840 sic - C. subincertum d ' Orb. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3155: Cardium incertum Goldfuss, 1837. incertum Marinescu & Florei, 1971. - Arcicardium (?) incertum Marinescu & Florei, 1971. Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1971 ZR: Arcicardium (?) incertum Marinescu & Florei, 1971 sp. nov. Pliocene Zorlentul Mare Marinescu & Florei. incertum Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium incertum (Orbigny, 1850). Cardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs. --192232 Sherborn, p. 3157: Unicardium (Ph.) incertum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium incertum . --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Unicardium incertum d'Orbigny. France (Calvados). incertum Philips, 1829. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" incertum Philips, 1829. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: nomen nudum accompanied by figure . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium incertum Philips, 1829 (England). --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3155: Cardium incertum Phillips, 1829 In. et f.] . --1947 ZR: Cardium incertum Phillips, T. [Ref. Melmore 1947]. incertum Thomas & Peron. - Combination to be revised: " Cardium " incertum Thomas & Peron. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1891 ZR: Cardium incertum Cretaceous ofTunis [Ref. Peron 1891]. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium incertum Thomas & Peron. Cenomanian . Algeria, B19817 . incipiens Andrussov, 1924. - Adacna incipiens Andrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene and Pleistocene. RECORDS. --1924 ZR: Adacna incipiens Andrussov, 1924 Pleistocene. --1963 ZR: Adacna (Ada cna ) incipiens Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. incomptum Sowerby in Forbes, 1856. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" incomptum (Sowerby in Forbes, 1856). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium ottoi Geinitz. » Regarding Cardium incomptum: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Trichinopoly Group, India (Freneix & Mackie 1978). RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium (Trachycardium) incomptum Sowerby apud Forbes, 1846 = Cardium ottoi Geinitz according to Zittel . Shape like Acanthocardium sic, but hinge like Trachycardium . --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3161: Cardium incomptum Forbes (ex Sow. MS), 1846. "1976 ZR: Cardium (Indocardium) incomptum Sowerby. Transferred from C. (Trachycardium). Ref. to Chiplonkar, p. 55 . --1978 Freneix & Mackie: Cardium incomptum Forbes. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium incomptum Sowerby in Forbes, 1856; vol. 7: 145, pI. 15, fig. 16. --1983 Gliozzi & Malatesta : Cardium incomptum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1871 Sto1iczka: shape like Acanthocardium sic but hinge like Trachycardium . inconspicuulII Guppy, 1866. - Changed combination: Acrosterigma inconspicuum (Guppy, 1866). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) hoerleorum. » Regarding Cardium inconspicuum: Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Bowden, Jamaica. RECORDS . --1867 Guppy : Cardium inconspicuum. --1925 Woodring, p. 138. PI. 19, Figs. 1-2: Cardium (Trachycardium) inconspicuum Guppy, 1866. Bowden, Jamaica. "1977 Vokes: Cardium (Trachycardium) inconspicuum Guppy in Dall 1900 = Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) hoerleorum Vokes, 1977. --1977 Vokes: Cardium (Trachycardium) inconspicuum Guppy = Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) hoerleorum Vokes, 1977. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium inconspicuum Guppy, 1866; vol. 22: 293, pI. 18, fig. 12. --1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma inconspicuum (Guppy, 1866) (see Woodring, 1925). incrassatum Eichwald , 1834. - Invalid. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3164: Cardium incrassatum Eichwald, 1834 In. n.] incurvatulII Kolesnikov, 1929. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " incurvatum Kolesnikov, 1929. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. --1929 ZR: Cardium incurvatum Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. --1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium incurvatum. inderana (subspecies). - See under praetrigonoides inderana Svitoc, 1967. indicum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part I p. 114, 115, p. 128, f. 27, 154.157, p. 170 f. 1. Part 3 p. 843]. - Cardium indicum Lamarck, 1819. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium hians Brocchi, 1818. - Cardium darwini Mayer; non Cardium hia"ns Spengler 1799.» Regarding Cardium indicum : TYPE LOCALI TY. Mediterranean area.(FischerPiette 1977); Indian Ocean (Lamarck 1819). TYPE REPOSITORY. Ho10type in the Paris Museum (FischerPiette 1977); one valve in the Lamarck collection (? in London). RECOR DS. --1819. Lamarck, p. 4, No . 2: Cardium indicum . "1827. Bory St. Vincent, pI. 293. fig. 1 a, b, c. Cardium indicum [misidentification = Cardium costatum] . "1832 Deshayes : Cardium hians Broce. --1840 indicum Lamtn = ｃ｡ｲ､ｾｬｭ＠ Sowerby, 177t & 178 t parts, fig. 46: Cardium indicum. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue No.2: Cardium indicum Lam. "1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium indicum (Sowerby, No. 2). --1844 Philippi: Cardium indicum Lamk . = Cardium hians Broc. [fossil]. --1844 Reeve: Cardium indicum Lamarck, Sowerby = Cardium hians Brocchi. --1850 Jay: Cardium indicum Lam. = Cardium hians Brocchi . ..1858 Adams & Adams, p. 454: Cardium (Pectuncuius) indicum Lam. --1862 Weinkauff: Cardium indicum Lam. = Cardium hians Brocchi. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 3Q (2 004) 565 indicum rectum - injlat([ ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium indieum Lamarck = Cardium hians Brocchi. ··1870 Morch: Cardium indieum Lam. = Cardium hians Brocchi. ··1886 Locard: Cardium indieum de Lamarck, 1818 = Cardium hians Brocchi, 1818. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium indieum Lam. = Cardium hians Brocchi. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium indieum Lm. = hians Brocchi. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium indieum Deshayes in Lamarck 1835 = Ringieardium hians (Br.). ··1899 Sacco: Cardium indieum Lamarck = Cardium darwini Mayer. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3170: Cardium indicum Lamarck, 1819. ··1945 ZR: Cardium indicum Lk. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. ··1945 Smith: Cardium indieum Lamarck = Cardium hians Brocchi 1814 non Cardium hians Spengler 1799. ··1970 Glibert & Poel : Cardium (Bueardium) indie um indieum Lamarck, 1819. ··1977 Fischer-Piette : Cardium (Cardium ) indieum Lamarck. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium indieum Lamarck, 1819. ··1991 van Aartsen & Giannuzzi-Savelli : Cardium (Bueardium) indieum Lamarck, 1819; replacement name for C. hians Brocchi 1814, nec Spengler 1799. ··1994 Schneider: Cardium indieum (Lamarck, 1819). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: C. indieum Lamarck Italy? Papesse lardo. REMARKS. ··1819: Lamarck compared Cardium indicum with the fossil Cardium hians of Brocchi and stated that Cardium indieum is a living analogue species. ··1840 Sowerby fig. 46: Cardium indieum is from the N.W. coast of America. ··1945 Smith discarded the specific name Cardium hians Brocchi due to a prior use by Spengler (1799). This view was supported by van Aartsen & Giannuzzi-Savelli (1991) . DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Algeria . ··Of authors : West Mediterranean, West Africa. ··ZMUC: Italy? Papesse lardo. indicum rectum Dollfus, Berkeley-Cotter & Gomes, 1904 (subspecies). - Cardium indicum rectum Dollfus, Berkeley-Cotter & Gomes, 1904. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1970 Glibert & Poe I: Cardium (Bueardium) indieum rectum Dollfus, Berkeley-Cotter & Gomes, 1904. indioceanum Vidal, 1993. - See under elongatum indioceanum Vidal, 1993. Indocardium Chiplonkar, 1976 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1976 ZR : Indo cardium new subgenus. Granoeardium (Indo cardium). Type species G. blanfordi. Ref. to Ch iplonkar, p . 53 . Ref. to Chip10nkar. indoletum Papaianopol , 1982 . - Euxinicardium indoletum Papaianop o l, 1982 . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS . ··1982 Papaianopol, p. 205, fig.: Limnoeardium (Euxinieardium) indoletum sp. nov. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Euxinieardium indoletum Papaian. *induratum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium induratum from 2 sources: Goldfuss, 1834. Zhizchenko, 1936. induratum Goldfuss, 1834. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" induratum Goldfuss, 1834. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3177: Cardium induratum Goldfuss, 1834. induratum Zhizchenko, 1936. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" induratum Zhizh. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Cardium induratum Zhizchenko, 1936 sp. n. induratum (aff.) Zhizchenko, 1936. - RECORDS. ··1985 Ananiashvili : Cardium aff. induratum Zhizh. inepta (variety). - See under uiratamense var. ineptrl Kolesnikov, 1929. inerme Valenciennes, 1827. [Figs. Part I p. 90] . . . Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium inerme Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1827 Valenciennes, pI. 298. fig . 2. Cardium inerme Val. inexpectatum Crozier, 1966. - Coreulum inexpectatum Crozier, 1966. Cardiidae. Recent. TYI'ELOCALITY. Three Kings Island . RECORDS. ··1966 ZR: Corc ulum inexpeetatum Crozier, 1966 sp. nov. north of Threl! Kings Islands, New Zealand . ··1979 Powell: Corculufll inexpectatum . CHARACTERS AN D OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS . 2.7 x 8 mm (PowelL 1979). HABITAT. 790 m depth . DISTRIBUTION. New Zealand. infantile Nomura & Zinbo, 1934 . - Changed combination: Afroeardium infantile (Nomura & Zinbo, 1934). Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Kikai island, off Amami Oshima (fossil) (Higo et af. 1999). RECORDS. ··1933 Nomura & Zinbo: Cardium (Trachyeardium) infantile . ··1977 Habe , p. 168 Afrocardium infantile (Nomura & Zinbo, 1934). ··199lJ Higo et af. : Afrocardium infantile. - CHARACTER AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. 10-100 m, gravel and coarse sand (Higo et al. 1999). DISTRIBUTION. Indo-West Pacific (Hylleberg 1994); lzu islands (Kuroda & Habc, 1981) and southwards, East China Sea, Philippines, South China Sea, Hainan, Indo-Pacific (Higo et af. 1999). infantute Nomura & Zinbo, 1934. - Changed combination: Afrocardium infantule (Nomura & Zinbo. 1934). Cardiidae. Cretaceous and Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1934 Nomura & Zinbo pI. 5, figs. 17 a, b: CardiuIII (Traehycardium) infantule n. sp. ··1934 ZR: Cardium (Trachyeardium) infantule Nomoru & Linbo sic, 1934 sp. n. Cretaceous Japan. ··2002 Schneider: Afroeardium infantule (Nomura & Zinbo, 1934). Pleistocene of th e Ryukyu Islands. infida Papaianopol, 1981 . - Pontalmy ra infida ｾＮ＠ Papaianopol, 1981 . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. ｒｅ｣ｏｒｄ ··1981 ZR : Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) infida Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 39. ··1987 Taktakishvili ' Pontalmyra infida Papaian. infimum Vincent MSS . - Not valid . Replaced b y Laevicardium (Plagiocardium) obliquum Glibert, 1933. » Regarding Laevicardium infimum : Cardiidac . Eocene. RE CORD S. ··1936 ZR : La evicardiull1 (Plagiocardium)infimum (c. Vincent MSS) = obliquu/ll Vin. & Cout. non Lk. GJibert, 1933 sp. n. Wemmcl Sands , Eocene Belgium . ··2002 Schneide r Laevicardium (Plagiocardium) infinum Glibert, 1936. Middle Eocene . Belgium . ··2002 Schneide r : Afrocardium infinum (Glib e rt 1936) Belgiu m. Bartonian. infinum Glibert 1936. - See under infimum Vince nt MSS. injlata (mode). - See also under inflatum. injlata - Protocardia inflata. Cardiidae. Trias. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Protocardia inflata Trias Cashmir [Ref 566 Tropical Marin e Mollusc Programme (fMMP) inflata - inleve Staesche 1932]. inflata Kvaliashvili, 1978. - Digressodaena infla/a Kva1iashvili, 1978. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Digressodaena infla/a K valiashvili, 1978 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Kvaliashvili p. 60. *inflatum, Cardium. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium inflatum from 2 sources : Reding, 1798. Schafbiiut1, 1863. inflatum Reding, 1798. - Synonym of Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Coreulum infla/um Reding, 1798. - Coreulum mons/rosum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Coreulum infla/um : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1798 Bolten: Corculum infla/um = Cardium mons/rosum Gmelin sp. 29. ··1798 Reding, p. 189: Cardium infla/um. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 488: Coreulum infla/um Bolten, 1798 . ··1 947 Bartsch: Corell 111m infla/llm Reding, 1798 jun. syn. = Coreuillm mOf/s/rosllm (Gmelin , 1791). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium infla/um Reding = Cardium eardissa Linne. ··1977 Habe: Coreulum inflatum (Roding, 1798) = Coreulum mons/rosum (Gmelin, 1791). ··1999 Higo e/ af.: Coreulum inflallIm Roding, 1798 = Coreulum mons/rosum (Gmelin, 1791). inflatum Schafbiiutl, 1863. - Changed combination: Ceras/oderma inflallIm (Schafbiiutl, 1863). Cardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. See under infla/um GorjanovicKramberger, 1899. Maybe the same species? RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Cerastoderma (Obsole/ijorma) ;nflallIm. ··1977 ZR: Ceras/oderma (Obsole/ijorma) infla/um Key to subspecies. Ref to I1'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova. p. 75. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium inflallIm Schafbiiutl, 1863; p. 167, pI. 42, fig. 2. *inflatum, Granocardium - Homonymy to be noticed. Granoeardium if/flatum from 2 sources: Scott, 1978. Abbass, 1978. inflatum Abbass, 1978. - Granoeardium infla/um Abbass, 1978. Cardiidae. Upper Eocene. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Granoeardium infla/um sp. nov. Egypt, Upper Eocene. Ref. to Abbass p. 159. inflatum Scott, 1978. - Granoeardium inflatum Scott, 1978. Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1978 Scott, p. 899, pI. 2, figs. 11-15: Granoeardium (Granoeardium) infla/um n . sp. ··1978 ZR : Granoeardillm (Granoeardium) infla/um Scott, 1978 sp. nov. Texas, Lower Cretaceous. Ref. to Scott p. 899. inflatum Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 1899 . - New combination : Lymnoeardillm infla/llm GorjanovicKramberger, 1899. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnoeardillm inflata (Gorj .Kramb). "1990 Basch: Limnoeardium (HlIngarocardium ) infla/um Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 1899. inflatum (cf.) Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 1899. - RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnoeardium cf. injlalllm Gorj.Kramb. inflatum M'Coy - Conoeardium infla/um M'Coy. Conocardiidae. Carboniferous. TYPE LOCALITY. Ireland. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes : Cardium injla/um M 'Coy. ··1922-32 Sherborn: Pleurorhynehus infla/um M'Coy. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3185: Conoeardium (M'Coy) infla/um d'Orbigny, 1850. - Pleurorhynehus. inflatum Orbigny, 1850. - Unieardium inflatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Lias and Jurassic . RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3188: Unieardium infla/um d 'Orbigny, 1850. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. France (Calvados), R05084. Unieardium infla/um d' Orbigny. Lower Oolithe. Calvados, France, B10274. inflatum Sinzow 1875 . - Avieuloeardium infla/um (Sinzow 1875). Cardiacea. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1979 ZR: Cardium inflatum Sinzow 1875. Designated type species for new genus Avieuloeardium Bagdasaryan, 1979. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 44. inflatum Jekelius, 1944 (variety). - Infrasubspecific.» Regarding Limnoeardium infla/um: RECORDS. ··1946 ZR : Limnoeardium inflatum Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. ··1960 ZR: Limnoeardium inflallIm Jekelius, 1944 (non Gorjanovic-Kramberger 1902) replaced by infla/um var. See under edule var. infla/um. inflatum Thevenin & d'Orbigny. - See under infla/um Orbigny, 1850. infracimmericum (subspecies). - See under alatoplanum infracimmerieum Ebersin. infrapontica Ebersin, 1967. - Didaenomya infrapon/iea Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Didaenomya infrapontiea sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Didaenomya infrapontiea Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. figs . Pliocene, USSR. *ingratum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium ingratum from 2 sources : Deshayes, 1858. - Koles. nikov, 1929. ingratum Deshayes, 1858. - Loxoeardium ingra/um (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardillm ingra/um Deshayes. ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Loxoeardium) ingra/um Deshayes. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Loxoeardium ingra/um (Deshayes , 1858). ··1977 Popov: Loxoeardium ingratum (Deshayes, 1858). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium ingratum Deshayes, 1858; [1856--1865] vol. I: 567, pI. 55, figs. 15-17 . ··1995 Le Renard et al.: Loxocardium ingratum [Cardium ingra/um] Deshayes, 1858 . ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Loxoeardium ingratum. ingratum Kolesnikov, 1929. - "Cardium" ingratum Kolesnikov, 1929. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium ingratum Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sannatian. ingratum firma Kolesnikov, 1929 (variety). - Upgraded. "Cardium" ingratum firma Kolesnikov, 1929 . Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium ingratum var.firma Kolesnikov, 1929 nov. Sarrnatian. ingratum perfida Kolesnikov, 1929 (variety) . Upgraded. "Cardium " ingratum perfida Kolesnikov, 1929. Cardiidae . Eocene. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR : Cardium ingra/um var. perfida Kolesnikov, 1929 nov. Sarrnatian. inguizense Nevesskaja, 1977. - Parvieardium inguizense Nevesskaja, 1977. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Parvieardium inguizense Nevesskaja sp. nov. Ukraine. Ref. to II ' ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 209, fig'd. ill/eve Eberzin, 1958. - Changed combination : Euxinieardium inleve (Ebersin, 1958). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Limnoeardium (Euxinicardium) inleve Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Kuban Province Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 567 inlongaevllm - intermedilllll Caucasus area. Pliocene of the Ponto--Caspian basin, Russia. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limllocardium (Euxinicardium) inleve Ebers. ·'1987 Taktakishvili : Euxinicardium inleve. inlongaevllm Ebersin, 1958. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium inlongaevum (Ebersin, 1958) . Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS . ··1958 ZR : Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) inlongaevum Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Kerchenski Peninsula, Crimea. Pliocene of the Ponto--Caspian basin, Russia. ··1987 Anaya: Euxinicardium inlongaevum Eberzine, 1947. ··1987 Anaya: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) subtenue (Almera et Bofill, 1894) the group illiollgaevum Eberz. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) inlongaevum Ebers. '·1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium inlongaevum Ebers. inlongaevllm IIltima Ebersin, 1958 (variety) . Upgraded. Changed combination: Euxinicardium inlongaevum ultima Ebersin, 1958. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. '·1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) inlollgaevum var. ultima Eberzin, 1958 nov. Kerchenski Peninsula, Azov Sea; Kipchaka, AmuDarya river, south of the Aral Sea. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) inlongaevum Ebers. var. ultima Ebers. ·'1987. Taktakishvili : Euxinicardium inlongaevum ultima. ··1987. Anaya: Euxinicardium inlongaevum var. ultima Eberzine. innovatum Gregorio, 1930. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" innovatum Gregorio, 1930. Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS. ··1936 ZR : Cardium? innovatum Gregorio, 1930 sp. n. Lias Palermo. inopinatllm Grishkevitch, 1962. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" inopinatum Grishkevitch, 1962. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDs. ··1962 ZR: Cardium inopinatum Grishkevitch, 1962 sp. nov. Sarmatian, Trans-Carpathians, USSR ·'1965 ZR: Cardium inopinatum figd . Sarmatian, Yugoslavia [Ref. Spajic 1965]. inornatum d' Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium inornatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium inornatum (? Serripes. Genus Unicardium by d 'Orbigny). ··1922-32 Sherborn: Cardium inornatum d'Orbigny, 1844. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3201: Unicardium inornatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium inornatum d'Orbigny, 1844. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Unicardium inornatum d'Orbigny. Neocomien. France (Yonne), S05947, S05948. inscripta Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. « Regarding Cardium inscripta: RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium inscripta [not a cardiid). inscriptum d' Archiac, 1850. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " inscriptum d' Archiac, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. '·1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3203 : Cardium inscriptum d' Archiac, 1850. insculptum Dujardin, 1827. - Dubious species. » Regarding Cardium insculptum : Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS . ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium insculptum (dubious species) . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3204: Cardium insculptum Dujardin, 1827. insolidllm Ebersin, 1958. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium insolidum (Ebersin, 1958). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR : Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) insolidum Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Northern coast of Kerch en ski Peninsula. Crimea. Pliocene of the Ponto--Caspian basin, Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) insolidum Ebers. '·1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium insolidum. insllfJlatum Deshayes, 1853. - New name. "Cardium" insufflatum Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium insujjlatum Desh. New name for Cardium ventricosum d'Orbigny 1843. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium insujjlatum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 46, 59. insulare. - See under luteomarginatum illsulare Vidal, 1997. Integricardium Roilier 1912 (genus). - Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. '·1934 ZR: Onestia McLearn, 1933 subgen. n. of Integricardium Roilier, type Laevicardium onestae McLearn [Ref. McLearn 1933]. ··1947 ZR: Integricardium Roilier 1912 Mem. Soc. Paleont. Suisse vol. 38 p. 127 t.o.d. Cardium dupenianum Orb. Cretaceous (Albian), France [Ref. Vokes 1946). ··1980 Vokes : Integricardium Roilier, 1912 in subfamily Protocardiinae. "1992 Schneider p. 148: Integricardium . Type species Integricardium dupinianum (d'Orbigny). Integricardium Roilier 1912(subgenus). - Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS . ··1926 ZR: Cardium (Integricardium)francojurense Schmidtill, 1926. Jura. integrum Buvignier, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " integrum Buvignier, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium integrum Buvignier, 1852; atlas p. 15, pI. 21 , figs. 35-36. intercostatulll Dujardin . [Figs . Part 3 p. 921]. Combination to be revised: "Cardium " intercostatum. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REcORDs. ··1857 Deshayes, pI. 26, figs. 6-7: Cardium intercostatum Dujardin. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium intercostatum (Acanthocardium sic). intermedia (mode, subspecies and variety). - See also under intermedium. - mayeri intermedia and mayeri intermedia Stevanovic, 1951 . *intermedial-um. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium intermedium from 4 sources : Miinster in Goldfuss, 1836 or Munster, 1840. - Reuss, 1846. - Sowerby, 1840. Possibly Lamarck (?year). intermedia Eichwald, 1841. [Figs . Part I p. 123]. Replaced by "Cardium" monodacna Desh . Combination to be revised. » Regarding Monodacna intermedia: Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDs. ··1841 Eichwald, p. 220, pI. 40 , figs. 5-7: Monodacna intermedia m. ··1857 Deshayes : Cardium intermedium Eichwald, 1841- C. monodacna Desh. ··1866 Issei: Monodacna intermedia Eichwald , 1842. ·'1903 Andrussoff: Monodacna intermedia Eichwald, 1841. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3219: Monodacna intermedia Eichwald, 1841. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna intermedia (Eichw.). intermedium ?authorship. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" intermedium. Cardiidae. Cretaceous . RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium intermedium (? productum) (Acanthocardium sic). intermedium Lamarck. - Acanthocardia intermedia (Lamarck). Cardiidae. Fossil. DISTRIBUTION. East Indies. 568 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) intermedium - inversum RECORDS. 001891 Romer: Acanthocardia intermedium Lam. intermedium Munster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" intermedium Munster, 1840 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium intermedium Munster, 1840. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 3216: Cardium intermedium Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. intermedium Reuss, 1846. - Replaced by "Cardium " bispinosum Dujardin. » Regarding Cardium intermedium: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . 001857 Deshayes: Cardium inlermedium Reuss, 1846 - C. bispinosum Duj. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 3216: Cardium intermedium Reuss, 1846. intermedium Sowerby, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" intermedium Sowerby. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium intermedium Sowerby. 001922-32. Sherborn, p. 3216: Cardium intermedium Sowerby, 1840. intermedium (variety) . - See under edule intermedia Milachewitch, 1916. interpunctatllm Munster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " interpunctalum Munster, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 3224: Cardium interpunctalum Muenster, 1840. interrogatorillm Fischer-Piette, 1977. [Figs. Part 3 p. 892]. - Synonym of Clinocardium uchidai (Habe, 1955). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Clinocardium californiense (Desha yes, 1839). » Regarding Laevicardium interrogatorillm: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. California (Fischer-Piette, 1977). TYPE REPOSITORY. Paris Museum. RECORDS. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium interrogatorium n. sp. 001977 ZR: Laevicardillm interrogatum Fisher-Piette, 1977 sp. nov. California (marine). Ref to Fischer-Piette, E. p. 21, fig 'd. 001980 Keen : Laevicardium interrogatorium probably = Clinocardium uchidai (Habe, 1955). 001980 ZR : Keenocardium interrogatorium (Fischer-Piette 1977) is a junior synonym of K. californiense (Deshayes 1839) . Ref. to Kafanov. 001991 Laevicardium interrogatorillm Fischer- Piette, 1977; junior synonym of Cardium californiense Deshayes, 1839. 002000 Coan et al.: Laevicardium interrogatorillm Fischer-Piette, 1977 = Clinocardillm (Keenocardium) californiense (Deshayes, 1839). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value : 41 ribs on right valve, 43 on the left, concentric sculpture absent. DESCRIPTION. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Shell surface divided into two parts with undulating rays and flat ribs co-occurring on the posterior slope. Only one undulation consisting of 6 ribs on the right valve, but two, consisting of 8 ribs, separated by a furrow, on the left valve, posterior ribs more serrated than the rest. In the anterior and median areas ribs are flat and separated by straight interspaces, the 6 ribs before the posterior slope are triangular in section, short lunule, lateral teeth at the same distance from the cardinals. Exterior colour pale beige, few blotches on upper half; inside white with bluish reflections [I have translated from French]. DIMENSIONS. Umbo-ventral 12.5 mm, anterior-post. 15 mm, diameter 7 mm. REMARKS. Laevicardium interrogatorium Fischer-Piette, 1977 may only be a variant of Clinocardium californiense Deshayes, 1839 (Keen 1980). However, Fischer-Piette was first of the opinion that he studied a juvenile Laevicardium elatum Sowerby. He was also in doubt as to the origin of the specimen since labels may have been mixed (FischerPiette 1977, p. 21). the new species Laevicardium interrogatorium had previously been identified by Jousseaume, and later by Lamy, and both malacologists applied the name Cardium mundum Wood, respectively Gld. California. But neither Wood nor Gould have described a species with the name mundum. Therefore, Fischer-Piette gave the small bivalve a new name. DISTRIBUTION. North Japan, Alaska. *interruptllm. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium interruptum from 2 sources: Wood, 1856. - Stimpson, 1863. interrllptum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" interruptum d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Silurian. RECORDS . 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 3226: Cardiola interrupta Sowerby in Murchison 1839. Silurian. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 3226: Cardium (Sow.) interruptum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardiola interrupta Sowerby in Murchison 1839. interrllptllm Stimpson, 1863 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" interruptum. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001863 Stimpson: Cardium interruptllm. interrllptllm Wood, 1856. - Trachycardium inlerruptum . S. Wood, 1856. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001859 Chenu : Trachycardium interruptum, S. Wood. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium interruptum Wood, 1856; [18501856] part 2: 159, pI. 14, figs. 4 a, b. intersectllm Forbes, 1846. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" intersectum Forbes, 1856. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 3231: Cardium intersectllm Forbes, 1846. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium intersectllm Forbes, 1856; vol. 7: 145, pI. 18, fig. 8. intersll/catllm (subspecies). - See under neglectum intersulcarum Baldi, 1975. intextum Munster in Go1dfuss, 1837. - Combination to be revised: '·Cardium " intextum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium intextum Munster. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 3234 : Cardium intextum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers . com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium intextum Roemer. RouratienKim. France (Yonne). intextllm Roemer. - See under intextum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. intima (subspecies) . - See under megrelica intima Papaianopol. intima Papaianopol , 1981. - Ponlalmyra intima Papaianopol, 1981 . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001981 ZR : Pontalmyra (Pontalmy ra) intima Papaianopo1, 1981 sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 20 . 001987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra intima Papaian. intoxicata Hanna, 1924. - New name: Cymbophora intoxicata Hanna, 1924. » Regarding Cymbophora intoxicata: Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1924 ZR: Cymbophora intoxicata Hanna, 1924 nom. n. for Cardium (Proto cardia) linteum Conr. inversum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs . Part 1 p. 71 No. 149\50, p. 87] . - Synonym of Corculum cardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium inversum : Cardiidae. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 569 inversum - ishigakense Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Indian Ocean. Nicobar Islands (Lamarck 1819), Indian Ocean (Sowerby 1841, No. 97). TYPE REPOSITORY. Lamarck's cabinet, unknown availability. REcORDs. --1782 Chemnitz [not available], pI. 14, figs. 149-150: Cardium inversum. "1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 295. fig. 1 a, b. Cardium inversum. --1819 Lamarck, p. 17, No. 46.: Cardium inversum. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No. 97: Cardium inversum Lam. --1844 Reeve; Cardium inversum Lamarck = Cardium eardissa Linnaeus. --1850 Jay: Cardium inversum Lam. = Cardium eardissa Linn. var. "1890 Paete1: Hemieardium inversum Lm. = monstrosum Ch. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3238: Cardium inversum Lamarck, 1819. "1932 Prashad: Cardium inversum Lamarck, 1819 = Corculum monstrosum (Gmelin, 1790). --1932 Prashad: Cardium inversum Lamarck, 1819 = Coreulum var. monstrosum Gme1in, 1790. --1945 ZR: Cardium inversum Lk. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. "1947 Bartsch: Cardium inversum Lamarck, 1819 jun. syn. = Corculum monstrosum (Omelin, 1791). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium inversum Lamarck = Cardium eardissa Linne. "1977 Habe: Coreulum inversum Lamarck, 1819 = Coreulum monstrosum (Gmelin, 1791). "1999 Higo et al.: Cardium inversum Lamarck, 1819 = Coreulum monstrosum (Gmelin, 1791). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: 2 specimens Indian Ocean, 1 specimen Ambonia. REMARKS. "1840 Sowerby, No. 97: anterior side concave. DISTRIBUTION. "1844 Reeve: Eastern Seas. --1994 Hylleberg: Indo-Pacific. inversum Orbigny, 1850. - Unieardium inversum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn: Isoeardia inversum Go1dfuss. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3239: Unieardium (Goldf.) inversum d'Orbigny, 1850. -Isoeardia inversum. inversum Voigt in Cuvier, 1834. - Hemieardium inversum (Voigt in Cuvier, 1834). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3238: Cardium (Hemieardium) inversum Voigt in Cuvier, 1834. inversum D Bruguiere (variety). - Identical with Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium inversum var. D: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1819 Lamarck: Cardium inversum var. D Bruguiere = Cardium inversum Lamarck, 1819. iowensis Owen, 1844. - Not valid. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3242: Cardium iowensis Owen, 1844 [n. etj]. iranjanense Fischer-Piette, 1977. - Synonym of Parvieardium erugatum (Tate, 1889). » Regarding Cardium iranjanense: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Madagascar. TYPE REPOSITORY. MNHN Paris. RECORDS. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Cerastoderma sect. Parvieardium) iranjanense n. sp. "1977 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma sect. Parvieardium) iranjanense sp. nov. Malagasy Republic. Ref. to Fischer-Piette, E. p. 91, fig'd. "1991 Voskui1 & Onverwagt: Cardium (Cerastoderma) iranjanense Fischer-Piette, 1977; junior synonym of Cardium erugatum Tate, 1889. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. "1980: Keen, p. 38 placed this species in Fragum. DISTRIBUTION. EastAfrica to West Australia. irgisicum Yarkin, 1963. - Nemocardium irgisieum Yarkin, 1963 Cardiidae. Palaeogene. RECORDS. --1963 ZR: Nemoeardium irgisieum Yarkin, 1963 sp. nov. Palaeogene [Ref. Yarkin in Mironova, Ovechkin & Yarkin 1963]. irgisicum planata Yarkin, 1963 (variety). Infrasubspecific. Cardiidae. Palaeogene. RECORDS. --1963 ZR: Nemoeardium irgisieum var. planata Yarkin, 1963 nov. Palaeogene, N. Pre-Arals, Russia [Ref. Yarkin in Mironova, Ovechkin & Yarkin 1963]. irinae Mirkamalova, 1958. - "Cardium" irinae Mirkamalova, 1958 Cardiidae. Palaeogene. RECORDS. --1958 ZR: Cardium irinae Mirkama10va, 1958 sp. nov. Okzhetpes, Sumsarsk beds, Palaeogene. Kyzyl Kum, USSR Irinia Popov, 1956 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. --1980 Vokes: Irinia Popov, 1956 in subfamily Adacninae. irregulare d 'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" irregulare d'Orbigny, 1850. 7Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3248: Cardium (Muenst.) irregulare d'Orbigny, 1850. - Mytilus. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3248: Conoeardium (Koninck) irregulare d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium irregulare. irregulare Eichwald, 1830. - Changed combination: Conoeardium irregulare (Eichwald, 1830). Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium irregulare Eichwald, 1830. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3248: Cardium irregulare Eichwald, 1830. "1942 ZR: Conoeardium irregulare Eichwald 1830 [Ref. Branson 1942]. irregulare Koninck, 1841. - Replaced by Conoeardium digitatum Branson, 1942. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium konineki Deshayes. » Regarding Cardium irregulare: Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium irregulare Koninck, 1842 - C. konineki Desh. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3248: Cardium irregulare Koninck, 1841. "1942 ZR: Conoeardium irregulare Koninck 1847 non Eichwald 1830 replaced by Conoeardium digitatum Branson, 1942 nom. nov. irrisor Uspenskaia, 1931. - "Cardium" irrisor Uspenskaia, 1931. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1932 ZR: Cardium irrisor Uspenskaia, 1931 n. sp. Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. isaricum Gumbel, 1861. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" isarieum Gumbel. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium isarieum Gumbel, 1861; p. 743. isbergi Branson, 1942. - New name Conoeardium isbergi Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1942 ZR: Conoeardium isbergi Branson, 1942 nom. nov. p. 388, for Conoeardium pygmaeum Isberg 1934 non Hisinger 1837. ishidoense Yabe, Nagao, & Shimizu, 1926. - Changed combination: Nemoeardium ishidoense (Yabe, Nagao, & Shimizu, 1926). Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1926 Yabe, Nagao, & Shimizu: Cardium ishidoense. --1927 ZR: Cardium ishidoense Yabe, Nagao & Shimizu, 1927 sp. n. Cretaceous Japan. --1973 Keen: Nemoeardium (Pratulum) ishidoense (Yabe, Nagao, & Shimizu, 1926). --1981 Canerot & Canerot: Laevieardium (7) ishidoense Yabe & Nagao. ishigakense McNeil, 1964. - Changed combination: Plagioeardium ishigakense (McNeil, 1964). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. --1964 McNeil: Cardium ishigakense 570 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) ishigakensis - islandicum (fide Keen 1973). ··1973 Keen : Plagio cardium ishigakense (McNeil, 1964). ishigakensis MacNeil , 1964. - Combination to be revised : " Cardium" ishigakensis MacNeil, 1964. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1964 ZR: Cardium ishigakensis MacNeil, 1964 sp. nov. Eocene, Ishigakishima, Ryukyu Is. islahispaniolae Maury, 1917. - Protocardia islahhispaniolae Maury. Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Maury (1917): Santa Domingo. Restriction of type locality (Vokes. 1989, p.124). RECORDS. ··1917 Maury, p. 378, pI. 36, fig. II: Protocardia islahhispaniolae n. sp ... 1919 ZR: Protocardia islahispaniolae Maury, 1919 sp. n. Tertiary S. Domingo ··1921 Maury: Protocardia islahhispaniolae Maury. ··1922 Olsson: Protocardia islahispaniolae Maury. ··1925 Woodring, p. 147: Protocardia islahispaniolae Maury. Gurabo formation, Dominican Republic. ··1989 Vokes. p. 124: Protocardia islahispaniolae Maury, 1917. islamiica Fabricius, 1780. - Dubious species. Fabricius referred Venus islandica to Linne XII p. 1131 , which is the non-cardiid species Cyprina islandica (Dautzenberg & Fischer 1912). Since Cyprina islandica is a smooth species, authors have subsequently associated Venus islandica with Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguiere, 1789). RECORDS. ··1780 Fabricius: Venus islandica. ··1846 Hancock: Venus islandica O. Fabr. = Cardium groenlandicum Chemnitz. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Venus islandica Fabr. = Cardium groenlandicum Ch. ··1910 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Venus islandica Fabricius 1780 = Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum Chemnitz. "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Venus islandica Fabricius 1780 (non Linne) = Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum (Chemnitz) Bruguiere, Gmelin. "1912 Jensen: Venus islandica Fabricius, 1780 (non Linne) = Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum Chemnitz. ··1939 McLean: Venus islandica Fabrici us, 1780 = Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1977 FischerPiette: Venus islandica Fabricius = Serripes groenlandicum Bruguiere. islandicum Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part 1 p.76, 134]. Non binominal to be replaced by Bruguiere, 1789. Synonym of Clinocardium cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). » Regarding Cardium islandicum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LO CA LITY . Iceland (Chemnitz, 1782). TYPE REPOSITORY. ··ZMUC (Chemnitz, 1782): Spengler coli. RECORDS. ··1782 Chemnitz, pI. 19, figs. 195-196: Cardium islandicllm . ··1791 Gmelin No. 21: Cardium islandicum Chemnitz t. 19. f. 195. "1789 Bruguiere, No . 16 . Cardium islandicum Chemnitz. ··1799 Spengler, p. 34-35, No. 21: Cardium islandicum ChemnitzTom 6. Tab. 19. fig . 195 . 196. "1815 Wood: Cardium icelandicum Linn . Gmel. , discovered by Chemnitz . ··1817 Dillwyn : Cardium islandicum Chemnitz . .. J 836 Bosc: Cardium islandicum. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 19: Cardium icelandicum, Gmel. ·'1844 Reeve, species 54: Cardium icelandicum Chemnitz, Conch . Cab. vol. vi. p. 200. pI. 19. f. 1956.··1856 Wood & Hanley, No . 27: Cardium icelandicum Ch. vi . 200, f. 195, 6. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Serripes) islandicum, Chern. ··1868 March : Cardium islandicum Ch. = Cardium (Cerastoderma) ciliatum Fabr. ··1869 Romer: Cardium islandicum Chemnitz = Cardium cilia tum Fabricius. "1877 ZR: Cardium islandicum (Chemn.), Dobbin Bay, 79 0 N. lat., and synonymy [Ref. Smith 1877]. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium islandicum L. ··190 I Friele & Grieg: Cardium islandicum = Cardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780. ··1902 Dall: Cardium islandicum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780. "1902 Sherborn, p. 497: Cardium islandicum Bruguiere, 1789. "1910 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium islandicum Chemnitz. "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium (Cerastoderma) islandicum, Chemnitz 1782. ··1912 Jensen: Cardium islandicum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. ··1912 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) islandicum Chemn. [Ref. Dautzenberg & Fischer 1912]. "1924 Schlesch: Cardium islandicum Chemnitz = Cardium (Cerastoderma) ciliatum (Fabricius). "1977 FischerPiette: Cardium islandicum Chemnitz = Corculum cilia tum Fabricius. ··1980 ZR: Ciliatocardium icelandicum (Reeve 1845) is a junior synonym of C. ciliatum (Fabricius 1780). Ref. to Kafanov. ··1999 Higo et al.: Cardium islandicum Bruguiere, 1789 = Ciliatocardium (Ciliatocardium) ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780) . ··2000 Coan et al. : Cardium islandicum Bruguiere, 1789 = Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: Testa gibba, peclinata, striis & sulcis 30. imo 36. longitudinalibus striata & sulcata, ano obsolete cordata. Chemnitz pag. 200. ··1844 Reeve: shell somewhat depressly ovate, rather thin, very inequilateral, sides rounded, the anterior very short; radiately ribbed, 34-35 small, narrow ribs, finely serrated down the middle; whitish, covered with a thick earthy epidermis; umbones more or less eroded. REMARKS. Chemnitz is not binominal, and not available. Gmelin (1791) can be used as a valid author, but Cardium icelandicum is a synonym of Cardium ciliatum described two years earlier by Fabricius, 1780. DISTRIBUTION. "1844 Reeve: Iceland. islandicum Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal. Chemnitz is not available as author. - See under Bruguiere (1789) who is the valid author of Cardium islandicum. islandicum Hancock ex Chemnitz, 1846. Unknown status. RECORDS. ··1922-32. Sherborn, p. 3259: Cardium islandicum Hancock ex Chemnitz, 1846. islandicum Moller ex Chemnitz, 1842. Unknown status. RECORDS . ·'1922-32. Sherborn, p. 3259: Cardium islandicum Moller ex Chemnitz, 1842 islandicum of Gould. - Synonym of Clinocardium cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1870 Gould, p . 139, fig. 450: Cardium islandicum (non Linne) [Ref. Johnson, 1915]. islandicum of Spengler 1799. [Figs. Part 3 p. 853]. Identical with Clinocardium , or more recent, Ciliatocardium cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1799. Spengler: Cardium islandicum Chemnitz. ··1868. March, no. 120: Cardium islandicum Spengl. = Cardium (Serripes) gronlandicum Chemn. var solida March, 1868. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: I specimen in Spengler coli. = Cardium ciliatum Fabricius, 1780. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: shell Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 571 islandicum - isocardia short oval, rather thin, not gaping, dull surface, umbones nearer to the anterior end, 34 ribs, posterior 7 ribs flat depressed, small, posterior margin smooth, central ribs well separated, round, smooth on top, broad nymphs, low in the shell, normal cardinal teeth, but lateral teeth absent, yellow-green periostracum with dark bands. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: height 65 mm (2 112 Tom.) width 70 mm (2 Tom. 8 Lin.). REMARKS. One specimen in Spengler coil. labeled p. 34, no. 21, Iceland = C. cilialum Fabricius, 1780. DISTRIBUTION. ··1799 Spengler: North Europe, Greenland. islandicum Stimpson 1862. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium islandicum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1860 Stimpson: Cardium islandicum Lin. [Linnaeus did not describe islandicum]. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium islandicum Stimpson, 1862; p. 58, fig. lsocardia Lamarck (genus and subgenus). [Figs. Part I p. 163]. - Classification changed. » Regarding Isocardia: Now in family Isocardiidae. RECORDS. ··1839 Anton: Genus Isocardia .Lam. in Family Cardiacea. ··1844 Brown, genus 7: Isocardia Lamarck. ··1869 Ramer: I. Genus Isocardia Lamarck in family Cardiacea. Iso cardia Oken, 1815 (genus). Invalid. [Oken is not available]. » Regarding Isocardia: Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1844 Potiez & Michaud: Isocardia Oken syn. of Hemicardium Cuv. ··1847 Gray, No. 558: Isocardia,Oken, 1817 [synonym of Cardissa, Megerle, 1811]. ··1858 Adams & Adams: Isocardia Oken not Lam. or Klein is a synonym = Genus Hemicardia Klein. ··1890 Paetel: Isocardia Oken. syn. of Hemicardium Cuv. "1980 Vokes: Isocardia (genus) Oken, 1815 [invalid ICZN 4171 =Hemicardia Spengler, 1799]. Isocardia Klein. Non binominal (subgenus). - Not available.» Regarding Isocardia: Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1858 Adams & Adams: Sub-gen. Isocardia Klein. ··1887 Fischer: Isocardia, pars Klein, 1753. Jun. syn. of Cardium, s. s. Lamarck, 1799. isocardia Linnaeus, 1758 / Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 38,41,46,68,74,89,98,105, 140, 167, 179. Part 3 p. 854]. - Changed combination: Trachycardium isocardia (Linnaeus, 1758). Cardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. Type species: March (1853) designated Cardium isocardia Linne, 1758 type species of subgenus Trachycardium. Martens (1870) designated Cardium isocardia Linne, 1758 as type species of the genus Trachycardium March, 1853 (von Martens, 1870: 586, cited from Vidal 1999). Dall (1902) stated Cardium isocardia Linnaeus as type of subgenus Trachycardium March. TYPE LOCALITY. (Linne 1758), West Indies; America (Sowerby 1841). RECORDS. ··1684 Bonanno. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium isocardia recr. 2. f. 95. ··1687. Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium isocardia t. 323. f. 160. "1687. Lister, p1.323, fig. 160: Cardium isocardia (fide Spengler 1799). ··1705. Rumphius. ID by Linnaeus 1758 and Gmelin 1791: Cardium isocardia mus. t. 48. f. 9. ··1742. Argenville. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium isocardia conch. t. 23. f. M. ··1742. Argenville. ID by Linnaeus 1758, 1764: Cardium isocardia conch. t. 26. f. M. ··1758. Linne, p. 679, No. 66: Cardium isocardia. ··1758. Regenfuss. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium isocardia Conch. 1. t. 5. f. 56. ··1764. Linnaeus (Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg.) No. 38. socardia [err. pro isocardia]. ··1767. Linne, p. 1122, sp. 82: Cardium isocardia. ··1778 Born, G9: Cardium icosardia [err. pro isocardia] Linn. S.N. Sp. 82. ··1780. Born: Cardium isocardia Linn. S: N. Sp. 82. ··1780. Born. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium isocardia mus. Caes. Vind. test. p. 39. vign. ··1782. Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium isocardia mus Kirch. 2 f. 93. ··1782 Chemnitz, pI. 17, figs. 174,176: Cardium isocardia Lin. ··1786 Schrater, No. X: Cardium isocardia. Linn. XII. pag. 1122. Spec. 82. "1789 Bruguiere, No.8. Cardium isocardia Linn. ··1791 Gmelin No. 12: Cardium isocardia. ··1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 297. fig. 4. Cardium isocardia. ··1799 Spengler, No.9: Cardium isocardia Linnei Sp. 82. p. 1122. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium isocardia. Linnaeus. ··1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 323 fig. 160 Cardium isocardia. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium isocardia. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 3, No. 39: Cardium isocardia, Linn. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium isocardia Linn. American seas. ··1845 Reeve, sp. 84: Cardium isocardia. ··1853 March: Trachycardium isocardia. ··1853 Orbigny: Cardium isocardia Linne, 1767, no. 82. "1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 15: Cardium isocardia Lin. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Isocardia) isocardia, Linn. ··1860 Stimpson: Cardium isocardia Lin. ··1869 ZR: Section, subtypical - 1. Rugosisculptae: aculeala (L.), isocardia (L.), &c. [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. ··1870 Martens: Cardium isocardia Linne, 1758. ··1887 Fischer: Cardium isocardia Linne. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium isocardia L. ··1902 Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) isocardia Linnaeus, 1758 [Pliocene to Recent]. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: Cardium (Trachycardium) isocardia (Linnaeus) Reeve. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 497: Cardium isocardia Linnaeus, 1758. ··1907 ZR: Cardium isocardia [Ref. Hinkley 1907]. ··1921 Maury: Cardium (Trachycardium) isocardia Linnaeus, 1758 [Miocene to Recent]. ··1930 Stewart: Cardium isocardia Linne type species of Trachycardium, designated by von Martens, 1869. ··1936 McLean: Cardium (Trachycardium) isocardia L. ··1939 McLean: Trachycardium isocardia isocardia (Linne, 1758). ··1939 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) isocardia isocardia fig. [Ref. McLean 1939]. ··1944 ZR: Trachycardium isocardia L. [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944]. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium (Trachycardium) isocardia Linne, 1758. ··1963 Coomans: Trachycardium isocardia (Linnaeus). ··1969 Altena, p. 43: Trachycardium isocardia. ··1969 Moore el al.: Trachycardium (Trachycardium) isocardia Linne, 1758. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium isocardia Linne. ··1977 Popov: Cardium isocardia Linne, 1758. Type of Trachycardium March, 1853. ··1983 Anaya: Cardium isocardia Linne, 1758. Type species of Trachycardium March in subfamily Trachycardiinae Stewart, 1930. Type designated by von Martens, 1870. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium isocardia Linnaeus, 1758. ··1999 Vidal: Trachycardium (Trachycardium) isocardia (Linne, 1758) in the Atlantic. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: 1 specimen from Florida (Stimpson 1862. 50) West Indies. ··ZMUC: Spengler coil. ··ZMUC: 1 specimen from West Indies. colI. Oersted 1849 ··ZMUC: wet collection. DESCRIPTIONS. 572 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) isocardia egmontianum - ivericum -- 1758 Linnaeus: shell cordate, rib scales vaulted imbricate [like hollowed roof tile] I have translated from Latin. --1799 Spengler: Testa cordata: sulcis squamis jornicatis imbricatis. --1845 Reeve: shell obliquely heart-shaped, gibbous; radiately ribbed, 33 34 squamiferous ribs, scales vaulted, rather elevated, slightly flattened on the posterior side, anterior scales more or less obtusely thickened; pale straw colour, stained here and there with purple-brown, interior bright purple scarlet, especially towards the umbones. REMARKS --1845 Reeve: little need be added to assist the identification of this magnificent and well-known shell, except a caution against confounding it with the Cardium consors. --1902 DaH & Simpson: C. eburnijerum Guppy appears identical with the typical C. isocardia . .. Of authors: the common form in Florida has 27-30 ribs, and the spinose decoration is less dense than that in the typical West Indian form, which has 30-35 ribs. In the former that periostracum is more dense and dull coloured, and the channels between the ribs, owing to the less-developed sculpture, appear wider. This variety was named C. egmontianum by Shuttleworth, and the name seems worthy of retention in a varietal sense. The typical C. isocardia is brighter coloured and has more yellow inside than the variety. DIMENSIONS. --1799 Spengler: height 81 mm (3 Tom. I Line), width and thickness 68 mm (2 Tom. 7 Linier). HABITAT. --1845 Reeve: dredged from sandy mud at a depth offrom 6 to 10 fathoms. --1902 Dall & Simpson: sand in 8 fathoms, Porto Rico . DISTRIBUTION. --1845 Reeve: lsI. of Nevis, West Indies. --1856 Wood & Hanley: W. Indies. --1884 Grasset: Guadeloupe. --1939 McLean: Florida, Venezuela. --ZMUC: Florida, West Indies in the Spengler coil. isocardia egmontianum Shuttleworth, 1856 (subspecies). - Changed combination: Trachycardium isocardia egmontianum (Shuttleworth, 1856). Cardi idae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Egmont Key, Tampa Bay, Florida . RECORDS. --1902 Dall & Simpson: Cardium isocardia var. egmontianum Shuttleworth. --1939 McLean: Trachycardium isocardia egmontianum. "1939 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) isocardia egmontiana fig. [Ref. McLean 1939]. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION. --190 I Dall & Simpson: the common form of C. isocardia in Florida has 27-30 ribs, and the spinose decoration is less dense than that in the typical West Indian form, which has 30-35 ribs. In the former that periostracum is more dense and dull coloured, and the channels between the ribs, owing to the less-developed sculpture, appear wider. DIMENSIONS. --1939 McLean: 40 x 51 x 35 mm ; ribs 27-31. REMARKS. "190 I Dall & Simpson: this variety was named C. egmontiallum by Shuttleworth, and the name seems worthy of retention in a varietal sense. The typical C. isocardia is brighter coloured and has more yellow inside than the variety. DISTRIBUTION. --1939 McLean: North Carolina to the West Indies. Isocyprina (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Trias. RECORDS. --1924 ZR: Protocardia (?lsocyprina) timorellsis Krumbeck, 1924 sp. n. Trias Timor. isosceles Coen, 1917 - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" isosceles (Coen, 1917). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1917 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) isosceles Coen, 1917 sp. n. Mediterranean. isseli Andrusov, 1963. - Monodaclla isseli Andrusov, 1963. Cardiidae. Pliocene and Quaternary. RECORDS. --1930 ZR: Monodaclla isseli [Ref. Androussov 1923]. "1963 ZR: Monodacna (Plagiodacnopsis) isseli Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron beds, Pliocene, Russia. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as isseli ?Cardium [no author stated]. Algeria (Oran), B41579. isseli beta Androussov, 1923 (variety). - Infrasubspecific: MOllodacna isseli var. beta. Cardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. --1930 ZR: Monodacna isseli var. beta Androussov, 1923 nov. [Ref. Androussov 1923]. isseli elongata Androussov, 1923. - Cardium isseli elongata Andrusov, 1963. Cardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. --1930 ZR: Monodacna isseli var. elongata Androussov, 1923 nov. [Ref. Androussov 1923]. isseli typica Androussov, 1923. - MOllodacna isseli typica Androussov, 1923 . Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1930 ZR : Monodacna isseli var. typica Androussov, 1923 nov. [Ref. Androussov 1923]. isthmicum (mode). - See under isthmicus Issei, 1869. isthmicus Issei, 1869. [Figs. Part 3 p. 852]. - New combination: Cerastoderma isthmia (Issei, 1869). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium isthmicus: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Suez. RECORDS. "1869 Issei: Cardium iSfhmicus. --1869 ZR: Cardium isthmicum Issei, 1869 sp. n. [Figured in Savigny: Descript. de I'Egypte, Coquilles, pI. 9. fig. 11]. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium isthmicus Issei, 1869 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. --1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum (isthmicum) (Issei, 1869) . --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium isthmicum Issei = Cardium edule Linne. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium isthmicus Issei, 1869; p. 74. --1992 Andreev, Filippov & Aladin: Cerastoderma isthmicum. --1992 Oliver: Cardium isthmicus Issei, 1869 = Cerastoderma glauca (Bruguiere, 1789). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1869 Issei: shells equivalve, rounded, inflated, slightly inequilateral, thick, solid, straw-yellow; anterior rounded , posterior little produced , somewhat subangulate; about 22 ribs, rounded, somewhat scabrous across; umbo conspicuous, rounded ; crenulated margin [I have translated from Latin]. DIMENSIONS. Length 24 mm, width 23 mm, diameter 18 mm. REMARKS. --1869 Issei : Cardium isthmicus with reference to Savigny, Descript. de I'Egypte, coq., plate 9, fig . 11. DISTRIBUTION. --1969 Nordsieck : Cardium isthmicum: Egypt. "1994 Hylleberg: Cardium glaucum: Europe-West Africa. itapassarocanum Maury, 1934. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" itapassarocanum Maury, 1934. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1934 ZR: Cardium itapassarocanum Maury, 1934 sp. n. Cretaceous Brazil. itierianum Matheron, 1843.- Combination to be revised: "Cardium" itierianum Matheron, 1843. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. -·1871 Stoliczka: Cardium itierianum (Acallthocardium sic). --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3266: Cardium itieriallwn Matheron, 1843. itilica (subspecies). - See under subcatillus itilica Popov, 1983. ivericum Popov, 1983. - Cerastoderma ivericum Popov, Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 573 iwakiense - jasovniki 1983. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1983 ZR: Cerastoderma ivericum Popov, 1983 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Popov, p. 30. iwakiense Makiyama, 1934. - Changed combination: Pratulum iwakiense (Makiyama, 1934). Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene. RECORDS. "1934 Makiyama: Cardium iwakiense (flde Keen 1973). "1935 ZR: Cardium (Nemocardium) iwakiense Makiyama, 1934 sp. n. Oligocene Japan. "1954 Keen: Nemocardium (Keenaea) iwakiense (Makiyama), 1934. "1973 Keen: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) iwakiense (Makiyama, 1934) ... 1977 Popov: Pratulum iwakiense (Makiyama, 1934). "1990 G1adenkov & Sinelnikova: Nemocardium iwakiense (Makiyama). iwasiroense Nomura, 1935. - Changed combination: Clinocardium iwasiroense (Nomura, 1935). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS . "1935 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) iwasiroense Nomura, 1935 sp. n . Tertiary Hitosao. "1954 Keen : Clinocardium iwasiroense (Nomura, 1935). "1973 Keen : Clinocardium iwasiroense (Nomura, 1935). iwatense Chinzei, 1960 . - Clinocardium iwatense Chinzei, 1960. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . "1960 ZR: Clinocardium iwatense Chinzei, 1960 sp. nov. Ochiai, N.E. Honshu, Japan. ,,1974 ZR : Ciliatocardium iwatense (Chizei, 1960) comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. jaccardi Pictet & Campiche, 1866. - Changed combination : Pr% cardium jaccardi (Pictet & Campiche, 1866). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1871 Sto1iczka: Cardium jaccardi (genus Pr%cardium). "1958 ZR: Pr% cardia jaccardi from the Cretaceous Arzier, Swiss Jura, redescription [Ref. Roessinger 1958]. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium jaccardi Pictet & Campiche, 1866; [1861-1871] ser. 4, p. 251. jacksonense Mansfield, 1932. Protocardiajacksonense Mansfield, 1932. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1938 ZR: Proto cardia jacksonense Mansfield, 1932 sp . n. Jackson Bluff, Leon Co. Choctawhatchee formation (Miocene). jagici Brusina, 1892. - New combination: Lymnocardium jagici Brusina, 1892 . Lymnocardiid ae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1892 ZR: Limnocardium jagici Brusina, 1892, n. sp. Tertiary ofMarkusevec (Croatia) . jailense Pcelincev, 1927. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium "jailense (Pcelincev, 1927). Cardiidae. Lusitanian. RECORDS. "1930 ZR: Cardium (Proiocardium) jailense Pcelincev, 1927 sp. n. Lusitanian Crimea. ja/pugensis Borcea, 1926. - Changed combination: Hypanis jalpugensis (Borcea, 1926). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. "1926 Borcea: Monodacna jalpugensis. "Scarlato & Starobogatov: Hypanis jalpugensis Borcea, 1926. jamaicense Dall, 1900. - Changed combination: Pratulum jamaicense (DaU, 1900). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922 Olsson: Protocardiajamaicensis Dall. "1925 Woodring, p. 147, PI. 19, Fig. 17: Protocardia (Nemocardium)jamaicensis Dall, 1900. "1977 Popov: Pratulumjamaicense (Dall, 1900). jammense (subspecies). - See under latisulcusjammense Hi1ber, 1891. janoscheki Papp, 1954. - Cerastoderma janoscheki (Papp, 1954). Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. "1949. ZR: Cardiumjanoscheki 'no sp.' [nomen nud.] [Ref. Papp 1949]. "1952. ZR: Cardium janoscheki (nom. nud p. 21) [Ref. Papp 1952]. "1954. ZR: Cardium janoscheki Papp, 1954 sp. nov. Sarmatian, Vienna "1977. ZR: Cerasloderma (lnaequicostata) janoscheki. Key to subspecies. Ref to II 'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 77. janthed'Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardiumjanthe d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3099: Unicardiumjanthe d'Orbigny, 1850. janus Coquand, 1865. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" janus (Coquand , 1865) . Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardiumjanus Coquand, 1865 (Protocardium). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium janus Coquand, 1865 ; vol. 3: 307, pI. 19, figs. 1-2. japonica Noda, 1962. - Serripes japonica Noda, 1962. Cardiidae. Miocene and Recent. RECORDS. "1962 ZR: Serripes japonica Noda, 1962 sp. nov. Mukai, Sakekawa, Mogami-gun, Yamagata Pref. Sakekawa formation. "1973 Keen: Serripes japonica Noda, 1962. Miocene. japonicum Dunker, 1859. - Synonym of Fulvia mulica (Reeve, 1844). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Papyridea papyraceum of Sowerby. - Papyridea papyraceum (Schrenck not Chemnitz). - Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter [not available]. » Regarding Cardiumjaponicum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPELOCAUTY. Dejima, Nagasaki City (Kuroda et ai. 1971) . DISTRIBUTION. Japan (Kuroda et at. 1971). RECORDS. "1859 Dunker, [1859-1860] vol. 6: 223: Cardium japonicum. "1861 Dunker, p. 28, pI. 3, fig. 16: Cardium japonicum . "1867 ZR: Cardium muticum = japonicum (Dunker) Bay of Yedo ( Lischke 1867). "1867 ZR: Cardium japonicum common at Yokohama (Martens 1867). "1868 ZR: Cardium muticum (Reeve) = papyraceum (Sow.) = japonicum (Dunker) [Ref. Romer 1868] . "1869 Lischke: Cardiumjaponicum Dunker, 1860 = Cardium muticum Reeve. "1869 Romer: Cardiumjaponicum Dunker, local variety of Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz. "1869 ZR: Cardium muticum (Reeve) = japonicum (Dunker) = papyraceum (Schrenck not Chemn.) both from Japan [Ref. Lischke 1869] . "1890 Paetel: Papyrideajaponica Dkr. "1952 Kuroda & Habe: japonicum Dunker = Fuivia mutica (Reeve). "1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama.: Cardium japonicum Dunker, 1860 = Fulvia mutica (Reeve, 1844). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium japonicum Dunker = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter. ,,1977 Habe: Cardium japonicum Dunker, 1860 = Fulvia mulica (Reeve, 1844). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium japonicum Dunker, 1859; [1859- 1860] vol. 6: 223. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium japonicum Dunker, 1861; p. 28, pI. 3, fig. 16. "1999 Higo et al.: Cardiumjaponicum Dunker, 1859 = Fulvia mutica (Reeve, 1844). jasiei Brusina. - Pontalmy ra jasici (Brus.) . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyrajasici (Brus.). jasovniki Stevanovic, 1951. - Paradacna jasovniki Stevanovic, 1951 . Lymnocardiidae. Ponti an. RECORDS. "1953 . ZR : Paradacnajasovniki Stevanovic, 1951 sp. nov. Pontian Serbia. 574 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) javanum - Jurassicardium javanum Wanner & Hahn, 1935 . - Fragum javanum (Wanner & Hahn, [935). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1935. ZR: Cardium (Fragum) javanum Wanner & Hahn, [935 sp. n. Miocene Java. jeffreysi Rigacci. - CardiumjefJreysi Rigacci. Cardiidae. ?Recent. RECORDS ... [912. Dollfus & Dautzenberg: CardiumjefJreysi Rigacci. jekeliusi (subspecies) . - See under vindobonense jekeliusi Papp, 1950 and [954. jekeliusi. - Nomen nudum. « Regarding Rep/idaena jekeliusi: RECORDS . •• [949. ZR: Replidaena jekeliusi 'no sp.' Maestricktian sic, Sarmat. [Ref. Papp [949]. jenkinsi Maury, 1934. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" jenkinsi Maury, 1934. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REcORDs. ,,1934. ZR: Cardium jenkinsi Maury, 1934 sp. n. Cretaceous Brazil. jianehuanensis Chen, 1976 . - Protoeardia jianehuanensis Chen, 1976. Cardiidae. Mesozoic. RECORDS. "1976. Ma Qi-hong et a/.: Protoeardia jianehuanensis Chen, 1976. jisuensis Grabau, 1931. - Conoeardium jisuensis Grabau, [93 [. