Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Lexical approach to CARDIACEA Records of taxa Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Lymnocardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Jorgen Hylleberg Part 3: N-Z Editor of the TMMP Proceedings Prof Dr Jorgen Hylleberg, Aarhus University, Denmark Assistant Editor Dr Anuwat Nateewathana, Thailand Advisory Editorial Board Director Oonchit Bhatiyasevi, PMBC, Phuket, Thailand Prof. Dr. Barbara Brown, University of Newcastle, UK Chief of Reference Collection Dr Somchai Bussarawit, Phuket, Thailand Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) RECORDS N-Z naganoensis Hayami, 1959. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium naganoensis: Cardiidae. Lower Liassic. REcORDs. "1960 ZR: Cardium naganoensis Hayami, 1960 sp. nov. Lias, Higashinagano, Japan. "1973 Keen : Cardium naganoensis Hayami, 1959. Incertae sedis. nahali (subspecies) . - See under caspia nahali TadjalliPour, 1977. nalivkini Kolesnikov, 1929. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma nalivkini (Kolesnikov, 1929). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1929 ZR : Cardium nalivkini Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. "1977 Popov: Cerastoderma nalivkini. "1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium nalivkini. nalivkini Vassoevich, 1930 . - Didacna nalivkini Vassoevich, 1930. Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1930 ZR: Didacna nalivkini Vassoevich, 1930 sp. n. fossil. "1989 Mikhailesku: Didacna nalivkini Wass. nalivkini morosa Ko1esnikov, 1929 (variety) . Upgraded. Combination to be revised : "Cardium nalivkini morosa Kolesnikov, 1929 . Cardiidae. Sarmatian. REcoRDs. "1929 ZR: Cardium nalivkini var. morosa Kolesnikov, 1929 nov. Sarmatian. nanpei'lanense - Combination to be revised : "Cardium nanpeizanense. Cardiidae . Pleistocene . RECORDS . "1933 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) nanpeizanense Pleistocene [Ref. Nomura 1933]. naphtalanicum Alizade. - Raricardium naphtalanicum (Alizade). Cardiacea. Neogene. RECORDS. "1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Raricardium naphtalanicum (A1izade) comb. nov. "1987 ZR : Raricardium naphtalanicum (Alizade) comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et at. p. 191. napoieonense Winchell, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium napoleonense Winchell , 1862. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium napoleonense Winchell, 1862; p. 419. nargiavagica Nevesskaja, 1986 . - Prosodacna nargiavagica Nevesskaja, 1986. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Azerbaijan. RECORDS. "1986 Nevesskaya et al., p. 190, fig.: Prosodacna (Zamphiridacna?) nargiavagica Nevesskaja, 1986 sp. nov. "1987 ZR: Prosodacna (Zamphiridacna?) nargiavagica Nevesskaja, 1986 sp. nov. Azerbaidjan, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 190. nargiavagicum Ebersin. - Changed combination: Nargicardium nargiavagicum (Ebersin) . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Nargicardium) nargiavagicum Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Azerbaijan. Pliocene of the Ponto Caspian basin, Russia. Subgenotype of (Nargicardium). "1987 Taktakishvili: Nargicardium nargiavagicum Ebers. Nargicardium Eberzin, 1958 (genus). - Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: (Nargicardium) Eberzin, 1958 subgen. nov. of Limnocardium Pliocene of the Ponto Caspian basin, Russia. Subgenotype: Limnocardium (Nargicardium) nargiavagicum Eberzin, 1958 . Azerbaijan . Pliocene . "1958 . ZR : (Nargicardium) Eberzin, 1958 subgen. nov. of Limnocardium q .v. "1980. Vokes: Nargicardium Ebersin, 1947 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. Nargicardium (subgenus). RECORDS. "1987. Taktakishvili: (Nargicardium) Ebersin, 1947. naricum Vredenburg, 1928. - Discors naricum 645 naganoensis - natella (Vredenburg, 1928). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977 Popov: Discors naricum (Vredenburg, 1928). narisawaense (error). - Printer 's mistake for narusawaense in Nomura, 1935 (Keen 1973). narusawaense Nomura, 1935. - Changed combination: Vasticardium narusawaense (Nomura, 1935) . Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1935 Nomura: Cardium narusawaense. ··1935 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) narusawaense sp. n. Tertiary Kurikoma Japan. "1973 Keen: Vasticardium narusawaense (Nomura, 1935). nasyrica - Lymnocardium nasyrica. Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987. Taktakishvili: Tauricardium nasyrica. nasyrica (subspecies and variety). - See under petersi nasyrica and subsquamulosum nasyrica Eberzin, 1958. natalense Krauss, 1848. [Figs . Part 3 p. 916]: - Changed combination: Fulvia natalensis (Krauss, 1848). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Fulvia apertum (Bruguiere, 1789). Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter [not available]. » Regarding Cardium natalensis: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. South Africa Indo-Pacific (Hylleberg 1994). RECORDS. "1848 Krauss, Tab. I. fig. 9: Cardium natalense Krauss. "1869 Romer: Cardium natalense Krauss = Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz. "1890 Paetel : Cardium natalense Krss. is Papyridea. "1890 Paetel: Papyridea natalensis Krss. = papyracea Ch. [not available]. "1904 Smith: Cardium natalense Sowb. ··1915 Bartsch: Cardium (Fulvia) natalensis Sowerby. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4160: Cardium natalense Krauss, 1848. "1932 ZR: Cardium natalensis [Ref. Turton 1932]. "1950 Barnard: Papyridea natalensis . ··1974 Barnard: Cardium natalense Krauss 1848 = Papyridea papyracea. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium natalense Krauss = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson : Cardium natalense Krauss, 1848 = Fulvia apertum (Bruguiere, 1789). '·1994 Vidal: Fulvia (Fulvia) natalensis (Krauss, 1848). natalense Sowerby. - See under natalense Krauss, 1848. natalense adjacens Turton, 1932 (variety). - Changed combination: Fulvia natalensis (Krauss, 1848). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium natalensis var. adjacens: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1932 ZR: Cardium natalensis var. adjacens Turton, 1932 nov. Port Alfred S. Africa [Ref. Turton 1932]. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium natalense var. adjacens Turton, 1932 = Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1994 Vidal: Cardium natalensis var. adjacens Turton, 1932 = Fulvia (Fulvia) natalensis (Krauss, 1848). Natella Ebersin, 1949 (genus). - Homonym. Replaced by Pachydacna Ebersin. 1955. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Natella Ebersin, 1949 non Watson, 1934 (Mamm.), see Pachydacna Ebersin. 1955. natella Ebersin, 1947. -Natella natella Ebersin, 1947. Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya : Natella natella Ebersin, 1947 is type species of genus Pachydacna Ebersin, 1955. natella Ebersin, 1960. - Pachydacna natella (Ebersin, 1960). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Pachydacna natella Eberzin, 1960 sp. nov. Duab river, Abkhaziya, Georgia, USSR. ··1960 ZR: Pachydacna 646 Tropical Marin e Mollusc Programme (TMMP) natella extenllis - negativllm natella natella Eberzin, 1960 subsp. nov. Duab river, Abkhaziya, Georgia, USSR. flatella exteflllis Eberzin, 1960 (subspecies). - Pachydacna natella extenuis Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae, Tertiary. RECORDS. --1960 ZR: Pachydacna natella extenuis Eberzin, 1960 subsp. nov. Duab river, Abkhaziya, Georgia, USSR. natella pselldocilllmerica Eberzin, 1960 (subspecies) . Pachydacna natella pseudocimmerica Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1960 ZR: Pachydacna natella pseudocimmerica Eberzin, 1960 subsp. nov. Duab river, Abkhaziya, Georgia, USSR. flalltiloides Castelnau , 1843. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " nauti/oides Castelnau, 1843 . Cardiidae. Si Iurian. TYPE SPECIES. Stoliczka (1871) stated that Cardium nauti/oides is type species of genus Goldfussia Castelnau, 1843. Cardium nauti/oides is referred to Cardiidae by Philippi. Fossil. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium nauti/oides. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4263: Cardium nauti/oides Caste1nau, 1843. *neblliosum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium nebulosum from 2 sources: Reeve, 1845. - Ireda1e, 1927. fleblliosa (mode). - See under nebulosum. flebulosuIII Iredale, 1927. - Vasticardium nebulosum (Iredale, 1927). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE SPECIES. Iredale (1927) designated Cardium nebulosum, citing Martyn, 1786, type species of the genus Vasticardium. Gladenkov & Sinelnikova (1990) stated that Cochlea nebulosa (citing Martyn) is type species of genus Vasticardium Iredale, 1927. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown. RECORDS. --1927 Iredale : Trachycardium (Vasticardium) nebulosum . --1969 Moore et al. : Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) nebulosum (Iredale, 1927). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKS. --1936 Keen: Martyn' s Universal Conchologist is not consistently binomial and hence is to be rejected. HABITAT. --1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: 18-110 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. "1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: Indo-Pacific; in Japan from Honshu to the tropical Pacific. nebulosum Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available . Replaced by Vasticardium nebulosum Iredale, 1927. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Acrosterigma elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium nebulosum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE SPECIES . Cotton (1961) stated that Cardium nebulosum, citing Martyn 1786, is type species of Vasticardium Iredale 1927. Martyn rejected for nomenclatoria1 purposes. REMARKS. The specimen figured by Martyn has 28 ribs. DISTRJBUTION. China (Martyn, 1784). RECORDS. "1784 Martyn, p. 50, pI. 46, fig. I : Cardium nebulosa. --1880 Martens: Cardium nebulosum Martyn = Cardium (Trachycardium) elongatum Bruguiere. --1961 Cotton: Cardium nebulosum Martyn 1786. Type species of Vasticardium Iredale 1927. "1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama : Co chlea n ebulosa citing Martyn = Vasticardium nebulosum Iredale, 1927. --1977 Popov: Cochlea nebulosa Martyn , 1792. Type of (Vasti cardium) Iredale , 1927 . .. 1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cochlea nebulosa citing Martyn, 1792 (= Cardium elongatum Bruguiere, 1789). --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Vasticardium nebulosum citing Martyn, 1799. --1978 Maxwell: Vasticardium nebulosum citing Martyn, 1784 in Iredale 1927 = Cardium elongatum Bruguiere 1792. --1980 Keen: Cochlea nebulosa citing Martyn = Cardium elongatum Bruguiere, 1789. --1990 G1adenkov & Sinelnikova: Cochlea nebulosa citing Martyn . --1993 Vida\: ?Cochlea nebulosa citing Martyn, 1786 = Acrosterigma elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). neblllOSlllll Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part 1 p. 142. Part 3 p. 877, 927] . - Synonym of Acroslerigma simplex (Spengler, 1799). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Tra chycardium unicolor (Sowerby, 1841). - Cardium enode Sowerby. » Regarding Cardium nebulosum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1845); the Maldives (Vidal 1999). TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, BMNH reg. no. 1900.2.13.22. Neg. No. 0386. A paired specimen from the Maldives figured by Reeve (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. "1845 Reeve: Cardium nebulosum . "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachy cardium) nebulosum , Reeve. --1890 Paete1 : Cardium nebulosum Rv. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4270: Cardium nebulosum Reeve, 1845 . "1932 Prashad : Cardium nebulosum Reeve, 1845 = Cardium unicolor Sowerby, 1841 . "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium nebulosum Reeve = Cardium enode Sowerby. --1988 Drivas & Jay: Trachycardium nebulosum (Reeve, 1845) . "1993 Vidal: Cardium nebulosum not synonym of Cardium enode as suggested by Fischer-Piette. --1999 Higo el al.: Cardium nebulosum Reeve, 1845 = Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) unicolor (Sowerby, 1841). "1999 Vidal : Cardium nebulosum Reeve, 1845: Sp. 99 = Acroslerigma simplex (Spengler, 1799). --1999 Vidal : Drivas & Jay 1988, p. 17, fig. 15: Trachycardium nebulosum (Reeve) = Acrosterigma mauritianum (Deshayes, 1855) [Not Cardium nebulosum Reeve = Acrosterigma Simplex (Spengler)]. --1999 Vidal: Drivas & Jay 1988, p. 140, pI. 55: Trachycardium nebulosum (Reeve) = Acroslerigma mauritianum (Desha yes, 1855) [Not Cardium nebulosum Reeve = Acrosterigma Simplex (Spengler)]. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1845 Reeve: shell ovate, somewhat Pecten-shaped, radiately ribbed, 42-43 convex, smooth ribs, posteriorly very finely crenulated; whitish, clouded with pale brown spots, ribs irregularly painted here and there with red transverse lines; interior white, stained with pink beneath the umbones, ornamented near the margins with blotches of bright purple violet. DIMENS IONS. --1988: Drivas & Jay: max . ant.- post. 26.5 mm, umbo-ventr. 29.5 mm. REMARKS. --1845 Reeve: the external painting ofthis shell is very similar to that of the Pectunculus pectinatus. "1988 : Drivas & Jay : Shape similar to C. mauritianum (Deshayes) but has a lower number of ribs, and a more rounded outline. HABITAT. ,,1988: Drivas & Jay: Reunion, western Indian Ocean. DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve: unknown ...Of authors: Central Indo-West Pacific, Australia. ne/anduIII Kolesnikov, 1935. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " nefandum Kolesnikov, 1935 . Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. --1945 ZR: Cardium nefandum Kolesnikov, 1935 sp. nov. USSR Sarmatian. ne/arius (variety). - See nikitini nef arius Uspenskaia, 1931. negativum Andrussow, 1909. - Combination to be Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 647 neglectum - neozelandicum revised : "Cardium" negativum Andrussow, 1909. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1910 ZR: Cardium negativum Andrussow, 1909 sp. n. Fossil. ··1963 ZR : Cardium negativum Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Miocene, Russia. neglectum Holzl, 1962. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" neglectum Holzl, 1962. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDs. ··1962 ZR: Cardium neglectum Holzl, 1962 sp. nov. Sulz-Graben (Leitzachtal) Chattian, Oligocene, Bavaria. ··1962 ZR: Cardium neglectum Oligocene. neglectum angustum Holzl, 1962 (variety). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" neglectum var. angustum Holzl, 1962. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDs. ··1962 ZR: Cardium neglectum var. angus tum Holzl, 1962 nov. Bad Tolz Chattian, Bavaria. neglectum intersulcatum Baldi, 1975 (subspecies). New combination: Trachycardium neglectum intersulcatum (Baldi, 1975). Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR : Cardium (?Trachycardium) negtectum intersulcatum Baldi, 1975 subsp . nov. Hungary, Borehole Solymar. Ref. to Baldi, p. 208. nemo Fischer-Piette, 1977. [Figs . Plate 3 p. 930]. Dubious species. » Regarding Laevicardium nemo: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, right valve, Paris Museum. RECORDS. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium nemo n. sp. ··1977 ZR: Laevicardium nemo Fisher-Piette, 1977 sp. nov. Type locality not given. Ref to Fischer-Piette, E. p. 24. ··1980 Keen: species insufficiently known. ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Laevicardium nemo Fischer-Piette, 1977. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1977 Fischer- Piette: Shell white, equilateral, oblong, inside with marginal dentation, median tooth small, lateral teeth well separated, different size. 55 ribs. [I have translated from French]. DIMENSIONS. Umbo-vent. 31 mm, anterior-post. 22 mm, half diameter 9 mrn. REMARKS. ··1980 Keen: a fragmentary specimen resembling a fossil Clinocardium from the North Pacific . ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Laevicardium nemo Fischer-Piette, 1977 proposed as a nomen novum for Cardium fragile Sowerby, but Cardium fragile Sowerby, 1841 is considered a nomen dubium . DISTRIBUTION . Unknown. nemocardiforme Kafanov & Savizky, 1983 . Laevicardium nemocardiforme Kafanov & Savizky, 1983 . Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. RECORDS. ··1983 Kafanov & Savizky, p . 119: Laevicardium nemocardiforme Kafanov et Savizky. ··1983 ZR: Laevicardium nemocardiforme Kafanov et at., 1983 sp. nov. Russian SFSR, Middle Miocene. Ref. to Kafanov etal., p. 119. nemocardiiformis Eames, 1951. - Discors nemocardiiformis Eames, 1951 . Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1951 ZR: Discors nemocardiiformis Eames, 1951 sp. nov. Eocene Pakistan. Nemocardium Meek, 1876 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Type species: Sacco (1899) designated Cardium semiasperum Deshayes, 1858 [Eocene, France] type species of genus Nemocardium . RECORDS. ··1876 Meek: Nemocardium, Meek . Cardium semiasperum Deshayes regarded as genotype. ··1921 ZR: Cardium (Nemocardium) [Ref. Brun & Vedel 1921]. ··1923 ZR: Nemocardium [Ref. Cossmann 1923]. ··1923 ZR: Nemocardium [Ref. Lissajous 1923]. ··1946 ZR: Nemocardium shell structure [Ref. Wrigley 1946] . ··1947 ZR: Nemocardium Meek 1876, Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territories (Haydm. sic) 9 167, 173 type by virtual monotypy and subseq. desig. Sacco 1899. Cardium semiasperum Deshayes, Eocene, France [Ref. Vokes 1946]. ··1950 ZR: Nemocardium history of the genus and list of species with localities [Ref. Keen 1950]. ··1961 ZR: Nemocardium Meek: Tertiary species [Ref. Hughes 1961]. ··1954 Keen: Nemocardium Meek, 1876. ··1975 ZR: Nemocardium. Key to species. Ref. to Merklin, p. 104. ··1977 Popov: Nemocardium Meek, 1876. Genotype: Cardium semiasperum Deshayes , 1858. ··1977 ZR: Nemocardium . Key to subgenera. Ref to Popov p. 63 . / California, Pliocene. Ref to Hertlein & Grant p. 262. ··1978 Maxwell: Genus Nemocardium Meek, 1876. ··1980 Vokes: Nemocardium Meek, 1876 in subfamily Protocardiinae . ··1986 Abdel-Gawad : genus Nemocardium . ··1986 Scott: Nemocardium Meek, 1876. ··1992 Schneider p. 155: Nemocardium. Type species Nemocardium semiasperum (Deshayes). ··1995 Pacaud & Renard : Nemocardium Meek, 1876 in subfamily Protocardiinae. ··1998 Lamprell & Healy: Nemocardium Meek, 1876. ··2000 Co an et al.: Genus Nemocardium Meek, 1876. ··2002 Schneider: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) originated in the Aptian, is the oldest living cardiid genus or subgenus. ··1999 Higo et al.: Nemocardium Meek, 1876. Type species Cardium semiasperum Deshayes, 1858 (s. d. Sacco, 1899). ··200 I Vidal, p. 407, Group 2: Nemocardium. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1994 Hylleberg: sculpture radial throughout, strong and ornamented on posterior slope. Central and anterior slopes nearly smooth, marginal crenulations changing abruptly in size at posterior- ventral junction. ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. ··2002 Schneider: Nemocardium has labial palps with length less than one-third the length ofthe entire animal (minus the shell). Nemocardium Meek, 1876 (section and subgenus). Cardiidae . Fossil and Recent. R EMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. ··1887 Fischer: Nemocardium, Meek. 1876. Section of subgenus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. ··1954 Keen: (Nemocardium) s.s . ··1986 AbdelGawad: subgenus Nemocardium Meek, 1876. ··1986 Scott: (Nemocardium) Meek, 1876. ··1999 Higo et al.: Nemocardium (subgenus) s. str. neoinflatum Miletic-Spajic, 1960. - New name. New combination: Lymnocardium neoinjlatum MileticSpajic, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Limnocardium neoinjlatum Miletic-Spajic, 1960 nom. nov. pro. Limnocardium inflatum lekelius, 1944 (non Gorjanovic-Kramberger 1902) Aleksandrovae, Tertiary. neotropica Cowper-Reid, 1943. - Pa chycardium neotropica Cowper-Reid, 1943 . Cardiidae. Trias . RECORDS. ··1947 ZR: Pachycardium neotropica Cowper-Reid, 1943 sp. nov. Trias, Brazil. neozelandicum Deshayes, 1853 . - New name: "Cardium" neozelandicum Deshayes . Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . ··1857 Deshayes : Cardium neozelandicum new name for Cardium striatulum 648 Tropical Marin e Mollusc Programme (TMMP) neozelanica - nigropunctatum Sowerby, 1840. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium neozelandicum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 46. neozelanica Marshall & Murdoch. - Lahillia neozelanica Marshall & Murdoch. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. 001937 ZR: Lahillia neozefanica Marshall & Murdoch, Danian Wangaloa, New Zealand [Ref. Finlay & Marwick 1937]. neptuni Goldfuss, 1837. Not a cardiid. REcORDs. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium nepluni Goldfuss. Not a cardiid: in genus Pinna. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 4293 : Cardium neptuni Goldfuss, 1837. nequam Healey, 1908. - Combination to be revised : " Cardi u m " nequam Healey, 1908 . Cardiidae . Mesozoic. RECORDs. 001976 Ma Qi-hong el al. p. 255 : Cardium nequam Healey, 1908. 001977 ZR : Vietnamieardium nequam (Healey) Comb. nov . . Original combination not given. Ref. to Vu-Huc D. p. 679. 00 1995 Schneider: Cardium nequam Healey, 1908 = Tulongoeardium nequam (Healey, 1908). 001995 Schneider: Tulongocardium nequam (Healey, 1908). nequam (aff.) Healey, 1908. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " aff. nequam Healey, 1908. RECORDs. 001976 Ma Qi-hong el al.: Cardium aff. nequam Healey. neszmelyense Strausz, 1975 . - New combination : Laevicardium neszmelyense (Strausz, 1975). Cardiidae. Middle Eocene . RECORDS . 001975 ZR: Cardium (Laevieardium) neszmelyense Strausz, 1975 sp. nov. Hungary, Neszmely. Ref. to Strausz, p. 20. neumayri Fuchs, 1873 . - Prosodaena neumayri (Fuchs, 1873). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. From Matitza, north of Ploesti . RECORDS. 001873 Fuchs, p. 22, pI. III, fig. 7-10 : Cardium neumayri. 001886 Fischer: Prosodaenaneumayri (Fuchs, 1873). nevesskajae Ali-Zade & Ribina. - New combination: Replidacna nevesskaja e (Ali-Zade & Ribina) . Cardiacea . Fossil. RECORDS. 001977 ZR: Cardium (Rep/idacna) nevesskajae Ali-Zade & Ribina. Ref to Paramonova p.70 [Trans!. p. 320). nevesskajae Para monova, 1977. - Cerasloderma nevesskajae Paramonova, 1977 . Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RE COR DS. 001977 ZR : Cerasloderma (Planaeardium) nevesskajae Paramonova, 1977 sp. nov. Ukraine, Upper Miocene. Ref to Il'ina , Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 208, fig'd. newberryana Gabb. - Pr%cardia newberryana Gabb. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. 001922 Olsson: Protoeardia newberryana Gabb. newtoni Eames, 1957. - Loxocardium newloni (Eames, 1957). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE SPECIES. Eames, 1957 designated Fragum (A canlhoeardia) newloni type of the subgenus Afrieofragum, which is synonym with Schedocardia Stewart, 1930 (Moore el al. 1969) . RECORDs. 001957 ZR: Fragum (Afrieofragum) newtoni Eames, 1957 sp. nov. Eocene, Nigeria, subgenotype of (Africofragum) Eames, 1957 subgen. nov. 001969 Moore et al.: Acanlhoeardia (Africofragum) newtoni (Eames, 1957). 001970 Glibert & Poel: Loxoeardium newtoni (Eames, 1957). nexile Branson, 1942. - New name: Conocardium nexile Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. 001942 ZR: Conocardium nexile Branson, 1942 nom. nov. p. 389, for Conoeardium phillipsi Koninck 1885 non Orbigny 1850. nexilis Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium nexilis: not a cardiid. RECORDS. 001784 Martyn: Cardium nexilis. nexingense (subspecies) . - See under latisufeus nexingense Papp, 1954. nexum Humphrey, 1797. - Synonym of Fragumfragum (Linne , 1758) . » Regarding Cardium nexum : Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. 001797 Humphrey : Cardium nexum. 001932 Prashad : Cardium nexum Humphrey, 1797 = Fragum fragum (Linne, 1758). 001977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium nexum Humphrey = Coreulum fragum Linne. 001977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium nexum Humphrey, 1797 (non binomial) = Fragum fragum (Linnaeus, 1758). 001999 Higo el al.: Cardium nexum Humphrey, 1797 = Fragum fragum (Linnaeus, 1758). nwgarense Winchell & Marcy, 1865. - Conoeardium niagarense Winchell & Marcy, 1865. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (Dall 1895, p. 519). RECORDS. 001980 Ruhoff: Conocardium niagarense Winchell & Marcy, 1865; vo!. 1: 97, pI. 2, fig. 14. nicense Bellardi, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" nieense Bellardi, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium nicense Bellardi, 1852; vol. 4: 241, pI. F (sic = 17) fig. 9. niciense d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" niciense d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 4305: Cardium niciense d'Orbigny, 1850. nicklesi Adegoke, 1977. - Cardium nicklesi. Cardiidae. Paleocene. RECORDS. 001977 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) nicklesi sp. nov. Nigeria. Palaeocene. Ref. to Adegoke p. 270. nicol/elli Conrad, 1842 . - Changed combination: Nemoeardium nicollelli (Conrad, 1842). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS . --1886 Dall : Cardium nicollelli Conrad [Eocene]. 001922-3 2 Sherborn, p . 4307: Cardium nicollelli Conrad, 1841. 001961 ZR: Nemocardium nicollelli (Conrad) systematic description and review ofN. American Paleocene forms [Ref. Hughes 1961]. 001977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) nieol/elli (Conrad, 1842). 002001 Schneider & Carter: Nemocardium nicollelli (Conrad, 1841). Cardiidae. Early Cenozoic, Eocene, Mississippi, USA. nigamiensis (subspecies). - See under makiyami nigamiensis Noda, 1962. niger Zhizhchenko, 1934. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " niger Zhizhchenko, 1934 . Cardiidae. Miocene . RECORDS . 001939 ZR: Cardium niger Zhizhchenko, 1934 sp. n. Miocene Ciscaucasia. 001952 ZR : Cardium niger Miocene Caucasus [Ref. Zhezhcenko 1934]. nigropunctatum Habe & Kosuge, 1966. - Synonym of Vasticardium peeliniforme (Born, 1780). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Aeroslerigma rugosum (Lamarck, 1819). - Aeroslerigmaflava (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Vaslicardium nigropunetatum: TYPE LOCALITY. Amami Oshima (Higo et al. 1999). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001966 Habe & Kosuge , p. 154 (pI. 59, fig . 9): Vaslieardium nigropunetalum . 001966 Ga rrard: Va s tieardium nigropunclalum . 001966 ZR : Vaslieardium nigropunelatum Habe & Kosuge, 1966 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 649 nikitini - nivale sp. nov. Amami Is. Japan. "1967 ZR: Vaslicardium nigropunctatum, North Keppel Island, Queensland, Australia [Ref. Garrard 1967]. "1974 Habe & Kosuge: Vasticardium nigropunctatum Habe et Kosuge. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Vasticardium nigropunctatum Habe & Kosuge, 1966 = Acrosterigma rugosum Lamarck, 1819. "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Vasticardium nigropunctatum Habe & Kosuge, 1966 = Acrosterigma flava (Linne, 1758). "1977 FischerPiette, p. 174: Vasticardium nigropunctatum Habe & Kosuge = Laevicardium flavum Linne auctorum. "1977 Habe: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) nigropunctallIm Habe & Kosuge, 1966. "1997 Vidal : Vasticardium nigropunctatum Habe & Kosuge, 1966 = Vasticardium pectiniforme (Born, 1780). "1998 Poutiers : Vasticardium nigropunctatum Habe & Kosuge, 1966. "1999 Vidal: Vasticardium nigropunctatum Habe & Kosuge 1966 = Vasticardium pectiniforme (Born, 1780). "1999 Higo et al.: Acrosterigma (Regozara) nigropunctatum (Habe & Kosuge, 1966). "1999 Higo et al.: Vasticardium nigropunctallIm Habe & Kosuge, 1966. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKS. Trachycardium nigropunctatum Habe & Kosuge, 1966 is not synonym with Trachycardium flavum (Linne, 1758). HABITAT. "1999 Higo et al.: subtidal to 20 m, sand. DISTRlBUTION. "1994 HylJeberg: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific, Australia. "1999 Higo et al.: Amami islands and southwards, East China Sea, Philippines, northern Australia. *nikitini - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium nikitini from 2 sources: Andrussow, 1902. - Andrusov, 1963. - REMARKS. I do not know how Andrussow 1902 compares with Andrusov, 1963. nikitini Andrusov, 1963. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" nikitini Andrussow, 1902. Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. "1961 ZR: Cardium nikitini Andrusov, 1961 "sp. nov."[in a table] Miocene Caspian region, Russia. "1963 ZR: Cardium nikitini Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Neogene, Russia [Ref. Andrusov 1963]. nikitini Andrussow, 1902. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" nikitini Andrussow, 1902. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1902: Cardium nikitini n. sp. tends towards Cerastoderma. "1932 ZR: Cardium nikitini Andrus. Miocene [Ref. Uspenskaia 1931]. nikitini Andrussow. -Avicardium nikitini (Andrussow). Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977 Popov: Avicardium nikitini (Andrussow). nikitini nefarius Uspenskaia, 1931 (variety). Upgraded. "Cardium" nikitini nefarius Uspenskaia, 1931. Cardiidae . Miocene . RECORDS. "1932 ZR: Cardium nikitini Andrus var. nefarius U spenskaia, 1931 nov. Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. nikolaevae Merklin, 1975. - Parvicardium nikolaevae Merklin, 1975. Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene. RECORDS. "1975 ZR: Parvicardium nikolaevae Merklin, 1975 sp. nov. Kazakhstan, south west Mangyshlak. Ref. to Merklin, p. 99. nimbata Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium nimbata: not a cardiid. RECORDS. "1784 Martyn: Cardium nimbata. nipponenseTashiro, 1976. - Granocardium nipponense Tashiro, 1976. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1976 ZR: Granocardium nipponense sp. nov. Japan, Kyushu, Miyanokawachi. Ref. to Tashiro, p. 65. nipponica Yokoyama, 1925. - Changed combination: Profulvia nipponica (Yokoyama, 1925). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia hariimani (Dall, 1904) . » Regarding Papyridea nipponica: Cardiidae. Oligocene-Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Honshu, Japan. TYPE REPOSITORY. Type CM 22090 missing at the University Museum, University of Tokyo (Kafanov et al. 1994). RECORDS. "1924 Yokoyama, p. 17, p1.3, figs. 3, 4: Papyridea (Fulvia) nipponica (fide Kafanov et al. 1994). "1924 ZR: Papyridea (Fulvia) nipponica Yokoyama, 1924 sp . n. Tertiary Japan. "1925 Yokoyama: Papyridea (Fulvia) nipponica Yokoyama. "1973 Keen: Papyridea nipponica Yokoyama, 1924 (fide Oyama, Mizuno, & Sakamoto, 1960) = Fulvia hariimani (DalJ, 1904). "1976 ZR: Profolvia nipponica (Yokoyama, 1924) Comb. nov. Transferred from Papyridea. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 482 [orig. p. III]. "1980 ZR: Profulvia nipponica (Yokoyama 1924) is ajunior synonym of P hariimani (Dall 1904). ZR Ref. to Kafanov. nipponicum Noda, 1991. - Vasticardium nipponicum Noda, 1991. Cardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Ryukyu Islands, Japan. RECORDS. "1991 Noda, p. 27, fig.: Vasticardium nipponicum sp. nov. *nitens. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium nitens from 2 sources: Sowerby, 1813. - Galeotti (?year). nitens Galeotti. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" nitens Galeotti. Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Belgium. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium nitens Galeotti. nitens Sowerby, 1813. - Changed combination: Nemocardium nitens (Sowerby, 1813). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4369: Cardium nitens Sowerby, 1813. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Nemocardium (s.s.) nitens (Sowerby, 1813), compared with N. turgidum (Solander). "1977 Popov : Nemocardium (Nemocardium) nitens (Sowerby, 1813). nitida Andrussov, 1924. - Monodacna nitida Andrussov, 1924. Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1924 ZR: Monodacna nitida Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. "1963 ZR: Monodacna nitida Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Pliocene, Russia. nitidulum Tremlett, 1950. - Nemocardium nitidulum Tremlett, 1950. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1950 ZR: Nemocardium nitidulum Tremlett, 1950 sp. nov. ex Edwards MS . London Basin. "1970 Glibert & Poel: nitidulum Tremlett, 1950. "1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) nitidulum Tremlett, 1950. nitidum - Unknown. « Regarding Cardium papyraceum : RECORDS. "1817 Dillwyn: under the name Cardium nitidum, Mr. Humphrey sold Cardium papyraceum Chernnitz. nivale Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part I p. 142. Part 3 p. 909, 931]. - Changed combination: Fragum nivale (Reeve, 1845). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1845 Reeve: Cardium nivale. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia (Fragum) nivalis Reeve. "1870 Macandrew: Hemicardia (Fragum) nivale. "1884 Grasset: Hemicardium nivale Rv. "1890 Paetel: Hemicardium nivale Rv. ··1899 Sturany: Hemicardia nivale. "1903 Hidalgo: Hemicardium nivale Reeve. 1845. "1905 Sturany: Hemicardium nivale (Rve.). "1909 Melvill: Cardium (Ctenocardia) nivale, Reeve. 650 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) nivalis - nodosum "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4387 : Cardium nivale Reeve, 1845. "1926 Fischer & Fischer: Cardium (Hemicardium) nivale Rve. "1928 Faustino: Cardium (Hemicardium) nivale Reeve. "1931 Thiele & Jaeckel: Cardium (Fragum) nivale Reeve. ··1956 ZR : Hemicardia nivale Reeve new to Seychelles [Ref. Rost & Soot-Ryen 1956]. "1965 Biggs: Hemicardia (Hemicardia) nivale. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Hemicardia) nivale Reeve. "1992 Oliver: Fragum nivale . "2001 Vidal, p. 408 : Fragum nivale. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. "1845 Reeve: shell triangularly cordate, a little compressed towards the margins, angulated and flatly depressed on the posterior side; radiately flatly ribbed, 35 ribs, those of the posterior area smooth, irregular, sometimes narrow, sometimes rather broad, the anterior very finely nodulously crenated; transparent white, profusely ornamented, on the posterior area especially, with opaque snowy spots . .. 200 I Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. REMARKS. "1845 Reeve: An interesting new species, intermediate in form between Cardium fragum and Cardium hemicardium. HABITAT. .. 1845 Reeve: dredged from coral sand at the depth of 8 fathoms . DISTRIBUTION. .. 1845 Reeve: Island ofCorrigidor, Philippines. "1884 Grasset: China ... 1909 Melvill and "1994 Hylleberg: Red Sea, Kenya. nivalis (mode). - See under nivale Reeve, 1845 . nixicollis Stephenson, 1923 . - New name : Protocardia nixicollis (Stephenson, 1923) nom. nov. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS . .. 1936 ZR : Cardium nixicollis Stephenson, 1923 nom . nov. for Cardium (Protocardia) vaughani Stephenson, 1923 Invert. pos. Upper Cretaceous N. Carol. Geol. & Econ. Surv. 5 1923 p. 287 non Shattuck. njalindungense Martin, 1922. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" njalindungense Martin, 1922. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS . "1922 ZR : Cardium (Eucardium) njalindungense Martin, 1922 sp. n. Tertiary. noae Roding, 1798. - Synonym of Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS ... 1947 ZR: Tridacna noae (Roding) [Ref. McLean 1947). .. 1999 Higo et al.: Tridacnes noae Roding, 1798 = Tridacna (Flodacna) maxima (Roding, 1798). nobile Sabba Stefanescu, 1896. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium nobile (Sabba Stefanescu , 1896). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1987 Anaya: Limnocardium nobile Sabba, Stefanescu 1896. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium nobile Sabba. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) nobile Sabba. "1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium nobile (Sabba). nobile (cf.) Sabba Stefanescu, 1896. - RECORDS ... 1987 Anaya: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) cf. nobile Sabba Stefanescu. nobile amicorum Ebersin, 1947 (variety). - Upgraded. Changed combination: Euxinicardium nobile amicorum (Eberzine, 1947). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LO CALITY. Russia. RECORDS. "1987 Anaya: Limnocardium nobile var. amicorum Eberzine, 1947 . .. 1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) nobile Sabba vaT. amicorum Andrus. "1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium nobile amicorum Ebers. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) nobile amicorum Ebers.? nobile amicorum (aff.) Ebersin, 1947. - RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium aff. nobile amicorum Andrus. nodai Kafanov, 1980. - Serripes nodai Kafanov, 1980. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Kafanov, p. 319: Serripes nodai Kafanov. "1980 ZR: Serripes nodai Kafanov, 1980 nom. nov. for Cardium pauperculum Yokoyama 1923 nee Meek 1871. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 319. nodosulum Wood, 1853 . - Parvicardium nodosulum (Wood, 1853). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 46. Parvicardium nodosulum (Wood, 1853). *nodosum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium nodosum from 4 sources: Montagu, 1803. - Turton, 1822. - Chiereghini in Nardo, 1847. - Mourlon, 1880. nodosum Chiereghini in Nardo, 1847. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" nodosum Chiereghini in Nardo, 1847. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4401 : Cardium nodosum Nardo (ex Chiereghini MS), 1847. nodosum Montagu, 1803 . [Figs. Part 1 p. 145, 171]. Identical with Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium nodosum : TYPE MATERIAL missing (Glibert & Poel, p. 43). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1803 Montagu, No.6: Cardium nodosum n. sp. "1807 Maton & Rackett, No. 11: Cardium nodosum Montagu p. 81. "1813 Fleming: Cardium nodosum Montagu ... 1815 Wood: Cardium nodosum Mont. .. 1817 Dillwyn: C. nodosum Montagu has too uncertain status to be retained. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 23: Cardium nodosum Montagu = Cardium nodosum Turton, 1822. "1845 Reeve: Cardium nodosum Montagu. "1852 Leach: Cardium nodosum Mont. = Testa junior Cardium tuberculatum. "1856 Wood & Hanley No. 7: Cardium nodosum Mont. T. B. (not Turt.). "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia (Fragum) nodosa Mont. .. 1864 Mayer: C. nodosum (comparison with Cardium papil/osum Poli.) [Tertiary). "1868 ZR: Cardium nodosum (Mont.) is perhaps not = roseum (Lam.), or punctatum (Brocchi), orscabrum(Phil.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1871 Morch, p. 215, No. 204: Cardium (Cerastoderma) nodosum Mtg. "1888 Petersen: Cardium nodosum Mtg. "1890 Paetel: Cardium nodosum Mtg. "1907 ZR: Cardium nodosum [Refs. Colgan, Hoel, 0yen]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4401 : Cardium nodosum Montagu, 1803 . "1932 Winckworth: Cardium nodosum = Cardium (Parvicardium) scabrum Philippi, 1844 ... 1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvicardium nodosum (Montagu, 1803). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Cerastoderma, Parvicardium) nodosum Montagu. "1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Cardium nodosum Montagu, 1803 = Cardium tuberculatum Linnaeus. .. 2000 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium nodosum Montagu, 1803 not Gmelin, 1791 is a synonym of Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844) . .. 200 I Vidal, p. 408 : Parvicardium nodosum . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. "1845 Reeve: shell orbicular, rather depressed, posteriorly slightly angulated ; radiately Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 651 nodosum - nodulosum ribbed, 25-26 ribs, conspicuously obtusely noduled whitish. 002001 Vidal : only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. REMARKS. 001845 Reeve: each rib is surmounted with a row of small blunt nodules. HABITAT. 001876 Duprey: Cardium nodosum Turton intertidal on the coast of New Jersey with a tidal range of about 13 m . 001969 Nordsieck: 9-420 m depth, in the North Sea from 42 m depth and down. DISTRIBUTION. 001807 Maton & Racket!: Falmouth in Cornwall. 001845 Reeve: Britain. 001856 Wood & Hanley: Britain. ooOf authors: North Norway, Ireland, Canary Islands, Mediterranean. nodosum Mourlon 1880. - Replaced by Parvicardium straelini (Gilbert, 1945) . » Regarding Cardium nodosum: Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. 001947 ZR: Cardium nodosum Mourlon 1880-1881 non Montagu, 1803, = Cardium (Parvicardium) straelini Gilbert, 1945 Miocene Anversian, Belgium. nodosum Turton, 1822. - Identical with Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Cardium muricatulum jun., auctorurn. - Plagiocardium papil/osum (Po Ii). - Cardium punctatum Broc. - juv. Cardium tubercula tum Linnaeus. - Cardium roseum Lamarck, 1818. » Regarding Cardium nodosum: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. 001822 Turton: Cardium nodosum . 001855 Clark: C. nodosum Turton = C. muricatulum jun., auctorum. 001856 Jeffreys: Cardium nodosum (Turton) B.M (= "British Mollusca") = Cardium papillosum (Poli) Ph . 001857 Deshayes : Cardium nodosum Turton. 001859 Danielssen: Cardium nodosum Turton = Cardium scabrum Philippi. 001859 Sowerby: C. nodosum Turt. = Cardium punctatum Broc. 001867 ZR: Cardium nodosum (Turt. and other authors) [Ref. Weinkauff 1867]. 001868 March: Cardium (Cerastoderma) nodosum Turt. 001868 ZR: Cardium nodosum (Mont.) is perhaps not = roseum (Lam.), or punctatum (Brocchi), or scabrum (Phil.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. 001882 Cooke: Cardium nodosum Turt. = C. pygmaeum Don. = C. exiguum Gmel. 001884 Grasset: Cardium nodosum Turt. 001886 Locard: Cardium nodosum Turton, 1822 = Cardium roseum de Lamarck, 1818. 001888 Servain : Cardium nodosum Turton, 1822 = Lamarck, 1818. 001892 Locard: Cardium nodosum Turton, 1822. 001900 Bragger: Cardium nodosum, Turt. 001900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium nodosum Turton, 1822. 001906 Dautzenberg & Durouchoux: Cardium (Parvicardium) nodosum Turton. 001933 Coen: Cardium nodosum Turton = Eucardium ( Cardium) echinatum var. roseum Lamarck. 001933 Coen & Vatova: Eucardium (Rudicardium) nodosum Turton. 001937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) nodosum Turton. 001947 ZR: Cardium nodosum Turton, mode ofiocomotion, figs. [Ref. Stoll 1947]. 001962 Pasteur-Humbert: Cardium nodosum Turton. 001969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium nodosum (Turton, 1822). ooScariato & Starobogatov: Cardium nodosum Turt. in Kobelt 1898 = Plagiocardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). 001978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Cardium nodosum Turton, 1822 = Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi). 001998 Macedo et at.: Cardium nodosum Turton, 1822 non Montagu, 1803 = Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. 001884 Grasset: Algeria. nodosum ovata Jeffreys (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspeci fic status. Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844). » Regarding Cardium nodosum var. ovata: Cardiidae. Recent. REcoRDs. 001897 Marshall : Cardium nodosum var. ovata Jeff. nodosum rosea Lamarck (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844). » Regarding Cardium nodosum var. rosea: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001876 Duprey: Cardium nodosum var. rosea Lam. 001897 Marshall : Cardium nodosum var. rosea Lamk. 001901 Chaster et at.: Cardium nodosum var. rosea Lamarck. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCEDISTRIBUTION. Intertidal on the coast of New Jersey with a tidal range of about 13 m (Duprey 1876). nodulosum Lamarck . [Figs. part 3 p . 847]. Acanthocardia tuberculala. Lamarck collection MNHN Paris. No published records encountered. nodulosum Orbigny, 1850. - Conocardium nodulosum d 'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn: Pleurorhynchus nodulosum M'Coy. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 4405: Conocardium (M'Coy) nodulosum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Pleuro- rhynchus. nodulosum Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part 1 p. 93 . Part 3 p. 906]. - ? Americardia sp. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium medium Linnaeus, 1758. » Regarding Cardium nodulosum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. The East Indies (Spengler 1799. TYPE REPOSITORY. ooZMUC: I specimen (Spengler coiL). RECORDS. 001799 Spengler, p. 57, No. 37, pI. I, figs. 4 a, b: Cardium nodulosum. 001808 Spengler, p . 131: Cardium nodulosum. 001870 Morch: Cardium nodulosum Spengler; good species related to C. imbricatum Sow. 001902. Sherborn, p. 669: Cardium nodulosum Spengler, 1799. 001977 FischerPiette: Cardium nodulosum Spengler = Corculum medium Linne. 001999 Knudsen & HylJeberg: Cardium nodulosum Spengler, 1799. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: a three-sided cockle, posterior slope marked, 10 very smooth ribs, margin dentate. Shell surface with about 20 ribs, narrower than on the posterior slope, rounded tops ornamented with nodules instead of scales, narrow interstices. DESCRIPTIONS. 001799 Spengler: testa subcordata aequivalvi, carinato-angulata, sulcis nodulosis. 001799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: this triangular cockle is a distinct and new species, which is not published by any author. After its heart-shaped front side, which is encased by an elevated blunt crest, lengthwise broadest at the middle, towards the side of the back hollowed, but in the middle elevated . It is covered by ten glossy ribs, which on the margin, where both valves closely interlock, are incised with serrate teeth. Deeply incised ribs, which however are narrower than those on the front side, and which on their rounded backs are furnished with tubercles instead of scales, cover the two inflated surfaces. The backside of the bivalve, from the umbo to the lower margin, is rather long, not very much shorter than the anterior margin. The bivalve is white all over, only inside is the front side yellow. DIMENSIONS . 001799 Spengler: length 33 mm (1.25 Tom.), width 26 mm (I Tom.). REMARKS . It is not clear which specimen Spengler (1799) has described. The type specimen at 652 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) nodulosum - norvegicum ZMUC has dense chevrons on top of radial ribs (like in C. medium Linne, from the West Indies). The figures (4 a, b) by Spengler indicates that he apparently described a white specimen of Fragum unedo. His figs. do not show the characters of medium Linne so the original specimen must have been lost. DISTRIBUTION. --1799 Spengler: Its home is the East Indies [?error, should be the W. Indies if the species is C. medium L.]. nodulosum Wood, 1853. - Not valid. » Regarding Cardium nodulosum: Cardiidae. Tertiary. Synonym of Parvicardium papil/osum (Po Ii, 1791). REcORDs. --1864 Mayer: C. nodulosum (comparison with Cardium papillosum. Poli.). "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium nodulosum Wood, (Crag Moll.) = Cardium papillosum Poli. --1888 Kobelt: Cardium nodulosum Wood (fide Weinkauff) = Cardium papillosum Poli. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4405: Cardium nodulosum Wood, 1840 [n.n.]. --1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvicardium nodulosum (Wood, 1853). noeggerathi 1. Muller, 1851. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia noeggerathi (J. Muller, 1851). Cardiidae. Cretaceous . RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka: Cardium noeggerathii (Laevicardium). "1889 ZR: Cardium noeggerathi with fig. (ref. Holzapfel). --1931 ZR: Cardium noeggerathi Ref. to Rieder (1931). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium noeggerathi J. Muller, 1851; part 2: 65 . "1986 Abdel-Gawad: Cardium noeggerathi J. Miill. in Andert 1934. --1986 Abdel-Gawad, pI. 40, fig. 10: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) noeggerathi (1. Muller, 1851). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium noeggerathi Muller. Lower Senonien. Germany, B 18197. nomurai (subspecies). - See under notabilis nomurai Otuka,1943. nomurai Hayasaka, 1957. - Combination to be revised: "Clinocardium" nomurai Hayasaka, 1957. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1957 ZR: "Clinocardium" nomurai Hayasaka, 1957 sp. nov. Pliocene, Futaba district, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. nomurai Kuroda & Habe, 1951. - New name: Nemocardium nomurai Kuroda & Habe, 1951 . Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Taiwan (fossil) (Higo et al.: 1999). GENOTYPE. Habe (1951) designated Cardium nomurai Kuroda & Habe, 1951 type species of the subgenus Trifaricardium Habe, 1951. RECORDS. --1951 Kuroda & Habe: Cardium nomurai. --1951 Habe: Cardium nomurai Kuroda & Habe, 1951. --1952 Kuroda & Habe: Cardium (Trifaricardium) nomurai Kuroda & Habe. --1961 ZR: Trifaricardium nomurai Kuroda & Habe, 1961 nom. nov. pro Cardium (Acanthocardia) cancellatum Nomura 1933 non Gmelin 1791, Japan. "1962 ZR: Trifaricardium nomurai Kuroda & Habe in Kuroda, 1962 nom. nov. for Cardium cancel/ata Nomura 1933, non Gmelin 1791. --1973 Keen: Nemocardium (Trifaricardium) nomurai Kuroda & Habe, 1951. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Trifaricardium nomurai Kuroda & Habe. --1977 Habe: Trifaricardium nomurai Kuroda & Habe, 1951 . --1977 Popov: Pratulum nomurai (Kuroda & Habe). "1981 Koyama et al.: Trifaricardium nomurai. --1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Trifaricardium) nomurai Habe, 1951. --1999 Higo et al.: Trifaricardium nomurai Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1951 . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. --1973: Keen stated that Nemocardium (Trifaricardium) nomurai Kuroda & Habe, 1951 is a new name for Cardium cancellatum Nomura, 1933, preoccupied. HABITAT. "1999 Higo et at.: 100-200 m, mud and sand. DISTRIBUTION . "1994 Hylleberg: Japan. --1999 Higo et al.: Mie prefecture (offKii-Nagashima; offOwase Matsumoto, 1979) and southwards, Kii peninsula (Kuroda & Habe, 1981), Tosa bay; South China Sea. noquam (error). - Printer's mistake for nequam in Ma Qi-hong et al. 1976 . nordenskioeldi (subspecies). - See under cilia tum nordenskioeldi Kafanov, 1981. nortonensis Cox, 1946. - Tutcheria nortonensis Cox, 1946. Cardiacea. Middle Lias. RECORDS. --1946 ZR: Tutcheria nortonensis Cox, 1946 sp. nov. Middle Lias of Chipping Norton, Oxon. norvegicum Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part I p. 94, 175. 176. Part 3 p. 895, 896] . - Synonym of Laevicardium crassum (Gme\in, 1791). » Regarding Cardium norvegicum: Cardiidae. Miocene and Recent. TYPE SPECIES. Sacco (1899) stated that Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengl.) is type species of subgenus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. TYPE LOCALITY. Bergen, Norway (Spengler 1799). TYPE REPOSITORY. --ZMUC (Spengler collection). RECORDS. --1799 Spengler, p. 42, No. 26: Cardium norvegicum. --1808 Spengler: Cardium norvegicum. --1840 Swainson : Cardium norvegicum Spengler type of the genus Laevicardium (in Nordsieck 1969, p. 97). "1846 Loven: Cardium norvegicum Spengler. "1855 Clark: C. norvegicum Spengler = C. laevigatum auctorum. --1856 Wood & Hanley: C. norvegicum Speng. is to be preferred for Cardium laevigatum Penn. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium norvegicum Spengler. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium norvegicum, Spengl. .. 1867 ZR: Cardium norvegicum (Spengler) = laevigatum of the Mediterranean conchologists [Ref. Weinkauff 1867]. "1868 Colbeau: Laevicardium norvegicum Spgl. "1868 ZR: Cardium norvegicum (Spengl.) = C. laevigatum of Pennant not Linne = C. vitellinum [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1868 ZR : Cardium norvegicum (Spengl.). Living specimens observed in aquarium at Arcachon; makes considerable leaps [Ref. Crosse 1868]. "1871 Morch, p. 215, No. 200: Cardium norvegicum Spgl. = Cardium (Liocardium) crassum Gm. --1872 Tryon: Laevicardium norvegicum Spengler. "1884 Cundall: Cardium norvegica. "1884 Grasset: Laevicardium norvegicum Spgl. "1885 Smart: Cardium norvegicum Spengl. --1885 Smith: Cardium norvegicum Spengler, Forbes and Hanley, pI. 31, figs. 1-2 = Cardium (Laevicardium) var. norvegicum Spengler. --1886 Locard: Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1792 sic. --1887 Fischer: Laevicardium norvegicum Spengler. --1888 Petersen: Cardium norvegicum Spgl. --1888 Servain: Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1792 sic. --1890 Paetel: Cardium norwegicum Spglr. "1890 Paetel: Laevicardium norwegicum Spglr. "1892 Locard, p. 307: Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1792 sic. "1899 Sacco: Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengl.) (an var. fragilis Br.). --1899 Sacco: Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengler 1790) [Miocene-Recent]. --1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1790 sic. --1902 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 653 norvegicum - norvegicum gibba Dall: Cardium norvegicum Spengler, type of subgenus Laevicardium Swainson. --1902 Sherborn, p. 670 : Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1799 . --1906 Dautzenberg & Durouchoux: Cardium (Laevicardium) norvegicum Spengler. --1907 ZR: Cardium Ilorvegicum [Refs. Christensen, Colgan]. "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium (Laevicardium)norvegicum Spengler 1799. --1912 ZR: Cardium (Laevicardium) norvegicum Speng. [Ref. Dautzenberg & Fischer 1912]. --1927 Dautzenberg: Cardium (Laevicardium) norvegicum Spengler = Cardium (Laevicardium) crassum Gmelin. --1931 ZR: Cardium norvegicum Ref. to Patrini (1931). --1933 Coen & Vatova: Laevicardium norvegicum Spengler var. gibba Jeffreys. --1962 Pasteur-Humbert: Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengler) . --1969 Nordsieck : Laevicardium norvegicum norvegicum Spengler, 1790 sic. "1969 Nordsieck: Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1790 sic = Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin , 1791). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium norvegicum Schr., Spengler, 1799 = Laevicardium crassum GmeIin. --1977 ZR : Laevicardium norvegicum. Shell. Aberrant specimen. Ref to Entrop, B. --1970 Glibert & Poel : Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1799 = Laevicardium (s.s.) crassum crassum Gme1in, 1791. --1977 Fischer-Piette p. 18: Cardium norvegicum in Jeffreys 1856 = Cardium oblongum Gmelin. --1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Cardium Ilorvegicum Spengler = Laevicardium (La evicardium) crassum (Gmelin, 1791). "1983 Anaya: Laevicardium (s. s.) norvegicum (Spengler, 1790 sic) [Pliocene] ... 1998 Macedo et al. : Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1799 = Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791) . "1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1799 . .. 1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological CoIlection as Laevicardium norvegicum Spengler. Pliocene-Quaternary. Morocco, B38093 to -95. B44385 . Italy, B40619, B36098, B36099. Egypt, B42202 . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS . --ZMUC: 2 specimens from Bergen in Norway, the Spengler coil. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shells thick, glossy, not gaping, anterior part round like part of a circle, posterior slope smooth, nymphs broad and deeply set, ribs flat vanishing towards the umbo, 2 cardinals in each shell, Colour yellow outside, white inside. DESCRIPTIONS. --1799 Spengler: testa cordata aequivalvi, laevi sulcis transversis antiquatis, cos tis obsoletis. --1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: this Cardium is as long as it is broad. Its actual length on the front side is reckoned from the umbo down to the lower margin. The posterior end of the bivalve is very short and round as a circular arc. The front side is only slightly projecting and smooth in the middle. Both valves have here only quite flattened teeth and are closely connected. The nymphs are very broad and placed deeply in the bivalve. Both surfaces, on their lower part towards the middle, have flattened elevated ribs, whose backs are straight and separated by furrows . But these ribs become indistinct upwards and leave only faint traces, which become almost invisible due to the lustre by which the bivalve becomes very shining. This cockle has two hinge teeth in each valve, which is usual in this genus. The whole margin of the bivalve is provided with small teeth by which both valves interlock tightly. The valves are thick, light yellow outside, and snow-white inside. DIMENSIONS. --1799 Spengler: height and width 65 mm (2 1/2 Tom.). HABITAT. --1969 N ordsieck: generally recorded from 7 to 180 m depth (maximum 2195 m) ... 1876 Duprey: intertidal on the coast of New Jersey with a tidal range of about 13 m. DISTRIBUTION. --1799 Spengler: Bergen in Norway. --1856 Wood & Hanley: Britain &c. --1884 Grasset: England. --1969 Nordsieck: North Europe, West Africa, Mediterranean; Atlantic Ocean from Lofoten to the Ivory Coast. norvegicum Jeffreys (variety) . - Infrasubspecific. » Regarding Laevicardium norvegicum var: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1899 Sacco: Laevicardium norvegicum var. Jeffr. --1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium norvegicum norvegicum (Spengler, 1790 sic) var. Jeffreys. . norvegicum Schrater 1786 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. » Regarding Cardium norvegicum var: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Mediterranean. TYPE REPOSITORY. --ZMUC (Spengler coli.). OF COLLECTIONS. Spengler p. 42 . No. 26b, --ZMUC : I specimen from the Mediterranean in Spengler coli. RECORDS. --1784 Schrater, p. 57, No. 12 (1786), pI. 7, fig. 12 (1784) : Cardium var. norvegicum. --1799 Spengler, p. ｾＲ Ｌ＠ No. 26: Cardium var. norvegicum in Schrater. 3 r . vol. p.57, no. 12. Tab. 7 fig. 12 ... 1870 March: Cardium var. norvegicum Spengler, Schroter Einl. = Cardium crassum Gmelin. --1885 Smith: Cardium norvegicum Spengler, Forbes and Hanley, pI. 31, figs. 1-2 = Cardium (Laevicardium) var. norvegicum, Spengler. --1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium norvegicum var. Spengler, 1799 (the Mediterranean) . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: larger than C. norvegicum, more inflated, but otherwise similar to C. norvegicum from Norway. DESCRIPTIONS. --1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999 : This bivalve is considerably larger, thicker and has a more solid shell , more strongly inflated; otherwise very similar to the preceding one [Cardium norvegicum]. It belongs to the Mediterranean. DIMENSIONS. --1799 Spengler: height and width 72 mm (2 3/4 Tom.). norvegicum Spengler, 1799 (variety). [Figs. Plate 3 p. 895] . - See norvegicum var. Schrater. norvegicum dertogibba Sacco, 1899 (variety). - Identical with Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Laevicardium norvegicum var. dertogibba: no evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco, p. 52, pI. 11 , fig. 45: Laevicardium norvegicum var. dertogibba Sacco norvegicum devulIls Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Identical with Laevicardillm crassum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium norvegicum var. devians: Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, Cardium norvegicum vaT. de vians. --1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium norvegicum norvegicum var. devians Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus . Unknown distribution. norvegicum gibba (mode). - See under norvegicum gibbllm Jeffreys, 1863. 654 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) norvegicum gibbum - norvegicum senegalensis norvegicum gibbum Jeffreys, 1863 (variety). - Identical with Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Laevicardium norvegicum var. gibba: norvegicum minor (variety) - Identical with Laevicardium crass urn (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium norvegicum var. minor: infrasubspecific. No Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1933 Coen : Laevicardium norvegicum Spengler var. gibba Jeffreys . ··1937 Coen: Laevicardium norvegicum gibbum Jeffreys. Described as a variety. ··1856 Jeffreys: Cardium norvegicum var gibbum . ··1897 Marshall : Cardium norvegicum var. gibba Jeff... 1899 Sacco: Laevicardium norvegicum var. gibba (Jeffr.). ··1899 Sacco: Cardium norvegicum var gibba Jeffrey I sic 1863. ··190 I Chaster et al.: Laevicardium norvegicum var. gibba Jeffreys. ··1969 Nordsieck: norvegicum var. gibbum Jeffreys = norvegicum var senegalensis Dautzenberg. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium norvegicum gibba Jeffreys, 1863; [1862-1869] vol. 2: 295. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRITIONS. ··1969 Nordsieck: more inflated, lighter weight, more marked sculpture . REMARKS. ··1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium norvegicum Spengler, 1799 = Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). DISTRIBUTION. Unknown. norvegicum lineolatum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Identical with Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium norvegicum var. lineo/atum: infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status . Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus , 1892: Cardium norvegicum var. lineolatum . ··1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium norvegicum norvegicum (Spengler, 1790 sic) var. lineolatum Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1889 sic. Unknown distribution . norvegicum marmoratum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Identical with Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791 ).» Regarding Cardium norvegicum var. marmoratum: no evidence of sub spec ific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892: Cardium norvegicum var. marmoratum. ··1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium norvegicum norvegicum (Spengler, 1790 sic) var. marmoratum Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus . Unknown distribution . norvegicum mediterraneum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Identical with Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium norvegicum mediterranea: infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, evidence of subspecific status . Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium norvegicum var. minor. Mediterranean. norvegicum pallidum Jeffreys, 1863 (variety). Identical with Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium norvegicum var pallidum: infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1863 Jeffreys: Cardium norvegicum var pallidum. ··1896 Tregelles: Cardium norvegicum var. pallida Jeff. ··1897 Marshall: Cardium norvegicum var. pallida Jeff. 1901 Chaster et al.: Laevicardium norvegicum var. pallida Jeffreys. ··1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium norvegicum var. pallidum (Jeffreys). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium norvegicum pallida Jeffreys , 1863 ; [1862-1869] vol. 2: 295. CBARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1969 Nordsieck : yellow colour. HABITAT . "1876 Duprey: Cardium norvegicum var. pal/ida intertidal on the coast of New Jersey with a tidal range of about 13 m. DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck: unknown. norvegicum ponderosum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Identical with Laevicardium crassum (Gme\in, 1791). » Regarding Cardium norvegicum var. ponderosum: infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Recent. DESCRIPTIONS. Shell thick, heavy. DISTRIBUTION. Unknown (Nordsieck 1969). RECORDS . ··1952 Lecointre : Cardium norvegicum Spengler var. ponderosa de Bory. ··1892 Bucquoi, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium norvegicum var. ponderosum . ··1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium norvegicum var. ponderosum Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1889. norvegicum rotundum Jeffreys (variety). - Identical with Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium norvegicum var. rotunda: infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengler, 1799) = Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). DESCRIPTIONS. More round and flat (Nordsieck 1969). DISTRIBUTION. Unknown (Nordsieck 1969). RECORDS . ··1896 Tregelles : Cardium norvegicum var. rotunda Jeff. "1897 Marshall : Cardium norvegicum var. rotunda Jeff. "1901 Chaster et at.: Laevicardium norvegicum var. rotunda Jeffreys. ··1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium norvegicum norvegicum var. rotundum Jeffreys. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium norvegicum rotunda Jeffreys, 1863; [1862-1869] vol. 2: 295. norvegicum senegalensis Dautzenberg, 1891 (variety). - Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791 ) .OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium norvegicum norvegicum var gibbum Jeffreys . » Regarding Laevicardium norvegicum var. senegalensis: Cardiidae. Recent. Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. RECORDS. ··1891 Dautzenberg, p. 59: Laevicardium norvegicum Spengler var. senegalensis nov. ··1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium norvegicum norvegicum (Spengler, 1790 sic) var senegalensis Dautzenberg. ··1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium norvegicum norvegicum var. senegalensis Dautzenberg = Laevicardium norvegicum norvegicum var gibbum Jeffreys. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - 1892: Cardium norvegicum mediterranea . ··1899 Sacco : Laevicardium norvegicum var. mediterranea B.D.D. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1790 sic var. mediterranea . ··1906 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium (L.) norvegicum var. mediterranea, Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & G. Dollfus 1892. ··1937 Coen: mediterraneum Monter. = Laevicardium norvegicum gibbum Jeffreys. ··1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium norvegicum mediterraneum Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1889. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1969 Nordsieck : La e vicardium norvegicum mediterraneum coexists with a typical Atlantic form , e.g. at Marseilles. DISTRIBUTION. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Mediterranean. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 655 norwegicum - nuciforme DESCRIPTIONS. ··1969 Nordsieck: more inflated, light weight, marked sculpture. REMARKS. Laevicardium norvegicum Spengler, 1790 = Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). DISTRIBUTJON. ··1969 Nordsieck : unknown. norwegicum erroneous spelling of norvegicum. notabile (mode). - See under notabilis. notabilis Sowerby, 1915. [Figs. Part 3 p. 854]. - Serripes notabilis (Sowerby, 1915). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Serripes notabilis nomurai Otuka, 1943. - Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Serripes notabilis: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Japan. DISTRIBUTION. Japan (Hylleberg 1994). RECORDS. "1915 Sowerby, p. 169, pI. 10, fig. 9: Cardium (Serripes) notabile. ··1915 ZR: Cardium (Serripes) nota bile Sowerby, 1915 sp. n. Japan. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Serripes notabilis Sowerby. ··1954 Taki: Serripes notabi/is Sowerby. ··1962 Habe: Serripes notabilis Sowerby. ··1964 Habe: Serripes notabilis Sowerby. ··1964 Shikama: Serripes notabilis (Sowerby). ··1967 Habe: Serripes notabilis. ··1973 Keen: Serripes notabilis (Sowerby, 1915) = S. notabilis nomurai Otuka, 1943 (fide Noda, 1962). ··1975 ZR: Cardium (Serripes) notabile Saverby sic, 1915. Designated type species for new genus Yagudinella, Ref. to Kafanov. ··1977 Popov: Serripes notabilis (Sowerby). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Serripes notabilis Sowerby. ··1977 Habe: Cardium notabilis Sowerby, 1915 = Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1978 Kafanov: Yagudinella notabilis (Sowerby, 1915). ··1980 ZR: Yagudinella notabilis (Sowerby 1915). Removal from synonymy. Y notabilis nomurai (Otuka (943). Ref. to Kafanov. ··1995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-len: Serripes notabilis (Sowerby). ··1998 Schneider (I 998b ): Yagudinella notabile (Sowerby, 1915). ··1999 Higo et at.: Cardium notabilis Sowerby, 1915 = Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789). ··2000 Coan et al.: Serripes (Yagudinella) notabilis (Sowerby, 1915). notabilis nomurai Otuka, 1943 (subspecies). - Synonym of Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Serripes notabilis nomurai: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR : Yagudinella notabilis nomurai Otuka, 1943 comb. nov. transferred from Serripes. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 147. ··1978 Kafanov: Serripes notabilis nomurai Otuka, 1943 = Yagudinella notabi/is (Sowerby, J 915). ··1980 ZR: Yagudinella notabilis nomurai (Otuka 1943). Removal from synonymy with Y notabilis (Sowerby 1915). Ref. to Kafanov. ··2000 Co an et al.: Serripes notabi/is nomurai Otuka, 1943 = Serripes (Yagudinella) notabilis (Sowerby, 1915) novacaspica (subspecies). - See under protraeta novaeaspiea Glazunova, 1971. novaezelandiae Deshayes. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium novaezelandiae : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1885 Smith: Cardium novae zelalldiae Deshayes, MS. in Mus. Cuming (?) = Cardium (Bueardium) pulehellum Gray. *novakovskii. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium novakovskii from 2 sources: Andrussow, 1902. Andrusov, 1963. - REMARKS. I do not know how Andrussow 1902 compares with Andrusov 1963. novakovski Andrussow, 1902. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" novakovski Andrussow, 1902. Cardiac ea. Fossi I. RECORDS . ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1902: Cardium Ilovakovski n. sp. tends towards Cerastoderma. novakovskii Andrusov, 1963. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " Ilovakovskii Andrusov, 1963. Cardiacea. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1961 ZR: Cardium novakovskyi Andrusov, 1961 "sp. nov."[in a table] Miocene Caspian region, Russia. ··1963 ZR: Cardium novakovskii Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Neogene, Russia [on the pI. as novakovskyi]. novakovskyi (error). - Printer's mistake for novakovskii in Andrusov, 1963. novarossica Barbot de Marny, 1869 . - Changed combination: Pontalmyra novarossiea (Barbot de Mamy, 1869). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium novarossiea Barbot de Mamy 1869. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Adaehna sic novarossica (Barb.). ··1899 Sacco: Pontalmyra novarossica (Barb.). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna novorossiea (Barb.). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra novorossiea (Barb.). novatum Deshayes, 1853. - New name. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" novatum Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium novatum new name for Cardium cognatllm Phillips in Goldfuss. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium novatum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 47, 53. novorossica (subspecies) . - See under incerta novorossica Barbot de Mamy, 1869. novum Coen , 1941. - Synonym of Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium novum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1941 Coen, p. 170 (pI. I , figs. 12-14): Cardium (Acanthocardia) novum nov. spec. ··1948 ZR: Cardium (A canthocardia) novum Coen, 1941 sp. nov. Aci Frezza. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: C. (Acanthocardia) novum = C. echinatum Linne. novus Rio, 1994. - Dinocardium novus Rio, 1994. Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Argentina. RECORDS. ··1994 Rio, p. 106, pI. I, fig. 5: Dinocardium novus sp. nov. noyamiana Slodkewitsch, 1938. - Changed combination: Fulvia noyamiana (Slodkewitsch, 1938). Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Sakhalin Island. RECORDS . ··1945 ZR: Papyridea noyamiana 'Kogan' sic Upper Miocene Sakhalin. ··1973 Keen: Fulvia noyamiana (Slodkewitsch, 1938) [Papyridea). Miocene, Sakhalin Is. ··1976 ZR: Profulvia noyamiana (Slodkewitsch, 1938) Comb. nov. Transferred from Papyridea. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 482 [orig. p. III]. Itucella. - Conoeardium nueella. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1889 ZR: Conoeardium nucella with fig. (ref. Barrois). nuci lekelius, 1934 - Changed combination: Euxinieardium nuei (Jekelius, 1934). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1935 ZR: Limnocardium nuci lekelius, 1934 sp. n. Pliocene Rumania. ··1971 ZR: Limnocardium nuei Jekelius, 1932 Combination revalidated. Transferred back from Pseudoprosodacna [Ref. Andreescu 1971]. ··1975 ZR: Limnocardium (Eu.xinieardium) nuci lekelius. Emended diagnosis. Ref. to Andreescu. 1. (139). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinieardium nuci (Jek.). Ituciforme d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" nuciforme d'Orbigny, 1850. 656 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) nuciformis - nuttallii ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4433: Petricola nuciforme Sowerby, 1836. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4433: Cardium (Sow.) nuciforme d'Orbigny, 1850. - Petricola. nuciformis (variety). - See under edule nuciformis Milachewitch, 1916. nudum Miinster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" nudum Miinster, 1840. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4438: Cardium nudum Muenster, 1840. nummuliticum d' Archiac, 1850. - Not valid. » Regarding Cardium nummuliticum: Combination to be revised: "Cardium" nummuliticum d' Archiac, 1850. Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4442: Cardium nummuliticum d' Archiac, 1850 [n.n.]. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium nummuliticum d'Archiac. Turkey, B22343, B22344. nunninkae Lucas, 1984. - Cerastoderma nunninkae Lucas, 1984. Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Europe, West Africa. RECORDS. "1984 Lucas: C. nunninkae. "1984 ZR: Cerastoderma nunninkae sp. nov. Lucas, 1984. Bay of Biscay. Ref. to Lucas p. 24. nutans Perkins, 1961. - Protocardia nutans Perkins, 1961. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. "1961 ZR: Protocardia nutans Perkins, 1961 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Texas, Fort Worth. "1986 Scott: Protocardia nutans Perkins, 1961. nutaIlii (error). - Printer's mistake for nuttallii in the present work Part I, p. 171, fig. 5. nuttallianum Carpenter, 1857. - Synonym of Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad, 1837). »Regarding Cardium nuttallianum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1857 Carpenter (1856), p. 192: Cardium nuttallianum. "1872 Carpenter: Cardium nuttallianum. "190 I Dall: Cardium nuttallianum Carpenter, 1864 = Cardium corbis Martyn, 1784. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium nuttallianum Carpenter = Corculum (Keenocardium) nuttallii Conrad. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium nuttallianum Carpenter, 1857; p. 192. nuttalliiConrad, 1837. [Figs. Part I p. 136, 171. Part 3 p. 852]. - Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad, 1837). Cardiidae. Miocene and Recent. TYPE SPECIES. Keen (1936) designated Cardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837 as type species of the genus Clinocardium Keen, 1936. Gladenkov & Sinelnikova (1990) stated that Cardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837 is type species of genus Clinocardium Keen, 1936. Glibert & Poel (1970) stated that Cardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837 is type species of subgenus Clinocardium Keen, 1936. TYPE LOCALITY. A few miles from the estuary of the Columbia River. TYPE REPOSITORY. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Cat. No. 54036. RECORDS. "1837 Conrad: Cardium nuttallii. "1845 Reeve, sp. 66: Cardium nuttallii Conrad, Journal Academy Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 229. pI. 17. f. 3. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerastoderma) nuttallii Conr. "1860 Carpenter: Cardium nuttalli Conr. "1869 ZR: Cardium nuttallii (Conrad) is distinct from corbis (Martyn) [Ref. Conrad 1869]. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium nuttallii (shows a transition to Pectunculus). "1870 Conrad: Cardium nuttallii Conrad ... 1872 Dall: Cardium nuttallii, Conrad (= corbis Desh., Cpr., not Martyn). "1878 Whiteaves: Cardium nuttallii Reeve. "1884 Grasset: Cardium nuttalli. Conr. "1890 Paetel: Cardium nuttalli Conr. "1896 Rolle: Cardium nuttallii Conrad = Cardium californianum Conrad. "1900 Dall: Cardium (Cerastoderma) nuttallii Conrad, 1837, section Cerastoderma(jide Schneider 2002). "190 I Dall: Cardium nuttallii Conrad, 1838 = Cardium corbis Martyn, 1784. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4444: Cardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837. "1927 Yokoyama: Cardium nuttallii Conr. [Miocene]. "1930 Stewart: Cardium nuttallii Conrad is a typical American Cerastoderma. "1936 Keen: Cardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837. "1936 ZR: Cardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837. Genotype of Clinocardium Keen, 1936 [Ref. Keen 1936]. "1944 Keen & Bentson: Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad). "1953 La Rocque: Clinocardium nuttallii Conrad 1837. "1954 Keen: Cardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837. [U. Miocene to Recent]. "1963 ZR: C/inocardium nuttalli, comparative study of base composition of DNA [Ref. Smith & Quayle 1963]. "1963 ZR: Clinocardium nuttalli, orientation and fOITn [Ref. Stasek 1963]. "1964 Shikama: Cardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad). "1967 Habe: Clinocardium nuttallii. "1968 ZR: Clinocardium nuttallii Effect of insecticide Sevin on survival and growth [Ref. Butler et at. 1968]. "1968 ZR: Clinocardium nuttallii interganglionic regulation of heart-beat [Ref. Silvey 1968]. "1968 ZR: Clinocardium nuttallii Notes on biology and commercial importance, N. American Pacific coast, [Ref. Amos 1968]. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium nuttallii. "1972 ZR: Clinocardium nuttalli [Ref. Evans 1972]. "1975 ZR: Clinocardium nuttalli. Rate of growth. Seasonal variation. Measurements. Ref. to Ham. / Clinocardium nuttallii. Associations. Endozoic alga. Ref. to Cooke. "1973 ZR: Clinocardium nuttallii. Palaeoecology. Japan. Ref. to Kilmer / Symbiont green alga. Ref. to Hartman. "1976 ZR: Clinocardium nuttallii. Parasites. Algal parasites. Northern Pacific. Ref. to Hartman. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Keenocardium) nuttallii Conrad. "1977 Habe: Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad, 1937). "1977 Popov: Cardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837. Type of Clinocardium Keen, 1936. "1981 ZR: Cerastoderma nuttallii. California. Ref. to Mcpeak. "1982 ZR: Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad 1837). Diagnostic characters. Ref. to Kafanov et al. p. 43. "1982 ZR: Clinocardium nuttallii syn. nov. Cardium ?decoratum Grewingk 1850. Ref. to Kafanov et at. p. 43. "1982 ZR: Clinocardium nuttallii. Miocene. Russian SFSR. Kamchatka & Sakhalin, first record for Miocene & range extension. Ref. to Kafanov et al. ··1982 ZR: Clinocardium nuttallii. Ref. to Brenchley. / Gallucci et al. / Smith. "1983 ZR: Clinocardium nuttallii. Oregon. Ref. to Robinson et al. "1985 ZR: Clinocardium nuttallii. Ref. to Meyhofer. "1987 ZR: Clinocardium nuttallii. Ref. to Bayer. - Clinocardium nuttalli. Ref. to Estes et al. "1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova: Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad), 1837. "1994 Schneider: Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad, 1837). "1998 Schneider (1998b): Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad, 1837) from Oregon and Washington harbour Chlorella in the tissues. "1999 Higo et al.: Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad, 1837). Type locality: California. Distribution: northeastern Honshu (Iwate prefecture) and northwards, Hokkaido, Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 657 nux - obliquatum Okhotsk Sea; Bering Sea, Alaska, northwestern USA to California. Habitat: 10-50 m, sandy mud. --2000 Coan et af.: Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nUl/allii (Conrad , 1837). --200 I Schneider & Carter: Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad , 1837). --2002 Schneider: Clinocardium nuttallii. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC wet collection: Friday Harbor, 15 m muddy silt 1. Hylleberg leg. DESCRIPTIONS. --1845 Reeve: shell cordately ovate, Venus-shaped, radiately ribbed, 32 ribs, the extreme posterior ribs very close and almost obsolete, the rest rounded, nodulously crenated in an arched manner throughout; whitish, covered with a rather thick Iivebrown epidermis. --1870 Conrad : 28 large ribs; no intermediate rib between large ribs; 6 close narrow ribs on posterior slope. Ligament very wide. Narrow and prominent beaks. "1896 Rolle : 34 ribs. REMARKS. --1845 Reeve: this is a noble species though not exhibiting any attractive display of colours; the ribs are rounded, and regularly crenated, in a peculiar arched style, from the margins to the summit of the umbones. All the specimens that have come under my notice are curiously characteristic of several distinct epochs of growth. The first stage of growth is completed within about the radius of an inch from the umbones, and others succeed it at rather less intervals throughout. --1870: Conrad compared C. corbis Meusch or of Martyn, from Pooloo Condor [Vietnam] with C. nuttallii Conrad from Upper California. They were claimed to be synonyms by Carpenter, but Conrad showed the two to be very different. --1871: Stoliczka stated that Cardium nUllalli; is a true intermediate between the genera (subgenera) Acanthocardia Gray, 1853 and Peetuneulus Adans., 1757 = Veprieardium. "1927 Yokoyama p. 178 : Cardium shinjiense = Cardium nuttallii (sic) Conr.; they resemble Cardium Jastosum Yokoyama, 1927. HABITAT. Intertidal, shallow water. DISTRIBUTION. --1844 Sitka, Reeve: Northwest USA. --1884 Grassel: Vancouver. "Of authors: North West Pacific, Bering Sea, California. nux da Costa, 1778. - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardium nux: RECORDS. --1778 da Costa, p. 173 (pI. 13, fig. 2. 2): Cardium nux. "1803 Montagu: Cardium nux Da Costa. p. 173 . "1853 Forbes & Hanley: Cardium nux not a cardiid. "1902 Sherborn, p. 676: Cardium nux da Costa, 1778. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium nux da Costa = freshwater species. nystianum Orbigny, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" nystianum Orbigny, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium nystianum Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 21. nystii - Conocardium nystii. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium nystii. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Conoeardium nysti de Konink. Belgium (Tournai) B06485. noggerathi (invalid spelling). - See under noeggerathi J. Mi.iller, 1851. o 0, Cardium Martyn, 1789. Non binominal. - Not available. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1789 Martyn: Cardium "0 ". REMARKS. "1936 Keen: Martyn's Universal Conchologist is not consistently binomial. Martyn's identification is erroneous and confusion has been created. The only available name is Clinoeardium nuttallii Conrad, 1837. DISTRIBUTION . North West Pacific, Bering Sea, California. obesa Sowerby, 1899 . - Synonym of Tridacna (Ffodacna) derasa (Roding, 1798) . Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1899 ZR: Tridaena obesa Sowerby, 1899 n. sp. Philippines. --1999 Higo et af.: Tridacna obesa Sowerby, 1899 = Tridacna (Ffodaena) derasa (Roding, 1798) Tridacnidae. obesum Bartsch, 1947. - Synonym ofCorcufum eardissa (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Corcufum obesum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCA LITY. Cebu, Philippines. TYPE REPOSITORY. USNM 543559. RECORDS. "1947 Bartsch, p. 224-225, pI. I, fig. 2: Coreufum obesum new species. --1947 ZR: Coreufum obesum Bartsch, 1947 sp. nov. Cebu. --1960 Kuroda: Coreufum obesum Bartsch. --1964 Shikama: Coreufum obesum Bartsch. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium obesum Bartsch = Cardium eardissa Linne . --1977 Habe: Coreulum obesum Bartsch, 1947 = Corell fum eardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). --1989 Severin & Cooper: Corculum obesum. --1999 Higo et at. : Corculum obesum Bartsch, 1947 = Corculum cardissum (Linnaeus, 1758). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. Anterior side much more convex than posterior side. DIMENSIONS. --1947 Bartsch: height 36. 1 mm; length 18 mm, diameter 29.9 mm. REMARKS. "1989: Severin & Cooper found that C. obesum is part of an ecological continuum of Corculum represented by a 'cardissa'-morph and a 'monostroma'-morph at each of the two ends. obliqua (subspecies). - See longiuscula obliqua Eberzin, 1960. - samarangae obliqua Ozaki, 1956. ob/iqua Ozaki, 1956. - Nemocardium obliqua Ozaki, 1956. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Noda: Nemocardium obliqua Ozaki, 1956. --1988 Noda: Nemocardium obliqua. obliquatal-um (variety). - See under rectidens obliquata. - papil/osum obliquata Aradas 1846. - papillosum obliquata Michelotti 1839. obliquata Gillet, 1970. - Plagiodacna obliquata Gillet, 1970. Lyrnnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1970 ZR: Plagiodacna obliquata Gillet, 1970 sp. nov. 'Monte dei Corvi' deposit, Ancona deposits, Italy. obliquata Warren, 1932. - Protocardia obliquata Warren, 1932. Cardiidae. Jurassic . RECORDS. --1933 ZR : Protocardia obliquata Warren, 1932 sp. n. Jurassic Alberta. *obliquatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium obliquatum from 2 sources: Michelotti, 1839. - Aradas, 1846. obliqltatum Aradas 1846. - Synonym of Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1795). » Regarding Cardium obliquatum: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. C. obliquatum: unknown (Nord sieck 1969) ; C. papi/losum : Europe, North West Africa. RECORDS . --1878 Monterosato: Cardium obliquatum Arad. = Cardium papillosum Poli . --1884 Monterosato: Cardium obliquatum. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4461 : Cardium obliquatum Aradas, 1846. --1969 Nordsieck: Papillicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791) var. obliquatum (Monterosato, 1884). 658 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) obliquatum - obliquum obliquatum Michelotti, 1839. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule incerla (Brn.). » Regarding Cardium obliquatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco: Cardium obliquatum Michelotti? 1839 = Cerastoderma edule var. incerla (Bm.). --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4461: Cardium obliquatum Michelotti, 1839. oblique (error). - Printer's mistake for obliqua in Noda 1980. obliquicosta - Budmania obliquicosta. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Budmania obliquicosta. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Budmania) obliquicosta. obli<Juicostata Marinescu, 1975. New combination: Lymnocardium obliquicostata (Marinescu , 1975). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1975 ZR: Limnocardium (Budmania) obliquicostata Marinescu, 1975 sp. nov. Romania, Banal. Ref. to Marinescu, p. 25. obliqum (error). - Printer's mistake for obliquum in Glibert & Poe I 1970. obliquoobsoletum Kolesnikov, 1929. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " obliquoobsoletum Kolesnikov, 1929. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. --1929 ZR : Cardium obliquoobsoletum Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. obliquoobsoletum armavirense Kolesnikov, 1929 (variety). - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " obliquoobsoletum armavirense Kolesnikov, 1929 . Cardiacea. Sarmatian. RECORDS. --1929 ZR: Cardium obliquoobsoletum var. armavirense Kolesnikov, 1929 nov. Sarmatian [Ref. Kolesnikov 1929]. *ob/iquum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium obliquum from 5 sources: Spengler, 1799. - Lamarck, 1805. - Woodward, 1833 . - Andrzejoswky, 1836. Dufour, 1881. obliquum Andrzejoswky, 1836 . - Replaced by "Cardium " protractum Eichwald. Combination to be revised. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium obliquum Andrzejoswky, 1836 - C. protractum Eichwald. obliquum Dufour, 1881. - Replaced by "Cardium " obliquum Lamarck. Cardiidae . Eocene. RECORDS . --1886 Cossmann: Cardium obliquum Dufour, 1881 = Cardium obliquum Lamarck. obliquum Lamarck, 1805. [Figs. Part 3 p. 920]. Changed combination: Loxocardium obliquum (Lamarck, 1805). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758). - Loxocardium bouei (Deshayes, 1858). » Regarding Cardium obliquum: Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. REMARKS. Anton (1839): stated that Cardium obliquum Lamarck [fossil] is a synonym of Cardium edule Linne. Glibert & Poel (1970): stated that Cardium obliqum [sic = obliquum] Lamarck, 1805 non Spengler, 1799 is a synonym of Loxocardium bouei (Deshayes, 1858). RECORDS. "1835 Lamarck: Cardium obliquum Lamk. "1839 Anton: Cardium obliquum Lamarck. "1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium obliquum Lam. fossil of France. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium obliquum Lamarck, 1809. --1859 Sowerby: C. obliquum = Cardium edule Linn. --1886 Cossmann: Cardium obliquum Lamarck. --1887 Fischer: Cardium obliquum Lamarck. --1899 Sacco: Type species Loxocardium obliquum Lamarck. "1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Loxocardium) obliquum Lamarck. "1912 Favre: Cardium obliquum Lamarck. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4463: Cardium obliquum Lamarck, 1805 ... 1936 ZR: Laevicardium obliquum Vin. & Cout. non Lk. Glibert, 1933 sp. n. Wemmel Sands, Eocene Belgium. --1950 ZR: Cardium obliquum Lk. 1805, non Spengler 1799 = Cardium (Loxocardium) bouei Desh. var. barlonensis Tremlett, 1950 nov. --1970 Glibert& Poel: = Loxocardium bouei (Deshayes, 1858). "1977 Popov: Loxocardium obliquum (Lamarck, 1805). --1998 Schneider: Loxocardium obliquum (Lamarck, 1805). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium (Loxocardium) obliquum Lamarck. Lutetien, Bartonien. France; Turkey; Egypt; i.a. --200 I Schneider & Carter: Loxocardium obliquum (Lamarck, 1805). Eocene, France. --2002 Schneider: Loxocardium obliquum (Lamarck, 1805). ob/iquum Meek & Worthen, 1865 . - Conocardium obliquum Meek & Worthen, 1865 . Conocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (Dall 1895, p. 519). RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Conocardium obliquum Meek & Worthen, 1865 [1865-1866] ; p. 249. ob/iquum Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part 1 p. 93. Part 3 p. 856]. - Synonym of Dinocardium robus/um (Lightfoot, 1786). » Regarding Cardium obliqvum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. -- Carolina. ZMUC. -- Lister quoted by Spengler 1799: Caroline lsI. TYPE REPOSITORY. ZMUC Spengler coIl. RECORDS. --1687 Lister, pI. 328, fig . 165: Cardium obliqvum (fide Spengler 1799) [not available] . "1799 Spengler, p. 23-24, No. 12, p. 60, figs . 3 a,b: Cardium obliqvum Lister. --1853 Forbes & Hanley: Cardium obliquum . --1856 Wood & Hanley: C. obliquum Speno Sk. Nat. v. pt. I, p. 23, pI. I, f. 3. = Cardium ventricosum Brug. --1902 Sherborn, p. 678: Cardium obliquum Spengler, 1799. --1974 Abbott: Cardium obliquum Spengler, 1799 = Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium obliquum Spengler. --1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium obliqvum Spengler, 1799. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1799 Spengler, fig. 3: pectunculus magnus, maculatus, intus leviter rufescens. Lister Tab. 328. fig. 165. Shell with triangular outline, posterior edge very long, nearly straight, anterior edge very short, margin rounded from anterior to posterior end, 32 ribs, anteriorly and posteriorly broad, flat and smooth, centrally rOl!nded, transversely ornamented with scalelike stripes, interstices narrow, umbones pointed, turned in anterior direction, exterior white, yellow posteriorly, with scattered red-brown spots, interior bright red, brown towards the margin. DIMENSIONS. --1799 Spengler: length 83 mm (3 Tom 2 Linier), width 83 rrim (3 Tom 2 Linier) The latter measure must have been taken diagonally. If the width is measured perpendicular to length, it is about 66 mm. Thickness is 60 mm, measured on fig. 3. REMARKS. Cardium obliquum Spengler, 1799 is very similar to Dinocardium robus/um (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786). However, the latter species is a Caribbean species. Unfortunately Spengler 's specimen (ZMUC) is without locality. Hence, the reference to Lister (1687) is without relevance. DISTRIBUTION . Unknown (? Caroline Is!,). Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 659 obliquum - oblongum obliquum Woodward, 1833. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding C. obliquum: Cardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Forbes (1846) stated that C. obliquum Woodward = Cardium edule Linne; first appearance during Red Crag period. Deshayes (1857) and Dollfus & Dautzenberg (1912) were of the same opinion. RECORDS ... 1846 Forbes: C. obliquum Woodward. --1853 Forbes & Hanley: Cardium obliquum Woodward. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium obliquum Woodward. -CO edule. --1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium obliquum Woodward, 1833. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4463: Cardium obliquum Woodward, 1833. obliquum bouei Deshayes (variety). - Upgraded. Changed combination: Loxocardium obliquum bouei (Deshayes). TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. --1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Loxocardium) obliquum var. bouei Deshayes. obliqvum Spengler, 1799. - See under obliquum Spengler, 1799. oblonga (subspecies and variety). - See under caucasica oblonga Androussov, 1923. - privum oblonga Eberzin, 1958. - propinqua oblonga Androussov, 1923. oblonga Sowerby. - Cardiomorpha oblonga, Sowerby. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. --1859 Chenu: Cardiomorpha oblonga Sowerby. oblongatum Solander in Brander, 1766. - Unknown species. --1902 Sherborn, p. 679: Cardium oblongatum So lander in Brander, 1766. oblongulum Sacco, 1899 (Rov. in schedis). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" oblongulum Rov. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1899 Sacco: Cardium oblongulum Rov. --1899 Sacco, p. 38, pI. 9, fig. 5: Cardium oblongulum Rov. (in schedis). Described by Sacco. *oblongum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium oblongum from 3 sources: Gmelin, 1791. - Brown, 1825. - Alieva, 1967. oblongum Alieva, 1967. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" oblongum Alieva, 1967. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1967 ZR: Cardium oblongum Alieva, 1967 sp. nov. figs. Akchagil deposits, Naftalan, Azerbaidjan, SSR. oblongum Born 1780. [Figs. Part I p. 67]. - RECORDS. --1780 Born as C. latum [err.]. ID by Gmelin 1791: C. oblongum mus. Caes. Vind. test. t. 3. f. 8. oblongum Brown, 1825. - Synonym of Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium oblongum: Cardiidae. Recent. REcoRDs. --1844 Brown: Cardium oblongum. --1867 Weinkauff: Cardium oblongum Brown (non Gmelin) = C. norvegicum Spengler. --1886 Locard: Cardium oblongum Brown, 1825 (non Chern.) = Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1792 sic. --1888 Kobelt: Cardium oblongum Brown = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. oblongum Bruguiere, 1789 replaces oblongum Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part 1 p. 76, 169. Part 3 p. 897, 898]. Chemnitz is non binominal. Not available. Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck, 1819. Cardium obsoletum Spengler, 1799. - Cardium jlavum Poli (non Lin.). » Regarding Cardium oblongum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 19 Fig. 190: Cardium oblongum. --1782 Chemnitz. 10 by Gmelin 1791: Cardium oblongum t. 19. f. 190. --1788 Schrater: Cardium oblongum. [Reference to Chemnitz (1782) fig. 195]. --1789 Bruguiere: Cardium oblongum Martini, tom. 6. pag. 195, tab. 19, fig. 190. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1819 Lamarck: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz 6. t. 19. fig. 190 = Cardium sulcatum Lamarck, 1819. --1832 Bronn: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1832 Deshayes: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. = Cardium sulcatum Lamk. --1840 Pfeiffer: Chemnitz Fig. 190. Cardium oblongum = Cardium sulcatum Lam. 24. --1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 23: Cardium oblongum Ch. vi. 195, f. 190. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium oblongum, Chemn. --1858 Gray: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1867 Weinkauff: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1867 Hidalgo: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1867 ZR: Cardium oblongum (Chemn.) = sulcatum (Lam.) (nearly allied, but may be kept distinct [Ref. Weinkauff 1867). --1869 Appelius: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1869 Petit de la Saussaye: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1870 Aradas & Benoit: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1870 Hidalgo: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1870 March: c. oblongum Chemnitz. junior synonym of Cardium obsoletum Spgl. --1872 Monterosato: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1878 Monterosato: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. = c.jlavum Poli (non Lin.) = C. sulcatum Lk. --1874 Jeffreys: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1875 Monterosato: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1875 Clement: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1878 Monterosato: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1879 Granger: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1880 Stossich: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1883 Dollfus: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1883 Marion: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1884 Grasset: Laevicardium oblongum Chern. --1884 Monterosato: Laevicardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1884 repratx: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1889 Carus: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1890 Paetel: Laevicardium oblongum Ch. = Cardium oblongum. --1891 Brusina: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1891 Dautzenberg: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1892 Locard: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz, 1789 sic. --1896 Elera: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1898 Locard: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1899 Locard: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1899 Granger: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1899 Sacco: Laevicardium oblongum Chemnitz 1782 [Pliocene-Recent]. --1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz, 1789 sic. --1903 Font y Sague: Laevicardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1913 Pallary: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1927 Dautzenberg: Cardium (Laevicardium) oblongum (Chemnitz) Gmelin. --1962 Pasteur-Humbert: Cardium (Laevicardium) oblongum Chemnitz. --1965 Mars: Laevicardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium oblongum (Chemnitz, 1782). --1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 Cardium oblongum Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 19. fig. 190. = No. 15 Cardium obsoletum in Spengler (The Mediterranean). --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological 660 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) oblongum - oblongum comitatensis Collection. Cardium oblongum Chemnil2. Belgium (An Vers). B35562. oblongum Gmelin, 1791.[Figs.Part 1 p . 67,76,101,138 Part 3 p. 896- 98]. - Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium attenuatum (Sowerby). - Cardium crassum Gmelin. - Cardium laevigatum Linne - Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1799. - Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. » Regarding Cardium oblongum : Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. Type species: Stoliczka (1870) designated Cardium oblongum Gmelin, 1791 type species of genus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. - Glibert & Poe I: (1970) designated Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791) as type species of subgenus (Laevicardium) Stoliczka. RECORDS. 001780 Born. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium oblongum mus. Caes. Vind. test. t. 3. f. 8. 001782 Chemnitz. ID by Grnelin 1791: Cardium oblongum t. 19. f.190. 001791 Grnelin, 13,p. 3254, No. 34: Cardium oblongum. 001798 Roding: Cardium oblongum Gmelin. 001803 Montagu: Cardium oblongum Gme!. 34? = Cardium laevigatum Lin. 001806 Link: Cardium oblongum Linne, Gmelin, p. 3254. 001815 Wood: Cardium oblongum. 001828 Wood: Cardium oblongum . 001829 Costa: Cardium oblongum. Gm. = Cardium flavum, Poli et Born. 001836 Philippi: Cardium oblongum Gmelin p. 3254; citing Chemnitz VI. t. 19. fig. 190 = Cardium sulcatum Lamk. 001840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 5, No. 64: Cardium oblongum = Cardium sulcatum Lam. 001844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium oblongum Gme!. = Cardium sulcatum Lam. 001845 Reeve, species 71 : Cardium oblongum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (Gmelin's edit.), p. 3254. 00 1859 Sowerby: C. oblongum = Cardium norvegicum, Spengler. 001866 Brusina: Laevicardium oblongum Gmelin. 001870 Stoliczka: Cardium oblongum Gmelin, 1791. 001890 Paetel: Cardium crassum Gm. = oblongum Ch. [not available]. 001891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium oblongum Gme!. = Cardium sulcatum Lam. 001897 ZR: Cardium oblongum, note on the siphonal papillae Ref. to Nagel (1897). 001900 Pallary: Cardium (Laevicardium) oblongum Gmelin. 001902 Pallary: Cardium (Laevicardium) oblongum Gmelin. 001902 Sherborn, p. 679: Cardium oblongum Grnelin, 1790 sic. 001907 ZR : Cardium oblongum [Ref. Zimmermann 1907]. 001913 Dautzenberg: Cardium oblongum. 001916 Hidalgo: Cardium oblongum. 001920 Palary: Cardium oblongum Gmelin. 001933 Coen: Laevicardium oblongum Gmelin. 001933 Co en & Vatova: Laevicardium oblongum Gmelin. 001940 Smith: Cardium oblongum L. = Laevicardium attenuatum (Sowerby) (cited by Fischer-Piette 1977, p. 26). 001954 ZR: Cardium oblongum, ecological and biological notes, figs. [Ref. Braun 1954]. 001959 Devidts: Cardium oblongum Gmelin. 001961 ZR: Laevicardium oblungum sic; deep sea faunal associations off Provence [Ref. Picard 1961]. 001963 Riedl: Laevicardium oblongum Gmelin. 001967 Colantoni: Laevicardium oblongum. 001969 Moore et al.: Laevicardium (Laevicardium) oblongum (Gmelin, 1791). 001970 Glibert & Poel : Laevicardium (s.s.) oblongum Gmelin, 1790 sic. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium oblongum Gmelin . 001977 Popov p. 50.: Genotype: Cardium oblongum Gmelin, 1790. Type of Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. 001977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium oblongum Gmelin, 1791. 001983 Anaya: Cardium oblongum Gmelin, 1791. Type species of Laevicardium Swainson, 1840. Type designated by Stoliczka 1871. 001992 Schneider p. 155: Laevicardium oblongum (Grnelin). Type species of Laevicardium. 001998 Macedo et al.: Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791).002001 Vidal, p. 407: Laevicardium oblongum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ooZMUC wet collection, West Indies. It is not Laevicardium oblongum Gmelin. DESCRIPTIONS. 001845 Reeve: shell ovately oblong, ventricose, somewhat attenuated towards the umbones, rather thin, radiated with grooved striae, posterior area smooth; brownish-white, covered with a yellowish brown epidermis. 002001 Vidal : tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. 001845 Reeve: Lamarck appears to have omitted all notice of this species. HABITAT. 001845 Reeve: dredged from mud at the depth of about twenty fathoms. 001969 Nordsieck: sand at 4 to 200 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. 001845 Reeve: Devonshire, Britain. 001884 Grasset: Algeria. 001969 Nordsieck: Mediterranean, Canary Is!. oblongum Linne. - See under Gmelin, 1791. oblongum of Brown 1845. - Misidentification of Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . 001912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium oblongum Brown 1845 (non Chemnitz) = Cardium (Laevicardium) norvegicum Spengler 1799. oblongum of Montagu 1803 . - Misidentification of Parvicardium Jasciatum (Montagu, 1808). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001886 Locard: Cardium oblongum Montagu, 1803 (non Brug.) = Cardium Jasciatum Montagu, 1808. 00 I 888 Servain: Cardium oblongum Montagu 1803 non Bruguiere = Cardium Jasciatum Montagu, 1808. oblongum of Reeve 1845. - Misidentification of Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 179 I). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium oblongum var. ovale. - Cardium laevigatum Penn. » Regarding Cardium oblongum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001856 Wood & Hanley: C. oblongum Reeve (not. Ch.) I. Car. f. 71 = Cardium laevigatum Penn. 001868 ZR: Cardium oblongum of Reeve to be distinguished from the Mediterranean oblongum (Chemn.) =flavum (Born) =sulcatum (Lam.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. 001869. Romer: Cardium oblongum Reeve fig. 71 = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. 001917. Hidalgo: Cardium oblongum Reeve = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. 001912. Daul2enberg & Fischer: Reeve 1845, fig . 71 is C. oblongum var. ovale. 00 I 912. Daul2enberg & Fischer: Reeve 1.845, fig. 79 represents the true Cardium oblongum. oblongum attenuata Locard & Caziot, 1900 (variety).Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. « Regarding Cardium oblongum var. attenuata: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Mediterranean. RECORDS. 001900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium oblongum Chemnil2, 1789 sic var. attenuata. oblongum comitatensis Fontannes (variety). - No evidence of subspecific status. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium crassum Jragile (Brocchi, 1814). » Regarding Laevicardium oblongum var. comitatensis: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium oblongum var. comitatensis Fontannes. 001899 Sacco: Laevicardium oblongum var. comitatensis Fontannes. 001970 Glibert & Poel: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 661 oblongum gibbum - obscurum Laevicardium oblongum variety comitatensis = Laevicardium (s.s.) crassumfragile (Brocchi, 1814). oblongum gibbum Jeffreys (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Laevicardium oblongum var. gibbum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1969 Nordsieck: Laevicardium oblongum var. gibbum (Jeffreys). oblongum minor Locard & Caziot, 1900 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Laevicardium oblongum var. minor: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. The Mediterranean. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean (Locard & Caziot 1900). RECORDs. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz, 1789 sic var. minor. oblongum ovale (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Laevicardium oblongum var. ovale: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Reeve 1845, fig. 71 is C. oblongum var. ovale. oblungum (error). - Printer's mistake for oblongum in Picard 1961. obovalis (mode). - See under obovale. obovale Sowerby, 1833. [Figs. Part I p. 106, 144. Part 3 p. 856,931]. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia obovalis (Sowerby, 1833). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium exiguum Gmelin. » Regarding Cardium obovale: Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. TYPE SPECIES. Olsson (1961) designated Trigoniocardia obovalis (Sowerby, 1833) type species of the subgenus (Apiocardia). TYPE LOCALITY. Hab. ad oras Americae Meridionalis (Xipixapi) (Sowerby 1833). Xipixapi (Jipijapa), Ecuador, in II fathoms, sandy mud (Hertlein & Strong 1947). TYPE REPOSITORY. 2 syntypes BMNH London. Plesiotype [fossil] No. 6069 (C.A.S. type collection) Hertlein 1934. RECORDS. ··1833 S0:'therby, p. 84: Cardium obovale. ··1834 Sowerby, 46t part, fig. 4: Cardium obovale nobis. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No. 90: Cardium obovale, Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list p. 8: Cardium obovale, (Sowerby No. 90). ··1845 Reeve: Cardium obovale Broderip & Sowerby. "1846 Orbigny: Cardium obovale, Sowerby, 1833. ··1852 Adams: 431. Cardium obovale Brod. et Sowb. 1833. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Fragum) obovalis, Brod. and Sow. ··1860 Carpenter: Cardium obovale Brod. & S. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium obovale. Sow. ··1890 Paetel: Hemicardium obovale Brod. et Sow. ··1901 Dall: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) obovale Sowerby, 1833. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4478: Cardium obovale Sowerby, 1833. ··1932 Pilsbry & Lowe: Cardium (Trigoniocardium) obovale Sby. ··1934 Hertlein, p. 62 (pI. 21, fig. 14): Cardium obovale Sowerby [fossil]. "1941 Pilsbry & Olsson: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) obovale Sby. [PI iocene]. ··1944 Smith: Trigoniocardia obovale Sowerby. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) obovale Sowerby. ··1955 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) obovale Sowerby. ··1958. Abbott: Trigoniocardia obovalis Sowerby 1833 [Recent]. ··1961. Olsson: Trigoniocardia obovalis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). ··1961. Olsson: Cardium obovale Sowerby, 1833. ··1961. ZR: Cardium obovale Sowerby Sub genotype of (Apiocardia) Olsson, 1961. "1961. ZR: Trigoniocardia (Apiocardia) obovale subgenotype of (Apiocardia) Olsson, 1961. ··1964. Parker: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) obovalis (Sowerby, 1833). ··1969. Moore et al.: Trigoniocardia (Apiocardia) obovalis (Sowerby, 1833). "1977. Popov: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) obovalis (Sowerby, 1833). "1977. Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Trigoniocardia, Apiocardia) obovale Sowerby. ··1977. FischerPiette, p. 174: Cardium obovale Sowerby = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Trigoniocardia (Apiocardia) obovale (Sowerby, 1833). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Gulf of California. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: sub ovate, somewhat oblique shell sculptured with about 21 finely noded ribs is typical of this species. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell oblong, heart-shaped, oblique, gibbous, sides very short; radiately ribbed, 22 ribs, side ribs depressly flattened, anterior of which are finely crenulated on the posterior side, middle ribs rounded, very closely crenated throughout, interstices between all the ribs transversely impressly cancellated; whitish, faintly tinged with brown towards the umbones. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: shell decidedly higher than long; umbo abruptly angulated posteriorly; posterior margin truncated; ribs beaded; anterior laterals crowded against cardinals posteriorly; posterior margin truncated. - Shell subovate, oblique, fairly convex and peaked, ornamented by about 2 I finely noded radial ribs, those anteriorly somewhat broadly and asymmetrically triangular, those along the posterior umbonal ridge higher and rounded, those on the posterior area about 8 in number, flatter, narrower and closer together than those on the anterior area, interspaces transversely grooved. This is a small white form, distinguished by the very different outline and more numerous ribs (20 to 22), which are roughened by numerous minute nodes. Maximum size attained is about 14 mm. Length; 20 mm. height. Magdalena Bay and the Gulf of California to Salinas, Ecuador. Sometimes the shells are found on shore but mostly are taken by dredging. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: of a very singular oblong form, with a peculiarity of sculpture, which I have not observed in any other species. DrMENSIONS. About 20.5 mm in height and 14 mm in length. HABITAT. ··1845 Reeve: found in sandy mud at the depth of I I fathoms. ··ZMUC: sand, shelly sand, 9-104 m. DISTRIBUTION . •• I 845 Reeve: Xipixapi, West Columbia. ··1884 Grasset: China. ··1964 Parker: Gulf of California. obscura (mode). - See under obscurum. obscura Papaianopol, 1981. - Pontalmyra obscura Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) obscura Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 40. obscurum Miinster, 1839 - Not valid. » Regarding Cardium obscurum: Combination to be revised: "Cardium" obscurum. - ?Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Germany. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium obscurum (Germany). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4485: Cardium obscurum Muenster, 1839 [no n.]. obscurum Papaianopol, 1982. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium obscurum (Papaianopol, 1982). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1982 Papaianopol, p. 204, fig.: Limnocardium 662 Tropical Marin e Mollusc Programme (TMMP) obsoleta vindobonense - obunca (Euxinicardium) obscurum sp. nov. --1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium obscurum Papaian. --1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra obscura Papaian. obsoleta I'indobonense - Cerastoderma obsoleta vindobonense. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) obsoleta vindobonense. Obsoletiforma Kolesnikov in Paramonova, 1971 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1980. Vokes: Obsoletiforma Kolesnikov in Paramonova, 1971. Genus pro Obsoletiformes Kolesnikov, 1948. Subfamily uncertain. "1987 Kojumdgieva p. 12: Obsoletiforma: three subgenera: Kubanocardium Muskhelishwili , 1965. - Obsoletiforma Kolesnikov 1948 - Sarmaticardium Bagdasarjan 1978. Cardiidae. Miocene, Sarmatian. Emended diagnosis. --2002 Schneider: Obsoletiforma. Sarmatian (late Middle Miocene) brackish-water. Obsoletiforma (subgenus). - RECORDS. --1977 ZR : Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma). Key to species. Ref to Il'ina , Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 72. "1987 Kojumdgieva p. 8: (Obsoletiforma) Kolesnikov, 1948. Cardiidae. Miocene, Sarmatian. Emended diagnosis. obsoletiforme Kolesnikov, 1929 - Changed combination: Cerastoderma obsoletiforme (Kolesnikov, 1929). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1929 ZR: Cardium obsoletiformis Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. --1977 Popov: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) obsoletiforme. Obsoletiformes Kolesnikov, 1948 (genus). - Invalid. RECORDS. --1980 Vokes: invalid vernacular see Obso- letiforma. *obsoletum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium oblongum from 2 sources: Spengler, 1799. - Eichwald, 1830. obsoletum Eichwa1d, 1830. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma obsoletum (Eichwald, 1830). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1899 Sacco: Plagiocardium obsolelum (Eichwald). --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4497: Cardium obsoletum Eichwald, 1830. --1931 ZR: Cardium obsoletum Ref. to Klinger (1931). --1966 ZR: Cardium obsoletum, from the Sarmatian of the USSR, taxonomic position [Ref. Paramonova 1966] . "1977 Popov: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) obsolelum (Eichw.). "1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) obsolelum (Eichwald) Key to subspecies. Refto Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova. p. 59. "1987 Taktakishviii: Cardium obsoletum Eichw. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium obsolelum Eichwald. Austria (Bassin de Vienna), B31391. obsoletum aff. Eichwald, 1830. - RECORDS. --1907 ZR : Cardium aff. obsolelum [Ref. Bogatchew 1907]. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium aff. obsoletum Eichw. obsoletum Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part I p. 16 No. 190. Part 3 p. 898] . - Synonym of Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium obsoletum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. --1799 Spengler: The Mediterranean. RECORDS. --1782 Chemnitz, pI. 19, fig. 190: Cardium obsoletum (}ide Spengler 1799). --1799 Spengler, p. 28, No. 15: Cardium obsoletum von Born p. 47, Tab. 3. fig. 7. --1808 Spengler: Cardium obsoletum. --1856 Wood & Hanley : C. obsoletum Speng. Sk. Nat. v. pt. I, p. 28 = Cardium oblongum Ch. --1870 March: c. oblongum Chemn., synonym of Cardium obsolelum Spgl. --1902 Sherborn, p. 682: Cardium obsoletum Spengler, 1799. --1977 FischerPiette, p. 17: Laevicardium oblongum (Gme1in, 1791) synonym of Cardium obsoletum Spengler, 1799. --1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: No. 15: Cardium obsoletum in Spengler 1799 (Comments to sp. No. II) = Cardium jlavum Born, 1780 Tab. 3, fig. 8. --1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: No. 15: Cardium obsoletum in Spengler 1799 = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 19. fig. 190. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - Or COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: 3 specimens in the Spengler coil. DESCRIPTIONS. --1799 Spengler: testa subovata, longitudinaliter obsolete sulcata, margine crenalo. --1799 Spengler: shell oblong, egg-shaped , inflated, very large nymphs, posterior slope occupies about 25% of the surface, very smooth, ribs low, decreasing in distinctness towards the anterior end, where only traces of ribs are seen, umbones narrow, turned towards the anterior end. Outside pale yellow, brown around the umbones , inside snow-white. DIMENSIONS . --1799 Spengler: length 72 mm (2 3/4 Tom .), width 57 mm (2 Tom. 2 Lin.). REMARKS. --ZMUC : Cardium obsoletum Spengler, 1799 = Cardium oblongum Gmelin, 1791. DISTRIBUTION. --1856 Wood & Hanley: Mediterranean ... Of authors: Mediterranean, Canary lsI. obsoletum of Born, 1780. - Identical with Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium obsoletum: Cardiidae: Recent. REMARKS. --1799 Spengler (p. 29) is puzzled why Born has mistaken this species for c.jlavum Linne; probably because it has a yellow colour. I don't know why Spengler referred to Born since Born did not use the name C. obsoletum in his description. He called it C. jlavum. RECORDS. --1780 Born, p. 47, pI. 3, fig. 7: Cardium obsoletum (}ide Spengler 1799). obstinatus Barinov, 1992. - Clinocardium obstinatus Barinov, 1992. Cardiidae. Neogene. TYPE LOCALITY. Kamtchatka, Russia. RECORDS. "1992 Barinov et al., p. 123, fig.: Clinocardium obstinatus Barinov, 1992; sp. nov. obtrita (mode). - See under oblritum Locard, 1886. obtritum Locard, 1886. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium var. edule. » Regarding Cardium oblritum: Cardiidae. Recent. HABITAT. Littoral zone (Locard & Caziot 1900). DISTRIBUTION. Etangs de Biguglia and Diane (Locard & Caziot 1900); Atlantic to the British Channel (Nordsieck 1969). RECORDS. "1886 Locard: Cardium obtritum Locard. --1886 ZR: Cardium obtritum Locard, 1886, n. sp. (= C. edule, pars), France. "1888 Kobelt: Cardium obtritum Locard = Cardium var. edule. --1888 Servain: Cardium obtritum Locard = Cardium edule Linnaeus, 1767. --1892 Locard: Cardium obtrilum Locard, 1886. --1897 Dollfus: Cardium obtritum Locard (1886). --1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium obtritum reference to figs. 14-15, Requien 1848. --1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium oblritum Locard , 1886 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. --1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma obtrita (Locard, 1889 sic). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium obtrilum Locard = Cardium edule Linne. obunca (subspecies). - See under praetrigonoides obunca Popov, 1983 . Phuket Marine Biological Cenler Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 663 occidentalis - okrugljaki occidentalis Ebersin, 1962 . - Changed combination: Pontalmyra occidenlalis (Ebersin, 1962). oelicum - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" oelicum. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR : Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium oelicum [no author stated]. Aquitanien. France (Gironde), B28623 . oenanum Gumbel, 1861. - "Cardium" oenanum Gumbel, 1861. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium oenanum Gumbel, 1861; p. 673. officiosa Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna officiosa Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1989 Papaianopol, p. 92, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) officiosa sp. nov. ogurai Otuka, 1938 . - Changed combination: Vepricardium ogurai (Otuka, 1938) . Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1938 Otuka: Cardium ogurai. ··1941 ZR: Cardium ogurai Otuka, 1939 sp. n. Miocene Tyugoku, Japan. ··1949 ZR: Cardium (Bucardium) ogurai Otuka, 1938 sp. nov. Miocene, Tyugoku, Japan. ··1973 Keen: Vepricardium ogurai (Otuka, 1938). Miocene. ohomachii (subspecies). - See under heredium ohomachii Oinomikado, 1939. okamotoi Taguchi, 1990. - Vepricardium okamotoi Taguchi , 1990 . Cardiidae. Middle Miocene . TYPE LOCALJTY. Miocene Katsuta group in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. RECORDS. ··1990 Taguchi, p. 609, fig. : Vepricardium (Vepricardium) okamotoi sp. nov. okeziei Adegoke, 1977. - Cardium okeziei. Cardiidae. Palaeocene. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) okeziei sp. nov. Nigeria, Palaeocene. Ref. to Adegoke p. 271. okinawense Kuroda, 1960. [Figs. Part 3 p. 867]. Synonym of Vasticardium elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium enode Sowerby. » Regarding Vasticardium okinawense: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Amami Islands, Japan. TYPE REPOSITORY. Osaka City Museum (Natural History); not available for loan (Vidal 1993. RECORDS. ··1951 Habe: Vasticardium serricostatum okinawense Kuroda M. S. ··1955 Kira: Vasticardium serricoslatum Kuroda M. S. ··1959 Kira: Vasticardium var. serricostatum Melvill & Standen. ··1960 Kuroda : Vasticardium (Acrosterigma) okinawense. ··1961 ZR: Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) [serricostatum Melvill & Standen var. ?] okinawense Kuroda (nov.) Okinawa Is. [Ref. Kuroda 1961] . ··1962 Kira : Vasticardium (Acrosterigma) okinawense. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium okinawense Kuroda = Cardium enode Sowerby. ··1990 Bieler & Petit : Trachycardium (Acrosterigma)serricostatum Melvill & Standen var.? okinawaense Kuroda nov. ··1993 Vidal: Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) okinawense Kuroda, 1960 = Acrosterigma elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1999 Vidal: Trachycardium okinawaense Kuroda, 1960 = Vasticardium elongatum (Bruguiere 1789). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Japan, Australia. okrugici Brusina. - New combination: Lymnocardium okrugici (Brusina). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium okrugici Brus. okrugljaki Basch, 1990. - New combination : Lymnocardium okrugljaki Basch, 1990. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Yugoslavia. Didacna (Ponlalmyra) occidentalis Eberzin, 1962 sp. nov. Kerchenskii, Azov region; Pliocene, Russia . ··1987 Taktakishvili : Pontalmyra occidentalis (Ebers.). ochetophorum Brusina, 1902. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium ochetophorum (Brusina, 1902). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya : Limnocardium ochetophorum Brusina, 1902. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium ochetophonlm (Brus.). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium ochetophorum (Brus.) ochilleallum Stephenson, 1956. - Trachycardium ochilleanum (Stephenson , 1956). Cardi idae . Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Combination to be revised: "Cardium" (Trachycardium) ochilleanum Stephenson, 1956 sp. nov. Cretaceous. Ochillee Creek, Georgia, U.S.A. ochotense (subspecies). - See under cilia tum ochotense Kafanov, 1981. ochotellse Ilyina, 1963. - Changed combination: Serripes ochotensis (Ilyina, 1963). Cardiidae. Middle Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Kamtchatka. REMARKS. The species C. ochotense is close to Clinocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). RECORDS. ··1973 Keen: ?Serripes ochotensis I1yina , 1963. [Kamtchatka). ··1981 Kafanov : Clinocardium ochotense. ··1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova: Sempes ochotensis Ilyina. ochoterellai Muellerried, 1933. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ochoterenai Muellerried, 1933. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1933 ZR: Cardium ochoterenai Muellerried, 1933 sp. n . Cretaceous Mexico. ··1934 sic ZR: Cardium ochoterenai Muellerried, 1933 sp. n. Cretaceous Mexico. *odessae. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium odessae from 2 sources: Brab. (?year). - Capellini (?year). odessae Brab . - New combination: Lymnocardium odessae (Brab.). Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium odessae . ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium odessae (Brab.). odessae Capellini. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding C. odessae: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium odessae Capellini = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. odischiellsis Eberzin, 1960. - Pachydacna odischiensis Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Pachydacna odischiensis Eberzin, 1960 sp. n. Pliocene Nodzhikhevi, Mingrelli, Western Georgia, USSR. oedalium (subspecies). - See under muricatum oedalium Dall, 1900. oedalium Dall, 1900. - Changed combination: Trachycardium oedalium (Dall; 1900). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium (Trachycardium) oedalium Dall, 1900. "1977 Popov: Trachycardium (Dallocardia) oedalium (Dall, 1900). oedalium harveyense Mansfield, 1932 (subspecies). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" oedalium harveyense Mansfield, 1932. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1938 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) oedalium harveyense Mansfield, 1932 subsp. n. Harvey's Creek, Leon Co. Choctawhatchee formation (Miocene), Florida. 664 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) olchovensis - omanense RECORDS. "1990 Basch, p. 30, fig.: Limnocardium (Zagrabicardium) okrugljaki sp. nov. olchovensis Petrov, 1982. - Cilia/ocardium olchovensis Petrov, 1982. Cardiidae. Pliocene/Pleistocene. RECORDS . ··1982 ZR : Cilia/ocardium olchovensis Petrov, 1982 sp. nov. Russian SFSR, Ref. to Petrov, p. 104. oldroydi Weaver and Palmer, 1922. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" oldroydi Weaver and Palmer, 1922. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1926 ZR: Cardium oldroydi Weaver & Palmer, 1926 sp. n. Eocene U.S .A. ··1930 Stewart: Cardium oldroydi Weaver and Palmer, 1922. olea Vokes, 1946. - Pr%cardia olea Vokes, 1946. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Pr%cardia olea Vokes, 1946 sp. nov. Cretaceous (Aptian) Lebanon. olequahensis (cf.) Weaver. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cf. olequahensis Weaver. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1915 Dickerson: Cardium cf. olequahensis Weaver. oligocenica I-um (variety). - See under semistria/um oligocenica Sacco, 1899. - grateloupi oligocenicum Noszki, 1936. oligoparvum Sacco, 1899. Loxocardium oligoparvum Sacco, 1899. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco, p. 47, pI. II , fig . 23 : Loxocardium oligoparvum Sacco olisiponense Sharpe, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " olisiponense. Cardiidae . Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium olisiponense (Acanthocardium sic). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4558: Cardium olisiponense Sharpe, 1850. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium olisiponense Sharpe, 1850; vol. 6: 181, pI. 14, figs. 4 a,b. olivetum Papaianopol, 1982. - Changed combination: Euxini cardium olivetum (Papaianopol, 1982). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Ponti en et Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1982 Papaianopol, p . 202 , fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) olivetum sp. nov. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium olivetum Papa ian. olivifer Iredale, 1936. [Figs, Part 3 p. 864]. - Synonym of Vasticardium vertebra tum (Jonas, 1844). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardiumjlavum (Lilmaeus, 1758).Acrosterigma reeveanum (Dunker, 1852). ?Trachycardium rugosum (Lamarck). » Regarding Regozara olivifer: Cardiidae. Recent. GENOTYPE. Iredale (i 936) designated Regozara olivifer as type species of the genus Regozara Iredale, 1936. TYPE LOCALITY. Australia. TYPE REPOSITORY . Australian Museum, Sydney. Holotype C060606. RECORDS. ··1936 IredaIe, p. 275 (pI. 20, fig. 8): Regozara olivifer sp. nov. ··1936 Iredale: Regozara, gen. nov. ··1936 Iredale designated olivifer as type species of genus Regozara Iredale. ··1950 Allan : Regozara olivifer (southern form of jlavum). ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: olivifer Iredale = ? Trachycardium rugosum (Lamarck). ··1962 Iredale & MacMichael: Cardium olivifer Iredale. ··1969 Moore et al.: Acrosterigma (Regozara) olivifer (Iredale, ) 936). ··1977 Fischer- Piette, p. 31 : Regozara olivifer Iredale = Laevicardiumjlavum Linne, auctorum. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Regozara olivifer Iredale, 1936; junior synonym of Acrosterigma reeveanum (Dunker, 1852). ··1978 ZR: Regozara olivifer Iredale, 1936 junior synonym of Acrosterigma reeveanum (Dunker, 1852). Ref. to Wilson et af. p. 82. ··1980 Keen: Acrosterigma (Regozara) olivifer (lredale) . •• ) 992 Lamprell & Whitehead : Regozara olivifer Iredale, 1936 = Acroslerigma reeveanum (Dunker, ) 852). ··1997 Vidal : Regozara olivifer Iredale, 1936 = Vasticardium vertebra tum (Jonas, 1844). ··1999 Vidal: Regozara olivifer Iredale, 1936 = Vaslicardium vertebra tum (Jonas, 1844). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS: Cardium j7.avum Linne and Cardium rugosa Lamarck are closely related to Regozara olivifer. DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Indo-Pacific. olssoni Marwick, 1944. Hedecardium olssoni Marwick, 1944. Cardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. Southland, N .Z . RECORDS. ··1944 ZR: Hedecardium olssoni Marwick, 1944 sp. nov. Shell Gully, Kelly's Farm, Chattoa (Duntroonian). ··1977 Popov: Hedecardium olssoni Marwick, 1914. ··1978 Maxwell: Hedecardium (Hedecardium) olssoni Marwick , 1944. ··2002 Schneider: Hedecardium olssoni Marwick, 1944 New Zealand. Chattian. olteniae lon.-Arget. - Changed combination : Tauricardium olteniae (Ion.-Arget). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium olteniae Ion .-Arget. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Tauricardium olteniae. olteniae Motas, 1974. - Prosodacna olteniae Motas, 1974. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) ol/eniae Motas, 1974 sp. nov. Romania, Bengesti, Valea Mare. Ref. to Motas, p. 94. oltinae Pana & Andreescu, 1980. - Fischeridacna oltinae Pana & Andreescu, 1980. Lymnocardiidae . Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Fischeridacna oltinae Pana & Andreescu, 1980 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 58. omagariense Honda, 1981. Clinocardium omagariense Honda, 1981. Cardiidae. Middle Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR: Clinocardium omagariense sp. nov. Japan, Middle Oligocene. Ref. to Honda, p. 130. omanense Melvill in Melvill & Standen, 1906. [Figs. Part 3 p. 915]. - Changed combination : Papillicardium omanense (Melvill, 1906). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman (Melvill & Standen, 1906). RECORDS. ··1906 Melvill, p. 838, pI. 53, fig. 5: Cardium (Acanthocardia) omanense n. sp. ··1906 ZR: Cardium omanense Mel viil & Standen, 1906 sp. n. G. of Oman. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Cerastoderma, Acanthocardia) omanense Melvill. ··1995 Oliver: Papillicardium omanense (Melvill & Standen, 1907). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1995 Oliver: roundly subquadrate, posterior margin a little longer and straighter than anterior. Sculpture of 25 radiili ribs all but posterior few bearing large rounded nodules, these widely spaced and not the full width of the ribs, posterior ribs with sharper scales. White. DIMENSIONS. ··1995 Oliver: to 5 mm. REMARKS. ··1906 Melvill & Standen: a small species, with ribs coarse proportionately speaking to the size of the shell, each. rib being ornamented with distinct scaly nodules, these not being in the least imbricate. Only imperfect specimens, but presumably adult, occurred. HABJTAT. Phukel Marine Biological Cenler Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 665 omnifera - orbicuLare "1906 Me1vill & Standen: 156 fathoms, shell-sand. "1995 Oliver: offshore. DISTRIBUTION. Oman. omnifera Papaianopol, 1981 . - Pontalmyra omnifera Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. 001981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) omnifera Papaianopo1, 1981 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 33. 001987 Taktakishvili : Pontalmyra omnifera Papaian. omnivaga Papaianopol, 1978. - Paradacna omnivaga Papaianopol, 1978. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. 001978 ZR: Paradacna omnivaga Papaianopo1, 1978 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, I. p. 285. omnivagus Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus omnivagus Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. 001967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus omnivagus sp. n. 001967 ZR: Pseudocatillus omnivagus Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. 001982 ZR: Pseudocatillus omnivagus Ebersin, 1967. Description. Ref. to Papaianopol et at. onachitense Harris, 1919. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " onachilense Harris, 1919. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. 001919 ZR: Cardium onachilense Harris, 1919 sp. n. Eocene U.S.A. oneroaense (mode) . - See under oneroaensis. oneroaensis Powell, 1938. - Maoricardium oneroaense (Powell, 1938). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. 001939 ZR: Cardium oneroaensis Powell, 1938 sp. n. Tertiary near Oneroa, Waikeke Island, Auckland. 001977 Popov: Maoricardium oneroaense (Powell, 1938). onestae McLearn, 1931 . - Laevicardium onestae McLearn, 1931. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001932 ZR: Laevicardium onestae McLearn, 1932 sp. n. Cretaceous Canada. 001980 ZR: Onestia onestae (McLearn, 1931). Ref. to Day. 001995 Schneider: Onestia onestae (McLearn, 1931): GSC 6345 (ho10type). Onestia McLearn, 1933 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980 Vokes: Onestia McLearn, 1933 in subfamily Protocardiinae . 001980 ZR: Onestia is referred to Lahillidae from Cardiidae. Ref. to Day, p. 40. 001980 ZR: Onestia Emended diagnosis. Lower Cretaceous Alberta & Queensland Aptian & Albian. Ref. to Day. Onestia McLearn, 1933 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001934 ZR: Onestia McLearn, 1933 subgen. n. of lntegricardium RoIlier, type Laevicardium onestae McLearn [Ref. McLearn 1933].001970 ZR: Onestia etheridgei (Etheridge, 1892) first adequate description [Ref. Fleming 1970]. onoi Hayami, 1959. - Prolocardia onoi Hayami, 1959. Cardiidae. Lower Liassic. RECORDS. 001960 ZR: Protocardia onoi Hayami, 1960 sp. nov. Lias, Higashinagano Japan. 001973 Keen: Prolocardia onoi Hayami, 1959. Lower Liassic. lncertae sedis. onusta Papaianopol, 1992 . - Pachydacna onusla Papaianopol, 1992. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Dacien inferieur (Getien) du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS . 00 [992 Papaianopol, p. 23, fig .: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) onusta sp. nov. onustum Papaianopol, 1982. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium onuslum (Papaianopol, 1982) . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Ponti en et Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. 001982 Papaianopol, p. 201, fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) onuslum sp. nov. 001987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium onus tum Papaian. Onychocardium Whitfield, 1905 (genus). - Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. 001905 ZR: Onychocardium Whitfield, [905 n. gen. for Onychocardium porllandicum Whitfield, 1905 n. sp. Portage Rocks of Lake Erie Whitfield. Opisocardium Bayle, 1879 (genus). - Synonym of Lunulicardia Gray, 1853.» Regarding Opisocardium: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001879 ZR: Opisocardium, substituted for Lunulicardium (Gray, 1847), type Cardium retusum (L.), nec Lunulicardium (Munster, 1840) [Ref. Bayle [879]. 00 1980 Vokes: Opisocardium Bayle, 1879 [unnecessary n.n. pro Lunulicardia Gray, 1853, not pre-occ. by Lunulacardium Muenster, 1840 (Lunulacardiidae)]. 001999 Higo et al.: Opisocardium Bayle, 1879 = Lunulicardia Gray, 1853. Opisocardium Bayle, 1879 (section and subgenus). Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. 001887 Fischer: Opisocardium Bayle, 1879. Section of subgenus Hemicardia Klein, 1755. oppenheimi Cuvillier, 1935 . - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" oppenheimi Cuvillier, 1935 . Cardiidae. Lower Eocene . RECORDS . 001935 ZR : Cardium oppenheimi Cuvillier, 1935 sp. n. Bartonian (Eocene) Egypt. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium oppenheimi Cuvillier. Bartonien. Egypt, B43632. oraphense Davidasvili, 1930. - Oraphocardium oraphense (Davidasvili, 1930). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . 001932 ZR: Phyllicardium oraphense Davidasvili, 1930 sp. n. Pliocene Transcaucasia. 001977 Popov: Oraphocardium oraphense. 001987 TaktakishviIi: Oraphocardium oraphense (Dav.). oraphellse Taktakishvili, 1970. - Arcicardium oraphense Taktakishvili, 1970. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . 001970 ZR: Arcicardium oraphense Taktakishvili, 1970 sp. nov. Pliocene Upper Cimmerian, Orapo River Makharadze district, Georgia, USSR. Oraphocardium Ebersin, 1949 (genus) . Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS . 001962 ZR : Oraphocardium Ebersin in subfam. Didacninae Eberzin, 1962, family Cardiidae [Ref. Eberzin 1962]. 001977 Popov: Oraphocardium Ebersin, [949. 001980 Vokes: Oraphocardium Ebersin, 1949 in subfamily Didacninae . 001987 Taktakishvili: Oraphocardium Ebersin, 1949. 00200 [ Schneider & Carter: Oraphocardium (genus). Lymnocardiidae. *orbicuLare. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium orbiculare from 3 sources: Forbes, 1846. - Schafhautl, [852. - d'Acosta (?year). orbicuLare d' Acosta. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" orbiculare d' Acosta. Cardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Chemnitz (1782) is not available. RECORDS. 00[788 Schroter [not available]: Cardium orbiculare [Reference to Chemnitz 1782 fig. 166. Not available] . 001789 Bruguiere: Cardium orbiculare d' Acosta, pag. [76, tab. [4, fig. 2. orbicuLare Forbes, [846. - Cardita orbiculare Forbes, 1846. Not in Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 4596: Cardita orbicularis Forbes, 1846. 001922-32 Sherborn , p . 4596: Cardium (Forbes) orbiculare d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardita. 666 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) orbiculare - orbita orbiculare M'Coy in Griffith, 1844. - Nomen nudum. Not available. Fossil. REcoRDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4596: Cardium orbiculare M'Coy in Griffith, 1842 [n.n.]. orbiculare Orbigny, 1850. -See under orbiculare Forbes, 1846. orbiculare Schatbiiutl, 1852. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" orbiculare Schatbiiuti, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium orbiculare Schafhiiutl, 1852; p. 159, 168, pI. 4, figs. 7a,b . .. 1980 Ruhoff: Cardium orbiculare Schatbiiutl, 1863; p. 166, pI. 41, fig. 3; pI. 65a, fig. 8. orbiculata Kvaliashvili, 1978. - Digressodacna orbiculata K valiashvili, 1978. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Digressodacna orbiculata K valiashvili, 1978 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Kvaliashvili p. 86. orbiculata Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna orbiculata Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS ... 1989 Papaianopol, p. 94, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) orbiculata sp. nov. orbiculo Day, 1980. - Onestia orbiculo Day, 1980. Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Onestia orbiculo Day, 1980 sp. nov. Queensland. Ref. to Day, p. 39. orbignyanum d ' Archiac, 1846. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" orbignyanum d'Archiac, 1846. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4600: Cardium orbignyanum d'Archiac, 1846 Orbis Blainville, 1825 non Miiller, 1767 (genus). Objective synonym. » Regarding Orbis: Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1969 Moore et al.: Orb is = Acanthocardia Gray, 1851. ··1980 Vokes: Orbis Blainville, 1825, [non Miiller, 1767 (Pisces), etc. = Acanthocardia Gray, 1851]. orbita Broderip & Sowerby, 1833. [Figs. Part 1 p. 108, 140, 173. Part 3 p. 866]. - Changed combination: Vasticardium orbita (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. lsI. Annaa, Pacific Ocean (Sowerby 1841). RECORDS ... 1833 Broderip & Sowerby, p. 85: Cardium orbita. ··1834 Sowerby, 48 th part, fig. 13: Cardium orbita nobis. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 4, No. 53: Cardium orbita Brod. & Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium orbita, (Sowerby No. 53) ... 1841 Reeve: Cardium orbita Sowerby. ··1845 Reeve, sp. 85: Cardium orbita Brod. & Sow. ··1856 Hanley: Cardium orbita Broderip & Sowerby. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (lsocardia) orbita, Brod. and Sow. · ··1869 Romer: Cardium orbita Sowerby. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium orbita is a Trachycardium. ··1872 Tryon: Cardium orbita Sowerby... 1890 Paetel: Cardium orbita Sow. .. 1901 Dall: Cardium orbita Sowerby, 1833 (appears to be an Indo-Pacific species). ··1906 Lamy: Cardium orbita Sowerby. ··1920 Pilsbry: Cardium orbita B. and S. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4604: Cardium orbita Sowerby, 1833. ··1923 Dautzenberg: Cardium orbita Rve. ··1926 Pallary: Cardium orbita Brod. & Sow. = Cardium enode Sowerby in Fischer-Piette (1977). ··1929 Dautzenberg: Cardium orbita Rve. ··1932 Dautzenberg: Cardium orbita Sowerby. ··1933 Dautzenberg & Rouge: Cardium orbita Broderip & Sowerby. ··1935 Oestergaard: Cardium orbita Broderip & Sowerby. ··1955 Rost & Soot- Ryen: Trachycardium orbita Sowerby, 1833. ··1956 ZR: Trachycardium orbita Swby., new to Seychelles [Ref. Rost & SootRyen 1956]. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium orbita Broderip & Sowerby, 1833 = Cardium jlavum Linne auctorum. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium orbita Broderip and Sowerby, 1833. ··1979 Kay: Trachycardium orbita (Sowerby, 1833) ... 1979 Kay: Cardium orbiter sic Reeve, Bryan, 1915 Gun. syn.) = Trachycardium orbita (Sowerby, 1833). ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Trachycardium orbila. ··1990 Wells et al.: Trachycardium orbita (Sowerby, 1832) ... 1997 Vidal: Vasticardium orbita orbita (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). ··1997 Vidal: Cardium orbita Reeve sensu Dautzenberg, 1929 (not Cardium orbila Broderip & Sowerby, 1833) = Vasticardium luteomarginatum insulare Vidal, 1997. ··1997 Vidal: Trachycardium orbita (Sowerby): Wells et al. 1990 = Vasticardium orbita philippinense (Hedley, 1899). ··1998 Poutiers: Trachycardium orbita (Sowerby, 1833). ··1998 Schneider: Cardium orbita is a Trachycardium. (Stoliczka 1871, according to Schneider 1998). ··1999 Vidal: Vasticardium orbita (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). ··1999 Vidal , p. 357: Vasticardium orbita orbita(Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: foundation of anterior lateral teeth is strong and angular (hooked appearance) in orbita and its subspecies. DESCRIPTIONS ... 1845 Reeve: shell oval, gibbous, slightly angulated on the posterior side; radiate1y ribbed, 42 ribs, of which the anterior are rounded and crenated, the middle are obtusely scaled on each side, the scales being small, alternate, and oblique, and the posterior are scaled on the posterior side, the scales being larger, but still short and obscure; interstices between the ribs, especially those of the middle ribs, deeply excavated or rutted; whitish, palely variegated with fulvous yellow or purple, interior white, margins richly stained with purple. ··1979 Kay: shell ovate, solid, equivalve, inflated; beaks full and prominent; with flatted spinous ribs; margins fluted and denticulated; flesh-colored maculated with brown. Hinge: broad and strong with a strong cardinal in each valve; left anterior and right posterior cardinals well developed, the left posterior and right anterior cardinals obsolete; laterals strongly developed and projecting. Sculpture: about 42 large, high, flattened ribs separated by narrow, deep interspaces; ribs imbricated with distantly spaced spinous scales. Color: exterior flesh, tinged with spots of chestnut brown, edge becoming purplish; interior with a purple border and irregular purple zones within. ··1979 Kay: maximum dimensions, length 53, width 65, breadth 40 mm . REMARKS. ··1840 Sowerby cf. Mr. Cuming: more oblique, more closely tuberculated and ribbed than C. marmoreum. ··1845 Reeve: the sculpture of this species is well characterized by the oblique alternately diverging minute scales, which ornament the middle ribs. HABITAT. ··1845 Reeve: found in fine coral sand on the reefs. ··1979 Kay: commonly occurring species in shallow waters shoreward of fringing reefs and to depths of less than 20 m; occasional valves have been dredged to depths of60 m. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: lsI. of Annaa, Pacific Ocean. ··1979 Kay: C. orbita is Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 667 orblta - ornatum a wide-ranging species in the Indo-West Pacific. --1994 Hylleberg: Hawaii, Australia. orbita Reeve. - See under orbita Broderip & Sowerby, 1833. orbita hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 (subspecies). - Upgraded. Vasticardium hawaiensis (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938). Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. --1997 Vidal: Vasticardium orbita hawaiensis (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938) new combination. --1999 Vidal: Vasticardium orbita hawaiensis. orbita mendanense Sowerby, 1897 (subspecies). Upgraded. Vasticardium mendanense (Sowerby, 1897). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1997 Vidal: Vasticardium orbita mendanense (Sowerby, 1897) new combination. --1999 Vidal: Vasticardium orbita mendanense. --1999 Vidal, p. 357: Vasticardium orbita mendanense (Sowerby, 1897). Endemic of Marquis. orbita philippinense Hedley, 1899 (subspecies). Figs. Part 3 p. 866] . - Upgraded. Vasticardium philippinense (Hedley, 1899). Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. --1997 Vidal: Vasticardium orbita philippinense (Hedley, 1899) new combination. --1999 Hylleberg, p. 40 I : Vasticardium orbita philippinense (Hedley, 1899). ID 1. Vidal. "1999 Vidal, p. 357: Vasticardium orbita philippinense (Hedley, 1899). "2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 185, Plate 4, figs . 14 a,b. Vasticardium orbita philippinense (Hedley, 1899). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. --1999 Vidal: Indonesia (Lombok, Surnbawa, Komodo. --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam (range extension). orbiter Bryan 1915. - Synonym of Trachycardium hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch & Rehder 1938. » Regarding Cardium orbiter: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1939 ZR: Cardium orbiter in Bryan Nat. Hist. Hawaii (1915) p. 446 pI. civ f. 19 = Cardium orbita in Ostergaard Bull. 51 B.P. Mus. p. 8 = Trachycardium hawaiensis sp. n. [Ref. Dall, Bartsch & Rehder 1938]. --1979 Kay: printer's error of orbita (Sowerby, 1833). orbus Uspenskaia, 1931. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" orbus Uspenskaia, 1931. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1932 ZR : Cardium orbus Uspenskaia, 1931 n. sp . Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. ordinatum Sowerby in Dixon, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " ordinatum Sowerby in Dixon, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4606: Cardium ordinatum Sowerby in Dixon, 1850. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium ordinatum Sowerby in Dixon, 1850; p. 52, 169, pI. 3, fig. 17. orfellensis (variety). - See under martellii orfellensis Oliveri, 1944. orgrinensis (subspecies). - See under sturi orgrinensis Andreescu, 1980. orheiensis Gillet, 1938. - Phyllicardium orheiensis Gillet, 1938. Lymnocardiidae. Sarrnatian. RECORDS. --1939 ZR: Phyllicardium orheiensis Gillet, 1938 sp. n. Sarrnatian Roumania. orientale Janicchewskil 1900. - Conocardium orientale Janicchewskil 1900. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1942 ZR: Conocardium orientale Janicchewskil 1900 [Ref. Branson 1942] . orlentatis (subspecies, race, variety). - See under otiophora orientaUs Stef. - otiophorum orientalis Stef. - peregrinorsa orientaUs Douville, 1917. orientalis Papaianopol, 1982. - Luxuridacna orientatis Papaianopol, 1982. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania . RECORDS. --1982 Papaianopol, p. 62, fig.: Luxuridacna orientatis sp. nov. --1987 ZR: Luxuridacna orientalis sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol p. 62. orlentaUs Papaianopol, 1989 . - Pachydacna (Pachydacna) orientalis Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. --1989 Papaianopol, p. 86, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) orientalis sp. nov. orlentaUs Stef.- Prosodacna orientalis Stef. Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1987 Lutskanov & Tcholakov: Prosodacna (Stylodacna) orientaUs Stef. oriovacense (mode). - See under oriovacensis. orlovacensis Neum. & Paul. - Didacna oriovacense Neum. & Paul. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1946 ZR: Didacna oriovacensis Neum. & Paul Pontian, Miocene [Ref. Gillet 1943] . "1987 Taktakishvili : Cardium oriovacense Neum. oriovacensls banaticum Gillet, 1943 (variety) . Upgraded. Didacna oriovacensis banaticum Gillet, 1943. Lyrnnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1946 ZR: Didacna oriovacensis Neum. & Paul var. banaticum Gillet, 1943 nov. Ponti an, Miocene, Rumania. ornata (mode). - See under ornatum. ornata kostlci - Caladacna ornata kostici. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Caladacna ornata kostici. *ornatum; Cardiidae. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium ornatum from 3 sources: Orbigny, 1850. Eichwa1d, 1855. - Sowerby, 1876. ornatum Eichwald, 1855.- Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere). » Regarding Cardium ornatum: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. Cerastoderma lamarcki (Reeve) = Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere). RECORDS. --1876 Grimm : Cardium ornatum. --1890 Paetel: Cardium ornatum Eichw. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Cardium ornatum Eichwald, 1855 = Cerastoderma lamarcki (Reeve). ornatum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " ornatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn. 4618: Cardium (Hall) ornatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Pinnopsis. --192232 Sherborn: Pinnopsis ornatum Hall. ornatulII Sowerby, 1876. - New name Trachycardium sowerbyorum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992 . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Vasticardium ornatum (Sowerby, 1877). » Regarding Cardium ornatum: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Hong Kong. RECORDS. --1876 Sowerby: Cardium ornatum . --1876 ZR: Cardium ornatum Sowerby, 1876 sp . n. Hongkong. "1890 Paetel: Cardium ornatum Sow. --1992 Voskuil & Onverwagt, p. 41: Acrosterigma ornatum (Sowerby, 1876) nec Orbigny 1850 = Trachycardium sowerbyorum nom. nov. "1997 Vidal : Vasticardium ornatum (Sowerby, 1877). --1999 Vidal: Vasticardium ornatum (Sowerby, 1877). *ornatum; Conocardiidae. - Homonymy to be noticed. Conocardium ornatum from 2 sources: Winchell & Marcy, 1865. -Cleland, 1912. ornatulII Cleland, 1911. - New name Conocardium plinthinatus Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Devonian. REMARKS. Conocardiids have no connection with the 668 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) ornatum - otiophora Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (DaIl1895 , p. 5\9). RECORDS. ··1912 ZR: Conocardium ornatum Cleland, 1912 sp. n. Wisconsin Devonian. ··1942 ZR : Conacardium ornatum Cleland 1911 non Winchell & Marcy, 1865 = Conocardium plinthinatus nom. nov. Branson, 1942. ornatum Winchell & Marcy, 1865. - Conocardium ornatum Winchell & Marcy, 1865. Conocardiidae . Fossil. REMARKS. Conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (Dall 1895, p. 519). REcORDs. ··1942 ZR: Conocardium ornatllm Winchell & Marcy 1865 [Ref. Branson 1942]. ··1980 Ruhoff: Conocardium ornatum Winchell & Marcy, 1865; vol. I: Ill , pI. 2, fig. 15. ornatus Hall, 1843.- Synonym of Lunulicardia ornatus (Hall, 1843). Not in Cardiidae. Devonian. REcoRDs. ··1997 Vidal: Pinnopsis ornatus Hall, 1843 [Devonian] = Lunulicardia ornatus (Hall, 1843). Lymnocardiidae. *ornatum; Lymnocardiidae - Homonymy to be noticed. Lymnocardium ornatum from 2 sources: Pavlovic, 1929. Papp (?year). ornatum Papp. - New combination: Lymnocardium ornatum Papp. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium ornatum ornatum Papp. ornatum Pavlovic, 1929 . - Changed combination : Caladacna ornatum (Pavlovic, 1929). Lyrnnocardiidae. Pontian . RECORDS. ··1928 ZR : Limnocardium (Pontalmyra) ornatum [Ref. Pavlovitch 1928]. ··1929 ZR: Limnocardium (Pontalmyra) ornatum Pavlovic, 1929 sp. n. Pontian Serbia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Pontalmyra) ornatum. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Caladacna ornata (Pavl.) ornatum biseptum Papp, 1953 (subspecies). - New combination: Lymnocardium ornatum biseptum (Papp, 1953). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1948 ZR: Limnocardium ornatum biseptum march sic [n. sp.] sic [nomen nud .] [Ref. Papp 1948] . ｾﾷＱＹＵＶ＠ ZR: Laevicardillm ornatum biseptum Papp, 1953 subsp. nov. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium ornatum biseptum Papp. ornithopetronica Chapman & Crespin, 1928. Protocardia ornithopetronica Chapman & Crespin, 1928 . Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS . .. 1928 ZR: Protocardia [vide etiam Protocardium] ornithopetronica Chapman & Crespin, 1928 sp. n. Tertiary Victoria. orolesi (subspecies). - See under munieri orolesi. orolesi Papaianopol, 1982. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium orolesi (Papaianopol, 1982). Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania. REcORDs. ··1982 Papaianopol, p. 200, fig .: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) orolesi sp. nov. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Euxinicardium orolesi Papaian. orsa (variety). - See underfervidum orsa Eberzin, 1958. Orthocardiinae Schneider, 2002 (subfamily). RECORDS. ··2002 Schneider: Orthocardiinae subfam. nov. Type genus: Orthocardium Tremlett, 1950. Orthocardium Tremlett, 1950 (genus) . - Cardiidae Middle Eocene and Upper Eocene. RECORDS. ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Orthocardium placed in Fraginae by Popov (1977) and Kafanov & Popov (1977). Placed in Cardiinae by Schneider 1992. ··2002 Schneider: Orthocardium: Cardiinae , not Fraginae. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··2002 Schneider: Cross striae present in rib interspaces. Radially ribs weakly expressed internally, adductor muscles strongly impressed. Ridges on lunule flap absent. Perisiphonal suture present. Very heavy and imbricated spines. ··1969 Moore et al.: the shell of Orthocardium has rib-sculptUre tending to form vertical frill at rib crest; outline more quadrate than in V. (Vepricardium), hinge line narrower and straighter. Orthocardium Tremlett, 1950 (subgenus). - Cardiidae Middle Eocene and Upper Eocene. GENOTYPE. Tremlett (1950) designated Cardium poru{osum Solander, 1766 type species of subgenus Orthocardium of genus Vepricardium. RECORDS. ··1950 Tremlett: Orthocardium is less globose than Vepricardium and has a straight, thinner hinge line. ··1950 ZR: Orthocardium Tremlett, 1950 subgen. nov. of Cardium. Subgenotype Cardium porulosum Solander, Middle and Upper Eocene. ··1969 Moore et al.: Orthocardium. Europe. ··1977 Popov: Orthocardium Tremlett, 1950. Genotype: Cardium porulosum Solander, 1766. ··1980 Vokes: Orthocardium Tremlett, 1950 in subfamily Cardiinae . .. 1992 Schneider p. 149: Orthocardium Tremlett, 1950 . .. 1995 Pacaud & Renard : (Orthocardium) Tremlett, 1950 subgenus of Cardium Linne, 1758 in subfamily Cardiinae. orthogonale Buvignier, 1852 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" orthogonale Buvignier. Cardiidae. Li as-Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium orthogonale Buvignier, 1852; atlas p. 16, pI. 15, figs. 4-6. ··1999 - Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium orthogonale Buvignier. Sequanien. France (Cher), S05033. orthogonalis lexoviensis Chavan, 1952 (variety) . Upgraded. New combination: Protocardia orthogonalis lexoviensis Bigot MS (Chavan, 1952). Cardiidae. Jurassic and Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1985 Fiirsich & Werner: Protocardia (Protacardia) orthogonalis var. lexoviensis Bigot MS (Chavan, 1952). orthoprymnos Scott, 1978. - Pleuriocardia orthoprymnos. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1978 Scott, p. 895, pI. \, figs. 12-13: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) orthoprymnos n. sp. ··1978 ZR: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) orthoprymnos Scott, 1978 sp. nov. Texas, Lower Cretaceous. Ref. to Scott p. 895. osijeki Basch, 1990. - New name: Prosodacna osijeki Basch, 1990. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1990 Basch, p. 65 : Prosodacna (Prosodacnomya) osijeki nom. nov. for Limnocardium stenopleura Brusina & Brusina, 1902, nec Stefanescu. Osoinia Stevanovic, 1979 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1979 ZR: Pseudocatillus (Osoinia) Stevanovic, 1979. Subgen. nov. Type species P laticostatus Stevanovic 1951. Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 326. ossoinae (subspecies and variety). - See under retowskii ossoinae Stevanovic, 1951. olarii (variety). - See praechinatum otarii Kharatishvili, 1958. otiophora Brusina. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 669 otiophora orientalis - ovata otiophora (Brusina). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. •• I 987 Taktakishvi1i: Pontalmyra otiophora (Brus.). otiophora orientalis Stevanovic, 195 I (variety) . Upgraded. Pontalmyra otiophora orienta tis (Stevanovic, 195 I). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. . •• I 953 ZR: Didacna otiophorum var. orientatis Stevanovic, 195 I nov. Ponti an Serbia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra otiophora orienta lis (Stev.). otiosa Papaianopol, 198 I. - Pontalmyra otiosa Papaianopol, 198 I. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS . •• I 987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra otiosa Papa ian . •• I 98 I ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) otiosa Papaianopol , 1981 sp. nov. Romania . Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 2 I. otto; Geinitz. - Synonym of Trachycardium incomptum (Sowerby apud Forbes, 1846).» Regarding Cardium ottoi : Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS . ·'1871 Stoliczka: Cardium ottoi (Cerastoderma) = Cardium (Trachycardium) incomptum Sowerby apud Forbes, 1846, according to Zittel. ottonis Geinitz, 1843. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " ottonis Geinitz, 1843. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4645: Cardium ottonis Geinitz, 1843. otukai Hatai & Nisiyama, 1952. - See under otukai Oyama, Mizuno & Sakamoto, 1960. otukai Oyama, Mizuno & Sakamoto, 1960. Invalid name. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Vasticardium otukai Oyama, Mizuno & Sakamoto, 1960. » Regarding V. otukai: Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene. REcORDs . •• I 973 Keen : Vasticardium otukai Oyama, Mizuno & Sakamoto, 1960, ex Hatai & Nisiyama, MS. ··1982 ZR : Vasticardium otukai Hatai & Nisiyama, 1952. Invalid name. Ref. to Masuda et al. p. 7. ··1999 Vidal: Vasticardium otukai Hatai &. Nisiyama, 1952: 35. ouralicum Verneui1 in Murchison, 1845. - Conocardium ouralicum, de Verneuil. Conocardiidae . Fossil. REcORDs. ··1859 Chenu: Conocardium ouralicum de Verneuil. •• I 922-32 Sherborn, p. 6763 : Cardium ouralicum Verneuil in Murchison, 1845 . ovale Montagu, 1803. - See under ovale Sowerby, 1840. ovale Pcelinzev, 1928. - Proto cardium ovale Pcelinzev, 1928 . Cardiidae. Jura. RECORDS . •• 1928 ZR : Protocardium ovale [vide etiam Protocardia] Pcelinzev, 1928 sp. n . Jura. Turcoman USSR ovale Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part I p . 144. Part 3 p. 9 19]. - New name and changed combination : Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby, 1840). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium elongatum Montagu . - Cardium fascia tum Montagu. - Parvicardium pinnulatum (Conrad , 183 I). » Regarding Cardium ovale: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Britain. RECORDS . •• I 840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 24 : Cardium ovale nob., new name for C. elongatum Mont. (preoccupied) . •• I 845 Reeve, sp. I 19: Cardium ovale Sowerby, Cat. Card . Conch. lIIus., no. 24. ··1846 Loven: Cardium ovale Sow. = Cardium elongatum Mont. "1856 Wood & Hanley: C. ovale Sow. = Cardium fasciatum Mont. •• I 858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerastoderma) ovale Sow. ··1859 Sowerby: C. ovale = Cardiumfasciatum Mont. •• I 867 Weinkauff: Cardium ovale Brown, Sowerby = Cardium fascia tum Montagu. ··1869 Romer: Cardium ovale Sowerby fig. 24 = Cardiumfasciatum Montagu. •• I 884 Grasset: Cardium ovale Sow. •• I 886 Locard: Cardium ovale Sowerby = Cardium fasciatum Montagu, 1808. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium ovale Sow. = Cardiumfasciatum Montagu . •• I 888 Servain: Cardium ovale Sowerby, Reeve = Cardiumfasciatum Montagu, 1808 . •• I 890 Paetel : Cardium ovale Sow. = fasciatum Mtg . •• I 9 I 7 Hidalgo: Cardium ovale Reeve sic = Cardium fasciatum Montagu . •• I 922-32 Sherborn, p. 4647: Cardium ovale Sowerby, ? 1840. ··1932 Winckworth: Cardium (Parvicardium) ovale Sowerby, 1840. ··1962 Allen : Cardium (Parvicardium) ovale Sowerby 1840 = Cardium fasciatum in Jeffreys 1863. •• 1969 Nordsieck : Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby, 184 I). ··1973 ZR: Cardium ovale Sowerby. Ref. to Rasmussen . •• I 974 Clarke: Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby) . •• I 987 ZR: Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby, 1840). Senior synonym of Cardium fasciatum Montagu, 1808. Ref. to Backeljau et al. p. 4 . •• I 998 Macedo et af. : Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby G.B. III, 1840). ··2000 Aartsen & Goud : Cardium ovale Sowerby, 1840 = Cardium ovale Sowerby, 1841 (1840 is most probably the correct year). ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium ovale Sowerby, 1840 is a synonym of Parvicardium pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831). ··200 I Vidal, p. 408 : Parvicardium ovale. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve : shell thin, somewhat squarely ovate, rather depressed, posteriorly slightly elongated; radiately ribbed, ribs, the anterior especially, obscurely very finely muricated; whitish, faintly stained and banded with brown. ··200 I Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. REMARKS . •• I 969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby, 1840) = Parvicardium fasciatum (Montagu, 1803). HABITAT. ··1969 Nordsieck: 0 to 350 m depth. DISTRJBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: Britain (Torbay).·· I 884 Grasset: Sicily. •• I 969 Nordsieck: Arctic, North Norway to the Canary Islands, Mediterranean. ovalis (mode). - See also under ovale. ovalis Barinov, 1992. - Clinocardium ovalis Barinov, 1992. Cardiidae. Neogene. TYPE LOCALITY. Kamtchatka, Russia. RECORDS . •• I 992 Barinov et al., p. 124, fig .: Clinocardium ovalis Barinov, 1992 sp. nov. ovalis Martinson, 1959. - Pseudocardinia ovalis Martinson, 1959. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS . •• I 959 ZR: Pseudocardinia ovalis Martinson, 1959 sp. nov. Sary-Chelek, eastern Fergana, fossil. ovalis Yanina, 1983 . - Didacna ovalis Yanina, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Middle Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1983 ZR : Didacna ovatis Yanina, 1983 sp. nov. No description given . Russian SFSR. Ref. to Yanina, p. 36. ovaloides (variety). - See under bistriata ovaloides Sadykov, 1962. ovalum Alieva, 1967. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " ovalum Alieva, 1967. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1967 ZR: Cardium ovalum Alieva, 1967 sp. nov. figs . Akchagil deposits, Naftalan, Azerbaidjan, SSR. ovata (mode, subspecies, variety). - See under ovatum. -echinatum ovata Jeffreys, 1863 . - sulcatina ovata Deshayes. - exiguum ovata Milachewitch, 19 I 6. exiguum f. ovata Milachewitch, 19 I 6. ovata Papaianopol, 1975. - Chartoconcha ovata Papaianopol, 1975. Cardiacea. Pliocene . RECORDS. 670 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) ovalu", - ovuloides "1975 ZR: Chartoconcha ovata Papaianopol, 1975 sp. nov. Romania. Prahova, Lacuri. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 136. *ovatu",. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium ovatum from 2 sources: Miinster, 1840. - Deshayes, 1838. ovalu", Deshayes, 1838. - Changed combination: Didacna ovata (Deshayes, 1838). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. RECORDS. "1838 Deshayes, p. 56, pI. I, figs. J9-21: Cardium ovatum. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium ovatum Deshayes, 1837 sic. "1877 Grimm: Cardium ovatum Deshayes. "1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Cardium ovatum. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4652: Cardium ovatum Deshayes, 1838. "1953 Celidje: Didacna ovata Desh. "1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.) the group ovata (Deshayes, 1810 sic). "1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna ovata Desh. ovalu", (aff.) Deshayes, 1838 . - RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra aff. ovata (Desh.). ovalu", Miinster, 1840. - Replaced by Cardium cornutum Deshayes. » Regarding Cardium ovatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium ovatum Miinster, 1840 - C. cornutum Desh. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4654: Lunulacardium ovatum Muenster, 1840. Ovicardiu", Marwick, 1944 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Pliocene. Type species. Original designation . Trachycardium (Ovicardium) rossi Marwick, 1944. CHARACTERS. Shell ovate, intercostal spaces cross-striate, with vertical sides; hinge with oblique groove behind 4b. New Zealand-Australia (Moore et al. 1969). RECORDS. "1944 ZR: Ovicardium Marwick, 1944 subgen. nov. of Trachycardium Morch, type Trachycardium (Ovicardium) rossi Marwick, 1944 sp. nov. (Opoitian) Te Reinga Falls, Hangarua R. "1969 Moore et al. : Acrosterigma (Ovicardium) rossi Marwick, 1944. "1980 Vokes: Ovicardium Marwick, 1944 in subfamily Trachycardiinae. ovicella Dujardin. - "Cardium" ovicella Dujardin. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium ovicella Dujardin. Helvetien. France (Touraine), B.27157. ovifor",is - Tauricardium oviformis. Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Tauricardium oviformis. ovifor",is (subspecies and variety). - See under petersi oviformis and subsquamulosum oVlformis Eberzin, 1958. ovipula",en Reeve, 1844. [Figs. Part I p. 130. Part 3 p. 894). - Synonym of Laevicardium serra tum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium brasilianum (Lamarck, 1819). » Regarding C. oviputamen: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1844). TYPE MATERJAL. University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, coil. 1. Saul no [691 (1. Vidal pers. comm.). RECORDS . ,,1844. Reeve, p. 168, sp. 36: Cardium oviputamen . "1858. Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium oviputamen, Reeve. "1864. Krebs : Cardium oviputamen Reeve. "1868. ZR: Cardium elenense (Sow.) and oviputamen (Reeve) shortly characterized [Ref. Romer 1868). "1884. Grasset: Laevicardium oviputamen. R v . •• [890. Paetel: Laevicardium oviputamen Rv. "1902. Dall:? Cardium oviputamen Reeve, 1844 = Cardium serra tum Linnaeus, 1758. "1921. Maury: ovipulamen Reeve, 1844 = Cardium (Laevicardium) serratum Linnaeus, 1758 . "1922-32. Sherborn , p. 4658: Cardium oviputamen Reeve, [844 . •• [925 Woodring, p. 145: Cardium oviputamen Reeve, [844 is identical with Cardium serratum Linne, [758 . •• [977. Fischer-Piette: Cardium oviputamen Reeve, 1844 = Laevicardium brasilianum Lamarck, 1819. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: concentrically waved pinkish brown marks, though faintly indicated, are characteristic. DESCRIPTIONS . "1844 Reeve: shell obliquely ovate, thin, ventricose, radiately very finely striated; opaque snowy white, concentrically clouded with faint waved pinkish-brown spots or lines, covered with a pale epidermis towards the margins; margins finely crenulated within. REMARKS. "1844 Reeve: the general appearance is very like that of the Cardium serra tum; however the form is of Jess oblique, and the Cardium oviputamen under consideration is more ventricose. The concentrically waved pinkish brown marks above noticed, though faintly indicated, are nevertheless characteristic, as distinguished from those of a different pattern in Cardium vitellinum Reeve. [Present generic classification is Laevicardium oviputamen). DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: unknown. "1884 Grasset: Bahamas. "Of authors: Florida, Panama, West Indies. ovolu", - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ovolum. Unfamiliar species. » Regarding Cardium ovolum: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Palaestine. RECORDS. "187 [ Stoliczka: Cardium ovolum (Stoliczka: unfamiliar species). ovuloide (error). - Printer's mistake for ovuloides in Dall 1901. ovuloides Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part [ p. 145. Part 3 p. 856, 931) . - Changed combination: Synonym of Trigoniocardia obovale (Sowerby, 1833). OTHER JUDGEMENTS' Trigoniocardia ovuloides (Reeve 1845). » Regarding Cardium ovuloides: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 3 syntypes. 1978139. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. Reeve 1845: unknown. RECORDS. "1845 Reeve: Cardium ovuloides. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Fragum) ovuloides, Reeve. "1890 Paetel : Hemicardium ovuloides Rv. "1901 Dall: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) ovuloide sic Reeve, 1845. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4660: Cardium ovuloides Reeve, 1845. "1932 Pilsbry & Lowe: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) ovoluides Rve. "1958 Abbott : Trigoniocardia ovuloides Reeve [Recent). "1961 Olsson: Cardium oVllloides Reeve, 1845 = Trigoniocardia (Apiocardia) obovale (Sowerby, 1833). "1977 Popov: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) ovuloides (Reeve, 1845). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium ovuloides Reeve = Corculum obovale Sowerby. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1845 Reeve: shell oblong-ovate, very gibbous, radiately ribbed, about 17 ribs, the middle and anterior large, strong, nodulously granulated, interstices transversely impressly striated, posterior ribs narrow, smooth, flattened; yellowish white within and without. REMARKS. This little species exhibits the form of the Cardium obovale with the sculpture of the Cardium graniferum. DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve: unknown. Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 671 ovum - oxypleura ··Of authors : California, Ecuador. ovum Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cochlea ovum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Pulo-Condore (Martyn, 1784). RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn, p. 24, sp. 79, pI. 28, fig. 1: Cochlea ovum. ··1789 Martyn: Cochlea ovum. Pulo Condore. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: I specimen M U ?Cardium ovum. The label refers to "cf79 in fig. Martyni". Oxydacna Davitaschvili, 1930 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Oxydacna Davidaschvili in subfam. Didacninae Eberzin, 1962, family Cardiidae [Ref. Eberzin 1962]. ··1980 Vokes: Oxydacna Davidaschvili, 1930 in subfamily Didacninae. ··1987 Taktakishvili, p. 90: Oxydacna Davitaschvili, 1930; referred to new tribe Pontalmyrini. oxygonum Sowerby, 1834. [Figs. Part I p. 107, 139. Part 3 p. 866, 878] . - Changed combination: Acrosterigma oxygonum (Sowerby, 1834). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERlAL. Two shells considered as syntypes in BMNH, Cuming collection, labeled Philippines. The dimensions and rib number given by Sowerby could fit the specimen figured by Vidal (1999, figs. 5D-E); but the locality given by Sowerby (China Sea) does not agree. TYPE LOCALITY. ad mare Sinense (Chiga) (Sowerby 1840). RECORDS. ··1834 Sowerby, 47t part, fig. 9: Cardium oxygonum. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 107: Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. London p. 107: Cardium oxygonum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 4, No. 50: Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium oxygonum, (Sowerby No. 50). ··1841 Reeve, p. 99: Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1843 Hanley: Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1845 Reeve, sp. 77 : Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) oxygonum, Sow. ··1867 Mitchell: Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1869 Frauenfeld: Laevicardium oxygonum Sow. ··1870 March: c. oxygonum Sowb junior synonym of Cardium leucostoma Born. ··1872 Tryon: Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1890. Paetel: Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1903 Hidalgo: Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1905 Hidalgo: Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1906 Standen & Leicester: Cardium oxygonum. ··1912 Shirley: Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4665: Cardium oxygonum Sowerby, 1841. ··1923 Hedley: Cardium oxygonum Sow. (erroneous identification, see Vidal 1999). ··1928 Faustino : Cardium oxygonum Sowerby. ··1941 Gravely : Cardium oxygonum . ··1962 Iredale & McMichael: Cardium oxygonum Sow. ··1977 FischerPiette: Laevicardium oxygonum Sowerby. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium oxygonum Sowerby, 1841. ··1978 ZR : Trachycardium oxygonum. Bay of Bengal Burma, Maungmagan. First record for Burmese waters. Ref. to Ray ··1992 Oliver: Trachycardium oxygonum. ··1999 Vidal : A croslerigma oxygonum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1999 Vidal: Cardium oxygonum Sowerby, 1833 in Hedley, 1923: 304. = Acrosterigma. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Acrosterigma oxygonum (Sowerby, 1834). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: one specimen identified by Cuming, sine loc. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: the elaborate and distinctive rib morphology. DESCRlPTJONS. ··1845 Reeve: Shell oblong- ovate, attenuated towards the umbones, radiately ribbed, 35 ribs, peculiarly sharp angled , finely crenulated at the base on the posterior side, extreme posterior ribs prickly, anterior very finely crenated; white, profusely stained and spotted with rose. ··1999 Vidal: Shell ovoid, and almost equilateral, sometimes with posterior dorsal margin a little straightened; hardly elongated and not appreciably compressed. Ribs straight in projection. Lunule about equivalent on both valves, well delineated, and appreciably hollowed on both sides. External colour beige, variegated with rather dark brown to purple in large irregular patches; interior white, except for umbonal rays. Hinge appreciably asymmetrical. A long, thin, weak umbonal sterigma in about 20% of the specimens. Mean rib number 38.9 ± lA, range 36-41. Posteriorly ribs of equivalent width, with a weakly marked median furrow and scales that are sometimes irregular; interstices well marked. Elsewhere, ribs always triangular, except for the first anterior ribs, which are rounded; on median posterior part, ribs first retro-ridged , becoming retrotuberculated anteriorly, with numerous small tubercles situated on lower part of flank; anterior flank smooth, and a significant smooth crestal fold is present. On anterior half, anterior flanks of ribs become at first protuberculated at base, then pro-ridged , with ridges terminating in crestal tubercles, but not reaching interstice; in contrast, posterior flanks of ribs become and remain smooth throughout. Interstices triangular and smooth. DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: length 37.0, width 42.8 , thickness 26.0 mm . REMARKS. ··1840 Sowerby: this species resembles C. maculosum of Wood in form, but in sculpture it is more like C. angulatum of Lamarck, from which it is distinguished by being narrower towards the umbo, less ventricose, and having the ribs distinctly angulated. ··1845 Reeve: this species exhibits a very peculiar plan of sculpture, the ribs being sharply angled at the summit, and very finely crenulated at the base, on the posterior side. ··1999 Vidal: A. oxygonum has very constant characters, particularly an elaborate and distinctive rib morphology. One lot of this species in BMNH (reg. 1910-12-13-15), from Sri Lanka, is labeled as a type series of "Cardium sanguineotincta" Preston; another lot AMS C034080, from Sri Lanka, is labeled as a cotype lot of the same taxon. There is no verification of this name in the literature. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve China, Philippines. ··1884 Grasset: China. ··1923 Hedley: Australia, New South Wales, Queensland. ··1994 Hylleberg: Indo-West Pacific. 1999 Vidal: exclusively in the northern hemisphere: Gulf of MaJrnar, Andaman Sea and Malacca Strait, Gulf of Thailand, (south?) China, Philippines. Published records from Australia (South Queensland and New South Wales) are erroneous and should be referred to A. kerslakae. Specimens from Zanzibar need to be confirmed. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: South India. oxynoti Quensted, 1856. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" oxynoti Quensted, 1856. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium oxynoti Quensted, 1856; [1856--1858] p. 110, pI. 13, fig. 46. oxypleura Davidasvili, 1930 - Changed combination: Pontalmyra oxypleura (Davidasvili, 1930). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1932 ZR: Didacna 672 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) ozurgeticum - pallidum oxypleura Davidasvili, 1930 sp. n. 001987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra oxypleura (Dav.). ozurgeticum Davidasvili, 1930 - Changed combination: Moquicardium ozurgeticum (Davidasvi1i, 1930) . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001932 ZR: Limnocardium ozurgeticum Davidasvili, 1930 sp. n. Pliocene Transcaucasia. 001987 Taktakishvili: Limno-cardium (Moquicardium) ozurgeticum Dav. (?) . 001987 Taktakishvili: Moquicardium ozurgeticum Dav. (?). P Pachycardium Conrad, 1869 (genus). - Cardiidae. Cretaceous. Pachycardium spillmani Conrad, 1869, p. 96, type species of the genus Pachycardium. RECORDS. 001980 Vokes: Pachycardium Conrad, 1869 in subfamily Protocardiinae. 001995 Schneider: Protocardia (Pachycardium). Type species Protocardia spillmani (Conrad, 1858). . Pachycardium Conrad, 1869 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS . 001876 Meek: Pachycardium Conrad, 1870 synon. of Protocardia, Beyrich, 1845. 00 1887 Fischer: Pachycardium Conrad, 1870. Section of subgenus Protocardia Beyrich. Pachydacna Ebersin, 1955 (genus) . - New Name. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001974 ZR: Pachydacna Ebersin, 1955. Referred to new subfamily Prosodacninae, p. 128. Ref. to Andreescu. 001980 Vokes : Pachydacna (genus) Ebersin, 1955. n.n. pro Natella Ebersin, 1949. In. subfamily Lymnocardiinae. 001987 Anaya: Pachydacna Ebersin , 1955. Type species: Natella natella Ebersin, 1947. Pacbydaena (error). - Printer's mistake for genus Pachydacna in ZR for 1970. Pachyprionopleura Andreescu, 1974 (genus) . Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001974 ZR : Pachyprionopleura Ahvlediani, 1970. Referred to new subfamily Prosodacninae, p. 128. Ref. to Andreescu. 001980 Vokes: Pachyprionopleura Andreescu, 1974. Pachyrismella (genus). - Transferred from Megalodontacea. REcORDs. 001978 ZR: Pachyrismella Cox 1964. Ref. to Morris p. 267. pachyrrhinum Eichwald, 1868. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" pachyrrhinum Eichwald, 1868. Cardiacea. Fossil. REcORDs. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium pachyrrhinum Eichwald, 1868; [1853-1868] vol. 2. 678, pI. 25, figs. 9-10. padimeicum (subspecies). - See under cilia tum padimeicum Merklin & Zarkhidze, 1979. padimeicum Merklin & Zarkhidze 1979. - Synonym of Cilia to cardium ciliatum (Fabricius 1780). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980 ZR: Ciliatocardium padimeicum Merklin & Zarkhidze 1979 is a junior synonym of C. ciliatum (Fabricius 1780). Ref. to Kafanov. paetrigonoides (error). - Printer's mistake for praetrigonoides in ZR for 1916. Palaeocardita (genus). - REcORDs. 001992 Schneider p. 146: Palaeocardita is usually placed with the Carditidae. Type species Palaeocardita austriaca (Hauer). 001995 Schneider: Palaeocardita. May not belong to the cardiids. palatum Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium palatum: Not a cardiid . RECORDs. 001784 Martyn: Cardium palatum. pallasanum Basterot in Mayer, 1864. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pallasanum Basterot in Mayer, 1864. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium pallasanum Basterot in Mayer, 1864; [18571869], vol. 12: 355. *pal/asianum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium pallasianum from 2 sources: Basterot, 1825. Andrzejoswky, 1836. pallasianum Andrzejoswky. 1836. - Replaced by Parvicardium exiguum (Gmel.). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium pallasianum Audrz sic., 1836 [? = Andrzejoswky]- C. exiguum Gmel.? pal/asianum Basterot, 1825. - Changed combination: Loxocardium pallasianum (Basterot, 1825). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001835 Lamarck: Cardium pallasianum Bast. 001857 Deshayes : Cardium pallasianum Basterot 1825. 001899 Sacco: Cardium pallasianum Basterot 1825. 001899 Sacco: Loxocardium pallasianum (Bast.). 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 4689: Cardium pallassianum sic de Basterot, 1825. 001977 Popov: Loxocardium pallasianum (Basterot, 1825).001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium pallas ian urn Bastero!. Helvetien . France, B26227. pallassianum (error). - Printer's mistake for pallasianum in Sherborn 1922-32, p. 4689 pal/eus. - Label name for Laevicardium laevigatum (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. OF COLLECTIONS. ooZMUC: 1 specimen in dry collection referring to Reeve (1845) No. 69, palleus = Laevicardium laevigatum Linne, 1758. pallida I-um (subspecies, variety) - See under norvegicum paUida Jeffreys, 1863. - norvegicum pallidum Jeffreys. pallidum Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part 1 p. 141. Part 3 p. 928]. - Synonym of Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia tenuicostata (Lamarck, 1819). » Regarding Cardium pallidum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 2 possible syntypes. 1978134. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. Manila Bay, Philippines . RECORDS. 001844 Reeve: Cardium pallidum. 001884 Grasset: Cardium pallidum. Rv. 001885 Smith: Cardium pal/idum (Reeve in Romer, fig. 92) = Cardium (Bucardium) tenuicostatum Lamarck. 001890 Paete1: Cardium pallidum Rv. 001903 Pritchard & Gatliff: Cardium pallidum Romer in Kuster 1869 = Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck. 001906 Melvill & Standen, p. 839: Cardium (Acanthocardia) pallidum Reeve. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 4701: Cardium pallidum Reeve, 1845 . 001928 Faustino: Cardium pallidum Reeve. 001945 Smith: Cardium pallidum Reeve 1843 syn. = Cardium tenuicostata Lamarck 1819. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium pallidum Reeve = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter. 001992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Cardium pallidurn Reeve, 1844 = Fulvia tenuicostata (Lamarck, 1819). 001994 Vidal: ? Cardium pallidum Reeve, 1845 = Fulvia (Fulvia) papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS 001845 Reeve: shell somewhat squarely ovate, rather depressed, posteriorly a little angularly produced; radiately finely ribbed, ribs very numerous, sometimes 42-43, sometimes 52-53, Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 673 palm alum - panamense smooth, somewhat keel-shaped; pale. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: This is another species, which has been probably confounded with the Cardium tenuicostatum, an examination of several specimens assures me, however, that it is distinct. It is more depressed, has, not the slightest indication of the waved flesh-colour spots, which adorn that species, and is altogether different. HABITAT. ··1845 Reeve: found in sandy mud at a depth of from 4 to 5 fathoms . DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: Bay of Manila, the Philippines. ··1884 Grassel: Manila. palmalum Goldfuss, 1837. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" palmalum Goldfuss, 1837. Cardiidae. PreMesozoic. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4714: Cardium palmatum Goldfuss, 1837. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium palma tum Goldfuss. Germany, B03948. palmerae Harbinson, 1944. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " palmerae Harbinson, 1944. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1944 ZR : Cardium palmerae Harbinson, 1944 sp. p..ov. (Eocene) Santee-Cooper Canal 17 m. N.- W. of Moncks Comer, South Carolina. paiudosllm (variety). - See under glaucum paludosa Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. panamense Dall, 1908. - Nemocardium panamense (Dall, 1908). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: suggested new name Microcardium williami. » Regarding Protocardia panamensis: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1908 Dall: Protocardia panamensis. ··1961 Olsson: Microcardium panamense. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Nemocardium (Microcardium) panamense (Dall, 1908). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Protocardia panamensis Dall. ··1977 ZR : Microcardium panamensis (Dall, 1908) Preoccupied name Replaced by Microcardium williami. Ref. to Fischer-Piette, E. p . 4. ··1980 Keen . Nemocardium panamense (Dall, 1908) . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 4: Microcardium williami new name for Microcardium panamense Dall, 1908. However, Keen (1980) claims that Microcardium williami is an unnecessary new name for a supposed homonym: Protocardia panamensis Dall, 1908, versus Cardium panamense Sowerby, 1833, species that now fall not only in different genera but in different subfamilies. HABITAT. ··1971 Keen & McLean: 333 m. DISTRIBUTION. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Panama. panamense Sowerby, 1833. [Figs. Part I p. 109, 134. Part 3 p. 857, 924). - Changed combination: Trachycardium panamense (Sowerby, 1833). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby, 1833). » Regarding Cardium panamense: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Ad Panamam in sandy mud at a depth of 10 fathoms (Sowerby 1833). TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH; Cardium panamense Sowerby Holotype reg. no. 1991024. Neg. No. 0629. RECORDS. ··1833 S0tlierby, p. 85: Cardium panamense. "1834 Sowerby, 49 t part, fig. 21: Cardium panamense nobis. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 5, No. 62: Cardium panamense, Sow. "1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8 : Cardium panamense (Sowerby No. 62). ··1844 Reeve, sp. 56: Cardium panamense Sowerby, 1843 sic. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p . 455: Cardium (Trachy cardium) Panamense Sow. ··1860 Carpenter: Cardium panamense Sby. ··1869 Romer: Cardium Panamense Sowerby fig. 21 Uuvenile) = Cardium procerum Sowerby. "1890 Paetel: Cardium panamense Sow. = procerum Sow. juv. ··1891 Steams: C. Panamense Sby. (probably a growth stage of Cardium procerum Sby. "190 I Dall: Cardium panamense Sowerby, 1833 = Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833. "1909 Lamy: Cardium panamense Sowerby (1833) = Cardium procerum Sowerby. ··1910 Dall: Cardium panamense Sowerby = Cardium procerum Sowerby (p. 282). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4727: Cardium panamense Sowerby, 1833. "1936 Jordan: Cardiumpanamense Sowerby, 1833 = Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium panamense Sowerby, 1833 = Cardium (Mexicardia) procerum Sowerby. ··1959 Ranson, p. 71 : Cardium panamense Sow = Cardium procerum Sowerby. ··1964 Parker: Trachycardium (Mexicardia) panamense (Sowerby, 1833) ... 1971 Keen & McLean: Trachycardium (Mexicardia) panamense (Sowerby, 1833). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium panamense Sowerby = Laevicardium procerum Sowerby. "1995 Poutiers: Trachycardium panamense (Sowerby, 1833). "1999 Vidal: Trachycardium (Mexicardia) panamense (Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833) . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC : Gulf of California. ··ZMUC: I specimen. Philippines. ··ZMUC: I specimen. Panama; II shells from Realejo (Oersted coil. No. 326) panamanense Sowerby, 1833 ··ZMUC : Gulf of California 13 m, shelly sand. Sowerby, 1843 sic. ··ZMUC: wet collection: Gulf of California, 13 m muddy sand. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell rather elongately ovate, ventricose, attenuated towards the umbones, anterior side rounded , posterior rather angulated; radiately ribbed , about 20 large, conspicuous, ribs, first angulated, then rounded; whitish, covered with an olive epidermis, posterior margins purple within. ··1971 Keen: there seem so many points of difference between this and the generally more southern form, Trachycardium procerum, that the two are here considered as separate species. The shell is much more massive and may attain a height of 90 mm, compared with 55 mm for the southern one. The ribs are triangular in outline, with fine nodes along the sharp crest, especially on the umbones, and the rather wide spaces between ribs are flat. The shell is white under a greenish, persistent periostracum, except for spots of brown on the umbones. The species is a common one in mud, from low-tide line to a depth of several fathoms, ranging from San Ignacio Lagoon, Lower California, throughout the Gulf of California but, in spite of its name, apparently no farther south than Costa Rica; common. REMARKS. "1840 Sowerby: ribs fewer and more angulated than in C. procerum. ··1844 Reeve: this is a truly noble species, very closely allied to the Cardium procerum, but easily distinguished by its more elongated form, and by the marked development of the ribs. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud at the depth of about 10 fathoms. ··ZMUC: sand, shelly sand, silty sand, shelly mud. 7-67 m depth. "1964 Parker: occasionally to a depth of about 100 m. DISTRIBUTION. "1844 Reeve: Panama. "1884 Grasset: Panama . ··1971 Keen & McLean: San Ignacio Lagoon 674 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) panamensis - papillosum in Baja California to Costa Rica, not reaching Panama. ··ZMUC Gulf of California, Realejo. panamensis (mode). - See under panamense Dall, 1908. pancicostatum (error). - Printer's mistake for paucicostatum in ZR for 1937 with ref. to Keen [937. pancicostatum eburnea (error). - Printer 's mistake for paucicostatum eburnea in Coen, [914. panciotermedia (error) . - Printer's mistake for paucintermedia. paniselense - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " paniselense Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . •• [932 ZR: Cardium paniselense [Ref. Vincent 1932]. panis-sacchari (invalid spelling). - See under panissacchari. panissacchari Altena, 1961. - Trigoniocardia panissacchari Aitena, 1961. Cardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1961 ZR: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) panissacchari Aliena, 1961 sp. nov. St. Eustatius Sugar Loaf, presumably Pleistocene, Leeward Islands. pannanicum Vodasz, 1910. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pannanicum (Vodasz, 1910). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1910. ZR: Cardium (Trachy cardium) pannanicum Vodasz, 1910 sp. n. Hungary Eocene. pannonica Stevanovic, 1979. - Paradacna pannonica Stevanovic, 1979. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1979 ZR: Paradacna pannonica Stevanovic, 1979. Sp. nov. Yugoslavia. Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 322. Pannonicardium Stevanovic 1951 (genus) . Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1980. Vokes: Pannonicardium Stevanovic 1951 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. Pannonicardium Stevanovic 1951 (subgenus) . Lymnocardiidae. Pontian . RECORDS. ··1953 ZR : Pannonicardium subgen. nov. of Limnocardium type Limnocardium dumieici (Gorj. Kramb) Pontian Serbia [Ref. Stevanovic 1951] . ··1987 Taktakishvili : (Pannonicardium) Stevanovic, 1951. pansatrum . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " (Cerastoderma) pansatrum. ··2002 Schneider citing Dall (1900): Cardium (Cerastoderma)pansatrum sp. nov. section Cerastoderma . pantecolpatum Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911. - Changed combination: Clinocardium pantecolpatum (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911). Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. ··1911 ZR: Cardium (Laevicardium) pantecolpatum Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911 sp. n. France Neogene. ··1952 Lecointre: Cardium (Laevicardium) pantecolpatum Cossmann et Peyrot, 1912. ··1970 G[ibert & Poel: Cardium (Laevicardium) pantecolpatum Cossmann & Peyrot, 1909-1912 . ··1977 Popov : Clinocardium pantecolpatum (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911). Panticapaea Andrussow 1923 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Panticapaea Andrussow, 1923. ··1980 Vokes: Panticapaea Andrussow, 1923 in subfamily Paradacninae . •• [987 Taktakishvili, p. [88: designated Panticapaea Andrussow 1923 type genus of the new tribe Panticapaeini . ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Panticapaea (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. panticapaea R. Hoem. - Synonym of Didacna tamanensis R. Hoem . » Regarding Didacna panticapaea: Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna panticapaea (R. Hoem.) (= Didacna tamanensis R. Hoem.). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra panticapaea (R. Hoern.). panticapaea (cf.) R. Hoem. - RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra cf. panticapaea (Andrus .). panticapaea gurianthica Tschel. (subspecies) . Pontalmyra panticapaea gurianthica (Tschel.) . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. •• [987 Taktakishvi[i: Pontalmyra panticapaea gurianthica (Tschel.). Panticapaeini Taktakishvili , 1987 (tribus). Lyrnnocardiidae. REcORDS. •• [987 Taktakishvili, p. 188: Panticapaeini; tribe nov. ofLirnnocardiinae. Type genus Panticapaea Andrussow, 1923. Papillicardium Monterosato in Sacco, [ 899 (genus). Cardiidae. Middle Miocene to Recent. Subgenus Papillicardium upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS . •• [969 Moore et al.: Genus Papillicardium . •• [979 ZR: Papillicardium F. Sacco [899. New synonym of Parvicardium Monterosato 1884. Ref. to Lambiotte, p. 46. ··1980 Vokes: Papillicardium (Monterosato MS) Sacco in Bellardi & Sacco, [899. In subfamily Cardiinae . ··2002 Schneider: Papillicardium is considered basal fragines. ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Papillicardium. Junior synonym of Parvicardium (Glibert & van de Poel, 1970; Popov, 1977; Lambiotte, 1979). ··1998 Schneider (l998b): Papillicardium. Junior synonym of Plagiocardium (Spada & Della BelJa, 1987). ··1998 Schneider: Papillicardium. Type species Papillicardium papillosum (Po Ii, 1791). Cardiidae. Middle Miocene to Recent. (The genus originates in the Eocene; Keen 1980). ··2002 Schneider: citing Kafanov and Popov (1977) : Papillicardium subfamily Fraginae, tribe Parvicardiini. Papillicardium Monterosato in Sacco, 1899 (subgenus). - Cardiidae . Fossil and Recent. Type species : Monterosato in Sacco (1899) designated Cardium papillosum Poli, 1795 type species of subgenus Papillicardium of genus Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886. The subgenus (Papillicardium) was subsequently raised to generic level. According to Sacco (1899): Subgenus Papillicardium Montrs. 1899 in lilt. RECORDS. ··1899 ZR: Papillicardium (Monts. MS.) Sacco, 1899 n. sg. of Cardium for Cardium papillosum Polio ··1899 ZR: Cardium papillosum in sg. Papillicardium [Ref. Sacco 1899] . ··1998 Schneider (I 998b) : Papillicardium. Subgenus of Parvicardium (Keen, 1969a, 1980; Kafanov & Popov, 1977; Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1989). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell small, resembling Parvicardium but with heavier hinge. With beaded rather than spinose sculpture on ribs; on posterior ribs in the form of semispatulate nodules. (HyUeberg 1994). PapiIlocardium (error). - Printer's mistake for Papillicardium in Oliver 1992. *papi/losum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium papillosum from 3 sources: Chiaje, 1830. - Poli, 1791. - Goldfuss (?year). papillosum Chiaje, 1830. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " papillosum d. Chiaje, 1830. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4739: Cardium papillosum d. Chiaje, 1830. papi/losum Poli, 1791. [Figs. Part 1 p. 81 , 94, 121, 143, 173 . Part 3 (comparisons) p. 915, 933] . Papillicardium Phukel Marine Biological Cenler Special Publicalion vol. 30 (2004) 675 papillosum - papil/osum depressum papillosum (Poli, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium punctatum Brocchi. - Cardium planatum (Renieri). Cardium poW Payraudeau. » Regarding C. papillosum: Cardiidae. Miocene to Recent. Sacco (1899) designated Cardium papi/losum Poli, 1795 type species of the subgenus (Papillicardium) Sacco, 1899. Subsequently raised to generic status. TYPE LOCALITY. The Mediterranean. RECORDS. "1791 Poli, I, p. 56-57 (pI. 16, figs. 2-4): Cardium papillosum. "1840 Sowerby, I 84 th part, fig. 69: Cardium papillosum Poli, 1795. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 3, sp. 37: Cardium papillosum Poli. "1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium papillosum (Sowerby, No. 37). "1844 Forbes: Cardium papil/osum Poli o "1845 Reeve, sp. Ill , fig. 105: Cardiumpapillosum. "1848 Requien : Cardium Papillosum Poli = Cardium punetatum Brocchi. tab. 16, fig. 11. "1864 Mayer: Cardium papillosum . Poli . '·1867 Weinkauff, p. 138: Cardium papillosum Poli o Weinkauffhas a very long list of synonyms, both Recent and fossil occurrences. "1878 Monterosato: Cardium papillosum Poli = C. plana tum (Renieri). "1885 Smith: Cardium (Acanthocardia) papi/losum Poli o "1888 Servain: Cardium papil/osum Poli , 1791 . "1888 Simroth: Cardium papillosum Polio "1889 Martens : Cardium papillosum Polio "1890 Paetel : Cardium papillosum Polio "1892 Locard: Cardium papillosum Poli, 1791. "1894 Jousseaume : Cerastoderma papillosum (Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1912). "1899 Sacco: Papillicardium papil/osum (Poli 1791). "1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium papil/osum Poli, 1791 . "190 I Chaster et al.: Cardium papillosum Pol i. "1902 Sherborn, p. 716: Cardium papil/osum Poli, 1795 . "1907 ZR: Cardium (Papillicardium) papi/losum [Ref. Martinelli 1907]. "1927 Dautzenberg: Cardium (Parvicardium) papillosum Polio "1931 ZR: Cardium papillosum Ref. to Patrini (1931). "1932 Winckworth: Cardium (Parvicardium) papillosum Poli, 1795 . "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Papillicardium) papillosum Poli . "1933 Coen & Vatova: Eucardium (Papillieardium) papillosum Polio "1937 Coen : Papillicardium papillosum Poli . "Scarlato & Starobogatov: Plagiocardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). "1956 Rasmussen: Coreulum (Papillieardium) papillosum (Pol i). "1958 Holzl: Coreulum (Parvieardium) papillosum (Poli). "1962 Pasteur-Humbert : Cardium (Corculum) papillosum Polio "1969 Moore et al.: Plagiocardium (Papillieardium) papillosum (Poli , 1795). "1969 Nordsieck: Papillieardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). "1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvieardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). "1974 Barnard: Cardium papillosum in Jaeckel 1931 = Cardium turtoni . "1977 Fischer-Piette : Coreulum (Papillieardium) papi/losum Polio "1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Parvieardium papillosum (Poli, 1795). "1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Plagioeardium (Papillieardium) papillosum (Po Ii). "1983 SalviniPlawen: Coreulum papil/osum (Poli). "1992 Oliver: Papilloeardium sic papillosum (Poli, 1795). "1998 Macedo et al.: Parvieardium papillosum (Poli, 1795). "1998 Schneider (1998b): Papillieardium papillosum (Poli, 1795). "1998 Schneider: Papillieardium. Type species Papillieardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). Cardiidae. Middle Miocene to Recent. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers . com.), MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Parvieardium papillosum (Poli). Helvetien. France; Italy; Turkey; Morocco. .. 2000 Aartsen & Goud: Parvieardium papil/osum (Poli, 1795). "2001 Vidal, p. 408: Parvieardium papillosum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: Atlantide Exp. St. 153, 145, 231,44, 147, 123,45. "ZMUC: wet collection: Neapel, Mediterranean. "ZMUC: West Africa. DESCRIPTIONS. "1845 Reeve: shell somewhat orbicular, convex, a little oblique; radiately ribbed, 24 ribs, echinated throughout with short papillae; interstices between the ribs transversely impressly punctured; whitish, stained and sparingly spotted with rusty brown, interior white, reddish brown on the posterior side. "1888 Simroth: "Bunt dunckelbraun gefleckt, einige StUcke innen mit amarantrothen Flecken oder mit zwei Strahlen". "2001 Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. REMARKS. "1845 Reeve: a wellknown species, which may be easily recognised by the papilliferous sculpture of the ribs, and the peculiar transverse groove-like punctures in the interstices . HABITAT. "1844 Forbes: Aegaean Sea depth range 675 fathoms. "1889 Martens: South of Madeira, 109128 m, mixed bottom. DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve: Mediterranean. "1884 Grasset: Sicily. "1845 Reeve: Mediterranean. "1969 Nordsieck, "1994 Hylleberg : West Europe to Canary Islands, Mediterranean, Red Sea ... ZMUC: Mediterranean, West Africa. "1992 Oliver: Suez. papil/osum Goldfuss. - Replaced by combination to be revised: "Cardium" seobinula Merian. » Regarding Cardium papillosum: Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1892 B. D. & D., p. 277: Cardium papillosum Goldfuss differs from papillosum (Poli, 1791). The papillosum of Gold fuss has become Cardium seobinula Merian. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium papillosum Goldfuss (non Poli). papillosum Mac Andrew (variety). - Parvieardium seabrum (Philippi, 1844). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1890 Hidalgo: Cardium papillosum var. of Mac Andrew = Cardium nodosum Montagu. papillosum A Scacchi, 1836 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. » Regarding Papillieardium papillosum var. a: Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1836 Scacchi : Cardium papillosum var. a penitus papillosa. papi/losum alba Locard & Caziot, 1900 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. » Regarding Cardium papillosum var. alba : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Mediterranean. RECORDS. "1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium papillosum alba (var.). papillosum aurea Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium papillosum var. aurea: Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS . "1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, p. 277 : Cardium papil/osum var. (ex colore I) aurea. "1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium papil/osum var. aurea (B.D. & D.). papil/osum B Scacchi, 1836 (variety). - IntTasubspecific. » Regarding Papillieardium papillosum var. b: Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1836 Scacchi: Cardium papillosum var. b semi- papillosa. papi/losum depressum Locard, 1898 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. » Regarding Papillieardium papillosum vai:. depressum: 676 Tropical Marin e Mollusc Programme (TMMP) papillosum dertonense - papillosum transversa Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1898 Locard, p. 262: Cardium papil/osum var. depressum . ··1969 Nordsieck: Papillicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791) var. depressum (Locard). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1898 Locard: often somewhat oblique outline, depressed; very small. papil/osum dertonense Michelloti, 1847 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Papillicardium papi/losum var. dertonensis: Cardiidae. Recent. RE CORDS . . . 1899 Sacco: Papillicardium papi/losum var. dertonensis Michelotti 1847(an species distinguenda). "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium papillosum var. dertonense Michelloti . papil/osum globulosum Locard, 1898 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium var. gfobulosum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1898 Locard, p. 263 : Cardium globulosum. ··1969 Nordsieck: Papillicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791) var. globulosum (Locard). papillosum lactea Jeffreys, 1863 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium papillosum var. lactea: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··190 I Chaster et al.: Cardium papillosum var. lactea Jeffreys. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium papillosum lactea Jeffreys, 1863 ; [18621869] vol. 2: 276. papi/losum maculatum Danilo & Sandri, 1891 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium papil/osum var. maculatum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium papillosum Poli var. maculatum nob. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, p. 277: Cardium papillosum var. (ex colore 2) maculata. ··1969 Nordsieck: Papillicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791) var. maculatum (Brusina) . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Brusina wrote the introduction to Danilo & Sandri (1891). DISTRIBUTION. Unknown (Nordsieck 1969). papillosum maxima Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Papillieardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). » Regarding Cardium papillosum var. maximum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, p. 276 : Cardium papillosum var. ex forma 2 maximum . ··1927 Dautzenberg: Cardium papi/losum var. maxima, Bucquoy, Dautzenberg et Dol1fus = Cardium (Parvicardium) papillosum Poli . "1969 Nordsieck: Papillicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791) var. maximum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRlPTlONS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: very thick shell, and large size compared with the Mediterranean specimens. REMARKS. Described as a variety. DIMENSIONS. Umbo-ventral 25 mm, anteriorposterior 25 mm. HABITAT. ··1969 Nordsieck: 40-1494 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. "1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: The Azores. papillosum minor Locard , 1898 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium papillosum var. minor: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . .. 1898 Locard, p. 263 : Cardium papillosum var. minor. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium papillosum var. minor. ··1969 Nordsieck: Papillicardium papillosum (Poli , 1791) var. minor (Locard) Distribution unknown. papillosum obliquatum Michelotti, 1839 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Fossil. REC ORDS. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium papil/osum var. obliquatum Michelotti, 1839. papillosum obliquatum Monterosato, 1872 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Cardium laevigatum. » Regarding C. papillosum var. obliquatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1872 Monterosato (p. 39): C. papillosum, var. obliquatum = Cardium laevigatum. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium papillosum var. exforma I obliquata (Aradas) Monterosato. ··1893 Marshall: Cardium papi/losum var. obliquata Monterosato. ··190 I Chaster et at.: Cardium papilloswn var. obliquata Monterosato. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium papi/losum var. obliquata Aradas 1846 (non var obliquatum Michelotti, 1839) = Cardium aradasi Crema. ··1926 McClelland: Cardium papillosum V. obliquata Monts. ··1969 Nordsieck: Papillieardium papillosum (Poli, 1791) var. obliqllatum (Monterosato, 1884). papillosum pertransversa Sacco, 1899 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco, p. 45, pI. 11, figs. 6,7: Papillicardium papillosllm var. pertransversa Sacc.(an species distinguenda). "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium papi/losum var. pertransversa Sacco. papillosum roseum Pallary (variety). - Synonym of Papillicardium papi/losum (Poli, 1791. Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. ··1969 Nordsieck : Papillieardium papillosum (Poli, 1791) var. ros eum (Pallary). Distribution unknown. papillosum rotundum Locard, 1898 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. DESCRIPTIONS. Rounded outline, nearly symmetric (Locard 1898). RECORDS. ··1898 Locard, p. 263 : Cardium papillosum var. rotundllm. "1969 Nordsieck: Papillicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791) var. rotundum (Locard). Distribution unknown. papil/osum senegalensis Dollfus, 1911 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1911 Dollfus, p 59: Cardium papillosum var. senegalensis. papillosum senegalensis Rosso, 1974. - ?Corculum papillosum senegalensis Rosso, 1974. Cardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Careufum sic papillosum senegalensis Rosso, 1974 subsp . nov. Senegal, Tongon. Quaternary. Rosso p. 811. papil/osum simile Mi1aschewitch , 1909 (variety). Identical with Plagiocardium simile (Milaschewitch, 1909). » Regarding Cardium papillosum var. simile: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1969 Nordsieck: Papillicardium papillosum (Poli, 1795) var. simile Milaskewicz (= Milachewitch). Distribution Black Sea. ··Scarlato & Starobogatov: Cardium papillosum var. simile Mil. = Plagiocardium simile (Milaschewitch, 1909). papillosum transversa Cerulli Irelli (variety). - Identical with Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium papillosum var. transversa: Cardiidae. Fossil. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 677 papilfosum zonata - papyraceurn RECORDS. --1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium papillosum var. transversa Cerulli Irelli = C. edule var. papillosum zonata Locard & Caziot, 1900 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1900 Locard & Caziot, p. 236: Cardium papillosum var. zonata. Mediterranean. papioiensis (variety). - See under edule papiolensis Almera & Bofill. pappi Strausz, 1930. - Lymnocardium pappi Strausz, 1930. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1941 ZR: Limnocardium pappi Strausz, 1930 sp. nov. Miocene, Hungary. --1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium pappi Strausz. papuanum Vidal, 1996 . [Figs. Part 3 p. 869]. Vasticardium papuanum Vidal, 1996. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1999. Vidal: Vasticardium papuanum Vidal, 1996. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1996 Vidal: foundation of anterior lateral teeth is gently curved and moderately strong (non-hooked appearance). DISTRIBUTION. --1996 Vidal: Papua Sibuko Bay, Borneo (USNM 239129); "1999 Vidal: Palau. papyracea (mode). - See under papyraceum Bruguiere, 1789. *papyraceum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium papyraceum from 2 sources: Bruguiere, 1789. - Sinz. (?year). papyraceum Bruguiere, 1789. [Figs. Part 1 p. 118. Part 3 p. 889, 890, 893]. = Fulvia laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). - Cardium deshayesianum Bianconi 1856. » Regarding Cardium papyraceum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERlAL. Two syntypes of Cardium laevigatum Linne present in The Linnean Society, are Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789) [see Vidal 1994: 99] The largest of the two bivalved shells [46.2 x 46.5 x 31.1], hand marked 88 by Linne (his list number in 1767) has been selected by Vidal (1999, p. 327) as lectotype of Cardium laevigatum Linne, 1758, senior synonym of Cardium papyraceum Bruguiere, 1789. - Higo et at. (1999) note: 'dans les mers des grandes Indes' ('seas of the East Indies' ; Bruguiere took this locality from Chemnitz in Martini & Chemnitz - he noted that he had never personally seen a specimen. RECORDS. --1789 Bruguiere, p. 231, No. 29. Cardium papyraceum; Chemnitz, Martini, tom. 6. pag. 190, tab. 18, fig. 184. "1836 Bosc: Cardium papyraceum. "1840 Sowerby, Part 181, figs. 55 and 56: Cardium papyraceum Bruguiere. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 13: Cardium papyraceum Brug. --1902 Sherborn, p. 716: Cardium papyraceum Bruguiere, 1789. "1960 Biggs & Grantier: Cardium (Papyridea) papyraceum Gmelin. --1973 Biggs: Laevicardium papyraceum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1977 Habe: Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1798). ·-1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium papyraceum Bruguiere, 1789; probably only one species: Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789) which has page priority. -·1982 Kilburn & Rippey: Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). --1984 Taylor & Reid: Laevicardium papyraceum papyracea Bruguiere, 1789. ·-1989 Bosch & Bosch: Laevicardium papyraceum (Bruguiere, 1789). ·-1994 Bonfitto, Sabelli, Tommasini & Herbert: Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789); senior synonym of Cardium deshayesianum Bianconi 1856. "1994 Vidal: Fulvia (Fulvia) papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). --1998 Poutiers: Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). "1999 Hylleberg, p. 401: Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). ·-1999 Higo et at.: Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). --2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBU-TION. --1928 Kuroda, --1977 Habe: Amami Oshima. --1993 Bernard et at.: South China Sea, Taiwan. "1999 Higo et at.: Red Sea, Mediterranean. ·-1999 Hylleberg: Indonesia. .. 2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. papyraceurn Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part 1 p. 75 No. 184, p. 101 , 125, 165, 174. Part 3 p. 889]. Non binominal. Not available. = Fulvia laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Fulvia papyraceum (Bruguiere, 1789). - Fulvia papyracea (Grnelin, 1791). - Cardium muticum Reeve. - Cardium tenuicostatum Lrnk. juv. » Regarding Cardium papyraceum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. East Indies (Chernnitz 1782); Japan (Sowerby 1841). RECORDS. "1781 Gronovius, fasc. 3, pI. I, fig. 5: Cardium papyraceum (fide Spengler 1799). --1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 18 Fig. 184: Cardium papyraceum, ex museo Spengleriano. --1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium papyraceum t. 18. f. 184. "1788 Schroter: Cardium papyraceum . [Reference to Chemnitz (1782) fig. 190).--1791 Gmelin: p. 3254 No. 32: Cardiumpapyraceum. --1799 Spengler: p. 41, No. 25: Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz Tom. 6. Tab. 18. fig. 184 . --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz. -·1819 Lamarck: p. 6 No . 9: Cardium papyraceum. -·1839 . Anton: Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz ... 1840 Sowerby, 181 st part, figs. 55-56: Cardium papyraceum. --1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium papyraceum (Sowerby, No. 13). "1844 Reeve, sp. 9: Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz, Conch . Cab. vol. vi. p. 190. pI. 18. f. 184 "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Cardium (Fulvia) papyracea Chern. ··1867 Angas: Cardium (Papyridea) papyraceum Chern. "1867 ZR: Cardium papyraceum (Chemn.) = muticum (Reeve) Hakodate [Ref. Schrenck 1867]. --1869 ZR: Section, subtypical-7. Papyraceae: bullata (L.), papyracea (Chemn.), &c. [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. ·-1880 Martens: Cardium (Papyridea) papyraceum Chemnitz = C. laevigatum Linne according to Hanley. --1886 Cooke p. 97: Cardium papyraceum Chemn. --1890 Paetel: Papyridea papyracea Ch. ··1891 Romer: Fulvia papyracea Ch. --1897 Sowerby: Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 716: Cardium papyraceum Gmelin, 1790 sic. --1815 Wood, p. 230: Cardium papyraceum Linn, Gmelin . p. 3254. --1903 Hidalgo: Papyridea papyraceum . --1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 839: Cardium (Papyridea) papyraceum Chemn. --1909 Lynge: Cardium (Papyridea) papyraceum. -·1933 ZR: Cardium papyraceum Gm. [Ref. Gruvel 1933]. "1937 Viader: Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz = C. laevigatum Linne. --1945 ZR: Cardium papyraceum Chern. [Ref. Lamy 1945] . --1960 Biggs & Grantier: Cardium (Papyridea) papyraceum Gmelin. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Papyridea (Fulvia) papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter. --1984 Sharabati: Laevicardium (Fulvia) papyraceum. "1992 Oliver: Fulvia papyracea. --1992 Oliver: Cardium papyraceum Chemn. in Cooke 678 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) papyraceum - Papyridea 1886 = tenuicostatum Lmk. juv. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Gulf ofThailand, I fathom, sand. ··ZMUC: I specimen (the true one) in the Spengler coIl. sine loco Possibly syntype from Chemnitz [not available] according to note written by Vidal 1994. ZMUC wet coil. sine loc. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: testa cordata, jragili, membranacea, longitudinaliter obsolete striata, cinerea, maculis purpureis internae cavitatis extus pellucentibus margine subtilissime crenulato. My translation: Shells thin, umbo-ventral distance longer than anterior-posterior distance, central umbones, posterior area not expanded as a wing, shells only slightly gaping, ribs raised posterior and anterior, but low centrally. ··1844 Reeve: Shell depressly heartshaped, thin, fragile, anteriorly very minutely granulated, radiately impressly striated, striae rudely engraved, giving root to an epidermis; whitish or yellowish, faintly tinged here and there with purple, umbones reddish purple, interior reddish purple. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: height 44 mm (I Tom. 8 Lin.), width 39 mm (1.5 Tom.). ··1819 Lamarck: length 34 mm. REMARKS. ··1799 Spengler, p. 41 : the figure in Gronovius (1781, fasc. 3, pI. I, fig. 5) should illustrate Cardium hians, but it does not resemble that species at all. However, it is identical with Cardium papyraceum according to Spengler. ··1844 Reeve: The accompanying figure, and Fig. 56. of Mr. Sowerby's 'Conchological Illustrations,' represent varieties of the true Cardium papyraceum, and are quite distinct from a fine new species, which has been confounded with it in the same work, at Fig. 55. This shell, for which see Cardium muticum, Plate VI. is of much larger dimensions, of a more transversely ovate form, and exhibits no indication of that curious minute granulation which characterizes the posterior side of the Cardium papyraceum, after the manner ofthe Cardium sinense. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud at the depth of seven fathoms. ··1906 Melvill & Standen: 2-15 fathoms, mud. ··1960: Biggs & Grantier collected live specimens buried in a mudflat, the Persian Gulf. ··ZMUC: sand 2 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: East end of the Island of Luzon, Philippines. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Indian Ocean. ··1884 Grasset; China. ··1891 Romer; East Indies. ··1994 Hylleberg; IndoPacific, Gulf of Thailand. papyraceum Schrenck, 1867. - Misidentification of Fulvia muticum (Reeve, 1844). » Regarding Cardium papyraceum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1867 Schrenck: Cardium papyraceum Chemn. ··1869 Lischke: Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz. in Schrenck = Cardium muticum Reeve. ··1869 ZR: papyraceum (Schrenck not Chemn.) = Cardium muticum (Reeve) = japonicum (Dunker), both from Japan [Ref. Lischke 1869]. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium papyraceum Schrenk. = muticum Rv. papyraceum Sinz. - "Cardium" papyraceum Sinz. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium papyraceum Sinz. Sarmatian [Ref. Kolesnikov 1929]. papyraceum Sowerby 1840 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 118]. - Identical with Fulvia mutica (Reeve, 1844). » Regarding Cardium papyraceum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1844). RECORDS. ··]840 Sowerby, 1840: Cardium papyraceum. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium papyraceum var. Sowerby, Conch. lIIus. f. 55. = Cardium muticum = Fulvia mutica (Reeve, 1844). papyraceum Wood. - Identical with Fulvia tenuicostata (Lamarck). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Cardium papyraceum Wood = ?c. tenuicostatum Lam. (Australia). ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 33: Cardium papyraceum Wood (as of Ch.). papyraceum brevior Schrenck, 1867 (forma). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1867 Schrenck: Cardium papyraceum, auct. brevior. = Cardium papyraceum Chernnitz forma elatior. papyraceum depressior Schrenck, 1867 (forma). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1867 Schrenck: Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz forma depressior. papyraceum elatior Schrenck, 1867 (forma). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1867 Schrenck: Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz forma elatior. papyraceum aviculaeformis Kolesnikov, 1929. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" papyraceum aviculaeJormis Kolesnikov, 1929. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardiacea p. 93: Cardium papyraceum Sinz. var. aviculaeJormis Kolesnikov, 1929 nov. Sarmatian [Ref. Kolesnikov 1929]. Papyridea Swainson, 1840 (genus). - Cardiidae. Miocene to Recent. Type species: Gray, 1847 designated Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere, 1789 type of the genus Papyridea Swainson, 1840. RECORDS. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium soleniforme. ··1840 Swainson, p. 374: Subgenus Papyridea Sw. ··1847 Gray, No. 560: Papyridea Swainson. Type species Cardium soleniforme. ··1857 Deshayes: Papyridea Swainson, in Gray: syn. of Cardium. ··1858 Adams & Adams: Genus Papyridea Swainson. ··1871 Stoliczka: Papyridea, Swainson, 1840. Type not identified by Stoliczka. ··1886 Cossmann: Genus Papyridea Swainson, 1840. ··1890 Paetel, 992: Gen. Papyridea Sw. ··1934 Johnson: Papyridea Swainson 1840. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Genus Papyridea Swains on, 1840. ··1961 Olsson: Papyridea Swainson, 1840. ··1977 Popov p. 49: Papyridea Swainson, 1840. Genotype: Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere, 1789. ··1980 Vokes: Papyridea Swainson, 1840 in subfamily Trachycardiinae. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Papyridea Swainson, 1840 in subfamily Trachycardiinae. ··1997 Kafanov et al.: Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere, 1789 = Cardium latum Born, 1780. ··1998 Schneider: Papyridea. All alleged Eocene Papyridea are species of Parvicardium. ··1998 Schneider: Papyridea. Keen (J 969, 1980) states that the stratigraphic range of Papyridea is Miocene to Recent. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1840 Swainson: shell heart-shaped, or transversely oval; inequilateral; the anterior side almost always gaping representing the Pholidae. ··1997 Kafanov citing Clench & Smith 1944, p. 16: Shell transversely oval, inequilateral, the anterior and posterior sides always gaping. Radially and obliquely ribbed, the ribs more or less spiny. Posterior portion of shell longer than anterior, with the ribs of the posterior Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 679 Papyridea - parile slope extending beyond the margins of the valves, so that the ribs of opposing valves form a series of interlocking teeth. ··1969 Moore et af. , emend. Hy11eberg 1994: Shell longer than high, gaping at both ends, ribs spinose; hinge short; posterior margin notched (serrated). West Indies. Papyridea Swainson, 1840 (section and subgenus). Cardiidae. Miocene to Recent. Raised to generic level by authors. REMARKS. Section takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. ··1840 Swainson, p. 374: Subgenus Papyridea Sw. of genus Cardium Linn. ··1869 ZR: subgenus Papyridea (Swains.), type Cardium bulla tum (Chernn.) [Ref. Romer 1869]. ··1887 Fischer: Subgenus Papyridea Swainson, 1840 of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. ··1889 Dal1 : (Papyridea) Swainson. ··1 890 Paetel: 1. Sect. Papyridea Sw. ··1891 Romer: I. Sect. Papyridea of genus Papyridea Sw. ··1922 Olsson : (Papyridea) Swainson. ··1928 Kuroda: (Papyridea) Swainson, 1840. Papyridea sp. Swainson. - Invalid taxon. Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1847 Gray, No. 560: Papyridea sp. Swains. Type species Cardium ringens. Papyrocardium Gabunia 1953 (genu s ) . Lymnocardiidae . Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1980. Vokes : Papyrocardium Gabunia 1953 in subfamily Paradacninae. Paradacna Andrussov, 1909 (genus). - Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. Cardium abichi Homes, 1874 is type species of genus Paradacna Andrussov, 1909. RECORDS. ··1927 ZR: Paradacna fossil [Ref. Krejci & Wenz 1927]. ··1968 ZR: Paradacna from Pliocene deposits Carpathian mts. [Ref. Pana 1968]. ··1977 Popov: Paradacna Andrussow, 1901. ··1978 ZR : Paradacna. Pliocene. Romania. Dacian Basin, faunal assemblages, systematic accounts. Ref. to Papaianopol, I. ··1980 Vokes: Paradacna Andrussow, 1909 in subfamily Paradacninae. ··2001 Schneider & Carter: Paradacna (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. paradacniforme Tscheltzov, 1965 . - Avicardium paradacniforme Tscheltzov, 1965. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. REC ORDS. ··1965 ZR: Avicardium paradacniforme Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Pliocene, Turkmenia, USSR. Paradacninae Ebersin, 1964 (genus) . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Paradacninae, Ebersin, 1964, brackish water fauna, Pontian, Jugoslavia [Ref. Stevanovic 1970]. Paradacninae Ebersin, 1964 (subfamily) . Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Subfamily Paradacninae Ebersin, 1964. *paradoxum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium paradoxum from 2 sources: Miinster, 1842. Buvignier, 1843. paradoxum Buvignier, 1843 . - Transferred to Opis paradoxa. Deshayes. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium paradoxum Buvignier, 1843. - Opis paradoxa. Desh. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4746: Cardium paradoxum Buvignier, 1843. paradoxum Miinster, 1842. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" paradoxum Miinster, 1842. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium paradoxum . Munster, 1842. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4746: Cardium paradoxum Muenster, 1842. parahillana Wade, 1926. - Protocardia parahillana Wade, 1926. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1926 ZR: Protocardia parahillana Wade, 1926 sp. n. Cretaceous U.S.A. ··1963 ZR : Protocardia parahillana, first record from Delaware, Upper Cretaceous [Ref. Richards & Shapiro 1963]. parallella Bogatschev, 1932. - Didacna parallella Bogatschev, 1932. Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY . Caspian Sea. RECORDS. ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Didacna paral/ella Bogatschev, 1932. Parapachydacna Andreescu , 1974 (genus) . Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Parapachyda cna Andreescu, 1974 gen . nov. of Lymnocardiidae Type species Ly mnocardium cobalcescui Fontannes, 1886. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 141. ··1980 Vokes: Parapachydacna Ebersin, 1959, nom. nud. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. Parapscheronia Ebersin , 1955 (genus) . Lyrnnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Parapscheronia Ebersin, 1955 in subfamily Adacninae. parasiticum O.G . Costa, 1839 . - Synonym of Par vicardium exiguum Gmelin , 1791. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Parvicardium exiguum commutata B.D.O. » Regarding Cardium parasiticum: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean. RECORDS. ··1839 O. G. Costa: Cardium parasiticum. ··1844 Philippi: Cardium parasitici sic Costa = Cardium exiguum Gm. ··1867 Hidalgo: Cardium parasiticum Costa = Cardium exiguum , Gmelin . ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium parasiticum = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1869 Romer: Cardium parasiticum Costa = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1870 Aradas & Benoit: Cardium parasiticum Costa = Cardium exiguum, Gmelin. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium parasiticum Costa = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1890 Hidalgo: Cardium parasitica Costa = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium parasiticum Cost. = exiguum Gm. ··1902 Bellini: C. parasiticum O.G. Costa = Cardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gm. ··1917 Hidalgo: Cardium parasiticum Costa = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 4757: Cardium parasitum sic O.G. Costa, 1839. ··1933 Coen : Cardium parasiticum Costa = Eucardium (Parvicardium) exiguum var. commutata B .D.D. ··1937 Coen: parasiticum Costa = Cerastoderma (Parvicardium) exiguum Gmelin. ··1962 Grossu: Cardium parasiticum O.G. Costa, 1839 = Cardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gmelin, 1790. ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium parassitum O.G. Costa, 1839 = C. parasitum of authors, which is a synonym of Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). parasitum (error). - Printer 's mistake for parasiticum. parazujovici Stevanovic, 1951 - New combination: Lymnocardium parazujovici Stevanovic, 1951. Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RE CORDS. ··1953 ZR : Limnocardium parazujovici Stevanovic, 1951 sp. nov. Ponti an Serbia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium parazujovici Stev. *parile. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium parile from 2 sources: Deshayes, 1858. - Dall, 1900. parile Dall, 1900 . - Changed combination : Trachycardium parile (Dall , 1900). Cardiidae. Oligocene . R ECORDS. ··1898 Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) parile Dall, 1898 n. sp. ··1977 Popov: Trachycardium (Trachycardium) parile (Da11, 1900). 680 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) parile - Parvieardium --1977 Vokes: "Trachycardium" parile (Dall) not Cardium (Trachycardium) parile in Dall 1915. parile Deshayes, 1858 . - Changed combination: Nemocardium parile (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka: Cardium parile. --1886 Cossmann: Protocardium parile (Deshayes). --1886 Dall: Cardium parile Deshayes. --1899 Sacco: Nemocardium parile (Deshayes). --1904 Co ssm ann & Pissarro: Nemocardium parile (Deshayes) . --1970 Glibert & Poel: Nemocardium (s.s.) parile (Deshayes, 1858). --1977 Popov : Nemocardium (Nemocardium) parile (Deshayes, 1858). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium parile Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865] vol. I: 573, pI. 54, figs. 1-3 . --1985 Strougo: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) parile (Deshayes, 1858). --1995 Le Renard et al.: Nemocardium (s. str.) parile [Cardium parile] Deshayes, 1858. --1995 Pacaud & Renard: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) pari/e. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Nemocardium parile (Deshayes). Bartonien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52884, B69480, B70579. parisiense Orbigny, 1850. - Changed combination: Discors parisiense (Orbigny, 1850). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Discors discors Lamarck, 1805. » Regarding Cardium parisiense: Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. --1886 Cossmann: Divaricardium parisiense (d'Orbigny). --1899 Sacco: Discors parisiensis (d'Orb.). --1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Laevicardium parisiense (d 'Orbigny). --192232 Sherborn, p. 4762: Cardium parisiense d'Orbigny, 1850. --1970 Glibert & Poe1: Discors parisiensis (Orbigny, 1850). --1970 Glibert & Poel : Cardium parisiense Orbigny = Cardium discors Lamarck, 1805. --1977 Popov: Discors parisiensis. --1977 Popov: Discors parisiense (Orb.). --1995 Le Renard et al.: Nemocardium (Discors) parisiense [Cardium parisiense] d 'Orbigny, 1850 (= discors). --1995 Pacaud & Renard: Nemocardium (Discors) parisiense. --1995 Schneider: Discors parisiense (Orbigny, 1850). --1999 Higo et al.: Cardium parisiense Orbigny, 1850 = Cardium diseors Lamarck, 1805 non Montagu, 1803. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com .), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Discors (or Laevieardium) parisiense d'Orbigny. Bartonien. France (Bassin de Paris). Egypt. parisiensis (mode). - See under parisiense Orbigny, 1850. parki Marwick, 1944. - Changed combination: Ovicardium parki (Marwick, 1944). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1944 ZR: Trachyeardium (Ovicardium ) parki Marwick, 1944 sp. nov. (basal Castlec1iffian) mouth of Butler's (Ototoka) Creek Niekirrnaru Surv. Dist. --1973 Beu, p. 318: Ovicardium parki Marwick, 1944 = Ovicardium rossi Marwick, 1944 (Maxwell 1978). --1973 ZR: Aerosterigma (Ovicardium) parki (Marwick 1944). New synonym of A. (0.) rossi (Marwick 1944), fossiL). Ref. to Beu. --1977 Popov: Trachyeardium (Vastieardium) parki Marwick, 1944. --1978 Maxwell: Ovicardium parki Marwick, 1944. parkinsoni Sowerby, 1814. - Changed combination: Laevicardium parkinsoni (Sowerby, 1814). Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium parkinsoni Sow. fossil of England and France, Crag. --1857 Deshayes : Cardium parkinsoni. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4763: Cardium parkinsoni Sowerby, 1814. "1970 Glibert & Poel : Laevicardium (Dinocardium) parkinsoni (Sowerby, 1818). --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN , Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium parkinsoni Sowerby. Red Crag. U.K. (Essex and Suffolk), B39920 to -22. Belgium (Anvers), B43215. parmata Papaianopol & Lubenescu, 1985. - Prosodacna parmata. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Ponti en et Ie Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. --1985 Papaianopol & Lubenescu, p. 140, fig.: Prosodaella (Prosodacna) parmata sp. nov. Conocardiidae partsehii d'Orbigny, 1850. - Changed combination: Conoeardium partschii d'Orbigny, 1850 . Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4769: Lunulaeardium partschii Muenster, 1840. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4768: COllocardium (Muenst.) partschii d 'Orbigny, 1850. - Lunuloeardium. Lymnocardi idae partschi Mayer. - Changed combination: Didacna partschi (Mayer, 1871). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1886 Fischer: Cardium partschi Mayer. --1899 Sacco: Cardium partschi Mayer, 1871. --1899 Sacco: Cardium parlschi Fontannes , 1881 = Ponlalmyra partschi (May.). --1899 Sacco: Adachna sic partsehi (May.). --1899 Sacco: Pontalmyra partschi (May.). --1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.)partschi (Mayer, 1871). partschi castrensis Almera & Bofill, 1894 (variety). Upgraded. Changed combination: Didacna partschi castrensis (Almera & Bofill, 1894). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECOR DS. --1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.) partschi caslrensis (Almera & Bofill, 1894). --1987 Anaya: Cardium partschi var. castrensis. partschi miopleura Fontannes, 1879-1882 (subspecies). - Changed combination: Didacna partschi miopleura (Fontannes, 1879-1882). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.) partsehi miopleura (Fontannes, 1879-1882). partsehi subrostrata Almera & Botill, 1894 (variety). Upgraded. Changed combination : Didacna partschi subrostrata (Almera & Bofill, 1894). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.) partschi subrostrata (Almera & Bofill, 1894). --1987 Anaya: Cardium partschi var. subrostrata. partsehi tyopleura Fontannes, 1879 (subspecies) . Changed combination: Didacna partsehi tyopleura (Fontannes, 1879-1882). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECOR DS. --1987 Anaya: Didaena (s. s.) partsehi tyopleura (Fontannes, 1879-1882). Parvicardiini Kafanov & Starobogatov, 1977 (tribus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. --1977 Kafanov et Starobogatov: Parvicardiini. --1977 ZR: Parvicardiini Kafanov & Starobogatoy Tribe nov. ofCardiidae, type genus Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884. Ref. to Kafanov & Popov p. 63 [Trans!. p. 313]. --2002 Schneider: citing Kafanov and Popov (1977) subfamily Fraginae, tribe Parvicardiini. Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884 (genus). - Cardiidae. Eocene and Recent. Type species: Crosse (1885) designated Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844 (non da Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 681 Parvicardium - parvulum Costa, 1778) type species of the genus Parvicardium. C. parvum Philippi, 1844 has been replaced by C. exiguum commutatum B.D.D., 1892. RECORDS. ··1900 ZR: Parvicardium Monterosato, 1900 n. sect. of Cardium for Cardium parvum Phil., etc. ··1969 ZR: Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884 in subfamily Cerastodermatinae Nordsieck, F. 1969 ... 1975 ZR: Parvicardium. Key to species. USSR. Oligocene. Ref. to Merklin p. 99. ··1977 Popov: Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884. Genotype: Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1790. ··1977 ZR: Parvicardium Monterosato 1884 Designated type genus for new tribe Parvicardiini Kafanov & Starobogatov. Ref. to Kafanov & Popov p. 63 [Transl. p. 313]. ··1979 ZR: Parvicardium Monterosato 1884. Ref. to Lambiotte . .. 1980 Vokes: Parvicardium Monterosato , 1884 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1982 Kilburn & Rippey: Parvicardium Monterosato , 1884. ··1983 Anaya: Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884 (= Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886; = Papillicardium Sacco, 1896). Type: (Crosse, 1885) Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844, non Da Costa. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Parvicardium Monterosato. 1884 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1998 Schneider: Parvicardium. Type species Parvicardium siculum (Sowerby, 1841). Cardiidae. Recent. ··1998 Schneider (l998b): Parvicardium. The type species of is uncertain. ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Parvicardium in Fraginae. The genus originates in the Eocene (Keen 1980). ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884. ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Parvicardium. ··2002 Schneider: citing Kafanov and Popov (1977): Parvicardium in subfamily Fraginae, tribe Parvicardiini. ··2002 Schneider: Parvicardium is considered basal fragines. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1969 Moore et al., emend. Hylleberg 1994. Small shell. Outline roundedsubquadrate; posterior margin less curved than anterior; ribs sculptured with nodules, blunt spines or raised ridges (heavy cross-threads) arising from the midline or covering the complete rib. Hinge line gently curved; hinge weak, cardinal teeth minute, lower cardinal much larger and than upper cardinal; fused at base in LV. Inner margin crenulate. Resembling Plagiocardium (Papillicardium). ··2001 Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. DISTRIBUTION. Europe-North America. Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884 (subgenus and section). - Cardiidae. Recent and Eocene. REMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. ··1887 Fischer: Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884. Section of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Subgenus Parvicardium Monterosato 1884. Parvidacna Stevanovic, 1951 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. RECORDs. ··1951 ZR: Parvidacna Stevanovic, 1950 gen. nov. Cardiidae genotype Parvidacna planicostata Stevanovic, 1950 sp. nov. Upper Pontian Serbia. ··1953 ZR: Parvidacna Stevanovic, 1951 gen. nov. Parvidacna planicostata Stevanovic, 1951 sp. nov. Ponti an Serbia. ··1980 Vokes: Parvidacna (genus) Stevanovic, 1950 [Ebersin & Stevanovic, 1949 n.n.] in subfamily Paradacninae. ··1987 ZR: Parvidacna Stevanovic, 1951 . Referred to new tribe. Phylocardiini. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 189. parvissimum Svagrovsky, 1960. - Parvicardium parvissimum (Svagrovsky, 1960). Cardiidae. Miocene. RE COR DS . ··1960 ZR: Cardium (Parvicardium) parvissimum Svagrovsky, 1960 sp. nov. Upper Tortonian (Miocene) Kirzan massive "Slanske hory" mts. parvula Nalivkin, 1916. - Didacna parvula Nalivkin, 1916. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1916 ZR: Didacna parvula Nalivkin, 1916 sp. n. Berg der Bakustufe. parvula anomalodonta Nalivkin, 1916 (variety). Upgraded. Didacna parvula anomalodonta Nalivkin, 1916. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1916 ZR: Didacna parvula var. anomalodonta Nalivkin, 1916 var. n. Berg der Bakustufe. parvula catillus Nalivkin, 1916 (variety) Upgraded. Didacna parvula catillus NaJivkin , 1916 . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1916 ZR: Didacna parvula var. catillus Nalivkin, 1916 var. n. Berg der Bakustufe. parvula planissima Nalivkin, 1916 (variety) . Upgraded. Didacna parvula planissima Nalivkin, 1916. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1916 ZR: Didacna parvttla var. planissima Nalivkin, 1916 var. n. Berg der Bakustufe. parvlllinllm Locard, 1900. - Synonym of Parvicardium parvum (Philippi, 1844). » Regarding Cardium parvulinum: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean, 50-60 m depth. RECORDS. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium parvulinum Locard, 1900. ··1972 Petersen & Russell: Cardium parvulinum Locard & Caziot, 1900 = Parvicardium parvum (Philippi, 1844). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Parvicardium parvulinum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··200 I Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. parvuloides Popov, 1955. - Didacna parvuloides Popov, 1955. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Didacna parvuloides Popov, 1955 sp. nov. Premanich part of Pricaspian Quaternary. Russia. *parvulum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium parvulum from 4 sources: Dunker, 1861. - Martin, 1879. - Li , 1930. - Tavani, 1948. parvllium Dunker, 1861. - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardium parvulum: of genus Cardita or Carditella. RECORDS. ··1862 Dunker, p. 36: Cardium parvulum. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium parvulum Dkr. = edule L. "1951 Carcelles & Williamson : Cardium parvulum Dunker 1862. ··1959 Soot-Ryen, p. 54: Cardium parvu/um Dkr. = Cardita or Carditella. ··1977 FischerPiette: Cardium parvulum Dunker = Cardita or Carditella. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium parvulum Dunker, 1861; vol. 8: 36. parvulum Li, 1930. - Synonym of Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby, 1833). » Regarding Cardium parvulum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1930 Li: Cardium parvulum. ··1931 Pilsbry: Cardium parvulum Li (unmistakable C. procerum Sowerby.). ··1931 ZR: Cardum sic [Cardium] parvulum Li, 1931 sp. n. Panama. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium parvulum Li = Cardium (Mexicardia) procerum Sowerby. ··1968 682 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) parvulum - parvum Velez: Cardium parvulum = Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1971 Keen & McLean: Cardium parvulum Li, 1930 = Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum (Sowerby, 1833). Distribution as for T procerum: occasional in the Gulf of California, South West Mexico to Chile. ··1974 Abbott: Cardium parvulum Li, 1930 = Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium parvulum Li = Laevicardium procerum Sowerby. parvulum Martin, 1879. - Cardium parvulum Martin, 1879. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1919 Martin: Cardium parvulum Mart. (U. Miocene). parvulum Tavani, 1948. - "Cardium" parvulum Tavani, 1948. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1948 ZR: Cardium parvulum Tavani, 1948 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Somali land. parvulum Dunker (variety). - RECORDs. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium var. parvulum Dkr. Lymnocardiidae parvulllm Fuchs. - Changed combination: Lymnocardium parvulum (Fuchs). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium parvulum Fuchs. parvllillm Morris & Lycett, 1853. - Unicardium parvulum Morris & Lycett, 1853. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1980 Ruhoff: Unicardium parvulum Morris & Lycett, 1853; [1853-1854] vol. 2: 74; pI. 8, fig. 6a. parvllills (variety). - See under dahestanicum parvulus Uspenskaia, 1931. parvllm (subspecies and variety). - See under haueri parvum Stevanovic, 1979. - glaucum rectidens var. parvum Brusina, 1870. *parvllm. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium parvum from 6 sources: da Costa, 1778. - Mawe, 1823. Sowerby, 1838. - Philippi, 1844. - Adams in MacAndrew, 1870. - Deshayes, (?year). parvllm Adams in M' Andrew, 1870. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium parvum: TYPE LOCALITY. Gulf of Suez. REMARKS. No description, no figures (FischerPiette 1977). RECORDS. ··1870 Adams in MacAndrew, p. 447 : Cardium parvum n. sp. ··1886 Cooke: Cardium parvum Ad. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium parvum (H. Adams) McAndrew = species insufficiently known. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium parvum H. Adams in M'Andrew, 1870; vol. 6: 447. parvllm Brusina, 1870 (variety) . - Synonym of Parvicardium exiguum Gmelin. » Regarding Cardium var. parvum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1880 Stossich: Cardium var. parvum = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. parvllm da Costa, 1778 . - Unknown species. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Acanthocardia acuLeala (Linnaeus, 1758). - Cardium ciliare Linnaeus. - Acanthocardia echinata (Linnaeus, 1758). - Parvicardium exiguum var? Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium parvum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1778 da Costa: Cardium parvum. ··1789 Bruguiere: Cardium parvum d' Acosta pag. 177, num. 17. ··1803 Montagu: Cardium parvum Da Costa. p. 177. = Cardium ciliare Lin. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium parvum Da Costa = Cardium echinalum Linnaeus. ··1828 Mawe: Cardium parvum da Costa, 1778 = Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1852 Leach: Cardium parvum Da Costa = Testa junior Cardium eehinatum. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. parvum Da Costa, 177 - Is the young of C. aeu/eatum. ··1890 Paetel : Cardium parvum Cost. = aculeatum L. juv. ··1898 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium parvum da Costa, 1778 = juv. Acanthoeardia arnleatum or A. eehinatum. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium parvum Da Costa 1778 = Parvieardium exiguum var? ··1902 Sherborn, p. 720: Cardium parvum da Costa, 1778. ··1972 Petersen & Russell: Cardium parvum da Costa, 1778 = unknown cockle according to Sowerby (1840). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium parvum da Costa. parvum Deshayes. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" parvum Deshayes. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1857 Deshayes: C. parvum Desh. parvum Loven. - Misidentification of Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium parvum: Cardiidae. Recent. REcoRDs. ··1871 March, p. 215, No. 205 Cardium parvum Loven = Cardium exiguum Gm. parvum Mawe, 1823. - Cardium parvum Mawe, 1823 . - OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Parvieardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium parvum: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1823 Mawe, p. 29, 32, Figs. 4- 5: Cardium parvum. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4777: Cardium parvum Mawe, 1823 [n. et f] = nomen nudum accompanied by figure. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium parvum Mawe = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. parvlIm Paramonova, 1977. - Cerastoderma parvum Paramonova, 1977. Cardiidae . Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Planacardium) parvum Paramo nova sp. nov. Russian SFSR. Ref to II'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 209, fig'd. parvlIm Philippi, 1844. - Synonym of Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium aculeatum Linnaeus, 1758. - Parvieardium eommutalum (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892). Parvieardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). - Removal from synonymy with C. exiguum Gmelin, 1791. Cardium fascialum Montagu. - Cardium parvulinum Locard, 1900. - Parvieardium parvum (Philippi, 1844). » Regarding Cardium parvum: Cardiidae. Recent. Type species Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844, non da Costa (Crosse, 1886) is type species of genus Parvieardium Monterosato, 1884 (Glibert & Poe I 1970). Cardium parvum Philippi 1844 is type species of subgenus Parvieardium Montrs. 1884 (Sacco 1899). RECORDS. ··1844 Philippi, p. 39, pI. 14, figs. 17 a,b: Cardium parvum n. sp. ··1849 Middendorff: Cardium parvum . ··1856 Jeffreys: (Cardium parvum, Ph.) = Cardiumfasciatum, B. M. (Note: Ph. & B. M. = Philippi and "British Mollusca", Forbes & Hanley 1849 respectively). ··1859 Sowerby: C. parvum = Cardium fasciatum Mont. ··1859 Sowerby: C. parvum (young) = Cardium aeulealum, Linn. ··1869 Romer: Cardium parvum Philippi (a variety of Cardium exiguum Gmelin). ··1884 Monterosato: Parvicardium parvum , Ph. (Cardium) . ··1885 Crosse designated Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844 as type species of the genus Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884 . ··1886 Locard: Cardium? parvum Philippi, 1844 = Cardium fasciatum Montagu, 1808. ··1887 Fischer: Cardium parvum Philippi. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium parvum Philippi = Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 683 parvum - patrulii Cardium exiguum Gmelin. "1890 Paete1: Cardium parvum PhI. = exiguum Gm. "1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium parvum Phil. ··1892 Locard: Cardium parvum, Philippi, 1844. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844 = Cardium parvulinum Locard, 1900. ··1900 ZR: Cardium parvum Phil. [Ref. Monterosato 1900). ··1917 Hidalgo: Cardium parvum Philippi = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4777: Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844. ··1933 Coen: Cardium parvum Philippi = Eucardium (Parvicardium) exiguum var. scripta B.D.D. "1933 Coen & Vatova: Cardium parvum Phil. (Stossich 1865) = Eucardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gmelin. ··1937 Coen: parvum Philippi = Cerastoderma (Parvicardium) exiguum scriptum B.D.D. ··1962 Grossu: Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844 = Cardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gmelin, 1790 sic. ··1969 Moore et al.: Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844 = Cardium exiguum commutatum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. ··1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium parvum (Philippi, 1844) = Parvicardium exiguum (exiguum) (Gmelin, 1791). "1972 ZR: Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844. Removal from synonymy With C. exiguum Gmelin, 1791 [Ref. Petersen 1972). ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 174: Cardium parvum Philippi = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1978 ZR: Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844. Valid name. Ref. to Janssen et at. p. 56. ··1983 Anaya: Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844, non Da Costa. ··1991 van Aartsen & Giannuzzi-Savelli: Cardium parvum Phi lippi, 1844; preoccupied name replaced by Parvicardium commutatum (B.D.D., 1892). ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium parvum Philippi, 1844 not Da Costa 1778, not Mawe 1823, not Sowerby 1840 is a synonym of Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Lake Fusaro, near Naples, Italy. DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 N ordsieck: Mediterranean. REMARKS. Petersen & Russell (1972) Cardium parvulinum Locard & Caziot, 1900 sic Locard 1900 = Parvicardium parvum (Philippi, 1844); Nordsieck (1969) stated the following synonymy: Parvicardium exiguum (exiguum) (Gmelin, 1791) = pygmaeum (Donovan, 1799) = siculum (Sowerby, 1839 sic. = 1834) = stellatum (Reeve, 1844). parvum Philippi (variety).- Infrasubspecific. RECORDS. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium var. parvum PhI. parvum Sowerby, 1838. [Figs. Part I p. 112). Synonym of Cardium exiguum Gmelin. » Regarding Cardium parvum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Ungown (Sowerby 1840). RECORDS. ··1838 Sowerby, 149t part, fig. 33: Cardiumparvum nobis. "1840 Sowerbyp. 110: Cardium parvum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 6, No. 80: Cardium parvum Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium parvum (Sowerby No. 80). ··192232 Sherborn, p. 4777: Cardium parvum Sowerby, 1841. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium parvum Sowerby = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: shell oval, subquadrate, posterior subangulate, anterior rounded, pale yellowish, dark reddish spotted along margin, numerous ribs, somewhat flattened, narrow inters paces [I have translated from Latin). DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. 0.50 poll. (length 13 mm), lat. 0.40 poll. (width 10 mm), alt. 0.43 poll (height 11 mm). parvum commutata Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Parvicardium parvum var. commutata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium parvum var. commutata B.D.D. parvum flavida (variety). - Cardium parvum var.flavida. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium parvum var. jlavida: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1878 Monterosato: Cardium parvum, Ph. var.jlavida. Pascoella (genus) Cox, 1949. - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980. Vokes: Pascoella Cox, 1949 in subfamily Cardiinae. pasinii Schauroth, 1865. - "Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pasinii Schauroth, 1865. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium pasinii Schauroth, 1865; p. 210, pI. 20, figs. 1-3. passyi Deshayes, 1858. - Synonym of Parvicardium granulosum (Lamarck, 1805). » Regarding Cardium passyi: Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium passyi Deshayes. ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Plagiocardium) passyi Deshayes. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium passyi Deshayes, 1856 = Parvicardium granulosum (Lamarck, 1805). ··1977 Popov: Plagiocardium (Plagiocardium) passyi (Deshayes). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium passyi Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865) vol. 1: 557, pI. 71, figs. 12-14 (sic = 1416). ··1995 Le Renard et al.: Plagiocardium granulosum passyi [Cardium passyi) Deshayes, 1858. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Plagiocardium passyi. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Plagiocardium passyi (Deshayes). Lutetien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52724, B52725. patagonicum Ihering, 1907. - Hedecardium patagonicum (Ihering, 1907). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1907 Ihering: Cardium patagonicum (fide Schneider 2002). ··2002 Schneider: Hedecardium (lheringicardium) patagonicum Cardiidae. Oligocene. Patrocardium (genus). - RECORDS. ··1926 ZR: Patrocardium [Ref. Heller 1926). patruelinum Deshayes, 1858. - Changed combination: Loxocardium patruelinum (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium patruelinum Deshayes. ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Loxocardium) patruelinum Deshayes. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Loxocardium patruelinum (Deshayes, 1858). ··1977 Popov: Loxocardium patntelinum (Desha yes, 1858). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium patruelinum Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865) vol. I: 565, pI. 55, figs. 8-10. "1995 Le Renard et al.: Loxocardium patruelinum [Cardium patruelinum) Deshayes, 1858. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Loxocardium patruelinum. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. comm.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Loxocardium patruelinum (Deshayes). Ypresien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52818 to -25, B72593. patrulii (subspecies). - See under penslii patrulii. patrulii Marinescu, 1975. - New combination: Lymnocardium patrulii (Marinescu, 1975). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR: Limnocardium (Pannonicardium) patrulii Marinescu, 1975 sp. nov. 684 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) patruliusi - paucicostatum Romania, Banat. Ref. to Marinescu, p. 19. patruliusi Papaianopol, 1992. - Pseudocatillus patruliusi Papaianopol, 1992. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Dacien inferieur(Getien) du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1992 Papaianopol, p. 26, fig.: Pseudocatillus patn/liusi sp. nov. patulum Hutton, 1873. - Nemocardium patulum (Hutton, 1873). Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE SPECIES: Cardium patulum Hutton, 1873. Type of (Varicardium) Marwick, 1944 (Popov 1977). RECORDS. ··1944 ZR: Protocardium patulum Hutton 1873 [Ref. Marwick 1944]. ··1944 ZR: Varicardium patulum (Hutton, 1873) [Ref. Marwick 1944]. ··1965 ZR: Varicardium patulum revised, Tertiary, New Zealand [Ref. Boreham 1965]. .. 1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Varicardium) patulum (Hutton, 1873). ··1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Varicardium) patulum (Hutton, 1873). paucicostatal-um (mode, variety). - See under paucicostatum. - exiguum paucicostatum Milascewicz, 1909. *paucicostatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium paucicostatum from 4 sources: Murchison, 1831. Sowerby, 1834. - Deshayes, 1838. - Munster, 1840. paucicostatum Deshayes, 1838. - Pontalmyra paucicostatum (Desha yes, 1837). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. RECORDS. ··1838 Deshayes, p. 52, pI. 2, figs. 14-15: Cardium paucicostatum. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium paucicostatum Deshayes, 1837 sic. "1886 Fischer: Cardium paucicostatum Deshayes. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4792: Cardium paucicostatum Deshayes, 1838. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium paucicostatum non Sowerby. ··1980 ZR: Cardium paucicostatum. Black Sea. Ref. to Gomoiu et at. ··1980 ZR: Didacna (Pontalmyra) kamyshburunensis Kafanov, 1980 nom. nov. for Cardium paucicostatum Deshayes 1838 nee Sowerby 1834. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 623. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra paucicostata (Desh.). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna paucicostata (Desh.). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1903 Andrussoff: Cardium pauci-costatum has well developed cardinal teeth. paucicostatum Murchison, 1831. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" paucicostatum Murchison, 1831. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium paucicostatum Murchison, 1831. paucicostatum Munster, 1840. - Replaced. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" raricostatum Deshayes. » Regarding Cardium paucicostatum: ?Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium paucicostatum Munster = C. raricostatum Desh. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4792: Cardium paucicostatum Muenster, 1840. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4792: Conocardium (Muenst.) paucicostatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium. paucicostatum Orbigny, 1850. - See under paucicostatum Munster, 1840. paucicostatum Sowerby, 1834. [Figs. Part I p. 90, 109, 127]. - Changed combination: Acanthocardia paucicostata (Sowerby, 1834). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium ciliare Lamarck. » Regarding Cardium paucicostatum: Cardiidae. Miocene and Recent. Keen 1937 designated Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby, 1841 type species of the genus Sphaerocardium Coen, 1933. TYPE LOCALITY. Adriatic Sea (Malta), Sowerby (1840). TYPE ｾｐｏｓｉｔｒｙＮ＠ Unknown. RECORDS. "1834 Sowerby, 49 t part, fig. 20: Cardium paucicostatum. ··1840 Sowerby, p.l06: Cardium paucicostatum. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 2, No. 29: Cardium paucicostatum. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium paucicostatum (Sowerby No. 29). "1844 Philippi: Cardium paucicostatum Sow. = Cardium ciliare. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby, 1840. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby, 1833. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby, 1839 sic - C. ciliare. Lamk. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby, 1839 - C. ciliare Lamk. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Isocardia) paucicostatum Sow. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby Guv.) = Cardium echinatum Linne. "1867 ZR: Cardium paucicostatum (Sow.) = Cardium deshayesii (Payr.), which alone is found in the Mediterranean, and not on the Atlantic shores of Europe [Ref. Weinkauff 1867]. ··1868 ZR: paucicostatum of Sowerby and Reeve = Cardium ciliare (Linne, not Reeve) [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1878 Monterosato: Cardium paucicostatum Sow. = C. ciliare, auctt. (non Lin.). ··1884 Grasset: Cardium paucicostatum Sow. "1890 Paetel: Cardium paucicostatum Sow. = echinatum juv. ··1892 Locard: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby. 1859 sic ... 1899 Sacco: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby 1839 [Miocene-Recent]. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby, 1859 sic. ··1907 ZR: Cardium (s. strict.) paucicostatum [Ref. Martinelli 1907]. ··1907 ZR: Cardium paucicostatum [Refs. Roule 1907. Zimmermann 1907]. ··1916 Milaschewitch: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby, 1893 sic = Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby var. impedita Mil. (1909). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4792: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby, 1841. ··1931 ZR: Cardium paucicostatum Ref. to Borcea (1931). ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Sphaerocardium) paucicostatum Sowerby. ··1933 Coen & Vatova: Eucardium (Sphaerocardium) paucicostatum Sowerby. "1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Sphaerocardium) paucicostatum Sowerby. ··1937 ZR: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby, 1841 type of Sphaerocardium, probably = Acanthocardia Gray, 1851 [Ref. Keen 1937] ... 1939 Steuer: Cardium (Rudicardium) paucicostatum Sowerby. ··1962 PasteurHumbert: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby. ··1969 Nordsieck: Sphaerocardium paucicostatum (Sowerby, 1839). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Cerastoderma, Acanthocardia) paucicostatum Sowerby. ··1977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) paucicostata (Sowerby, 1839). "1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Sphaerocardium paucicostatum (Sowerby, 1839). ··1980 ZR: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby 1834. Replaced by C. ciliare Linnaeus 1758 Ref. to Kafanov, p. 625 ... 1983 Salvini-Plawen: Sphaerocardium paucicostatum (Sowerby). ··1991 Krzyminska & Wolowicz: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby. ··1998 Macedo et al.: Acanthocardia paucicostata (Sowerby G.B. III, 1841). "1999 Vidal (pers. comm.). Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Acanthocardia paucicostatum. Italy; Morocco; Bulgaria. ··200 I Vidal, p. 407: Acanthocardia paucicostatum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: 45 m (Ashdod Israel). ··ZMUC: Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 685 paucieostalum alba - paucieostatum rarepartita 3-7 m (La Gorellette, Gulf of Tunesia). ··ZMUC: 16 ribs (range 14-19), n = 15. ··ZMUC wet collection: Black Sea. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell rounded, thin, rather ventricose, nearly equilateral, radiately ribbed, 16-17 flatly convex ribs, keeled in the middle, keel armed with scale-like spines, interstices concave, wide, crisply wrinkled zoned transversely in a waved manner with white and reddish brown. ··200 I Vidal: with a few additional larger tentacles outside siphons. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. 1.3 poll. (length 33 mm), lat. 1.3 poll. (width 33 mm), alt. I. poll (height 25 mm). REMARKS. ··1840 Sowerby: this species differs from C. eehinatum in being comparatively smooth, and in having few ribs, with wide interstices. The genus Aeanthoeardia is used instead of the genus Sphaeroeardium. ··1844: Reeve found that Mr. Sowerby has acted very judiciously in promoting this shell to the rank of a new species. The Cardium eiliare, with which it has been confounded, has certainly as small a numberofribs, and is moreover the only other aculeated cockle with so few, but the spines of these two species vary most importantly in their character. The Cardium eiliare has a solid laterally compressed spine like that of the young Cardium aeuleatum, noticed above; the Cardium paueieosta/um has a folded scale-like spine, papilliform at the base, like that of the Cardium erinaceum. HABITAT. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: 40-60 m. ··ZMUC: 3-45 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Adriatic, South Europe. ··1884 Grasset: Algeria. ··Of authors: West Europe, Mediterranean, Black Sea, West Africa; Ashdod Israel, La Gorellette, Gulf ofTunesia, Black Sea. paucieostatum alba Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - New combination: Acanthocardia paucicostala var. alba (B.D.D., 1892). » Regarding Cardium paucicoslalum var. alba: Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dol1fus, p. 270: Cardium paucicostatum var. (ex colore) alba B.D.D. ··1969 Nordsieck: Sphaerocardium paucicoslalum (Sowerby, 1839) var. album (Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: unknown. paucieostatum bianeoniana Cocconi 1873 (variety). Upgraded. New combination : Acanlhocardia paucicostata bianconiana (Cocconi 1873). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium paucicostatum var. bianconiana Cocconi 1873 (an species distinguenda). "1912 Favre: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby var. bianconiana Cocco ID suggested by Favre. paucieostatum impeditum Milaschewitsch, 1909 (variety). - Replaced by Acanlhocardia ciliaris milaschewitehi. » Regarding Cardium paucicostata var. impedila : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1916 Milaschewitch : Cardium paucieostatum Sowerby var. impedita Mil. (J 909). ··1969 Nordsieck : Sphaerocardium paucicostatum (Sowerby, 1839) var. impeditum (Milaskewicz) . ··1980 ZR : Cardium paucicostatum var. impedita Milaschewitsch 1909. Preoccupied name , replaced by Acanthocardia (Sphaerocardium) ciliaris milaschewitchi. Kafanov, 1980. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 625. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION . ··1969 Nordsieck: Black Sea. paucieostatum milasehewitsehi Kafanov, 1980 . Replacement name for Cardium paucieostatum var. impedita Mi1aschewitsch 1909. paueieostatum piaeenziana (variety). - New combination: Aeanthocardia paucicostatum var. piacenziana . » Regarding Cardium paueicostatum var. piacenziana: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium paucicostatum var. piacenziana. paueieostatum planieosta Coen, 1933 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Eucardium paucicostatum var. planicosta: new combination : Acanthocardia paucicostata (Sowerby, 1834). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1933 Coen: Eueardium (Sphaerocardium) paucicostatum var. planicosta Monterosato mss. ··1933 ZR: Sphaerocardium pallcicostatum var. planieosta Coen, 1933 nov. Adriatic [Ref. Coen 1933]. ··1937 Coen, pI. 10, fig. 90, Note 263 : Cerastoderma (Sphaerocardium) paucicostalum Sowerby planicosta Monterosato, Coen n. var. ··1937 ZR : Cardium (Sphaerocardium) paucicostatum var. planicosta (Monts. mss.) Coen, 1937 nov. Adriatic . ··1937 ZR : Sphaerocardium paucicostatum var. planicosta Coen, 1933 nov. Venice. paucieostatum p/anieosta eburnea Coen, 1914 (variety). - Infrasubspecific . No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Eucardium paucicostatum planicosta var. eburnea: new combination: Acanthocardia paucicostata (Sowerby, 1834). DISTRIBUTION. The Mediterranean. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1914 ZR: Eucardium (Tropicardium) paucicostalum eburnea var. n. Coen, 1914. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Sphaerocardium) paucicostatum var. eburnea Coen. ··1937 Coen, Note 263: Ceras/oderma (Sphaerocardium) paucicos/atum Sowerby var. eburnea Coen n. var. ··1937 ZR : Eucardium (Sphoerocardium sic) paucicostatum Sow planicos/a (Monts. mss.) var. eburnea Coen, 1933 nov. Adriatic. paucieostatum produetum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium paucicosta/a produc/um: new combination: Acan/hocardia paucicosta/a (Sowerby, 1834). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium paucicostatum var. productum. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium paucicos/a/um var. producta B.D.D. 1892. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Sphaerocardium) paucicostalum var. producta B.D.D. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Sphaerocardium) paucicoslalum productum. ··1969 Nordsieck : Sphaerocardium paucicosta/um (Sowerby, 1839 sic) var. productum (Bucquoi sic, Dautzenberg & Dollfus). Unknown distribution. paucieostatum rarepartita Coen, 1933 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status.» Regarding Eucardium paucicos/alum var. anomala rarepartita: new combination: Aeanthocardia paucicostata (Sowerby, 1834). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Sphaerocardium) paucicostatum var. anomala rareparti/a Coen. ··1933 ZR: Sphaeroeardium paueicostalum var. rarepartita Coen, 1933 nov. Adriatic [Ref. Coen 1933]. ··1937 Coen, Note 264, pI. 10, fig. 91: Cerastoderma 686 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) paucicostatum rotundicosta -pazianum (Sphaerocardium) paucicostatum Sowerby var. (anom.) rarepartila Coen n. var. "1937 ZR: Eucardium (Sphoerocardium sic) paucicostalum Sow planicosla (Monts. mss.) rarepartita (v. anom.) var. Coen, 1937 nov. Adriatic . "1937 ZR: Sphaerocardium paucicostatum var. rarepartita Coen, 1933 nov. Venice. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - LOCALITY. The Mediterranean. paucicostatum rotundicosta Sacco, 1899 (variety). New combination : Acanthocardia paucicostata var. rotundicosla (Sacco, 1899). Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco, pI. 8, fig. 18: Cardium paucicostalum var. rOlundicosla Sacco *paucintermedia. - Homonymy to be noticed. Didacna paucintermedi from 2 sources: Andrussov, 1924. Andrusov, 1963. - REMARKS . I do not know how Andrusov 1963 compares with Andrussov 1924. paucintermedia Andrusov, 1963. - Didacna paucintermedia Andrusov, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . "1963 ZR: Didacna paucintermedia Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia . "1977 Popov: Hyrcania (Hyrcania) paucintermedia (?) (Andrussow). paucintermedia Andrussov, 1924. - Didacna paucintermedia (Andrussov, 1924). Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORD S. "1924 ZR: Didacna paucintermedia Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. paueri Gumbel, 1861. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" paueri Gumbel, 1861. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium paueri Gumbel, 1861 ; p. 662. paulayi Vidal, 1999. - Acrosterigma paulayi Vidal, 1999. Cardiidae. Neogene fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype, Niue Island, Neogene fossil reef. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, USNM. TYPE MATERIAL. All material from Niue Island, Neogene fossil reef, will be stored in USNM, Paulay Collection Ref. FNIUE 2B . HoJotype: An incomplete left valve. Paratype I: An incomplete right valve. Para type 2: An incomplete right valve. Paratype 3: an incomplete right valve. RECORDS. "1999 Vidal, p. 299, Table 23, Figs. 8G-I: Acrosterigma paulayi n. sp. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS . "1999 Vidal: Length 25 .5, height 29.5 , width (calculated) 20.0 mm. REMARKS. Acrosterigma paulayi is close to A. profundum; it differs in having a more depressed lunule, shorter oblique scales on posterior slope not encroaching upon the anterior smooth zone, no squared ribs elsewhere, no or less marked anterior serrations or scales on the ribs of the median part, more pronounced herringbone structure on the central shell surface. DISTRIBUTION. Only known from Neogene fossil reef of Niue Island. pauli Coquand, 1862. - Changed combination: Protocardia pauli (Coquand, 1862). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Constantine. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium pauli Coquand, 1862 (species insufficiently known). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium pauli Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 204, pI. 10, figs . 5-6. "1934 ZR: Cardium pauli Cretaceous [Ref. Blanckenhom 1934]. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Protocardia pauli Coquand. Senonien-Cenomanien. Gabon (Gorges No. 204), R51370. Algeria, B19813, B19814. pauli aequilaterale Blanckenhorn, 1934 (variety). - Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pauli aequilaterale Blanckenhom, 1934. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1934 ZR: Cardium pauli var. aequilaterale Blanckenhorn, 1934 nov. Cretaceous Syria [Ref. Blanckenhom 1934]. paululum Eberzin, 1958. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium paululum (Eberzin, 1958). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR : Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) paululum Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Kerchenski Peninsula, Crimea. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) paululum Ebers . "1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium paululum. paupera Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna paupera Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardi idae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1984 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) paupera sp. nov. Romania, Pliocene. Ref. to Papaianopol p. 98 . "1989 Papaianopol, p. 78, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) paupera sp. nov. pauperculum Meek, 1871. - Pleuriocardia pauperculum (Meek, 1871). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1978 ZR: Cardium pauperculum Meek, 1871 designated type species for new subgenus Pleuriocardia (Dochmocardia) . Ref. to Scott p. 894. "1987 Geary: The transformation from Pleuriocardia subcurtum to Pleuriocardia pauperculum is fairly abrupt. "1995 Schneider: P/euriocardia (Dochmocardia) paupercula (Meek , 1871). Type species of Pleuriocardia (Dochmocardia). pauperculum Yokoyama, 1923. - Serripes nodai Kafanov, 1980 new name. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Serripes groen/andicus (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium pauperculum : Cardiidae. Miocene, Pliocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Japan, Lower Miocene to Upper Pliocene. RECORDS. "1923 Yokohama, p. 6, pI. I, fig. 2: Cardium paupercu/um n. sp. "1923 ZR: Cardium paupercu/um Yokohama, 1923 sp. n. Neogene Japan . "1925 Yokoyama : Cardium pauperculum, Yokoyama. "1973 Keen: C. pauperculum Yokoyama, 1923, not Meek, 1872 (fide Noda 1962) = Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789). "1980 ZR: Cardium pauperculum Yokoyama 1923 . Removal from synonymy with Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere 1789) . Ref. to Kafanov. "1980 ZR: Cardium pauperculum Yokoyama 1923. Preoccupied name, replaced by Serripes nodai. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 319. pauperculum jacksoni (subspecies). - Pleuriocardia pauperculum jacksoni. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Geary: Pleuriocardia pauperculum jacksoni . pausicostatum (error). - Printer's mistake for paucicostatum in Glibert & Poel 1970. pavlinovi (variety). - See under andnlssavi pavlinovi Zhizhchenko, 1961. paxfordensis Cox, 1946. - Tutcheria paxfordensis Cox, 1946. Cardiacea. Lower Lias . RECORDS. "194. ZR: Tutcheria paxfordensis Cox, 1946. sp. nov. Lower Lias of Pax ford brickyard 3 1/2 m, N.N.W. of Moreton-inthe-Marsh, Glos. paziana (mode). - See under pazianum Dall, 1917. pazianum Dall, 1917. - Changed combination : Nemocardium pazianum (Dall, 1917). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: ?Protocardia panamensis Dall, 1908. » Regarding Protacardia paziana: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 687 pecteniforme - pectinatum ··1917 Dall: Off la Paz, Gulf of California in 10 fathoms. TYPE REPOSITORY. Hypotype USNM Cat. No. 211618. Calf. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Col.!. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: left & right valves, Santa Inez Bay, east coast of Lower California, in 10-15 fathoms (1827 m), Plate 1, figs. 9, 12, 15. RECORDS. ··1916 ZR: Protoeardia paziana Dall, 1916 sp. n. N.W. America. ··1917 Dall, p. 412: Protoeardia paziana n. sp. resembling Protoeardia panamensis Dall. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Microeardium) pazianum = 7 Protoeardia panamensis Dall, 1908. ··1957 Emerson & Puffer: Cardium (Mieroeardium) pazianum Dall, 1916. ··1958 Keen: Nemoeardium pazianum. ··1960 Shasky: Nemoeardium pazianum Dall. ··1961 Olsson: Mieroeardium pazianum. ··1964 Parker: Nemoeardium (Mieroeardium)pazianum (DaIl, 1916). ··1967 Dushane & Poorman: Nemoeardium pazianum Dall. ··1971 Keen: Nemoeardium pazianum Dall. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Nemoeardium (Mierocardium) pazianum (Dall, 1916). ··1974 Abbott: Nemoeardium (Mieroeardium) pazianum (Dall, 1916). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Nemoeardium pazianum Dall. ··1977 Popov: Pratulum pazianum (Dall, 1916). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Gulf of California, 64 m sand, 61 m sand, 73 m shelly sand, 61 m shelly sand, 92-119 m silty clay, 46-57 m sand, 33 m sand. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell about as high as long; various ribs on posterior area with strong scales only. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1917 Dal1: shell small and delicate, resembling P panamensis Dall, but smaller, more delicate, more elongated, and with the spinose posterior sculpture much more prominent when preserved intact; sculpture of about 40 anterior minutely nodulous ribs, each giving the effect of a string of beads, and to the interspaces of punctuation; there are about 22 ribs on the posterior area, which, when intact, carry close-set spinules; the inner margins are sharply serrate; the hinge margin near the umbones has a tinge of crimson, otherwise the shell is yellowish white. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: shell thin, rounded, posteriorly somewhat obliquely produced and subtruncated; the anterior area ornamented by about 40 fine ribs which are finely nodulous where the concentric crosses the radial sculpture; posterior area with about 22 ribs which are minutely scaled, but interspersed in this series there are 6 with comparatively large scales; the colour of the shell is yellowish-white, some specimens entirely so, but are ornamented by vivid red and orange interiorly toward the hinge and occasionally there is exteriorly a narrow concentric band which is tinged with this colour. DIMENSIONS. ··1917 Dall: length 10, height 8.6, diameter . 6 nun. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: about 15 mm, both in height and length. ··1971 Keen: fairly abundant in deep water but has never been taken ashore. It is sculptured with some 60 fine ribs, the posterior ribs bearing fine scales. The color is yellowish white to red or orange, uniformly or in bands. Length and height, about 15 mm. REMARKS. This species is very close to Protoeardia panamensis Dall, 1908, a Panamanian species which was described as possessing a shorter shell with about 33 ribs and the interior white and polished. ··1947: Hertlein & Strong doubted whether C. pazianum is really distinct from Protoeardia panamensis. DISTRIBUTION. ··1971 Keen & McLean: Cedros Island, Gulf of California to Panama. HABITAT. ··ZMUC: Sand, shelly sand, silty clay 33-119 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. Gulf of California. pecteniforme (error). - Printer's mistake for pectin iforme in Wood and other authors. *pectinatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium peetinatum from 8 sources: Linne, 1758. - Born 1778. - Lamarck, 1819. - Kloden, 1834. - Tausch, 1884. Yales & Bean (7year). - Goldfuss in Decken (7year).Hoernes (7year). pectinatum Born 1778. - Identical with Cardium peetiniforme Born, 1780.» Regarding C. peetinatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1778 Born, G 17. Cardium peetinatum Ref to Mus. Caes. Vindobon. ··1780 Born: Cardium peetinatum in Born 1778 = Cardium peetiniforme Born, 1780. pectinatum Bruguiere. - Identical with Lyroeardium peetinatum (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium peetinatum: RECORDS. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium peetinatum Brug. = Cardium aeolieum Born. pectinatum Goldfuss in Decken. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium peetinatum: Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium peetinatum Goldf. in Decken. Spec. incogn. pectinatum Hoernes. - Synonym of Divarieardium aquitanieum Mayer. » Regarding Cardium peetinatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1886 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: C. peetinatum Hoernes = Cardium (Divarieardium) aquitanieum Mayer. pectinatum Kloden, 1834. - Name replaced: "Cardium kloedeni" Deshayes. » Regarding Cardium peetinatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium peetinatum Kloden - C. klodeni Desh. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4802: Cardium peetinatum Kloeden, 1834. pectinatum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 3 p. 850]. Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Lyroeardium lyratum (Sowerby, 1834).Erroneous ID of Lyrocardium lyratum by Melvill & Sykes (1898). Their material was collected at the Andaman Islands. - Cardium peetiniforme Born. » Regarding Cardium peetinatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck, p. 12: Cardium peetinatum. ··1836 Philippi: Cardium pee tina tum Lamk. 7. ··1853 Doublier: Cardium peetinatum Lamarck. ··1839 Anton: Cardium pectinatum 7 Lam (non Linn.) = 7 C. peetiniforme Born. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. peetinatum Lam. = Cardium edule Lin. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium peetinatum Lamarck, 1818 sieC. edule7. ··1866 Brusina: Cardium peetinatum Lamarck. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium peetinatum Lamarck = Cardium edule Linne. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium peetinatum sic Philippi = Cardium edule Linne. ··1868 ZR: Cardium peetinatum (L.) probably not = aeolieum (Born) [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1869 ZR: Section, subtypical - 3. Lyrasculptae: peetinata (L.) and lyrata (Sow.) [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. ··1869 Romer: Cardium peetinatum Lamarck = Cardium edule L. ··1880 Stossich: Cardium peetinatum, in Philippi. 1836 = Cardium edule Linne. ··1886 Locard: Cardium peetinatum, de Lamarck, 1818 = Cardium edule, Linne, 1767. ··1887 Hoyle: Cardium peetinatum Lamarck. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium peetinatum Lam. = Cardium 688 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) peetinatum - peetiniforme edule Linne. --1890 Paete1: Cardium pee/ina/um Lm. edule L. --1891 Dando & Sandri: Cardium peelina/um Lam. --1898 Me1vill & Sykes: Laevieardium pee/ina/um Lamarck = Lyroeardium lyra/um [cited from Fischer-Piette 1977]. --1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium pee/ina/um Lamarck, 1819 (non Linne) = Cardium (Cerasloderma) edule Linne, 1758. --1945 ZR: Cardium pee/inalum Lk. (non L) [Ref. Lamy 1945]. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium peelinalum Lamarck = Cardium edule Linne. peetblatum Linne, 1758. [Figs. Part 1 p. 75, 125. Part 3 p. 899]. - Lyroeardium p ee/inalum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Lyroeardium aeolieum (Born, 1780). - Nomen dubium . - Valid species. » Regarding C pee/inalum: Cardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Mediterranean (Linne 1758), Guinea (Spengler 1799); unknown (Reeve 1844). RECORDS. --1742 Gualtieri . 10 by Linnaeus 1758: Cardium pee/inalum t. 75. f. A. --1758 Linne, p. 681, No. 79: Cardium peelinalum. --1764 Linne, p. 492, No. 47 : Cardium peelinalum. --1767 Linne, p. 1124, No. 92: Cardium peelinalum. --1771 Knorr: Cardium peelina/um (fide Spengler 1799). --1782 Chemnitz: Cardium peelinalum . --1786 Schroter, No . XX: Cardium peelinalum Linn. XII . pag. 1124. Spec. 92. --1788 Schroter: Cardium pee/in alum [Reference to Chemnitz (1782) vol. VII, fig. 30, and fig. 188]. --1789 Bruguiere, No. 18. Cardium pee/inalum Linn. -- I 791 Gmelin No. 24: Cardium peelina/um. --1799 Spengler: Cardium pee/in alum Linnei Sp. 92. p.1124 (from the coast of Guinea). --1802 Bosc: Cardium peelinalum. --1807 Fischer: Cardium pee/ina/um. --1815 Wood: Cardium peelina/um Linn. Gmel. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium pee/ina/um Linnaeus. --1817 Dillwyn: Linnaeus, for Cardium peelinalum, has erroneously referred to Gualter. t. 75, f. A. which is Venus peelina/a. --1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 314 fig. 150: Cardium peelina/um. --1836 Bosc: Cardium pee/ina/um . --1844 Philippi: Cardium pee/inalum = Cardium edule L [fossil]. --1844 Reeve, species 14: Cardium pee/ina/um Linnaeus (not of Lamarck, nor Philippi), Mus. Ulric. Deshayes, note in new edition of Lamarck, vol. vi. p. 404. --1853 Menke: Cardium pee/inalum L = C aeolieum Born, 1780. --1857 Deshayes : Cardium pee/ina/um Linne, 1780 sic. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevieardium peelina/um Linn. --1864 Mayer: Cardium pee/ina/um. Linne. [Tertiary] . --1877 Marrat: Cardium (Laevieardium) peelinalum L --1884 Grasset: Laevieardium pee/ina/um L --1899 Sacco: Diseors peelina/us (L.) [Recent]. --1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: C pee/inatum Linne = C. aeolicum Born. --1902 Sherborn , p. 724: Cardium peelinalum Linnaeus, 1758. --1906 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium pee/ina/um Linne. --1952 Dawydoff: Laevieardium peelinalum Linne. --1952 Dodge : Cardium pee/inalum = species insufficiently known. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium pee/inalum L = C aeolieum Born, 1780. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Lyroeardia pee/inalum (Linnaeus, 1758) (= aeolieum Born, 1778). --1989 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Cardium pee/inalum Linnaeus, 1758; nomen dubium. --1998 Poutiers: Cardium peeliniforme Born, 1780. --1999 Higo el al.: Cardium peeliniforme Born, 1780 = Aeros/erigma (Regozara) jlava (Linnaeus, 1758). = --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 183 : Lyroeardium pee/ina/um (Linnaeus, 1758). West African species. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS . --1799 Spengler: /esla subeorda/a pee/ina/a. --1799 Spengler: posteriorly, one half of the ribs set with elevated stripes. The other half transversally covered with folds which, like the scales, are arranged from below upwards, i.e. an angular pattern of stripes or folds . --1844 Reeve: shell gibbously globose, radiately striated, striae numerous , close-set, the posterior elevated, the anterior somewhat obsolete and obliquely crossed with narrow slightly wrinkled plaits, the extreme posterior area of the shell smooth; white, everywhere painted with waved pink spots. DIMENSIONS. --1799 Spengler: length : 47 mm (1.75 Tom.), width 44 mm (I Tom. 8 Lin.). REMARKS. Linnaeus has created confusion because he gave reference to Venus peelina/a in Gualtieri (1742), pI. 72, fig. A. However, the shell of Cardium peelina/a is so characteristic that mistake is impossible (Spengler 1799). Furthermore, following Deshayes, Reeve 1844 restored the Linnaean name Cardium pee/inalum as a senior synonym of Cardium aeolieum Born, 1780. This restoration was correct, but has not been observed by most modem authors. --1884 Tauch: Cardium pee/ina/um Linne is also known from the "Wiener Becken" [Tertiary]. DISTRIBUTION. --1799 Spengler: Guinea [West Africa]. --1865 Reibisch: Mediterranean. --1884 Grasset: Gabon. --1906 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Indian Ocean. peetinatum Menke 1853. - Misidentification of Lyroeardium pee/in alum (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1901 Dall: Cardium pee/in alum (Linnaeus) Menke from St. Vincent of the Cap Verde Islands. --1906 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium pee/inalum Menke 1853, not Linne 1758 = Cardium (Diseors) aeolieum Born. peetinatum of Philippi. - Misidentification of Cerasloderma edule (Linne) . Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. --1917 Hidalgo : Cardium peelina/um in Philippi = Cardium edule Linne. peetinatum Tausch, 1884. - Misidentification of Lyroeardium pee/inalum (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1906 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium peelina/um Tausch, 1884, not Linne 1758 = Cardium (Diseors) aeolieum Bom. peetinatum Wood . - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cytherea pee/ina/um: identical with C gibba, Lam.; Circe g. Sow. Red Sea; Philippines (Wood & Hanley 1856). RECORDS. --1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 30: Cytherea pee/ina/um Wood (not Lin. nor Lam.). peetinatum Yales & Bean. - Replaced by Cardium . /runea/um Sowerby. » Regarding Cardium pee/ina/um: Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes : Cardium pee/ina/um Yales et Bean - C /runca/um Sow. *peetiniforme. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium pee/iniforme from 5 sources: Born, 1780. - Bosc in Buffon, 180 I. - Megerle, 1811. - Wood, 1815. - Muller, 1859. peetiniforme Born, 1780. [Figs. Part 1 p. 48, 67,89. Part 3 p. 863, and inside of front cover] . - Vas/ieardium pee/iniforme (Born , 1780). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium magnum vaL gamma Gmelin, 1791. Cardium jlavum Linnaeus, 1758. » Regarding C Phl/kel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 689 pecliniforme - pede/ayense peetinijorme: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1780 Born, p. 49, pI. 3, fig. 9: Cardium peelinijorme. ··1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 17 Fig. 180: Cardium peclinijorme Bornii . ··1788 Schroter: Cardium pecliniforme. [Reference to Chernnitz (1782) fig. 188, sic should be fig . 178]. ··1789 Bruguiere, No. 23. Cardium pectinijorme; Born. ··1789 Bruguiere: Cardium peclinijorme Bornii; Martini, tom. 6. pag. 188, tab. 17, fig. 180. "1815 Wood: Cardium peclinijorme Born. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium peclinijorme Born. ··1828 Wood: Cardium pectenijorme sic Born. ··1840 Pfeiffer: Chemnitz Fig. 180. Cardium pectinijorme Bornii = Cardium magnum gamma Gm. 16. "1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 37: Cardium peclini/orme Born, T. Caes. 49, pI. 3, f. 10. "1869 Romer: Cardium peclinijorme Bornii Chemnitz (juvenile) = C. jlavum L. "1878 Brauer: Cardium pecliniforme Born. "1889 ZR: Cardium pectinijorme with fig. [ref. Holzapfel]. ··1891 Fischer: Cardium pectinijorme Born. ··1903 Hidalgo: Cardium peclinijorme Born = Cardium jlavum Linne, 1758 . ··1929 Dautzenberg: Cardium peclinijorme Born. ··1932 Dautzenberg: Cardium peclinijorme Born. ··1932 Prashad: Cardium peclinijorme Born, 1780. ··1937 Serene: Cardium p eelinijorme Born. ··1939 Adam & Leloup: Cardium peclinijorme Bornii Chemnitz = Laevicardium (Trachycardium) jlavum (Linne 1758). ··1955 Rost & Soot-Ryen: Trachycardium peclinijorme Born, 1780. ··1956 ZR: Trachycardium pectinijorm sic Born, new to Seychelles [Ref. Rost & Soot-Ryen 1956]. ··1961 Salvat: Cardium pecliniforme Born. ··1974 Barnard: Cardium pectinijorme in Dautzenberg 1929 = Cardium jlavum. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Trachycardium pectinijorme (Born, 1780) = Laevicardium jlavum Linne auctorum. ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Trachycardium pectinijorme. "1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt p. 58: Trachycardium peclinijorme (Born, 1780). ··1997 Vidal : Vasticardium peclinijorme (Born, 1780). ··1999 Vidal, p. 354: Cardium peclinijorme Born, 1780 is senior syn. of Vasticardium rugosum (Lamarck, 1819). ··2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Vaslicardium pectinijorme (Born, 1780). ··200 I Vidal, p. 407: Vasticardium pectinijorme. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 64: Vasticardium pectil1lforme (Born, 1778). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 185, Plate 4, figs. 15 a,b,c: Vasticardium pectinijorme (Born, 1778). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS . ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. The synonymy suggested by Prashad (1932) is erroneous, maybe caused by a printer'S error in Explicatio Tabularum (Table of Contents), Born (1780). Table III fig. 9 is listed as Cardium pectinijorme, which is correct on the Pl.ate. However, Cardiumjlavum has No.7 in the Table, but No. lOon the Plate. DISTRJBUTION. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: unknown. "1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt, "1994 Hylleberg: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific. ··2000 Hylleberg: Vietnam and Cambodia. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn : South India . ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. pectiniforme Bose in Buffon, 1801. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" peclinijorme Bosc in Buffon, 1801. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4805: Cardium pectinijorme Bosc in Buffon, 1801. pectiniforme Megerie, 1811. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pectiniforme Megerie, 1811 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4805: Cardium pectinijorme Megerle, 1811. pectiniforme Miiller, 1859. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pectinijorme J. Miiller, 1859. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium pectinijorme Miiller (Stoliczka : unfamiliar species). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium pectinijorme J. Miiller, 1859; p.29 . pectiniforme Wood, 1815. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " pectinijorme Wood , 1815. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4805: Cardium pectinijorme Wood, 1815. pectinioides Link, 1807. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pectinioides Link, 1807. Cardiidae. ?Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4805: Cardium pectinioides Link, 1807. pectinoideum O.G. Costa, 1846. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pectinoideum O.G. Costa, 1846. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4806: Cardium pectinoideum O.G. Costa, 1846. pectuncu/oides d ' Archiac & Verneuil, 1842. Combination to be revised: "Cardium "pectuncu/oides d ' Archiac & Verneuil, 1842. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4810: Cardium pectunculoides d'Archiac & Verneuil, 1842. Pectunculus Adanson (genus). Non binominal. - Not available.» Regarding Pectunculus: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. REcORDs. ··1857 Deshayes: Pectunculus in Belon, Lister, Petiver, Rumphius, Adanson, Martini [authors not available]: syn. of Cardium . ··1876 Meek: Cardium asiaticum Lam. regarded as genotype of Pectunculus(Adanson), Stoliczka. ··1847 Gray, No. 557: Pectunculus, Adans. [synonym of Cardium, Linn]. ··1858 Adams & Adams: Sub-gen . Peclunculus Adanson. ··1869 ZR: subgenus Pectunculus (Adanson, March), type Cardium asiaticum (Brug.) [Ref. Romer 1869]. ··1876 Meek: Pectunculus (Adanson), Stoliczka, 1870 (as a subgenus of Cardium). Synonym ofCardiidae. ··1980 Vokes: Pectunculus (ex Adanson) March, 1853 [non Da Costa, 1778 (Veneridae)]. ··1980 Vokes: Peetunculus (genus) "Adanson" Stoliczka, 1870 [non Da Costa, 1778 (Veneridae)]. Pectunculus Adanson (subgenus). Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: (Peetunculus) Adanson. Type species Cardium asialicum . Pectunculus Mart. (genus). Non binominal. Not available. - Synonym of Trachyeardium. » Regarding Pectunculus: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1858 Adams & Adams: subgenus Pectuneulus Mart., not Adanson is a synonym = subgenus Trachycardillm, March. Pectuncu/us Paetel, 1875(genus). - Nomen nudum. RECORDS. ··1980. Vokes: Pectunculus "Romer" Paetel, 1875 [n.n.] . In subfamily Cardiinae. peculiare - Conocardium peeutiare. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Conocardium pecutiare [Ref. Branson 1960a]. pede/ayense Cossmann, 1921. - Changed combination: Fragum pedelayense (Cossmann, 1921). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1922 ZR: Cardium (Parvicardium) pedelayense Cossmann, 1922 sp. n. Eocene. ··1977 Popov: Fragum (Fragum) pedelayense (Cossmann, 1921). 690 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) pedernale - peraltaensis pedernale Bonn, 1852. - Changed combination: Protocardium pedernale (Bonn, 1852). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. '-1871 Stoliczka: Cardium pedernale Bonn sic, 1852 (Protocardium). pedernalense Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941. - Synonym of Laevicardium substriatum (Conrad, 1837). » Regarding Laevicardium pedernalense: Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1941 Pilsbry & Olsson, pp. 10, 60 (pI. 14, fig. 2): Laevicardium pedernalense new species. --1941 ZR: Laevicardium pedernalense Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941 sp. n. Pliocene, Jama formation, Puerto Jama, Western Ecuador. --1977 Popov: Laevicardium pedernalense (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941). --2000 Coan et al.: Laevicardium pedernalense Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941 = Laevicardium substriatum (Conrad, 1837). pedernalis Roemer, 1849. - Nomina oblita. » Regarding Cardium pedernalis: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY . Cretaceous of Texas. RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn, p. 4811 : Cardium pedernalis C. F. Roemer, 1849. --1986 Scott: Cardium pedernalis Roemer (1849) considered nomina oblita. peetinatum (error). - Printer's mistake for pectinatum in Weinkauff 1867. pelagi - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pelagi. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1871 Stol iczka: Cardium pelagi (Laevicardium) . pellati Loriol in Loriol & Pellat, 1867. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pellati Loriol in Loriol & Pellat, 1867. ?Cardiidae. Lias and Jurassic. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium pellati Loriol in Loriol & Pellat, 1867; vol. 19: 58, pI. 6, figs . 1-2. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium pellati de Loriol. Portlandien. France (Pas de Calais), S05323. pellucidum Schroeter, 1802 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pellucidum Schroeter, 1802. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4824: Cardium pellucidum Schroeter, 1802. pelonatense Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911. Changed combination: Acanthocardia pelonatense (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium pelonatense Cossmann & Peyrot. --1911 ZR: Cardium pelonatense Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911 sp. n. France Neogene. --1977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) pelouatensis sic (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911). pelouatensis (error). - Printer's mistake for pelonatense in Popov 1977. pelzelni Brusina. - New combination: Lymnocardium pe/zelni (Brus.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium pelzelni (Brus.) pendens Cragin, 1893. - Changed combination: Granocardium pendens (Cragin, 1893). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1978 Scott: Protocardia pendens Cragin, 1893. "1978 Scott: Granocardium (Granocardium) pendens (Cragin, 1893). "1978 ZR: Granocardium (Granocardium) pendens (Cragin 1893) Description. Ref. to Scott p. 897 . penderense Stephenson, 1923 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" penderense Stephenson, 1923. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1923 ZR: Cardium penderense Stephenson, J923 sp. n. Cretaceous U.S.A. pennantii Beck, 1842. [Figs. Part I p. 132]. - Synonym of Laevicardium crass urn (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium laevigatum (Pennant). Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengler 1799), both synonyms of Laevicardium crassum. » Regarding Cardium pennantii: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 3 syntypes. 1978130. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. Exmouth, Devon, Britain (Reeve 1845). RECORDS. --1842 Beck: Cardium pennantii. --1844 Reeve, species 48: Cardium pennantii Beck , MSS., H. M. The King of Denmark's Museum. --1846 Loven: "Cardium pennanti Beck", Reeve = Cardium norvegicum Spengl. -'1856 Wood & Hanley: C. pennantii Reeve 1. Car. f. 48 = Cardium laevigatum Penn. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium pennantii Beck. "1859 Sowerby: C. Pennantii = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. --1867 Mitchell: Cardium pennantii Beck = Laevicardium crassum Gmelin in Fischer-Piette (1977, p.12). "1867 Hidalgo: Cardium pennantii, Reeve = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. --1867 Weinkauff: Cardium Pennanti sic Reeve = Cardium norwegicum sic Spengler. --1868 ZR: Cardium pennanti and oblongum of Reeve to be distinguished from the Mediterranean oblongum (Chemn.) =flavum (Born) = sulcatum (Lam.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1869 Romer: Cardium Pennanti Reeve fig. 48 = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. --1888 Kobel!: Cardium Pennanti Reeve = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. --1890 Hidalgo: Cardium pennantii Reeve = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. --1890 Paetel: Cardium pennanti Bk. = norwegicum Spglr. "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium penn anti Beck, Reeve 1844 = Cardium (Laevicardium) norvegicum Spengler 1799. --1917 Hidalgo: Cardium pennanti Reeve = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4833: Cardium pennantii Reeve (ex Beck MS), 1844. --1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 12: Cardium pennantii (Beck ms.) = Laevicardium crass urn Gmelin. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION. "1844 Reeve: shell depressly cordate, rather oblique, very inequilateral, radiately very faintly grooved, posterior area smooth; dirty yellowish colour covered with a thin smooth earthy epidermis, interior white. REMARKS. "1844 Reeve: The grooves of this species, which has been confounded with the C. laevigatum, are almost obsolete. HABITAT. -'1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud in deep water. DISTRIBUTION . '-1844 Reeve: Hab. Exmouth, Devon. pennantii Reeve 1844. [Figs. Part 3 p . 930]. - See under pennantii Beck, 1842. pellslii Fuchs, 1870. - Changed combination: Pannonicardium pens/ii (Fuchs, 1870). Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. --1970 Glibert & Poel: . Limnocardium penslii (Fuchs, 1870). --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium penslii (Fuchs). "1987 Taktakishvili: Pannonicardium penslii. penslii patrulii (subspecies). - Pannonicardium penslii patrulii. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Pannonicardium penslii patruW. pentagonalis (subspecies) . - See under planum pentagonalis Huica, 1977. peraltaellsis Fiirsich & Werner, 1985. - Protocardia peralta ens is Fiirsich & Werner, 1985. Cardiidae. Upper Jurassic. TYPE LOCALITY. Portugal. RECORDS. "1985 Fiirsich & Werner, p. 440, figs. I c-e, 3, 4d: Protocardia (Protocardia) peraltaensis n. sp . --1985 ZR: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 691 peramabile - peregrinum Protocardia (Protocardia) peraltaensis Fursich et al., 1985 sp. nov. Portugal , Upper Jurassic. Ref. to Fursich et al. p. 440. peramabile (mode ). - See under peramabiles. peramabilis DaB, 1881. - Microcardium peramabilis (Dall, 1881). Cardiidae. Recent. Type species of (Microcardium) Thiele, 1934 raised to generic level. TVPE LOCALlTV. Off Yucatan. RECORDS. "1881 Dall, p. 132-133: Cardium (Fulvia) peramabilis n. s. "1881 ZR : Cardium (Fulvia) peramabilis, sp. n., Dall, 1881. Florida and Barbados, 54-III fath. ··1882 Verrill: Cardium peramabilis Dall. ··1884 Verrill: Cardium peramabilis DaB. ··1886 Dall: Cardium (Fulvia) peramabilis Dall. ··1889 Dall: Cardium peramabilis Dall. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium peramabile Dal1. ··1900 Dall: Protocardia peramabilis Dall . ··1902 Dall: Protocardia peramabilis DaB, 1886. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: Protocardia peramabilis Dall. = Cardium peramabile Dall, 1881. ··1915 Johnson: Cardium peramabilis Dall. ··1921 Maury: Protocardia peramabilis Dall, 1881 (as Fulvia). ··1937 Keen: designated Cardium peramabile Dall, 1881 as type species of the subgenus (Microcardium) Thiele, 1934. Recognised at the generic level by authors. ··1937 Smith, M: Protocardia peramabilis Dall. ··1937 ZR: Cardium (Fulvia) peramabilis Dall 1881 (= Cardium peramabile Dall) here amended" [Ref. Keen 1937] . ··1939 ZR: Microcardium peramabile fig. [Ref. McLean 1939]. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Micro cardium ) peramabile Dall, 1881. ··1958 Abbott: Nemocardium (Microcardium) peramabilis Dall. ··1962 Warmke & Abbott: Microcardium peramabile Dall, 1881. ··1974 Abbott: Nemocardium peramabile (Dall, 1881). ··1977 Popov: Pratulum peramabilis (Dall, 1886). ··1944 ZR: Microcardium peramabile Dall fig. [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944]. ··1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Microcardium) peramibilis sic (Dall, 1881). ··1997 Shelton: Nemocardium peramabile (Dall, 1881). ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Nemocardium (Microcardium) peramibilis sic (Dall, 1881). Cardiidae. Recent. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: shell small, slightly inequilateral, rather thin and fragile, inflated; posterior area sculptured with a great number of fine, radiating, nearly smooth ribs, the spaces between them being slightly pitted, the whole being covered with a fine epidermis, which is scaly on the ribs; the anterior 3/5 of the shell is sculptured with equally fine, radiating ribs, and these are crossed by very numerous somewhat fainter, concentric ridges, leaving the surface minutely beaded ; borders of the shell delicately and sharply serrate, not gaping; within the shell the outside patterns of sculpture may be plainly seen. Colour whitish Soft body: The foot is keeled below but not serrate. DIMENSIONS. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: 10 x II x 9 mm (McLean 1939); length 10, height II, diameter 9 mm . REMARKS. ··1921 Maury: the recent species is Protocardia peramabilis Dall , 1881 (as Fulvia). The ancestral form appears to be Protocardia islahispaniolae Maury, Miocene. HABITAT. ··Of authors: 150 m depth. DISTRIBUTION . ··Of authors: Rhode Island, West Indies, Mexico, Brazil. peramabilis tinctum Dall, 1881 (subspecies). - Changed combination: Microcardium tinctum (Dall, 1886). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Microcardium peramabilis tinctum (Dall, 1881). » Regarding C. peramabilis var. tinctum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . ··1881 Dall: Cardium peramabilis var. tinctum . ··1886 Dall: Cardium (Fulvia) peramabile var. tinctum. ··1889 Dall : Cardium peramabilis var. tinctum Dall . "190 I ZR: Cardium peramabile var. tinctum Dall is a good species [Ref. Dall & Simpson 1900]. ··1902 Dall & Simpson : Cardium peramabile var. tinctum Dall, 1886 = Protocardia tincta Dall. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium peramabilis tinctum DaB = tinctum Dall, 1886. ··1951 McLean: Microcardium peramabile var. tinctum (Dall, 1886) = Microcardium tinctum (Dall). peramibilis (error). - Printer 's mistake for peramabile in Schneider 1995 . perarensis Gillet, 1970. - Euxinicardium ? perarensis Gillet, 1970. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Euxinicardium ? perarensis Gillet, 1970 sp . nov. ' Montei dei Corvi' deposits, Ancona district, Italy . . perdita Papaia nopol, 1981 . - Pontalmyra perdita Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene and Recent. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) perdita Papaianopol, 1981 sp . nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 36. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra perdita Papaian. peregrina Papaianopo1, 1980. - Luxuridacna peregrina Papaianopol, 1980. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RE CORDS. ··1980 ZR: Luxuridacna peregrina Papaianopol, 1980 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 53 . peregrinorsa Orbigny, 1843. - Changed combination: Protocardia peregrinorsa (d'Orbigny, 1843). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1842 d'Orbigny, p. 81, lam . 18, figs. 6-8: Cardium peregrinorsa (jide Arango & Gonzalez 1983). ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium peregrinosum sic d'Orbigny close to Cardium hillanum [fossil]. ··1917 ZR: Protocardia peregrinorsa [Ref. Douville 1917] Cretaceous. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4847 : Cardium peregrinorsum d 'Orbigny, 1842. ··1983 Arango & Gonzalez: Protocardia peregrinorsa d'Orbigny, 1842. ··1983 Botero & Gonzalez: Protocardia peregrinorsa d'Orbigny, 1842. ··1986 Scott: Protocardia peregrinorsa (d 'Orbigny, 1843). peregrinorsa orientatis Douville, 1917 (variety). Upgraded. Protocardia peregrinorsa orientalis Douville, 1917. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1917 ZR: Protocardia peregrinorsa orien/alis race n. Douville, 1917. Cretaceous Moghara. peregrinorsum (mode). - See under peregrinorsa Orbigny. peregrinosum (error). - Printer's mistake for peregrinorsa in Deshayes 1857. peregrinum d'Orbigny. - Combination to be revised : " Cardium" peregrinum. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS . ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium peregrinum (genus Protocardium). ··1876 Meek: Cardium peregrinum d ' Orbigny. peregrinum Eberzin, 1958. - Changed combination: Arpadicardium peregrinum (Eberzin, ? ) 958) . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1953 Celidje: Arpadicardium peregrinum Ebers. ··1958 ZR : Limnocardium (Arpadicardium) peregrinum Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. SUbgenotype. Pliocene of the Ponto- 692 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) peregrinum - perornatum Caspian basin, Russia. ··1987 Ta ktakishvili : Limnocardium peregrinum Ebers. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Arpadicardium peregrinum. peregrinum Jousseaume, 1888. [Figs. Part 3 p. 864). Synonym of Vasticardium pectiniforme (Born, 1780) OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trachycardiumflavum (Linnaeus, 1758). - Cardium dupuchense Reeve. » Regarding Trachycardium peregrinum : Cardiidae Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Indo-Pacific (Hylleberg 1994). REcORDs. ··1888 Jousseaume: Tra chy cardium p eregrinum . ··1888 ZR: Trachycardium peregrinum Jousseaume, 1888 n. sp. Red Sea. ··1893 Dautzenberg : Cardium peregrinum Jousseaume. ··1905 Anthony: Cardium peregrinum Jousseaume. ··1909 Lamy: Cardium peregrinum. ··1919 Odhner: Cardium p eregrinum Jousseaume (1888) = C. dupuchense Reeve. "1923 Dautzenberg: Cardium peregrinum. ··1927 Lamy : Cardium peregrinum. ··1932 Prashad : Trachycardium peregrinum (Jousseaume, 1888) = Trachycardium flavum (Linne, 1758). ··1939 Adam & Leloup: Cardium peregrinum Jousseaume = Laevicardium (Trachycardium )flavum (Linne 1758) ... 1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 174: Cardium peregrinum Jousseaume = Cardium flavum Linne. ··1992 Oliver: Trachycardium peregrinum (Jousseaume, 1888) = Trachycardium flavum (Linne, 1758). ··1997 Vidal: Trachycardium peregrinum Jousseaume, 1888 = Vasticardium pectin iform e (Born, 1780). ··1999 Vidal: Trachycardium peregr'inum Jousseaume, 1888 = Vasticardium pectin iform e (Born, 1780). ··1999 Higo et al.: Trachycardium peregrinum Jousseaume, 1888 = Acrosterigma (Regozara) flava (Linnaeus, 1758). peregrinum Papaianopol, 1982. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium peregrinum. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Ponti en et Dacien du Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1982 Papaianopol, p. 207, fig.: LimfJocardium (Euxinicardium) peregrinum sp. nov. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Euxinicardium peregrinum Papaian. perelongata (variety). - See under deshayesi perelongata Kutassy, 1929. peres;; d 'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" peresii d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4849: Cardium peresii d'Orbigny, 1850. perezi Bellardi, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" perezi Bellardi, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium perezi Bellardi, 1852; vol. 4: 240, pI. H (sic = 19), figs. 2-5. perezijorme Schauroth, 1865. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" pereziforme Schauroth, 1865. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium pereziforme Schauroth, 1865; p. 209, pI. 18, fig. 9. perfecta Chelidze, 1957. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra perfecta (Chelidze, 1957). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. ··1957 ZR: Didacna perfecta Chelidze, 1957 sp. nov. Pliocene, River Zhuzhi, Makharadze town, Georgia, Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra perfecta (Tschel.). perflda (variety) . - See under ingratum perfida Kolesnikov, 1929. periimaris Maury, 1925 . - Trigoniocardia periimaris (Maury, 1925). Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov : Trigonio cardia (Americardia) periimaris (Maury, 1925). perincertum Gregorio , 1930. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " perincertum Gregorio, 1930. Cardiidae. Lias . RECORDS. ··1936 ZR: Cardium perincertum Gregorio, 1930 sp. n. Lias Palermo. perlonga Kvaliashvili, 1978. - Digressodacna perlonga Kvaliashvili , 1978. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RE CORDS. ··1978 ZR : Digressodacna perlonga Kvaliashvili, 1978 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Kvaliashvili p. 50. permica. - Cypricardinia? Permica. Cardiacea. Upper Permian. RECORDs. ··1931 ZR: Cypricardinia? permica sp. n. Upper Permian Northern Province Russia. permulta Celidje, 1953 . - Monodacna permulta Celidje, 1953. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS ... 1953 Celidje, p. 157: Monodacna permulta nov. sp. pernimia Kvaliashvili, 1978. - Digressodacna pernimia Kvaliashvili, 1978. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Digressodacna pernimia Kvaliashvili , 1978 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to K valiashvili p. 76. perobliquulII Koenen . - Fragum perobliquum Koenen. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com .) , MNHN , Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Fragum perobliquum Koenen. Senonien. Cameroun, R51368 , R51369, R51552. perobliquum Martin. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " perobliquum Martin. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1919 Martin: Cardium perobliquum Mart. perornata (mode). - See under perornatum Iredale, 1929. perornatum Iredale, 1929. [Part 1. Fig. p. 144. Part 3 p. 903). - Synonym of Ctenocardia virgo (Reeve, 1845). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: replaced by Fragum (Ctenocardia) perornatum nom . nov. for Cardium imbricatum Sowerby. » Regarding Ctenocardia perornatum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1929 Iredale, p. 264 (pI. 30, fig. 14): Fragum (Ctenocardia) perornatum nom . nov. for Cardium imbricatum Sowerby, 1841(imbricatum preoccupied by Born, 1780). ··1929 ZR: Frag um perornatum nom. n. for Cardium imbricatum Sow. [Ref. Iredale 1929b] . ··1977 FischerPiette : Corculum (Ct enocardia) p erornata Iredale. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson : Fragum (Ctenocardium) perornata Iredale, 1929; new name for Cardium imbricatum Sowerby, 1841 . ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Ctenocardia perornata (Iredale, 1929). ··1992 Lamprel.l & Whitehead: Ctenocardia perornata Iredale, 1929 = Ctenocardia virgo Reeve, 1845 . ··1994 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Fragum perornatum Ireda1e. ··1995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Fragum perornatum Iredale. ··1999 Higo et af.: Ctenocardia p erornata Iredale, 1929 = Ctenocardia virgo (Reeve, 1845). ··1999 Higo et af.: Fragum perornatum Iredale, 1929 sensu Bernard et al., 1993 = Ctenocardia virgo (Reeve, 1845). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn , p. 177, PI. 2, fig. 2. Ctenocardia perornatum (Iredale , 1929) . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: shell solid, inflated; umbo central, prosogyrate; shell height slightly greater than shell length. Lunule well defined, short and broad, similar in left and right valves; escutcheon poorly defined, elongate. Radial ribs strong, interstices wide and deep, each rib with a central row of prominent Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 693 perrieri - pesolinum spines, crescent-shaped in section, concavity facing ventrally; posterior slope with numerous smaller spines, interstices anterior to umbonal keel smooth or crossed by minute crowded transverse lamellae; interstices behind keel crossed by stronger transverse lamellae which thicken and extend up over posterior ribs as closely packed V-shaped scales or ridges. Lateral, delicate, compressed, pointed scales or spinelets sometimes present on ribs. HABITAT. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: mud, shelly sand with sponge, sand at 290 m depth. ··1994 Hylleberg: Indo-Pacific. DISTRIBUTION. ··Of authors: Western Australia, Queensland, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: C. perornatum from Quinhon, Vietnam is deposited in the ColI. Saurin at MNHN, Paris (J. Vidal). perrieri Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1897. - Synonym of Parvicardium minimum Philippi, 1836. »Regarding Cardium perrieri: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Europe. RECORDS. ··1897 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium perrieri. ··1897 ZR: Cardium perrieri Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1897 n. sp. N. Atlantic. ··1927 Dautzenberg: Cardium perrieri Dautzenberg & Fischer = Cardium (Parvicardium) minimum Philippi. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium perrieri Dautzenberg & Fischer = Cardium minimum Philippi. ··2001 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium perrieri Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1897 = Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836). Persikima Iredale, 1937 (genus). - Tridacnidae. REcORDs. ··1937 ZR: Persikima Iredale, 1937 gen. n. Tridacnidae type Persikima whitleyi Iredale, 1937 sp. n. Middleton Reef, S. Pacific. Persikima (subgenus). - REcORDs. ··1998. Schneider: (Persikima) subgenus of Tridacna. ··1999 Higo et at.: Persikima (subgenus) Iredale, 1937. Type species: Persikima whitleyi Iredale, 1937 (0. d.). persistans Schwetz, 1913. - Changed combination: Moquicardium persistans (Schwetz, 1913). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1913 ZR: Cardium persis tans Schwez, 1913 sp. n. Tertiary, Kertsch. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium persistans Schwetz (= Prosodacna ampe/akiensis Andrus.). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Moquicardium persis tans. personata Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. Not a cardiid. RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium personata. perstriatum Kuroda, 1928. - Synonym of Acrosterigma transcendens (Melvill & Standen, 1899). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trachycardium "variegatum "(Sowerby). » Regarding Trachycardium perstriatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE MATERIAL. No data on types (Vidal 1999). DISTRIBUTION. Indo-Pacific (Hylleberg 1994). RECORDS. ··1928 Kuroda, p. II, No. 117: Trachycardium perstriatum Kuroda (nov.) Short description in Japanese. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: perstriatum Kuroda = Trachycardium "variegatum (Sowerby). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium perstriatum Kuroda = Laevicardium variegatum Sowerby. ··1981 Koyama et at.: Cardium perstriatum Kuroda, 1928 = Cardium (Trachycardium) transcendens Melvill & Standen, 1899. ··1999 Higo et at.: Cardium perstriatum Kuroda, 1928 = Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) transcendens (Melvill & Standen, 1899). ··1999 Vidal: Kuroda 1928, p.11 [Fide Habe, 1981: III]: Cardiumperstriatum= Acrosterigma transcendens (Melvill & Standen, 1899). *pertenue. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium pertenue from 2 sources: Meek & Hayden, 1861. Gabb,1869. pertenue Gabb, 1869. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pertenue Gabb, 1870. Cardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. Payata, Peru. RECORDS. ··1870 Gabb p. 30: Cardium (Laevicardium) pertenue Gabb. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Laevicardium) pertenue Gabb, 1869; vol. 5: 30. pertenue Meek & Hayden, 1861. - Changed combination: Protocardium perte/we. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From North America. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium pertenue (Protocardium) (Referred to by Meek 1864). ··1876 Meek: Cardium pertenue Meek & Hayden type of (b) Leptocardia Meek, 1876. ··1876 Meek: Protocardia (Leptocardia) pertenuis Meek & Hayden, 1861. ··1970 Speden: Cardium pertenue Meek & Hayden, 1861, p. 442. pertenuis (mode). - See under pertenue. pertumidum Koenen, 1893. - Discors pertumidum (Koenen, 1893). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco: Discors pertumidus (Koen.). ··1977 Popov: Discors pertumidum (Koenen, 1893). Perucardia Olsson, 1944 (genus). - Cardiidae. Maastrichtian. RECORDS. ··1980. Vokes: Peru cardia Olsson, 1944 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1998 Schneider (1998b): Perucardia. Maastrichtian. Peru cardia Olsson, 1944 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Upper Senonian. GENOTYPE. Olsson (1944) designated Cardium brueggeni type species of subgenus Peru cardia of genus Vepricardium. The shell of has ribs with granular nodes. Peru. (Moore et al. 1969). RECORDS. ··1944 ZR: Perucardia Olsson, 1944 subgen. nov. of Cardium type Cardium (Peru cardia ) brueggeni Olsson, 1944b sp. nov. Paita District Peninsula, Upper Senonian. ··2002 Schneider: Peru cardia was found to be a 'transitional fossil' between Profraginae and all other eucardiids. peruvianum Spieker, 1922. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" peruvianum (Spieker, 1922). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1922 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) peruvianum Spieker, 1922 Tertiary, Peru. pervinquieri Freneix. - Protocardia pervinquieri Freneix. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Protocardia pervinquieri Freneix, 1980 nom. nov. for Protocardia biseriata Pervinquiere 1912 nec Conrad 1852. Ref. to Freneix p. 172. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Protocardia pervinquieri Freneix. Santonien. Algeria, B 19932. pesbovis d' Archiac, 1843- Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pesbovis d' Archiac, 1843. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium pes bovis. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4879: Cardium pesbovis d' Archiac, 1843. pesolinum Contejean, 1859. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" peso/inum Contejean. Cardiidae. Lias-Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium pesolinum Contejean, 1859; p. 277, pI. 15, figs. 6-7. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium pesolinum Contejean, 1859; quoted by Loriol & Cotteau 1867; vol. 21: 554, pI. 7, 694 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) pessoae - philippianum fig. 13. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium pesolinum Contejean. Portlandien. France (Yonne), S05432, R50201. pessoae Maury, 1924. - Changed combination: Agnocardia pessoae (Maury, 1924). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1984 ZR: Agnocardia pessoae (Maury, 1925) Comb. nov. Transferred from Cardium (Trachycardium) pessoae Maury, 1925. Ref. to Vokes p. 42. ··1998 Schneider: Agnocardia pessoae (Maury, 1924). ··2002 Schneider: Cardium (Trachycardium) pessoae Maury, 1925. ··2002 Schneider: Agnocardia pessoae (Maury, 1925). Cardiidae. pestis Zhizhchenko, 1934. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pestis Zhizhchenko, 1934. [Miocene, Cardiidae], RECORDS. ··1939 ZR: Cardium pestis Zhizhchenko, 1934 sp. n. Miocene Ciscaucasia. ··1952 ZR: Cardium pestis Miocene Caucasus [Ref. Zhezhcenko 1934]. pesurae Mariani, 1919. - "Cardium" pesurae Mariani, 1919. Cardiidae. Rhaetic. RECORDS. ··1919 ZR: Cardium pesurae Mariani, 1919 sp. n. Rhaetic Lombardy. *petersi. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium petersi from 2 sources: Homes, 1862. - Zittel, 1865. petersi Homes, 1862. - Synonym of Tauricardium subsquamulosum.» Regarding Limnocardium petersi: Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1961 ZR: Limnocardium (Tauricardium) petersi Pontian Miocene, Kadar, Bosnia, Yugoslavia [Ref. Stevanovic 1961]. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium petersi Homes, 1862; [1851-1870] vol. 4: 199, pI. 19, fig. 3. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium petersi (M. Hoem.). ··1987 Taktakishvili: Tauricardium petersi = subsquamulosum. petersi Zittel, 1865. - Protocardium petersi, Zittel. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Protocardium petersi, Zittel. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Protocardia) petersi Zittel, 1865 [1865-1866] vol. 24(2): 145, pI. 6, fig. 5. petersi nasyrica (subspecies). - Tauricardium petersi nasyrica. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Tauricardium petersi nasyrica. peters; oviformis (subspecies). - Tauricardium petersi o viform is. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Tauricardium petersi oviformis. petilum Loriol, 1868. - Protocardium petilum (Loriol, 1868). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Valangien beds, Suisse. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium petilum Lorio!, 1868 (genus Protocardium). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium petilum Loriol, 1868: ser. 4: 26, pI. 2, figs. 3-4. petitianum Orbigny, 1853. - Synonym of Papyridea semisulcata (Gray, 1825). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: close to Cardium bullatum. » Regarding Cardium petitianum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1853 Orbigny, p. 309, pI. 27, fig. 50-52: Cardium petitianum d'Orb., 1846 sic. ··1853 Orbigny: Cardium petitianum d'Orb., 1846 close to Cardium bullatum. ··1864 Krebs: Cardium ringiculum Sowb. (syn.) = Cardium petitianum d'Orb. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium petitianum. Orb. = C. bullatum. ··1885 Smith: Cardium petitianum d 'Orbigny = Cardium (Papyridea) semisulcatum, Gray. 1825. ··1889 Dall: Papyridea petitiana Orbigny. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium petitianum Orb. = Papyridea bullata. ··1902 Dall: Cardium petianum Orbigny, 1845 = Cardium semisulcatum Gray, 1825. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: Cardium petitianum d'Orbigny, 1845 = Cardium semisulcatum Gray 1825. ··1939 McLean: Cardium petitianum Orbigny, 1853 = Papyridea semisulcata (Gray, 1825). ··1951 McLean: Cardium petianum d 'Orbigny (1846) = Papyridea semisulcata (Gray). ··1958 Abbott: Papyridea petitianum Orbigny 1846 = Papyridea semisulcata Gray 1825. ··1970 Rios: Cardium petitianum Orbigny = Papyridea semisulcata (Grey, 1825). ··1974 Abbott: Cardium petitianum Orbigny, 1846 (orange form) = Papyridea semisulcata (Gray, 1825). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1958 Abbott: Papyridea petitianum Orbigny 1846, is the orange form of Papyridea semisulcata Gray 1825. DISTRIBUTION. ··1884 Grasset: Guadeloupe. ··Of authors: South Florida, West Indies, Brazil. petkovici Pavlovic, 1929. - New combination: Lymnocardium petkovici (Pavlovic, 1929). Lymnocardiidae. Ponti an. RECORDS. ··1928 ZR: Limnocardium (Pseudocatillus) petkovici [Ref. Pavlovitch 1928]. ··1929 ZR: Limnocardium (Pseudocatillus) petkovici Pavlovic, 1929 sp. n. Ponti an Serbia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium petkovici Pavl. pharaonica Abbass, 1966. - Lunulicardia pharaonica Abbass, 1966. Probably not in Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REcORDs. ··1966 ZR: Lunulicardia pharaonica Abbass, 1966 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Egypt. pharaonum Cuvillier. - Cardium pharaonum Cuvillier. Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium pharaonum Cuvillier. Ypresien. Egypt (Thebes), B43626. pharisiana (variety). - See tuberculatum pharisiana Pallary, 1924. pharnaci Schwez, 1913. - Pseudocatillus pharnaci (Schwez, 1913). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDs. ··1913 ZR: Monodacna pharnaci Schwez, 1913 sp. n. Tertiary, Kertsch. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus pharnaci (Schwets). ··1984 ZR: Pseudocatillus pharnaci Schwetz. Referred to new subgenus P (Donacicatillus). Ref. to Akhvlediani p. 71. phasiaca Davidachvili, 1933. - Changed combination: Didacnomya phasiaca Davidachvili, 1933. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Pliocene. REcORDs. ··1934 ZR: Didacnomya phasiaca Davidachvili, 1933 sp. n. Upper Pliocene Georgia, Caucasus. ··1939 ZR: Didacnomya phasiaca Bogatschev, 1938 "sp. n." Baku. ··1967 Ebersin: Didacnomya phasiaca (David.). phataetisis Chiploukar, 1975. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" phataetisis Chiploukar, 1975. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR: Cardium phataetisis Chiploukar, 1975 sp. nov. Kashmir, Phata. Ref. to Chiploukar, p. 94. philippianum Dunker, 1847. - Nemocardium philippianum (Dunker, 1847). Cardiidae. Lias and Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4909: Cardium philippianum Dunker, 1847. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Nemocardium philippianum Dunker. Heltangien. France (Vendee), R05122. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 695 philipp;; - Phyllocardillm *philippii. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium phi/ippii from 2 sources: Deshayes, 1853. -Ihering, 1897. philippii Ihering, 1897. - Hedecardium philippi Cardiidae. Oligocene. ?Lower Miocene. RECORDS. "1897 Ihering: Cardium philippi (fide Schneider 2002). ··2002 Schneider: Hedecardium (Iheringicardium) philippi Cardiidae. philipp;; Deshayes, 1853. - New name. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" philippii Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium philippii Desh. new name for Cardium pulchellum Philippi, 1844. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium philippii Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 46. *philippinense. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium philippinense from 2 sources: Hedley, 1899. - Oeshayes in Shirley, 1912. philippinense Oeshayes in Shirley, 1912. Nomen nudum. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Vasticardium orbita philippinense (Hedley, 1899). - Cardium angulatum Lamarck. Trachycardium orbita (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). » Regarding Cardium philippinense: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Philippines. TYPE REPOSITORY. Paris Museum. RECORDS. "1899 Hedley: Cardium philippinense Deshayes = Cardium angulatum Lamarck. "1912 Shirley: Cardium philippinensis Desh. "1934 Tomlin: Cardium (Trachycardium) philippinense Deshayes. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Trachycardium) philippinense (Deshayes) Shirley. "1980 Keen: Cardium philippinense = Vasticardium orbita (Sowerby, 1833). "1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Laevicardium (Trachycardium) philippinense (Deshayes) Shirley, 1912 = Trachycardium orbita (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). "1997 Vidal: Cardium philippinense Deshayes: Hedley 1899 = Vasticardium orbita philippinense (Hedley, 1899). "1997 Vidal: Laevicardium (Trachycardium) philippinense (Deshayes) Shirley sensu Fischer-Piette, 1977 (not Vasticardium orbita philippinense (Hedley). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. "1899: Hedley was unable to trace the species Cardium philippinense in the literature. "1980 Keen: declared it nomen nudum as of Shirley, 1912 and Tomlin, 1934; specimens evidently labeled by reference to a lot in the British Museum Collection that carried only Deshayes' manuscript name. Cardium philippinensis Desh. is only a name in a check list by Shirley 1912. DISTRIBUTION. 1994 Hylleberg: Indo-Pacific. Hawaii, Australia. philippinense Hedley, 1899 [Figs. Part 3 p . 866]. Vasticardium philippinense (Hedley, 1899). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Vasticardium orbita (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). RECORDS. "1999 Vidal: Cardium philippinense Hedley, 1899 = Vasticardium orbita (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). philippinense. - See also under orbita philippinense Hedley, 1899. phillipsi Koninck 1885. - Replaced by Conocardium nexile Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. '-1942 ZR : Conocardium phillipsi Koninck 1885 non Orbigny 1850 replaced by Conocardium nexile Branson, 1942 nom. nov. phillipsi Orbigny 1850. - Conocardium phillipsi Orbigny 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4911: Conocardium phillipsii d'Orbigny, 1850. '-1942 ZR: Conocardium phillipsi Orbigny 1850 [Ref. Branson 1942]. Phlogocardia Stewart, 1930 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Subgenus Phlogocardia upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS. "1977 Popov p. 48: Phlogocardia Stewart, 1930. Genotype: Cardium belcheri Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 . .. 1980 Vokes: Phlogocardia Stewart , 1930 in subfamily Trachycardiinae. Phlogocardia Stewart, 1930 (section, subgenus). Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Type species: Stewart (1930) designated Cardium belcheri Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 type species of subgenus Phlogocardia of genus Trachycardium March, 1853. RECORDS. "1930 ZR: (Phlogocardia) Stewart, 1930 fossil sec. n. of Trachycardium type Cardium belcheri Brod. and Sow. [Ref. Stewart 1930]. "1961 Olsson: (Phlogocardia) Stewart, 1930. "1999 Vidal : Subgenus (Phlogocardia) Stewart, 1930 of the genus Trachycardium. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: central ribs with frills along posterior sides, anterior ribs with knobby spines (Hylleberg 1994). phlyctaena Dall, 1900. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " phlyctaena Dal\, 1900. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "2002 Schneider: citing Dal1 (1900): Cardium (Cerastoderma) phlyctaena sp. nov. section Dinocardium. pholadiforme Sowerby, 1847. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pholadiforme Sowerby, 1847. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "]922-32 Sherborn, p. 4922: Cardium pholadiforme Sowerby, 1847. Pholadomya Agassiz, 1842 (genus). - Synonym of Adacna Eichwald . » Regarding Pholadomya: Lymnocardiidae RECORDS. "1858 Adams & Adams: Syn. Pholadomya Agass. and Midd., not Sow. = Genus Adacna Eichwald. "1890 Paetel: Pholadomya Ang. syn. of Adacna. "1903 Andrussoff: Pholadomya Agassiz, 1842. Phylicardium (error). - Printer's mistake for Phyllicardium in Pavlovic 1928 (Vokes 1980). phyllicardiforme Jekelius, 1944. - Lymnocardium phyllicardiforme Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene . RECORDS . --1946 ZR: Limnocardium phyllicardiforme Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. Phyllicardium (error). - Printer's mistake for Phyllocardium in Andrussow 1903 (Vokes 1980). Phyllocardiini (tribe) . - Cardiidae. MiocenelPliocene. RECORDS. "1987 ZR: Phylocardiini Nevesskaja, 1986 Tribe nov. of Cardiidae. Type genus Phyllocardium Fischer, 1887. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 189. Phyllocardillm Fischer, 1887 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. -'1903 Andrussoff: Phyllicardium Fischer, 1887. "1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Phyllicardium Fischer. "1962 ZR: Phyllocardium Fischer provisionally in subfam. Didacninae Eberzin, 1962, family Cardiidae [Ref. Eberzin 1962]. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Phyllicardium. "1980 Vokes: Phyllocardium Fischer, 1887 in subfamily Didacninae. "1987 ZR : Phyllocardium Fischer, 1887. Designated type genus for new tribe Phylocardiini. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 189. Phyllocardium Fischer, 1887 (subgenus) . - 696 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) picardi - pinnulatum Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. GENOTYPE. Cardium planum Deshayes (Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903). RECORDS. ··1887 Fischer: Subgenus Phyllocardium of genus Limnocardium, Stoliczka, em. 1870. picardi Blanckenhorn, 1934. - Protocardia picardi Blanckenhorn, 1934. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1934 ZR: Pr%cardia picardi Blanckenhorn, 1934 sp. n. Cretaceous Syria. picta (variety). - See under edule piela Milachewitch, 1916. - tuberculatum var. pic/a. pictaviense d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " pic/aviense d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Lias and Jurass ic . RECORDS . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4949: Cardium piclaviense d ' Orbigny, 1850. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium pictaviense d ' Orbigny. Callovien. France (Sarthe), S02743. *picleti. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium picteti from 2 sources: Rouault, 185 I. - d' Arch (?year). pictet; d' Arch. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" picleli d' Arch. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1886 Cossmann: Cardium picteli d' Arch. picteti Rouault, 185 I. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" picteli M. Rouault, 185 I. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium picteti M. Rouault, 1851; vol. 8: 388. pictum (subspecies). - See under edufe pictum. pictum Dunker, 1861 . - Synonym of Cardium papi/losum Polio OTHER JUDGEMENTS: unknown species. » Regarding Cardium pictum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1861 Dunker, p. 37: Cardium piclum (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). "1872 Tryon: Cardium pictum Dkr. ··190 I Dall: Cardium pictum Dunker, April, 1861 is probably a variety of Cardium papillosum Polio ··1944 Clench & Smith: Cardium pictum Rav. in Dunker 1862 = unknown species. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium pictum Dunker 1861; vol. 8: 37. pictum Ravenel, 1861. - Unknown species. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium pictum (Ravenel, 1861). Laevicardium serratum (Linnaeus, 1758). - Cardium serratum var. sybariticum Dall, 1886. » Regarding C. pictum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1861 Ravenel, vol. 13, p. 44: Liocardium pic/um . "1901 Dall: Cardium pictum Ravenel, February, 1861. ··1902 Dall: ?Cardium pic/um Ravenel (type lost) = Cardium serra tum var. sybari/icum Dall, 1886. ··1902 Dall : Cardium pic/um Ravenel, 1861 (not of Dunker, 1861) = Cardium serra/um Linnaeus, 1758. "1921 Maury : pic tum Ravenel, 1861 = Cardium (Laevicardium) serratum Linnaeus, 1758. "1925 Woodring, p. 145: Cardium pictum Ravenel, 1862 is identical with Cardium serratum Linne, 1758 . ··1939 McLean : Cardium pictum Ravenel , 1861 = Laevicardium serralum (serra/um) (Linne, 1758). "1944 ZR : Laevicardium pictum Ravenel [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944]. ··1962 Warmke & Abbott: Laevicardium pictum Ravenel, 1861. ··1968 Jong & Kristensen: Americardia pictum Ravenel. ··1970 Rios: Laevicardium pictum (Ravenel, 1861). ··1974 Abbott: Laevicardium pictum (Ravenel, 1861). ··1977 Popov: Laevicardium pic tum (Ravenel). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium pic/um Ravenel. ··1980 Ruhoff: Liocardium pic tum Ravenel, 1861; p. 44. ··1997 Shelton: Laevicardium pictum (Ravenel, 1861). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1977: Fischer-Piette, p. 22 failed to locate references given by Dunker (1862 (1861), VII, p. 37), including references in Tryon and Dall. The species is insufficiently known. DISTRIBUTION. ··1939 McLean: North Carolina to Brazil. pictus Tryon, 1870. - Hemidonax pictus (Tryon, 1870). Cardiidae, ?Hemidonacidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1950 Allan: Hemidonax pictus (Anatomical structure places Hemidonax in the family Cardiidae). ··2001 Schneider & Carter: Hemidonax pic/us (Tryon, 1870). Hemidonacidae. piettei J.e. Fischer. - Pr%cardia piettei J.e. Fischer. Cardiidae. Lias and Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN , Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Protocardia piette; J.e. Fischer. Bathonien. France (Aisne, Ardennes), R05125, B47036, B47038 . pigmae Shu to, 1960. - Laevicardium pigmae Shuto, 1960. Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Laevicardium pigmae Shu to, 1960 sp. nov. Tano member, Miyazaki Group, Middle Miocene, Japan. ··1973 Keen: P. (sic = Laevicardium) pigmae Shuto, 1960. Middle Miocene. pi/atum Stoliczka, 1871. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pitatum (Stoliczka, 1871). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Ninnyoor, South India. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka, p. 218, pI. 13, figs. 6-7: Cardium (Cerastoderma) pitatum Stoliczka. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Cerastoderma) pita tum Stoliczka, 1870; [1870-1871] vol. 3: 218, pI. 13, figs. 6-7. pi/ide; Tournouer, mss. Fischer, 1886. - Prosodacna pilidei Fischer, 1886. Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Valea N igovani, Roumania. RECORDS. ··1886 Fischer: Prosodacna pi/idei Tournouer, mss. Description p. 223, PI. 9, fig. 7. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Prosodacna pilidei Tournouer. Rumania, B35815. pinellasense Mansfield, 1937. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pinellasense (Mansfield, 1937). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Cardium (Dinocardium?) pinellasense Mansfield, 1937 sp. n. Tampa limestone Florida (Lower Miocene). Pingecardium (error) . - Printer's mistake for Ringicardium in Clark & Woodford, 1927 (Stewart 1930; Vokes 1980). pinnulatum Conrad, 1831. [Figs . Part 1 p. 145, 178].Changed combination: Parvicardium pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831). Cardiidae. Pliocene, Pleistocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Unknown (Reeve 1845); Massachusetts (McLean 1939) . RECORDS. "1831 Conrad, p. 260 (pI. II , fig. 8): Cardium pinnulatum . "1845 Reeve: Cardium pinnulatum Conrad. "1860 Stimpson: Cardium pinnulatum Con. ··1873 Tryon: Cardium pinnulatum Conrad, 1836. ··1884 Grasset : Cardium pinnulatum Conf. "1889 Dall : Cardium pinnulatum Conrad [Po PI iocene] . "1890 Paetel : Cardium pinnulatum Conf. ··1902 Dall : Cardium (Cerastoderma) pinnulatum Conrad, 1831 [Pleistocene]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4985: Cardium pinnulatum Conrad, 1831. ··1934 Johnson: Cardium pinnulatum Conrad 1831 . ··1939 McLean : Cardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 697 Pinzonela - Plagiocardium (Cerastoderma) pinnulatum Conrad. "1939 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) pinnulatum fig. [Ref. McLean 1939]. "1944 ZR: Cerastoderma pinnulatum Conrad figs. [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944a]. "1953 La Rocque: Cerastoderma pinnulatum Conrad 1831. "1962 Dexter: Cerastoderma pinnulatum(Conrad). "1971 ZR: Cerastoderma pinnulata Crawling. Veliger larva. Photomicrography [Ref. Culliney 1971].001974 Abbott: Cerastoderma pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831). 001977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Cerastoderma) pinnulatum Conrad. 001980 Keen: Parvicardium pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831). 002000 Aartsen & Goud: Parvicardium pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831).002001 Vidal, p. 408: Parvicardium pinnulatum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. 001845 Reeve: shell ovate, rather oblique, radiately ribbed, 26 ribs, irregularly sculptured with numerous short obtuse scales, posterior ribs the more conspicuous; whitish. 00200 I Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. DIMENSIONS. 001939 McLean: 12 x 10 x 6.5 mm; ribs 25-28. REMARKS. 001845 Reeve: although some doubt has been attached to the value of this species, the shell here represented, is certainly distinct from any of the small Cardium that I have had an opportunity of examining. DISTRIBUTION. 001845 Reeve: unknown. 001884 Grasset: Portland. ooOf authors: Labrador to North Carolina. Pinzonela Cowper-Reid, 1943 (genus). Cardiacea. Trias. RECORDS. 001947 ZR: Pinzonela [Pinzonella in Index] Cowper-Reid, 1943 nov. gen. Trias, Brazil [Cardiacea] Genotype Pinzonela illusa Cowper-Reid, 1943 sp. nov. pironai.- Apricardia pironai. Cardiacea. RECORDS. 001933 ZR: Apricardia pironai [Ref. Parona 1933]. pirsagatica Andrusov, 1963. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra pirsagatica (Andrusov, 1963). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001963 ZR: Didacna pirsagatica Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Miocene, Russia. 001987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra pirsagatica (Andrus.). pisiformis Gmelin. - Synonym of Cardium discors Gmel. » Regarding Tellina pisiformis: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001803 Montagu: Tellina pisiformis Gmel. Syst. p. 3241? = Cardium discors Gmel. pisolithicum d'Orbigny, 1850 - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pisolithicum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001871 Stoliczka: Cardium pisolithicum (? Acanthocardium sic). 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 4994: Cardium pisolithicum d'Orbigny, 1850. pissaroi (error). - Printer's mistake for pissarroi in ZR for 1908 with ref. to Cossmann 1908. pissarroi Cossmann, 1905. - Changed combination: Fragum pissarroi (Cossmann, 1905). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001908 ZR: Cardium pissaroi sic Cossmann, 1908b sp. n. Loire inferieure. 001970 Glibert & Poel: Fragum pissarroi (Cossmann, 1905). pium Zhizhchenko, 1934. - Cerastoderma pium (Zhizhchenko, 1934). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001939 ZR: Cardium pium Zhizhchenko, 1934 sp. n. Miocene Ciscaucasia. 001952 ZR: Cardiumpium Miocene Caucasus [Ref. Zhezhcenko 1934]. 001977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Inaequicostata) pium Key to subspecies. Ref to Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramo nova p. 77. pium convexum Paramonova, 1977 (subspecies). Cerastoderma pium con vexum Paramonova, 1977. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. 001977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Inaequicostata) pium convexum Paramonova, subsp. nov. Russian SFSR. Ref to Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova. p. 207, fig'd. placerense Gabb, 1864. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" placerense. Gabb, 1864. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. From California. RECORDS. 001871 Stoliczka: Cardium (Protocardium) placerense. (Recorded by Gabb). 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Protocardium) placerensis Gabb, 1864; vol. I: 173, pI. 24, fig. 156. placida Stefanescu, 1896. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra placida (Stefanescu, 1896). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. Type species of subgenus Pontalmyra Stefanescu, 1896 in family Limnocardiidae (Glibert & Poe I 1970). Type species of subgenus Pontalmyra Sabba [= Stefanescu], 1896 (Sacco, 1899). RECORDS. 001896 ZR: Pontalmyra placida Miocene, Roumania [Ref. Stefanescu]. 001970 Glibert & Poel: Pontalmyra placida Stefanescu, 1896. 001987 Taktakishvili: Didacna placida (Sabba). 001987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra placida. plaekovalevskii Goretzki, 1956. Caspia plaekovalevskii Goretzki, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. 001956 ZR: Caspia plaekovalevskii sic Goretzki, 1956 sp. nov. Lower Kamar basin, Quatemllry Russia. Plagiadacna (error). - Printer's mistake for Plagiodacna in Dollfus 1905 (Vokes 1980). Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886 (genus). - Cardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. Type species: Crosse (1887) designated Cardium granulosum Lamarck, 1805 type species of genus Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886. RECORDS. 001930 Stewart: Plagiocardium Cossmann 1886 (p. 254-255). 001977 Kafanov and Popov: Plagiocardium subfamily Fraginae, tribe Parvicardiini (jide Schneider 2002). 001977 Popov: Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886. Genotype: Cardium granulosum Lamarck, 1805. 001980 Vokes: Plagiocardium Cossmann 1886 in subfamily Cardiinae. 001983 Anaya: Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886. Synonym of Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884. 001995 Pacaud & Renard: Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886 in subfamily Cardiinae. 001998 Schneider (1998b): Plagiocardium in Fraginae. The genus appears in the Paleocene (Keen 1980). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. 001969 Moore et al.: the shell of Plagiocardium is elliptical-oblique, hinge arched; rib sculpture of bead-like nodes. Europe-Africa-East Indies-New Zealand. 002002 Schneider: the right anterior cardinal tooth is subconical in shape, above (or sometimes slightly anterior) to the right anterior cardinal socket. The tooth does not obscure the socket face. The right anterior cardinal tooth has a rounded tip. The right posterior cardinal is lacking a hook. Plagiocardium has symmetrical or nearly symmetrical knob-like spines. Plagiocardium was found to have composite spines. . Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886 (subgenus). Cardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. 001886 Cossmann: Section Plagiocardium nov. sect. of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. 001887 Fischer: Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1887. Section of genus Cardium Linne, 698 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Plagiodacna - plancarinata 1758. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1969 Moore et at.: Shell medium in size; cardinal teeth nearly equidistant between lateral teeth. Europe-East Indies. REMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. Plagiodacna Andrussow, 1903 (genus). Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. GENOTYPE . Cardium carinatum Deshayes (Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903). RECORDS . ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Plagiodacna n. g. ··1962 ZR: Plagiodacna Andrussov provisionally in subfam. Didacninae Eberzin, 1962, family Cardiidae [Ref. Eberzin 1962]. ··1977 Popov: Plagiodacna Andrussow, 1903. ··1977 ZR: Plagiodacna Pliocene. Romania, systematic accounts. Ref. to Papaianopol, I. ··1980 Vokes: Plagiodacna Andrussow, 1903 in subfamily Didacninae. ··1987 Taktakishvili, p. 93: Plagiodacna Andrussow, 1903; referred to new tribe Pontalmyrini. ··1987 ZR: Plagiodacna Andrussov, 1903. Referred to new tribe Arcicardiini. Ref. to Nevesskaya et at. p. 190. ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Plagiodacna (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. Plagiodacnopsis Andrussow, 1923 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Plagiodacnopsis Andrussow, 1923 in subfamily Adacninae. Plagiodacnopsis Andrusov, 1963 (section and subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: (Plagiodacnopsis) Andrusov, 1963 sect. nov. of Monodacna Apsheron beds, Pliocene, Russia. ··1963 ZR: Plagiodacnopsis Andrusov, 1963 sect. nov. of Monodacna q.v. Plagiodaena (error). - Printer's mistake for Plagiodacna in Salisbury & Edwards, 1960 (Vokes 1980). *plagiomorphum.- Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium plagiomorphum from 3 sources: Cossmann, 1886. Bois-Gouet (?year). - Laub (?year). plagiomorphum Bois-Gouet. - Changed combination: Parvicardium plagiomorphum (Bois-Gouet). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium plagiomorphum Bois-Gouet. ··1970 Glibert & Poe!: Plagiocardiumplagiomorphum (Bois-Gouet). ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvicardium plagiomorphum (Bois-Gouet). plagiomorphum Cossmann , 1886. - Changed combination: Parvicardium plagiomorphum (Cossmann, 1886). Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann, p. 170, PI. VIII, fig. 21-22: Cardium plagiomorphum nov. sp. ··1899 Sacco: Papillicardium plagiomorphum (Cossmann). ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Parvicardium plagiomorphum (Cossmann, 1886). ··1995 Le Renard et al.: Parvicardium plagiomorphum [Cardium plagiomorphum] Cossmann, 1886. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Parvicardium plagiomorphum. plagiomorphum Laub. - Changed combination: Plagiocardium plagiomorphum (de Laub). REMARKS. I have only seen the below reference to de Laub. RECORDS. ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro: Cardium (Plagiocardium) plagiomorphum de Laub. *plana. - Homonymy to be noticed. Didacna plana from 2 sources: Ebersin, 1959. - Nevesskaya, 1956. plana Ebersin, 1959. - Didacna plana Ebersin, 1959. Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1959 ZR: Didacna plana Ebersin, 1959 sp. nov. fossil. plana Nevesskaya, 1956. - Didacna plana Nevesskaya, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Didacna plana Nevesskaya, 1956 sp. nov. Khazar deposits, Quaternary. Cheleken, Russia, Turkmenia . "1957 ZR: Didacnaplana Neveskaya, 1957 sp. nov. Khazar deposits, Chelekhan Quaternary, Turkmenia, Russia. Planacardium Paramonova, 1971 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1980. Vokes: Planacardium Paramonova, 1971. Subfamily uncertain. ··1977 Popov: Planacardium Paramonova, 1971. ··1977 ZR: Cerastaderma (sic = Cerastoderma) (Planacardium). Key to species. Ref to I1'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova. p. 78. ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Planacardium (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. planacardo Andrussow, 1907. - Arcicardium planacardo Andrussow, 1907. Lymnocardi idae. F ossi I. TYPE LOCALITY. Crimean iron ore deposits. RECORDS. ··1907 Andrussow, p. 114, Taf. IV, Fig. 10-12: Arcicardium planacardo nov. sp. ··1964 ZR: Arcicardium planacardo Andrusov, 1964 sp. nov. Tertiary. planaecarinata. Nomen nudum. RECORDS. ··1949 ZR: Replidacna planaecarinata 'no sp.' [nomen nud.] Maestricktian, Sarmat. [Ref. Papp 1949]. planata (variety). - See under irgisicum planata var. Yarkin, 1963. planatum Brocchi. [Figs. Part 1 p. 94]. - Synonym of Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). Cardiidae. Quaternary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1886 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: C. planatum Bf. = Cardium (s. g.?) papillosum Poli. ··1869 Romer: Cardium planatum Brocchi = Cardium papi/losum Polio ··1878 Monterosato: C. plana/um (Ren.) Broce. = C. Polii Payr. = C. papillosum Polio ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5005: Cardium planatum Brocchi, 1814 (ex Renier, 1804). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium planatum Brocchi. Sicily, B40617, B40618. planatum Renier, 1804. Nomen nudum. Not valid. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Parvicardium papi/losum (Poli, 1791). » Regarding Cardium planatum: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Europe, North West Africa. RECORDS. ··1804 Renier: Cardium plana/um. ··1836 Philippi: Cardium plana/um Ren. Broc. = Cardium papi/losum Poli o ··1836 Scacchi: Cardium planatum Ren. Broc. ··1862 Weinkauff: Cardium plana tum Ren. = Cardium papil/osum Poli. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium planatum Renieri = Cardium papil/osum Polio ··1886 Locard: Cardium planatum Renieri, 1804 = Cardium papillosum Poli, 1791. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium planatum Renier = Cardium papillosum Poli. ··1888 Servain: Cardium plana tum of Renieri = Cardium papillosum Poli, 1791. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium planatum Ren. = papillosum Polio ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium planatum Renier, 1804 = Cardium (Parvicardium) papillosum Poli, 1791 . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5005: Cardium planatum Renier, 1804 [n.n.]. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium planatum Renier = Plagiocardium papillosum Poli. plancarinata Papp, 1954. - Replidacna plancarinata Papp, 1954. Lymnocardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1954 ZR: Cardium? (Replidacna) plancarinata Papp, 1954 sp. nov. Sarmatian, Vienna. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 699 Planicardium - planicostatum Planicardium Olsson, 1967 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1980 Vokes: Olsson, 1967. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIP-TIONS. "2002 Schneider: Clinocardium (Planicardium): Large shells externally resembling Dinocardium, but with a hinge resembling Cerastoderma (Campbell 1993).The right anterior cardinal teeth are small, blunt, longer than high, anterior and dorsal to the right anterior cardinal socket, and do not obscure the face of the socket. The right posterior cardinal tooth is twisted, curved, and lacking a hook. REMARKS. "2002 Schneider: Olsson (1967) erected Planicardium as a monotypic genus. Only species was the Neogene Cardium virginianum Conrad, 1839. Keen (1980) classified Planicardium as a subgenus of Clinocardium because the "beaks [are] prosogyrate, [with] the initial part or tip lying above anterior cardinal teeth." Planicardium, often considered closely related to Clinocardium, is a cardiine. planicostata Dockery, 1982. - Trachycardium plan icos/ata Dockery, 1982. Cardiidae. Lower Oligocene. RECORDS . '·1982 ZR: Trachycardium planicostata Dockery, 1982 sp. nov. Mississippi. Ref. to Dockery, p.70. planicostata Stevanovic, 1950. - Parvidacna planicostata Stevanovic, 1950. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Pontian. RECORDS. "1951 ZR: Parvidacna planicostata Stevanovic, 1950 sp. nov. Upper Pontian Serbia, genotype of Parvidacna Stevanovic, 1950. Cardiidae. "1953 ZR: Parvidacna planicostata Stevanovic, 1951 sp. nov. genotype of Parvidacna Stevanovic, 1951 gen. nov. Pontian Serbia. planicosta (variety) . - See under paucicostatum planicosta Monterosato. planicostata kiptschakensis Andrusov, 1964 (variety). - Infrasubspecific . Didacna planicostata var. kiptschakensis Andrusov, 1964. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1964 ZR : Didacna planicostata var. kiptschakensis Andrusov, 1964 nov. Miocene USSR. planicostata latecarinata Andrusov, 1964 (variety). Infrasubspecific. Didacna planicostata var. latecarinata Andrusov, 1964 . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1964 ZR : Didacna planicostata var. latecarinata Andrusov, 1964 nov. Miocene USSR. planicostata pluricostata Andrusov, 1964 (variety). Infrasubspecific. Didacna planicostata var. pluricostata Andrusov, 1964 . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1964 ZR: Didacna planicostata var. pluricostata Andrusov, 1964 nov. Miocene USSR. planicostata tenuicosUlta Andrusov, 1964 (variety). Infrasubspecific. Didacna planicostata var. tenuicostata Andrusov, 1964. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1964 ZR: Didacna planicostata var. tenuicostata Andrusov, 1964 nov. Miocene USSR. planicostata verneuili Deshayes, 1838. - Pontalmyra planicostata verneuili (Deshayes, 1838). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra planicostata verneuili. planicostata zuzica Chelidze, 1957 (variety). Upgraded. Didacna planicostata zuzica Chelidze, 1957. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS . "1957 ZR: Didacna planicostata var. zuzica Chelidze, 1957 nov. Pliocene, River Zhuzhi, Makharadze town, Georgia, Russia. planicostatum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium planicostatum from 4 sources: Sedgwick & Murchison, 1829. - Sowerby, 1833. - Deshayes, 1838. - Braunn in Munster, 1842. planicostatum Braun in Munster, 1842. - Replaced by "Cardium " braunni Deshayes. Combination to be revised. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium planicostatum Braunn, 1842 - C. braunni Desh . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5009: Cardium planicostatum Braun in Muenster, 1842. planicostatum Deshayes, 1838. - Pontalmyra planicostata (Deshayes, 1838). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. RECORDS. ··1838 Deshayes, p. 53, pI. 2, figs . 7-8 : Cardium planicostatum. '·1857 Deshayes: Cardium planicostatum Deshayes, 1837 sic - C. huoti Desh. ··1886 Fischer: Cardium planicosta tum Deshayes . ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903 : Cardium planicostatum Deshayes is type species of sub-form Pontalmyra. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5009: Cardium planicostatum Deshayes, 1838. ··1957 ZR: Didacna planicostata Pliocene [Ref. Chelidze 1957]. ··1964 ZR: Didacna planicostata Miocene [Ref. Andrusov 1964]. ·'1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna planicostata (Desh.). "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra planicostata (Desh.). planicostatum Sedgwick & Murchison, 1829. Ctenocardia planicostatum (Sedgwick & Murchison, 1829). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1829 Sedgwick & Murchison: Cardium planicostatum. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium plenicostatum sic Sedgw. et Murch. 1831 sic. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium planicostatum. planicostatumSowerby, 1833. [Figs. Part I p. 110,129. Part 3 p. 904). - Americardia planicostata (Sowerby, 1833). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Fragum magnijicum (Carpenter, 1857). - Americardia guanacastensis (Hertlein & Strong, 1947). » Regarding Cardium planicostatum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. Ad oras Americae Central is (Guacomayo) in fine sand, at a depth of 13 fathoms (Sowerby 1833). RECORDS. ··1833 Sowerby, p. 83: Cardium planicostatum. "1834 Sowerby, 50 th part, fig. 25 : Cardium planicostatum. "1840 Sowerby, p. 7, No. 83 : Cardium planicostatum Sow. "1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium planicostatum (SowerbyNo. 83). ··1841 Reeve, pI. 77, fig. 25: Cardium planicostatum Sow. ··1843 Hanley: Cardium planicostatum Sow. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium planicostatum Sowerby. ·'1852 Adams: 432. Cardium planicostatum Sowb. 1833. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Fragum) planicostata Sow. "1885 Smith: Cardium planicostatum (on the west side of America). '·1889 Dall p. 282 : Cardium planicostatum Sowerby 1833 not Sedgwick & Murchison, 1829 = C. magnificum Deshayes. "1890 Paetel: Hemicardium planicostatum Sow. '·1891 Stearns: Cardium (Hemicardium) planicostatum Sby. "190 I Dal1 : Cardium planicostatum Sowerby, 1833 (not of Sedgwick & Murchison, 1829) = Cardium (Fragum) magnificum (Deshayes MS) in Carpenter, 1857. '·]92232 Sherborn, p. 5009: Cardium planicostatum Sowerby, 1833. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium planicostatum Sowerby, 1833 = Cardium (Americardia) guanacastensis. "1947 ZR: Cardium planicostatum 700 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) planior - plenicostatum Sow. P.Z.S. 1833 p. 83 not Sedgwick & Murchison 1829 p. 140, replaced by Cardium (Americardia) guanacastense Hertlein & Strong, 1947 [nom. nov.]. ··1961 Olsson: Cardium planicostatum Sowerby, 1833 = Trigoniocardia (Americardia) guanacastense (Hertlein & Strong, 1947). "1971 Keen: Cardium planicostatum Sowerby, 1833 = Trigoniocardia (Americardia) guanacastensis (Hertlein and Strong, 1947) . .. 1974 Abbott: Cardium planicostatum Sowerby, 1833, not Sedgwick and Murchison, 1829 = Americardia guanacastensis (Hertlein & Strong, 1947). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium planicostatum Sowerby = Corculum guanacastensis Hertlein & Strong. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell somewhat squarely cordate, attenuated towards the umbones, rounded anteriorly, very short, concavely angulated posteriorly, middle of the posterior area prominent, radiately ribbed, 30 flat, sharp-edged ribs, the anterior crenated in a somewhat wrinkled manner, posterior finely serrated along the posterior edge , the whole very closely sculptured with arched impressed striae; interstices between the ribs deeply excavated; warm pinkish fleshcolour, clouded and spotted with brown; interior white . .. 1891 Steams: Cardium planicostatum Sby. is very close to C. biangulatum Sby. Since Sowerby's specific name had been used earlier by Sedgwick & Murchison, 1829, a new name was required for Cardium planicostatum of Sowerby. Hence, Hertlein & Strong (1947) proposed the name Cardium guanacastense. REMARKS. "1844 Reeve: one of the most remarkable features in this species is the extremely delicate manner in which the flattened surface of the ribs is very minutely engraved throughout with close-set arched impressed striae. The specimen here figured, from the collection of Mr. Cuming, and one in the British Museum, are all that have as yet been discovered. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: found in fine sand at the depth of 13 fathoms . DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Guacomayo, Central America . ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: California, Costa Rica. planior (variety). - See under edule planior Stimpson and vulgaris planior Krestovnikov, 1929. planiovatum Tscheltzov, 1965. - Avicardium planiovatum Tscheltzov, 1965. Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR : Avicardium planiovatum Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Pliocene, Turkmenia, USSR. planissima (variety). - See under parvula var. planissima. planum Deshayes, 1838. - Changed combination: Phyllocardium planum planum (Deshayes, 1838). Lymnocardiidae . Tertiary. Type species. Cardium planum Deshayes, type species of genus Phyllocardium Fischer, 1887 (Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903). Cardium planum Deshayes, 1838 (mono type) type species of genus Phyllocardium sic Fischer, 1887 in family Limnocardiidae (Glibert & Poe I 1970). TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. RECORDS ... 1838 Deshayes, p. 46, pI. 2, figs. 24-30: Cardium planum . --1857 Deshayes : Cardium planum Verneuil sic . ··1887 Fischer: Phyllocardium planum Deshayes. ··1907 Andrussow: Phyllicardium planum Desh. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5017: Cardium planum Deshayes, 1838. '·1953 Celidje: Phyllocardium planum Desh. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Phyllocardium planum (Deshayes, 1838). ··1977 ZR: Phyllocardium planum planum Pliocene. Romania, morphological Variation. Ref. to Papaianopol & Popescu. ··1988 Lyutzkanov & Ziatev Phyllocardium planum (Desh.). planum giganteum Wenz, 1942 (subspecies) . Phyllicardium planum giganteum Wenz, 1942. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1945 ZR: Phyllicardium (Phyllocardium) planum giganteum Wenz, 1942 subsp. nov. Pliocene Valea Salcii. planum pentagonalis Huica , 1977 (subspecies). Phyllocardium planum pentagonalis Huica, 1977. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene . RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Phy llocardium planum pentagonalis Huica , 1977 subsp. nov. Romania, Pliocene. Ref. to Huica, I. p. 109, fig'd . planum rumanum Wenz , 1942 (subspecies) . Phy llicardium planum rumanum Wenz, 1942. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene . RECORDS. "1945 ZR: Phyllicardium (Phyllocardium) planum rumanum Wenz, 1942 subsp. nov. platense Orbigny, 1842. - Changed combination: Dinocardium platense (d'Orbigny 1842). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5021: Cardium pia tense d'Orbigny, 1842. "1930 Stewart: Cardium platense d 'Orbigny. ··1994 Rio: Dinocardium platense (d'Orbigny 1842). platipleurum Brusina. - New combination: Lymnocardium platipleurum (Brusina). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium platipleurum Brus. platonis Coquand, 1862 . - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium platonis : Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY . Constantine. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium platonis Coquand, 1862 (species insufficiently known). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium platonis Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 205, pI. 10, figs. 11-12. plebeium (spelling). - See under plebejum Solander, 1786. plebejum Solander. - Not valid . OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Cardium oblongum. Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. ··1817 Dillwyn : Cardium plebejum Solander's MSS = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz [not available]. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 5033 : Cardium plebeium Solander, 1786 In. n.]. plectopleura Gardner, 1926. - Changed combination: Trachycardium plectopleura (Gardner, 1926). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1926 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) plectopleura Gardner, 1926 sp. n. Tertiary U.S.A. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Trachycardium (s.s.) plectopleura (Gardner, 1926). pleistopleura Davidasvili 1932 Didacna pleistopleura Davidasvili 1932. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Didacna pleistopleura [Ref. Davidasvili 1932] ... 1964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani : Didacna pleistopleura Dav. type species of genus Submonodacna Livental, 1931. ··1977 Popov: Didacna (Pontalmyra) pleistopleura . pleistopleura pselldomultistriata Dav (subspecies) . Submonodacna pleistopleura pseudomultistriata Dav. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani: Submonoda cna pleistopleura pseudomultistriata Dav. plenicostatum (error). - Printer's mistake for Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 701 plenum - plicata planicostatum in Deshayes 1857. plenum Papaianopol, 1992. - Dacicardium plenum Papaianopol, 1992. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Dacien inferieur (Getien) du Bassin Dacique, Romania. REcORDs. "1992 Papaianopol, p. 25, fig.: Dacicardium plenum sp. nov. pleonexia Davidachvili, 1933 - Changed combination: Pseudocatillus pleonexia (Davidachvili, 1933). Lymnocardiidae. Upper Pliocene. RECORDS. "1934 ZR: Monodacna pleonexia Davidachvili, 1933 sp. n. Upper Pliocene Georgia, Caucasus. "1939 ZR: Monodacna pleonexia [? Bogatschev, 1938a] "sp. n." Baku. "1964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani: Monodacna pleonexia Dav. "1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus pleonexia (David.). plesiochora Dav.- Didacna plesiochora Dav. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani: Didacna plesiochora Dav. "1964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani: Submonodacna plesiochora Dav. Pleuriocardia Scott, 1978 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. GENOTYPE. Cardium (?) kansasense Meek, 1871. OD. RECORDS. "1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia Scott, 1978 n. gen. (Cretaceous). "1978 ZR: Pleuriocardia Scott, 1978 gen. nov. of Cardiidae. Type species Cardium kansasense Meek, 1871. Lower Cretaceous. Ref. to Scott p. 893. "1978 ZR: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) Diagnosis. Ref. to Scott p. 894. "1980 Vokes: Pleuriocardia Scott, 1978. Fossil. ··1986 AbdelGawad: genus Pleuriocardia Scott, 1978. "1995 Schneider: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) Scott, 1978 Cretaceous. '·1995 Schneider: Pleuriocardia (Dochmocardia) Scott, 1978 Cretaceous. "1998 Schneider: Pleuriocardia. Type species Pleuriocardia kansasense (Meek, 1871). Pleuriocardia Scott, 1978 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1978 Scott p. 894, pI. 1, figs. 1-13: (Pleuriocardia) Scott, 1978 n. subgen. (Cretaceous). "1986 Abdel-Gawad: subgenus (Pleuriocardia) Scott, 1978. Pleuriocardiinae (subfamily). - Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1995 Schneider: Pleuriocardiinae Schneider, 1995 subfam. n. Type genus: Pleuriocardia Scott, 1978. "2002 Schneider: Incacardium has been transferred to Pleuriocardiinae. "200 I Schneider & Carter: Pleuriocardiinae (subfamily) Schneider, 1995. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "2000 Schneider: Cardiidae with sculpture of radial ribs on entirety of shell, cross-striae in rib interspaces. Unlike most cardiids, the right cardinal teeth are of almost equal size: anterior right cardinal tooth large, wide, blunt, arching over anterior cardinal socket. Posterior right cardinal tooth shaped as in Nemocardium and Granocardium, but rotated counterclockwise so that the tooth and the right posterior cardinal socket are at less than a 35° angle from the horizontal. Spines of concave-down triangles emanating from top of ribs (may be microscopic). OCCURRENCE. "2000 Schneider: Albian to Maastrichtian, United States, Mexico, Jamaica, Peru, France, England, Algeria, Libya, Egypt. Pleurorhynchus Phillips, 1836 genus). - Synonym of Conocardium Bronn, 1835. » Regarding Pleurorhynchus. Conocardiidae: Fossil. RECORDS. "1847 Gray, No. 561: Pleurorhynchus, sp. Swains. 1840. Synonym of Cardium, sp. Lam.; type species Card. avicularia. "1857 Deshayes: Pleurorhynchus Phillips, in Swainson, Morris: syn. of Cardium. "1887 Fischer: Pleurorhynchus Phillips, 1836. Jun. syn. of Conocardium Bronn, 1835. plicata (mode). - See also under plicatum Eichwald, 1829 & 1840. plicata Eichwald, 1829. [Figs. Part 1 p. 122, 181]. Hypanis plicata (Eichwald, 1829). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. "1829 Eichwald: Glycimeris plicata. ··1838 Eichwald: Adacna plicata m. "1838 Eichwald: Hypanis plicata Pando Menetr. "1838 Eichwald: Glycymeris plicata Zoo I. special. "1841 Eichwald: Adacna plicata. "1849 Middendorff: Pholadomya plicata Eichw. (fide Andrussoff 1903). "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 460: Adacna plicata, Eichw. "1866 Issei: Adacna plicata, Eichwald, 1842. "1877 Grimm: Adacna plicata Eichwald. "1877 ZR: Adacna plicata (Eichw.) Caspian Sea [Ref. Grimm 1877]. "1890 Paetel: Adacna plicata Eichw. "1890 Woodward: Adacna plicata Eich. - Caspian, Black Sea. "1884 Grasset: Adacna plicata. Eich. "1903 Andrussoff: Glycimeris plicata EichwaJd, 1829. "1903 Andrussoff: Eichwald, 1838 Glycimeris plicata (moved to genus Adacna). "1917 ZR: Adacna plicata [Ref. Andrusov 1914]. .. 1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5045: Glycimeris plicata Eichwald, 1829, Fauna Caspio-Caucasia, p. 224. "1935 ZR: Limnocardium plicatum Eichw. [Ref. Friedberg 1934]. "1935 ZR: Limnocardium plicatum Miocene Poland [Ref. Friedberg 1934]. "1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis plicata plicata (Eichwald). "1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Glycimeris plicata Eichwald, 1829 = Hypanis plicata plicata Eichwald. "1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Mya edentula Pallas, 1771 = Hypanis plicata plicata Eichwald. "1969 Nordsieck: Hypanis plicatus (Eichwald, 1829). "1977 Popov,: A. plicata (Eichw.). "1977 Popov: Hypanis plicatus. "1977 Popov: Plicatiforma plicatum [fossil] = ?Eichwald's species. "1992 Schneiderp. 155: Hypanis plicatum (Eichwald). Type species of Hypanis. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. "1884 Grasset: Caspian Sea. "1969 Nordsieck: Black Sea. plicata Eichwald, 1829. - See also under plicata Pander in Menetries, 1832. plicata Eichwald, 1838. - Hypanis plicata Eichwald. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium plica tum Eichwald, 1840. "1882. Menetries designated Cardium plicatum Eichwald, 1829 sic as type species of the genus Hypanis Eichwald, 1838 [Remarks: Eichwald did not describe a species called Cardium plicatum in 1829]. "1888 Kobelt: Cardium plicatum Eichw. (Adacna). "1893. Ostroumoff: Cardium plicatum (Eichw.). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5045: Adacne sic (Pand.) plicata Eichwald, 1838 ... 1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5045: Hypanis ? plicata Eichwald, 1838. "1987. Taktakishvili: Cardium plica tum Eichw. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium plica tum Eichwald. Austria, B31397. plicata Eichwald, 1841. - Adacna plicata Eichwald. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5045: Adacna plicata Eichwald, 1841 N. Mem. Soc. 702 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) plicata - plicatum Imp. Nat. Moscou, VII, p. 280. - Glycimeris plicata Eichwald, 1829, Fauna Caspio-Caucasia, p. 224. plicata Grimm. - Changed combination: Adacna plicata Grimm non Eichwald , 1877. Replaced by Adacna (Hypanis) grimmi Andrusov, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Adacna plicata Grimm non Eichwald, 1877 replaced by Adacna (Hypanis) grimmi Andrusov, 1963 Pliocene , Russia [Ref. Andrusov 1963]. plicata Pander in Menetries, 1832. - Changed combination: Adacna plicata (Pander in Menetries, 1832). Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1837 Krynicki: Hypanis plicata Pander. Menetries = Glicimeris plicata Eichw. Zoo I. spec. I. 279. V. 2. However, Krynicki doubts the proposed synonymy. ··1903 Andrussoff: Hypanis plicata Pando in Menetries 1832 = Amph idesm a caspia Krynicki, 1837. ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Adacna plicata type species of group Hypanis Pander. plicata golbargae Tadjalli-Pour, 1977 (subspecies). Hypanis plicata golbargae Tadjalli-Pour, 1977 . Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Hypanis plica/a golbarg ae Tadjalli-Pour, 1977 subsp . nov. Caspian Sea. Ref to Tadjalli-Pour, M. p. 99, fig ' d. plicata luciae Borcea, 1926 (form). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Adacna plicata plicata forma luciae: Changed combination: Hypanis luciae (Borcea , 1926) . Lymnocardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. ··1962 Grossu: Adacna plicata plicata forma luciae Borcea. plicata minima - Adacna plicata minima. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Adacna plicata minima, food and feeding mechanism [Ref. Romanova 1963]. plicata relicta Milaschewitch, 1916 (variety). - Changed combination: Hypanis plicata relicta (Milaschewitch, 1916). Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1962 Grossu: Adacna plicata var. relicta Mil. ··1963 ZR: Adacna plicata reliCla from Quaternary deposits of the Danube delta [Ref. Grossu & Baltac 1963] . ··1969 Nordsieck: Hypanis plica/us relictus (Milaskewicz). ··Scarlato & Starobogatov: Hypanis plicata relicta (Milaschewitch , 1916). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. The name of the author is spelled in different ways: Milaskewicz, Milaschewitch, and Milasevic. DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: Black Sea. plicata relicta dolosmiana Borcea, 1926 (form). Hypanis dolosmiana Borcea, 1926. » Regarding Adacna plicata relicta dolosmiana : Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1962 Grossu: Adacna plicata relicta forma dolosmiana Borc. ··Scarlato & Starobogatov: Hypanis dolosmiana Borcea, 1926. plicataeformis Gorj.-Kramb. - New combination: Lymno cardium plicataeformis (Gorj .-Kramb.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium plicataeformis (Gorj.-Kramb.). plicatella (variety). - See under plicatum plicatella Friedberg, 1934. plicatieostatum Tscheltzov, 1965. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " plicatieostatum sic Tscheltzov, 1965 . Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Cardium plicatieostatum sic Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Akchagylian (Pliocene), Turkmenia, USSR. Plicatiforma Paramanova, 1971 (genus). - Synonym of Plicatlformes Kolesnikov, 1948. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Plicatiforma). Key to species. Ref to II'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p . 70 . ··1980 Vokes: Plicatiforma Paramanova, 1971 pro Plicatiformes Kolesnikov, 1948. ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Plicatiforma (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. Plicatiforma Tournouer, 1882 (genus). - RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Plicatiforma Tournouer, 1882. Plicatiformes Kolesnikov, 1948 (genus) . Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Plicatiformes Kolesnikov, 1948. plicatofittoni - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" plicatofittoni. Cardiacea. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Cardiumplicatofittoni figd. Sarmatian, Yugoslavia [Ref. Spajic 1965]. plicatoforme Senes, 1955. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" plicatoform e Senes, 1955 . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1955 ZR: Cardium (Limnocardium) plicatoforme Senes, 1955 sp. nov. Miocene, Czechoslovakia. plicatoides chisinau Mateuti-Soroca . - Upgraded. Combination to be revised : "Cardium" plicatoides chisinau Mateuti-Soroca. Cardiacea . Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Cardium plicatoides MateutiSoroca n. f. chisinau, Sarmatian fossil, Rumania. plicatum Ius (mode). - See also under plicata Eichwald, 1829 & 1840. *plicatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium plica tum from 2 sources: Eichwald, 1830. - Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. plicatum Eichwald , 1830. - RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5046: Cardium plicatum Eichwald, 1830. Nat. Lithauen, 209. plicatum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Replaced by "Cardium " munsteri Deshayes. Combination to be revised » Regarding "c. " plicatum : Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium plica tum Munster, 1840 - C. munsteri Desh. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5046: Cardium plicatum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837, p. 215 . plicatum jammense (subspecies). - Plicatiforma plicatumjammense. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Plicatiforma plica tum jammense. plicatum plicatella Friedberg, 1934 (variety). - New combination: Lymnocardium plicatum plicatella (Friedberg, 1934). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1935 ZR : Limnocardium plicatum var. plicatella Friedberg, 1934 nov. Miocene Poland. plicatum pseudoplicatum Friedberg, 1934 (variety) . New combination: Lymnocardium plica tum pseudoplicatum (Friedberg, 1934). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS . ··1935 ZR: Limnocardium plica/um var. pseudoplicatum Friedberg, 1934 nov. Miocene Poland. plicatulII rybnicense Grishkevitch & Nevesskaya, 1959 (subspecies). - Nomen nudum. »Regarding Cardium plica/um rybnicense: Cardiacea. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1959 ZR: Cardium plicatum rybnicense Grishkevitch & Nevesskaya, 1959 subsp. nov. as nom. nud. in list p. 90, Northern shore of Kara-Bogaz, Turkmeniya, Sarmatian, Miocene. plicatum . - Cerastoderma plicatum. Cardiidae. ? fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR: Cerastoclerma sic (Plicatiforma) 703 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) plinthinatus - politum plicatum. Key to subspecies. Ref to Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 70. plinthinatus Branson, 1942. - New name: Conocardium plinthinatus Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1942 ZR: Conocardium plinthinatus Branson, 1942 nom. nov. for Conocardium ornatum Cleland 1911 non Winchell & Marcy 1865. "1943 ZR: Conocardium plinthinatum Branson, 1942 nom. nov. for C. ornatum Cleland, 1911 not Winchell & Marcy. plumsteadianum (error). - Printer's mistake for plumstedianum in Deshayes 1857, Le Renard et al. 1995, and Pacaud & Renard 1995. plumstedianum Sowerby, 1813. - Changed combination: Nemocardium plumstedianum (Sowerby, 1813). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1835 Lamarck: Cardium plumstedianum Sow. = Cardium semigranulosum Sow. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium plumsteadianum sic Sowerby. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5061: Cardium plumstedianum Sowerby, 1813. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Nemocardium (s.s.) plumstedianum (Sowerby, 1813). "1995 Le Renard et al.: Nemocardium (s. str.) plumsteadianum [Cardium plumsteadianum 1Sowerby 1., 1813. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) plumsteadianum. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium plumstedianum Sowerby. Germany, B24909. pluricostata - Hyrcania pluricostata. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977 Popov: Hyrcania (Hyrcania) pluricostata. pluricostata (variety). - See under caucasica pluricostata Androussov, 1923. - planicostata pluricostata Andrusov, 1964. plurintermedia Andrussov, 1924. - Didacna plurintermediaAndrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Didacna plurintermedia Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. ··1963 ZR: Didacna plurintermedia Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. pluriradiatum Chen et al. - Tulongocardium pluriradiatum (Chen, Chen & Zhang, 1976). Cardiacea. Upper Triassic. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Cardium (Tulongocardium) pluriradiatum Chen, Chen & Zhang, 1976 sp. nov. China, Upper Triassic. Type species of subgenus (Tulongocardium). Ref. to Wen et al., p. 32. ··1995 Schneider: Cardium (Tulongocardium) pluriradiatum Chen, Chen & Zhang in Lan & Chen, 1976. Type species of Tulongocardium Chen, Chen & Zhang in Lan and Chen, 1976. plurisuperjactata (variety). - See under lamarck;; plurisuperjactata Coen, 1937. podolicum Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" podolicum Deshayes. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium podolicum Desh. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium podolicum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 49. pokveschia Akhvlediani, 1966. - Plagiodacna pokveschia Akhvlediani, 1966. Lymnocardiidae. Middle Pliocene. RECORDS. "1966 ZR: Plagiodacna pokveschia Akhvlediani, 1966 sp. nov. Mid-Pliocene, River Galizqa, Kerchensk Peninsula. SSR. poleanum Schauroth, 1865. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" poleanum Schauroth, 1865. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium poleanum Schauroth, 1865; p. 209, pI. 18, fig 10 polemonis Schwets, 1913. - Changed combination: Pseudocatillus polemonis (Schwets, 1913). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1913 ZR: Monodacna polemonis Schwez, 1913 sp. n. Tertiary, Kertsch. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus polemonis (Schwets). "1984 ZR: Pseudocatillus polemonis Schwetz. Referred to new subgenus P (Donacicatillus). Ref. to Akhvlediani p. 71. polii Payraudeau, 1826. [Figs. Part I p. 143. Part 3 p. 933]. - Synonym of Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium planatum Renier. - Cardium scabrum Phil. » Regarding Cardium poW: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean (Reeve 1845). RECORDS. "1826 Payraudeau, N. 96: Cardium polii Nob. (new name for C. papil/osum Poli; papillosum preoccupied). "1832 Bronn: ? Cardium polii Pa. 57 = Cardium planatum Brch. ··1836 Philippi: Cardium poW Payr. p. 57. = Cardium papillosum Polio ··1845 Reeve: Cardium polii Payraudeau = Cardium papillosum Poli. ··1848 Requien: Cardium polii. Payr. = Cardium scabrum. Phil. tom. 2. p. 38. tab. 14. fig. 16. "1850 Jay: Cardium poW Payr. = Cardium papillosum Poli. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium poW Peyraudeau sic. ··1862 Weinkauff: Cardium poW, Payr. = Cardium papillosum, Poli. ··1867 Hidalgo: Cardium poW, Payraudeau = Cardium papillosum, Polio ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium poW Payraudeau = Cardium papillosum Polio ··1886 Locard: Cardium poW, Payraudeau, 1826 = Cardium papillosum, Poli, 1791. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium poW Payraudeau = Cardium papillosum Poli. "1888 Servain: Cardium poW Payraudeau = Cardium papillosum Poli, 1791. "1890 Hidalgo: Cardium poli Payraudeau = Cardium papillosum Polio ··1890 Paetel: Cardium poW Payr. = papil/osum Poli. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium poW = Cardium papillosum Poli, 1791. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium po Iii Payraudeau, 1826 = Cardium (Parvicardium) papillosum Poli, 1791. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5074: Cardium polii Payraudeau, 1826. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium poW Payraudeau = Cardium papil/osum Polio polii Payraudeau (variety). - Identical with Parvicardium papillosum (Po Ii, 1791). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1878 Monterosato: Cardium var. poW Payr. C. obliquatum Arad. = Cardium papillosum Polio politioanei Jekelius, 1944. - Cerastoderma politioanei (Jekelius, 1944). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Cardium politioanei Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. ··1965 ZR: Cardium politioanei figd. Sarmatian, Yugoslavia [Ref. Spajic 1965]. "1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Inaequicostata) politioanei (Jekelius) Key to subspecies. Ref to Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 77. politioanei suessiformis Jekelius, 1944 (subspecies). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" politioanei suessiformis Jekelius 1944. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Cardium politioanei var. suessiformis Jekelius, 1944 nov. (type f. 15). Miocene Soceni Bana!. ··1971 ZR: Cardium politioanei suessiformis Jekelius 1944 Neotype Designated p. 57 Morphological variation [Ref. Hinculov 1971]. *politum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium politum from 2 sources: Spengler, 1799. - Risso, 1826. 704 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) poUtum - pondicheriense politum Risso, 1826. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium poUtum: Cardiidae. Recent . TYPE LOCALITY. South Europe (Fischer-Piette, 1977). REMARKS. No description, no figure. REcORDs. "1826 Poli, p. 333: Cardium politum. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5077: Cardium poUtum Risso, 1826. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium politum Risso = species insufficiently known. politum Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part 3 p. 896]. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium politum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. South Seas (Pacific Ocean) (Spengler, 1799). TYPE REPOSITORY. ZMUC. RECORDS. --1799 Spengler, p. 46, No. 30: Cardium politum. "1808 Spengler, p. 126: Cardium politum . "1870 Morch: Cardium politum Spgl.; resembling C. norvegicum Spengler. --1902 Sherborn , p. 765: Cardium politum Spengler, 1799. "1977 FischerPiette : Cardium politum Spengler. Species insufficiently known. --1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium politum Spengler, 1799. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1799 Spengler: shell circular, compressed, not inflated, smooth, very glossy, inner margin finely dentate, extending inside shell, colour outside even light yellow, blue-grey lines imbedded in the shell, extend from umbo to margin, inside dark yellow. DESCRIPTIONS. --1799 Spengler: Testa cordata aequivalvi, laevigatostriata, margine intus dentato. --1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: trus Cardium , which also comes from the South Sea, is still smaller than the preceding one [Cardium striatum]. Like this, it is circular in outl ine, not vaulted, but flatly compressed . The whole surface is smooth, shining as polished agate. The whole internal margin of the cockle is provided with numerous fine teeth, which reach rather far up internally. The outside has a uniform beautiful light yellow colour, provided with grey-blue lines extending longitudinally under the glaze and shining through it. Inside the colour is dark-yellow. DIMENSIONS. Height and breadth 3/4 Tom. (20 mm). REMARKS. --1977: Fischer-Piette considers the species insufficiently known because it has not been illustrated or recorded since its description by Spengler. Vidal (1996) identified the shell as Laevicardium crassum (label at ZMUC) . HABITAT. --1799 Spengler: South Seas. polonicum Alth, 1850. - Synonym of Nemocardium fenestratum (Kner 1850). » Regarding Cardium polonicum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5083 : Cardium polonicum Alth, 1850. --1986 Abdel-Gawad: Cardium polonicum Alth, 1850 = Nemocardium (Nemocardium) fenestratum (Kner 1850). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium polonicum Alth, 1850; vol. 3(2): 227, pI. 12, fig. 3. polycolpatum Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911. - Changed combination: Europicardium polycolpatum (Cossmann & Peyrot 1911). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium polycolpatum Cossmann & Peyrot, 1912 = Cardium (Trachycardium) multicostatum Brocchi, 1814. "1911 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) polycolpatum Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911 sp. n . France Neogene. "1959 CsepreghyMeznerics : Cardium (Trachycardium) polycolpatum Cossmann et Peyrot. --1977 Popov: Bucardium (Europicardium) polycolpatum (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911). "1994 Marcomini: Cardium (Trachycardium) polycolpatum Cossmann & Peyrot, 1912. "2002 Schneider: Europicardium polycolpatum (Cossmann & Peyrot 1911). France. Aquitanian-Burdigalian. polymorpha (subspecies). - See under angusticostata polymorpha Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. polyodon Solander, 1786. - Cardium polyodon Solander, 1786. RECORDS. --1786 Solander, p. 17 no. 382: Cardium polyodon. polypleurum Brusina. - New combination: Lymnocardium polypleurum (Brusina). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium polypleurum Brus. polyptyctus Bayan, 1870. - Changed combination: Discors polyptyctus (Bay.). Cardiidae. Eocene and Oligocene. RECORDS. --1899 Sacco: Discors polyptyctus (Bay.). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium polyptyctum Bayan, 1870; vol. 27: 461, 485 . "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium po/yptyctum Bayan. Upper Lutetien. Egypt, B43628. pomeyroliKeen, 1954. - Granocardium pomeyroli Keen, 1954. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1954 Keen: Granocardium (Ethmocardium) pomeyroli Keen, n. sp. "1954 ZR: Granocardium (Ethmocardium) pomeyroli Keen, 1954 sp. nov. Upper Cretaceous, New Caledonia. --1956 ZR: Granocardium (Ethmocardium) pomeyroli from New Caledonia, now thought to be Cretaceous [Ref. Pomeyrol 1956]. --1978 Freneix & Mackie: Granocardium (Ethmocardium) pomeyroli Keen, 1954. pomeyroli pomeyroli Freneix, 1957 (form). Infrasubspecific level. Granocardium (Ethmocardium) pomeyroli pomeyroli Freneix, 1957. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1957 ZR: Granocardium (Ethmocardium) pomeyroli pomeyroli Freneix, 1957 forma nov. Cretaceous, New Caledonia [Ref. Freneix 1957]. pomeyroli transversa Freneix, 1957 (form). Granocardium pomeyroli transversa Freneix, 1957. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1957 ZR: Granocardium (Ethmocardium) pomeyroli transversa Freneix, 1957 forma nov. New Caledonia [Ref. Freneix 1957]. pomeyrote Keen , 1954. - Granocardium pomeyrote Keen, 1954. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1954 ZR: Granocardium (Ethmocardium) pomeyrote Keen, 1954 sp. nov. Upper Cretaceous, New Caledonia. ponacoides (error). - Printer's mistake for donacoides in Andrussow 1907, p. 108. ponchibaense Amano, 1983. - Clinocardium ponchibaense Amano, 1983. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1983 ZR: Clinocardium (Keenocardium) ponchibaense Amano, 1983 sp. nov. Japan. Ref. to Amano, p. 47. ponderosum (variety). - See under norvegicum ponderosum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1889. pondicheriense Orbigny, 1847. - Protocardium pondicheriense Orbigny, 1847. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REMARKS. Species intennediate between Protocardium hillanum and Protocardium altum. Cardium pondicheriense considered syn . with Cardium altum by d'Orbigny but Stoliczka finds the two species distinct. RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka: Protocardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 705 Pontalmyra - portaferrica pondicheriense d'Orbigny, 1847. Pontalmyra Sabba Stefanescu, 1896 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. Erected to accommodate Roumanian Ponti an [Tertiary basin] cardiids. RECORDs. "1896 ZR : Pontalmyra Stefanescu, 1896 n. g. Miocene, Roumania. "1903 Andrussoff: Pontalmyra Sabba Stefanescu, 1896. "1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Pontalmyra. ··1980 Vokes: Pontalmyra Stefanescu, 1896 in subfamily Didacninae. "1981 ZR: Pontalmyra Sabba Stefanescu, 1896. Miocene, Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 7. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra Sabba Stefanescu, 1896. Pontalmyra Sabba Stefanescu, 1896 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Cardium planicostatum Deshayes is type species of sub-form Pontalmyra. Pontalmyrini Taktakishvili , 1985 (tribe) . Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili : Pontalmyrini tribe nov. ofLimnocardiinae. Type genus Pontalmyra Sabba Stefanescu, 1896. "1987 Taktakishvili, p.85: Oraphocardium Ebersin, 1949; referred to new tribe Pontalmyrini. ponteleviense Mayer, 1868. - Papyridea ponteleviense (Mayer, 1868). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1886 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium (Papyridea) ponteleviense Mayer. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg, p. 330: Cardium (Papyridea) pontileviense sic Mayr, 1868. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Papyridea ponteleviense (Mayer, 1868). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium ponteleviense Mayer, 1868; [1857-1869] vol. 16: 189, pI. 7, fig. 5. pontica (variety).- See under caspia pontica Eichwald 1838. pontica Celidje, 1953. - Chartadacna pontica Celidje, 1953. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1953 Celidje, p. 157: Chartadacna pontica gen. et sp. nov. pontica Eichwald, 1838. - Synonym of Hypanis caspia (Eichwald, 1841). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Monodacna pseudocardium Deshayes, 1838. - Monodacna pontica Eichwald, 1841. » Regarding Monodacna pontica: Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea . DISTRJBUTION. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. "1838 Eichwald, p. 168-169: Monodacna pontica m. "1841 Eichwald, p. 219: Monodacna pontica m. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium ponticum. "1888 Kobelt: Cardium ponticum Eichw. = Monodacna pseudocardium. "1890 Woodward: Monodacna pontica, Eich . - Black Sea. "1893 Ostroumoff: Cardium ponticum . "1903 Andrussoff: Eichwald, 1838 Monodacna pontica n. sp. sic. "1908 Milaschewitch : pontica Eichw. syn. = Monodacna pseudocardium (Deshayes) 1838. '·192232 Sherborn, p. 5 \07: Monodacna pontica Eichwald, 1838. "1922-32 Sherborn, p . 5107 : Monodacna pontica Eichwald , 1841 . "1962 ZR: Monodacna pontica in the etangs ofCrapina-Jijila, Roumania [Ref. Botnariuc 1962]. "1963 ZR: Monodacna pontica from deposits of the Danube delta [Ref. Grossu & Baltac 1963]. "1974 ZR: Monodacna pontica. Artificial pond. Acclimatization. Ref. to Ioffe. "1975 ZR: Monodacna pontica. Distribution. Lake USSR. Ref. to Zhuravel. pontica carinata Grossu & Baltac, 1963 (subspecies).Monodacnapontica carinata Grossu & Baltac, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Monodacna pontica carinata Grossu & Baltac, 1963 subsp. nov. Quaternary deposits of the Danube Delta, Rumania. ponticllm Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ponticum Deshayes, 1853. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium ponticum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 49. ponticllm (aff.) Hal. - New combination: Lymnocardium aff. ponticum (Hal.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium aff. ponticum (Hal.). ponticus Ebersin, 1955 . - Valenciennius ponticus Ebersin, 1955. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1955 Ebersin : Valenciennius ponticus sp. nov. pontileviense (error). - Printer's mistake for ponteleviense in Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1902 pontocaspia Pavlov, 1925. - Changed combination: Didacna pontocaspia (Pavlov, 1925). Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene and Quaternary. RECORDS. "1926 ZR: Cardium (Didacna)pontocaspium Pavlov, 1926 sp. n. Tertiary S.E. Europe. "1929 ZR: Cardium (Didacna) pontocaspium Pavlov. 1925 sp. n. Neogene & Quaternary ofS .E. Europe. "1932 Zoological Record, VIII. Moll. Cardiacea p. 111: Didacna pontocaspia [Ref. Petrbok 1932]. "1963 ZR: Didacna pontocaspia, from Quaternary deposits of the Danube delta [Ref. Grossu & Baltac 1963]. "1985 Mikhailescu: Didacna pontocaspia Pavlov [1925] . "1989 Mikhailesku: Didacna pontocaspia Pavl. "1989 Klimanov, Mikhailesku & Chepalyga: Didacna pontocaspia Pavl. pontocaspia tanaitica Popov, 1983 (subspecies). Didacna pontocaspia tanaitica Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS . "1983 Popov, p. 191, fig.: Didacna pontocaspia tanaitica subsp. nov. pontocrassa (subspecies). - See under crassa pontocrassa Pavlov, 1925. Pontolamyna (error). - Printer's mistake for Pontalmyra in Dybowski & Grochmalicki 1917 (Vokes 1980) populosum (error). - ?Printer's mistake for porulosum in Potiez & Michaud 1844. poratica Mih. - Didacna poratica Mih. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1989 Mikhailesku: Didacna poratica Mih. "1989 Klimanov, Mikhailesku & Chepalyga: Didacna poratica Mih. porcellanlls Rosewater, 1982. - Hippopus porcellanus Rosewater, 1982. Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1982 ZR: Hippopus porcellanus Rosewater, 1982 sp. nov. Philippines. Ref. to Rosewater, p. 3. "1982 ZR: Hippopus porcel/anus. Refto D' Attilio et al. / Okutani. "1998 Poutiers : Hippoplls porcellanliS Rosewater, 1982. *porsllgelica. - Homonymy to be noticed. Didacna porsugelica from 2 sources: Nevesskaya, 1956. Ebersin, 1959. porsugelica Ebersin, 1959. - Didacna porsugelica Ebersin, 1959. Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1959 ZR: Didacna porsugelica Ebersin, 1959 sp. nov. porsllgelica Nevesskaya, 1956. - Didacna porsugelica Nevesskaya , 1956. Lymnocardiidae . Quaternary. RECORDS. "1956 ZR: Didacna porsugelica Nevesskaya, 1956 sp. nov. Khazar deposits, Quaternary. Cheleken, Russia, Turkmenia. "1957 ZR: Didacna porsugelica Neveskaya, 1957 sp. nov. Khazar deposits, Chelekhan Quaternary, Turkmenia, Russia. portaferrica Papaian. & Marin. - Changed combination: 706 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) portaferriea - postdonaeoides Pontalmyra portaferrica (Papaian. et Marin .) Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra portaferrica (Papaian. et Marin.) portaferriea Papaianopol, 1975. - Didacna portaferrica Papaianopol, 1975. Lymnocardiidae. PI iocene. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR : Didacna (Crassadacna) portaferrica Papaianopol, 1975 sp. nov. Romania, Mehedinti, Susita. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 153. portaferriea Papaianopol, 1978. - Zamphiridacna portaferrica Papaianopol, 1978. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Zamphiridacna portaferrica Papaianopol, 1978 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, 1. p. 145. portlandieum Whitfield, 1905. - Onychocardium portlandicum Whitfield, 1905 . Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1905 ZR: Onychocardium portlandicum Whitfield, 1905 n. sp. Portage Rocks of Lake Erie Whitfield. portorieoensis (variety). - See under sambaicum portoricoensis Hubbard, 1920. porulosllm. - Homonymy. Cardium porulosum from 2 sources: Solander in Brander, 1766. Lamarck (?year). porulosum Lamarck. [Figs. Part 3 p. 920]. - "Cardium" porulosum Lamarck. Cardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. J do not know how the authorship of Solander, 1766 compares with Lamarck. RECORDS. ··1839 Anton: Cardium porulosum Lamarck. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium porulosum Lam. Tertiary of France. porulosum Solander in Brander, 1766. [Figs. Part 3 p. 920] . - Changed combination: Orthocardium porulosum (So lander in Brander, 1776). Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. Tremlett (\ 950) designated Cardium porulosum Solander, 1766 type species of subgenus Orthocardium of genus Vepricardium. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin, France. RECORDS. ··1766 Solander in Brander p. 39, pI. 8, fig. 99: Cardium porulosum. ··1857 Deshayes, pI. 26, figs. 1-3 : Cardium porulosum Brander. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium porulosum Solander in Brander, 1776. ··1886 Vincent: Cardium porulosum Solander. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 773: Cardium porulosum Solander in Brander, 1766. ··1904 Cossmann & Pissarro : Cardium (Trachycardium) porulosum Sol. ··1912 Favre: Cardium porulosum Solander. ··1930 Stewart:. "e." porulosum. "1950 Tremlett: Cardium (Orthocardium) porulosum Solander, 1766. ··1950 ZR: Cardium (Orthocardium) porulosum Sol. Eocene and Oligocene Cardiidae [Ref. Tremlett 1950] . ··1950 ZR: Cardium porulosum Solander, Middle and Upper Eocene subgenotype of Orthocardium Tremlett, 1950 subgen. nov. Cardium. ··1969 Moore et al.: Vepricardium (Orthocardium) porulosum (Solander, 1766). ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Orthocardium) porulosum porufosum Solander in Brander, 1766. ··1970 ZR: Trachycardium porulosum identified from Eocene and Lower Oligocene sands in Zeeland, [Ref. Gittenberger 1970]. ··1977 Popov: Orthocardium porulosum (Solander, 1766). ··1977 Popov: Cardium porulosum Solander, 1766. Type of Orthocardium Tremlett, 1950. ··1987 Cuif, Denis, laillard & Zhu: Vepricardium porulosum. ··1987 ZR : Vepricardium porulosum. Ref. to Cuif et al. ··1995 Le Renard et af.: Cardium (Orthocardium) porulosum Solander in Brander, 1766. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Cardium (Orthocardium) porulosum. ··1998 Schneider: Orthocardium porulosum (Solander, 1766). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers . com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Trachycardium porulosum Solander (Lamarck?). Lutetien. France (Bassin de Paris), i.a. ··2002 Schneider: Orthocardium porulosum (Solander, 1766). One of the very first species of any sort of fossil to be given a Linnean binomen. porulosum asiatica Kakhanova, 1957 (variety) . Nomen nudum. » Regarding Cardium porulosum var. asiatica: RECORDS. ··1957 ZR: Cardium porulosum var. asiatica Kakhanova, 1957 nov. as nom. nud. Eocene, Tadgic depression, Middle Asia; Tadzhiktistan Republic, USSR? porulosum belgiellm Glibert, 1933 (variety) . Upgraded . New combination: Orthocardium porulosum belgicum (Glibert, 1933). Cardiidae. Bruxellien. RECORDS. "1933 ZR : Cardium (Trachycardium) porulosum var. belgicum Glibert, 1933 nov. Bruxellien Belgium. porlliosum highcliffensis Tremlett, 1950 (variety). Upgraded . Orthocardium porulosum highclifJensis (Tremlett, 1950). Cardiidae . Oligocene. RECORDS . ··1950 ZR: Cardium (Orthocardium) porulosum Sol. var. highclifJensis Tremlett, 1950 nov. Hampshire Basin, Highcliffp. 130 pI. 19 f. 21 English Eocene and Oligocene Cardiidae. porulosllm hopneri Glibert & Poel, 1970 (subspecies). - New combination: Orthocardium porulosum hopneri Glibert & Poe I, 1970. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 52: Cardium (Orthocardium) porulosum hopneri nov. subsp. ··1970 ZR: Cardium (Orthocardium) porulosum hopneri Glibert & Van De Poel, 1970 subsp. nov. Lutetian, Eocene, Parnes, Paris Basin, France. ··1995 Le Renard et al. : Cardium (Orthocardium) porulosum hopneri Glibert & Van De Poel,1970. porulosum keeni Glibert, 1933 (subspecies). - Nom. mut. New combination: Orthocardium porufosum belgicum Glibert, 1933. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1936 ZR: Laevicardium (Trachycardium) porulosum keeni nom. mut. = belgicum Glibert, 1933 Wemmel Sands, Eocene Belgium, [Ref. Glibert 1933] . .. 1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Orthocardium) porulosum keeni Ghbert, 1933 . porulosum subporulosum d'Orbigny 1850 (subspecies). - New combination: Orthocardium porulosum subporulosum d' Orbigny 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1995 Le Renard et af.: Cardium (Orthocardium) porulosum subporufosum d'Orbigny 1850. postearditoides Nalivkin & Anisimov. - Didacna postcarditoides Nalivkin & Anisimov, 1916 . Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1916 ZR: Didacna postcarditoides Nalivkin & Anisimov, 1916 sp. n. Pliocene Russia. postcimmerica Davidachvili, 1933. - Chartoconcha postcimmerica Davidachvili, 1933. Cardiacea. Upper Pliocene . RECORDS. ··1934 ZR: Chartoconcha postcimmerica Davidachvili, 1933 sp. n. Upper Pliocene Georgia, Caucasus . ··1977 Popov : Chartoconcha postcimmerica. postdonacoides (variety). - See under donacoides postdonacoides Davidachvili, 1933. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 707 postdonacoides - praeechinata postdonacoides Davitashvili. - Pseudocatillus postdonacoides (Davitashvili). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus postdonacoides (David.). ··1984 ZR: Pseudocatillus postdonacoides Davitashvili. Referred to new subgenus. P (Donacicatillus). Ref. to Akhvlediani p. 71. postduabica Davidachvili, 1933. - Prosodacna postduabica Davidachvili, 1933. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1934 ZR: Prosodacna postduabica Davidachvili, 1933 sp. n. Upper Pliocene Caucasus. postmoutonianum Poyarkova, 1978. - New combination: Trachycardium postmoutonianum (Poyarkova, 1978). Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) postmoutonianum Poyarkova, 1978 sp. nov. Kazakhstan. Ref. to Poyarkova p. 112. postoxypleura Akhvlediani, 1984. - Pontalmyra postoxypleura Akhvlediani, 1984. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1984 ZR: Pontalmyra postoxypleura sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Akhvlediani p. 55. pracedentula Eberzin, 1956. - Pteradacna pracedentula Eberzin, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Pteradacna pracedentula Eberzin, 1956 sp. nov. Kerchenski, Crimea, Russia. pracipitatumn Slodkewitsch, 1932. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pracipitatumn Slodkewitsch, 1932. Cardiidae. Paleogene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium?) pracipitatumn Slodkewitsch, 1932b sp. n. Paleogene S. Russia. praeaculeatum Holzl, 1958. - New combination: Acanthocardia praeaculeatum (Holzl, 1958). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Cardium (Acanthocardia) praeculeatum sic Holzl, 1958 sp. nov. Burdigalian, Miocene. Kaltenbach excavation, Upper Bavaria, Germany. praeangusticostata Eberzin, 1956 - Stenodacna praeangusticostata Eberzin, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Stenodacna praeangusticostata Eberzin, 1956 sp. nov. Kuban. Kerchenski, Crimea, Russia. Pliocene. ··1977 Popov: Stenodacna praeangusticostata. praeannulatus (subspecies). - See under annulatus praeannulatus Ebersin, 1955. praearenicola - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" praearenicola. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1946 Abrard: Cardium praearenicola. praeblandum Keen, 1954. - Clinocardium praeblandum Keen, 1954. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. "1954 ZR: Clinocardium praeblandum Keen, 1954b sp. nov. Briones formation, Upper Miocene Contra Costa Co. California. ··1977 Popov: Clinocardium praeblandum Keen, 1954. Praecardium (genus). - Not a cardiid genus. » RegardingPraecardium: Silurian. REcoRDs. ··1926 ZR: Praecardium latecostatum Heller, 1926 Silurian Germany. praecedens Mayer, 1858. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" praecedens Mayer. Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium praecedens Mayer, 1858; [1857-1869] vol. 7: 187. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium praecedens Mayer. Helvetien. Suisse, B30825, B30826. praecipitatum Slodkewitsch, 1932. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" praecipitatum (Slodkewitsch, 1932). Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1932 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) praecipitatum Slodkewitsch, 1932a "sp. nova". praechinatum otarii Kharatishvili, 1958 (variety). Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" praechinatum otarii Kharatishvili, 1958. - Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) praechinatum var. otarii Kharatishvili, 1958 nov. Kaspi Sakar Aul horizon, Miocene. Georgia USSR praecoloratus Eberzin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus praecoloratus Eberzin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus praecoloratus Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. praecrenulata Eberzin, 1962. - Didacna praecrenulata Eberzin, 1962. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Didacna (Pontalmyra) praecrenulata Eberzin, 1962 sp. nov. Kerchenskii; Azov region; Pliocene, Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Ponta/myra praecrenulata (Ebers.). praeculeatum (error). - ?Printer's mistake for praeaculeatum in ZR for 1958. praecurrens Stoliczka, 1871. - Changed combination: Profragum praecurrens (Stoliczka, 1871). Cardiidae. Late Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. North of Odium and west of Anapaudy, South India. REMARKS. Resembles a recent sp. living on coral reefs in the Nicobar islands (Stoliczka 1871). REcoRDs. "1871 Stoliczka, p. 222, pI. II, figs. 1-2: Fragum praecurrens Stoliczka. "1980 Ruhoff: Fragum praecurrens Stoliczka, 1870; [18701871] vol. 3: 222, pI. 11, figs. 1-2. "1998 Schneider: Profragum praecurrens (Stoliczka, 1871). ··2001. Schneider & Carter: Profragum praecurrens (Stoliczka, 1871). Cardiidae. Late Cretaceous, India. praecygnorum Ludbrook, 1955. - Changed combination: Vasticardium praecygnorum (Ludbrook, 1955). Cardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Dry Creek Sands (Pliocene), Adelaide, South Australia. REcORDs. ··1955 ZR: Vasticardium (Regozara) praecygnorum Ludbrook, 1954 sp. nov. nom. nud. Pliocene, Australia. ··1977 Popov: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) praecygnorum (Ludbrook, 1955). "1999 Vidal: Vasticardium (Regozara) praecygnorum Ludbrook, 1955. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1999 Vidal: this species has 48 ribs (Ludbrook 1955: 61) praedesertum Strausz, 1930. - New combination: Lymnocardium praedesertum (Strausz, 1930). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1941 ZR: Limnocardium praedesertum Strausz, 1930 sp. nov. [Miocene], Hungary. praeduboisi - Panticapaea praeduboisi. Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Panticapaea praeduboisi sp. nov Pliocene. Kerchenski, Crimea Peninsula, and Kuban Russia. ··1977 Popov: Panticapaea praeduboisi. praeechinata Hilber, 1882. - Synonym of Acanthocardia turonica (Homes, 1861). Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium praeechinatum Hilber. ··1958 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) praechinatum Miocene. [Ref. Kharatishvili 1958]. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Cardium (Acanthocardia) 708 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) praeechinatum - praepermicus praeechinatum Hilber, 1882. ··1977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) praeechinata (Hilber, 1882). ··1986 Studencka, p. 69: Cardium praeechinatum Hitber, 1882; syn. nov.; of Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) turonica (Homes, 1861). ··1987 ZR: Cardium praeechinatum Hilber, 1882. New synonym of Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) turonica (Homes, 1861). Ref. to Studencka p. 69. praeechinatum (mode). - See under praeechinata. praeechinatum Mayer mss. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" praeechinatum Mayer. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium praeechinatum Mayer mss. praeextensa (variety). - See under propinqua praeextensa Androussov, 1923. praeflScherianum Kolesnikov, 1929. - Protractiforma praejischerianum (Kolesnikov, 1929). Cardiidae. Sarmatian . RECORDS . ··1929 ZR: Cardium praejischerianum Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. ··1979 ZR: Protractiforma praefischerianum (Kolesnikov). Referred to new subgenus P. (Fischericardium) Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 44. praeformis (subspecies). - See doenginki praeformis Papp,1954. praehellesponticus Eberzin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus praehellesponticus Eberzin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus praehellesponticus Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. praehispidijorme Bagdasaryan, 1970. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" praehispidiforme Bagdasaryan, 1970. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR : Cardium (Papillicardium) praehispidiforme Bagdasaryan, 1970 sp. nov. Miocene, Chkumi, western Georgia, USSR. praehyrcania Tscheltzov, 1965. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma praehyrcania Tscheltzov, 1965 . Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Cardium praehyrcania Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Akchagylian (Pliocene), Turkmenia, USSR . ··1977 Popov : Cerastoderma praehyrcania. praehyrcanicllm Baba-Zade 1967. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " praehyrcanicum Baba-Zade 1967. Cardiidae. Cenozoic. RECORDS. ··1967 ZR : Cardium praehyrcanicum Akchagyl deposits (Cenozoic), Azerbaidjan, SSR [Ref. Baba-Zade 1967). praeinflatum Papp, 1953 - New combination: Lymnocardium praeinflatum Papp , 1953. Lymnocardi idae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1948 ZR : Limnocardium praeinjlatum Papp, 1948 'no sp.' [nomen nud.] [Ref. Papp 1948]. "1956 ZR: Laevicardium praeinflatum Papp, 1953 sp. nov. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium praeinjlatum Papp. praekarpinskyi Ebersin, 1962. - Pontalmyra praekarpinskyi (Ebersin, 1962). Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1962 ZR: Didacna (Pontalmyra) praekarpinskyi Eberzin, 1962 sp. nov. N .W. Kerchenskogo region; Pliocene, Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra praekarpinskyi (Ebers.). praelaeiviuscula Andrussov, 1924. - Adacna praelaeiviuscula Andrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Adacna praelaeiviuscula sic Andrussov, 1924 Pleistocene. praelaeviuscula Andrusov, 1963. - Adacna praelaeviuscula Andrusov, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Adacna (Adacna ) praelaeviuscula Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia [Ref. Andrusov 1963]. praemodiolaris Chelidze, 1975. Plagiodacna praemvdiolaris Chelidze, 1975. Lymnocardi idae. Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR: Plagiodacna praemodiolaris Chelidze, 1975 sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Zugdid. Ref. to Chelidze, p. 192. praemoquicum Davidasvili, 1930 - Changed combination: Moquicardium praemoquicum (Davidasvili, 1930). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1932 ZR: Limnocardium praemoquicum Davidasvili, 1930 sp. n. Pliocene Transcaucasia. ··1957 ZR: Limnocardium praemoquicum Pliocene [Ref. Chelidize 1957]. ··1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Moquicardium) praemoquicum Pliocene [Ref. Eberzin 1958]. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Moquicardium) praemoquicum Dav. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Moquicardium praemoquicum Dav. praemoquicum alta Ebersin, 1958 (variety). - Upgraded. New combination: Moquicardium praemoquicum alta (Ebersin, 1958). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Moquicardium) praemoquicum var. alta Eberzin, 1958 nov. Abkhazia, Mokvi, east coast of Black Sea. Pliocene of the Ponto Caspian basin, Russia. ··1987 Taktakishvil i: Limnocardium (Moquicardium) praemoquicum Dav. var. alta Ebers. praemoquicum suhmoquicum Ebersin (variety). Upgraded . New combination : Moquicardium praemoquicum submoquicum (Ebersin). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium praemoquicum var. submoquicum Ebers. praemoquicum subpraemoquicum Chelidize, 1957 (variety). - Upgraded. New combination: Moquicardium praemoquicum subpraemoquicum (Chelidize, 1957). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. REcORDs. ··1957 ZR: Limnocardium praemoquicum var. subpraemoquicum Chelidize, 1957 nov. Makharadze river Zhuzhi, Pliocene. praeobtusa Finlay & Marwick, 1937. - Lahillia praeobtusa Finlay & Marwick, 1937. Cardiacea. Danian. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Lahillia (?Lahilleona) praeobtusa Finlay & Marwick, 1937 sp. n. Danian Wangaloa, New Zealand. *praepapillosum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium praepapillosum from 2 sources: Baldi, 1966. - ?author before 1891. praepapil/osum - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" praepapi//osum. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1891 ZR: Cardium praepapillosum Pliocene of Altavilla [Ref. Gregorio 1891]. praepapillosum Baldi, 1966. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" praepapil/osum (Baldi, 1966). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1966 ZR: Cardium (Parvicardium) praepapillosum Baldi, 1966 sp. nov. Oligocene, Eger, Hungary. praepermicus Fredericks, 1916. Conocardium praepermicus Fredericks, 1916. Conocardiidae. Carbon. RECORDS. ··1916 ZR: Conocardium praepermicus Fredericks, 1916. sp. n. Ural Upper Carboniferous. ··1926 ZR: Conocardium praepermicus Phllket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 709 praeplicatum - prigorovskii Fredericks, 1926 sp. n. Carbon. praeplicatum Hilber 1882. - Cerastoderma praeplicatum (Hilber 1882). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1974 ZR: Cerastoderma praeplicatum. Interspecific variation. Miocene. Ref. to Baghdasariani. "1977 Popov: Plicatiforma praeplicatum. "1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Plicatiforma) praeplicatum. Key to subspecies. Ref to Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 70. "1979 ZR: Cerastoderma (Plicatiforma) praeplicatum (Hilber 1882). Neotype designated. Ref. to Paramonova, p. 45. "1979 ZR: Cerastoderma (Plicatiforma) praeplicatum praeplicatum (Hilber 1882). Ref. to Paramonova, p. 46. praeplicatum pseudoplicatum Friedberg 1934 (subspecies). - Cerastoderma praeplicalum pseudoplicatum (Friedberg 1934). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977 Popov: Plicatiforma praeplicatum pseudoplicalum . "1979 ZR: Cerastoderma (Plicatiforma) praeplicatum pseudoplicalum (Friedberg 1934). Ref. to Paramonova, p. 48. praesandbergeri Holzl, 1962. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" praesandbergeri Holzl, 1962. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1962 ZR: Cardium praesandbergeri Holzl, 1962 sp. nov. N. of T61z Chattian, Oligocene, Bavaria. praesquamu/osa (mode). - See under praesquamulosum. praesquamulosum - Tauricardium praesquamulosum. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. "1987 Taktakishvili: Tauricardium praesquamulosum. "1987 Taktakishvili: Tauricardium praesquamulosa. praesubsquamulosum (variety). - See under subsquamulosum praesubsquamulosum Eberzin, 1958. praesquamu/osum minor. - Tauricardium praesquamulosum minor. Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. "1987 Taktakishvili: Tauricardium praesquamulosum minor. praetenue Mayer. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" praetenue Mayer. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1886 Fischer: Cardium praetenue Mayer. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium praetenue Mayer. Plio. inf. France, B35022 . praetrigonoides Nalivkin & Anisimov, 1916. - Didacna praelrigonoides Nalivkin & Anisimov, 1916 . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . "1916 ZR: Didacna praetrigonoides sic Nalivkin & Anisimov, 1916 sp. n. Pliocene Russia. "1964 ZR: Didacna praetrigonoides from the Caspian, biometrical study [Ref. Asadullaev 1964]. "1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Didacna praelrigonoides Nat. & Anis., 1945 = Didacna trigonoides praetrigonoides Nat. et Anis. "1977 Popov: Didacna praelrigonoides. praetrigonoides abescunica Popov, 1983 (subspecies). - Didacna praelrigonoides abescunica Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. "1983 Popov, p. 197, fig.: Didacna praetrigonoides abescunica subsp. nov. praetrigonoides inderana Svitoc, 1967 (subspecies). Didacna praetrigonoides inderana Svitoc, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECOR DS. "1967 ZR: Didacna praetrigonoides inderana Svitoc, 1967 subsp. nov. figs.; Quaternary, central Caspian region [Ref. Svitoc 1967]. praetrigonoides obunca Popov, 1983 (subspecies). - Didacna praelrigonoides obunca Popov, 1983 . Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. "1983 Popov, p. 198, fig.: Didacna praetrigonoides obunca subsp. nov. prahovensis (subspecies). - See under subodessae prahovensis Papaianopol, 1974. prahovensis Papaian. - Euxinicardium prahovensis Papaian . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium prahovensis Papaian. prahovensis Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna prahovensis Papaianopol , 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bassin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1989 Papaianopol, p. 85, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) prahovensis sp. nov. prashadi Vidal, 1994. - Fulvia prashadi Vidal, 1994. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Indonesia. RECORDS. "1994 Vidal, p. III , pI. 3, figs. 8 a,b : Fulvia (Laevifulvia) prashadi sp. nov. pratenue Meyer in Capellini, 1879. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" prate/1Ue (Meyer in Capellini, 1879). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1987 Anaya: Cardium pratenue Mayer. pratellue (aff.) Meyer in Capellini, 1879. - RECORDS. "1970 ZR: Cardium aff. Cardium praetenue Meyer in Capellini, 1879, see under Monodacna tenuicostala sp. nov. sic [?Ref. ?Gillet 1970]. pratenue cata/aunica Almera et Bofill, 1894 (variety). - Upgraded. New combination: Lymnocardium pratenue catalaunica (Almera et Bofill, 1894). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1987 Anaya: Cardium pratenue Mayer var. catalaunica Almera et Bofill, 1894. "1987 Anaya: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) pratenue calalaunica (Almera et Bofill , 1894). prattenanum Hall, 1858. - Conocardium prattenanum Hall, 1858. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (Dall 1895, p. 519). RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Conocardium prattenanum Hall, 1858; vol. 4: 15. Pratu/um Iredale, 1924 (genus). - Cardiidae. Recent. Subgenus (Pratulum) upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS. "1924 ZR: Pratulum Iredale, 1924b gen nov. for Cardium thetidis Hed . "1938 Cotton & Godfrey: Pratulum Iredale 1924. "1977 Popov: Pratulum Iredale, 1924. Genotype: Cardium thetidis Hedley, 1902. "1978 Maxwell : Genus Pratulum Iredale, 1924. "1978 ZR: Pratulum Iredale 1924, Status. Ref. to Wilson et al. p. 69. "1980 Vokes: Pratulum Ireda1e, 1924 in subfamily Protocardiinae. "1992 Poutiers: Pratulum JredaJe 1924. Pratulum Iredale, 1924 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Recent. GENOTYPE. Type species: Iredale (1924) designated Cardium thetidis Hedley, 1902 type species of subgenus (Prall/lum) of genus Nemocardium Meek , 1876. Subsequently raised to generic level. RECORDS. "1954 Keen: (Pratl/lum) Iredale, 1924. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1994 HylJeberg: more equilateral than Nemocardium (Nemocardium); sculpture of fine radial ribs but coarser on anterior slope; with very fine concentric ridges. prigorovskii Boghachev, 1938 . - New combination: Lymnocardium prigorovskii Boghachev, 1938. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1939 ZR: Limnocardium 710 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) primigenillm - pristipleura prigorovskii Boghachev, 1938 sp. n. ··1981 ZR: Cardium prigorovskii Bogatschev is a senior synonym of C helmerseni Ilyina, 1960. and C levinae Merklin, 1960. Ref. to Vialov et af. p. 45. primigenillm Eberzin & Stevanovic, 1949. Arcicardium primigenium Eberzin & Stevanovic, 1949. Lymnocardiidae. Pontic. RECORDS. ··1949 ZR: Arcicardium primigenium Eberzin & Stevanovic, 1949 [sp. n.?] Pontic of Servia. "1949 ZR: Arcicardium primigenium as the oldest representative of the genus. [Ref. Eberzin & Stevanovic 1949]. primuillm Barrande. - Praecardium primulum Barrande. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Co llection. Praecardium primulum Barrande. Bohemia, B02612. prinopleura Andrus. - Sp. inedita. » Regarding Prosodacna prinopleura: Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Prosodacna prinopleura Andrus. sp. inedita p. 184 pI. xiii f. 1-5 Pliocene Transcaucasia, [Ref. Davidasvili 1930a]. prionophorum Brusina. - New combination: Lymnocardium prionophorum (Brus.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium prionophorum (Brus.). Prionopleura Ebersin, 1949 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. RECORDS. "1974 ZR: Prionopleura Ebersin, 1949. Referred to new subfamily Prosodacninae. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 128. ··1980 Vokes: Prionopleura Ebersin, 1949 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. ··1987 Taktakishvili: p. 162 designated Prionopleura Ebersin, 1949 type genus of new tribe Prionopleurini. prionoplellra Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1931. - Prosodacna prionopleura Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1931. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1931 ZR: Prosodacna prionopleura Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1931 sp. n. prionopleura davilasrilii Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1931 (subspecies). - Prosodacna prionopleura davilasrilii Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1931. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··193 I ZR: Prosodacna prionopleura davilasrilii Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1931 sp. n. prionopleura krestovnikoviWassoievic & Eberzin, 1931 (subspecies). - Prosodacna prionopleura krestovnikovi Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1931. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1931 ZR: Prosodacna prionopleura krestovnikovi Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1931 sp. n. prisca (subspecies) Douville, 1917. - See under hillana prisca Douville, 1916. prisca Douville 1916. - Pr%cardia prisca Double 1916. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Protocardia prisca Douville 1916 raised from Protocardia hillana prisca. Type designation p. 173. Ref. to Freneix. priscae Strausz , 1942. - New combination : Lymnocardium priscae Strausz, 1942. Lymnocardiidae. Pre. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1947 ZR: Limnocardium (Pontalmyra) priscae Strausz, 1942 sp. nov. Somlojeno (Upper Pannon) [Pre. Pliocene]. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium priscae Strausz. pristinum Keen, 1954. - Clinocardium pristinum Keen. Cardiidae. Middle and Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1954. Keen, p. 322: Clinocardium pristinum Keen n. sp. n. ··1954 ZR: Clinocardium pristinum Keen, 1954 sp. nov. Neroly formation, Upper Miocene, Contra Costa Co. California. ··1977 Popov, p. 52: Clinocardium pristonum sic Keen, 1954. pristipleura (mode). - See under pristipleurum Dall, 1901. pristipieura Dall, 1901. - Changed combination: Acrosterigma pristipleurum(Dall, 190 I ).Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. Types of Cardium pristipleura have not been traced but Cardium maculosum Sowerby, 1833 is a synonym, and type material of this species is available (see maculosum Sowerby). TYPE LOCALITY. Tres Marias Islands, west Mexico, on the sands (Hertlein & Strong 1947). RECORDS. ··1900 Dall, p. 389: Cardium (Trachycardium) pristipleura Dall, 1900 cited from Vidal (1999). ··190 I Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) pristipleura Dall, 1900. "1901 Dall: Cardium pristipleurum a new name for C maculosum Sowerby, 1833 (not C maculosum Wood, 1815). ··1932 Pilsbry & Lowe : Cardium (Trachycardium) pris/ipleura Dall 1900 = (C maculosum Sby. 1833, non Wood 1815). "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Acroslerigma) pristipleura Dall = Cardium maculosum Sowerby. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium (Acrosterigrna) pristipieura Dall. ··1971 Keen & Mclean: Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) pristipleura (DaJ1, 1901). ··1977 Popov: Acrosterigm a pristipleura (Dall, 190 I). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium pristipleura Dall. ··1977 Vokes: Cardium (Trachycardium) pristipleura Dall, 190 I = Cardium maculosum Sowerby, 1833 (non Wood, 1815). "1977 Vokes: Cardium (Trachycardium) pristipleura Dall, 190 I = Cardium maculatum Sowerby, 1840 (non Gmelin, 1791) = Cardium maculosum Sowerby, 1833. "1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Trachycardium pristipleura (Dal1, 190 I). ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma pristipleura (Dall, 1900). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1971 Keen: Shell elongately obliquely ovate, gently convex; ornamented by 34-39 flattened, laterally imbricated ribs; coloration whitish-yellow and reddish-brown exteriorly, the interior white. The ribs, numbering from 34 to 39, are flattened, with very narrow interspaces, and the anterior ribs show a file-like roughening along each edge. The color of the exterior is yellowish white, with reddishbrown markings and often with pinkish-purple concentric bands or blotches. The interior is white. There is a thin light-brown periostracum that persists, mainly toward the ventral margin. Height, about 65 rnm. ··1999 Vidal : shells ovoid to 'pear-shaped", rarely elliptical, and equilateral with possible weak truncation on posterior margin. Always elongated in adult stage, width rather variable. Ribs straight or slightly curved in projection . Lunular area rather large. Exterior coloured orange, pink, brown and/or purple; interior white, with posterior margin generally orange and ventral and anterior margins purple. Hinge line moderately arched. No sterigma observed. Rib number mean 35.0 ± 2.\' (range 31-41). Posterior slope with wide ribs anteriorly, ribs reduced and with very small scales on posterior part of slope. Median part of shell with low, flat ribs overhanging thin interstices; regularly notched bottom of interstices on juvenile shells (elongated or crescent-shaped notches, which continue on lower sides of ribs); contact between interstices and ribs marked, on both sides, by a very thin longitudinal Phukel Marine Biological Cenler Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 711 pristis - proboscideum depressed line. The last rib of MPQ, mainly on right valve, can bear a longitudinal gash on its anterior part. DIMENSIONS. "1999 Vidal: length 66.3, width 87.3, breadth (calculated) 47.4 mm. REMARKS. --1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma pristipleura conforms with the speciesgroup diagnosis as far as rib morphology is concerned, and is very close to the genotype A. dalli, in that its ribs are "flattened and peculiarly approximated, interstices. deep narrow cuts" (Reeve 1844, Sp. 58). Acrosterigma pristipleura, when adult, is easily distinguishable from A. magnum , the other living representative of the species-group in the Americas, mainly by its flat low ribs and very thin interstices. It is a rather uncommon species, little cited in the literature. HABITAT. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: shallow water at depth of 3-6 fathoms, sand, algae, crushed shell. "1999 Vidal : recorded from 18 to 33 m. DISTRIBUTION. "1971 Keen & McLean: this is not a common species although it may be found by shore collectors anywhere between the southern portion of the Gulf of California and Guayaquil, Ecuador. --1999 Vidal: a stretch of about 3800 Ian from the southern portion of Gulf of California to Ecuador. Dubious and wrong localities. - Vidal (1999): Monterey, California (MNHN du Petit Thouars 1839) - Philippines (LACM 50904 Burch). pristis Valenciennes, 1827. [Figs. Part 1 p. 91. Part 3 p. 895]. - Laevicardium pristis (Valenciennes, 1827). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium serratum Linne. Cardium laevigatum Linne. » Regarding Cardium pristis: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERlAL. Holotype at MNHN, Paris. RECORDS. --1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 299. fig. 3. Cardium pristis Val. "1827 Bory St. Vincent: annotations to Bruguiere 1798. PI. 299 fig. 3 Cardium pristis Valenciennes. --1839 Anton: Cardium pristis Val. = Cardium laevigatum Linne. --1845 Reeve, sp. 69: Cardium laevigatum Linne = Cardium pristis Valenciennes (1. Vidal pers. comm.). --1846 Valenciennes, Voyage de la Venus: Cardium pristis. --1864 Krebs: Cardium pristis Valene sic (syn.) pristis = Cardium laevigatum L. --1870 March : Valenc. = C. laevigatum Reeve = C. var. citrinum Chernnitz junior synonyms of Cardium laevigatum L. "1900 Dall, p. 387,: Cardium pristis Valenciennes = Cardium serratum Linne. --1902 Dall: Cardium pristis Valenciennes, 1846 = Cardium serratum Linnaeus, 1758. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium pristis Valenciennes = species insufficiently known . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. --1977 Fischer-Piette: no figure in Valenciennes 1846. --2004 Vidal pers . comm .: Laevicardium pristis (Valenciennes, 1827) is a good species. Summary of ID's: American Atlantic species close to C. serratum Linne, 1758 but larger and with different specific characters. It has 3 synonyms C. sublineatum Conrad, 1841. C. glabratum Romer, 1869, and C. multilineatum DaB & Simpson, 1901. pristonum (error). - Printer's mistake for pristinum in Popov 1977. privum Ebersin. - Moquicardium privum (Ebersin) . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Moquicardium) privum [Ref. Eberzin 1958]. --1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium (Moquicardium) privum Ebers. (?). --1987 c. Taktakishvi1i: Moquicardium privum. "1987 Taktakishvili: Moquicardium privum Ebers. (?). privum oblonga Ebersin, 1958 (variety). - Upgraded. Moquicardium privum oblonga (Ebersin, 1958). Fossil. RECORDS. --1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Moquicardium) privum var. oblonga Eberzin, 1958 nov. Abkhazia, river Mokvi, east coast of Black Sea. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Moquicardium) privum Ebers. var. oblonga Ebers. --1987 Taktakishvili: Moquicardium privum oblonga. probatum Iredale, 1927. [Figs. Part 3 p. 900] . - Synonym of Nemocardium bechei (Reeve, 1847). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Pratulum probatum. » Regarding Pratulum probatum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Australia . TYPE REPOSITORY. Australian Museum, Sydney. Syntypes C028434 . DISTRIBUTION. Japan, Australia (Hylleberg 1994). RECORDS. "1927 Iredale, p. 333-334 (pI. 46, fig. 8): Pratulum probatum. --1927 ZR: Pratulum probatum Iredale, 1927 sp . n . E . Australia. --1950 Allan: Pratulum probatum (somewhat different from bechei Reeve) . "1950 Keen: Nemocardium (Pratulum) probatum (Iredale, 1927). "1951 Habe: Nemocardium probatum Rve. "1958 Powell : Nemocardium probatum Ired . --1961 Rippingale & MacMichae1: Pratulum probatum Iredale. "1962 Iredale & MacMichae1: Cardium probatum Ired . --1977 Fischer-Piette: Pratulum probatum Iredale = Cardium bechei Reeve. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Pratulum probatum Iredale, 1927; junior synonym of Nemocardium bechei (Reeve, 1840). --1978 ZR: Pratulum probatum Iredale, 1927 New synonym of Nemocardium bechei (Reeve, 1840). Ref. to Wilson et al. p . 63. --1990 Abbott & Dance: Nemocardium probatum (Iredale, 1927) = Cardium bechei Reeve, 1847. problematica. - See under problematicum Munster, 1840. problematieum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium problematicum d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5156: Avicula problematica Muenster, 1840. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5156: Cardium problematicum Muenster, 1842. "192232 Sherborn, p. 5156: Cardium (Muenster) problematicum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Avicula. *proboseidellm - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium proboscideum from 2 sources: Sowerby, 1817. Hoening, 1839. proboscidellm Hoening, 1839. - Unknown species.» Regarding Cardiumproboscideum: ?Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium proboscideum Hoening, 1839 - spec. incog. proboscideum Sowerby, 1815. - Granocardium proboscideum (Sowerby, 1815). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1815 Sowerby, Conch. no. 27. t. 156. fig. 1: Cardium proboscideum. --1819 Lamarck : Cardium proboscideum close to Cardium echinatum. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium proboscideum Sowerby, 1815. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium proboscideum (Acanthocardium sic). "1899 Sacco: Cardium proboscideum Sowerby [Cretaceous]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5157: Cardiumproboscideum Sowerby, 1817. --1931 ZR: Cardium proboscideum Ref. to Rieder (1931). --1978 Scott: Granocardium proboscideum (Sowerby in Woods, 1908). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), 712 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) procarpatina - procumbens MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium proboscideum d'Orbigny. Albien-Cenom. France (Yonne, Nievu), S07059, SOn81. procarpatina Jekelius, 1944. - Replidacna procarpatina Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. ··1946 ZR: Replidacna procarpatina lekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. ··1946 ZR: Replidacna procarpatina Miocene [Ref. Jekelius 1944]. ··1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) procarpatinum (Jekelius). Syn. nov. Cardium (Replidacna) procarpatinum lekelius. Ref to Paramonova p. 70 [Trans!. p. 320]. procarpatina spinosa lekelius, 1944 (variety). Upgraded. Replidacna procarpatina spinosa lekelius, 1944. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Replidacna procarpatina var. spinosa lekelius, 1944 nov. Miocene, Soceni Banat. procera (mode). - See under procerum Sowerby, 1833. procerum Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833. [Figs. Part 1 p. 110, 133, In. Part 3 p. 924]. - Changed combination: Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby, 1833). Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. Type species: Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833 (DO) is type species of subgenus Mexicardia Stewart, 1930 (Glibert & Poel 1970). TYPE LOCALlTY. In America Centrali (Real Llejos, near Corinto, Nicaragua) in coarse sand from 4 to 6 fathoms (Sowerby 1833). TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH; Cardium procerum Sowerby. Three syntypes. reg. no. 1989118. Neg. No. 0630. RECORDS. ··1833 S0t'erby, p. 83: Cardium procerum. ··1834 Sowerby, 50 t part, fig. 23: Cardium procerum nobis. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 5, No. 61: Cardium procerum Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium procerum (Sowerby No. 61). ··1844 Reeve, sp. 51: Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833. Pro. Zoo I. Soc. ··1846 Orbigny: Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833. ··1852 Adams: 433. Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium)procerum, Sow. ··1860 Carpenter: Cardium procerum Sby. ··1868 ZR: Cardium procerum (Sow.), a variety of it is laticostatum (Sow.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium procerum Sow. ··1895 Steams: Cardium procerum Sowerby. ··190 I Dall: Cardium (Ringicardium) procerum Sowerby, 1833 [Pleistocene]. ··1909 Lamy: Cardium (Ringicardium) procerum Sowerby. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 5160: Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833. ··1930 Stewart designated Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833 type species of the subgenus (Mexicardia) Stewart, 1930. ··1932 Pilsbry & Lowe: Cardium (Bingicardium sic)procerum Brod. and Sby. ··1934 Hertlein: Cardium procerum Sowerby [fossil]. ··1941 Pilsbry & Olsson: Cardium (Mexicardia) procerum Sby. [Pliocene]. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Mexicardia) procerum Sowerby. ··1959 Ranson, p. 71: Cardium procerum Sowerby. ··1964 Parker: Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1969 Moore et at.: Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1969 ZR: Trachycardium procerum range extension, Peru [Ref. Vegas Velez 1969]. ··1970 G libert & Poel: Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1971 Keen & McLean: Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Mexicardia) procerum Sowerby. ··1977 Popov: Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833. Type of Mexicardia Stewart, 1930. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833. ··1995 Poutiers: Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby, 1833). ··1999 Vidal: Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum (Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). ··200 I Schneider & Carter: Trachycardium procerum. ··2001 Vidal, p. 407: Trachycardium procerum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell decidedly higher than long; umbo rounded or roundly angled posteriorly; posterior area not set off with strong concentric sculpture; very convex; ribs without scales. OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: I specimen from Bai de la Magdalaine, Venus Expedition, 1839. ··ZMUC Gulf of California. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell oblong-ovate, swollen, anterior side rounded, posterior somewhat squarely angulated, serrated, radiately ribbed, 25 flattened ribs, arcuately striated, the 4 extreme anterior ribs rather obsolete, the rest posteriorly angulated; brownish-white, ribs faintly stained with a very few purple-brown spots, covered with a thin earthy epidermis, posterior margins purple-brown within. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: shell elongately trigonal, somewhat oblique posteriorly, 22-25 smooth, flattishtopped radial ribs, these are not strongly developed on the anterior slope of the shel.1 but the posterior margin is serrated due to projecting ends of the ribs which interlock with the opposite valve. Shells < 35 mm in length are longer in proportion to the height. Shells about 10-15 mm in length have rounded ribs which gradually become broader, subtriangular and flatter and are separated by narrow and fairly deep interspaces. Colour externally brownish with a tendency toward yellowish concentric areas. ··2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. ··1971 Keen: some authors have placed this species in the subgenus Ringicardium, but that group is essentially European and African in distribution. T procerum is of moderate size (about 2 inches in height), with smooth, rounded ribs that are separated by linear interspaces. The shell is only moderately thick and the color is white, extensively mottled and spotted with brown. Although a few specimens have been found as far north as the Gulf of California, the geographic range seems mostly to be southward from Oaxaca, Mexico, to Chile; not uncommon. DIMENSIONS. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: height more than 80 mm. REMARKS. ··1947 Hertlein & Strong: The rather considerable variation in shape during growth has led to description of this species under several different names: Cardium laticostatum Sowerby = a young stage of C. procerum. HABrrAT. ··1844 Reeve: found in coarse sand at a depth of from 4 to 6 fathoms. ··ZMUC: sand at 22-70 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Real Llejos, Central America. ··1884 Grasset: Panama. ··1971 Keen & McLean: the Gulf of California, South West Mexico to Chile. ··ZMUC: Gulf of California. procrescens Munster, 1840. - Lunulacardium procrescens Muenster, 1840. Not in Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5161: Lunulacardium procrescens Muenster, 1840. procumbens - Not valid: Conocardium procumbens. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5162: Conocardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 713 productum - profundum procumbens without authorship In. n.]. productum (variety). - See under paucicostatum productum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. *productum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium productum from 3 sources: Sowerby, 1832. - Deshayes, 1854. - Orbigny (?year). productum d'Orbigny. - Granocardium productum (d ' Orbigny). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium. Granocardium. productum d ' Orbigny. France; Austria, S10015, S10016. Cameroun, R51365. productum (aff.) - Cardiidae. Cenomanian. REcoRDs. "1965 ZR: Cardium aff. productum synonymy, Cenomanian, Egypt [Ref. Fawzi 1965]. productum Deshayes, 1854. [Figs. Part 3 p. 915]. ?Synonym of Corculum cardissa (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Corculum dionaeum (Sowerby) 1855.» Regarding Cardium productum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Torres Strait. TYPE REPOSITORY. 2 syntypes. BMNH. REcoRDs. "1855 Deshayes: Cardium productum. "1890 Paetel: Hemicardium productum Dsh. "1903 Hidalgo: Cardium productum Deshayes, 1854 sic; doubtful occurrence in the Philippines. "1913 ZR: Cardiumproductum Desh. fig. [Ref. Hedley 1913]. "1914 Hedley, p. 268 (pI. 16 figs. 20-22): Cardium productum Deshayes = Cardium dionaeum Sowerby. "1928 Faustino: Cardium (Hemicardium) productum Deshayes. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium productum Deshayes = Cardium cardissa Linne. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium productum Deshayes, 1854; p. 333 . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS. "1914 Hedley: 15 mm long 23 mm high, and 20 mrn across the conjoined valves. REMARKS. "1914 Hedley p. 268 (pI. 16 figs. 20-22): the accompanying figure is taken from a Cumingian specimen, probably the type. DISTRJBUTION ... Of authors: Indo-West Pacific. productum J.Sowerby, 1832. - Granocardium productum (Sowerby, 1832). Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. Cardium productum Sowerby, 1832 is type species of subgenus Granocardium Gabb. REMARKS. Cardium productum (Trachycardium) identical with European species (Stoliczka 1871). According to Sherborn (1922-32) there is no description, but it is figured [n. etf]. - RECORDS. "1832 Sowerby: Cardium productum. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium productum Sowerby. "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium productum (Acanthocardium sic). "1871 Stoliczka: Cardium productum Sowerby, 1832 . type of subgenus Granocardium Gabb. "1887 Fischer: Cardium productum Sowerby. "1889 ZR : Granocardium productum with fig . (ref. Holzapfel) . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5164: Cardium productum Sowerby, 1832 [n. etf]. "1933 ZR: Cardium productum [Ref. Parona 1933]. "1935 ZR: Granocardium productum Sow. fig. [Ref. Bakalov & Tzankov 1935] . "1963 ZR : Cardium productum Cretaceous [Ref. Bobkova \963) . "1986 Abdel-Gawad, pI. 40, figs . 6,7 : Grano cardium (Criocardium) productum (Sowerby, 1832). "1994 E1Nakhal & EI-Naggar: Cardium productum . "1998 Schneider: Cardium productum Sowerby, 1832. Transferred to genus Granocardium Gabb, 1869. productum daganakiikensis Bobkova, 1963 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. » Regarding Cardium productum. var. daganakiik.ensis: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1963 ZR: Cardium productum var. daganakiikensis Bobkova, 1963 nov. Cretaceous, Tadzhik depression, USSR. productum subtriangulare Cottreau, 1924. - Upgraded. "Cardium " productum subtriangulare Sow. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1924 ZR: Cardium productum Sow. subtriangulare Cottreau, 1924 mut. n. proechinatum Hilber. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" proechinatum Hilber. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco: Cardium proechinatum Hilber [Miocene). Profraginae Badve, 1977 (subfamily). - RECORDS. "2001 Schneider & Carter: Profraginae (subfamily) Badve, 1977. "2002 Schneider: Criocardium , Ethmocardium, and Granocardium has been transferred to Profraginae. Profulvia Kafanov, 1976 (genus) . - Cardiidae. Fossil. Subgenus (Profulvia) Kafanov, 1976 upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS. "1976 ZR: Profulvia gen. nov. of Cardiidae Type species Papyridea harrimani Dal\, 1904. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 482 [org. p III J. "1977 ZR: Profulvia Kafanov 1976. Designated type genus for new tribe Profulviini. Ref. to Kafanov & Popov p. 62 [Trans!. p. 312). "1980 Vokes: Profulvia Kafanov, 1976. Fossil. "1980 ZR: Profulvia Kafanov 1976. Key to species. Ref. to Kafanov. "1992 Amano & Tanaka: Profulvia Kafanov, 1976. Profulvia Kafanov, 1976 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. Type species by original designation: Papyridea harrimani Dall, 1904. RECORDS. "1976 Kafanov: Subgenus Profitlvia Kafanov, 1976. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. Shell elongateovate, truncated, variable inequilateral, moderately convex, with gape at posterior or both ends. Beaks relatively low, obtuse, nearly orthogyrate, opistogyrate or weakly prosogyrate. Ribs about 30-65 in number; ribs straight, narrow and low on the anterior valve surfaces, more curved posteriorly. Ridges of ribs with numerous commarginallines and wrinkles; weak nodes occur where growth lines cross costal crests. Paired cardinal teeth smal.l and straight in both valves; lateral teeth usual.ly single. Profulviini Kafanov in Kafanov and Popov, 1977 (tribus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977 Kafanov: Profulviini. "1999 Kafanov: Kafanov in Kafanov and Popov, 1977. "1977 ZR: Profulviini Tribe nov. of Cardiidae, type genus Produlvia Kafanov 1976. Tertiary. Ref. to Kafanov & Popov p. 62. [Transl. p. 312] . profundicola Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1966. Didacna profundicola Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1966. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. "1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Didacna profimdicola Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1966. profundum Vidal, 1999 . [Figs . Part 3 p. 878) . Acrosterigma profundum Vidal, 1999. Cardiidae . Recent. TYPE LocALrrv. Holotype, New Caledonia, 245268m. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype and paratypes : Museum national d 'Histoire naturelle, Paris. Paratypes, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype: A right valve. (MNHN, Bouchet, Metivier, Richer de Forges). Paratype 1: A 714 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) promethei - Prophyllicardium left valve, New Caledonia, 105-110 m (MNHN, idem). Celidje, p. 157: Chartadacna promethei gen. et sp. nov. Paratype 2: A left valve, north of New Caledonia, 315prominens Popov & Nevesskaya, 2000. - Lymnocardium 350m (MNHN idem). Paratype 3: A left valve, broken prominens Popov & Nevesskaya, 2000. Cardiidae. Late Miocene. RECORDS. ··2000 Popov & Nevesskaya, and incomplete, east coast of New Caledonia, 227250m (MNHN, idem). Para type 4: A very small left downloaded abstract: Lymnocardium (Euxinicardium) valve, from same locality as paratype 1. Paratype 5: A prominens n. sp. promultistriata lekelius, 1944. - Changed combination: right valve, seaward (N.) of west end of Bikini Atoll, Pontalmyra promultistriata (Jekel ius, 1944). Marshall Islands, 177-244m (USNM 598697, R. W. Russell Coil) . Paratype 6: A left valve, same lot as Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. ··1946 ZR: Limnocardium paratype 5. Paratype 7: A left valve, same lot as promultistriatum Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene paratypes 5 and 6. RECORDS. ··1999 Vidal, p. 296, Table Soceni Banat. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna promultistriata lekelius. ··1987 Taktakishvili: 20, Figs. 71-M, 8C: Acrosterigma profundum n. sp. Pontalmyra promultistriata (Jek.). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS propebanneianum Dietrich, 1933. - Tendagurium of diagnostic value: very elaborate and specific rib morphology that cannot be confused with any other propebanneianum (Dietrich, 1933). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1933 ZR: Cardium cardiid. DESCRIPTIONS. "1999 Vidal: shell ovoid and nearly equilateral with no posterior truncation, propebanneianum Dietrich, 1933 sp. n. Type of moderately elongated and globose. Lunule small, rather . Tendagurium Dietrich, 1933 subgen. n. of Cardium. Cretaceous Africa. ··1937 ZR: Cardium (Tendagurium) imperfectly delineated and nearly the same on both propebanneianum Dietrich 1933 type of Tendagurium valves; umbonal margin raised, forming a double wall. [Ref. Keen 1937]. ··1995 Schneider: Tendagurium External colour pattern is unique: on adult part, posteriorly entirely pink to orange, middle surface bears Dietrich, 1933. Mesozoic subgenus of Cardium. Salisbury (1934) designated Cardium large, pink to orange, irregularly concentric splashes, propebanneainum (sic = propebanneianum) Dietrich, and anterior half of the shell beige, with widely scattered small splashes. Interior white with some 1933, as the type species. ··1995 Schneider: Tendagurium propebanneianum (Dietrich, 1933). exterior splashes showing through; no umbonal rays propeciliare Dall, 1898. - Changed combination: visible. Hinge symmetrical and moderately angled. On right valve, cardinals show an unusual degree of fusion Acanthocardia propeci/iare (Dall, 1898). Cardiidae. at their base. Mean rib number 56.9 ± 3.1, range 55Fossil. RECORDS. "1898 Dall : Cardium propeciliare 63. Posteriorly, interstices thin; ribs flat with a central Dall, 1898 n. sp. ··1977 Vokes Acanthocardia propeciliare (Dall). longitudinal furrow, anterior smooth part as wide as or narrower than posterior. Elongated, thin, straight, propeleve Ebersin, 1958. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium propeleve (Ebersin, 1958). oblique scales develop on posterior part, straddling axial furrow and encroaching slightly upon anterior Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) propeleve Eberzin, zone. On posterior half of middle surface, the same features appear, but posterior zone slightly raised and 1958 sp. nov. Kerchenski Peninsula. Crimea; Kuban Province. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. ribs become flatly triangular; longitudinal furrow ··1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) progressively disappears and anterior smooth zone becomes anterior flank of the rib. On anterior half of propeleve Ebers. ··1987 Taktakishvi Ii: Euxinicardium middle surface, ribs become more rounded, scales propeleve. become progressively shorter and more numerous and propeleve Ebersin (variety). - Infrasubspecific. » Regarding Euxinicardium propeleve var: change into posterior ridges, rib tops becoming smooth; Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: at same time, numerous very thin oblique serrations Euxinicardium propeleve Ebers. var. appear on anterior flanks of ribs, changing anteriorly propeleve inleve Ebersin (subspecies). - Euxinicardium into small ridges or tubercles. Anteriorly, on middle propeleve inleve. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. surface, this sculptural evolution leads to ribs which are slightly square-sided, serrated on both sides, and ··1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium propeleve inleve. propesemicostatllm Gregorio, 1930. - Combination to slightly overhanging interstices. Anteriorly, some lateral be revised: "Cardium" propesemicostatum Gregorio, serrations join on top of ribs, forming thin, free topridges, which are not imbricated; the first ribs of this 1930. Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS. ··1936 ZR: Cardium quarter slightly degenerate, their ornamentation propesemicostatum Gregorio, 1930 sp. n. Lias Palermo [Ref. Gregorio 1930]. becoming less regular. DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: length 28.2, height 36.7, width (calculated) 23.6 mm . propexllm Monterosato, 1891. - Synonym of REMARKS. "1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma profundum is Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding separated from A. uniornatum by its larger size, higher Cardium propexum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. rib number, and particular rib ornamentation on the "1891 Monterosato: Cardium propexum. "1892 median part of the shell, i.e. the small dense serrations B.D.D. Cardium propexum = Cardium echinatum . on the anterior flanks of the ribs. It cannot be confused "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium propexum with other species. DISTRJBUTION. North and east of New Monterosato 1891 = Cardium (Acanthocardia) Caledonia, at relatively great water depths for Cardiidae echinatum, Linne. other than Protocardiinae; present also in Bikini Atoll, Prophyl/icardillm lekelius, 1944 (genus). Marshall Islands. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR : promethei Celidje, 1953. - Chartadacna promethei Prophyllicardium lekelius, 1944 gen. nov. Cardiidae, Celidje, 1953. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1953 type Prophyllicardium soceni lekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Phuicet Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 715 Prophyllicardium - Prosodacnidae Pliocene Rumania (Lower Congerien) Soceni. Banat. Prophyllicardium lekelius, 1944 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001980 Vokes: Prophyllicardium Jekelius, 1944. Subfamily uncertain. propinqua Eichwald, 1841. [Figs. Part 1 p. 123] . Changed combination: Apscheronia propinqua (Eichwald, 1841) . Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. REcORDs. 001841 Eichwald, p. 220, pI. 40, figs. 3-4: Monodacna propinqua. 001866 Issei: Monodacna propinqua, Eichwald, 1842. 001903 Andrussoff: Monodacna propinqua Eichwald, 1841 . 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5173: Monodacna propinqua Eichwald, 1841. 0'1930 ZR: Apscheronia propinqua [Ref. Androussov 1923]. 001977 Popov: Apscheronia propinqua (Eichw.). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION. 001903 Andrussoff: Monodacna propinqua Eichwald has a smooth shell surface. See also under the proposed replacement name: Cardium proximum Deshayes. propinqua Reed, 1944. - Plethocardia propinqua Reed, 1944. Cardiacea. Ordovician. RECORDS. 001944 ZR: Plethocardia propinqua Reed, 1944 sp. nov. Balclatchie Beds, Balclatchie, Girvan (Ordovician). propinqua brevior Androussov, 1923 (variety). Upgraded. Apscheronia propinqua brevior Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001930 ZR: Apscheronia propinqua var. brevior Androussov, 1923 nov. [Ref. Androussov 1923]. propinqua mactriformis Androussov, 1923 (variety). Upgraded. Apscheronia propinqua mactrijormis Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. REcORDs. 001930 ZR: Apscheronia prop in qua var. mactriformis Androussov, 1923 nov. [Ref. Androussov 1923]. propinqua oblonga Androussov, 1923 (variety). Upgraded. Apscheronia propinqua oblonga Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. REcORDs. 001930 ZR: Apscheronia propinqua var. oblonga Androussov, 1923 nov. [Ref. Androussov 1923]. propinqua praeextensa Androussov, 1923 (variety). Upgraded. Apscheronia propinqua praeextensa Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. REcORDs. 001930 ZR: Apscheronia propinqua var. praeextensa Androussov, 1923 nov. [Ref. Androussov 1923] . propinqua typica Androussov, 1923 (variety). Upgraded. Apscheronia propinqua typica Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001930 ZR: Apscheronia propinqua var. typica Androussov, 1923 nov. [Ref. Androussov 1923]. propinquum (mode). - See also under propinqua Eichwald, 1841 . propinquum. - Homonymy. Cardium propinquum from 3 sources: Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. Munster, 1839. Eichwald, 1841. propinquum Eichwald, 1841. - Replaced by Cardium proximum Deshayes. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium propinquum Eichwald, 1841 - [C.] proximum Desh. propinquwn Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Replaced by "Cardium " bavaricum Deshayes. » Regarding Cardium propinquum: Cardiacea. Cretaceous. REcORDs. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium propinquum Munster, 1840 - [C] bavaricum Desh. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5172: Cardium propinquum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. propinquum Munster, 1839 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " propinquum Munster, 1839. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium propinquum Munster, 1839 .• 01871 Stoliczka: Cardium propinquum (Cerasioderma) . propinquum Orbigny, 1850. - Conocardium propinquum d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5172: Conocardium (Muenst.) propinquum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium. propria (subspecies). - See under corbuloides propria Taktakishvili, 1978 proprium - Cerastoderma proprium . Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001977 Popov: Cerastoderma proprium . proprium Alizade. - Acobaecardium proprium (AI izade). Lymnocardiidae . Neogene. RECORDS. ··1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Acobaecardium proprium (Alizade) comb. nov . • 01987 ZR: Acobaecardium proprium (Alizade) comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 192. Prosadacna (error). - Printer's mistake for Prosodacna in Fischer (Vokes 1980). Prosochiasta Ebersin, 1959 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. REcORDs. 001974 ZR: Prosochiasta Ebersin, 1959. Referred to new subfamily Prosodacninae, Ref. to Andreescu, p. 128 . 001980 Vokes : Prosochiasla Ebersin, 1959 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. Prosochiasta Eberzin , 1960 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. 001960 ZR: (Proso c hiasta) Eberzin, 1960 subgen. nov. of Prosodacna. SUbgenotype: Prosodacna prosochiasla Andrus., Pliocene Galizgi river, Abkhaziya, Georgia USSR. 001960 ZR: Prosochiasla Eberzin, 1960 subgen. nov. of Prosodacna q.v. prosochiasta Andrus. - Prosodacna prosochiasla Andrus. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. REcORDs. 001960 ZR: Prosodacna prosochiasta Andrus., Pliocene Galizgi river, Abkhaziya, Georgia USSR. [Ref. Eberzin 1960]. Prosodacna Toumouer, 1882 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. GENOTYPE. Cardium macrodon Deshayes, 1838. TYPE LOCALITY. Crimean fossil. REMARKS. Divided into 3 sections by Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903; (I) type species Prosodacna semisulcala Rouss. (II) type species P. rumana Sabba, (III) type species P cobalcescui Fontannes. RECORDS. 0'1903 Andrussoff: Prosodacna Tournouer, 1882. 001905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Prosodacna Tournouer. 001974 ZR: Prosodacna Tournouer, 1882. Designated type genus for new subfamily Prosodacninae. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 130. 0'1975 ZR: Prosodacna (Psilodon) Cobalcescu, 1883. Diagnostic characters. Palaeoecology. Systematic accounts of species. Pliocene. Romania. Ref. to Motas. 001977 Popov: Prosodacna Toumouer, 1882. 001977 ZR: Prosodacna Systematic accounts of species. Ref. to Papaianopol, I. p. 25. 001980 Vokes: Prosodacna Tournouer, 1882. 001980 ZR: Prosodacna Toumouer 1882. Key to species. Ref. to Andreescu. 001987 Anaya: Prosodacna Tourquer, 1882. 002001 Schneider & Carter: Prosodacna (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. Prosodacna Tournouer, 1882 (subgenus) . Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001887 Fischer: Subgenus (Prosodacna) Tournouer, 1882. 001987 Anaya: (Prosodacna) S.s. Prosodacnidae - RECORDS. 001937 ZR: Prosodacnidae (?) not a cardiid unit [Ref. Keen 1937]. 716 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) prosodacnoides - Protocardiinae prosodacnoides Andreescu, 1972. - Euxinicardium prosodacnoides (Andreescu, 1972). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. R ECORDS. "1972 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinocardium sic) prosodacnoides Andreescu, 1972 sp. nov . Romania. Pleistocene . "1975 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) prosodacnoides Andreescu, 1975 sp. nov. Romania, Vrancea district. Pleistocene . Ref. to Andreescu , p . 112 . "1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium prosodacnoides (Andreescu). Prosodacnomya Eberzin, 1960 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene !Pliocene. RECORDS. "1974 ZR: Prosodacnomya Ebersin, 1959. Referred to new subfamily Prosodacninae. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 128. "1980 Vokes: Prosodacnomya Ebersin, 1959 in subfamily ProsodacninaeAndreescu, 1974. "1980 ZR: Prosodacnomya Ebersin 1959. Key to species. Ref. to Andreescu. "1984 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacnomya) Upper Miocene. Dacian Basin. Ref. to Papaianopol. Prosodacnomya Eberzin , 1960 (subgenus) . Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene !Pliocene. RECORDS. "1960 ZR: (Prosodacnomya) Eberzin, 1960 subgen . nov. of Prosodacna. SUbgenotype: Prosodacna rostrata (Sinz.) Pliocene Ukraine, Odessa USSR. "1978 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacnomya) Upper Miocene Romania, Boteni. List & stratigraphy. Ref. to Pavnotescu e/ al. prosodactoides Andreescu, 1971. - New combination: Lymnocardium prosodactoides (Andreescu, 1971). Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. "1971 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) prosodac/oides Andreescu, 1971 sp. nov. Pleistocene Rimnicu- Sarat Valley, Dumitresti, Romania. prosogyrata Kafanov, 1994 - Profulvia prosogyrata Kafanov, 1994. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1994 Kafanov in Arkhipova et aZ.: Profulvia prosogyrata Kafanov. prosogyrata Perkins, 1961. - Protocardia prosogyrata Perkins, 1961. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1961 ZR: Prolocardia prosogyrata Perkins, 1961 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Texas, Fort Worth. prosogyrata Perkins, 1961. - Protocardia prosogyrata Perkins, 1961 . Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1986 Scott: Protocardia prosogyrata Perkins, 1961. protei Brongniart, 1821. - Pholadomya protei (Brongniart, 1821). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium protei Brongniart. In genus Pholadomya. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5177: Cardium protei Brongniart, 1821. proterothetidis Ludbrook, 1955. Nomen nudum. RECORDS. Cardiidae. Pliocene. "1955 ZR: Nemocardium (Pratulum) pro/erothe/idis Ludbrook, 1954 sp. nov. nom. nud. Pliocene, Australia. "1977 Popov: Pra/ulum pro/ero/he/idis (Ludbrook, 1955). proteua (error). - Printer 's mistake for proteus in Ma Qi-hong e/ al. 1976. proteus Krumbeck, 1914 . - Protocardia proteus Krumbeck, 1914. Cardiidae. Trias. RECORDS. "1914 ZR: Protocardia proteus Krumbeck, 1914 sp. n. Trias Buru. "1976 Ma Qi-hong et al.: Protocardia proteua sic Krumbeck, 1913. protextum Conrad, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pro/extum Conrad, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium pro/ex/um Conrad, 1853; vol. 2: 275, pI. 24, fig . 12. protoaliculum Richards in Richards & Palmer, 1953. Sawkinsia protoaliculum (Richards in Richards & Palmer, 1953). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1998 Schneider: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) protoaliculum Richards in Richards & Palmer, 1953 in genus Sawkinsia. "1998 Schneider: Cardium (Trigoniocardium sic) protoaliculum Richards, in Richards & Palmer, 1953. Sawkinsia pr%aliculum (Richards, in Richards & Palmer, 1953). Protocardia Beyrich, 1845 (genus). - Cardiidae. Eocene and Recent. GENOTYPE. Herrmannsen (1847) designated Cardium hillanum Sowerby, 1818 type species of genus Pr%cardia Beyrich, 1845 (Speden 1970). RECORDS. "1845 Beyrich, designated the genus Pr%cardia. "1857 Deshayes: Proto cardia Beyrich, in Bronn:syn. of Cardium. "1876 Meek: Protocardia , Beyrich, 1845. ··1876 Meek: Protocardium = Pr%cardia. '·1886 Cossmann: GenusPr%cardium Beyrich, 1845 ... 1906 Suter: Protocardia Beyrich, 1845 . "1920 ZR: Protocardia [Refs. Henning . Lange . Roman & Mazeran). "1922 Olsson: Pro/acardia Beyrich. "192232 Sherborn, p. 5180: Protocardia Beyrich, 1845. "1924 Oldroyd: Genus Pr%cardia Beyrich, 1845. "1926 ZR: Protocardia [Ref. Schmidtill 1926]. "1928 ZR: Pr%cardia [vide etiam Protocardium] [Ref. Patte 1928]. "1929 ZR: Protocardia [vide etiam Pr%cardium] [Refs. Cox. Rennie. Parona]. "1934 Johnson : Pr%cardia Beyrich 1845 . "1961 ZR : Protocardia, all Tertiary species considered to belong to Nemocardium Meek [Ref. Hughes 1961). "1980 Vokes : Pr% cardia Beyrich, 1845 in subfamily Protocardiinae . •• I 980 ZR: Protocardia India Rann Islands, Jurassic, first record. Ref. to Singh et al. "1986 Scott: Protocardia von Beyrich, 1845 (p. 1192). Protocardia Conrad, 1860 (genus). Invalid. RECORDS. "1980 Vokes: Protocardia Conrad, 1860 [non Beyrich, 1845]. Protocardia Beyrich, 1845 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Eocene and Recent. RECORDS. "1887 Fischer: Subgenus Pr%cardia, Beyrich. 1845 of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. Protocardiinae Keen, 1951 (subfamily). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1978 Maxwell: Subfamily Protocardiinae. "1980 Vokes: Subfamily Protocardiinae Keen, 1951. "1980 ZR: Protocardiinae Keen 1951. Key to genera. Ref. to Keen. "1980 ZR: Systematics. Generic composition & position. Ref. to Andreescu.! Origin of taxon. Ref. to Andreescu. "1986 Abdel-Gawad: subfamily Protocardiinae Keen. 1951. "1987 ZR: Protocardiinae. Lower Cretaceous. Mexico & USA. Caribbean Province paJaeozoogeography. Stratigraphic distribution, palaeobiology & Systematics . Ref. 10 Scot!. ··1992 Poutiers : Protocardiinae. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Subfamily Protocardiinae. ··1999 Higo et al.: Protocardiinae (subfamily) Keen, 1951. "2001 Schneider & Carter: Prolocardiinae (subfamily) Keen, 1951. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1994 Hylleberg: rounded quadrate, beaks nearly central; posterior slope well defined by umbonal ridge, its radial ribs tending to be spinose; hinge long, slightly arched, cardinals 2 and 3b larger, peglike, curved upward, sinuating lower border of hinge plate; Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 717 Protocardium - proximum pallial line mostly entire, some with small sinus near posterior adductor scar. Protocardium (error). - Invalid emendation of genus Protoeardia. RECORDS. 001871 Stoliczka: Proto cardium Beyrich, 1817. 001980. Vokes: Protoeardium (emend. pro -cardia Beyrich, 1845). Protocardum (error). - Printer's mistake for Protoeardia in Meek & Hayden, 1860 (Vokes 1980). Protocerdia (error). - Printer's mistake for Protoeardia in Preston, 1921 (Vokes 1980). Protodaena (genus). - RECORDS. 001968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Genus Protodaena Logvinenko & Starobogatov. Protodacninae (subfamily) . - RECORDS. 001980 ZR: Protodacninae. Origin of taxon. Ref. to Andreescu . 001980 ZR : Systematics. Generic composition & position. Ref. to Andreescu. Protodidaena Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1966 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. 001980 Vokes: Protodidaena Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1966. Protoplagiodaena (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. REcORDs. 001987 ZR: Protoplagiodaena Stevanovic, 1978. Referred to new tribe Arcicardiini. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 190. protosllbrllgosllm Noetling, 190 I. - Vastieardium protosubrugosum (N oetl ing, 190 I). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001977 Popov: Traehyeardium (Vastieardium) protosubrugosum (Noetling, 1901). 001999 Vidal: Cardium protosubrugosum Noetling, 190 I : 179, p I. 10, figs 10-11 Miocene of Burma . Compared by Pannekoek (1936: 71) with spolongense and sedanense. protraeta (mode). - See under protraelum. protraeta Eichwald, 1841. [Figs. Part I p. 123, 181]. Changed combination : Didaena protraeta (Eichwald, 1841) . OTHE R JUDGEMENTS: Monodaena ea tillus Eichwald . » Regarding Cardium protraela: Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. 001841 Eichwald, p. 223, pI. 40, figs. 9-10: Adaena protraeta m. 001875 ZR: Adaena protraeta (Eichw.), exhibits vestiges of cardinal teeth [Ref. Martens 1875]. 001877 Grimm: Adaena protraeta Eichwald (syn.) = Monodaena eatillus Eichwald. 001903 Andrussoff: Adaena protraeta Eichwald, 1841. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5182: Adaena protraeta Eichwald, 1841. 001968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Didaena protraeta protraeta (Eichwald) . 001977 Popov : Didaena prolraeta. 001987 Taktakishvili : Limnoeardium protraetum (Eichw.). 001987 Taktakishvili : Didaena protraeta. protraeta grimmi Andrusov (variety). - Changed combination . Identical with Didaena protraeta submedia Andrusov, 1911. » Regarding Didaena protraela submedia: Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs. 001968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Didaena protraeta var. grimmi Andrusov = Didaena protraeta submedia Andr. protraeta novaeaspiea G lazunova, 1971. - Didaena protraeta novaeaspiea Glazunova, 1971. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. 001971 ZR: Didaena protraeta novaeaspiea Glazunova, 1971 subsp. nov. Pleistocene Cape Peschanyy area, Middle Caspian, USSR. protraeta submedia Andrusov, 1911 (variety) . Upgraded . Didaena protraeta submedia Andrusov, 1911. Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. 001968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Didaena protraeta submedia Andr. 001968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Didaena protraeta var. submedia Andrusov, 1911 = Didaena protraeta submedia Andr. Protraetiforma Bagdassarian, 1978 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001979 ZR: Protraetiforma. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 44 . 001980 Vokes: Protraetiforma Bagdassarian, 1978. protraetiformis (variety). - See under quadripartitum protraetiformis Andrus. *protractum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium protraetum from 2 sources: Eichwald, 1829. - Dall, 1900. protractum Eichwald , 1829 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " protractum Eichwald, 1829. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001829 Eichwald, p. 283, Tab. 5, f. 9: Cardium protraetum n. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium protraetum Eichwald. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5182: Cardium protraetum Eichwald, 1829. 00 1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium protraetum Eichwald. Greece, 837539. Turkey, B41471. protraetus Dall, 1900. - Synonym of Serripes groenlandieus (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium protraetus. Cardiidae: Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Arctic (McLean 1939). RECOR DS. 001900 Dall : Cardium protraetus. 001974 Abbott: Serripes protaetus Dall. 1900 = Serripes groenlandieus (Bruguiere, 1789). protractus (subspecies). - See under groenlandieus prolraetus Dall, 1900. protrusum Solander, 1786 - Synonym of Coreulum impressum (Lightfoot, 1786). OTH ER JUDGEMENTS: Coreu/um eardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium protrusum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001687 Lister, pI. 319, fig . 156: pectunculus dorso sine margine laevi. 001786 Solander, p. 178, ref. to Lister: Cardium protrusum. 001817 Dillwyn: Cardium protrusum. Solander's MSS, lot 3325 = Cardium hum anum Chemnitz. 001916 Iredale, p. 86: Cardium protrusum Solander. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5182: Cardium protrusum Solander, 1786. 001967 Rehder: Portland Catalogue No. 3825 . A very fine specimen of Cardium protrusum , S. a curious variety of the Venus heart, from China, very rare. Lister, 319. 156. 001967 Rehder : Cardium prolrusum (Lightfoot, 1786) = Coreu/um impress um (Lightfoot, 1786). 001977 Fischer- Piette, p. 153 : Cardium protrusum So lander = species insufficiently known. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE-REMARKS. Lister (1687, pI. 319, fig . 156) is most likely Cardium humanum Chemnitz, 1782 = Coreulum eardissa (Linne, 1758). *proximllm. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium proximum from 2 sources: Deshayes, 1853 . - ? possibly Dufour, 1881. proximum Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" proximum Deshayes. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium proximum Desh. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium proximum Deshayes, 1853 ; vol. 2: 48 . proximum Dufour, 1881. - Loxoeardillm proximum (Dufour, 1881). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 718 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) proximum - Pseudocatillus ··1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 50: Loxocardium proximum (Dufour, 1881). proximum Fuchs. - Lymnocardium proximum (Fuchs). Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. R ECORDS. ··1928 ZR: Limnocardium proximum Fuchs Ponti an [Ref. Pavlov itch 1928]. ··1929 ZR: Limnocardium proximum Fuchs Pontian [Ref. Pavlovic 1929]. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium proximum (Fuchs). proximum bone; Pavlovitch, 1928 (variety). - Upgraded. New combination: Lymnocardium proximum bonei Pavlovitch, 1928. Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. RECORDS. ··1928 ZR: Limnocardium proximum Fuchs var. bonei Pavlovitch, 1928 nov. Pontian Serbia [Ref. Pavlovitch 1928]. ··1929 ZR: Limnocardium proximum Fuchs var. bouei Pavlovic, 1929 nov. Pontian Serbia [Ref. Pavlovic 1929]. prunum Meuschen, 1778. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 780: Cardium prunum Meuschen, 1778. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 780: Cardium prunus Meuschen, 1778. pseudacardo Andrussow, 1907. - Arcicardium pseudacardo Andrussow, 1907 . Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY . Crimean iron ore deposits. RECORDS. ··1907 Andrussow, p. 113, Taf. III, Fig. 5-9, Taf. IV, Fig. 14: Arcicardium pseudacardo nov. sp. ··1964 ZR: Arcicardium pseudacardo Andrusov, 1964 sp. nov. Tertiary. pseudoangulata (mode) . - See under pseudoangulatum. pseudoangulatum BUlow, 1905 . - Synonym of Vasticardium philippinense = Vasticardium orbita phi/ippinense (Hedley, 1899). » Regarding Cardium pseudoangulatum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. None designated (Higo el al. 1999). RECORDS. ··1905 BUlow : Cardium pseudoangulalum . ··1905 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) pseudoangulatum BUlow, 1905b sp . n. Hab . incert. ··1991 Vidal : Cardium pseudoangulatum Bulow, 1905 . ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Trachycardium pseudoangulatum . ··1997 Vidal: Cardium (Trachycardium) pseudoangulatllm BUlow, 1905 = Vasticardium orbita philippinense (Hedley, 1899) . ··1999 Vidal : Cardium pseudoangulatum BUlow, 1905 = Vasticardium orbita (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833. ··1999 Higo et af. : Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) pseudoangulata (BUlow, 1905). ··1999 Vidal , p. 357: C. pseudoangulatum Bulow, 1905 identical with Va sticardium orbita philippinense. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. ··1999 Higo et af.: subtidal to 20 m, sand. DISTRJBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Central IndoWest Pacific. ··1999 Higo et af. : Amami islands and southwards, Philippines, South China Sea, China, Indonesia, IndoPacific. Pseudoarcicardium Akhvlediani, 1974 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RE CORDS. ··1974 ZR : Pseudoarcicardium Akhvlediani, 1974 gen. nov. of Cardiidae . Type species Arcicardium kubanicum Andrusov. Ref. to Akhvlediani , p. 486. ··1980 Vokes: Pseudoarcicardium Akhvlediani, 1974. ··1987 Taktakishvili, p. 92: Pseudoarcicardium Akhvlediani, 1974; referred to new tribe Pontalmyrini. pselldoaxinus Thurmann in Thurmann & Etallon, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pseudoaxinus Thurmann in Thurmann & Etallon, 1862. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium pseudoaxinus Thurmann in Thurmann & Etallon, 1862; p. 182, pI. 21, fig Ie. pseudobogatchevi (variety). - See under gracile pselldobogatchevi Gillet, 1938. Pseudo cardia Conrad, 1866 (genus).- Synonym. » Regarding Pseudocardia: Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1887 Fischer: Pseudocardia pars Conrad, 1866. Jun. syn. of Genus Limnocardium Stoliczka, em. 1870. ··1903 Andrussoff: Pseudo cardia Conrad. pseudo cardia (mode). - See under pseudocardium. pseudocardia Eichwald. RECORDS. ··1890 Paetel: Adacna pseudocardia Eichw. Pseudocardita Oppenheim, 1919 (genus). - Carditidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS . ··1980 Vokes: Pseudocardita Oppenheim, 1919 in subfamily Pseudocarditinae. Pseudocarditinae Ebersin, 1964 (subfamily). - RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Subfamily Pseudocarditinae Ebersin, 1964. ··1977 ZR: Pseudocarditinae Ebersin 1964. Referred to Carditidae from Cardiidae. Ref. to Kafanov & Popov p. 56 [Trans I. p. 308]. pselldocardium Deshayes , 1838. - Synonym of Monodacna pontica (Eichwald, 1838). » Regarding Cardium pseudocardium: Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. The Crimea. DISTRJBUTION. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. ··1838 Deshayes, p. 59, pI. I, figs. 1-2: Cardium pseudo cardillm . ··1849 Middendorff: Cardium pseudocardium = Cardium? ponticum Eichw. (fide Andrussoff 1903). ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 460: Adacna (Monodacna) pseudocardia Desh. ··1888 Kobelt : Monodacna p seudocardium Desh. (Monodacna) . ··1890 Woodward : Monodacna pseudocardium Desh. - Black Sea. ··1903 Andrussoff: Cardium pseudocardium Deshayes, 1838. ··1903 Andrussoff: Cardium pseudocardium Deshayes, 1838 = Cardium ponticum Eichw. ··1908 Milaschewitch : Monodacna pseudocardium . ··1908 Milaschewitch : Monodacna pseudocardium (Deshayes) 1838 = pontica Eichw. ··1916 Milaschewitch : Monodacna pseudocardium (Deshayes), 1838. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5194: Cardium pseudocardium Deshayes, 1838. ··2001 Vidal, p. 407: Monodacna pseudocardium. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··200 I Vidal : no tentacles. No eyes. Pseudocatillini Taktakishvi Ii, 1987 (tribus). Lymnocardiidae. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili, p. 102: Pseudocatillini; tribe nov. of Limnocardiinae; Type genus for new tribe Pseudocatillus Andrussow, 1903. Pseudocatillus Andrussow, 1903 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes : Pseudocatillus Andrussow, 1903 in subfamily Didacninae. ··1981 Taktakishvili: Pseudocatilllls. ··1982 ZR: Pseudocatillus. Romania, Bucarest region. Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol et al. ··1984 ZR: genus Pseudocatillus. Ref. to Akhvlediani p. 70. ··1987 Anaya: Genus Pseudocatillus Andrusov, 1923. Type species Cardium pseudocatillus Barbot de Marny, 1869. Pseudocatillus Andrussow, 1903 (subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. GENOTYPE. Monodacna pseudocatillus (Abich) Barbot de Marny (Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903). RECORDS. ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903 : Pseudocatillus n.s .g. ··1970 ZR: Pseudocatillus Pliocene fauna of region between Teleajen and Cricov valleys, Romania Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 719 pseudocatillus - pseudofossile Taktakishvili: (Prosodacna) pseudocucestiensis Eberzin, 1960 sp. n. (Pseudocatillus) subgenus of Monodacna. pseudocatillus Abich. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pseudocatillus Abich. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene Kamyshburun, Kerchensky, Crimea USSR. --1987 Anaya : Prosodacna pseudocucestiensis Eberzine, 1959. pseudocucestiensis (cf.) Ebersin, 1959.- RECORDS. -'1987 Anaya : Prosodacna (s . s.) cf. pseudocuscestiensis sic Eberzine, 1959. pseudocuscestiensis (error). - Printer's mistake for pseudocucestiensis in Anaya 1987. pseudodeserta. - Nomen nudum. RECORDS. --1949 ZR: Replidacna pseudodeserta 'no sp.' [nomen nud.] Maestricktian, Sannat. [Ref. Papp 1949]. pseudodoengingki Barnabas & Strausz, 1989. - New combination: Ly mnocardium pseudodoengingki Barnabas & Strausz, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pannonian in SW Transdanubia (Hungary). RECORDS. --1989 Barnabas & Strausz p. 234 & 305, fig.: Limnocardium pseudodoengingki sp. nov. pseudodonax Dunker. - Combination to be revised: "Hemicardium" ps eudodonax Dkr. Cardiidae . RECORDS. "1890 PaeteJ: Hemicardium pseudodonax Dkr. pseudoduplicatum - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pseudoduplicatum. Cardiidae. Sannatian. RECORDS. --1965 ZR: Cardium pseudoduplicatum figd . Sannatian, Yugoslavia [Ref. Spaj ic 1965]. pseudoedule Andrussow, 1902. - Changed combination: [Ref. Pau liuc 1970]. "1981 Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Caspian Sea. DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea . RECORDS . --1877 Grimm: Cardium pseudocatillus Abich. ? "1877 ZR : Cardium pseudocatillus (Abich), also recent in the Caspian Sea [Ref. Grimm 1877]. pseudocatillus Barbot de Marny, 1869. - Pseudocatillus pseudocatillus (Barbot de Marny, 1869). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. Cardium pseudocatillus Barbot de Marny, 1869 (tautotype) is type species of genus Pseudocatillus Andrussov, 1923 in family Limnocardiidae sic (G1ibert & Poel 1970). RECORDS. --1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Monodacna pseudocatillus (Abich) Barbot de Marny. --1953 Celidje: Pseudocatillus pseudocatillus (Barb.). --1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus pseudocatillus (Barbot). --1982 ZR: Pseudocatillus pseudocatillus (Barbot, 1869). Description. Ref. to Papaianopol et al. --1987 Lutskanov & Tcholakov: Pseudocatillus pseudocatillus. --1987 Anaya: Cardium pseudocatillus Barbot de Marny, 1869. --1987 Anaya : Pseudocatillus pseudocatillus Barbot , 1869 . --1987 Anaya: Monodacna pseudocatillus in Andrussov sic 1917. --1987 Lutskanov: Pseudocatillus pseudocatillus Barb. "1987 Lutskanov & Tcholakov : Pseudocatillus pseudocatillus Barb. pseudocatillus larga Taktakishvili , 1966 Changed combination:. - Monodacna pseudocatillus larga Taktakishvili , 1966 . Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. REcORDs. --1966 ZR: MOllodacna pseudocatillus larga Taktakishvili, 1966 subsp. nov. western Gruzia, SSR, Pliocene. pseudocimmerica (subspecies) . - See under natella pseudocimmerica Eberzin, 1960. Pseudoconocardium Zavodovskii , 1962 (genus). Conocardiidae. Permian. RE CORDS. --1962 ZR: Pseudoconocardium Zavodovskii, 1962 gen. nov. of Conocardiidae. Type species Pseudoconocardium licharewi Zavodovskii, 1962 sp . nov. Permian R. Khivach, N.E. Russia. pseudocrassa Pay!. - Didacna pseudocrassa Pay!. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. -'1989 Mikhailesku: Didacna pseudocrassa Pay!. "1989 Klimanov, Mikhailesku & Chepalyga : Didacna pseudocrassa Pay!. pseudocrassatellata Ebersin, 1958 . - Limnodacna pseudocrassatellata Ebersin, 1958. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1958 ZR: Limnodacna pseudocrassatellata Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Abkhazia, Galizga river. Pliocene. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnodacna pseudocrassatellata Ebers. pseudocrassum Pavlov, 1926. - Changed combination: Didacna pseudocrassum (Pavlov, 1926). [Tertiary and Quaternary, Lymnocardiidae]. RECORDS. "1926 ZR: Cardium (Didacna) pseudocrassum Pavlov, 1926 sp. n. Tr;:rtiary S.E. Europe. -'1929 ZR : Cardium pseudocrassum Pavlov, 1929 sp. n. Neogene & Quaternary of S.E. Europe. pseudocucestiensis Ebersin, 1959 . - Prosodacna pseudocucestiensis Ebersin, 1959. Lymnocardiidae. PI iocene. RECORDS. "1960 ZR: Prosodacna Cerastoderma pseudoedule(Andrussow, 1902) . Cardi idae. Fossil. RE CORD S. "1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1902 : Cardium pseudoedule n. sp. tend s towards Cerastoderma. "1977 Popov: Cerastoderma pseudoedule. pseudoesperanzae Ebersin, 1967. - Macradacna pseudoesperanzae Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . -·1967 Ebersin: Macradacna pseudoesperallzae sp. n. --1967 ZR: Macradacna pseudoesperanzae Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. pseudofastosum Nomura, 1937. - Changed combination: Clinocardium pseudofastosum (Nomura) , 1937. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Cardium (Clinocardium)pseudofastosum Nomura, 1937 sp. n. Neogene Japan . --1954 Keen: Clinocardium pseudofastosum (Nomura), 1937 [Pliocene] . "1973 Keen: Clinocardium pseudofastosum (Nomura, 1937) [Lower Pliocene]. pseudofischerianum Kolesnikov. - Protracti/orma pseudojischerianum (Kolesnikov). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1979 ZR : Protractiforma pseudojischerianum (Kolesnikov). Referred to new subgenus P (Fischericardium) . Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p.44. pseudofossile Reeve, 1844. [Figs. Part I p. 133 . Part 3 p. 926]. - Synonym of Clinocardium cali/orniense (Deshayes, 1839). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Clinocardium uchidai Habe. » Regarding Cardium pseudofossile: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1844). TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH; Cardium pseudofossile Reeve Syntypes reg. no. 1975617. Neg. No. 0227. RECORDS. "1844 Reeve, sp. 52: Cardium pseudofossile. -'1858 Adams & Adams, p. 454 : Cardium (Pectunculus) pseudofossile, Reeve. --1864 Carpenter: Cardium pseudofossile, Rve [Asiatic] . ·-1867 ZR: Cardillm pseudofossile (Reeve) Hakodate 720 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) pseudogigas - pseudolima and Bay of Castries (Lischke 1867) ... 1869 Lischke: Cardium pseudofossile Reeve = Cardium californiense Deshayes. ··1869 Romer: Cardium pseudofossile Reeve. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium pseudofossile Rv. = californiense Dsh. ··1896 Rolle: Cardium pseudofossile Reeve. ··190 I Dall: Cardium pseudofossile Reeve, 1844 = Cardium californiense Deshayes, 1839. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5195: Cardium pseudofossile Reeve, 1844 [as pseudo-fossileJ. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Clinocardium pseudofossile Reeve . ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium pseudo-fossile in Rolle (1896) = Corculum uchidai Habe. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium pseudo-fossile Reeve 1844 = Corculum californiense Deshayes. ··1980 ZR : Keenocardium pseudofossile (Reeve 1845) is a junior synonym of Keenocardium californiense (Deshayes 1839). Ref. to Kafanov. ··2000 Coan et al.: Cardium pseudofossile Reeve, 1844 = Clinocardium (Keenocardium) californiense (Deshayes, 1839). ··2002 Schneider: citing Dall (1900): Cardium (Cerastoderma) pseudofossile Reeve, 1844, section Cerastoderma. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION. ··1844 Reeve: shell depressly ovate, a little produced on each side, radiately ribbed, about 50 narrow, smooth ribs very numerous, a little swollen here and there; rusty white. DIMENSIONS. ··1896 Rolle: length 70 mm, width 60 mm, diameter 40 mm. REMARKS ··1844 Reeve: this is a remarkable species and has so much the appearance of being in a fossil state, that I only felt satisfied to the contrary upon discovering a large portion of fresh horny ligament attached to the hinge of one of Mr. Cuming's specimens. ··1869 Romer: Cardium pseudofossile Reeve is closely related to Cardium ciliatum. ··1896 Rolle found that Cardium pseudofossile is closely related to Clinocardium callforniense (Deshayes, 1839). They can hardly be separated based on the shell form. HABITAT ··1844 Reeve: unknown. DISTRIBUTION. North Japan, Alaska. pseudogigas Eames, 1951. - Trachycardium pseudogigas Eames, 1951. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1951 ZR: Trachycardium pseudogigas Eames, 1951 sp. nov Eocene Pakistan. pseudohillanum de Ryckh. in Dew. - Synonym of Protocardium edwardsi (Deshayes). » Regarding Cardium pseudohillanum: Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium pseudohillanum de Ryckh. in Dew. = Protocardium edwardsi (Deshayes). pselldohispida (variety). - See under suessi pseudohispida Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. pseudo[at;costatus Chelidze, 1975 . - Pseudocatillus pseudolaticostatus Chelidze, 1975. Lymnocardiidae. Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR: Pseudocatillus pseudolaticostatus Chelidze, 1975 sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Khobs region. Ref. to Chelidze, p. 188. pseudo/atum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. Maoricardium pseudolatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Padang, western Sumatra, Indonesia (Higo et af. 1999). RECORDS. ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt, p. 31-32, figs. 1-3 , 12): Maoricardium pseudolatum n. sp. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) pseudolalum. ··1998 Schneider: Maoricardium pseudolatum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. ··1998 Poutiers: Plagiocardium pseudolatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). ··1998 Schneider (l998b): Maoricardium pseudolatum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991 . ··1999 Higo et al.: Maoricardium pseudalatum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991 . ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Plagiacardium pseudolalum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Indo-West Pacific. ··1999 Higo et af.: apparently not distributed in Japan. REMARKS. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: the Indian species is probably Plagiacardium pseudolatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991) but the distinguishing characters between Plagiacardium setosum and Plagiacardium pseudolatum are not clear. pseudolima Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part I p. 120, 124, 171 . Part 3 p. 902]. - Changed combination: Plagiacardium pseudalima (Lamarck, 1819). Cardiidae. Recent. Type species: Cardium pseudolima Lamarck, 1819. Type species of Plagiacardium Cossmann, 1886. TYPE LOCA LITY. Unknown (Lamarck 1819). TYPE REPOSITORY. Cabinet of Mr. Dufresne, (Lamarck 1819). Unknown availability. DESCRIPTIONS. Oliver (1995): No transverse ridges in the interstices (Lamarck 1819). Subquadrate, distinctly longer than high, umbones high, posterior margin almost straight. Sculpture of 36-40 flat radial ribs these bearing small cup--shaped spines (nodules if worn) arising from the mid-line of each rib. In fresh specimens periostracal bristles arise from the base of each spine. Pink to reddish brown with contrasting white spines. DIMENSIONS. 110 mm length. To 150 mm (Oliver 1995). HABITAT. Muddy sand (Oliver 1995). DISTRIBUTION. Red Sea (Sowerby 1841); Zanzibar, E. Africa (Reeve 1844); Zanzibar (Grasset 1884); East Africa, Persian Gulf (Hylleberg 1994); Arabian Sea (Oliver 1995). RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck, p. 7, No. 13 : Cardium pseudalima. ··1840 Sowerby, 183th part, fig. 67: Cardium pseudalima, Lam. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. L8 : Cardiumpseudolima, Lam. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium pseudolima (Sowerby, No. 18). ··1844 Reeve: Cardium pseudolima Lamarck Anim. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 396. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Isocardia) pseudolima , Lam. ··1868 ZR: Cardium pseudolima (Lam.), much more rarely white than pink. [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1890 Paetel: Cardiumpseudolima Lm.·· j 92232 Sherborn, p. 5195: Cardium pseudolima Lamarck, 1819. ··1927 Lamy: Cardium (Acanthocardia) pseudolima. ··1930 Stewart: "e." pseudo lima (Recent, Indian Ocean). ··1964 Spry : Cardium pseudalima (Lamarck) . ··1977 Fischer-Piette : Cardium (Cerastoderma) pseudo lima Lamarck. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Maaricardium pseudalima (Lamarck, 1819). ··1982 Bosch & Bosch: Cardium pseudalima Lamarck, 1819. ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Plagiacardium pseudalima. ··199 L Voskuil & Onverwagt : Maoricardium pseudalima (Lamarck, 1819). ··1992 Oliver: Rudicardia pseudalima. ··1995 OLiver, fig. 1079: Plagiacardium pseudalima (Lamarck, 1819). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTION . •• L844 Reeve: shell somewhat heartshaped , ventricose, radiately grooved, about 38 grooves, intermediate ridges rather flat, sometimes the whole, sometimes the lateraL ridges only, armed with rows of very minute sharp-scaLed tubercles; pink fleshcolour, ornamented with pink transverse rays, tubercles Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 721 pseudolima beta - pseudosubdentata white. HABITAT. "1844 Reeve: found in deep water. DISTRIBUTION . --1844 Reeve: Zanzibar, east coast of Africa. pseudolima beta (variety). - Cardium pseudolima Variety beta. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1844 Reeve: Shell entirely snowy white. Mr. Cuming possesses the variety beta of this well-known species, of a pure snowy white, in fine fresh condition. pseudomagnum McCoy, 1877. Hedecardium pselldomagnum (McCoy, 1877). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. --1877 McCoy: Cardium pseudomagnum McCoy, 1877 (fide Schneider 2002). --1970 Darragh assigned Cardium pseudomagnum to Trachycardium (fide Schneider 2002). --2002 Schneider: Hedecardium pseudomagnum (McCoy, 1877). Victoria. Oligocene. pseudomaxima Davidasvili , 1930. - Monodacna pseudomaxima Davidasvili, 1930. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. --1932 ZR: Monodacna pseudomaxima Davidasvili, 1930 sp. n. Pliocene Transcaucasia. pseudomichailov (variety) . - See under gatuevi pseudomichailov KOlesnikov, 1929. pseudomulicostatum (error). - Printer's mistake for pseudomulticostatum in Popov 1977. pseudomulticostatum Zhizchenko, 1934. - Changed combination: Europicardillm pseudomulticostatum (Zhizchenko, 1934). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1934. Zhizhchenko: Cardium pseudomulticostatum Zhizhchenko, 1934 (fide Schneider 2002). --1937 ZR: Cardium pseudomulticostatum Zhizchenko, 1936 sp. n. --1939 ZR : Cardium pseudomulticostatum Zhizhchenko, 1934 sp. n. Miocene Ciscaucasia. --1961 ZR: Cardium pselldomulticostatum ?Miocene. --1977 Popov: Bucardium (Europicardium) pseudomulticostatum (Zhizchenko, 1934). --1977 Popov, Tab. I, pp. 20-21 : Bucardium (Europicardium) pseudomulicostatum sic. --1977 ZR: Bucardium (Europicardium) pseudomulticoslalum (Zhizhchenko, 1934) Comb. nov. Transferred from Trachycardium . Ref. to Popov p. 44 . --1989 Gontsharova, p. 123 : Europicardium pseudomulticostatum (Zhizhchenko, 1934). --2002 Schneider : Europicardium pseudomulticostatum (Zhizhchenko, 1934). Ukraine. pseudomulticostatum elongata Baghdasaryan, 1961 (variety). - Upgraded. New combination: Europicardium pseudomulticostatum (Zhizchenko, 1934). RECORDS. --1961 ZR: Cardium pseudomulticostatum var. elongata Baghdasaryan, 1961 nov. Chokraksk deposits, ?Miocene, Georgia, Russia. pseudoobsoletum Fuchs, 1873. - New combination: Lymnocardium pseudoobsoletum (Fuchs, 1873). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. --1987 Anaya: Cardium pseudo-obsoletum Fuchs, 1873. --1987 Anaya: Limnocardium sic (s. s.) the group pseudoobsoletum Fuchs, 1873. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium pseudoobsoletum (Fuchs). pseudoobsoletum Kolesnikov, 1929. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " pseudoobsoletllm Kolesnikov, 1929. Lymnocardiidae. Sarrnatian. RECORDS. --1929 ZR: Cardium pseudoobsoletum Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarrnatian. pseudoottonis Frolenkova, 1983. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " pseudoottonis Frolenkova, 1983 . Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS . --1983 ZR : Cardium pseudoottonis Frolenkova, 1983 sp. nov. Tadzhikistan, Upper Cretaceous. Ref. to Frolenkova, p.162. pseudoovata Gillet, 1965. - Didacna pseudoovata Gillet, 1965. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1987 Anaya : Didacna (s. s.) pseudo-ovata Gillet, 1965. pseudo-petersi (invalid spelling). - See under pseudopetersi. pseudopetersi Stevanovic, 1951 . - New combination: Lymnocardium pseudopetersi Stevanovic, 1951 . Lymnocardiidae . Ponti an . RECORDS. ·-1953 ZR : Limnocardium pseudopetersi Stevanovic, 1951 sp. nov. Pontian Serbia. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium pseudopetersi Stev. Pseudopis Cox, 1946 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs . --1946 ZR : Pselldopis Cox, 1946 gen nov. Cardiidae genotype Pseudopis astonensis Cox, 1946 sp. nov. Lower Aston Magna Wores. pseudoplanicostata Gillet, 1965. - Didacna pseudoplanicostata Gillet, 1965. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. --1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.) pseudo-planicostata Gillet, 1965. pseudoplicatum (subspecies and variety). - See under praeplicatum pseudoplicatum and plicatum pseudoplicatum Friedberg, 1934. pseudopoiitionanci. - Nomen nudum. RECORDS. --1949 ZR: Replidacna pseudopoiitionanci 'no sp.' [nomen nud.] Maestricktian, Sarmat. [Ref. Papp 1949]. pseudoproductum Peth6, 1906. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " pseudoproductum Peth6, 1906. Cardiidae . Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Hungary. REcORDs. --1906 Peth6 : Cardium pseudoproductum sp. n. --1906 ZR: Cardium pseudoproductum Peth6, 1906 sp. n. Cretaceous, Hungary. Pseudoprosodacna Gi lIet, 1943 (genus) . Lymnocardiidae . Tertiary. RECORDS. --1946 ZR: Pseudoprosodacna Gillet, 1943 gen. nov. between Limnocardium and Prosodacna first species Cardium littorale Eich. --1980 Vokes: Pseudoprosodacna Gillet, 1943. pseudoschemaclrinica Gillet & Vicente, 1961. - Didacna pseudos chema chinica Gillet & Vicente, 1961. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. --1961 ZR: Didacna pseudoschemachinica Gillet & Vicente, 1961 sp. nov. Pliocene, Barcelona, Spain. --1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.)pseudoschemachinica Gillet, 1961. pseudosecans Andrusov, 1917. - Changed combination: Euxinicardium pseudosecans (Andrusov, 1917). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1987 Anaya: Limnocardium pseudosecans Andrusov, 1917. --1987 Anaya: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) the group pseudosecans Andrusov, 1917. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) pseudosecans Andrus. --1987 Taktakishvili: Euxinicardium pseudosecans. pseudosecans (aff.) Andrusov, 1917. - RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium aff. pseudosecans Andrus. pseudosoceni Jekelius, 1944. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " pseudosoceni lekelius, 1944. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1946 ZR : Cardium pseudosoceni Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. (type f. II) . Miocene Soceni Banat. pseudosubdentata Celidje, 1953 . - Monodacna pseudosubdentata Celidje, 1953 . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. --1953 Celidje, p. 157: Monodacna 722 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) pseudosubdentatus - pulchella pseudosubdentata nov. sp. pseudosubdentatus Chelidze, 1975. - Pseudocatillus pseudosubdentatus Chelidze, 1975. Lymnocardiidae. Lower Pliocene. REcORDs. --1975 ZR: Pseudocatillus pseudosubdentatus Che1idze, 1975 sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Khobs region. Ref. to Chelidze, p. 185. pseudosuessi Hal. - New combination: Lymnocardium pseudosuessi (Hal.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. "1987 Taktakishvi li: Limnocardium pseudosuessi (Hal.). pseudosulcatina Gillet, 1965 . Didacna pseudosulcatina Gillet, 1965. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.) pseudosulcatina Gillet, 1965 [Pliocene]. Pseudotrapezium (genus). - Cardiacea. Fossil. REcORDs. --1916 ZR: Pseudotrapezium (fossil) Ref. to Cossmann (1916). Psilodon Cobalcescu, 1883 (genus). - Synonym of Prosodacna Tournouer, 1882. » Regarding Psilodon : Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. Type species: Cardium macrodon Deshayes type of the genus Psilodon Cobalcescu, 1882 (Andrussoff 1903). REcORDS. --1887 Fischer: Psilodon, Cobalcescu. 1882? lun. syn of subgenus Prosodacna Tournouer, 1882. --1896 ZR: Stylodacna n. g. for Psilodon herbeti Cobalcescu [Ref. Stefanescu 1896]. .. 1975 ZR: Psilodon Cobalcescu, 1883. Emendation. Ref. to Motas, p. 60. "1978 ZR : Prosodacna (Psilodon) Pliocene. Romania. Dacian, systematics & phylogeny. Ref. to PapaianopoJ, I. --1980 Vokes: Psilodon Coba\cescu, 1883 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. Psilodonini Taktakishvili, 1987 (tribus). Lymnocardiidae. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili (p. 159) designated Psilodon Cobalcescu 1883 type genus of the new tribe Psilodonini. Pteradacna Andrussow 1907 (genus). - Pteradacna Andrussow 1907. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1951 ZR: Pteradacna Andrussov 1907 and synonymy of Pteradacna pterophora Brus. [Ref. Stevanovic 1951]. "1962 ZR: Pteradacna Andrussov in subfam. Didacninae Eberzin, 1962, family Cardiidae [Ref. Eberzin 1962]. --1977 Popov: Pteradacna Andrussow, 1907. --1980 Vokes: Pteradacna Andrussow, 1907 in subfamily Didacninae. "1987 Taktakishvili p. 100, Pteradacna Andrussow 1907; referred to new tribe Pontalmyrini. --2001 Schneider & Carter: Pteradacna (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. Pterocardia Bayan, 1874 (genus). - Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. --1887 Fischer: Subgenus Pterocardia (Agassiz) Bayan, 1874 of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. "1931 ZR: Pterocardium Ref. to Douville (1931). --1964 ZR : Pterocardia eparcyensis [Fischer, 1964. Jurassic]. "1978 ZR: Pterocardia Favre 1834 sic. Transferred from Megalodontacea. Ref. to Morris p. 267. Pterocardium (error). - Printer's mistake for genus Pterocardia in Deckaseaux 1945 and Douville 1931. pteropernoida Repman, 1961. - Arkitella pteropernoida Repman, 1961. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. "1961 ZR: Arkitella pteropernoida Repman, 1961 sp. nov. Arkit, USSR Jurassic. Genotype of Arkitella Repman, 1961. pterophora Brusina. - Changed combination : Pteradacna pterophora (Brusina). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1907 Andrussow : Adacna pterophora Brusina compared with Prosodacna semisulcata Rouss. --1951 ZR: Pteradacna pterophora Brus. synonymy [Ref. Stevanovic 1951]. pubescens Couthouy, 1839. - Synonym of Ciliatocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). » Regarding Cardium pubescens: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Iceland (Reeve 1844); Iceland, Greenland (Wood & Hanley 1856); circumpolar. RECORDS. --1839 Couthouy, p. 60, pI. 3, fig. 6: Cardium pubescens. --1844 Reeve: Cardium pubescens = juvenile Cardium icelandicum Chemnitz, 1782. --1850 Jay: Cardium pubescens Couth. = Cardium icelandicum Linn. sic. --1856 Wood & Hanley: C. pubescens Couthouy = Cardium icelandicum Ch. --1869 Romer: Cardium pubescens Couthouy = Cardium cilia tum Fabricius. "1870 Gould: Cardium pubescens Couthy. (syn.) = Cardium islandicum Linn. --1873 Tryon: Cardium pubescens Couthouy = Cardium islandicum, Linnaeus, 1767. --1888 Kobelt: Cardium pubescens Couthouy = Cardium islandicum Linne. --1902 Dall: Cardium pubescens Couthouy, 1838 = Cardium cilia tum Fabricius, 1780. --1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium pubescens Ch. Couthouy 1838 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) islandicum, Chemnitz 1782. "1912 Jensen: Cardium pubescens Couthouy, 1838 = Cardium ciliatum Fabricius ... 1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5214: Cardium pubescens Couthouy, 1838. --1924 Schlesch: Cardium pubescens Couthouy = Cardium (Cerastoderma) ciliatum (Fabricius). --1939 McLean : Cardium pubescens = Clinocardium cilia/um Fabricius, 1780. --1974 Abbott: Cardium pubescens Couthouy, 1838 = Clinocardium cilia tum (Fabricius, 1780). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium pubescens Couthouy = Corculum cilia tum Fabricius. --2000 Coan et al. : C. pubescens Couthouy, 1838 = Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780). pubescens (variety). - Infrasubspecific. RECORDS. --1890 Paetel: Cardium var. pubescens Couth. puebloensis Anderson, 1929. - Trachycardium puebloensis Anderson, 1929. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1929 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) puebloensis Anderson, 1929 spp. n. Miocene N. Carolina. puelchum Sowerby in Darwin, 1846. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" puelchum Sowerby in Darwin, 1846. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS . --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5219: Cardium puelchum Sowerby in Darwin, 1846. --2002 Schneider: Cardium puelchum Sowerby, 1846. Tertiary sediments in Patagonia. pulcellum White & Whitfield, 1862. - Conocardium pulcellum White & Whitfield, 1862. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (Dall 1895, p. 519). RECORDS . --1980 Ruhoff: Conocardium pulcellum White & Whitfield, 1862; vol. 8: 299. pulchella (variety). - See under rectidens pulchella. pulchella Chip10nkar & Tapaswi, 1976. - Pr%cardia pulchella Chiplonkar & Tapaswi, 1976. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1983 ZR: Protocardia (Tamilicardia) pulchella Chiplonkar et al. , 1983 sp. nov. India. Upper Cretaceous. Ref. to Chiplonkar et al. p. 153 ... 1995 Schneider: Protocardia (Tamilicardia) Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 723 pulchellum - pulcherrimum pulchella Chiplonkar & Tapaswi, 1976. *pulchellum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium pulchellum from 3 sources: Gray in Dieffenbach, 1843. - Philippi, 1844. - Reeve, 1844. pulchellum Gray in Dieffenbach, 1843. - Changed combination: Microcardium pulchellum (Gray, 1843) OTHER JUDGEMENTS: in genus Nemocardium. Nemocardium thetidis (Hedley, 1902). - Cardium striatulum Sowerby. » Regarding Cardium pulchellum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. New Zealand (pulchellum Gray, 1843); Australia (pulchellum Reeve, 1844). RECORDS. --1843 Gray in Dieffenbach: Cardium pulchellum. "1885 Smith: Cardium pulchellum Gray. --1887 Tate: Cardium pulchellum Gray. --1889 Whitelegge: Cardium pulchellum Gray. --1903 Pritchard & Gatliff: Cardium pulchellum, Gray = Cardium striatulum , Sowerby. --1904 Hutton: Cardium pufchellum Gray. --1905 Hedley: Cardium pulchellum Gray. --1906 Suter: Protocardia (Nemocardium) pulchella (Gray). --1907 Suter: Protocardia pulchella Gray. --1907 ZR: Cardium pulchellum [Ref. Hedley 1907]. --1907 ZR: Cardium pulchellum Gray ref. to Protocardia (q.v.) subgen. Nemocardium [Ref. Suter 1907]. --1912 Suter: Protocardia pulchella Gray. --1913 Suter: Protocardia pulchella Gray. --1915 Oliver: Protocardia pulchella Gray. --1915 Smith: Cardium pulchellum Gray. --1918 Hedley: Cardium pulchellum Gray. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5224: Cardium pulchellum Gray in Dieffenbach, 1843. --1924 Iredale: Cardium pu{chellum Gray, 1843. "1939 Powell, p. 213: Nemocardium (Pratulum) pu{chellum (Gray 1843). "1950 Keen: Nemocardium (Pratulum) pulchellum (Gray, 1843). --1953 Macpherson & Chapple: Cardium pulchellum Gray. --1955 Powell: Nemocardium pulchellum (Gray). --1956 Gabriel: Cardium pulchellum Gray. --1962 Powell: Nemocardium pulchellum (Gray). "1970 Glibert & Poel: Nemocardium (Pratufum) pulchellum (Gray, 1843). "1975 ZR: Nemocardium (Pratulum) pulchellum. Depth distribution. Habitat substrate. New Zealand zone. Ref. to Luckens. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium pulchellum Gray = Pratulum striatulum Sowerby, 1834 . --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium pulchellum Gray = Cardium thetidis Hedley, 1902. "1977 Popov : Pratulum pulchellum (Gray, 1843). --1979 Powell: Nemocardium (Pratulum) pulchellum (Gray, 1843). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC Colville Channel, New Zealand: 30, 70, 123, 128, 268 , 293 m, West Pacific, Milford Sound. Campbell Island. --ZMUC: I large specimen from Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand, coli . Mortensen, det. Odhner. --ZMUC: Albatross point New Zealand, 25 fathoms Twofold Bay, NS Wales . --ZMUC: wet collection New Zealand. DESCRIPTIONS. Fine radial riblets. Two divergent radial streaks of dark pink. DIMENSIONS. 29 x 26 x 18 mm . REMARKS. Closely related to thetidis Hedley, 1902 (Powell 1979). "1844: Reeve ｳｴ｡･ｾ＠ that Cardium striatulum jun. , Sowerby, 1840 (l77 t part, fig. 45) cannot surely be the young of the Cardium striatulum. Therefore, Reeve coined the new name Cardium pulchellum which, however, also was used by Gray, 1843, probably for the same species. Fischer-Piette had the opinion that C. pulchellum Rve. = C. striatulum Sowerby. --1979 Powell: the species is closely allied to the New South Wales thetidis. HABITAT. --ZMUC: sandy mud, sandy clay, mud, fine sand, mud at 18-293 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. "1950 Keen, "1979 Powell: New Zealand. --ZMUC: New Zealand, Campbell Island Twofold Bay, NS Wales. pulchellum Philippi, 1844. - Replaced by "Cardium " philippii Deshayes. » Regarding Cardium pulchellum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium pulchellum Philippi, 1844. - C. philippii Desh. pu/chellum Reeve, 1844. [Figs. Part I p. 131. Part 3 p. 928] . - Synonym of Nemocardium pulchellum (Gray, 1843). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium thetidis Hedley, 1902. - Pratulum striatulum (Sowerby, 1834). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 3 syntypes . 1978127. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. Australia (Reeve, 1844). RECORDS. --1844 Reeve, sp. 42: Cardium pulchellum. --1857 Deshayes: Living . Cardium pulchellum Reeve , 1844. --1867 Angas : Cardium pulchellum Reeve. "1869 Dunker: Laevicardium pulchellum Reeve. --1872 Tryon: Cardium pulchellum Reeve. --1878 Tenison-Woods: Cardium pulchellum Reeve. --1879 Martens: Cardium pulchellum Reeve. --1884 Grasse!: Cardium pulchellum. Rv. --1890 Paetel : Cardium pulchellum Rv. --1901 Tate & May: Cardium pulchellum Reeve. --1962 Graham: Nemocardium pulchellum Rev. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium pulchellum Reeve 1844 = Cardium pulchellum Gray 1843 = Cardium thetidis Hedley, 1902 = Pratulum striatulum Sowerby, 1834. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1844 Reeve: shell orbicular, thin, somewhat depressed, nearly equilateral, radiately closely striated, striae solid, raised, regular, the posterior striae covered with very minute scales; white, striae some few white, most of them bright scarlet; interior yellowish, two scarlet rays diverging within the umbone in each valve. REMARKS. This very pretty species cannot surely be the young of the Cardium striatulum; it is of a different form, being truly orbicular, and offers no indication of the wrinkled striae · with which that species is so peculiarly cancellated. DISTRIBUTION. "1844 Reeve: Australia. pu/cherrima (variety). - See under victor pulcherrima Melvill, 1909. pulcherrimum Sakurai & Habe, 1966. - Synonym of Acrosterigma transcendens (Melvill & Standen, 1899 OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguiere , 1789). » Regarding Laevicardium pulcherrimum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype, Kakeroma Jima, Amami Is. Japan. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, National Science Museum, Japan. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype and two paratypes, in National Science Museum, Japan ref. NSMT-MO 48405 and MO 70S79 (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. --1966 Habe et Kosuge, p. 295-296 : Laevicardium pulcherrimum sp. nov. --1966 ZR: Laevicardium pulcherrimum Sakurai & Habe, 1966 sp. nov. Kakeroma-jima, Amami Is . Japan. --1973 Keen : Laevicardium pulcherrimum Sakurai & Habe, 1966. Recent. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium pulcherrimum Sakurai & Habe. --1977 Habe: Laevicardium pulcherrimum Sakurai & Habe, 1966. --1981 Koyama et al.: Laevicardium pulcherrimum Sakurai & Habe, 1966 = Trachycardium transcendens 724 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) pulchricostatum - pulchrum (Melvill & Standen, 1899). "1999 Higo et af.: Laevicardium pulcherrimum Sakurai & Habe, 1966 = Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) transcendens (Melvill & Standen, 1899). "1999 Vidal: Sakurai & Habe 1966, p. 293: Laevicardium pulcherrimum = Acrosterigma transcendens (Melvill & Standen , 1899) . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARK S. Fischer-Piette (1977, p. 26) refers to the authors stating the Laevicardium pulcherrimum Sakurai & Habe, 1966 is close to Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789) (= Laevicardium rubropictum), and also to Vasticardium arenicola Reeve; pulcherrimum is ill defined, and, with some hesitation, considered ajunior synonym of Laevicardium biradiatum by FischerPiette (1977). DISTRIBUTION. Indo-Pacific (Hyl\eberg 1994). pulchricostatum Iredale, 1929. [Figs. Part 3 p. 885] . Synonym of Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1838). » Regarding Vepricardiwn pulchricostatum : Cardiidae. Recent. Vepricardium pulchricostatum Iredale, 1929 (DO) is type species of subgenus Vepricardium Iredale, 1929 (Glibert & PoeI1970). TYPE LOCALITY. Australia. TYPE REPOSITORY. Australian Museum, Sydney. Holotype C057839. RECORDS. "1929 Iredale: Vepricardium pulchricostatum. "1929 Iredale designated pulchricostatum genotype. "1929 ZR: Vepricardium pulchricostatum [type] sp. n. Iredale, 1929a E. Australia. "1950 Allan: Vepricardium pulchricostatum = Cardium multispinosum. "1961 Rippingale & MacMichael: Vepricardium pulchricosta tum Iredale. "1964 Shikama: Cardium (Vepricardium) pulchricostatum (Iredale). "1969 Moore et af.: Vepricardium (Vepricardium) multispinosum Iredale, 1929. "1974 Habe & Kosuge: Vepricardium pulchricostatum Iredale, 1927. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium pulchricostatum Iredale = Laevicardium multispinosum Sowerby. "1977 Popov : Bucardium (Vepricardium) pulchricostatum (Iredale, 1929). "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Vepricardium pulchricostatum Iredale, 1929; junior synonym of Cardium multispinosum Sowerby, 1838. "1990 Abbott & Dance: Vepricardium pulchricostatum Iredale, 1929 = Trachycardium multispinosum. "1992 Lamprel\ & Whitehead : Vepricardium pulchricostatum Iredale, 1929 = Vepricardium mullispinosum (Sowerby, 1838). "1999 H igo et al.: V. pulchricostatum Iredale, 1929 = Vepricardium multispinosllm (Sowerby, 1841). "2000 Vidal, p. 458: Vepricardium pulchricoslatum Iredale, 1929, from Australia, is probably = Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1841). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Islands, Australia, Indo-Pacific (Hylleberg 1994). *pulchrum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium pulchntm from 4 sources: Reeve, 1845. - Deshayes, 1858. - Briiggen, 1910. - Hinds (?year). pulchrum Briiggen, 1910. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pulchrum Briiggen, 1910. Cardiidae. Senon. "1910 ZR: Cardium pulchrum Briiggen, 1910 sp. n. Peru Senon. pulchrum Deshayes, 1858. - Synonym. Combination to be revised: "Cardium"" bouei Deshayes. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium obliquum Lamarck. » Regarding Cardium pulchrum: Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1886 Cossmann: Cardium bouei Desh. = C. pulchrum = Cardium obliquum Lamarck. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium pulchntm Deshayes, 1858; [18561865] atlas I, pI. 55, figs . 25-28. "1995 Le Renard et af.: Loxocardium bouei [Cardium bouei] Deshayes, 1858 (pulchntm). pulchrum Hinds. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" pulchrum(Hinds.). Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION . Japan (Grasset 1884); Persian Gulf (Melvill & Standen 1906). RECORDS. "1884 Grassel: Cardium pulchntm Hinds. ··1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 839: Cardium (Cerastoderma) pulchntm Hinds. pulchrum Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part I p. 141. Part 3 p. 929]. - Synonym of Fulvia australis (Sowerby, 1834). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium striatum Spengler, 1799. - Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter [not available]. » Regarding Cardium pulchrum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 3 syntypes. 1978136. BMNH London. RECORDS. "1845 Reeve, sp. 98: Cardium pulchrum. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium pulchntm, Reeve. "1870 Morch: C. pulchrum Reeve = C. australe Sowb.; junior synonyms of Cardium striatum Spgl. "1878 Smith: Cardium pulchrum Reeve = a variety of Cardium (La evicardium) australe Sowerby. "1869 Romer: Cardium pulchrum Reeve = Cardium australe Sowerby. "1878 ZR: Cardium australe (Sow.) = pulchrum (Reeve), Andaman examples [Ref. Smith 1878]. "1880 Martens: Cardium (Papyridea) pulchrum Reeve (from China). "1882 Rochebrune: Laevicardium pulchrum Reeve. "1884 Grasset: Cardium pulchntm R v. (Papyridea). "1885 Smith: Cardium pulchrum, Reeve , fig. 98 = Cardium (Bl/cardium) australe, Sowerby, 1840. "1889 Martens: Cardium (Papyridea) pulchrum Sow., Reeve. "1890 Paetel: Cardium pulchrum Hinds. "1891 Fischer: Cardium pulchrum Reeve. "1909 Lynge : Cardium pulchnlm Reeve, 1845 = Cardium australe Sowerby, 1840. "1909 Melvill: pulchntm Reeve = Cardium (Papyridea) australe, Sowb. '·1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5232: Cardium pulchntm Reeve, 1845 . "1926 Fischer & Fischer: Cardium pulchntm Rve. = Cardium (Papyridea) australe. "1928 Kuroda : pulchrum Reeve, 1845 syn. = Papyridea papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). "1937 Viader: Cardium pulchntm Reeve = C. australe Sowerby. "1939 Adam & Leloup: Cardium pulchrum Reeve = Laevicardium (Laevicardium) australe (Sowerby 1840). "1952 Kuroda & Habe: pulchntm Reeve = Fulvia australis (Sowerby). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium pulchntm Reeve = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter. "1981 Koyama et al.: Cardium pulchrum Reeve, 1845 = Fulvia australe (Sowerby, 1840). "1994 Vidal: ? Cardium pulchrum Reeve, 1845 = Fulvia (Fulvia) australis (Sowerby, 1834). "1999 Higo et al.: Cardium pulchrum Reeve, 1845 = Fulvia australis (Sowerby, 1841). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 178: Cardium pulchrum Reeve. Synonym of Fulvia australis (Sowerby, 1834). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: one individual = australe according to H. Lynge. DESCRIPTIONS. "1845 Reeve: shell ovate, somewhat attenuated towards the umbones; radiately very finely grooved; fleshy brown, white towards the margins, prettily ornamented with square rose spots , umbones purple, interior concentrically variegated with rose. REMARKS. "1845 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 725 pulchrum - punctatum Reeve: this interesting species is not only distinct from Cardium australe in form, but in sculpture and colouring. DISTRIBUTION. China (Reeve 1845); China (Grasset 1884). pulchrum Martens, 1869 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. » Regarding Cardium var. pulchrum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Seychelles. RECORDS. "1869 Martens, pI. 3, figs . 2a--c: Cardium var. pulchrum (in between pulchrum and rugatum). ··1869 ZR: Cardium pulchrum var., allied to rugatum (Gronov.) from Zanzibar [Ref. Martens 1869). pulicarium Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part I p. 142] . Synonym of Acrosterigma elongalUm (Bruguiere, (789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trachycardium pulicarium Reeve, 1845. » Regarding Cardium pulicarium: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1845). TYPE REPOSITORY. Unknown (Vidal 1993). RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve, fig. 102: Cardium pulicarium. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) pulicarium, Reeve. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium pulicarium R v. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5238: Cardium pulicarium Reeve, 1845. ··1972 Cernohorsky: Vasticardium pulicarium (Reeve, 1845). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Vasticardium) pulicarium Reeve. ··1993 Vidal: ? Cardium pulicarium Reeve, 1845 = Acrosterigma elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1993 Vidal: Cardium pulicarium Reeve, 1845 = Acrosterigma elongata = Trachycardium elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve, shell somewhat orbicular, Pecten-shaped, radiately ribbed, 34 ribs, the anterior prickly, the middle crenulated on both sides, and the posterior crenated; yellowish or fleshy white, stained with scattered blackish brown spots, interior pinkish white, margins rose-purple towards the hinge. ··1972 Cernohorsky: 35-37 ribs, prominently crenulate on each side, spinose on the posterior 5-6 ribs. DIMENSIONS. 25 mm. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: a characteristic little shell, which I cannot refer to any described species. ··1993: Vidal suggested that the shell described by Reeve could be a juvenile Acrosterigma elongata (Bruguiere, 1789). DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: unknown. ··1994 Hylleberg: Indo-Pacific. pullatum Stoliczka, 1871. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pullatum (Stoliczka, 1871). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Vylapaudy and Anapaudy, South India. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka, p. 218, pI. 11, figs. 8-10: Cardium (Acanthocardium sic) pullatum Stoliczka. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Acanthocardium sic)pullatum Stoliczka, J 870; [1870-1871] vol. 3: 218, pI. 11, figs. 8-) O. •• )983 Gliozzi & Malatesta: Cardium pullatum Stoliczka, 1871. pulvinatum Lam . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pulvinatum Lam. Cardiidae. Fossil. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium pulvinatum Lam. ex fide Mich. pumila (variety). - See under lamarckii pumila Friedel, 1870. punctatostriatmn Lycett, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " punctatostriatum .. Lycett, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . •• ) 922-32 Sherborn, p. 5255: Cardium punctatostriatum Lycett, 1850 [as punctato-striatum]. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium punctatostriatum Lycett, 1850; vol. 6 : 423. punctatum Brocchi, 1814. - Identical with Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Parvicardium minimum (Philippi). - Cardium planatum var. - Cardium roseum Lamarck. - Parvicardium scab rum (Philippi, 1844). » Regarding C. punctatum: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··1814. Brocchi: Cardium punctatum. ··1832 Bronn: Cardium puncta tum Brch. 666 = ?variety of Cardium planatum. ··1836 Philippi : Cardium punctatum Broc. p. 666. t. 16. fig. II. = Cardium papillosum Polio ··1844 Philippi: Cardium punctatum Brocchi. ··1848 Requien: Cardium punctalum Brocchi. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium puncta tum Brocchi . ··1866 Brusina: Cardium punctalUm Brocchi . ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium punctatum Brocchi = Cardium papillosum Poli. ··1868 Colbeau : Cardium punctatum Brocchi = Cardium nodosum. ··1869 Romer: Cardium puncta tum Brocchi, an varietas ? (a good species, Romer, p. 34). "1880 Stossich : Cardium punctatum Brocchi. 1814 = Cardium nodosum Montagu . ··1888 Kobelt : ?Cardium punctatum Brocchi = Cardium minimum Philippi. ··1888 Kobel!: Cardium punc/a/um Brocchi = Cardium papillosum Poli. ··1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium puncta/um Broce. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium punc/atum Brocchi 1814 = Papillicardium papilloswri (Poli 1791). ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium punc/atum Brocchi, 1814 = Cardium (Parvicardium) papi/losum Poli, 1791. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: C. punctatum Brocchi is a synonym ofC. papillosum Poli. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5259: Cardium punctatum Brocchi, 1814 ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium punc/alum Brocchi = Corculum papi/losum Poli ref. "1983 Anaya: Cardium punc/a/um Brocchi, 1814 = Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium punctatum Brocchi, 1814 (? misidentified). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. According to Aartsen & Goud (2000), Cardium punctatllln is probably a misidentification of a worn Parvicardium papi/losum (Poli, 1795). HABITAT. Aegaean Sea depth range 12 fathoms (Forbes 1844). DISTRIBUTION. Guernsey (Grasset 1884); Mediterranean (Locard & Caziot 1900); Europe, North West Africa (auct.). punctatum of Forbes. - Identical with Cardium roseum Lamarck. » Regarding C. punctatum: RECORDS. ··1867 Weinkauff: ? Cardium puncta/um Forbes = Cardium roseum Lamarck. punctatum of Monterosato 1891.- Identical with Parvicardium minimum (Philippi 1836). » Regarding C. punctatum: RECORDS. ··1891 Monterosato: Cardium puncta/um. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium puncta/um Monterosato 1891 (non Brocchi) = Parvicardium minimum (Philippi 1836). punctatum of Philippi, 1844. - Identical with Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium nodosum Turton , 1822. Parvicardium papi/losum (Poli). » Regarding C. punc/atum: RECORDS . ··1856 Jeffreys : Cardium punctatum and variety Cardium scabrum Ph . = Cardium papillosum (Poli). ··1884 Grasset: Cardium punctalum Phil. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium punc/atum PhI. = nodosum Mtg. ··1933 Coen: Cardium punc/a/um Philippi = Eucardium (Cardium) echinatum var. roseum Lamarck. ··1937 Coen: punc/atum Phil ippi = 726 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) punctatum - pllsillum Ceras/oderma (Rudicardium) nodosum Turton. punctatum of Renier. - Identical with Parvicardium scabrnm (Philippi, 1844).» Regarding C. punc/atum: RECORDS. --1844 Forbes: Cardium punctatum Ren. punctatum of Requien. - Identical with Parvicardium scabnlm (Philippi, 1844). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium nodosum Turton, 1822. - Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844).» Regarding C. punctatum: REcORDs. --1886 Locard: Cardium puncta/um Requien, 1848. = Cardium roseum de Lamarck, 1818. --1888 Kobelt: Cardium puncta/um Requien = Cardium nodosum Turton. --1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium puncta/um Requien = Cardium nodosum Turton, 1822. punctatum of Sowerby. - Identical with "Cardium " nodosum Turton , 1822. RECORDS. --1868 March: Cardium puncta tum " Brocchi" Sow. = Cardium (Cerastoderma) nodosum Turt. punctatum ofTapparone-Canefri 1869. - Identical with Parvicardium minimum (Philippi 1836). » Regarding C. punctatum: RECORDS. --1869 Tapparone-Canefri: Cardium puncta/um. --1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardiumpunc/atum Tapparone-Canefri (non Brocchi) = Parvicardium minimum (Philippi 1836). puncto!il/eatum Healy & Lamprell, 1992. Acrosterigma punctolineatum Healy & Lamprell, 1992. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCAL/TY. Holotype, Little Trunk Reef, N. Queensland, Australia. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, Queensland Museum, Brisbane . TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype, a paired specimen from Little Trunk Reef, N. Queensland, QM ref. M032905 . Paratypes: Four paired specimens from N. Queensland, in AMS. RECORDS. --1992 Healy & Lamprell : Acros/erigma punc/olineatum . --1999 Vidal : Acros/erigma punctolineata Healy & Lamprell , 1992 : 87, pI. 3, figs. e-h. --200 I Vidal, p. 407: Acrosterigma punctolineatum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: the coloured spots, riblets in interstices. DESCRIPTIONS. --1999 Vidal: Shell ovoid, equilaterally (only anterior dorsal margin slightly raised) to transversally (posterior margin expanded) but not posteriorly truncated, moderately elongated, and variably compressed. Lunule of medium size on right valve, with its umbonal margin raised and encroaching on left valve, where lunule is almost non existent. External colour beige with small, slightly elongated brown spots, limited to smooth anterior part of ribs on posterior slope, and to rib tops on other parts of shell; on posterior slope these spots are longer and darker than elsewhere. Interior shows the same features by transparency. Hinge symmetrical and moderately angled. Mean rib number 48.9 ± 3.3, range 42-56. On posterior slope, ribs flat with thin interstices; anterior smooth part of ribs narrower than posterior part and terminating abruptly against interstice. Axial furrow relatively wide and readily visible; oblique scales slightly elongated, regular in shape and regularly disposed in axial furrow, encroaching upon posterior part of rib, but usually not upon anterior part. On median part of shell, ribs roundly triangular to rounded, slightly asymmetrical, and generally smooth, except for those closest to posterior slope, which sometimes bear numerous long ridges on posterior face; on some young shells, small rounded tubercular pustules randomly scattered on rib tops; interstices narrower than ribs, bearing a well-delineated small riblet in bottom, and finely notched in places on adult parts. Anteriorly, ribs become retr04:renulated, then top-ridged (wide ridges, somewhat imbricated, becoming even wider and irregular approaching lunule). --2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. --1999 Vidal: length 29.9, height 35.7, width 24.0 mm. REMARKS. Vidal (1999) : Acrosterigma puncto!ineatum has typical characters and cannot be confused; it is close to the next species A. hobbsae, but can easily be separated from it. HABITAT. Recorded from 10 to 38 m depth . DISTRIBUTION. --1992 Healy & Lamprell: Philippines , North East Australia . --1999 Vidal : recorded only in the eastern part of the western Pacific, in littoral , reef environment. The species has been cited and figured from Taiwan by Kuroda (1941: 161, pI. 5, fig. 74,) and from Okinawa by Kubo & Kurozumi (1995: 18J , fig. 3). Plll/ctulaium Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. [Figs. Part I p. 107]. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" punctulatum Broderip & Sowerby, J829. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1829 Broderip & Sowergy, p. 366: Cardium punctulatum. --1834 Sowerby, 47t part, fig. 7: Cardium punc/ula/um . --1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 20: Cardium punc/ulatum Brad. & Sow. -- 1840 Sowerby, corrected list , p. 8: Cardium punc/ula/um (Sowerby No. 20). --1841 Reeve: Cardium punctula/um Brod. & Sow. --1843 Hanley: Cardium punc/ulatum Brod. --1851 MacAndrew : Cardium punctulatum Broderip & Sowerby. --1922-32 Sherborn , p. 5282: Cardium punctulatum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium punctula/um Broderip & Sowerby. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRJBUTION . --1841 Sowerby: not known. --1851 MacAndrew: Gibraltar. punicum Coquand, 1862. - Unknown species. » Regarding Cardium punicum: Cretaceous. TYPE LOCAL/TY. Constantine. RECORDS. --1871 Stoliczka: Cardium punicllm Coquand, 1862 (species insufficiently known). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium punicum Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 208, pI. II , figs. 10-11. punjabensis Eames, 1951 . - Discors punjabensis Eames, 1951. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. -- J 951 ZR: Discors punjabensis Eames, 1951 sp. nov. Eocene Pakistan. pllrbeckense Loriol & Jaccard , 1865 . - Cardium purbeckense Loriol & Jaccard , 1865 . Cardiidae. Jurassic and Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1985 Fiirsich & Werner: Cardium purbeckense Loriol & Jaccard, 1865. purpurea Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. « Regarding Cardium purpurea: Not a cardiid. RECORDS. --1784 Martyn: Cardium purpurea. pusil/a Chiplonker, 1939. - Pr%cardia pusilla Chiplonker, 1939. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. --1939 ZR: Protocardia pusilla Chiplonker, 1939 sp. n. Bagh Beds Cretaceous S. India. *pusillum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium pusillum from 2 sources: Gregorio, 1930 . Anrezjowski (?year). pusillulII Anrezjowski. Combination to be revised: "Cardium " pus ilium Anrezjowski. Cardiidae. Fossil. R ECOR DS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardium pusi/lum Anrezjowski. pusi/lum Gregorio, 1930. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pusillum Gregorio, 1930. Cardiidae. Lias. 727 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) pustulosum - quadragenarium ··1936 ZR: Cardium pusillum Gregorio, 1930 sp. n. Lias Palermo. puslulosum (afT.) Munster, 1836. - Granocardium afT. pustulosum (Munster, 1836). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1986 Abdel-Gawad, pI. 40, fig. 8: Granocardium (Granocardium) aff. pustulosum (v. Munster, 1836). pustulosum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pustulosum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka: Cardium puslulosum (Acantho cardium sic). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5317: Cardium pustulosum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. putcaradze Gadzhiev, 1968 . - Didacna putcaradze Gadzhiev, 1968. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. ··1968 ZR: Didacna putcaradze Gadzhiev, 1968 sp. nov. Caspian, Baku archipelago. pulzeysi Glibert, 1933. - Laevicardium pulzeysi Glibert, 1933. Cardiidae. Upper Eocene. RECORDS. ··1936 ZR: Laevicardium pUlzeysi (E. Vincent MSS) Glibert, 1933 sp. n. Wemmel Sands, Eocene Belgium. ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Laevicardium putzeysi (E. Vincent). ··1970 Glibert & Poel: Pratulum putzeysi. pycnosora Kol. - Hyrcan ia PYCl1osora (Ko!.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECO RDS. ··1977 Popov : Hyrcania Pycl1osora (Kol.). pygmaeum Donovan, 1799. - Synonym of Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium siculum Sowerby, 1839. - Cardium stellatum Reeve, 1844. » Regarding Cardium pygmaeum: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. Parvicardium exiguum (exiguum) (Gmelin, 1791) = pygmaeum (Donovan, 1799) = siculum (Sowerby, 1839) = stellatum (Reeve, 1844) in Nordsieck (1969). Habitat: C. exiguum: littoral and algal zone, Orkney Isles. (Nordsieck 1969). DISTRIBUTION. C. exiguum: North Europe, Mediterranean, Black Sea (Nordsieck 1969). RECORDS. "1800 Donovan, PI. 9, fig. 4a Cardium pygmaeum. "1803 Montagu: Cardiumpygmaeum Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 32. f. 3. = Cardium exiguum Gmel. 37. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium pygmaeum Solander 's MSS = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1844 Brow n: Cardium pygmaeum of Donovan = Cardium exiguum. ··1846 Forbes: Cardium pygmaeum Donovan = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1850 Jay: Cardium pygmaeum Donov. = Cardium exiguum. ··1852 Leach: Cardium pygmaeum Donov. = Cardium exiguum. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. pygmaeum Don. pI. 32, f. 3. = Cardium exiguum Mont. ··1867 Hidalgo: Cardium pygmaeum, Donovan = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium pygmaeum = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1868 Colbeau: Cardium pygmaeum Donov. ··1869 Romer: Cardium pygmaeum Donovan = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. "1871 March, p. 215, No. 205 Cardium pygmaeum Don. = Cardium exiguum Gm. ··1882 Cooke: Cardium pygmaeum Don . ··1882 Cooke : Syn. Cardium l1odosum Turt. labeled C. pygmaeum Don. (= C. exiguum Gmel.). ··1886 Chevreux: Cardium pygmaeum Donov. ··1886 Locard: Syn. Cardium pygmaeum, Donovan, 1804 = Cardium exiguum, Gmelin, 1789 sic. ··1888 Kobelt: Syn. Cardium pygmaeum Donovan = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1888 Servain: Cardium pygmaeum Donovan, Forbes & Hanley, Sowerby = Cardium exiguum. ··1890 Hidalgo: Cardium pygmaeum Donovan = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1890 Paetel : Cardium pygmaeum Donov. = exiguum Gm. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 80 I: Cardiumpygmaeum Donovan, 1800. "1917 Hidalgo: Syn. Cardium pygmaeum Donovan = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1932 Winckworth : Syn. Cardium pygmaeum = Cardium (Parvicardium) exiguwn Gmelin, 1791. ··1962 Grossu: Syn. Cardium pygmaeum Donovan = Cardium (Parvicardium) exigllum Gmelin, 1790. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Syn. Cardium pygmaeum Donovan = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium pygmaeum Donovan, 1800 is a synonym of Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). pygmaeum Philippi , 1860. -Combination to be revised: "Cardium" pygmaeum Philippi, 1860. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 RuhofT: Cardium pygmaeum Philippi, 1860; p. 176. *pygmaeul1l; Conocardiidae . - Homonymy to be noticed. COl1ocardium pygmaeum from 2 sources: Hisinger, 1837. - Isberg, 1934. pygmaeul1l Hisinger, 1837. - Conocardium pygmaeum Hisinger 1837. Conocardiidae. Fossil. ··1942 ZR: Conocardium pygmaeum Hisinger 1837 [Ref. Branson 1942]. pygmaeum Isberg 1934. - Replaced by COl1ocardium isbergi Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1942 ZR: Conocardium pygmaeum ]sberg 1934 replaced by Conocardium isbergi Branson, 1942. pyramidatum Grimm, 1877. [Figs. Part I p. 180]. Changed combination: Didacna pyramidatum (Grimm, 1877). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. ··1877 Grimm, p. 46, pI. 8, figs. I a-d: Cardium pyramidalum sp. n. ··1877 ZR: Cardium pyramidatum Grimm, 1877 sp. n. Caspian Sea. ··1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Didacna pyramidata (Grimm). ··1987 Taktakishvili : Didacna pyramidata (Gr.). pyramidum Abbass, 1978. - Cardium pyramidum Abbass, 1978. Cardiidae. Upper Eocene. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) pyramidllm Abbass, 1978 sp. nov. Egypt. Upper Eocene. Ref. to Abbass p. 155. pyrijorme d'Orbigny, 1850. - Conocardium pyriforme d 'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 4990: Lunulacardium pyriforme Muenster, 1840. "1922-32 Sherborn: Conocardium (Muenster) pyriforme d'Orbigny, 1850. LUllulacardium. pyrocostatul1l (aff.) Hal. - New combination: Lymnocardium aff. pyrocostatum Hal. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium aff. pyrocostatum Hal. pyrophila (variety). - See under sjoegreni pyrophila Andrussov, 1924. Q quadragenariul1l Conrad, 1837. - Changed combination: Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837). Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Type species: Stewart (1930) designated Cardium quadragenariwn Conrad, 1837 type species of the subgenus (Dal/ocardia) Stewart, 1930. Subsequently raised to generic status. RECORDS. "1837 Conrad: Cardium quadragenarium. 728 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) quadragenarium - quadripartitum --1860 Carpenter: Cardium quadragenarium Conr. --1864 Carpenter: Cardium quadragenarium Conr. = luteolabrum (= xanthocheilum) Gld. --1890 Paetel: Cardium quadragenarium Conr. --190 I Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) quadragenarium Conrad, 1837. --1918 Chase p. 103: Cardium quadragenarum [err. pro quadragenarium] Conr. --1921 Dall: Trachycardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837. --192232 Sherborn, p. 5353: Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837 . "1924 Oldroyd: Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837. "1930 Stewart: Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837. --1930 ZR: Dal/ocardia Stewart, 1930 subgen. n. of Trachycardium type Cardium quadrigenerium Conrad, fossil. "1937 Keen: Trachycardium quadragenarium. --1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium quadragenarium Conrad. --1954 Keen: Trachycardium (Dal/ocardia) quadragenarium. --1960 Morris : Trachycardium quadragenarium (Con.). --1969 Moore et at.: Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837). --1977 Popov: Trachycardium (Dal/ocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium quadragenarium Conrad. --1977 p. 46. Popov: Cardium quadragena rium Conrad, 1837. Type of (Dallocardia) Stewart, 1930. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837. -·1983 Anaya: Type: Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837. Type species (D.O.) of (Dallocardia) Stewart, 1930. ··1995 Poutiers: Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad , 1837). "1999 Vidal: Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad , 1837). "1999 Vidal: "Cardium "quadragenarium. ··2000 Coan et al.: Trachycardium(Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837) ... 200 I Schneider & Carter: Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: one old shell from Catalina Island, California. REMARKS. --1999 : Vidal cites Conrad 1837, p. 230: Cardium quadragenarium being "allied to Cardium asiaticum". DISTRIBUTION. --ZMUC California. quadragetlariulII (aff.) Conrad, 1837. - RECORDS. "1907 ZR: Cardium aff. quadrigenarium sic [Ref. Arnold 1907b]. quadragenariumfernandoensis Arnold, 1907 (variety). - Synonym of Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837). » Regarding Cardium quadragenarium var.fernandoensis: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1907 ZR: Cardium quadrigenarium sic var. fernandoensis Arnold, 1907 var. n. Middle Fernando formn. S. California [Ref. Arnold 1907a]. "1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium quadragenarium Conrad var. fernandoensis Arnold, 1907 (n. var.). ·-2000 Coan et al.: C. quadragenarium jernandoensis Arnold, 1907 = Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad,1837). quadragenarum (error). - Printer's mistake for quadragenarium in Chase 1918. quadrans Cragin, 1894. - Synonym of Protocardiafilosa (Conrad, 1857). » Regarding ROt/dairia quadrans: Cardiidae . Cretaceous. RE CORDS. --1986 Scott: Roudairia quadrans Cragin, 1894 = Protocardia filosa (Conrad, 1857). --1987 ZR: Protocardia quadrans (Cragin, 1894) Junior synonym of P. filosa (Conrad, 1857). Ref. to Scott p. 1203. quadralls W.B. & H.D. Rogers, 1839. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" quadrans W.B. & H.D. Rogers, 1839. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5354: Cardium quadrans W.B. & H.D. Rogers, 1839. quadrans. - Conocardium quadrans. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1889 ZR: Conocardium quadrans with fig. (ref. Barrois). quadrariuIII Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part I p. 145. Part 3 p. 933]. - Parvicardium quadrarium (Reeve, 1845). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1791. » Regarding Cardium quadrarium: Recent, Cardiidae. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1845). TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH. holotype reg. no. 1978141. Neg. No. 0392. DISTRIBUTION. Unknown (Reeve 1845). RECORDS ... 1845 Reeve: Cardium quadrarium ... 192232 Sherborn, p. 5354: Cardium quadrarium Reeve, 1845. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium quadrarium Reeve = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - --1845 Reeve: Shell thin, squarely ovate, posteriorly slightly concavely angulated; radiately ribbed, ribs flattened, here and there prickly scaled, those of the posterior area smooth, interstices between the ribs rather deeply cut; whitish, the concave posterior area pale rusty brown. REMARKS. ·-1845 Reeve: the chief peculiarities of this shell are its flattened ribs, the interstices between which are narrowly and deeply cut, and its posterior concavity. DISTRIBUTION. -·1845 Reeve: unknown. quadrata K valiashvili, 1978. - Digressodacna quadrala Kvaliashvili, 1978. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . --1978 ZR: Digressodacna quadrata Kvaliashvili, 1978 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Kvaliashvili p. 73. quadrata (subspecies). - See under edule quadratum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. *quadratlllll. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium quadratum from 2 sources: Deshayes, 1853. Doncieux, 1912. quadratum Chen, 1974. - Changed combination : Myophoricardium quadratum (Chen, 1974). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1976 Ma et al. p. 260: Myophoriopis quadralum Chen, 1974. --1976 Ma et al. p. 260: Myophoricardium quadratum (Chen, 1974). qlladratulII Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" quadratum Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857. Deshayes, p. 53: Cardium quadratum (Germany) new name for Cardium multicostatum in Goldfuss. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium quadratwn Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 48. quadratuIII Doncieux, 1912. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" quadratum Doncieux, 1912. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1912 ZR : "Cardium" quadratum Doncieux, 1912 sp. n. France Eocene. qlladricristatum Petho, 1906. - Combination to be revised: Combination to be revised: "Cardium" quadricristatum Petho, 1906. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Hungary. RECOR DS. "1906 Petho : Cardium quadricrislatum sp. n. -·1906 ZR: Cardium quadricristatum Petho , 1906 sp. n. Cretaceous, Hungary. quadrigenarium (error).- Printer 's mistake for quadragenarium in Arnold 1907. quadripartitum Kolesnikov, 1929. - Cerastoderma Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 729 quadripartitum protractijormis - radiatil quadripartitum (Kolesnikov, 1929). Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium quadriparlitum Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. ··1977 ZR : Cerasloderma (Obsoletijorma) quadripartitum Key to subspecies. Ref to ll'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 76. quadripartitum protractiformis Andrus (variety). Upgraded. Cerastoderma quadripartitum profractiformis (Andrus.) Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium quadripartitum var. prolracliformis Andrus., Sarmatian [Ref. Kolesnikov 1929]. quadripartitum squamata Andrus (subspecies) . Cerasloderma quadripartifum squamala (Andrus.) Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR : Cardium quadripartitum squamata Andrus. , Sarmatian [Ref. Kolesnikov 1929]. quedongensi Sherrard , 1960. - Lunulicardium quedongensi Sherrard, 1960. Not in Cardiacea. Silurian. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Lunulicardium quedongensi Sherrard, 1960 sp. nov. Quedong near Bombala, N.S. Wales, Silurian. quilonense Dey, 1962. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" quilonense Dey, 1962. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Cardium (s.l.) quilonense Dey, 1962 sp. nov. Indo-Pacific Province, Miocene. quinarium Marwick, 1944. - Changed combination: Pratulum quinarium (Marwick, 1944). Cardiidae. Opoitian. RECORDS. ··1944 ZR: Nemocardium (Pratulum) quinarium Marwick, 1944 sp. nov. roadside just E. of Mangatarchu Stream, Waikohu Surv. Dist. (Opoitian). ··1977 Popov: Pralulum quinarium (Marwick,1944). quinquecostatum Douville, 1917. - Granocardium quinquecostatum Douville, 1917. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1917 ZR: Granocardium quinquecostalum Douville, 1917 n. sp. Cretaceous Moghara. quinquecostatum Miinster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" quinquecoslatum Munster, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5398: Cardium quinquecostatum Muenster, 1840. R rachitis Deshayes, 1829. - Changed combination: Goniocardium rachitis (Deshayes, 1829) . Aviculariidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin. RECORDS. ··1835 Lamarck : Cardium rachitis Desh. ··1839 Anton: Cardium rachites Deshayes. ··1886 Cossmann: Fragum rachitis (Deshayes). ··1887 Fischer: Goniocardium rachitis Deshayes. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5407: Cardium rachitis Deshayes, 1829. ··1937 ZR: Cardium rachites Deshayes, 1829 type of Goniocardium Vasseur, 1880 Prosodacnidae (?) not a cardiid unit [Ref. Keen 1937]. ··1995 Le Renard et al.: Goniocardium rachitis [Cardium rachitis] Deshayes, 1829. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard : Goniocardium rachilis Superfamily Tridacnoidea . Family Aviculariidae. ··1998 Schneider (\ 998b): Goniocardium rachitis (Deshayes, 1829). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (1999, pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as both rachite Deshayes & rachitis Deshayes. Bartonien. France (Bassin de Paris). racketti Donovan, 1825. - Synonym of Fulvia lenuicosta (Lamarck, 1819). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Papyridea papyraceum Schroter [not available]. » Regarding Cardium rackelti: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. New South Wales. RECORDS. ··1825 Donovan: Cardium racketti. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5407: Cardium rackeltii Donovan, 1825. ··1938 Cotton & Godfrey: Cardium racketti Donovan 1826. ··1945 Smith: Cardium rackelt;; Donovan, 1825 = Cardium tenuicostata Lamarck 1819. ··1945 Smith: Cardium ra ckeltii ' Donovan' Hedley 1916 = Cardium tenuicostata Lamarck 1819. ··1950 Allan: Cardium rackelti. ··1961 Cotton: Fulvia rackelti Donovan 1826 = Fulvia fenuicostata Lamarck 1819; Pliocene, South Australia . ··1961 Rippingale & MacMichael : Fulvia racketti Donova n. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium racketti Donovan = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium rackelti Donovan , 1825, junior synonym of Fulvia tenuicostatum (Lamarck, 1819). ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Cardium rackelti Donovan, 1925 = Fulvia tenuicostala (Lamarck, 1819). ··1994 Vidal: Cardium rackelti Donovan, 1826 = Fulvia (Fulvia) tenuicosta (Lamarck, 1819). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMA RKS. ··1961: Cotton stated that Fulvia rackelti Donovan, 1826 is a living form of the Pliocene Fulvia lenuicostala Lamarck 1819. DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: South Australia. radians Mayer, 1857. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" radians Mayer, 1857. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECOR DS . ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium radians Mayer, 1857; [1856-1857] vol. 5: 363. radiata (mode). - See under radiatum Reeve, 1845 radiata Donovan, 1799. - Synonym of Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium eden/ula. - Not syn. of Cardium tenuicostata Lamarck, 1819. » Regarding Mactra radiata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1799 Donovan: Mactra radiata. ··1800 Donovan, PI. 44. figs. I, 2 Mactra radiata. ··1813 Fleming: Mactra radiata Brit. Shells. tab. 161. = Cardium edentula. ··1850 Jay: Cardium radialum Donov. = Cardium groenlandicum. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: MaClra radiata Donov. = Cardium Groenlandicum Ch. [not available]. ··1868 Morch, no. 120 : Mactra radiata Don. = Cardium (Serripes) gronlandicum Chemn. var solida Morch, 1868. ··1869 Romer: Mactra radiala Donovan = Cardium Gronlandicum Chemnitz [not available]. ··1870 Gould: Mactra radiata Donovan (syn.) = Aphrodite groenlandica. ··1888 Kobelt: Mactra radiata Donovan = Aphrodite groenlandicus. ··1890 Paetel : Cardium radiatum Donov. = groenlandicum Ch . [not available]. ··1902 Dall: Mactra radiata of Donovan, 1799 = Serripes gronlandicus Gmelin, 1792. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Mactra radiala Donovan 1800 = Cardium (Serripes) groenlandicum, (Chemnitz) Bruguiere, Gmelin. ··1939 McLean: Cardium radiatllm (Donovan, 1799) = Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1945 Smith: radiatum ' Donovan' Gray 1824 not synonym of Cardium tenuicostata Lamarck, 1819. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Mactra radiata Donova n = Serripes groenlandicwn (Chemnitz) Schroter. ··1980 ZR: Serripes radiala Donovan 1803 is a junior synonym of S. groenlandicus groenlandicus (Bruguiere 1789). Ref. to Kafanov. ··2000 Coan et al.: Mactra 730 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) radiata - radula radiata Donovan, 1803 = Serripes(Serripes) groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Arctic regions. radiata Martyn, 1789. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cochlea radiata: not a cardiid (?Mactra). RECORDS. --1789 Martyn: Cochlea radiata. radiata Meek & Worthen. - ?Cardiopsis radiata Meek et Worthen. ?Cardiacea. Devonian-Carboniferous. RECORDS. --1887 Fischer: ?Cardiopsis radiata Meek et Worthen. radiata Stevanovic, 1951 . - Paradacna radiata Stevanovic, 1951. Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. REcORDs. --1953 ZR: Paradacna radiata Stevanovic, 1951 sp. nov. Pontian Serbia. *radiatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium radiatum from 4 sources: Dujardin, 1837. - Koninck, 1842. - Reeve, 1845. - Svarovsky, 1971. radiatum Dujardin, 1837. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" radiatum Dujardin, 1837. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium radiatum. Duj. 1836 sic . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5411: Cardium radiatum Dujardin, 1837. "1945 Smith: Cardium radiatum Dujardin, 1837 is not a synonym of Cardium tenuicostata Lamarck, 1819. radiatum Gray, 1824 . - Synonym of Serripes groenlandicum (Bruguieree 1789). RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn: Ma ctra radiata Donovan. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5411: Cardium (Don.) radiatum Gray, 1824. - Mactra. radiatum Koninck, 1842. Replaced by "Cardium " modiolaeforme. Deshayes. ?Cardiacea. Si lurian . RE CORDS . --1857 Deshayes: Cardium radiatum Koninck. 1842 (cardiomorpha). - C. modiolaeforme. Desh. radiatum Reeve, 1845 . [Figs. Part I p. 14 t. Part 3. p. 929] . - Synonym of Fulvia tenuicosta (Lamarck, 1819). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulviafagea Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992. - Papyridea papyracea (Chemnitz) Schroter. Cardium tenuicostatum var. » Regarding Cardium radiatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Reeve 1845). TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH; Cardium radiatum Reeve Holotype reg. no. 1912.6.4.17. Neg. No. 0382. RECORDS. --1845 Reeve: Cardium radiatum. --1868 ZR: Cardium radiatum (Reeve) seems to be a variety of tenuicostatum (Lam.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. --1869 Romer: Cardium radiatwn Reeve fig . 89 = Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck. --1877 Marrat : Cardium (Fulvia) radiatum Reeve. "1885 Smith: Cardium radiatum , (Reeve in Romer, fig. 89) = Cardium (Bucardium) tenuicostatum Lamarck. --1889 Martens: Cardium radiatum Reeve (p. 26 : off Liberia, 68 m, black mud). --1889 Martens: Cardium radiatum Reeve (p. 29: off Liberia, 179 m, dark brown sand). "1890 Paetel: Cardium radiatum Rv. "1890 Paetel: Papyridea radiata Rv. "1903 Pritchard & Gatliff: Cardium radiatum Romer in Kuster 1869 = Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck. "1903 Hidalgo: Cardium radiatum Reeve. 1845 . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5411: Cardium radiatum Reeve , 1845. --1928 Faustino: Cardium radiatum Reeve. "1945 Smith: Cardium radiatum Reeve, 1843 syn. = Cardium tenuicostata Lamarck , 1819. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium radiatum Reeve = Papyridea papyracea (Chemnitz) Schroter. --1992 Voskuil & Onverwagt, p. 42: Cardium radiatum Reeve, 1845 = Fulviafagea (nom. nov.). Nec Gray 1820, nor Dujardin 1837, nor Svagrovsky 1971 . --1994 Vidal: Cardium radiatum Reeve, 1845 = Fulvia (Fulvia) tenuicosta (Lamarck, 1819). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: I specimen. Quartz sediment inside the shell contained the foraminiferan Amphistegina, spine of sea urchin, crab claw, small gastropods. No remains of corals. (label in box: N. S. Wales coil. Comeliussen 1814). DESCRIPTIONS. --1845 Reeve: shell somewhat squarely ovate, radiately rather obscurely ribbed, 52 ribs, nearly obsolete at the umbones; fleshy white, concentrically banded with pale brown, stained within and without at each umbone with a conspicuous purple ray. REMARKS. "1845 Reeve: This species has been probably confounded hitherto with the Cardium tenuicostatum, from which it differs somewhat in form, besides being of a more solid structure. DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve: unknown. --ZMUC: North Australia, Solomon Islands; N. S. Wales. radiatum Svarovsky, 1971. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" radiatum. Cardiidae . Upper Miocene. RECORDS. --1971 ZR: Cardium radiatum Svagrovsky, 1971 sp. nov. Upper Miocene Ostslowakei, Czechoslovakia. *radiiferum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium radiiferum from 2 sources: Andrusov, 1902. Andrusov, 1963. REMARKS. I do not know how Andrusov, 1902 compares with Andrusov, 1963. radiiferum Andrusov, 1902. - Changed combination: Andrusovicardium radiiferum (Andrusov, 1902) . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. GENOTYPE. Nevesskaya et al. (1986 p. 192) designated Cardium radiiferum Andrusov, 1902 type species of genus Andrusovicardium Paramonova , 1986. Dollfus (1905) commenting Andrussow 1902: Cardium radiifentm n. sp. tends towards Cerastoderma. RECORDS. --1902 Andrusov: Cardium radiiferum. --1905 Dollfus: Cardium radiiferum Andrussow, 1902. --1977 Popov: Avicardium radiiferum. --1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Andrusovicardium radiiferum (Andrusov, 1902). --1987 ZR: Cardium radiiferum Andrusov, 1902. Designated type species for new genus Andrusovicardium. Ref. to Nevesskaya et af. p. 192. radiiferuin Andrusov, 1963. - Cardium radiiferum Andrusov, 1963 . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1961 ZR: Cardium radiiferum Andrusov, 1961 "sp. nov."[in a table] Miocene Caspian region, Russia. --1963 ZR: Cardium radiifentm Andrusov, 1963 sp . nov. Neogene, Russia. radmanesti (variety). - See under chartacea var. radmanesti Gillet, 1943 . radobojanllin Anic, 1952. - Combination to be revised: " Cardium" radobojanum Anic, 1952. Cardiidae. Oligocene . RECORDS. --1952 ZR: Cardium radobojanum Anic, 1952 sp. nov. Upper Oligocene, Croatia. *radula. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium radula from 3 sources: Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. Deshayes, 1832. - Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931. radula Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. - Changed combination: Trachycardium radula (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1829 Broderip & Sowerby, p. 366: Cardium radula. "1840 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 731 radula - rarum Sowerby, catalogue p. 3, No. 43: Cardium radula . --1857 Carpenter: Cardium radula. --1872 Carpenter: Cardium radula. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5419: Cardium radula Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. --1977 FischerPiette: Cardium radula Broderip & Sowerby. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. In general appearance C. radula resembles C. muricatum; but it differs in shape, and in the ribs being angular at both edges (Brode rip & Sowerby 1829). Sowerby (1841) noted: We have not seen this shell. It is in Mr. Bland's collection. Fischer- Piette (1977) found that the description of radula would fit C. senticosum, but refrained from specifying synonymy because Cardium radula is so poorly known. DISTRIBUTION. California, Peru. radula Deshayes, 1832. [Figs. Part 3 p. 921]. - Synonym of Cerastoderma eduie (Linnaeus, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium nodosum Montagu. » Regarding Cardium raduia: Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. --1832 Deshayes, p. 106, pI. 18, figs. 15- 17: Cardium radula Desh. --1890 Paetel: Cardium raduia Dsh. = nodosum Mtg. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5419: Cardium radula Deshayes in Bory de St. v., 1833 . --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium radula Deshayes = Cardium edule Linne. radula Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931. - Synonym of Afrocardium infantile (Nomura & Zinbo, 1834). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: New name Laevicardium thielei FischerPiette, 1977.» Regarding Cardium raduia: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Dar es Salaam, E. Africa. REMARKS. Laevicardium thielei referred to Ctenocardia (Afrocardium) in Keen (1980). DISTRIBUTION. E. Africa. RECORDS. --1931 Thiele & Jaeckel, p. 227, pI. 9, no. 99: Cardium raduia n. sp. --1931 ZR: Cardium radula Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931 sp. n. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium thielei new name for Cardium radula Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931. --1977 ZR: Cardium radula Thiele & Jaeckel 1931 . Preoccupied name, replaced by Laevicardium (Trachycardium) thielei. Ref to Fischer-Piette, E. p. 55. --1981 Koyama et al.: Cardium raduia Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931 = Cardium (Trachycardium) infantile Nomura & Zinbo, 1834. --1999 Higo et af.: Cardium raduia Thiele & Jaeckel, 1831 sic non Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 = Afrocardium infantile (Nomura & Zinbo, 1934). rahmuensis Cox, 1965 . - Protocardia rahmuensis Cox, 1965. Cardiidae. Oxfordian. RECORDS. --1965 ZR: Protocardia rahmuensis Cox, 1965 sp. nov. Rahmu, S.E. Kenya, Oxfordian. rammaurtii Singh et af. - Protocardia rammaurtii Singh et al., 1980. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. --1980 ZR: Protocardia (Protocardia) rammvrtii sic sp. nov. India. Spelling of species also as P. (P.) rammaurtii. Ref. to Singh et aI., p. 73. rammvrtii (spelling) . - See under rammaurtii. ranvillensis Palmer, 1973 . - Cryptocardia ranvillensis Palmer, 1973 . Cardiidae. Upper Jurassic. RECORDS. --1973 ZR: Cryptocardia ranvillensis Palmer, 1973 sp. nov. France, Calvados, Ranville. Ref. to Palmer p. 170. ranvil/ianum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium ranvillianum d' Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5429: Unicardium ranvillianum d'Orbigny, 1850. rara (mode). - See also under rarum Evans & Shumard. rara Kvaliashvili, 1978 . - Digressodacna rara Kvaliashvili, 1978 . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1978 ZR: Digressodacna rara Kvaliashvili, 1978 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Kvaliashvili p. 54. rarepartita (variety). - See under paucicostatum planicosta var. rarepartita Coen, 1933. - paucicostalum var. eburnea Coen, 1937 . - paucicostatum var. rarepartita Coen, 1933 . Raricardium (genus). - Paramonova, 1986. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . --1987 ZR: Raricardium Paramonova, 1986 gen. nov. of Cerastoderrnini. Type species Cardium konjuschkevskii Alizade, 1932. Pliocene. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 191. raricostata Papaianopol, 1992. - Prosodacna raricostata Papaianopol, 1992. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Dacien inferieur (Getien) du Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. --1992 Papaianopol, p. 28, fig.: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) raricostata sp. nov. raricostata Popov, 1983 . - Didacna raricostata Popov, 1983 . Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Russian SFSR. RECORDS. --1983 Popov, p. 200, fig.: Didacna raricostata sp. nov. *raricostatum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium raricostatum from 2 sources: Deshayes, 1853 . - AliZade & Ribina (?year). raricostatum Ali-Zade & Ribina. - New combination: Replidacna raricostatum (Ali-Zade & Ribina). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1977 ZR: Cardium (Replidacna) raricostalum Ali-Zade & Ribina. Ref to Paramonova p.70 [Transl. p. 320]. raricostatum Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" raricostatum Deshayes, 1853. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium raricostatum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 45. raricostatum Kafanov, 1994. - Keenocardium raricostatum Kafanov, 1994. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1994 Kafanov in Arkhipova et ai.: Keenocardium raricostatum Kafanov. rarissima Stevanovic, 1951. - Didacna rarissima Stevanovic, 1951 . Lymnocardiidae. Ponti an. RECORDS. --1953 ZR: Didacna rarissima Stevanovic, 1951 sp. nov. Pontian Serbia [Ref. Stevanovic 1951]. raristriatum Bellardi, 1852. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " raristriatum Bellardi, 1852. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium raristriatum Bellardi, 1852; vol. 4: 242, pI. H (sic = 19), fig. 10. raritanensis Richards, 1943. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" raritanensis Richards, 1943 . Cardiidae. Fossil. --1943 ZR: Cardium (Granocardium) raritanensis Richards, 1943 sp. nov. New Jersey. Raritan. rarum Evans & Shumard, 1857. - Changed combination: Protocardia rarum Evans & Shumard. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1860 Meek & Hayden: Cardium rarum Evans & Shumard. --1876 Meek: Cardium (Protocardia?) rarum Evans & Shumard. "1876 Meek: Protocardia (Leptocardia) rara Evans & Shumard. --1876 Meek: Cardium (Leptocardia) rara Evans & Shumard. --1970 Speden: Cardium rarum Evans & Shumard, 1857, p. 39 . --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium rarum Evans & Shumard, 1857; vol. 1: 39. rarum Paramonova, 1977. - Cerastoderma rarum Paramonova , 1977. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene . RECORDS. --1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (Pianacardium) 732 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) rasmys!ovae - reetidens minor rarum Paramo nova, 1977 sp. nov. Ukraine. Ref to Il'ina, Nevesskaya & Paramonova p. 208, fig'd. rasmyslovae. - Nemocardium rasmyslovae. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardiwn) rasmyslovae. rastrum Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part 1 p. 139. Part 3 p. 923). - Synonym of Traehycardium senticosum (Sowerby, 1833). » Regarding Cardium rastrum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 2 syntypes. 1978131 . BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. (Reeve 1845 : unknown), Santa Elena, Ecuador, in 6-12 fathoms, sandy mud (Hertlein & Strong 1947). RECORDS. "1845 Reeve, sp. 82: Cardium rastrum Reeve, 1845 = Cardium senticosum Sowerby, 1841 (in the errata). "1852 Adams: Cardium rastrum Reeve 1845 = Cardium senticosum Sowb. 1833. "1858 Adams & Adams , p . 455: Cardium (lsocardia) rastrum Reeve. "1869 Romer: Cardium ras/rum Reeve Fig. 82 = Cardium senticosum Sowerby. "1886 Dall : Cardium ras/rum Reeve = C. senticosllm Sowerby, "1890 Paetel: Cardium rastrum Rv. = senticosum Sow. "1891 Stearns: C. rastrum Rve. = Cardium senticosum Sby. "190 I Dall: Cardium rastrum Reeve, 1845= Cardium senticosum Sowerby, 1833. "1910 Dall: Cardium rastrum Reeve = Cardium sen/icosum Sowerby. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5436: Cardium ras/rum Reeve, 1845. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium rastrum Reeve = Cardium (Dal/ocardia) senticosum Sowerby, 1833 . "1971 Keen & McLean : Cardium rastrum Reeve , 1845 = Trachycardium (Dal/ocardia) sen/icosum (Sowerby, 1833). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS, "1845 Reeve: shell nearly orbicular, rather thin, radiately ribbed, 39 ribs, the first 13 anterior ribs prickly on the anterior side, then 2, sometimes 3, prickly on both sides, the rest prickly on the posterior side; brownish white, banded and spotted with reddishbrown. REMARKS. "1845 Reeve: the sculpture of this shell is arranged very much after the style of the Cardium muricatum. HABITAT. "ZMUC: clay-sand at 11-29 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve: St. Elena, West Columbia, "1971 Keen & McLean : Gulf of California to Peru. raulineanum Orbigny, 1844. - New combination: Criocardium raulineanum (Orbigny, 1844). Cardiidae. Fossil. RE CORDS. "1998 Schneider: Cardium raulineanum Orbigny, 1844. Cardium (Crio cardium) raulineanum Orbigny, 1844. *raulini. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium raulini from 4 sources: Coquand, 1859. - Gumbel (?year). Orbigny, (?year). - Heb. & Bosquet (?year). raulini Coquand, 1859. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" raulini Coquand, 1859. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium raulini Coquand, 1859; vol. 16: 1003 . raulini Gumbel. - New name. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" teisenb ergerense Schlosser, 1926. » Regarding Cardium raulini: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1926 ZR: Cardium raulini Gumbel replaced by Cardium teisenbergerense Schlosser, 1926 nom. nov. raulini Hebert & Bosquet, 1849. - Synonym of "Cardium" kochi Semp. Combination to be revised. » Regarding Cardium raulini: Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS . "1886 Vincent : Cardium raulini Heb . et Bosquet in Dewalque = Cardium kochi Semp. "1922- 32 Sherborn, p. 5437: Cardium raulini Hebert, 1849. raulini Orbigny. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" rartlini d'Orbigny. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium raulini d'Orbigny. Albien . France (Yonne), S07060. raulinianum Orbigny, 1844 . - Pleuriocardia raulinianum (d'Orbigny, 1844). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn , p. 5438: Cardium raulinianum d'Orbigny, 1844. "1978 Scott: Cardium raulinianum d'Orbigny. "1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Plellriocardia) raulinianwn (d'Orbigny) . razelmiana (variety). - See under eolorata razelmiana Borcea, 1926. reatrieosum Hall. - Conocardillm rea/rieosum Hall. Conocardiidae. Fossil. "1943 ZR : Conocardium reatrieosum Hall (revised descriptions) Ref. to Branson ( 1942), reetangulare Roemer, 1860. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" reetangulare Fr. Roemer, 1860. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium reetangulare Fr. Roemer, 1860; vol. 9: 12, pI. 4, fig. 5. reetangulare Schlosser, 1926. - Nemocardium reclangulare Schlosser, 1926. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1926 ZR: Nemoeardium ree/angulare Schlosser, 1926 sp. n. Eocene Bavaria. reetidens Coen, 1917. - Cerastoderma reetidens (Coen, 1917). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: ?Cerasloderma glaueum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cerastoderma rectidens: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS ... 1917 ZR: Cardium (Cerasloderma) reetidens Coen, 1917 sp. n. Mediterra nean. ..1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) reelidens. "1937 Coen: Cerastoderma rectidens Coen. reetidens adusta Monts. Mss. (subspecies). Infrasubspecific. : Cerastoderma reetidens var. adusta. RECORDS. "1917 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) reelidens adusta Monts. Mss. [Ref. Coen 1917]. reetidens alba Monts. Mss. (subspecies). Infrasubspecific . Cerastoderma reetidens var. alba RECORDS . "1917 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) reetidens alba Monts. Mss. [Ref. Coen 1917). reetidens clodiense Renier (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cerastoderma rectidens var. clodiense Renier. (Coen, 1917). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cerastoderma rectidens var. clodiense Renier. - ?Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cerastoderma reelidens var. clodiense: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) reetidens var. clodiensis Renier. "1937 Coen: Cerastoderma rectidens clodiense Renier. rectidens drepanensis Coen, 1917 (subspecies). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. RECORDS. "1917 ZR: Cardium (Ceras toderma) rectidens drepanensis Coen, 1917 n. var. reetidens Jragi/is Coen, 1917 (subspecies). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. RECORDS. "1917 ZR: Cardium (Ceras/oderma) reelidens fragilis Monts. Mss. [Ref. Coen 1917]. reetidens minor Coen, 1917 (variety).- No evidence of subspecific status. » Regarding Cardium reetidens minor: See also Cardium glaueum rectidens var. minor Coen, 1915. RECORDS. "1917 ZR: Cardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 733 rectidens obliquata - regulare (Cerastoderma) rectidens minor Coen, 1917 n. var. rectidells obliquata Coen, 1917 (subspecies). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cerastoderma rectidens var. obliquata RECORDS. ··1917 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) rectidens obliquata Monts. Mss. [Ref. Coen 1917] . rectidells pulchefla Coen, 1917 (subspecies). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cerastoderma rectidens var. pulchella. RECORDS. ··1917 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) rectidens pulchella Monts. Mss. [Ref. Coen 1917]. rectidells supilla Coen, 1917 (subspecies). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cerastoderma rectidens var. supina RECORDS. ··1917 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) rectidens sup ina Monts. Mss. [Ref. Coen 1917]. rectidells varnellsis Coen, 1917 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Cerastoderma rectidens var. varnensis REcORDs. ··1917 ZR : Cardium (Cerastoderma) rectidens varnensis Coen, 1917 n. var. rectispilla Koenen, 1893. - Changed combination: Agnocardia rectispina (Koenen, 1893). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1893 Koenen: Cardium rectispina (fide Schneider 2002). ··1984 ZR: Agnocardia rectispina (Koenen, 1893). Taxonomic position. Ref. to Vokes p. 43. ··1998 Schneider: Agnocardia rectispina (Koenen, 1893) Cardiidae. Early Oligocene, Gennany. ··2002 Schneider: Agnocardia rectispina (Koenen, 1893). Cardiidae. Rupelian. rectum Taltasse, 1950. - Synonym of Cardium hians var. recta Dollfus. » Regarding Bucardium rectum: Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Portugal. TYPE REPOSITORY. Unknown. RECORDS. ··1952 Lecointre: Bucardium rectum Taltasse, 1950 = Cardium hians var. recta Dollfus. reductum Alizade. - Changed combination: Acobaecardium reductum (Alizade) . Lymnocardiidae. Neogene. R ECOR DS. ··1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Acobaecardium reductum (Alizade) comb. nov. ··1987 ZR: Acobaecardium reductum (Alizade) comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et af. p. 192. reedi Loel & Corey, 1932. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " reedi Loel & Corey, 1932. Cardiidae. Miocene. R ECOR DS. ··1933 ZR: Cardium (Acanthocardia) reedi Loel & Corey, 1932 Miocene California . ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium (Acanthocardia) reedi Loel & Corey, 1932 (n. sp.). *reeveallum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium reeveanum from 2 sources: Dunker, 1852. - Deshayes, 1853 . reeveanum Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" reeveanum Deshayes, 1853. Cardiidae. ?Recent. RECORDS. ··1980. Ruhoff: Cardium reeveanum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 46. reeveanum Dunker, 1852. - Synonym of Vasticardium vertebratum (Jonas, 1844). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium fla vum Linnaeus of authors. » Regarding Cardium reeveanum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1852 Dunker: Cardium reeveanum. ··1858 Dunker: Cardium reevea num. ··1869 Dunker: Cardium reeveanum. ··1872 Tryon: Cardium reeveanum Dkr. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium reeveanum Desh. ··1884 Smith : Cardium ree veanum Dkr. ··1890 Paetel : Cardium reeveanum Dkr. ··1906 Hedley: Cardium reevianum sic Dunker. ··1910 Hedley: Cardium reeveanum Dkr. ··1923 Shirley: Cardium reeveanum Dkr. ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 30: Cardium reeveanum Dunker = Laevicardium flavum Linne auctorum. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium reeveanum Dunker, 1852. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Acrosterigma reeveanum (Dunker, 1852). ··1978 ZR: Acrosterigma reeveanum (Dunker 1852). Senior synonym of Regozara olivifer Iredale, 1936. Ref. to Wilson et al. p. 82. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium reeveanum Dunker, 1852; [1852-1853] vol. 9: 54. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium reeveanum Dunker, 1858; [1858-1870] vol. 2: 22, pI. 6, figs. 6-8 . ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Trachycardium reeveanum. ··1922 Shirley: Cardium reeveanum Dunker. ··1992 Lamprel\ & Whitehead : Acrosterigma reeveanum . ··1997 Vidal : Cardium reeveanum Dunker, 1852 = Vasticardium vertebra tum (Jonas, 1844). ··1999 Vidal : Cardium reeveanum Dunker, 1852 = Vasticardium vertebra tum (Jonas, 1844). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. ··1884 Grasset: Australia. ··1994 Hylleberg: Red Sea, Australia. reevei Hidalgo, 1903. - New name Tridacna reevei Hidalgo, 1903. Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1903 ZR: Tridacna reevei Hidalgo, 1903 n.n. for Tridacna elongata Rve. nec Lamarck. reevianum (error). - Printer's mistake for reeveanum in Hedley 1906. reflexum - Conocardium rejlexum. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1889 ZR : Conocardium rejlexum with fig. (ref. Barrois). Regozara Iredale, 1936 (genus). - Cardiidae. Neogene and Recent. Type of genus Regozara olivifer Iredale, 1936. Original designation. RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes : Regozara Iredale, 1936 in subfamily Trachycardiinae. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1969 Moore et af. : hinge less angulate than in A. (Acrosterigma), sculpture of small scales or crossthreads on posterior sides of ribs. East Indies-Australia. Regozara Iredale, 1936 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Neogene and Recent. RECORDS. ··1969 Moore et al. classified Regozara as a subgenus of the genus Acrosterigma Dall, 1900. "1978 Maxwell: Subgenus Regozara Iredale, 1936. ··1999 Higo et af.: Regozara (subgenus) Iredale, 1936. Type species: Regozara olivifer Iredale, 1936 (o.d.). *regulare. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium regulare from 2 sources : Bruguiere, 1789. - Coquand, 1862. regulare Bruguiere, 1789. - Synonym of Vasticardium p ectiniforme (Born, 1780) . OTHER JUD GEME NTS: Trachycardium jlavum(Linnaeus, 1758). - Variety of Cardium rugosum. - Cardium leucostomum Born, 1780. » Regarding Cardium regulare: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. C. regulare St. Domingo (Wood & Hanley 1856); Indo-Pacific (Hylleberg 1994). C. pectiniforme: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific . RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere, No. 24. Cardium regulare; Nob. "1815 Wood: Cardium regulare Brug. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium regulare Bruguiere. ··1819 Lamarck : Cardium regulare, Brug. Dict. no. 24 . (American variety of Cardium rugosum). ··1836 Bosc: Cardium regttlare. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 29 : Cardium regulare Brug. E. M. Verso 227 . ··1902 Sherborn, p. 734 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) regulare - replicalllm 824: Cardium regulare Bruguiere, 1789. --1932 Prashad: Cardium reguLare Bruguiere, 1789 = Trachycardiumjlavum (Linne, 1758). --1977 FischerPiette : Cardium regulare Bruguiere = Cardium Leucostomum Born. --1999 Higo et at.: Cardium regulare Bruguiere, 1789 = Acrosterigma (Regozara) jlava (Linnaeus, 1758). --1997 Vidal: Cardium regulare Bruguiere, 1789 = Vasticardium pecliniforme (Born, 1780). --1999 Vidal: Cardium regulare Bruguiere, 1789 = Vasticardium pectiniforme (Born, 1780). regulare Coquand, 1862 . - "Cardium" regulare Coquand, 1862. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. -- I 980 Ruhoff: Cardium reguLare Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 205, pI. 10, figs. 13-14. regularis (subspecies). - See under edule reguLaris Pallary, 1900. reissi Bronn in Reiss & Bronn, 1862. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" reissi Bronn in Reiss & Bronn, 1862. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium reissi Bronn in Reiss & Bronn, 1862; p. 40, pI. I, fig. 17. rekensis Ebersin, 1967. - Macradacna rekensis Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . "1967 Ebersin: Macradacna rekensis sp. n. "1967 ZR: Macradacna rekensis Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. relicta (subspecies). - See under plicata relicta. relicta Milaskewicz , 1916. - Adacna relicta Milaskewicz, 1916. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Hypanis plicatus relictus (Milaskewicz).» Regarding Adacna relicta: Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1916 Milaschewitch, p. 274 (pI. 8, figs. 10-12): Adacna relicta sp. n. --1923 ZR: Adacna relicta Milachewitch, 1916. "1927 ZR: Adacna relicta [Ref. Borcea 1927b). --200 I Vidal, p. 407: Adacna relicta. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --2001 Vidal: No tentacles. No eyes. DISTRIBU TION. Black Sea (Nordsieck 1969). relicta dolosmiana Borcea, 1926 (variety). - Upgraded. Hypanis dolosmiana Borcea, 1926. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. Upgraded to species. RECORDS . --1927 ZR: Adacna relicta var. dolosmiana Rumania, [Ref. Borcea 1927b). "1928 ZR: Adacna relicla var. dolosmiana Borcea, 1928 nov. Roumania [Ref. Borcea 1928b J. --1962 Grossu: Adacna relicta var. dolosmiana Borcea, 1926 = Hypanis dolosmiana BOIcea, 1926 in Scarlato & Starobogatov. --1962 Grossu : Adacna plicata relicta forma dolosmiana Borc. = Hypanis dolosmiana Borcea, 1926 in Scarlato & Starobogatov. remondianum Gabb, 1864. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " remondianum Gabb, 1864. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka, 143 : C. remondianum . --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium remondianum Gabb, 1864; vol. I; 172, pI. 23, fig. 153. renevieri - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" renevieri. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS . --1886 Cossmann: Cardium renevieri. reniforme Koenen, 1893 . - Changed combination: Goniocardium reniforme (Koenen, 1893). Cardiacea. Oligocene . RECO RDS. "1998b Schneider, p. 353 : Cardium (Fragum) reniforme Koenen, 1893. It is a Goniocardium. renngarteni Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1931. - Prosodacna renngarteni Wassoievic & Eberzin , 1931. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. "1931 ZR: Prosodacna renngarleni Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1931 sp. n. renticosum (error). - Printer's mistake for ventricosum in Zoological Record 1945. repens Taktakishvili, 1966. - Didacna repens Taktakishvili, 1966. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1966 ZR: Didacna repens Taktakishvili, 1966 sp. nov. Pliocene, western Gruzia, SSR. repentinus Grishkevitch, 1962. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " repentinus Grishkevitch, 1962. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1959 ZR: Cardium repentinus Grishkevitch & Nevesskaya, 1959 sp. nov. as nom . nud. in list Trans-Carpathians, Sarmatian, Miocene. --1962 ZR: Cardium repentinus Grishkevitch, 1962 sp. nov. Sarrnatian, Trans-Carpathians, USSR replicatum Spengler 1799 . [Figs. Part 3 p. 914). Synonym of Corculum monstrosum (Gmelin 1791). OTHER JUOGEMENTS: Corculum cardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium replicatum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYP E LOCALITY. "1782 Chemnitz Nicobar Islands. "1799 Spengler: unknown. TYPE REPOSITORY. ZMUC, Spengler's coIl. RECORDS. --1799 Spengler, p. 52-53 , No. 33: Cardium replicatum Chemnitz Tom . VI. Tab. 14. fig. 149.150. "1799 Spengler: replicatum = monstrosum (reference to Chernnitz Tom. 6. Tab. 14. fig . 149. 150). "1870 March: Cardium replica tum Spengler = C. monstrosum Chemn. --1902 Sherborn, p. 826: Cardium replicatum Spengler, 1799. --1977 Fischer- Piette: Cardium replicatum Chemnitz = Cardillm cardissa Linne. --1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 No. 33: Cardium replica tum in Spengler = Cardium monstrosum Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. Tab. 14 Fig. 149-150. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC I specimen, Spengler's collection. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: the anterior side very inflated, round, the shell almost half-spherical, posterior side impressed into the curved anterior, margin bent over, creating a sharp keel, ribs rounded , broad interstices , irregularly nodulose. Anterior surface, alternating narrow and broad stripes. The bent in margin spiny, shell not gaping, colour white throughout. DESCRIPTIONS. --1799 Spengler: testa cordata aequivalvi, valvulis dentato-carinatis, poslice e.xcavato-depressa, carina rejlexa. --1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: The back side of this Venus heart is so strongly elevated and roundly vaulted that the bivalve thereby gets the appearance of half a sphere. The front side lies partly very deep internally in the globular posterior part, on which its margin is bent strongly forwards ; this front side is rather flattened, only towards the middle elevated with a sharp crest. The ribs on this part are rounded and separated from each other by rounded furrows and irregularly set with small tubercles. The surface of the backside is covered by alternately narrow and broad stripes, as is common in most Venus hearts. The anus is a comparatively large and smooth heart-shaped depression. The hymen is very small, the introvert margin is provided with pointed spines. Both valves interlock closely at the margins by means of small teeth. Inside the margin of the anterior part is snow-white and strongly enameled; on the inner and outer sides the bivalve is white. Its height and breadth are I inch I line. Another smaller specimen exists, which on the Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 735 Replidacna - retusum posterior vaulted side is densely set with light-brown spots on a white background, up to an elevated, heartshaped casing of the groove or Anus, which is white. The enameled anterior side, after the external ribs to below the umbo, is inside incised with narrow furrows, which are serrate on the margin and interlock both valves. DIMENSIONS. "1799 Spengler: length and width 28 nun (1 Tom. I Lin.). REMARKS. "1799: Spengler did not give reasons for changing the name Cardium monslrosum given by Chemnitz, 1782. DISTRIBUTION. "1782 Chemnitz: Nicobar Islands. RepJidacna Jekelius, 1944 (invalid genus). Lymnocardiidae . Miocene. RECORDS. "1960 ZR: Rep/idacna Jekelius, note on this genus created for small Limnocardium with exaggerated hinge line development. [Ref. Gillet 1960b]. "1960 ZR: Replidacna used as a genus for young Iymnocardiids [Ref. Gillet I960a). "1980 Vokes: Replidacna Jekelius, 1944. Subfamily uncertain. RepJidacna Jekelius, 1944 (invalid subgenus). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Replidacna Jekelius, 1944 'subgen. nov.' [given as a new genus on p. 153 and in Index p. 167 and used as such in headings of species] Cardiidae, type Replidacna carasi Jekelius, 1944. Miocene Soceni Bana!. "1977 ZR: Cardium (Replidacna) lekelius. 1944. Invalidation. Ref to Paramonova p. 69 [Transl. p. 318). requienianum Matheron, 1843. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" requienianum Matheron, 1843. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5470: Cardium requienianum Matheron, 1843. restinense Olsson, 1928. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" restinense Olsson, 1928. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1928 ZR: Cardium (Ringicardium) reslinense Olsson, 1928 sp. n. reticulatum Fischer, 1807. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " reticulalum Fischer, 1807. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5476: Cardium reticulatum Fischer, 1807. reticulatum Meuschen, 1778. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. "1902 Sherborn: Venus reticula tum Linnaeus . "1902 Sherborn, p. 827: Cardium (L.) reticulalum Meuschen, 1778. Venus reticulatum. reticulatum Muromtzeva in Khalfina , 1962. Conocardium reticulatum Muromtzeva in Khalfina, 1962. Conocardiidae. Carboniferous. RECORDS. "1962 ZR: Conocardium reticulatum Muromtzeva in Khalfina, 1962 sp. nov. Carboniferous, Sayano-Altai Mts. USSR retowskii Andrus. - Paradacna retowskii Andrus. Lymnoc a rdiidae. Fossil. RE COR DS . "1953 ZR: Paradacna relovskii. Ponti an [Ref. to Stevanovic 1951]. retowskii (cf.) Andrus. - RECORDS. "1953 Celidje: Paradacna cf. retowskii Andrus. retowskii controversa Papaianopol, 1978 (subspecies). - Paradacna relowskii conlroversa Papaianopol, 1978. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . "1978 ZR : Paradacna relowskii conlroversa Papaianopol, 1978 subsp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, I. p. 289. retowski ossoinae Stevanovic, 1951 (variety). Upgraded. Paradacna retowski ossoinae Stevanovic, 1951. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1953 ZR: Paradacna retovskii var. ossoinae Stevanovic, 1951 nov. Pontian Serbia. "1988 Lyutzkanov & Ziatev: Paradacna retowski ossoinae Sev. retrostrialum Buch, 1832. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " relrOSlrialum d'Orbigny, 1850. Not in Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857. Deshayes, p. 51: Cardium retrostriatum Buch [Silurian-Devonian] "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5486: Venericardium retrostrialum Buch, 1832. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5486: Cardium (Buch) retrastriatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Venericardium. retrostriatum Sandberger, 1845. - Lunulocardium retrostriatum Sandberger, 1845. Not in Cardiidae. Fossil. RE CORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5486: Lunulocardium retroslrialum Sandberger, 1845. retusa (mode). - See under relusum Linne, 1758. relusum Linnaeus, 1758. [Figs. Part I p. 66,71 , 86, 103, 168. Part 3 p. 910,911 , 932]. - Lunulicardia relusum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Lunulicardia auricula (Niebuhr in Forsskaal, 1775). - Cardium subretusum (Sow., Reeve) is only a variety of retusum (L.), but auricula (F orsk.) is a distinct species [Ref. Romer in ZR for 1868]. » Regarding Cardium retusum: Cardiidae. Recent. GENOTVPE. Gray (1853) designated Cardium retusum Linne, 1758 type species of the subgenus (Lunulicardia) Gray, recognised at the generic level by authors. TVPE LOCALlTV. Unknown. Spengler (1799) refers his specimens to Tranquebar, the Coromandel coast; Reeve (1844) to China; Sowerby (1841 No. 92) refers to Suez, Arabia. RECORDS. "1758 Regenfuss, Vol. 2, pI. 9, fig. 20: Cardium retusum (fide Spengler 1799). "1767 Linne, p. 1121 , sp. 75: Cardium retusum. Habitat in India. Sprengler sic. "1778 Born, G3. Cardium retusum Linn. S.N. Sp. 75. "1780 Born: Cardium retusum Linn. S. N. Sp. 75. "1780 Born. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium retusum mus. Caes. Vind. test. t. 3. f. I. 2. "1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 14 Fig. 139142: Cardium retusum Linnaei. "1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium relusum t. 14. f. 139-142. "1786 Schroter, No. III: Cardium retusum. Linn. XII. pag. 1121 . Spec. 75. "1788 Schroter: Cardium retusum. [Reference to Chemnitz 1782: fig . 147]. "1789 Bruguiere, No . 2: Cardium retusum Linn. "1791 Gmelin, p. 3245, No.4: Cardium relusum. "1798 Bruguiere ID by Lamarck, pI. 294. fig. 3 a, b, c, d. Cardium retusum. ··1799 Spengler: Cardium retusum Linnei Sp. 75. p. 1121. "1799 Spengler: Cardium retusum in Regenfus sic Tom. 2. Tab. 9. fig. 20. "1815 Wood p. 243, No. 52: Cardium relusum Linn. Gme!. p. 3245. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium relusum Linnaeus. "1836 Bose: Cardium retusum . "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No. 92: Cardium relusum Linn. "1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium retusum Linn. Gme!. .. 1844 Reeve, sp. 103: Cardium retusum. "1850 Cuvier, pI. 99: Cardium relusum Lin. "1853 Gray: Cardium retusum Linne, 1758. "1853 Gray: Lunulicardia relusum. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Lunulicardia) reillsa, Linn. "1869 Romer: Cardium (Lunulicardia) relusum . ··1879 ZR: Cardium relusum (L.), nec Lunulicardium (Munster, 1840): Type of Opisocardium Bayle , 1879 . "1884 Grasset: Hemicardium retusum . L. "1889 Martens: Cardium relusum (L.?) = Cardium (Hemicardium) subrelusum Sow. "1890 Paetel: Hemicardium retusum L. "1899 Sturany: Hemicardia relusum. "1901 Sturany: Hemicardium relusum (L.) (subretusum Sow.). "1902 736 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) retusum - retusum var. DalJ : Cardium retusum Linnaeus, type of genus Lunulicardia Gray. ,·1902 Sherborn, p. 829: Cardium retusum Linnaeus, 1758. "1909 Lynge : Hemicardium (Lunulicardia) retusum. "1928 Kuroda : Lunulieardia re tusa (Linne, 1767). "1939 Adam & Leloup: Coreulum (Lunulieardia) rehlSum (Linne 1767). "1945 ZR: Cardium retusum L. [Ref. Lamy 1945] ... 1952 Dawydoff: Hemicardium retusum Linne. "1952 Kuroda & Habe: Coreulum retusum (Linne). "1958 Abbott: Hemicardia (Lunulicardia) retl/sum Linne. "1969 Moore et al.: Fragum (Lunulicardia) retusum. "1960 Kuroda: Hemicardia (Lunulieardia) retusa (Linne). "1970 ZR: Corculum (Lunulicardia) relusum new record for Mozambique [Ref. Moura 1970). "1977 Popov: Corcllium (Lunulicardia) relusum (Linne, ) 758). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Lunulicardia) retusum Linne. "1977 Popov : Cardium retusum Linne, 1758 . Type of (Lunulicardia) Gray, 1853 . .. 1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum (Lunulicardia) relusum (Linnaeus, 1758). "1978 ZR : Fragum (Lunulicardia) retusa Bay of Bengal. Burma, Maungmagan. First record. Ref. to Ray. "1988 Drivas & Jay: Lunulicardia retusua (Linne, 1758). "1990 Abbott & Dance: Lunulicardia retusum. "1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Lunulicardia retusa (Linnaeus, 1758) . .. 1992 Oliver: Cardium ret£lSum Linne, ) 758 = Lunulicardia auricula Niebuhr in Forsskaal, 1775 . "1992 Oliver: Cardium retusum Linne, 1758 in Sturany (1899) = Lunulicardia auricula Niebuhr in Forsskaa l, 1775. "1998 Schneider (1998b): Lunulicardia relusa (Linne, 1767) . Harbours photo symbiotic dinofl age llates. "1999 Higo et al.: Lunulicardia retusa (Linnaeus, 1767). "1999 Aungtonya et al. , PMBC-SP 19(2): 377: Lunulicardia retusa (Linnaeus, 1758) . .. 