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "193 [. ZR: Conoeardium jisuensis Grabau, 1931 sp. n. Joachymcardium Ruzicka & Prantl, 1960 (genus). New name. RECORDS. ··1960. ZR : Joaehymeardium Ruzicka & Prantl , 1960 nom. nov. for Cardium Barrande, [881, genolectotype Cardium eunetatum synonym Cardium Barrande, 1881 non Cardium Linnaeus 1767. jobanicum Yokoyama, 1924. - Clinoeardiumjobanicum (Yokoyama, [924). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS . •• [924. Yokoyama: Cardium jobanicum. "1924. ZR: C. (Laevieardillm)jobanieum Yokoyama, [924 sp. n. Tertiary Japan. ,,1973. Keen: Clinoeardiumjobanieum (Yokoyama, [924). jogjacartense Martin, 1916. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" jogjaeartense Martin, [916. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. West-Progogeb. Java, Indonesia. TYPE REPOSITORY . ? Geo[ogischen ReichsMuseum, Leiden, the Nether[ands. RECORDS. ··19 [7 ZR: Cardium jogjacartense Martin, [917 n. sp. Miocene Java. ··1919 Martin: Cardium jogjaeartense Mart. johanna Holz[, 1958. - Laevieardillm johanna Halz[, 1958 . Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Laevieardium johanna Ha[z[, [958 sp. nov. Burdigalian, Miocene. Ka[tenbach Upper Bavaria, Germany. josephensi De Loriol, 1889. - Unieardillm josephensi De Loriol, [889. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1889 ZR: Unieardium josephensi De Loriol, 1889 n. sp. with fig. joseph ina Vilanova, 1863. - Protoeardia Josephina Vilanova, 1863. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. •• [999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Protoeardiajosephina Vilanova, 1863. Aptien. Spain, B[8647 . judaica Hamlin . - Protoeardia judaiea Hamlin. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com .) , MNHN , Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Protoeardia judaiea Hamlin. Lower Cretaceous. Libanon, B 15414, B [54 [5. jumudicum Uspenskaja . - Mirieardium jumlldieum (Uspenskaja). Cardiacea. Neogene. RECORDS . •• J977 Popov: Avieardiumjllmudicum. ··1986 Nevesskaya et a/.: Mirieardiumjumudieum (Uspenskaja) comb. nov. ··1987 ZR: Mirieardium jumudieum (Uspenskaja) comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et a/. junceum Olsson, 1931. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium "juneeum Olsson, 193 [ . Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS . •• [931 ZR: Cardium jUlleeum Olsson, [931 sp. n. Eocene, Peru. junoniae Lamarck, [819. [Figs. Part 1 p. 67, 86,126. Part 3 p. 913]. - Synonym of Coreu/um eardissa (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Coreu/um junoniae (Lamarck, 18 [9). - Corcu/um humallum Rading, [798. - Coreu/um impressum (Lightfoot, [786). » Regarding Cardiumjunoniae: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Indian Ocean (Lamarck 1819). TYPE REPOSITORY. Lamarck's cabinet, unknown availability. REMARKS. Posterior side concave (Sowerby 1841, No. 96). DISTRJBUTION. Eastern Seas (Reeve 1844). REcORDS. ··1819 Lamarck, p. 17, No. 47 : Cardium junoniae. •• [840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No. 96: Cardium junoniae Lam. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium junolliae Lamarck = Cardium eardissa var. gamma Linnaeus. ··1850 Jay: Cardium junoniae Lam . = Cardium cardissa Linn. var. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. junoniae, Lam . = Cardium humanum Ch., Wood. ··1890 Paetel: Hemieardiumjunoniae Lm. = humanum Ch. [not available]. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 330 [ : Cardium junoniae Lamarck, [8 [9 . •• [945 ZR: Cardium junoniae Lk. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. ··1947 Bartsch: Cardium junoniae Lamarck, [819 = Coreu/um humanum Rading, [798. •• [952 Dawydoff: Hemieardium junoniae Lamarck. ··1977 FischerPiette: Cardiumjunoniae Lamarck = Cardium eardissa Linne. ··1977 Habe: Coreu/um jUlloniae (Lamarck, 18 [9) = Corcu/um impressum (Lightfoot, [786). ··1999 Higo et a/.: Cardium junoniae Lamarck, 1819 = Coreu/um impressum (Lightfoot, 1786). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilbwn, p. 177: Hemieardium junoniae Lamarck. Synonym of Corcu/um eardissa (Linnaeus, J758). junoniae alpha Lamarck, 1819 (variety). [Figs. Part 1 p. 86 No. I a,b, p. 126]. - Synonym of Coreu/um eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium junoniae var. alpha: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1798 Bruguiere. 10 by Lamarck, pI. 294. fig. I a, b. Cardium junolliae, alpha. junoniae beta Lamarck, 18 [9 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 71 No. [47-148 , p. 86 No.2 a,b, p. 126]. - Synonym of Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium jUlloniae var. beta: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1798. Bruguiere. 10 by Lamarck, pI. 294. fig. 2 a, b. Cardiumjunoniae, beta. ··1819. Lamarck VI p. 17, No. 47: Cardium var. junoniae = Cardium humanum (fide Chemnitz ill Richardson et at. 1979, p. 243-244). ··1844. Reeve: Cardium var. junohiae Lamarck = Cardium eardissa Linnaeus var. delta. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: var. 1& var. 3 Amboina. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Eastern Seas. Jurassicardium Cossmann, 1906 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980. Vokes: Jurassieardium Cossmann, 1906 in subfamily Protocardiinae. ··1995 . Schneider: Jurassieardium Cossmann, 1906. Mono- Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 575 Jurassicardium - kantoense typic subgenus of Cardium. Jurassicardium Cossmann , 1906 (subgenus) . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1906 . Cossmann : (Jurassicardium) subgen . nov. --1906. ZR: lurassicardium Cossmann, 1906 subgen . n. of Cardium. Genotype Cardium (Jurassicardium) axonense Cossmann, 1906. Jurassic, France. "1937. ZR: lurassicardium Cossmann, 1906 "type here designated Cardium (lurassicardium) axonense Cosmo, 1906" [Ref. Keen 1937]. jurense Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium "jurense d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1857. Deshayes: Cardium jurense d ' Orbigny. "1922-32. Sherborn, p. 330 I: Cardium jurense d ' Orbigny, 1850. K *kabristanica. - Homonymy to be noticed. Monodacna kabristanica from 2 sources: Andrussov, 1924. Andrusov, 1963. REMARKS. Andrussov, 1924 may be identical with Andrusov 1963 (see below). kabristanica Andrussov, 1924. - Monodacna kabristanica Andrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene . RECORDS . --1924 ZR: MOllodacna kabristanica Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. --1963 ZR : Monodacna kabristanica Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Pliocene, Russia. kahadzei Ebersin, 1967. - Macradacna kahadzei Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. REcORDs. --1967 Ebersin: Macradacna kahadzei sp. n. --1967 ZR: Macradacna kahadzei Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. kaije Tolmachoff, 1942. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" kaije Tolmachoff, 1942 Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1942 ZR: Cardium kaije Tolmachoff, 1942 sp. nov. Upper Cretaceous, Utah. kaiparaensis Marshall, 1918. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" kaiparaensis Marshall, 1918 Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1918 ZR: Cardium (Glans) kaiparaensis Marshall, 1918 sp. n. Tertiary N. Zealand. kaisini Mailleux, 1936. - Buchiola kaisini Mailleux, 1936. ?Cardiacea. Devonian. RECORDS . "1936 ZR: Buchiola kaisini Mailleux, 1936 sp. n. Frasian Devonian Ardenne. kakertense Kafanov, 1990. - Vasticardium kakertense Kafanov 1990. Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. --1990. Gladenkov & Sinelnikova, 74, pI. 16, fig. 12: Vasticardium (?) kakertense Kafanov, 1990 sp. nov. kakertensis Sinelnikova , 1990. - Ciliatocardium kakertensis Sinelnikova, 1990. Cardiidae . Middle Miocene. T YPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. --1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova, p. 72, pI. 17, fig. 5: Ciliatocardium kakertensis sp. nov. Sinelnikova, 1990. Kaladacna (error). - Printer's mistake for Caladacna in Andrussow 1923 (Vokes 1980). kalamalltanllm Adams & Reeve, 1850. [Figs. Part 3 p. 899]. - Laevicardium kalamantanum (Adams & Reeve, 1850). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Borneo. RECORDS. "1850 Adams & Reeve p. 77, pI. 22, fig. 7: Cardium kalamantanum . "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457 : Laevicardium kalamantinum sic Adams and Reeve. --1890 Paetel: Laevicardium kalamantinum sic Ad. et Rv. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3305: Cardium kalamantanllm Adams & Reeve, 1850. "1977 FischerPiette: Laevicardillm (Discors) kalamantanum Adams & Reeve. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKS. Only recorded twice. Adams & Reeve stated "Apparently distinct from C. aurantiacum" (FischerPiette 1977, p.ll). kalamantinum (error). - Printer's mistake for kalamantanum in Adams & Adams 1858. kalidjanicum. - Euxinicardium kalidjanicum. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium ka/idjanicum. kaman ( invalid) Adanson. - Synonym of Cardium COSlalum Linne. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1891 Dautzenberg: Pee/uncI/Ius kaman Adanson = Cardium costatum Linne. kamishellse Uspenskaia, 1931. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" kamishense Uspenskaia, 1931. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1932 ZR: Cardium kamishense Uspenskaia, 1931 n. sp. Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. kamtschaticus Ilyina, 1963. - Serripes kamtsehatieus Ilyina, 1963. Cardiidae . Middle Miocene . TYPE LOCALITY. Kamtchatka. RECORDS. --1973 Keen: Serripes kamtschaticus I1yina, 1963. Middle Miocene. kamyshbllrunensis Kafanov, 1980. - Didacna kamyshbllrunellsis Kafanov, 1980. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Kafanov: Didacna (Polltalmyra) kamyshburnnensis Kafanov. --1980 ZR: Didacna (Pontalmyra) kamyshburnnensis Kafanov, 1980 nom. nov. for Cardium paucicostatum Deshayes 1838 nee Sowerby 1834. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 623. kallillellse Fredericks, 1934. - Conocardium kallinense Fredericks, 1934 Conocardiidae. Permian. RECORDS. --1934 ZR: Conocardium kaninense Fredericks, 1934 sp. n. Permian Kanin peninsula, Russia. --1935 ZR: Conocardium kaninense Fredericks, 1935 sp . n. Permian Kanin. kallieanum Cotter, 1923. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " Hedecardium kanleanum (Cotter, 1923). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. --1923 . ZR : Cardium kanleanum Cotter, 1923 sp. n. Eocene Assam. ,,2002. Schneider: Hedecardium kailleanum (Cotter, 1923). Myanmar. Priabonian. *kansasense. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium kansasense from 2 sources: Meek, 1871. - Cragin, 1889. kansasense Cragin 1889. - Cardium kansasense Cragin 1889. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1889 ZR: Cardium kansasense Cragin 1889. n. sp. kansasense Meek, 1871 . - Pleuriocardia kansasense (Meek, 1871). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1876 Meek: Cardium kansasense Meek, 1871. "1978 ZR: Cardium kansasense Meek, 1871 designated type species for new genus Pleuriocardia. Ref. to Scott p. 893. --1995 Schneider: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) kansasense (Meek, 1871): USNM 7905 (I lectotype). --1998 Schneider: Pleurioeardia kansasense (Meek, 1871). kantoense Kanno, 1958. - Vasticardium kantoense Kanno, 1958. Cardiidae . Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALIT Y. Nagura Formation (Lower Miocene) . Remarks. Described as closely related to V. arenicola 576 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (FMMP) karabugasicum - Keenaea (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. "1960 ZR: Vasticardium kantoense Kanno, 1960 sp. nov. Shibahara, Arakawamura Japan, Lower Miocene. "1973 Keen: Vasticardium kantoense Kanno, 1958. "1999 Vidal: Vasticardium kantoense Kanno, 1958: 176, pI. 2, figs 4a-b. karabugasicum Sidorova, 1961. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" karabugasicum Sidorova, 1961 Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1961 ZR: Cardium karabugasicum Sidorova, 1961 sp. nov. KaraBogazGol, Sarmatian, Miocene; Mangyshlak, Turkmeniya, Russia. karagiense Sidorova, 1961. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" karagiense Sidorova, 1961. Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. "1961. ZR: Cardium karagiense Sidorova, 1961 sp. nov. Karagel, Kazakhstan, Sarmatian, Miocene; Mangyshlak, Turkmeniya, Russia. karaginskiensis Barinov, 1992. - Serripes karaginskiensis Barinov, 1992. Cardiidae. Neogene. Type locality. Kamtchatka, Russia. REcORDs. "1992. Barinov et al., p. 124, fig.: Serripes karaginskiensis Barinov, 1992 sp. nov. karajmanicum Andrussow, 1905. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" karajmanicum Andrussow, 1905. Cardiidae. Miocene. Type locality. Miiotisches Becken. REcORDs. "1905 Andrussow: Cardium karajmanicum sp. n. "1 906 ZR: Cardium karajmanicum Andrussow, 1906 sp. n. Miiotisches Becken. "1961 ZR: Cardium karajmanicum Andrusov, 1961 "sp. nov." Miocene, Russia. karaschokense Merklin, 1975. - Cerastoderma karaschokense Merklin, 1975. Cardiidae. Middle Oligocene. RECORDS. "1975 ZR: Cerastoderma (Cerastoderma) karaschokense Merklin, 1975 sp. nov. Kazakhstan, Chagraisk Plateau, Ashchibulak Ravine. Ref. to Merklin, p. 95. "1977 Popov: Cerastoderma karaschokense. *karelini. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium karelini from 2 sources: Andrussow, 1902. -Andrusov, 1963. REMARKS. Spelling of translated Russian names of authors varies much, even by the author himself. I do not know if Andrussow 1902 is identical with Andrusov 1961,1963. karelini Andrusov, 1963 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" karelini (Andrusov, 1961). Cardiidae. Miocene. "1961 ZR: Cardium karelini Andrusov, 1961 "sp. nov." in a table. Caspian region, Russia. "1963 ZR : Cardium karelini Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Neogene, Russia. karelini Andrussow, 1902. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" karelini (Andrussow, 1902). Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS . "1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1902: Cardium karelini n. sp. tends towards Cerastoderma . karikalense Cossmann , 1924. - Loxocardium karikalense Cossmann, 1924. Cardiidae. Pliocene. REC ORD S. "1924 ZR: Cardium (Loxocardium) karikalense Cossmann, 1924. Pliocene India. karlicum (error). - Printer's mistake for kartlicum in Davidachvili, 1934. karpevichae Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968. - Didacna karpevichae Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. "1968 ZR: Didacna karpevichae Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968 Sp. nov. Khazarian, Quaternary, Azerbaijan, USSR. karpinskyi Andrusov, 1964. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra karpinsky i (Andrusov, 1964) . Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1964 ZR: Didacna karpinskyi Andrusov, 1964 sp. nov. Tertiary, USSR . "1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna karpinskyi Andrus. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra karpinskyi (Andrus.) karreri Fuchs. - New combination: Lymnocardium karreri (Fuchs). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. .. 1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium karreri (Fuchs). kartlicum Davidachvili, 1934. - Changed combination: Eoprosodacna kartlicum (Davidachvili, 1934). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1935 ZR: Cardium (Eoprosodacna) kartlicum [karlicum in Eng. Sum.] Davidachvili, 1934 sp. n. Type of subgenus Eoprosodacna. Miocene, Eastern Georgia, S. Caucasus. kasinense (variety). - See under gracile var. kasinense Kolesnikov, 1929. kasinkense. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" kasinkense. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. "1965 ZR: Cardium kasinkense figd. Sarmatian, Yugoslavia [Ref. Spajic 1965). Kathocardia Tucker & Wilson, 1932 (genus). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Kathocardia Tucker & Wilson, 1932 in subfamily Trachycardiinae. Kathocardia Tucker & Wilson, 1932 (subgenus). Synonym of Trachyca rdium March , 1853. » Regarding Kathocardia: Cardiidae. Recent and fossil. Genotype. Tucker & Wilson (1932) designated Cardium aclinense type species of subgenus Kathocardia of genus Cardium. RECOR DS. "1969 Moore et at.: Kathocardia = Trachycardium March, 1853. kaundense Paramo - Protractiforma kaundense (Param.). Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1979 ZR: Protractiforma kaundense (Param.). Referred to new subgenus P (Fischericardium). Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p.44. kaundense Sidorova, 1961. - Cerastoderma kaundense (Sidorova, 1961). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1961 ZR: Cardium kaundense Sidorova, 1961 sp. nov. Sarmatian, Miocene; Mangyshlak, Turkmeniya, Russia "1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) kaundense Key to subspecies. Ref to I1'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 75. kavarnense (Subspecies) . - See under kolesnikovi kavarnense Kojwndgieva, 1970. kazutakaamanoi Kafanov, 1998. - Clinocardium kazutakaamanoi Kafanov, 1998 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1998 Kafanov, p . 37 , pI. 4, fig. 10: Clinocardium kazutakaamanoi Kafanov. keenae Renard , 1994. - New name : Nemocardium keenae Renard, 1994. Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1994 Renard, p. 39: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) keenae nom. nov. for Cardium semis tria tum Deshayes, 1829; nec Bean in Young & Bird 1828 . .. 1995 Le Renard et af. : Nemocardium (s. str.) keenae Le Renard, 1994 (= semistriatum Desh. non Bean). "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) keenae. keenae Singh et al., 1980. - Protocardia keenae Singh et al., 1980. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. "1980 ZR: Protocardia (Protocardia) keenae Singh et al., 1980 sp. nov India. Ref. to Singh et al. p. 74. Keenaea Habe, 1951 (genus). - Subgenus upgraded to Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 577 Keenaea - kiktenkoi generic level by authors. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Keenaea Habe, 1951 in subfamily Protocardiinae. ··1999 Higo et al.: Keenaea Habe, 1951. Type species: Cardium samarangae Makiyama, 1934 (0. d.). -CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1994 Hylleberg: resembling Nemocardium (Pratulum) but with secondary concentric sculpture on posterior slope. Keenaea Habe, 1951 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Recent. Genotype. Habe (1951) designated Cardium samarangae Makiyama, 1934 type species of subgenus Keenaea of genus Nemocardia Meek, 1876. RECORDS. ··1952 ZR: Keenaea Habe, 1951 subgen. nov. of Nemocardium subgenotype Cardium samarangae Makiyama. "1954 Keen: (Keenaea) Habe, 1951. ··1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Keenaea). Type species Nemocardium (Keenaea) samarangae (Makiyama, 1934). ··2000 Coan et al.: Subgenus Keenaea Habe,1952. keeni (nom. mut.). - See under porulosum keeni Glibert, 1936. Keenocardium Kafanov, 1974 (genus). - Cardiidae. Recent. Upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Keenocardium Kafanov, 1974. "1980 ZR: (Keenocardium) raised to Keenocardium from Clinocardium (Keenocardium). ZR Ref. to Kafanov. Keenocardium Kafanov, 1974 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1974 Kafanov, p. 1468: Clinocardium (Keenocardium). "1974 ZR: Clinocardium (Keenocardium) Kafanov, 1974 sub gen. nov. Type species Cardium californiense Deshayes 1839. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1468. "1999 Higo et al.: Keenocardium (subgenus) Kafanov, 1974. Type species: Cardium californiense Deshayes, 1839 (0. d.). ··2000 Coan et al.: Subgenus Keenocardium Kafanov, 1974. kelirense Martin, 1916. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" kelirense Martin, 1916. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. West-Progogeb. Java, Indonesia. TYPE REPOSITORY. ? Geologischen ReichsMuseum, Leiden, the Netherlands. RECORDS. "1917 ZR: Cardium kelirense Martin, 1917 n. sp. Miocene Java. ··1919 Martin: Cardium kelirense Mart. kengaluorum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992. - Synonym of Vasticardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1844). » Regarding Acrosterigma kengaluorum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Solomon Islands. DISTRIBUTION. Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands. RECORDS. "1992 Voskuil & Onverwagt, p. 34, fig.: Trachycardium kengaluorum. "1998 Vidal: Acrosterigma kengaluorum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992 = Vasticardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1844). ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma kengaluorum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991 = Vasticardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1844). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 185: Vasticardium kengaluorum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992). Synonym of Vasticardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1845). kenyanum. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" kenyanum. Cardiidae. Post-Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) kenyanum sp. n. PostPliocene Africa. [Ref. Cox 1930bj. kerslakae Healy & Lamprell, 1992. [Figs. Part 3 p. 864]. - Acrosterigma kerslakae Healy & Lamprell, 1992. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype: A paired specimen AMS C031559. Paratypes: one lot in AMS (AMS C80164), and two lots in QM from Caloundra (M033056) and Southport (M032904) (Vidal 1999). TYPE LOCALITY. Holotyye from Burpengary, Queensland. Paratypes: specImens in AMS from Collaroy Beach, Sydney; specimens in QM from Caloundra and Southport. TYPE REPOSITORY. Australian Museum, Sydney (AMS) and Queensland Museum, Brisbane (QM). RECORDS. ··1992. Healy & Lamprell: Acrosterigma kerslakae n. sp. ··1998. Lamprell & Healy: Acrosterigma kerslakae Healy & Lamprell, 1992. "1999. Vidal: Acrosterigma kerslakae Healy & Lamprell, 1992: 84, pI. 3, figs a-d. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS."1999 Vidal: Shell almost symmetrical with a very small truncation on posterior slope, only slightly elongated and rather compressed. Lunule small, a little hollowed, almost equivalent in both valves, well delimited posteriorly, and always colored pink-purple. Exterior colour cream-yellow, with prominent pink-brown blotches, which are fused near umbones; interior white, except for occasional pale V-shaped umbonal rays. Hinge is symmetrical and moderately angled. A low sterigma present in about 13% of the specimens. Mean rib number 40.9 ± 2.4 (range 35-45). Posterior slope excepted, ribs variable in profile, generally low and slightly rounded, but sometimes almost triangular or trapezoidal, flat-topped and overhanging interstices. Rib ornaments also variable in number and size, generally retro-ridged posteriorly, smooth to retro- or bi-tuberculated centrally, and top-ridged with thin ridges anteriorly, sometimes herring-boned. Interstices always narrow. DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: length 34.0, width 40.2, breadth (calculated) 27.2 mm. HABITAT. "1999 Vidal: recorded from 3.5 to 80 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1999 Vidal: Eastern coast of Australia along more than 1000 km of coastline, from Caloundra, Queensland south to Naruma, New South Wales. REMARKS. ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma kerslakae is very close to A. cygnorum; the former is generally smaller, with lower, smoother ribs and narrower interstices, and has a lower mean rib number (40.2 compared with 42.7 in cygnorum). However, these two forms are perfectly parapatric, and the weakness of their differences cannot exclude the possibility of the existence of two subspecies. Nevertheless, they have been treated as distinct species by the majority of authors, for example Hedley (see above), and Ludbrook (1955: 61) who stated "Iredale (1936: 276) has pointed out that NSW shells referred to Cardium cygnorum (typically from western Australia) are not referable to cygnorum. Vidal( 1999) is inclined to agree with this opinion. kertschensis Eberzin, 1960. - Pachydacna kertschensis Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Pachydacna kertschensis Eberzin, 1960 sp. n. Pliocene Kerchensk, Crimea, USSR. khowaiteri Abbass, 1978. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" khowaiteri. Cardiidae. Paleocene. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Cardium khowaiteri sp. nov. Saudi Arabia. Paleocene. Ref. to Abbass p. 46, fig'd. kiktenkoi Merklin, 1975. - Cerastoderma kiktenkoi Merklin, 1975. Cardiidae. Middle Oligocene. RECORDS. "1975 ZR: Cerastoderma (Korobkoviella) kiktenkoi 578 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) kinai - kobelti Merklin, 1975 sp. nov. Ukraine, Dnepropetrovsk Province, Bol'shaya Kostromka. Ref. to Merklin. ··1977 Popov: Cerastoderma (Korobkoviella) kiktenkoi Merkl. kinai Habe & Murakami, 1970. - Synonym of Ctenoeardia victor (Angas, 1872). » Regarding Ctenoeardia kinai: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRlBUTION. Unknown. RECORDS. ··1970 Habe & Murakami: Ctenocardia kinai. ··1977 Habe: Ctenoeardia kinai Habe & Murakami, 1970. ··1987 Emerson & Sage, p. 197: senior syn. of Ctenoeardia victor (Angas, 1872). ··1999 Higo et al.: Ctenoeardia kinai (Habe & Murakami, 1970) = Ctenoeardia victor (Angas, 1872). kinsimarae Makiyama, 1934. - Changed combination: Vastieardium kinsimarae (Makiyama, 1934). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1934 Makiyama, p. 141, pI. 6, fig. 35: Cardium kinsimarae n. sp. ··1935 ZR: Cardium (Traehycardium) kinsimarae Makiyama, 1934 sp. n. Oligocene Japan. ··1973 Keen: Vastieardium kinsimarae (Makiyama, 1934). ··1977 Popov: Traehyeardium (Vastieardium) kinsimarae (Makiyama, 1934). kipenensis Slodkewitsch, 1938. - Changed combination: Profulvia kipenensis (Slodkewitsch, 1938). Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Kamtchatka. RECORDS. ··1938 Siodkewitsch: Papyridea kipenensis. ··1973 Keen: Fulvia kipenensis (Slodkewitsch, 1938). Miocene, Kamtchatka. ··1976 ZR: Papyridea kipenensis Slodkewitsch, 1938. Referred to Profulvia. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 482 [orig. p. 111]. ··1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova: Papyridea kipenensis Slodkewitsch, 1938. kiptschakensis (variety). - See under planieostata kiptschakensis var. Andrusov, 1964. kirai Shikama, 1964. - Synonym of Corculum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Coreulum kirai: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Japan. DISTRIBUTION. Indo-West Pacific(Hylleberg 1994). RECORDS. ··1964 Shikama, p. 75, figs. 137(15,16), 138(8): Coreulum kirai sp. nov. ··1977 Habe: Coreulum kirai Shikama, 1964 = Coreulum eardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1999 Higo et al.: Cardium kirai Shikama, 1964 = Coreulum cardissum (Linnaeus, 1758). kirana Sakurai & Habe, 1966. - Changed combination: Nemocardium kirana (Sakurai & Habe, 1966). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Kakeroma island (Amami islands) (Higo et al. 1999). RECORDS. ··1966 Habe et Kosuge, p. 296, text fig. 1: Frigidoeardium kirana sp. nov. ··1966 ZR: Frigidoeardium kirana Sakurai & Habe, 1966 sp. nov. Kakeromajima,Amami Is. Japan. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Frigidoeardium kirana Sakurai & Habe. ··1973 Keen: Nemocardium (Frigidoeardium) kiranum (Sakurai & Habe. 1966) (Frigidocardium) Recent. ··1977 Habe: Frigidocardium kiranum Sakurai & Habe, 1966. ··1988 Noda: Frigidcardium sic kirana Sakurai & Habe (comparison). ··1999 Higo et al.: Frigidoeardium kirana Sakurai & Habe, 1966. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. ··1999 Higo et al.: subtidal to 50 m, fine sand DISTRIBUTION. ··1999 Higo et al.: Japan. Amami islands and southwards, East China Sea. kiranum (mode). - See under kirana. kirkerensis Clark, 1918. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" kirkerensis Clark, 1918. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1920 ZR: Cardium kirkerensis Clark, 1920 sp. n. Oligocene U.S.A. ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium kirkerensis Clark, 1918 (n. sp.) kirkinskayae. - Laevieardium kirkinskayae. Cardiidae. Fossil, RECORDS. ··1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova: Laevieardium (s.l.) kirkinskayae. kiseljaki Brusina. - New combination: Lymnoeardium kiseljaki Brusina. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnoeardium kiseljaki Brus. kishimaense Nagao, 1928. - Changed combination: Fulvia kishimaense (Nagao, 1928). Cardiidae. Lower Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1928 Nagao: Cardium kishimaense (fide Keen 1973). ··1973 Keen: Fulvia kishimaense (Nagao, 1928), kishinevense Kolesnikov, 1929. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" kishinevense Kolesnikov, 1929. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium kishinevense Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. kisimaense Nagao, 1928. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" kisimaense (Nagao, 1928). Cardiidae. Palaeogene. RECORDS. ··1928 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma?) kisimaense Nagao, 1928b sp.n. Palaeogene Japan. kitenica Eberzin, 1960. - Prosodaena kiteniea Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodaena) kiteniea Eberzin, 1960 sp. n. Pliocene Kiten, Kerchensky, Crimea USSR. kitovaniae Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudoeatillus kitovaniae Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus kitovaniae sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Pseudoeatillus kitovaniae Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. klodeni Deshayes, 1853. - New name. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" klodeni Deshayes. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium klodeni new name for Cardium pectinatum Kloden. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium klodeni Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48, 55. klodeni (invalid spelling). - See under klodeni, kloedeni Deshayes. knipovichi Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968. - Didacna knipoviehi Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1968 ZR: Didaena knipovichi Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968 sp. nov. Khazarian, Quaternary, Azerbaijan, USSR. knipowitschi Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. Hypanis knipowitsehi Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1967 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis knipowitsehi. Black Sea, Caspian. kobelli Brusina. - New combination: Lymnocardium kobelti (Brusina). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium kobelti (Brus.). kobelti Maltzan, 1885. - Synonym of Fulvia serrulata (Deshayes, 1855). » Regarding Cardium kobelti: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1885 Maltzan, p. 29: Cardium kobelti. ··1885 ZR: Cardium kobelti Maltzan, 1885 sp. n. Goree, Senegal. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium kobelti Mltz. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium kobelti von Maltzan = Laevieardium serrulatum Deshayes. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Cardium kobelti off French Guinea 17,34,45,46,66 m sand, shelly sand, off Ivory coast 80-84, m mud, 66 m mud, off Angola 47 m, off Freetown 15 m, off Gold coast 17 m, 33 m sand little Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 579 kochanskyae - kosiciforme mud, 46 m muddy sand, 50 m greyish mud, off Nigeria 53 m mud. --ZMUC: off French Guinea, off Ivory coast 80-84, m mud, 66 m mud, off Angola 47 m, off Freetown 15 m, off Gold coast 17 m, 33 m sand little mud, 46 m muddy sand, 50 m greyish mud, off Nigeria 53 m mud. --ZMUC: wet collection: French Guinea, 32 m Atlantide St. 145. REMARKS. Maitzan, 1885 = von Maltzan 1885. HABITAT. --ZMUC: sand, shelly sand, muddy sand, mud 17-66 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. --ZMUC: West Africa off French Guinea, Ivory coast, Angola, Freetown, Gold coast, Nigeria. kochanskyae Basch, 1990. - New combination: Lymnocardium kochanskyae. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Yugoslavia. REcoRDs. "1990 Basch, p. 21, fig.: Limnocardium (Limnocardium) kochanskyae sp. nov. kochi Loer. - New combination: Lymnocardium kochi Loer. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium kochi Loer. kochi (cf.) Loer. - RECORDS. "1987 TaktakishviIi: Limnocardium cf. kochi (Loer.). kochi Semper, 1861. - Changed combination: Parvicardium kochi (Semper, 1861). Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene. RECORDS. "1861 Semper, p. 136: Cardium kochi (fide Ravn 1907). --1886 Vincent: Cardium kochi Semp. --1907 Ravn: Cardium kochi Semper, 1861. "1912. Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium kochi Semper. --1970. Glibert & Poel: Parvicardium kochi (Semper, 1861). --1977. Popov: Parvicardium kochi (Semper, 1861). --1980. Ruhoff: Cardium kochi 1. Semper, 1861; vol. 15: 302. "1999. Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium kochi Semper. Germany, Westphalia (Bunde), B24912. kochiensis Tashiro & Kozai, 1988. - Granocardium kochiensis Tashiro & Kozai, 1988. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Monobegawa Group, Japan. RECORDS. "1988 Tashiro & Kozai, p. 57, fig.: Granocardium kochiensis sp. nov. kokkupicum Androusov, 1928. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" kokkupicum Androusov, 1928. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1928 ZR: Cardium kokkupicum Androusov, 1928 sp. n. Tertiary Russia. --1961 ZR: Cardium kokkupicum Andrusov, 1961 sp. nov. Konksk horizon, Manghyshlak, Russia, Miocene. kolesnikovi kavarnense Kojumdgieva, 1970. Cerastoderma kolesnikovi kavarnense (Kojumdgieva, 1970). Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. --1970 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) kolesnikovi kavarnense Kojumdgieva, 1970 subsp. nov. Sarmatian, Upper Miocene, Kavama, Kantardzhievo, Bulgaria. kolesnikovi Senes, 1955. - New combination: Lymnocardium kolesnikovi (Senes, 1955). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1955 ZR: Cardium (Limnocardium) kolesnikovi Senes, 1955b sp. nov. Miocene, Czechoslovakia. Kolesnikovia (nomen nudum) Bagdassarian, 1978. Invalid genus. RECORDS. --1980 Vokes: Kolesnikovia Bagdassarian, 1978. Invalid, no diagnosis. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. kolvae Fredericks, 1916. - Conocardium kolvae Fredericks, 1916. Conocardiidae. Upper Carboniferous. "1916 ZR: Conocardium kolvae Fredericks, 1916. sp. n. Ural Upper Carboniferous. kolvae Fredericks, 1926. - Conocardium kolvae Fredericks, 1926. Conocardiidae. Carboniferous. RECORDS. --1926 ZR: Conocardium kolvae Fredericks, 1926 sp. n. Carbon. konincki Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" konincki Deshayes, 1853. ?Conocardiidae. Carboniferous. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium konincki Vise. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium konincki Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48. konincki Vise. - See under konincki Deshayes, 1853. konjuschkewskii (error). - Printer's mistake for konjuschkevskii in Taktakishvili 1987. konjuschkevskii Alizade, 1932. - Raricardium konjuschkevskii (Alizade, 1932). Cardiidae. Pliocene. Type species: Nevesskaya et al. (1986 p. 191) designated Cardium konjuschkevskiiAlizade, 1932 type species of genus Raricardium Paramonova, 1986. RECORDS. --1932 Alizade: Cardium konjuschkevskii. --1967 ZR: Cardium konjuschkevskii. Akchagilsk transgression, USSR [Ref. Kovalevskii 1967]. --1977 Popov: Cerastoderma konjuschkevski. --1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Raricardium konjuschkevskii (Alizade, 1932). "1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium konjuschkewskii. --1987 ZR: Cardium konjuschkevskii. Alisade, 1932. Designated type species for new genus Raricardium. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 191. konkensis Bagdasaryan, 1979. - Inaequicostata konkensis Bagdasaryan, 1979. Cardiacea. Middle Miocene. RECORDS. --1979 ZR: Inaequicostata (Inaequicostata) konkensis Bagdasaryan, 1979 sp. nov. Russian SFSR. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 47. konschini Andrusov, 1961. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" konschini Andrusov, 1961. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1961. ZR: Cardium konschini Andrusov, 1961 "sp. nov.", ina table. Miocene, Caspian region, Russia. --1963 ZR: Cardium konschini Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Neogene, Russia. konschini. - Cerastoderma konschini. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1977 Popov: Cerastoderma konschini. Korobkoviella (genus) Merklin, 1962. - Nomen nudum. Lynmocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. --1980 Vokes: Korobkoviella Merklin, 1962 nom. nud. Korobkoviella (subgenus) Merklin, 1962. - Nomen nudum. Lynmocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. "1975 ZR: Cerastoderma (Korobkoviella) Merklin, 1975 subgen. nov. Type species C. (K.) kiktenkoi. Ref. to Merklin, p. 97. Korobkovkiella (error). - Printer's mistake for Korobkoviella in Merklin, 1974 (Vokes 1980). koshikijimense Amano, 1957. - Nemocardium koshikijimense (Amano, 1957). Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1957 Amano: Protocardium koshikijimensis. "1957 ZR: Protocardium koshikijimense Amano, 1957 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Kyushu, Japan. "1973 Keen: Protocardia (Pr%cardia) koshikijimensis Amano, 1957. --1986 Scott: Nemocardium koshikijimense (Amano, 1957). Cretaceous. . kosici Brusina, 1892. - Lymnocardium kosici Brusina. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil RECORDS. --1892. ZR: Limnocardium kosici Brusina, 1892, n. sp. Tertiary of Markusevec (Croatia). --1987. Taktakishvili: Limnocardium kosici Brus. kosiciforme Barnabas & Strausz, 1989. - New 580 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) kossmati - kujoricum combination: Lymnocardium kosiciforme Barnabas & Strausz, 1989 . Lymnocardiidae . Miocene . T YPE LOCALITY. Pannonian in SW Transdanubia (Hungary). RECORDs. "1989. Barnabas & Strausz p. 236 & 305, fig. : Limnocardium kosiciforme sp. nov. kossmati Andert, 1934. - Granocardium kossmati Andert, 1934. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1935 ZR : Granocardium kossmati Andert, 1934 sp. n. Cretaceous Europe. kossmati Schlosser, 1928. - Trachycardium kossmati Schlosser, 1928 Cardiidae. Cretaceous . RECORDS. ··1928 ZR: Trachycardium kossmati Schlosser, 1928 sp. n. Cretaceous Portuguese East Africa. kostici (subspecies). - See under ornata kostici with ref. to Taktakishvili 1987. kotsachuriensis. - Eoprosodacna kotsachuriensis. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1960. ZR: Eoprosodacna kotsachuriensis [Ref. Kereselidze, 1960]. koubliense d' Archiac. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" koubliense d' Archiac. Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium koubliense d' Archiac. Turkey (Koubeli), B22371, B223334, B223335. kouschini Andrussow, 1902. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" kouschini (Andrussow, 1902). Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. ··1905 Dollfus , commenting Andrussow 1902: Cardium kouschini n. sp. tend s towards Cerastoderma . kovacovense Senes, 1958. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " kovacovense (Senes, 1958) Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR : Cardium (Laevicardium) kovacovense Senes, 1958 sp. nov. Kovacov beds, Aquitanian, Miocene. Kuvacov, near Sturovo, Czechoslovakia. Kozahuria (subgenus) Popov, 1983. Cardiacea. Miocene. REcORDs. ··1983 ZR: (Kozahuria) Popov, 1983 subgen. nov. Type species Eoprosodacna (Kozahuria) georgiensis. Ref. to Popov, p. 33. krambergeri R. Hoem. - Valenciennius krambergeri R. Hoem. Cardiacea. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1955 Ebersin : Valenciennius krambergeri R. Hoem. krambergeri Sauerzopf, 1952. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " krambergeri (Sauerzopf, 1952). Lymnocardiidae . Pannon. RECORDS. ··1955 ZR: Cardium (Replidacna) krambergeri Sauerzopf, 1952 sp. nov. Pannon (Tertiary) Austria. kraussi Mayer. - Cerastoderma kraussi (Mayer) . Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cerastoderma kraussi (May.). kruschi Riedel , 1932. - Granocardium kruschi Riedel, 1932. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1938 ZR: Granocardium kruschi Riedel, 1932 sp. n. Cretaceous, Cameroons. kubanica (subspecies). - See under de/ormis kubanica Eberzin, 1956. kubanica Ebersin , 1962. - Pontalmyra kubanica (Eberzin, 1962). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. REcORDs. ··1962 ZR: Didacna (Pontalmyra) kubanica Eberzin, 1962 sp. nov. Kuban, I1'skii region, Ustyurt, Azov region ; Pliocene, Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra kubanica (Ebers.). kubanica Ebersin, 1967. - Macradacna kubanica Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Macradacna kubanica sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Macradacna kubanica Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. kubanicum Andrussow, 1907. - Arcicardium kubanicum Andrussow, 1907. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. Crimean iron ore deposits. RECORDS. ··1907 Andrussow, p. 114, Taf. IV, Fig. 1-3: Arcicardium kubanicum nov. sp. ··1964 ZR: Arcicardium kubanicum Andrusov, 1964 sp . nov. Tertiary. ··1974 ZR: Arcicardium kubanicum Andrusov. Type species of Pseudoarcicardium Akhvlediani, 1974 gen. nov. of Cardiidae. Ref. to Akhvlediani, p. 486. kubanicum Zhizhchenko, 1936. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma kubanicum (Zhizhchenko, 1936) . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Cardium kubanicum Zhizchenko, 1936 sp. n. ··1970 Glibert & Poe I: Cerastoderma (s.s.) kubanicum (Zhizhchenko, 1936). ··1989 Gontsharova: Parvicardium kubanicum (Zhizhchenko, 1936). Kubanocardium Muschelischvili, 1965 (genus). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Kubanocardium Muschelischvi1i, 1965. Kubanocardium Muschelischvili, 1965 (subgenus). Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Kubanocardium Muskhe1ishvili, 1965 subgen. nov. of Cardium. Genotype Cardium laevigatoloweni Koles. ··1987 Kojumdgieva p. 12 : (Kubanocardium) Muskhelishwili, 1965. Cardiidae. Miocene, Sarmatian. Emended diagnosis. ··2002 Schneider : Kubanocardium . Sarmatian (late Middle Miocene), brackish-water. kubeckii. - See under kuebeckii Hauer. kubeckii. - Invalid spelling in Sherborn 1922-32. kuebeckii Hauer, 1847. - Laevicardium kuebeckii (Hauer, 1847). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1930 Stewart: Cardium kubeckii Hauer (Miocene, Austria). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3327: Cardium kUbeckii Hauer, 1847 . ··1973 ZR : Laevicardium (Laevicardium) kuebecki. First record . Upper Miocene. Czechoslovakia. Ref. to Ondrejickova. kuemmeli Weller, 1907. - Changed combination: Granocardium kuemmeli (Weller, 1907). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE MATERIAL. USNM Ho10type 21126: United States National Museum. Washington, DC, USA (Schneider 2002) . RE CORDS. · · 1998 Rindsberg : Granocardium (Granocardium) kuemmeli (Weller, 1907). ··1998 Schneider: Granocardium (Granocardium) ku emmeli (Weller, 1907) USNM 21126 (ho10type). ··2002 Schneider: Granocardium kuemmeli (Weller, 1907). kuiperi sauerzopji Schlicum, 1964. - Limnopappia kuiperi sauerzopji Schlicum, 1964. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1964 ZR: Limnopappia kuiperi sauerzopji Sch1icum, 1964 subsp . nov. Miocene, Hutterer, Bayern. kuiperi Schlickum, 1962 . - Limnopappia kuiperi Schlickum, 1962. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Limnopappia kuiperi Schlickum, 1962 sp. nov. Miocene, Helvetian, Ulm. kujalnicensis . - Prosodacna kujalnicensis. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Prosodacna kujalnicensis. kujoricum Kojumdgieva, 1970. - Combination to be 581 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) kuluvense -lacunosum revised: "Cardium" kujoricum (Kojumdgieva, 1970). Cardiidae. U. Miocene. RECORDs. ··1970 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) kujoricum Kojumdgieva, 1970 sp. nov. Sarmatian, Upper Miocene, Batova, Tolbukhinsko, Bulgaria. kuluvense Kafanov, 1984. - Keenocardium kuluvense Kafanov, 1984. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Far East. Tochilinski key section of western Kamtchatka, Russia. RECORDS. ··1984 Bratseva et al., p. 211, fig.: Keenocardium kuluvense Kafanov, 1984 sp. nov. ··1984 Kafanov in Gladenkov et al. : Keenocardium kuluvense Kafanov. ··1985 ZR: Keenocardium kuluvense Kafanov, 1984 sp. nov. Russian SFSR, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Bratseva et al. p. 211 . ··1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova: Keenocardium kuluvense Kafanov, 1984. kuluvense Sinelnikova, 1990. - Laevicardium kuluvense Sinelnikova, 1990. Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. ··1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova, p. 73, pI. I, fig. 4 a,b, pI. 3, fig. 12: Laevicardium kuluvense sp. nov. Sinelnikova, 1990. kumli Uspenskaia, 1931 . - Avicardium kumli (Uspenskaia, 1931). Cardiacea. Miocene. REcORDs. ··1932 ZR: Cardium kumli Uspenskaia, 1931 n. sp. Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. ··1977 Popov: Avicardium kumli. kummeli Weller. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" kummeli Weller. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1938 ZR: Cardium kummeli Weller [Ref. Semmes 1938]. kumuchicum Andrussow, 1902. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" kumuchicum (Andrussow, 1902). Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1902: Cardium kumuchicum n. sp. tends towards Cerastoderma. ··1963 ZR : Cardium kumuchicum Andrusov, 1963 sp . nov. Neogene, Russia. kunstleri Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" kunslleri (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911). Cardiidae. Neogene . RECORDS. ··1911 ZR: Cardium (Ringicardium) kunstleri Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911 sp. n. France Neogene. ··1938 ZR: Cardium kunstleri Miocene, Lybia figs. [Ref. Alberichi & Mauroner 1938]. ··1977 Popov : Cardium kunstleri Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911 . kupradzei Charatischvili, 1952. - Changed combination: Acanthocardia kupradzei (Charatischvilli , 1952) . Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) kupradzei Kharatishvili 1958 sp. nov. Grakali . Georgia USSR ··1977 Popov : Cerasloderma kupradzei (Charatischvilli, 1952). ··1989 Gontsharova: Cardium kupradzei Charatischvili, 1952. ··1989 Gontsharova: Acanthocardia kupradzei (Charatischvili, 1952). kurodai Hatai & Nisiyama, 1952 . - Changed combination: Profulvia kurodai (Hatai & Nisiyama, 1952). Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1976 ZR : Papyridea kurodai Hatai & Nisiyama, 1952 Referred to Profulvia. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 482 [orig. p. Ill]. ··1976 ZR: Profulvia kurodai (Hatai & Nisiyama, 1952) Comb. nov. Transferred from Papyridea. Ref. to . Kafanov, p. 482 [orig. p. III] . kurodai Sawada, 1962. - Replaced by Papyridea kurodai Yokoyama, 1926. » Regarding Profulvia kurodai : Cardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene. TYPE LOCA LITY. Sawane, Sado Island, Japan. Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. REcORDs. ··1992 Amano & Tanaka: Profulvia kurodai (Sawada). ··1992 Amano & Tanaka: Profulvia kurodai (Sawada, 1962) = Papyridea (Fulvia) kurodal Yokoyama, 1926. kurodai Yokoyama, 1926 . - Papyridea kurodai Yokoyama, 1926. Cardiidae. Tertiary. REcORDs. ··1962 Sawada: Profulvia kurodai. ··1992 Amano & Tanaka: Papyridea (Fulvia) kurodaiYokoyama, 1926. kurovdagika Vekilov, 1970. - Didacna kurovdagika Vekilov, 1970. Lyrnnocardiidae. Holocene. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Didacna kurovdagika Vekilov, 1970 sp. nov. Holocene anthropogenic deposits, N.E. Azerbaijan kurumensis Hayami, 1958. - Prolocardia kurumensis Hayami, 1958. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDs. ··1958 ZR: Protocardia kurumensis Hayami, 1958 sp. nov. Lias, Japan. ··1973 Keen: Prolocardia (Protocardia) kurumensis Hayami, 1958. kussa Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium kussa : REcORDs. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium kussa . Not a cardiid. kuznetzovi Kharatishvili 1958. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " kuznetzovi Kharatishvili 1958. Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. ··1958 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) kuznetzovi Kharatishvili 1958 sp . nov. Grakali; Miocene. Georgia USSR kyetubokiensis Eames, 1950. - New name: Discors kyetubokiensis Eames, 1950. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1950 ZR: Discors kyetubokiensis Eames, 1950 nom. nov. for Cardium subfragUe Boettger, 1875 non Orbigny 1850 kYlishuense Shuto, 1960. - Vepricardium kyushuense Shuto, 1960. Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. ··1960 ZR: Vepricardium kyushuense Shuto, 1960 sp. nov. Upper Middle Miocene Tano member Miyazaki Group, Japan. ··1973 Keen: Vepricardillm kyushuense (Shuto, 1960). kyllshuensis Tamura, 1977. - Nemocardium kyushuensis Tamura, 1977. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Nemocardium kyushuensis sp. nov. Japan. Ref to Tamura, M. p. 118, fig'd. L laheeulatum Nardo, 1847. - Cardium labeculatum Nardo, 1847. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3330: Cardium labeculatum Nardo (ex Chiereghini MS), 1847. laerymiferum Millet. - Synonym of Trachycardium mllilicostalum (Brocchi, 1814). » Regarding Cardium lacrymiferum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium lacrymiferum Millet = Cardium (Trachycardium) multicostatum Brocchi, 1814. laeta (variety). - See under subsyrmiense var. lacta Eberzin, 1958. laetea (variety). - See under papil/osum var. lactea Jeffreys, 1863. - tuberculatum var. lactea Clement, 1879. - tuberculatum var. lactea Coen, 1914. laeunaris (subspecies). - See under glaucum lacunaris Monterosato, 1915. laeunosllm (subspecies).- See under assimile lacunosum Vidal, 1998. laeunosum Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part I p. 139. Part 3 p. 582 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) lacustre - Laevicardiinae 864 , 876, 926). - Changed combination: Trachy cardium lacunosum (Reeve, 1845). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1845). However, the specimen at the BMNH has a label indicating loc. ? Muscat, Persian Gulf. H. Cuming Collection. TYPE REPOSITORY . BMNH reg. no. 1978133. - BMNH; Cardium lacunosum Reeve Holotype reg. no. 1978133 . Neg. No. 0381. RECORDs. 001845 Reeve species 81: Cardium lacunosum Reeve, 1845 . Pro. Zoo I. Soc. 001858 Adams & Adams , p . 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) laeunosum, Reeve. 001869 Romer: Cardium lacunosum Reeve, a good species related to C. rubicundum Reeve. 001884 Grasset: Cardium lacunosum. Rv. 001890 Paetel: Cardium lacunosum Rv. 001901 Dall: Cardium lacunosum Reeve, 1845. 00 1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 837: Cardium (Trachycardium) lacunosum Rve. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 3350: Cardium laeunosum Reeve, 1845 . 00 1960 Biggs & Grantier: Trachycardium laeunosum Reeve. 001973 Biggs : Trachycardium la cunosum (Reeve, 1845). 001977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium lacunosum Reeve = Cardium enode Sowerby. 001977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium lacunosum Reeve, 1845 . 001989 Bosch & Bosch: Trachyeardium lacunosum (Reeve, 1845). 001992 Oliver: Trachycardium lacunosum. 001993 Vidal: Cardium lacunosum not synonym of Cardium enode as suggested by Fischer-Piette. 001995 Oliver, fig. 1090: Acrosterigma laeunosa (Reeve, 1845). 001998 Vidal: Cardium lacunosum Reeve, 1845= Vasticardium assimile lacunosum (Reeve, 1845). » CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ooBMNH: holotype reg. no. 1978133 (33 ribs in tot., 6-7 post ribs). DESCRIPTIONS. 001845 Reeve: shell ovate, ventricose, sometimes rather oblique, radiately ribbed , 34 laterally hollowed ribs, extreme posterior ribs armed with prickly tubercles, middle ribs smooth, very finely crenulated on both sides, anterior ribs arcuately crenated; interstices between the ribs deeply canaliculated; whitish or yellowish variegated with red. 001995 Oliver: solid, moderately thick, ovate, higher than long. Sculpture of31-35 radial ribs, posterior 68 with oblique, slightly twisted, lamellar spines. Externally cream with zones, patches, and spots of ochre, chestnut and mauve; internal margin reddish to purple-brown, wnbonal cavity initially with a pair of longitudinal purplish bars and suffused with fawn to orange but this fades in larger shells. DIMENSIONS. 001960 Biggs & Grantier: 57 mm. 001995 Oliver: to 70 mm. HABITAT. 001995 Oliver: sand, offshore, 10-15 fathoms. REMARKs. 001845 Reeve: the ribs are hollowed at the sides, in such a manner that their flattened sununit forms a protruding crenulated ledge both posteriorly and anteriorly. 001960: Biggs & Grantier found that young shells tend to have a dark patch inside the hinge. 001901 Dall: Cardium lacunosum Reeve, 1845 should be compared with Cardium pristipleura Dall, 1900. DISTRIBUTION. 001845 Reeve: unknown. 001884 Grasset: Mauritius . 001994 Hylleberg : West Indian Ocean. 001995 Oliver: GulfofOman . laeuslre Gmelin, 1791. - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardium lacllStre: freshwater species. RECORDS. 001791 Gmelin: Cardium laeuslre. 001803 Montagu : Cardium lacustre. 001803 Montagu: Tellina lacllStris Gme!. Syst. p. 3242 = Cardium laeustre. 001853 Forbes & Hanley: Cardium lacuSlre not a cardiid. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 3351: Cardium (Gm.) lacustris Montagu, 1803. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium laellStre = freshwater species. lacustre Popov, 1983. - Cerastoderma lacllstre Popov, 1983. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001983 ZR : Cerastoderma lacllstre Popov, 1983 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Popov, p. 31. lacustris Montagu, 1803. - See under lacustre Gmelin, 1791. laddi Abrard, 1946. - Synonym of Vaslieardium sewelli (Prashad , 1932). » Regarding Cardium laddi : Cardiidae. Upper Miocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Epi, New Hebrides. RECORDS. 00 1946 Abrard, p. 33 , pI. 3, fig. 1-2: Cardium (Trachycardium) laddi n. sp. 001947 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) laddi Abrard, 1946 sp. nov. Upper Miocene, Foreland Bay, Epi, New Hebrides. 001999 Vidal: Cardium laddi Abrard, 1946 = Vasti eardium sewelli (Prashad, 1932). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. 001999 Vidal: Upper Miocene fossil from Epi Island (Vanuatu), Recent species from Thailand (Phuket), Guam (Hapra Harbour, Oca Point), Santo (Vanuatu). laeva Swainson. - Unknown species . » Regarding Fragum laeva: Cardiidae. ?Recent. RECORDs. 001858 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia (Fragum) laeva Swains. 001890 Paetel: Hemicardium laeve sic Sw. *laeve. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium laeve from 2 sources: Gray, 1838. - Gueranger, 1867. laeve Gray, 1838. - Unknown species. RECORDs. 001872 Tryon: Laevicardium laeve (reference to Gray). 00192232 Sherborn, p . 3371 : Cardium laeve Gray, 1838. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium laeve = species not known. laeve Gueranger, 1867. - Unknown species. » Regarding Laevicardillm laeve: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001871 Stoliczka , 89: Cardium laeve Gueranger, 1867 (?Laevicardium). Laevicardiinae Keen, 1936 (subfamily). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS . 001936 ZR: subfamily Laevicardiinae in Cardiidae [Ref. Keen 1936a). 001974 ZR: Laevicardiinae. Systematic accounts of species. Ref. to Kafanov. 001978 ZR: Laevicardiinae. Keen 1936. Systematic relationships. Abstract. Ref. to Kafanov p. 122. 00 1980 Laevicardiinae. Status. ZR Ref. to Kafanov. 001980 ZR : Laevicardiinae Keen, 1936. Key to genera. Ref. to Keen. 001980 Vokes: Subfamily Laevicardiinae Keen, 1936. 001983 Anaya: subfamily Laevicardiinae Keen, 1936. 001992 Amano & Tanaka: subfamily Laevicardiinae. 001999 Higo el al. : Laevicardiinae (subfamily) Keen, 1936. 002000 Coan et al.: Subfamily Laevicardiinae Keen, 1936. 002001 Schneider & Carter: Laevicardiinae (subfamily) Keen, 1936. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. 001994 Hylleberg: shell elliptic-oblique; rib ornamentation of looped threads or small nodes, not spines; ribs of posterior slope weaker than those of central and anterior slopes or obsolescent; posterior margin wavy rather than notched; hinge long and arched (line joining laterals and cardinals bends more than 25 degrees); cardinals somewhat unequal in size, anterior left blade-like. REMARKS . 001999 Vidal : the two species biradiatum and attenualum have been referred by all Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 583 Laevicardium - laevigatum other authors to the genus Laevicardium, subfamily Laevicardiinae Keen, 1951 [Keen 1936 is invalid]. This subfamily has often been viewed as representing a wide group encompassing a number of genera and subgenera (Keen 1951; Thiele 1935; Adam & Leloup 1939; Fischer-Piette 1977; Schneider 1995). The arrangement preferred by Vidal (1999) however, reduces the number of genera in this subfamily: the taxon Fulvia has been removed from the group by Wilson & Stevenson (1977). "1994: Vidal showed that Fulvia must be placed in the subfamily Cardiinae (tribe Vepricardiini), so that Laevicardiinae now contains only the genus Laevicardium. The genus Laevicardium (sensu Keen) remains represented in the Indo-Pacific by only two species, Laevicardium multipunctatum (Sowerby, 1833) and L. lobulatum (Deshayes, 1855). Laevicardium Swainson, 1840 (genus). - Cardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. Type species: Gray (1847) stated that C. laevigatum is type species of Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. Romer (1869) stated that Cardium serratum (L.) is type species of subgenus Laevicardium (Swains.). Stoliczka (1871) designated Cardium oblongum Gmelin, 1791 type species of genus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Laevicardium Swainson: syn. of Cardium. "1858 Adams & Adams: Genus Laevicardium Swainson. "1871 Stoliczka: Laevicardium, Swains., 1840. Type not identified by Stoliczka. "1884 Grasset: Genus Laevicardium Swainson. "1890 Paetel: 993. Gen. Laevicardium Sw. "1891 Romer: Genus Laevicardium Sw. "1927 ZR: Laevicardium [Ref. Trechmann 1927]. "1928 ZR: Laevicardium [Ref. Boone 1928]. "1934 Johnson: Laevicardium Swainson 1840. "1953 Olsson & Harbison: Genus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. "1961 Olsson: Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. ..1973 ZR: Laevicardium. Stratigraphical distribution. Pleistocene. Japan. Narita Formation. Ref. to Ohara. I Tokyo Formation. Ref. to Ando. I Miocene. Japan. Lower Cretaceous. Ref. to Iwasaki. I Japan. Ref. to Takei. "1975 ZR: Laevicardium. Key to species. USSR. Oligocene. Ref. to Merklin, p. 101. "1977 Popov p. 50.: Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. Genotype: Cardium oblongum Gmelin, 1790. "1980 Vokes: Laevicardium Swainson, 1840 in subfamily Laevicardiinae. "1983 Anaya: Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. Type (Stoliczka, 1871) Cardium oblongum Gmelin, 1791. "1983 ZR: Laevicardium. Swainson 1840. Neogene & Palaeogene. Ref. to Kafanov et aI., p. 118. "1992 Schneider p. 155: Laevicardium. Type species Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin). "1995 Schneider: Laevicardium. Type species Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791). "1999 Higo et al.: Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. Type species: Cardium oblongum Gmelin, 1791 (s.d. Stoliczka, 1871). "2000 Coan et al.: Genus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1840 Swainson: shell longitudinally oval, inequilateral, the surface neither ribbed nor spired. Subtypical. Moore et al. 1969, emend ... 1994 Hylleberg: medium sized shells. Outline ovate, usually oblique. Hinge line long and strongly arched. Ribs faintly to moderately developed, weaker on posterior slope; smooth to threaded or noded. "2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles ... 2002 Schneider: Laevicardium has the right caecum centrally located on the stomach floor. REMARKS. "1847: Gray, No. 557 considered Laevicardium sp. Swainson 1840 a synonym of Cardium Linne. "1847 Gray: C. aeolicum is type species of Laevicardium sp. Swainson, 1840. Swainson did not himself identify any type species. In his list of species the first one is L. europeum Wood (added under the description of Laevicardium). Laevicardium Swainson, 1840 (subgenus). -Cardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. REMARKS. Dautzenberg & Fischer (1912): subgenus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840 of genus Cardium Linne 1758. RECORDS. "1840 Swainson, p. 373: Laevicardium Sw. subgenus of genus Cardium Linn. "1869 ZR: subgenus Laevicardium (Swains.), type Cardium serra tum (L.) [Ref. Romer 1869]. "1887 Fischer: subgenus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840 of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. "1906 Dautzenberg & Fischer: subgenus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: subgenus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. "1922 Olsson: (Laevicardium) Swainson. "1924 Oldroyd: subgenus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. "1928 Kuroda: (Laevicardium) Swainson, 1840. laevicardium Gevers. Non binominal. - Not available. REcoRDs. "1787 Gevers: laevicardium laevicosta Almera & Bofill, 1894. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" laevicosta Almera & Bofill, 1894. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1983 Anaya: Cardium laevicosta Almera & Bofill, 1894 [Tertiary]. Laevifulvia REcoRDS (subgenus). "1994. Vidal: Fulvia (Laevifulvia) Vidal, 1994 subgen. nov.; Type species Cardium hungelfordi undatopictum Pilsbry 1904. "1994 ZR: (Laevifulvia) Vidal, 1994 new subgenus; Reference: Cardiacea # 14, the Zoological Record on CD 131-132. laevigata - RECORDS. "1869 ZR: Section, subtypical 2. Laevisculptae: laevigata (L.), &c. [Ref. GrahamPonton 1869]. laevigatoloweni Kolesnikov, 1929. - Kubanocardium laevigatoloweni (Kolesnikov, 1929). Lymnocardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ..1929 ZR: Cardium laevigatoloweni Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. "1965 ZR: Cardium (Kubanocardium) laevigatoloweni Koles. [Ref. Muskhelishvili 1965] ... 1965 ZR: Cardium laevigatoloweni Koles. Subgenotype of (Kubanocardium) Muskhelishvili, 1965. *laevigatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium laevigatum from 5 sources: Linnaeus, 1758. - Lamarck, 1819. - Blainville, 1824. - Georgi in Middendorff, 1849. - Lycett, 1850. laevigatum Bartsch, 1947. - See under levigatum Bartsch, 1947. laevigatum Blainville, 1824. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" laevigatum Blainville, 1824. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3360: Cardium laevigatum Blainville, 1824. laevigatum Georgi in Middendorff, 1849. - Changed combination: Monodacna laevigata (Georgi in Middendorff, 1849). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1903 Andrussoff: Cardium laevigatum Georgi in Middendorff, 1849 ... 1977 Popov: Monodacna laevigata. laevigatum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part I p. 92,105. Part 584 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) laevigatum 3 p. 893). - Identical with Laevicardium serra tum Linne, 1758. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium serratum Linnaeus, 1758. - Laevicardium norvegicum gibbum Jeffreys. - Cardium serra tum var. laevigatum Lamarck. » Regarding Cardium laevigatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1819 Lamarck: Cardium laevigatum in Encyciop. pI. 300. fig. 2. non bene. "1828 Roux: Cardium laevigatum. Ref. to Lamarck. "1839 Anton: Cardium laevigatum Lamarck = Cardium serratum Linne. 001850 Jay: Cardium laevigatum Lam. = Cardium serratum Linn. "1902 Dall & Simpson: Cardium laevigatum Lamarck, 1819 = Cardium serra tum var.laevigatum Lamarck, 1819. 00 1902 Dall: Cardium laevigatum of Lamarck, 1819 = Cardium serratum Linnaeus, 1758. "1921 Maury: laevigatum Lamarck, 1819 = Cardium (Laevicardium) serratum Linnaeus, 1758. 001925 Woodring, p. 145: Cardium laevigatum Lamarck, 1819 (not Linne or Born) is identical with Cardium serratum Linne, 1758. "1933 Coen: Cardium laevigatum Lamarck = Laevicardium norvegicum Spengler var. gibba Jeffreys. '·1937 Coen: laevigatum Lam. = Laevicardium norvegicum gibbum Jeffreys. "1851 Saussaye, Petit de la: Cardium laevigatum Lamarck. "1899 Bordaz: Cardium laevigatum Lamarck. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Lamarck's description is identical with Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). laevigatum Lamarck. - See also under serra tum Linne, 1758 and citrinum Chemnitz, 1782. laevigatum Linnaeus, 1758 / Gmelin, 1791 . [Figs. Part 1 p. 40, 64, 65, 75 No. 184, p. 75 No. 185-186, p. 75 No. 189,137. Part 3 p. 890, 893). -Fulvia laevigala = Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789. » Regarding C. laevigatum : TYPE MATERIAL. Gray, (1847, No. 557) stated that C. laevigatum is type species of Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. Vidal (1999) stated that 3 syntypes of Cardium laevigatum Linne are present in The Linnean Society, two bivalved shells that are Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789) and a single valve that is probably Fulvia australis (Sowerby, 1834). The largest of the two bivalved shells [46.2 x 46.5 x 31.1), hand marked 88 by Linne (his list number in 1767) has been selected by Vidal (1999, p. 327) as lectotype of Cardium laevigatum Linne, 1758, senior synonym of Cardium papyraceum Bruguiere, 1789. TYPE LOCALITY. West Indies (fide Spengler 1799); Habitat ad littora Angliae, Pennant (fide Born 1780). ). [For ID's, see also below under laevigatum Linne, 1758. - Summary of identifications). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium laevigatum t. 249. f. 83. 001742 Gualtieri. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium laevigatum t. 82. f. A. "1742 Gualtieri, pI. 82, fig. A = Cardium ｬ｡･ｶｾｴｵｭ＠ (fide Spengler 1799) . •• 1758 Linnaeus: (10 edition) p. 680. No. 72: Cardium laevigatum. "1764 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium laevigatum Vergn . 2. t. 20 . f. 4 . "1764 Linnaeus: p. 490, No. 44: Cardium ｬ｡ｦｩｶｧｴｾｭＮ＠ "1767 Linnaeus: Cardium laevigatum (l2 t ,13 t editions) No. 88. 001771 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium laevigatum Vergn. 5. t. 10. f. 7 . 00 1772 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium laevigalum Vergn. 6. t. 6. f. 1. "1778 Born, G 14. Cardium laeuigatum sic Linn. S.N . Sp. 88. 001780 Born : Cardium laevigalum Linn. S. N . Sp. 88 . "1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 18 Fig. 185-186: Cardium laevigatum Lin. (from the Mediterranean). 001782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium laevigatum t. 18. f. 189. 001782 Chemnitz, pI. 18, fig. 189: Cardium laevigatum (fide Spengler 1799). 001786 Schroter, No. XVI: Cardium laevigatum. Linn. XII. pag. 1123 . Spec. 88. 001789 Bruguiere, No. 30. Cardium laevigatum Linn. 001789 Bruguiere : Cardium laevigatum Martini, tom. 6. , pag. 191 , tab. 18, fig. 185, 186. 001791 Gmelin No. 18: Cardium laevigatum. 001791 Poli, p . 64, pI. 17 , fig . 10-11: Cardium laevigatum Linn. pag. 1123. 00 1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 300. fig. 2. Cardium laevigatum. 001799 Spengler, p. 43-44, No. 28: Cardium laevigatum Linnei Sp. 88. p. 1123 . 001799 Spengler: Cardium laevigatum in Chemnitz Tom . VI. Tab. 18 . fig . 189. 001799 Spengler: Cardium laevigalum in Knorr Tom. II. Tab. 20. fig. 4. "1799 Spengler: Cardium laevigatum in Knorr Tom. V. Tab. 10. fig. 7. 001799 Spengler: Cardium laevigatum in Gualtieri Tab. 82. fig. A.1803. Montagu: Cardium laevigatum Lin. 001807 Maton & Rackett, No. 8: Cardium laevigatum Linn. (first noticed by Mr. Lister. Gmelin has referred to that author's figure for an erroneously constituted species, which he calls Cardium fluviatile). 001817 Dillwyn: Cardium laevigatum Linnaeus . 001829 Costa : Cardium laevigatum Lin. 001836 Bosc: Cardium laevigatum. 001844 Potiez & Michaud : Cardium laevigatum Linn. Gmel. Recent and fossil on Sicily. "1844 Reeve: Cardium laevigatum of Pennant = Cardium pennantii. 001844 Reeve: Cardium laevigatum Chemnitz, Conch. Cab ., vol. vi. pI. 18. f. 185 and 186. = Cardium biradiatum . "1845 Reeve species 69 : Cardium laevigatum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (not of Lamarck, nor Pennant). 001846 Forbes : Cardium laevigatum Linnaeus; found in newer Pliocene of Sicily. 001846 Orbigny: Cardium laevigatum Gmelin, 1789 = Cardium serratum Linne, 1767 ... 1847 Gray, No. 557: C. laevigatum . 001853 Orbigny: Cardium laevigatum Linne, 1767, no. 88 (non . Lam.). 001855 Hanley: Cardium laevigatum Linne = species insufficiently known. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium laevigatum of Gmelin and of Lamarck (non Linne) = Cardium norwegicum Spengler. 001859 Sowerby: C. laevigatum = Cardium norvegicum, Spengler. 001864 Krebs: Cardium laevigatum Lmk. (syn.) =, Cardium citrinum Ch. 001870 Morch : C. laevigatum Reeve sic = C. var. citrinum Chemnitz = C. pristis Valenc .; junior synonyms of Cardium laevigatum L. 001877 Locard: Cardium laevigatum 1831 Bronn p. 102, no. 586 (non. Linne) = Cardium fragile Brocchi, 1814. 001880 Martens: Cardium laevigatum Linne = Cardium (Papyridea) papyraceum Chemnitz, according to Hanley. 001884 Grasset: Laevicardium laevigalum. L. 001889 DaB : Liocardium laevigatum Linne ... 1890 Paetel: Laevicardium laevigatum L. 001891 Danilo & Sandri : Cardium laevigatum Linn . "1891 Romer: Laevicardium L. laevigatum L. 001897 Dall: Cardium laevigatum Linne. 001902 Sherborn, p. 512: Cardium laevigatum Linnaeus, 1758. 001903 Hidalgo: Cardium laevigatum Linne corresponds with Papyridea papyraceum according to Hanley (1855, p. 51). 001944 ZR: Laevicardium laevigatum L. [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944). 001969 Work: Laevicardium laevigatum Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 585 laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). "1970 Glibert & Poel: Laevicardium laevigatum (Linne). "1971 Andrews: Laevicardium laevigatllm (Linne, 1758). "1974 Abbott: Laevicardium laevigatum (Linne, 1758). "1974 ZR: Cardium laevigatum. Range extension. Atlantic Ocean. South America. Ref. to Fischer-Piette. "1983 ZR: Laevicardium laevigatum . Venezuela. Ref. to Penchaszadeh, et at. "1992 Schneider: Laevicardium laevigatum (Linne). "1995 Schneider: Laevicardium laevigatum (Linne, 1758). '·1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium laevigatum in Spengler, 1799 = No. 27 Cardium serratum in Spengler (without locality). "1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium laevigatum No. 28 in Spengler 1799 (West Indies) = Cardium citrinum Chernnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 18 Fig. 189 seu Cardium serratum Lin. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium laevigatum Lamarck & Linne. Sicily, B4062 I , B40622. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: shallow water in St.John's Bay, St. Thomas, West Indies . "ZMUC: West Indies C. laevigatum L. ··ZMUC: West Indies, I specimen. C. laevigatum Linnaeus. ··ZMUC: St. Thomas, West Indies, shallow water. "ZMUC: Spengler no. 28, Vest Indies, Spengler coli. 3 specimens and I shell. "ZMUC: 16 specimens (iuv.) ref. Lamarck No. 26. ··ZMUC wet collection: St Croix. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value : shell extremely smooth, glossy, ventral margin finely serrated, inside extending far into the shell, anterior and posterior margins smooth (contrary to C. serra/um), colour white, sometimes with narrow close-set, yellow rays extending from umbo towards margin. DESCRIPTIONS. "1767 Linne: shell inverted egg-shaped, obsolete longitudinal stripes [I have translated from Latin]. .. 1799 Spengler: Testa obova/a: striis obsoletis longitudinalibus. "1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: If a bivalve ever deserved the name laevigatum, this name should be given to this Cardium since its entire surface is smooth as a mirror with a lustre as beautiful as that of agate. The margin of both valves is provided with very delicate teeth, which reach far into the shell on the lowermost part of the bivalve. The anterior and posterior margins, on the other hand, are both completely devoid of these teeth, so that Linne, only for this reason, could not have listed this Cardium as serra/um. Among the many variations in shape and colour there are some which on their white background have quite narrow yellow lines placed close to each other, extending from the umbo to the margin, in the most beautiful order. But these lines should not be regarded as stripes, because they are enclosed in the white background under the glaze of the shell. "1845 Reeve: shell oblong-ovate, rather thin, ventricose, smooth, somewhat obsoletely rayed with striae, extreme posterior area not striated ; whitish or yellowish, clouded with bands of very faint red or flesh tint, radiately lineated with the same interior tinged with pale golden yellow. DIMENSIONS. Length 59 mm (2 lI4 Tom.), width 51 mm (I Tom. II Lin.)(Spengler 1799). REMARKS ... 1840 Sowerby, p. 6, No. 71 : Cardium laevigatum Linn. is erroneously applied by some authors to the British C. sen'atum ; Atlantic. - Linnaeus described 3 similar species: C.flavum, C. laevigatum, and C. serratum. Chemnitz (1782) illustrated the 3 species but confused the figure numbers with the Linnean descriptions. He stated that the figures 185 and 186 showed C. serratum but it was actually C. laevigatum. The figure 189 illustrated C. laevigatum but actually referred to C. serratum. "1845: Reeve fully concurred with the valuable observations made by M. Deshayes, relative to the Cardium laevigatum of Linnaeus, in his edition of the 'Anim. sans vert.' (vol. vi. p. 402 note). The shell here represented answers in each particular both to his description of that species, and to the figure referred to by him in the 'Encyclopectie Methodique.' "1867: Weinkauff(discussion p. 147148) stated that figs. 185 and 186 did not illustrate either of the species. "1855 Hanley discovered that C. laevigatum Linne = C. papyraceum Chemnitz. C. serratum Linne = C. laevigatum Lamarck (West Indian species) . "2004 Vidal (pers. comm.) The senior synonym is Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). Cardium laevigatum is a Fulvia, according to the type specimens of Linne and to the lectotype selected by Vidal 1999. DISTRlBUTION. "1799 Spengler: West Indies. "1845 Reeve: lsI. of Margarita, West Indies. "1856 Wood & Hanley: W. Indies. "1884 Grasset: Guadeloupe. S. Thomas. "1891 Romer: Indian Ocean. *laevigatum. - Summary of ID: Cardium laevigatum Linnaeus is a synonym of Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). Cardium laevigatum is a Fulvia, according to the type specimens of Linne and to the lectotype selected by Vidal 1999. The specific name laevigatum has been used for several different species: - [1] laevigatum = citrinum. "1840 Sowerby: Cardium laeviga/llm (in Wood 1815, pI. 54, fig. 3 = Cardium laevigatum Linn. (Sowerby, p. 6, No. 71). [fig. 3 of Wood = C. citrinum]. "1870. Morch: C. laevigatum Reeve sic = C. citrinum Chemn. - [2] - laevigatum of Chemnitz = biradiatum. "1782 Chemnitz, p. 191, pI. 18, figs 185-186: Cardium laevigatum. "1840 Pfeiffer: Chernnitz Fig. 185-186. Cardium laevigatum Lin. = Cardium biradiatum Lam. 27. "1844 Reeve: Cardium laevigatum in Chemnitz (1782, figs . 185-186) = Cardium biradiatum Bruguiere, 1789 ... 1850 Jay: Cardium laevigatum Chemn. = Cardium biradiatum Brug. "1870 Morch: C. laevigatum Chemn. = C. biradiatum Brug .; junior synonyms of Cardium serratum L. "1932 Prashad: Cardium laevigatum in Chemnitz (1782) = Cardium biradiatum Bruguiere, 1789 . .. 1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 25 : 1782: Cardium laevigatum (in Chemnitz 1782, pI. 18, fig. 189) = Laevicardium biradiatum Bruguiere. Distribution of biradiatum: lsI. of Burias, Philippines (Reeve 1844); Indo-Pacific (Hylleberg 1994). - [3] - laevigatum = serratum Bruguiere . ..1815 Wood : Cardium laevigatum in Britain = Cardium serra tum ofBruguiere. - [4] -laevigatum = serra tum Linne. "1786 Schroler, p. 45 : Cardium serra tum Linne. "1789 Bruguiere, p. 231 : Cardium serra tum Linn. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium laevigatum Born = Cardium serra/um Linnaeus. "1840 Sowerby: Cardium laeviga/um Wood 1815, (pI. 54, fig. I) = Cardium serratum Linn. (Sowerby, p. 5, No . 66). "1844 Reeve: Cardium laeviga/um Linne in Lamarck 1819 = serra/um . .. 1844 Reeve: Cardium laevigatum Linn. in Sowerby, p. 6, No. 71 = Cardium serratum. "1844 Reeve: Cardium laevigatum L. in Gmelin 1791 586 Tropical Marin e Mollusc Programme (TMMP) laevigatum Cardium serratum. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium laevigatum Mat. & Rack. = Cardium serra tum Linn. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium laevigatum Wood tab. 34 fig. 1 = Cardium serratum Linn. ··1844 Thompson : Cardium laevigatum, Lin. = Cardium serratum . ··1844 Thorpe: Cardium laevigatum Pen. (4. p. 188. t. 54. fig. \.) = Cardium serratum Lin. 1123 . ··1848 Requien : Cardium laevigatum. Phil. (tom.!. p. 50) = Cardium serratum. L. ··1854 Gray : Cardium laevigatum, Gmelin = Cardium serratum , Linn. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. laevigatum, Speng. = Cardium citrinum Wood, 1815 = C. serratum , Lin . ··1870 March: c. laevigatum Chemn. = C. biradiatum Brug.; junior synonyms of Cardium serratum L. ··1902 Dall: Cardium laevigatum Reeve, 1844 (not of Linnaeus, 1758) = Cardium serratum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1902 Dall: Cardium laevigatum of Born, 1780 = Cardium serratum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1939 McLean: Cardium laevigatum Born 1780 = Laevicardium serra tum serratum (Linne, 1758). ··1944 Clench & Smith, p. 22, pI. 12, figs 1-5: Cardium serra tum Linne, 1758. - [S]-laevigatum =pennantii = norvegicum = crassum (European records) . Correct ID is Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). [Fig. Part 1 p. 100]. REMARKS. Labels at ZMUC, non Linnaeus, non Lamarck, ? crassum. - Cardium laevigatum Po1i 1791 = Laevicardium ? crassum (Gme1in, 1791). HABITAT. Aegaean Sea depth range 20-40 fathoms (Forbes 1844). RECORDS. ··1777 Pennant, pI. 51, fig . 40: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1778 da Costa: Cardium laevigatum. ··1780 Born, p. 47: Cardium laevigatum. ··1791 Gmelin: Cardium laevigatum. ··1791 Poli, pI. 17, figs 10-11: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1800 Donovan, PI. 45 sic [should read PI. 15] figs. 7,8. Cardium laevigatum . ··1803 Montagu: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1807 Maton & Rackett: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1813 Fleming: Cardium laevigatum . ··1813 Pulteney: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1815 Wood, pI. 54, fig I: Cardium laevigatum. ··1817 Dillwyn, p. 123, pI. 51, fig. 40: Cardium laevigatum . ··1822 Turton: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1825 Gerville: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1826 Risso, p. 332: Cardium levigatum sic L. ··1829 Costa : Cardium laevigatum L. ··1836 Scacchi: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1836 Philippi: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1838 Maravigna: Cardium levigatum sic L. ··1842 Fleming: Cardium laevigatum. ··1842 Hyndman: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1843 Hanley: Cardium levigatum sic L. ··1843 MacGillivray: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1844 Brown, p. 88, pI. 35, figs 12-15: Cardium laevigatum . ··1844 Forbes: Cardium laevigatum, Lin. ··1844 Philippi: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium laevigatum Pennant, 1777 = pennantii Beck, 1842. ··1844 Thompson : Cardium laevigatum L. ··1844 Thorpe: Cardium levigatum Lin. 1123. ··1846 Loven: C. laevigatum Penn., Mont., Turt., Macg., Brown (non L., nee Chemn., nee Lamk.) = Cardium norvegicum Spengl. ··1846 Verany: Cardium levigatum sic L. ··1848 Requien: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1850 Jay: Cardium laevigatum Pennt. = Cardium pennantii Beck. ··1851 MacAndrew: Cardium laevigatum. ··1852 Leach: Cardium laevigatum L. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 21: Cardium laevigatum Penn. (not Lin.) B. Z. f. = 40. ··1857 Gray: Cardium laevigatum. ··1866 Brusina: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium laevigatum Poli (non L.) = C. norwegicum sic Spengler. ··1867 ZR: Cardium norvegieum (Spengler) = laevigatum of the Mediterranean conchologists (Weinkauff 1867). ··1868 Colbeau: Cardium laevigatum = Laevicardium norwegicum sic Spgl. ··1869 Romer: Cardium laevigatum Pennant (non Linne, nee Chemn .) = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. ··1878 Monterosato: C. laevigatum, auctt. (non. Lin.) = Cardium norvegicum Spengl. ··1880 Stossich: Cardium laevigatum Poli = Laevicardium norwegicum sic Spengler. ··1886 Locard: Cardium laevigatum (n. Lin.), de Lamarck, 1818 = Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1792 sic. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium laevigatum L. nee Pennant, Philippi = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium laevigatum Penn. = norwegicum Spglr. ··1906 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium laevigatum Da Costa 1778 non Linne 1758 = Cardium (Laevicardium) norvegicum, Spengler. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium laevigatum Pennant 1777 (non Linne) = Cardium (Laevieardium) norvegicum Spengler 1799. ··1933 Coen: Cardium laevigatum Lamarck = Laevicardium norvegicum Spengler var. gibba Jeffreys. ··1937 Coen: laevigatum Lam. = Laevicardium norvegicum gibbum Jeffreys. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cardium laevigatum da Costa, 1778. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium laevigatum Pennant = Laevicardium crassum Gmelin . ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium laevigatum (non Linne ?) by authors = Cardium crassum Gmelin, 1791. - [6]-laevigatum = brasilianum (Lamarck, 1819) Basically compiled according to Fischer-Piette (1977). ··1845 Reeve, No. 69: Cardium laevigatum Linne. ··1851 Saussaye, Petit de la: Cardium laevigatum Lamarck. ··1853 Orbigny: Cardium laevigatum Linne. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457 : Laevicardium laevigatum Linn. ··1864 Krebs: Cardium laevigatum Linne. ··1869 Romer: Cardium laevigatum Reeve (non L.) fig. 69 = Cardium glabratum Romer, new name. ··1878 Poulsen: Cardium laevigatum Linne. ··1886 Dall: Cardium laevigatum Linne. ··1899 Bordaz: Cardium laevigatum Lamarck. ··1944 Clench & Smith: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1944 Hackney: Laevieardium laevigatum Linne. ··1946 Jaume: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1947 Aguayo & Jaurne: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1951 McLean: Laevieardium laevigatum Linne. ··1952 Dodge: Cardium laevigatum Linne. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Laevicardium laevigatum laevigatum (Linne, 1758). ··1953 Salisbury: Cardium laevigatum Gmel. ··1954 Hildebrand: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1954 Abbott : Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1954 Morrites: Laevitcartium sic laevigatum Linne . ··1955 Perry & Schwengel : Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1956 Morris: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1957 NowellUsticke: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne . ··1958 Abbott: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1958 Olsson & MacGinty: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1961 Warmke & Abbott: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1961 Moore: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1961 Weber : Laevicardium laevigatum. ··1962 Rice & Komicker: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1963 Coomans: Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus). ··1963 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 587 laevigatum -laevigatum gamma? Arnow & St. Clair: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1967 Matthews & Rios: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1968 Altena: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1968 Rios & Oleiro: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1968 Abbott: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1968 Kemp & Matthews: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1968 long & Kristensen: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne = Americardia brasilianum? ··1969 Work: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1970 Rios: Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). "1971 Altena: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1971 Andrews: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1971 Porter & Wolfe: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1972 Porter & Tyler: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1973 Fischer-Piette: Cardium laevigatum Linne auct. ··1973 Waller: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium laevigatum (non Linne ?) by authors = Cardium brasilianum Lamarck, 1819.- [7] - laevigatum = papyraceum. ··1903 Hidalgo: Cardium laevigatum Linne corresponds with Papyridea papyraceum according to Hanley (1855, p. 51). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium laevigatum Linne (of Hedley 1918) = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter. - [8] - laevigatum = lineatum. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium laevigatum Chernnitz = Cardium linea tum GmeJin. - [9]-laevigatum = oblongum. ··1933 Coen & Vatova: Cardium laevigatum L. (Stossich 1865) = Laevicardium oblongum Gmelin. - [lO]-laevigatum = pristis. "1819 Lamarck, p. 11: Laevicardium laevigatum. ··1835 Deshayes & Milne Edwards, p. 403: Laevicardium laevigatum. ··1845 Reeve, sp. 69: Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. ··1853 Orbigny, p. 306: Laevicardium laevigatum. ··1864 Krebs, p. 116: Laevicardium laevigatum. "1878 Poulsen, p. 15: Laevicardium laevigatum. - [11] - laevigatum = unknown. ··1997 Shelton: Laevicardium laevigatum (Linne, 1758). - [12]- laevigatum = papyraceum. [The correct ID]. ··1903 Hidalgo: Cardium laevigatum Linne corresponds with Papyridea papyraceum according to Hanley (1855, p. 51). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium laevigatum Linne of Hedley. laevigatum Lycett, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" laevigatum Lycett, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium laevigatum Lycett, 1850; vol. 6: 422. laevigatum of Born 1780, Bruguiere 1789, Chemnitz 1782, Costa 1778, Gmelin 1791, Lamarck 1819, Pennant 1777, Poli 1791, Wood 1815: see also under laevigatum Linne, 1758. laevigatum of Donovan. - Identical with Cardium serra tum Linnaeus, 1758. Cardium laevigatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium laevigatum Donov. = Cardium serra tum Linn. laevigatum of Reeve. - Misidentification of Cardium glabratum Romer, which is a synonym itself. Cardium laevigatum: REcORDs. ··1868 ZR: Cardium laevigatum of Reeve is probably not that of Linne, and may be called glabratum [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1890 Paetel: Laevicardium laevigatum Rv. = glabratum Rom. laevigatum Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium laevigatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. "192232 Sherborn: Corbula laevigatum Sower by. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3368: Unicardium (Sow.) laevigatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Corbula laevigatum. laevigatum Pennant, 1777. [Figs, Part 3 p. 896]. laevigatum Poli, 1795. [Figs. Part 1 p. 82. 83]. Laevicardium laevigatum (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1902. Sherborn, p. 512: Cerastoderma (L.) laevigatum Poli, 1795 - Cardium laevigatum. laevigatum Spengler, 1799 (variety). - Unknown variety, but it fits the illustration of Laevicardium pristis (Valenciennes 1827). » Regarding Cardium var. laevigatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. ··1799 Spengler: West Indies. TYPE REPOSITORY. ··ZMUC: Spengler coil. ··1799 Spengler p. 44, No. 28: Cardium var. laevigatum. ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium laevigatum var. Spengler, 1799. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Spengler p. 44b, coil. West Indies. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: Shells not gaping, circular, central umbo, margin finely serrated, outside white, somewhat pale yellow, very smooth and glossy, inside golden yellow under the umbo, the rest snowwhite. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: This cockle is much shorter than the preceding one, furthermore circular with the umbo placed right in the middle. The outside is white, may be mixed with some pale yellow, quite smooth and shining as the finest china. Inside it is goldyellow from the umbo downwards over half the shell; the rest is snow-white. As in the preceding one, the margin is provided with very delicate teeth, so that both valves interlock closely. DIMENSIONS. Height and width 44 mm (I Tom. 8 Lin.) (Spengler 1799). REMARKS. ··1799: Spengler only mentioned the shape as being different when he compared Cardium laevigatum Linne, 1758 with Cardium var. laevigatum. DISTRIBUTION. ··1799 Spengler: West Indies. laevigatum beta Gmelin, 1791 (variety). - Unknown status. RECORDS. ··1791 Gmelin No. 18. Cardium laevigatum var. beta. laevigatum beta Wood, 1815 (variety). [Figs. Part 1 p. 100]. - Synonym of Laevicardium aUenuatum. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium laevigatum var. beta: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka, Zanzibar, Philippines (Sowerby 1841; Reeve 1845). RECORDS. "1815 Wood, pI. 54, fig. 2: Cardium laevigatum var. beta = Cardium biradiatum by Bruguiere. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium laevigatum var. beta Wood = Cardium lineatum Gmelin. ··1840 Sowerby: Cardium var. laevigatum Wood, 1815 = Cardium attenuatum. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium var. laevigatum = Cardium auenuatum Sowerby, 1841. ··1945 ZR: Cardium laevigatum Wood (non L.) [Ref. Lamy 1945]. ··1950 Allan: Fulvia laevigata. "1977 Fischer-Piette 1977: Cardium laevigatum (pars in Wood 1815) = aUenuatum Sowerby. ··1979 Richardson et at.: Cardium var. laevigatum Wood, 1815 = Cardium laevigatum Linne, 1758. laevigatum gamma? Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part 1 p. 77]. - Identical with Cardium australe var. Sowerby 1834. » Regarding C. laevigatum var. gamma: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn. ID by Gme1in 1791: Cardium laevigatum var. gamma? Eggcockle, univ. conch. 2. t. 79. ··1791 Gmelin No. 18: Cardium laevigatum var. gamma? Eggcockle. 588 Tropical Marine Mollllsc Programme (TMMP) laevigatum minor -lamarckii laevigatum minor auctt. (variety). - Identical with Laevieardium erassum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding C. laevigatum auctt. (non Lin.) var. minor: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. --1878 Monterosato: C. laevigatum auctt. (non Lin.) var. minor = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. laevigatllm var. Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part 3 p. 893] . wevigatum multilineatllm Dall & Simpson (subspecies). - Synonym of Laevieardium pristis (Valenciennes, 1827). » Regarding Laevieardium laevigatum multilineatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1951 McLean: Laevieardium laevigatum multilineatum (DaJl & Simpson). [See also under multilineatum]. laevigatum sybariticum Dall (subspecies). Laevieardium laevigatum sybaritieum (Dall) . Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1951 McLean : Laevieardium laevigatum sybaritieum (Dall) laevigatum wagnerianum Olsson & Harbison 1953 (subspecies). - Laevieardium laevigatum wagnerianum Olsson & Harbison 1953 . Cardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene. RECORDS. --1953 Olsson & Harbison, p. 107, pI. II, figs. 4,4a : Laevieardium laevigatum wagnerianum new subspecies. --1958 Abbott: Laevieardium laevigatum wagnerianum Olsson & Harbison 1953. laevinflatllm Sacco, 1899. - Diseors laevinjlatum (Sacco, 1899). Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1977 Popov: Diseors laevinjlatum (Sacco, 1899). --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Diseors laevinjlatum Sacco. Italy (Ligure, Bassin d' Aebenga), B44546. Laevitcartium (error). - Printer 's mistake for Laevieardium in Lange, 1950 (Vokes 1980). laeviuscula Eichwald, 1829. [Figs. Part I p. 122]. Changed combination: Hypanis laeviuscula (Eichwald, 1841). Lymnocardiidae. Recent. Type species. Gray (1847) stated that Glyeymeris laeviuseula is type species of genus Glyeimeris Eichwald, 1838; synonym of Aphrodite Lea 183? , not Linne. West (1875) designated Glyeymeris laeviuseula Eichwald, 1829 type species of the genus Adaena Eichwald, 1838. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. "1828 Eichwald: Glyeymeris laeviuseula . --1838 Eichwald: Adaena laeviuseula n . --1838 Eichwald : Glyeymeris laeviuselila Zool. spec. --1841 Eichwald, p. 225, pI. 39, figs. la-d: Adaena laeviuseula . "1847 Gray, No. 559: Glycimeris laeviuseula Eichw. 1838. --1849 Middendorff: Pholadomya laeviuseula Eichw. (fide Andrussoff 1903). --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 460: Adaena laeviuseula, Eichw. --1859 Chenu: Adaena laeviuseula, Eichwald. --1866 Issei: Adaena laeviuseula, Eichwald, 1842. --1875 West: Glyeymeris laeviuseliia Eichwald, 1829. "1876 ZR: Monodaena laeviuseula (Eichw.) [Ref. Vest 1876]. --1877 Grimm: Adaena laevillseula Eichwald. --1887 Fischer, fig. 781: Adaena laeviuseula Eichwald. --1890 Paetel : Adaena laeviuscliia Eichw. --1890 Woodward: Adacna lael'iuscula Eichwald. --1903 Andrussoff: Glycimeris la eviuseula Eichwald, 1829. "1903 Andrussoff: Eichwald, 1838 Glyeimeris laeviuseula (moved to genus Adaena). "1908 Milaschewitch: Adaena laeviuseula, Eichw. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3379: Adaena laeviuseula Eichwald, 1838 . "1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis laeviuseula (Eichwald). --1969 Moore et at.: Adaena laeviuseula (Eichwald). --1969 Nordsieck : Adaena laeviuseula (EichwaJd, 1829). --1974 Starobogatov: Adaena laeviuseula Martens, 1882, non Eichwald, 1829 = Hypanis minima sidorovi Starobogatov. --1977 Popov : Adaena laeviuscliia (Eichwald) . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC I specimen and one shell. DESCRIPTIONS. No hinge teeth, a large sinus for siphon reaching the level of umbo. DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. laeviusclilafragilis Milachewitch, 1908 (subspecies).Hypanis laeviuseula fragilis (Milachewitch, 1908). Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1908 Milachewitch: Hypanis laevillseulafragilis . .. Scarlato & Starobogatov: Hypanis laeviuseula fragilis (Milachewitch, 1908). Caspian Sea. laevum Swainson, 1840. - Hemieardium laevum Sw. Cardiidae . Fossil. RECOR DS. "1840 Swainson: Hemicardium laevum Sw. Wood, Conch. pI. 57. figs. 7-8. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3380: Hemicardium laevum Swainson, 1840. Lahilleona Finlay & Marwick, 1937 (subgenus). Synonym of Lahillia (Zinsmeister 1984). RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Lahilleona Finlay & Marwick, 1937 subgen . n. of Lahillia type Lahillia neozelanica Marshall & Murdoch, Danian Wangaloa, New Zealand. --1984 ZR: Lahillia (Lahilleona) Finlay & Marwick, 1937. Status. Ref. to Zinsmeister. "1995 Schneider: Lahilleona is considered to be a junior synonym of Lahillia (Zinsmeister 1984). Lahillia Finlay & Marwick, 1937 (genus). - Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Lahillia type Lahillia neozelaniea Marshall & Murdoch, Danian Wangaloa, New Zealand. --1984 ZR : Lahillia (Lahilleona) Finlay & Marwick, 1937. Status. Ref. to Zinsmeister. "1992 Schneider p. 155: Lahillia. Type species Lahillia angulata (Philippi). "1995 Schneider: Lahillia. Type species Lahillia angulata (Philippi, 1887). Lahilliidae Finlay & Marwick , 1937 (family). Downgraded to subfamily. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1977 ZR: Lahilliidae Finlay & Marwick, 1937 Referred to Articacea. Ref to Kafanov & Popov p. 56 [Trans!. p. 308]. --1980 Vokes: Family Lahillidae Finlay & Marwick, 1937. --1992 Schneider p. 148: Lahilliidae. Downgraded to Lahilliinae (Cardiidae). Lahilliinae (subfamily). - RECORDS . "1937 ZR: Lahilliinae Finlay & Marwick, 1937 subfam. n. Danian Wangaloa, New Zealand. "1992 Schneider p. 148: Lahilliinae. Downgraded from Lahilliidae. --200 I Schneider & Carter: Lahilliinae (subfamily) Finlay & Marwick, 1937. *lamarckii. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium lamarckii from 2 sources: Reeve, 1845. - Orbigny, 1846. lamarcki Hidalgo, 1903. - Synonym of Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819 and Tridacna gigas (Linnaeus, 1758). Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS . --1903 ZR: Tridaena lamarcki Hidalgo, 1903 n.n. for Tridaena gigas Lam. nec Linn. --1999 Higo el al.: Tridacna lamarcki (pars) Hidalgo, 1903 = Tridaena (Flodacna) squamosa Lamarck, 1819. --1999 Higo et al.: Tridacna lamarcki Hidalgo, 1903 = Tridacna (Tridacna) gigas (Linnaeus, 1758). lamarckii Orbigny, 1846. - Synonym of Laevieardium Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 589 lamarckii brasilianum Lamarck, 1819. » Regarding Cardium lamarcki: Cardiidae. Recent. REcoRDs. "1846 Orbigny: p. 591, No. 650. Cardium lamarckid'Orb., 1846. "1869 Romer: Cardium Lamarckii d 'Orbigny N. 650, ?a variety of Cardium serratum . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3385: Cardium lamarckii d'Orbigny, 1846. "1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 15: Cardium lamarckii Orbigny = Laevicardium brasilianum Lamarck. "1977 FischerPiette, p. 14: Cardium lamarckii of Gray (1854) = Laevicardium brasilianum Lamarck. lamarckii Reeve, 1845 . [Figs. Part 1 p. 141. Part 3 p. 851] . - Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium edule Linnaeus, 1758. - Cardium edule var. inaequilatera. Cardium edule var. cf. lamarcki. - Cerastoderma glaucum lamarcki. - Cerastoderma glaucum coeni. Cardium rusticum Linnaeus, 1758 - Cerastoderma umbonatum (Wood, 1850). « Regarding Cardium lamarckii. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH; Cardium lamarcki Reeve Ho10type reg. no. 1965519. Neg. No. 0229. RECORDS. "1845 Reeve: Cardium lamarckii. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerastoderma) lamarckii, Reeve. "1867 Hidalgo: Cardium lamarcki Reeve = Cardium edule Linne. "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium lamarcki Reeve = Cardium edule Linne. "1868 ZR: Cardium lamarckii (Reeve), balticum (Beck, Reeve), and rusticum (Chemn. not L.) are varieties of Cardium edule (L.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1869 Romer: Cardium lamarcki Reeve = Cardium edule L. "1870 March: c. lamarcki Reeve; junior synonym of Cardium rusticum L. "1878 Monterosato: Cardium lamarcki, Reeve = C. glaucum Bruguiere = C. rusticum , Lk. (non Lin.) = C. clodiense, Ren. (non Brocc.) = C. edule, auctt. (non L.). "1888 Kobe1t: Cardium lamarckii Reeve = Cardium edule var. inaequilatera. "1888 Servain: Cardium lamarcki, Reeve, 1845. "1890 Hidalgo: Syn. Cardium lamarckii Reeve = Cardium edule Linne. "1890 Paetel: Cardium lamarcki Rv. = edule L. "1892 Locard : Cardium lamarcki, Reeve , 1845. "1899 Sacco : Cardium lamarcki Reeve 1845 = Cardium edule var. cf. lamarcki (Reeve). "1899 Sacco: Cardium lamarcki Reeve 1845 = Cardium edule var. cf. lamarcki (Reeve). "1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium lamarcki Reeve, 1845. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium lamarcki Reeve, 1844 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3385: Cardium lamarcki Reeve, 1845. "1933 Coen & Vatova: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) lamarckii Reeve. "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) lamarckii Reeve. "1937 ZR : Cerastoderma lamarckii Rve. Adriatic [Ref. Coen 1937]. "1958 ZR: Cardium lamarcki distinctive characters [Ref. Petersen 1958]. "1961 ZR: Cardium lamarcki biocoenosis Marano and Grado lagoons [Ref. Vatova 1961]. "1961 ZR: Cardium lamarcki in Norwegian waters [Ref. Tulkki 1961]. "1963 ZR: Cardium lamarcki , Cardium edule, discrimination between [Ref. Pohlo 1963]. "1966 ZR: Cardium lamarcki juveniles in sediments of a brackish-water beach, Asko (Baltic Sea) [Ref. Fenchel & Jansson 1966]. "1966 ZR: Cardium lamarcki. distribution in the Baltic [Ref. Lassig 1966]. "1967 ZR: Cardium lamarcki. distinction of species [Ref. Muus 1967] . "1967 ZR: Cardium lamarcki. ecology and distribution in Danish waters [Ref. Muus 1967]. "1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Cerastoderma lamarcki (Reeve). "1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum lamarcki (Reeve, 1845). "1969 Nordsieck: Cardium lamarcki ,in Coen, 1915 = Cerastoderma glaucum coeni (Mars, 1951). "1969 ZR: Cardium lamarcki, notes on distribution and comparison with Cardium (Cardium) edule [Ref. Boyden 1969] ... 1970 Glibert & Poe!: Cerastoderma (s.s.) lamarcki (Reeve, 1845). "1970 ZR : Cerastoderma lamarki sic Reeve, 1844 food concentration and feeding rate, relationships with size, weight [Ref. San ina 1970]. "1971 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarki (err. = lamarcki) [Ref. Nekrasova 1971]. "1971 ZR: Cardium lamarcki Trematode parasites [Ref. Lauckner 1971]. "1971 ZR: Cardium lamarcki Tide pool Baltic Sea, Swedish coast [Ref. Gal1l1ing 1971]. "1971 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarcki Distribution Azov Sea [Ref. Nekrasova 1971]. "1972 ZR: Cardium lamarcki [Ref. Oertzen 1972]. "1973 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarcki. Predators. Rattus norvegicus (Mammalia). Italy. Ref. to Gandolfi. "1974 Starobogatov : Cerastoderma lamarcki lamarcki (Reeve). "1974 Starobogatov: Cardium lamarcki Reeve in Eichwa1d 1855 = Cerastoderma umbonatum (Wood, 1850). "1974 Starobogatov: Cardium lamarcki in Logvinenko & Starobogatov 1969 = Cerastoderma umbonatum (Wood, 1850). "1974 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarcki . Weight. Size. Caspian Sea. Ref. to Aligadzhiyev. "1975 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarcki. Measurement of growth. Bertalanffy's growth equation. Ref. to Bahyrina. / Gonad. Histology. Sexual maturation . Seasonal variation . Cyclical activity. Caspian Sea. Ref. to Galperina. "1976 ZR: Cardium lamarcki. Use in estimation. Secondary productivity. Oxygen consumption . Temporal variation. Experimental study. Ref. to von Oertzen. - "1976 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarcki Filter feeding . Body weight. Food availability. Relationships. Caspian Sea. Ref. to Sanina. "1977 Fischer- Piette, p. 15: Cardium lamarcki Reeve, 1844= Cardium edule Linne, 1758. ,·1977 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarcki. Chemical pollution. Oil, oxygen requirements. Refto Aliev. "1978 ZR: Cardium lamarcki. Gut contents. Caspian Sea. Ref. to Aliev / Weight. Pollution effects, Azov Sea. Ref. to Bronfam et al. "1978 ZR: - Cerastoderma lamarcki. Spawning. Larval numbers in plankton, relationships, Caspian Sea. Ref. to Galperina. / Statistics. Bertalanffy's growth equation. Azov Sea. Ref. to Badyrina et al. "1979 ZR: Cardium lamarcki Ref. to Alexandrowicz. Cerastoderma lamarcki Caspian Sea. Ref. to Nikitina et al. "1980 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarcki. Ref. to Arystanov, / Brock, / Gadzhieva, / Gomoiu et al. / Kasymov et al. / Popava et al. / Romanova, / Yarvekyulg. "1981 ZR: Cardium lamarcki xc. edule. Hybridization. North Sea. Ref. to Lauckner. "1982 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarcki. Denmark . Ref. to Brock. "1983 Salvini- Plawen: Cardium lamarckii Reeve, 1845 = Cardium edule Linne, 1758 . "1983 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarcki. Spanish Mediterranean. Ref. to Murillo Guillen et al. "1984 ZR Cerastoderma lamarcki. Ref. to Jarvekulo, / Mikhailova (Black Sea). "1987 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) lamarcki. Ref. to Brock et al. "1989 Aliverdieva : Cerastoderma lamarki sic. "1991 Brock: Cardium (Cerastoderma) 590 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) lamarcki albida - lamarckii plurisuperfoetatum lamarcki. ··1991 Krzyminska & Wolowicz: Cardium (Cerastoderma )lamarcki (Reeve). ··1998 Macedo et at.: Cardium lamarcki Reeve, 1844 = Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret, 1789). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret, 1789). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN,faris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as cardium lamarcki Reeve. France, B44709. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell transversely ovate, subcordate, rather thin, ventricose, posteriorly obliquely produced; radiately ribbed, 22-23 rather broad, obtuse ribs, indistinct upon the posterior area; transversely striated in a waved manner; whitish, variegated with blue and rusty brown, umbones livid brown, interior livid brown especially towards the posterior side. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: this shell is the type of that extreme variety of the Cardium edule which Lamarck distinguished, after Chemnitz, by the title of Cardium rusticum; it is not, however, the species which Linnaeus described under that name (for which see Plate III. Sp. 16), as Lamarck himself admitted. ··1989: Brock & Christiansen concluded that C. glaucum and C. lamarcki most likely are conspecific, and that Cardium glaucum Bruguiere, 1789 has priority over Cardium lamarckii Reeve, 1845. ··1991: Brock proposed C. glaucum to be a southern (Mediterranean) species while C. lamarcki should be a northern species characteristic of the Baltic. Salvini-Plawen (1983) found that Cardium lamarckii Reeve, 1845 is a synonym of Cardium edule. HABITAT ··1845 Reeve: found in the sand at low water. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: coast of Devonshire, Britain. ··1969 Nordsieck: Mediterranean, Black Sea, Caspian Sea. ··Of authors: Europe to West Africa. lamarcki albida Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium lamarcki var. albida: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium lamarcki var. albida. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium lamarcki var. albida. Unknown occurrence. lamarcki maculata (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium lamarcki var. maculata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium lamarcki var. maculata. Unknown occurrence. lamarcki paludosa Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium lamarcki var. paludosa: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium lamarcki var. paludosa. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium lamarcki var. paludosa Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. Unknown occurrence. lamarckii batesoni Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium lamarcki var. batesoni: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) lamarckii var. batesoni B.D.D. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma lamarckii batesoni B.D.D. lamarckiiflabellata Coen (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium lamarcki var.jlabellata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) lamarckii var.jlabellata Coen. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma lamarckii jlabellatum Coen. lamarckii glaucacrassa Coen (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Syno(iym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium lamarcki var. glaucacrassa: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) lamarckii var. glauca-crassa Coen. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma lamarckii glaucocrassum Coen. lamarckii hemicardiaeforme Coen, 1933 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). Regarding Cardium lamarcki var. » hemicardiaeformis: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) lamarckii var. anom. hemicardiaeformis Coen. ··1933 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarckii var. hemicardiaeformis Coen, 1933 nov. Adriatic [Ref. Coen 1933]. ··1937 Coen, note 257, pI. 10, fig. 93: Cerastoderma lamarckii Reeve var. (anom.) hemicardiaeforme Coen n. var. ··1937 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarckii Rve. var. hemicardiaeformis Coen, 1937 nov. Adriatic. ··1937 ZR: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) lamarckii var. hemicardiaeformis (var. anom.) Coen, 1933 nov. Adriatic. lamarckii incurva Monterosato (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium lamarcki var. incurva: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) lamarckii var. incurva Monterosato. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma lamarckii incurvum Monterosato. lamarckii incurvum (mode). - See under lamarckii var. incurva Monterosato. lamarckii lacunare (mode). - See under lamarckii var. lacunaris Monterosato. lamarckii lacunaris Monterosato mss (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium lamarcki var. lacunaris: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) lamarckii var. lacunaris Monterosato mss. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma lamarckii lacunare Monterosato. lamarckii maximum Coen. - No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cerastoderma lamarckii maximum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma lamarckii maximum Coen. lamarckii plurisuperfactata Coen, 1937 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). »Regarding Cardium lamarckivar.plurisupeIJactata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Cerastoderma lamarckii R ve. var. plurisuperJactata Coen, 1937 nov. Adriatic. lamarckii plurisuperfoetatum Coen, 1937 (variety). - Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 591 lamarckii pumila - laperousii Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium lamarcki var. plurisuperfoe tatum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1937 Coen, note 257: Cerastoderma lamarckii var. (anom.) plurisuperfoetatum Coen n. var. lamarck;; pumila Friedel, 1870 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastodenna glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium lamarcki var. pumila: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1870 ZR: Cardium lamarckii var. pumila Friedel, 1870 nov. in brackish water on the shores of the in Eastern Holstein. lamarck;; tenuesubquadratum (mode). - See under lamarckii var. tenuissubquadrata Monterosato. lamarckii tenuissubquadrata Monterosato (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium lamarcki var. tenuissubquadrata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) lamarckii var. tenuis subquadrata sic Monterosato ex col. alba. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma lamarckii tenue subquadratum Monterosato. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma lamarckii tenue subquadratum album Coen. lamarck;; tetragonum Monterosato (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium lamarcki var. tetragona: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) lamarckii var. tetragona Monterosato. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma lamarckii tetragonum Monterosato. lamarck;; zonale Monterosato. - No evidence of subspecific status. Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cerastoderma lamarckii zonale: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma lamarckii zonale Monterosato. lamarki (error). - Printer's mistake for lamarcki in Nekrasova 1971. lamberti Cossmann. - Parvicardium lamberti (Cossmann). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Parvicardium Lamberti (Cossmann). lamellatum Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part I p. 72. Part 3 p. 882]. - Synonym of Vepricardium asiaticum (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium lima Gmelin. - Laevicardium coronatum Schr6ter [not available]. - Laevicardium coronatum erroneous synonym. » Regarding Cardium lamellatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Nicobar Islands (Spengler 1799, p. 8). TYPE REPOSITORY. ··ZMUC (Spengler coll.). RECORDS. ··1782 Chemnitz, pI. 15, figs. 153-154: Cardium lamella tum (not available). ··1799 Spengler, p. 8-9, No.2: Cardium lamellatum Chemnitz Tom. 6. Tab. 15, figs. 153-154. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. lamellatum Speng. = Cardium lima Gm. ··1870 Morch: Cardium lamellatum Spgl., 1799 = Cardium asiaticum Brug. ··1909 Lynge, p. 255: Cardium lamella tum Spengler, 1786 = Cardium asiaticum Bruguiere, 1792. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 515: Cardium lamellatum Spengler, 1799. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium lamella tum (Chemnitz) Spengler = Laevicardium coronatum Schroter. ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 No.2: Cardium lamella tum in Spengler (Nicobar Islands) = Cardium costatum Indiae Orientalis, Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 15 Fig. 153154. ··2000 Vidal, p. 452. Cardium lamellatum Spengler, 1799: 8 = Cardium asiaticum Bruguiere, 1789. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··.zMUC: Spengler coil. p 8 No.2 Large shells with lamellae on posterior end only. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: testa cordata aequivalvi costis dentatis, anterioribus versus marginem lamella tis. ··1799 Spengler: shell with 36 ribs of which the 9 posterior ribs are ornamented with thin, crenulated plates or lamellae, about 3 mm high, shells not gaping. DIMENSIONS. Length 52 mm, width 52 mm, diameter 43 mm. REMARKS. Chemnitz (1782) is not binominal. Spengler (1799) is the first author using C. lamellatum correct (binomial). A synonym, applied by most authors, is C. asiaticum Bruguiere, 1789, which again is a synonym of C. fimbria tum Wood, 1815. DISTRIBUTION. ··1799 Spengler: Nicobar Islands, the Andaman Sea. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: China. lamellosa Azzaroli, 1958. - Somalidacna lamellosa Azzaroli, 1958. Lymnocardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Somalidacna lamellosa Azzaroli, 1958 sp. nov. Shows affinity to the Tridacnidi with pronounced convergence towards the Osteridai. Guban Series. Piano Dubar, Oligocene. lamellosa Fan, 1965. - Protocardia lamellosa Fan, 1965. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1966 ZR: Protocardia lamellosa Fan, 1966 sp. nov. Jurassic, N. Tibet. ··1976 Ma Qi-hong et al.: Protocardia lamellosa Fan, 1965. lamellosa (cf.) Fan, 1965. - RECORDS. ··1976 Ma Qihong et al.: Protocardia cf. lamellosa Fan. *lamellosum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium lamellosum from 3 sources: Defrance, 1817. - Koninck, 1842. - Senes, 1955. lamellosum Defrance, 1817. - Uncertain species. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lamellosum Defrance, 1817. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium lamellosum Defrance, 1817 esp. incert. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3390: Cardium lamellosum Defrance, 1817. lamellosum Koninck, 1842. - Combination to be revised: Cardiomorpha lamellosum Koninck, 1842. ?Cardiacea. Silurian. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium lamellosum (cardiomorpha sic) Koninck, 1842. lamellosum Senes, 1955. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lamellosum Senes, 1955. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1955 ZR: Cardium (Limnocardium) lamellosum Senes, 1955b sp. nov. Miocene, Czechoslovakia. lanceolata Sowerby, 1884. - Synonym of Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1999 Higo et at.: Tridacna lanceolata Sowerby, 1884 = Tridacna (Flodacna) maxima (Roding, 1798). lanterna Branson, 1965. - Conocardium lanterna Branson, 1965. Conocardiidae. Silurian. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Conocardium lanterna Branson, 1965 sp. nov. Oklahoma, Silurian. laperousei (error). - Printer's mistake for laperousii in Popov 1977. laperousii Deshayes, 1839. [Figs. Part 3 p. 853]. Changed combination: Serripes laperousii (Deshayes, 1839). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Californian Seas (Fischer -Piette 1977). RECORDS. ··1839 Deshayes, 592 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) laperousianus - laticostatum p. 360: Cardium laperousi. --1872 Dall: Cardium (? Serripes) taperousii, Desh. "1872 ZR: C. (Serripes?) laperousii (Desh.) , Sitkha, distinct from S. groenlandicus (Chemn.) [Ref. Dall 1872] . --1878 Whiteaves: Serripes laperousianus sic Deshayes. "1890 Paetel: Cardium lapeyrousei sic Dsh. --190 I Dall: Serripes laperousei Deshayes, 1839. --1921 Dall : Serripes laperousii Deshayes , 1839 . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3408: Cardium laperousii Deshayes, 1839. "1924 Oldroyd: Serripes laperousii Deshayes, 1839. --1953 La Rocque: Serripes laperousii Deshayes 1839. --1960 Eyerdam: Serripes laperousii (Deshayes) . --1973 Keen: Serripes laperousii (Deshayes, 1839). --1977 Popov, p. 53: Serripes laperousei sic (Desha yes, 1839). "1977 Fischer -Piette : Serripes laperousii Deshayes. --1989 Okutani, Tagawa & Horikawa : Serripes taperousii (Deshayes, 1839). --2000 Coan et al.: Serripes(Serripes) laperousii (Deshayes, 1839). "1980 ZR : Cardium taperousii Deshayes 1839 . Restriction of type locality. Ref. to Kafanov. --1998 Schneider (l998b): Serripes laperousii (Deshayes, 1839) lacks a food groove on the outer demibranch. --1999 Higo et at. : Serripes taperousii (Deshayes, 1839). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCEHABITAT. --1999 Higo et al.: 50-200 m, sandy mud. DISTRIBUTION. --1999 Higo et al.: southern Hokkaido and northwards, Japan Sea (Oga peninsula), Kuril islands, Okhotsk Sea, Bering Sea. laperousianus (error). - Printer's mistake for laperousii in Whiteaves 1878. lapeyrousei (error). - Printer 's mistake for laperousii in Paetel 1890. laqueatum Conrad 1831 . - Changed combination : Chesacardium laqueatum (Conrad, 1830). Cardiidae. Miocene and Pliocene. GENOTYPE. Ward (1992 p. 88) designated Cardium laqueatum Conrad, 1830 as type species of Chesacardium. TYPE LOCALITY. Maryland. TYPE REPOSITORY. Ward 1992 [po 89] designated neotype of Cardium laqueatum Conrad, 1830. RECORDS. --1863 Conrad: Cardium (Cerastoderma) laqueatum Conrad, 1830 (fide Schneider 2002). "1900 Dall: Cardium (Cerastoderma) laqueatum, section Cerastoderma (fide Schneider 2002). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3413: Cardium laqueatum Conrad, 1831. --1930 Stewart: Cerastoderma laqueatum. --1932 Mansfield: Cardium (Cerastoderma) laqueatum (fide Schneider 2002). --1944 Gardner: Cerastoderma laqueatum (fide Schneider 2002). --1970 Glibert & Poel: Laevicardium (Dinocardium) laqueatum (Conrad, 1831). "1992 Ward: Chesacardium laqueatum (Conrad, 1830). --2002 Schneider: Chesacardium laqueatum (Conrad, 1830). laqueatum blackweLderi Ward, 1992 (subspecies). Chesacardium laqueatum blackwelderi Ward, 1992. Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Maryland. RECORDS. "1992 Ward, p. 92, fig .: Chesacardium laqueatum blackwelderi; subsp. nov. Laqueatum bLountense Mansfield, 1932 (subspecies).New combination: Chesacardium laqueatum blountense (Mansfield, 1932). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECOROS . --1938 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) laqueatum blountense Mansfield , 1932 subsp . n. Vaughan Creek, Walton Co. , Florida, Choctawhatchee formation (Miocene) . --2002 Schneider: citing Mansfield (1932): Cardium (Cerastoderma) laqueatum blountense subsp. nov. laqueatum eshelmani Ward, 1992 (subspecies) . Chesacardium laqueatum eshelmani Ward, 1992. Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Maryland. RECORDS. "1992 Ward, p. 91, fig.: Chesacardium laqueatum eshelmani subsp. nov. laqueatum vostreysi Ward, 1992 (subspecies). Chesacardium laqueatum vostreysi Ward, 1992. Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Maryland . RECORDS . --1992 Ward, p. 91 , fig.: Chesacardium laqueatum vostreysi subsp. nov. larga (subspecies). - See under pseudocatillus larga Taktakishvili, 1966. Larocquei McAlester, 1962. - Cypricardinia larocquei McAlester, 1962 . Cardiacea. Upper Devonian. RECORD S. --1962 ZR: Cypricardinia laro cqu e i McAlester, 1962 sp. nov. Upper Devonian, Sayre, Pennsylvania. larsen; Sharman & Newton, 1897. - Lahillia larseni (Sharman & Newton , 1897) . Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Antarctic region. RECORDS. --1988 Zinsmeister & Macellari, p. 279: Lahillia larseni (Sharman & Newton, 1897) redescription. --1992 Schneider: Lahillia larseni (Sharman and Newton). --200 I Schneider & Carter: Lahillia larseni (Sharman & Newton, 1937). Laskarevi Andrusov, 1963. - Pontalmyra laskarevi (Andrusov). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1963 ZR : Didacna laskarevi Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Miocene, Russia. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra laskarevi (Andrus.). Lata (mode). - See under latum Born, 1780. latecarinata (variety). - See under planicostata var. latecarinata Andrusov, 1964. latecostata (variety). - See under turkmena vaL latecostata Ruzencev, 1929. latecostatum (subspecies). - See under andrussovi latecostatum Senes, 1955. latecostatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium latecostatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Lias and Jurassic. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3440: Unicardium latecostatum d'Orbigny, 1850 ... 1999 Jacques Vidal (, pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Corallien. France, B12672. latecostatum Heller, 1926. - Praecardium latecostatum Heller, 1926. Cardiacea. Silurian. RECORDS. --1926 ZR: Praecardium latecostalum Heller, 1926b sp. n. Silurian Germany. laterale Munster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" latera Ie Muenster, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3423: Cardium latera Ie Muenster, 1840. laticostata Stevanovic, 1951. - Monodacna laticostata Stevanovic, 1951 . Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. RECORDS. "1953 ZR: Monodacna laticostata Stevanovic, 1951 sp. nov. P{)ntian Serbia. laticostatum Burgess, 1931 . - Praecardium laticos/atum Burgess, 1931. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. --1931 ZR: Praecardium laticostalum sp. n. Kiln shale U.S.A. *laticostatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium laticostatum from 3 sources : Sowerby, 1833. - Gumbel, 1861. - Tscheltzov, 1965. Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 593 laticostatum - latum laticosUltum Giimbel, 1861. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" laticostatum Gumbel, 1861. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium laticostatum Gumbel, 1861; p. 743. laticostatum Sowerby, 1833. [Figs. Part 1 p. Ill]. Synonym of Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby, 1833). » Regarding Cardium laticostatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Sinu Xipixapi, West Columbia at the depth of II fathoms (Sowerby 1833). REcORDs. "1833 Sowerby, p. 85: Cardium laticostatum. "1834 Sowerby, 51 st part, fig. 30: Cardium laticostatum nobis. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p.l, No.6: Cardium laticostatum Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium laticostatum (Sowerby No.6). ··1844 Reeve: Testa juvenis, Cardium laticostatum Sowerby = Cardium procerum . .. 1846 Orbigny: Cardium laticostatum Sow. 1833 = Cardium procerum Sow. [1833]. "1850 Jay: Cardium laticostatum Sowb. = Cardium procerum Sowb. ··1868 ZR: Cardium procerum (Sow.), a variety of it is laticostatum (Sow.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1869 Romer: Cardium laticostatum Sowerby (juvenile) = Cardium procerum Sowerby. "1889 DaJl p. 282: Claticostatum Sowerby = C procerum Sowerby. "1890 Paetel : Cardium laticostatum Sow. = procerum Sow juv. ··1891 Steams: C laticostatum Sby. (probably a growth stage of Cardium procerum Sby. ··1909 Lamy : Cardium laticostatum Sowerby (1833) = Cardium procerum Sowerby. ··1910 Dall: Cardium laticostatum Sowerby = Cardium procerum Sowerby (p. 282). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3439: Cardium laticostatum Sowerby, 1833. "1936 Jordan: Cardium laticostatum Sowerby, 1833 = Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833 . "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium laticostatum Sowerby, 1833 = Cardium (Mexicardia) procerum Sowerby, 1833. ··1959 Ranson, p. 71: Cardium laticostatum Sow. = Cardium procerum Sowerby. "1961 Olsson : Cardium laticostatum Sowerby, 1833 = Mexicardia procera (Sowerby, 1833). "1968 Velez: Cardium laticostatum = Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1971 Keen & McLean: Cardium laticostatum Sowerby, 1833 = Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1974 Abbott: Cardium laticostatum Sowerby, 1833 = Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium laticostatum Sowerby = Laevicardium procerum Sowerby. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1844 Reeve: A fine bold species collected by Mr. Cuming at Real LJejos, Central America, of which the Cardium laticostatum of Sowerby is unquestionably the young. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Central America. laticostatum Tscheitzov, 1965. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " laticostatum Tscheltzov, 1965 . Cardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Cardium laticostatum Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Akchagylian (Pliocene), Turkmenia, USSR. laticostatus Stevanovic 1951. - Pseudocatillus laticostatus Stevanovic 1951. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1979 ZR: Pseudocatillus laticostatus Stevanovic 1951 designated type species for new subgenus P (Osoinia). Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 326. ··1982 ZR: Pseudocatillus laticostatus (Stevanovic, 1951). Description. Ref. to Papaianopol et at. laticostulatum Repelin, 1906. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" laticostulatum Repelin, 1906. Cardiidae. Lower Campanien. RECORDS. ··1906 Repelin: Cardium laticostulatum n. sp. ··1906 ZR: Cardium laticostulatum Repelin, 1906 sp. n. Lower Campanian, S.E. France. latissimum. - Unknown species. Probably only a label name. » Regarding Laevicardium latissimum: Cardiidae. Recent. Of COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: 1 specimen, labeled C VIII, 1016 California. *latisulcatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium latisulcatum from 2 sources: Sowerby, 1847. - Miinster (?year). latisulcatum Munster. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" latisulcatum Munster. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium latisulcatum Munster. latisulcatum Sowerby, 1847 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" latisulcatum Sowerby, 1847. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3448: Cardium latisulcatum Sowerby, 1847. latisulmm Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " latisulcus Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. ?Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3448 : Cardium latisulcum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. ··1965 ZR: Cardium latisulcum figd . Sarrnatian, Yugoslavia [Ref. Spajic 1965]. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Limnocardium latisulcus latisulcus (Munster in Goldfuss, 1837). ··1998 Schultz: Cerastoderma latisulcum latisulcum (Munster). latisulcum jammense Hilber, 1891 (subspecies). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" latisulcus jammense (Hilber, 1891). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS . ··1970 Glibert & Poe I: Limnocardium latisulcus jammense (Hilber, 1891). "1998 Schultz: Cerastoderma latisulcumjammense (Hilber). latisulcum nexingense Papp, 1954 (subspecies). Combination to be revised: "Cardium " latisulcum nexingense (Papp, 1954). Lymnocardiidae. Sarrnatian. RECORDS. ··1949 ZR: Cardium latisulcum nexingense 'no sp.' [nomen nud.] [Ref. Papp 1949]. "1954 ZR: Cardium latisulcum nexingense Papp, 1954 subsp. nov. Sarmatian, Vienna. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Limnocardium latisulcus nexingense (Papp, 1954). ··1998 Schultz: Cerastoderma latisulcum nexingense (Papp). latisulcus (mode). - See under latisulcum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. latisulcus jammense (mode). - See under latisulcum jammense Hilber, 1891. lattorfense Koenen, 1893 . - Nemocardium (Nemocardium) lattorfense (Koenen, 1893). Cardiidae . Oligocene . RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Nemocardium lattorfense (Koen.) [Oligocene]. "1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) lattOifense (Koenen, 1893). *latum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium latum from 2 sources: Born, 1778. - Munster in Goldfuss, 1837 latum Bean, 1839. - Nomen nudum. Not available. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3455: Cardium latum Bean, 1839 [n. n.] . lalum Born, 1778. [Figs. Part I p. 67,127, 169. Part 3 p. 90 I , 902, 917]. - Papyridea soleniforme (Bruguiere, 594 Tropical Marin e Mollusc Programme (TMMP) latum 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Papyridea bullatum (Linnaeus). - Papyridea bulla tum Chemnitz [not available] . - Cardium spinosum Meuschen, 1778 [not available] . - Laevieardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791). - Maorieardium pseudolatum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. » Regarding Cardium latum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Born 1780: unknown locality. TYPE REPOSITORY . The Vienna museum. RECORDS. --1778 Born, p. 37: Cardium latum. --1778 Born, G 16. Cardium latum Ref. to Knorr. Vergn. VI. 7. t. 6. f. ? / Mus. Caes. Vindobon. --1780 Born, p. 48, pI. 3, fig. 8: Cardium latum Knorr [not binomial]. --1789 Bruguiere, No. 33. Cardium latum; von Born. --1791 Gmelin 179\: Cardium latum mus. Caes. Vind . test. t. 3. f. 9. --1799 Spengler: Cardium latum var. Born pag. 48. Tab. 3. fig. 8 = C. latum Chemnitz. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium latum Born. "1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 42: Cardium latum Wood (as of Born) G . C. pI. 57, f. 4,5 . "1857 Deshayes: Cardium latum Born. "1871 Stoliczka: Aeanthoeardium sic latum [Cretaceous]. "1884 Grasset: Cardium latum Born. --1885 Smith: Cardium latum Born = Cardium bulla/um. "1885 Smith: Cardium latum Born (non auctorum), pI. iii, fig. 8 = Cardium (Papyridea) bullatum [Linn. ?] (Chemnitz). "1889 Martens: Cardium latum (Born 7), Chemnitz. "1890 Paetel : Cardium latum Born. "1891 Fischer: Cardium latum Born. --1902 Dall: 7 Cardium latum Born, 1780 (not Cardium latum "Born" Reeve, 1844) = Cardium spinosum Meuschen, 1778. --1903 Hidalgo: Cardium latum Born auct. = Cardium bul/atum Linne in Smith. --1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 839: Cardium (Cerastoderma) latum Born. --1939 Adam & Leloup: Cardium (Aeanthoeardia) latum Born 1778. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson : Cardium latum Born. --1977 Popov: Plagioeardium (ptagioeardium) tatum (Born). --1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Cardium latum Born, 1780 (old name incorrectly used for Maorieardium pseudolatum n. sp.). "1997 Shelton: Papyridea latum (Born, 1778). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. -- ZMUC: C. latum Born, AntilJes. -- NHMW: C. latum Born is relabeled Papyridea No. 891 a. DESCRIPTIONS. Spengler (1799): Testa lata ovali, longitudinaliter suleata striata, utrinque seabra, margine antieo serrato. v. Born pag. 48 . "1844 Reeve: shell transversely ovate, rather depressed, very inequilateral, anterior side very short, a little gaping; radiately ribbed, about 40 very closeset ribs, flat, faintly impressed down the middle with a single stria which gives root to a bristly epidermis; ribs armed with very fine sharp scales towards the margins; whitish, variously stained with yellowish brown. This species may be recognised by its very inequilateral growth. HABITAT. --1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud at the depth of 4 fathoms. --1906 Melvill & Standen: upon rocks at low tide. DISTRIBUTION. --1844 Reeve: Island of Mindoro, Philippines. --1856 Wood & Hanley : 'Indian Ocean ' . --1884 Grasset: Ceylon. --1906 Melvill & Standen : Karachi, Bombay. latum Bruguiere, 1789. [Figs. Part I p. 76, 88. Part 3 p. 90 I Identical with Plagioeardium setosum (Redfield, 1848). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium bulla tum (Linnaeus). » Regarding Cardium latum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Nicobar Islands (Spengler 1799). REcORDs. "1789 Bruguiere, No. 33: Cardium r- latum. --1798 Bruguiere. 10 by Lamarck, pI. 296. fig. 7. Cardium latum. "1819 Lamarck, p. 13, No. 33: Cardium latum. --1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 17: Cardium latum Brug. "1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium latum Brug. The Nicobars, Tranquebar. --1977 Popov: Plagioeardium latum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - O F COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: 4 specimens from the Nicobar Islands in Spengler coHo --ZMUC : latum = setosum Redf. according to tube with 2 specimens and 8 shells from Singapore. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: about 40 ribs, with very fine sharp scales towards the margins, bristly periostracum. DESCRIPTIONS. "1799 Spengler: shells not gaping, umbones near the anterior end, interstices narrow, ribs flat, the middle of ribs with furrows seating numerous fine spines, erect and equidistant, spines more solid anteriorly and posteriorly, umbo deep in shell, yellow sponge-like periostracum, colour variable, posterior yellow, occasionally spotted, umbones may be red, or spotted, small specimens green, inside white large red spot under umbones. --1844 Reeve: Shell transversely ovate, rather depressed, very inequilateral, anterior side very short, a little gaping; radiately ribbed, ribs about forty in number, very closely-set, flat, faintly impressed down the middle with a single stria which gives root to a bristly epidermis; ribs armed with very fine sharp scales towards the margins; whitish, variously stained with yellowish brown. DIMENSIONS. --1799 Spengler: height 33 mm (1.25 Tom.) width 44 mrn (I Tom 8 Lin.). REMARKS. --1782: Chemnitz referred to Born (1780, pI. 3, fig . 9) which shows a cardiid superficially resembling the C. latum which Chemnitz described in 1782 (pI. 19, figs. 192-193). However, Born himself refers to his own fig. 8 which is a completely different species compared with the one Chemnitz calls C. latum. (See under C. latum Born). HABrrAT. --1844 Reeve: in Mindanao, sandy mud at the depth of 4 fathoms. DISTRIBUTION. --1799 Spengler: P latum: Nicobar Islands. "1844 Reeve: lsI. of Mindoro, Philippines. latum Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part 1 p. 76]. Non binominal. - Not available. Identical with Plagioeardium setosum. » Regarding Cardium latum: Synonym of Plagioeardium setosum (Redfield, (848). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ·-1772 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 179 \: Cardium latum Vergn. 6. t. 7. f. 6 [not available]. -·1782 Chemnitz VI, pI. 19, figs. 192-193: Cardium latum. --1788 Schroter: Cardium latum VI, 146. 197 . "1791 Gme1in No. 36. Cardium latum Chemnitz t. 19. f. 192. 193. "1799 Spengler, pp. 3536, No. 22: Cardium latum Chemnitz Tom 6. Tab. 19. fig. 192. 193 . = C. latum Born. --1836 Bosc: Cardium latum. "1885 Smith: Cardium latum of Chemnitz, Reeve, Romer, and other authors = Cardium setosum. --1909 Lynge: Cardium latum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium setosum Redfield , 1848. "1977 FischerPiette: Cardium latum Chemnitz, 1782 = Laevieardium setosum Redfield. latum Grnelin, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 65 , 102]. - Identical with Plagioeardium setosum . » Regarding Cardium latum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1791 Gme1in 1791, No. 36, p. 3255: Cardium latum Born [=Plagioeardium setosum]. "1806 Link : Cardium latum L. G. 3255. "1815 Wood, p. 236, No. 41: Cardium latum Linn. Gmel. p. 3254. - CHARACTERS Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 595 latum - leognanense AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1815 Wood: shell broad, of unequal sides, within white; the ribs rather flat and spinulose [translated from Latin by Wood]. latum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Replaced by Cardium dilatatum Desh. » Regarding Cardium latum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium latum Munster; C. dilatatum Desh. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 3455: Cardium latum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. latum of Reeve 1844. - Identical with Plagiocardium setosum (Redfield, 1848). » Regarding Cardium latum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1844 Reeve, sp. 21: Cardium latum. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: latum Reeve (not Born) = Papyridea setosa (Redfield). latum alpha Born, 1778 (variety). - Unknown. RECORDS. ··1778 Born, G 16. Cardium latum var. alpha testa alba, luteo maculata. ··1780 Born, p. 48. latum beta Born, 1778 (variety). - Unknown. RECORDs. ··1778 Born, G 16. Cardium latum var. beta testa alba, rubro maculata. ··1780 Born, p. 48. lautum Solander, 1786. - Nomen nudum. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3461: Cardium lautum Solander, 1786 [n. n.]. lavrani Fischer-Piette, 1977. - Synonym of Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Plagiocardium turtoni (Sowerby, 1894). » Regarding Plagiocardium lavrani: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. East Africa. TYPE REPOSITORY. Paris Museum. RECORDS. ··1977. Fischer -Piette: Cardium (Cerastoderma) lavrani n. sp. "1977. ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma sect. Cerastoderma) lavrani sp. nov. South Africa. Ref. to Fischer-Piette, E. p. 98. ··1991. Voskuil & Onverwagt: Cardium (Cerastoderma) lavrani Fischer-Piette, 1977 = Cardium turtoni Sowerby, 1894 = Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1795). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKS. ··1980 Keen: probably the genus Plagiocardium. ?Plagiocardium lavrani Fischer-Piette, 1977 = Cardium turtoni Sower by, 1894. DISTRJBUTION. Cardium turtoni is from South Africa. laxum (variety). - See under consors var. laxum Dall, 1901. laxum Dall, 1901. - Synonym of Trachycardium consors (Sowerby, 1833). » Regarding Cardium laxum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS ... 1901 Dall: Cardium laxum. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium laxum Dall, 1901. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Cardium laxum Dall, 1901 = Trachycardium (Trachycardium) consors (Sowerby, 1833). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong; a more elongated variety of C. consors, with the imbrications rather distant from each other. HABITAT. ··1971 Keen & McLean: tidal flats to 45 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1971 Keen & McLean: as for C. consors: Gulf of California, Ecuador, Galapagos. laytoni Morris, 1854. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lay toni Morris, 1854. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium lay toni Morris, 1854; vol. 10: 157, pI. 2, figs. 1-2. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium laytoni Morris in Prestwich, 1854; vol. 10: 117. lebedinsevi Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. - Monodacna lebedinsevi Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. I do not known how Monodacna lebedinzevi Andrussow (see below) compares with Monodacna lebedinsevi Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. RECORDS. ··1931 ZR: Monodacna lebedinsevi Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930 sp. n. URSS lebedinzevi Andrussow, 1907. - Nomen nudum. » Regarding Monodacna lebedinzevi: Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1907 Andrussow: Monodacna lebedinzevi nov. sp. (no description). ··1934 ZR: Monodacna lebedinzevi Andrus. Pliocene [Ref. Davidachvili 1933]. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus lebedinzevi (Andrus.). lebedinzevi sublebedinzevi Davidachvili, 1933 (variety). - Upgraded. Monodacna lebedinzevi Andrus. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1934 ZR: Monodacna lebedinzevi Andrus. var. sublebedinzevi Davidachvili, 1933 nov. *lecanoideum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium lecanoideum from 3 sources: Andrussow, 1902. Andrusov, 1961. - Andrusov, 1963. REMARKS. I do not know how Cardium lecanoideum Andrussow, 1902 compares with Cardium lecanoideum Andrusov, 1961, 1963. lecanoideum Andrusov, 1961. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lecanoideum Andrusov, 1961. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1961 ZR: Cardium lecanoideum Andrusov, 1961 "sp. nov." Kukurt, Miocene, Russia. lecanoideum Andrusov, 1963. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lecanoideum Andrusov, 1963. Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Cardium lecanoideum Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Neogene, Russia. lecanoideum Andrussow, 1902. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lecanoideum Andrusov, 1902 Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1902: Cardium lecanoideum n. sp. tends towards Cerastoderma. lecta (subspecies and variety). - See under subsyrmiense lecta. lectosis Fontannes, 1879. - Didacna lectosis (Fontannes, 1879). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.) lectosis (Fontannes, 18791882). ledianum (subspecies). - See under asperulum ledianum Glibert, 1980. lemanei Etallon in Thurman & Etallon, 1862. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lemanei Etallon in Thurman & Etallon, 1862. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium lemanei Etallon in Thurman & Etallon, 1862; p. 186, pI. 22, fig. 9. lencostanum (error). - Printer's mistake for leucostomum in Serene 1937. lenis. - Proto cardia len is Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1948 Poulsen: Protocardia lenis after Clark & Martin. lentiforme F. Roemer, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lentiforme F. Roemer, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium lentiforme F. Roemer, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 87, pI. 13, fig. 8. Lenzi Homes, 1874. - Paradacna lenzi (Homes, 1874). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Paradacna lenzi (Homes, 1874). leognanense (subspecies). - See under lunulatum . leognanense Mayer-Eymar. leognanense Mayer, 1866. - Changed combination: 596 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) leognanense obtusicosta - leucostomum Aeanthoeardia leognanense (Mayer, 1866). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS . "1899 Sacco : Cardium leognanense Mayer. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium leognanense Mayer. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Aeanthoeardia) leognanense Mayer, 1866. "1977 Popov: Aean/hoeardia (Aean/ho eardia) leognanensis (Mayer, 1866). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium leognanense Mayer, 1866; [1857-1869] vol. 14: 73 , pI. 3, fig. 8. "1994 Marcomini : Cardium leognanense Mayer, 1866. leognanense obtusicosta Mayer-Eymar (variety) . Upgraded . Combination to be revised: "Cardium " leognanense obtusieosta (Mayer-Eymar). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . 001902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg : Cardium leognan ense Mayer- Eymar var. obtusicosta (M.-E.). leognanensis (mode). - See under leognanense Mayer, 1866. leonense (subspecies). - See under striatum leonense Mansfield, 1932. lepidosum Paramonova , 1977. - Ceras toderma lepidosum Paramonova, 1977 . Cardiidae . Upper Miocene. RECORDS. 001977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) lepidosum Paramonova sp. nov. Ukraine, Ref to Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 206, fig'd. lepidum Sauvage & Rigaux, 1872. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lepidum Sauvage & Rigaux, 1872. Cardiidae. Jurassic and Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1985 Fi.irsich & Werner: Cardium lepidum Sauvage & Rigaux, 1872. Leptocardia Meek, 1876 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS ... 1980 Vokes: Leptocardia Meek, 1876 in subfamily Protocardiinae. Leptocardia Meek, 1876 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. GENOTYPE . Meek (1876) designated Cardium subquadrata Evans & Shumard, 1857 type species of subgenus Leptocardia Meek, 1876. T YPE LOCALITY. Moreau River, Fox Hills. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype unknown. Types held at YPM are YPM 24184-24200, 24376-77, 24477, 24649. REMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. "1876 Meek: new subgenus Leptoeardia Meek, 1876. "1887 Fischer: Lep/ocardia, Meek. 1876. Section of subgenus Protocardia Beyrich. leptocolpatum Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " leptocolpatum (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911). Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. "1911 ZR: Cardium (Laevicardium) leptoeolpatum Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911 sp. n. France Neogene. leptopleura Conrad, 1841. - Changed combination : Chesacardium leptopleura (Conrad, 1845). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1900 Dal1: Cardium (Cerastoderma) leptopleura, section Cerastoderma (}ide Schneider 2002) . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3502: Cardium leptopleura Conrad, 1841. 001992 Ward, p. 89: Ch esacardium leptopleura (Conrad) comb . nov. Previous combination not given. "2002 Schneider: citing Conrad (1863): Cardium (Cerastoderma) leptopleura Conrad, 1845. leptopleura Vokes, 1989. - Trigonioeardia leptopleura Vokes, 1989. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Dominican Republic. RECORDS. "1989 Vokes. p.117, fig. Trigonioeardia (Trigonioeardia?) leptopleura. n.sp. leptopsamatha (variety). - See under longiuseula var. leptopsamatha Davidasvili, 1930. leptorimum Dockery, 1982. - Laevieardium leptorimum Dockery, 1982. Cardiidae. Lower Oligocene. RECORDS. "1982 ZR: Laevieardium lep/orimum Dockery, 1982 sp. nov. Mississippi. Ref. to fig ' d Dockery, p. 74. lessitchinense Muskhelishvili , 1980. - Ceras/oderma lessi/ehinense Muskhelishvili, 1980. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene . RE CORDS . "1980 ZR : Cerastoderma (Charto eardium) lessitehinense Muskhelishvili, 1980 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Muskhelishvili, p. 30. lessonae Issei, 1866. - Monodaena lessonae Issei, 1866. Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Baku near Caspian Sea. RECORDS. "1865 Issei, p. 49, pI. fig. 6770 : Monodacna lessonae, IsseI. "1866 Issei, p. 433: Monodacna lessonae Issei, 1866 (n. sp.). 001980 Ruhoff: Monodacna lessonae Issei, 1865; vol. 23: 433, pI. 3, figs. 67- 70. leucostoma (mode). - See under leucostomum Born, 1780. leucostomum Born, 1780. [Figs. Part 1 p. 67, p. 74 No . 179, p. 132, 136, 167. Part 3 p. 855, 869, 870]. Tra ehyeardium leueostomum (Born, 1780). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Synonym of Aerosterigma magnum (Linne, 1758). - Cardium enode Sowerby. - Not synonym of Cardium enode. - Cardiumjlavum Linne. - Cardium magnum Gmelin. - Cardium magnum Wood. - Cardium marmoreum Lamarck. Acros/erigma luteomarginata (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). « Regarding Cardium leueos/omum. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALIT Y. Holotype Jamaica. TYPE REPOSITORY. Vienna Museum. RECORDS. "1687 Lister, pI. 331 , fig . 168: Cardium leueostomum (}ide Spengler 1799). "1778 Born, G 12. Cardium leucos/omum Ref. to List. Hist. Conch. I. 3. f. 168. Mus. Caes. Vindobon. "1780 Born, p. 46, pI. 3, fig. 6 (+ fig. 7): Cardium leueos/omum . "1782 Chemnitz, pI. 17 , fig . 179: Cardium leueos/omum . .. 1789 Bruguiere: Cardium leueos/omum von Born, pag. 46, tab. 3, fig. 6, 7. "1789 Bruguiere: Cardium leucos/omum Martini, tom. 6. pag. 187, tab. 17, fig. 179. "1788 SchrOler: Cardium leueos/omum VI, 145. 187. "1789 Karsten : Cardium leu cos/omum Bornii . 001798 Bolten : Cardium leueostomum = Cardium magnum Gmelin sp. 16. "1799 Spengler, p. 27, No. 14: Cardium leueostomum von Born, p.46., von Born Museum Caes. Tab. 3. fig. 6 (from the West Indies). "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium leucos/omum Born. "1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 331 fig. 168 Cardium leu cos/omum. 001839 Anton : Cardium leueostomum Born = Cardium marmoreum Lamarck. 001840 Pfei ffer : Chemnitz Fig . 179 . Cardium leueos/omum = Cardium marmoreum Lam. 20. = Cardium leucos/omum Born. Ant. "1845 Reeve, pI. ix No. 47 and pI. xiv No. 47: Cardium leucos/oma (see Vidal 1997, 1999). "1850 Cuvier, pI. 99: Cardium leueos/omum Born. 001856 Wood & Hanley: C. leueostomum Born = Cardium magnum Wood, 1815 . 001858 Adams & Adams , p . 455: Cardium (Traehycardium) leucostomum Born. "1863 Deshayes: Cardium leueostoma Bom. "1880 Martens: Cardium (Traehycardium) leueostoma 80m. (Martens suggests that two different species may carry the specific name leueos/oma: one from the West Indies and one from Singapore). 001888 Jousseaume : Trachyeardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 597 leucostomum B leucostoma Born. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium leucostomum Born. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium marmoreum Lm. = leucostomum Born. ··1891 Fischer: ?Cardium leucostomum Born. ··1891 Romer: Trachycardium leucostomum Born. ··1902 DalJ: Cardium (Trachycardium) leucostoma Born, 1780. ··1902 Dal.l & Simpson: Cardium (Trachycardium) leucostoma Born. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 532: Cardium leucostomum Born, 1778. ··1909 Melvill: Cardium (Trachycardium) leucostoma Born. ··1916 Thiele: Cardium leucostoma Born. ··1939 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) leucostomum fig. [Ref. McLean 1939]. ··1942 Abrard : Cardium leucostoma Born in Newton 1900 = Cardium (Trachycardium )jlavum Linne. ··1944 Clench & Smith in Abbott 1958: leucostomum Born 1780, junior synonym of magnum Linne 1758. ··1951 McLean : Cardium leucostoma Born (1780) = Cardium (Trachycardium) magnum Linnaeus. ··1955 Rost & Soot-Ryen: Trachycardium leucostomum Born 1780. ··1956 ZR: Trachycardium leucoslomum Boru sic, new to Seychelles [Ref. Rost & Soot-Ryen 1956]. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium leucostomum Born = Cardium enode Sowerby. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead : Cardium leucosloma Born, 1780 = Acroslerigma luteomarginata (Voskuil & Onvetwagt, 1991). ··1992 Oliver: Cardium leucostoma Born, 1780 in Jousseaume (1888) = Cardium enode Sowerby, 1834 sic. ··1993 Vidal: Cardium leucostomum not synonym of Cardium enode as suggested by Fischer-Piette. ··1997 Vidal: Cardium leucostoma Born sensu Reeve, 1845 sp. 47 = Vaslicardium luteomarginatum luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onvetwagt, 1991). ··1999 Vidal: Cardium leucostoma Born, 1780: 46, pI. 3, figs 6-7 = Acrosterigma magnum (Linne, 1758). ··1999 Vidal: Cardium leucostoma Born figured by Reeve, 1845 Sp. 47, pI. 13, fig. 47. = Vaslicardium luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onvetwagt 1991). ··2001 Schneider & Carter: Trachycardium leucostomum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Acroslerigma leucostoma (Born , 1780). Not in Vietnam . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTJONS. ··ZMUC: 2 specimens, the Antilles, West Indies . CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: 33 ribs, 8 posterior with scales & blunt spines, 8 central smooth and rounded, the rest densely set with round scales. Dark yellow margin. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: Testa subovata sulcata, costis anticis muricatis, posticis transversim crenalis; areola lanceolala. ··1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: This bivalve too, when seen from the anterior end, has the most beautiful heart-shaped form . Its entire circumference is egg-shaped. It is true that it bears a close similarity to Cardium magnum . The whole difference is almost only to find in the shape and the ornamentation ofthe 33 ribs and in the colour. Eight of these ribs, which are flattened , are seen on the front side, four of the anterior ones are set with elevated blunt spines. The following eight ribs are round and smooth from all sides. The rest are quite flattened on their backs, from below upwards very densely set with round scales. The furrows separating the ribs are deep, roundly hollowed, without stripes. This cockle is yellow with brick-red spots on a white ground; internally the margin is a vivid orange. In the middle below the umbo a broad orange spot is found, the rest of the valve is white. It comes from our colonies in the West Indies. Its size is 3 inches in length, and 2 114 inches in breadth. ··1845 Reeve: shell depressly ovate, somewhat oblique; radiately ribbed, 33-34 flatly convex ribs, peculiarly separated from each other, laterally very finely serrated, anterior ribs crenated; yellowish, or light pinkish brown, marbled with pink and orange interior white, edges stained with orange, sometimes two faint orange rays beneath the umbones. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: length 78 mm (3 Tom.), width 59 mm (2 114 Tom.). ··1939 McLean: 44 x 54 x 32 mm; ribs 32-35. REMARKS. ··1799 Spengler: Cardium leucostoma Born, 1780 is very different from Cardium magnum Linne, 1758. In contrast, Dall & Simpson (1901) remarked that Cardium leucostoma Born, 1780 was regarded by Wood, with much probability, as being the original Cardium magnum Linne, 1758 (not Born), but there is no way of proving this so the name is best left as it is. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: C. leucostoma, in a general way, resembles C. isocardia, but wants the spinose sculpture, has the sides of the ribs crenulate, and is more compressed. ··1942 Abrard: the true C. leucosloma Born is an American species. It is not likely that C. leucosloma from the West Indies is identical to C. leucosloma from the Indo- Pacific . The genus Vaslicardium was applied by Keen (1980). ··1789 Karsten, remarks p. 158-159: Nomen specificum Leucostomi varietatum in limN colore, non esse, Cel. Chemnitz loco cit. pag. 187, jam monuit, quod speciminis nostri descriptio ad/irmat, sed hanc specimen ill. a C. magnum Linn. pertinere, ut Chemn. loc. cit. putare veditur, ob numerum costarum supra computatur, arbitrari nequeo. ··1845 Reeve: The ribs of the Cardium leucostoma are developed with peculiar distinctness, owing to the depth and remarkable decision of the grooves which separate them; a character very well portrayed by Mr. Wood in the representation of a specimen which he has erroneously figured in the 'General Conchology,' PI. LUI. f. 3, for the Cardium elongatum. In his account of that species he says, " This is an oblong oval shell, with 40 longitudinal ribs according to Bruguiere, but our specimens have only 34;" the specimens he had under consideration were beyond doubt Cardium leucostoma . HABITAT. ··1845 Reeve: found in sandy mud at low water. DISTRIBUTION. ··1789 Karsten: Ind . occ. [West Indies] . ··1799 Spengler: West Indies. ··1845 Reeve: Singapore. ··1884 Grassel: Philippines. ··1891 Romer: Philippines. ··1909 Melvill : Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean. ··1939 McLean: Bahamas to southern West Indies. ··1994 Hylleberg: Red Sea. leucostomum B Spengler, 1799 (variety) . [Figs. Part 3 p. 866]. - Synonym of Cardium oxygonum Sowerby. » Regarding Cardium leucostomum var. B: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. The East Indies (Nicobar Islands). TYPE RHOSITORY . ··ZMUC, the Spengler species. RECORDS . ··1799 Spengler, p. 28, No. 14: Cardium leucostomum var. B. ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg:: Cardium leucostomum var. B. Spengler, 1799. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: 2 specimens in the Spengler colI. labeled leucostomum var B Spengler p. 28. = oxygonum Sowerby R. 77. DESCRIPTIONS . ··1799 598 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Leve - leyelli Spengler: shell with 40 ribs, posterior slope with 9 small, flat ribs, red spines. Shells not gaping, narrow, low interstices, central and anterior ribs triangular, sharply keeled, lateral indentations, the last 20 ribs nodule-like ornamentation on the top of ribs. Outside white with yellow and red spots, inside a large rosered spot under the umbo, margin not coloured. REMARKS. One ZMUC specimen from the Nicobar Islands has 38 ribs (9 on posterior slope; 26 central; 3 on anterior slope). DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: length 37 mm (I Tom. 5 Linier), width 28 mm (I Tom. 2 Linier). leve Anton, 1839. - Unknown species. RECORDS. ··1839 Anton, No. 398: Cardium leve mihi. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3371: Cardium leve Anton, 1839. Levesquei Orbigny, 1850. - Changed combination: Plagioeardium levesquei (Orbigny, 1850). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium levesquei d 'Orbigny (1850 p. 324, no. 504). ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Plagioeardium) levesquei d'Orbigny. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3544: Cardium levesquei d'Orbigny, 1850. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvieardium levesquei (Orbigny, 1850). ··1977 Popov: Plagioeardium (Plagioeardium) levesquei (Orbigny). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium levesquei Orbigny in Deshayes, 1858; [18561865] vol. I: 558, pI. 55, figs. 1-14. ··1995 Le Renard et at.: Parvieardium levesquei [Cardium levesquei] d'Orbigny, 1850. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Parvieardium levesquei. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Plagioeardium levesquei d'Orbigny. Ypresien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52728, B52729, B52730, B52731, B52732. Levicardium (error). - Printer's mistake for Laevieardium in Carpenter 1861 and Lamy 1909. levicestatum (error). - Printer's mistake for levieostatum in ZR for 1977. levicostata Jekelius, 1944. - Replidaena levieostata Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Replidaena levieostata Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. ··1977 ZR: Cardium (Rep/idaena) levieestatum sic lekelius. Ref to Paramonova, p. 70 [Transl. p. 320]. levigata Eberzin, 1960. - Paehydaena levigata Eberzin, 1960. Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Paehydaena levigata Eberzin, 1960 sp. n. Pliocene Duab river, Abkhaziya, Georgia, USSR. levigatum Bartsch, 1947. - Synonym of Coreulum eardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Coreulum levigatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Probably the East Indies. TYPE REPOSITORY. USNM 543565. RECORDS. ··1947 Bartsch, p. 226, pI. 1, fig. I: Coreulum levigatum new species. ··1947 ZR: Corculum levigatum Bartsch, 1947 sp. nov. U.S. Expd. no loc. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Coreulum laevigatum sic Bartsch. ··1960 Kuroda: Coreulum laevigatum sic Bartsch. ··1964 Shikama: Coreulum laevigatum sic Bartsch. "1977 Habe: Coreulum laevigatum sic Bartsch, 1947 = Coreulum eardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1989 Severin & Cooper: intermediate form of Cardium eardissa Linne. ··1999 Higo et al.: Coreulum laevigatum sic Bartsch, 1947 = Corculum eardissum (Linnaeus, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARAC- TERS of diagnostic value: anterior side concave. Posterior side smooth. DIMENSIONS. Height 47.5 mm; length 20.1 mm; diameter 43.4 mm. REMARKS. ··1947 Bartsch: resembles Coreulum monstrosum. "1989: Severin & Cooper considered Coreulum levigatum part of an ecological continuum of Coreulum represented by a 'cardissa'-morph and a 'monostroma'-morph at each of the two ends. DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Indo-West Pacific. Levigatum of authors. - See under laevigatum Linnaeus. Leviinjlatum Sacco, 1908. - Synonym of Cardium aquitanieum Mayer, 1858. » Regarding Cardium leviinjlatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium leviilljlatum Sacco, 1908 = Cardium aquitanieum Mayer, 1858. levinae Merklin, 1960. - Synonym of Cerastoderma prigorovskii Bogatschev Cardiidae. » Regarding Cerastoderma levillae: Upper Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) levillae Merklin, 1960 sp. nov. Upper Oligocene, Kyzyi Kum Uzbekskya. ··1977 Popov: Cerastoderma levillae Merklin, 1960. ··1981 ZR: Cardium levinae Merklin, 1960. Junior synonym of C. prigorovskii Bogatschev. Ref. to Vialov et al. p. 45. levis Eberzin, 1960. - Paehydaena levis levis Eberzin, 1960 Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Paehydaena levis levis Eberzin, 1960 subsp. nov. Pliocene Shakon river, Kuban, USSR. levis curta Eberzin, 1960 (subspecies). - Paehydaena levis curta Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Paehydaena levis eurta Eberzin, 1960 subsp. nov. Pliocene Shakon river, Kuban, USSR. levisulcatum Smith, 1903. [Figs. Part 3 p. 916]. Combination to be revised: "Parvieardium" levisuleatum Smith, 1903. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. Lectotype and 4 paralectotypes. BMNH London. RECORDS. "1903 Smith, p. 624, pI. 36, figs. 25-26: Cardium levisuleatum n. sp. ··1903 ZR: Cardium levisuleatum Smith, 1903 n. sp. Maldive Is. ··1964 Spry: Fragum levisuleatum (Smith). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1903 Smith: somewhat compressed and quadrate form, slender radiating sulci and slightly raised ribs, of which only the anterior halfbear granules, those on the hinder half of the shell being only very finely striated. The colour is entirely white excepting the dorsal margin just in front of the umbones, which is stained with pink. About 25 ribs. DIMENSIONS. ··1903 Smith: long it. 15 mm, alt. 12 mm diam. 8.5 mm. REMARKS. Cardium levisuleatum Smith, 1903 has a shell shape resembling Parvieardium erugatum (Tate, 1889). DISTRIBUTION. ··1903 Smith: Maldives. ··1964 Spry Dar Es Salaam, East Africa. lexingtonensis Swallow in Shumard & Swallow, 1858. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lexillgtonellsis Swallow in Shumard & Swallow, 1858. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium lexillgtollensis Swallow in Shumard & Swallow, 1858; vol. 1: 206. lexoviensis (variety). - See under orthogollalis lexoviensis Bigot MS (Chavan, 1952). leyelli D' Arch. & Vern. - Changed combination: COlloeardiopsis leyelli D' Arch. & Vern. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1895 ZR: Cardium leyel/i D'Arch. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 599 libenicense - lima & Vern. transferred to Conocardiopsis Beushausen, 1895 n.g. [Ref. Beushausen 1895]. libenicense (variety). - See under edule var. libenicense Brusina, 1870. licharewi Zavodovskii , 1962. - Pseudoconocardium licharewi Zavodovskii, 1962. Cardiacea . Permian . RECORDS. --1962. ZR: Pseudoconoeardium lieharewi Zavodovskii, 1962 sp. nov. Permian R. Khivach , N .E. Russia. Genotype of Pseudoeonocardium Zavodovskji, 1962. Liehas Gray, 1840 (genus). - New name. Cardiidae ineerta sedis. RECORDs. --1980 Vokes: Lichas Gray, 1840 Syn. [n.n.] [non Dalman, 1827 (Trilob.)] . In subfamily Laevicardiinae. Liehas Steininger, 1837 (genus) . Synonym of Conocardium Bronn, 1835. » Regarding Lichas : Conocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. --1887 Fischer: Liehas Steininger, 1837. Jun. syn of Conocardium Bronn, ＱｾＵＮ＠ . liebischi Koenen, 1893. - Nemocardium liebischi (Koenen, 1893). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. --1899 Sacco: Nemocardium liebischi (Koen.). --1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) liebischi (Koenen, 1893). likharevi Kafanov in Scarlato, 1981. - Synonym of Ciliatocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). » Regarding Clinocardium likharevi: Cardiidae. Recent and fossil. DISTRIBUTION. Arctic (Kafanov), Sea ofJapan (Lutaenko 1999). RECORDS. --1981 Kafanov: Clinocardium likharevi. --1981 ZR: Ciliatocardium likharevi Kafanov 198 (sic = 1981). sp. nov. Western Pacific. Ref. to Skarlato, p. 344. --1999 Lutaenko: Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) likharevi Kafanov in Scarlato, 1981. --2000 Coan et al.: ?Ciliatocardium likharevi Kafanov in Scarlato, 1981 = Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). lillei Freneix & Grant-Mackie, 1978. - Bucardium lWei Freneix & Grant-Mackie, 1978. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1978 Freneix & Mackie, p. 510, Figs. 720 : Cardium (Bucardium ) lillei n. sp. "1978 ZR : Cardium (Bucardium) lillei Freneix, 1978 sp. nov. New Caledonia, Upper Cretaceous. Ref. to Freneix, S. et al. p. 510, fig' d . --1992 Schneider: Cardium (Bucardium) lillei Freneix & Grant-Mackie. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pe rs. com .) , MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium (Bucardium) litlei Freneix & Grant-Mackie. Senonien . New Caledonia. lima Conrad, 1865. - Protocardia lima Conrad, 1865. Cardiidae. FossiL RECORDS. "1865 Conrad: Protocardia lima (ref. in Keen 1950). --1980 Ruhoff: Protocardia lima Conrad, 1865; vol. 1: 139, pI. 10, fig. 3. *lima. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium lima from 3 sources: Gmelin, 1791. - Lamarck, 1805. - Reeve, 1845. lima Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 72]. - Synonym of Vepricardium asiaticum (Bruguiere, 1789) . » Regarding Cardium lima: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium lima t. 15 . f. 153. 154. "1791 Gmelin, p. 3253, No. 30: Cardium lima. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium lima . Gmelin. --1819 Lamarck: Cardium lima. GmeL no. 30 = Cardium asialicum. --1850 Jay: Cardium lima Gmel. = Cardium asiaticum Chemn. --1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 32: Cardium lima Gm. 3253, from C costatum, &c. Ch. vi. 160, f 153 , 4. "1869 Romer: Cardium lima Gmelin = Cardium asiaticum Bruguiere. --1890 Paetel : Cardium lima Gm. --1902 Sherborn, p. 535: Cardium lima Gmelin, 1790 sic. --1926 McClelland: Cardium lima Gmelin. "1974 Barnard: Cardium lima Gmelin in Sowerby 1892 = Cardium asiaticum. --1977 FischerPiette: Cardium lima Gmelin = Laevicardium corona tum Schroter. --1979 Richardson et al.: Cardium lima Gmelin in Gmelin (1791); Wood (1815); Dillwyn (1817); Wood (1825) = Cardium asiaticum Bruguiere, 1789. --2000 Vidal, p. 452 . Cardium lima Gmelin, 1791 : 3253 = Cardium asiaticum Bruguiere, 1789. lima Lamarck, 1805. - Synonym of Cardium sublima d'Orbigny. » Regarding Cardium lima: Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. --1835 Lamarck: Cardium lima Lamk. --1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium lima Lam. fossil of France. --1886 Cossmann: Cardium lima Lamarck (olim), non Gm. = Cardium sublima d'Orbigny. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3558: Cardium lima Lamarck, 1805. lima Reeve, 1845 . [Figs. Part 1 p. 138. Part 3 p. 923].Misidentifica tion of Trachycardium senticosum (Sowerby, 1833). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trachycardium muricatum (Linne) . » Regarding Cardium lima: Cardiidae . Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 2 syntypes. 1978131. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1845). RECORDS. --1845 Reeve: Cardium lima Reeve. --1901 Dall : ? Cardium lima Reeve, 1845 = Cardium senticosum Sowerby, 1833 . --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3558: Cardium lima Reeve, 1845. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium lima Reeve, 1845 = Cardium muricatum Linne. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION. --1845 Reeve: shell ovate, radiately ribbed , 34 rounded ribs, armed with short prickles; yellowish, stained and spotted with pink. REMARKS. "1845 Reeve: this species mainly differs from the Cardium angulatum in the deep interlocking of the marginal extremities of the ribs, and in the width and decided character of the interstitial grooves. --1845 Reeve: the short prickles, which adorn this shell , are not attached to the side of the ribs, as in the Cardium muricatum, but to the middle throughout. The pink tinge of colour noticed above is situated more particularly around the umbones. HABITAT. --1845 Reeve: unknown. lima Spengler in Schroter 1786. Not available. [Figs. Part 3 p. 882).- Synonym of Vepricardium asiaticum (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Laevicardium corona/um (Schroter) [not available] . - Cardium lamellatum Spengler 1799. » Regarding Cardium lima: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1786 Spengler in Schroter [not available) : Cardium lima. --1815 Wood, p. 230, No. 31: Cardium lima . --1825 Wood p. 26 No. 32: Cardium lima. --1853 Dunker: Cardium lima Spengler. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 454: Cardium (Pectunculus) lima SpengL "1870 Morch : C. lima Spengler, 1786 = Cardium lamellatum Spengler 1799. --1909 Lynge: Cardium lima Spengler, 1786 = Cardium (Bucardium) asiaticum Bruguiere , 1789. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: Indo-Pacific 4 specimens in collection but two species According to label lima = asiaticum Brug. = lamel/atum SpengL sine loc. lima beta Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 79] (variety). - 600 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) limacinum -Iineatum Vepricardium asialicum (Bruguiere, 1789). Cardium lima var. bela. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium lima var. bela p. 161 [not figured variety of Gmelin 's C. costatum Indiae Orienta1is] . ··1784 Schroeter. ID by Gme1in 1791: Cardium coronatum Einl. in Conch. 2. t. 7. f. 13 a. b. = Cardium lima var. bela. ··1791 Gmelin No. 30: Cardium lima var. bela . ··1906 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium lima var. beta. Gmelin. 1790 = Cardium costa tum Indiae var. orienlalis Chemnitz. 1782 (Cardium costalum lndiae Oriellialis = asiaticum Bruguiere). limacinum Krestovnikov, 1929. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium limacinum (Krestovnikov, 1929). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . ··1929 ZR: Limnocardium limacillum Krestovnikov, 1929 sp. n. Pliocene S. Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limllocardium (Euxinicardium) limacinum Krest. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium limanicum. limatulum Bradley, 1930. - Conocardium limalulum Bradley, 1930. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Conocardium limalulum Bradley, 1930 sp. n. Limestone U.S.A. limatum (misprint) err. pro lineatum Linnaeus. Limnocardiidae (family) . - Invalid emendation by Fischer 1887, who changed the spelling (not possible according to rules). See under Lymnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1970 Glibert & Poel : family Limnocardiidae. ··1975 ZR: Limnocardiidae . Systematic accounts of species. Upper Miocene . Palaearctic region . Ponto-Caspian Basin. Ref. to Grossu. / Stratigraphical distribution . Quaternary. Romania. Ref. to Andreescu . ··1987 Anaya: Limnocardiidae Stoliczka, 1870 sic. Limnocardiinae Andrussoff 1903 (subfamily). - Invalid emendation by Fischer 1887, who changed the spelling (not possible according to rules). See under Lymnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1903 Andrussoff: subfamily encompassing Lymnocardium and Didacna Eichw. ··1985 Mikhailescu: subfamily Limnocardiinae Stoliczka, 1871. ··1987 Anaya: subfamily Limnocardiinae Stoliczka, 1870. "1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardiinae Stoliczka, 1871 . Limnocardium Stoliczka, 1871 (genus) . - Invalid emendation by Fischer 1887, who changed the spelling (not possible according to rules) . See under Lymnocardium Stoliczka, 1871 . RECORDS . ··1887 Fischer: Genus Limnocardium Stoliczka, em. 1870 (Lymnocardium). ··1903 Andrussoff: Limnocardium s.s. = Pseudocardia Conrad and the section Myocardia Vest. "1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Limnocardium Stoliczka. ··1934 ZR: Limnocardium figs. [Ref. Poljak & Suklje 1934]. "1968 ZR: Limnocardium species, Pliocene, southern part of Hungarian Great Plain [Ref. Szeles 1968]. ··1970 ZR: Limnocardium hinge mechanism of shell, taxonomy, Strausz, L. (2). ··1971 ZR: Limnocardium Stratigraphical indicator. Pliocene, Pannonian Romania. Mihaila & Marinescu. "1980 Vokes : Limnocardium (emend. pro Lymn- Stoliczka, 1870) Fischer 1887. ··1987 Anaya: genus Limnocardium sic Stoliczka, 1870. Type species: (D.O.) Cardium haueri Homes, 1861. "1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium s. str. Stoliczka, 1871. Limnocardium Stoliczka, 1871 (subgenus). - Invalid emendation by Fischer 1887, who changed the spelling (not possible according to rules). RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya: (Limnocardium sic) (s . s.) Type species: (D.O.) Cardium haueri Homes, 1861 . ··1987 Taktakishvili: (Limnocardium) Stoliczka, 1871. Limnodacna Ebersin, 1936 (genus). - RECORDS. ··1938 ZR: Limnodacna Ebersin, 1936 gen. n. (Cardiidae), type cristulata sp. n. Ebersin, 1936 Kimmeridgian Trans-Caucasus. ··1980 Vokes: Limnodacna Ebersin, 1936 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnodacna Ebersin, 1936. Limnopagetia Schlickum , 1963 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1963 ZR: Limnopagelia Schlickum, 1963 gen. nov. of Cardiacea. GENOTYPE . Cardium f riabile Krauss, Miocene, Helvetian; Ulm, Germany. ··1967 ZR: Limnopagelia evolution, occurrence in Lower Bavaria, Germany [Ref. Schlickum 1967]. ··1980 Vokes: Limnopagetia Schlickum, 1963 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. Limnopappia Schlickum , 1962 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Limnopappia Schlickum, 1962 gen. nov. of Cardiidae. GENOTYPE. Limnopappia schuetti. Viviparus horizon. ··1980 Vokes: Limnopappia Schlickum, 1962 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. limosllm Tscheltzov, 1965 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " limosum Tscheltzov, 1965. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR : Cardium limosum Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Akchagylian (Pliocene), Turkmenia, USSR. lincolnensis Weaver, 1926. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lincoln ens is Weaver, 1926. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1926 ZR: Cardium lincolnensis Weaver, 1926 sp. n. Oligocene U.S.A. lindleyi derupta Popov, 1983 . - Didacna lindleyi derupta Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae . Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. ··1983 Popov, p. 172, fig.: Didacna lindleyi derupla subsp. nov. lindrii kincaidi Oldr.-? manuscript name. » Regarding Prolocardia lindrii kin caidi : Card i idae . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Prolocardia lindrii (kincaidi) Oldr. Strait of Georgia [I have not found this taxon in the literature]. lineatopllnctatlls. - Unknown s pecies . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 279: Cardium lin ealopunctatus [Seen in index only. Authorship not found in text]. *lineatllm. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium linea tum from 3 sources: Gmelin, 1791. - Lamarck, 1819. - Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. lineatum Gmelin, 1791. - Synonym of Laevicardium serra tum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Didacna trigonoides. » Regarding Cardium lin eatum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . American seas, Guyana (Lamarck 1819). DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea (Reeve 1844); W. Indies? (Wood & Hanley 1856); North Carolina to Brazil (McLean 1939). RECORDS. ··1791 Gmelin, p. 3246, No. 51 : Cardium lineatum . "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium linealum Gmelin. "1819 Lamarck, No. 48: Cardium lineatum Gmelin no. 51 . ··1856 Wood & Hanley No. 47: Cardium lineatum Gm. 3246, from Kiimmer, Rudol. 210, pI. 12, f. 4. B. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Cardium linealum Gm. = no. 22 = C. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 601 linealum - Liocardium serra turn Lin. --185 8 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia lineata Gmel. --1902 Sherborn, p. 539: Cardium linea turn Gmelin, 1790 sic, linealum Krebs, 1864, - Synonym of Laevicardium serratum (Linne, 1758), » Regarding Cardium lineatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS, --1902 Dall: Cardium linea turn of Krebs 1864 (not ofGmelin, 1792) = Cardium serratum Linnaeus, 1758. --1939 McLean : Cardium lineatum Gmeiin, 1790 in Krebs (1864) = Laevicardium serratum (serratum) Linne, 1758, lineatum Lamarck, 1819, [Figs. Part I p. 114, 115).Laevicardium linealum (Lamarck, 1819). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Didacna trigonoides. » Regarding Cardium linealum : Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY, America (Sowerby 1841). DISTRIBUTION . America (Sowerby 1841 , p. 6, No. 78). RECORDS. --1819 ｌ｡ｭｾｲ｣ｫＬ＠ 6, p. 17: Cardium lineatum. --1 840 Sowerby, 178 t part, figs. 43-44: Cardium lineatum Lam. --1840 Sowerby, p. 6, No . 78: Cardium lineatum Lam. --1 840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium linea turn (Sowerby, No. 78). --1844 Reeve: Cardium linea turn, Gmelin, Lamarck, Sowerby = Cardium trigonoides Pallas. "1864 Krebs, p. 115: Cardium linealUm (not of Gmelin). "1888 Kobelt: Cardium linea tum Lam. = Didacna trigonoides. "1903 Andrussoff: Cardium linea turn Lam, in Middendorff 1849. "1945 ZR: Cardium lineatum Lamarck [Ref. Lamy 1945). lineatum Linnaeus. - Synonym of Laevicardium serratum (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium lineatum: Cardiidae. Recent. Linnaeus did not describe this species. RECORDS. --1815 Wood: Cardium linealUm Linn, Gmel. --1817 Dillwyn: see under Richardson e/ al. 1979. --1912 ZR: Cardium (Acanthocardia) limatum Lin. [Ref. Dautzenberg & Fischer 1912]. "1979 Richardson et al. citing Dillwyn 1817: Cardium lineatum Linne, 1758 = Cardium laevigatum Linne, 1758. lineatum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lineatum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3583: Cardium lineatum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. Iineatum Chernnitz. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium lineatum : RECORDS, --1864 Krebs: Cardium linea/urn Gm. (syn.) = Cardium citrin urn Ch, --1890 Paetel: Hemicardium linea/urn Ch. linealum W6hrmann, 1889, - Myophoricardium lineatum W6hrmann, 1889, Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. --1889 ZR: Myophoricardium lineatum W6hrmann, 1889. n, sp. --1976 Ma et ai, p. 259: Myophoricardium lineatum W6hrmann, 1889. lineoialum Reuss, 1844. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" lineolatum Reuss, 1844. Cardiidae . Cretaceous . RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka : Cardium lineolalum (? A canthocardium sic) , "1922-32 Sherborn, p, 3597: Cardium lineolatum Reuss, 1844. lineonotata Vidal, 1994. [Figs. Part 3 p. 890). - Fulvia lineonotata Vidal, 1994. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. New Caledonia . TYPE REPOS1TORY . Paris Museum. RECORDS. --1994 Vidal, p. 110, pI. 3, figs. 4 a,b: Fulvia (Laevifulvia) lineonotata sp. nov. --2001 Vidal, p. 408: Fulvia lineonotata. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --200 I Vidal : tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. Iinguaieonis Guppy, 1866. - Changed combination: Ph logo cardia lingualeonis (Guppy, 1866). Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Restriction of type locality Vokes 1989, p.106. RECORDS... 1867 Guppy: Cardium lingualeonis Guppy, --1925 Woodring, p. 136, PI. 18, Figs. 12-13: Cardium (Trachycardium) lingualeonis Guppy, 1866. --1930 Stewart: Trachycardium lingualeonis, "1977 Popov : Phlogocardia lingualeonis (Guppy, 1866). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium lingualeonis Guppy, 1866; vol. 22 : 293 , pI. 18, fig. 7, --1989 Vokes: Cardium lingualeonis Guppy, 1866. Iingualigris Maury, 1917. - Changed combination: Trachycardium lingua tigris (Maury, 1917). Cardiidae. Neogene. TYPE LOCALITY . Maury (1917) Miocene of Dominica. Vokes (1989, p. Ill); restriction of type locality. Neogene ofCercado and Gurabo Formations, Dominican Republic. REMARKS. Cardium lingua tigris Maury appears to resemble Cardium (Trachycardium) dominicense Gabb, 1873 rather closely (Pilsbry 1922). RECORDS. "1917 Maury : Cardium (Trachycardium) lingua tigris Maury, 1917. "1919 ZR : Cardium (Trachy cardium) linguatigris Maury, 1919 sp. n. Tertiary S . Domingo. --1922 Pilsbry: Cardium lingua tigris Maury. --1925 Woodring, p. 139: Cardium lingua tigris Maury. --1989 Vokes, p. III: Cardium (Trachycardium) lingua tigris Maury, 1917. "1999 Vidal : Acrosterigma linguatigris (Maury, 1917). lingulata Lycett, 1863 . - Changed combination: Proto cardia lingulata (Lycett, 1863). Cardiidae. Lias and Jurassic. R ECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium lingulatum Lycett, 1863; p. 53, pI. 35, fig. II; pI. 40, fig. 22. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Protocardia lingulata Lycett. Bathonien. France (Ardennes, Pas de Calais). litttellln Conrad, 1855. - Nemocardium linteum (Conrad, 1855). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: replaced by Cymbophora intoxicata Hanna, 1924. » Regarding Nemocardium linteum: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From California. RECORDS, --1871 Stoliczka: Cardium (Laevicardium) linteum. (Recorded by Gabb). "1924 ZR: Cardium (Protocardia) linteum Conr. replaced by Cymbophora intoxicata Hanna, 1924 nom. n. --1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium linteum Conrad, 1855 (n. sp.). "1944 Keen & Bentson: Nemocardium linteum (Conrad). "1970 Glibert & Poel: Nemocardium (s.s.) linteum (Conrad, 1855). --1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) linteum (Conrad, 1855). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium linteum Conrad, 1855; p.9. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium linteum Conrad, 1856; vol. 5: 320, pI. 2, fig . I. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Protocardia) Iinteum Conrad, 1860; vol. 4: 278, pI. 46, fig. 17. linleum (cf.) Conrad, 1855. - RECORDS. "1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium cf. linteum Conrad. Liocardium Agassiz, 1846 (genus). - Synonym of Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. » Regarding Liocardium: Cardiidae, Recent. RECORDS. --1969 Moore et al.: Liocardium Agassiz, 1846 (nom . van.) = Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. --1890 Paetel: Liocardium M6rch. syn. of Laevicardium Sw. --1919 ZR: Liocardium [Ref. Morse 1919]. Ljocardium M6rch, 1853 (genus). - Invalid emendation. Synonym of Laevicardium Swainson , 1840. » Regarding Liocardium: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Genus Liocardium 602 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Liocardium -Liverovskayae tarchanicum March is a synonym = Genus Laevicardium Swainson. "1887 Fischer: Liocardium, March. 1853. Jun. syn of subgenus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. "1980 Vokes: Liocardium (emend. pro Laevi- Swainson, 1840) Agassiz, 1846. Liocardium (subgenus). - Invalid emendation. Synonym of Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. RECORDS. "1889 Dall: (Liocardium) Swainson. liratum (error). - Printer's mistake for lyratum in Dunker 1882. lispum Roth, 1975. - Clinocardium lispum Roth, 1975. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1975 ZR : Clinocardium lispum Roth, 1975 sp. nov. California, Scotia. Ref. to Roth, p. 3. lissitzyni Popov, 1983 . - Didacna lissitzyni Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. "1983 Popov, p. 173, fig.: Didacna lissitzyni sp. nov. Lisso"i Briiggen, 1910. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lissoni Briiggen, 1910. Cardiidae. Senon. RECORDS. "1910 ZR: Cardium lissoni Briiggen, 1910 sp. n. Peru Senon. Lithocardiopsis Munier-Chalmas, 1891 (genus). Invalid, Cretaceous, Cardiidae incerta sedis. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Lithocardiopsis Munier-Chalmas, 1891 . Based upon cast of giant cardiid,jide Oppenheim. Lithocardium Deshayes (genus). - Tridacnidae. Eocene. Previously in Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1886 Cossmann: Genus Lithocardium Deshayes. Lithocardium Woodward, 1854 (genus). - Not in Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1887 Fischer: Lithocardium Woodward, 1854. Lithocardium Cossmann, 1886 (section, subgenus). Tridacnidae. Eocene. RECORDS . "1886 Cossmann: Section. Lithocardium (sensu stricto) of genus Lithocardium Deshayes . "1923 ZR: Lithocardium [Ref. Cossmann 1923]. *lithocardium. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium lithocardium from 2 sources: Linne, 177 I . - Lamarck, 1798. lithocardium Gmelin, 1791. - Should be ignored. » Regarding Cardium lithocardium : Tridacnidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1791 Gmelin No. 50: Cardium lithocardium. "1817 Dillwyn: fossil Cardium lithocardium Gmelin should be ignored. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium lithocardium Gmelin = Cardium aviculare Lamarck. lithocardiulII Lamarck, 1798. [Figs. Part I p. 92] . Synonym of Lithocardium aviculare (Lamarck). » Regarding Cardium lithocardium : Tridacnidae. Eocene. REMARKS. Very similar to young Hippopus maculatus, hence lithocardium forms a transition to Tridacna. RECORDS. "1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck 1819, pI. 300. fig. 9 a, b. Cardium lithocardium. "1819 Lamarck: Cardium Iithocardium Laml<. an Cardium lithocardium Lin. Gmel. "1839 Anton: C. lithocardium Lamarck = C. aviculare Deshayes. "1912 Favre : Cardium lithocardium Lamarck = Lithocardium aviculare Lamarck (Lutecien). ID suggested by Favre. "1844 Potiez & Michaud, p. 187: Cardium liltocardium sic Lam = Hemicardium aviculare. LithocardiulII Linne, 1771. - Avicularium lithocardium (Linne, 1771). Aviculariidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1902 Sherborn, p. 545: Cardium lithocardium Linnaeus, 177 \. "1995 Le Renard et al.: Avicularium lithocardium [Cardium lithocardium] Linne 1771. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Avicularium lithocardium Superfamily Tridacnoidea. Family Aviculariidae. lithopodoliciformis Davidaschvili & Kitovani, 1964. Digressodacna lithopodoliciformis Davidaschvili & Kitovani, 1964. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani, p. 384: Digressodacna lithopodoliciformis n. sp. "1964 ZR: Digressodacna lithopodoliciformis Davitashvili & Kitovani , 1964 sp . nov. (genotype) Guri deposits, Georgia SSR. lithopodo[icum Dubois de Montpereux, 1831 . Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lithopodolicum Dubois de Montpereux, 1831. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes : Cardium lithopodolicum Dubois de Montpereux. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3616: Cardium lithopodolicum Du Bois, 1831. "1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium lithopodolicum lithopodoliculII (uzla"ulII Soklic, 1958. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lithopodolicum tuzlanum Soklic, 1958. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Cardium lithopodolicum tuzlanum Soklic, 1958 subsp. nov. Sarmatian; Miocene, Bukinja near Tuzla, N.E. Bosnia, Yugoslavia. Iitoralis (error). - Printer's mistake for littoralis in ZR for 1980, with ref to Andreescu. Iittocardium (error). - Printer's mistake for lithocardium in Potiez & Michaud 1844. littorale (mode). - See under littoralis Eichwald. liuoralis Eichwald. - Changed combination: Prosodacna littoralis littoralis (Eichwald). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn , p. 3618: Cardium littorale Eichwald, 1850. "1946 ZR: Cardium littorale Eich. [Ref. Gillet 1943] . "1960 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) littoralis [Ref. Eberzin 1960]. "1980 ZR: Eupatorina iitoraUs sic (Eichwald). Key to subspecies. Ref. to Andreescu. "1987 Anaya: Prosodacna littoralis littoralis in Eberzine 1959. "1987 Anaya: Prosodacna (s. s.) the group littoralis Eich. littoraUs eichwaldi Andrusov, 1917 (variety). Upgraded. Prosodacna littoralis eichwaldi Andrusov, 1917. » Regarding Prosodacna littoralis var. eichwaldi: Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1987 Anaya: Prosodacna (s. s.) littoralis Eich. var. eichwaldi Andr.,1917. liuoralis semisulcatoides Eberzin, 1960 (subspecies).Prosodacna littoralis semisulcatoides Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECOR DS. "1960 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) littoralis semisulcatoides Eberzin, 1960 subsp. n. Pliocene Ingulets river basin, S. Ukraine USSR. liverovskajae (error). - Printer's mistake for liverovskayae in Popov 1977. liverovskayae Merklin, 1950. - Changed combination: Parvicardium liverovskayae (Merklin, 1958). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Cardium (Parvicardium) liverovskayae Merklin, 1958 sp. nov. Skelya, Russia. "1977 Popov : Parvicardium liverovskajae (Merklin, 1950). "1985 Ananiashvili: Cardium liverovskayae Merkl. "1989 Gontsharova: Parvicardium liverovskayae (Merklin, 1950). liverovskayae tarchaniculII Bagdasaryan, 1979. Parvicardium liverovskayae tarchanicum Bagdasaryan, Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 603 lohatum -longuiscula gilletae 1979. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. REcORDs. ··1979 ZR: Parvicardium liverovskayae tarchanicum Bagdasaryan, 1979 subsp. nov. Ukraine. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 38. lohatum Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium lobatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. "192232 Sherborn, p. 3630: Cardium lobatum Phillips, 1829 [no et fl. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3632: Unicardium (Ph.) lobatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium lobatum. lohulatum Deshayes, 1854. [Figs. Part 3 p. 892]. Laevicardium lobulatum (Deshayes, 1855). Cardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. 'Philippines' (Higo et al. 1999). RECORDS. ··1855 Deshayes: Cardium lobulatum. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium lobulatum. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium lobulatum Dsh. ··1896 Elera: Cardium lobulatum. ··1903 Smith: Cardium lobulatum. "1903 Hidalgo: Cardium lobulatum. "1905 Hidalgo: Cardium lobulatum. ··1909 Hedley: Cardium lobulatum. ··1910 Hidalgo: Cardium lobulatum. ··1928 Faustino: Cardium lobulatum. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium (Laevicardium) lobulatum. "1928 Faustino: Cardium lobulatum Deshayes. ··1934 ZR: Laevicardium (Laevicardium) lobulatum (Desh.) Tertiary Java, [Ref. Oostingh 1934]. ··1962 Habe: Laevicardium lobulatum Desh. ··1964 Habe: Laevicardium lobulatum Desh. "1967 Habe: Laevicardium lobulatum. "1970 Habe: Laevicardium lobulatum (Deshayes). "1977 FischerPiette: Laevicardium lobulatum Deshayes. ··1977 Habe: Laevicardium lobulatum (Deshayes, 1854). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium lobulatum Deshayes, 1854; p. 332. ··1994 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Laevicardium lobulatum (Deshayes). "1995 Chung-Hung & HsiJen: Laevicardium lobulatum (Deshayes). ··1999 Higo et al.: Laevicardium lobulatum (Deshayes, 1855). ··200 I Vidal, p. 407: Laevicardium lobulatum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Siam 4-5 fv coarse sand, I fv sand, 30 fv sand, mud, 8-10 fv mud. ··ZMUC: wet collection, Gulf of Thailand, sand, 2-10 m depth. Writing on label looks like coculatum Deshayes, interpreted to mean lobulatum. DESCRIPTIONS. ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. HABITAT. ··ZMUC: coarse sand, sand, mud 2-60 m depth. "1999 Higo et al.: subtidal to 20 m, sand and mud. DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Central Indo-Pacific, Japan. ··ZMUC: Gulf of Thailand. "1962, "1964 Habe: Japan. "1903 Smith: Maldive-Laccadive.··1909 Hedley: Queensland. ··1999 Higo et al.: Amami islands and southwards, East China Sea, South China Sea, Philippines, western Pacific. loczyi Kutassy, 1934. - Tridacna loczyi Kutassy, 1934. Tridacnidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1935 ZR: Tridacna loczyi Kutassy, 1934 sp. n. Pliocene Celebes. ··1936 ZR: Tridacna loczyi [Ref. Oostingh 1936]. lodraniensis Singh et al., 1980. - Protocardia lodraniensis Singh et al., 1980. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Protocardia (Protocardia) lodraniensis Singh et al., 1980 sp. nov. India. Ref. to Singh et al. p. 73. loerentheyi Andrussov, 1924. - Changed combination: Hyrcania loerentheyi (Andrussov, 1924). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Didacna loerentheyi Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. ··1928 ZR: Limnocardium (Pseudocatillus) loerentheyi [Ref. Pavlovitch 1928]. ··1963 ZR: Didacna loerentheyi Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. ··1977 Popov: Hyrcania (Hyrcania) loerentheyi. Loevicardium (error). - Printer's mistake for Laevicardium in Monterosato 1884 (Vokes 1980). lomhoke Vidal, 2003. [Figs. Part 3 p. 862]. Vasticardium lomboke Vidal, 2003. TYPE REPOSITORY. MNHN. TYPE LOCALITY. North west coast of Lombok Island, Indonesia. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··2003 Vidal p. 58, figs. 4-5, 8: Vasticardium lomboke sp. nov. longintermedia Andrussov, 1924. - Didacna longintermedia Andrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Didacna longintermedia Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. ··1963 ZR: Didacna longintermedia Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. longipes Grimm, 1877. [Figs. Part 1 p. 180]. - Changed combination: Didacna longipes (Grimm, 1877). Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. ··1877 Grimm, p. 54, pI. 8, figs. 4 a-c: Cardium longipes sp. n. ··1877 ZR: Cardium longipes Grimm, 1877 sp. n. Caspian Sea. "1968 Logviilenko & Starobogatov: Didacna longipes (Grimm). longipipes. - ? printer's error of longipes by ZR. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Didacna longipipes food concentration and feeding rate relationships with size, weight [Ref. Sanina 1970]. longiscula Kvaliashvili, 1978. - Digressodacna longiscula K valiashvili, 1978. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Digressodacna longiscula sic Kvaliashvili, 1978 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Kvaliashvili p. 70. longiuscula Sen. - Prosodacna longiuscula Sen. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Prosodacna longiuscula Sen. Pliocene Transcaucasia [Ref. Davidasvili 1930]. longiuscula cal/opistes Davidasvili, 1930 (variety). Upgraded. Prosodacna longiuscula callopistes Davidasvili, 1930. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1932 ZR: Prosodacna longiuscula var. callopistes Davidasvili, 1930 nov. Pliocene Transcaucasia. longiuscula leptopsamatha Davidasvili, 1930 (variety). - Upgraded. Prosodacna longiuscula leptopsamatha Davidasvili, 1930. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Prosodacna longiuscula var.leptopsamatha Davidasvili, 1930 nov. Pliocene Transcaucasia. longiuscula minima Andreescu, 1980 (subspecies). Prosodacna longiuscula minima Andreescu, 1980. Lymnocardiidae. Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Prosodacna longiuscula minima Andreescu, 1980 subsp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 19. longiuscula oh/iqua Eberzin, 1960 (subspecies). Prosodacna longiuscula obliqua Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) longiuscula obliqua Eberzin, 1960 subsp. n. Pliocene river Duab, Abkhaziya, Georgia USSR. longstreeti Weller. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia longstreeti (Weller). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1978 Scott: Cardium longstreeti Weller. ··1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Dochmocardia) longstreeti (Weller). ionguiscula gilletae Motas, 1971. Prosodacna longuiscula gilletae Motas, 1971. Lymnocardiidae. 604 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) longula - lowei Pliocene. RECORDS. "1971 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) longuiscliia sic gilletae Motas, 1971 subsp. nov. Pliocene Bengesti, Romania. longula (variety). - See under bohemicllm longula. longum Tscheltzov. - Andrusovicardium longum (Tscheltzov). Lymnocardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. "1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Andrllsovicardium longum (Tscheltzov) comb. nov. ··1987 ZR: Andrusovicardium longum (Tscheltzov) comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 192. lonicense Nelli, 1915. - New combination: Lymnocardium lonicense (Nelli, 1915). Lymnocardiidae. Ponti an. REcORDs. ··1915 ZR: Limnocardium lonicense Nelli, 1915 sp. n. Pontian Greece. loochooallum Kira, 1962. - Fragum loochooanum Kira, 1962. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Amami Oshima, 5 fms (Higo et al. 1999). RECORDS. ··1954 Kira: Fragum loochooanus sic Kuroda, MS. ··1960 Kuroda: Fragum loochooanum Kuroda. ··1962 Kira: Fragum loochooanum. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Fragum) loochooanum Kira. ··1977 Habe: Fragum loochooanum Kira, 1959 (? sic). ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Fragum loochooanum Kira, 1962. Harbours photosymbiotic dinoflagellates. ··1999 Higo et al. : Fragum loochooanum Kira, 1959. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Japan. ··1999 Higo et at. : Amami islands and southwards. HABITAT. ··1999 Higo et al.: intertidal to 20 m, sand. loochooanus (mode). - See under loochooanum Kira, 1954. Lophocardium Fischer, 1887 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1961 Olsson: Lophocardium Fischer, 1887. ··1977 Popov: Lophocardium Fischer, 1887. Genotype: Cardium cumingii Broderip, 1833. ··1980 Vokes: Lophocardium Fischer, 1887 in subfamily Protocardiinae. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: fragile, sculpture offaint sinuous radial and concentric threads; periostracum forming laminar keel at junction of posterior and central slopes; cardinal teeth well developed, lateral teeth obsolescent. ··1889 Dal1: characterized by the absence of lateral teeth, the prolonged siphonal septum, and the prominent radial lamina. ··1889 Dall p. 13: Fisher (1887) erected Lophocardium as a sectional name in the subgenus Papyridea Swainson. "1889 Dall p. 14: stated that Lophocardium will take subgeneric rank in the genus Cardium. Lophocardium raised to generic level by authors. Lophocardium Fischer, 1887 (section, subgenus). Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. REMARKS. Lophocardium will take subgeneric rank in the genus Cardium, and be characterized by the absence of lateral teeth, the prolonged siphonal septum, and the prominent radial lamina (Dall, 1889 p. 13). RECORDS. ··1887 Fischer p. 1038: Lophocardium Fischer, 1887. Section of subgenus Papyridea Swainson. ··1889 Dall, p. 14: Cardium cumingii Broderip, 1833 type species of the subgenus (Lophocardium) Fischer, 1887 in the genus Nemocardium Meek, 1876. Lophocardium subsequently applied at the generic level by authors. Monotypic. ··1922 Olsson: (Lophocardium) Fischer. lorentheyi Pavlovic, 1929. - New combination: Lymno- cardium lorentheyi (Pavlovic, 1929). Lymnocardiidae. Pontian . RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Limnocardium (Pseudocatillus) lorentheyi Pavlovic, 1929 sp. n. Pontian Serbia. lorenzanum (variety). - See under cooperi var. lorenzanum Arnold, 1908. lorenzanum Arnold, 1908. - Changed combination: Nemocardium {orenzanum (Arnold, 1908). Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1954 Keen: Nemocardium (Keenaea) lorenzanum (Arnold), 1908. ··1977 Popov: Pratulum lorenzanum (Arnold, 1908). ··1977 Popov : Nemocardium (Nemocardium) lorenzanum (Arnold, 1908). loricatum Goldfuss, 1837. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lorica!um Go1dfuss, 1837. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3672: Cardium loricatum Goldfuss, 1837. loriense Boghachev, 1938. - New combination: Lymnocardium loriense Boghachev, 1938. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1939 ZR: Limnocardium loriense Boghachev, 1938 b sp. n. lorillardensis Weller. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia lorillardensis (Weller). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REcoRDs. ··1978 Scott: Cardium lorillardensis Weller. ··1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Dochmocardia) lorillardensis (Weller). lorois;; Hupe, 1856. - Identical with Fulvia papyraceum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Laevicardium loroisii: Cardiidae Fossil. REcORDs. ··1856 Hupe, pI. 19, fig. I: Laevicardium loroisii. ··1872 Tryon: Laevicardium loroisii Hupe. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium loroisii Hupe = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium loroisii Hupe in Lorois & Hupe, 1856; vol. 8: 470, pI. 19, fig. I. .. 1980 Ruhoff: Cardium loroisii Hupe in Lorois & Hupe, 1856; vol. 8: 47 (preprint). lotharingicum Buvignier, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lotharingicum Buvignier, 1852. [Fossil, Cardiidae]. REcORDs. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium lotharingicum Buvignier, 1852; atlas p. 16, pI. 13, figs. 34-36. lovelli Thompson, 1845. - Synonym of Parvicardium minimum (Philippi 1836). » Regarding Cardium loveni: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1859 Danielssen: Cardium loveni Thompson = Cardium svecicum Reeve. ··1859 Sowerby: C. Loveni, Thompson = Cardium suecicum Loven. ··1869 Romer: Cardium loveni Thompson = Cardium suecicum Loven. ··1871 March, p. 215, No. 206 Cardium loveni Thomps. = Cardium minimum Phil. ··1886 Locard: Cardium loveni Thompson, 1845 = Cardium minimum Philippi, 1845. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium loveni Thompson = Cardium suecicum Loven. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium loveni Thomps. = suecicum Loven. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium loveni Thompson 1845 = Cardium (Parvicardium) minimum, Philippi 1836. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3676: Cardium loveni Thompson, 1845. ··2001 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium loveni Thompson, 1845 = Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836). lowei Stephenson, 1955. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " lowei (Stephenson, 1955). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1955 ZR: Cardium (Granocardium) lowei Stephenson, 1955 sp. nov. Cretaceous, North America. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 605 Loweni - LunuLaeardium loweni. - Cerastoderma loweni. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) loweni. Key to SUbspecies. Ref to Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova. p. 75. loweni imereticum Muskhelishvili, 1980 (subspecies). - Cerastoderma loweni imereticum Muskhelishvili, 1980. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Cerastoderma (Kubanocardium) loweni imereticum Muskhelishvili, 1980 subsp nov. Georgia SSR. Upper Miocene. Ref. to Muskhelishvili, p. 28. Loxocardium Cossmann, 1886 (genus). - Cardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE SPECIES. Crosse (1886) designated Cardium formosum Deshayes, 1858, Eocene, France, type of Loxocardium Cossmann, 1886. REcORDs. ··1930 Stewart: Loxocardium Cossmann, 1886. ··1977 Kafanov and Popov: Loxocardium subfamily Fraginae, tribe Parvicardiini. ··1977 Popov: Loxocardium Cossmann, 1886. Genotype: Cardium formosum Deshayes, 1886. ··1980 Vokes: Loxocardium Cossmann, 1886 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Loxocardium Cossmann, 1886 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Loxocardium in Cardiinae. Placed in Fraginae by Kafanov & Popov (1977). ··1998 Schneider: Loxocardium. Type species Loxocardiumformosum (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene ... 2002 Schneider: Loxocardium: in subfamily Orthocardiinae not Fraginae. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1969 Moore et al.: the shell of Loxoeardium is nearly equilateral, posterior margin slightly truncate; posterior ribs notched; rib sculpture of fine looped cross-threads or A-shaped nodes; hinge relatively short. Europe. "2002 Schneider: Loxocardium has right suboval anterior cardinal teeth that are not directly above the socket but are slightly anterior of it; the tooth does not hang down over the socket opening. Spines form symmetric ｣ｯｮ｡ｶ･ｾｷ＠ triangles. Loxocardium Cossmann, 1886 (section, subgenus). Cardiidae. Eocene. REMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Section Loxocardium (nov. sect.) of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. ··1887 Fischer: Loxocardium Cossmann, 1887. Section of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. ··1900 ZR: Loxocardium Cossmann, 1900 n. sect. of Cardium, first species Cardiumformosum Desh. lucerna Forbes, 1846. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lucerna Forbes, 1846. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3680: Cardium lucerna Forbes, 1846. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium lucerna Forbes, 1856; vol. 7: 145, pI. 17, fig. 1. lueernense Mayer, 1866. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lucernense Mayer, 1866. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cerastoderma lucernense (May.) [Miocene]. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium lucernense Mayer, 1866. luehutieum Muskhelishvili, 1980. - Cerastoderma luehuticum Muskhelishvili, 1980. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. ··1980 ZR: Cerastoderma luehutieum Muskhelishvili, 1980 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Muskhelishvili, p. 28. Luciae Borcea, 1926. - Changed combination: Hypanis luciae (Borcea, 1926). Lymnocardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. RECORDs. ··1926 Borcea: Adaena luciae. ··1927 ZR: Adaena lueiae Borcea, 1927b n. sp. Rumania. ··Scarlato & Starobogatov: Hypanis luciae (Borcea, 1926). lucida (variety). - See under colorata var. lucida Borcea, 1927. luciense d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lueiense d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. "1922-32 Sherbom,p. 3685: Cardium luciense d'Orbigny, 185. Lucinoides Carpenter, 1872. - Synonym of Cardium sentieosum Sowerby, 1833. lucinoides Paramonova, 1977. - Cerastoderma lueinoides Paramonova, 1977. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) lueinoides sp. nov. Ukraine. Ref to Paramo nova p.72 [transl. p. 321], fig'd. » Regarding Cardium lueinoides: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1872 Carpenter, p. 29: Cardium lueinoides. "1901 Dall: Cardium lueinoides Carpenter, 1857 (testa juv.)= Cardium sentieosum Sowerby, 1833 ... 1968 Keen: Cardium lueinoides Carpenter, 1857 (does not seem to be a cardiid). "1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 153: Cardium lucinoides Carpenter = species insufficiently known. lueulense (mode). - See under lueulensis. lueulensis Caster, 1938. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lueulense Caster, 1938. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1938 ZR: Cardium lueulensis sp. n. Eocene, Luculo, R., Angola [without auct. 1938]. "1939 ZR: Cardium lueulensis Caster, 1938 sp. n. Eocene. ··1977 Popov: Cardium lueulense Caster, 1938. lueulenta Papaianopol, 1989. - Paehydacna luculenta Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1989 Papaianopol, p. 65, fig.: Paehydaena (Paehydacna) lueulenta sp. nov. Luisa Wilck. - Lahillia luisa Wilck. Cardiacea. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Lahillia luisa Wilck. Cretaceous Argentina [Ref. Feruglio 1937]. luisa gigantea Feruglio, 1937 (variety). - Upgraded. Lahillia luisa gigantea Feruglio, 1937. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Lahillia luisa Wilck. var. gigantea Feruglio, 1937 nov. Cretaceous Argentina. lukas (subspecies). - See under winkleri lukas Stevanovic 1982. Lunadaena Motas & Mihaila, 1973 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1974. ZR: Lunadaena Motas, 1974 gen. nov. of Cardiidae. Type species Unio lunae Voitesti, 1927. Ref. to Motas, p. 72. ··1980 Vokes: Lunadaena Motas & Mihaila, 1973. Subfamily uncertain. lunae Voitesti, 1927. - Lunadacna lunae (Voitesti, 1927). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Unio lunae Voitesti, 1927. Type species of Lunadaena Motas, 1974 gen. nov. of Cardiidae. Ref. to Motas, p. 72. lunatum Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" lunatum Deshayes. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium lunatum Desh. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium lunatum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 49. Lunulaeardium Munster, 1840 (genus). - Not in Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Lunulaeardium Munster, in Bronn: syn. of Cardium. "1887 Fischer: Genus Lunulieardium Munster, 1840. In family Lunulicardiidae. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3710: Lunulaeardium Muenster, 1840. REMARKS. Some 606 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) lunulalum leognanense - luteomarginatum marerubrum forms are close to Conocardillm , but relationship with Cardiidae is uncertain. lunulatum leognanellse Mayer-Eymar. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " lunulatum leognanense Mayer-Eymar. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg : Cardium lUllulatum leognanense Mayer-Eymar. Lunulicardia Gray, 1853 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1998 Lamprell & Healy: Lunulicardia Gray, 1853. ··1922 ZR: Lunlilicardium [Ref. Shannon 1922] ... 1928 Kuroda: Genus Lunulicardia Gray, 1853. ··1980 Vokes: Lunulicardia Gray, 1853 in subfamily Fraginae. ··1999 Higo et al.: LUl1ulicardia Gray, 1853. Type species: Cardium retusum Linnaeus, 1767 (mt.). ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Llinulicardia. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: as for the genus Fragum but lunule very deeply impressed, separating the cardinal and anterior lateral teeth. ··200 I Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. Lunulicardia Gray, 1853 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. TYPE SPECIES. Gray 1853 designated Cardium retusum Linne, 1758 type species of subgenus Lunulicardia of the genus Fragum Roding, 1798 . RECORDS. ··1858 Adams & Adams: subgenus Lunulicardia, Gray. ··1869 ZR: subgenus Lunulicardia (Gray) type Cardium retusum (L.) [Ref. Romer 1869]. .. 1887 Fischer: LUl1ulicardia Gray, 1853; non Lunulicardia Mi.inster, 1840. Jun. syn. of Opisocardium Bayle, 1879. ··1890 Paetel: 4. Sect. Lunulicardia Gray of Hemicardium. "1977 Popov: (Lunulicardia) Gray, 1853. Type species: Cardium retusum Linne, 1758. Lunulicardiidae (family). Not in Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1887 Fischer: Lunulicardiidae family, not in Cardiacea. LUllulocardium Sandberger, 1845 (genus). - Fossil. The relationship with Cardiidae is uncertain. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p . 3712: LUl1ulocardium Sandberger, 1845. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p . 3712: Lunulicardium Sand berger, 1846. luridum Chiereghini in Nardo, 1847. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" luridum Chiereghini in Nardo, 1847. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3716: Cardium luridum Nardo (ex Chiereghini MS), 1847. luridum Danilo & Sandri. - Acanthocardia luridum (Danilo & Sandri). Cardiidae. REMARKS. Eucardium is an objective synonym of Acanthocardia Gray, 185 I . RECORDS. ··1933 . Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) luridum Danilo & Sandri. luridum Poli, 1795. - Unknown status. ··1902. Sherborn, p. 563 : Cerastoderma luridum Poli, 1795. l"schalli Oppenheim, 1919. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " luschani Oppenheim, 1919. Cardiidae. Neogene . RECORDS. ··1919. ZR: Cardium luschani Oppenheim, 1919 sp. n. Neogene. IUleolabrum Gould, 1851 . - Synonym of Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837) . » Regarding Cardium luteolabrum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCA LITY . San Diego, California. TYPE REPOSITORY. Unknown. RECORDS. ··1851 Gould, p. 91-92: Cardium luteolabrum. ··1853 Gould: Cardium luteolabrum . ··1860 Carpenter: Cardium luteolabrum Gld. ··1862 Gould: Cardium luteolabrum Gould. ··1864 Carpenter: Cardium luteolabrum Gould Cardium quadragel1arium Conr. ··1872 Carpenter: Cardium luteolabrum . ··1890 Paetel: Cardium luteolabrum Gld. "1901 Dall : Cardium luteolabrum Gould, 1851 = Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium luteolabrum Gould = Laevicardium quadragenarium Conrad. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium luteolabrum Gould, 1851; vol. 4: 91. ··2000 Co an et al.: C. luteolabrum Gould, 1851 = Trachycardium(Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: 42 rounded ribs. DIMENSIONS. Long. 3 114; alt. 3; lat. 2 114 poll. REMARKS . ··1851 , ··1862 Gould: C. luteolabrum resembles C. pseudolima, and has been regarded as such; but the position of the spines at one angle of the ribs instead along the middle, and the color of the marginal rib, which in that shell is roseate, may alone distinguish them. It has also a more rounded outline and more globular form, and the ribs are more numerous; the grooves between the ribs are deeper. DISTRIBUTION. California, USA. IUleomarginata (mode). - See under of luteomargillatum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. luteomarginalum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. [Figs. Part 3 p. 868]. - Changed combination: Vasticardium luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . ··1991 . Voskuil & Onverwagt: Trachycardium luteomarginatum. ··1992. Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma luteomarginata. ··1997. Vidal: Vasticardium lut eomarginatllm luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). ··1999. Vidal: Vaslicardium luteomarginatllm (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991) . ··1999 . Vidal, p . 357: Vaslicardium luteomarginatum luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF CO LL ECTIONS . ··ZMUC: 2 specimens sine loc. identified by Voskuil. ··1999 Vidal : V luleomarginatum has finely striated interstices. Foundation of anterior lateral teeth is strong and angular (hooked appearance) in V luteomarginatum and its subspecies. DISTRJBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Indo-West Pacific, Red Sea. luteomarginatum insulare Vidal, 1997 (subspecies). [Figs. Part 3 p. 868]. - Upgraded: Vasticardium insulare Vidal, 1997. » Regarding luteomarginatum insulare: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Southern Mozambique and South Africa (northern Zululand) (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. ··1997. Vidal, p. 29, pI. 4, figs. 7 a,b, 8: Vasticardium luteomarginatum insulare subsp. nov. ··1999 . Vidal: Vasticardium luteomarginalum insulare (Vidal, 1997). "1999 . Vidal , p . 358: Vasticardium luteomarginalum insulare. Illteomarginatllm insuiare. - See also under inslIlare Vidal, 1997 lllteomarginatllm marerubrum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991 (subspecies). [Figs. Part 3 p. 869]. - Changed combination : Vaslicardium marerubrum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991).« Regarding V luteomarginatum marerubrum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . "1997. Vidal: Vasticardium luteomarginatum marerubrum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). "1999. Vidal. p. 358: Vasticardium luteomargillatum marerubrum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 607 luteomarginatum marerubrum -Iyratum luteomarginatum marerubrum. - See also under marerubrum voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991 lutrae Andrusov, 1963. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra iutrae (Andrusov, 1963). Miocene. Lymnocardiidae. REcORDs. ··1963. ZR: Didacna iutrae Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Miocene, Russia. "1987. Taktakishvili: Didacna iutrae Andrus. ··1987. Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra lutrae (Andrus.). Luxuridaena Papaianopol , 1980 (genus) . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS . ··1980 ZR: Luxuridacna Papaianopol, 1980 gen; nov. ofCardiidae. Type species Didacna subcarinata luxuriosa Wenz 1942. Pliocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 47 . ··1987 Taktakishvili: Luxuridacna Papaianopol, 1980; referred to new tribe Panticapaeini. luxuriosa (subspecies). - See under subcarinata luxuriosa Wenz, 1942. Iyeetti. - Protocardia Iycetti. Cardiidae. Middle Jurassic. RECORDS . ··1976 ZR: Protocardia Iycetti Middle Jurassic Malagasy Republic. Shell form . Ref. to Collignon. Iyel/i d' Archiac & verneui1, 1842. - Conocardium lyelli d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3738: Cardium Iyelli d' Archiac & Verneuil, 1842. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3738: Conocardium (A. & V) lyelli d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardium Iyelli. Lymnocardiidae Stoliczka, 1871 (family). - Tertiary and Recent. Originally described as subfamily Lymnocardiinae Stoliczka , 1871 of the fami Iy Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1976 ZR: Lymnocardiidae. Evolution . Brackish habitat. Black Sea . Ref. to Archambault. ··1980 Vokes: Family Lymnocardiidae Stoliczka, 1870. ··1983 ZR: Lymnocardiidae. Palaeo zoogeography & evolution. Ref. to Papaianopol et al. ··1997 Petersen, p. 178: Lymnocardiidae, subfamily of Cardiidae. Sometimes also its own family. Lymnocardiinae Stoliczka, 1871 (subfamily) . - Fossil and Recent. Remarks. The oldest 1ymnocardiine fossils are Early Oligocene. Over 90 named genera and subgenera of all but four of them are extinct. (Schneider 1998). RECORDS . ··1871 Stoliczka: subfamily Lymnocardiinae in family Cardiidae. ··1970 ZR : Limnocardiinae sic Stoliczka, 1871, brackish water fauna, Pontian, Jugoslavia, [Ref. Stevanovic 1970] . ··1980 Vokes: Lymnocardiinae Stoliczka, 1870. ··1998 Schneider: subfamily Lymnocardiinae. ··2001 Schneider & Carter: Lymnocardiinae (subfamily) Stoliczka, 1870. Lymnoeardium Stoliczka, 1870 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. GENOTYPE . Cardium haueri Hom. (Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903). RECORDS. ··1903 Andrussoff: as Limnocardium . ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: as Limnocardium. ··1977 ZR: Lymnocardium Upper Miocene. Romania, faunal assemblages. Ref to Lubenescu & Lubenescu. ··1977 Popov: Lymnocardium Stoliczka, 1871. ··1980 Vokes: Lymnocardium Stoliczka 1870 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae . ..1991 Muller & Magyar: Lymnocardium subfamily Lymnocardiidae Stoliczka, 1871. ··2001 Schneider & Carter: Lymnocardium (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. Iyrata (mode). - See under lyratum Sowerby, 1841. Iyratum Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part 1 p. 114,125,177]. - Nemocardium iyratum (Sowerby, 1840). Cardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. GENOTYPE. Meek (1876) designated Cardium lyra tum Sowerby, 1834 type species of subgenus (Lyrocardium) Meek, 1876. Recognised at the generic level by authors. Sacco (1899) designated Discors lyratus (Sow.) as type species of subgenus Discors Deshayes 1858. TYPE LOCALITY. Dumaguete, ins. Negroes Philippinarum (the Philippines) (Sowerby 1840, Reeve 1844). Guinea (Sowerby 1841 p. 6, No. 77). TYPE REPOSITORY . Ho10type, Cuming Collection, BMNH reg. no. 1971.27 Ｈｗｩｬｾｯｮ＠ & Stevenson 1977). RECORDS. ··1840 Sowerby, 177t part, fig . 40: Cardium lyratum. ··1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. London p. 109: Cardium lyratum . ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 6, No. 77: Cardium lyratum Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium lyratum (Sowerby, No . 77). ··1843 Hanley : Cardium lyratwn . ··1844 Reeve, sp. 12: Cardium lyratum Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1840. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium lyratum Sow. ··1858 Fischer: Cardium lyratum Sow. ··1867 Mitchell: Cardium lyratum Sow. ··1864 Mayer: Cardium lyra tum (comparison with Cardium hartungi Bronn. ) [Tertiary]. ··1864 Mayer: Cardium lyratum? Sowerby. [Tertiary]. ··1869 ZR: Section, subtypical - 3. Lyrasculptae: pectinata (L.) and lyrata (Sow.) [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. ··1869 Issei: Cardium lyratum Sow. ··1869 Martens : Cardium lyratum Sow. ··1869 Romer: Cardium lyratum Sow. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium lyratum, Sow. [Recent]. ··1872 Tryon: Laevicardium lyra tum Sow. ··1876 Meek: Laevieardium lyratum Sowerby. ··1880 Martens: Cardium (Amphicardium) lyra tum Sow. ··1880 Martens: Cardium lyratum placed in subgenus (Liocardium) by Morch and Adams. ··1887 Fischer: Lyrocardium lyratum Sowerby. ··1879 Martens: Cardium lyratum Reeve. ··1880 Martens in Mobius: Cardium lyratum Sow. ··1882 Dunker: Cardium lira tum Sow. = Nemocardium lyratum (Sowerby, 1834) in Fischer- Piette (1977). ··1884 Grasse!: Laevicardium lyratum . Sow. ··1890 Paetel : Laevicardium lyratum Sow. ··1895 Pilsbry : Cardium liratum Sow. = Nemocardium lyratum (Sowerby, 1834) in FischerPiette (1977). ··1896 Elera: Laevicardium lyratum Sow. ··1898 Locard : Laevicardium lyratum Sow = Laevicardium aeolicum Born in Fischer-Piette (1977). ··1899 Melvill & Standen: Laevicardium lyratum Sow. ··1899 Sacco: Discors lyratus (Sow.) [Recent]. ··1903 Hidalgo: Laevicardium lyratum Sow. ··1905 Hidalgo: Hemicardium iyratum Sow. ··1906 Standen & Leicester: Laevicardium lyratum Sow. ··1909 Nobre: Cardium lyratum Sow = Laevicardium aeolicum Born in Fischer-Piette (1977). ··1910 Hedley: Cardium lyratum Sow. ··1917 Odhner: Cardium lyratum Sow. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p . 3743: Cardium lyralllm Sowerby, 1841. ··1928 Faustino: Cardium lyratum Sow. ··1928 Kuroda: Discors lyratus (Sowerby, 1841). ··1932 Dautzenberg: Cardium lyratum Sow. ··1935 Oestergaard: Cardium lyratum Sow. ··1937 ZR: Cardium lyra tum Sowerby, 1841. Genotype of Amphicardium Von Martens 1880 = Lyrocardium Meek, 1876 [Ref. Keen 1937). ··1938 Lamy: Cardium lyratum Sow. ··1940 Smith, Maxwell: Laevicardium Iyratum (Sow.). ··1942 Abrard : Cardium lyra/um Sow. 608 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Lyrocardium - macoveii chisinau "1950 Allan: Discors lyratum (Sow.). --1951 Habe: Lyrocardium lyratum (Sow.). --1952 Kuroda & Habe: Laevicardium lyra tum Sow. --1954 Taki : Cardium Iyratum Sow. --1960 Kuroda: Discors Iyrata (Sowerby) . --1961 Rippingale & MacMichael : Discors Iyratum (Sow.). --1964 Barnard: Laevicardium Iyratum (Sow.). --1964 Shikama: Laevicardium lyratum (Sow.). --1959 Kira : Discors lyratum (Sow.). --1955 Kira : Discors lyrata (Sow.). --1962 Kira: Discors Iyratum (Sow.). --1969 Nordsieck : Discors Iyrata (Sowerby, 1840). --1969 Moore et al. : Nemocardium (Lyrocardium) lyratum (Sowerby, 1841). --1972 Cernohorsky: Discors lyratum (Sow.). --1974 Barnard: Laevicardium lyra tum (Sowerby). --1977 FischerPiette: Laevicardium (Dis cors) Iyratum Sowerby. --1977 Wi Ison & Stevenson: Cardium Iyratum Sowerby, 1841. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Lyrocardium Iyratum (Sowerby, 1841). --1981 Koyama et at.: Discors (Lyrocardium) lyratum . --1990 Abbott & Dance: Lyrocardium lyratum . --1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Lyrocardium lyratum (Sowerby, 1841). --1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Nemocardium (Lyrocardium) Iyratum . --1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Lyrocardium) lyra tum (Sowerby, 1841). --1999 Higo et al.: Nemocardium (Lyrocardium) lyra tum (Sowerby, 1841). --1999 Hylleberg, p. 40 I : Nemocardium lyratum (Sowerby, 1841). --200 I Vidal, p. 407: Lyrocardium lyratum. --2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Lyrocardium Iyratum (Sowerby, 1834). --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 183, Plate 2, fig. 6: Lyrocardium lyratum (Sowerby, 1834). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: Philippines. DESCRIPTIONS. --1972 Cernohorsky: radial riblets become obscure on posterior half where they are superimposed by about 15-16 widely spaced, curved oblique ribs . .. 2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. --1840 Sowerby: long. 1.70 poll. (length 43 mm), lat. 1.40 poll. (width 36 mm), alt. 1.70 poll (height 43 mm). --1844 Reeve: Shell rounded, sometimes a little depressed, posteriorly longitudinally ribbed, ribs close; anterior transversely obliquely plicately ridged, ridges narrow, more distant, rather irregularly slightly nodulated, the interstices being longitudinally very minutely striated; cream colour, covered with a deep crimson-red epidermis, umbones very faintly tinged with purple; interior reddish golden colour. --1972 Cernohorsky: 50 mm. REMARKS. --1840 Sowerby p. 6, No. 77 : C. lyratum has no smooth surface on the posterior side, as in C. aeolicum. --1844 Reeve: The Cardium Iyratum may be distinguished from the Cardium pectinatum (c. aeolicum Born), to which it is so nearly allied, by its having no smooth area on the posterior side, and by its pure cream-coloured exterior enveloped in a bright crimson-red epidermis. HABITAT. --1840 Sowerby: deeper water; Mr. Cuming has taken this species in sandy mud, at a depth of 7 fathoms . --1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud at the depth of 17 fathoms. --1999 Higo et al. : 10-100 m, sand. DISTRIBUTION. --1844 Reeve: lsI. of Negros Philippines . --1884 Grasset: Ceylon, Singapore. --1999 Higo et al.: Boso peninsula (Kuroda & Habe, 1981) and southwards, East China Sea, Philippines, South China Sea, Australia, tropical Indo-Pacific. --2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: South India. --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. --Of authors: Red Sea, East Africa, North Australia. Lyrocardium Meek, 1876 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Raised to generic level by authors . RECORDS. --1980 Vokes: Lyrocardium Meek, 1876 in subfamily Protocardiinae. --2001 Vidal, p. 407, Group 2: Lyrocardium. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1994 Hylleberg: shells quadrate, with widely and evenly spaced oblique sculpture crossing the central part and anterior slopes. --200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. Lyrocardium Meek, 1876 (section and subgenus). Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. GENOTYPE. Dall (1900) designated Cardium lyratum Sowerby, 1841 as type species of the subgenus Lyrocardium Meek, 1876 of the genus Nemocardium Meek, 1876. RECORDS. --1876 Meek: proposed that Lyrocardium would be a good name for the two Recent species Laevicardium lyratum Sowcrby and Laevicardium eolicum sic Born. --1887 Fischer: Lyrocardium, Meek. 1876. Jun. syn of section Discors, Deshayes. 1858. --1937 ZR: Amphicardium Von Martens 1880 = Lyrocardium Meek, 1876 [Ref. Keen 1937]. --1998 Lamprell & Healy: (Lyrocardium) Meek, 1876. --1999 Higo et al.: Lyrocardium (subgenus) Meek, 1876. Type species Cardium lyratum Sowerby, 1841 (s.d. Dall, 1900). REMARKS . --1969 Moore et al.: (Lyrocardium) Meek , 1876 = Amphicardium von Martens, 1880 (obj.) . The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. M macedonicum Popov & Nevesskaya , 2000. Cerastoderma macedonicum Popov & Nevesskaya, 2000. Cardiidae. Late Miocene. RECORDS. --2000 Popov & Nevesskaya, downloaded abstract: Ceras/oderma macedonicum n. sp. machapooriensis Maury, 1925. - Agnocardia machapooriensis (Maury, 1925). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1925 Maury: Cardium (Trachycardium) machapooriensis (fide Schneider 2002) . --2002 Schne ider : Agnocardia machapooriensis (Maury, 1925). maciae Chelidize, 1957. - Monodacna maciae Chelidize, 1957. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. REMARKS. I do not know how Monodacna maciae Chelidize, 1957 compares with Monodacna maciae Tse\. 1946 (see below). Chelidize and Tsel. probably only reflect different transcriptions of the Russian alphabet. RECORDS. --1957 ZR: Monodacna maciae Chelidize, 1957 sp. nov. River Orafo, Spotieti, Pliocene, Georgia, Russia. maciae Tsel., 1946. - Macradacna maciae (Tse\. 1946) Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS . --1967 Ebersin: Macradacna maciae (Tse\.). --1967 ZR: Macradacna maciae pro Monodacna maciae (Tsel. , 1946) [Ref. Eberzin 1967]. macoveii chisinau (form). - See under macoveii chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. macoveii chisinau. - New combination. Combination to be revised: " Cardium " macoveii chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. RECORDS. --1946 ZR: Cardiummacoveii n. f. Chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 Sannatian fossil, Rumania. Phuke/ Marine Biological Center Special Publica/ion vol. 30 (2004) 609 Macradacna - macu/atum Macradacna Ebersin 1967 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1967 ZR: Macradacna Eberzin, 1967 gen. nov. of Cardiidae GENOTYPE. Monodacna maxima (Andrus. 1930). --1980 Vokes: Macradacna Ebersin, 1967 ... 1987 Taktakishvili, p. 115: Macradacna Ebersin 1967; referred to new tribe Pseudocatillini. macroacantha Sacco , 1899. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " macroacanlha Sacco, 1899 Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. "1899 Sacco: Cardium macroacanlha Rov. "1899 Sacco, p. 37, pI. 8, fig. 26: Cardium macroacanlha Rov. (in litt.). Described by Sacco, 1899. Macrodacna (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1977 Popov: Macrodacna. --200 I Schneider & Carter: Macrodacna (genus) . Lymnocardiidae. macrodon Deshayes, 1838. - Prosodacna macrodon (Deshayes, 1838). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. Sacco (1899) designated Prosodacna macrodon (Desh.) type species of Prosodacna Tourn. 1882. Glibert & Poe! (1970) stated that Cardium macrodon Deshayes, 1838 (D.O.). is type species of genus Prosodacna Tournouer, 1882. Anaya (1987) stated that Cardium macrodon Deshayes, 1838 is type species of the genus Prosodacna Tourquer sic, 1882. TYPE LOCALITY . The Crimea. RECORDS. "1838 Deshayes, p. 49, pI. I, figs. 3-6: Cardium macrodon. "1857 Deshayes : Cardium macrodon. ··1886 Fischer: Cardium macrodon in Mayer 1871 = Prosodacna cucesliensis. ··1886 Fischer: Cardium macrodon in Fontannes 1882 = Prosodacna cucesliensis. --1887 Fischer: Psilodon macrodon Deshayes. --1886 Fischer: Prosodacna macrodon Deshayes, 1838. -·1899 Sacco: Cardium macrodon Deshayes 1838 . --1899 Sacco: Adacna macrodon (Desh.). "1907 Andrussow: Prosodacna macrodon Desh. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3764: Cardium macrodon Deshayes, 1838. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium macrodon Deshayes, 1838 ... 1987 Anaya: Cardium macrodon Deshayes, 1838. macrodon (cf.) Deshayes , 1838. - Prosodacna cf. macrodon (Deshayes, 1838). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY . Crimea. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco: ?Prosodacna cf. macrodon (Desh.). "1899 Sacco : Adacna macrodon (Desh.) = ?Prosodacna cf. macrodon (Desh.). macrodon minor (cf.) Andrusov, 1917 (variety). Prosodacna cf. macrodon minor Andrusov, 1917. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. -·1987 Anaya: Prosodacna (s. s.) cf. macrodon minor Andrusov, 1917. macrodon subcrassidens Eberzin, 1960 (subspecies).Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. "1960 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) macrodon subcrassidens Eberzin, 1960 subsp. n. Pliocene Yanysh-Takyl, Kerchensky, Crimea USSR. macrosense Stephenson, 1941. - Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS . .. 1947 ZR: Brevicardium macrosense Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Navarro Group, Upper Cretaceous, Texas. Mactra Donovan. - Not a cardiid genus. RECORDS. --1847 Gray, No . 559: Maclra, sp. Don. [synonym of Aphrodite, Lea; 183? not Linn.] mactriformis (variety) . - See under propinqua var. maclrifo rmis Androussov, 1923. macu/ata (variety). - See under lamarcki macu/ala and papi/losum maculala Brusina. *maculatum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium maculalum from 2 sources: Gmelin, 1791. - Sowerby, 1840. maculatum Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 42]. Synonym of Dinocardium robuslum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786). » Regarding Cardium macu/alum: Cardiidae. Recent. DrSTRJBUTroN. Unknown. RECORDS. --1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium maculalum t. 328. f. 165 [ID is erroneous ifthe proposed synonym with Dinocardium robuslum is accepted]. "1791 Gmelin No. 38: Cardium maculalum. --1815 Wood : C. maculalum Gme1in p. 3255 = C. venlricosum in Wood 1815. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium maculalum Gmelin ... 1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 328 fig. 165 Cardium maculalum. -·1844 Reeve: Cardium maculalum Gmelin, 1791 = Cardium magnum Born, 1780. --1850 Jay: Cardium maculalum Gmel. = Cardium magnum Born. --1856 Wood & Hanley: C. maculalum Gm. from List. 328 = Cardium ventricosum Brug. 1869. Romer: Cardium maculalum Gmelin = Cardium magnum Born. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium maculalum Gm. = magnum Born. --1902 Dall: Cardium maculalum Gmelin, 1792 = Cardium robuSlum Solander, 1786. --1902 Sherborn, p. 572: Cardium maculalum Gmelin, 1790 sic. --1939 McLean: Cardium maculalum Gmelin, 179 I = Dinocardium robuslum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786). -·1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium maculalum Gmelin, 1790 = Cardium (Dinocardium) robuslum Solander, 1786. --1974 Abbott: Cardium maculalum Gmelin, 1791 = Dinocardium robuslum (Lightfoot, 1786). -·1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium maculalum Gmelin = Laevicardium robuslum Solander. "1999 Vidal: C. maculalum Gmelin, 1791 : 3255 = Cardium robustum Solander, 1786. macu/atum Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part I p. 109, 134. Part 3 p. 876]. - Synonym of A croslerigma prislipleura (Dall, 1901). OTHER NDGEMENTS: New name Cardium maculalum Sowerby, 1840; see under maculosum Sowerby, 1834. - Cardium (Trachycardium) hornelli Tomlin nom . nov. for maculosum . » Regarding Cardium maculalum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. California. RECORDS. --1840 Sowerby, p. 4, No. 56: Cardium maculalum Sowerby, 1840, new name for the preoccupied Cardium maculosum Sowerby, 1834 (fig. 18). --1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium maculalum, (Sowerby No . 56). "1844 Reeve, sp. 58: Cardium maculalum. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Tra chycardium) maculalum Sow. "1884 Grasset: Cardium maculalum. Sow... 1890 Paetel: Cardium maculalum Sow. "1901 Dal1: Cardium maculalum Reeve, 1844 (notGmelin, 1792)= Cardium prislipleura Dall, 1900. ·-1928 Tomlin, p. 194: Cardium maculalum Sowerby, 1834 = Cardium maculosum Sowerby, 1833 = Cardium (Trachycardium) hornelli Tomlin nom. nov. for maculosum. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium maculalum Sowerby, 1840= Cardium (Acroslerigma) prislip/eura Dall. -·1961 Olsson: Cardium macu/alum Sowerby, 1840 = AcroSlerigma prislipleura (DaJl, 190 I). "1971 Keen & McLean: Cardium maculalum Sowerby, 1840 = Trachycardium. (Acroslerigma) prislipleura (Dall, 1901). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium maculalum Sowerby = 610 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) maculatus - maculosum Laevieardium pristipleura Dall. ··1999 Vidal: Cardium maeulatum Sowerby, 1841: 4. = Nomen novum for C. maculosum Sowerby = Aerosterigma pristipleura (Dall, 1900) [Not C. maeulatum GmeIin, 1791). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1840: Sowerby: ribs flattened, nearly smooth; shell not so oblique as in C. subelongatum. ··1844 Reeve: shell oblong-ovate, very oblique, attenuated towards the umbones, anterior side peculiarly rounded, radiately ribbed, 32-33 flatly convex ribs, approximated, the anterior very beautifully crenulately wrinkled; reddish, stained and spotted with bright red, umbones whitish. REMARKS. ··1844 Reeve: the ribs of this beautiful species are flattened and peculiarly approximated, the interstices exhibiting all the appearance of deep narrow cuts. The delicate crenulated sculpture of the anterior ribs presents a very striking effect. DISTRIBUTION . ·'1844 Reeve: Island of Tres Marias, Gulf of Mexico. ··1884 Grasset: California; see under C. pristipleura Dall, 1901. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Gulf of California to Ecuador. maculatus Lamarck, 1801. [Figs. Part I p. 150). Synonym of Hippopus hippopus. » Regarding Hippopus maeulatus: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1868 ZR: Hippopus maeulatus [Ref. Kiister 1868). ··1880 ZR: Hippopus maeulatus (Lam.) common on the reefs of North--east Australia, lying loose, variable in the color of the mantle [Ref. Woods 1880). "1932 ZR: Hippopus maeulatus, [Ref. Lamy 1932). "1937 ZR: Hippopus maeulatus [Ref. Miner 1937). "1999 Higo et af.: Hippopus maeulatus Lamarck, 1801 = Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758). maculosa Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium maeulosa: not a cardiid . RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium maeulosa. maculosa QUoy & Gaimard. - Synonym of Hippopus hippopus. » Regarding Tridaena maeulosa: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1845 Chenu pIs. 5,6: Tridaena (Hippopus) maeulosa QUoy & Gaimard. *maeulosum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium maeulosum from 2 sources: Wood, 1815. - Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833 . maculosum Bruguiere, 1789. - See under maeulosum Wood, 1815. maculosum Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833. [Figs. Part I p. 109. Part 3 p. 876). - Synonym of Aerosterigma pristipleura (Dall, 190 I) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium arenieolum Reeve. - Cardium hornelli Tomlin, 1928. - Cardium maculatum Sowerby, 1834. - Cardium multistriatum Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833. - Cardium simplex Spengler. Cardium vertebra tum Jonas, 1844. » Regarding Cardium maculosum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Tres Marias Islands, Mexico . TYPE MATERIAL. Cardium maeulosum: Three shells of maeulosum in BMNH, Cuming collection. The two smallest fit the figure and the dimensions given by Sowerby, and Reeve's figure (1844 : fig. 58). The largest was selected as lectotype of Cardium maeulosum Sowerby by Voskuil & Onverwagt (1991 : 68, pi. 3, fig. 5) and registered BMNH 199k043/\. (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. ··1833 Sowerby 49 t part fig. 18: Cardium maeulosum. ··1840 Sowerby, corrections p. 8: Cardium maeulosum Sowerby, 1834 = Cardium maeulatum Sowerby (sp. 56). ··1845 Reeve: Cardium maeulosum Sowerby = Cardium arenieolum Reeve. ··1869 Romer: Cardium maeulosum Sowerby = Cardium maeulatum Reeve. ··1869 Romer: Cardium maeulosum Sowerby, related to Cardium elongatum Bruguiere. ··1870 March: c. maeulosum Sow? non Wood = C. arenieolum Reeve; junior synonym of Cardium simplex Spengler. ··1871 Lischke: Cardium maculosum Sowerby, non Wood = Cardium arenieola Reeve. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium maeulosum Sow. ··1901 Dall: Cardium pristipleurum a new name for C. maculosum Sowerby. ··190 I Dall: Cardium maculosum Sowerby, 1833 (not Wood, 1815) = Cardium prislipleura Dall, 1900. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium maculosum Sowerby, 1840 (fig. 63) = Traehycardium arenieolum (Reeve, 1845). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3806: Cardium maeulosum Sowerby, 1833. ··1928 Tomlin, p. 194: Cardium maculosum Sowerby, 1833 = Cardium maeulatum Sowerby, 1834 = Cardium (Traehyeardium) hornelli Tomlin nom. nov. for maeulosum. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium maeulosum Sowerby = Cardium (Aerosterigma) pristipleura Dall. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: C. maculosum Sby. 1833, not of Wood, 1815 = Cardium (Aerosterigma) pristipleura Dall . ··1961 Olsson: Cardium maeulosum Sowerby, 1833 = Aerosterigma pristipleura (Dall, 190 I). ··1971 Keen & McLean: Cardium maculosum Sowerby, 1833 = Traehyeardium (Aerosterigma) pristipleura (Dall, 190 I). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium maeulosum Sowerby = Laevicardium pristipleura Dall. "1999 Vidal: C. maeulosum Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833: 85 = C. pristipleura (Dall, 1900). ··1999 Vidal: C. maculosum in Sowerby, 1839: 18, fig. 123 = C. vertebratum Jonas, 1844. maculosum Wood, 1815. [Figs. Part I p. 98,119,139. Part 3 p. 872, 876, 924). - Aerosterigma maculosum (Wood, 1815). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium arenieolum Reeve, 1845 - Cardium enode Sowerby, 1840 Cardium linea tum Gme1in. - Cardium maculosum Brug. - Cardium multistriatum Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833.» Regarding Cardium maeulosum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Ceylon. TYPE REPOSITORY. The Natural History Museum, London. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype: The shell figured by Wood not traced. Cardium multistriatum: The shell in Cwning collection from Santa Helena, cited and figured by Sowerby not traced . However, a lot labeled C. multistriatum from Santa Helena (West Columbia) is present in BMNH, Cuming collection (see also under Reeve 1845: Species 76). These shells (Reg. 19950791 1-2-3) can be considered possible syntypes of C. multistriatum, the largest specimen figured by Vidal (1999, Figs. lOA-B). The locality is certainly erroneous as no similar cardiid has ever been found on the Pacific coast of the Americas . Cardium arenieola: Three specimens considered as syntypes in BMNH Reg. 197 81 32, from Ticao, Philippines, the largest figured by Vidal (1999, Figs JOC-D). RECORDS. "1815 Wood, p. 218, pI. 52, fig. 3: Cardium maeulosum Brug. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium maeulosum Wood = Cardium lineatum Gmelin. ··1840 Sowerby, 182 nd part, fig. 63: Cardium macu/osum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 4, No. 48: Cardium maeulosum Wood. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium maculosum (Sowerby, No. Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 611 maculosum 48). ··1845 Reeve, species 76: Cardium maculosum Wood (not of Sowerby), General Conchology, pI. 52. f. 3. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium maculosum Wood, 1815, sp. 48 in Sowerby (1841) = Cardium arenicolum Reeve, 1845. ··1846 Orbigny : Cardium maculosum Wood, 1825. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 17: Cardium maculosum Wood, G. C. 218, pI. 52, f. 3 [G . C. = General Conchology 1815]. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) maculosum Wood. ··1860 Carpenter: Cardium maculosum Wood. ··1870 Macandrew: Cardium (Trachycardium) maculosum. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium maculosum Wood. ··1884 ZR: Cardium maculosum (Wood). Variability and synonymy [Ref. Smith 1884]. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium maculosum Wood. ··1891 Romer: Trachycardium maculosum Wood. ··1899 Hedley: Cardium maculosum Wood . ··190 I Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) maculosum Wood, 1815. ··190 I Sturany: Cardium maculosum Wood (possible synonym of Cardium arenicolum Reeve). ··1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 837: Cardium (Trachycardium) maculosum Wood. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium maculosum Wood, 1815, sp. 48 in Sowerby (1841) = Cardium arenicolum Reeve, 1845. ··1909 Melvill : Cardium (Trachycardium) maculosum; Wood. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3806: Cardium maculosum Wood, 1815. ··1965 Biggs: Trachycardium maculosum (Wood) . ··1973 Biggs: Trachycardium maculosum (Wood, 1815). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium maculosum Wood, 1815 = Cardium enode Sowerby, 1840. "1992 Oliver: Trachycardium maculosum. ··1993 Vidal: Cardium maculosum not synonym of Cardium enode as suggested by Fischer-Piette. ··1995 Oliver, fig. 1088: Acrosterigma maculosa (Wood, 1815). "1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma maculosum (Wood, 1815). ··1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 378: Trachycardium maculosum (Wood, 1815). ··1999 Vidal: C. arenicolum Reeve, 1845 = Acrosterigma maculosum (Wood, 1815). ··1999 Vidal : C. multistriatum Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833: 85 = Acrosterigma maculosum (Wood, 1815) . .. 1999 Vidal : C. multistriatum in Sowerby, 1841: Sp. 47, fig . 59 = Acrosterigma maculosum (Wood, 1815). ··1999 Vidal: Cardium maculosum Wood, 1815 in Lamy 1906: 214 = Acrosterigma seurati Vidal. ··2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Vasticardium maculosllm (Wood, 1815). ··2001 Vidal, p. 407 : Acrosterigma maculosum. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Acrosterigma maculosum (Wood, 1815). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Acrosterigma maculosum (Wood, 1815). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··BMNH: 1995079/1.12.13 loco Ceylon, H. Curning Coli. (removed from St Helena collected material Acc. no. 1829). DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve : shell oblong-ovate, somewhat attenuated towards the umbones, radiately minutely ribbed, 48 narrow ribs, close-set, extreme posterior ribs slightly graniferous; pale fulvous yellow, dotted with pale red, umbones pink. ··1995 Oliver: thin oval, higher than long. Sculpture of 45-51 narrow, only slightly raised radial ribs; posterior 6-8 ribs with very small raised nodules usually remaining on ribs 1-2 only, and as scars on remainder; anterior ribs with faint cross bars; median ribs smooth. Colour pale yellowish brown with areas of pink or deeper red, in some reddish overall with darker areas; internally with deep pink or reddish brown blotches. ··1999 : Vidal distinguished between two morphologic forms : The "multistriatum" form with rather small shells (30 mm in height), mainly symmetrical, with numerous ribs (50-61), umbo moderately acute, shell smoother. The "arenicola" form with larger shells (up to 51 mm in height) more often asymmetrical and truncated, ribs less numerous (4350), umbo more acute. Characters in common for both forms: Shell ovoid, ranging in shape from nearly perfectly symmetrical to asymmetrical with a raised anterior dorsal margin and a receding posterior one, sometimes also more or less bitruncated. Despite this asymmetry, shells always look roughly equilateral, and are never expanded backwards, with ribs appearing straight in projection. Rather elongated and moderately inflated. Lunule very narrow and flat on left valve, wider on right valve, and slightly hollowed behind exteriorly raised shell margin. Exterior almost always strongly stained with two shades of brown, purple or orange: large diffuse irregular ones and short darker more regular concentric ones (mainly in young shells). Interior white to almost entirely purple. Hinge symmetrical and rather little angled. Rib nurnber rather high, but variable according to the particular form, mean 51.7 ± 4.5, range 43-61. Strong internal ribbing along margin, very weak or not discernible on rest of shell. On posterior slope, smooth anterior part of ribs about as wide as axial furrow and posterior part, which are often confused in a depressed zone that usually bears irregular, mainly tubercular, scales, often slightly encroaching upon anterior part. Interstices narrow and very thin. On median shell surface, ribs asymmetrically slightly rounded, with posterior flank steeper; this flank bears oblique, elongated wide tubercles which encroach upon top zone, and produce festooning of posterior margin. These ridges stronger on last ribs, in continuity with scales of posterior slope but more numerous; interstices U-shaped , generally smooth but occasionally and locally notched, independently from flank sculpture. On anterior half of shell ribs may become progressively top-ridged; first ribs, until the fourth or the fifth, progressively degenerate. ··2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: length 42.9 mm, height 51.6 mm, width 31.6 mm. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: the ribs of this species, though minute, are of too decided a character to come under the denomination of striae. If it were not that I have the identical shell before me from which Mr. Sowerby described his Cardium multistriatum, I should have hesitated to declare his species synonymous with Cardium maclilosum Wood. ··1999 Vidal: the two morphological groups "mliitistriatum" and "arenicola" cannot constitute subspecies because many exceptions and intermediate forms exist, and a given individual is not necessarily identifiable as belonging to one of the two groups. The differences could be of eco-phenotypic origin: for example, large asymmetrical forms with a few ribs in littoral waters, smaller more symmetrical forms with more ribs in deeper water. HABITAT. ··1995 Oliver: in sand, lower shore and below. ··1906 Melvill & Standen: 10-40 fathoms. "1999 Vidal: recorded from 0 to 128 m depths, mostly in shallow water. DISTRIBUTION. ··1841 612 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) maculosum howense - magnum Sowerby: Ceylon. --1845 Reeve : St. Elena , W. Columbia. --1884 Grasset: Mauritius. "1891 Romer: America. --1909 Melvill: Amirantes. --1994 Hylleberg: Indo-West Pacific. "1999 Vidal : the "multistriatum" fonn occurs in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Tropical East coast of Africa, islands of the Indian Ocean, Philippines, some localities in Indonesia. The "arenicola" form occurs in N. Indian Ocean (Sri Lanka, Andaman Sea:), N. W. Pacific (China, Japan), eastern Indonesia (Moluccas, Papua-New Guinea), Australia (Central Queensland). --2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: South India. --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. maculosum howense Vidal, 1999 (subspecies). [Figs. Part 3 p. 877]. - Upgraded to Acrosterigma howense Vidal, 1999. » Regarding Acrosterigma maculosum howense: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype, New Caledonia, Lansdowne-Fairway Shelf, 60 m. TYPE REPOSITORY . Holotype, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. TYPE MATERlAL. Holotype, a right valve, (MNHN Richer de Forges-ORSTOM). Paratype I: A left valve, same data. Paratype 2, a left valve, same data. Paratype 3: A bivalved shell, Norfolk Island (AMS C059446 Bell & Iredale). Paratype 4: A bivalved shell, same data. Paratype 5: A left valve, 3133 ' S, 15905 ' E, Lord Howe Island (AMS C147228 Baxter). RECORDS. --1999 Vidal, p. 303, Table 25, Figs. 10G-H: Acrosterigma maculosum howense subsp. nov. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1999 Vidal: as for Acrosterigma maculosum S.s. except for three distinctive characters: (I) Colour: Shell exteriorly white, sometimes with vague light pink stains; interior generally either entirely pink or pinkstriped, but always white in umbonal cavity and on margins. Nymphal plate always characteristically pink. (The nominal subspecies is never pink, except for the interior of some specimens from Queensland close to the area of distribution of this subspecies). (2) In New Caledonia rib number higher than in nominal subspecies, ranging from 53 to 61. (3) Ribs lower and smoother than in nominal subspecies, practically without ornamentation (except on posterior slope and on first part of anterior slope; on some shells first anterior ribs become indistinct, fonning a smooth zone beside lunule. DIMENSIONS. Length 40.4 mm, height 51.1 mm, width (calculated) 28.8 mm. HABITAT. Recorded from 38 to 73 m depth. DISTRlBUTION. In New Caledonia, only in Lansdowne-Fairway Bank and near Capel Bank, both situated on the Chesterfield Plateau. In Australia, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. madagascariense Collignon, 1934. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" madagascariense (Collignon, 1934). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1934 ZR: Cardium (Protocardium) madagascariense Collignon, 1934 sp. n. Cretaceous Madagascar. madrid; d'Archiac, 1843. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " madridi d' Archiac, 1843. Cardi idae. Fossi l. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p . 3814: Cardium madridi d'Archiac, 1843. maeotica (variety). - See under edule var. maeotica. Maequ;costates Kojumdgieva, 1970 (group). RECORDS. .. 1970 ZR: Maequicostates group nov. Kojumdgieva, 1970. Type sp. Cardium suessi Barbot, 1869. magdalense Brusina . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" magdalense Brusina. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1987 Anaya: Cardium magdalense Brusina. magharensis Abbass, 1962. - Nemocardium magharensis Abbass, 1966. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. R ECOR DS. --1966 ZR: Nemocardium (Awadia) magharensis Abbass, 1966 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Egypt Subgenotype of (Awadia) Abbass, 1966. --1986 Scott: Nemocardium magharensis Abbass (1962). magna Lubenescu & Stefanut, 1983. - Paradacna magna Lubenescu & Stefa nut, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Vallee du Timis (Banat) Romania. RECORDS. --1983 Lubenescu & Stefanut, p. 30, fig.: Paradacna magna sp. nov. magna Papaianopol, 1980. - Luxuridacna magna Papaianopol, 1980. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1980 ZR: Luxuridacna magna Papaianopo1, 1980 sp . nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol p. 48. magnificum Deshayes in Carpenter, 1857. [Figs. Part 3 p . 904]. - Synonym of Americardia biangulata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Nomen nudum. - Cardium planicostatum Sowerby, 1833 . » Regarding Cardium magnificum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1857 Carpenter, p. 187: Cardium magnificum. --1901 Dall : Cardium (Fragum) magnificum (Desha yes MS) in Carpenter, 1857 = Cardiumplanicostatum Sowerby, 1833. "1902 Dall: Cardium magnificum Deshayes not synonym of Cardium medium Linnaeus , 1758. "1910 Dall: Cardium (Fragum) magnificum Deshayes = Cardium planicostalum Sowerby . .. I 932 Pilsbry & Lowe: Cardium (Fragum) magnificum (Desh.) = Cpr. 1857 (c. planicostatum Sby. 1833 non Sedgwick and Murchison 1837) ... 1947 Hertlein & Strong: C. magnificum Deshayes in Carpenter, 1857 = Cardium planicostatum Sowerby, 1833 = C. biangulatum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. "1974 Abbott: Cardium magnificum Carpenter, 1857 = Americardia biangulata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium magnificum Deshayes = Corculum biangulatum Sowerby. --2000 Coan et al.: C. magnificum Carpenter, 1857 ex Deshayes MS, nom. nud. = Americardia biangulata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE HABITAT. --1857 Deshayes in Carpenter: coral sand, in 17 fathoms. DISTRlBUTlON. Is. Plata, St. Elena. magnum Born, 1778. [Figs. Part I p. 66, 127, 172, 178. Part 3 p. 856]. - Synonym of Trachycardium robustum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium macula tum Gmelin. - Cardium obliquum Spengler. - Cardium venlricosum ' Bruguiere . » Regarding C. magnum: Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. TYPE SPECIES. Stewart (1930) stated that Cardium magnum Born = C. ventricosum Bruguiere, which is type species of Dinocardium . TYPE LOCALITY. Habitat ad Jamaicam, Linnaeus (Hertlein & Strong 1947). RECORDS. --1778 Born, G II . Cardium magnum Linn . [1767] S.N. Sp. 86? Ref to List. Hist. Conch. l. 3. f. 158. / Mus. Caes. Vindobon. --1780 Born T. 3, fig . 5: Cardium magnum Linn. S. N. sp. 86. --1789 Bruguiere: Cardium magnum von Born, pag. 46, tab. 3, fig. 5, icon optima. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium magnum Born = Cardium macu/atum Gmelin. --1819 Lamarck: Cardium magnum Born. fig. 5 = Cardium ventricosum Brug. Dict. no. 25. "1844 Reeve, sp. 20: Cardium magnum. --1856 Wood & Hanley : C. magnum Born. Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 613 magnum (not Lin.) = Cardium ventricosum Brug. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerastoderma) magnum Born. ··1860 Stimpson: Cardium magnum Born. ··1870 March: magnum Born = C. ventricosum Brug. junior synonym of Cardium obliquum Spgl. ··1889 Dall: Cardium magnum Born [Pliocene]. ··1890 Paete1: Cardium ventricosum Brug. = magnum Born. ··1900 ZR: Cardium magnum Born [Ref. Dall 1900a]. ··1902 Dall: Cardium magnum Born, 1780 = Cardium robustum Solander, 1786. ··1907 ZR: Cardium magnum [Ref. Hinkley 1907]. ··1921 Maury: magnum Born, 1780, not magnum Linnaeus, 1758 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) robustum Solander, 1786. ··1934 Johnson: C. magnum Born 1780 (not Linne 1758) = Cardium robustum Solander 1786. ··1930 Stewart: Cardium magnum Born = C. ventricosum Brug. ··1939 McLean: Cardium magnum Born, 1780 = Cardium robustum Solander, 1786. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium magnum Born = Cardium (Dinocardium) robustum So lander. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium magnum Born, 1780 = Cardium (Dinocardium) robustum Solander, 1786. ··1967 Rehder: Cardium magnum Born, 1778, p. 34. (not Linne, 1758) = Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium magnum Born = Cardium robustum Solander. ··1999 Vidal : Cardium magnum Linne figured by Born, 1780: 46, pI. 2, fig. 5. = C. robustum Solander, 1786. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: one specimen from West Indies. ··ZMUC: two specimens from Florida. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1789 Karsten, p. 158159 : Nomen specijicum Leucostomi varietatum in limbi colore, non esse, Cel. Chemnitz loc. cit. pag. 187,jam monuit, quod speciminis nostri descriptio adfirmat, sed hanc specimen ill. a C. magnum Linn. pertinere, ut Chemn. loc. cit. putare veditur, ob numerum cos/arum supra computatur, arbitrari nequeo. ··1844 Reeve: shell very large, obliquely cordate, ventricose, posterior side somewhat angularly depressed; radiate1y ribbed, about 35 flattened ribs, rather close-set, anterior ribs crenu1ated; yellowish-brown, painted with transverse rows of purple-brown spots, the depressed posterior area entirely purple-brown. ··ZMUC: I counted 33 ribs, 8 posterior ribs without scales, and 6 ribs on anterior slope without scales on specimen from West Indies at ZMUC. This agrees with Reeve No . 20 . REMARKS . ··1844 Reeve: the Cardium magnum is a large shall but does not attain so large a size as the Cardium pseudo lima and Cardium etatum. It was described by Bruguiere ten years subsequent to the publication of Born's work, and very accurately figured in the 'Encyclopedie Methodique' pI. 299, f. 1. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Gulf of Mexico. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Gulf of Mexico. ··1884 Grasset: V. Cruz. ··ZMUC South East USA, Brazil. magnum Linnaeus, 1758. [Figs. Part I p. 58, 76, 89, 99]. - Trachycardium leucostomum (Born, 1780). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trachycardium magnum (Linnaeus, 1758). - Cardium elongatum Bruguiere, 1789 Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1834).- Cardium maculatum. - Trachycardium marerubrum Voskuil & I)nverwagt, 199 I. - Cardium marmoreum Lamarck 1819. - Cardium rugosum Lamarck. - Cardium elongatum Sowerby, 1831. - Cardium subelongatum c. Sowerby 1840. » Regarding Cardium magnum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. Vidal 1999 selected the lectotype of C. leucostoma as neotype of C. magnum Linne. Status of the type material according to Vidal (1999): Linne left no reference and no type specimen has yet been traced. Cardium teucostoma Born, 1780 is the oldest well identified and unquestionable name of Cardium magnum Linne, stabilized by two syntypes: I) The shell figured by Lister (1687, pI. 331, fig. 168), from Jamaica, which is not traced. 2) A shell from Queen Maria Theresia's collection, figured by Born 1780, pI. 3, fig 6-7, now in NHMV, Reg. No 857a. Born stated only that this species "lives in America, according to Lister"; figured as lectotype of Cardium teucos/oma Born by Voskuil & Onverwagt (1991, pI. 3, fig. 2). TYPE LOCALITY. Ad Jamaicam (Linnaeus, 1758), East Indies (Spengler 1799). RECORDS. ··1758. Linne, p. 680, No. 70: Cardium magnum. ··1758. Seba. ID by Spengler 1799: Cardium magnum Tom. III. Tab. 86. fig. 2. ··1764. Linne, p. 489, No. 42 : Cardium magnum . ··1767. Linne, p. 1123, sp. 86: Cardium magnum . ··1778 Born, GIl. Cardium magnum Linn. S.N. Sp. 86? Ref to List. Hist. Conch. 1. 3. f. 158. / Mus. Caes. Vindobon. ··1780. Born T. 3, fig. 5: Cardium magnum Linn. S. N. sp. 86 (Jamaica cf. Linnaeus). ··1782. Chemnitz, Tab. 19 Fig. 191: Cardium magnum Lin. (ex museo Spengleriano). ··1782 . Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium magnum t. 19. f. 191. ··1786. Schrater, No. XIV: Cardium magnum Linn. XII. pag. 1123. Spec. 86. ··1788. Schrater: Cardium magnum. VI, 146.196.197. ··1789. Karsten Cardium magnum Linn. = Cardium leucos/omum Born. ··1791. Gmelin, p. 3250, No. 16: Cardium magnum Linne. ··1799. Spengler, p. 24-26, No. 13: Cardium magnum Linnei Sp. 86. p. 1123; very different from Born's fig. ··1815. Wood, p. 221: Cardium magnum. "1817. Dillwyn: Cardium magnum Linnaeus. ··1817. Dillwyn: Born supposed Cardium magnum Linnaeus to be C. maculatum . ··1817. Dillwyn: Bruguiere supposed Cardium magnum Linnaeus to be C. leucos/omum. ··1817. Dillwyn: Linnaeus compared Cardium magnum Linnaeus with C. muricatum . ··1840. Pfeiffer: Chemnitz Fig. 191. Cardium magnum. Lin. = Cardium rugosum Lam. 23. ··1855. Hanley: Cardium magnum Linne. ··1857. Deshayes: Cardium magnum Linne. Status is not well known. ··1902. Sherborn, p. 578: Cardium magnum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1944. Clench & Smith, p. 5-7 (pI. 4, figs 1-2): Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) magnum. •• I 947. Hertlein & Strong: Cardium magnum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1952. Dodge: Cardium magnum Linne = species insufficiently known. ··1958. Abbott: Trachycardium magnum Linne 1758. ··1963. Coomans: Trachycardium magnum (Linnaeus). ··1930. Stewart: Cardium magnum of Linne is a nomen dubium. ··1930. Stewart: Cardium magnum Linne = Cerastoderma (Dinocardium) robustum. ··1944. ZR: Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) magnum L. [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944]. "1970. Rios: Trachycardium magnum (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1977. Fischer-Piette: Cardium magnum Linne = species insufficiently known. ··1977. Fischer-Piette: Cardium magnum Linne in Spengler 1799 = Cardium leucostomum Bom. ··1991. Voskuil & Onverwagt, p. 66: Trachycardium 614 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) magnum magnum. ··1991. Voskuil & Onverwagt: Trachycardium magnum (Linnaeus, 1758) = Trachycardium marerubrum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. ··1992. Oliver: Trachycardium magnum (Linnaeus, 1758) = Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1834). ··1993 . Vidal: Cardium magnum Linne, 1758, sensu Clench & Smith 1944; not a synonym of Cardium elongatum Bruguiere, 1789 as suggested by Fischer-Piette (1977). ,,1999. Vidal: Cardium magnum remains an enigmatic name. "1999. Vidal: Acrosterigma magnum (Linne, 1758). ··1999. Vidal: Cardium magnum Linne is correct in Wood, 1815, I: 221, pl. 53, fig . 3. ,,1999 . Vidal: Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) magnum (Linne) is correct in Clench & Smith, 1944: 5, pl. 4, figs 1-2. ··1999 Higo et al.: Cardium magnum Linnaeus, 1758 = Acrosterigma (Regozara) jlava (Linnaeus, 1758). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Acrosterigma magnum (Linnaeus, 1758). Synonym of Acrosterigma leucostoma. Not in Vietnam. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Spengler 1799, p. 24 No. 13. "1782 Chemnitz, p. 196: shell inflated, not gaping, 39 very different ribs, the scales are stronger and more crowded close to the anterior end. Interspaces narrow, transversely striped. ··1999 Vidal: A. magnum is distinguished by its bright colours and glossy surface, and above all by the typical notching of interstices and lower part of flanks of ribs. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1758 Linnaeus, paraphrased by Spengler 1799: testa oblonga: sulcis angulatis latere serra tis. - ··1999: Vidal translated Linne (1758, 1764): "sulcis angulatis latere serra tis" [= angular ribs laterally serrated] and "sulcis retrorsum crenatis" (1764: 489) [= ribs anteriorly ridged]. "magnitudine manus" (Linne 1764: 489) [= size of a hand]. "1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: Although Linne in his N.S. sic as well as in the Queen's Museum described this Cardium, the possibility exists that some of the more recent authors may have made a mistake. Mr. von Born in Museum Caesar T. 3 fig . 5 under this name has drawn a bivalve on which not a single symbol of Linne's description fits . It is true that this bivalve has a heart-shaped appearance from the front side, but its whole circumference is egg-shaped, it is neither convex or inflated, but very flattened, particularly at the umbones, which are narrow and pointed. The front side, where the opening is placed, is not separated from the surface of the bivalve; on the contrary this appeared to be joined with the bivalve, projecting considerably, forming in the middle, where both valves meet, a sharp back or angle. The serrate teeth in this part interlock, true enough, but leave a gap between them. This Cardium has 39 ribs (when in the Queen's Museum Linne states only 19, this is evidently a misprint; I know no cockle of this size which should only have 19 ribs). Both in structure and ornamentation these ribs differ much from each other. Those constituting the front side are very narrow and flattened and on the back densely set with sca les, which below and upwards are roundly hollowed. The following ribs to half up on the bivalve are highly elevated, rounded above; in the middle of the back they have tubercles which are widely separated from each other; on the other hand, they are provided with small teeth. The next ribs are enclosed by rounded flattened scales, which seem to originate from below upwards. On the ribs approaching the backside of the bivalve these scales are more elevated, stronger and placed more closely set to each other. The furrows are narrow and finely striped at the bottom . Behind the umbo, which represents the Anus, both valves are elevated and bent backwards, which may be regarded as a characteristic of this Cardium. Internally the hinge is provided with strong teeth, especially one of the lateral teeth. Under these lateral teeth are lying the big muscle scars, which are rough at the bottom. The colour of this Cardium is a white ground strewn with many light crimson spots, which are most vivid on the front side. Internally it is white with a dark crimson margin as Linne states in this bivalve. The East Indies is the home ofthis bivalve. Its length is 3 inches, and its breadth 2 112 inches. ··1999 Vidal: shells almost perfectly ellipsoidal, equilateral (sometimes truncation of the posterior part). Ribs show pronounced backwards curvature, but posterior part very rarely expanded. Adult shells always elongated; width relatively constant. Lunular area very small. Glossy exterior surface brightly coloured with orange, white, yellow, pink and purple. Interior often colored only in umbonal area and on ventral margin. No sterigma. Mean rib number 33.8 ± 1.9 (range 3140). Ribs in median and anterior parts are high and interstices wide; [hgash very frequently occurs along posterior 8th or 9 t rib of the medio-posterior quarter in right valve. Interstices regularly notched by transverse, elongated, sometimes crescent-shaped notches. DIMENSIONS. ··1944 Clench & Smith: largest specimen in literature, length 67 mm, width 87 mm, breadth 46 mm. REMARKS. According to Spengler (1799), not a single letter of the Linnaean description of C. magnum fits the description of C. magnum given by Born 1780 (fig. 5). However, C. magnum Linne has some resemblance with C. leucostoma Born, Spengler (1799, p. 27). Dodge (1952) and Fischer-Piette (1977) stated that it is impossible to know which specimen Linne described. The species is problematic because of lack of type material combined with different descriptions by Linne (1758 and 1764) and indication of different localities by Linne and Spengler (East and West Indies). "1999 Vidal : Cardium magnum remains an enigmatic name. It is probable that the species so named belongs to the group of the elongated cockles [qualified as "oblong" by Linne), but Vidal does not share the confidence of Clench & Smith (1944: 7) as to its true identity, based only on the given locality "Jamaica," which could be erroneous. Linne left no reference and no type specimen has yet been traced. There are only short descriptions, from which Vidal retained the following passages : "magnitudine manus (1764: 489) [= size of a hand). C. leucostoma never reaches half of this size. Vidal knows of only two species with oblong shells that conform to this criterion: Vasticardium elongatum (Bruguiere) and V orbita (Broderip & Sowerby). Of these, Vidal thought the less improbable is the former because the latter was probably very rare in collections in the middle of the eighteenth century. "sulcis angulatis latere serratis" (1758: 680) [= angular ribs laterally serrated] and "su lcis retrorsum crena tis " (1764: 489) [= ribs anteriorly ridged]. That description does not seem Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 615 magnum - magnum B appropriate to C. leucostoma, which has a rather smooth macroscopic aspect, but it could fit V elongatum and, even better, V angulatum [Chemnitz' interpretation of C. magnum, pI. 19, fig. 191, specimen available at ZMUCj which can also be large: height more than 100 mm. "1999 Vidal: Clench & Smith have chosen the less probable possibility in selecting a figure of C. leucostoma Born [Lister 1687, pI. 331, fig. 168] as type figure of C. magnum Linne. However, in consideration of the existing doubt, their selection, which stabilizes the name, cannot be disregarded; therefore Vidal has adopted it, especially since the tendency in the American literature has been to use it exclusively. The shell figured by Lister has not been traced, so Vidal selected the lectotype of C. leucostoma as neotype of C. magnum Linne. Acrosterigma magnum has often been confused with Vasticardium luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991), and has also been described as "exceedingly close" (Clench & Smith, 1944) to Vasticardium elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). However, they differ, without any ambiguity, by all the characters separating the two genera. A. magnum is distinguished by its bright colours and glossy surface, and above all by the typical notching of interstices and lower part of flanks of ribs, while A. luteomarginatum has finely striated interstices and V elongatum smooth interstices. HABITAT. Recorded from 22 to 54 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1999 Vidal: a stretch of about 6000 km along the eastern coast of the Americas from South Florida and Bahamas, through the West Indies and Gulf of Mexico to Brazil (Abrolhos Archipelago ). Erroneous localities in MNHN collection: Zanzibar, Singapore. magnum of Bruguiere, 1789. - Synonym of Acrosterigma elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding C. magnum: Cardiidae. Recent]. REcoRDs. ··1999 Vidal: Cardium magnum Linne cited by Bruguiere, 1789: 229 = C. elongatum Bruguiere, 1789. magnum Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal. - Not available. Identical with Cardium angulatum Lamarck, 1819. » Regarding C. magnum: Cardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1799. Spengler: Cardium magnum ChemnitzTom. VI. Tab. 19. fig. 191 = No. 13 Cardium magnum variety B. in Spengler (The Nicobar Islands). ··1850 Jay: Cardium magnum Chemn. = Cardium rugosum Lam. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium magnum Chemnitz. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium magnum Chemnitz from California (living). ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium magnum Chemnitz North America (Tertiary fossil). ··1999 Vidal: Cardium magnum Linne figured by Chemnitz, 1782 196, pI. 19, fig. 191 = C. angulatum Lamarck, 1819. magnum of Cooke 1886. - Synonym of Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1834). RECORDS. » Regarding Cardium magnum. Cardiidae. Recent. Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1834). ··1992 Oliver: Cardium magnum citing Chemnitz, 1782 in Cooke (1886) = Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1834) magnum of IsseI 1869. - Synonym of Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1840). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium magnum sensu Issei, 1869. » Regarding Cardium magnum. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1992 Oliver: Cardium magnum citing Chemnitz 1782 in Issei 1869 = Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1834 sic). "1997 Vidal: Cardium magnum sensu Issei, 1869 (not Cardium magnum Linne sensu Chemnitz). magnum of Macandrew 1870. - Synonym of Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1834).» Regarding C. magnum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1992 Oliver: Cardium magnum citing Chemnitz, 1782 in Macandrew (1870) = Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1834 sic). magnum Schroter 1786. Non binominal. - Not available. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1786 Schroter, No. 52: Die grosse Herzmuschel Cardium magnum Von Born, Mus. Caes. Vind. Test. tab. 3. fig. 5. (Not the species described by Linnaeus). magnum of Wood 1815. - [Figs. Part I p. 99]. Synonym of Trachycardium leucostomum (Born, 1780). » Regarding Cardium magnum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1815 Wood. p. 221, pI. 53, f.3: Cardium magnum Linn. ed. 12. p. 1123. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium magnum Wood = Cardium leucostomum Born. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 20: Cardium magnum Wood, G.C. [= General Conchology] (not Lin.) 221, pI. 53, f. 3. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Cardium magnum Wood, 1815 = Cardium leucostomum Born. ··1902 Dall: Cardium magnum Wood, 1825 (7 the original Cardium magnum Linnaeus). magnum B Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal (variety). - Not available. » Regarding Cardium magnum: OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trachycardium angulatum (Lamarck, 1819). - Trachycardium jlavum (Linne, 1758). - Trachycardium rugosum (Lamarck, 1819). « Regarding Cardium magnum var. B: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Nicobar Islands (Spengler 1799). RECORDS. ··1782 Chemnitz [not available ], p. 196 (pI. 19, fig. 191): Cardium magnum Linnaei. ··1799 Spengler, p. 26, sp. 13: Cardium magnum var. B. Chemnitz Tom. 6. Tab. 19. fig. 191. "1819 Lamarck: Cardium magnum Chemn. 6. t. 19. fig. 191 = Cardium rugosum Lamarck. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 5. No. 58: Cardium magnum Chemnitz = C. rugosum Lam. "1845 Reeve: Cardium magnum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium rugosum Lamarck, 1819. ··1869 Issei: Cardium magnum Chemnitz. ··1870 MacAndrew: Cardium magnum Chemnitz. ··1879 Macandrew: Cardium (Cerastoderma) magnum Chemn. see Oliver (1992). ··1886 Cooke: Cardium magnum Chemnitz. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium magnum Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardiumjlavum Linne, 1758. ··1939 Adam & Leloup: Cardium magnum etc. Chemnitz = Laevicardium (Trachycardium)jlavum (Linne 1758). ··1977 FischerPiette: Cardium magnum Chemnitz = Cardiumjlavum Linne. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) magnum. ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Cardium magnum Chemnitz, 1782 in Issei (1869) = Trachycardium marerubrum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. "1992 Oliver: Cardium (Cerastoderma)magnum Chemn. in Macandrew 1879 = Trachycardium enode Sowerby, 1834. ··1999 Vidal: Cardium magnum Linne figured by Chemnitz, 1782 196, pI. 19, fig. 191 = C. angulatum Lamarck, 1819. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRJPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: shell circular, umbones low and small, turned towards the posterior end, ribs describe a similar curve, posterior slope 8 low, spined ribs, shells somewhat gaping, the next 10 ribs sharply keeled with small obtuse spines, the last 14 ribs carry deeply incised, thick scales, Colour 616 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) magnum B - makiyamai nigamiensis white throughout. DIMENSIONS. Smaller than Cardium magnum Linne. magnum B Spengler, 1799 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 76 No. 191. Part 3. p. 859]. - Proposed identical with Trachycardium angulatum (Lamarck, 1819). » Regarding C. magnum variety B: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1799 Spengler, p. 26, No. 13: Cardium magnum variety B. (The Nicobar Islands) = Cardium magnum Chernnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 19. fig. 191. magnum beta Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 38,42,74 No. 179]. -Identical with Cardium magnum Linne, 1758. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium leucostomum Born. » Regarding Cardium magnum var. beta: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. Cardium leucostomum Born = Cardium magnum Linne. RECORDS. "1684 Bonanno. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium magnum var. beta recr. 2. f. 92. ··1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium magnum var. beta t. 331. f. 168. ··1780 Born. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium magnum var. beta mus. Caes. Vind. test. t. 3. f. 6. 7. ··1782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium magnum var. beta mus Kirch. 2. f. 90. ··1782 Chernnitz.1D by Gmelin 1791: Cardium magnum var. beta t. 17. f. 179. ··1791 Gmelin No. 16: Cardium magnum var. beta. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium magnum var. beta Gmelin = Cardium leucostomum Born. ··1999 Vidal: Cardium magnum Linne - Gme\in, 1791: 3250 [var. beta only = magnum]. magnum delta Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 77]. - Unknown status. RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium magnum var. delta, univ. conchl. 2. t. 80. ··1791 Gmelin No. 16: Cardium magnum var. delta. magnum gamma Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 48]. - Identical with Cardium pectiniforme Born. » Regarding C. magnum var. gamma: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1742 Gualtieri. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium magnum var. gamma t. 71. f. H. ··1780 Born. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium magnum var. gamma, mus. Caes. Vind. test. t. 3. f. 10. "1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium magnum var. gamma t. 17. f. 180. ··1791 Gmelin No. 16: Cardium magnum var. gamma. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium magnum var. gamma Gmelin = Cardium pectiniforme Born. magnus Lister, 1687. [Figs. Part 1 p. 42, f. 165]. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere: Pectunculus magnus Lister; tab. 328, fig. 165. mahgoobi Abbass, 1972. - Changed combination: Agnocardia mahgoobi (Abbass, 1972). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1972 Abbass: Cardium (R.) mahgoobi (fide Schneider, 2002). ··1978 ZR: Cardium (Rudicardium) mahgoobi sp. nov. Egypt. Upper Eocene. Ref. to Abbass p. 158. ··2002 Schneider: Agnocardia mahgoobi (Abbass, 1972). maikopicum (subspecies). - See under desperatum maikopicum Bagdasaryan, 1979. mailleanum Orbigny, 1844. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia mailleanum (Orbigny, 1844). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium mailleanum (Laevicardium). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3828: Cardium mailleanum d'Orbigny, 1844. ··1978 Scott: Cardium mailleanum d'Orbigny. ··1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) mailleanum (d'Orbigny). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium mailleanum d'Orbigny. France (Rouen), S07530. mainacaricum Andrusov, 1961. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" mainacaricum Andrusov, 1961. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1961 ZR: Cardium mainacaricum Andrusov, 1961 "sp. nov." Miocene, Russia. majanatschensis Sinelnikova, 1990. - Laevicardium majanatschensis Sinelnikova, 1990. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. ··1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova, p. 73, pI. I, fig. 8, 15: Laevicardium majallatschensis sp. nov. Sinelnikova 1990. majeri Homes, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" majeri Homes, 1862. Cardiidae. Pannonian. RECORDS. ··1966 ZR: Limllocardium rnajeri Pannonian, Mecsek Mts., Yugoslavia, pis. [Ref. Bartha 1966]. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium rnajeri Homes, 1862; [1851-1870] vol. 4: 195, pI. 28, fig. 5. major (subspecies and variety). - See under carinatum major Bayle. - edule major. - schirvanica major Andrusov & Ebersin 1959. - didaclloides var. major Androussov, 1923. - turkmena var. major Andrusov, 1963. major Andrussow. - Didacllomya major (Andrus.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Didacnomya major (Andrus.) makae - Eoprosodacna makae. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977. Popov: Eoprosodacna makae. makiyamae (subspecies). - See under asagajense makiyamae Kamada, 1962. makiyamai Kamada, 1962. - Clinocardium makiyamae Kamada, 1962. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium makiyamae (Kamada, 1962) Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov, p.1469. makiyamai (cf.) Kamada, 1962. - Clinocardium cf. makiyamae Kamada, 1962. Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE REPOSITORY. C. cf. makiyamae USNM 265810, USGS loc. M6578. Length 37.5 mm (Allison & Marincovich 1982). RECORDS. ··1982 Allison & Marincovich: Clinocardium cf. C. makiyamae Kamada, 1962. makiyamai Yokoyama, 1928. - Changed combination: Yagudinella makiyamai (Yokoyama 1928). Cardiidae. Middle Miocene and Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1928 Yokoyama: ? Cardium makiyamai. ··1973 Keen: Mac/ra makiyamai Yokoyama, 1928 (fide Keen 1973). ··1973 Keen: Serripes makiyamai (Yokoyama, 1928). ··1975 ZR: Serripes makiyami makiyami (Yokoyama, 1928) Referred to Yagudinella, Ref. to Kafanov, p. 147. ··1975 ZR: Yagudinella makiyami makiyami (Yokoyama, 1928) comb. nov. transferred from Serripes, p. 147. Ref. to Kafanov. ··1978 Kafanov: Yagudinella makiyamai makiyamai (Yokoyama 1928). makiyamai nigamiensis Noda, 1962 (subspecies). Changed combination: Yagudinella makiyamai nigamiensis (Noda, 1962). Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. ··1962 ZR: Serripes makiyamai nigamiensis Noda, 1962 subsp. nov. Nigami, Ooshima-mura, Higashikubiki-gun, Niigata Pref. Shiiya formation. RECORDS. ··1973 Keen: Serripes makiyamai nigamiensis Noda, 1962. ··1975 ZR: Serripes makiyami nigamiensis (Noda, 1962) Referred to Yagudinella, Ref. to Kafanov, p. 147. ··1975 ZR: Yagudinella makiyami Iligamiensis (Noda, 1962) comb. nov. transferred from Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 617 malacum - maorti Serripes, Ref. to Kafanov, p. 147. ··1978 Kafanov: Yagudinel/a makiyamai nigamiensis (Noda, 1962). malacum Dalt, 1900. - Trachycardium malacum (DaJl, 1900). Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Trachycardium (Trachycardium) malacum (Dall, 1900). malajoensis lung, 1969. - Trigoniocardia malajoensis (lung, 1969). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1977 Popov: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) malajoensis (lung, 1969). malschigarica Khomenko, 1938. - Papyridea malschigarica Khomenko, 1938. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1952 ZR : Papyridea malschigarica Khomenko, 1938 sp. nov. Tertiary, Schmidt Peninsula. mansfieldi Abrard, 1946. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" Laevicardium mansjieldi (Abrard, 1946). Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Epi, New Hebrides. RECORDS. ··1946 Abrard, p. 35, pI. 2, fig. 2021: Cardium (Laevicardium) mansjieldi n. sp. ··1947 ZR: Cardium (Laevicardium) mansjieldi Abrard, 1946 sp. nov. Upper Miocene, Foreland Bay, Epi, New Hebrides. mansitii Otuka, 1937. - Synonym of Vepricardium fraseri Garrard, 1963. » Regarding Cardium mansilii: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS ... 1937 Otuka: Cardium (Ringicardium ?) mansitii. ··1937 ZR: Cardium (Ringicardium) mansitii Otuka, 1937 sp. n. Hokoto Taiwan. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe : mansitii Otuka = Papyridea mansitii Otuka. ··1974 Habe & Kosuge: Maoricardium mansitii (Otuka, 1937). ··1977 FischerPiette: Cardium (Cerastoderma) mansitii Otuka. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium mansitii Otuka, 1937 = Maoricardium fraseri Garrard, 1963. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Maoricardium (mansi/i Otuka). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium (Ringicardium 7) mansi/ii Otuka, 1937 conspecific with Vfrazeri . ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Maoricardium mansitii (Otuka, 1937). ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Cardium mansitii Otuka, 1937 = Maoricardiumfraseri Garrard, 1963. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn , p. 184 : Plagiocardium mansitii (Otuka, 1937). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Indo-Pacific. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. mantaensis Olsson, 1961. - Synonym of Papyridea hiulcum (Reeve, 1845). » Regarding Papyridea mantaensis: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Panama, Ecuador, Santa Elena, Peru. RECORDS. ··1961 Olsson, p. 250, pI. 37, figs. 5-5a, pI. 38, fig. 7: Papyridea mantaensis new species. ··1961 ZR: Papyridea mantaensis Olsson, 1961 sp. nov. Manta, Ecuador. ··1966 ZR: Papyridea mantaensis, new northern record [Ref. Bullock 1966]. ··1971 Keen : Papyridea man/aensis . ··1977 Fischer-Piette : Papyridea mantaensis Olsson. ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Papyridea mantaensis Olsson, 1961 junior synonym of Papyridea (Papyridea) hiulca Reeve. mallthelaniense Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1888. [Figs. Part 3 p. 920] . - Synonym of Acanthocardia andreae (Dujardin, 1837). » Regarding Cardium manthelaniense: Cardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Characterised by transverse papillae (Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1886) . RECORDS. ··1886 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium manthelaniense D. D. n. sp. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg : Cardium manthelaniense Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1888 = Cardium andreae Dujardin, 1837. manueli Prado, 1993. - Trachycardium manueli Prado, 1993. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Off Sao Paulo State, Brazil. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype in Oceanographic Museum of Rio Grande, Morg 30.567. Three paratypes in private collections (Prado 1993). RECORDS. ··1993 Prado: Trachycardium manueli n. sp. ··1999 Vidal: Trachycardium (Trachycardium) manu eli Prado, 1993. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1993 Prado: shell higher than long inflated , subquadrate to subcircular in outline. Moderately heavy with 30 to 35 radiating and flattened ribs, with small and denticulated scales that are more numerous on the anterior and posterior slopes and absent on mid area, varying their position on the ribs. Umbones prominent and subcentral. Small lunule, ligament strong and prominent. Periostracum brownish, principally near the margins. DIMENSIONS. Shell of medium size, ranging from 30 to 50 mm height, 31 to 53 mm length, 20 to 37 mm width. REMARKS. Resembles T. muricatum , but an internal patch under the umbonal region is not bordered on either sides by streaks of wine-red that is a characteristic feature rarely absent in T. muricatum. HABITAT. ··1993 Prado: sand-muddy bottom at 60 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type locality in the Atlantic. manyense Kokay, 1967. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" manyense Kokay, 1967. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1967 ZR: Cardium manyense Kokay, 1967 sp. nov. Bakony Mountains, Hungary. Maoricardium Marwick, 1944 (genus) . - Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. Type species: Cardium spatiosum Hutton, 1873. The subgenus (Maoricardium) was subsequently raised to generic level. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Maoricardium Marwick, 1944. Genotype: Cardium spatiosum Hutton, 1873 . ··1980 Vokes: Maoricardium Marwick, 1944 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1944 ZR: Maoricardium Marwick, 1944 gen . nov. Cardiidae type Cardium spatiosum Hutton, Pliocene (Catal. Tert. Moll. 1873,23). ··1998 Schneider(1998b): Maoricardium Marwick, 1944. Erected as a fossil genus. Closest relatives considered to be Clinocardium and Cerastoderma. ··1999 Higo et al.: Maoricardium Marwick, 1944. Type species: Cardium spatiosum Hutton, 1873 (0. d.). ··2002 Schneider: citing Kafanov and Popov (1977): Maoricardium subfamily Fraginae, tribe Parvicardiini. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: shell large, heavy; anterior section of hinge shorter than posterior. Maoricardium Marwick, 1944 (subgenus) . - Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. GENOTYPE. Marwick (1944) designated Cardium spatiosum Hutton, 1873 as type species of subgenus Maoricardium of genus Plagiocardium. ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Maoricardium classified as a subgenus of Plagiocardium. Maoricardium raised to generic rank by authors. Range extended into the Recent. maorti Barnabas & Strausz, 1989. - New combination: Lymnocardium maorli (Barnabas & Strausz, 1989). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pannonian in SW Transdanubia (Hungary). RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium maorti Barn. et Strausz. ··1989 Barnabas & Strausz p.241 & 306, fig .: 618 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) maputi - marmoreum Limnocardium maorti sp. nov. maputi Gliozzi & Malatesta, 1983. - Acanthocardia maputi Gliozzi & Malatesta, 1983. Cardiidae. Paleocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin del Rio Massintonto, Maputo, Mozambique, Africa. RECORDS. ··1983. Gliozzi & Malatesta, p. 97, pl. 4, fig. 2: Acanthocardia massintonti n. sp. marcanoi Vokes, 1989. - Trigoniocardia marcanoi Vokes, 1989. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Dominican Republic. RECORDs. ··1989 Vokes. p.115, fig.: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) sp. nov. marchandi Cossmann, 1908. - Changed combination: Loxocardium marchandi (Cossmann, 1905). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1908 ZR: Cardium marchandi Cossmann, 1908 sp. n. Loire inferieure. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Loxocardium marchandi (Cossmann, 1905). marchensii Tavani, 1948. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" marchensii (Tavani, 1948). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1948 ZR: Cardium (Protocardia) marchensii Tavani, 1948 sp. nov. Cretaceous Somali land. marcia. - Conocardium marcia. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1889 ZR: Conocardium marcia Ref. to Barrois (1889). marcosense - Brevicardium marcosense. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Brevicardium marcosense Cretaceous, Texas, Navarro sand. mareotica (variety). - See under edule var. mareotica Pallary, 1913. mareotica Pallary, 1926. [Figs. Part 3 p. 851]. Cerastoderma mareotica (Pallary, 1926). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758). Cerastoderma glaucum mareotica (Pallary, 1912). » Regarding Cardium mareoticum: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Egypt (Nordsieck 1969). RECORDS. "1926 Pallary, p. 109 (pI. 9, fig. 10): Cardium mareoticum. ··1969 N ordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum mareotica (Pallary, 1912). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium mareoticum Pallary = Cardium edule Linne. marerubrum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. [Figs. Part 3 p. 869]. - Identical with Vasticardium luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). » Regarding Trachycardium marerubrum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Trachycardium marerubrum. ··1997 Vidal: Vasticardium luteomarginatum marerubrum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). ··1998 Poutiers: Trachycardium marerubrum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). ··1999 Vidal: Trachycardium marerubrum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991 = Vasticardium luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. "1994 Hylleberg: Red Sea. marerubrum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. - See also under luteomarginatum marerubrum. margaritaceum Brusina, 1892. - New combination: Lymnocardium margaritaceum (Brusina, 1892). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1892 ZR: Limnocardium margaritaceum Brusina, 1892, n. sp. Tertiary of Mai:kusevec (Croatia). marginatum Goldfuss, 1837 - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" marginatum Goldfuss, 1837. ?Cardiacea. Silurian and Devonian. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium marginatum. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3869: Cardium marginatum Goldfuss, 1837. marguarti - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" marguarti. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium marguarti (Acanthocardium sic). marielae Wilson & Stevenson, 1977. [Figs. Part 3 p. 877]. - Acrosterigma marielae Wilson & Stevenson, 1977. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype: A specimen from CSIRO 1963 stn, 91 m (WAM 215-67). Paratypes: 28 (no details in Wilson & Stevenson). TYPE LOCALITY. West of Cape Leschenault, Western Australia. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, Western Australian Museum, Perth. RECORDS. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson, p. 103-106 (pI. 6, figs. 11-15, text fig. 19): Acrosterigma marielae sp. nov. ··1978 ZR: Acrosterigma marielae Wilson, 1978 sp. nov. Western Australia. Ref. to Wilson et al. p. 103. ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma marielae Wilson & Stevenson, 1977.CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1999 Vidal: shell small, thin, slightly obliquely ovate, inequilateral with anterior dorsal margin rounded and posterior margin rather straight. Not very elongated, and moderately compressed. Lunule well defined, wider and projecting from the margin in right valve, and somewhat hollowed. Exterior glossy, cream in colour, with small splashes of orange; interior white except for pink V-shaped umbonal rays; lunule and hinge below it are orange-pink, mainly in right valve. Hinge nearly symmetrical and moderately angled. Mean rib number 62.6 ± 3.0 (range 56-68). Scales on posterior parts of ribs variable: prismatic, rounded tubercular, or sometimes elongated. On rest of shell, ribs generally rounded to roundly triangular, retroridged to retro-tuberculated; ridges or tubercles variable in shape, prismatic and pointed to elongated and acute, are placed on upper part of sides of ribs. Ribs become progressively more top-ridged anteriorly, but on adult part of some specimens, bi-tuberculated ribs may appear early and develop further, changing into herringbone sculpture anteriorly. DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: length 20.0, width 23.1, breadth (calculated) 13.6 mm. HABITAT. Recorded from 43 to 274 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: between 33 and 152 fathoms [60.3-274.3 m] off the mid-west coast of Western Australia. REMARKS. Vidal (1999): A. marielae is close to A. cygnorum and A. kerslakae as far as shape and colour are concerned, but differs in its smaller size, much larger rib number, and its rib ornamentation (stronger and more acute lateral ridges or tubercles). marinescui Andreescu, 1980. - Fischeridacna marinescui Andreescu, 1980. Lymnocardiidae. Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Fischeridacna marinescui Andreescu, 1980 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 57. marinum Vokes, 1948. - Nemocardium marinum Vokes, 1948. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1950 ZR: Nemocardium marinum Vokes, 1948 sp. nov. Cretaceous, 4875-4885 ft. in the Maryland Esso Well. marmorata Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. Not a cardiid. RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium marmorata marmoratum (variety). - See under norvegicum marmoratum. marmoreum Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal. - Not available. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1782 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 619 marmoreum - marticense Chemnitz, fig. 179: ID by Lamarck 1819 Cardium marmoreum. marmoreum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part I p. 74 No. 179, p. 89, 132. Part 3 p. 869]. - Synonym of Acrosterigma magnum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium magnum Wood, 1815 = Trachycardium leucostoma (Born, 1780). » Regarding Cardium marmoreum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. Vidal (1999, p. 276) selected the specimen of Lamarck's collection in MNHN (Reg. 1085-52) as lectotype of Cardium marmoreum Lamarck. TYPE LOCALITY. Jamaica (Sowerby 1841). RECORDS. ··1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 297. fig. 3. Cardium marmoreum. "1819 Lamarck: Cardium marmoreum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 4, No. 52: Cardium marmoreum Lam. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium marmoreum Lam. Jamaica and Sri Lanka. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium marmoreum Lamarck, 1819 = Cardium leucostoma Born, 1780. ··1850 Jay: Cardium marmoreum Lam. = Cardium leucostoma Born. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. marmoreum Lam. = Cardium magnum Wood, 1815. ··1864 Krebs: Cardium marmoreum Lmk. (syn.) = Cardium leucostomum Born. ··1869 Romer: Cardium marmoreum Lamarck, N. 20 = Cardium leucostomum Born. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium marmoreum Lm. = leucostomum Born. ··1902 Dall: Cardium marmoreum Lamarck, 1819 = Cardium leucostoma Born, 1780. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3899: Cardium marmoreum Lamarck, 1819. "1944 Clench & Smith in Abbott 1958: marmoreum Lamarck 1819, junior synonym of magnum Linne 1758. ··1970 Rios: Cardium marmoreus Lamarck, 1819 = Trachycardium magnum (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1974 Abbott: Cardium marmoreum Lamarck, 1819 = Trachycardium magnum (Linne, 1758). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium marmoreum Lamarck = Cardium leucostomum Born. "1999 Vidal: Cardium marmoreum Lamarck, 1819: 9 = Acrosterigma magnum (Linne, 1758) - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: specimen labeled leucostomum Born = marmoreum Lamarck No. 20. The same applies to Yoldi col.!. No 421. DESCRIPTIONS. "1841: Sowerby: flatter than C. angulatum, with the anterior ribs smoother, and not so deep. REMARKS. "1845 Reeve: M. Deshayes urges to restore Cardium leucostomum originally published by Born, and adopted by Chemnitz. Lister may have used the word" marmoreum" in describing it, but the titles applied by Lister are in accordance with the nomenclature introduced by Linnaeus. "1999 Vidal: Cardium marmoreum Lamarck designated four figure references: Lister 1687 (pI. 331, fig. 168), Born 1780 (pI. 3, figs 6-7), Chemnitz 1782 (pI. 17, fig. 179), Lamarck 1816 (pI. 297, fig. 3). Of these, only Born's specimen can be traced today. Lamarck had three shells, labeled in his own hand as marmoreum: one in MNHN, with no locality data; two others in MHNG, from his personal collection. All the figures and shells referred to by Lamarck are A. magnum,except Cardium marmoreum var. 2. All the figures and shells referred to by Lamarck are A. magnum, except one in MNHG (Reg. 1085-53) from Ceylon (Maclay coli.), described and labeled as "var. [2] testa majore" [which is not a syntype (art. 72b of ICZN)]. This shell is actually Vasticardium luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt 1991). Vidal (1999) selected the specimen of Lamarck's collection in MNHN (Reg. 1085-52) as lectotype of Cardium marmoreum Lamarck. DISTRIBUTION. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Ceylon. marmoreum (variety 2) Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 3 p. 870]. - Synonym of Vasticardium luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). » Regarding Cardium marmoreum var. 2: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. Vidal (1999): Cardium marmoreum var. 2. MNHG (Reg. 1085-53) from Ceylon (Maclay coiL), described and labeled as "var. [2] testa majore" [which is not a syntype (art. 72b ofICZN)]. According to Vidal (1999) this variety is Vasticardium luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). TYPE REPOSITORY. Unknown. Specimen identified as Var. by Lamarck is deposited in Geneva. RECORDS. ··1997 Vidal: Cardium marmoreum var. (2) Lamarck, 1819 = Vasticardium luteomarginatum luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). ··1999 Vidal: Cardium marmoreum var. [2] Lamarck, 1819: 9 = Vasticardium luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). marquartii J. Muller, 1846. - Granocardium marquartii (J. Muller, 1846). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1889 ZR: Granocardium marquarti with fig. (ref. to Holzapfel). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3758: Cardium marquartii J. Mueller, 1846. marsense Stephenson, 1927. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" marsense Stephenson, 1927. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1927 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) marsense Stephenson, 1927 sp. n. Cretaceous S. Carolina. marsi (subspecies). - See under glaucum marsi Nordsieck,1969. marsia - Conocardium marsia. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1889 ZR: Conocardium marsia with fig. (ref. Barrois). martellii Checchia-Rispoli, 1935. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" marteUii Checchia-Rispoli, 1935. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1935 ZR: Cardium martellii Checchia-Rispoli, 1935 sp. n. Cretaceous Tripolitania. martellii orfellensis Oliveri, 1944 (variety). - Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" martellii orfellensis Oliveri, 1944. Cardiidae Maastrichtian. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Cardium martellii var. orfellensis Oliveri, 1944 nov. Gara Scefscel-Uadi Sofeggin, Lybia Maastrichtian. martellii subtruncata Viola, 1949 (variety). - Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" martellii subtruncata Viola, 1949. Cardiidae. Maastrichtian. RECORDS. ··1949 ZR: Cardium marteUii var. subtruncata Viola, 1949 nov. Maastrichtian Gara Scetscel, Uadi Sofeggin, Libya. marticense Matheron, 1843. - Changed combination: Protocardium marticense (Matheron, 1843). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium marticense Matheron variety of Cardium hillanum Sowerby [fossil]. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium marticense (genus Protocardium). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3904: Cardium marticense Matheron, 1843. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Protocardium marticense [no author stated]. Senonien. France, S09261. 620 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) martini - maur;tianum martini Bottger, 1880. - Vietnamicardium martini Keenocardium matschiense Lautenschlager in Kafanov, (Bottger, 1880). Cardiidae. Mesozoic . REcORDs. "1976 Ma Qi-hong et al. p. 255: Cardium martini Bottger, 1880. "1977 ZR: Vietnamicardium martini (Boettger) Comb. nov. Original combination not given. Ref. to Vu-Huc p. 679. martorsensis (subspecies). - See under discors 1984 sp. nov . .. 1984 Lautenschlager in Kafanov in Menner (ed.); Gladenkov et al.: Keenocardium matschiense. "1985 ZR: Keenocardium matschiense Lautenschlager in Kafanov, 1984 sp. nov. Russian SFSR, Pliocene. Ref. to Bratseva et al. p. 211. matschigarica Khomenko, 1938. - Papyridea matschigarica Khomenko, 1938. Cardiidae . Eocene and Lower Oligocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Okha Province, Sakhalin. TYPE REPOSITORY. Lectotype designated by Slodkewitsch, 1938, p. 407, CNIGRM no. 8115044 (Kafanov et al. 1994). RECORDS. "1938 Khomenko, p. 47, pI. 7, figs. 5-7; pI. 8, fig. 6; pI. 9, fig. 7: Papyridea matschigarica. "1945 ZR : Papyridea matschigarica Khomenko, 1938 sp. nov. Middle Eocene. Schmidt Peninsula, Sakhalin. 001973 Keen: Fulvia malSchigarica (Khomenko, 1938) [Oligocene, Sakhalin Is.]. 001976 ZR: Profulvia matschigarica (Slodkewitsch, 1938) Comb. nov. Transferred from Papyridea. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 482 [orig. p. III]. "1994 Kafanov et al.: Papyridea (Profulvia) malSchigarica Khomenko, 1938. matschigarica uspenica Barinov, 1987 (subspecies) . Papyridea matschigarica uspenica Barinov, 1987. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1994 Kafanov et al.: Papyridea matschigarica uspenica Barinov, 1987 (in Gladenkov et al.). maturense (mode). - See under maturensis. maturensis Dall 1900. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia maturensis (Dall, 1900). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001958 Abbott, p. 126: Trigoniocardia maturensis Dall 1900 [Tertiary]. "1958 Abbott, p. 124: Trigoniocardia maturense Dall 1900. 001977 Popov: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) maturensis (Dall, 1900). mauritianum Deshayes, 185;5 . [Figs. Part 3 p. 877]. Changed combination: Acrosterigma mauritianum (Deshayes, 1855). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium enode Sowerby. - Not a synonym of Cardium enode. » Regarding Cardium mauritianum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. Three syntypes in BMNH, Cuming collection, not catalogued. The largest syntype is figured by Vidal (1999: Figs. 7 A-B) . TYPE LOCALITY. Mauritius (stomach of a large fish) . TYPE REPOSITORY. British Museum (Natural History), London. RECORDS. "1855 Deshayes, p 331: Cardium mauritianum. "1884 Grasset: Cardium mauritianum. Desh. "1890 Paetel: Cardium mauritianum Dsh. "1909 Melvill: Cardium (Trachycardium) mauritianum, Desh. "1937. Viader: Cardium mauritianum, Deshayes. "1977 FischerPiette: Cardium mauritianllm Deshayes = Cardium enode Sowerby. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium mauritianum Deshayes, 1854; p. 33 sic). "1988 Drivas & Jay, p. 17, fig . 15: Trachycardium nebulosum (Reeve) = Acrosterigma mauritianum (Deshayes, 1855) [Not Cardium nebulosum Reeve = Acrosterigma simplex (Spengler)]. "1988 Drivas & Jay, p. 140, pI. 55: Trachycardium nebulosum (Reeve) = Acrosterigma mallritianum (Deshayes, 1855) [Not Cardium nebulosum Reeve = Acrosterigma simplex (Spengler)]. "1993 Vidal: Cardium mauritianum not synonym of Cardium enode as suggested by Fischer-Piette. "1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma mauritianum (Deshayes, 1855). .. 2001 Vidal, p. 407: Acrosterigma mauritianum. - martorsensis. maruyamense (subspecies). - See under ciliatum maruyamense Kafanov & Savizky, 1982. marwicki Freneix, 1957. - Lahillia marwicki Freneix, 1957. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS . •• J 957 ZR: Lahillia (Lahilleona) marwicki Freneix, 1957 sp. nov. Cretaceous, New Caledonia. marwicki Maxwell , 1978. - Hedecardium marwicki Maxwell, 1978. Cardiidae. Middle and Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Southland New Zealand. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype GS 2371, several paratypes. RECORDS. "1978 Maxwell , p. 18,20, Fig. 10-13: Hedecardium (Titanocardium) marwicki n. sp. "1978 ZR: Hedecardium (Titanocardium) marwicki Maxwell, 1978 sp. nov. New Zealand, Cenozoic. Ref. to Maxwell, P.A. p. 18. ··2002 Schneider: Hedecardium (Titanocardium) marwicki Maxwell, 1978. LanghianTortonian. marysvillensis Dickerson, 1916 . - Changed name: Nemocardium marysvillensis (Dickerson, 1916). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1916 ZR: Cardium marysvillensis Dickerson, 1916 nom. n. for C. dalli. "1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium marysvillensis Dickerson, 1916 (new name for Cardium dalli Dickerson, 1913). "1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium (Protocardium) marysvillensis Dickerson. "1944 Keen & Bentson: Nemocardium marysvillensis (Dickerson, 1916). massintonti Gliozzi & Malatesta, 1983. - Acanthocardia massintonti Ghozzi & Malatesta, 1983. Cardiidae . Paleocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin del Rio Massintonto, Maputo, Mozambique, Africa. RECORDS. "1983 Gliozzi & Malatesta, p. 97, fig.: Acanthocardia massintonti sp. nov. matchgarense Makiyama, 1934. - Changed combination: Clinocardium matchgarense (Makiyama, 1934). Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene and Miocene. RECORDS. "1934 Makiyama: Cardium matchgarense (jide Keen 1973). "1935 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) matchgarense Makiyama, 1934 sp. n. Oligocene Japan. "1973 Keen: Clinocardium matchgarense (Makiyama, 1934). matheroni Coquand, 1862. - Unicardium matheroni Coquand, 1862. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . .. 1980 Ruhoff: Unicardium matheroni Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 208, pI. 9, figs. 1-2. matley; Cox, 1941. - Sawkinsia matleyi Cox, 1941. Cardiacea. Tertiary. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype: L 74121: Natural History Museum. London, UK. (Schneider 2002). RECORDS. "1998 Schneider: Sawkinsia matleyi Cox, 1941. NHM L74121 (holotype) . '·2002 Schneider: Sawkinsia matleyi Cox, 1941 . matschiense Lautenschlager in Kafanov, 1984 . Keenocardium matschiense Lautenschlager in Kafanov, 1984. Cardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Far East. Tochilinski key section of west em Kamtchatka, Russian SFSR. RECORDS. "1984 Bratseva et al., p. 211, fig.: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 621 mauritianum - maxima CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1999 Vidal: shell ovoid and almost equilateral, sometimes with a slight truncation at median-posterior margin and frequently a slight flattening of median ventral margin. Shell moderately elongated and inflated. Lunule narrow, elongated and slightly hollowed on right valve, very thin to nearly absent on left. External colours beige with variably developed pinkish patches, sometimes with two umbonal rays; interior white, except for pink umbonal rays. Hinge almost symmetrical and moderately angled. Mean rib number 44.1, range 41-47. On posterior slope, anterior part of ribs wide, posterior part and intermediate furrow very narrow and poorly differentiated. Scales short and sometimes slightly tubercular; interstices narrow. In median-posterior area, ribs generally roundly triangular to rounded and asymmetrical, rarely fully triangular. Posterior flank shorter and more abrupt, with a clean crestal fold; ribs retro-tuberculated, rarely entirely smooth. On anterior half, ribs become rounded, retrotuberculated or crenulated, then more or less clearly top-ridged. On first ribs of anterior part, top ridges widen and become tubercular and irregular, sometimes forming vaguely concentrical alignments. ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. "1999 Vidal: length 33.7, width 39.0, thickness 24.0 mm. REMARKS. "1855 Deshayes: the specimen has 45 ribs. ··1988 Drivas & Jay: material from the Reunion had 48-60 ribs. ··1980 Keen: referred to the genus Vaslicardium. "1999 Vidal: A. maurilianum is well characterized by its shape and colour, and distinctive rib characters on PQ and MPQ; it differs also from the other species of the species-group by its less triangular ribs and the characteristics of AQ, which may be transitional with those of the species-group of A. maculosum. HABITAT. "1909 Melvill: 39 fathoms. "1988 Drivas & Jay: Reunion, western Indian Ocean at 59 m depth ... Of authors: recorded from depths of 32 to 50 m. DISTRIBUTION. ··1884 Grassel: Mauritius. "1909 Melvill: Mauritius; Amirantes. "1999 Vidal: Mauritius and Seychelles. Old lots said to be from Sri Lanka or the Philippines are probably mislocalized. mauritianum (cf.) Deshayes, 1855. - Synonym of Acroslerigma discus Vidal, 1999. » Regarding Trachycardium cf. maurilianum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1988 Drivas & Jay, p. 17, fig. 14 : Trachycardium cf. maurilianum (Deshayes). "1999 Vidal: Trachycardium cf. maurilianum (Deshayes) = Acrosterigma discus Vidal, 1999. maxima (mode). - See under maximum . maxima (Cardiidae) maxima Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. Synonym of Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1795). » Regarding Cardium maximum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . •• J892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium maximum. ··1969 Nordsieck : Papillicardium papi/losum (Poli, 1791) var. maximum (Bucquoi (sic = Bucquoy), Dautzenberg & Dollfus). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. "Of authors: Azores. Canary lsI. maxima (Lymnocardiidae) maxima Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. - Changed combination: Macradacna maxima (Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1907 Andrussow: Monodacna maxima nov. sp. (no description) . ··1931 ZR : Monodacna maxima ("Andrus") Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930 sp. n. URSS Pliocene. Type of Diversicoslala Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930 sec. n . •• J 932 ZR: Monodacna maxima Audrus. Pliocene Transcaucasia [Ref. Davidasvili 1930a]. ··1967 Ebersin: Macradacna maxima (Andrus.). ··1967 ZR: Ma cradacna maxima (Andrus., 1930) pro Monodacna maxima Andrus., 1930. Type species of Macradacna [Ref. Eberzin 1967]. maxima elollgatum Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. Upgraded. Monodacna maxima elongalum Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1931 ZR: Monodacna maxima var. elongatum Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930 var. n. URSS Pliocene. maxima (Tridacnidae) maxima Roding, 1798 . - Changed combination: Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). Tridacnidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. None originally given; designated 'Mauritius' (Rosewater 1965) (Higo et al. \999). RECORDS. "1937 ZR : Tridacna maxima [Ref. Merle 1937J. "1947 ZR: Tridacna maxima (Roding) [Ref. McLean 1947] . ··1963 ZR: Tridacna maxima anesthetizing effect of propylene phenoxetol [Ref. Rosewater 1963 J. ··1965 ZR : Tridacna maxima behavioural adaptation to predacious fish [Ref. Stasek 1965]. ··1965 ZR: Tridacna maxima described and figd., range, habitat and synonymy discussed [Ref. Rosewater 1965] . ··1966 ZR: Tridacna maxima, observations on the mantle, iridophores and muscles [Ref. Kawaguti 1966]. "1966 ZR: Tridacna maxima, structure and function of the eye [Ref. Stasek 1966J. ··1969 ZR: Tridacna maxima ultrastructure of eyes [Ref. Kawaguti & Mabuchi 1969]. ··1970 ZR: Tridacna maxima two toxic substances identified [Ref. Banner 1970J. "1973 ZR: Tridacna maxima. Genetic polymorphism. Extinction. Ref. to Valentine. / Genetic variation. Protein variation. Ref. to Ayala. / Feeding commensalism. Zooxanthellae. Photosynthesis. Amino acid metabolism. Ref. to Goreau. ··1974 ZR: Tridacna maxima. Mantle colour. Rate of growth. Population density. Ref. to McMichael. ··1975 ZR: Tridacna maxima. Gametes, spawning, development, lava. Ref. to La Bareera. / Genetic variation. Ref. to Campbell. ··1976 ZR: Tridacna maxima. Haemocyte. Function. Morphology. Ref. to Reade. / Development. Life cycle. Ref. to Jameson. "1977 ZR: Tridacna maxima. Chemical composition. Lectin called tridacnin from haemolymph, use in immunobiology. Ref. to Uhlenbruck, Schumacher et af. / Distribution patterns. Care in captivity. Faecal analysis. Ref. to Wilkens, P. / Coral reef, Tahiti. Ref. to Ricard & Sal vat. / Haemolymph. Agglutinins & reaction with antigens. (Human erythrocytes). Antigalactan precipitins, properties. Ref. to Uhlenbruck, Steinhausen & Baldo. / Light. Distribution & metabolic rate effects, coral reef, Tuamoto Archipelago. Ref. to laubert, J. / Population density. Lagoon, Tuamoto Archipelago. Ref. to Richard, G. ··1979 ZR: Tridacna maxima. Ref. to Ayala el al. / Baldo et al. / Hignette, / Uhlenbruck et al. ··1982 ZR: Tridacna maxima. Enewetak Atoll. Ref. to Chang el al. ··1983 ZR: Tridacna maxima. Ref. to Chang et al. ··1992 Schneider: Tridacna maxima (Roding). ··1998 Poutiers: Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). ··1998 622 Tropical Marine Mol/us c Programme (TMMP) maxima fossor - medium Schneider (1998b): Tridachnes maxima Roding, 1798 Tridacna (Chametrachea) maxima Roding, 1798. "1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 378: Tridacna (Chametrachea) maxima (Roding, 1798). "1999 H igo et al.: Tridacnes maxima Roding, 1798 = Tridacna (Flodacna) maxima (Roding, 1798). "1999 Hylleberg, p. 40 I: Tridacna maxima (Roding 1798). "2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 64 : Tridacna maxima Roding, 1798. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 186: Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. "1999 Higo et al.: intertidal to 20 m, attached by byssus among coral. Tridacnidae. DISTRIBUTION. "1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. "1999 Higo et af.: Kii peninsula and southwards, western Japan Sea (northern Yamaguchi prefecture Kawakami & Ito 1997), southern Kyushu, East China Sea, Philippines, South China Sea, Red Sea, Australia, Indo-Pacific. '·2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn : South India . "2000 Lutaenko and "2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. maximafossor Hedley, 1921. (variety). - Synonym of Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). » Regarding Tridacna maxima fossor: Recent. RECORDS. "1921 ZR: Tridacna maxima fossor Hedley, 1921 var. n. "1937 ZR: Tridacna maxima var.fossor Hedley (Vulgodacna fossor) . Tridacnidae type of Vulgodacna Iredale, 1937. "1937 ZR: Tridacna maxima fossor rock boring [Ref. Otter 1937]. "1999 Higo et al.: Tridacna maxima var. fossor Hedley, 1921 = Tridacna (Flodacna) maxima (Roding, 1798). mayer-eymari (invalid spelling). - See under = mayereymari. mayereymari Oppenheim, 1906. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " Trachycardium mayereymari Paleocene Lower Congo. mbalavuana Ladd, 1934. - Tridacna mbalavuana Ladd, 1934. Tridacnidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. 001934 ZR: Tridacna mbalavuana Ladd, 1934 sp. n. Quaternary Fiji . medeae Davidachvili, 1933 - Changed combination: Pontalmyra medeae (Davidachvili , 1933). Lyrnnocardiidae. Upper Pliocene. RECORDS. "1934 ZR: Didacna medeae Davidachvili, 1933 sp. n. Upper Pliocene, Georgia, Caucasus. 001977 Popov: Didacna (Pontalmyra) medeae. 001987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra medeae (Dav.). medeae (aff.) Davidachvili, 1933. - RECORDS. 001987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra aff. medeae (Dav.). medeae celaeno Davidachvili, 1933 (variety). Upgraded. Changed combination: Pontalmyra medeae celaeno (Dav.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001934 ZR: Didacna medeae var. celaeno Davidachvili, 1933 nov. Upper Pliocene, Georgia, Caucasus. 001987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra medeae celaeno (Dav.). media (mode). - See under medium Linne, 1758. media Kvaliashvili, 1978. Digressodacna media K valiashvili , 1978 . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. 001978 ZR: Digressodacna media Kvaliashvili, 1978 sp . nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to K valiashvili p. 57. media Pusch. [Figs. Part 1 p. 152]. - Tridacna media Pusch. Tridacnidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001845 Chenu, pI. 8 Tridacna media Pusch fossil Poland, close to r elongata. mediale - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" mediale. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From North America. RECORDS. 001871 Stoliczka: Cardium mediale (Acanthocardium sic). Referred to by Meek 1864 (Oppenheim, 1906). Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene. Type locality. Egypt. RECORDS . "1906 Oppenheim: Cardium (Trachycardium) mayereymari sp. n. 001906 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) mayereymari Oppenheim, 1906 sp . n. Paleocene, Egypt. "1994 EI-Nakhal & EI-Naggar: Cardium mediale Conrad, 1857. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" mediale Conrad, 1857. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium mediale Conrad, mayereymari. mayeri Homes, 1861 . - Changed combination: Arpadicardium mayeri (Homes, 1861). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1953 ZR: Limnocardium (Arpaoicardium) mayeri Pontian. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Limnocardium mayeri (Homes, 1861). 001987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium mayeri (M . Hoern.) . "1987 Taktakishvili : Arpadicardium mayeri. mayeri intermedia Stevanovic, 1951 variety) . Upgraded. Changed combination: Arpadicardium mayeri intermedia Stevanovic, 1951. Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1953 ZR: Limnocardium (Arpaoicardium) mayeri var. intermedia Stevanovic, Dicerocardium mediofasciatum [Ref. Parona 1934]. mediterranea / -/lm (subspecies and variety). - See under gracile var. mediterranea Eriinal-Erentoz, 1958. crassum medilerraneum and norvegicum var. mediterraneum Coen. mediterraneum Monterosato. - Synonym of Laevicardium crassum. RECORDS. » Regarding Cardium mediterraneum: Cardiidae. Recent. 001933 Coen: Cardium mediterraneum Monterosato = Laevicardium norvegicum Spengler var. gibba Jeffreys. medium Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part I p. 73 No. 162- 1951 nov. Ponti an Serbia ... 1987 Taktakishvili: Arpadicardium mayeri intermedia . 001987 Taktakishviii: Arpadicardium mayeri var. intermedia. mayeri multicosta - Upgraded. Arpadicardium mayeri multicosta. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001987 Taktakishvili: Arpadicardium mayeri var. multicosta. mayombicum Vincent, 1913. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " mayombicum Vincent, 1913 . Cardiidae. Paleocene. RECORDS. 001913 ZR: Cardium (Loxocardium) mayombicum Vincent, 1913 sp. n. 1857; vol. 1: 149. mediofasciatum - Dicerocardium mediofasciatum. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1934 ZR: 164, p. 88, p. 105. Part 3 p. 905]. - Identical with Cardium medium Linnaeus, 1758. » Regarding Cardium medium: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001819 Lamarck, p. IS: Cardium medium. Ref to Chemnitz 1782 figs. 162-164. "1828 Roux: Cardium medium . Ref to Lamarck. 001844 Potiez & Michaud, p. 177: Cardium medium Lam. t. 6, p. 15, No 40. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 3934: Cardium medium Lamarck, 1819. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. 001819 Lamarck : ? the Indian Ocean. 001844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium medium Lam. from the Atlantic coasts of England and France. [It must be Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 623 medium a different species if the locality is correct. The Indian Ocean is correctly questioned by Lamarck]. medium Linne, 1758 / Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part 1 p. 38, 40,50, 64 No. 5, 68, 73 , 88, 97 , 129, 166]. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia medium (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae . Miocene to Recent. TYPE SPECIES. Stewart (1930) designated Cardium medium Linne, 1758 type species of subgenus (Am ericardia) 1930, recognised at the generic level by authors. TYPE LOCALITY. --1758 Linnaeus: Oceanus Indico . ·-1799 Spengler: West Indies. "1840 Sowerby p. 6, No. 81 : St. Vincents. RECORDS. "1684 Bonanno. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium medium recr. 2. f. 94. "1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium medium t. 316. f. 153. "1687 Lister, pI. 316, fig. 153 : Cardium medium (fide Spengler 1799). --1742 Gualtieri. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium medium t. 83. f. B. --1757 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium medium Vergn. I. t. 29. f. 5. "1758 Linne, p. 678, No. 61.: Cardium medium . ·-1764 Linne, p. 485, No. 34: Cardium medium. ·-1767 Linne, p. 1122, sp. 77: Cardium medium. ·-1771 Knorr, Vol. 5, pI. 20, fig. 5: Cardium medium (fide Spengler 1799). --1772 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium medium Vergn. 6. t. 20. f. 5. "1778 Born, G6. Cardium medium Linn. S.N. Sp. 77 . "1780 Born: Cardium medium Linn . S. N . Sp. 77 . "1782 Chemnitz, pI. 16, figs . 162-165 : Cardium medium. --1782 Chemnitz . ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium medium t. 16. f. 162-164. --1786 Solander, p. 17 no. 382: Cardium medium . --1786 Schreter, No. V: Cardium medium Linn. XII. pag. 1122. Spec. 77. --1789 Bruguiere, No . 5. Cardium medium Linn. --1791 Gmelin No.6: Cardium medium. "1791 Gmelin: Cardium medium. ID by Spengler selt. Conch. t. 1. f. k. [Ref. not identified]. --1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 296. fig . I. Cardium medium. --1798 Reding in Bolten: Fragum medium Gmelin, sp . 6 (fide Bolten). --1799 Spengler, p. 57-58, No. 38: Cardium medium Linnei Sp. 77. p. 1122 . "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium medium. Linnaeus. --1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 314 fig. 152 Cardium medium. --1836 Bosc : Cardium medium. "1840 Sowerby, p. 6, No . 81: Cardium medium Linn. --1844 Reeve, sp. 30: Cardium medium Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. , p. 1121 . --1844 Thorpe : Cardium medium Lin. 1122. --1853 Orbigny : Cardium medium Linne, 1767, p. 1122 . .. 1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 5: Cardium medium Lin. Syst. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia (Fragum) media Linn. --1868 ZR: Cardium medium of Linne is probably that ofChemnitz and other authors [Ref. Remer 1868). --1884 Grasset: Hemicardium medium L. --1885 Smith: Cardium (Fragum) medium Linne (West Indian species). ·-1887 Heilprin : Hemicardium media. "1890 Paete]: Hemicardium medium L. --1890 Smith: Cardium (Fragum) medium Linne. "1896 Dall, p. 19: Cardium medium Linn. --1901 Dall: Cardium medium , Atlantic coast species. --1902 Dall: Cardium (Fragum) medium Linnaeus, 1758 [U. Miocene to Recent). "1902 Dall & Simpson: Cardium medium Linnaeus. --1902 Sherborn, p. 598: Cardium medium Linnaeus, 1758. --1916 Thiele: Cardium medium L. ·-1921 Maury: Cardium (Fragum) medium Linnaeus, 1758 [Miocene to recent]. "1925 Woodring, p. 140, PI. 19, Figs. 5-6: Cardium (Fragum) medium Linne, 1758. Bowden, Jamaica. --1930 ZR : Cardium medium L. type of Americardia Stewart , 1930 fossil subgen . n. of Trigoniocardia [Stewart 1930). "1932 ZR: Cardium (Fragum) medium Tertiary [Ref. Trechmann 1932]. --1936 McLean: Trigoniocardia (Americardia) medium L. --1939 McLean : Trigoniocardia medium (Linne, 1758). ··1939 ZR: Trigoniocardium (Ameri cardia) medium figs . [Ref. McLean 1939] . --1944 ZR : Trigoniocardia medium L. [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944). "1945 ZR : Cardium medium L. [Ref. Lamy 1945). --1958 Abbott: Americardia media Linne 1758. --1962 Warrnke & Abbott: Americardia media Linne, 1758. --1963 Coomans : Americardia media (Linnaeus). --1968 Jong & Kristensen: Americardia media Linne. --1969 Moore et al.: Trigoniocardia (Americardia)medium (Linne, 1758). --1970 Glibert & Poel: Trigoniocardia (Am ericardia) media (Linne). "1970 Rios: Americardia media (Linnaeus, 1758). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Corcu/um (Trigoniocardia) medium Linne. --1977 Popov : Cardium medium Linne, 1758. Type of (Americardia) Stewart, 1930. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium medium Linnaeus, 1758. --1997 Shelton: Americardia media (Linn, 1758). --1998 Schneider (1998b): Ctenocardia (Americardia) media (Linne, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: the 3 most extreme posterior ribs next the ligament are broader than any of the rest (Reeve 1844). OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC (sine loc.): 36 ribs. --ZMUC: 37 ribs on specimen labeled medium (Oersted coiL), 74 m silty clay, --ZMUC: Louisiana Gulf of Mexico, Tortula (Antilles), Marguarita, Porto Cabello, Louisiana Gulf of Mexico, Cuba. ·-ZMUC: 3 specimens Spengler coil. West Indies, p. 57 nr. 38.(worn shells). --ZMUC wet collection: St Jan & St Thomas, West Indies. DESCRIPTIONS. --1758 Linnaeus: Shells subcordate, subangulate: valves angulated, interstices smooth [I have translated from Latin] . "1799 Spengler: testa subcordata subangulata: valvulis angl.l/atis sulcatis laevibus. --1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: This inflated cockle, strewn with darkred spots on a white background, is described by Linne in his Syst. Nat. , and in more detail in the Queen 's Museum p. 483 no. 34. It comes from the West Indies. "1844 Reeve: shell somewhat squarely cordate, rounded anteriorly, concavely angulated posteriorly, radiately ribbed, 36 narrow ribs, the anterior covered with short scales; whitish, clouded and spotted with reddish brown; interior white. ·-1902 Dall & Simpson: shell inequilateral, sul>-rhomboid, solid, with a high, rounded posterior ridge, behind which it is subtruncate; 35-36 moderately strong, nearly smooth rib; about 10 of these, which are on the posterior slope, are rounded and have rather deep grooves between; those of the rest of the shell overhang the deep, rounded grooves between them; teeth strong. Colour whitish or buff, variously painted with brown or brownish purple. DIMENSIONS. --1799 Spengler: length 37 mm (1 Tom. 5 Lin.), width 31 mm (1 Tom. 2 Linier). --1939 McLean: 34 x 40 x 33 mm; 36 narrow ribs . --1902 Dall & Simpson: length 85 (sic should it read ? 35), height 37, diameter 30 mm. REMARKS. --1887 Heilprin: Hemicardium media is a recent ally of Hemicardium columba [Pliocene]. HABITAT. "1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud at the depth of about 6 fathoms . 624 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) medium - megrelicum DISTRIBUTION. --1799 Spengler: West Indies. --1844 Reeve: Islands of Nevis and St. Vincent, West Indies. --1856 Wood & Hanley: W. Indies. --1884 Grasset: Guadeloupe. --1939 McLean: North Carolina USA, West Indies, Brazil. --1890 Smith: new record for eastern Atlantic. medium Montagu, 1803. - Synonym of Parvicardium exiguum. » Regarding Cardium medium: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1803 Montagu: Cardium medium Lin. --1813 Fleming: Cardium medium Montagu. medium of Bolten, 1798. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia medium (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1902 Sherborn, p. 598: Fragum (Gm.) medium Bolten, 1798. - Cardium medium. medium Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal. - Not available. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardiumfragum Lam.Cardium donaceum in Spengler [not a cardiid]. » Regarding Cardium medium: Cardiidae Recent. REMARKS. Chemnitz (1782) Fig. 166-167 is called Fragum album seu flavum. RECORDS. --1782 Chemnitz [not available], Tab. 16 Fig. 162-165: Cardium medium Lin. --1788 Schroter: Cardium medium with reference to Chemnitz (1782) figs. 169, 170. --1799 Spengler: Cardium medium Lin. Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 16 Fig. 165 = No. 23 Cardium donaceum in Spengler (Trondhjem in Norway). --1840 Pfeiffer: Chemnitz Fig. 165. Cardium medium Lin. = Cardium medium beta? Gm. 6. --1840 Pfeiffer: Chemnitz Fig. 166-167. Cardium medium sic Lin. = Cardiumfragum Lam. 41. medium of Donovan, 1800. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium medium: RECORDS. --1800 Donovan, PI. 9, fig. 2 Cardium medium. --1807 Maton & Rackett, No. I: Cardium medium Linn. (first figured by Mr. Donovan). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. --1807 Maton & Rackett: Hartlepoole, Durham. medium Chemnitz. Non binominal (variety). - Not available. » Regarding Cardium donaciforme: not in Cardiidae. RECORDS. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium medium var. Chemnitz = Cardium donaciforme. Schroeter. medium a Knorr. Non binominal (variety). - Not available. RECORDS. --1839 Anton: Cardium medium Linne var. a. Knorr. medium beta Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 73 No. 165, p. 79 No. 14]. - Cardium donaciforme. ? in Cardiidae. » Regarding Cardium medium var. beta: RECORDS. --1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium medium var. beta Cardium donaciforme t. 16. f. 165? --1786 Schroeter. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium medium var. beta Cardium donaciforme Einl. in Conch. 2. t. 7. f. 11 [err. pro f. 14]. --1791 Gmelin No.6.Cardium medium var. beta, Cardium donaciforme. --1791 Gmelin, No.6 p. 3246: Cardium medium var. beta Cardium donaciforme. --1815 Wood: Cardium medium var, beta Gmelin (p. 3246) = Cardium donaciforme. --1870 Morch: Cardium var. medium = Cardium donaciforme Spgl. in Schroter; a subgenus of Donax: Hemidonax. --1839 Anton: Cardium medium var. b. Chemnitz. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Cardium medium resembles the group Unio arcaeformis (Anton 1839). medium christopheri Trechmann, 1932 (variety). Upgraded. Changed combination: Fragum medium christopheri (Trechmann, 1932). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1932 ZR: Cardium (Fragum) medium var. christopheri Trechmann, 1932 nov. Tertiary S. Kitts. medius Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus medius Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus medius sp. n. --1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus medius Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. medulicum Mayer-Eymar, 1889. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" medulicum Mayer-Eymar, 1889. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1889 ZR: Cardium medulicum Mayer-Eymar, 1889. n. sp. with fig. meekanum Hall, 1858. - Conocardium meekanum Hall, 1858. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy offorrn, which does not offer any point of relationship (DallI895, p. 519). RECORDS. --1960 ZR: Conocardium meekanum [Ref. Branson 1960a]. --1980 Ruhoff: Conocardium meekanum Hall, 1858; vol. 4: 15. meekanum magnum Girty, 1915 (variety). - Upgraded. Conocardium meekanum magnum Girty, 1915. Conocardiidae. Carboniferous. RECORDS. --1915 ZR: Conocardium meekanum var. magnum Girty, 1915. Carboniferous, Arkansas. meekianum Gabb, 1866. - Changed combination: Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb, 1866). Cardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene. RECORDS. --1907 ZR: Cardium meekianum [Ref. Arnold 1907b]. --1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium meekianum Gabb, 1866 (n. sp.). --1944 Keen & Bentson: Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb). --1930 Stewart: Cerastoderma meekianum (Gabb) [Pliocene]. --1936 Keen: "Cardium" meekianum Gabb. --1936 ZR: Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb, 1866) [Ref. Keen 1936]. --1954 Keen: Cardium meekianum Gabb, 1866. (Pliocene Pleistocene). --1970 Glibert & Poel: Laevicardium (Clinocardium) meekianum (Gabb, 1866). --1977 Popov: Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb, 1866). mega/ocepha/a Eberzin, 1960. - Prosodacna megalocephala Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1960 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) megalocephala Eberzin, 1960 sp. n. Pliocene Varenikovskiy region, Shakon river, Kuban USSR. megrelica Taktakishvili, 1966. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra megrelica (Taktakishvili, 1966). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1966 ZR: Didacna megrelica Taktakishvili, 1966 sp. nov. --1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra megrelica (Takt.). megrelica (aff.) Taktakishvili, 1966. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra aff. megrelica (Takt.). megrelica composita Papaian (subspecies). Pontalmyra megrelica composita Papaian. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra megrelica composita Papaian. megrelica intima Papaian (subspecies). - Pontalmyra megrelica intima Papaian. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra megrelica intima Papaian. megrelica sabbae Papaian (subspecies). - Pontalmyra megrelica sabbae Papaian. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra megrelica sabbae Papaian. megrelicum Ananiashvili, 1985. - Combination and status to be revised: "Cardium" megrelicum Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 625 megrelicum - mermeti Ananiashvili, 1985. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Georgia, Europe. REMARKS. No description given. RECORDS. ··1985 Ananiashvili, p. 159, pI. 8, fig. 22: Cardium megrelicum sp. nov. ··1985 ZR: Cardium megrelicum sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Lower Miocene. No description given. Ref. to Ananiashvili, p. 159. megrelicum Celidje, 1953. -Arpadicardium megrelicum Celidje, 1953. Cardiidae. Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1953 Celidje, p. 157: Arpadicardium megrelicum nov. sp. ··1975 ZR: Arpadicardium megrelicum Chelidze, 1975 sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Khobs region. Lower Pliocene. Ref. to Chelidze p. 180. mehlisii Roemer, 1843. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" mehlisii EA. Roemer, 1843. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 3949: Cardium mehlisii EA. Roemer, 1843. MeiocardiaH. &A. Adams (genus). [Figs. Part I p. 163]. - Previously in Cardiidae. Now in family Isocardiidae. RECORDs. ··1864 ZR: Bucardia (Meiocardia) cumingii. China Seas. [Ref. Adams 1864]. ··1869 Ed. Romer: 2. Sectio Meiocardia Romer. Genus lsocardia Lamarck. ··1869 ZR: subgenus 2. Meiocardia (H. & A. Adams), type lsocardia moltkiana (Spengler). [Ref. Romer 1869]. meisi Brusina . - Budmania meisi Brusina. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Budmania meisi Brus. meissarensis Andrusov, 1963. - Pontalmyra meissarensis (Andrusov, 1963). Lyrnnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Didacna meissarensis Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Miocene, Russia [Ref. Andrusov 1963]. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra meissarensis (Andrus.). melajoensis lung, 1970. - Trigoniocardia me/ajoensis (lung, 1970). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) melajoensis lung, 1970 sp. nov. Miocene, MeJajo River area, Springvale Formation, Trinidad, West Indies. mellisa Olsson, 1944. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia mellisa (Olsson 1944). Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. TYPE SPECIES. Acanthocardia (lncacardium) mellisum Olsson is type species of subgenus lncacardium Olsson, 1944, original designation. TYPE LOCALITY. Peru. RECORDS . "1944 ZR: Cardium (lncacardium ) mellisum Olsson, 1944 sp. nov. subgenotype of lncacardium Olsson, 1944 Paita District, Upper Senonian, Peru. "1969 Moore el al.: Acanlhocardia (Incacardium) mellisum Olsson. ··1978 Freneix & Mackie: lncacardium mellisum Olsson 1944, p. 53, pI. 5, figs. 2,4,6. ··1995 Schneider: Pleuriocardia (lncacardium) mellisa Olsson 1944. PRI 4830 (holotype). mellisum (mode). - See under mellisa Olsson, 1944. Memocardium (error) . - Printer's mistake for Nemocardium in Meek, 1876 (Vokes, 1980). mendanaense Sowerby, 1897. [Figs. Part 3 p. 867]. Synonym of Vasticardium orbita philippinense (Hedley, 1899). » Regarding Cardium mendanaense: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1897 ZR: Cardium mendanaense Sowerby. 1897 n. sp. Marquesas Islands. "1926 McClelland: Cardium mendanaense Sowerby, 1897 n. sp. "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma mendanaense . ··1997 Vidal: Acrosterigma mendanaense (Sowerby) sensu Lamprell & Whitehead 1992 = Vaslicardium orbila philippinense (Hedley, 1899). ··1999 Vidal: Cardium mendanaense Sowerby, 1897 = Vaslicardium orbila (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: JndoPacific. meneghini Nardo, 1847. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" meneghini Nardo, 1847. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4002 : Cardium meneghini Nardo, 1847. meneghinii Capellini, 1880. - ?Changed combination: Uniocardium meneghinii (Capellini, 1880). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . .. 1887 Fischer: Uniocardium meneghinii, CapeJlini (in s. g. Uniocardium, Capellini. 1880). menippe Munster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " menippe Miinster, 1840. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn , p. 4004 : Cardium menippe Muenster, 1840. menneri Kafanov, 1984. - Keenocardium menneri Kafanov, 1984. Cardiidae . Upper Miocene. ·TYPE LOCALITY. Far East. Tochilinski key section of westem Kamtchatka, Russia. RECORDS. ··1984 Bratseva et al., p. 211, fig.: Keenocardium menneri Kafanov, 1984 sp. nov. "1984 Kafanov in Menner (ed.); Gladenkov et al.: Keenocardium menneri Kafanov. ··1985 ZR Keenocardium menneri Kafanov, 1984 sp. nov. Russian SFSR. Ref. to Bratseva et al. p.211. ··1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova: Keenocardium menneri Kafanov, 1984. mercatorium Coen, 1915. - Synonym ofCerasloderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium mercatorium: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Atlantic. RECORDS. "1915 Coen: Cardium mercatorium. merculica Akhveediani, 1977. - Metadacna merculica Akhveediani, 1977. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Metadacna merculica sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref to Akhveediani, E.G. p. 730, fig'd. meriani Mayer, 1861. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" meriani Mayer, 1861. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium meriani Mayer, 1861; [1861-1870) voL 9: 58. meridionalis (subspecies). - See under verrucosa meridionalis Strougo, 1976. meridiona/is Ebersin, 1967. - Didacnomya meridionalis Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Didacnomya meridiona/is sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Didacnomya meridionalis Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. figs. Pliocene, USSR. meridionalis Ebersin, 1967. - Macradacna meridionalis Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Macradacna meridionalis sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Macradacna meridionalis Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. meridiona/is Richards, 1947. - Protocardia meridionalis Richards, 1947. Cardiidae. Middle Albian. RECORDS. "1947 ZR: Protocardia meridionalis Richards, 1947 sp. nov. Mesozoic, Middle Albian; Peruvian Andes. Merklinicardillm Popov, 1982 (genus). - Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1982 ZR: Merklinicardium Popov, 1982 gen. nov. of Cardiidae, type species M. acanthoides. Ref. to Popov et af. p. 43. mertneti Coquand , 1862. - Unknown species . » Regarding Cardium mermeti: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Constantine. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: 626 Ti'opical Marin e Mollusc Programme (TMMP) mesialis - Microfragllm Cardium mermeti Coquand, 1862 (species insufficiently known) . "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium mermeti Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 207, pI. 11 , figs . 6-7 . mesialis Weller, 1916. - Conocardium mesialis Weller, 1916. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1916 ZR: Conocardium mesialis Walker, 1916 sp. n. Carboniferous U.S.A . .. 1930 ZR: Conocardium mesialis Weller, 1916 sic sp. n. Limestone Illinois. meskheticllm (subspecies). - See under apostolovense meskheticum Popov, 1982. Metadacna Eberzin, 1959 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Metadacna Ebersin, 1959 referred to new subfamily Prosodacninae, p. 128. Ref. to Andreescu. ··1980 Vokes : Metadacna Ebersin, 1959 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. Metadacna Eberzin, 1959 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: (Metadacna) Eberzin, 1960 subgen. nov. of Prosodacna. Subgenotype Prosodacna metoica David . Pliocene Duab river, Abkbaziya, Georgia, USSR. ··1960 ZR: Metadacna Eberzin, 1960 subgen. nov. of Prosodacna q.v. metaxa Conti, 1864. - Synonym of Plagiocardium hirsutum Bronn, 1831 . » Regarding Cardium metaxa: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORD S. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Syn. Cardium metaxa Conti. 1864 = Cardium (Plagiocardium) hirsutum Bronn, 1831. metechiensis - Status to be revised: Eoprosodacna metechiensis . Lymnocardiidae . Miocene. RECORDS . ··1960 ZR: Eoprosodacna metechiensis (in a table) Miocene, Kaspi Mts., Georgia, USSR [Ref. KereseIidze, 1960]. metoica Davidasvili , 1930 . -Prosodacna metoica Davidasvili, 1930. Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Prosodacna metoica Davidasvili, 1930 sp. n. Pliocene Transcaucasia. ··1960 ZR: Prosodacna metoica David. Pliocene Duab river, Abkhaziya, Georgia, USSR. [Ref. Eberzin 1960]. Mexicardia Stewart, 193 (genus) O. - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Originally designated as a subgenus. Subsequently raised to generic level. CHARACfERS of diagnostic value: ribs scaly in young, nearly smooth in adults; hinge heavy, short; posterior margin somewhat digitate (Hylleberg 1994). RECORDS. ··1961 Olsson: Mexicardia Stewart, 1930. ··1977 Popov: Mexicardia Stewart, 1930. Genotype: Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833 . ··1980 Vokes: Mexicardia Stewart, 1930 in subfami Iy Trachycardiinae. Mexicardia Stewart, 1930 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. GENOTYPE. Stewart (1930) designated Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833 type species of subgenus (Mexicardia) of genus Trachycardium March, 1853. REMARKS. Vidal (1999): subgenus (Mexicardia) Stewart, 1930 of the genus Tra chycardium with 2 (probably synonym) Pacific living species and at least 2 fossil nominal species. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Mexicardia Stewart, 1930 fossil subgen. n. of Trachycardium type Cardium procerum Sow. [Ref. Stewart 1930]. michailowi Bagdasarjan, 1987. - Obsoletiforma michailowi. Bagdasarjan, 1987. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. TYPE SPECIES . Bagdasarjan,( 1987, p. 83) designated Obsoletiforma (Michailowia) michailowi type species of the subgenus (Michailowia) Bagdasarjan, 1987; no description given. RECORDS. ··1987 Bagdasarjan: Obsoletiforma (Michailowia) michailowi. n. sp. michelini d ' Archiac, 1847. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " michelini d ' Archiac, 1847. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium michelini (?Laevicardium) . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4040: Cardium michelini d' Archiac, 1847. miche/otti Deshayes 1853. - Changed combination: Parvicardium michelotti (Desha yes, 1850). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium michelotti Deshayes. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium michelotti Deshayes, 1850. ··1899 Sacco: Cerastoderma michelotti (Desh., 1850). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium !nichelotti Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48, 49. ··1989 Gontsharova: Parvicardium michelotti (Deshayes 1850). michelotti pselldolaevis Sacco, 1899. - Upgraded . Cerastoderma michelolti pseudolaevis Sacco, 1899. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco, p. 51, pI. 11, fig. 40: Cerastoderma michelotti var. pseudolaevis Sacco michelottianllm Mayer in Hoernes, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" michelottianum Mayer. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium michelottianum Mayer. ··1899 Sacco : Cardium micheloltianum Mayer in Hoernes , 1862 . ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium michelottianum Mayer in Homes, 1862; [1851-1870] vol. 4: 189, pI. 27, fig . 4. micipsae Coquand, 1862 . - Unicardium micipsae Coquand, 1862. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Unicardium micipsae Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 208, pI. 9, fig. 3-4. Microcardium Thiele, 1934 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Subgenus Microcardium Thiele, 1934 raised to generic level by authors. ··1961 Olsson: Microcardium Thiele, 1934. ··1992 Poutiers: Microcardium Thiele, 1934. ··1980 Vokes: Microcardium Thiele, 1934 in subfamily Protocardiinae. ··1999 Higo et al.: Microcardium Thiele, 1934. Type species: Cardium (Fulvia) peramabile Dall, 1881 (s. d Keen, 1937). Microcardillm Thiele, 1934 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Type species : Keen (1937) designated Cardium peramabile Dall, 1881 type species of subgenus (Microcardium) Thiele, 1934 of genus Nemocardium Meek, 1876. Subsequently raised to generic level. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Microcardium Thiele 1934 "type here designated Cardium (Fulvia) peramabilis Dall 1881 (= Cardium peramabile DaU) here amended" [Ref. Keen 1937]. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: small, with secondary concentric sculpture on central and anterior slopes both in intercostal spaces and beads along ribs. Microfragum Habe, 1951 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1952 ZR: Microfragum Habe, 1951 gen. nov. of Cardiidae. GENOTYPE. Cardium festivum Desh . ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Cardium ebaranum belongs to MicroJragum. Pleistocene specimens of Cardium erugatum are the only known fossils attributable to genus Microfragum. ··1999 Higo et af.: Microfragum Habe, 1951. Type species: Cardium festivum Deshayes, 1855 (0. d.). Microfragllm (subgenus) Habe, 1951. - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. GENOTYPE. Subsequent designation. Habe Phuket Marine Biological Cellter Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 627 microphlyctis - minima (1951) designated Cardiumfeslivum Deshayes, 1854 as type for the subgenus Microfragum of the genus Ctenocardia Adams & Adams, 1857. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS . ··1994 Hylleberg: small, quadrate; rib sculpture obscure. Hinge as in Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884. microphlyctis Cossmann, 1908. - Pterocardia microphlyctis (Cossmann, 1908). Cardiacea . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1908 ZR: Cardium (Pterocardia) microphlyclis Cossmann, 1908 sp. n. microscopicum Cossmann, 1916. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" microscopicum Cossmann, 1916. Cardiidae. Jura. RECORDS. ··1916 ZR: Cardium (Jurassicardium) microscopicum Cossmann, 1916 sp. n. Jura, France. midyetti Richards, 1943. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" midyetli Richards, 1943. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene . RECORDS. ··1943 ZR: Cardium midyetti Richards, 1943 sp. nov. Gillette marl pits, North Carolina. Lower Miocene. mihaW Mihaila & Marinescu, 1971 - Changed combination: Pannonicardium mihaili (Mihaila & Marinescu, 1971). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1971 ZR: Limnocardium (Pannonicardium) mihaili Mihaila & Marinescu, 1971 sp. nov. Pliocene Felcheriu com una , Romania. ··1974 ZR: Limnocardium (Pannonicardium) mihaili Mihaila, 1974 sp. nov. Romania, Crisul Repede Basin. Pliocene. Ref. to Mihaila, p. 43 . ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Pannonicardium) mihaili. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pannonicardium mihaili. miikensis Nagao, 1928. - Changed combination: ?Schedocardia miikensis (Nagao, 1928). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1928 Nagao: Cardium miikensis (fide Keen 1973). ··1928 ZR: Cardium miikense Nagao, 1928a sp. n. Paleogene Japan. ··1930 Stewart: "c." miikense Nagao (1928). ··1973 Keen: ? Schedocardia miikensis (Nagao, 1928). mikhailovskyi Schwetz, 1913. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" mikhailovskyi Schwetz, 1913. Cardiacea. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1913 ZR: Cardium mikhai/ovskyi Schwetz, 1913 sp. n. Tertiary, Kertsch. milaschewitsch (subspecies). - See under ciliaris milaschewitschi Kafanov, 1980. miles Coquand, 1865. - New combination: Protocardium miles (Coquand , 1865). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium miles Coquand, 1865 (genus Protocardium). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium miles Coquand , 1865; vol. 3: 310, pI. IS, figs. 1-2. millelocum Sidorova, 1961. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " millelocum Sidorova, 1961. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1961 ZR: Cardium millelocum Sidorova, 1961 sp. nov. Enseli, Sarmatian, Miocene; Mangysh1ak , Turkmeniya, Russia. ··1979 ZR: Prolractiforma millelocum (Sidor.) Referred to new subgenus P. (Fischericardium). Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 44. millepunctatum Sowerby, 1833. - Discors millepunctatum (Sowerby, 1833). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Habe : Discors millepunctatum (Sowerby, 1841). ··1999 Higo et al.: Discors multipunctatum (Sowerby, 1833), is often erroneously cited as Cardium miliepunctatum Sowerby, 1841. minax Philippi. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" minax Philippi. Cardiidae. Silurian and Devonian . RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes, p. 51: Cardium minax Philippi . minax Phillips, 1836. - Conocardium minax d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4069: Pleurorhynchus minax Phillips, 1836. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4069: Conocardium (Ph.) minax d'Orbigny, 1850. - Pleurorhynchus minax. mindanense Reeve, 1844. - [Fig. Part 1, p. 127. Part 3 p. 857, 858, 923]. Mixed type material. Synonym of Trachycardium consors and Vasticardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1844). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium isocardia Linnaeus, 1758. » Regarding Cardium mindanense: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Cagayan, Island of Mindanao, Philippines, among sand at low water; Cuming leg. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype in BMNH reg. no. 1978124, Acc . no . 1829 . Originally labeled ?Florida. Hab. Mindanao, Philippines, probably a mistake. [specimens from Florida in Drawer]. BMNH Neg . No . 0369 . RECORDS. ··1844 Reeve, p. 167: Cardium mindanense. ··1844 Reeve, sp. 19: Cardium mindanense. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Isocardia) Mindanense , Reeve. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium mindanense. Rv. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium mindanense Rv. ··1903 Hidalgo: Cardium mindanense Reeve. 1844. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4070: Cardium mindanense Reeve, 1845. ··1928 Faustino: Cardium mindanense Reeve. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium mindanense Reeve = Laevicardium isocardia Linne. ··1986 Springsteen & Leobrera: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) mindanense. ··1999 Vidal: Cardium mindanense Reeve, 1844 = Vasticardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1844). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··BMNH: The holotype. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: 29 squamiferous ribs. DESCRIPTIONS. "1844 Reeve, sp. 19: shell somewhat obliquely heart-shaped, longitudinally ribbed, 29 squamiferous ribs, scales numerous, close-set, arched over posteriorly, interstices between the ribs rather deep; whitish, here and there clouded with brown; interior stained on the posterior side with deep purple. (Description in Latin as well as in English). REMARKS. ··1844 Reeve: the vaulted structure of the scales in this species is about intermediate in its character between that of the scales of Cardium consors and Cardium isocardia. HABITAT. "1844 Reeve: found among sand at low water. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Cagayan, Island of Mindanao, Philippines. ··1884 Grasset: Mindanao. ··1986 Springsteen & Leobrera: Indonesia. "Of authors: South East USA, West Indies. minervae Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911. - Changed combination: Loxocardium minervae (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911). Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. ··19/1 ZR: Cardium (Loxocardium) minervae Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911 sp. n. France Neogene. ··1977 Popov: Loxocardium minervae (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911). mingetschaurica (subspecies). - See under eulachia mingetschaurica Vekilov, 1970. minima (subspecies). - See under longiuscula minima Andreescu, 1980. - plicata minima. minima Ostroumoff, 1906. - Changed combination: Hypanis minima (Ostroumoff, 1907). Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Aral Sea. RECORDS. ··1906 ZR: Adacna minima Ostroumoff, 1906 sp. n. ··1968 628 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) minima ostroumovi - minor Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis minima (Ostroumoff). ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Adaena minima auct. = Hypanis vitrea glabra (Ostr.). ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Adacna minima Ostroumoff, 1907 partim non Adacna vitrea var. minima auct. et Adacna minima auct. = Hypanis minima ostraumovi Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. ··1974 Starobogatov: Hypanis minima (Ostroumoff, 1907). ··1974 Starobogatov: Hypanis minima minima (Ostroumoff, 1907). minima ostroumovi Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. - Hypanis minima ostroumovi Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS ... 1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis minima ostroumovi Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. "1974 Starobogatov : Hypanis minima ostroumovi Logvinenko & Starobogatov. minima sidorovi Starobogatov 1974. - Hypanis minima sidorovi Starobogatov. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. T YPE LOCALITY. Aral Sea. RECORDS. ··1974 Starobogatov, p. 246, fig. 213 : Hypanis minima sidorovi Starobogatov subsp. nov. ··1978 ZR: Hypanis minima sidorovi Starobogatov, 1978 subsp. nov. Aral Sea. Ref. to Starobogatov p. 246 . minima Zhidkova, 1983. - Profulvia minima Zhidkova, 1983. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1983 ZR: Profulvia minima Zhidkova, 1983 sp. nov. Russian SFSR. Ref. to Zhidkova, p. 163. minimum Philippi , 1836. [Figs. Part 3 p. 890, 915 (syn.)].- Changed combination: Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836). Cardiidae. Middle Miocene and Recent. TYPE SPECIES of subgenus (Parvieardium) Monterosato, 1884. TYPE LOCALITY. Mediterranean (Winckworth 1932). TYPE REPOSITORY . Unknown. RECORDS. ··1836 Philippi, I, p. 51: Cardium minimum mihi. "1844 Forbes: Cardium minimum Phil. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium minimum Philippi. ··1868 ZR: minimum (Phil.) is distinct from Cardium rubrum (Reeve) = faseiatum (Mont.); suecicum (Loven) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1869 Romer: ? Cardium minimum Philippi, an eadem species? Cardium sueeicum Loven. ··1871 March, p. 215, No. 205: Cardium (Cerastoderma) minimum Phil. "1872 ZR: Cardium minimum (Phil.) = sueeicum (Reeve), ribs vary from 28-33 [Ref. Bragger 1872]. ··1878 Monterosato: Cardium minimum Ph. =? C. puncta tum Brocc. ··1888 Petersen: Cardium minimum Phil. ··1890 Paete1: Cardium minimum PhI. ··1899 Sacco: ?Plagiocardium minimum (Phil.) [Recent]. "1900 Bragger: Cardium minimum, Phil. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium minimum Philippi , 1836. ··1901 Friele & Grieg : Cardium minimum Philippi, 1836. ··1907 ZR: Cardium minimum [Refs. Hoel 1907. Nordgaard 1906. 0yen 1907]. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium (Parvieardium) minimum, Philippi 1836. "1912 ZR: Cardium (Parvieardium) minimum Phil. [Ref. Dautzenberg & Fischer 1912]. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p . 4073: Cardium minimum Phillipi, 1836. ··1927 Dautzenberg: Cardium (Parvicardium) minimum Philippi. ··1931 ZR: Cardium minimum Ref. to Patrini (1931) . ··1932 Winckworth : Cardium (Parvicardium) minimum (Philippi, 1836). "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) minimum Philippi. ··1937 Coen : Papillieardium minimum Philippi. ··1962 PasteurHumbert: Cardium minimum Philippi. ··1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium minimum minimum (Philippi, 1836). ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvicardium minimum (Philippi , 1836). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Cerastoderma, Parvicardium) minimum Philippi. ··1977 Popov: Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836). ··1986 Studencka, p. 69 : Parvicardium minimum (Middle Miocene). ··1987 ZR : Parvieardium minimum Middle Miocene, Poland. Ref. to Studencka. ··1998 Macedo et al.: Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836). ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836). ··2001 Aartsen & Goud: Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836). ··200 I Vidal, p. 408: Parvieardium minimum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··2001 Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. HABITAT. ··1969 Nordsieck : muddy sand at 0-160 (2700) m depth. ··1844 Forbes: Aegaean Sea depth range 70-142 fathoms. R EMARKS . See under Cardium parvum Philippi, 1836. DISTRIBUTION. ··1884 Grasset: Scotia. ··1969 Nordsieck: Lofoten to Canary lsI. Mediterranean. minimum of Jeffreys. - Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1867 ZR: Cardium minimum (Phil.) identified on Jeffreys's authority with Cardium suecicum (Loven). This identification is not correct, according to a communication from Mr. Jeffreys. [Ref. Weinkauff 1867). ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium minimum Jeffreys = Cardium suecicum Loven. minimum minor Locard & Caziot, 1900 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardium minimum. Cardiidae Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Mediterranean. RECORDS. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium minimum Philippi, 1836 var. minor. minimum suecicum Loven, 1846 (subspecies). - No evidence of sub specific status: Parvicardium minimum. » Regarding Parvicardium minimum sueeicum : Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf of Suez (Nord sieck 1969). RECORDS. ··1969 Nordsieck : Parvicardium minimum suecieum (Loven, 1846). minimum suediense Reeve, 1845 (subspecies). [Figs. Part I p. 145]. - No evidence of subspecific status. Identical with Parvieardium minimum. » Regarding Parvieardium minimum suediense: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. West coast of Sweden (Reeve 1845). RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium suediense. "1932 Winckworth: Cardium (Parvieardium) minimum suediense. ··1962 Allen : Cardium (Parvicardium) minimum suediense Reeve 1845. West coast of Sweden. minor (subspecies and variety). - See under alatop/anum minor. - praesquamulosum minor. - abichi minor Andrus. - euperanzee minor Vassoievitch, 1929. exiguum minor Locard & Caziot, 1900. - fasciatum minor Locard & Caziot, 1900. - groenlandieum minor March, 1869. - norvegiclIm minor Locard & Caziot, 1900. - papillosllm minor Locard. rectidens minor Coen, 1915. - sjoegreni minor Andrusov, 1963. sjoegreni minor Andrussov, 1924 . - tuberculatum minor Monterosato, 1878. minor Andrus. - Tauricardium minor Andrus. Lymno- Phukel Marine Biological Cenler Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 629 minor - Miricardium cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001953 Celidje: Limnocardium (Tauricardium) minor Andrus. 001953 Celidje: Limnocardium (Touricardium) [err. pro Tauricardium] minor Andrus. 001987 Taktakishvili: Tauricardium minor. minor Kacharava, 1960. - "Cardium" minor Kacharava, 1960. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. 001960 ZR: Cardium minor Kacharava, 1960 sp. nov. Oligocene, Vale, Akhaitsikhe Georgia. minor Tashiro & Kozai, 1988. - Protocardia minor Tashiro & Kozai, 1988. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Monobegawa Group, Japan. RECORDS. 001988 Tashiro & Kozai, p. 54, fig.: Protocardia (Globocardium) minor sp. nov. minllta Papaianopol, 1975. - Chartoconcha minuta Papaianopol, 1975. Cardiacea. Pliocene . RECORDS. 001975 ZR: Chartoconcha minuta Papaianopol , 1975 sp. nov. Romania. Vilcea, Tuturului . Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 133. minuta Papaianopol, 1981. - Pontalmyra minuta Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Sinupontalmyra) minu/a Papaianopol, 1981 sp . nov. Romania, Upper Miocene . Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 45 . 001987 Taktakishvili: Ponta/myra minuta Papaian. *minlltissimum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium minutissimum from 2 sources: Orbigny, 1852. - Toula, 1911. minutissimum Orbigny, 1852. - "Cardium" minutissimum Orbigny, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium minutissimum Orbigny, 1852; [18501852] vol. 3: 119. minutissimum Toula, 1911. - "Cardium" minutissimum Toula, 1911. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001911 ZR: Cardium minutissimum Toula, 1911 sp. n. Panama Canal, Upper Tertiary. *minutum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium minutum from 2 sources: Lamarck, 1819. - Archiac (?year). minutum Archiac - "Cardium" minutum Archiac. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium minutum Archiac. minutum Lamarck, 1819. - Insufficiently known. » Regarding Cardium minutum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Australia, Port of King Georges (Lamarck, 1819). TYPE REPOSITORY. (Mus. no.) lost. DISTRIBUTION . Western Australia (Hedley 1916a). RECORDS. 001819 Lamarck, No. 36: Cardium minutum. 001835 Deshayes: Cardium minutum Lamarck. 001843 Hanley: Cardium minlltum Lamarck. 001857 Deshayes : Cardium minutum Lamarck. 001916 Hedley : Cardium minutum Lamarck. 001922-32 Sherborn,p. 4090: Cardium minlltum Lamarck, 1819. 001942 Lamy: Cardium minlltum Lamarck. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium minutum Lamarck = species insufficiently known. 001977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium minutum Lamarck, 1819 (p. 110, doubtful species). 001978 ZR: Cardium minutum Lamarck, 1819. Nomen dubium. Ref. to Wilson et al. p. 110. miocica Vokes, 1977. - Papyridea miocica Vokes, 1977. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. 001977 Vokes, p. 168, pI. 5, figs. 1-4, pI. 9, fig . 3: Papyridea miocica H. E. Vokes n. sp. 001977 ZR: Papyridea miocica Vokes, 1977 sp. nov. Florida. Ref to Vokes p. 168, fig'd. miocordata (error). - Printer's mistake for miocaudata in Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1902. mioechinatum Schaffer, 1910. - "Cardium" mioechinatum Schaffer, 1910. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001911 ZR: Cardium mioechinatum Schaffer, 1910 sp. n. Austria Miocene. mioechinatum Schaffer. - Cardium mioechinatum Schaffer. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium mioechinatum Schaffer. 001959 Csepreghy-Meznerics: Cardium mioechinatum May. miorotundatum - Combination to be revised: "Cardiurn " miorotundatum. Cardiidae. Helvetien. RECORDS. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com .) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium miorotllndatum (multicostatum Brocchi var.) Sacco. Helvetien. Spain (Catalogne), B31810. miorotundatum (subspecies). - See under multicostatum miorotundatum Sacco, 1899. mira Krasilova, 1963. Cypricardinia mira Krasilova, 1963. Cardiacea. Silurian. RECORDS. 001963 ZR : Cypricardinia mira Krasilova, 1963 sp. nov. Silurian, Russia. mirabile Deshayes, 1854. [Figs . Part 3 p. 885]. Synonym of Vepricardium incarnatum (Reeve, 1844). » Regarding C. mirabile: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Philippines. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype BMNH Cuming Collection , reg . no. 1971 .28. DISTRIBUTION. C. mirabile: Australia (Gras set 1884); Indo-Pacific (Hylleberg 1994). RECORDS. 001854 Deshayes: Cardium mirabile. 001884 Grasset: Cardium mirabile Desh. 001885 Smith, p. 159, pI. 8, figs. I-I c: Cardium (Bucardium) mirabile Deshayes . 001890 Paetel: Cardium (Acanthocardia) mirabile Dsh. 001903 Hidalgo: Cardium mirabile Deshayes. 1854. 001928 Faustino: Cardium mirabile Deshayes. 001932 Prashad: Cardium (Ringicardium) mirabile. 001977 FischerPiette: Cardium (Ringicardium) mirabile Deshayes. 001977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium mirabile Deshayes, 1854; junior synonym of Vepricardium asiaticum (Bruguiere, 1792). 001978 Freneix & Mackie: Cardium (Bucardium) mirabile (Deshayes). 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium mirabile Deshayes, 1854; p. 332. 002000 Vidal, p. 456: Cardium mirabile Deshayes, 1855: 332. = Vepricardium incarnatum (Reeve, 1844). 002003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p . 185: Vepricardium mirabile (Deshayes). Synonym of Vepricardium asiaticum (Bruguiere, 1789). mirabile Staadt in Cossmann, 1913 . - Changed combination : Nemocardium mirabile (Staadt in Cossmann, 1913). Cardiidae. Lutetien. RECORDS. 001992 Renard: [Discors mirabilis Staadtj C. & P., 1913 : pI. LXIII fig. 71-3 (Chamery, Lutetien). 001994 Le Renard: Discors mirabile Staadt. 001995 Le Renard et al.: Nemocardium (Discors) mirabile Staadt in Cossmann, 1913. 001995 Pacaud & Renard: Nemocardium (Discors) mirabile. mirabilis Krasilova, 1962. - Cypricardinia mirabilis Krasilova, 1962 . Cardiacea. Devonian. RECORDS. 001962 ZR: Cypricardinia mirabilis Krasilova, 1962 sp. nov. Pre-Balkhan Mts. Russia, Devonian. miranda (variety). - See under colossea var. miranda Asadullaev, 1966. Miricardium Paramonova, 1986 (genus). - Avicardiini. 630 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) mirum - modestum Pliocene . RECORDS --1987 ZR : Miricardium Paramonova, 1986 gen. nov. of Avicardiini. Type species Cardium dahestanicum Uspenskaja, 1931. Ref to Nevesskaya et al. p. 193. mirum - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" mirum. Cardiidae. Cenozoic. RECORDS. --1967 ZR: Cardium mirum Akchagyl deposits (Cenozoic), Azerbaidjan, SSR [Ref. Baba-Zade 1967]. misargyridae Oavidachvili, 1933 - Changed combination: Euxinicardium misargyridae (Oavidachvili, 1933) Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1934 ZR: Limnocardium misargyridae Davidachvili, 1933 sp. n. Upper Pliocene Georgia, Caucasus. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) misargyridae Dav. --1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium misargyridae. mischovdagica Vekilov, 1970. - Didacna mischovdagica Vekilov, 1970. Lymnocardiidae. Holocene. REcORDs. --1970 ZR: Didacna mischovdagica Vekilov, 1970 sp. nov. Holocene anthropogenic deposits, N .E. Azerbaijan. misera Eberzin, 1960. - New name Prosodacna misera Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1960 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) misera Eberzin, 1960 nom . nov. for Cardium (Limnocardium) semisulcatum Rouss. var. cucestiensis Sinz. 1897 non Font. missollrensis Girty, 1920. - Conocardium missourensis Girty, 1920. Conocardiidae. Carboniferous. RECORDS. --1920 ZR: Conocardiwn missourensis Girty, 1920 sp. n. Carbon, U.S .A. mite Cossmann, 1885. - Changed combination: Goniocardium mite (Cossmann, 1885). Aviculariidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALJTY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDs. .. J 886 Cossmann: Fragum mite (Cossmann, 1885). --1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Goniocardium mite (Cossmann). "1995 Le Renard et al.: Goniocardium mite [Hemicardium mite] Cossmann, 1885. --1995 Pacaud & Renard : Goniocardium mite Superfamily Tridacnoidea. Family Aviculariidae. *mithridatis - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium mithridatis from 2 sources: Andruss. , 1936. - Andrusov, 1961. - REMARKS. I do not know how Andruss. 1936 compares with Andrusov 1961 . mithridatis Andrusov, 1961. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" mithridatis Andrusov, 1961. Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. --1961 ZR: Cardium mithridatis Andrusov, 1961 sp. nov. Miocene, Mitridat, Cheghen, Crimea. mithridatis Andruss., 1936. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " mithridatis Andruss., 1936. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECO RDS . --1939 ZR : Cardium mithridatis [Andruss. , 1936] sp. n. mithridatis Ilkrainicum Ossaulenko, 1936 (variety). Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" mithridatis ukrainicum Ossau1enko, 1936. Cardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. --1939 ZR: Cardium mithridatis Andruss var. ukrainicum Ossau1enko, 1936 nov. Quaternary Ukraine. miussica (subspecies). - See under eulachia miussica Popov, 1983. miyajiense Tashiro, 1994. - Granocardium miyajiense Tashiro, 1994. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Japan. RE COR DS. --1994 Tashiro , p.11, fig . : Granocardium miyajiense sp. nov. Japan, Cretaceous. modelli Schlicum, 1964. - Limnopagetia modelli Schlicum, 1964. Cardiacea. Miocene. RECORDS. --1964 ZR : Limnopagetia modelli Schlicum, 1964 sp. nov. Miocene, Ke1chham, Bayern. modesta centifilos.a Conrad, 1864 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status.» Regarding Protocardia modesta var. centifilosa: Cardiidae. Recent. OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: one shell from Catalina. RECORDS . --1864 Conrad: Cardium modesta var. centifilosa. "1864 Carpenter: Cardium (? modestum) var. centifilosum . --1867 Carpenter: Cardium (? modestum) var. centifilosum. "1872 Carpenter: Cardium (? modes/um) var. centifilosum. "1901 Dall : Cardium modesta Adams & Reeve var. centifilosa Carpenter = Pr% cardia centifilosa var. richardsonii Whiteaves, 1878. modesta richardson;; Whiteaves, 1878 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Rega rding Pr% cardia centifilosa var. richardsonii: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. --1901 Oall : Cardium modesta Adams & Reeve var. centifilosa Carpenter = Protocardia centifilosa var. richardsonii Whiteaves, 1878. *modestum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium modestum from 3 sources: Philippi, 1848. - Adams & Reeve, 1850. - Conrad, 1855. modestum Adams & Reeve, 1850. - New name: Nemocardium samarangae Makiyama, 1934. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium adamsi Tryon, 1872. - Cardium centifilosum Carpenter. » Regarding Cardium modestum: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1850 Adams & Reeve, p. 77, pI. 22, fig. 6: Cardium modestum. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Serripes) modestum Adams and Reeve . --1864 Carpenter: modestum, Ad. & Rv. probably = Cardium var. centifilosum Carp. --1872 Carpenter: Cardium modes tum = Nemocardium samarangae Makiyama (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). --1882 Dunker: Cardium modes tum = Nemocardium samarangae Makiyama (fide Fischer- Piette 1977). "1890 Paetel: Cardium modes tum Ad. et Rv. --1895 Pilsbry : Cardium modestum = Nemocardium samarangae (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4117 : Cardium modestum Adams & Reeve, 1850. --1927 Yokoyama: Cardium modestum A. et R . (Musashino). "1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama : Cardium modes tum Adams & Reeve, 1850 = Nemocardium (Keenaea) samarangae Makiyarna, 1934. --1977 Habe: Cardium modes tum Adams & Reeve, 1850, non Philippi, 1849 = Keenaea samarangae (Makiyama, 1934). -- J977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium modes tum Adams & Reeve = Nemocardium samarangae Makiyama. --1999 Higo et al.: Cardium modestum Adams & Reeve, 1850 non Philippi, 1848 = Keenaea samarangae (Makiyama, 1934). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Both Cardium adamsi Tryon, 1872 and Cardium samarangae Makiyama, 1934 have been suggested as a new names for Cardium modes tum Adams & Reeve, 1850. --1886 Dall: Fulvia modesta Adams & Reeve is a living ally of Cardium (Fulvia) peramabilis var. tinctum . modestllm Conrad, 1855 . - Synonym of Americardia biangulata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Cardium blakeanum Oall . » Regarding Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 631 modestum - moniligerum Cardium modestum: Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1855 Conrad: Cardium modestum (jide Keen & Bentson 1944). "1930 Stewart: Cardium blakeanum Dall [Eocene] new name for Conrad's C. modes tum, a homonym. "1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium modestum Conrad, 1855. "1980 Ruboff: Cardium modes tum Conrad, 1855; p. 11. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium modes tum Conrad, 1856; vol. 5: 322, pI. 3, fig. 15. ··2000 Coan et al.: Cardium modestum Conrad, 1855 = Americardia biangulata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). modestum Philippi, 1848. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium modes tum: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. The species of Philippi approaches Cardium nebulosum Reeve. Cardium modes tum Philippi, 1849 non modestum Adams & Reeve 1850 (Fischer-Piette 1977). RECORDS. "1848 Philippi, p. 142: Cardium modestum Ph. "1872 Tryon: Cardium (Trachycardium) modestum Philippi. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4117: Cardium modes tum Phillipi, 1848. "1977 FischerPiette: Cardium modestum Philippi = species insufficiently known. modicum Marwick, 1944. - Nemocardium modicum Marwick, 1944. Cardiidae. Paleocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Boulder Hill. REMARKS. The oldest know species of Pratulum (Maxwell 1978). RECORDS. "1944 ZR: Nemocardium (Pratulum) modicum Marwick, 1944 sp. nov. Boulder Hill, near Dunedin Danian. "1978 Maxwell: Nemocardium modicum Marwick, 1944. modiolaeforme Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" modiolaeforme Deshayes. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium modiolaeforme Desh. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium modiolaeforme Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48. modiolare Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842. - Changed combination: Plagiodacna modiolare (Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Plagiodacna modiolaris Pliocene [Ref. Davidasvili 1930a]. "1907 Andrussow: Plagiodacna modiolaris Rouss. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4122: Cardium modiolare Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842. modiolaris epidemia Davidasvili, 1930 (variety). Upgraded. Plagiodacna modiolaris epidemia Davidasvili, 1930. Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1932 ZR: Plagiodacna modiolaris var. epidemia Davidasvili, 1930 nov. Pliocene Transcaucasia. modiolaris (mode). - See under modiolare Rousseau. modioloides Bellardi, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" modioloides Bellardi, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium modioloides Bellardi, 1852; vol. 4: 240, pI. F [17], figs. 10-11. moeschanum Mayer in Homes, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" moeschanum Mayer in Homes, 1862. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium moeschanum Mayer in Homes, 1862; [1851-1870] vol. 4: 180, pI. 30, fig. 5. moesianum Toula, 1889. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" moesianum Toula, 1889. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1889 ZR: Cardium moesianum Toula, 1889 n. sp. with fig. moesica Papaianopol & Lubenescu, 1985. Pseudoprosodacna moesica Papaianopol & Lubenescu, 1985. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. La Plate-forme Moesienne (Muntenia), Romania. RECORDS. "1985 Papaianopol & Lubenescu, p. 125, fig.: Pseudoprosodacna moesica sp. nov. moesicus Papaianopo1 & Lubenescu, 1985. Pseudocatillus moesicus Papaianopol & Lubenescu, 1985. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. La Plate-forme Moesienne (Muntenia), Romania. RECORDS. "1985 Papaianopol & Lubenescu, p. 129, fig.: Pseudocatillus moesicus sp. nov. mofat Adanson. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Pectunculus mofat: RECORDS. "1891 Dautzenberg: Pectunculus mofat Adanson = Cardium ringens Chemnitz. "1923 Lamy: Pectunculus mofat Adanson = Cardium (Ringicardium) ringens Chemnitz. moindouensis Freneix, 1958. - Fragum moindouensis Freneix, 1958. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1957 ZR: Fragum moindouensis Freneix, 1957 sp. nov. Cretaceous, New Caledonia. "1978 Freneix & Mackie: Fragum? moindouensis Freneix, 1958 p. 178, pI. 2. fig. 9. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Fragum moindouensis Freneix. New Caledonia. mokattamensis Abbass, 1972. - Changed combination: Agnocardia mokattamensis (Abbass, 1972). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1972 Abbass: Cardium (Rudicardium) mokattamensis (fide Schneider 2002). "1978 ZR: Cardium (Rudicardium) mokattamensis sp. nov. Egypt. Upper Eocene. Ref. to Abbass p 157. "2002 Schneider: Agnocardia mokattamensis (Abbass, 1972). moldavicum chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. Upgraded. Cardium moldavicum chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. Cardiidae. Sarrnatian. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Cardium moldavicum n. f. Chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 Sarrnatian fossil, Rumania. moldavicum f. chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. See under moldavicum chisinau. mollyni Vokes, 1982. - Trachycardium mollyni Vokes, 1982. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. REcORDS. "1982 ZR: Trachycardium mollyni Vokes, 1982 sp. nov. Florida. Ref. to Vokes, p. 55. moloti Staadt in Cossmann & Pissarro, 1913. - Changed combination: Orthocardium moloti (Staadt in Cossmann & Pissarro, 1913). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977 Popov: Orthocardium moloti (Staadt). "1992 Renard: Cardium (Trachycardium) moloti Staadt in C. & P., 1913: pI. LXIII fig. 69-29. "1995 Le Renard et al.: Cardium (Orthocardium) moloti Staadt in Cossmann & Pissarro, 1913. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Cardium (Orthocardium) moloti. monachorum Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus monachorum Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus monachorum sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus monachorum Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. moniletectum Tate, 1887. - Hedecardium moniletectum (Tate, 1887).Cardiidae. Priabonian. RECORDS. "1887 Tate: Cardium moniletectum (jide Schneider 2002). "2002 Schneider: Hedecardium moniletectum (Tate, 1887). "2002 Schneider: Darragh (1970) assigned Cardium moniletectum Tate, 1887 to Hedecardium. moniligerum Valenciennes. [Figs. Part 1 p. 88]. Identical with Hemidonax donaciforme (Spengler, 1799). » Regarding "Cardium" moniligerum: Val. RECORDS. "1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 296. fig. 2. Cardium moniligerum Val. 632 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Monodacna - monstrosum Monodacna Eichwald, 1838 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. GENOTYPE. Corbula easpiea (Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903). CHARACTERS. Monodaena with shell gape and long siphons (Andrussoff 1903). RECORDS. --1838 Eichwald, p. 167: Genus Monodaena . --1847 Gray, No. 559: Monodaena Eichw. 1838. [synonym of Aphrodite Lea; 183? not Linn.]... 1857 Deshayes: Monodaena Eichwald: syn. of Cardium. --1869 ZR: Gen. Adaena, with subgen. Monodaena and Didaena [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. --1876 ZR: Monodacna,: their affinity to Didacna, Adacna, Cardium discussed and the known species enumerated [Ref. Vest 1876]. "1903 Andrussoff: Monodacna Eichwald, 1838 . --1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Monodacna Eichwald. "1922-32 Sherborn: Monodacna Eichwald, 1838 . "1924 ZR: Monodaclla [Ref. Borcea 1924]. "1927 ZR: MOllodacna fossil [Ref. KIejci & Wenz 1927]. --1946 ZR: Monodacna hinge [Ref. Lamy 1946]. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Genus Monodaclla Eichw. --1969 ZR: Monodacna Eichwald, 1838 in subfamily Didacninae Nordsieck, F. 1969. --1970 ZR: Monodacna abundant development as fish food in Tsimlyansk Reservoir, Volgograd, Russia [Ref. Kogan 1970]. --1970 ZR: Monodacna Food of Abramis brama (Pisces) [Ref. Kogan 1970]. --1977 Popov: Monodaena Eichwald, 1838 ... 1977 ZR: Monodacna Breeding population. Reservoir, transportation effects. Ref to Egereva, I. V. "1980 Vokes: Monodacna Eichwald, 1838 in subfamily Adacninae . --200 I Schneider & Carter : Monodacna (genus) . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene. Monodacna Eichwald, 1838 (section and subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. --1858 Adams & Adams: Subgenus (Monodaena) Eichwald . --1859 Chenu: (Monodacna) Eichwa1d, 1838. --1887 Fischer: Subgenus (Monodacna) , Eichwald. 1838 of genus Limnoeardium, Stoliczka, em. 1870. "1890 Paetel: 2. Sect. (Monodaena) Eichw. of Adaena. monodacna Deshayes, 1853. - New name. Combination to be revised : "Cardium" monodacna Deshayes. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes : Cardium monodaena Deshayes new name for Cardium inlermedium Eichwald. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium monodacna Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48, 68. monodacnoides Popov, 1983. - Didaena monodacnoides Popov, 1983'. Lymnocardiidae . Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. "1983 Popov, p. 154, fig.: Didacna monodacnoides sp. nov. Monodaena (error). - Printer's mistake for Monodacna in Sinzow 1912 (Vokes 1980). monodiTessier. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" monodi Tessier. Cardiidae. Paleocene. RECORDS. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium monodi Tessier. Algeria (w. Sahara), R05214. monopteris Ali-Zade & Aleskerov, 1969 . Pseudoeatillus monopleris Ali-Zade & Aleskerov, 1969. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1969 ZR: Pseudoeatillus monopteris Ali-Zade & Aleskerov, 1969 sp. nov. Apsheron deposits, Bakinsk, Apsheron Peninsula, Azerbaidjan. monsjovium Vezian, 1856. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" monsjovium Vezian, 1856. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium monsjovium Vezian, 1856; p. 30. monstrosum Bruguiere, 1789.- Cardiidae. Recent. Bruguiere is the valid author of Chemnitz's species. RECORDS. --1789 Bruguiere: Cardium monslrosum Martini tom. 6. pag. 155, tab. 14, fig. 149, 150. monstrosum Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part 1 p. 71, 168. Part 3 p. 914 (syn.)]. Non binominal. - Not available. OTHER nJDGEMENTS: Coreulum repliealum (Spengler, 1799). - Cardium humanum Chemnitz [not available]. - Cardium inversum Lam. 40. - Corculum cardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding C. monslrosum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 14 Figs. 149-150: Cardium monstrosum (ex museo Speng1eriano). --1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardiummonstrosum t. 14. f. 149. 150. --1791 Gmelin No. 29: Cardium monslrosum. --1799 Spengler: Cardium monstrosum Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. Tab. 14 Fig. 149-150= No. 33 Cardium replieatum in Spengler (without locality). --1815 Wood, p. 245: Cardium monslrosum ofChemnitz needs confirmation by more specimens. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium monstrosum Chemnitz. --1839 Anton: C. monstrosum Chemnitz = C. inversum Lamarck. --1840 Pfeiffer: Chernnitz Fig. 149-150. Cardium monstrosum = Cardium inversum Lam. 40. --1844 Reeve: Cardium monstrosum Chemnitz ( 1782) = Coreulum eardissa Linnaeus. "1850 Jay: Cardium monstrosum Chemn. = Cardium cardissa Linn. var. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia monslrosa, Chemn. --1869 Romer: Cardium monstrosum Chemnitz. --1870 Morch: C. monstrosum Chemn . = Cardium replieatum Spengler. "1890 Paetel: Hemieardium monstrosum Ch. "1928 Faustino : Cardium (Hemieardium) monstrosum Chemnitz. --1947 Bartsch: Coreulum monstrosum Chemnitz, 1782 (non binomial) = Coreulum monstrosum (Gmelin, 1791). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium monstrosum Chemnitz = Cardium eardissa Linne. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: Chemnitz 6, 149-150 labeled Moltk 46 = C. humanum; one specimen Eastern Indian Ocean. --ZMUC: one specimen, Spengler's coIl. Cardium replieatum p. 52 No. 33. monstrosum Gme1in, 1791. [Figs. Part 1 p. 71]. Synonym of Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium monstrosum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. 'ad insulas Nicobaricas' (Nicobar islands, Indian Ocean) (Higo el al. 1999). RECORDS. --1791 Gme1in: Cardium monslrosum . --1869 Romer: Cardium monstrosum, considered a synonym by Bruguiere and Reeve . "1902 Sherborn, p. 628: Cardium monstrosum Gmelin, 1790 sic. --1932 Prashad: Cardium monstrosum Gmelin, 1790 = Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). "1954 Kira: Coreulum monstrosum (Gmelin). "1960 Kuroda: Coreu/um monstrosum (Gmelin). --1962 Kira: Coreulum monstrosum. --1964 Shikama: Coreulum monstrosum Gmelin. --1977 Popov: Coreulum (Coreulum) moustrosum sic (Gmelin). "1989 Severin & Cooper: Coreulum monstrosum. --1999 Higo et al.: Coreu/um monstrosum (Gmelin, 1791). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. See also under Coreulum replieatum (Spengler, 1799). --1989: Severin & Cooper found that most specimens Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 633 montense - morosani from Motopure Island could be placed in a morphological continuum, the end-members of which correspond roughly to Bartsch's (1947) description of C. cardissa and C. monstrosum. They distinguish the end-members of the continuum by the tenns 'cardissa'morph and 'monstrosum'-morph . HABITAT. "1989 Severin & Cooper: intertidal, occasionally to about 17 m depth. --1999 Higo et at. : subtidal to 20 m, fine sand on coral reefs . DISTRIBUTION . --1994 Hylleberg: Cardium cardissa : Indo-Pacific . --1844 Reeve: Cardium monstrosum : Eastern Seas. --1999 Higo et al.: Amami islands and southwards, East China Sea, Philippines, South China Sea, tropical Indo-Pacific. montense Vincent, 1931. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" montense Vincent, 1931. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1931 ZR: Cardium montense Vincent, 1931 sp. n. Poudingue, Belgium. --1975 ZR: Cardium montense Vincent, 1930. Lectotype designated. Ref. to Glibert. monticola Papaianopol, 1981 . - Pontalmyra monticola Papaianopo1, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra monticola Papaian. --1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) monlicola Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 17. montignyacum Loriol & Cotteau, 1867. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " montignyacum de Loriol. Cardiidae. Lias and Jurassic. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium montignyacum Lorio1 in Loriol & Cotteau, 1867; vol. 21: 557, pI. 7, figs . 11-12. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium montignyacum de Loriol. Portlandien. France (yonne), S05436. montispetrolei (variety). - See under eurydesma montispetrole Androussov, 1923 and 1963 . montonianum (error) . - Printer's mistake for moutonianum in Scott 1978. moquica Nevesskaja, 1986. - Prosodacna moquica Nevesskaja, 1986. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Georgia-Europe. RECORDS . --1986 Nevesskaya el al., p. 191, fig. : Prosodacna (Pachyprionopleura) moquica Nevesskaja, 1986, sp. nov. --1987 ZR: Prosodacna (Pachyprionopleura) moquica Nevesskaja, 1986 sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Pliocene. Ref. to Nevesskaya el al. p. 191. Moquicardium (genus) Ebersin , 1947 . Lymnocardiidae . Tertiary. RECORDS . --1980 Vokes: Moquicardium Ebersin, 1947 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. Moquicardium (subgenus). - Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1958. ZR: (Moquicardium) Eberzin, 1958 subgen . nov. of Limnocardium. Pliocene of the Ponto Caspian basin, Russia. Subgenotype: Limnocardium moquicum Seninsky, 1905. Pliocene. --1966 ZR: (Ecericardium) Pliocene, Rumania, compared with Moquicardium Ebersin [Ref. Schoverth 1966]. --1987 Taktakishvili: (Moquicardium) Ebersin, 1947. moquicum Seninsky, 1905 - Changed combination: Moqui cardium moquicum (Seninsky, 1905) Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. --1932 ZR: Limnocardium moquicum Sen. figd . Pliocene Transcaucasia [Ref. Davidasvili 1930a). "1958 ZR: Limnocardium moquicum Seninsky, 1905. Pliocene of Russia . Subgenotype: of (Moquicardium) Eberzin, 1958. --1977 Popov: Lymnocardium moquicum. --1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium (Moquicardium) moquicum Sen. --1987 Taktakishvili: Moquicardium moquicum . moravica mu/ticostata Ctyroky, 1972. - Limnopagelia moravica mullicoslata Ctyroky, 1972. Cardiacea. Miocene. RECORDS. --1972 ZR: Limnopagetia moravica mullicoslala Ctyroky, 1972. Czechoslovakia. Miocene. moravica Rzehak. - Limnopagetia moravica (Rzehak) . Cardiacea. Miocene. RECORDS. --1963 ZR: Limnopagelia moravica (Rzehak) Miocene, Helvetian; Ulm, Gennany, figd . [Ref. Schlickum 1963]. mordax Solander, 1786. - Nomen nudum. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4159: Cardium mordax Solander, 1786 [no n.] moreauensis Meek & Hayden. - Bucardia? moreauensis Meek & Hayden. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1860 Meek & Hayden: Bucardia? moreauensis Meek & Hayden. moribunda Andrusov. - Didacna moribunda Andrusov. Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1989 Mikhailesku: Didacna moribunda Andrus. morigera Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna morigera Papaianopol, 1989. Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. --1989 Papaianopol, p. 90, fig .: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) morigera sp. nov. morigerus Papaianopol, 1982 . - Pseudocatillus morigerus Papaianopol, 1982. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. --1982 ZR : Pseudocatillus morigerus Papaianopol, 1982 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol el at. p. 143. morii Hayami, 1959. - Protocardia morii Hayami, 1959. Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1960 ZR: Protocardia morii Hayami, 1960 sp. nov. (Wealden) Lower Cretaceous; Nagashioya, Miyagi Prefecture Japan. --1973 Keen: Prolocardia (Brevicardium) morii Hayami, 1959. *morillicum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium morinicum from 2 sources : Sowerby, 1829. - Loriol in Loriol & Pellat, 1867. morillica Sowerby, 1829. - Protocardia morinica (Sowerby, 1829). Cardiidae. Upper Jurassic. RECORDS. --200 I Schneider & Carter: Protocardia morinica (Sowerby, 1829). England. morinicum Loriol in Loriol & Peliat, 1867. - Changed combination: Protocardium morinicum (Loriol in Loriol & Pellat, 1867). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1928 ZR: Protocardium morinicum [Ref. Dutertre 1928]. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium morinicum Loriol in Loriol & Pellat, 1867: vol. 19: 59, pI. 6, figs . 3-5 . morleti Raincourt, 1870. - Changed combination: Orthocardium morleti (Raincourt, 1870). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. --1886 Cossmann: Cardium morleli de Rainc. --1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium{Loxocardium) morleli de Rainc. --1977 Popov: Loxocardium morleli (Rainc). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium morleti Raincourt, 1870; vol. 27 : 630, pI. 14, fig. 8. "1995 Le Renard et at.: Cardium (Orlhocardium) morleti De Raincourt, 1870. --1995 Pacaud & Renard: Cardium (Orlhocardium) morleli. morosa (variety). - See under nalivkini morosa Kolesnikov, 1929. morosani Gillet, 1938. - New combination: Lymno- 634 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) morosanu; chisinau - moskoni cardium morosani (Gillet, 1938). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1939 ZR: Limnocardium morosani Gillet, 1938 sp. n. Sarmatian [Miocene] Roumania. morosanui chisitzau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. Upgraded. Combination to be revised : "Cardium" morosanui chisinau Simionescu & Barbu , 1940 . Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Cardium morosanui n. f. chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 Sarmatian fossil, Rumania. *morriseum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium morriseum from 2 sources: Buvignier, 1852. - Loriol & Cotteau, 1867. morriseum Buvignier, 1852. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" morriseum Buvignier, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium morriseum Buvignier, 1852; atlas p. 16, pI. 20, figs. 42-44 morriseum Loriol & Cotteau, 1867. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" morriseum Loriol & Cotteau, 1867. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium morriseum Loriol & Cotteau, 1867; vol. 21: 552, pI. 7, fig 9 morrisi Palmer, 1973. - Cryptocardia morrisi Palmer, 1973. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1973 ZR: Cryptocardia morrisi Palmer, 1973 sp. nov. Tanzania, Kiswere, Manyuli Stream. Ref. to Palmer, p. 170. mortoni Conrad, 1831. [Figs. Part 1 p. 117, 142, 177, 179). - Changed combination: Laevicardium mortoni (Conrad, 1831). Cardiidae. Miocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Westerly Rhode Island. RECORDS. ··1831 Conrad, 6, p. 259 (pI. 1 figs. 5-7): Cardium mortoni. ··1840 Sowerby, 180 t part, figs. 53-54: Cardium mortoni Conr. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 6, No . 74: Cardium mortoni Conrad. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium mortoni (Sowerby, No. 74). "1841 Gould: Cardium mortoni Conr. ··1843 de Kay : Cardium mortoni Conr. ··1843 Hanley: Cardium mortoni Conr. ··1845 Philippi: Cardium mortoni Conr. ··1845 Reeve, sp. 101: Cardium mortoni Conrad, 1830. ··1846. Conrad: Cardium mortoni Conr. ··1851 Stimpson: Cardium mortoni Conr. ··1860 Stimpson: Liocardium mortoni Con. ··1869 Perkins: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1869 Romer: Cardium mortoni Conr. ··1870 Binney: Liocardium mortoni Conr. "1870 Gould: Liocardium mortoni Conrad 1831 . ··1870 ZR : Liocardium mortoni (Conrad), a sketch of the living animal [Ref. Gould 1870]. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium mortoni Conrad [admitted under Serripes by Romer]. ··1872 Tryon: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1873 Verrill: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1883 Dall: Cardium mortoni Say sic. ··1884 Grasset: Laevicardium mortoni. Conr. ··1889 Dall: Liocardium mortoni Conrad [Po Pliocene]. ··1890 Paetel : Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1900 Dall: Cardium mortoni Conr. ··1902 Dal1: Cardium (Laevicardium) mortoni Conrad, 1830 [Miocene to Recent]. ··1908 Weeks: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1912 Aller: Cardium (Laevicardium) mortoni Conr. ··1915 Johnson: Cardium mortoni Conr. "1916 Thiele: Cardium mortoni Conr. ··1921 Jacot : Cardium (Laevicardium) mortoni Conr. ··1921 Maury: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1921 Nylander: Liocardium mortoni Conr. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. k 4169: Cardium mortoni Conrad, 1831. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4169: Cardium mortoni Conrad, 1846. ··1924 Jacot: Cardium (Laevicardium) mortoni Conr. ··1934 Johnson: Laevicardium mortoni Conrad 1830. ··1936 McLean: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1936 Pearse: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1937 Smith; M.: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1939 McLean: Laevicardium mortoni (Conrad, 1830). ··1939 ZR: Laevicardium mortoni [Ref. McLean 1939]. "1940 Smith, M.: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1940 Stenzel: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1921 Maury: Cardium (Laevi ca rdium) mortoni Conrad, 1830. ··1944 Hackney: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1944 Clench & Smith: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1944 ZR: Laevicardium mortoni Conrad [Ref. Clench & Smith. 1944]. ··1947 Aguayo & Jaume: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1949 Morretes: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1950 Baker: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1953 La Rocque: Laevicardium mortoni Conrad 1831. ··1954 Abbott: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1955 Perry & Schwengel: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1956 Morris: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1959 NowellUsticke: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. "1961 Tabb & Manning: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1961 Jacobson & Emerson: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1961 Moore: Laevicardium mortoni. ··1961 Weber: Laevicardium mortoni. ··1963 ZR: Laevicardium mortoni rearing, [Ref. Loosanoff & Davis 1963]. ··1964 Shikama : Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1966 ZR : Laevicardium mortoni, dimensions and shape oflarvae [Ref. Loosanoff et al. 1966]. ··1968 Abbott: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1971 Andrews: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. "1972 Porter & Tyler: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1974 Porter: Laevicardium mortoni Conr. ··1974 Abbott: Laevicardium mortoni (Conrad, 1830). ··1977 FischerPiette: Laevicardium mortoni Conrad. ··1984 ZR: Laevicardium mortoni. Palaeoecology. Ref. to Powell et al. ··1997 Shelton: Laevicardium mortoni (Conrad, 1830). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS . ··ZMUC: Stimpson and Cuming coil. Sanibel Island, Florida. ··ZMUC wet collection. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell somewhat obliquely ovate, rather thin, smooth, whitish, very slightly eroded, covered towards the margins with a yellowish-brown epidermis; interior yellowish. DIMENSIONS . ··1977 Fischer-Piette: normally length smaller than 25 mm; max. length 28 mm, width 27 mm, diameter 19 mm. REMARKS. ··1841 Sowerby, p. 6, No. 74: C. mortoni is more rounded than C. elenensis, and nearly equilateral. ··1845 Reeve: a thin opaque white shell, slightly eroded towards the umbones, and covered with a yellowishbrown epidermis towards the margins . HABITAT. Intertidal. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: USA. ··1884 Grasset: N. York. ··1939 McLean: Nova Scotia to Guatemala. ··ZMUC: Rhode Island, Florida. mosense Buvignier, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" mosense Buvignier, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium mosense Buvignier, 1852; atlas p. 16, pI. 13, figs. 21-22. moskoni Papaianopol, 1982. - Euxinicardium moskoni (Papaianopol, 1982). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Ponti en et Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1982 Papaianopol, p. 199, fig.: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 635 motasi - mucronatum Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) moskoni sp. nov. --1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium moskoni Papaian. *motasi. - Homonymy to be noticed. Lymnocardium motasi from 3 sources: Eberzin, 1965. - Schoverth, 1966. - Andreescu, 1971. - REMARKS. I do not know how L. motasi Eberzin, 1965 compares with L. motasi Schoverth, 1966. motasi Andreescu, 1971. - Euxinicardium motasi (Andreescu, 1971). Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. REcORDs. "1971 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) motasi Andreescu, 1971 sp. nov. Pleistocene RimnicuSarat Valley, Dumitresti, Romania. --1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium motasi (Andreescu). REMARKS. E. motasi in Taktakishvili (p. 47, 1987) is placed in the subgenus Ecericardium. The meaning of genus "E." is not specified. In the Zoological Record Andreescu is shown 3 times as author of a species called Limnocardium (Euxinocardium sic) motasi: --1972 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinocardium sic) motasiAndreescu, 1972 sp. nov. Romania. Pleistocene. --1975 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) motasi Andreescu, 1975 sp. nov. Romania, Vrancea district. Pleistocene. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 116. motasi Eberzin, 1965. - New combination: Lymnocardium motasi (Eberzin, 1965). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1965 ZR: Limnocardium (Ecericardium) motasi Eberzin, 1965 sp. nov. Pliocene, Roumania. motasi Papaianopol, 1982. - Pseudocatillus motasi Papaianopol, 1982. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. --1982 Papaianopol, p. 63, fig.: Pseudocatillus motasi sp. nov. --1987 ZR: Pseudocatillus motasi sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol p. 63. motasi Schoverth, 1966. - New combination: Lymnocardium motasi Schoverth, 1966. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1966 ZR: Limnocardium (Ecericardium) motasi Schoverth, 1966 sp. nov. Pliocene, Rumania. motasi Schoverth, 1966. - See under motasi Eberzin, 1965. motasii Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna motasii Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1989 Papaianopol, p. 64, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) motasii sp. nov. moustrosum (error). - Printer's mistake for monstrosum in Popov 1977. moutai Rennie, 1945. - Protocardia moutai Rennie, 1945. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1953 ZR: Proto cardia moutai Rennie, 1945 sp. nov. Upper Cretaceous Angola. moutoni d'Orbigny. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" moutoni d'Orbigny. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium moutoni d'Orbigny. Senonien. France (Charente), S08815. moutonianum Orbigny, 1844. - Changed combination: Granocardium moutonianum (d'Orbigny, 1844). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REMARKS. Scott (1978) has spelled the species moutonianum (p. 897) and montonianum (p. 899). RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium moutonianum d'Orbigny. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4174: Cardium moutonianum d'Orbigny, 1844. --1978 Scott: Granocardium moutonianum (d'Orbigny). --1998 Schneider: Cardium moutonianum Orbigny, 1844 in genus Granocardium by Gabb (1869). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium moutonianum d'Orbigny. Cenomanian. France Ｈａｬｰ･ｾ＠ Maritimes). "1998 Schneider: Cardium moutonianum Orbigny, 1844. Granocardium moutonianum (Orbigny 1844). mozambensis Gliozzi & Malatesta, 1983. - Acanthocardia mozambensis Gliozzi & Malatesta, 1983. Cardiidae. Paleocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin del Rio Massintonto, Maputo, Mozambique, Africa. RECORDS. "1983 Gliozzi & Malatesta, p. 98, pI. 5, figs. 1-2 Acanthocardia mozambensis n. sp. mrazeci Pauliuc, 1969. Parvidacna mrazeci Pauliuc. 1969. Lymnocardiidae. Dacian. RECORDS. "1969 ZR Parvidacna mrazeci Pauliuc, 1969 sp. nov. Dacian, Plojesti region, Pepelea-Soimari, Romania mrazeci Teiss. - "Prosodacna" mrazeci Teiss. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili "Prosodacna" mrazeci Teiss. mucronata (mode). - See under mucronatum Poli, 1791 mucronata Pantanelli, 1893 (variety). - Identical with Acanthocardia paucicostata bianconiana (Cocconi 1873). » Regarding Cardium mucronata var Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1899 Sacco: Cardium mucronata L. var. Pantanelli 1893 = Cardium paucicostatum var. bianconiana Cocconi 1873. mucronatum Gmelin, 1791 [err. pro Poli, 1791). RECORDS. --1890 Paetel: Cardium mucronatum Gm. = echinatum L. mucronatum Poli, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 82, 83]. Proposed synonym of Acanthocardia echinata (Linne. 1758). » Regarding Cardium mucronatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1791 Poli, I, p. 59 (pI. 17, figs. 78): Cardium mucronatum. "1829 Costa: Lamarck considered C. mucronatum a variety of C. echinatum. --1836 Philippi: Cardium mucronatum Poli t. 17. figs. 7-8, bene, = Cardium echinatum L. --1836 Scacchi Cardium mucronatum Poli. --1844 Reeve, according to index: Cardium mucronatum Poli, 1791 = Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). "1850 Jay Cardium mucronatum Poli = Cardium echinatum Linn. "1856 Wood & Hanley: C. mucronatum Poli, Sic. pL 17, f. 7,8 = Cardium echinatum Lin. "1859 Sowerby: C. mucronatum = Cardium echinatum Linn. --1867 Weinkauff: Cardium mucronatum Poli = Cardium echinatum Linne. --1867 ZR: Cardium mucronatum (Poli) is distinguished from echinatum (L.), with which it had been identified by Philippi and Weinkauff [Ref Hidalgo 1867]. "1878 Monterosato: C. mucronatum Poli = Cardium echinatum. --1884 Monterosato Acanthocardia mucronata Poli (Cardium) = C echinatum (non L.) Payr., Ph., Req., Weink. "1890 Hidalgo: Cardium mucronatum Poli [not considered:1 synonym of Cardium echinatum]. "1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium mucronatum Poli, 1791. --1902 Sherborn, p. 633: Cardium mucronatum Poli, 1795. "1902 Sherborn, p. 633: Cerastoderma (L.) mucronatum Poli, 1795. - Cardium mucronatum "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium mucronatum Po Ii 1791 = Cardium (Acanthocardia) echinatum 636 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) mueronatum deshayesii - multieostatum mioangulata Lilme. --1892 B. D. & D.: Cardium mueranatum Poli. 1791 = Cardium eehinatum Linne. "1892 Locard: Cardium mueranatum Poii, 1791. "1937 Coen : Cerastaderma (Aeanthaeardia) mueranatum Poli. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium mueranatum Poli = Cardium eehinatum Linne. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - O F COLLECTIO NS. --ZMUC: I specimen (from Monterosato) Palermo, Mediterranean. HABITAT. --1900 Locard & Caziot: to a depth of 70 m. DISTRIBUTION. "1844 Reeve: Seas of Europe. "1969 Nordsieck: Mediterranean, Atlantic, rare. --ZMUC: West Emope, Mediterranean. mucronatum deshayesii Payr. (variety). - Synonym of Aeanthaeardia eehinatum . » Regarding Cardium mueranatum var. deshayesii: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. --1878 Monterosato: C. mueranatum Poli var. deshayesii Payr. = Cardium eehinatum . mueronatum hirtissimum Coen, 1941 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium mueranatum var. hirtissimum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1948 ZR : Cardium (A eanlhaeardia) mueranatum var. hirtissimum Coen, 1941 nov. Spezia. . mucronatum submutieum Coen, 1941 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium mueranatum var. submutieum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1941 ZR: Cardium (Aeanthaeardia) mueranatum var. submuticum Coen, 1941 nov. Spezia. mudjirii (variety).- See under Jraternum mud)irii var. KharatishviJi, 1958. multieosta (variety).- See under mayeri mullieasla. multieostata (Cardiidae) multieostata Tashiro & Kozai, 1988. - Granaeardium? mu/lieaslata Tashiro & Kozai , 1988. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Monobegawa Group, Japan. RECORDS . .. 1988 Tashiro & Kozai , p . 58 , fig .: Granaeardium? multieas/ala sp. nov. multicostata (Lymnocardiidae) multieostata - Phaladamya multieasata . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1842 Agassiz: Phaladamya multieastata . mu/ticostata (variety).- See under eaueasiea mullieastata var. Androussov, 1923. multicostata Papaianopol, 1972. - P/agiadaena mu/tieostala Papaianopol, 1972. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1972 ZR: Plagiodacna mu/tieostala Papaianopol, 1972 sp. nov. Romania. Pliocene. *multieostatllm. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium multieostalum from 3 somces: Brocchi, 1814. - Philips, 1829. - Goldfuss, 1840. multicostatum Brocchi, 1814. [Figs. Part I p. 94] . Changed combination: Eurapieardillm mll/lieostatum (Brocchi, 1814). Cardiidae. Oligocene and Pliocene. RECORDS. "1814 Brocchi: Cardillm mullieaslalum. "1832 Deshayes: Cardium mllllieaslatllm Brocchi. --1835 Lamarck: Cardium mllllieastatum Broch. --1836 Philippi: Cardium mullieaslatum Broc. --1844 Philippi: Cardium mllllieasialum Broc. --1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium mullieaslalum Brocc. "1857 Deshayes: Cardillm multieaslatum Brocchi, 1813 sic. --1864 Mayer: Cardium multieaSlalum. Brocchi. --1886 DoJlfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium (Traehyeardium) mullieaslalum Brocchi. "1899 Sacco: Cardium multieaslatllm Brocchi 1814 changed comb . Traehyeardium mullieaslalum. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4185: Cardium multieastatum Brocchi, 1814. "1952 Lecointre: Cardillm (La evieardium) mullieaslalum Brocchi, 1814. --1970 Glibert & Poe1 : Traehyeardium (Dalloeardia) mullieostatum mullieaslatum (Brocchi, 1814). "1977 Popov : Bueardium (Europieardium) mullieaslatum (Brocchi, 1814). "1977 ZR: Cardium multieastalum Brocchi, 1841 sic. Designated type species for new subgenus Bueardium (Eurapieardium) Ref to Popov p. 44. --1977 ZR: Bueardium (Eurapieardium) mu/tieostalum Brocchi, 1814 Comb. nov. Transferred from Traehyeardium. Ref. to Bucardium (Eurapieardium). [Ref. Popov p. 44]. --1983 Anaya: Traehyeardium (Dallaeardia) multieaslatum (Brocchi, 1814). "1998 Schneider: Eurapieardium mullieastatum (Brocchi, 1814). --1999 Vidal: Cardium mu!tieaslalum Brocchi, 1843 . The European Neogene. "1999 Vidal : cites Brocchi 1843, p. 313: Cardium mullieOSlatum . "1999 Vidal: cites Cossmann & Peyrot 1911 , p . 473: Cardium (Traehyeardium) multieaslatum (Brocchi). --1999 Vidal: cites Popov 1977 : Europieardium mullieaslatum(Brocchi). --1999 Vidal : cites Rossi Ronchetti 1952, p. 70: Laevicardium (Trachyeardium) mu/tieoslalum (Brocchi). --1999 Vidal: cites Sacco 1899, p. 41: Trachyeardium multieaslalum (Brocchi) has affinities with Traehyeardium muriealum and Traehyeardium fimbrialum (Wood, 1815). --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium mu/tieoslatum Brocchi. Germany; France ; Spain ; Turkey; Italy; Morocco; Algeria. --2002 Schneider: Europieardium mu/tieostatum (Brocchi, 1814). muItieostatum Goldfuss, 1840. - Replaced by Cardium quadratum Deshayes . » Regarding Cardium mu/tieaslatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium multieastatum Goldfuss, 1840C. quadratum Desh. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4185: Cardium mu/lieoslatum Goldfuss [non Phillips], l837 . multicostatum Philips, 1829. - Replaced by Cardium submu/licaslatum Orbigny. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium eingulalum Goldfuss, 1840. » Regarding Cardium mullieoslalllm: Cardiidae. Fossil. Figured. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium multieaslalum Philips, 1829 - C. submullieaslalum d'Orb. "1886 Vincent: Cardium mullieaslatum Phil. non Braun = Cardium eingulatum Go1dfuss , 1840 . --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4185 : Cardium multieoslalum Phillips, 1829 [no et fl. "1947 ZR: Cardium multieaslalum. Bean MS., J. Phillips [Ref. Melmore 1947] . multicostatllm A Basterot (variety) . - ? = Cardium tenuisu/eatum Nyst. RECORDS ... 1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium mu/lieaslalum var A, Basterot and Cardium tenuisuleatum Nyst are close. multicostatum mioangulata Sacco, 1899 (variety). Synonym of Traehyeardium multicaslatum (Brocchi, 1814).» Regarding Traehyeardium mullieaslalum var. mioangulata: Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. --1899 Sacco, p. 42, pI. 10, fig. 6: Traehyeardium mullieostatum var. miaangulata Sacco --1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium mullieaslalum var. mioangulala Sacco = Cardium (Traehyeardium) multieoslatum Brocchi, 1814. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 637 multieostatum mioangulata - multipunetatum multieostatum mioangu/ata Sacco, 1899 (variety). Upgraded. Traehyeardium multieostatum miaangulata (Sacco, 1899). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco p. 42, pI. 10, fig. 6: Traehyeardium multieastatum var. mioangulata. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg, p. 318: Traehyeardium multieostatum var. miaangulata. multieostatum mioeaudata Sacco, 1899 (variety). Upgraded. Traehyeardium multieostalum mioeaudata (Sacco, 1899). Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS ... 1899 Sacco p. 42, pI. 10, fig. 5: Traehyeardium multieostatum var. mioeaudata Sacco··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg, p. 318: Cardium multieostatum var. mioeordata [err. pro. miaeaudata] Sacco, 1899 multieostatum miorotundata Sacco, 1899 (variety). Traehyeardium multieostatum rotundatum (Sacco, 1899). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco, p. 42, pI. 10, figs. 3,4: Traehyeardium multieostatum var. miaratundata Sacco··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg, p. 318: Cardium multieostatum var. miorotundata Sacco. ··1970 Glibert & Poel : Traehyeardium (Dalloeardia) multicastatum miarotundatum (Sacco, 1899). multieostatum pedemontana Sacco (variety) . Upgraded . New combination : Tra ehy eardium multicastatum pedemontana (Sacco). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium multicastatum var. pedemontana Sacco. mu/tieostula Vokes 1977 - Papyridea multieostula Vokes, 1977. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1977 Vokes, p. 169, pI. 4, figs . 1-3, pI. 9, fig. 5: Papyridea multieastula H. E. Vokes n. sp. ··1977 ZR : Papyridea multicastula Vokes, 1977 sp. nov. Florida. Ref to Vokes p. 169, fig'd . multi/asciata (variety). - See under tuberculatum var. multi/asciata Brusina, 1865. multilamellosa Talent, 1956 - Cyprieardinia multilamellasa Talent, 1956. ?Cardiacea. Devonian. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Cypricardinia multi/amellosa Talent, 1956 sp . nov. Devonian, Buchan Caves limestone, Victoria, Australia. multilineata Shumard. - Nomen nudum. Unintentional emendation of Pratacardia multistriata . Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1986 Scott: Protoeardia multilineata in Stanton (1905) and Bullard (1928) unintentional emendation of Pratacardia multistriata. ··1987 ZR: Pratacardia multilineata Shumard. Nomen nudum. Ref. to Scott p. 1193. multilineatum (subspecies and variety). - See under serratum multilineatum Dal1 & Simpson 1902 . laevigatum multilineatum (Dal1 & Simpson). multilineatum Dall & Simpson, 1902. - Synonym of Laevicardium pristis (Valenciennes, 1827). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium brasilianum (Lamarck). Laevicardium glabratum (Romer, 1869) = Laevicardium pristis. » Regarding Laevicardium multilineatum: Cardiidae. Pleistocene. Type specimen not known. RECORDS. ··1958 Abbott: Laevicardium multilineatum Dall and Simpson 1901. .. 1969 Work: Laevicardium multilineatum (Da11 & Simpson, 1901) = Laevicardium glabratum (Romer, 1869). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium multilineatum Da11 & Simpson = Laevicardium brasilianum Lamarck. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico (McLean 1939). multintermedia Andrussov, 1924. - Didacna multintermedia Andrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Didacna multintermedia Andrussov, 1924 sp . n. Pleistocene. ··1963 ZR: Didacna multintermedia Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. multiplieata/-um (variety) . - See under tuberculatum var. multiplicata Coen, 1933 . - tuberculatum multiplicatum Coen, 1937. multipunetatum Sowerby, 1834. [Figs. Part I p. 108, 124, 177. Part 2 inside of front cover] . - Changed combination: Laevicardium multipunctatum (Sowerby, 1834) . Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. China (Sowerby 1841); 'ad littora Chinae' (coast of China) (Higo et al. 1999). RECORDS. ··1833 Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, p. ｾＴＺ＠ Cardium multipunctatum . ··1834 Sowerby, 48 t part, fig. 14 : Cardium multipunctatum nobis. ··1839 Anton : Cardium multipunctatum Sowerby. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 6, No. 70: Cardium multipunctatum Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium multipunctatum (Sowerby No. 70) . "1841 Reeve, p.99: Cardium multipunctatum Sow. ··1843 Hanley: Cardium multipunctatum Sow. "1844 Reeve, sp. 7: Cardium mu{tipullctatum Sowerby, Pro. Zoo!. Soc., 1833 . ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium multipunctatum, Sow. ··1869 Romer: Cardium multipullctatum Sow. ··1869 Frauenfeld: Laevicardium multipullctatum Sow. ··1872 Tryon: Laevicardium multipullctatum Sow. "1884 Grasset: Laevicardium multipunctatum. Sow. "1890 Paetel: Laevicardium multipunctatum Sow. ··1891 Romer: Laevicardium L. multipuncta tum Sow. ··1896 Elera: Laevieardium multipunetatum Sow. ··1903 Hidalgo: Laevieardium multipunelatum Sow. ··1905 Hidalgo: Hemieardium multipunetatum Sow. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4191: Cardium multipulletatum Sowerby, 1833. ··1928 Faustino: Cardium (Laevieardium) multipunetatum Sowerby. ··1946 Abrard : Cardium (Laevieardium) multipunetatum Sowerby. ··1952 Dawydoff: Laevieardium multipUlletatum Sowerby. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium multipunetatum Sowerby. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Laevieardium multipunetatum (Sowerby, 1838). ··1977 Popov: Laevieardium multipunetatum (Sowerby). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium multipunetatum Sowerby, 1838. ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Diseors multipunetatum . ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead : Laevieardium multipunetatum. ··1999 Higo et al.: Diseors multipunetatum (Sowerby, 1833). ··2000 Lutaenko : Diseors multipunetatum (Sowerby, 1833) . ··2000 Lutaenko , p. 372: Disears multipunetatum (Sowerby, 1833). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn , p. 183 : Laevieardium multipun etatum (Sowerby, 1834). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIP-TIONS. ··1844 Reeve : shell oqlongovate, oblique, rather depressed, thin, smooth, polished, engraved with very close radiating impressed striae; reddish fulvous, stained with bright red on the posterior side, painted all over with red dots, interior yellowish red. HABITAT. ··1999 Higo et al.: intertidal to 50 m, sand DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Philippines, China. "1884 Grasset: China. "1891 Romer: China. "1869 Frauenfeld: Nicobar Islands. ··1896 Elera: Hong Kong. ··1994 Hylleberg: South West Pacific to the East Indies. 638 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) multiradiatum - multispinosulII ··1999 Higo et af.: Amami islands and southwards, South China Sea, tropical Pacific. ··2003 Hylieberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. ··ZMUC: Japan. *lIIultiradiatulII. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium multiradiatum from 2 sources: Sowerby, 1846. - Gabb, 1860. multiradiatulll Gabb, 1860. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" multiradiatum . Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From North America . RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium multiradialum (Acanthocardium sic). Referred to by Meek. 1864. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium multiradiatum Gabb, 1860; vol. 4: 395 , pI. 68. Fig. 29. multiradiatum Sowerby, 1846. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" multiradiatum Sowerby in Darwin, 1846. Cardiidae . Tertiary. RE CO RDS . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4192: Cardium multiradiatum Sowerby in Darwin, 1846 . ··2002 Schneider: Cardium multiradiatum Sowerby, 1846. Tertiary sediments in Patagonia. multispinosum Sowerby, 1838. [Figs. Part I p. 113, 125, 174. Part 3 p. 886]. - Changed combination: Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1838). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. ··1840 Sowerby: Mindanao, the Philippines. TYPE MATERIAL. ··2000 Vidal: lectotype selected by Wilson & Stevenson, 1977 plus two paralectotypes, all paired-valve specimens from Mindanao and Cebu, Philippines in The Natural History Cuming Museum, London: BMNH Reg. 1973.1 ｏｾＬ＠ collection. RECORDS. ··1838 Sowerby, 150 t part, figs. 38a, 38b: Cardium multispinosum nobis. ··1840 Sowerby, p.l 06: Cardium multispinosum. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 3, No. 35: Cardium multispinosum. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium multispinosum (Sowerby, No. 35). ··1844 Reeve, sp. 10: Cardium multispinosum (see remarks below). ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Isocardia) multispinosum Sow. ··1869 Romer: Cardium (Pectun c ulus) multispinosum. ··1 877 Angas: Cardium (Acanthocardia) multispinosum Sow. ··1 885 Smith: Cardium (Bucardiwn) multispinosum Sowerby. 1840. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium multispinosum Sow. ··189 I Romer: Acanthocardia multispinosum Sow. •• 1909 Lynge: Cardium (Bucardium ) multispinosum. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4192: Cardium multispinosum Sowerby, 1841. ··193 2 Prashad: Cardium (Ringi-cardium) multispinosum . ··1961 Rippingale & MacMichael : multispinosum = Vepricardium pulchricostatum Iredale. ·· 1964 Shikama: Cardium (Vepricardium) multispinosum (Sowerby) . ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Vepricardium) multispinosum Sowerby. ··1977 Popov: Bucardium (Vepricardium) multispinosum (Sowerby). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1838). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium multispinosum Sowerby, 1838; senior synonym of Vepricardium pulchricostatum Iredale, 1929. ··1978 ZR: Cardium multispinosum Sowerby, 1838. Lectotype designated. Ref. to Wilson et al. p. 33 . ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Trachycardium multispinosum. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Vepricardium multispinosum. ··1994 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby). ··1995 Chung- Hung & Hsi-Jen: Trachycardium multispinosum (Sowerby) . ··1997 Nguyen et al. : Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby). ··1999 Aungtonya et af. , PMBC-SP 19(2): 378: Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1841). ··1999 Higo et at.: Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1841) = V. pulchricostatum Iredale, 1929. ··2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1838). ··2000 Lutaenko: Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1841). ·· 2000 Lutaenko, p . 372 : Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1841). ··2000 Vidal, p. 458, Fig. 6: Vepricardium multi-spinosum. ··2000 Vidal, p . 456: Misidentification: V. multispinosum (Springsteen & Leobrera, J986 : pI. 87, fig . J 3). = Vepricardium incarnatum (Reeve, 1844) ··2000 Vidal , p . 456: Misidentification: V. multispinosum (Voskuil and Onverwagt, 1988: 88). = Vepricardium incarnatum (Reeve, 1844) ··200 I Vidal, p. 407 : Vepricardium multispinosum. ··2002 Schneider: Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1834). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 185, Plate 5, fig. 20: Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1838). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: one specimen from Manila, the Philippines. ··ZMUC: China, Gulf of Thailand, 6 fv, sandy clay, 15 fv, mud. ··ZMUC Moluques !eve Antqa ?? China: ?multispinosum. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: shell rounded, ventricose, thin, slightly gaping posteriorly, pale yellow, rose towards margins, inside white; 33 smooth ribs, angulated from both sides, numerous pointed spines, interstices granulated, elongated towards the margin; dorsal margin inflated [I have translated from Latin]. ··1844 Reeve: Shell rounded, ventricose, radiately ribbed, about 33 ribs, sharply angled on both sides, armed with short spines; flesh-tinted white, palely stained here and there with pink, interstices between the ribs sometimes brown, spines white; interior white, radiately symmetrically grooved . ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. DIMENS IONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. 2.10 poll. (length 53 mm), lat. 1.70 poll. (width 43 mm), alt. 2.20 poll (height 56 mm) . REMARKS. ··1840 Sowerby: in shape and general appearance, the shell resembles C. asiaticum, but it differs in having small spines on the ribs instead of the fringe . REMAR KS. ··1 844: Reeve did not indicate authorship in the text for Plate fig . 10. I therefore assumed Reeve to be the author and put that in my text to figure 10, shown in Part I page 125. However, in the index to Cardium Reeve referred to Sowerby as the author of Cardium multispinosum. ··2000: Vidal found that all authors subsequent to Iredale have concluded that V. pulchricostatum is a synonym of V. multispinosum. He has examined numerous specimens of V. pulchricostatum from Queensland . They are generally larger, heavier, and with more ribs than V. multispinosum. However, additional and well-defined differences could not be found to justify a specific separation of V. multispinosum from its synonym. Generally speaking V. multispirlOsum seems to have more variable characters than the other species of the genus. HABITAT. ··1840 Sowerby: sandy mud, at 25 fathoms. ··ZMUC: sandy clay, mud 12-30 m depth. ··1999 Higo et al.: 10-100 m, sand and mud. DISTRIBUTION. ··1 884 Grasset: China. ··1891 Romer: East Indies. ··1 994 Hylleberg: Indo-West Pacific. ··1999 Higo et al.: East China Sea; n Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 639 multispinosum beta - multistriatum Taiwan and southwards, South China Sea, Hong Kong, Hainan, Thailand, Australia. 001999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. 002000 Vidal: South China, Vietnam, Philippines, Papua, north Australia. 002000 Lutaenko and 002003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. ooZMUC : Moluccas, Philippines, China, Gulf of Thailand. multispinosum beta Sowerby, 1840 (variety). - New combination: Vepricardium multispinosum var. (Sowerby, 1840). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. lsI. of Mindanao & Zebu, Philippines (Reeve 1844). RECORDS. 001840 Sowerby: Cardium multispinosum var. beta. mUltispinosum beta Reeve, 1844 (variety). -Cardium multispinosum var. beta. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001844 Reeve : Cardium multispinosum Variety beta. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION. Shell larger, from 24 to 28 wider ribs. The ribs of this beautiful species are peculiar in being quite undergrooved, as it were, on each side. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. 001844 Reeve: Islands of Mindanao and Zebu, Philippines (found in sandy mud at low water, and at the depth of from 6 to 25 fathoms). multisquamatum Deshayes, 1858. - Changed combination : Loxocardium multisquamatum (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. 001886 Cossmann: Cardium multisquamatum Desh. 001904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Loxocardium) multisquamatum Deshayes. 001970 Glibert & Poel: Loxocardium multisquamatum (Deshayes, 1858). 001970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Loxocardium) multisquamatum in Cossmann & Pissarro (1903-1905) = Cardium plagiomorphum Bois-Gouet (Glibert & Poel 1970). 001977 Popov: Loxo cardium multisquamatum (Deshayes, 1858). 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium multisquamatum Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865] vol. I: 565, pI. 84 [sic = 54], figs . 12-14. 00 1995 LeRenard et al . .' Loxocardium multisquamatum [Cardium multisquamatum] Deshayes, 1858. 001995 Pacaud & Renard: Loxocardium multisquamatum. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com .) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Lutetien. Loxocardium multisquama/um Deshayes. France (Bassin de Paris). multistriata Rouss. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra multistriata (Rouss.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001932 ZR: Didacna multistriata [Ref. Davidasvili 1932b] . 001964 ZR: Didacna multistriata phylogenetic development of group [Ref. Akhvlediani 1964]. 001967 ZR: Didacna mliitistriata, phylogenetic development of the group in Cenozoic, Georgia, SSR [Ref. Akhvledianai 1967]. 001987 Taktakishvili: Didacna multistriata (Rouss.). 001987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra multistriata (Rouss.). *multistriatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium multistriatum from 3 sources: Sowerby, 1833. Shumard, 1853. - Conrad, 1857. multistriatum Conrad, 1857. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" multis/riatum Conrad, 1857. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium multistriatum Conrad, 1857; p. 149, pI. 6, figs. 4 a-c. multistriatum Shumard, 1853. - Changed combination: Protocardia multistriata (Shumard, 1853). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY . From North America . RECORDS. 001871 Stoliczka: Cardium multistriatum (Protocardium) (Referred to by Meek 1864). 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium multistriatum Shumard, 1853; p. 207, pI. 4, fig. 2. 001986 Scott: Cardium multistriatllm Shumard, 1854. 001986 Scott: Cardium multistriatum Shumard, 1854 = Protocardia multistriata (Shumard, 1854). 001987 ZR: Cardium multistriatum Shumard, 1854 Neotype designated Ref. to Scott p. 1193. 001987 ZR: Protocardia multistriata (Shumard, 1854) Senior synonym of P granuli/era (Gabb, 1869). Ref. to Scott p.1195. multistriatulII Sowerby, 1833. [Figs. Part 1 p. 119]. Synonym of Acrosterigma maculosum (Wood, 1815). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium enode. - Not a synonym of Cardium en ode. » Regarding C. multistriatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. 001840 Sowerby: St. Elena . RECORDS . 001833 ｓｯｷ･ｲｾｹＺ＠ Cardium multistriatum . 001840 Sowerby, 182 n part, fig . 59: Cardium multistriatum . 001840 Sowerby, p. 4, No. 47: Cardium multistriatum Sow. 001840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium multistriatum (Sowerby, No. 47). 001845 Reeve: Cardium multistriatum Sowerby, 1833 = Cardium maculosum Wood, 1815. 001846 Orbigny: Cardium multistriatum Sow. 1833 = Cardium maculosum Wood , 1825. 001850 Jay: Cardium multistriatum Sowb. = Cardium maculosum Wood. 001854 Gray: Cardium multistriatum Sow = Cardium maculosum Wood. 001884 Grasset: Cardium multistriatum Sow. 001890 Paetel: Cardium multistriatum Sow. 001901 Dall: Cardium multistriatum Sowerby, 1833 = Cardium maculosum Wood, 1815. 001903 Hidalgo: Cardium multistriatum Sowerby (fig. 59) = Cardium maculosum Wood (fig. 3). 001922-32 Sherborn, p; 4193 : Cardium multistriatum Sowerby, 1833. 001977 Fischer-Piette, p. 173 : Cardium multistriatum Sowerby. 001977 Fischer-Piette, p. 59: Cardium multistriatum Sowerby = Cardium enode Sowerby. 001993 Vidal : Cardium multistriatum. 001999 Vidal: Cardium multistriatum Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833: 85 = Cardium maculosum Wood, 1815. 001999 Vidal : Cardium multistriatum in Sowerby 1841: Sp. 47, fig. 59 = Cardium maculosum Wood, 1815. 002002 Schneider: Cardium multistriatum Sowerby, 1833. Originally described from Recent shells from the Pacific coast of South America. 002003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: C. multistriatum Syn. of Acrosterigma maculosum according to 1. Vidal. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. 001993: Vidal stated that Cardium multistriatum is not synonym of Cardium enode as suggested by Fischer-Piette. DISTRIBUTION. 001845 Reeve: St. Elena, W. Columbia. 001884 Grasset: Sri Lanka. *multisulcatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium multisulcatum from 2 sources: Borson, 1825. Hisinger, 1841. multisulcatum Borson 1825. - Synonym of Trachycardium multicostatum (Br.). » Regarding Cardium multisulcatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001899 Sacco: Cardium multisulcatum Borson 1825 = Trachycardium multicostatum (Br.). multisulcatum Hisinger, 1841 . - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" multisulcatum Hisinger, 1841 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 4194: Cardium multisulcatum Risinger, 1841. 640 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) multizonatum - muricatulum multizonatum Brusina. - Synonym of Acanthocardia tuberculatum(Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium multizonata: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1933 Coen: Cardium multizonata Brusina = Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. zonata Monterosato. "1937 Coen: multizonatum Brusina = Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tubercula tum zona tum Monterosato. mundum Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part 1 p. 145. Part 3 p. 906,931]. - Changed combination: Fragum mundum (Reeve, 1845). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 5 syntypes. 1978 138. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. Lord Hood's Island, Pacific Ocean. REcoRDs. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium mundum . ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458 : Hemicardia (Fragum) munda, Reeve. ··1890 Paetel: Hemicardium mundum Rv. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4195: Cardium mundum Reeve, 1845. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Corculum mundum (Reeve). ··1954 Kira: Fragum mundum (Reeve). ··1960 Kuroda: Fragum mundum (Reeve). ··1962 Kira: Fragum mundum. "1977 Popov: Fragum (Fragum) mundum (Reeve). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Fragum) mundum. ··1979 Kay: Fragum (Fragum) mundum (Reeve, 1845). ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Fragum mundum (Reeve, 1845). Harbours photosymbiotic dinoflagellates. ··1999 Higo et al.: Fragum mundum (Reeve, 1845). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell triangularly cordate, gibbous, posteriorly flatly depressed, radiately flatly ridged, middle and anterior ridges minutely muricated; white, posterior area flaked with opaque white spots. ··1979 Kay: shell trapezoidal, solid; equivalve; umbonal angle high and sharp, posterior side flattened and the margin toothed; with sharp somewhat scaly radiating cords. Hinge: with two cardinals approximating each other in a V-shape and two erect laterals . Sculpture : prodissoconch smooth; remainder of valves with flattopped ribs which are rectangular in cross section, the interspaces subequal and deep ; interspaces with concentric threads and the ribs on the posterior surface with a periostracal layer of imbricated scales. Color: white or yellow. DIMENSIONS. ··1979 Kay: height, 10 mm; length, 7 mm; diameter (single valve), 8 mm. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: a neat little species, allied in form to the Cardium fragum, of which Mr. Cuming collected several specimens at the above named island. "1979 Kay: allied in form to Fragumfragum (Linne, 1758), Fragum carinata Lynge, 1909 and Fragum thurstoni Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938. The Hawaiian shells are not distinguishable from Reeve's (1845) types of the widespread Indo-West Pacific species. HABITAT. "1845 Reeve: found among coral sand. "1979 Kay: these bivalves are common in shallow water, occurring singly nestling in the algal-sand mat of tide pools and shoreward on fringing reefs. ··1999 Higo et al.: intertidal to 20 m, sand. DISTRlBUTION. "1845 Reeve: Lord Hood's lsI. Pacific Ocean. ··1994 Hylleberg: West Pacific-Hawaii. ··1999 Higo et al.: Amami islands and southwards, East China Sea, South China Sea, southern Pacific, Hawaii . munieri Chavan, 1941. - Combination to be revised: "Trachycardium " munieri Chavan, 1941. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1945 ZR: Trachycardium munieri Chavan, 1941 sp. nov. Eocene Paris Basin. "1995 Le Renard et al.,' Cardium (Orthocardium) munieri [Trachycardium munienl Chavan, 1941. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Cardium (Orthocardium) munieri. munieri Stef. - Prosodacna munieri Stef. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Lutskanov: Prosodacna (Prosodachnomya) munieri Stef. munieri orolesi Papaianopol, 1984 (subspecies). Prosodacna munieri orolesi Papaianopo1 , 1984. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1984 ZR: Prosodacna (Psilodon) munieri orolesi subsp nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol. munozi Bose, 1910. - Changed combination: Granocardium munozi Bose, 1910. Cardiidae . Cretaceous. TYPE REPOSITORY . Holotype lost (Scott 1978). RECORDS. ··1911 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) munozi Bose, 1910 sp. n. Mexico Cretaceous. ··1978 Scott: Granocardium munozi Bose, 1910 (ho10type lost). munsteri Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Ca rdium " munsteri Deshayes, 1853 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium munsteri Desh . ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium munsteri Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48. munteniae (subspecies) . - See under subodessae munteniae Papaianopol, 1974. munteniae Papaianopol. - Euxinicardium munteniae Papa ian. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECOR DS. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Euxinicardium munteniae Papa ian. muraU Noda & Tada, 1968. - Serripes muraii Noda & Tada, 1968. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1968 ZR: Serripes muraii Noda & Tada, 1968 sp. nov. Miocene, Shizukuishi basin, Iwati Prefecture, Japan. murataense Nomura & Onisi, 1940. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" murataense Nomura & Onisi, 1940. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. ··1940 ZR: Cardium murataense Nomura & Onisi, 1940 sp. n. Neogene Sennan District, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. "1941 ZR : Cardium murataense Nomura & Onisi, 1940 sp. nov. Lower Miocene, Sennan District, Japan . *murchisoni. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium murchisoni from 3 sources: Pusch, 1836. - Munster, 1840. - Orbigny, 1850. murchisoni d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" murchisoni d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn: Pleurotomaria murchisoni Arch. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4198: Cardium (Arch.) murchisoni d'Orbigny, 1850. - Pleurotomaria murchisoni. murchisoni Munster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" murchisoni Munster, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Bavaria, Germany. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes : Cardium murchisoni Munster. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4198: Cardium murchisoni Muenster, 1840. murchisoni Pusch, 1836. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" murchisoni Pusch, 1836. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn: Pholadomya murchisoni Sowerby. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4198: Cardium (Sow.) murchisoni Pusch, 1836. - Pholadomya murchisoni. murgeanui Papaianopol, 1992 . - Prosodacna murgeanui. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Dacien inferieur (Getien) du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1992 Papaianopol, p. 28, fig.: Prosodacna (Psilodon) murgeanui sp. nov. *muricatulum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 641 muricatulum - muricatum muricatulum from 2 sources: Jacob in Adam, 1798.Montagu, 1803. muricatulum Jacob in G. Adam, 1798. - Synonym of Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium muricatulum: Jacob in G. Adam, 1798. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium muricatulum Adam. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 635: Cardium muricatulum Jacob in G. Adam, 1798. muricatulum Montagu, 1803. - Synonym of Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium muricatulum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. UK. REcoRDS. ··1803 Montagu: Cardium muricatulum Walker's Minute Shells. f. 84. ··1807 Maton & Rackett, No. 15: Cardium muricatulum Montagu p. 85. ··1813 Fleming: Cardium muricatulum. ··1815 Wood: Cardium muricatulum Mont. ··1828 Wood: Cardium muricatulum. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 12: Cardium muricatulum Mont. from Walk. T. M. f. 84. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Cardium muricatulum = young no. 6, probably = Cardium exiguum Mont. ··1977 FischerPiette: Cardium muricatulum = species insufficiently known. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKS. ··1977 Montagu fide Fischer-Piette: Cardium with a heart-shaped opaque, white shell, margin muricated. A microscopic species, minutely small, found at Sheppy Island, not uncommon. DISTRIBUTION. ··1807 Maton & Rackett: Shepey Island. Kent. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Britain. *muricatum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium muricatum from 4 sources: Linnaeus, 1758. - Roding in Bolten, 1798. - Tuomey & Holmes, 1856. Emmons, 1858. muricatum Emmons, 1858. - New combination. Synonym of Trachycardium emmonsi Conrad, 1867. Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium muricatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium muricatum Emmons, 1858 not C. muricatum Linne = Cardium (Trachycardium) emmonsi Conrad, 1867. muricatum [2] Lamarck (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p. 858]. - RECORDS. MNHN Paris, Lamarck Collection. Literature records not seen. muricatum Linnaeus, 1758 / Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 41,63,74,89,97, 129, 167, 178. Part 3 p. 858].Dallocardia muricata (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Ex Jamaica (Lister 1687), Campeche Bay, Gulf of Mexico (Linne 1758, 1764), West Indies (Sowerby 1841). RECORDS. ··1687 Lister, pI. 322, fig. 159: Pectunculus tenuis modo ruber, etc. = Cardium muricatum (jide Chemnitz 1782; Spengler 1799). ··1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium muricatum t. 322. f. 159 et t. 326. f. 163. ··1758 Linne, p. 680, No. 69: Cardium muricatum (fide Chemnitz 1782). ··1758 Linne, p. 679, No. 62: Cardium muricatum [printer's error] = aculeatum. ··1764 Linne, p. 498, No. 41: Cardium muricatum. ··1767 Linne, p. 1123, No. 85: Cardium muricatum. ··1782 Chemnitz, pI. 17, fig. 177: Cardium muricatum Linnaei. ··1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium muricatum t. 17. f. 177. 178. ··1784 Martyn, vol. 2, fig. 79: Cardium muricatum (fide Spengler 1799). ··1786 Schroter, No. XIII: Cardium muricatum. Linn. XII. pag. 1123. Spec. 85. ··1788 Schroter: Cardium muricatum. [Reference to Chemnitz (1782) figs. 185, 186]. ··1789 Bruguiere, No. 32: Cardium muricatum; Linn. ··1789 Bruguiere: Cardium muricatum; Linnaei; Martini, tom. 6. pag. 185, tab. 17, fig. 177. (from Saint-Dominque, Jamaica). ··1789 Bruguiere: Cardium muricatum Linn. in mus. Iud. ulr. pag. 485, num. 35. ··1791 Gmelin No. 15: Cardium muricatum. ··1798 Roding in Bolten: Cardium muricatum = Cardium aculeatum Gmelin sp. 7. ··1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 297. fig. 1. Cardium muricatum. ··1799 Spengler, p. 20--21, No. 10: Cardium muricatum Linnei Sp. 85. p. 1123. ··1799 Spengler, No. 10: Cardium muricatum in Spengler (the West Indies & the South Seas) = Cardium flavum, Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 17, fig. 178. ··1817. Dillwyn: Cardium muricatum. Linnaeus. ··1819 Lamarck, p. 8, No 18: Cardium muricatum. ··1823. Dillwyn: Lister Tab. 322 fig. 159 Cardium muricatum. ··1823. Dillwyn: Lister Tab. 326 fig. 163 Cardium muricatum. ··1829 Costa: Cardium muricatum, Lin. No. 35 = Cardium aculeatum, Gm. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium muricatum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 3, No. 42: Cardium muricatum Linn. ··1844 Reeve, sp. 33: Cardium muricatum. ··1846 Orbigny: Cardium muricatum Linne, 1767, p.1123. ··1853 Forbes & Hanley: Cardium muricatum = from Scotland, probably transported in ballast (West Indian shell). ··1853 Orbigny: Cardium muricatum Linne, 1767, p. 1123. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 14: Cardium muricatum Lin. Syst. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) muricatum, Linn. ··1860 Stimpson: Cardium muricatum Lin. ··1867 Guppy: Cardium muricatum Linn. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium muricatum Linne Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 485 = Cardium aculeatum Linne. ··1889 Dall: Cardium muricatum Linne [Pliocene]. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium muricatum (L.) Ch. [not available]. ··1891 Romer: Trachycardium muricatum L. ··1896 Dall, p. 19: Cardium muricatum Linn. ··1902 Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) muricatum Linnaeus, 1758 [Pleistocene]. ··1902 Dall & Simpson, p.487488: Cardium (Trachycardium) muricatum Linnaeus. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 636: Cardium muricatum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 636: Cardium muricatum Linnaeus, 1758 No. 62 err pro aculeatum. ··1921 Maury: Cardium (Trachycardium) muricatum Linnaeus, J758 [Pleistocene to present]. ··1936 McLean: Cardium (Trachycardium)muricatum L. ··1939 McLean: Dallocardia muricatum. ··1939 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) muricatum fig. [Ref. McLean 1939]. ··1944 Carcelles: Cardium (Trachycardium) muricatum L. 1767. ··1944 ZR: Trachycardium muricatum L. [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944]. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium (Trachycardium) muricatum Linne, 1758. ··1958 Abbott: Trachycardium muricatum Linne. ··1963 Coomans: Trachycardium muricatum (Linnaeus). ··1971 Andrews: Trachycardium (Dallocardia) muricatum (Linne, 1758). ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Trachycardium (Dallocardia) muricalum muricalum (Linne, 1758). ··1971 Keen & McLean: Trachycardium (Dallocardia) muricalum (Linne, 1758). ··1977 Popov: Trachycardium (Dallocardia) muricatum (Linne, 1758). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium muricatum Linne. ··1997 Shelton: Trachycardium muricatum (Linn., 1758). ··1999 Vidal: Trachycardium muricatum (Linne, 1758). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: 642 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) muricatum - muricatum A/alpha Fossils from the Paleontological Collection . Cardium muricatum. Pleistocene. USA. ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Trachycardium muricatum Linne, 1758. ··200 I Vidal , p . 407: Trachycardium muricatum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Sanibel Island, Florida; Laguna Madre, Texas; Gulf of Mexico; West Indies; Pulo Condore, South West Pacific (S pengler det.). Brazil. ··ZMUC: wet collection. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: on rib 14 there are two rows of scales. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1758 Linnaeus: Shell subcordate: interstices laterally muricate [I have translated from Latin] . ··1799 Spengler: Testa subcordata sulcata lateribus muricala. Linnei Sp. 85. p.1123. ··1799 Spengler: Shell with 32 ribs (36 ribs in Chemnitz 1782) armed with small, snow-white, plates or scales in a lateral position, facing the posterior end on the posterior slope, more or less twisted to a direction parallel with the rib, counted from the anterior end, rib no. II is characterised by lateral rows of scales on both sides. The anterior ribs carry lateral scales, obliquely mounted, scales are more heavy and located on the anterior side of the anterior 10 ribs. A peculiarity is that ribs are hollow(see remarks). ··1844 Reeve: shell cordately ovate, somewhat oblique, radiately ribbed, 33 convex ribs of which 9 anterior are muricated with minute compressed obliquely arranged tubercles on the anterior side, then follow 2 muricated on both sides, and the rest muricated on the posterior side; whitish and yellowish, ornamented here and there with a few light brown spots, sides and ventral margins orange. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: Shell subsolid , slightly oblique, scarcely gaping behind, having from 30-40 ribs, each of which bears a row of solid, oblique scales; about 11 of the anterior ribs have these scales sloping toward the anterior base; on rib 14 there are two rows of scales, and on the ribs behind this they point toward the posterior base; the rest of the surface of the ribs and the grooves between them are nearly smooth; within the central ribs are distinctly shown; serrations around the edges of the shell strong. Colour whitish, buff, tawny, or brownish , sometimes variegated; within, whitish or yellowish, sometimes streaked or marked with brownish purple. SOFT BODY . The foot has dorso-Iateral keel (my observation). ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. 1799 Spengler: height 57 mm (2 Tom 2 Linier), width 46 mm (I Tom . 9 Linier). ··1939 McLean: 40 x 41 x 28 mm; ribs 30-40. from the Gulf of Mexico. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: length 35, height 40, diameter 28 mm . - ··1944: Carcelles reported Cardium (Trachycardium) muricatum from Argentina, Quequen, measuring 69.6 x 71.5 x 28 mm, with 34-39 ribs. compared with specimens from the Gulf of San Matias measuring 72 x 76 x 23 mm, with 36-41 ribs. REMARKS. ··1758: Linnaeus has created some confusion because of a printer's error, viz. Linne, p. 679, No. 62: Cardium muricalum which should read Cardium aculeatum. ··1891 Stearns: C muricatum is the Antillean analogue of Cardium senticosum Sby. ··1799: Spengler, p. 21 noted that C. muricatum has hollow ribs, "a feature so far only observed in C. costalum". I was puzzled by this remark because muricatum does not have hollow ribs. However, the remark can be explained. Spengler was probably looking at some valves having hollow ribs because they were excavated by a sponge. Spengler was unaware of the relationship between sponges and the excavated ribs. (Two such valves are presently deposited at the ZMUC, Realjo, coil. Oersted). Spengler (1799) noted that he had a somewhat different and more brightly coloured specimen from Pulocondore, the South Sea (the Pacific Ocean) (probably Pulo Condor off the mouths of the Mekong, South China Sea). The latter specimen must be a misidentification since C. muricalum is an Atlantic Ocean species. ··1844: Reeve: found it very probable that several other species which the more critical acumen of modern conchologists have helped to identify were included under the above title by early writers. HABITAT. ··ZMUC: clayey silt, 3 m depth . DISTRIBUTION . ··1799 Spengler, ··1844 Reeve, ··1856 Wood & Hanley: West Indies. ··1884 Grasset: Guadeloupe. ··1891 Romer: East India. ··1939 McLean: North Carolina USA, West Indies, Brazil, Argentina. ··ZMUC: Florida, Laguna Madre, Texas, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil. muricatum Solander, 1786 . Nomen nudum. - Not available. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4200: Cardium ml/ricatum Solander, 1786 In. n.] . muricatum Tuomey & Holmes, 1856. - Synonym of Trachycardium oedalium (Dall, 1900). » Regarding Cardium muricatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium muricalum Tuomey & Holmes, 1856 not C. muricatum Linne = Cardium (Trachycardium) oedalium Dall, 1900. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium muricatum (Tuomey & Holmes) in Gardner, 1943 = Cardium (Trachycardium) oedalium Dall, 1900. muricatum ofChemnitz. [Figs. Part I p. 74]. - RECORDS. ··1868 ZR: Cardium muricatum ofChemnitz and other authors perhaps not = muricatum of Linne [Ref. Romer 1868]. muricatllm of Menke 1847. - Misidentification of Cardium senticosum Sowerby. » Regarding Cardium muricalum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1869 Romer: Cardium muricatum L. (fide Menke 1847) = Cardium senticosum Sowerby. ··190 I Dall : Cardium muricatum Menke (not Linnaeus) = Cardium senlicosum Sowerby, 1833. muricatum of Polio - Synonym of Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium muricatum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1862 Weinkauff: Cardium muricatum Poli = Cardium echinatum L. muricatum Roding in Bolten, 1798. - Misidentification of Acanthocardia aculeala (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium muricatum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 636: Cardium muricatum Bolten, 1798. ··1979 Richardson et al.: Cardium muricatum in Roding 1798 p. 191 , No. 411 = Acanthocardia aculeata (Linne, 1758). mllricatllm A/a/pha LiruIt!, 1758 (variety). [Part I. Fig. p. 74 No. 177]. - Cardium muricatum. » Regarding Cardium muricatum var. alpha : CaJdiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1786 Solander, p. 17 no. 382: Cardium muricatum var. alpha L. ··1789 Bruguiere, No. 32, p. 233: Cardium muricatum; Linn. var. A. Linn. pag. 1123, num . 85. ··1839 Anton : Cardium muricatum Linne var. a. citing Chemnitz. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 643 murieatum B - mutieum murieatum B Linne, 1758 (variety). - Unknown. » Regarding Cardium murieatum var. B: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1789 Bruguiere, No. 32, p. 233. Cardium murieatum Linn. var. B. Cardium muricatum flavescens Martini, conchy!. pag. 186, tab. 352, fig. 809. (differs only from C murieatum var. A in the colour of the interior shell). 001839. Anton: Cardium murieatum Linne var. b. Chemnitz. muricatum flavescens Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part I p. 74 No. 178]. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium muricatum flavescens: Cardiidae. Recent. Lister and Chemnitz are not available. TYPE LOCALITY. Campeche Bay, Gulf of Mexico (Lister 1687); West Indies (Chemnitz 1782). REcORDs. 001687 Lister, p!. 325, fig. 163: Peetuneulus subluteus seu eitrinus etc. = Cardium murieatum (fide Chemnitz 1782). 001758 Linne, p. 608, No. 71: Cardium murieatum (fide Chemnitz 1782). 001782 Chemnitz, Tab. 17 Fig. 178: Cardium muricatum flavescens. Cardium jlavum Linnaei ? 001764 Linne, p. 490, No. 43: Cardium murieatum = Cjlavum? (fide Chemnitz 1782). 001767 Linne, p. 1123, No. 87: Cardium murieatum (fide Chemnitz 1782). 001782 Chemnitz, pI. 17, fig. 177: Cardium muricatum flavescens, etc. 001840 Pfeiffer: Chemnitz Fig. 178. Cardium muricatum flavescens. Cardium jlavum Linnaei ? = Cardium murieatum 2 Lam. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKS. 001782 Chemnitz: in form and size this species is identical to Cardium murieatum Linnaei. It also has 36 ribs. Only the colour is different. It is yellow, nearly lemon, inside and outside. It also comes from the West Indies. murieatum oedalium Dall, 1900 (subspecies). Traehyeardium murieatum oedalium (Dall, 1900). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001970 Glibert & Poel: Traehyeardium (Dal/oeardia) murieatum oedalium (Dall, 1900). murieatum subaequilatera Roemer, 1949 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status.» Regarding Cardium murieatum var. subaequilatera: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. 001849 Roemer: Cardium murieatum Lin. var. subaequilatera. murieoides Hubbard, 1920. - Traehyeardium murieoides (Hubbard, 1920). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001920. ZR: Cardium (Traehyeardium) murieoides Hubbard, 1920 sp. n. Tertiary Porto Rico. *murieulatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium murieulatum from 2 sources: Jacob in A. Adam, 1798. - Link, 1807. murieulatum Jacob in A. Adam, 1798. - Synonym of Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1791. » Regarding Cardium murieulatum: REcoRDs. 001871 March, p. 217, No. 205 Cardium murieulatum Jacobs = Cardium exiguum Gm. 001902 Sherborn, p. 635: Cardium murieatulum sic Jacob in A. Adam, 1798 [spelled murieulatum in index]. murieulatum Link, 1807. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium murieulatum: RECORDS 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 4203: Cardium murieulatum Link, 1807. museulosum Quensted, 1856. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" museulosum Quensted, 1856. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium museulosum Quensted, 1856; [1856-1858] p. 110, pI. 13, fig. 45. musperi Oostingh, 1941. - Laevieardium musperi Oostingh, 1941. Cardiidae. Tertiary. REcORDs. 001952 ZR: Laevieardium musperi Oostingh, 1941 sp. nov. Tertiary Palambang. mutabile Defrance, 1817. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" mutabile Defrance, 1817. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 4217: Cardium mutabile Defrance, I 817. mutabile Popov, 1982. - Cerastoderma mutabile Popov, 1982. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. 001982 ZR: Cerastoderma mutabile Popov, 1982 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Popov et af. p. 41. mutabilis Schneid. - Pontalmyra mutabilis (Schneid.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra mutabilis (G. Schneid.) mutiea (mode). - See also under mutieum. mutiea (variety). - See under tuberculatum var. mutiea Coen,1914. mutiea Lamarck, 1819 [Figs. Part I p. 149]. - Two synonyms have been proposed: Tridaena gigas (Linnaeus, 1758) and Tridaena maxima (Roding, 1798). » Regarding Tridael1a muliea: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001845 Chenu, pis. 4, 6: Tridael1a mutiea Lamarck. 001884 ZR: Tridaena gigas of Reeve is = Tridael1a mutiea (Lam.) [Ref. Sowerby 1884]. 001932 ZR: Tridael1a mutiea [Ref. Lamy 1932]. 001947 ZR: Tridaena muliea Lamarck, 1819. "1999 Higo et af.: Tridael1a mutiea Lamarck, 1819 (pars) = Tridaena (Flodael1a) maxima (Roding, 1798) Tridacnidae. Tridacnidae. 001999 Higo et al.: Tridaene mutiea Lamarck, 1819 (pars) = Tridaena (Tridacna) gigas (Linnaeus, 1758) Tridacnidae. mutiea QUoy & Gaimard, 1834. - Identical with Tridaena eroeea. » Regarding Tridaena mUliea: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001999 Higo et af.: Tridaena mutiea Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 non Lamarck, 1819 = Tridacna (Chametraehea) eroeea Lamarck, 1819. mutieum Reeve, 1844. [Figs. Part I p. 129. Part 3 p. 928]. - Changed combination: Fulvia muliea (Reeve, 1844). Cardiidae. Pliocene-Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 3 syntypes. 1971125. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. China (Kuroda et af. 1971). None designated (Higo el al. 1999). RECORDS. 001844 Reeve sp. 32: Cardium muticum. 001858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Serripes) mutieum Reeve. 001867 ZR: Cardium mutieum =japonieum (Dunker) Bay ofYedo (Lischke 1867). 001868 ZR: Cardium mutieum (Reeve) = papyraeeum (Sow.) = japonicum (Dunker) [Ref. Romer 1868]. 001869 Lischke: Cardium mutieum Reeve. 001869 ZR: Cardium muticum (Reeve) = japonicum (Dunker) = papyraeeum (Schrenck not Chemn.) both from Japan [Ref. Lischke 1869]. 001869 Romer: Cardium mutieum Reeve, local variety of Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz. 001884 Grasset: Cardium muticum L. 001890 Paetel: Cardium muticum Rv. 001890 Paetel: Cardium papyraceum Schrenk. = mutieum Rv. 001894 ZR: Cardium mutieum Rve., note on the eyes [Ref. Kishinouye 1894].001906 Melvill & Standen, p. 839: Cardium (Serripes) mutieum Rve. 001909 Lynge: Cardium muticum Reeve, 1844 = Cardium papyraeeum Chemnitz, 1782. 00 1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4220: Cardium mutieum Reeve, 1844. 001925 Yokoyama: Cardium mutieum Rve. 001949 ZR: Cardium mutieum Rve., the veligers and young shells, figs. [Ref. Yosida 1949]. 644 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) muticum - myti!oides •• J951 ZR: Fulvia mutica cultured in Japan; development [Ref. Cahn 1951]. .. 1962 Kira: Fulvia mufica. "1970 ZR : Fulvia mutica growth and mortality in sewage sludge sea water [Ref. Tanaka 1970]. '·1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama .: Fulvia mutica (Reeve). •• I 977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium muticum Reeve = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schr6ter. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum mutica (Reeve, 1884). "1979 ZR: Laevicardium (Fulvia) mutica. Ref. to Tanaka. "1981 Koyama et af.: Fulvia mutica. "1981 ZR: Laevicardium (Fulvia) mutica. Ref. to Nogami et al. "1982 ZR : Laevicardium (Fulvia) mutica. South Korea. Ref. to Chang el af. "1985 ZR: Laevicardium (Fulvia) mulica. Ref. to Ohno. "1990 Abbott & Dance: Fulvia muticum . •• I 990 Kitamura: Laevicardium (Fulvia) mutica . "1994 Vidal: Fulvia (Fulvia) mutica (Reeve, 1844) ... 1994 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Fulvia mutica (Reeve) . .. 1995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-len: Fulvia mutica (Reeve). "1999 Higo et af.: Fulvia mutica (Reeve, 1844). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium muticum Reeve. Paleocene. Japan, B20566. "2001 Vidal, p. 407: Fulvia mutica. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS ... 1844 Reeve: shell transversely ovate, depressed, thin, fragile, a little gaping anteriorly, everywhere smooth, radiately impressly striated, striae rudely engraved, very minutely waved or zigzag, giving root to a slight epidermis, interstices between the lateral striae hollowed down the middle; pale yellow, faintly tinged with purple towards the umbones. "2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous . Eyes on tip of tentacles. DIMENSIONS ... 1971 Kuroda et al.: 73 x 71 x 47 mm. REMARKS ... 1909 Lynge: the suggested synonymy is erroneous. "1844 Reeve: the anterior surface of Fulvia mutica is smooth as compared with the somewhat similar Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz, 1782 (Sowerby Sp. 9.), which has the anterior side roughed with very minute granules. HABITAT. "1844 Reeve: Unknown. "1906 Melvill & Standen: sandy mud at 3-10 fathoms. 00/971 Kuroda el af.: fine sand & mud, shallow water in bays to 60 m depth ... I 999 Higo et af.: 10-60 m, sandy mud. DISTRlBUTION. "1844 Reeve: unknown. 001884 Grasset: Guadeloupe. 001971 Kuroda et af.: China, Korea, Japan Honshu to Kyushu. 001999 Higo et al.: Mutsu bay (Aomori prefecture) and southwards, Seto inland sea, Japan Sea (Oga peninsula), East China Sea, Korea, China, Yellow Sea, Hong Kong. muticum (variety).- See under tuberculatum var. muticum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. muticum /ongior (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. RECORDS. "1867 . Schrenck: C. muticum Reeve iongior = Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz forma depressior . mutuense Nomura & Hatai, 1936. - Changed combination: Ciliatocardium mutuense (Nomura & ｈ｡ｴｾＬ＠ 1936). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. 001936 Nomura & Hatai: Cardium mutuense . .. 1936 ZR: Cardium (Clinocardium) mutuense sp . n. Oligocene Tugaru Japan. 001973 Keen: Clinocardium mutuense (Nomura & Hatai, 1936) ?Neogene. 00 I 974 ZR : Ciliatocardium mutuense (Nomura & Itatai 1936) Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. Mya Pallas (genus). Invalid for Cardiacea. RECORDS. "1903 Andrussoff: Mya Pallas [Lymnocardiidae]. Myacites (genus). - Cardiacea. Lias. RECORDS. 001936 ZR: Myacites Lias Palermo [Ref. Gregorio 1930]. Myocardia Vest, 1875 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Recent. GENOTYPE. Lymnocardium secans Fischer (Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903). RECORDS. 001903 Andrussoff: Myocardia Vest, 1875. "1980 Vokes: Myocardia Vest; 1861. Subfamily uncertain. 001987 Taktakishvili: Myocardia Vest. Myocardia Vest, 1875 (subgenus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. REMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. "1887 Fischer: Myocardia Vest, 1875. Section of genus Limnocardium Stoliczka, em. 1870. "1905 DolJfus, commenting Andrussow 1903 : Myocardia Vest is only a section of Limnocardium. myoideum Bolten, 1798. - Nomen nudum. Not available. REMARKS. Referred to by Bolten as the heart shell which resembles Mya. Shell with ribs . RECORDS ... 1798 Bolten: Cardium myoideum. 001902 Sherborn, p. 642: Cardium myoideum Bolten, 1798 [n. n.]. Myophoricardium W6hrmann, 1889 (genus). Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1889 ZR: Myophoricardium W6hrmann, 1889. n. g. Type: Myophoricardium lineatum W6hrmann, 1889. n. sp. 001976 Ma et af. p. 259 : Myophoricardium W6hrmann, 1889. mytiloides Mi.inster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" mytiloides Mi.inster in Goldfuss, 1837. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 00192232 Sherborn, p. 4239: Cardium mytiloides Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. C'./IRDIIl'M . Wood 1828

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