200 I Schneider & Carter: Lunulicardia retusa (Linne, 1758). .. 200 I Vidal, p. 408: Lunulieardia relusum ... 2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Lunulicardia retusa (Linne, 1758). "2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 183: Plate 2, fig. 5. Lunulicardia relusa (Linnaeus , 1758) . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: Tranquebar, Ceylon, Gulf ofThailand. ··ZMUC: wet collection. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: Shell gibbously cordate, somewhat oblique, posteriorly concavely depressed; radiately ribbed, ribs convex, smooth, interstices strongly latticed, lunule deeply excavated, with a conspicuous callosity, white within and without. DESCRIPTIONS. "1799 Spengler: testa cordala, valvulis stria tis crenulalis subcarinatis, ana lunalo cordiformi inlruso. "1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: I have deliberately let this cockle follow after the preceding one, because it is completely similar to this except on the posterior side. On this posterior side, right below the umbo or the anus, is placed a heart-shaped, deep, and, towards the innermost side, strongly widened cavity. In this cavity, a free, elevated mussel- shaped ornamenta tion is suspended from the umbo tip, resembling an adornment for decoration of the upper part of a niche. A very large specimen, which Prof. Forskiil sent home from Arabia, is kept in the "Grevelige Moltkiske Naturaliesamling". Today this rare bivalve, though of a smaller size, is still found at Tranquebar. "1815 Wood: shell heart-shaped, valves striated, crenated, and somewhat keeled; a lunate heart- shaped hollow behind the beak [Linne's description translated from Latin by Wood). "1845 Reeve: shell gibbously cordate, somewhat oblique, posteriorly concavely depressed; radiately ribbed, ribs convex, smooth, interstices strongly latticed, lunule deeply excavated, with a conspicuous callosity intruding; white within and without. .. 2001 Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped . Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. DIMENSIONS. "1988 Drivas & Jay: ant.-post. 20 mm , umbo-ventT. 28 mm. REMARKS. "1969 Moore et al.: Hemicardia is used by Spengler 1799 as a subdivision, not as a genus. HABITAT "1988 Drivas & Jay: Reunion, western Indian Ocean to 12 m depth. "1999 Higo et al.: subtidal to 50 m, sand. "ZMUC : sand, gravel at 6- 18 m depth . DISTRIBUTION . "1799 Spengler: Tranquebar the Coromandel coast. "1845 Reeve: China. "1884 Grasset: China. "ZMUC: Ceylon, Gulf of Thailand . "1994 Hylleberg: Indo- West Pacific. "1999 Aungtonya el al.: Andaman Sea & Gulf of Thailand. "1999 Higo el al.: Kii peninsula (Kuroda & Habe, 1981) and southwards, East China Sea, Philippines, South China Sea, Hainan, Beibu gulf, southeast Asia, northern Australia, Indo-Pacific. "2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: South India. "2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. retusum of Reeve, 1845 . - Misidentification = Cardium subrelusum Sow. RECORDS. "1880 Martens: Cardium relusum Reeve fig. 103 = Cardium (Hemicardium) subretusum Sow. retusum of Swainson, 1840. - Hemicardium relusum Swainson, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn, p. 5487: Hemieardium (Wood) relusum Swainson, 1840. -? Cardium L. 1767. retusum of Wood, 1815 . - Lunulicardia auricula (Niebuhr in Forsskaal, 1775). » Regarding Cardium retusum: Cardiidae. Recent. Wood did not describe C relusum. RECORDS. "1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 52: Cardium relusum Wood (not Lin .) G.c. [General Conchology 1815] pI. 58, f. 4, 5. = no. 31 = Cardium auricula Gm. 3253, from Forsk. Arab. Red Sea. retusum Chemnitz, 1782 . Non binominal. - Not available. »Regarding Cardium retusum: Cardiidae. Recent. Chemnitz did not describe .C relusum. RECORDS. "1863 Deshayes: Cardium retusum Chernnitz (non Linne) = Cardium auricula Forsk. retusum var. Spengler, 1799 (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p. 911] . Infrasubspecifi c. RECO RDS. » Regarding Cardium var. relus um : Cardiidae . Recent. T YP E LOCALITY. Coromandel coast, India. TYPE REPOSITORY. ZMUC, Spengler 's colI. RECORDS. "1799 Spengler, p. 55, No. 35: Cardium var. retusum . "1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium retusum var. Spengler, 1799. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: C relusum var. Spengler's coil., I specimen. Coromandel, South India. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: Shell broad, thick, anteriorly rounded, surface with few broad folds, granulated on the posterior side, lunule strongly excavated, round like part of a circl<:, very broad. DESCRIPTIONS. "1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: This Cardium is equally beautifully heart-shaped from the front side as the preceding one [Cardium retusum] , but somewhat broader, consequently thicker, and Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publica/ion vol. 30 (2004) 737 retusum a - richardson;; strongly rounded posteriorly. The heart-shaped casing of the anterior part is neither so high nor so sharp as that of the other one, but more flattened and more rounded, its surface is very different from that of the usual Cardium retusum ; since, in the middle, where both valves are joined, it is not hollowed as the others, but on the contrary inflated, and the heart-shaped folds are broader, more deeply incised and smoothly rounded above. Moreover, the total surface of the bivalve is set with only a few, but very broad folds, of which those on the back are granulated at their front side. The unusually strongly hollowed depression at the anus is not heart-shaped, but rounded as a half-circular arc, and very broad. The whole bivalve is snow-white . DISTRIBUTION. Coromandel coast, South India. retusum a Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal (variety). Not available. RECORDS. ··1839 Anton: Cardium retusum Linne var. a. Chemnitz. reussi Zittel, 1865. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" reussi Zittel, 1865. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium reussi Zittel, 1865; [1865-1866] vol. 24(2): 144, pI. 6, fig. 3. rewaense Ladd, 1934. - Combination to be revised : " Cardium " rewaense Ladd , 1934. Cardiidae . Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1934 ZR: Cardium rewaense Ladd, 1934 sp. n. Quaternary Fiji [Ref. Ladd 1934). reynoldsi Rennie, 1929. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" reynoldsi (Rennie, 1929). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) reynoldsi Rennie, 1929 sp. n. Cretaceous Angola. rhegminum Oliver & Chesney, 1997. - Vasticardium rhegminum (Oliver & Chesney, 1997). Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1997 Oliver & Chesney, Journal of Conchology 1997 Vol. 36: Trachycardium rhegminum . ··1998 Vidal: Vaslicardium rhegminum (Oliver & Chesney, 1997). ··1999 Vidal: Vasticardium rhegminum (Oliver & Chesney, 1997). Rhipidocardium (section). - Conocardiidae. REMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. Rhipidocardium have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (Dall 1895, p. 519). RECORDS ··1887 Fischer: Rhipidocardium Fischer, J 887. Section of genus Conocardium. rholesi Papaianopol, 1982. - New combination: Lymnocardium rholesi Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS . ··1982 Papaianopol , p. 206, fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) rholesi sp. nov. rhombeum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " rhombeum d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5506: Cardium (Hall) rhombeum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cypricardia. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5506: Cypricardia rhombeum Hall, 1843. rhomboides Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 3 p. 921]. Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium rhomboides: Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium rhomboides Lamark sic. Note: considered an unimportant variety of fossil Cardium edule abundant in Italy. ··1832 Deshayes : Cardium rhomboides Lamk . Fossilis = Cardium edule L. "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium rhomboides in Lamarck (J 818-1822) = C. edule Linne. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium rhomboides Lam. = Cardium var. edule. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5509: Cardium rhomboides Lamarck, 1819. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.), MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium rhomboides Lamarck. Algeria (Oran), B35905, B41580. Tunesia (Gabes), B42004. rhomboideum Khomenko, 1934. - Clinocardium rhomboideum (Khomenko, 1934). Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Sakhalin . RECORDS. ··1954 Keen: Clinocardium rhomboideum (Khomenko), 1934. [L. Miocene]. ··1973 Keen: Clinocardium rhomboideum (Khomenko, 1934) [Cardium] . Miocene, Sakhalin. ··1977 Popov: Clinocardium rhomboideum (Khomenko,1934). richardi Audouin in Savigny, 1827. [Figs. Part 3 p. 918]. Afrocardium richardi (Audouin in Savigny, 1827). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCA LITY. Egypt. TYPE REPOSITORY. Type in the Savigny Collection at the MNHN, Paris (Bouchet, & Danrigal 1982). RECORDS. ··1809 Audouin, 51, pI. 9, fig . 14: Cardium richardi new. ··1827 Audouin: Cardium richardi. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5515: Cardium richardi Audouin in Savigny, 1826. ··1926 Pallary: Cardium (Parvicardium) richardi . ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium richardi Audouin. ··1992 Oliver: Afrocardium richardi. ··1995 Oliver, fig. 1080: Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1826). ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Afrocardiwn richardi (Audouin, 1826) . ··200 I Vidal, p. 408: Afrocardium richardi. ··2002 Schneider: Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827). Holocene. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 176: Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1995 Oliver: beaks well in front of midline. Obliquely oval, almost modioli form; posterior not keeled but roundly angulate; posterior expanded, margin long, almost straight. Sculpture of35-38 narrow ribs, all with thin, imbricate, projecting scales, these becoming longer on posterior ribs. White, yellow, orange, red, some with reddish brown markings. ··200 I Vidal: two siphons . No eyes. DIMENSIONS. ··1995 Oliver: to II mm. HABITAT. ··1995 Oliver: offshore. DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. richardi hiulca (mode) . - See under richardi hiulcum Reeve 1845. richardi hiulcum Reeve 1845 (subspecies). - Not a subspecies. Changed combination: Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1826). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium hiulcum. ··1977 FischerPiette: Papyridea richardi hiulea Reeve . •• J992 Oliver: Papyridea richardi hiulca Reeve = Cardium richardi Audouin, 1826. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DI STR IBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: IndoPacific. richardsoni Cox, 1946. - TUlcheria richardsoni Cox, 1946. Cardiacea. Middle Lias. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Tutcheria richardsoni Cox, 1946 sp. nov. Middle Lias, Chipping Norton, Oxon. richardson;; Whiteaves, 1878. - Synonym of Nemocardium centifilosum (Carpenter, 1864). » Regarding Cardium richardsoni: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Strait of Georgia, between Rhode Island Lighthouse and Victoria Harbor, in 30 to 50 fathoms . 738 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) richmondensis - ringens TYPE REPOSITORY. Unknown. RECOR DS. "1878 Whiteaves, p. 468, foot note: Cardium richardsoni n. sp. "1880 ZR: Cardium richardsoni sp. n. Whiteaves, 1880. British Columbia . "1921 ZR: Protocardia richardsonii [Ref. Dall 1921] . .. 1937 Keen: Nemocardium richardsoni. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium richardsoni Whiteaves = Cardium centi/ilosum Carpenter, 1864. "1974 Abbott: Nemocardium richardsoni (Whiteaves, 1878) = Nemocardium centifilosum (Carpenter, 1864). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Nemocardium richardsoni Whiteaves. "2000 Coan et al.: C. richardsoni Whiteaves, 1878 = Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter, 1864). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. "1878 Whiteaves : shell inflated, but not quite as thick as high, inequilateral ; outline transversely and ovately subcircular, length slightly exceeding the height; posterior side rather long, and more narrowly rounded than the anterior: beaks large incurved and approximating; placed a little in advance of the middle. Surface of the anterior and central portions of the shell marked by flattened and comparatively broad, radiating ribs, separated by narrower, deeply impressed lines, both of which are crossed by faint, concentric striae or lines growth. On the posterior area, the radiating ribs are thin, prominent, and much narrower than the flattened interspaces, and the concentric striations are developed into elevated, thin and crenulated laminar ridges. Hinge with two small cardinal and two remote lateral teeth in each valve, one of which is sublunular. Pallial line entire; inferior margin of the valves denticulated all round within. Valves touching at all points when closed; not open at either extremity. DIMENSIONS. "1878 Whiteaves: length 8 lines and a quarter: height seven lines and a half; thickness through the closed valves, not quite six lines. REMARKS. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium centifilosum richardsoni Whiteaves, a northern form of Cardium centifilosum, is generally a little larger and more coarsely sculptured. DI STRIBUTION . "1947 Hertlein & Strong : Alaska, California. "1937 Keen: British Columbia, between 38 and 55 degrees north. richmondensis Foerste, 1914. - Conocardium richmondensis Foerste, 1914. Conocardiidae . Ordovician. RECORDS. "1914 ZR: Conocardium richmondensis Foerste, 1914 sp. n. Ordovician U.S.A. riege/i Homes, 1862. - New combination: Lymnocardium riegeli (Homes, 1870). Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium riege/i Homes, 1862; [1851 - 1870] vol. 4: 195, pI. 28. Fig. 4. "1990 Basch (p. 26): designated Cardium riege/i Hornes, 1870 type species of subgenus (Zagrabicardium) of genus Limnocardium. *rigidum - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium rigidum from 2 sources: Wood, 1815. - Reeve. 1845. rigidum of Reeve. 1845 non Wood. - New name Ctenocardia translatum Prashad, 1932. » Regarding Cardium rigidum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1845 Reeve,sp. 105: Cardiumrigidum. "1932ZR: Cardium (Ctenocardia) translatum nom. n. for Cardium rigidum Rve. non Wood [Ref. Prashad 1932]. "1977 FischerPiette: Reeve, sp. 105: Cardium rigidum = Corculum translatum Prashad. rigidum Wood, 1815. [Figs. Part I p. 102, p. 143 erroneous, see below] . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" rigidum Wood 1815. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium (Ctenocardia) translatum. - Cardium edule. » Regarding Cardium rigidum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1815 Wood, p. 236, pI. 57, figs. 2-3: Cardium rigidum. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium rigidum Solander's MSS, Wood fig. "1828 Wood: Cardium rigidum Wood. "1843 Hanley: Cardium rigidum Wood "1856 Wood & Hanley, No . 41: Cardium rigidum Wood, G.c. pI. 57, f. 2, 3. [G.c. = General Conchology 1815]. "1890 Paetel: Cardium rigidum Wood. "192232 Sherborn, p. 5519: Cardium rigidum Wood, 1815. "1932 Prashad : Cardium rigidum Wood, 1815. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium rigidum Wood. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. "1845 Reeve: error regarding Fig. 105 in Part I p. 143. In legend to the figures , Reeve gave reference to rigidum Wood Plate XX species 105. However, in the text he wrote: As the shell here represented proves to be merely an obscure specimen of the Cardium papillosum, I take the opportunity of inserting a rare and very distinct species omitted in the illustration. In consequence, my explanation to Fig. 105 should read Cardium papillosum and not Cardium rigidum. "1977 Fischer-Piette: the name rigidum Wood has been used by Reeve, but for a completely different species (= Cardium (Ctenocardia) translatum Prashad) . The original species of Wood was probably Cardium edule. "My remarks: The species figured by Wood is definitely not Cardium edule. DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve, "1856 Wood & Hanley: unknown. "1994 Hylleberg: Indo-Pacific. rimula Meuschen, 1778. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. "1902 Sherborn, p. 833: Cardium rimula Meuschen, 1778. *ringens - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium ringens from 4 sources: Bruguiere, 1789. - Bronn, 1848. Wood, 1815. - Defrance (?year). ringens Bronn, 1848 non Chemnitz. - Synonym of Cardium hians Brocchi, 1814. » Regarding Cardium ringens: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1877 Locard: Cardium ringens 1848 Bronn (non Chemn.) = Cardium hians Brocchi, 1814. ringens Bruguiere, 1789. [Figs. Part I p. 73, 88. 99,105, 124, 166, 174. Part 3 p. 843]. - Ringicardium ringens (Bruguiere, 1789). Cardiidae. Recent. Type species: Gray (1847) designated Cardium ringens type species of the invalid genus Papyridea sp. Swainson. West (1875) designated Cardium ringens Bruguiere, 1789 type species of the subgenus (Bucardium) Gray, 1853. Moore et al. (1969) quote Fischer (1887) who designated Cardium ringens (Chemnitz, 1782) type species of the genus Ringicardium Fischer, 1887 (obj.) TYPE LOCALITY. Guinea (Spengler 1799); Gambia, Africa (Sowerby 1841). RECORDS. "1836 Bosc: Cardium ringens. "1875 von West: Cardium ringens Bruguiere, 1789. "1902 Sherborn, p. 833: Cardium ringens Bruguiere, 1789. "1930 Stewart: Cardium ringens, mono typic type species of (Ringicardium) . "1969 Moore et af.,' Cardium (Bucardium) ringens (Bruguiere, 1789) . "1969 Nordsieck: Ringicardium ringens (Bruguiere, 1789). "1983 Anaya : Cardium ringens Chemnitz (Bruguiere, 1789) . Type species of (Bucardium) Gray, 1853. Type designated by von Vest Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 739 ringens - Rillgicardium 1875. ··1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Ringicardium ringens (Bruguiere, 1789). ringens ··2001 Vidal, p. 407: Cardium ringens. ··2002 Schneider: Bucardium ringens (Burger, 1789). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Accra tidal zone, Gambia (Cuming's specimen), Guinea Morck's specimen (Lamarck no. 3), Angola, off Monrovia, Coast of Congo, off Freetown 15 m, Port Marshall, mangrove, offBrathurst 18 m very fine sand. ··ZMUC: I specimen and I shells. Spengler p. 10 Guinea, coil. ··ZMUC: wet collection off Brathurst, Gambia, 18 m, very fine sand, Atlantide St. 161. dorso-Iateral keels, Manrovia, Liberia 10m, Atlantide St. 52. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: pectunculus orbicularis, ex altero lalere praelongis, latisque denlibus conspicuus. ··1799 Spengler: shell orbicular, 26 ribs; posteriorly with 8 ribs, sharp keellike, widely separated, interspaces broad centrally with nodules or scales transversely extending, centrally with 12 ribs, broad but not rounded, interspaces broad with a central line, anteriorly with 7 small, low, fine ribs. Small nymphs. Large and strong lateral teeth, exterior colour red posteriorly, the rest white. ··200 I Vidal: with a few additional larger tentacles outside siphons. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: largest specimen length and width 44 mm (I inch 4 lines). HABITAT. ··ZMUC: tidal zone, mangrove, very fine sand, shells at 0-18 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1819 Lamarck: African coasts and American Seas. ··1844 Reeve: Mouth of the Gambia. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Mouth of the Gambia, Africa. ··1884 Grasset: Gabon. ··1891 Romer: Gambia. ··ZMUC: West Africa off Liberia, Gambia, Guinea, Angola, Congo. ringens Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part I p. 68,73]. - Non binominal, to be replaced by Bruguiere, 1789. » Regarding Cardium ringens: Ringicardium ringens (Bruguiere, 1789). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1687 Lister, pI. 330, fig. 167: Cardium ringens 10 by Spengler 1799. ··1757 Adanson, pI. 18, fig. I: Cardium ringens (fide Spengler 1799) [not available]. •• I 771 Knorr, pI. 14, fig. 3: Cardium ringens 10 by Spengler 1799. ··1780 Argenville: Cardium ringens ID by Chemnitz . •• I 782 Chemnitz, Tab. 16 Fig. 170: Cardium ringens. ··1782 Chemnitz. 10 by Gmelin 1791: Cardium ringens t. 16. f. 170. ··1786 Schroter, No.5: Cardium ringens citing Chemnitz Choncy!. Th. vi. tab. 16. fig. 170. ··1788 Schroter: Cardium ringens. [Reference to Chemnitz (1782) fig. 178]. ··1789 Bruguiere, No. 21. Cardium ringens citing Martini. ··1799 Spengler refers Cardium ringens to Lister. •• I 799 Spengler, p. 10-12, No.4: Cardium ringens citing Chemnitz Tom. 6. Tab. 16. fig. 170. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium ringens Chemnitz. ··1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 330 fig. 167 Cardium ringens. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium ringens. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 18: Cardium ringens citing Ch. vi. 176, f. 170. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 454: Cardium (Peclunculus) ringens citing Chemn. ··1877 Marrat: Cardium (Peclunculus) ringens citing Chern. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium ringens Chern. ··1887 Fischer: Cardium ringens citing Chemnitz (in s. g. Ringicardium, Fischer. 1887). ··1889 Martens: Cardium ringens citing Chemn. (p. 27: off Liberia, 11-18 m, sand). ··1889 Martens: Cardium ringens citing Chemn. (p. 29: off Liberia, 108 m, mixed sand). ··1890 Paetel: Cardium ringens Ch. ··1891 Romer: Bucardium ringens Ch. ··1911 Dollfus: Cardium (Ringicardium) ringens citing Chemnitz. ··1923 Lamy: Cardium (Ringicardium) ringens citing Chemnitz. ··1927 Lamy: Cardium (Ringicardium) ringens (citing Chemnitz) Gmelin. ··1945 ZR: Cardium ringens Chern. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. ··1977 FischerPiette: Cardium (Ringicardium) ringens (citing Chemnitz) Schroter. ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 sp. 4: Cardium ringens. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: this species is singularly characterized by the curious manner in which the interstices between the ends of the posterior ribs remain open (Reeve 1844). DESCRIPTION. ··1844 Reeve: shell rounded, sometimes rather depressed, a little gaping at the posterior side radiately ribbed, about 26 flatly convex, smooth ribs, posterior interstices peculiarly cut open near the margins; yellowish-white, partially stained with pink. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud. DISTRIBUTION: ··1844 Reeve: Mouth of the Gambia, Africa rillgells Defrance. - Synonym of "Cardium" burdigalinum Lamarck. » Regarding Cardium ringens: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium ring ens Defr. = Cardium burdigalinum Lam. rillgells Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 42, 63, 65]. Changed combination: Rillgicardium ringens (Bruguiere, 1789). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 179 1: Cardium ringens t. 330. f. 167. ··1769 Knorr. 10 by Gmelin 1791: Cardium ringens Vergn. 4. t. 14. f. 3. ··1772 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium ringens Vergn. 6. t. 3 f. 4. ··1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium ringens t. 16. f. 170. ··1791 Gmelin No. 31: Cardium ringens. ··1902 Dall: Cardium ringens Gmelin, type of subgenus Ringicardium Fischer. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 833: Cardium ringens Gmelin, 1790 sic. ··1915 Tomlin & Shackleford: Cardium ringens Gmel., 1791. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Gmelin did not provide the first description. He referred to Lister, Adanson, Knorr, and Chemnitz. None of these are available today. - See ringens Bruguiere, 1789. rillgells Lamarck, 1798. - Cardium ringens Lamarck, 1798. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 296. fig. 3. Cardium rillgens. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. I: Cardium ringens Lamarck. Gambia, Africa. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium ringens Lam. African and American coasts. rillgells Wood, 1815. - Cardium ringens Wood 1815 non Gmelin, 1791. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1815 Wood: Cardium ringens Linn. Gmel. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5522: Cardium ringens Wood [non Grn.J, 1815. Rillgicardium Fischer, 1887 (genus). - Objective synonym of Bucardium Gray, 1853. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1969 Moore et al.: Ringicardium = Bucardium Gray, 1853 . •• I 978 Freneix & Mackie: Ringicardium Fischer, 1887 = subgenus Bucardium Gray, 1853. ··1980 Vokes: Ringicardium Fischer, 1887 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1980. Vokes: Ringicardium Fischer, 1887 [=Bucardium Gray. 1853]. ··1983 Anaya: Ringicardium Fischer, 1887. Synonym of(Bucardium) 740 Trop ical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Ringieardium - robillardi Gray, 1853 . Type: Cardium ring ens Chemnitz (Bruguiere, 1789). Type designated by von Vest 1875 . Ringieardium Fischer, 1887 (section , subgenus). Objective synonym of Bucardium Gray, 1853. Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. ··1887 Fischer: (Ringicardium) Fischer, 1887 . Section of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. ··1930 Stewart: (Ringicardium) Fischer, 1887 ringiculum Sowerby, 1834. [Figs. Part I p. 108, 144, 174]. - Synonym of Papyridea semisulcata (Gray, 1825). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium petitianum Orbigny.» Regarding Cardium ringiculum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Hab. ad insulam ｃｾｹｬｯｮ＠ (Sowerby 1840). RECORDS. ··1834 Sowerby, 48t part, fig. II: Cardium ringiculum nobis. ··1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. London p. 106: Cardium ringiculum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 16: Cardium ringiculum Sow. "1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium ringiculum (Sowerby No. 16). ··1845 Reeve : Cardium ringiculum. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Papyridea) ringicula Sow. ··1863 Swift: Cardium ringiculum Sow., 1840 Conch. Icon. sp. 115. Sowerby's name should be retained as it was published long before d 'Orbigny's species Cardium petitianum. ··1864 Krebs: Cardium ringiculum Sowb. = Cardium petitianum d'Orb. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium ringiculum . Sow. "1868 ZR: Cardium ringiculum (Sow.) comes from the West Indies [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1885 Smith: Cardium ringiculum Sowerby. 1848 sic = Cardium (Papyridea) semisulcatum, Gray. 1825. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium ringiculum Sow. = Papyridea ringicula Sow. .. 1902 DalJ: Cardium ringiculum Sowerby, 1840 = Cardium semisulcatum Gray, 1825 . .. 1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5522: Cardium ringiculum Sowerby, 1841 . "1939 McLean: Cardium ringiculum Sowerby, 1841 = Papyridea semisulcata (Gray, 1825). ··1951 McLean: Cardium ringiculum Sowerby (1841) = Papyridea semisulcata (Gray). ··1953 Olsson & Harbison : Cardium ringiculum Sby. , 1840 = Papy ridea semisulcatum (Gray, 1825). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium ringiculum Sowerby = Papyridea semisulcata Gray. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE CHARACTERS of diagnostic value : strongly toothed posterior area (Sowerby 1840). OF COLLECTIONS . ··ZMUC: many shells from St Martin, Krebs colI. no. 699, ··ZMUC : St Thomas. ··ZMUC : label C. ringiculum Sowerby = C. petitianum d'Orb. DESCRJPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: Shell transversely ovate, sides gaping, anterior very short, posterior elongated; radiately ribbed, 24-25 narrow, rude, rather inconspicuous ribs, anterior ribs finely crenulated, posterior interstices cut near the margins; yellowishwhite, interior sometimes brightly stained with rose on the posterior side. DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: a pretty little species. REMARKS. Mention of Ceylon as the type locality by Sowerby (1840) may be erroneous. I have only seen material from the West Indies in accordance with Reeve (1845). "1845 Reeve: There seems to be an error in the locality quoted by Mr. Sowerby for this interesting little species. HABITAT. ··1845 Reeve: found in sandy mud. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: Islands of Nevis and St.Vincent, West Indies ··1884 Grasset: Singapore. ··ZMUC: South Florida, West Indies, Brazil; St Martin, St Thomas the West Indies. ringriseni Jekelius, 1944. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" ringriseni Jekelius, 1944. Cardiidae . Miocene. ··1946 ZR: Cardium ringriseni Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. (type f. 6) Miocene Soceni Banat. riogramamense Maury, 1930. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " riogramamense Maury, 1930. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1933 ZR: Cardium riogramamense Maury, 1930 sp. n. Cretaceous Brazil. ripleyanum Conrad, 1869. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) ripleyanum (Conrad, 1869). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Haddonfield, New York. RECORDS. "1869 Conrad, p. 96, PI. 9, fig. 6: Cardium ripleyanum Conrad, 1869. ··1870 Conrad , Cardium ripleyanum Conrad (Haddonfield, N. J.). ··1978 Scott: Cardium ripleyanum Conrad. ··1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) ripleyanum (Conrad) . ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium ripleyanum Conrad, 1869; vol. 5: 96, pI. 9, fig. 6. ripleyense Conrad, 1858. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " ripleyense Conrad, 1858. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium ripleyense Conrad, 1858; vol. 3: 326. ritter-gulderi (in v alid spelling) . - See under rittergulderi Steininger, 1963 . rittergulderi Steininger, 1963. - Cardium rittergulderi Steininger, 1963. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1963 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) rittergulderi Steininger, 1963 sp. nov. Miocene, Austria. rivalis Muller. Not a cardiid. « Regarding Tellina rivalis: RECORDS. ··1803 Montagu : Tellina rivalis Muller verm. 387. "1803 Montagu : Tellina rivalis. Lin . Transactions = Cardium amnicum . roanokensis Perkins, 1961. - Protocardia roanokensis Perkins, 1961. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1986 Scott: Protocardia roanokensis Perkins, 1961 . ··1961 ZR: Protocardia roanokensis Perkins, 1961 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Texas, Denton Co . robid Brusina . - Combination to be changed: "Cardium" robici Brus. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Cardium robici Brus. robie; Brusina. - New combination : Lymnocardium robici (Brus.). Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium robici Brus. robillardi Sowerby, 1894. - Changed combination: Ctenocardia robillardi (Sowerby, 1894). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1894 Sowerby, p. 47, pI. 4, fig. 20: Cardium robillardi. "1894 ZR: Cardium robillardi Sowerby, 1894 n. sp. Mauritius. ··1926 McClelland: Cardium robillardi Sowerby, 1894. "1937 Viader: Cardium robillardi Sowerby. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium robillardi Sowerby. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS . Shell subcircular, somewhat solid, medium convex, rounded anteriorly, subangulate posteriorly, white, irregularly distributed dark spots, ca. 33 rounded medium elevated ribs with conspicuous nodose scales, interstices concentric corrugated. Normal heart shape . With ligament. White side with coloured stripes, dark redyellow in three stripes [I have translated from Latin]. DIMENSIONS. Antero-post 13 mm (length); umbo-margo 14 mm (width) . REMARKS. A pretty little species, with numerous raised ribs covered with nodular scales, the interstices between the ribs being transversely wrinkled. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 741 robusta - robustum vanhyningi DISTRIBUTION. Mauritius (Sowerby 1897). robusta (subspecies). - See under brewerii robusta Weaver & Kleinpell, 1963. *robustum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium robustum from 2 sources: Lightfoot in Solander, 1786. - Shikama, 1964. robustum Lightfoot in Solander, 1786. [Figs. Part 1 p. 91. Part 3. p. 856]. - Changed combination: Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium robustum Solander, 1786 is a nomen nudum. »Regarding Cardium robustum: Cardiidae. Upper Miocene and Recent. Dall (1900) designated Cardium robustum Lightfoot in Solander, 1786 type species of the subgenus Dinocardium Dall, 1900. Rio (1994) Cardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786) is type species of genus Dinocardium Dall, 1900. TYPE LOCALITY. Florida. RECORDS. "1786 Lightfoot in Solander: Cardium robustum. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium robustum Solander's MSS = Cardium maculatum Gmelin. ··1900 Dall: Cardium robustum Lightfoot in Solander, 1786. "1902 Dall: Cardium (Dinocardium) robustum Solander, 1786 [0. Miocene. Recent]. ··1907 ZR: Cardium robustum [Ref. Hinkley 1907]. "1921 Maury: Cardium (Cerastoderma) robustum Solander, 1786 [U. Miocene. Recent]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5533: Cardium robustum Solander, 1786 [no n.]. "1926 Weisbord: Cardium (Cerastoderma) robustum So lander. ··1930 Stewart: Cardium robustum "So lander". "1932 ZR: Cardium robustum [Ref. Vincent 1932]. "1939 McLean: Cardium (Dinocardium) robustum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786). ··1939 ZR: Cardium (Dinocardium) robustum fig. [Ref. McLean 1939]. "1942 Harry: Cardium robustum Solander = Cardium muricatum Linne. ··1944 ZR: Dinocardium robustum Sol. fig. [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944a]. "1945 Smith, Maxwell: Cardium (Dinocardium )robustum Solander. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Dinocardium) robustum Solander. "1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium (Dinocardium) robustum Solander, 1786. "1954 Abbott, p. 40 I: Dinocardium robustum Solander (jide Rehder 1967). ··1958 Abbott: Laevicardium (Dinocardium) robustum Solander. ··1960 ZR: Dinocardium robustum internal volume measurement [Ref. Kornicker 1960]. "1960 ZR: Dinocardium robustum mobility when partially submerged [Ref. Kornicker & Armstrong 1960]. "1963 ZR: Dinocardium robustum, seasonal distribution and population statistics on valves deposited on Mustang Island, Texas [Ref. Kornicker, Wise & Wise 1963]. ··1965 ZR: Dinocardium robustum distribution of opposing valves on Texas beach [Ref. Wise & Kornicker 1965]. ··1967 Rehder: Portland Catalogue No. 1358. Cardium robustum, S. (Lister, 328. 186). ··1967 Rehder: Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786) valid name, from Florida . ··1967 Rehder: Cardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786) = Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786). ··1969 Moore et al.: Laevicardium (Dinocardium) robust urn (Lightfoot, 1786). ··1970 ZR: Dinocardium robustum first record in southwestern Texas, USA, marine sp., archaeological site [Ref. Hester 1970]. ··1971 Andrews : Dinocardium robustum (Solander, 1786). ··1972 ZR: Dinocardium robustum [Ref. Tiffany 1972] . ··1974 Abbott : Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium robustum Solander. ··1977 Popov : Cardium robustum Lightfoot, 1786. Type of Dinocardium Dall, 1900. ··1979 ZR: Laevicardium (Dinocardium) robustum. Ref. to Lawrence. "1987 ZR: Laevicardium (Dinocardium) robustum. Ref. to Wicksten. ··1994 Rio: Dinocardium robustum S. str. (Lightfoot) [Miocene and Pliocene]. ··1997 Shelton: Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786). ··2002 Schneider: citing Dall (1900): Cardium (Cerastoderma) robustum Solander, 1786, section Dinocardium . .. 200 I Schneider & Carter: Dinocardium robustum . Cardiidae . Recent . "2002 Schneider: Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: 33 shells from shore on Sapelo Island, Georgia; 2 shells from shore, Florida, GulfofMexico. DIMENSIONS. ··1939 McLean: 104 x 119 x 87 mm; ribs about 35. REMARKS. ··1930 Stewart: Cardium robustum "Solander", apparently the first valid name for Dinocardium chipolanum (Dall) [Miocene]. DISTRIBUTION . "1947 Hertlein & Strong: it is a Caribbean species and has not been recorded as occurring in the Gulf of California. Virginia East USA to Belize, British Honduras, and in the West Indies south to Jamaica. robustum Shikama, 1964. - Synonym of Laevicardium obliquum (Spengler, 1799). » Regarding Cardium robustum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1964 Shikama, p. 71, pI. 43, fig. 6: Cardium robustum. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium robustum Shikama = Laevicardium (Dinocardium) obliquum (Spengler, 1799). robustum hazeli Ward & Blackwelder, 1987 (subspecies). - Dinocardium robustum hazeli Ward & Blackwelder, 1987. Cardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. North Carolina. RECORDS. "1987 Ward & Blackwelder, p. 153, fig.: Dinocardium robustum hazeli subsp . nov. robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith, 1944 (subspecies) . [Figs. Part I p. 91]. - Dinocardium robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith, 1944. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium obliquum. » Regarding Cardium robustum vanhyningi: Cardiidae. Recent. OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: 4 specimens, Sanibel Island, Florida. RECORDS. ··1944 Clench & Smith, p. II (pI. 7): Dinocardium robustum vanhyningi n. subsp. ··1944 ZR: Dinocardium robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith, 1944b subsp. nov. Sanibel Island, Florida. ··1948 Aguayo & Jaume: Cardium robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith. ··1950 Baker: Cardium robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith. ··1954 Abbott: Dinocardium robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Dinocardium robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith, 1944 = Cardium (Dinocardium) robustum Sol ander, 1786. ··1955 Perry & Schwengel: Dinocardium robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith . ··1968 Abbott: Dinocardium robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith . ··1972 Shoemaker: Dinocardium robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith . ··1974 Abbott: Dinocardium robustum vanhyningi Clench & L. C. Smith, 1944. ··1977 Fischer-Piette, p.175: Cardium robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith = Laevicardium obliquum Solander sic. "1994 Rio: Dinocardium robustum vanhyningi 742 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) roehebruni - roseum Clench and Smith 1944. roehebruni Coquand, 1859. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" roehebruni Coquand , 1859. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium roehebruni Coquand, 1859; vol. 16: 983. rogata (error). - Printer's mistake for rugala in Vidal 1994. rogenhoferi Brusina & Bru s ina , 1884. - New combination: Lymnoeardium rogenhoferi (Brusina & Brusina, 1884). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1990 Basch: Limnoeardium (Zagrabieardium) rogenhoferi (Brusina & Brusina, 1884). rogersi Rennie, 1936. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" rogersi Rennie, 1936. Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1936 ZR: Cardium rogersi Rennie, 1936 sp. n. Lower Cretaceous. Northern Zululand. rosea (variety). - See nodosum var. rosea Lamarck. rosemariensis Wilson & Stevenson, 1977. [Figs. Part 3 p. 878]. - Synonym of Acrosl erigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833) . » Regarding Aeroslerigma rosemariensis : Cardiidae . Recent. TYPE LOC ALITY . Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia . TYP E REPOSITORY. Holotype, Western Australian Museum, 650-66. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype in WAM, a specimen from Rosemary Island, Western Australia . Ten para types, all from the northern coast of Western Australia, from Point Cloates to Dampier Archipelago (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson, p. 95-97 (pI. 6 , figs . 23-24): Aeroslerigma rosemariensis sp. nov. "1978 ZR: Aeroslerigma rosemariensis sp. nov. Western Australia. Ref. to Wilson et al. p. 95. fig'd. '·1999 Vidal, p. 305: Wilson & Stevenson 1977, p. 95, pI. 6, figs 23-24: Aeroslerigma rosemariensis = Aeroslerigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DIMENSIONS. Length 17.0 mm, height 20.2 mm, width (calculated) 11 .8 mm (Vidal 1999). DISTRIBUTION. West Australia. roseolum Melvill, 1909. [Figs. Part 3 p. 907]. - Fragum roseolum (MeJvill , 1909). Recent, Cardiidae . TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype. BMNH London. TYPE LOCA LITY. Cargados Carajos, western Indian Ocean. RECORDS. "1909 Melvill , p . 134 (pI. 5, fig. 14): Cardium (Fragum) roseolum sp. nov. "1909 ZR: Cardium (Fragum) roseolum Melvill, 1909 sp. n. Cargados Carajos. "1937 Viader: Cardium roseolum, Melvill. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Coreulum (Afroeardium) roseo/um Melvill. "2002 Schneider: Afroeardium roseo/um (Melvill, 1909). Holocene. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1909 Melvill : shell equivalve, inequilateral, inflated, squarrose contour, ventral and dorsal margins almost parallel, the posterior margin much shortened. The whole surface is closely scaly-ribbed, these ribs are 40 in number. A clear rose colour. DIMENSIONS. Alt. 7, lat. 6, diam. 5 mm (Melvill 1909). REMARKS. Ribs are of much the same character as exists in C. erenelloides, save that they appear more persistent and imbricate, not being of so delicate a substance. The margin of the valves also is more deeply serrated or pectinate than in the allied species, of which, indeed, it might be considered a variety, but the great difference of form and colour, a clear rose, have prompted the differentiation (Melvill 1909). DISTRIBUTION. Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific . *roseum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium roseum from 2 sources: Gmelin, 1791. - Lamarck, 1819. roseum Chemnitz, 1782. [Figs. Part 1 p. 45, 71, 103, 126]. Non binomina1 to be replaced by Gmelin, 1791 .Synonym of Coreu/um eardissa (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Coreulum humanum Roding, 1798. Coreulum impressum (Lightfoot, 1786). - Cardium junoniae Lamarck . « Regarding Cardium roseum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1742 Argenville. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium roseum conch. t. 23. f. D. "1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 14 Fig. 147-148 : Cardium roseum. "1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium roseum t. 14 . f. 147. "1788 Schroter: Cardium roseum [Reference to Chemnitz (1782) fig . 154]. "1789 Bruguiere: Cardium roseum. Martini tom. 6. pag. 154, tab . 14, fig. 147, 148. "1791 Gmelin p. 3245, No.3: Cardium roseum (reference to Chemnitz fig. 147). "1815 Wood p. 239, No 48: Cardium roseum Linn. Gme!. (reference to Chemnitz fig . 147) . "1817 Di IIwyn: Cardium roseum. Chemnitz. "1823 Di IIwyn, Tab. 320 fig. 157 Cardium roseum . .. 1825 Wood p. 27 No. 48 : Cardium roseum (reference to Chemnitz fig. 147). "1840 Pfeiffer: Chemnitz Fig. 147-148. Cardium roseum = Cardium Junoniae 2. Lam. 47 . .. 1844 Reeve: Cardium roseum Chemnitz = Cardium eardissa Linnaeus var. delta. "1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 48: Cardium roseum Wood (as of Ch.) G.C. pI. 57, f. 6. [G.c. = General Conchology 1815]. "1902 Sherborn, p. 836: Cardium roseum Gmelin, 1790 sic. "1947 Bartsch: Coreulum ros eum (Chemnitz, 1782) = Coreulum humanum R6ding, 1798. "1977 FischerPiette: Cardium roseum Gmelin = Cardium eardissa Linne. "1977 Habe: Cardium roseum Gmelin, 1791 = Coreulum impressum (Lightfoot, 1786)... 1999 Higo el al.: Cardium rosellm Gmelin, 1791 = Coreu/um impressum (Lightfoot, 1786). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTI ONS. "ZMUC: Chemnitz 6, 147-148, = junoniae, beta Lamarck sine loco REMARKS. Chemnitz (1782) is not binominal. DISTRIBUTION. China, Eastern Seas (Reeve 1844); Gulf of Bengal (Wood & Hanley 1856). roseum Chemnitz, 1782. (variety). Non binominal- Not available. RECORDS. "1890 Paetel : Hemieardium var. rosellm Ch. roseum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 3 p. 915]. - Synonym of Parvieardium seabrum (Philippi, 1836). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: dubious species. - Cardium nodosum Turton, 1822. - Plagioeardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). » Regarding C. roseum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Manche, close to Cherbourg. TYPE REPOSITORY. Cabinet of de France's, unknown availability. RECORDS. .. 1819 Lamarck, No . 37: Cardium roseum . .. 1844 Potiez & Michaud : Cardium roseum Lam. French Atlantic coast. .. 1867 ZR: Cardium roseum (Lam) = nodosum (Turt. and other authors) [Ref. Weinkauff 1867] ... 1869 Romer: Cardium roseum Lamarck; a dubious species ... 1878 Monterosato: Cardium roseum , Lk. = C. nodosum, Turt. = C. seabrum, Ph. "1880 Stossich: Cardium roseum in Weinkauff 1867 = Cardium nodosum Montagu . "1888 Servain: Cardium roseum Lamarck, 1818. "1890 Paetel: Cardium roseum Lm. = nodosum Mtg. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5548: Cardium roseum Lamarck, 1819. "1937 Coen: roseum Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 743 roseum - rotundatum Lamarck = Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) nodosum Turton. "1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium roseum (Lamarck, 1819). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium roseum Lamarck = Cardium nodosum Montagu. "Scarlato & Starobogatov: Cardium roseum (Lam) in Ostroumoff 1893 = Plagiocardium papil/osum (Poli, 1791). ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium roseum Lamarck, 1819 is a junior homonym of Cardium roseum Gmelin, 1791. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Cardium roseum Lamarck, 1819 = Parvicardium nodosum (Turton, 1822) = Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1836) (Nordsieck 1969). HABITAT. The species C. nodosum 9--420 m depth, in the North Sea from 42 m depth and down (Nordsieck 1969). DISTRIBUTION. C. nodosum North Norway, Ireland, Canary Islands, Mediterranean (Nordsieck 1969). roseum Lamarck (variety). - Synonym of Cardium scabrum Phil. RECORDS. "1867 ZR: a variety of Cardium roseum (Lam) = scabrum (PhiL) [Ref. Weinkauff 1867]. roseum (variety). - See under papillosum var. roseum Pallary. Rosphoricardium (error) - Printer's mistake for subgenus Bosphoricardium in CeJidje 1953. rossae Stephenson, 1941. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" rossae (Stephenson, 1941). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ,·1946 ZR: Cardium (Granocardium) rossae Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Navarro fonnations, Cretaceous, Texas, Neylandville marl Tex Bu. "1947 ZR: Cardium (Granocardium) rossae Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Upper Cretaceous, Navarro Group Texas. rossi Marwick, 1944. - Changed combination: Trachycardium rossi (Marwick, 1944). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1944 Marwick: Ovicardium rossi. "1944 ZR: Trachycardium (Ovicardium ) rossi Marwick, 1944a sp. nov. genotype of (Ovicardium ) Marwick, 1944 (Opoitian) Te Reinga Falls, Hangarua R. "1973 ZR: Acrosterigma (Ovicardium). rossi (Marwick 1944), fossiL Ref. to Beu . "1977 Popov: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) rossi Marwick, 1944. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Trachycardium (Ovicardium) rossi Marwick, 1944. "1978 Maxwell: Trachycardium (Ovicardium) rossi Marwick, 1944. ross;; Abbass, 1978. - Cardium rossii Abbass, 1978. Cardiidae. Upper Eocene . RECORDS . "1978 ZR: Cardium (Cardium) rossii Abbass, 1978 sp. nov. Egypt. Ref. to Abbass p. 56. rossolum (error) . - Printer's mistake for roseo/um Melvill in Cotton 1961, p. 241. rostrata Sinz. - Prosodacna rostrata (Sinz.). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . "1960 ZR: Prosodacna rostrata (Sinz.) Pliocene Ukraine, Odessa USSR. [Ref. Eberzin 1960]. *rostratum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Conocardium rostratum from 2 sources : Bronn, 1848. - Orbigny, 1850. rostratum Bronn, 1848. - Conocardium rostratum Bronn, 1848. Conocardiidae. FossiL RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn, p. 5555: Arcites rostratus Martin, 1809. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5556: Conocardium (Martin) rostratum Bronn, 1848. - Arciles. rostratum Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" rostra tum Deshayes, 1853. ?Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980. Ruhoff: Cardium rostratum Deshayes, 1853; voL 2: 48. rostratum Orbigny, 1850. - Conocardium rostratum d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. FossiL RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5555: Cardium (Mart.) rostratus de Koninck, 1841. - Arcites. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5556: Conocardium (Koninck) rostratum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium. rothi Halavats, 1887. - New combination: Lymnoeardium rothi (Halavats, 1887). Lymnocardiidae. Pannonian. RECORDS. "1966 ZR: Limnocardium rothi Pannonian, Mecsek Mts. Yugoslavia, pIs. [Ref. Bartha 1966]. "1990 Basch: Limnocardium (Zagrabicardium)rothi (Halavats, 1887). rotulum Linnaeus (error). - Corculum rotulum (Linnaeus) in Nguyen et al. (1997). Probably misprint of C. roseum. RECORDS. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Corculum rotulum (Linnaeus). This name does not exist. rotunda Harper, 1947. - Plethocardia rotunda Harper, 1947. Cardiacea. FossiL RECORDS. "1947 ZR: Plethocardia rotunda Harper, 1947 sp. n. "Caradoc" ofY nys Gabel, Caernarvonshire. rotunda Kvaliashvili, 1978. - Digressodacna rotunda Kvaliashvili, 1978. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . "1978 ZR: Digressodacna rotunda Kvaliashvili, 1978 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Kvaliashvili p. 63. rotunda. - See under norvegicum rotunda Jeffreys, 1863. *rotundatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium rotundatum from 2 sources: Dujardin, 1837. Carpenter, 1857. rotundatum Carpenter, 1857. - Synonym of Trachycardium panamense (Sowerby, 1833). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby). » Regarding Cardium rotundatum: Recent, Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1857 Carpenter: Cardium rotundatum. "1860 Carpenter: Cardium rotunda tum Cpr. "1886 Dall: Cardium rotundatum Carpenter = C. proeerum juv. ··1909 Lamy: Cardium rotunda tum Carpenter (1855-57) = Cardium procerum Sowerby. "1901 Dall: Cardium rotundatum Carpenter, 1857 (testa juv.) = Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833. "1910 Dall : Cardium rotundatum Carpenter = Cardium procerum junior. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium rotundatum Carpenter = Cardium (Mexicardia) procerum Sowerby. "1951 Winkle: Cardium rotundatum Carpenter. "1961 Olsson: Cardium rotundatum Carpenter, 1857 = Mexicardia procera (Sowerby, 1833). "1968 Keen: Cardium rotundatum Carpenter, 1857 = Trachycardium (Mexicardium) panamense (Sowerby, 1833). "1968 Velez: Cardium rotundatum = Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby, 1833). "1971 Keen & McLean: Cardium rotundatum Carpenter, 1857 = Traehycardium (Mexicardia) panamense (Sowerby, 1833). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium rotundatum Carpenter = Laevicardillm procerum Sowerby). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium rotundatum Carpenter, 1857 [1855-1857] p. 531. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRI-BUTION. As for C. panamense San Ignacio Lagoon in Baja California to Costa Rica, not reaching Panama (Keen & McLean 1971. rotundatum Dujardin, 1837. - Combination to be 744 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) rotundum - rubicundum revised: "Cardium" rotundatum Dujardin, 1837. Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. --1877 Locard: Cardium rotundatum Dujardin, 1837. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5564: Cardium rotundatum Dujardin, 1837. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium rotunda tum Dujardin. Pontilevien. France (Indre and Loire), B45417. rotundum Senes, 1955. - Lymnocardium rotundum (Senes, 1955). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1955 ZR: Cardium (Limnocardium) rotundum Senes, 1955 sp. nov. Miocene, Czechoslovakia. rotundum (variety). - See under norvegicum rotundum Jeffreys. - papil/osum var. rotundum Locard. rouau/ti Bellardi, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" rouaulti Bellardi, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium rouaulti Bellardi, 1852; vol. 4: 240 pI. H (sic = 19), fig. I. rousseaui Mayer Combination to be revised: "Cardium" rousseaui Mayer. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. --1886 Fischer: Cardium rousseaui Mayer. rouyandum Orbigny, 1847. - Changed combination: Vepricardium rouyandum (Orbigny, 1847). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1977 Popov: Bucardium (Vepricardium) rouyandum sic (Orbigny, 1847). rouyanum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" rouyanum Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. --1886 Cossmann: Cardium rouyanum d'Orbigny. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5572: Cardium rouyanum d'Orbigny, 1850. rubel/um Chiereghini in Nardo, 1847. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" rubellum Chiereghini in Nardo, 1847. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5575: Cardium rubellum Nardo (ex Chiereghini MS), 1847. rubescens Smith, 1911. [Figs. Part 3 p. 917]. - Changed combination: Afrocardium rubescens (Smith, 1911). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Afrocardium skeeti (Hedley, 1906). - Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827»> Regarding Cardium rubescens: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 2 syntypes. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. Christmas Islands, Flying Fish Cove, in 30 fathoms. RECORDS. --1911 Smith: Cardium (Fragum) rubescens. --1911 ZR: Cardium (Fragum) rubescens Smith, 1911 sp. n. Christmas Island Indian Ocean. --1926 McClelland: Cardium rubescens Smith, 1911 n. sp. --1934 Tomlin: Cardium (Fragum) rubescens Smith. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Afrocardium) rubescens Smith. --1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Cardium rubescens Smith, 1911 = Afrocardium skeeti (Hedley, 1906). --2002 Schneider: Afrocardium rubescens (Smith, 1911). Holocene. --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 176: C. rubescens Smith, 1911. Syn of Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827) according to J. Vidal. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. --1911 Smith: Shell small, thin, inequivalve, triangular--cordate, short in front, posterior produced, somewhat pointed, reddish; sometimes completely reddish, about 38 radiating ribs, little elevated around the umbo, delicately squamose, close set until separated by furrows; anterior and posterior ribs narrow, densely squamose, intercostal areas with transverse sculpture; thin valves, slightly dentate along central part of ventral margin, stronger denticulation posteriorly; interior of valves white, posteriorly reddish, shells have reddish colour in rays (I have translated from Latin]. DIMENSIONS. --1911 Smith: length 8 mm, width 6.5 mm, diameter 5.5 mm. REMARKS. --1911 Smith: one specimen entirely rosy-red, the other with the front half ofthe valves almost white, and the hinder portion stained rosaceous, the colour in two more or less suffused rays. The radiating riblets upon the middle ofthe valves are faintly convex, and separated by mere impressed lines. These become more distinct grooves both anteriorly and behind. The lines of growth are distinct in the grooves, and in the impressed striae, produce an almost punctuate appearance. Two specimens were studied by Smith 1911. Allied to C. crenelloides Melvill, and carditaeformis Reeve, both Indian Ocean species. However, carditaeformis is longer, the ribs are finer and more numerous, and the is colour different; carditaeformis is narrower in front, and less acuminate behind, has more ribs, and is devoid of colour. (Smith 1911). HABITAT. In 30 fathoms. DISTRIBUTION. East Indian Ocean (authors). rubicundum Reeve, 1844. [Figs. Part I p. 132, 173. Part 3 p. 865, 926]. - Trachycardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1844). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Zanzibar, east coast of Africa (Reeve 1844). TYPE REPOSITORY. 3 syntypes. 1978128. BMNH London. RECORDS. --1844 Reeve, p.169: Cardium rubicundum. --1844 Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 44: Cardium rubicundum. --1884 Grasset: Cardium rubicundum. Rv. --1890 Paetel: Cardium rubicundum Rv. --1897 Sowerby: Cardium rubicundum Reeve. --190 I Sturany: Cardium rubicundum Rve. (possible synonym of Cardium rugosum). --1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 837: Cardium (Trachycardium) rubicundum Reeve. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5587: Cardium rubicundum Reeve, 1844. --1955 Rost & Soot-Ryen: Trachycardium rubicundum Reeve, 1844. --1956 ZR: Trachycardium rubicundum Reeve, new to Seychelles [Ref. Rost & Soot-Ryen 1956]. --1964 Spry: Cardium (Vasticardium) (Regozara) rubicundum (Reeve). --1974 Habe & Kosuge: Vasticardium (Regozara) rubicundum (Reeve, 1844). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium rubicundum Reeve. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium rubicundum Reeve, 1844. --1981 Koyama et at..' Cardium rubicundum Reeve, 1844 = Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789). --1982 Kilburn & Rippey: Trachycardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1844). --1992 Oliver: Trachycardium rubicundum. --1992 Oliver: Cardium rubicundum Reeve, 1844 in Shopland (1896) = Trachycardium lacunosum (Reeve, 1845). --1992 Oliver: Cardium rubicundum Reeve, 1844 in Lamy (1927) = Trachycardium lacunosum (Reeve, 1844). --1998 Vidal: Vasticardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1844). --1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 378: Trachycardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1845). --1999 Vidal: Vasticardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1844). --2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Vasticardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1845). Det. 1. Vidal. --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 185, Plate 4, fig. 16: Vasticardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1845). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. Madagascar H. Cuming Coli. 7 specimens Acc. No. 1829 BMNH reg. no. 1844.6.3. 105-110. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: 37 ribs. DESCRIPTIONS. --1844 Reeve: Shell oblong-ovate, very slightly Phuke/ Marine Biological Cen/er Special Publica/ion vol. 30 (2004) 745 rubicundus - rubrum oblique, radiately ribbed, 37 sharply convex ribs, the anterior third portion squamosely crenated, the middle portion obtusely scaled on both sides, the posterior portion obliquely tubercled; bright red, whitish towards the umbones spotted with reddish brown, margins edged with bright pinkish red interiorly. (Description in Latin as well as in English). Cuming' specimen has 6-7 ornamented posterior ribs. REMARKS. --1844 Reeve: An extremely pretty species, remarkable for its vivid colouring and for the elaborate character of its sculpture. -- Koyama et al. These authors indicate erroneous synonymy. Trachycardium rubicundum (Reeve, 1844) is a valid species. HABITAT. --1906 Melvill & Standen: at 3-10 fathoms depth, sandy mud. DISTRIBUTION. --1844 Reeve: Zanzibar, E. Africa. --1884 Grasset: Natal, Zanzibar. --1897 Sowerby: Indian Ocean. --1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea . "1999 Vidal: Indonesia (Lombok). --2000 Hylleberg and --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. rubicundus. - Not in Cardiacea. Glossus nlbicundus. RECORDS. "1815 Oken, p. 235: genus Glossus with Chama cor, Glossus rubicundus [Oken is not available]. --1818 Schmidt, p. 158: Glossus rubicundus (Chama cor). rubiginosum Gmelin 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 50]. - Nomen dubium. » Regarding Cardium rubiginosum : not a cardiid. RECORDS. --1742 Gualtieri, pI. 43 fig. D: Concha cordiforrnis D. rubiginosa. "1742 Gualtieri . ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium rubiginosum t. 83. f. D. "1791 Gmelin p . 3256 (fide Wood 1815). "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium rubiginosum Gmelin should be ignored. --1828 Wood: Cardium rubiginosum. --1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 44: Cardium rubiginosum Gmel. 3256, from Gualt. 83, f. D. irrecognisable. --1856 Wood & Hanley: Cardium rubiginosum Gmel. = C. edule var. = irrecognisable. --1902 Sherborn, p. 844: Cardium rubiginosum Gmelin, 1790 sic. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium rubiginosum Wood = not a Cardium . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean (Wood & Hanley 1856). rubiginosum Wood, 1815. - See under rubiginosum Gmelin 1791. rubraquale Tscheltzov, 1965. - Avicardium rubraquale Tscheltzov, 1965. Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1965 ZR : Avicardium rubraquale Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Pliocene, Turkmenia, USSR. rubricatti Almera y Bofill, 1894. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" rubricatti Almera y Bofill, 1894. Cardiacea . Tertiary. RECORDS. --1983 Anaya: "Cardium" rubricatti Almera y Bofill, 1894. rubrohamatum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1988. [Figs. Part 3 p. 881]. - Vepricardium rubrohamatum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1988. Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Philippines. RECORDS. --1988 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Vepricardium rubrohamatum . rubropictum Habe & Kosuge, 1966. - Synonym of Acrosterigma biradiatum (Bruguiere , 1789). » Regarding Laevicardium rubropictum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. --2000 Vidal: holotype, a bivalved specimen from Bentayan Island, Philippines, in ZBM No 53798; seven bivalved paratypes, all from the type locality, in various collections. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype and two paratypes in National Science Museum (Tokyo). RECORDS. "1966 Habe & Kosuge, p. 339 (pI. 29, fig . 20): Laevicardium rubropictum. --1966 ZR: Laevicardium rubropictum Habe & Kosuge, 1966 sp. nov. Samboanga , Mindanao, Philippines. --1974 Habe & Kosuge: Laevicardium rubropictum Habe et Kosuge. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium rubropictum Habe & Kosuge = Laevicardium biradiatum Bruguiere. --1977 Habe: Laevicardium rubropictum Habe & Kosuge, 1966. --1999 Higo et al. : Laevicardium rubropictum Habe & Kosuge, 1966 . "1999 Vidal: La e vicardium rubropictum Habe & Kosuge, 1966: 153, pI. 59, fig. 2: = Acrosterigma biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789). --2000 Vidal, p . 460, Fig. 7: Vepricardium rubrohamatum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1988: 86, pl. 1, fig . 1-3. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCEDESCRIPTIONS. --2000 Vidal: V rubrohamatum is characterised by its very oval shape , strongly prosogyrate umbos, thinner shell and hinge, and higher rib number with very elaborate ornamentation. Distribution: - In addition to the type series from the Philippines, only one shell from Visayas Islands, Philippines is known in the MNHN, collection Vidal. REMARKS. 1966. Habe et Kosuge: Laevicardium rubropictum Habe et Kosuge, 1960, ally of Laevicardium pulcherrimum Sakurai & Habe, 1966. Habe & Kosuge state that Laevicardium rubropictum differs from Laevicardium biradiatum which has many fleshy reddish brown patches of various sizes and lacks the large reddish brown patch on the posterior part of the surface. Fischer-Piette (1977, p. 25) maintains that colour variation is a poor reason to erect a new species, because this character is too variable. HABITAT: intertidal to 20 m, sand and mud (Higo et al. 1999). DISTRIBUTION. Indo-Pacific, Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific (Hylleberg 1994); Kii peninsula (Kuroda & Habe, 1981) and southwards, East China Sea, South China Sea, Philippines, Indo-Pacific (Higo et al. 1999). rubrum Chemnitz, 1782 [Figs. Part 1 p. 73 No. 168169]. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Fragum rubrum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 16 Fig. 168-169: Fragum rubrum. Cardium unedo Lin. --1789 Bruguiere : Fragum rubrum , Cardium unedo Linnaei; Martini tom. 6. tab. 16, fig. 168, 169. "1799 Spengler: Fragum rubrum Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 16 Fig. 168-169 = Cardium unedo Lin. --1932 Prashad: Fragum rubrum (Chemnitz, 1782) = Fragum unedo (Linne, 1758). --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum rubrum Chemnitz, 1782; junior synonym of Fragum unedo (Linnaeus, 1758). --1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 Fragum rubrum Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab . 16 Fig. 168-169 = Cardium unedo Lin. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Indo-Pacific (HyUeberg 1994). rubrum Montagu, 1803. - Unknown species. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Tellina r., Turt. C.D. 186; Syn. - Kellia r. Turt. D. B. 57, pI. 11, f. 7,8; Syn. - Bomia seminulum, Phil. Sic. i. 14, pI. 1, f. 16; Syn. - Poronia r. Recluz. Rev. Z. 1843, p. 175.; - Syn. Lasaea r. Brown. » Regarding Cardium rubrum: RECORDS. --1803 Montagu, p. 83 (pI. 27, fig 4): Cardium rubrum . "1803 Montagu: Cardium rubrum Walker's Minute Shells. 86? "1807 Maton & Rackett, No. 10: Cardium rubrum Montagu p. 9. "1813 Fleming: Cardium rubrum Montagu. "1815 Wood: Cardium rubrum Montagu. 746 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) rubrum - rudis catillusrudis "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium rubnlm Montagu . "1819 Turton: Tellina robra Montagu. ··1822 Turton: Kellia rubra Montagu. ··1825 Gerville: Cardium rubrum Montagu. ··1828 Wood: Cardium nlbrom Montagu . ··1844 Brown: Lasaea rubra Montagu. ··1845 Reeve, No. 124: Cardium rubrum Montagu. ··1850 Jay: Cardium nlbrom Mont. = Kellia rubra Turton. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No.8: Kellia robrom Mont. T. B. 83 (not Reeve). ··1859 Sowerby: C. robrom (young) = Cardium fasciatum Montagu. ··1871 Lischke: Cardium rubrom Montagu, non Reeve Fig. 124 = Lasaea robra. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Lasaea robra Montagu according to Fischer-Piette 1977. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5578: Cardium robrom Montagu, 1803. ··1942 Fischer-Piette, Fischer, Germain & Pal\ary: Cardium rubf1lm Montagu 1803 = Lasaea adansoni Gmel. = Lasaea robra Montagu. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: 1845 Reeve, No. 124: Cardium robrom Montagu = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Kentish coast, Falmouth, Kingsbridge, Devon (Maton & Rackett 1807); Britain &c. (Wood & Hanley 1856). rubrum Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part 1 p. 145]. - Unknown species. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby, 1833). - Cardium fascialum Montagu = Parvicardium ovale. » Regarding Cardium rubnlm: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve, No. 124: Cardium robnlm Montagu, Testacea Britannica, p. 83. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. rubrom Reeve f. 124 = Cardiumfasciatum Mont. ··1868 ZR: Cardium robrom (Reeve) = fasciatum (Mont.); sueeieum (Loven) is distinct from minimum (Phil.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium rubrom Reeve = Cardium fasciatum Montagu. ··1869 Romer: Cardium robnlm Reeve sic fig. 124 = Cardium fasciatum Montagu. ··1880 Stossich: Cardium ntbrum Reeve = Cardium ovale in Reeve. ··1886 Locard: Cardium rubrum Reeve, 1845 = Cardium fascialum, Montagu, 1808. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium nlbrom Reeve = Cardium fasciatum Montagu. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium robnlm Rv. = fasciatum Mtg. ··1917 Hidalgo: Cardium rubnlm Reeve = Cardium fascia tum Montagu. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell globosely cordate, posteriorly slightly angulated; radiately ribbed, ribs convex, here and there prickly; rose-colour, somewhat transparent. DISTRlBUTION . ··1845 Reeve: Britain. rubus Meuschen, 1778. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 845: Cardium rubus Meuschen, 1778. rucali Uspenskaia, 1931 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" rucali Uspenskaia, 1931. Cardiidae. Miocene . RE COR DS. ··1932 ZR: Cardium rueali Uspenskaia, 1931 n. sp. Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. rudentis Fischer-Piette, 1977. [Figs. Part 3 p. 884]. Mistake: a fossi l. » Regarding Laevicardium rodentis: Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. West Africa. TYPE REPOSITORY. Paris Museum. RECORDS. ··1977 FischerPiette: Laevicardium (Vepricardium) rodentis n. sp. ··1977. ZR: Laevicardium (Vepricardium) rodentis Fisher-Piette, 1977 sp. nov. West Africa. Refto FischerPiette, E. p. 41, fig' d. ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Laevicardium (Vepricardium) nldentis Fischer-Piette, 1977 . ··2000 Vidal, p. 448: Laevicardium (Vepricardium) rodentis Fischer-Piette, 1977: 41, pI. 3, figs 1-2; the holotype and paratype (in MNHN) are Cardium porolosum Lamarck, an Eocene fossil.- CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Referred to Cardium (Bucardium) in Keen (1980). DISTRIBUTION. Indo-Pacific (Hylleberg 1994). Rudicardium Coen, 1915 (genus). -Cardiidae. Miocene and Recent. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Rudicardium Coen 1915 "type here designated Cardium tuberculatum Linne, 1758" [Ref. Keen 1937]. ··1980 Vokes: Rudicardium (Monterosato MS) Coen, 1914 in subfamily Cardiinae. Rudicardium Coen, 1915 (section, subgenus). Cardiidae. Miocene and Recent. Type species: Keen (1937) designated Cardium tuberculatum Linne, 1758 type species of subgenus Rudicardium of the genus Acanthocardia Gray, 1851 . Subsequently raised to generic level by authors. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. RECORDS. "1914 Coen: Section Rudicardium Monterosato Mss. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. Medium to large shells. Outline rounded, subquadrate; posterior margin subtruncate. Sculpture of prominent ribs with narrow cup shaped spines (noded) arising from midlines of ribs . Hinge gently curved, lower cardinal in RV much the larger. Internal margin crenulate. Mediterranean (Moore et af. 1969, emend. Hylleberg 1994). Characters compiled from Schneider (2002): the right anterior cardinal tooth does not extend ventrally to the hinge line, nor do the right anterior cardinal teeth connect dorsally to the right posterior cardinal teeth. The right posterior cardinal teeth longer than high with a weaker hook. Notches on the posterodorsal portion of the tuberculate spines. Acanthoeardia (Rudicardium) has labial palps with length less than one-third the length of the entire animal (minus the shell). rudis Camacho, 1960. - "Cardium" rudis Camacho, 1960. Cardiidae. Paleocene. RECORDS. "1960 ZR: Cardium nldis Camacho, 1960 sp. nov. Paleocene River Ewan, Tierra del Fuego . *rudis. - Homonymy to be noticed. Didacna rudis from 2 sources: NaJivkin, 1916. - Ebersin (?year). rudis Ebersin. - Didacna rodis Ebersin. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. '·1943 ZR: Didacna rudis Ref. to 10ukove (1943). ··1963 ZR: Didacna rodis Ebersin Quaternary. rudis NaJivkin, 1916. - Didacna rodis NaJivkin, 1916. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. "1916 ZR: Didacna rodis Nalivkin, 1916 sp. n. Berg der Bakustufe. rudis Reeve, 1862 . - Tridacna rudis Reeve, 1862. Tridacnidae. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Tridacna f1ldis Reeve, 1862; [1851-1870] vol. 14 (Tridacna) pI. 5, sp. 4. ··1999 Higo et af.: Tridacna nldis Reeve, 1862 = Tridacna (Flodacna) maxima (Roding, 1798). ·'2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 186: Tridacna rodis Reeve, 1862. Synonym of Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). rudis (variety). - See tuberculatum rudis var. Coen, 1914. rudis catillusrudis Nalivkin, 1916 (variety). - Upgraded. Didaena rodis calillusrodis Nalivkin, 1916. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1916 ZR: Didacna rudis var. eatillusrudis Nalivkin, 1916 var. n. Berg der Bakustufe. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 747 rudis euxinica - rugosum rudis euxinica Popov, 1983 (subspecies). - Didacna rudis euxinica Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae . Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. "1983 Popov, p. 170, fig.: Didacna rudis euxinica subsp. nov. rudis sub vulgaris Nevesskaya, 1963 (subspecies) . Didacna rudis subvulgaris Nevesskaya, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Didacna rudis Ebersin sub vulgaris Nevesskaya, 1963 subsp. nov. Quaternary, Black Sea basin. rudis varia Nalivkin, 1916 (variety). - Upgraded. Didacna rudis varia Nalivkin. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1916 ZR: Didacna nldis var. varia Nalivkin, 1916 var. n. Berg der Bakustufe. Rudisles. - Not in Cardiacea. RECORDS . ··1894 ZR : Rudis/es with new species [Ref. Douville 1894]. ··1896 ZR: Rudis/es in the Urgonia [Ref. Paquier 1896]. rufovariegalum (variety). - See under edule rufovariega/um var. rugala (mode). - See ruga/um Gronovius, 1781. rugalum Gronovius, 1781 authorship replaced by Dillwyn, 1817. [Figs. Part I p. 135, 165]. - Identical with Fulvia aper/a (Bruguiere , 1789). PREVIOUS JUDGEMENTS: species not sufficiently known (FischerPiette 1977). - Fulvia bullata (Meuschen) [not available]. » Regarding Cardium ruga/um : Not available. Cardiidae. Recent. RE CORDS . ··1781 Gronovius, pI. 18, fig. 5: Cardium rugatum (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium rugatum Gronovius. ··1844 Reeve, sp. 63: Cardium ruga/um. ··1867 Frauenfeld: Papyridea rugatum. ··1868 ZR: Cardium ruga tum (Gronov.) = apertum (Chemn.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. ··1869 ZR: C. ruga tum (Gronov.) allied to Cardium pulchrum var. [Ref. Martens 1869]. ··1874 Lischke: Cardium ruga/um Meuschen, 1781. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium rugatum. Gron. ··1889 Martens: Cardium (Papyridea) rugatum Gronov., Reeve. ··1890 Paetel : C. rugata Gronov. = Papyridea aperta Ch. [not available]. ··1891 Romer: Papyridea rugata Gronov. Philippines. ··1903 Hidalgo: Papyridea rugata Gronovius. 1781 . ··1928 Faustino: Cardium (Papyridea) ruga tum Gronovius . ··1932 Prashad: Cardium ruga tum Gronovius, 1781 = Cardium apertum Bruguiere, 1789. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: rugatum (Meuschen) = Papyridea ruga tum = Fulvia bullata (Meuschen). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium rugatum Gronovius = species insufficiently known (Fischer-Piette 1977). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium rugatum Gronovius, 1871 sic (non binomial) = Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1991 Rao et al.: Cardium (Fulvia) rugatum in Pres ton (1915) = Laevicardium (Fulvia) apertum (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1991 Rao et al.: Cardium (Fulvia) ruga tum in Annandale & Kemp (1916) = Laevicardium (Fulvia) apertwn (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1994 Vidal : Cardium rogata sic Gronovius, 1781 = Fulvia (Fulvia) aperta (Bruguiere , 1789). ··1999 Higo et al.: Cardium rugatum Reeve, 1844 non Dillwyn, 1817 = Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 178: Cardium rugatum Dillwyn, 1817. Synonym of Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. C. rugatum Gro. Gulf of Thailand, 5 fv. Gravel. DESCRIPTION. ··1844 Reeve: shel.l orbicular, very thin, fragile, posterior side produced, gaping open; radiately ribbed, about 43-44 thin, rather superficial ribs, nearly obsolete towards the umbones; sometimes whitish variegated with pink, sometimes purple or yellowish bay, umbones pinkish purple. REMARKS. ··1844 Reeve: This very delicate and elegant species varies singularly in colour, some examples being white mottled with pink, whilst others are of a clear orange bay or purple. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud at the depth of about 7 fathoms . DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Eastern coast of the Island of Luzon, Philippines. ··1884 Grasset: Luzon. ··1891 Romer: Philippines. rugatum of Dillwyn, 1817. - Identical with Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia bullata (Linnaeus, 1758). - Species insufficiently known (Fischer-Piette 1977). » Regarding C. apertum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Jamaica and East Indies (Smith 1945). TYPE REPOSITORY . Unknown . RECORDS. ··1817 Dillwyn, I, p . 125, No. 31: Cardium rugatum. ··1871 Lischke: Cardium rugatum in Reeve = Cardium apertum Chemnitz. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium (Papyridea) nlgatum. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5668: Cardium rugatum Dillwy n, 1817. ··1945 Smith : Cardium rugatum Dillwyn 1817 syn. = Fulvia bullata Linne. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium ruga tum Dillwyn = species insufficiently known. ··1979 Richardson et al.: Cardium rugatum in Dillwyn, 1817 = Cardium apertum Bruguiere, 1789. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Cardium ruga tum Dillwyn, 1817 = Cardium apertum Bruguiere, 1789. ··1994 Vidal : Cardium ruga tum "Gronovius" in Dillwyn, 1817 = Fulvia (Fulvia) aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1997 Nguyen et al.: ?Vepricardium rugatum (Dillwyn). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell orbicular, very thin, fragile, posterior side produced, gaping open; radiately ribbed, ribs about three and forty in number, thin, rather superficial, nearly obsolete towards the umbo; sometimes whitish variegated with pink, sometimes purple or yellowish bay, umbo pinkish purple. REMARKS. ··1844 Reeve: varies singularly in colour, some examples being white mottled with pink, whilst others are of a clear orange bay or purple. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: Island of Luzon, Philippines. ··ZMUC: in sandy mud at a depth of about 7 fathoms, Cuming coil. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: C. apertum Luzon, the Philippines. ··1994 Hylleberg: C. apertum Gulf of Thailand, Japan, East Indies, Australia. rugalum of Reeve 1844. - See under rugatum Gronovius, 1781. rugiferullt Roverto, 1898. - Hemidiscors rugiferum Roverto, 1898. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1898 ZR: Hemidiscors rugiferum Roverto, 1898 n. sp. Tongrian of Liguria. ··1899 Sacco, p. 54: Hemidiscors rugiferus Rovereto, 1898. rugosicoslatum Schaffer, 1910. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " rugosicostatum Schaffer, 1910. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1911 ZR : Cardium rugosicostatum Schaffer, 1910 sp. n. Austria Miocene. rugosum Deshayes (variety) . - Synonym of Trachycardium angulatum (Lamarck). » Regarding Cardium var. rugosum: Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. ··1839 Anton: Cardium var. rugosum Desh . = Cardium angulatum Lamarck. 748 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) rugosum - rugosum gortanii rugosum Lamarck, 1819 (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p. 870]. - Infrasubspecific. RECORDs. "1819 Lamarck: Cardium rugosum var. testa minore, subaequilaterata. rugosum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part I p. 59 No.7, p. 76 No. 191,79 No. 11 a,b, p. 89,113,115,137. Part 3 p. 863]. - Synonym of Vasticardium pectiniforme (Born, 1780). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Cardium angulatum Lamarck 1819. - Not a synonym of Cardium angulatum Lamarck 1819. - Cardiumjlavum Linnaeus, 1758. Cardium magnum Chemnitz cited. - Cardium reeveanum Dunker, 1852. - Cardium rugosum Lamarck 1819. « Regarding Cardium rugosum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 297. fig. 2. Cardium rugosum. "1819 Lamarck, p. 10, No . 23: Cardium rugosum. "1827 Bory de St. Vincent: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1835 Deshaye Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1838 Sowerby, 149 t part, fig. 39: Cardium rugosum Lam. "1839 Anton: Cardium rugosum Lamarck = Cahdium magnum Chemnitz. "1840 Sowerby, 178 t part, fig . 41: Cardium rugosum Lam. "1840 Sowerby, p. 5, No. 58: Cardium rugosum Lam. "1841 Sganzin: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1843 Hanley: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium rugosum Lam. Indian Ocean and American? "1845 Reeve, sp. 68: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1867 Mitchell: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1867 Frauenfeld: Trachycardium rugosum. "1868 ZR: C. rugosum (Lam .) = Cardium jlavum (L.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1869 Frauenfeld: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1869 Issei: Cardium rugosum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pI. 14, fig. 86 (sic = 68) = Cardium magnum citing Chemnitz. "1869 Romer: Cardium rugosum Lamarck = Cardium jlavum L. "1870 Blanford: Cardium nlgosum Lamarck. "1874 Martens: Cardium nlgosum Lamarck. "1877 Angas: Cardium rugosum Lam. "1879 Martens: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1880 Martens in Mobius: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1880 Martens: Cardium (Trachycardium) rugosum Lamarck. "1884 Grasset: Cardium rugosum. Lam. "1889 Martens: Cardium (Trachycardium) rugosum Lam., citing Chemnitz. "1890 Paetel: Cardium rugosum Lm. = jlavum L. "1891 Smith: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1894 Sowerby : Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1895 Martens & Smith in Thurston: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. ··1896 Shop land : Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1897 Sowerby: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1898 Melvill & Sykes: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "190 I Sturany: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "190 I Sturany: Cardium rugosum Lm. (= magnum citing Chemn.). "1902 Shopland: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1905 Sturany: Cardium rugosum Lm. (= magnum citing Chemn.). "1906 Melvill & Standen: Cardium rugosum Lamk . = jlavum L. in pt. "1909 Lynge: Cardium rugosum Lamarck, 1819 = Cardium (Trachycardium) jlavum (Linne, 1758) illustrated by Spengler (1799). "1917 Odhner: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1919 Martin: Cardium rugosum Lamk. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5674: Cardium rugosum Lamarck, 1819 . ··1923 Dautzenberg : Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1927 Winckworth: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1931 Thiele & Jaeckel: Cardium (Trachycardium) rugosum Lamarck = Cardium jlavum Linne. "1932 Prashad: Cardium rugosum Lamarck, 1819 in Reeve (1845) = b Cardium reeveanum Dunker, 1852. "1939 Adam & Le10up: Cardium rugosum Lamarck = Laevicardium (Trachycardium)jlavum (Linne 1758). "1942 Abrard: Cardium rugosum Lm. in Nardini 1933 is probably leucostoma Reeve. "1942 Lamy: Cardium rugosum Lamarck = Cardium jlavum Linne. "1945 ZR: Cardium rugosum Lk. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. "1948 Ray: Cardium rugosum Lamarck, 1819 = Cardium (Trachycardium) jZavum Linnaeus, 1758. "1952 Braga : Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1954 Taki: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1958 MacNae & Kalk: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1960 Kuroda : Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) rugosum (Lamarck = (? jlavum Linne) . "1960 Paes da Franca: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1962 MacNae & Kalk: Cardium rugosum Lamarck. "1974 Barnard: Cardium rugosum Lamarck 1819 in Sowerby 1897 = C. jlava. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium rugosum Lamarck = Laevicardium jlavum Linne auctorum. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium rugosum Lamarck, 1819. "1991 Vidal : Acrosterigma rugosum (Lamarck, 1819); removal from synonymy with A. angulatum (Lamarck 1819). "1991 Vidal: Acrosterigma rugosum (Lamarck 1819) diagnostic characters to distinguish from A. angulatum (Lamarck 1819). "1992 Dharma: Trachycardium rugosum . "1997 Vidal: Cardium rugosum Lamarck, 1819 = Vasticardium pectiniforme (Born, 1780). "1997 Vidal: Cardium rugosum Lamarck sensu Reeve, 1845 sp. 68 (not Cardium rugosum Lamarck, 1819) = Vasticardium luteomarginatum marerubrum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). "1998 Poutiers : Tra chycardium rugosum (Lamarck, 1819). "1999 Higo et al.: Cardium rugosum Lamarck, 1819 non Munster, 1835 = Acrosterigma (Regozara)jlava (Linnaeus, 1758). "1999 Hylleberg, p. 401: Vasticardium rugosum . ID J. Vidal. "1999 Vidal: Cardium rugosum Lamarck , 1819 = Vasticardium pectiniforme (Born, 1780). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1845 Reeve: shell oblong-ovate, rather thick, radiately ribbed, 28-30 ribs, interstices deeply excavated extreme posterior ribs prickly scaled, middle ribs smooth, posteriorly crenulated, interior rugosely crenated; white, banded with faint red spots. REMARKS. "1819 Lamarck: Cardium rugosum close to Cardium jlavum. Lin. ?Schroet. 2. t. 7. f. II. a, b. "1845 Reeve: the deep interstices between the ribs of this species give them an exceedingly prominent character. DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve: Ceylon, Nicobar, Madagascar, &c. "1884 Grasset: Australia. "1994 Hylleberg IndoPacific. rugosu", Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium rugosum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn, p. 5682: Unicardium rugosum d'Orbigny, 1850. rugosum Sowerby, 1840 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. \13 , 115]. - Vasticardium pectiniforme (Born» > Regarding Cardium rugosum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8, No. 58: Figs. 39 and 41 = Cardium var. rugosum Sowerby. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Sowerby (1840) fig. 39, dark spotted; fig. 41, pink spotted. rugosu", gortanii Nardini, 1937 (variety). - Changed combination: Vasticardium gortanii (Nardini, 1937). Cardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Cardium 749 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) rumana bassarabica - rusticum rugosum var. gortanii Nardini, 1937 nov. Dahalac (Coil. Ragazzi). 001997 Vidal : Cardium rugosum var. gortanii Nardini, 1937 = Vasticardium gortanii (Nardini, 1937). rumana bassarabica Macarovici, 1961 (variety). Upgraded . Prosodacna rumana Fischer, 1886 . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECOR DS. 001961 ZR: Prosodacna rumana var. bassarabica Macarovici, 1961 nov. Odessa; Miocene, Bessarabia, Roumania. rumana Motas, 1972. - New combination: Limnodacna rumana (Motas, 1972). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. 001972 ZR: Limnodacna rumana Motas, 1972 sp. nov. Romania. Pliocene. 001975 ZR: Limnodacna rumana Motas, 1975 sp. nov. Romania, Prahova region Pliocene. Ref. to Motas, p . 178. 001976 ZR: Limnodacna rumana Motas & Papaianopol, 1971. Redescription Lymnocardiidae. Ref. to Motas, p. 132. rumana Papaianopol , 1989. - Pachydacna rumana Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. 001989 Papaianopo[, p. 66, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) rumana sp. nov. 00198 [ ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) rumana Papaianopo[, 198 [ sp. nov. Romania, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopo[, p. 32. rumana Pauliuc, [974. - Oxydacna rumana Pauliuc, [974. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. [974 ZR: Oxydacna rumana Pau[iuc, [974 sp. nov. Romania, La Vallee de Lopatna. Pliocene. Ref. to Pauliuc, p. 74. rumana Stefanescu, [896 - Horiodacna rumana Stefanescu, [896. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001896 ZR: Horiodacna rumana Stefanescu, 1896 n. sp. Miocene, Roumania. [905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow [903: P rumana Sabba. [96 [ ZR: Prosodacna rumana Miocene [Ref. Macarovici 1961]. 001987 Lutskanov: Horiodacna rumana Stef. rumana Tournouer, mss. Fischer, 1886. - Prosodacna rumana Fischer, 1886. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Va[ea Nigovani, Roumania. RECORDS. [886 Fischer: Prosodacna rumana Toumouer, mss. 001886 Fischer: Description p. 223, PI. 9, fig. 6. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Protodacna rumana Toumouer. Rumania, 835813. rumanum (subspecies) . - See under planum rumanum Wenz, 1942. rumanum Fontannes, 1886. - Dacicardium rumanum (F ontannes 1886). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001975 ZR: Limnocardium rumanum Fontannes, [886 designated type species for new genus Dacicardium Ref. to Papaianopo[, p. 255. 001978 ZR: Dacicardium rumanum (Fontannes [886) . Description. Ref. to Papaianopol et al. p. 304. rupisa/bae. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " (?) rupisalba e Osswald, [930 . Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. [930 ZR: Cardium (?) rupisalbae Osswald, [930 sp. n., fossil. rustica (mode). - See under rusticum Linne, 1758. rustici Sch[f. - Synonym of "Cardium " incertum Bm. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001832 Bronn: Bucardites rustici Sch[f. 176. = Cardium incertum Bm. n. 20 I. *rusticum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium rusticum from 3 sources: Linnaeus, 1758. - Brocchi, 1814. - Eichwal.d, 1842. rusticum Brocchi [814. - Synonym of "Cardium" incertum 8m . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001832 00 00 00 00 00 Bronn: Cardium rusticum Brch. 500 (non Lmk.) = Cardium incertum Bm. n. 20 [ . rusticum Eichwa[d [841. [Figs. Part I p. [22, [42] . Synonym of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium edule Linnaeus, [758 . Cardium eichwaldi Reeve. - Cardium lamarcki Reeve. - Cerastoderma umbonatum (Wood, 1850) . » Regarding Cardium rusticum : Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Caspian Sea (Reeve 1845). RECORDS. 00184 [ Eichwald, figs. 26-27: Cardium rus ticum . 001845 Reeve: Cardium rusticum, Eichwald (not of Linnaeus, nor Lamarck) Fauna Caspio-Caucasia. pI. 38. f. 24-27 = Cardium eichwaldi. 001871 Morch, p. 215 , No . 202 : Cardium rusticum Eichw. (1842) = Cardium eichwaldi Reeve = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule L. [871 ZR: C. rusticum (Eichwald) = Cardium edule (L.) var. injlatum [Ref. Morch 1871] . 0019 [6 Milachewitch: Cardium rusticum in Eichwald (1829); Krynicki( [837) ; Siemaschko ([ 847); Middendorff (1849); Uljanin ([ 872); Weinkauff (1880) = Cardium edule var. lamarcki Reeve (= Cardium glaucum Bruguiere) . 001968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov : Cardium rusticum Eichwa[d, [829 (non Linne, [758) = Ceras toderma lamarcki (Reeve) . 001974 Starobogatov: Cardium rusticum Eichwald, 1829 (non Linne, [758) = Cerastoderma umbonatum (Wood, 1850). rusticum Linnaeus, 1758 / Gme\in, 1791. [Figs. Part I p. 43,48, 55, 76. 8[,101,126. Part 3 p. 847, 848, 849]. - Synonym of Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium edule Linnaeus, 1758. » Regarding Cardium rusticum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. The Mediterranean (Speng[er [799). TYPE REPOSITORY. Museum of the Linnaean Society, London (Reeve 1844, in Note) . RECORDS. 001705 Rumphius. ID by Linnaeus [758: Cardium rusticum mus. t. 78. f. K. 001742 Gualtieri . ID by Linnaeus 1758 and by Gmelin [791j Cardium rusticum t. 71. f. M. 001758 Linnaeus (10tl edition) No . 78 . Cardium rusticum . [758 Regenfuss. ID by Gme\in [791: Cardium rusticum Conch. I. t. [2. f. 77. 78. 001758 Regenfuss, I, pI. [2, figs . 77-78 : Cardium rusticum (fide Spengler [799). 001767 Linne, p. 1124, sp. 91: Cardium rusticum . 001778 Born, G 18. Cardium rusticum Linn. S.N . Sp. 91. 001780 Born: Cardium rusticum Linn. S. N. Sp. 91. 001782 Chemnitz, VI, p. 20 [-202, pI. 19, fig. 197: Cardium rusticum Linne (ex museo Spengleriano). 001782 Chemnitz. ID by Gme[in [ 791: Cardium rusticum t. [9 . f. 197. 001786 Schroter, No. XIX: Cardium rusticum Linn. XII. pag. 1124. Spec. 91. 001788 Schroter: Cardium rusticum. [Reference to Chemnitz (1782) fig. 201] . 001789 Bruguiere, p. 222, No. [5: Cardium rusticum Linn. 00[791 Gmelin, p. 3252, No. 23: Cardium rusticum. 00179[ Poli: Cardium rusticum Linn. pag. 1124 (p. 51-56) (pI. 16, fig. 5[9). [799 Spengler, p. 34, No. 20: Cardium rusticum Linnei Sp. 91. p . 1124. 00 1800 Donovan, PI. 32, fig. 6 Cardium rusticum. 001802 Bosc, III, p. 102: Cardium rusticum . 001815 Wood, p. 225, No . 24 : Cardium rusticum Linne. 001817 Dillwyn, I, p. 128, No. 38 : Cardium rusticum Linnaeus. [8 [9 Lamarck, VI, p. 12, No. 30: Cardium rusticum. 00[823 Di[lwyn, Tab. 333 fig. 170 Cardium rusticum. 001825 Wood, p. 26, No. 25: Cardium rusticum . 001832 Deshayes: Cardium 00 00 00 00 750 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) rusticum rusticum L.= Cardium edule L. ··1832 Deshayes: Cardium rusticum in Brocc. Fossilis = Cardium edule L. ··1836 Bosc: Cardium rusticum. ··1839 Anton, p. II, No. 403: Cardium rusticum Linne. ··1840 Sowerby, p. 2, No. 21: Cardium rusticum Linn. ··1841 Eichwald: Cardium rusticum L . ··1844 Philippi: Cardium nlsticum = Cardium edule L. [fossil). ··1844 Reeve, sp. 16: Cardium rusticum of Polio ··1844 Reeve : Cardium tubercula tum Chemnitz, Sowerby, (not of Linnaeus) = Cardium rusticum. ··1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 25: Cardium rusticum Lin. Syst. ··\858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (lsocardia) nlsticum, Linn. ··1859 Sowerby: C. rusticum = Cardium edule , Linn. ··1867 Hidalgo: Cardium nlsticum, Linne (in Reeve 1844 fig. 16) = Cardium tuberculatum Linne. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium rusticum Linne, Chemnitz = Cardium tuberculatum Linne. ··1868 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum (L.), this name to be restored for rusticum (Linne, Reeve) [Ref. Romer 1868). ··1869 Romer: Cardium rusticum Linne = Cardium tubercula tum L. ··1870 March: c. rusticum L. junior synonym of Cardium tubercula tum L. ··1886 Locard: Cardium rusticum Linne, 1767, Poli , 1791 = Cardium tuberculatum , Linne, 1767. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium rusticum Linne, p. 1124 = Cardium tuberculatum Linne. ··\888 Servain: Cardium rusticum of Linnaeus, Po Ii, Forbes & Hanley. Not of Chemnitz = Cardium tuberculatum Linnaeus, 1767. ··1890 Paetel : Cardium rusticum L. = tuberculatum L. juv. ··1891 Romer: Acan/hocardia rusticum L. ··1892 B. D. & D. p. 256: Cardium rusticum in Linne, 1767; Born 1780; Gmelin 1790; Poli 1791; Scacchi 1836; Reeve 1844; Hanley 1856; Sowerby 1859; Chenu 1862 = tuberculatum. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 859: Cardium rusticum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1914 Coen: Cardium rusticum L., non Chemnitz nec Lamk ., nec auct. = Eucardium (Rudicardium) tubercula tum L. forma typica. ··1932 Winckworth : Cardium rusticum = Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule lamarcki. ··1939 Steuer: Cardium (Rudicardium) rusticum L. ··1967 ZR: Cardium rusticum, conchology, effect of environmental salinity on size, palaeogeographical significance [Ref. Kovalevski i 1967]. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cardium rusticum Linne, 1758 = Rudicardium tubercula tum tubercula tum (Linne, 1758). ··1977 Fischer- Piette: Cardium rusticum Linne = Cardium tuberculatum Linne. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC : 3 specimens Spengler coil. Mediterranean. (?appears to be brown glaucum) One specimen Mittellandmeere. DESCRIPTIO NS. ··1799 Spengler: Testa antiquata sulcis 20. remotis interstiis rugosis. Linnei Sp. 91. p. 1124. Shell with 20 ribs. Umbones rather close to the anterior end. Outside dull, calcareous, colour variable; blue, yellow, brown and red transverse stripes. ··1844 Reeve: shell somewhat heart-shaped, gibbous, posterior side slightly angulated, radiately ribbed, about 20 rounded ribs, interstices peculiarly crisply wrinkled; fulvous white, ornamented with rather broad rusty-brown transverse bands. REMARKS. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium rusticum; close to Cardium edule Lin. but different from edule in Poli . I. tab. 16. f. 5- 7. ··1844 Reeve: varieties of the common Cardium edule appear to have been confounded by several authors with Cardium rusticum. The richly painted specimen here represented answers with remarkable accuracy to Linnaeus' description of his Cardium rusticum, which may be easily distinguished by the curious crisped wrinkled sculpture in the interstices between the ribs. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium rusticum of Poli, but not of Chemnitz, Lamarck, Sowerby and others. Linnaeus' specimen is present in the collection of the Linnaean Society of London marked "9 1", in Linnaeus' handwriting, referring to the 12th edition of the 'Syst. Nat.' "1844 Reeve, in Note: the original specimen of Cardium rustAcum No. 91, described by Linnaeus in Syst. natur. 12t edition, is deposited in the Museum of the Linnaean Society of London. Reeve concluded that Cardium tuberculatum Chemnitz, Sowerby, (not of Linnaeus) = Cardium rusticum . However, Cardium tubercula/urn of Linnaeus, considered identical with Cardium rusticum by most authors, is an obscure specimen of Cardium echinatum. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: length 39 mm (1.5 Tom.) width 46 mm (1.75 Tom.) . HABITAT. ··1844 Forbes: Aegaean Sea depth range littoral. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Adriatic and other seas of southern Europe. ··1856 Wood & Hanley : Britain & C. ··1891 Romer: Rugen, the Baltic. rusticum Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal. - Not available. OTHER JUDGEM ENTS: Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758). - Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). - Cardium lamarcki Reeve, 1845. » Regarding Cardium rusticum : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1844 Forbes: Cardium rusticum Chemn . ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. rusticum Ch. (not Lin .) = Cardium glaucum Brug. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium rusticum Chemnitz non Linne = Cardium edule Linne. ··1868 ZR: C. rusticum (Chemn. not L.) variety of Cardium edule (L.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1869 Romer: Cardium rusticum Chemn. non L. = Cardium edule L. ··1886 Locard: Cardium rusticum (n. Linne, 1845), Chemnitz, 1782 = Cardium lamarcki, Reeve, 1845 . "1888 Kobelt : Cardium rusticum Chemnitz = Cardium edule var. inaequilatera. ··1888 Servain: Cardium rusticum , Chemnitz, non Linnaeus = Cardium lamarcki Reeve, 1845. ··1890 Hidalgo: Var. Cardium nlSticum Chemnitz and Lamarck, non Linne = Cardium edule Linne. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium rusticum Ch. = C. edule L. ··1902 Bellini: C. rusticum, Chemn., Lam. = Cardium (Cerastoderma) Lamarcki, Reeve. rusticum of Donovan - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium rusticum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium rusticum Donovan = Cardium edule Linnaeus. ··1844 Brown : Cardium rusticum of Donovan = Cardium edule. rusticum of Lamarck. [Figs. Part 1 p. 141] . - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne , 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium lamarckii . » Regarding Cardium rusticum: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Brest (Grasset 1884). RECORDS. ··1836 Philippi: Cardium rusticum Lamk. = Cardium edule. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium rusticum Lamarck (not of Linnaeus) = Cardium lamarckii. ··1850 Jay: Cardium ruslicum Lam. = Cardium lamarckii. "1866 Brusina: Cardium rusticum Lamarck. ··1870 ZR: Cardium rusticum Lam., non Linne, in brackish water on the shores of the in Eastern Holstein [Ref. Friedel 1870]. ··1878 751 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) rusticum - sakura;; Monterosato: Cardium rusticum, Lk. (non Lin.) = C. Clodiense, Ren. (non Brocc.) = C. Lamarcki, Reeve = C. glaucum Bruguiere = C. edule, auctt. (non L.). ··1884 Grasset: Cardium rusticum. Lam. Brest (Grasset 1884). rusticum of Philippi, 1836. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edt/Ie (Linne, 1758).» Regarding Cardium nlsticum: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean (Wood & Hanley 1856). RECORDS. ··1856 Jeffreys: (Cardium rusticum, Ph.) = Cardium var. edule, B. M. (Note: Ph. & B. M. = Philippi and "British Mollusca", Forbes & Hanley 1849 respectively). ··1880 Stossich: Cardium rusticum, in Philippi. 1836 = Cardium edule Linne. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium rusticum (according to Philippi 1844) in Requien, p. 27 = Cardium edule Linne, 1767. rusticum of Poli. - Synonym of Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium rusticum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1829 Costa: C. rusticum Poli = Cardium tuberculatum L. ··1836 Philippi: Cardium rusticum Poli t. 16. f. 5 etc. = Cardium tuberculatum L. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium nlsticum Poli = Cardium tuberculatum Linn. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 859: Cerastoderma (L.) rusticum Poli, 1795. - Cardium rusticum. rusticum alpha Born, 1778 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. Unknown. RECORDS. ··1778 Born, G 18. rusticum var. alpha: alba, facies ferrugineis. rusticum beta Born, 1778 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. Unknown. RECORDS. ··1778 Born, G 18. rusticum var. bela: nivea. rusticum gamma Eichwald (variety). - Infrasubspecific. Probably = Cardium rusticum Eichwald = Cerastodermaglaucum (Bruguiere). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . ··1876 Grimm: Cardium rusticum var. gamma Eichwald. rusticum minor Phil. (variety). - Infrasubspecific. » Regarding Cardium rusticum minor: probably = Acanthocardia tuberculatum. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium rusticum Chern. var. minor Phil. tav. 4. f. 14. rusticum (variety). - See under edule rusticum var. Lamarck. ruthenicum. - Cardium ruthenicum. Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. RECORDS. ··1976 ZR: Cardium ruthenicum. Middle Miocene. Monastyrz. First record for Poland. Ref. to Musial. rutteni Beets, 1983. - Laevicardium nltleni Beets, 1983. Cardiidae . Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1983 ZR: Laevicardium (Discors) rutteni Beets, 1983 sp. nov. Indonesia. Ref. to Beets, p. 57. ruvarzi Stevanovic, 1951. - Plagiodaclla ruvarzi Stevanovic, 1951. Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. RECORDS. ··1953 ZR: Plagiodacna ruvarzi Stevanovic, 1951 "(Pav!. in coIl.) sp. nov. Pontian Serbia. rybnicense (subspecies). - See under plica tum rybnicense Grishkevitch & Nevesskaya, 1959. rzehaki Ctyroky, 1972. - Limnopagetia rzehaki Ctyroky, 1972. Cardiacea . Miocene. RECORDS . ··1972 ZR: Limnopagetia rzehaki Ctyroky, 1972. Czechoslovakia. Miocene. Rzehakia (genus) Korobkov, 1954. - Cardiacea. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1972 ZR: Rzehakia Korobkov, 1954 [Ref. Ctyroky 1972]. S sabbae Papaianopol, 1981. - Pontalmyra sabbae Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) sabbae Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 26. sabulosum Gabb, 1869. - Changed combination: Granocardium sabulosllm (Gabb, 1869). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1978 Scott: Cardium (Granocardium)sabulosum Gabb, 1869. ··1978 Scott: Granocardium (Granocardium) sabulosum (Gabb, 1869). saccelluni Papaianopol, 1982. - New combination: Lymnocardium saccellum (Papaianopo1, 1982). Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1982 Papaianopo1, p. 185, fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) saccel/um sp. nov. sachalinense Khramova , 1962 . - Clinocardium sachalinense Khramova, 1962. Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Clinocardium sachalinense Khramova, 1962. sacrum Papaianopol, 1982. - New combination: Lymnocardium sacrum (Papaianopol, 1982). Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1982 Papaianopol, p. 196, fig .: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) sacrum sp. nov. sagaseri Adegoke, 1969. - Trachycardium sagaseri Adegoke, 1969. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1969 ZR: Trachycardium sagaseri Adegoke, 1969 sp. nov. Early Pliocene, Coalinga region, California, U.S.A. sagawai Yokoyama, 1927. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sagawai Yokoyama, 1927 . Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1927 ZR: Cardium sagawai Yokoyama, 1927 sp. n. Tertiary Japan. sagittarium Papaianopol, 1982. - New combination: Lymnocardium sagitlarium (Papaianopol, 1982). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Pontien et Dacien. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1982 Papaianopol , p. 209, fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) sagittarium sp. nov. sakaraulense. - nomen nudum. RECORDS. ··197. ZR: Cardium (Papillicardium) sakaraufense nom. nud. p. 505, Miocene, Georgia, USSR, Bagdasaryan . sakhalinensis Slodkewitsch, 1938. - Changed combination: Profulvia sakhalinensis (Slodkewitsch, 1938). Cardiidae. Miocene & Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Sakhalin Island. RECORDS. ··1945 ZR: Papyridea sakhalinensis 'Kogan' sic Upper Miocene. Sakhalin. ··1973 Keen: Fulvia sakhalin ens is (Slodkewitsch, 1938) (Papyridea). ··1976 ZR: Profulvia sakhalinensis (Slodkewitsch, 1938) Comb. nov. Transferred from Papyridea. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 482 [orig. p.lll]. sakura;; Habe, 1961. - Nemocardium sakuraii Habe, 1961. Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. ··1961 Habe: Nemocardium sakuraii Habe, 1961. ··1962 Habe: Nernocardium sakuraii Habe. ··1964 Habe: Nemocardium (Microcardium )sakuraii Habe. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Nemocardiurn sakuraii Habe. ··1977 Habe: Microcardium sakuraii Habe, 1961. ··1981 Koyama et af.: Microcardium sakuraii. ··1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Nemocardium sakuraii 752 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) salinaensis - samodurovi Habe, 1961 . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. Resembles C. modestum Adams & Reeve (non Philippi) but is more rounded posteriorly (FischerPiette 1977). DISTRIBUTION. Japan (Hylleberg 1994). salinaensis Meek, 1871. - Protocardia salinaensis Meek, 1872. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1876 Meek: Protocardia salinaensis. --1876 Meek : Protocardia salinnaensis sic Meek, 1871 . --1986 Scott: Protocardia salinaensis Meek, 1872. salinnaensis (error). - Printer's mistake for salinaensis in Meek 1876. sallomacense Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911. - Synonym of Acanthocardia turonica (Homes, 1861).» Regarding Cardiumsallomacense: Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1911 ZR: Cardium sallomacense Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911 sp. n. France Neogene. --1977 Popov: Acanthocardia sallomacensis (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911). --1987 ZR: Cardium sallomacense Cossmann & Peyrot 1912. New synonym of Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) turonica (Homes 1861). Ref. to Studencka p. 69. "1986 Studencka, p. 69 : Cardium sallomacense Cossmann & Peyrot, 1912; syn. nov. ; of Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) turonica (Homes, 1861). --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium sallomacense Cossmann & Peyrot. Burdig . France (Landes), B28704. sallomacensis (mode). - See under sallomacense Co ssm ann & Peyrot. salrivalis Harris, 1919. - Proto cardia salrivalis Harris, 1919. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS ... 1919 ZR: Protocardia salrivalis Harris, 1919 sp. n. Eocene U.S.A. saltieri d' Archiac. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" saltieri d' Archiac . Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. RECORDS. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium saltieri d' Archiac. B22948 . salvationemense Lautenschlager, 1962. - Synonym of Ciliatocardium asagaiense (Makiyama 1934) . » Regarding salvationemense: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium salvationemense Lautenschlager, 1962. Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. "1980 ZR: Ciliatocardium salvationemense (Lautenschlager 1962) is a junior synonym of C. asagaiense (Makiyama 1934). Ref. to Kafanov. samanicllm Olsson, 1928. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" samanicum (Olsson, 1928). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS . --1928 ZR : Cardium (Trigoniocardia) samanicum Olsson, 1928 sp. n. Tertiary N. Peru. samarangae Makiyama, 1934 . - Nemocardium samarangae (Makiyama, 1934). Cardiidae. Recent. Type species: Habe (1951) designated Nemocardium samarangae Makiyama, 1934 type species of the subgenus (Keenaea) Habe, 1951. Recognised at the generic level by authors . Keen (1954) Cardium samarangae Makiyama, 1934 is type species of Keenaea Habe, 1951. TYPE LOCALITY. Eastern Seas. RECORDS. "1850Adams & Reeve, p. 77, pI. 22, fig. 6: Cardium modestum. "1872 Carpenter: Cardium modestum Adams & Reeve. --1882 Dunker: Cardium modestum Adams & Reeve. "1895 Pilsbry: Cardium modestum Adams & Reeve. --1934 Makiyama: Cardium samarangae; new name for Cardium modestum Adams & Reeve, 1850. --1940 Nomura & Niino: Cardium samarangae). "1940 Nomura: Nemocardium samaranga e . --1950 Keen: Nemocardium samarangae Makiyama, 1934. --1951 Habe: Nemocardium (Keenaea) samarangae. "1952 Kuroda & Habe: Nemocardium samarangae. --1952 ZR : Cardium samarangae Makiyama subgenotype of Keenaea Habe, 1951 subgen. nov. of Nemocardium . --1954 Keen: Cardium samarangae Makiyama, 1934. --1952 Kuroda & Habe : samarangae Makiyama = Nemocardium adamis sic. --1954 Keen: Nemocardium (Keenaea) samarangae (Makiyama), 1934. "1955 Kira : Nemo cardium samarangae . --1958 Habe: Keenaea samarangae Makiyama . --1962 Kira: Nemocardium (Keenaea) samarangae . --1964 Shikama: Nemocardium samarangae. --1968 ZR: Nemocardium samarangae first record from off Rikuchu coast, Iwate prefecture, Japan [Ref. Habe & Kosuge 1968]. "1969 Moore el al.: Nemocardium (Keenaea) samarangae Makiyama, 1934. --1971 Kuroda , Habe & Oyama : Nemocardium (Keenaea) samarangae. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Nemocardium samarangae Makiyama . --1977 Popov : Pratulum samarangae (Makiyama). "1981 Koyama et at. : Keenaea samarangae . --1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova: Nemocardium samarangae (Makiyama, 1934). --1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Keenaea samarangae (Makiyama, 1934). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS. 28 x 26 x 18 mm (Kuroda et al., 1971). HABITAT. Fine sand, mud at 50300 m depth (Kuroda et al. 1971). DISTRIBUTION. East China Sea (Hylleberg 1994); Japan, Honshu to Kyushu (Kuroda et al. 1971). samarangae ob/iqua Ozaki, 1957 (subspecies). Nemocardium samarangae obliqua Ozaki, 1957. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1957 ZR: Nemocardium (Keenaea) samarangae obliqua Ozaki, 1957 subsp. nov. Miocene Koti Prefecture, Japan. samarangae taiwanensis Masuda & Huang, 1990 (subspecies). - Nemocardium samarangae taiwanensis Masuda & Huang, 1990. Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Western Foothills of northern Taiwan. RECORDS. "1990 Masuda & Huang, p. 153, fig.: Nemocardium (Keenaea) samarangae taiwanensis subsp. nov. sambaicum Maury 1917. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sambaicum (Maury 1917). Cardiidae. Neogene. TYPE MATERIAL. Lectotype designated Vokes 1989 , p . 115. RECORDS . "1919 ZR: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) sambaicum Maury, 1919 sp. n . Tertiary S. Domingo. --1989 Vokes, p. liS : Cardium (Trigoniocardia) sambaicum Maury, 1917. sambaicum portoricoensis Hubbard, 1920 (variety). Upgraded . Combination to be revised: "Cardium " sambaicum portoricoensis Hubbard, 1920. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1920 ZR : Cardium (Trigoniocardia) sambaicum portoricoensis Hubbard, 1920 var. n. Tertiary Porto Rico. samodurovi Merklin, 1960. - Cerastoderma samodurovi Merklin, 1960. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1975 ZR: Cerastoderma (Cerastoderma) samodurovi Merklin, 1975 sp. nov. USSR, north Aral region, Koktumak Peninsula. Middle Oligocene. Ref. to Merklin, p. 96. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 753 sancatsense - scabrum ··1977 Popov: Cerastoderma samodurovi Merklin, 1960. sancatsense. - Changed combination: Acanthocardia sancatsense. Cardiidae . Upper Miocene. RECORDS . ··1973 ZR: Cardium (A canlhocardia) sancatsense. First record. Czechoslovakia. Ref. to Ondrejickova. sanctdavidis Maury, 1925. - Trachycardium sanctdavidis (Maury, 1925). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Trachycardium (Dallocardia) sancldavidis (Maury, 1925). sanctisabae c.F. Roemer, 1849. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " sanctisabae c.F. Roemer, 1849. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5732: Cardium sanclisabae C.F. Roemer, 1849 [as sancti Sabael . sanctisebastiani Maury, 1920. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " Trigoniocardia sanctisebasliani (Maury, 1920). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1920 ZR: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) sanctisebastiani Maury, 1920 sp. n. Tertiary Porto Rico. sandbergri Gumbel , 1861 . - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" sandbergri Gumbel , 1861. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium sandbergri Gumbel, 1861 ; p. 743 . sandigii Caster, 1938. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " sandigii Caster, 1938. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDs. ··1938 ZR: Cardium sandigii sp. n. Eocene, Luculo, R., Angola [without auct. 1938]. ··1939 ZR: Cardium sandigii Caster, 1938 sp. n. Eocene at month of Lucolo River. Angola. sanguineotincta Preston (invalid). - Nomen nudum. One lot (identified as Cardium oxygonum Sowerby, 1833 by Vidal 1999) at the BMNH (reg. 1910-12-13-15), from Sri Lanka, is labeled as a type series of "Cardium sanguineolincta " Preston; another lot AMS C034080, from Sri Lanka, is labeled as a cotype lot of the same taxon (Vidal 1999). Since there is no description or reference to Cardium sanguineolincla in the literature, it is a nomen nudum . J. Hylleberg located one specimen of "Cardium sanguineotincla" at the Natural History Museum in Vienna (labeled co-type) and one specimen labeled type in the Dautzenberg collection, Natural History Museum, Brussels. RECORDS. ··1999 Vidal, p. 289: Vastic ardium sanguineotinctum . See under oxygonum . *santacruzense. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium sanlacruzense from 2 sources: Ihering, 1914. Feruglio, 1936. santacruzense Feruglio, 1936 . Combination to be revised : "Cardium " sanlacruzense (Feruglio, 1936). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Cardium (Hemicardium ?) sanlacruzense FerugJio, 1936 sp. n. Cretaceous Argentina . ··1938 ZR : Cardium (Hemicardium ?) sanlacruzense n. f. Upper Cretaceous, Calafate [Ref. Ferruglio 1936]. santacruzense Ihering, 1914. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sanlacruzense Ihering, 1914. Cardiidae. Patagoniano RECORDS. ··1935 ZR: Cardium santacruzense Ihering, 1914 sp. n. Upper Patagonian Santa Cruz. saportae Coquand, 1862. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " saporlae Coquand, 1862. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1871 Stoliczka, 113: C. saporlae Coquand, 1862. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium saportae Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 207, pI. 11 , figs . 8-9. sarbiense (variety). - See under schedelianum var. sarbiense Gillet, 1943. Sarmaticardium Bagdas sarian, 1978 (genus). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1979 ZR: Sarmaticardium Bagdasaryan, 1979. Gen. nov. Type species S. vigeni, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 40. ··1980 Vokes: Sarmaticardium Bagdassarian, 1978. Fossil. Sarmoticardium (subgenus). - RECORDS. ··1987 p. 9. Kojumdgieva: (Sarmaticardium) Bagdasarjan, 1978. Cardiidae. Miocene, Sarmatian. Emended diagnosis. sartasense Merklin & Nevesskaya, 1956. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " sartasense Merklin & Nevesskaya, 1956. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR: Cardium sartasense Merklin & Nevesskaya, 1956 sp. nov. Miocene. Turkmenstan and w. Kazakhstan. ··1959 ZR : Cardium sartasense Merklin & Nevesskaya, 1959 sp. nov. Turkmenistan, Miocene. sauciatum Beck. - Nomen nudum . REMARKS. After publication of the name C. australe, Sowerby (1840) met the name C. sauciatum in Mr. Cuming's collection which had been studied by Dr. Beck, but the name was never published. RECORDS. ··1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. London p. 105: Cardium saucialum (nomen nudum). ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 1, re sp. 10: C. saucialum Beck = Cardium auslrafe Sowerby 1840. sauerzopji (subspecies). - See under kuiperi sauerzopji. sautcotsense Mayer, 1866. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" saucalense Mayer, 1866. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg p. 314 : Cardium saulcatsense Mayer. ··1970 Glibert & Poe1, p. 56: Cardium (A canthocardia) saucatsense Mayer, 1866. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium sal/lcatsense Mayer, 1866; [1857-1869] vol. 14: 75, pI. 2, fig-2. Sawkinsia (genus). - Tridacnacea. Fossil. CHARACTERS. Sawkinsia has symmetrical or nearl y symmetrical knob-like spines (Schneider 2002). ··1976 ZR : Sawkinsia Cox 1941. Redescription. p. 744 . Ref. to Jung. ··1992 Schneider p. 149: Sawkinsia ; Cox 1941. Referred to Cardiinae (Cardiacea) from Tridacninae. ··1998 Schneider: Sawkinsia. sayre; Elias, 1957. - Conocardium sayrei Elias, 1957. Conocardiidae. Carboniferous. RECORDS. ··1957 ZR: Conocardium sayrei Elias, 1957 sp. nov. Mississippian, Carboniferous, Southern Oklahoma, U.S .A. sayri Richards, 1943 . - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " sayri Richards, 1943. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1943 ZR: Cardium (Granocardium) sayri Richards, 1943 sp. nov. New Jersey. Raritan . scabriuscuillm Fuchs . - New combination: Lymnocardium scabriusculum (Fuchs). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium scabriuscufum (Fuchs). *scabrum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium scabrum from 2 sources: Philippi, 1844. - Reuss, 1844. scabrum ofUljanin (1872). - Misidentification. Changed combination : Parvicardium simile (Milaschevich). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1916 Milachewitch: Cardium scabrum in Uljanin (\ 872) = Cardium simile Milachewitch . ··1962 Grossu: Cardium scabrum Philippi in Uljanin (\ 872) = Cardium (Parvicardium) simile Milaschevich sic. 754 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) scabrum - schemachinica scabrum Philippi, 1844. - Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1844 Philippi , p. 38, pI. 14, fig. 16: Cardium scabrum n. sp. "1859 Sowerby: C. scabrum Ph. = Cardium punctalum Broc. "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium scabrum Philippi = variety of Cardium roseum Lamarck. "1868 ZR: Cardium nodosum (Mont.) is perhaps not = roseum (Lam.), or punclalum (Brocchi), or scabrum (PhiL) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1869 Romer: Cardium scabrum Philippi, an varietas? (not close to nodosum). "1880 Stossich: Cardium scabrum, Philippi. 1844 = Cardium nodosum Montagu. "1886 Locard: Cardium scabrum Philippi, 1844. = Cardium roseum, de Lamarck, 1818. "1888 Kobelt: Cardium scabrum Philippi = Cardium nodosum Turton. "1890 Paetel: Cardium scabrum PhI. = nodosum MIg. "1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium scabrum (Phil) in Requien = Cardium nodosum Turton, 1822. "1917 Hidalgo: Cardium scabrum Philippi = Cardium nodosum Turton. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5765 : Cardium scabrum Philippi, 1844 . "1932 Winckworth: Cardium (Parvicardium) scabrum Philippi, 1844. "1938 ZR : Cardium scabnlm larvae, figs . [Ref. Lebour 1938] . "1962 Allen: Cardium (Parvicardium) scabrum Philippi 1844 = Cardium nodosum in Jeffreys 1863. "1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium scabrum Philippi, 1836. "1971 ZR: Cardium scabrum New record. West of British Isles Glamorgan-Pembrokeshire coastal region [Ref. Taylor 1971]. "1973 ZR: Cardium scabrum Philippi. New synonym of C. ovale Sowerby, p. 282. Ref. to Rasmussen. "1974 Clarke: Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium scabrum Philippi = Cardium nodosum Montagu. "1978 Janssen & Van der Slik: Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844). "1991 van Aartsen & Giannuzzi-Savelli: Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844) valid name. "1998 Macedo et al. : Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - HABITAT. The species nodosum at 9-420 m depth, in the North Sea from 42 m depth and down (Nordsieck 1969). DISTRIBUTION . C. nodosum North Norway, Ireland, Canary Islands, Mediterranean (Nordsieck 1969). scab rum Reuss, 1844. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" scabrum Reuss, 1844. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECOR DS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5765: Cardium scabrum Reuss, 1844. scacchii Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" scacchii Deshayes, 1853. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium scacchii Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 70. scalata Vidal, 1994. [Figs. Part 3 p. 890] . - Fulvia scalata Vidal, 1994. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. New Caledonia. RECORDS. "1994 Vidal, p. 108, pI. 1, figs. 3,4; pI. 3, figs 5 a,b, 7: Fulvia (Fulvia) scalala sp. nov. "1998 Lamprell & Healy : Fulvia (Fulvia) scalala Vidal, 1994. "2001 Vidal , p. 407: Fulvia scalala. '·2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 183: Fulvia scalala (Vidal, 1994). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. DISTRIBUTION. "2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: 3 valves from "Sainson"? are deposited in the Collection Saurin at MNHN, Paris (J . Vidal). scapoosense Clark, 1925 . - Changed combination: Clinocardium scapoosense (Clark, 1925). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1927 ZR: Cardium (Cerasloderma) scapoosense Clark, 1927 sp. n. Oligocene W. N. America. "1977 Popov : Clinocardium scapoosense (Clark, 1925). scarsellai Tavani, 1948. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" Tavani , 1948 . Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REcORDs ... 1948 ZR: Cardium (Prolocardia) scarsellai Tavani, 1948 sp. nov. Cretaceous Somaliland. schafferi harrandei Kautsky, 1925 (variety). - Upgraded. Acanlhocardia schafferi barrandei Kautsky, 1925. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Acanthocardia schafferi var. barrandei Kautsky, 1925. Bulgaria (Dobroucha), B44409. schakonensis Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. Macrodacna schakonensis Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1931 ZR: Monodacna schakonensis Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930 sp. n., m. URSS Pliocene. "1967 Ebersin: Macradacna schakonensis Ebers. et Wass ... 1967 ZR: Macradacna schakonensis (Ebers. & Wass., 1930) pro Monodacna schakonensis Ebers. & Wass., 1930 [Ref. Eberzin 1967]. "1977 Popov: Macrodacna schakonensis. schatskii Ruzencev, 1929. - Monodacna schalskii Ruzencev, 1929. Lymnocardiidae. Apscheronian. RECORDS. "1929 ZR: Monodacna schalskii Ruzencev, 1929 sp. n. Apscheronian, Transcaucasia. schedeliallum Partsch. - New combination. Lymnocardium schedelianum (Partsch). Lymnocardiidae . Miocene. RECORDS. "1946 ZR : Limnocardium schedelianum Partch Miocene [Ref. Gillet 1943]. "1998 Schultz: Limno cardium schedelianum (Partsch) . schedeliallum sarbiense Gillet, 1943 (variety). Upgraded. New combination. Ly mnocardium schedelianum sarbiense Gillet, 1943 . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene . RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Limnocardium schedelianum Partch var. sarbiense Gillet, 1943 nov. Miocene, Rumania. Schedocardia Stewart, 1930 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1978 Freneix & Mackie: Genus Schedocardia Stewart , 1930. "1980 Vokes: Schedocardia Stewart, 1930 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··2002 Schneider: Schedocardia : Cardiinae, not Fraginae. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTION ... 2002 Schneider: Schedocardia has symmetrical or nearly symmetrical knob-like spines. Schedocardia Stewart, 1930 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Paleocene-Eocene. GENOTYPE. Stewart (1930) designated Cardium halchetigbeense Alrich sic, 1886 type species of subgenus Schedocardia of genus Acanlhocardia. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: (Schedocardia) Stewart, 1930 subgen. n. of Plagiocardium type Cardium halchetigbeense A1rich sic. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRJPTlONS. Schedocardia is less oblique than A. (Acanthocardia); spines on ribs weak to obsolete, especially anteriorly. SE . AsiaAfrica-Europe-North and South America (Moore el al. 1969). schemachinica Andrusov, 1963. - Didacna schemachinica Andrusov, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. "1963 ZR: Didacna schemachinica Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 755 schencki - scobinula Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Miocene, Russia. schencki Wiedey, 1928. - Changed combination: Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1928 ZR: Cardium schencki, Wiedey, 1928 sp. n. Miocene California. ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium schencki Wiedey, 1928 (n. sp.). ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey). ··1954 Keen: Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey), 1928 (in unpublished thesis). schirvanica (variety). - See under ampelakiensis var. schirvanica Andrusov, 1963. schirvanica A1i-Zade & A1eskerov, 1969. - Hyrcania schirvanica A1i-Zade & A1eskerov, 1969 . Lymnocardiidae. Apsheron. RECORDS. ··1969 ZR : Hyrcania schirvanica Ali-Zade & Aleskerov, 1969 sp . nov. Upper Apsheron, Mali Kharam, Azerbaidjan. schirvanica Andrusov, 1909. - Prosodacna schirvanica Andrusov, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDs. ··1963 ZR: Prosodacna schirvanica Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Miocene, Russia. ··1981 ZR: Prosodacna schrvanica sic Andrusov, 1909 Designated type species for new genus Schirvanicardium. Ref. to Andreescu, p.129. schirvanica major Andrusov & Ebersin, 1959 (subspecies). - Replaced by Prosodacna semisulcata babadjanica Andreescu, 1980. » Regarding P schirvanica major: Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Prosodacna schirvanica major Andrusov & Ebersin, 1959. Replaced by Prosodacna semisulcata babadjanica Andreescu, 1980. Ref. to Andreescu. Schirvanicardium Andreescu, 1974 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS . ··1980. Vokes: Schirvanicardium Andreescu, 1974. Subfamily uncertain. ··1981 ZR: Schirvanicardium Andreescu, 1981 gen. nov. of Lymnocardiidae, type species Prosodacna schrvanica sic Andrusov 1909, fossil. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 129. schmidti Homes, 1862. - New combination . Lymnocardium schmidti (Homes, 1862). Lymnocardiidae. Pannonian. RECORDS. ··1966 ZR: Limnocardium schmidti Pannonian, Mecsek Mts. Yugoslavia, pis. [Ref. Bartha 1966). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium schmidti Homes, 1862; [1851-1870] vol. 4: 193, pI. 28. Fig. 1. schmidti Khramova, 1962. - Ciliatocardium schmidti Khramova, 1962. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium schmidti Khramova, 1962 Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. schmiereri Schlicum, 1964. Limnopagelia schmiereri Schlicum, 1964. Cardiacea. Miocene. RECORDs. ··1964 ZR: Limnopagetia schmiereri Sch1icum, 1964 sp. nov. Miocene, Brombach. schoelleri Magna, 1950. - Ringicardium schoelleri Magna, 1950. Cardiidae. Neogene. REcORDs. ··1950 ZR: Ringicardium schoelleri Magna, 1950 sp. nov. Neogene Aquitaine. schreteri Strausz, 1942. - New combination. Lymnocardium schreleri (Strausz, 1942). Lymnocardiidae. Pre. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1947 ZR: Limnocardium (Pontalmyra) schreteri Strausz, 1942 sp. nov. Som10jeno (Upper Pannon) [Pre. Pliocene). schrvanica (error). - Printer's mistake for schirvanica in ZR for 1981 with ref. to Andreescu. schucherti McLearn, 1927. - Protocardia schucherti McLearn, 1927. Cardiidae. Jura. REcORDs. ··1927 ZR: Protocardia schucherti McLearn, 1927 sp. n. Jura. Canada. schuetti. - Limnopappia schuetti. Cardiacea. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1962 ZR: Limnopappia schuett;' Viviparus horizon. Genotype of Limnopappia Sch1ickum, 1962 of Cardiidae. schulziYamani, 1975. -lurassicardium schulzi Yamani, 1975. Cardiidae. Upper Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR: lurassicardium schulzi Yamani, 1975 sp. nov. West Germany, Bavaria, Ingo1stadt. Ref. to Yamani, p. 22. sciloticum Sokolov, 1899. - Changed combination: Parvicardium sciloticum (Sokolov, 1899). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Parvicardium sciloticum (Soko10v, 1899). scitulum Meek, 1858. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" scitulum Meek, 1858. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium scitulum Meek, 1858; vol. 4: 40. scobinatum Lamarck, 1819. - Synonym of Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). » Regarding Cardium scobinatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALJTY. European Seas 7 (Lamarck). TYPE REPOSITORY. Museum de Paris, but lost (Lamy 1942). DESCRIPTIONS. Ribs close, echinate-squamose (Latin in Lamarck, translated by lH.). DISTR1BUTION. Bonifacio (Locard & Caziot 1900). RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck, p. 14, No. 38: Cardium scobinatum. ··1829 Costa: Cardium scobinatum = C. papillosum, Polio ··1835 Deshayes, p. 408: Cardium scobinatum Lamarck. ··1836 Philippi: Cardium scobinatum Lamarck = Cardium papillosum Poli. ··1869 Romer: 7Cardium scobinatum Lamarck = Cardium papillosum Po1i. ··1862 Weinkauff: Cardium scobinatum Lamarck = Cardium papi/losum Poli. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium scobinatum Lamarck = Cardium papi/losum Poli o ··1886 Locard: Cardium scobinatum, de Lamarck, 18 J8 = Cardium papi/losum , Poli , 1791. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium scobinatum Lam. = Cardium papil/osum Poli o•• J888 Servain: Cardium scobinatum Lamarck = Cardium papil/osum Poli, 1791 . ··1890 Paetel: Cardium scobinatum Lm. = papillosum Poli . ··1892 Bucquoy; Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium scobinatum Lamarck = Cardium papillosum. •• J900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium scobinatum in Requien = Cardium papi/losum Poli, J791. •• J911 Dollfus : Cardium scobinatum Lamarck [junior synonym] of Cardium (Parvicardium) papillosum Poli. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5809: Cardium scobinatum Lamarck, J 819. "1942 Lamy: Cardium scobinatum Lamarck 7. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium scobinatum = Cardium papillosum Poli 7 scobinella Deshayes, 1858. - Synonym of "Cardium" sublima d 'Orbigny. » Regarding Cardium scobinella: Cardiidae. Eocene . RECORDS . ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium scobinella Deshayes = Cardium sublima d'Orbigny. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium scobinella Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865] vol. 1: 564. *scobinula. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium scobinula from 2 sources: Merian in Deshayes, 1858. - Cossmann & Lamb. (7year). scobinula Cossmann & Lamb. - Synonym of "Cardium" kochi Semp. » Regarding Cardium scobinula: Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium scobinula. ··1886 Vincent: Cardium scobinula 756 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) scobinula - sedanense Cossmann & Lamb . = Cardium kochi Semp. ··1936 ZR: Laevicardium scobinula figs . Authorship not shown. [Ref. Gillet & Theobald 1936]. scobinula Merian in Deshayes, 1858. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" scobinula Merian . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1892 B .D.D. p. 277: Cardium scobinula Merian is related to Cardium papillosum Goldfuss. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium scobinula Merian in Deshayes, 1858; [1856--1865] vol. I : 562, pI. 56, figs. 29-32. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Stampien. Cardium scobinula Menan. France (Bassin de Paris). Germany (Bade), B24907. scripta (mode and variety) . - See under scriptum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 and exiguum var. scripta Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. scriptum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892. Changed combination: ParVicardium scriptum (B.D.D, 1892). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Downgraded to variety Parvicardium exiguum vai. scriptum. » Regarding Cardium scriptum: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRlBUnoN . Mediterranean. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium scriptum. "1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium scriptum (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892) = Parvicardium exiguum (exiguum) (Gmelin, 1791) var. scriptum Bucquoi (sic = Bucquoy), Dautzenberg & Dollfus. ··1998 Macedo et af.: Parvicardium scriptum (B.D.D, 1892). scrivetlori Kobayashi & Tamura, 1968. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" scrivenori Kobayashi & Tamura, 1968. Cardiidae. Triassic. RECORDS. "1968 ZR: Cardium (s.l.) scrivenori Kobayashi & Tamura, 1968 sp. nov. Upper Triassic, Jurong Industrial Estate, Singapore. scrobiculatum Stoliczka, 1870. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" scrobiculatum (Pectunculus) Stoliczka, 1870. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium scrobiculatum (Pectunculus) Stoliczka, 1870; [1870-1871], vol. 3: 219, pI. II , fig. 4. scruposum Deshayes, 1854. [Figs. Part 3 p. 907]. Changed combination: Fragum scruposum (Deshayes, 1855). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fragum fragum (Linnaeus). » Regarding Cardium scruposum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Malacca (syntype, coil. Cuming). TYPE REPOSITORY. 3 syntypes (valves). BMNH London. DISTRIBUTION . Malacca, Andaman Islands. RECORDS. "1855 Deshayes (1854) p . 333: Cardium scruposum . "1890 Paetel: Hemicardium scruposum Dsh. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium scruposum Deshayes = Corculum fragum Linne. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium scruposum Deshayes, 1854; p. 333. ··1999 Hylleberg, p. 40 I: Fi-agum scruposum (Deshayes, 1855). ID 1. Vidal. ··2000 HyUeberg, p. 532: Fragum scruposum (Deshayes, 1855). Det. J. Vidal. ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Fragum scruposum. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 178: Fragum scruposum (Deshayes, 1855) . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··2001 Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. DISTRlBUTION. ··2000 Hylleberg: Vietnam and Cambodia. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. scutellatum Chiereghini in Nardo, 1847. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" scutellatum Chiereghini in Nardo, 1847. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5831 : Cardium scutellatum Nardo (ex Chiereghini MS), 1847. scutila Papaianopol & Lubenescu, 1985. Pseudoprosodacna scutila Papaianopol & Lubenescu, 1985. Lyrnnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Ie Ponti en et Ie Dacien. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1985 Papaianopol & Lubenescu, p. 138, fig.: Pseudoprosodacna scutila sp. nov. scutila Papaianopol , 1989. - Pachydacna scutila Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1989 Papaianopo1, p. 83, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) scutila sp. nov. secans Fuchs, 1870. - New combination: Lymnocardium secans (Fuchs, 1870). Lymnocardiidae . Fossil. GENOTYPE. DoHfus (1905) Limnocardium secans Fischer is type of Myocardia v. Vest. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco, p. 58: Limnocardium secans (Fuchs, 1870). "1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Limnocardium secans Fischer. secundum Petiver. - Unknown status. Cardiidae . RECORDS. ··1789 Bruguiere: Fragum secundum Petiver. securiformis Cragin, 1894. - Synonym of Protocardia filosa (Conrad, 1857) . » Regarding Trigonia securiformis: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1986 Scott: Trigonia securiformis Cragin , 1894 = Protocardia filosa (Conrad, 1857) . ··1986 Scott: Proto cardia securiformis Cragin, 1895 = Protocardia filosa (Conrad, 1857). "1986 Scott: Roudairia securiformis Cragin, 1895 = Protocardia filosa (Conrad , 1857). ··1987 ZR: Protocardia securiformis (Cragin, 1893) Junior synonym of jilosa (Conrad, 1857). Ref. to Scott p. 1203. securiformis Slodkewitsch, 1938 . - Changed combination: Fulvia securiformis (Slodkewitsch, 1938). Cardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALI1Y. K.amtchatka. RECORDS. ··1938 Siodkewitsch: Papyridea securiformis (fide Keen 1973). ··1973 Keen: Fulvia securiformis (Slodkewitsch, 1938). "1976 ZR: Profulvia securiformis (Slodkewitsch, 1938) Comb . nov. Transferred from Papyridea. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 482 [orig. p. III]. ··1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova: Papyridea sacuriformis sic Slod. securigera Talent, 1963 . - Cypricardinia securigera Talent, 1963. Cardiacea. Devonian. RECORDS. "1963 ZR: Cypricardinia securigera Talent, 1963 sp. nov. Kilgower Member, Tabberabbera Formation, Victoria, Australia, Devonian. securus Papaianopol, 1982. - Pseudocatillus securus Papaianopol, 1982. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORD S. ··1982 ZR : Ps eudocatillus securus Papaianop'ol, 1982 sp . nov. Romania . Ref. to Papaianopol et af. p. 145. secutus Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus secutus Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus secutus sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus seculus Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. sedanense Pannekoek, 1936. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" sedanense (Pannekoek, 1936). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene . TYPE LOCALITY. Java . REMARKS. Elongated shape, strong rib sculpture; compared with sp%ngense by its author. RECORDS. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 757 sedgwichi - semiasperum ··1999 Vidal: Cardium (Trachycardium) sedanense Pannekoek, 1936: 72, pI. 4, figs 51-5Ia. sedgwichi Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sedgwichi Deshayes, 1853 . Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium sedgwichi Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 45. seikaiana Amano, Ogata, & Nire, 1958. - Changed combination: ?Protocardia seikaiana Amano, Ogata, & Nire, 1958. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1958 Amano, Ogata, & Nire: Tendagurium seikaiana (jide Keen 1973). ··1973 Keen: ?Protocardia (Tendagurium) seikaiana (Amano, Ogata, & Nire, 1958). selene Vidal, 1999. [Figs. Part 3 p. 877]. -Acrosterigma selene Vidal, 1999. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. All shells from several dredging campaigns in the vicinity of New Caledonia, MNHN, Richer de Forges ORSTOM collection. Holotype: A bivalved shell (Figs 5G, 5H, 51), S zone of Lagoon, 40-50 m. Paratype I: A left valve (Fig. 5J),Lansdowne-Fairway Plateau, 6770 m. Para type 2: A left valve, south-east of New Caledonia ridge, 200m . Paratype 3: A right valve, Chesterfield-Bellona plateau, 40 m. Paratype 4: A left valve, Lansdowne-Fairway Plateau, 69m. Paratype 5: A bivalved shell, Grand Recif Sud, 70m. Paratypes 6 to 10: Six smaller valves or bivalved shells, from Chesterfield and Landsdowne-Fairway areas. TYPE LOCALITY. New Caledonia. RECORDS. ··1999 Vidal, p. 289, Table 16, Figs. 5G-J: Acrosterigma selene sp. nov. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value. It differs from all Acrosterigma species by its extremely hollowed lunule (Vidal 1999). DESCRIPTION. Vidal (1999): Shell almost equilateral, neither elongated nor inflated, and very slightly truncated on posterior margin. Lunule well delineated and extremely hollowed on both sides, the right being wider. External colour yellowish-beige, with irregular darker zones and pink to orange spots. Interior whitish with traces of external spots, and two pink umbonal rays which are also visible exteriorly. Hinge moderately angled, and strongly asymmetrical in contrast to the shell itself, which is almost perfectly equilateral. Mean rib number 36.6 ± 0.8 (range 35-38). On posterior shell, the anterior smooth part of ribs much wider than posterior part; intennediate furrow very thin and not always visible in adult region . Scales elongated, sometimes prismatic, straddling the longitudinal furrow, and often almost longitudinally disposed rather than oblique. In median-posterior area, ribs triangular and slightly asymmetrical with posterior flank flat, shorter, and more abrupt, and anterior flank slightly convex. Ribs themselves practically smooth (rarely slightly retro-ridged), with a crestal fold marked by regular, short undulations. On anterior half, ribs become progressively less triangular, then rounded, first retroridged or crenulated, then top-ridged. Interstices rounded, smooth, and as wide as ribs. DIMENSIONS. Length 32.9, width 35.3, thickness (calculated) 23.6 mm . REMARKS . Vidal (1999): Acrosterigma selene superficially resembles A. mauritianum in shape and colour, but has fewer ribs and its rib morphology is different (ribs more triangular) . It differs from all Acroslerigma species by its unique lunule. DISTRIBUTION . South east of New Caledonia , Chesterfield Bellona Plateau and Landsdowne-F airway banks. sellardsi Gardner, 1926. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " sellardsi Gardner, 1926. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1926 Gardner, p. 140, pI. 23, figs . 11-12: Cardium [(Fragum) (Trigoniocardia)] sellardsi. ··1926 ZR: [Fragum (Trigoniocardia)] sellardsi Gardner, 1926 sp. n. Tertiary U.S.A. ··1977 Vokes: Cardium [(Fragum) (Trigoniocardia)] sellardsi Gardner, 1926. se/lii Gillet, 1970. - Plagiodacna sellii Gillet, 1970. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RE CORDS. ··1970 ZR: Plagiodacna sellii Gillet, 1970 sp. nov. Miocene, 'Monte dei Corvi' deposits, Ancona district, Italy. semialatum Andrzejovski, 1832. - Nomen nudum. Not available. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium semialatum. Audrz. sic. 1836. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5831: CardiumsemialatumAndrzejovski, 1832 [no n.]. semialatum Munster, 1840. - Cardium semialatum Muenster, 1840. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5831: Cardium semialatum Muenster, 1840. semialatum Orbigny, 1850. - Transferred to Conocardium semialatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5831: Conocardium (Muenster) semialatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium . semiasperum Deshayes, 1858. - Changed combination: Nemocardium semiasperum (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene. Type species: Sacco (1899) designated Cardium semiasperum Deshayes, 1858 type species of the genus Nemocardium Meek, 1876. Dall (1902) Cardium semiasperum Deshayes is type of section Nemocardium Meek. Keen (1954) and Scott (1986): Cardium semiasperum Deshayes, 1858 is type species of Nemocardium Meek, 1876. TYPE LOCALITY. France, Paris Basin. RECORDS. ··1858 Deshayes: Cardium semiasperum. ··1886 Cossmann: Protocardium semiasperum (Deshayes). ··1886 Dall: Cardium semiasperum Deshayes. ··1887 Fischer: Lyrocardium semiasperum Deshayes. ··1899 Sacco: Cardium semiasperum Deshayes, 1858. ··1902 Dall: Cardium semiasperum Deshayes. ··1925 Woodring, p. 146: Cardium semiasperum Deshayes. Eocene, Paris Basin . ··1947 ZR: Nemocardium semiasperum (Desha yes ). Cardium semiasperum Deshayes, Eocene, France, type of Nemocardium Meek 1876, subseq. desig. Sacco 1899. [Ref. Vokes 1946]. ··1950 Keen : Nemocardium semiasperum (Deshayes, 1860 sic) . ··1954 Keen: Cardium semiasperum Deshayes, 1858. ··1986 Scott: Cardium semiasperum Deshayes, 1858. ··1969 Moore et al.: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) semiasperum (Deshayes, 1858). ··1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) semiasperum. ··1977 Popov : Cardium semiasperum Deshayes, 1858. Type of Nemocardium Meek, 1876. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium semiasperum Deshayes, 1858 [Eocene]. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium semiasperum Deshayes, 1858; [1856--1865] vol. 1: 573, pI. 55, figs. 1-2. ··1992 Schneider p. 155: Nemocardium semiasperum (Deshayes). Type species of Nemocardium. ··1995 Le Renard et al.: Nemocardium (s. Sir.) semiasperum [Cardium semiasperum] Deshayes, 1858. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) semiasperum . ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from 758 Tropical Marin e Mollusc Programme (TMMP) semicinetum - semis/riatum the Paleontological Collection as Nemocardium semiasperum Deshayes. Ypresien. France (Bassin de Paris), B700580. semicinetum Mi.inster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " semicinetum Mi.inster, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5853: Cardium semicinetum Muenster, 1840. semicostata. - Pholadomya semicostata. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS . 001842 Agassiz : Pholadomya semicostata (comparison with Pholadomya crispaAg.). semicostatum Lycett, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" semicosta/um Lycett, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5854: Cardium semicosta/um Lycett, 1850. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium semicostatum Lycett, 1850; vol. 6: 422. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium semicostatum Morris & Lycett, 1853; [18531854] vol. 2: 63, pI. 7, figs. 6 a,b. *semiglabrum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium semiglabrum from 2 sources: Phill ips, 1829. Goldfuss, 1840. semiglabrum Goldfuss , 1840. - Transferred to lsocardia? semiglabrum (Goldfuss, 1840). ?Isocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5857: Cardium semiglabrum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium semiglabrum Goldfuss, 1840. - lsocardia? semiglabrum Phillips, 1829. - Nomen nudum accompanied by figure. » Regarding Cardium semiglabrum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . 001857 Deshayes: Cardium semiglabrum Philips , 1829. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5857: Cardium semiglabrum Phillips , 1829 [n o et f.] . 001947 ZR: Cardium semiglabrum Phillips [Ref. Melmore 1947]. semiglobosum Matheron. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" semiglobosum Matheron. Isocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium semiglobosum Matheron. Not a cardiid: in genus lsocardia. semigranosum Sowerby. - Identical with Nemocardium semislrialum oligocenica Sacco. » Regarding C. semigranosum: Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. 001835 Lamarck: Cardium semigranulosum Sow. 001899 Sacco, p. 57 : Cardium semigranosum Sow. No. 1535, Sacco 1889 . = Nemocardium semistriatum var. oligocenica Sacco. *semigranulatum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium semigranulatum from 2 sources: Sowerby, 1816. - Sowerby 1847. semigranulatum Sowerby, 1816. - New combination. Nemocardium semigranulatum (Sowerby, 1816). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5858 : Cardium semigranulatum Sowerby, 1816. 001977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) semigranulatum (Sowerby, 1816). semigranulatum of Sowerby 1847. - Replaced by Laevicardium taurovalum Sacco, 1899. » Regarding Cardium semigranulatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001899 Sacco: Cardium semigranulatum Sowerby 1847 = Laevicardium taurovatum Sacco, 1899. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5858: Cardium semigranulatum Sowerby in Dixon, 1850. semilineatum Koenen, 1864. - Nemocardium semiliniatum (Koenen, 1864). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. 001899 Sacco, p. 54: Laevicardium semilineatum (Koen.). 001977 Popov: Nemocardium (Habecardium) semilineatum (Koenen, 1864). seminulum Fr. Roemer, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " seminulum Fr. Roemer, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium seminulum Fr. Roemer, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 79, pI. 12, fig . 12. semipapillatum Reuss, 1844. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " semipapillatum Reuss, 1844. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5864: Cardium semipapillatum Reuss, 1844. semipe/lucida Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. Hypanis semipellucida Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . 001968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis semipellucida Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1967. semiplenum White. - Conocardium semiplenum White. Conocardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. 001943 ZR: Conocardium semiplenum White Ref. to Branson (\ 942). sem;punctatum Mi.inster in Goldfuss, 1837. Combination to be revised : "Cardium" semipunctatum Mi.inster in Go1dfuss, 1837. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5865 : Cardium semipunctatum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. semipustulosum - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " semipustulosum. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001889 ZR: Cardium semipustulosum with fig. (ref. Holzapfel). 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5866: Cardium semipustulosum J. Mi.iller, 1846. semiseptiferum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" semiseptiferum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Lias-Jurassic . RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5868 : Cardium semiseptiferum d'Orbigny, 1850. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium semiseptiferum d'Orbigny. Rauracien. France (Yonne), S04051. semistriatulum Deshayes . - RECORDS . 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5868: Cardium semistriatulum Deshayes; err. Brown pro semis/riatum q.v. *semistriatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium semistriatum from 3 sources: Bean in Young & Bird, 1828. - Deshayes, 1829. Mi.inster, 1840. semistriatum Bean in Young & Bird, 1828. Combination to be revised: "Cardium " semistriatum Bean in Young & Bird, 1828. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5868: Cardium semistriatum Bean in Young & Bird, 1828. 001994 Renard, J. Ie: not Cardium semistriatum Deshayes, 1829. semis tria tum Deshayes, 1829. - Replaced by Nemocardium (Nemocardium) keenae Renard, 1994. » Regarding Cardium semistriatum : Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. 001829 Deshayes: Cardium semis/riatum. 001835 Lamarck: Cardium semistriatum Desh. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium semis/ria/um Desh. 1830 sic. 001886 Cossmann: Protocardium semis/ria/um (Deshayes). 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5868: Cardium semistria/um Deshayes, 1829. 001977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) semis/ria/um (Deshayes, 1858). 001994 Renard, J. Ie, p. 39: Cardium semistriatum Deshayes 1829; preoccupied name replaced by Nemocardium (Nemocardium) keenae. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 759 semistriatum - senticosum ··1995 Le Renard et at.: Nemocardium (s. str.) keenae Le Renard, 1994 (= semistriatum Desh. non Bean). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium (and Nemocardium) semistriatum Deshayes. Lutetien. Lower Eocene. France (Bassin de Paris). U.K. (Hants), B21200. Turkey, B2233 I. semistriatum Munster, 1840. - Conocardium semistriatum (Munster, 1840). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium lunatum Deshayes. » Regarding C. semistriatum: Conocardiidae. Silurian-Devonian. REMARKS . Lunulicardium Munster, 1840 not in Cardiidae (fide Fischer 1887). RECORDS . "1857 Deshayes: Cardium semistriatum Munster. 1840. - C lunatum. Desh. ··1887 Fischer: Lunulicardium semis tria tum Munster, 1840. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5869: Lunulacardium semis/ria/um Muenster, 1840. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5869: Conocardium (Muenster) semistriatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Lunulacardium. semistriatum oligocenica (cf.) Sacco, 1899 (variety).Nemocardium cf. semis tria tum oligocenica Sacco, 1899. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco, p. 57, pI. 12, fig. 24: Nemocardium cf. semistriatum var. oligocenica Sacco. semisulcata (mode). - See under semisulcatum Gray, 1825. *semisulcata. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium semisulcata from 2 sources: Gray, 1825. - Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842. semisulcata Gray, 1825. [Figs. Part 3 p. 916]. - Changed combination: Papyridea semisulcata (Gray, 1825). Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Cuba . RECORDS. "1825 Gray, p. 137: Cardium semisulcatum. "1885 Smith: Cardium (Papyridea) semisulcatum, Gray. 1825. ··1902 Dall: Cardium (Papyridea) semisulcatum Gray, 1825 [Pliocene to Recent) . ··1902 Dall & Simpson: Cardium semisulcatum Gray. ··1934 Johnson: Papyridea semisulcatum Gray 1825. (C petiana Orbigny 1846). ··1936 McLean: Papyridea semisulcatum Gray. ··1939 McLean: Papyridea semisulcata (Gray, 1825) . "1939 ZR: Papyridea semisulcatum [Ref. McLean 1939]. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: Papyridea semisulcatum (Gray, 1825). "1957 Nowell-Usticke: Papyridea semisulcata Sowerby. ··1958 Abbott: Papyridea semisulcata Gray 1825 senior synonym of Papyridea petitianum Orbigny 1846, which is the orange form . ··1962 Warmke & Abbott: Papyridea semisulcata Gray, 1825 . "1963 Coomans: Papyridea semisulcata (Gray). ··1968 Jong & Kristensen: Papyridea semisulcata Gray. ··1968 Kempf & Matthews: Papyridea semisulcata Gray, 1825 . •• I 970 Rios: Papyridea semisulcata (Grey, 1825) . .. 1973 Waller: Papyridea semisulcata (Gray, 1825). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Papyridea semisulcatum Gray. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. Dall & Simpson (1902): Shell small, elliptical, thin, very inequilateral, moderately inflated, with numerous low ribs, and with more or less perfectly developed smaller ribs between the larger ones, the margin at the posterior end sharply toothed; surface covered with fine concentric growth lines, which are stronger on the anterior part of the shell; interior showing the sculpture; hinge teeth compressed. Colour whitish or yellowish, with faint brown blotches and spots. McLean (1939): 24-25 narrow ribs. DIMENSIONS. 13 x 9 x 7 mm (McLean 1939); length 10, height 6.5, diameter 5 mm (Dall & Simpson 1902). DISTRIBUTION. South Florida, West Indies, Brazil. semisulcata Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842. - Changed combination: Prosodacna semisulcatum (Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842) . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Crimean. RECORDS. ··1842 Rousseau, vol. II, p. 810, pI. IX, fig . I : Cardium semisulcatum . .. I 886 Fischer: Cardium semisulcatum Rousseau. ··1886 Fischer: Prosodacna semisulca/um Rousseau, 1842. .. I 905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Prosodacna semisulcata Rouss. ··1907 Andrussow: Prosodacna semisulcata Rouss. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5870: Cardium semisulca/um Rousseau in Demidoff, 1842. semisulcata angustata Eberzin, 1960 (subspecies). Prosodacna semisulcata angustata Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) semisulcata angustata Eberzin , 1960 subsp . n. Pliocene Galizgi river, Abkhaziya, Georgia USSR. semisllicata antiqlla Eberzin, 1960 (subspecies). Prosodacna semisulcata antiqua Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Prosodacna (Prosodacna) semisulcata antiqua Eberzin, 1960 subsp. n. Pliocene Kamyshburun Kerchensky, Crimea USSR. semisulcata babadjanica Andreescu, 1980. Replacement name: Prosodacna semisulcata babadjanica. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1980 ZR: Prosodacna semisulcata babadjanica. Replacement name for P schirvanica major Andrusov & Eberzin. [Ref. to Andreescu). semisllicatoides (subspecies). - See under littoralis semisulcatoides Eberzin, 1960. semisulcatum (mode and subspecies). - See under semisulcata Rousseau, 1842 and hiatus semisulcatum Gray. semisllicatus Sacco, 1899. Discors semisulcatus (Sacco, 1899). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 33: Discors semisulcatus (Sacco, 1899) [Raised from Discors discrepans semisulcata Sacco, 1899, p. 54]. semitectllm Marwick, 1926. - Nemocardium semi tectum Marwick , 1926. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1926 ZR: Nemocardium semitectum Marwick, 1926 sp. n. Cretaceous N. Zealand. semseyi Hal. - Changed combination: Budmania semseyi (Hal.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS ... I 987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium semseyi Hal. - Budmania semseyi. senegalensis (variety) . - See under norvegicum var. senegalensis Dautzenberg. seninskii Andrus. - Changed combination : Euxinicardium seninskii (Andrus.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . •• I 987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) seninskii Andrus. - Euxinicardium seninskii. senticosllm Sowerby, 1833. [Figs. Part I p. 107, 173. Part 3 p. 923]. - Trachycardium senticosum (Sowerby, 1833). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trachycardium radula (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). - Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad , 1837). » Regarding 760 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Sepidacna - Septocardiidae Cardium senticosum: Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam, Americae Meridionalis, in sandy mud at from 6-12 fathoms depth (Sowerby 1833). RECORDS. --1834 Sowerby, 47th part, fig. 10: Cardium senticosum nobis. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 3, No. 43: Cardium senticosum, Sow. .. 1840 Sowerby, corrected list p. 8: Cardium senticosum, (Sowerby No. 43). --1845 Reeve: C. radula Reeve = C. senticosum Sowerby. --1852 Adams: 434. Cardium senticosum Sowb. 1833. "1860 Carpenter: Cardium senticosum Sby. --1884 Grasset: Cardium senticosum. Sow. --1890 Paetel: Cardium senticosum Sow. --1891 Steams: Cardium senticosum Sby. --1895 Steams: Cardium senticosum Sowerby. .. 190 I Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) senticosum Sowerby, 1833. "190 I Dall : Cardium senticosum Pacific coast analogue of Cardium muricatum Linnaeus. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5882: Cardium senticosum Sowerby, 1833. "1928 Tomlin: Cardium (Trachycardium)senticosum (SOw. , 1833). --1934 Hertlein: Cardium senticosum Sowerby [fossil]. "1947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium (Dal/ocardia) senticosum Sowerby, 1833. "1961 Olsson: Trachycardium (Dal/ocardia) senticosum (Sowerby, 1833) . "1964 Parker : Trachycardium (Dallocardia) senticosum (Sowerby, 1833). "1971 Keen & McLean: Trachycardium (Dallocardia) senticosum (Sowerby, . 1833) . "1977 Popov : Trachycardium (Dal/ocardia) senticosum (Sowerby, 1833). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium senticosum Sowerby. --1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Laevicardium (Trachycardium) senticosum Sowerby; junior synonym of Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837). --1999 Vidal: Trachycardium senticosum (Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ZMUC from the Gulf of California; Rulejo (Oersted coil. No. 325). DESCRlPTIONS. Hertlein & Strong (1947): Shell rounded, gently convex; in total 36-39 ribs, which in their earlier stages are subtriangular but later become subrounded; ribs bear obliquely projecting scale-like imbrications which toward the ventral margin develop into oblique nodes; nodes are strongly developed on the posterior side of central ribs, may also present, but to a lesser degree, on the anterior side; nodes may be present on top or on the anterior side of anterior ribs; nodes strongly developed on the posterior side of posterior ribs . Exterior brownish-white or purple, interiorly the portion under the umbo is usually reddish-purple; the remainder, and sometimes all of the shell, is white. Variation : specimens on a muddy bottom may be thinner and less coloured than the other specimens. Keen (1971): Compared with Trachycardium consors, this is smaller, lighter in color, with more ribs (35 to 40), which bear only short, thornlike scales, most prominent on the anterior part of the shell. The coloring is basically white, inside and out, with reddish-brown or purple bands and spots exteriorly. It attains a height of about 40 mrn. The recorded range includes the whole of the Gulf of California, southward to Paita, Peru. Really good specimens can ordinarily be obtained only by dredging on shallow muddy bottoms. The very similar Atlantic analogue of this species is Trachycardium (Dallocardia) muricatum (Linnaeus, 1758). DIMENSIONS. Altitude of 40 mm (Hertlein & Strong 1947). REMARKS. Cardium muricatum Linnaeus from the western Atlantic is a similar species. (Hertlein & Strong 1947), but C. muricatum is rounder than C. muricatum, and tubercles not so oblique (Sowerby 1841). Fischer-Piette (1977) identified a particular cockle as Laevicardium (Tra chycardium) senticosum (Sowerby, 1833) labeled as from Monterey, California . According to Keen (1980) it should be Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837). HABITAT. In sandy mud, at from 6 to 12 fathoms depth (Adams 1852); on clay-sand at 11-29 m depth (ZMUC) ; occasionally to a depth of about 100 m (Parker 1964) mostly on muddy bottoms (Hertlein & Strong 1947). DISTRIBUTION . C. senticosum is known from Columbia Occ. (Gras set 1884); Gulf of California to Peru (Keen & McLean 1971). C. radula is known from California to Peru. Sepidacna (genus). - Tridacnidae. RECORDS. --1937 ZR: Sepidacna Iredale, ) 937 gen. n. Tridacnidae type Tridacna trough toni. septemputeallus Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus septemputeanus Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. --1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatil/us septemputeanus sp. n. --1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus septemputeanus Eberzin, 1967 sp . nov. Pliocene, USSR. ··1984 ZR: Pseudocatillus septemputeanus Ebersin. Referred to new subgenus P (Donacicatillus). Ref. to Akhvlediani p. 71 . septiferum Buvignier, 1843 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" septiferum Buvignier. Cardiidae. Lias-Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5889: Cardium septiferum Buvignier, 1843. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium septiferum Buvignier. Rauracien . France (Yonne). S04455, B 12335, S04686. Septocardia Hall & Whitfield, 1877 (genus). - Cardiidae. Upper Trias. GENOTYPE. Hall & Whitfield (1877) designated Septocardia typica type species of genus Septocardia . RECORDS. ··1980 Vokes: Septocardia Hall & Whitfield, 1877 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1992 Schneider p. 149: Septocardia Hall & Whitfield, 1877. Referred to Septocardiinae from Cardiinae, Tridacninae . Downgraded from Tridacnidae (Tridacnacea) . "2002 Schneider: Septocardia has been tentatively rejected from Cardiidae. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1969 Moore et al.: thick-shelled, ribs beaded, incremental lines conspicuous in interspaces as cross-striae; ligament inserted in broad and slightly oblique furrow bordered by nymph with pointed summit; hinge plate wide, anteriorly forming deep cavity for reception of anterior adductor muscle; anterior lateral teeth small, placed at junction of muscle cavity flange and hinge plate proper, cardinal teeth with 2 salient, 4b lamellar, sloping obliquely backward from beak, 3a-3b joined above; posterior lateral teeth well developed; pallial line entire, posterior muscle scar ovate, not impinging on hinge plate; inner margin strongly crenulate. REMARKS. ··1969 Moore et al. : Septocardia seems to be ancestral stock of Cardiacea , but with strong affinities to Palaeolcardita. North and South America. Septocardiidae Kafanov & Starobogatov, 1977 (tribus). - Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1977 Kafanov et Starobogatov: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 761 septuagenarium - serra tum Septocardiidae. septuagenarium Tate, 1887. - Synonym of Hedeeardium monileteetum. Changed combination. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs. --2002 Schneider: Cardium septuagenarium is considered a junior synonym of Cardium monileteetum by Schneider (2002). --2002 Schneider: Darragh (1970) assigned Cardium septuagenarium Tate, 1887 to Hedeeardium. sera. - Protoeardia sera. Cardiidae. REcORDs. --1914 ZR: Protoeardia sera [Ref. Suter 1914]. serbica Brusina 1902. - Prosodaena serbiea Brusina 1902. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1979 ZR: Prosodaena serbica Brusina 1902. Topotype Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 331 . serbica (aff.) Brusina 1902. - RECORDs. "1991 Muller & Magyar, p. 356: Lymnoeardium aff. serbicum (Brusina 1902). serena Papaianopol, 1980. - Luxuridaena serena Papaianopo1, 1980. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 ZR: Luxuridaena serena Papaianopol, 1980 sp . nov. Romania, Pliocene. Ref. to Papaianopo1, p. 51. Seripes (error). - Printer's mistake for Serripes in Nomura, 1933 (Vokes 1980). serogosicum exile Popov, 1982. - Cerastoderma serogosieum exile Popov, 1982. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. --1982. ZR: Cerastoderma serogosieum exile Popov, 1982 subsp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Popov et at. p. 42. serogosicum Nossovsky, 1962. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma serogosieum (Nossovsky, 1962) . Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. --1962 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) serogosieum Nossovskii, 1962 sp. nov. Oligocene, Khersonsk province, USSR --1977 Popov: Cerastoderma serogosicum (Nossovsky, 1962). serratulum (variety) . - See under buekkianum var. serratulum Noszki, 1936. *serratum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium serratum from 2 sources: Linnaeus, 1758. - Bruguiere, 1789. *serratum. - Summary of identifications: C. serratum are American Atlantic species, rather variable in shape and colour, but always identifiable by some other constant specific characters (Vidal pers. comm.). C. serra tum Linnaeus, 1758. has two synonyms: C. oviputamen Reeve, 1844 and C. citrinum serratum Chemnitz, 1782 [not available]. Many European and American authors were right about the ID of C. serratum before the regrettable intervention of Clench & Smith, 1944, who named this species C. laeviga/um. Unfortunately this erroneous interpretation was immediately adopted by the majority of authors until today. It has often been misidentified by authors. The name Cardium serra tum has erroneously been used for [I] Cardium biradia/um Bruguiere , 1789. "1784 Schroter, p. 46: Cardium serratum . "1799 Spengler, p. 43: Cardium serra/um. [2] Cardium oblongumerassum complex. Bruguiere, 1789, p. 229: Cardium serra/um Linn. Cardium serra/um Nob. [3] Cardium erassum Gmelin, 1791. --1819 Lamarck, p. 11: Cardium serra/um . .. 1835 Deshayes et al. p. 401: Cardium serra/um. "1841 Sowerby, p. 5: Cardium serra/um . [4] Cardium pristis Valenciennes, 1827. --1970 Vilas & Vilas p, 39: Laevicardium serra/um var. laeviga/um . The name Cardium serratllm has correctly been used to name the American species by: --1822 Turton [erroneous locality: British Isles]. - "1828 Fleming [erroneous locality] . - --1844 Reeve. - --1847, "1853 Orbigny. - "1869 Romer. - "1886, "1900, "1901 Dalt. - "1855 Hanley. - "1900 Dautzenberg. - --1922 Pi1sbry. - --1925 Woodring. - --1926 Weisbord. - --1929 Tomlin. - --1939 MacLean. serratum Bolten, 1798. - Synonym of Laevieardium serratum (Linne, 1758). RECORDS. --1798 Bolten: Cardium serra/um = Cardium laevigatum Gmelin sp. 18. --1902 Sherborn, p. 893 : Cardium serralum Bolten, 1798. serratum Bruguiere / Lamarck. [Figs. Part 1 p. 76. Part 3 p. 896]. - Identical with Laevieardium erassum Gmelin. OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Cardium norvegieum Spengler, 1799 = Laevicardium erassum (Gmelin, 1791) = Cardium oblongum = Cardium sulcatum Lamarck, 1819. » Regarding Cardium serratum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1789 Bruguiere, p. 229, No. 27: Cardium serra/um Linn. & Cardium serra tum Nob. --1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 299. fig. 2. Cardium serratum . --1815 Wood: Cardium serra tum of Bruguiere = Cardium oblongum Linn. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium serra tum Bruguiere = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1827 Bory de St. Vincent : Cardium serratum Lmk . = Laevieardium crassum Gmelin (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). --1832 Deshayes: Cardium serratum Brug. = Cardium suleatum Lamk. --1835 Deshayes : Cardium serratum Lmk . = Laevicardium erassum Gmelin (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). "1837 Deshayes: Cardium serratum Lmk. = Laevieardium erassum Gmelin (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). --1839 Anton: Cardium serra tum Lam. (non Linne). --1845 Reeve: Cardium serratum Bruguiere = Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. "1846 Loven: Cardium serratum Lamk., Desh., Thorpe, Turt. (non L., nee Chernn., nee Brug.) = Cardium norvegieum Spengl. "1848 Requien: Cardium serra/um Brug. = Cardium oblongum Chernn. --1850 Jay: Cardium serratum Brug. = Cardium sulea/um . --1851 Petit de la Saussaye: Cardium serra/um Bruguiere (European record). --1856 Wood & Hanley: C. serra/um Lam. (not Lin.). --1860 Mace: Cardium serratum Bruguiere (European record). --1867 Weinkauff: Cardium serra tum Lamarck (non Linne) = C. norvegieum Spengler. --1869 Romer: Cardium serra/um Bruguiere, Lamarck = Cardium norvegieum Spengler. --1888 Kobelt: Cardium serratum Lam . = Cardium norvegieum Spengler. --1850 Jay: Cardium serra/um Lam. = Cardium pennantii. --1890 Paetel: Cardium serratum Brug. = norwegieum Spglr. "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium serra/um Bruguiere 1789 (non Linne) = Cardium (Laevicardium) norvegieum Spengler 1799. --1942 Lamy: Cardium serratum Lmk. = Laevicardium erassum Gmelin (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). --1945 ZR: Cardium serratum Lk (non L.) [Ref. Lamy 1945]. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRJPTION. --1789 Bruguiere: Cardium testa oblonga ovala, sulcis longitudinalibus obsoletis, antice laevis; Nob. REMARKS. The suggested synonyms are all European species. They do not occur in the Caribbean (Antilles) or the Atlantic Ocean of North America (Carolina coast). serratum Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal. - Not 762 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) serraturn available. » Regarding Cardium serratum: RECORDS. --1788 Schroter: Cardium serratum [Reference to Chemnitz (1782) figs. 193 . 194?]. --1864 Krebs : Cardium serratum Ch., non L. = Cardium citrinum Ch. serraturn Dall & Simpson 190 I (variety). Infrasubspecific. Cardiidae. REcORDs. --190 I ZR: Cardium serratum n. var. described in Dall & Simpson 1901. serraturn Linnaeus, 1758/ Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part 1 p. 75 No. 185-186, p. 91. p. 100, 124, 165, 179. Part 3 p. 879, 893, 894, 896]. - Laevicardium serra tum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium laevigatum Linne sensu Clench & Smith 1944. (See overview of ID). - Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791). Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium serratum: Cardiidae. Miocene and Recent. T YPE LOCALITY. Matanzas Bay, Cuba. Unknown (McLean 1939). TYPE MATERIAL. Vidal (1999): The syntypes of C. serratum in Linne's personal collection at The Linnean Society in London, encompass three single valves that belong undoubtedly to the American Atlantic Laevicardium laevigatum (Linne) sensu Clench & Smith, 1944. The largest, a left valve [37.7 x 31.5 x (24.0»), with Linne's hand marks 73 and 89 (his list numbers in 1758 and 1767) still discernible, has been selected by Vidal (1999, p.327) as lectotype of Cardium serratum Linne. RECORDS. --1758 Linne, p. 680, No. 73 : Cardium serratum. --1764 Linnaeus (Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg.) No. 45: Cardium serratum. --1767 Linne, p. 1123, sp. 89: Cardium serratum. --1782 Chernnitz. ID by Grnelin 1791: Cardium serratum t. 18. f. 185. 186. --1786 Schroter, No . XVII: Cardium serra tum Linn. XII. pag. 1123. Spec. 89. "1791 Gmelin No. 19: Cardium serratum. "1799 Spengler, No. 27: Cardium serra tum Linnei Sp. 89. pag. 1123. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium serratum Linnaeus. --1819 Lamarck, p. ll , No. 25: Cardium serra tum Linne. --1819 Lamarck (pro parte) : Cardium serra/um L. = Laevicardium crassum Gmelin (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). --1836 Bosc: Cardium serratum. --1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 5, No. 66: Cardium sen'atum Linn. = Laevicardium crassum Gmelin (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). --1843 Hanley: Cardium serra tum L. = Laevicardium brasilianum Lamarck, 1819 (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). "1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium serra tum Linn. Coasts of Eng land and France. --1844 Thorpe: Cardium serratum Lin. 1123. "1844 Reeve PI. 1 fig. I Cardium serratum Linnaeus (not ofGmelin), Syst. Nat. 12th edit. No . 89 . p. 1123 . "1859 Sowerby: C. serra tum = Cardium norvegicum, Spengler. "1860 Stimpson: Liocardium serratum Lin. --1868 Col beau : Cardium serratum = Laevicardium norwegicum Spgl. --1884 Grasse!: Laevicardium serratum Linne. --1890 Paetel: Laevicardium serratum L. --1902 Dall:Cardium (Laevicardium) serratum Linnaeus, 1758. --1902 Dall: Cardium serra tum Linnaeus, 1758 (not of Pennant, 1778). --1902 Dall & Simpson : Cardium (Laevicardium) serra tum L. = La evicardium brasilianum Lamarck, 1819 (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). --1902 Sherborn, p. 893: Cardium serratum Linnaeus, 1758. --1921 Maury: Cardium (Laevicardium) serratum Linnaeus, 1758 [Miocene to Recent] . --1925 Woodring, p. 145 , PI. 19, Figs. 14-16 : Cardium (Laevicardium) sen'atum Linne, 1758 . Bowden, Jamaica. --1926 Pei Ie: Liocardium serratum, L. = ? P laevigatum , L., Dall . 1929 Tomlin: Laevicardium serra tum (L.). --1932 Prashad : Cardium serratum Gmelin, 1790 = Cardium biradiatum Bruguiere, 1789. --1934 Johnson: Laevicardium serratum Linne 1758 (laevigatum Linne). --1936 Pearse: Trigoniocardia serrata (L.) = Laevicardium brasilianum Lamarck, 1819 (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). "1939 McLean: Laevicardium serratum serra tum (Linne, 1758). --1939 ZR : Laevicardium serratum serra tum fig. [Ref. McLean 1939). --1942 Harry: Cardium serratum Linne = Cardium muricatum Linne. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Liocardium serratum Linne in Dall 1889 = Laevicardium brasilianum Lamarck, 1819. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium serratum Gmelin, 1791; junior synonym of Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789). "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Cardium serra tum Gmelin, 1790 = Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguiere, 1789). --1999 Vidal: Cardium serra tum Linne, 1758 = Laevicardium laevigatum (Linne) sensu Clench & Smith, 1944: 22. "1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 No. 27: Cardium serratum in Spengler (without locality) = Cardium laeviga/um Lin. Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 18 Fig. 185186 ... 2001 Vidal, p. 407: Laevicardium serratum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ZMUC from West Indies, 4 specimens; ZMUC 4 shells: laevigatum Lam. = serra/um L., Dansk Vestindien, Steenberg coil. ZMUC label: Type, but together with biradiatum no locality. ZMUC 2 specimens. Florida Keys. - 6 specimens. from West Indies, - 4 112 specimens from Antilles, - I specimen = laevigatum Lamarck (no. 26) & Chemnitz 6. fig. 189: same species as labeled laevigatum from the Danish West Indies and Tortola (Moellers samling); - ZMUC 2 specimens in Spengler colI. DESCRIPTIONS. --1799 Spengler: Testa obovata laevi striis obsoletis, margine interiore serrato. [My translation: Shell inverted eggshaped, smooth, obsolete ribs, inner margin serrated ]. --1799 Spengler translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg 1999: Cardium serratum in Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 18. fig . 185. 186. (is also called laevigatum and thus confounded with serrato). Since Linne in his Syst. Nat., but notably in the Queen's Museum, described this Cardium in great detail, it needs no further description. Page 44 : Margins finely serrated from anterior to posterior ends (contrary to C. laevigatum) . "1844 Reeve: shell ovate, rather gibbous towards the umbones, smooth, shining, anteriorly rather obsoletely striated; whitish yellow, posterior side bright citron yellow or pinkish purple, palely stained with pinkishwaved spots around the umbones, interior yellowish under the umbones; margins very minutely serrated within. --1902 Dall & Simpson: Shell subsolid, suboval or subquadrate, the posterior edge being less curved than the anterior; the low, rounded, posterior ridge being slightly produced at the base of the shell; surface nearly smooth, shining and polished, with faint vestiges of ribs, which appear on the border of the shell which scarcely gapes and has delicate serrations within; laterals high and strong; cardinals small; interior of the shell polished; in a fresh state the surface is usually covered with a thin, brownish epidermis; the shell is beautifully polished; whitish, straw-coloured, lemonyellow, purplish or reddish, and it is slightly clouded Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 763 serratum - serratum multilineatum with brown near the beaks; within it has much the same range of colour, and it is one of the most delicate and lovely shells of the Antilles. ··1939 McLean: Obsolete radial striae. ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1939 McLean: 38 x 45 x 30 mm. REMARKS. ··1799 Spengler: stated that the species illustrated by Chemnitz (1782 pI. 18, figs . 185186) as Cardium laevigatum has been confused with Cardium serratum. The reason is that Chemnitz refers to Linne (1769, p. 1123, No. 88), but species No. 88 is Cardium laevigatum (a printer's error). Spengler (1799) mentions the description of Cardium serra/um by Linne (1764) as being very clear and in no need of further comments . •• I 844 Reeve: An odd valve of the Cardium serratum is still preserved in the Linnaean Society of London marked "86" in Linnaeus' handwriting, referring to the 12th edition of the ' Syst. Nat.' Regarding erroneous ID of Cardium laevigatum by Gmelin, Lamarck, Sowerby. The opinions of Lamarck and Sowerby were induced probably by Gmelin (an error), followed by Bruguiere, in the Encyclopedie Methodique. ··1867 Weinkauff: mentioned that Linne described 3 similar species: C.flavum, C. laevigatum , and C. serratum. Chemnitz illustrated the 3 species but confused the figure numbers with the Linnean descriptions. He stated that the figures 185 and 186 showed C. serratum but it was actually C. laevigatum. The figure 189 illustrated C. laevigatum but actually referred to C. serratum. Weinkauff maintained that figs. 185 and 186 did not illustrate either of the species. Hanley (1855) discovered that C. laevigatum Linne = C. papyraceum Chemnitz. C. serra tum Linne = C. laevigatum Lamarck (West Indian species) (discussion p. 147-148). HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud at the depth of from 6 to 10 fathoms. DISTRIBUTION. ··1758 Linnaeus: Mediterranean . •• I 790 Gmelin: C. serratum Mediterranean & Indian Ocean . •• I 844 Reeve: Islands of Nevis and St. Vincent, West Indies. "1884 Grasset: Guadeloupe. "1939 McLean: C. serra tum (serratum) North Carolina to Brazil. serratum of authors. - Laevicardium la eviga tum (Linnaeus). Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS ... I 886 Locard: Cardium serra tum (non Linne) = Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1792 sic. ··1951 . McLean : Cardium serralUm of authors non Linnaeus = Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus). serratum of Reeve (1843). - Identical with Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium serratum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1969 Work: Cardium serra tum Reeve , 1843 = Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTIO N. ··1844 Reeve: Mediterranean. serratum ofRequien (1848). - Misidentification of Cardium norvegicum Spengler = Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium serra/um Requien (1848) p. 26 = Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1790 sic. serratum of Schroter (1788). - Identical with Cardium linea/um Gmelin. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium serratum Schroter = Cardium linea tum Gmelin. serratum of Thorpe (1844). - Identical with Laevicardium laeviga/um (Linnaeus, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1844 Thorpe: Cardium serra/um D. p. 124. = Cardium levigatum Lin. 1123. serratum of Turton (1822). - Identical with Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1917 Hidalgo: Cardium serratum Turton = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium serra/um L. in Turton 1822 = Laevicardium crassum Gmelin. serratum of Weinkauff (1862). - Identical with Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengler) = Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1880 Stossich: Cardium serratum in Weinkauff. 1862 = Laevicardium norvegicum (Spengler). serratum brasilianum Lamarck, 1819 (variety). Upgraded. Changed combination: Laevicardium serra tum brasilianum (Lamarck, 1819). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. RECORDS. ··1908 Cary & Spaulding: Liocardium serratum var. brasilianum. ··1939 McLean: Laevicardium serratum brasilianum (Lamarck, 1819). ··1939 ZR: Laevicardium serra/um brasilianum [Ref. McLean 1939]. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. ··1939 McLean: obsolete radial striae. DISTRIBUTION. Southern West Indies to Brazil. serratum laevigatum Lamarck , 1819 (variety). Upgraded. Changed combination : Laevicardium serratum (Linnaeus, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck, p. II, No. 26: Cardium laevigatum (quelques variete dans la forme et les couleurs). ··1902 Dall & Simpson, p. 489: Cardium (Laevicardium) serra/um var. laevigatum Lamarck. ··1926 Weisbord: Cardium (Laevicardium) serra/um var. laeviga/um Lamarck. ··1945 Smith, Maxwell, p. 50: Laevicardium serratum laevigatum Lamarck. ··1970 Vilas & Vilas p. 38: Laevicardium serra/um var. laevigatum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. Shell rather large, subsolid, moderately inflated, subquadrate, usually, though not always, faintly ribbed, ribs numerous when developed, strongest around the outer part of the shell; there is an area at the anterior and posterior parts of the shell which is generally smoother than the rest of it, which is outlined by a shallow groove, forming a sort of lunule and escutcheon; laterals rather strong, especially the anterior ones; edges of the shell serrated within. Colour generally whitish, cream or pale buff, with a faint subconcentric c10udings of brown (Dall & Simpson 1902). DIMENSIONS. Length 50, height 63, diameter 40 mm (Dall & Simpson , 1902). REMARKS . Generally larger, more quadrate, duller coloured, and more painted with brownish, nebulous bands than typical serra tum, yet there are intermediate specimens which can be assigned to one form about as well as the other. This form is one of the characteristic species of West Florida (Dall & Simpson 1902). DISTRIBUTION. West Florida, Playa de Ponce, Porto Rico (Dall & Simpson 1902). serratum multilineatum Dall & Simpson 1902 (variety). - Synonym of Laevicardium pristiS (Valenciennes, 1827). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium leucostomum Born. » Regarding Laevicardium serratum multilineatum: Cardiidae. Pleistocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Mayaguez Harbor, Puerto Rico. RECORDS. ··1902 Dall & Simpson, p. 489-490: Cardium serra/um var. 764 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) serratum sybariticum - Serripedini multilineatum, n. var. 001939 McLean: Laevicardium serratum multilineatum (Dall & Simpson 1902).001939 ZR: Laevicardium serratum multilineatum fig. [Ref. McLean 1939]. 001953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium serratum mllitilineatum Dall & Simpson, 190 I = Laevicardium laevigatum laevigatum (Linne, 1758). 001977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium serratum multilineatum Dall & Simpson = Cardium leucostomum Born. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. 001902 DaB & Simpson: shell more nearly round than the type. The smoother anterior and posterior areas are distinctly marked out and are tawny or buff coloured; the rest of the sheH is dirty straw coloured, and the narrow spaces between the scarcely developed ribs are pale brown; the beaks are purple, clouded. The interior is much the colour of the yolk of an egg; with purple c10udings at the cavities of the beaks. 001939 McLean: obsolete radial striae. DIMENSIONS. 001939 McLean: 40 x 45 x 32 mm. 001902 Dall & Simpson: length 40, height 45, diameter 32 mm. DISTRIBUTION. 001939 McLean: Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico. serratum sybariticum Dall, 1886 (variety). - Upgraded. Laevicardium serra tum sybariticum (Da\l, 1886). Cardiidae. Oligocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Barbados, West Indies. RECORDS. 001886 Dall, p. 271: Cardium serratllm var. sybariticlIm. 001902 Dall: Cardium serratum var. sybariticllm Dall, 1886. 001902 Dall & Simpson: Cardium (Laevicardillm) serratum var. ?sybariticum. 001902 Dall & Simpson: Cardium serratum var. sybariticum Dall, 1886. 001939 McLean: Laevicardium serraillm sybariticum (Dall, 1886). .01939 ZR: Laevicardium sen'alum sybariticum [Ref. McLean 1939] . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. Shell much smaller and more delicate than the type, more compressed, pale faintly flecked with pink or purple; beaks often deep pink (Dall & Simpson 1902); obsolete radial striae (McLean 1939). DIMENSIONS. 11.5 x 13.5 x 8 mrn (McLean 1939); length II mm, height 14 mm, diameter 7 mm (Dall & Simpson 1902). DISTRIBUTION. West of Florida to Barbados. serresense Popov & Nevesskaya, 2000. - Lymnocardillm serresense Popov & Nevesskaya, 2000. Cardiidae. Late Miocene . RECORDS. 002000 Popov & Nevesskaya, downloaded abstract: Lymnocardillm (Euxinicardium) serresense n. sp. serricostatum Kira, 1955. Synonym of Acrosterigma elongatllm (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Vasticardium serricostatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY & REPOSITORY. See okinawense Kuroda, 1960. DISTRIBUTION . Japan. RECORDS. 001954 Kira : Vasticardillm serricostatum Kuroda, MS. 001955 Kira: Vasticardium serricostatum Kuroda, MS. serricostatum Melvill & Standen, 1899. - Synonym of Vasticardium elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium flavllm Linnaeus, 1758 . Trachycardium luteomarginata Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. » Regarding Cardium (Trachycardium) serricostatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Torres Strait. TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH reg. nr. 1899-2-2310 (Vidal 1993). RECORDS. 001899 Melvill & Standen, p. 191, pI. 11, fig. 20: Cardium (Trachycardium) serricostatum. 001899 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) serricostatum Melvill & Standen, 1899 n. sp. 001909 Melvill: Cardium (Trachycardium) serricostatum, M. & S. 001951 Habe: Vasticardium serricostatum. 001952 Kuroda & Habe: Trachycardium serricostatum. 001955 Kira: Vasticardium serricostatum . 001977 FischerPiette: Cardium serricostatum Melvill & Standen = Laevicardium flavum Linne. 001990 Abbott & Dance: Trachycardium serricostatum . 001993 Vidal p. 44: Cardium serricostatum Melvill & Standen, 1899 probably = Acrosterigma elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). 001993 Vidal : Trachycardium serricostatum in Abbott & Dance, 1982 = ? Trachycardium luteomarginata Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. 001999 Vidal: Cardium serricostatum Melvill & Standen, 1899 = Vasticardium elongatum (Bruguiere 1789). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: the deeply excavate interstices and squarely set serrated ribs are noticeable (MelvillI909). DISTRIBUTION. North Indian Ocean, Japan (Hylleberg 1994); elongatum West Indies (Reeve J844); Philippines, Australia. Murray Island, Torres Straits (Melvill 1909). serricostatum Melvill & Standen, 1899 (variety). Synonym of Vasticardium elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). RECORDS. 001952 Kuroda & Habe: serricostatum Melvill & Standen var. = Trachycardium serricostatum Melvill & Standen var. 001959 Kira : Vasticardium var. serricoslatum Melvill & Standen. 001962 Kira, p. 139, pI. 55, No. I J: Vasticardium var. serricoslalum. 001993 Vidal: Vaslicardillm var. serricoslatum (Melvill & Standen, J899) = Acroslerigma okinawense = small Acrosterigma elongatum. serricostatum okinawense Kuroda, MS. - Synonym of Vasticardium elongalum (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Vasticardium serricostatum okinawense: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001951 Habe: Vaslicardium serricostatum okinawense Kuroda MS. 001960 Kuroda: Trachycardium (A crosterigma) serricostalum okinawense Kuroda. serrifera Lamarck. [Figs. Part I p. 152]. - Tridacnidae. RECORDS. 001845 Chenu, pI. 8 f. 4: Tridacna serrifera Lamarck. 001868 ZR: Tridacna serrifera [Ref. KUster 1868]. 001932 ZR: Tridacna serrifera [Ref. Lamy 1932]. 001947 ZR: Tridacna serrifere sic Lamarck, 1819. 00 1956 ZR: Tridacna serrifera spawning habits [Ref. Wada 1956]. *serrigerum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium serrigerum from 2 sources: Lamarck, 1819. - Basterot (?year). serrigerum Basterot. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" serrigerum Basterot. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS . 001844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardillm serrigerum Bast. Fossil of France. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. As Cardium serrigerum Basterot. Burdigalien. France (Gironde), S I 0999. serrigerum Lamarck, 1819. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" serrigerum Lamk. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001819 Lamarck: Cardium serrigerum Lamk. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 5914: Cardium serrigerum Lamarck, 1819. Serripedini Kafanov, 1975 (tribus). - Cardiidae. RECORDS. 001975 Kafanov : Serripedini. 001975 ZR: Serripedini Tribe nov. of Cardiidae. Type genus Serripes Gould 1841 , p. 146. Ref. to Kafanov. Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 765 Serripes - setosum Serripes Gould, 1841 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. Type species: Gould, 1841 designated Cardium groenlandicum Bruguiere, 1789 type species of the genus Serripes Beck. RECORDS. "1847 Gray, No. 559: Serripes, Beck MSS. [synonym of Aphrodite, Lea; 183? not Linn.]. "1924 Oldroyd: Genus Serripes. "1934 Johnson: Serripes Beck (Aphrodite Lea 1834, not Hubner 1816). "1975 ZR: Serripes Gould, 1841 designated type genus for new tribe Serripedini, p. 146. Ref. to Kafanov. "1977 Popov: Serripes Beck in Gould, 1841. Genotype: Cardium groenlandicum. "1980 Vokes: Serripes Gould, 1841 in subfamily Laevicardiinae. "1980 ZR: Serripes Gould, 1841. Key to species & subspecies. ZR Ref. to Kafanov. "1981 ZR: Serripes Gould, 1841. Western Pacific. temperate zone. Ref. to Skarlato, p. 347. "2000 Coan et af.: Genus Serripes Gould, 1841. ··200 I Vidal, p. 406: SerripesCHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value. "1994 Hylleberg: sculpture almost obsolete; shell medium sized to large, inequilateral; cardinal teeth weak in adults or absent, laterals also evanescent. ··200 I Vidal: Siphons relatively long, close to each other, often fused at their bases. No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. 1876. Meek: mentioned Serripes as allied to Laevicardium. Serripes Gould, 1841 (section & subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. "1858 Adams & Adams: Subgenus Serripes Beck. "1869 ZR: subgenus Serripes (Beck), type Cardium groenlandicum (Chemn.) [Ref. Romer 1869]. "1887 Fischer: Subgenus Serripes Beck, fide Gould 1841 of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. "1890 Paetel: 6. Sect. Serripes Bk. of Cardium. "1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Subgenus Serripes (Beck) Gould, 1841 of genus Cardium, Linne 1758. serrula Cox, 1927. - Identical with Cardium burnupi Sowerby, 1897. » Regarding Cardium serrula: Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1927 ZR: Cardium (Acanthocardia) serrula Cox, 1927 sp. n. Miocene Pemba Isd. "2000 Vidal, p. 448: Cardium (Acanthocardia) serrula Cox, 1927, a Neogene and Quaternary fossil from Zanzibar. Synonym of Cardium burnupi Sowerby, 1897. serrulatum Deshayes, 1854. - Changed combination: Europicardium serrulatum (Deshayes, 1855). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Guinea. TYPE REPOSITORY. Possible holotype BMNH. REMARKS. Referred to Vepricardium in Keen (1980). Syn. kobelti v. Maltzan, 1885 (Vidal, pers. com.). DISTRIBUTION. West Africa (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. "1855 Deshayes: Cardium serrulatum. "1890 Paetel: Cardium serrulatum Dsh. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Trachycardium) serrulatum Deshayes. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium serrulatum Deshayes, 1854; p. 330 ... 1999 Vidal: Cardium serrulatum Deshayes, 1855. "1999 Vidal: Europicardium serrulatum (Deshayes, 1855). sertunayana Slodkewitsch, 1938. - Changed combination: Fulvia sertunayana (Slodkewitsch, 1938). Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Kamtchatka. REcoRDS. "1945 ZR: Papyridea sertunayana 'Kogan' sic Siodkewitsch, 1938 sp. nov. Upper Miocene E. coast Kamchatka. "1973 Keen: Fulvia sertunayana (Slodkewitsch, 1938) [Papyridea]. Miocene, Kamtchatka. sertunayana Siodkewitsch, 1938. - Profulvia sertunayana (Slodkewitsch, 1938). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1976 ZR: Papyridea sertunayana Slodkewitsch, 1938 Referred to Profulvia. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 482 [orig. p. III]. serum Hutton, 1873. - Changed combination: Nemocardium serum (Hutton, 1873). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1897 Harris: Protocardium serum Hutton. 1873. "1944 ZR: Protocardium serum Hutton Catal. Tert. Moll. 1873, p. 23 [Ref. Marwick 1944]. "1944 ZR: Varicardium serum (Hutton, 1873) genotype of Varicardium Marwick, 1944. "1965 ZR: Varicardium serum revised, Tertiary, New Zealand [Ref. Boreham 1965]. "1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Varicardium) serum (Hutton, 1873). Serupes (error). - Printer's mistake for Serripes in Gould, 1841 (Vokes 1980). sessa Nelli, 1915. - New combination: Lymnocardium sessa Nelli, 1915. Lymnocardiidae. Ponti an. RECORDS. "1915 ZR: Limnocardium sessa Nelli, 1915 sp. n. Pontian, Greece. setigerum Dunker. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" setigerum Dkr. Cardiidae. REcORDs. "1890 Paetel: Cardium setigerum Dkr. setosum Linne. (error). - Printer's mistake for retusum in Shikama 1964. setosum Redfield, 1848. [Figs. Part I p. 88. Part 3 p. 902]. - Changed combination: Plagiocardium setosum (Redfield, 1848). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Seas of China. RECORDS. "1848 Redfield: Cardium setosum. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerastoderma) setosum, Redf. "1884 Grasset: Cardium setosum. Redf. "1885 Smith: Cardium (Acanthocardia) setosum Redfield. "1890 Paetel: Cardium setosum Rdfld. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium (Acanthocardia) setosum. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5924: Cardium setosum Redfield, 1846. "1952 Kuroda & Habe: Papyridea setosa (Redfield). "1960 Kuroda: Maoricardium setosum (Redfield). "1964 Shikama: Papyridea (Maoricardium) setosa Redfield. "1967 ZR: Cardium setosum, effect of myotropic substances on the heart [Ref. Kratzing & Ladd 1967]. "1977 FischerPiette: Laevicardium (Vepricardium) setosum Redfield. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) setosum (Redfield, 1848). "1977 Popov: Plagiocardium (Plagiocardium) setosum (Redfield). "1988 Drivas & Jay: Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) setosum (Redfield, 1848). "1990 Abbott & Dance: Plagiocardium setosum. "1991 Rao, Rao & Maitra: Cardium setosum in Satyamurti (1956) = Acanthocardia lata (Born, 1778). "1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Maoricardium setosum (Redfield, 1846). "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) setosum. ··1994 Chung-Hung & HsiJen: Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) setosum (Redfield). "1994 Schneider: Maoricardium setosum (Redfield, 1846). "1995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Maoricardium setosum (Redfield). "1997 Nguyen et al.: Vepricardium setosum (Redfield). "1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 378: Vepricardium setosum (Redfield, 1846). "1999 Hylleberg, p. 40 I: Maoricardium setosum (Redfield, 1846). ID J. Vidal. "2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Plagiocardium setosum (Redfield, 1848). "2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 184: Plate 2, fig. 8: Plagiocardium setosum (Redfield, 1848). 766 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) setosum - shepstonense - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: I specimen from China. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1848 Redfield: Shell a little obliquely rounded ovate, somewhat tumid ; anterior side shortest , beaks prominent, inflected and nearly in contact; in front of them is a rather narrow ovate depression. About 40 flattened ribs, twice as wide as the interstices. rib edges very minutely denticulate, small semi-tubular spines or scales upon the central line of each rib, spines terminate in blackish bristles, more developed on the posterior margin than elsewhere. The ribs which cross the anterior lunular depression are not bristly, but tubercular. Colour white, periostracum dirty yellow, which becomes thicker and much wrinkled towards the margin, especially upon the posterior end, where the colour is nearly black. Interior white. ··1988 Drivas & Jay: interior shell with a large brown blotch. DIM ENSIONS. ··1848 Redfield : length: 2.75 inches , height 2.75 inches, breadth 2.1 inches. ··1988 Drivas & Jay: max. ant.-post. 47.5 mm, umbo-ventr. 34.2 mm. REMARKS. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: maintained that several synonyms of P setosum (Redfield, 1848) have been proposed. Maoricardium latum is a synonym of Maoricardium setosum according to J. Vidal. DISTRIBUTION. ··1884 Grasset: China. ··1994 Hylleberg: South West Pacific, Australia. ··1988 Drivas & Jay: Reunion, western Indian Ocean at 12 m depth. ··1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. ··2000 Hylleberg: Vietnam and Cambodia. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. ··ZMUC: China. setosum Tryon , 1872. - Synonym of Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837. » Regarding Cardium setosum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1902 Dall: Cardium setosum Tryon, 1872 (not Redfield, 1846) = Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837. sellrati Vidal, 1999. [Figs. Part 3 p. 880]. - Acrasterigma seurati Vidal, 1999. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype, Tuamotu archipelago, south central-Pacific. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, Museum national d 'Histoire naturelle, Paris. TYPE MATERlAL. All the existing material, nineteen single valves, collected by L. G. Seurat, probably on beaches, in the Marutea du Sud Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago (1902-1905), is selected as type series, stored in MNHN . Holotype: A right valve. Paratypes I to 18: Ten right valves and eight left valves. RECORDS. ··1999 Vidal, p. 312, Table 28, Figs. 14 E-F: Acrosterigma seurati n. sp. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION. ··1999 Vidal: Shell almost perfectly ovoid and equilateral (anterior dorsal margin sometimes very slightly raised), rarely slightly truncated posteriorly, weakly elongated and rather globose. Lunule narrow, almost equal on both valves, and poorly differentiated, with its umbonal margins slightly raised. External colour almost entirely white, except for a few pink spots or small splashes and part of posterior slope sometimes yellow; interior white, sometimes with very pale yellow umbonal rays. Hinge nearly symmetrical and variably angled. Mean rib number 62 .8 ± 3.6, range 56-68. On posterior slope, interstices very narrow and both parts of ribs about equivalent in width; scales in·egular, tubercular. On posterior part of median surface, ribs become more or less flatly rounded, sometimes still bearing an axial furrow; entire rib or wider posterior part can bear elongated ridges, analogous to the scales of posterior slope, but more numerous. On anterior part of median part, ribs ornamented only with posterior crenulations; interstices become wider and often very finely notched. On anterior half of shell, ribs at first remain rounded and retro-crenulated, and then become finely topridged ; on first anterior ribs, top ridges become tubercular and irregular, tending to be arranged in concentric alignments which can replace the longitudinal ribbing. DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: Length 37.9, height 43.6, width (calculated) 30.0 mm. REMARKS. A. seurati has several characters in common with A. transcendens, but has a much larger, thicker, heavier shells and slightly less elongated shell than A. transcendens). It is also noticeably less colorful and the hinge is a little less angled. sevieriellse Hill , 1888. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia sevieriense (Hill , 1888). Cardiidae. Cretaceous . RECORDS. ··1978 Scott: Cardium ? sevieriense Hill, 1888. "1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) sevieriense (Hill, 1888). seJl!elli Prashad, 1932. [Figs . Part 3 p. 865]. - Changed combination. Vasticardium sewelli (Prashad, 1932). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Indonesian Island. RECORDS. ··1932 Prashad: Cardium (Trachycardium) sewelli. ··1932 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) sewelli Prashad, 1932 sp. n. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium (Vasticardium) sewelli. ··1997 Poorten: Acrosterigma sewelli (Prashad, 1932). ··1999 Vidal: Vasticardium sewelli (Prashad , 1932). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. Indonesia (Hylleberg 1994). sexcostatllm Fr. Roemer, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " sexcostatum Fr. Roemer, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium sexcastatum Fr. Roemer, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 79, pI. 12, fig . 13. shabrawitensis Abbass, 1966 . - Protacardia shabrawitensis Abbass, 1966. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1966 ZR: Protocardia shabrawitensis Abbass, 1966 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Egypt. Shanina Reed, 1915 (genus). - Cardiacea. Ordovician. RECORDS. ··1915 ZR: Shanina Reed, 1915 gen. nov. Ordovician, Shan States. shehllenensis Ferugl io, 1936 . - Protocardia shehuenensis Feruglio, 1936. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORD S. ··1936 ZR: Pr% cardia shehuenensis Feruglio, 1936 sp. n. Cretaceous Patagonia. shepstonense Tomlin, 1931. [Figs. Part 3 p. 918]. Changed combination : Afrocardium shepstonense (Tomlin, 1931) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827). » Regarding Afrocardium shepstonense: Cardiidae. Recent. Type species: Tomlin (1931) designated Fragum (Afrocardium) shepstonense type species of subgenus (Afrocardium) Tomlin, 1931. Upgraded to generic level by authors. TYPE LOCALITY. South Africa. RECORDS. ··1931 Tomlin: Fragum (AJrocardium) shepstonense. ··1931 ZR: Fragum (AJrocardium) shepstonense Tomlin, 1931 subg. et sp. n. S. Africa. ··196 I Cotton: Fragum shepstonense Tomlin 1931. Type species of Afrocardium Tomlin 1931 . ··1969 Moore et al.: Ctenocardia (Afrocardium) shepstonellse (Tomlin, 1931). ··1977 Fischer- Piette: Corculum (AJrocardium) shepstonense Tomlin. ··1977 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 767 shimotokuraense - silvacollina Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum (Afrocardium) shepstonense Tomlin, 1931. ··1982 Kilburn & Rippey: Afrocardium shepstonense (Tomlin, 1932). ··2002 Schneider: Afrocardium shepstonense (Tomlin, 1931). Holocene. ··2003 Hy\leberg & Kilburn, p. 176: C. shepstonense Tomlin, 1931. Syn of Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827) according to 1. Vidal. shimotokuraellse Akutsu, 1964. - Changed combination: Clinocardium shimotokuraense (Akutsu, 1964). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS . ··1964 Akutsu: Vasticardium shimotokuraense. ··1964 ZR: Vasticardium shimotokuraensis Akutsu, 1964 sp. nov. Miocene, Shimotokurazawa, Tochigi Pref. Japan. ··1973 Keen: Clinocardium shimotokuraense (Akutsu, 1964). shimotokuraensis (mode). - See under shimotokuraense Akutsu, 1964. shinjiensis Yokoyama, 1923 . - Changed combination: Clinocardium shinjiensis (Yokoyama, 1923). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium nllttallii Conrad. - Cardium californianum Conrad. » Regarding C. shinjiensis: Cardiidae. Miocene. REMARKS. The fossil species is most likely to be classified as Cerastoderma shinjiensis (Yokoyama, 1923). RECORDS. ··1923 Yokohama, p. 7, pI. 2, fig. 6 : Cardium shinjiensis, n. sp. ··1923 ZR: Cardium shinjiense Yokohama, 1923 sp. n. Neogene Japan. ··1926 Yokoyama: Cardium shinjiense Yokoyama, 1923 = Cardium californianum Conrad. ··1926 Yokoyama: Cardium shinjiense Yokoyama, 1923 = Cardium nuttallii Conrad. ··1927 Yokoyama: Cardium shinjense = Cardium nullallii Conr.; the shells resemble Cardiumfastosum Yokoyama, 1927. ··1937 ZR : Cardium (Cerastoderma) shinjiense Yokoyama [Ref. Kanehara 1937a]. ··1954 Keen: Clinocardium shinjiense (Yokoyama, 1923). [Miocene]. ··1973 Keen: Clinocardium shinjiense (Yokoyama, 1923) [Cardium]. Neogene. ··1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium shinjiense (Yokoyama, 1923) Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. ··1977 Popov: Clinocardium shinjense (Yokoyama, 1923). shiobaraellsis Noda 1962. - Changed combination: Serripes shiobaraensis Noda, 1962. Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. RECORDS. ··1962 ZR: Serripes shiobaraensis Noda, 1962 sp. nov. Hoki River, Sekiya, Shiobaramachi, Shioya- gun, Tochigi Pref. Kanomatazawa formation. ··1973 Keen: Serripes shiobaraensis Noda, 1962. ··1975 ZR: Yagudinella shiobaraensis (Noda, 1962) comb. nov. transferred from Serripes. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 147. ··1978 Kafanov: Yagudine/la shiobaraensis (Noda 1962) . ··1982 ZR: Serripes shiobaraensis Noda, 1962. Diagnostic characters. Combination revalidated. Transferred back from Yagudinella. Middle Miocene. Russian SFSR. Ref. to Kafanov et al. p. 44 . ··1982 ZR: Yagudinella shiobaraensis (Noda, 1962). Referred to Serripes . Ref. to Kafanov et al. p. 44. shiobarense Yokoyama, 1926. - Changed combination: Clinocardium shiobarense (Yokoyama, 1926). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1926 Yokoyama: Cardium shiobarense, Yokoyama. ··1954. Keen: Clinocardium shiobarense (Yokoyama), 1926. ··1973 Keen: Laevicardium shiobarense (Yokoyama, 1926). shumardi Meek & Hayden, 1860. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " shumardi Meek & Hayden, 1860. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1860 Meek & Hayden: Cardium [Protocardum? sic] shumardi Meek & Hayden, 1860. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium shumardi Meek & Hayden, 1860; p. 182. sicu/um Sowerby, 1834. [Figs. Part I p. 111]. - Synonym of Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium siculum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Ad mare Siculum (= Sicily), Sowerby (1840) . RECORDS. ··1834 Sowerby, 51 th part, fig. 31: Cardium siculum. ··1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. London p.1 06: Cardium siculum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 26: Cardium siculum Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium sicu/um (Sowerby No. 26). ··1844 Philippi: Cardium sicu/um Sowerb. = Cardium exiguum Gm. ··1862 Weinkauff: Cardium siculum Sow. = Cardium subangulatum Scacchi. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium sicu/um Sow. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium siculum = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1869 Romer: Cardium siculum Sowerby = Cardium exiguum Gme\in. ··1878 Monterosato: Cardium sicu/um Sow. = C. stellatum Reeve. ··1878 ZR: Cardium sicu/um (Sow.) = stellatum (Reeve) [Ref. Monterosato 1878]. "1888 Kobelt: Cardium siculum Sow. = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium siculum Sow. = exiguum Gm. ··1917 Hidalgo: Cardium siculum Sowerby = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p . 5944: Cardium siculum Sowerby, 1841. ··1933 Coen : Cardium siculum Sowerby = Eucardium (Parvicardium) exiguum var. sllbangu/ata Scacchi. "1937 Coen: sicu/um Sowerby Cerastoderma (Parvicardium) exiguum subangulatum Scacchi. ··1962 Grossu : Cardium siculum Sowerby, 1839 sic = Cardium (Parvicardium) eXiguum Gmelin, 1790 sic. ··1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium siculum (Sowerby, 1839 sic). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium siculum Sowerby = Cardium exiguum Gme\in. ··1989 VoskuiI & Onverwagt: Parvicardium (Parvicardium) siculum (Sowerby, 1841). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE REMARKS. Cardium sicu/um was first figured by Sowerby in 1834. DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. 0 .5 poll. (length 13 mm), lat. 0.4 poll. (width 10 mm), all. 0.45 poll (height II mm). ··1969 Nordsieck: stated the following synonymy: Parvicardium exiguum (exiguum) (Gmelin, 1791) = pygmaeum (Donovan, 1799) = sicu/um (Sowerby, 1839) = stella tum (Reeve, 1844) = parvum (Philippi, 1844). DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: C. siculum: Mediterranean. sidorovi Starobogatov 1974. - Hypanis minima sidorovi Starobogatov. Lymnocardiidae. RECORDS. ··1974 Starobogatov, p. 246, fig. 213 : Hypanis minima sidorovi Starobogatov subsp. nov. silicatum Mansfield, 1937. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" silicatum Mansfield, 1937. Cardiidae. L. Miocene. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) silicatum Mansfield, 1937 sp. n. Tampa limestone, Florida (Lower Miocene). silicea Blanckenhorn, 1934 . - Protocardia silicea Blanckenhorn, 1934. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1934 ZR: Protocardia silicea Blanckenhorn, 1934 sp. n. Cretaceous Syria. silvacollilla Dockery, 1982. - Trigoniocardia silvacollina Dockery, 1982. Cardiidae. Lower Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1982 ZR: Trigoniocardia (Americardia) silvacollina 768 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) simile - simplex Dockery, 1982 sp. nov. Mississippi. Ref. to Dockery p. 72. simile (variety). - See papillosum simile Milaschewitch, 1909. simile Milachewitch, 1909. - Synonym of Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1791. » Regarding Cardium simile: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1909 Milachewitch p. 318 : Cardium simile. ··1916 Milaschewitch: Cardium simile Milaschewitsch, 1909. ··1962 Grossu: Cardium (Parvicardium) simile Milaschevich (= Milachewitch) 1909. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium simile Milaschevich = Cardium exiguum GmeJin. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: wet collection from Bosporus IV. DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: Black Sea. similifittoni. - Nomen nudum . RECORDS. ··1949 ZR: Replidacna similifittoni 'n o sp.' [nomen nud .] Maestricktian, Sarmat. [Ref. Papp 1949]. simi/is Cowper-Reid, 1943. - Pinzonela similis CowperReid, 1943. Cardiacea. Trias. RECORDS. ··1947 ZR: Pinzonela simi/is Cowper-Reid, 1943 sp. nov. Trias, Brazil. simi/is Kafanov, 1994. - Serripes similis Kafanov, 1994. Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1994 Kafanov in Arkhipova et al.: Serripes similis Kafanov. similis Papaianopol , 1989. - Pa chydaena similis Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Basin Dacique, Romania. REcORDs. ··1989 Papaianopol, p . 75, fig.: Paehydaena (Paehydacna) similis sp. nov. simillimum Smith, 1896. - New combination. Fragum simillimum (Smith, 1896). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Off Colombo Lighthouse, in 142-400 fathoms. RECORDS. ··1896 Smith: Cardium (Fragum) simillimum. ··1896 ZR: Cardium (Fragum) simillimum Smith, 1896 n. sp. off Colombo . ··1909 Melvill : Cardium (Fragum) simillimum, Smith. ··1937 Viader: Cardium simillimum, Smith. ··1940 Winckworth: Corculum (Fragum) simillimum. ··1948 Ray: Corculum (Fragum) simillimum. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Coreulum (Fragum) simillimum Smith. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value. The posterior portion of the surface occupies nearly half the valve; it is divided off by two approximated ribs. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1896 Smith: Description based on a single left valve. The sculpture is similar to that of C. peramabilis Dall, from 50-125 fathoms in the WestIndian region. However, the posterior end is distinctly truncate, not curved as in C. peramabilis. ··1948 Ray: nine complete shells and four valves were examined . They agree in their essential characters with Smith's description and figure. Its occurrence on the Coromandel coast is, therefore of interest. The fine radiating striae are absent in the lunular region, which consequently is smooth. The granules, arranged in radiating series, appear to be restricted to the hinder part of the shell. Rounded anteriorly, truncate posteriorly. The posterior portion of the surface is somewhat more finely cancellate than the anterior, and is divided off by two approximated ribs, but occupies nearly half the valve. DIMENSIONS. ··1896 Smith: length 21 mm, width 21 mm, diameter 17 mm. HABITAT. ··1909 Melvill: Deep sea, 123-150 fathoms , on broken shell and rough material; recorded to a depth of 400 fathoms. DISTRIBUTION. ··1896 Smith: Indian Ocean. ··1948 Ray: Bay of Bengal, the Coromandel coast. simionesclli. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" simionescui. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Cardium simioneseui, fossil [Ref. Vascautanu 1930] . *simkewici. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium simkewiei from 2 sources: Andrussow, 1902. Andrussow, 1963. REMARKS. I do not know how Andrussow 1902 compares with Andrusov, 1963 . Andrussow and Andrusov probably reflect different transcriptions of the Russian alphabet. simkewici Andrussow, 1902. - Changed combination: Rarieardium simkewiei (Andrussow, 1902) . Lymnocardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1902: Cardium simkewici n. sp. tends towards Cerastoderma . ··1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Raricardium simkevici (Andrus) comb . nov. ··1987 ZR: Rarieardium simkevici (Andrus) comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 191. simkewici Andrussow, 1963. - Combination to be changed: "Cardium " simkewiei Andrusov, 1963 . Lymnocardiidae . Neogene. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR : Cardium simkewiei Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Russia [spelled simkevici on plate]. simlaensis Vokes, 1937. - Discors simlaensis Vokes, 1937. Cardiidae. Eocene. REcORDs. ··1937 ZR: Diseors simlaensis Vokes, 1937 sp. n. Lutetian, Eocene; Simla Hills State, India. simmetrica Ali-Zade & Aleskerov, 1969. - Monodacna simmetrica Ali-Zade & Aleskerov, 1969. Lymnocardiidae. Apsheron. RECORDS. ··1969 ZR : Monodacna simmetrica Ali-Zade & Aleskerov, 1969 sp. nov. Apsheron deposits, Apsheron Peninsula, Chemberkend, Azerbaidjan. simollensis (variety). - See under echinatum var. simouensis Cowper Reed, 1935. simplex Douville, 1917. - Granoeardium simplex Douville, 1917 . Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1917 ZR: Granocardium simplex Douville, 1917 n. sp. Cretaceous Moghara. simp/ex Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part 3 p. 879]. - Changed combination : Aerosterigma simplex (Spengler, 1799). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype, Coast of Guinea (Spengler 1799), without locality (Vidal 1999). TYPE REPOSITORY. A paired specimen in ZMUC, Spengler collection, Zoological Museum University of Copenhagen (Vidal 1999). TYPE MATERIAL. Cardium unieolor: Six paired syntypes from Ticao (Philippines), in BMNH, Cuming coil., the largest of which fits the specimen cited and figured by Sowerby, and was selected as lectotype by Voskuil & Onverwagt (1991 : 116). Cardium nebulosum: Holotype, BMNH reg. no. 1900.2. 13.22. Neg. No. 0386. A paired specimen from the Maldives figured by Reeve (Vidal 1999). Laevicardium soyeri: Holotype and three paratypes, all paired specimens, labeled (incorrectly) "Corsica", in MNHN. RECORDS. ··1799 Spengler: Cardium simplex. ··1870 Morch : Cardium simplex Spengler; senior synonym of C. maculosum Sow? non Wood = C. arenieolum Reeve. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 904 : Cardium simplex Spengler, 1799 . ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium simplex Spengler. ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium simplex Spengler, 1799. ··1999 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 769 simrothi - sinense Vidal: Acrosterigma simplex (Spengler, 1799). ··200 I Vidal, p. 407: Acrosterigma simplex. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. Shell inflated, round, 40 ribs, low, flat and smooth, interstices low and very narrow. Outside white dotted with pale red spots, inside white, but pale red under the umbones. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1799 Spengler: Testa cordata aequivalvi, obsolete sulcata, margine antico dentala. ··1799 Spengler, translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg (1999): In external shape this bivalve very much resembles the preceding species. The difference lies alone in the shape, colour and number of ribs. Despite its smallness it has no less than 40 of these; they are not separated by furrows, but are situated very close to each other; they are also low and flattened, without scales and teeth, and consequently quite smooth. On the external side it is strewn with pale red spots on a white background. Internally, below the umbo, the same pale colour prevails; the rest is white. It is slightly smaller than the preceding one and comes from the same place. ··1999 Vidal : Medium-sized; adult shells generally asymmetrical on dorsal margin with a receding posterior side and a raised, inflated anterior one, and with an obtuse angle on dorsal margin at the level of anterior laterals; ventral part also asymmetrical, with an expansion of posterior side and ribs generally curved backwards in projection. Generally slightly truncated at posterior-median limit; a weak furrow sometimes separates these two zones, producing an obtuse notch on margin. Moderately but variably elongated, and rather inflated. Lunule rather large and flat on left valve, very large and appreciably depressed on right valve. An additional thick dark-brown layer of lamellated periostracum present on posterior slope and part of median shell of the adult part. Exterior of the young shells generally marked with irregular concentric light purple stains; on adults, which generally remain uniform pale white to yellow, these aligned stains can persist on median part. Interiorly white to somewhat purple by transparency; posterior slope always white . Hinge slightly asymmetrical, slightly angled. Mean rib number 47.6 ± 3.8, range 4259. On posterior slope, smooth anterior part of ribs flat, with an abrupt anterior flank, and much wider than posterior part, represented by a thin, low ridge between axial furrow and interstice; this ridge, in tum, bears a very thin top-furrow in which very small irregular scales occur, often connected by a thin ridge. These features are only present on juvenile part of shell; on the adult part (except for some oflast ribs), the posterior ridge and scales disappear and posterior part of ribs becomes a "pseudo-interstice," simultaneously anterior part of ribs lowers, shell surface becoming almost smooth on the most adult margin of large shells. On median part of shell there are low ribs of slightly rounded profile, at first smooth beside posterior slope, then becoming finely and regularly retro-ridged. Interstices rounded, smooth, and half width of ribs. Anteriorly, posterior thin ridges of ribs disappear or change into scarce, irregular, very thin top-ridges; ribs beside lunule become very low, sometimes with somewhat wide, tubercular top-ridges, sometimes entirely smooth and almost indistinct on fully adult part of shell. ··200 I Vidal : tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal : length 39.4, height 52.8, width 36.0 mm. ··1799 Spengler: Slightly smaller than C. Jucatum. REMARKS. ··1799 Spengler: outline very similar to C. Jucatum. Major differences are the number of ribs, their form and colour. ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma simplex can be separated from the other species of the species-group mainly by its large lunule, the lack of bright colours (though exceptions exist), unique character of posterior slope rib morphology (particularly with ontogenetic disappearance of scales and smoothing of surface and the weak ornamentation of the ribs elsewhere. Junior synonyms according to Vidal (1999): Cardium nebulosum Reeve, 1845; Laevicardium soyeri Fischer-Piette, 1977; Cardium unicolor Sowerby, 1840. HABITAT. "1999 Vidal: recorded from 0 to 100 m depth. DISTRJBUTION. ··1799 Spengler: Guinea [West Africa, Hylleberg 200 I). ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma simplex has a large but patchy distribution in the Indo-Pacific; it seems inexplicably absent from the north-western Indian Ocean and from the south--eastern west Pacific (eastern Melanesia and Polynesia). simrothi Dall 1898 . - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia simrothi (Dall 1900). Cardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. China. RECORDS. ··1898 Dall: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) Simrothi Dall, 1898 n. sp. ··1958 Abbott: Trigoniocardia simrothi Dall 1900. ··1977 Popov: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) simzothi sic (Dall, 1900). ··1977 Vokes: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) simrothi (Dall). simulans Partsch . - Combination to be changed: "Cardium" simulans Partsch. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium simulans Partsch. sirnzothi err. spelling of simrothi Dall in Popov 1977. sinense Sowerby, 1838. [Figs. Part 1 p. 112, 124, 174. Part 3 p. 886). - Changed combination: Vepricardium sinense (Sowerby, 1838). Cardiidae. Pliocene(?) and Recent. Iredale (1929) Cardium sinense Sowerby is type species of the genus Vepricardium. TYPE MATERJAL. ··2000 Vidal: type specimen Sowerby 1838: fig. 35. Typfifas not been located. RECORDS. ··1838 Sowerby, 149 t part, fig . 35 : Cardium sinense nobis. ··1840. Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. London p.1 05: Cardium sinense. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue No.4: Cardium sinense. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium sinense (Sowerby No . 4). "1844 Reeve: Cardium sinense Sowerby, Pro . Zool. Soc., 1840. Conch. IIIus. f. 35. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 454: Cardium (Pectunculus) sinense Sow. ··1884 Grassel: Cardium sinense. Sow. "1890 Paetel: Cardium sinense Sow. ··1891 Fischer: Cardium sinense Sowerby. ··1907 ZR : Cardium sinense [Ref. Dautzenberg & Fischer 1907). ··1909 Lynge: Cardium (Bucardium) sinense. ··1919 Martin: Cardium sinense Sow. [Pliocene(?) to Recent). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 5979: Cardium sinense Sowerby, 1841. "1929 Iredale: sinense (Sowerby). ··1962 Kira: Vepricardium sinense. ··1974 Habe & Kosuge: Vepricardium sinense (Sowerby, 1844). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium sinense Sowerby. ··1995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Cardium sinense Sowerby. .. 1999 Aungtonya et al ., PMBC-SP 19(2) : 378: Vepricardium sinense (Sowerby, 1841). ··2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Vepricardium sinense (Sowerby, 1840). ··2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Vepricardium sinense 770 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) sinuatus - soceni (Sowerby, 1841). ··2000 Vidal, p. 454, Fig. 4: Cardium sinense Sowerby, 1841: 105. ··2001 Vidal, p. 407: Vepricardium sinense. "2003 Hy\leberg & Kilburn, p. 186, Plate 5, fig. 21: Vepricardium sinense (Sowerby, 1840). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: ··1844 Reeve: the ribs of this species are peculiarly narrowed along the summit; and the granulated surface of the shell is of an extremely curious character. ··2000 Vidal: V sinense is so characteristic, with its few triangular ribs, that it has never been misidentified. OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Siam 3-5 fv, soft clay, 9 fv mud, shells, 5-9 fv sand, 30 fv shells. ··ZMUC: Gulf of Thailand 5 fv soft clay, 8 fv, mud, 10 fv mud China from Ludvigsen. ··ZMUC: wet collection: sine loc. DESCRlPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell somewhat depressly orbicular, posteriorly slightly beaked, everywhere minutely granulated, especially on the anterior side; radiately ribbed, 24 ribs, a little compressed, posterior narrower; fulvous white, margins very strongly crenated. ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. ··ZMUC: 23 ribs, 8 of which are posterior. DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. 1.55 poll. (length 39 mm), lat. I poll. (width 25 mm), alt. 1.40 poll (height 36 mm). REMARKS. ··1840 Sowerby: Slightly resembling C. asiaticum, from which it is distinguished by having larger and fewer ribs, and a small fringe on the posterior ribs. HABITAT. Found in sand. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: China and Java. ··1884 Grasset: China. ··1994 Hylleberg: Gulf of Thailand, Philippines. ··1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. ··2000 Hylleberg: Vietnam and Cambodia. ··2000 Lutaenko: Vietnam. "2000 Vidal: Never recorded in the Indian Ocean, probably only west Pacific: Java, Philippines, Cambodia, Gulf of Thailand, Vietnam, south China, Japan. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam, 10-20 m, near shore. sinuatus Bog. - Valenciennius sinuatus Bog. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1955 Ebersin: Valenciennius sinuatus Bog. sinuosum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium sinuosum d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232. Sherborn, p. 5990: Cardiola sinuosa Muenster, 1840. ··1922-32. Sherborn, p. 5990: Cardium (Muenster) sinuosum d 'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardiola. Sinupontalmyra (subgenus). - RECORDS. ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Sinupontalmyra) Papaianopol, 1981 subgen. nov. Type species Cardium corbuloides Deshayes, 1838, Upper Miocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 41. ··1987 Taktakishvili pp. 58-85: (Sinupontalmyra) Taktakishvili, 1987 subgen. nov. of Crassadacna Ebersin. sinzovi Sinz. - Monodacna sinzovi Sinz. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1907 Andrussow: Monodacna sinzovi Sinz. siphonophorum Andrussow, 1902. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" siphonophorum (Andrussow, 1902). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1902: Cardium siphonophorum n. sp. tends towards Cerastoderma. ··1961 ZR: Cardium siphonophorum Andrusov, 1961 "sp. nov."[in a tabl.e] Miocene Caspian region, Russia. ··1972 ZR: Cardium siphonophorum [Ref. Archambault 1972]. sjoegreni. - Monodacna sjoegreni. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1916 ZR: Monodacna sjoegreni Ref. to Kalickij (1916). ··1963 ZR: Monodacna sjoegreni. Pliocene. ··1977 Popov: Monodacna sjoegreni. sjoegreni minor Andrussov, 1924 (variety). - Upgraded. Monodacna sjoegreni minor Andrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Monodacna sjoegreni minor Andrussov, 1924 var. n. Pleistocene. ··1963 ZR: Monodacna sjoegreni var. minor Andrusov, 1963 nov. Pliocene, Russia. sjoegreni pyrophila Andrussov, 1924 (variety). Upgraded. Monodacna sjoegreni pyrophila Andrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Monodacna sjoegreni pyrophila Andrussov, 1924 var. n. Pleistocene. ··1963 ZR: Monodacna sjoegreni var. pyrophila Andrusov, 1963 nov. Pliocene, Russia. skadovskense Eberzin, 1958. - New combination: Lymnocardium skadovskense (Eberzin, 1958). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) skadovskense Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Ukraine, Skadovsk north coast of Black Sea. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. skeeti Hedley, 1906. [Figs. Part 3 p. 918]. - Changed combination: Afrocardium skeeti (Hedley, 1906). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827). Cardiidae. Holocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Australia. TYPE REPOSITORY. Australian Museum Sydney. Syntypes C018858. RECORDS. ··1906 Hedley, p. 476, pI. 38, fig. 25: Cardium skeeti Hedley n. sp. ··1906 ZR: Cardium skeeti Hedley, 1906 sp. n. Mast Head Reef Q. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Ringicardium) skeeti Hedley. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Afrocardium skeeti. ··2002 Schneider: Afrocardium skeeti (Hedley, 1906). Holocene. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 176: C. skeeti Hedley, 1906. Syn of Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1827) according to J. Vidal. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: East Australia. slatteri Cox, 1946. - Tutcheria slatteri Cox, 1946. Cardiacea. Middle Lias. RECORDS. ··1946. ZR: Tutcheria slatteri Cox, 1946. sp. nov. Middle Lias, Aston Magna, Wores. slavonica (variety). - See under abichi var. slavonica Jenko, 1961. smekhovi Kafanov & Savizky, 1982. - Ciliatocardium smekhovi Kafanov & Savizky, 1982. Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1982 Kafanov & Savizky: Ciliatocardium smekhovi Kafanov & Savizky. ··1982 ZR: Ciliatocardium smekhovi sp. nov. Russian SFSR, Lower Miocene. Ref. to p. 58, fig'd Kafanov. snideri Morgan. - Conocardium snideri Morgan. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Conocardium snideri synonymy, description and photographs of the ecotypes of Morgan's species [Ref. Branson I 960b]. snjatkovi Fedotor, 1932. - Conocardium snjatkovi Fedotor, 1932. Conocardiidae. Carboniferous. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Conocardium snjatkovi Fedotor, 1932 sp. n. Carboniferous Donetz Basin. ··1933 ZR: Conocardium snjatkovi Fedotov, 1932 sp. n. Carboniferous. soceni lekelius, 1944. - Prophyllicardium soceni PhI/kef Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 771 soceni -solidum Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1946 ZR: Prophyllicardium soceni Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. type of Prophyllicardium Jekelius, 1944 gen. nov. Cardiidae, Pliocene Rumania (Lower Congerien) Soceni. Banat. soceni Jekelius, 1944. - Replidacna soceni Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. --1946 ZR: Replidacna soceni Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. sociale Krauss, 1852. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma sociale (Krauss, 1852). Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. --1977 Popov: Cerastoderma sociale. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium sociale Krauss, 1852; vol. 8: 154, pI. 3, fig. 7. socialis Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna socialis Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1989 Papaianopol, p. 69, fig. : Pachydacna (Pachydacna) socialis sp. nov. socrivenori Tamura, 1968 . - Cardium socrivenori Tamura, 1968. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1976 Ma et al. p. 255: Cardium socrivenori Tamura, 1968. sokkohense Martin, 1917. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " sokkohense Martin, 1917 . Cardiidae . Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. West-Progogeb. Java, Indonesia. TYPE REPOSITORY. ?Geologischen ReichsMuseum, Leiden, the Netherlands. REcORDs. "1917 ZR: Cardium sokkohense Martin, 1917 n. sp. Miocene Java. --1919 Martin: Cardium sokkohense Martin 1916-1917 [L. Miocene]. sokolovi Andrussow, 1930. - Changed combination: Macradacna sokolovi(Andrussow, 1930). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. I do not know how Andrussow, 1930 compares with Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930 (see below). REcORDs ... 1967 Ebersin: Macradacna sokolovi (Andrus.). --1967 ZR: Macradacna sokolovi (Andrus., 1930) pro Monodacna sokolovi (Andrus., 1930) [Ref. Eberzin 1967]. sokolovi Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. - Monodacna sokolovi Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1931 ZR: Monodacna sokolovi Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930 sp. n. URSS sola (variety). - See under subsquamulosum var. sola Eberzin, 1958. Solen (genus) Linne, 1758. Not in Cardiidae. REcORDs. "1857 Deshayes: Solen (spec.) Linne, in Schroeter, Spengler, Gmelin, Dillwyn: syn. of Cardium. soleniforme (mode). - See under solen iform is Bruguiere, 1789. soleniforme Bruguiere, 1789. [Figs. Part I p. 70, 88, 102. Part 3 p . 917]. - Changed combination: Papyridea soleniforme (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium bulla/urn Lam. - Papyridea spinosum (Meuschen, 1778) [not available]. » Regarding Cardium soleniforme: Cardiidae. Recent. Gray (1847) designated Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere, 1789 type species of the genus Papyridea Swainson, 1840. REcORDs. --1789 Bruguiere, p . 235 , No. 34: Cardium soleniforme Nob. Compared with Lister, tab. 342, fig. 179. --1836 Bosc: Cardium soleniforme. --1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 14: Cardium soleniforme Brug. = Cardium bulla tum Lam. --1844 Potiez & Michaud : Cardium soleniforme Brug. = Cardium bullatum Linn . Gmel. .. 1847 Gray: Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere, 1789. "1850 Jay: Cardium soleniforme Brug. = Cardium bullatum. --1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 36: Cardium soleniforme Brug. --1864 Krebs: Cardium soleniforme Brug. (syn.) = Cardium spinosum Meusch . --1869 Romer: Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere N . 34 = Cardium bullatum (L.) Chemnitz . "1885 Smith : Cardium soleniforme, Bruguiere = Cardium (Papyridea) bulla/urn ([Linn. ?] Chemnitz). --1902 Dall : Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere, 1789 = Cardium spinosum Meuschen, 1778. --1902 Sherborn , p. 911: Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere, 1789 . "1915 Tomlin & Shackleford: Papyridea soleniformis (Brug., 1789). "1921 Maury: soleniforme Bruguiere, 1789 = Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum Meuschen, 1778. --1939 McLean: Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere, 1789 = Papyridea spinosum (Meuschen, 1778). --1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere = Cardium hiatus Meuschen. --1963 Coomans: Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiere) = Papyridea hiatus (Meuschen). --1968 Jong & Kristensen: Papyridea soleniformis Bruguiere = P hiatus Meuschen. --1969 Moore et af.: Papyridea soleniforme (Bruguiere, 1789). --1969 Nordsieck : Papyridea soleniforme (Bruguiere, 1792). --1970 Rios : Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiere, 1789). --1971 Keen & McLean : Papyridea soleniforme (Bruguiere, 1789). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Papyridea soleniforme Bruguiere. --1977 Popov p. 49: Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere, 1789. Type of Papyridea Swainson, 1840. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere , 1789. --1997 Shelton: Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiere, 1789). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: soleniforme, 3 specimens from Tortula, Brug. Encycl. pI. 296 f. 6 a,b. --ZMUC: 2 specimens. sine loc. --ZMUC: 2 specimens labeled West Indies. --ZMUC: GulfofMexico, 64 m, rock. 1 old shell. Ornamentation differ somewhat from the west Indian specimens in the collection, but it is close to bullata from St Helena, Sea Cow cove, 15 fv, identi fied by Odhner. DESCRIPTIONS . --1819 Lamarck: Reddish spines . HABITAT. --ZMUC Rocky bottom at 64 m depth. --1969 Nordsieck : 0-37 m depth. DISTRIBUTIO N. --1969 Nordsieck: Brazil, Florida-West Indies, West Africa, Cape Verde Islands, Lusitanean Seas ... 1971 Keen & McLean : South East USA, Brazil , West Africa; Caribbean. soleniformis aspera Sowerby, 1833 (subspecies) . Papyridea soleniformis aspera (Sowerby, 1833) . Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1961 Olsson: Papyridea soleniformis aspera (Sowerby, 1833). solense Senes, 1955. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" solense Senes, 1955. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1955 ZR: Cardium (Limnocardium) solense Senes, 1955 sp. nov. Miocene, Czechoslovakia solida (variety). - See under groenlandicum var. solida Morch, 1868. solidum Linnaeus, 1758. [Figs. Part 1 p. 37]. - Not in Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1678 Lister. ID by Linnaeus 1758: Cardium solidum angl. t. 4. f. 24. "1684 Bonanno. ID by Linnaeus 1758: Cardium solidum recr. 3 sic. t. 51. .. 1758 Linnaeus (loth edition) No. 76: Cardium solidum. "1786 Solander, p . 17 no. 382 : 772 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) solimani - sorrentoense Cardium solidum. ··1788 Schroter: Cardium solidum [Reference to Chemnitz (1782) fig . 231]. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 911: Cardium solidum Linnaeus, 1758 [Mactra, ed. 12] . solimani Not in Cardiidae. "1966 ZR: lsocardia (lsocardia) solimani Abbass, 1966 sp. nov. Cretaceous, Egypt [Ref. Abbass 1966] REMARKS. Probably placed in Cardiacea of ZR by mistake. Should be in Family Isocardiidae. solitaria Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna solitaria Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALJTY. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1989 Papaianopol, p. 76, 88, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) solitaria sp. nov. solitarium Krauss, 1852. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" solitarium Krauss, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium solitarium Krauss, 1852; vol. 8: ISS, pI. 3, fig. 8. solitarius Papaianopol, 1992. - Pseudocatillus solitarius Papaianopol, 1992. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALJTY. Dacien inferieur (Getien). Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1992 Papaianopol, p. 25, fig .: Pseudocatillus solitarius sp. nov. solutum Uspenskaia, 1931. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" solutum Uspenskaia, 1931. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Cardium solutum Uspenskaia, 1931 n. sp . Miocene Daghestan and Transcaspian. Somalidacna Azzaroli, 1958 (genus) . - Cardiacea. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Somalidacna Azzaroli, 1958 gen. nov. Shows affinity to the Tridacnidi with pronounced convergence towards the Osteridai. Guban Series. Piano Dubar, Oligocene. somaliensis Cox, 1935. - Protocardia somaliensis Cox, 1935 . Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1935 ZR: Protocardia somaliensis Cox, 1935 sp. n. Jurassic British Somali land. sonense Cossmann, 1895. - Changed combination: Parvicardium sonense (Cossmann, 1895). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Parvicardium sonense (Cossmimn, 1895). ··1994 Marcomini: Cardium (Parvicardium) sonense Cossmann, 1895. sookense Clark & Arnold, 1923 . - Changed combination: Clinocardium sookense (Clark & Arnold, 1923). Cardiidae. Fossil. ··1923 ZR: Cardium sookensis Clark & Arnold, 1923 Tertiary Vancouver Isd. ··1977 Popov: Clinocardium sookense (Clark & Arnold, 1923). sookensis (mode). - See under sookense Clark & Arnold, 1923. . soosi Bartha, 1954. - New combination: Lymnocardium soosi Bartha, 1954. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1954 ZR: Limnocardium soosi Bartha, 1954 sp. nov. Pliocene. bcs. soproniense Vital is, 1936. - New combination: Lymnocardium soproniense Vital is, 1936. Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. RECORDS. ··1937 ZR: Limnocardium soproniense Vitalis, 1936 sp. n. Pontian Hungary. sorenseni Powell, 1958 . [Figs. Part 3 p . 865]. Trachycardium sorenseni Powell, 1958. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype: A right valve. Two other smaller valves in Auckland Museum from Galathea 1952, stn 674 off Raoul Is, 75-85m, paratypes were cited but not qualified by the author (Vidal 1999). TYPE LOCALITY. Denham Bay, Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, 0 m. TYPE REPOSITORY . Auckland Museum, New Zealand AK701236. RECORDS. "1958 Powell, p. 76, pI. II, figs 6--7: Trachycardium sorenseni. ··1958 ZR: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) sorenseni sp. nov. Kermadec Islands, S. Pacific. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium sorenseni Powell. ··1999 Vidal: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) sorenseni Powell, 1958. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value. Anterior surface area with thin interstices, high ribs which are square-sided rather than rounded and, on the ribs, wide, imbricated ridges which almost touch DESCRIPTIONS. ··1999 Vidal: Shell rounded in outline. Posterior slope area very slightly flattened. Lunule non-existent, ribs practically reaching margins. Colour of fresh shells whitish heavily blotched with orange-pink; interior with external colour pattern showing through; holotype, a faded beach shell, shows a sparsely speckled pattern on a pale ground. Hinge variably asymmetrical and rather moderately angled. Mean rib number 51 .2 ± 1.4 (range 48-54). On posterior slope, ribs with irregular, somewhat elongated oblique tubercles on posterior half of ribs. In central area ribs retro-ridged, almost square-sided, but with rounded tops, and a slight forward bending; interstices about II 3 of ribs width, and loosely striated. On anterior part of shell, ribs become higher, square-sided, flat-topped and top-ridged with wide touching ridges which are sometimes imbricated. Interstices become progressively narrower. DIMENSIONS. Length 27.5, width 29.4, breadth (calculated) 15.2 illill. REMARKS . ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma sorenseni is close to A. cygnorum. The former mainly differs in: (1) higher rib number (48-54 against 35-47 in cygnorum); (2) presence on PQ of a discontinuous axial furrow, formed by successive holes between the scales; (3) different rib morphology on AQ, i.e. thinner interstices, higher ribs which are square-sided rather than rounded and, on the ribs, wider, more imbricated ridges which almost touch (instead of the thin, free ridges of A. cygnorum). The two valves in New Zealand Oceanographic Institute cited by Powell (1958: 76) from E of Philip lsI., Norfolk lsI. "similar to the Kermadec species in sculpture but of oblique-ovate outline, and with a rib count 48-50" are very probably A. maculosum howense, abundant in Norfolk lsI. HABITAT. Recorded from 22 to 47 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand. soriensis Eames, 1951. - Discors soriensis Eames, 195 I . Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS . ··1951 ZR: Discors soriensis Eames, 1951 sp. nov. Eocene Pakistan. sorokini Androussov, 1923 . - Apscheronia sorokini Androussov, 1923. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1930 ZR: Apscheronia sorokini Androussov, 1923 sp. n. ··1963 ZR: Apscheronia sorokini Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. sic Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. sorrentoense Hanna, 1927. - Changed combination : Agnocardia sorrentoense (Hanna, 1927). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1927 ZR: Cardium sorrentoensis Hanna, 1927 sp. n. Eocene California. ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium sorrentoense Hanna, 1927 (n. sp.). ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Trachycardium (Agnocardia) sorrentoense (Hanna) . ··1984 ZR: Agnocardia 773 Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) sorrentoensis - speciosum sorrentoensis (Hanna, 1927). Taxonomic position. Ref. to Vokes p . 43. --2002 Schneider: Agnocardia sorrentoensis (Hanna, 1927). Cardiidae. sorrentoensis (mode). - See under sorrenloense Hanna, 1927. sotter;; Michelotti, 1839. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " solterii Michelotti, 1839. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6033: Cardium sotterii Michelotti, 1839. sougraignense Dechaseaux, 1938. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sougraignense Dechaseaux, 1938. Cardiidae. Santonian. RECORDS. --1948 ZR: Cardium sougraignense Dechaseaux, 1938 sp. nov. Santonian Corbiere. sowerbianum d ' Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " sowerbianum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6033: Cardium sowerbianum d'Orbigny, 1850. sowerbyorum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992. - New name reversed to original name: Vasticardium ornatum (Sowerby, 1877). « Regarding Trachycardium sowerbyorum: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Hong Kong. RECORDS. --1992 Voskuil & Onverwagt, p. 41 : Trachycardium sowerbyorum nom. nov.; for Cardium ornalum Sowerby, 1876 nec Orbigny 1850. --1997 Vidal: Acrosterigma sowerbyorum Voskuil and Onverwagt, 1992 (nomen novum for Cardium ornalum erroneously considered unavailable) = Vasticardium ornatum (Sowerby, 1877). --1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma sowerbyorum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992 = Vasticardium ornatum (Sowerby, 1877). soyeri Fischer-Piette, 1977. [Figs. Part 3 p. 880] . Synonym of Acrosterigma simplex (Spengler, 1799). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium unicolor Sowerby, 1834. » Regarding Laevicardium soyeri: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. ? Mediterranean area. TYPE REPOSITORY. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Musee des Colonies, holotype and 3 paratypes. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype and three paratypes, all paired specimens, labeled (incorrectly) "Corsica", in MNHN. RECORDS. "1977 Fischer-Piette, No. 22, p. 19, pI. 1, figs. 4-7: Laevicardium soyeri n. sp. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium oblongum L., Gmel. sp. 71 in Reeve [non Gmelin] 1845 = Laevicardium soyeri n. sp . --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium oblongum Chemnitz in Granger 1886 = Laevicardium sayeri n. sp. --1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Laevicardium soyeri FischerPiette, 1977, junior synonym of Cardium unicolor Sowerby, 1834. --1999 Vidal : Laevicardium soyeri Fischer-Piette, 1977: 19, pI. I, figs 4-7 = Acrosterigma simplex (Spengler, 1799). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value. Sculpture on the entire shell surface ; 42-57 ribs. DESCRIPTIONS. --1977 Fischer-Piette: shells slightly inequilateral, tightly fitting; sculpture of 49 ribs on right valve, 52 on the left valve, flat ribs with concentric costulation, very fine and serrated, but visible with naked eye, lunule and area not developed, ligament 9 mm long, white-yellow coloration, with remains of olive coloured periostracum, white inside, but around the cardinal plate is a confuse purple coloration divided by a white median stripe [I have translated from French]. DIMENSIONS. Umbo-ventral 48 mrn, anteriorpost. 36 mm, diameter 32 mm. REMARKS. --1980 Keen: Probably a Vasticardium with incorrect locality data. The species is close to Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791), which, however, only has 24-30 ribs. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean, Canary lsI. spadicea Meuschen. Non binominal. - Not available. Not in Cardiidae . Meuschen, in the Museum Geversianum, No . 1621, it is quoted for Cardium ciliare. RECORDS. --1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 340 fig. 177: Venus spadicea. spatiosum Hutton, 1873. - Changed combination: Plagiocardium spatiosum (Hutton, 1873). Cardiidae. Miocene and Pliocene. Type species: Hutton (1873) designated Cardium spatiosum type species of the subgenus (Maoricardium) Hutton, 1873 . Recognised at the generic level by authors. DISTRIBUTION . New Zealand. RECORDS. --1873 Hutton: Cardium spatiosum . --1897 Harris : Cardium spatiosum , Hutton. 1873 . [Miocene] . --1914 ZR: Cardium spatiosum [Ref. Suter 1914]. --1944 ZR: Cardiumspatiosum Hutton, Pliocene (Catal. Tert. Moll. 1873, 23) genotype of Maoricardium Marwick, I 944a. --1965 ZR: Maoricardium spatiosum revised, Tertiary, New Zealand [Ref. Boreham 1965]. "1969 Moore et al.: Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) spatiosum (Hutton, 1873). --1977 Popov: Cardium spatiosum Hutton, 1873. Type of Maoricardium Marwick, 1944. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Maoricardium spatiosum (Hutton, 1873). "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium spatiosum Hutton, 1873 (tertiary fossil) . speciosa (mode). - See under speciosum Adams & Reeve, 1850. *speciosum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium speciosum from 2 sources: Adams & Reeve, 1848. Meek & Hayden, 1856. speciosum Adams & Reeve, 1848. [Figs. Part 3 p. 904]. - Changed combination: Americardia speciosa (Adams & Reeve, 1848). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. China Sea. TYPE REPOSITORY. 3 syntypes, BMNH, London. RECORDS. "1848 Adams & Reeve, p. 77, pI. 22, fig. 9: Cardium speciosum. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Fragum) speciosa Adams and Reeve. --1884 Grasset: Hemicardium speciosum. Ad. --1890 Paetel: Hemicardium speciosum Ad. et Rv. --1900 Dall: Cardium speciosum Adams and Reeve, 1850 sic is not a synonym of the Cretaceous Cardium whitei Dal1. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6046: Cardium speciosum Adams & Reeve, 1850. --1977 FischerPiette: Corculum (Hemicardia) speciosum Adams & Reeve, 1850. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1848 Adams & Reeve: Card. testa subcordata, crassiuscu/a, tumida. postice peculiariter conr:avo-truncata, a/bo rufoque tesse/ata, radiatim costata, costis ad sex et viginti, convexis, squama togranu/atis, interstitiis transversim striatis. REMARKS. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium speciosum is allied in form to C. fornicatum Sowb. (Melvill & Standen 1906, p. 840) and C. medium. DISTRIBUTION. --1884 Grasset: China. speciosum Meek & Hayden, 1856. - Changed combination: Granocardium speciosum (Meek & Hayden, 1856). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. White (1880) designated Cardium speciosum Meek & Hayden, 1857 type species of subgenus Ethmocardium of genus Granocardium. Dall (1900) Cardium whitei Dall is type species for 774 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) speluncarium - spinosum the subgenus Ethmocardium. TYPE LOCALITY. Mouth of Judith River, Montana. TYPE REPOSITORY. Lectotype USNM 190, Hypotype YPM 24180 held at YPM (Speden 1970). RECORDS. ··1860 Meek & Hayden: Cardium speciosum Meek & Hayden, 1856 . •• I 876 Meek: Cardium (Criocardium) speciosum Meek & Hayden, 1856. ··1880 White: Cardium speciosum Meek & Hayden, 1857 ... 1900 Dall: Cardium whitei Dall. ··1954 Keen: Cardium speciosum Meek and Hayden (1857) = C. whitei Dall, 1900 ... 1969 Moore et al.: Granocardium (Ethmocardium) speciosum (Meek & Hayden, 1857). ··1970 Speden: Cardium speciosum Adams & Reeve = Cardium (Ethmocardium) whitei Dall, 1900 . •• I 980 Ruhoff: Cardium speciosum Meek & Hayden, 1856; vol. 8: 274. speluncarium Neum. - Combination to be changed: "Cardium" speluncarium Neum. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS . •• I 987 Taktakishvi Ii: Cardium speluncarium Neum. speluncense Almera y Bofill, 1894. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" speluncense Almera y Bofill, 1894. Cardiacea. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg, p. 318: Cardium speluncense Almera & Bofil. Syn of Cardium multicostatum. ··1983 Anaya: "Cardium" speluncense Almera y Bofill, 1894. Sphaerocardium Coen, 1933 (genus). - nomen null. = Acanthocardia Gray, 1851. Cardiidae. Recent. Type species: Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby, 1841 (non Deshayes, 1838, SD Keen, 1937). REcORDs. ··1937 ZR: Sphaerocardium (subgen. sp. Encardium sic) Coen, 1933. Type here designated Cardium pancicostatum sic Sowerby, 1841 Probably = Acanthocardia Gray, 1851 [Ref. Keen 1937]. ··1969 Moore et al.: Sphaerocardium = Acanthocardia Gray, 185 I. ··1980 Vokes: Sphaerocardium (genus) Coen, 1933 in subfamily Cardiinae. sphaeroidea Forbes, 1845. - Changed combination: Protocardia sphaeroidea (Forbes, 1845). Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. In Europe. REcORDs. ··1871 Stoliczka, 13: C. sphaeroideum (? Laevicardium). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 606 I: Cardium sphaeroideum Forbes, 1845 ... I 965 ZR: Cardium sphaeroideum Forbes, 1845, Aptian, W. Europe and Japan. Subgenotype of (Globocardium) [Ref. Hayami 1965]. ··1965 ZR: Protocardia (Globocardium) sphaeroideum Forbes, 1845. "1973 Keen: Protocardia (Globocardium) sphaeroidea (Forbes, 1845). Lower Cretaceous in Japan; type locality in Europe. sphaeroideum (mode). - See under sphaeroidea. spiekeri Hanna & Israelsky, 1925. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia spiekeri Hanna and Israelsky, 1925. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . •• I 925 Hanna & Israelsky: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) spiekeri (new name for affinis Nelson). ··1941 Pilsbry & Olsson: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) spiekeri Hanna & Israelsky, 1925 (new name for affinis Nelson) [Pliocene]. ··1958 Abbott: Trigoniocardia spiekeri Hanna and Israelsky. spillmani Conrad, 1858. - Changed combination: Protocardia spillmani (Conrad, 1858). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. GENOTYPE of Pachycardium Conrad. TYPE LOCALITY. Mississippi N. America. RECORDS. ··1869 Conrad: Pachycardium spillmani Conrad. ··1870 Conrad: Pachycardium spillmani Conrad (Mississippi). •• I 871 Stoliczka: Card. spillmani, Conr. •• I 876 Meek: Cardium (Laevicardium)spillmani Conrad is type of Pachycardium Conrad . •• I 887 Fischer: Pachycardium spillmani Conrad. ··1902 Dall: Cardium spillmani Conrad; Cretaceous, type of section Pachycardium Conrad, 1870. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Laevicardium) spillmani Conrad, 1858; vol. 3: 326, pI. 34, fig. 3. ··1980 Ruhoff: Pachycardium spillmani Conrad, 1869: vo 1. 5: 96. ··1998 Rindsberg: Protocardia (Pachycardium) spillmani (Conrad, 1858). spinalalum Rowley. - Conocardium spinalatum Rowley. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . •• I 960 ZR: Conocardium spinalatum Rowley description and figures of the holotype, metatype and paratype. [Ref. Branson I 960a]. spinicosta Mayer, 1857. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" spinicosta Mayer, 1857. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium spinicosta Mayer, 1857; [1856-1857] vol. 5; 361. spinosa (mode and variety). - See under spinosum Lightfoot in Solander, 1786. - procarpatina var. spinosa Jekelius, 1944. - tuberculatum var. spinosa. spinosifrons Vokes, 1984. - Agnocardia spinosifrons Vokes, 1984. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype 377405: United States National Museum. Washington, DC, USA (Schneider 2002). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1984 ZR: Agnocardia spinosifrons sp. nov. Florida, Middle Pliocene. Ref. to Vokes p. 43 ... 2002 Schneider: Agnocardia spinosifrons Vokes, 1984. *spinosum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium spinosum from 3 sources: Lightfoot in Solander, 1786. - Nardo in Chiereghini, 1847. - Sowerby, 1804. spinosum Nardo in Chiereghini, 1847. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" spinosum Nardo in Chiereghini, 1847. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6083: Cardium spinosum Nardo (ex Chiereghini), 1847. spinosum Lightfoot in Solander, 1786. [Figs. Part 1 p. 58 No.3, p. 68, 89]. - Changed combination: Acanthocardia spinosa (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Acanthocardia aculeata (Linne, 1758). - Acanthocardia erinacea (Lamarck, 18 I 9). » Regarding Cardium spinosum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1786 Solander, p. 16 no. 344. Cardium spinosum S. ··1786 Lightfoot in Solander: Cardium spinosum . •• I 8 I 7 Dillwyn: Cardium spinosum Solander's MSS . •• I 922-32 Sherborn, p. 6083: Cardium spinosum Solander, 1786. ··1945 Smith: Acanthocardia spinosa Solander = Cardium spinosa Solander 1786 . •• I 967 Rehder: Portland Catalogue No. 2297. Cardium spinosum S. Figured in Favanne 52. A2. ··1967 Rehder: Cardium spinosum (Lightfoot, 1786), p. 105 = Acanthocardia echinatum (Linne, 1758) ... 1967 Rehder: Cardium spinosum Dillwyn, 1817, p. 115 = Acanthocardia echinatum (Linne, 1758) . •• I 969 Nordsieck: Acanthocardia spinosa (Sol ander, 1786). •• I 969 Nordsieck: Cardium spinosum (Solander, 1786) = Acanthocardia erinaceum (Lamarck, 1819). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Cerastoderma, A canthocardia) spinosum So lander. ··1979 ZR: Acanthocardia spinosa (Lightfoot 1786). Ref. to Mienis, p. 912. ··1998 Macedo et at.: Acanthocardia spinosa (Solander, 1786). ··200 I Vidal, p. 407: Acanthocardia spinosum. - CHARACTERS AND Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 775 spinosum - spiridionis OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "2001 Vidal: With a few additional larger tentacles outside siphons. No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. "1969 Nordsieck: the species erinaceum Lamarck, 1819 is a junior synonym of spinosum Solander, 1786. HABITAT. "1969 Nordsieck: Zone of laminarians. DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck: C. spinosum: Mediterranean, Lusitanean area. C. aculeata: Portugal, West Europe, Mediterranean, West Africa. spinosum Meuschen, 1778. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Coeur spinosum: replaced by Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiere, 1789). Cardiidae. Pleistocene and Recent. Swainson (1840) designated spinosum (citing Meuschen, 1778) type species of the genus Papyridea. TYPE LOCALITY. Jamaica. RECORDS. "1778 Meuschen, p. 442: Coeur spinosum. "1840 Swainson: spinosum (citing Meuschen). "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Papyridea) spinosa citing Meusch. "1890 Paetel: Papyridea spinosa Meusch. "1902 Dall: Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum citing Meuschen, 1778 [Pleistocene]. "1902 Dall: Cardium spinosum citing Meuschen, type of subgenus Papyridea Swainson. "1902 Dall & Simpson: Cardium spinosum citing Meuschen. "1902 Sherborn, p. 920: Cardium spinosum Meuschen, 1778. "1921 Maury: Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum citing Meuschen, 1778 [Pleistocene to present]. "1934 Johnson: Papyridea spinosum citing Meuschen 1778. (c. bullata of authors). "1936 McLean: Papyridea spinosum citing Meusch. '·1939 McLean: Papyridea spinosum (citing Meuschen, 1778). "1939 ZR: Papyridea spinosum Meuschen [non binorn.] [Ref. McLean 1939]. "1951 McLean: Cardium spinosum citing Meuschen = Papyridea hiatus (citing Meuschen). "1961 Olsson: P hiatus citing Meuschen. '·1974 Abbott: Cardium spinosum citing Meuschen, 1778 = Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiere, 1789). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium spinosum citing Meuschen = Laevicardium soleniforme Bruguiere . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: 5 shells from Florida Keys coli. Wolff 1873. "ZMUC No. 676 : corresponds with bullata Chemnitz, Lam No. 10, 50 leviforme Bruguiere. Yo1di coil. 40 I, the Antilles, ZMUC I specimen from Tortola, Antilles. "ZMUC: 8 shells from the Antilles, label indicates bullatum = soleniforme = spinosum; "ZMUC wet collection : Antilles; Nah Trang, Vietnam, very strong spines, looks different. DESCRIPTIONS. "1939 McLean: Ribs 46-47. DIMENSIONS . .. 1939 McLean: 41 x 31 x 20 mm. DISTRIBUTION. North Carolina to Brazil. spinosum Sowerby, 1804. - Misidentification: Acanthocardia aculeata (Linnaeus, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Cardium echinatum Linnaeus . » Regarding Cardium spinosum of Sower by: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . "1804 Sowerby, p. 65, pI. 32: Cardium spinosum. "1807 Maton & Rackett, No.4: Cardium spinosum Sowerby. Coast of Devonshire. "1856 Wood & Hanley: C. spinosum Sow. Brit. Misc. PI. 32 = Cardium echinatum Lin. "1896 Elera: Cardium spinosum Sowerby. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6083: Cardium spinosum Sowerby, 1805. "1997 Kafanov: Cardium spinosum in J. Sowerby, 1804 p. 65, pI. 32not syn. of Papyridea (Papyridea) aspersa Sowerby in Broderip et Sowerby, 1833. spinosum of authors. - Misidentification: Papyridea aspersa Sowerby. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1997 Kafanov: Cardium spinoswn auctt. - in part syn. of Papyridea (Papyridea) aspersa Sowerby in Broderip et Sowerby, 1833. spinosum Chemnitz (1782). Non binominal. - Not available. Misidentification. Cardium echinatum Linne. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium spinosum Chemnitz = Cardium eehinatum Linne. spinosum of Dillwyn 1817. - Misidentification: Cardium aeulealum Wood. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1856 Wood & Hanley: Cardium spinosum Dillw. 115 = Cardium aculeatum Wood (not of authors). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6083: Cardium spinosum Dillwyn (ex So lander MS), 1817. "1997 Kafanov: Cardium spinosum in Dillwyn, 1817 p. 115, pI. 32 - not syn. of Papyridea (Papyridea) aspersa Sowerby in Broderip et Sowerby, 1833. spinosum of Link (1806). - Misidentification: Acanthocardia aculeata (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1806 Link: Cardium spinosum = Cardium aculeatum [Chemnitz. figs . 155, 156]. "1807 Link: Cardium spinosum Sowerby, 1805 = Acanthocardia aculeatum (Linne, 1758) [fide Rehder 1967]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6083 : Cardium spinosum Link, 1807. "1979 Richardson et al.: Cardium spinosum in Link (1807) pt. 3, p. 151 = Acanthocardia aculeata (Linne, 1758). spinosum of Maton & Rackett (1807). Misidentification: Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Acanthocardia aculeata (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Cardium spinosum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1807 Maton & Rackett: Cardium spinosum Sowerby. "1890 Paetel: Cardium spinosum Mat. = echinatum L. "1903 Hidalgo, p. 343: Cardium spinosum Maton = C. echinatum Linne. "1905 Hidalgo: Cardium spinosum Maton. "1928 Faustino: Cardium spinosum Maton. "1977 FischerPiette: Cardium spinosum Maton = Cardium aculeatum Linne. spinosum of Sowerby (1859) . - Misidentification of Acanthocardia echinata (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1859 Sowerby: C. spinosum = Cardium echinatum Linn. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium spinosum in Sowerby 1859 = C. echinatum Linne. spinosum aspersum Sowerby, 1833 (variety). Upgraded. Changed combination: Papyridea soleniformis aspera (Sowerby, 1833). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1901 Dall: Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum Meuschen, 1797 var. aspersum Sowerby, 1833 . .. 1902 Dall: Cardium spinosum var. asperum Sowerby. "1909 Lamy: Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum Meuschen var. asperum Sowerby, Dall . "1961 Olsson : Cardium spinosum var. aspersum Sowerby, Dall, 1900 = Papyridea soleniformis aspera (Sowerby, 1833). spinosum turtoni (variety) Dall. - Synonym of Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Cardium spinosum var. turtoni: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1902 Dall: Cardium spinosum var. turtoni Dall = Cardium spinosum Meuschen, 1778. spiridionis Pavlovic, 1929. - New combination : 776 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) spolongense - squamosum Lymnocardium spiridionis Pavlovic, 1928. Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. RECORDS. --1928 ZR : Limnocardium spiridionis [Ref. Pavlov itch 1928]. --1929 ZR: Limnocardium spiridionis Pavlovic, 1929 sp. n. Pontian Serbia . spolongense Martin, 1916. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" spolongense (Martin, 1916). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Lower Miocene of West-Progogeb. Java, Indonesia. TYPE REPOSITORY . ?Geologischen Reichs-Museum, Leiden , the Netherlands. RECORDS. --1917 ZR: Cardium sp%ngense Martin, 1917 n. sp. Miocene Java. --1919 Martin: Cardium spolongense Martin, J 916. "1999 Vidal: cites Martin 1916, 266, pI. 4, figs 107-109: Cardium (Trachycardium) sp%ngense. spondyloides Hauer, 1847. - Changed combination : Discors spondy loides (Hauer, 1847). Cardiidae . Miocene. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6106 : Cardium spondyloides Hauer, 1847. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Discors spondyloides. Helvetien. France (Touraine), B27156. spondyloides. - Identical with Discors semisulcatus (Sacco, 1899, p. 54). RECORDS. --1970 Glibert & Poel : Cardium spondyloides, not Hauer in Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1902-1920 = Discors semisulcatus (Sacco, 1899, p. 54). spondyloides (cf.) - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" cf. spondy/oides. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1938 ZR : Cardium cf. spondyloides Miocene, Lybia figs. [Ref. Alberichi & Mauroner 1938]. spondylopsis Almera et Bofill, J 894 . - Didacna spondylopsis (Almera et Bofill, J 894). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Anaya: Cardium spondylopsis Almera et Bofill, 1894. --1987 Anaya: Didacna (s. s.) spondylopsis (Almera et Bofill, 1894). spratti Fuchs in Capellini J879. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1970 ZR: Cardium spratti Fuchs in Capellini 1879, see Pontalmyra equilateralis. spurium d 'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" spurium d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6110: Cardiola spurius Muenster, 1840. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6110: Cardium (Muenster) spurium d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiola. squalidum (mode). - See under squalidus Yokoyama, 1924. squalidus Yokoyama, 1924. - Changed combination: Serripes squalidus (Yokoyama, 1924). Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene. RECORDS . --1924 Yokoyama : Cardium squalidus (fide Keen 1973). --1924 ZR : Cardium (Laevicardium) squalidum Yokoyama, 1924 sp. n. Tertiary Japan. --1973 Keen: Serripes squalidus (Yokoyama, 1924). squamata (subspecies). - See under quadripartitum squamata Andrus. squamosa Lamarck. [Figs. Part I p. 148]. - Tridacna squamosa Lamarck. Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1845 Chenu, pis. 3, 6: Tridacna squamosa Lamarck. "1868 ZR: Tridacna squamosa [Ref. Kiister 1868]. --1869 ZR: Tridacna squamosa. Specimens from Japan, [Ref. Lischke 1869]. --1880 ZR: Tridacna squamosa (Lam.) common on the reefs of North-east Australia, attached to or imbedded in the coral rock, variable in the color of the mantle [Ref. Woods 1880]. --1932 ZR: Tridacna squamosa [Ref. Lamy 1932]. "1935 ZR: Tridacna squamosa fig. [Ref. Nomura & Zinbo 1935]. "1947 ZR: Tridacna squamosa Lk. [Ref. McLean 1947]. --1950 ZR: Tridacna squamosa morphological and histological characteristics [Ref. Mansour 1950]. --1956 ZR: Tridacna squamosa spawning habits [Ref. Wada 1956]. --1965 ZR: Tridacna squamosa aging and duration of life [Ref. Haranghy et al. 1965]. "1965 ZR: Tridacna squamosa described and figd. range, habitat and synonymy discussed [Ref. Rosewater 1965]. "1937 ZR : Tridacna squamosa auct. of Flodacna "group" [Ref. Ireda1e 1937]. "1974 ZR: Tridacna squamosa. Shell. Calcification. Trochosphere. Metamorphosis. Ref. to LaBarbera. "1975 ZR : Tridacna squamosa Gametes, spawning, development, lava. Postlarva. Ref. to La Bareera. --1981 ZR: Tridacna squamosa. Ref. to Beckvar. Caroline Islands. / Fitt et al. Pacific Ocean islands. --1976 ZR: Tridacna squamosa. Crustacean parasites. Anthessius alalus. Molucca Strait. Ref. to Humes. --1979 ZR: Tridacna squamosa Ref. to Khristoforova et af. / Uhlenbruck et al. --1983 ZR: Tridacna squamosa. Ref. to Khristoforova et aI. , Mangum et al. --1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 378: Tridacna (Chametra chea) squamosa Lamarck, 1819. --2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819. --2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 64: Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819. --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn , p. 186: Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. --1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. --2000 Lutaenko: Vietnam. --2002 Hylleberg & Kilbum: South India. --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. squamosum Gmelin, 1791 . [Figs. Part 1 p. 48 . Part 3 p. 922 (comparison)]. - Uncertain status. » Regarding Cardium squamosum: ? = Trachycardium isocardia (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. --1845 Reeve: unknown. RECORDS. --1742 Gualtieri. ID by Gme1in 1791: Cardium squamosum t. 71. f. N . "1791 Gmelin, 3256, No. 44: Cardium squamosum . .. 1815 Wood : Cardium squamosum Gmelin p. 3256 is a young C isocardia. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium squamosum Gmelin = Cardium isocardia Linnaeus. --1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium squamosum Gmel. = Cardium isocardia Linn. "1902 Sherborn, p. 925 : Cardium squamosum Gmelin, 1790 sic. --1930 Stewart: Cardium squamosum Gmelin. --1944 Clench & Smith: Cardium squamosum. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium squamosum Gme1in = species insufficiently known. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. "1742 Gualtieri, pI. 71, fig. N shows 2 species, both labeled N. The one to the left is Cfragum Linne (1758, No. 67). The one to the right could be either Cardium isocardia Linne (1758, No. 66) or Cardium consors Sowerby. Clench & Smith (1944) states that ifit should be decided that figure N is that of C consors Sowerby, the name squamosum would take priority and would replace consors. squamosum Sandberger, 1842. - Conocardium squamosum Sandberger, 1842. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn: Conocardium squamosum Sandberger, 1842. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 777 squamulosa - stenoplura squamulosa Stevanovic, 1951. - Didacna squamulosa Stevanovic, 1951. Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. RECORDS. --1953 ZR: Didacna squamulosa Stevanovic, 1951 sp. nov. Pontian Serbia. squamulosum Deshayes, 1838. - New combination: Lymnocardium squamulosum (Deshayes, 1838). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1886 Fischer: Cardium squamulosum Deshayes. --1907 Andrussow: Limnocardium squamulosum Desh. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6122: Cardium squamulosum Deshayes, 1838. stampinense Stanislas-Meunier, 1880 . - Fragum stampinense (Stanislas-Meunier, 1880). Cardiidae . Oligocene. RECORDS. --1986 Gitton et al.: Fragum stampinense Meun. Oligocene. --1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 59: Fragum stampinense (Stanislas-Meunier, \880). "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers . com.) MNHN , Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium stampiense S. Meunier. Stampien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52836. stanae Brusina, 1893. - New combination : Lymnocardium stanae Brusina, 1893. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1979 ZR : Limnocardium stanae Brusina, 1893. Neotype. Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 337. stantoni Wade, 1926. - Changed combination : Protocardia stantoni (Wade, 1926). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1926 ZR: Cardium stantoni Wade, 1926 sp. n. Cretaceous U.S.A. --1998 Rindsberg: Proto cardia (Pachycardium) stan toni (Wade, 1926). starobogatovi Kafanov & Savizky, 1982 . Keenocardium starobogatovi Kafanov & Savizky, 1982. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. --1982 . Kafanov et Savizky: Keenocardium starobogatovi Kafanov & Savizky. --1982 ZR: Keenocardium starobogatovi Kafanov, 1982 sp. nov. Russian SPSR. Ref. to Kafanov et al. p. 40. statonis. - Paradacna slatonis. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. "1977. Popov: Paradacna statonis. stefafanescoi (error). - Printer's mistake for stefanescoi in Fischer 1886 p. 218. stefanescoi Tournouer. - Changed combination: Prosodacna stefanescoi (Tournouer, 1879). Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Josseni, Roumania. RECORDS. --1879. Toumouer. vol. 28, p. 263: Cardium stefanescoi. "1886. Fischer: Prosodacna stefanescoi Toumouer, 1879. "1999. Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN , Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Prosodacna stefanescoi Tournouer. Meotien. Rumania, B35686, B3581 \. steindachneri Brusina. - Caladacna steindachneri (Brusina). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1953. Celidje: Caladacna steindachneri Brus. --1977. Popov: Caladacna steindachneri (Brus.). steindachneri (cf.) Brusina. - RECORDS. --1953. Celidje: Caladacna cf. steindachneri Brus. steindachneri euxinica Eberzin, 1956. - Caladacna steindachneri euxinica Eberzin, 1956. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . --1956. ZR: Caladacna steindachneri euxinica Eberzin, 1956 subsp. nov. Pliocene, Kerchenski, Crimea Peninsula, Russia. stellatum Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part 1 p. 143. Part 3 p. 916]. - Parvicardium stella tum (Reeve, 1845). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1791. Eucardium exiguum var. subangulata Scacchi. - Cerastoderma exiguum subangulatum Scacchi. Parvicardium siculum (Sowerby, 1839). - Cardium pygmaeum Donovan, 1799. « Regarding Cardium stellatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. "1845 Reeve: unknown. TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH: Cardium stellatum Reeve 1 of3 syntypes (Reeve's Figure) reg. no. 1975620. Neg. No. 0233. RECORDS. "1845. Reeve: Cardium stellatum. "1867. Weinkauff: Cardium stellatum = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. --1868. ZR: Cardium stellatum (Reeve) = Cardium exiguum (Gmel.) [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1888. Kobelt: Cardium stellatum Reeve = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. "1890. Paetel: Hemicardium stella tum Rv. "1892. Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium stella tum Reeve = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. --1962. Grossu : Cardium stellatum Reeve 1844 = Cardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gmelin, 1790 ... 1922-32. Sherborn, p. 6133: Cardium stella tum Reeve, 1845. --1933 . Coen: Cardium stellatum Reeve = Eucardium (Parvicardium) exiguum var. subangulata Scacchi. "1937. Coen : stella tum Reeve = Cerastoderma (Parvicardium) exiguum subangulatum Scacchi . --1965 . Mars : Cardium stella tum Reeve = Cardium exiguum Gmelin "1969. Nordsieck: Cardium stellatum Reeve, 1845 = Parvicardium exiguum exiguum (Gmelin , 1791) identical with C. pygmaeum Donovan, 1799 and C. siculum Sowerby, 1839. ,,1977. Fischer-Piette : Cardium stellatum Reeve. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1845 Reeve: shell obliquely quadrate, gibbous, very inequilateral, anterior side very short, posterior angulated; radiately flatly ribbed, 23-24 ribs, finely crenulated on each side, anterior ribs noduliferous; rusty brown, starred with a few white spots. REMARKS. --1845 Reeve: a square gibbous shell of which the anterior side is remarkably short and contracted. HABITAT. --1845 Reeve: unknown. Stenodacna Andrussow 1923 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1962 . ZR: Stenodacna Andrussov in subfam. Didacninae Eberzin, 1962, family Cardiidae [Ref. Eberzin 1962]. "1963 . ZR: Stenodacna Andrusov, historical survey of genus and related species [Ref. Akhvlediani 1963] . "1977. Popov: Stenodacna Andrussow, 1923 . "1980. Vokes: Stenodacna Andrussow, 1923 in subfamily Didacninae. "1987. Taktakishvili, p. 87: Stenodacna Andrussow 1923; referred to new tribe Pontalmyrini . stenopleura Brusina & Brusina, 1902 . - New name Prosodacna osijeki Basch, 1990. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1961. ZR : Prosodacna stenopleura Dacian [Ref. Macarovici 1961]. "1987. Lutskanov & Tcholakov: Prosodacna (Prosodacnomya) stenopleura. "1987. Lutskanov & Tcholakov: Prosodacna (Prosodacnomya) stenoplura sic. --1990. Basch, p. 65 : Limnocardium stenopleura Brusina & Brusina, 1902; preoccupied name replaced by Prosodacna (Prosodacnomya) osijeki. stenopleura stllriensis (variety) Macarovici, 196\. Upgraded. Prosodacna stenopleura Brusina & Brusina, 1902. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1961. ZR: Prosodacna stenopleura var. sturiensis Macarovici, 1961 nov. Dacian, Fersampenuazul Mare (Nou) Cetatea-Alba. stenoplura (error). - Printer's mistake for stenopleura in Lutskanov & Tcholakov 1987. 778 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) stevanovici - striatulum stevanovici Basch, 1990. - New combination: Lymnocardium stevanovici Basch, 1990. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Tal des Flusses Krapina (Gebiet von Hrvatsko Zagorje) Nordwestkroatien, Yugoslavia. RECORDS. 001990. Basch, p. 7, fig.: Limnocardium (Zagrabicardium) stevanovici sp. nov. stigmaticum (subspecies). - See under hungerfordi stigmaticum Pilsbry, 1904. sti/pnaulax Cossmann, 1886. - Changed combination: Bucardium stilpnaulax (Cossmann, 1886). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. 001886. Cossmann, p. 166, pI. VIII, fig. 5-6: Cardium stilpnaulax nov. sp. 001977. Popov: Bucardium (Europicardium) stilpnaulax (Cossmann, 1886). 001995. Le Renard et at.: Cardium (Orthocardium) stilpnaulax Cossmann, 1886. 00 1995. Pacaud & Renard: Cardium (Orthocardium) stilpnaulax. stiriacum Rolle, 1860. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" stiriacum Rolle, 1860. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980. Ruhoff: Cardium stiriacum Rolle, 1860; vol. 42: 275, fig. 6. stiriatum Brown & Pilsbry, 1911. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" stiriatum Brown & Pilsbry, 1911. Cardiidae. Oligocene. REcORDs. 001911. ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) stiriatum Brown & Pilsbry, 1911 sp. n. Panama Oligocene. stojadinovici Pavlovic, 1928. - New combination: Lymnocardium stojadinovici Pavlovic, 1928 Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. RECORDS. 001928. ZR: Limnocardium stojadinovici [Ref. Pavlovitch 1928]. 001929. ZR: Limnocardium stojadinovici Pavlovic, 1929 sp. n. Pontian Serbia. stonei Cragin, 1893. - Synonym of Protocardiajilosa (Conrad, 1857). » Regarding Protocardia stonei: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001986. Scott: Protocardia stonei Cragin, 1893 = Protocardia jilosa (Conrad, 1857). 001987 ZR: Protocardia stonei Cragin, 1893. Junior synonym of P.jilosa (Conrad 1857). Ref. to Scott p. 1203. stoosi Brusina. - New combination: Lymnocardium stoosi (Brus.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium stoosi Brus. straeleni Glibert 1945. - Synonym of Parvicardium papillosum (Poli). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium nodosum Mourlon 1880-1881. » Regarding C. straeleni: Cardiidae. Miocene. REcORDs. 001945 Glibert: Cardium (Parvicardium) straeleni. 001947. ZR: Cardium (Parvicardium) straelini Gilbert, 1945 sp. nov. = Cardium nodosum Mourlon 1880-1881 non Montagu, 1803, Miocene Anversian, Eocene, Belgium. 001958. Sorgenfrei: Cardium straeleni Glibert. 001968. Rasmussen: Cardium straeleni Glibert 1945 = Parvicardium papillosum (Poli). strangi Laws, 1930. - Changed combination: Maoricardium strangi (Laws, 1930). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001931. ZR: Cardium strangi Laws, 1931 sp. n. Tertiary N.Z. 001977. Popov: Maoricardium strangi (Laws, 1930). strangulatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Conocardium strangulatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32. Sherborn, p. 6163: Cardium strangulatum Koninck, 1841. 001922-32. Sherborn: Conocardium (Koninck) strangulatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium. stratonis Andrussow, 1907. - Abichia stratonis Andrussow, 1907. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. 001907. Andrussow: Abichia stratonis nov. sp. (no description). stratonis Vassoievitch, 1929. - Paradacna stratonis Vassoievitch, 1929. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. 001929. ZR: Paradacna stratonis Vassoievitch, 1929 sp. n. Pliocene or Post Tertiary N. Caucasus. strauchi Glibert & Van De Poel, 1970. - Parvicardium strauchi Glibert & Van De Poel, 1970. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. 001970. ZR: Parvicardium strauchi Glibert & Van De Poel, 1970 sp. nov. Auversian, Eocene, Mary, Seine-et-Marne, France. 001995. Pacaud & Renard: Parvicardium strauchi. striata Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. » Regarding Cardium striata: identical with Cardium costatum Linne, 1758. Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. The figures by Martyn 1784 are excellent. However, the locality China is wrong. The distribution of C. costatum is limited to West Africa. RECORDS. 001784. Martyn, p. 50, pI. 48, fig. 3, pI. 49. fig. 4: Cardium striata. striatissimum Kutassy, 1934. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" striatissimum Kutassy, 1934. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001935. ZR: Cardium striatissimum Kutassy, 1934 sp. n. Miocene Celebes. striatopunctatum Munster, 1835. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" striatopunctatum Muenster, 1835. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32. Sherborn, p. 6170: Cardium striatopunctatum Muenster, 1835. striatula Sowerby 1829. - Protocardia striatula (Sowerby 1829). Cardiidae. Upper Jurassic. RECORDS. 001982. Fursich, p. 78: Protocardia (Protocardia) striatula (Sowerby 1829); senior synonym of Protocardia concinna (von Buch 1844). *striatulum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium striatulum from 5 sources: Brocchi, 1814. - Chiaje, 1830. - Sowerby, 1827. - Sowerby, 1834. - Phillips (?year). striatulum Beyrich, 1845. - Protocardia striatulum Beyrich, 1845. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32. Sherborn, p. 6174: Protocardia (Sow.) striatulum Beyrich, 1845. - Cardium striatulum. striatulum Brocchi, 1814. [Figs. Part I p. 94]. -Changed combination: Nemocardium striatulum (Brocchi, 1814). Cardiidae. Mio-Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Italy, Mio-Pliocene deposit. RECORDS. 001814 Brocchi: Cardium striatulum. 001832 Bronn: Cardium striatulum Brch. 507 (fide Keen 1950). 001857 Deshayes: Cardium striatulum Brocchi, 1813 sic. 001899 Sacco, p. 56, PI. 12, figs. 18-23: Nemocardium striatulum (Brocchi, 1814).001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6172: Cardium striatulum Brocchi, 1814. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Nemocardium striatulum Brocchi. Oligocene. Germany, B31365, B36100. striatulum Chiaje, 1830. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" striatulum d. Chiaje, 1830. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6172: Cardium striatulum d. Chiaje, 1830. striatulum Phillips. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" striatulum Phillips. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001947 ZR: Cardium striatulum Phillips [Ref. Melmore 1947]. Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 779 striatulum - striatum striatulum Sowerby, 1827. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" striatulum Sowerby, 1827. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32. Sherborn, p. 6172: Cardium striatulum J. De C. Sowerby, 1827. (Min. Conch. VI, 101). striatulum Sowerby, 1834. [Figs. Part I p. 109, 114, 135]. - Synonym of Nemocardium pulchellllm (Reeve, 1844). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium substriatulum Orbigny. » Regarding Cardium striatulum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Australia, New ｚ･｡ｬｾｮ､＠ (Sowerby 1840). RECORDS. "1834 Sowerby, 49 t part, ｾＧﾧ＠ 16: Cardium striatulum nobis. "1840 Sowerby, l77t part, fig. 45: Cardium striatulum jun. "1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. London p.105: Cardium striatulum. "1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. I, No.9: Cardium striatulum Sow. "1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium striatulum (Sowerby, No.9). "1841 Reeve: Cardium striatulum Sowerby. "1843 Hanley: Cardium striatulum Sowerby. "1844 Reeve, sp. 60: Cardium striatulum Sowerby, 1840 (juvenile) = Cardium pulchellum Reeve, 1844. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium striatulum Sow. - C. substriatulum d'Orb. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium striatulum Sow. "1873 Martens: Cardium striatulum Sowerby. "1873 Hutton: Cardium striatulum Sowerby. "1880 Hutton: Cardium striatulum Sowerby. "1884 Grasset: Cardium striatulum Sow. "1884 Hutton: Cardium striatulum Sowerby. "1885 Smith: Cardium striatulum Sowerby. 1840. = Cardium (Eucardium) pulchellum Gray. "1890 Paetel: Cardium striatulum Sow. "1901 Suter: Cardium striatulum Sow., 1840 (not ofBrocchi) = Cardium pulchellum Gray. "1902 Hedley: C. striatulum Sowerby 1841, fig. 45 = C. pulchellum Gray. "1904 Hutton: Cardium striatulum Sowerby (non Brocchi) = Cardium pulchellum Gray (non Reeve). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6172: Cardium striatuillm G. B. Sowerby, 1841. "1933 David: Protocardia (Nemocardium) striatula Sow. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Pratulum striatulum Sowerby. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Nemocardium striatulum (Sowerby, 1841) non Brocchi = pulchellum Gray, 1843. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Protocardium striatulum Sowerby. Mesozoic. Madagascar, BIO064, BI0065.CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1840 Sowerby: found that the pink-striped bands, which gave so much brilliancy to the young shells, was scarcely to be traced in the older specimens. "1844 Reeve: shell transversely ovate, rather thin, posterior side a little gaping, radiately closely striated, striae conspicuous, elevated, peculiarly cancellated with very fine waved wrinkles, posterior striae covered towards the margins with minute short spines; pale rusty white, two orange-red rays diverging from within the umbones of each valve. REMARKS. "1844 Reeve : a thin delicate shell, slightly produced at the posterior side, and having its entire surface cancellated with fine irregularly waved wrinkles. "1844 Reeve: stated that striatulum (Reeve 1844) differed significantly from plllchellum (Reeve 1844). However, this difference has been questioned by authors. "1977 Fischer-Piette: claimed that Cardium striatulum Sowerby, 1834 = Cardium pulchellum Gray, 1843 = Cardium thetidis Hedley, 1902. DIMENSIONS. "1840 Sowerby: long. I. poll. (length 25 mm),lat. 0.6 poll. (width 15 mm), all. 0.9 poll (height 23 mm). DISTRIBUTION. "1844 Reeve: New Zealand. "1884 Grasset: N. Zealand. striatulum thetidis Hedley 1902 (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p. 900]. - Upgraded. New combination: Nemocardium striatulum thetidis (Hedley, 1902). » Regarding Cardium striatulum Sow., var. thetidis: Cardiidae. Recent. TyPE LOCALITY . Australia , New Zealand (Sowerby 1840). RECORDS. "1902 Hedley: Cardium striatllium Sow., var. thetidis nov. Hedley 1902. "1902 ZR: Cardium striatulum n. var. described by Hedley 1902. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium striatulum thetidis Hedley, 1902. *striatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium striatum from 9 sources: Wulff, 1790. - Wuleus, 1793. - Spengler, 1799. - Schlotheim, 1813 . - Defrance, 1817. - Hoeninghaus, 1830. - Sowerby in Murchison, 1839. - Buvignier, J 843 . - Buckman in Murchison, 1844. striatum Buckman in Murchison, J844. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " striatum Buckman in Murchison, 1844. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857. Deshayes: Cardium striatum. Backmann. Spec. incog. .. J922-32 Sherborn, p. 6178: Cardium striatum Buckman in Murchison, 1844. striatum Buvignier, 1843. - Replaced by "Cardium" buvignieri Deshayes . » Regarding C. buvignieri: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ,,1857. Deshayes: Cardium striatum Buvignier. - C. buvignieri Desh. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6178: Cardium striatum Buvignier, 1843. striatum Defrance, 1817. - Identical with Cardium multicostatum Brocchi. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium striatum Defr. = Cardium multicostatum Brocc. "1899 Sacco, p. 42: C. striatum Defrance = Trachycardium multicostatum var. miorotundata Sacco "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6178: Cardium striatum Defrance, 1817. striatum Hoeninghaus, 1830. - See also under striatum Schlotheim, 1813. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6178: Cardium (Schl.) striatum Hoeninghaus, 1830.Chamites . striatum Koninck, 1842. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" striatum. Koninck 1842. Not in Cardiacea (cardiomorpha). Silurian. RECORDS. "1857. Deshayes: Cardium striatum Koninck (cardiomorpha). 1842. striatum Munster, 1830. - Replaced by C. substriatum? Miinster. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "]857. Deshayes: Cardium striatum Munster. 1830. -c. substriatum? Munster. striatum Munster, 1840. - Unknown species. ?Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857. Deshayes: Cardium striatum Munster, 1840. Spec. incog. striatum Schlotheim, 1813. Not a cardiid. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes: Cardium striatum Schlotheim. Lima striata. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6178: Chamites striatum Schlotheim, 1813. striatum Sowerby in Murchison, 1839. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" striatum Sowerby in Murchison, 1839. ?Cardiidae. Lias-Jurassic. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6178: Cardium striatum Sowerby in Murchison, 1839 [Silurian]. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium striatum Sowerby. Ludlow, Grande Bretagne, BO 1930. Rauracien. Meuse 780 Tropical Marine Mol/usc Programme (TMMP) striatum - Styladacna (France), S04454. striatum Sowerby, 1836. - Replaced by "Cardium " sowerbyanum d'Orb. » Regarding Cardium striatum : Cardiacea. Fossil. REcoRDs. "1857 . Deshayes: Cardium striatum. Sowerby. 1836. - C. sowerbyanum. d 'O rb. striatum Spengler, 1799. [Figs. Part 3 p. 880]. - Synonym of Fu/via australis (Sowerby, 1834). » Regarding Cardium striatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. South Seas [Pacific Ocean] (Spengler 1799). T YPE REPOSITORY. ZMUC in Spengler coil. RECORDS. "1799 Spengler, p. 45, No . 29: Cardium striatum . "1902 Sherborn, p. 933 : Cardium striatum Spengler, 1799. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium striatum Spengler. "1994 Vidal: Cardium striatum Spengler, 1799 = Fu/via (Fu/via) australis (Sowerby, 1834). "1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Cardium striatum Spengler, 1799. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC 2 specimens in Spengler coIl. DESCRIPTIONS. "1799 Spengler: Testa cordata aequiva/vi /ongitudinaliter striata, natibus /aevigatis apice purpureis. "1799 Spengler: shell circular, inflated, umbo central, posterior slope sharply keeled, ribs terminate in teeth, closely fitting, shells not gaping, central and anterior parts, very low ribs on the lower half, upper half smooth, glossy. Colour outside white, lower part dotted with red, upper part olive-green with red-brown spots, umbo covered with dark red spot, inside white. "1999 Spengler (1799) translated by Knudsen & Hylleberg: this small cockle from the South Sea is circular in outline, the umbo thus is placed in the middle. From the middle to above the tip of the umbo the bivalve is strongly vaulted. In the middle, the front side is bent outward in a sharp crest and covered by stripes. On the anterior end these stripes have incised teeth, which interlock and tightly close both valves with the remaining margin, which is neatly set with small fine teeth. Both surfaces are set with narrow, flattened stripes from the lower margin to the middle of the valve. The rest of the bivalve is shining smooth. In the lower part, it is white outside and strewn with red spots. The upper part, together with the umbo, is olive-green, ornamented with red-brown spots. Both umbo tips are half covered by a dark spot. Inside the cockle is white. Size: 1 inch in height and in breadth. DIMENSIONS. "1799 Spengler: height and width 26 mm (I Tom). REMARKS. Cardium striatum Spengler = Fu/via australis identified by Vidal 1994. striatum Wuleus, 1793. - Cardium striatum. Wuleus. 1793. Cardiidae. Living species, Recent. RECORDS. "1857. Deshayes: Cardium striatum Wuleus, 1793. especes vivantes. striatum Wulff, 1790. - Cardium striatum Wulff, 1790. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1899 Sacco, p. 42: Cardium striatum Wulff, 1790 (oldest application of the name C. striatum). striatum beta Defrance, 1817 (variety). - Identical with Cardium multicostatum Brocchi. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1832 Bronn: Cardium striatum beta Df. = Cardium mu/ticostatum Brch. 506. striatum leonense Mansfield, 1932 (subspecies). Combination to be revised: "Cardium" striatum /eonense Mansfield, 1932. Cardi idae. Miocene. RECORDS ... 1938 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) striatum /eonense Mansfield, 1932 subsp. n. Borrow pit, nr. Jackson Bluff, Leon Co. Choctawhatchee formation (Miocene) Florida. stricklandi Morris & Lycett, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" strick/andi Morris & Lycett. Cardiidae. Lias-Jurassic. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium stricklandi Morris & Lycett, 1852 [quoted from Laube 1867, vol. 27(2): 41]. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium strick/andi Morris & Lycett. Bathonien. France (Pas de Calais), B 13069. France (Pas de Calais), S01916. strigilliferum Wood, 1856. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" strigilliferum Wood, 1856. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium strigilliferum Wood, 1856 [1850-1856] vol. 2: 154, pI. 13, fig. 5a-d strimonense Popov & Nevesskaya, 2000. Lymnocardium strimonense Popov & Nevesskaya, 2000. Cardiidae. Late Miocene. RECORDS. "2000 Popov & Nevesskaya, downloaded abstract: Lymnocardium (Hellenicardium) strimonense n. sp. *strio/atum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium striolatum from 2 sources: Link, 1807. - Calcara, 1841. strio/atum Calcara, 1841. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" strio/atum Calcara, 1841. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6203: Cardium strio/atum Calcara, 1841. striolatum Link, 1807. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " strio/atum Link, 1807. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6203: Cardium strio/atum Link, 1807. striolatum Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium striolatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "192232 Sherborn: Ma ctromya strio/atum Ag. "1922-32 Sherborn, p . 6204: Unicardium (Ag.) strio/atum d 'Orbigny, 1850. - Mactromya striolatum. stu/torum Linnaeus, 1758. [Figs. Part 1 p. 47]. - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardium stu/torum: identical with Mactra stu/torum. RECORDS. "1742 Gualtieri . ID by Linnaeus 1758: Cardium stu/tontm t. 71 . f. C. "1758 Linnaeus (loth edition) No. 80: Cardium stultorum. "1902 Sherborn, p. 940: Cardium stu/torum Linnaeus, 1758 [Mactra, ed. 12]. "1853 Forbes & Hanley, p. 362: Cardium stultontm = Mactra stu/tontm. stultorum ofSchroter, 1788. Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardium stultorum: identical with Mactra stultorum. RECORDS. "1788 Schroter: Cardium stu/torum. [Reference to Chemnitz (1782) fig . 226]. sturi Cobalcescu. - Prosodacnomya sturi (Cobalcescu). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1980 ZR: Prosodacnomya sturi (Cobalcescu) Key to SUbspecies. Ref. to Andreescu. sturi orgrinensis Andreescu, 1980. - Prosodacnomya sturi orgrinensis Andreescu, 1980. Lymnocardiidae. Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. "1980 ZR: Prosodacnomya sturi orgrinensis Andreescu, 1980 subsp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 30. sturiensis (variety). - See under stenopleura var. sturiensis Macarovici, 1961. sturzaiGillet, 1943. - New combination: Lymnocardium sturzai Gillet, 1943. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. "1946 ZR : Limnocardium sturzai Gillet, 1943 sp. nov. Pliocene Rumania. Styladacna (error). - Printer 's mistake for Sty/odacna in Dollfus, 1905 (Vokes 1980). nl Phuket Marine Biolog ical Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) Stylodacna - subcarinata arcae/ormis Stylodacna Sabba Stefanescu, 1896 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. GENOTYPE. Styloda cna heberti Cobal. (Dollfus 1905, commenting Andrussow 1903). Erected to accommodate Rumanian Pontian [Tertiary b as in] cardiids. RECORDS . --1896 ZR: Stylodacna Stefanescu, 1896 n. g. for Psilodon herbeti Cobalcescu [Ref. Stefanescu 1896]. --1903 Andrussoff: Styloda cna Sabba Stefanescu , 1896 ... 1974 ZR : Stylodacna Sabba Stefanescu, 1896 referred to new subfamily Prosodacninae. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 128. --1980 Vokes : Stylodacna Stefanescu , 1896 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. subacardo Andrussow, 1907. - Arcicardium subacardo Andrussow, 1907. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. Crimean iron ore deposits. RECORDS. --1907 Andrussow, p. 114, Taf. IV, Fig. 4-9: Arcicardium subacardo nov. sp. --1964 ZR: Arcicardium subacardo Andrusov, 1964 sp. nov. sic Tertiary. subaequilatera (variety). - See under muricatum var. subaequilatera Roemer, 1849. subalatum Andrzejovski , 1833. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" subalatum Andrzejovski, 1833 . ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6219: Cardium subalatum Andrzejovski, 1833. subalpina Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium subalpina d 'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --192232 Sherborn : Tellina subalpina Munster. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6219: Unicardium (Muenst.) subalpina d'Orbigny, 1850. - Tellina subalpina. subalpinum Gumbel, 1861. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " subalpinum Gumbel, 1861. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium subalpinum Gumbel, 1861 ; p. 743. *subalternatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium subalternatum from 2 sources: Orbigny, 1850. Jenkins, 1864. subalternatum Jenkins, 1864. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " subalternatum (Jenkins, 1864). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Vasticardium flavum (Linnaeus, 1758) . » R ega rding Cardium subalternatum : Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCA LITY. Miocene of Mount Sela, on the Island of Java (Jenkins 1864). RECORDS. --1864 Jenkins, p. 60, pI. 7, figs . 7a, b : Cardium subalternatum spec. nov. --1925 Oostingh, p. 274: Cardium subalternatum = Cardiumflavum Linne, 1758. --1939 Adam & Lel oup: Cardium subalternatum Jenkins = Laevicardium (Trachycardium) jZavum (Linne 1758). --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium subalternatum Jenkins, 1864; vol. 20 : 60, pI. 7, figs. 7a,b. --1999 Vidal citing Jenkins 1864 : Cardium subalternatum. Compared by its author with C. alternatum. subalternatum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subalternatum d ' Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1922-32. Sherborn, p. 6219: Cardium subalternatum d ' Orbigny, 1850. --1999. Jacques Vidal (pers . com .) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium subalternatum d ' Orbigny. Turonien. France (Loir and Cher), S08378. subalutaceum Falckenstein, 1911. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " subalutaceum Falckenstein, 1911. Cardiidae. Senon . RECOR DS. --1911 ZR: Cardium subalutaceum Falckenstein . 1911 sp. n. Senon Germany. --1986 Abdel-Gaw a d: "Cardium" subalutaceum Vogel von Falckenstein, 1911. *subangulatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium subangulatum from 2 sources: Scacchi, 1836. Orbigny, 1850. subangulatum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " subangulatum d ' Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6220: Cardium subangulatum d ' Orbigny, 1850. subangulatum Scacchi, 1836. [Figs. Part 3 p. 916]. No men nudum . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Parvicardium exiguum (GmeJin, 1791) . » Regarding Cardium subangulatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . --1836 Scacchi, p. 7 (8): Cardium subangulatum. --1844 Philippi: Cardium subangulatum Scac . Uun.) = Cardium exiguum Gm. --1851 Petit de la Saussaye: Cardium subangulatum Scacchi. --1853 Doublier: Cardium subangulatum (Scacchi). --1858 Gay: Cardium subangulatum Scacchi. --1862 Weinkauff: Cardium subangulatum Scacchi. --1867 Weinkauff: Cardium subangulatum = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. --1869 Romer: Cardium subangulatum Scacchi = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. --1870 Aradas & Benoit: Cardium subangulatum, Scacchi = Cardium exiguum, Gmelin. --1880 Stossich : Cardium subangulatum in Weinkauff. 1862 = Cardium exiguum GmeJin. "1886 Locard: Cardium subangulatum Scacchi, 1836 = Cardium exiguum Gmelin, 1789 sic. --1888 Kobelt: Cardium subangulatum Scacchi = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. --1890 Paetel: Cardium subangulatum Scach. = exiguum Gm. --1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus: Cardium subangulatum Scacchi = Cardium exiguum Gmelin (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). --1902 Be llini: C. subangulatum, in Scacchi = Cardium (Parvicardium) exiguum, Gm. --1917 Pallary : Cardium subangulatum Scacchi. --1962 Grossu: Ca rdium subangulatum Scacchi = Cardium (Parvicardium) exiguum Gmelin, 1790. --1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardium exiguum subangulatum (Scacchi, 1836). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium subangulatum Scacchi = nomen nudum. --1989 Voskuil, p. 263 : Cardium subangulatum Scacchi , 1836 = nomen nudum. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMA RKS. -·1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium subangulatum Scacchi = nomen nudum (there is no description, no figure). HABITAT. --1969 Nordsieck: littoral and algal zone. DISTRIBUTION. --1969 Nordsieck: Mediterranean. subapertum Orbigny, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subapertum Orbigny, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium subapertum Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 118. sllbarqllatllm Munster, 1840. - Combination to be re vised : "Cardium " subarquatum Muenster, 1840. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6222 : Cardium subarquatum Muenster, 1840. sllbasperulllm d 'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " subasperulum d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6223: Cardium subasperulum d ' Orbigny, 1850. subassimile Vidal, 2003. [Figs. Part 3 p. 868]. Vasticardium subassimile Vidal, 2003. TYPE REPOSITORY. MNHN. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --2003 Vidal p. 57, figs. 1-3,6: Vasticardium subassimile sp. nov. subcarinata arcae/ormis Wenz, 1942 . - Didacna 782 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) subcarinata luxuriosa - subdeforme subcarinata arcaeformis Wenz, 1942. Lynmocardiidae. ?Pliocene. REcORDs. ··1945 ZR: Didacna subcarinata arcaeformis Wenz, 1942 subsp . nov. M. Pont [? Pliocene]. subcarinata luxuriosa Wenz, 1942. - Didacna subcarinata luxuriosa Wenz, 1942. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1945 ZR: Didacna subcarinata luxuriosa Wenz, 1942 subsp. nov. O. Pout-A. Day Valea Salcii. Pliocene. ··1980 ZR: Didacna subcarinata luxuriosa Wenz 1942. Type species of Luxuridacna Papaianopol, 1980. Pliocene. Ref. to Papaianopol. subcarinatum Deshayes, 1838. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subcarinatum Deshayes, 1838. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6226: Cardium subcarinatum Deshayes, 1838. subcarinifera Ruzencev, 1929. - Monodacna subcarinifera Ruzencev, 1929. Lynmocardiidae. Apscheronian. RECORDS . ··1929 ZR: Monodacna subcarinifera Ruzencev, 1929 sp. n. Apscheronian Transcaucasia. *subcatillus. - Homonymy to be noticed. Didacna subcatillus from 2 sources: Andrusov, 1910. Pravoslavleff, 1913. subcatillus Andrusov, 1910. - Didacna subcatillus Andrusov, 1910. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 62: Didacna (s.s.) subcatillus Andrusov, 1910. subcatillus Pravoslav leff, 1913. - Didacna subcatillus Pravoslavleff, 1913. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1930 ZR: Didacna subcatillus Pravoslavleff, 1913 sic sp. n. subcatiJlus angusta Popov, 1983 (subspecies). - Didacna subcalillus angusla Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. ··1983 Popov, p. 156, fig.: Didacna subcatillus angusta subsp. nov. subcatillus elongatoplana Popov, 1983 (subspecies). Didacna subcatillus elongatoplana Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. ··1983 Popov, p. 158, fig.: Didacna subcatillus elongatoplana subsp. nov. subcatillus itilica Popov, 1983 (subspecies). - Didacna subcatillus iti/ica Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. ··1983 Popov, p. 158, fig.: Didacna subcatillus iti/ica subsp. nov. subcolarata Andrusov, 1965. - Nomen nudum. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Monodacna subcolarala Andrusov, 1965 sp. nov. [nom. nud.], S. Russian seas. subcolorata Vassoievitch, 1929. - Monodacna subcolorala Vassoievitch, 1929. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR : Monodacna subcolorata Vassoievitch, 1929 sp. n. Pliocene or Post Tertiary N. Caucasus. ··1935 ZR: Monodacna subcolorata [Ref. Eberzin 1935]. ··1977 Popov: Monodacna subcolorata. subcongestum Bose, 1910. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subcongestum Bose, 1910. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1911 ZR: Cardium subcongeslum Bose, 1910 sp. n. Mexico Cretaceous. subcordatum Suter, 1917. - Changed combination: Hedecardium subcordalum (Suter, 1917). Cardiidae. Tertiary. TYPE LOCALITY. North Canterbury N. Z. RECORDS. ··1917 Suter: Cardium subcordalum . ··1977 Popov: Hedecardium subcordalum (Suter, 1917). ··1978 Maxwell : Hedecardium (Hedecardium) subcordatum (Suter, 1919). ··2002 Schneider: Hedecardium subcordatum (Suter, 1917). New Zealand. Chattian. subcostale (mode). - See under subcostalis. subcostalis Petrov, 1982. - Clinocardium subcostalis Petrov, 1982. Cardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1982 ZR: Clinocardium subcostalis Petrov, 1982 sp. nov. Russian SFSR. Ref. to Petrov, p. 103. ··1998 Kafanov: Laevicardium subcostale (Petrov, 1982). subcrassatellata Andrusov, 1964. - Didacna subcrassatellata Andrusov, 1964. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1964 ZR: Didacna subcrassatellata Andrusov, 1964 sp. nov. Tertiary, USSR. subcrassatellatoides Andrus. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra subcrassatellatoides (Andrus.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra subcrassatellatoides (Andrus.) subcrassidens (subspecies) . - See macrodon subcrassidens Eberzin, 1960. subcrenula. - Pontalmyra subcrenula. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra subcrenula sic. *subcrenulata. - Homonymy to be noticed. Didacna subcrenulata from 2 sources: Andrusov, 1964. Possibly Andrussow (?year). subcrenulata Andrusov, 1964. - Didacna subcrenulata Andrusov, 1964. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1964 ZR: Didacna subcrenulata Andrusov, 1964 sp. nov. Tertiary, USSR. subcrenlliata Andrussow. - Didacna subcrenulata Andrussow. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1953 Celidje: Didacna subcrenulata Andrus. subcurtum. - Pleuriocardia subcurtum. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Geary: The transformation from Pleuriocardia subcurtum to Pleuriocardia pauperculum is fairly abrupt. subcylindricum Mayer, 1857. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subcylindricum Mayer, 1857. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium subcylindricum Mayer, 1857; [1856-1857] vol. 5; 362. subdecorticatum Bell, 1913. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subdecorticatum Bell, 1913. Cardiidae. Crag. RECORDS. "1913 ZR: Cardium subdecorticatum Bell, 1913 sp. n. Suffolk Crag. subdecussata Miinster, 1840. - See under subdecussatum Orbigny, 1850. subdecussatum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subdecussatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6235 : Cardiola subdecussata Muenster, 1840. "192232 Sherborn, p. 6235: Cardium (Muenster) subdecussatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardiola. subdecussatum Shuto, 1960. - Clinocardium subdecussatum Shuto, 1960. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1960. ZR: Clinocardium subdecussatum Shuto, 1960 sp. nov. Upper Miocene, Tsuma member Miyazaki Group, Japan. ··1973 Keen: Clinocardium subdecussatum Shu to, 1960. Upper Miocene. ··1977 Popov: Clinocardium subdecussatum Shuto, 1960. subdeforme Falckenstein. 1911. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " subdeforme Falckenstein. 1911 . Cardiidae. Senon. RECORDS. ··1911 ZR: Cardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 783 subdeitoidellin - subelongatllm subdeforme Fa1ckenstein. 1911 sp. n. Senon Gennany. subdeltoideum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subdeltoideum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. 001922-32. Sherborn, p. 6235: Cardium subdeltoideum d'Orbigny, 1850. subdentatllm Deshayes, 1838. [Figs. Part I p. 181].Changed combination: Pselldocatillus subdentatum (Desha yes, 1838). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001877 Grimm: Cardium subdentatum Deshayes. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6236: Cardium subdentatum Deshayes, 1838. 001967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus subdentatus (Desh.). subdepressa Andrusov, 1964. - Didacna subdepressa Andrusov, 1964. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001964 ZR: Didacna subdepressa Andrusov, 1964 sp. nov. Tertiary, USSR. subdeserta (afL) Loer. - Changed combination : Pontalmyra aff. subdeserta (Loer.). Lymnocardiidae. FossiL RECORDS. 001987 Taktakishvili : Didacna subdeserla Loer. - Pontalmyra aff. subdeserta (Loer.). subdichotomum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium subdichotomum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae . FossiL RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6237: Cardium subdicholomum d'Orbigny, 1850 sllbdinnense d'Orbigny, 1844. - Cardium subdinnense d'Orbigny, 1844. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6237: Cardium subdinnense d'Orbigny, 1844 [Cretaceous]. subdiprosopum (nomen nudum) Stevanovic, 1982. Laevicardium subdiprosopum Stevanovic, 1982. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001956 ZR : Laevicardium subdiprosopum Stevanovic, 1956 sp. nov. nom. nlld. Miocene. Yugoslavia. subdiprosopum Stevanovic, 1982. - New combination: Lymnocardium subdiprosopum Stevanovic, 1982. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. REcORDs. 001982 ZR: Limnocardium subdiprosopum Stevanovic, 1982 sp. nov. Yugoslavia. Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 123 . subdiscors Orbigny 1850. - Changed combination: Discors subdiscors (Orbigny, 1850). Cardiidae. Eocene. GENOTYPE. Dall (1902) stated that Cardium subdiscors d 'Orbigny is type of subgenus Discors Deshayes, 1858. Subsequently raised to generic level by auct. TYPE LOCALITY. Paris Basin. R ECORDS . 001850 Orbigny: Cardium subdiscors. 001886 Cossmann : Divaricardium subdiscors (d'Orbigny). 001902 DalJ : Cardium subdiscors d'Orbigny. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6237: Cardium subdiscors d'Orbigny, 1850 . 001969 Nordsieck : Discors subdiscors (d 'Orbigny). 001977 Popov: Discors subdiscors (Orbigny, 1850). Type of Discors Deshayes, 1858. 001995 Le Renard et af.: Nemocardium (Dis cors) subdiscors [Cardium subdiscors] d 'Orbigny, 1850. 001995 Pacaud & Renard: Nemocardium (Discors) subdiscors. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Discors subdiscors d'Orbigny. Ypretien. France (Aisne, Oise), B52855 to -58, B68916, B72596. sllbdissimile Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " subdissimile d ' Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6237: Cardium subdissimile d 'Orbigny, 1850. sllbdubium Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " subdllbium d 'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6238: Cardium subdubium d ' Orbigny, 1850. sllbedentuillm Orbigny, 1852. - Synonym of Pteradacna subedentulum d' Orbigny, 1852. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . 001969 Moore et al.: Pteradacna edentulum (Deshayes, 1838) syn. of Cardium subedentulum d'Orbigny, 1852. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium subendentulum Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 120. *subedllie. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium subedule from 2 sources: Orbigny, 1852. - Raulin, 1897. subedule Orbigny, 1852. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding C. sllbedule: Cardiidae . FossiL RECORDS. 001902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg, p. 324: Cardium subedule d'Orbigny, 1852. Syn . of Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. subedule Raulin, 1897. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding C. subedule: Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS . 001902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg, p. 325: Cardium subedule Raulin, 1897. Syn. of Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule Linne, 1758. subelangatllm "Reeve" of Valenciennes. - Err. pro subelongatum. Misidentification: Mexicardia procerum (Sowerby, 1833). Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. Reeve has not described a species named Cardium subelangatum. RECORDS. 00 1846 Valenciennes, pI. 17, fig. 2: Cardium subelangatum "Reeve". 001886 Dall: Cardium subelongatum Valenciennes, 1846 not of Sowerby, 1840. 001947 Hertlein & Strong: Cardium subelangatum "Reeve" = Cardium (Mexicardia) procerum Sowerby. subelegans Orbigny, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subelegans Orbigny, 1852. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium subelegans Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 21. sllbellipticllm Alekseev, 1963. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subellipticum Alekseev, 1963. Cardiacea. Palaeogene. RECORDS. 001963 ZR: Cardium subellipticum Alekseev, 1963 sp. nov. Palaeogene, PreArals, Russia. *subelongatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium subelongatum from 2 sources: Sowerby, 1840. Valenciennes, 1846. sllbelongatum Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part I p. 119, 134, 172. Part 3 p. 867]. - Synonym of Acrosterigma magnum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Trachycardium leucostoma (Born, 1780). » Regarding C. subelongatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. 001999 Vidal: the types of Sowerby's taxon are located in BMNH. There are two uncatalogued specimens from Cuming collection from the type locality (St. Thomas Island, West Indies) which could be considered as syntypes. TYPE LOCALITY. ad Sancta Thomae insulam [St. Thomas, the West ｉｮ､ｩｾｬ＠ (Sowerby 1840) . RECORDS. 001840 Sowerby, 182 n part, fig. 61: Cardium subelongatum . • 01840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. London p. 108: Cardium subelongalum . 001840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 4, No. 55: Cardium subelongatum , Sow. 001840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8 : Cardium subelongatum (Sowerby, No. 55). 001858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) subelongatum Sow. 001863 Swift: Cardium subelongatum Sow. 001864 Krebs: Cardium subelongatum Sow. 784 Tropical Marin e Mollusc Programme (TMMP) subelollgatum - subgracile ··1869 Romer: Cardium subelongatum Sowerby. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium subelongatum. Sow. "1890 Paetel: Cardium subelongatum Sow. ··1902 Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) subelongatum Sowerby, 1840. "1902 DaJl : Cardium subelongatum Sowerby, 1840 not Cardium angulatum Lamarck of authors. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6238 : Cardium subelongatum Sowerby, 1841. ··1939 McLean: Cardium subelongatum Sowerby, 1840 = Trachycardium leucostoma (Born, 1780). ··1944 Clench & Smith in Abbott 1958: subelongatum Sowerby, 1840 junior synonym of magnum Linne 1758. ··1946 Abrard: Cardium subelongatum Sow. ··1951 McLean: Cardium subelongatum Sowerby = Cardium (Trachycardium) magnum Linnaeus. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium subelongatum Sowerby = Trachycardium leucostoma (Born , 1780). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium subelongatum in Reeve 1844 = Laevicardium procentm Sowerby. ··1999 Vidal: Cardium subelongatum Sowerby, 1840: fig. 61; 1841: 108 = Acrosterigma magnum (Linne, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: The deep-ploughed interstices between the ribs are very characteristic in this species (Reeve, 1944). OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC I specimen. AntiJles DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell rather elongately ovate, oblique, radiately ribbed, about 32-33 sharply angled ribs, interstices between them deeply excavated, the extreme posterior ribs armed with small tubercles, the middle ribs smooth, the anterior crenated; whitish or yeJlowish, stained and spotted with red. ··1999 Vidal: shells medium (very rarely large), almost perfectly ellipsoidal and equilateral, exceptionally with truncation ofthe posterior part. Ribs show pronounced backwards curvature, but posterior part very rarely expanded. Adult shells always elongated; width also relatively constant. Lunular area very small. Glossy exterior surface brightly coloured with orange, white, yeJlow, pink and purple. Interior often colored only in umbonal area and on ventral margin. Hinge typical of genus, . No sterigma. Ribs in median and anterior parts a gash very are higher than usual and intersticeihｷｩ､･ｾ＠ frequently occurs along posterior 8t or 9 t rib ofMPQ in right valve. Interstices regularly notched by transverse, elongated, sometimes crescent-shaped notches. DIMENSIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: long. 1.85 poll. (length 47 mm), lat. 1.40 poll. (width 36 mm), alt. 2.35 poJl (height 60 mm). ··1999 Vidal: the largest specimen (73 x 55 x 44 mm) is probably the one figured by Reeve (1844, fig. 57). REMARKS ... 1840 Sowerby: C. subelongatum resembles some of the figures to which Lamarck refers for his C. marmoreum , and which Bruguiere quotes for C. elongatum. It is much longer and smoother than the former, and does not agree with the description. The true C. elongatum is described by Bruguiere, from a specimen of M. de Lamarck, as an elongated, ventricose shell 0[39-40 ribs, and attaining a large size. It seems to have been a matter of dispute between the two conchologists, whether the abovenamed species were identical. We are unable to meet with a sheJl agreeing with Bruguiere's description, until the arrival of Mr. Cuming with fine specimens sufficiently characteristic to set the matter at rest. The present species has fewer ribs, wider apart, and less ventricose than in C. elongatum Brug. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve : lsI. of St. Thomas, West Indies. ··1884 Grasset: Guadeloupe. ··1999 Vidal : West Indies, Jamaica (authors). South Florida and Bahamas, south through the West Indies and Gulf of Mexico to Brazil (Abrolhos Archipelago). subelollgatum Valenciennes, 1846. - Identical with Trachycardillm procentm (Sowerby). » Regarding Cardium subelongatllm: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1901 DaJl : Cardium subelongatum Valenciennes, 1846 (not of Sowerby, 1840) = Cardium procerum Sowerby, 1833 . ··1909 Lamy: Cardium subelongatum Valenciennes, 1846 (non Sowerby) = Cardium procerum Sowerby. subemarg;lIatum Orbigny, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " subemarginatum Orbigny, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium subemarginatum Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 119. subesperallzae Eberzin, 1958. - New combination: Lymnocardium subesperanzae Eberzin, 1958. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium)subesperanzae Eberzin, 1958 sp . nov. Kerchenski Peninsula. Crimea Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. sUbjlavum Sowerby, 1840. - Trachycardium subjlavum (Sowerby, 1840). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Habe: Trachycardium (Regozara)subjlavum (Sowerby, 1840). *sub/ragile. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium sub/ragUe from 3 sources : Orbigny, 1850. - Boettger, 1875. - Melville (?year). sub/ragile Boettger, 1875. - Synonym of Discors kyetubokiensis Eames, 1950. » Regarding Cardium sub/ragile: Cardiidae. Upper Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Nanggulansch, Java, Indonesia . RECORDS. ··1919 Martin: Cardium sub/ragile Boettger. ··1950 ZR: Cardium sub/ragile Boettger, 1875 non Orbigny, 1850 = Discors kyetubokiensis Eames, 1950 nom. nov. sub/ragile Melville . - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" sub/ragile Melville. Cardiidae. ?Fossi1. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium sub/ragile MelviJle. sub/ragile Orbigny, 1850. - Changed combination: Bucardium sub/ragile (Orbigny, 1850). Cardiidae. Eocene . RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6243: Cardium subfragile d'Orbigny, 1850. "1977 Popov : Bucardium (Vepricardium) sub/ragile (Orbigny). "1995 Le Renard et al.: Cardium (Bucardium) sub/ragile d 'Orbigny, 1850 (= /ragile) [Authorship needed. There are a number of Cardium fragile] . ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Cardium (Bucardium) subfragile. sub/raterculus Dufour, 1881 . - Nemocardium sub/raterculus (Dufour, 1881). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1970 Glibert & Poel: Nemocardium (s.s.) sub/raterculus (Dufour, 1881). sub/utile Celidje, 1953. - New combination : Lymnocardium sub/utile Celidje, 1953. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1953 Celidje, p. 157: Limnocardium (Tauricardium) sub/utile nov. sp. subgraci/e Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subgracile d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6245 : Cardium subgracile d 'Orbigny, 1850. Phukel Marine Biological Cenler Special Publica lion vol. 30 (2004) 785 subgrallosum - subleve subgranosum (variety). » Regarding Cardium var. subgranosum: I have not been able to trace a reference to this taxon. Cardiidae. Recent. OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: H.C. [H. Cuming] No. 117 Philippines. Cardium var. subgranosum. It could be a catalogue name. sllbgranulatum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subgranulatum d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-1932 Sherborn, p. 6246. Sherborn: Cardium subgranulatum d'Orbigny, 1850. subgratum Dufour, 1881. - Loxocardium subgratum (Dufour, 1881). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 50: Loxocardium subgratum (Dufour, 1881). subguttiferum Archiac, 1854. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " subguttiferum Archiac, 1854. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium subguttiferum AIchiac, 1854; vol. II : 211 , pI. 3, figs. 3 a,b. subguttula Eberzin, 1958. - New combination: Lymnocardium subguttula Eberzin, 1958. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Ecericardium) subguttula Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Esheri, Guriya region. Pliocene of the Ponto Caspian basin, Russia. subhians d' Archiac, 1850. Nomen nudum. Not available. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p . 6246: Cardium subhians d'Archiac, 1850 [no n]. subhians Fischer, 1869. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subhians Fischer, 1869. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1877 Locard: Cardium subhians Fischer, 1869. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium subhians Fischer. Turkey, B32955,B32956,B32978. *subhillanum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium subhillanum from 3 sources: Munster, 1835. Leymerie, 1842. - d'Orbigny (?year). subhillanum d'Orbigny. - Combination to be revised: " Cardium" subhillanum d'Orbigny. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN , Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium subhillanum d'Orbigny. Cretaceous. Neocomien. France (Yonne), S060043. subhillanum Leymerie, 1842. - Changed combination: Nemocardium subhillanum (Leymerie , 1842). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS . ··1876 Meek: Cardium subhillal1um Leymerie. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6246: Cardium subhillal1um de Leymerie, 1841 [n.n.]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6246: Cardium subhillanum de Leymerie, 1842. ··1965 ZR: Cardium subhillanum described and figd. U. Barremian, Keldzke, Tuarkir, Turkmenia [Ref. Purliev 1965]. ··1986 Scott: Nemocardium subhillanum (Leymerie, 1842). subhillanum Munster, 1835. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subhillanum Munster, 1835. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6246: Cardium subhillanum Muenster, 1835. sUbhispidum Hilber, 1882. - Changed combination: Parvicardium subhispidllln (Hilber, 1882). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1913 ZR: Cardium subhispidum = hispidum var. Tertiary, Kertsch [Ref. Schwetz 1913 b]. ··1977 Popov: Parvicardium subhispidum (Hilber, 1882). subillcerta Andrussow. - Didacna subil1certa Andrussow. Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. REcORDs. ··1953 Celidje: Didacna subincerta Andrussow. ··1964 ZR: Didacna subincerta Andrusov, 1964 sp. nov. sic Tertiary, USSR subincertum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium·' subincertum d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Silurian-Devonian. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6247: Cardium subil1certum d'Orbigny, 1850. subilltermedia Andrussov, 1924 . - Didacna subintermedia Andrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDs. ··1924 ZR: Didacna subintermedia Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. "1963 ZR: Didacna subintermedia Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. sic Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. subilltermedium Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subintermedium d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6248: Cardium subinlermedium d 'Orbigny, 1850. subkujalnicellsis Krestovnikov, 1929. - Prosodacna subkujalnicensis Krestovnikov, 1929. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Prosodacna subkujalnicensis Krestovnikov, 1929 sp. n. Pliocene S. Russia. sublaeve Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium sublaeve d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn: Corbis sublaeve Keys. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6250: Unicardium (Keys.) sublaeve d'Orbigny, 1850. - Corbis sublaeve. sublaevigata Andrussov, 1924 . - Monodacna sublaevigata Andrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Monodacna sublaevigata Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. ··1963 ZR: Monodacna sublaevigata Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Pliocene, Russia. sublaevigatum. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sublaevigatum. Cardiidae. Miocene. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium sublaevigatum. Gironde, B27482. slIblamellosllm Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sublamellosum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Lias- Jurassic . RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6250: Cardium sublamellosum d 'Orbigny, 1850. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium sublamellosum d ' Orbigny. Rauracien. France (Yonne), S04050. sublatisulcatum Orbigny, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sublatisulcatum Orbigny, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium sublatisulcatum Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 118. sublatum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sublatum d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6251: Cardium sublalum d'Orbigny, 1850. sublebedillzevi (variety). - See lebedinzevi var. sublebedinzevi Davidachvili, 1933. subleve Tscheltzov, 1965. - Avicardium subleve Tscheltzov, 1965. Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDs. ··1965 786 Tropical Marin e Mol/lise Programme (TMMP) sublima - suboxypleura ZR: Avicardium subleve Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Pliocene, Turkmenia, USSR. sublima Orbigny, 1850. - Changed combination: Loxocardium sublima (Orbigny, 1850). Cardiidae . Eocene. RECORDS. "1886 Cossmann: Cardium sublima d'Orbigny, nom. mut. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6251: Cardium sublima d 'Orbigny, 1850. ··1977 Popov : Loxocardium sublima (Orbigny, 1850). "1995 Le Renard et al.: Loxocardium sublima [Cardium sublima1 d 'Orbigny, 1850 (= lima). "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Loxocardium sublima . "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Loxocardium sublimum d'Orbigny. Lutetien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52740 to -51, B691 03, B70552 to -54. sublimoides Cossmann, 1923. - Changed combination: Loxocardium sublimoides. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1995 Le Renard et al.: Loxocardium sublimoides [Cardium sublimoides 1 Cossmann, 1923. "1995 Pacaud & Renard : Loxocardium sublimoides. sublineatum Conrad, 1841. -Synonym of Laevicardium pristis (Valenciennes, 1827). » Regarding Cardium sublineatum : Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6251: Cardium sublineatum Conrad, 1841 . "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com .) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium sublineatum Conrad . USA (Wilmington), B33363. (Syn. of Laevieardium pristis). sublingulata Chen, 1976. - Protoeardia sublingulata Chen , 1976. Cardiidae. Mesozoic fossil. RECORDS. "1976 Ma et al. p. 258: Protocardia subUnguiata Chen, 1976. submaeulosum Ludbrook, 1954. - Nomen nudum. RECORDS. "1955 ZR: Vastieardium (Vastieardium) submaeulosum Ludbrook, 1954 sp. nov. nom. nud. Pliocene, Australia. submagna Martinson, 1959. - Pseudocardinia submagna Martinson, 1959. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS . "1959 ZR: Pseudoeardinia submagna Martinson, 1959 sp. nov. Tyan-Shan, Atbaya region, Fergana, fossil. submartini Chen, 1976. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" submartini Chen, 1976. Cardiidae. Upper Triassic. TYPE LOCALITY. Yunnan, China. RECORDS. "1976 Ma et at. p. 256, pI. 23, figs . 1-4: Cardium submartini Chen, 1976 sp. nov. submedius Popov & Nevesskaya, 2000. - Pseudocatillus submedius Popov & Nevesskaya, 2000. Cardiidae. Late Miocene. RECORDS . ··2000 Popov & Nevesskaya, downloaded abstract: Pseudoeatillus submedius n. sp. sllbminlltllm Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " subminutum d 'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6254: Cardium subminutum d 'Orbigny, 1850. SlIbmonodaena Livental, 1931 (genus). - Nomen nudum. Tertiary, Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani: Submonodaena Livental, 1931. Genotype: Didaena pleistopleura Dav. .. 1980 Vokes: Submonodaena Livental, 1931, nom. nud. sllbmoquicum Eberzin, 1958. - New combination: Lymnocardium submoquicum Eberzin, 1958. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR : Limnocardium (Moquieardium) submoquicum Eberzin, 1958 sp. nov. Gudauta, Abkhazia, east coast of Black Sea. Pliocene of the Ponto Caspian basin, Russia. submultieostatum Orbigny, 1850 . - Changed combination: Tuteheria submulticostatum (d'Orbigny, 1850). Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6254 : Cardium submuiticostatum d'Orbigny, 1850. "1946 ZR : Tutcheria submultieostatum (Orb.) type of Tuteheria Cox, 1946 gen. nov. Cardiidae. submuticum (variety). - See under mucronatum var. submuticum Coen, 1941. suboblongum Orbigny, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" suboblongum Orbigny, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium suboblongum Orbigny, 1852; (1850-1852] vol. 3: 119. subodenae Gillet, 1943. - New combination : Lymnoeardium subodenae (Gillet, 1943). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . "1987 Anaya: Limnoeardium subodenae sic Gillet, 1943 . subodessae Sinzov, 1877.- New combination: Lymnoeardium subodessae (Sinzov, 1877). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS ... 1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) subodessae Pliocene [Ref. Eberzin 1958]. "1987 Anaya: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) the group subodessae (Sinzov, 1877). subodessae munteniae Papaianopol, 1974 (subspecies). - New combination : Ly mnoeardium subodessae munteniae (Papaianopol , 1974). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1974 ZR: Limnoeardium (Ellxinieardium) subodessae mllnteniae Papaianopol, 1974 subsp. nov. Romania. Prahova District, Dealul Belciu Mare. Pliocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 77. subodessae prahovensis Papaianopol, 1974 (subspecies). - New combination: Lymnocardium subodessae prahovensis (Papaianopol, 1974). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . "1974 ZR: Limnoeardium (Euxinieardium) subodessae prahovensis Papaianopol, 1974 subsp. nov. Romania. Prahova District, Dealul Belciu Mare. Pliocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 80. subodessae ursina Ebersin 1947 (variety). - Upgraded. New combination: Lymnoeardium subodessae ursina (Ebersin, 1947). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. REMARKS. Raised to subspecies by Papaianopol 1982; from Limnoeardium (Euxinieardium) subodessae var. ursina. R ECORDS. "1958 ZR : Limnocardium (Euxinieardium)subodessae var. ursina Eberzin, 1958 nov. Northern Caucasus, Stavropol. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. "1982 Papaianopol : Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) subodessae ursina Ebersin, 1947. "1987 Taktakishvili : Limnoeardium (Euxinieardium) subodessae (Sinzov) var. ursinae Ebers. suborbicula (variety). - See under tuberculatum var. suborbicula Marsh. suborbicularis Fan, 1963. - Proto cardia suborbieularis Fan, 1963. Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS ... 1963 ZR : Protoeardia suborbicularis Fan, 1963 sp. nov. Xiaoshui, Guangdong, China, Lias. subovale Broderip & Sowerby. Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1850 Sowerby, p. 52: Cardium sllbovale Brod. and Sow. [compared with Cardium haitense n. sp.]. suboxypleura Gab. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra suboxypleura (Gab.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra suboxypleura (Gab.). 787 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) subparallella - subretllsum subparallella Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968. - Didacna subparallella Bogachev & Gadzhiyev, 1968. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. ··1968 ZR: Didacna subparallella sp. nov. p . 37, figs. Kbazarian, Quaternary, Azerbaijan, USSR. subparvocostata (subspecies) . - See under orbicularis subparvocostata Baldi, 1963. subpassyi Dufour, 1881 . - Parvicardium subpassyi (Dufour, 1881). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 48: Parvicardium subpassyi (Dufour, 1881). sllbpallcicostata (cf.) R. Horn . - Didacna cf. subpaucicostata R. Horn. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1953 Celidje: Didacna cf. subpaucicostata R.Horn. subpetersi (variety and subspecies). - See under subsquamosum subpetersi Eberzin, 1958. subplanicostatum Orbigny, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " subplanicostatum Orbigny, 1852. Cardiacea. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium subplanicostatum Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 119. subplicatojittoni Senes, 1955 . - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" subplicatojittoni Senes, 1955 . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1955 ZR : Cardium (Limnocardium) subplicatojittoni Senes, 1955 sp. nov. Miocene, Czechoslovakia. subpolemonis Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus subpolemonis Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus subpolemonis sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus subpolemonis Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. ··1982 Papaianopol: Pseudocatillus subpolemonis Eberzin, 1967. ··1987 ZR: Pseudocatillus subpolemonis Ebersin, 1967. Ref. to Papaianopol. subporulosum Orbigny, 1850. - Changed combination: Orthocardium subporulosum (Orbigny, 1850). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1886 Cossmann: Cardium subporulosum d'Orbigny. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6261: Cardium subporulosum d'Orbigny, 1850. ··1977 Popov: Orthocardium subporulosum (Orbigny, 1850). ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Cardium (Orthocardium) subporulosum. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium, Trachycardium, subporulosum d'Orbigny. Ypresien, France (Oise), B52657 to -67. B68876, B68890, B68972, B68999, 69038. subporulosum (subspecies). - See under porulosum subporulosum Orbigny 1850. subpraemoqllicum (variety). - See under praemoquicum var. subpraemoquicum Chelidize, 1957. subprodllctum Peron, 1891 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subproductum Peron, 1891. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1891 ZR: Cardium subproductum Cretaceous of Tunis [Ref. Peron 1891]. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossi[s from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium subproductum Thomas Peron. Turonien. Tunesia, R51451. subprotracta Popov, 1983. - Didacna subprotracta Popov, 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. ··1983 Popov, p. 167, fig. : Didacna subprotracta sp. nov. sllbpunctatllm Munster, 1835. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subpunctatum Muenster, 1835 . ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ﾷＱＹｾＲＭＳ＠ Sherborn, p. 6262: Cardium subpunctatum Muenster, 1835 . sllbpygmaeum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subpygmaeum d 'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6263: Cardium subpygmaeum d'Orbigny, 1850. subpyramidata Pravoslavleff, 19 [3 . - Didacna subpyramidata Pravoslavleff, 19[3. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Didacna subpyramidata Pravoslav[eff, 1913 sic sp. n. subqlladrata (mode and subspecies) . - See under subquadratum Evans & Shumard, 1857 and exiguum subquadra/a Jeffreys, 1863. subquadrata Sibiryakova, 1963. - Protocardia subquadrata Sibiryakova, 1963. Cardiidae. Jurassic. R ECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Protocardia subquadrata Sibiryakova, 1963 sp. nov. Jurassic, Bol 'shoi Balkhans. subquadratum (variety). - See under lamarckii tenue subquadratum Coen 1937. - exiguum subquadratum Jeffreys. subquadratum Evans & Shumard, 1857. - Changed combination: Protocardia subquadrata (Evans & Shumard, 1857). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REMARKS. Meek (1876) stated that Cardium subquadratum Evans & Shumard is type of (a) Leptocardia Meek, 1876. Speden (1970) stated that adductor and pedal musculature of P subquadrata is closely analogous to that of Cardium edule Linnaeus and Corculum hemicardium (Linnaeus). RECORDS. ··1860 Meek & Hayden: Cardium subquadratum Evans & Shumard. ··1876 Meek: Protocardia (Leptocardia) subquadrata Evans & Shumard, 1857. "1887 Fischer: Pachycardium subquadrata Evans et Shumard (in section Leptocardia Meek, 1876). ··1902 DaB: Cardium subquadratum Evans and Shumard . Type of section Leptocardia Meek, 1876. ··1970 Speden: Protocardia subquadrata (Evans & Shumard, 1857, p. 39). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium subquadratum Evans & Shumard, 1857; vol. I : 38. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium subquadratum [without author]. Cretaceous sup. USA (Dakota), B20348. subradiatum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subradiatum d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6264: Cardium subradiatum d'Orbigny, 1850. subregulare d'Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium subregulare d' Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, p . 6265 : Unicardium subregulare d'Orbigny, 1850. subretusa (mode). - See under subretusum Sowerby, 1840. subretusum Sowerby, 1834. [Figs. Part I p. 110, 142. Part 3 p. 912]. - Changed combination: Lunulicardia subretusa (Linne, 1758) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Lunulicardia auricula (Niebhur in Forsskaal, 1775). »Regarding Cardium subretusum: Cardiidae. Recent. TypELOCALITY. Unknown (Sowerby 1840; Reeve 1845). TYPE REPOSITORY . BMNH; Cardium subretusum Sowerby. 3 syntypes. 197129. Neg. No. 54612/A-C. RECORDS. ··1834 Sowerby, 50 th part, fig. 24: Cardium subretusum nobis. ··1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. London 788 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) subretusum - subrugosum p. 110: Cardium subrelusum . ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No. 91: Cardium subrelusum , Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list , p. 8: Cardium subrelusum, (Sowerby No. 91). ··1845 Reeve, sp. 100: Cardium subretusum Sowerby, 1840. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p . 459: Hemi cardia (Lunulicardia) subretusa , Sow. "1868 ZR : Cardium subretusum (Sow., Reeve) is only a variety of retusum (L.), but auricufa (Forsk.) is a distinct species [Ref. Romer 1868]. "1869 Martens: Cardium subretusum Sow. (hardly to distinguish from relusum L.). ··1869 Romer: C. subrelusum Sowerby, synonym of Cardium retusum L., hardly a variety. ··1870 McAndrew : Hemicardia (Lunulicardia) subretusum Sow. "1886 Cooke: Cardium subretusum Sow. ··1884 Grasset: Hemicardium subretusum. Sow. ··1889 Martens : Cardium (Hemicardium) subretusum Sow. "1890 Paetel: Hemicardium subrelusum Sow. = retusum L. "1898 Melvi I! & Standen: Cardium (Lunulicardia) subrelusum. ··1903 Hidalgo: Hemicardium subretusum Sowerby. 1840; considered a variety of Hemicardium retusum Linne by authors. ··1906 Standen & Leicester: Cardissa (Lunulicardia) subretusum . .. 1907 Hal! & Standen: Cardissa (Lunulicardia) subretusa Sowerby. ··1907 ZR: Cardium (Lunulicardia) subretusa raised beach, Red Sea [Ref. Hall & Standen 1907]. ··1909 Lynge : Cardium subretusum Sowerby, 1834 = Lunulicardia retusum (Linne, 1758). ··1909 Melvill: Hemicardium (Lunuficardia) subretusum, Sowb. ··1910 Hedley: Opisocardium subrelusum . ··1918 ZR: Opisocardium subretusum [Ref. Hedley 1918b] . "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6265: Cardium subretusum Sowerby, 1841. ··1931 Thiele & Jaeckel : Cardium (Lunulicardia) subretusum Sowerby. ··1950 Allan: Hemicardium subretusum. "1952 Kuroda & Habe : Corcufum subretusum (Sowerby). ··1960 Kuroda : Hemicardia (Lunulicardia) subretusa (Sowerby) . ··1962 Kira: Fragum subretus um . ··1964 Spry : Lunulicardia (Hemicardium) subretusa (Sowerby). •• I 977 Popov: Corcufum (Lunulicardia) subrelusa (Linne, 1758). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium subretusum Sowerby = Corcufum retusum Linne. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium subreillsum Sowerby, 1834; junior synonym of Fragum (Lunulicardium) retusum (Linnaeus, 1758). "1990 Abbott & Dance: Lunulicardia subretusum . "1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe: Lunulicardia subretusa (Sowerby, 1843 sic) = 1834. ··1992 Oliver: Cardium subretusum in Macandrew (1870); Cooke (1886); Hall & Standen (1907) = Cardium auricufa Niebuhr in Forsskaal, 1775. "1999 Aungtonya el af., PMBC-SP 19(2): 377: Fragum subretusa (Sowerby, 1841). ··2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Lunulicardia subretusum (Sowerby, 1834). ··2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Lunuficardia subretusa (Sowerby, 1841). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 183: Lunulicardia subretusum (Sowerby, 1834) . CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS . ··ZMUC: wet collection. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value : middle ribs noduled, interstices merely finely punctured. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: Shell oblong-<:ordate, very much swollen, posteriorly concavely depressed; radiately flatly ribbed, middle ribs nodulous, interstices between all ribs very closely punctured; lunule slightly excavated, with a somewhat obsolete callosity intruding; white within and without. DIMENSIONS. "1840 Sowerby long. 0.90 poll. (length 23 mm), lat. 1.20 poll. (width 30 mm), all. 1.30 poll (height 33 mm) . REMARKS . "1840 Sowerby: distinguished from the Cardium relusum by a more elongated form and smoother behind the angle, the cavity is not so deep, and the callosity is more strongly marked. ··1845 Reeve: chiefly distinguished from the Cardium relusum by the middle ribs being noduled, and the interstices between the whole being merely finely punctured. ··2000 Lutaenko: according to Fischer-Piette (1977), this species is a synonym of Corcufum (Lunulicardia) relusum (L., 1767). "1999: Higo el af. regarded it as a synonym of Lunulicardia hemicardium (L., 1758). ··1977 Habe, ··1993 Bernard et al. and ··1997 Xu regarded this species as separate individual taxon . ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: maintains that the status of this species is still debated . Some malacologists consider it a junior synonym of Lunulicardia relusa (Linnaeus, 1758. Known from Vietnam. HABITAT. "1909 Melvill: Providence at 2580 fathoms , on hard rough ground. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: unknown. ··1884 Grasset: Ceylon, Singapore. "1994 Hylleberg : Red Sea, Indo-Pacific. ··1999 Aungtonya el at.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. ··2000 Hylleberg and ··2000 Lutaenko: Vietnam. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. subretusum Sowerby (variety). - Infrasubspecific. Card iidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1890 Paetel: Hemicardium var. subretusum Sow. subrhaetica Krumbeck, 1923 . - Protocardia subrhaetica Krumbeck, 1923. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1976 Ma et al. p. 257: Protocardia subrhaetica Krumbeck, 1923. subriegeli Sinz., 1875 . - Changed combination . Macradacna subriegeli (Sinz., 1875). Lymnocardiidae. Fossi l. RECORDS. "1967 Ebersin : Macradacna subriegeli (Sinz.). ··1967 ZR: Macradacna subriegeli pro Monodacna subriegeli (Sinz., 1875) [Ref. Eberzin 1967] . subrotundatum Szots, 1953. - Corcufum subrotundatum Szots, 1953. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1954 ZR: Corcufum subrotundatum Szots, 1953 sp. nov. Eocene Hungary. subrugosum Sowerby, 1838. [Figs. Part I p. 112, 121, 134. Part 3 p. 861]. - Downgraded to subspecies: Vasticardium jlavum subrugosum (Sowerby). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium jlavum Linnaeus , 1758. Vasticardium futeomarginata (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). - Cardium rugosllm Lamarck. - Trachycardillm vertebra tum (Jonas, 1844). » Regarding Cardium subrugosllm: Cardiidae. Quaternary-Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Ad insulam Ceylon (Sri La[hka) (Sowerby 1840). RECORDS. "1838 Sowerby, 149 t part, fig. 3ffi Cardium subrugosum nobis. ··1838 Sowerby, 184t part, fig. 71: Cardium subrugosum . "1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. London p. 108: Cardium subrugosum . •• 1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 5, No. 58: Cardium subrugosum Sowerby, 1838 (fig. 32) = Cardium rugosum Lam. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 5, No. 59: Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium subrugosum (Sowerby No. 59). ··1843 Hanley: Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1844 Reeve, sp. 55: Cardium subrugosum Sow. "1857 Adams & Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 789 subrugosum - subsquamulosum Adams: Cardium (Trachycardium) subrugosum . ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455 : Cardium (Trachycardium) subrugosum Sow.··1858 Fischer, P: Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1869 Dunker: Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1869 Frauenfeld: Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1869 Romer: Cardium subrugosum Sowerby, oblique, related to C. leucostomum Born. "1872 Tryon: Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1896 Elera: Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1903 Hidalgo : Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1905 Hidalgo : Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1907 ZR : Cardium (Trachycardium)subrugosum raised beach, Red Sea [Ref. Hall & Standen 1907]. "1919 Martin : Cardium subrugosum Sow. [Quaternary to Recent]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6268: Cardium subrugosum Sowerby, 1841. "1928 Faustino: Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1932 Prashad: Cardium subrugosum Sowerby, 1834 = Cardium flavum Linne, 1758. "1942 Abrard: Cardium subrugosum Sow. ··1945 Keen : Vasticardium subrugosum Sow. ··1956 Franc : Laevicardium subrugosum Sow. ··1964 Shikama: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) subrugosum (Sowerby). "1974 Habe & Kosuge: Vasticardium (Regozara) subrugosum (Sowerby, 1840). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium subrugosum Sowerby = Laevicardium jlavum Linne auctorum . ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium subrugosum Sowerby. ··1990 Abbott & Dance: Trachycardium subrugosum. ··1992 Dharma: Trachycardium subrugosum. ··1992 Oliver: Cardium subrugosum Sowerby, 1834 = Trachycardium vertebratum (Jonas, 1844). "1999 Aungtonya et al., PMBC-SP 19(2): 378 : Trachycardium subrugosum (Sowerby, 1840). "1999 Vidal: Cardium subrugosum Sowerby, 1838 = Vasticardium jlavum (Linne, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC 2 specimens from the Philippines. DESCRIPTIONS. "1840 Sowerby: 33 ribs, of which the 25 anterior ones are rounded. ··1844 Reeve: shell rather elongately ovate, attenuated towards the umbones, very oblique, anterior side peculiarly rounded; radiately ribbed, about 30 ribs, more or less, the extreme posterior ribs smooth, the rest rugosely crenated; yellowish white faintly tinged with rose, sometimes covered towards the margins with a brown epidermis . DIMENSIONS. "1840 Sowerby: long. 2.30 poll. (length 60 mm), lat. 1.70 poll. (width 43 mm), alt. 2.40 poll (height 61 mm). REMARKS. ··1840 Sowerby: shell less spread, ribs less elevated, the 8 posterior ones are so little raised as to leave the surface nearly smooth, and anterior side smoother than in C. rugosum. ··1844 Reeve: the extreme posterior ribs of this species are smooth and nearly obsolete, whilst the middle ribs are most delicately wrinkled; and the wrinkles , increasing gradually in size and distance from each other, impart to the anterior portion of the shell, a distinctly crenated character. "1997 Vidal: accepted subrugosum at the subspecificJevel. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: Ceylon, Philippine Islands, and Zanzibar. ··1994 Hylleberg: Ceylon, Philippines, Zanzibar(Reeve 1844). IndoPacific. "1999 Aungtonya et al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. subrugosum of Abrard 1942. - Identical with Vasticardium pectiniforme. RECORDS . "1997 Vidal: Cardium subrugosum in Abrard 1942 = V. pectiniforme. subrugosum of Lamy 1927. - Identical with Vasticardium luteomarginata marerubrum. RECORDS. ··1997 Vidal: Cardium subrugosum Sowerby sensu Lamy 1927 (not Cardium subrugosum Sowerby, 1838) = Vasticardium luteomarginatum marerubrum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). subrugosum of Reeve 1845. - Identical with Vasticardium luteomarginata. RECORDS. "1997 Vidal : Cardium subrugosum in Reeve 1845 sp. 55 = V. luteomarginata (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). subrugosum (subspecies). - See under flavum subrugosum Sowerby, 1838. subrugosum Sowerby, 1838 (variety) . [Figs. Part 1 p. 112). - Synonym of "Cardium " Jucatum Spgl. » Regarding Cardium var. subrugosum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1838 Sowerby, 149 th part, fig. 34: Cardium var. subrugosum. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list p. 8: Cardium subrugosum. ··1870 Morch: Cardium var. subrugosum Sow. = C. implicatum sic Sow. junior synonym of Cardium Jucatum Spgl. subschakonensis Akhvlediani, 1984. - Macradacna subschakonensis Akhvlediani, 1984. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1984 ZR : Macradacna subschakonensis sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Akhvlediani p.80. subserrigerum Orbigny, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subserrigerum d'Orbigny. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium subserrigerum Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852) vol. 3: 118. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com .) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium subserrigerum d'Orbigny. Burdigalien. France (Bordeaux), B27481 . subsetosum Sowerby (error). - Printer's mistake for subretusum (Sowerby). Sowerby never described a species named subsetosum. RECORDS. ··1964 Shikama: Corculum (Lunulicardia) subsetosum. ··1977 FischerPiette: Cardium subsetosum Sowerby = species insufficiently known. subsimile Munster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subsimile Muenster, 1840. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6271 : Cardium subsimile Muenster, 1840 subspinigera (subspecies). - See under texana subspinigera Cragin, 1893. subsquamosum Andrussow. - New combination: Lymnocardium subsquamosum Andrussow. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1953 Ce1idje: Limnocardium (Tauricardium) subsquamosum Andrussow. subsquamosum subpetersi Ebersin (variety) . Upgraded. New combination: Lymnocardium subsquamosum subpetersi. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1953 Celidje: Limnocardium (Tauricardium) subsquamosum Andrus var. subpetersi Ebers. subsquamulosum Andrusssov, 1903 . - New combination : Lymnocardium subsquamulosum Andrusssov, 1903 . Lymnocardiidae. Miocene and Pliocene. RECORDS . ··1958 ZR: Limllocardium (Tauricardium) subsquamulosum Andrusssov, 1903 . PI iocene [Ref. Eberzin 1958). "1958 ZR: Limnocardium subsquamulosum Andrusssov, 1903 790 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) subsquamulosllm bosphorica -subsllicatina subgenotypeof(Tauricardium) Eberzin, 1958. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. "1964 ZR : Limnocardium subsquamulosum Andrusov, 1964 sp. nov. sic Rumania, Miocene. subsqllamulosum bosphorica Eberzin, 1958 (variety). - Upgraded . New combination: Lymnocardium subsquamulosum bosphorica Eberzin, 1958. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Tauricardium) subsquamulosum var. bosphorica Eberzin, 1958 nov. Kerchenski, Crimea, Black Sea. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. sllbsquamulosum jinitima Eberzin, 1958 (variety). Upgraded. New combination: Lymnocardium subsquamufosum jinitima Eberzin , 1958 . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Tauricardium) subsquamulosum var.finitima Eberzin, 1958 nov. Kerchenski, Crimea; Kipchak Ama Darya river, south of the Aral Sea. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. sllbsquamulosllm nasyrica Eberzin, 1958 (variety). Upgraded. New combination: Lymno cardium subsquamulosum nasyrica Eberzin, 1958. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Tauricardium) subsquamulosum var. nasyrica Eberzin, 1958 nov. Kerchenski, Sea of Azov. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. sllbsquamulosum oviformis Eberzin, 1958 (variety) . Upgraded. New combination: Lymnocardium s ubsquamulosum oviformis Eberzin , 1958. Lymnocardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. "1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Tauricardium) subsquamulosum var. oviformis Eberzin, 1958 nov. Kerchenski, Crimea. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. subsquamulosum praesubsquamulosum Eberzin, 1958 (variety). - Upgraded . New combination: Lymnocardium subsquamufosum praesubsquamulosum Eberzin, 1958. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDs. "1958 ZR : Limnocardium (Tauricardium) subsquamufosum var. praesubsquamulosum Eberzin, 1958 nov. Tamansky, Azov Sea-Black Sea. Pliocene of the Ponto--Caspian basin, Russia. subsquamulosum sola Eberzin, 1958 (variety) . Upgraded. New combination: Lymnocardium subsquamulosum sola Eberzin, 1958. Lyrrmocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. "1958 ZR : Limnocardium (Tauricardium) subsquamulosum var. sola Eberzin, 1958 nov. Kerchenski, Crimea. Pliocene of the PontoCaspian basin, Russia. subsquamulosllm sllbpetersi Eberzin, 1958. - New combination: Lymnocardium subsquamulosum subpetersi Eberzin, 1958. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDs. "1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Tauricardium) subsquamulosum subpe/ersi Eberzin, 1958 subsp. nov. Kerchenski Peninsula, and Crimea and Kuban. Pliocene of the Ponto--Caspian basin, Russia. substratonis Celidje, 1953. - Paradacna substratonis Celidje, 1953. Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1953 Celidje, p. 157: Paradacna substratonis nov. sp... 1975 ZR: Paradacna substra/onis Chelidze, 1975 sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Khobs region Lower Pliocene. Ref. to Chelidze, p. 198. substriatulum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "CardiHln" substria/ulum d 'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6273: Cardium substria/ulum d 'Orbigny, 1850. *substriatum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium substriatum from 2 sources: Conrad, 1837. - Orbigny, 1850). substriatum Conrad, 1837. - Changed combination: Laevicardium substria/um (Conrad, 1837). Cardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. California. RECORDS. "1837 Conrad: Cardium substria/um Conr. "1843 Hanley: Cardium substriatum Conr. "1856 Carpenter: Cardium substriatum Conr. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerastoderma) subs/riatum , Conr. "1857 Carpenter: Cardium substria/um Conr. "1860 Carpenter: Cardium substria/um Conr. "1860 Stimpson: Cardium subs/riatum Conr. "1864 Carpenter: Liocardium subs/ria/um Conr. almost identical with C. elenense [Peru). "1864 Carpenter: Liocardium subs/riatum Conr. = cruen/a/um Gld. "1872 Tryon : Laevicardium subs/ria/um Conr. "1872 Carpenter: Laevicardium substria/um (Conrad, 1837). "1890 Paetel: Cardium subs tria tum Conr. is Laevicardium. "1901 Dall: Cardium (Laevicardium) substriatum Conrad, 1838. "1907 Kelsey: Liocardium subs/ria tum Conr. "1907 Smith, M: Cardium substriatum Conr. "1907 ZR: Cardium substriatum [Ref. Smith 1907] . "1916 Dall : Laevicardium substriatum Conr. "1918 Chace: Cardium subs/ria/um Conr. "1921 Dall : Laevicardium substria/um Conr. "1923 Strong: Cardium substriatum Conr. "1924 Oldroyd: Cardium subs/riatum Conrad, 1837. "1931 Grant & Gale: Cardium subs/riatum Conr. "1934 Hertlein: C. subs/ria/um Conrad, by Jordan = Cardium elenense Sowerby . .. 1937 Keen: Laevicardium subs/riatum. "1945 Burch: Laevicardium substriatum Conr. "1948 Smith & Gordon: Cardium substriatum Conr. "1954 Abbott: Laevicardium substriatum Conr. "1958 Stohler: Laevicardium substria/um Conr. "1960 Morris: Laevicardium substriatum Conr. "1961 Stohler: Laevicardium substriatum Conr... 1965 Coan: Laevicardium substria/um Conr. "1966 Keen: Laevicardium substriatum (Conrad, 1837). "1966 Morris: Laevicardium substriatum Conr. "1968 Abbott: Laevicardium subs/ria/um Conr. "1969 MacLean: Laevicardium substria/um Conr. "1974 Abbott : Laevicardium substria/um (Conrad, 1837). "1977 Popov : Laevicardium substriatum (Conrad, 1837). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium substria/um Conrad. "2000 Coan e/ af.: Laevicardium subs/riatum (Conrad, 1837) ... 2001 Vidal, p. 407: Laevicardium substriatum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC from San Diego, USA. DESCRIPTIONS ... 2001 Vidal : tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DISTRIBUTION. "ZMUC: San Diego, USA. substria/um Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" substriatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6274: Cardium subs/ria/um d'Orbigny, 1850. *subsulcatina. - Homonymy to be noticed. Didacna subsulca/ina from 2 sources: Andrusov, 1910. Andrusov, 1964. sllbsulcatina Andrusov, 1964. - Didacna subsulca/ina Andrusov, 1964. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1964 ZR : Didacna subsulca/ina Andrusov, 1964 sp. 791 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) sllbslllcaltina - sllbzlatarski nov. Miocene USSR. subsulcaltina (cf.) Andrusov, 1910. - Didacna cfr. subsulcaltina Andrusov, 1910. Lyrrmocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Anaya: Didacna (s . s.) cfr. subsuscaltina [err. pro subsulcaltina] Andrusov, 1910. subsulcatum Link, 1807. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subsulcatum Link, 1807. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6276: Cardium subsulcatum Link, 1807. subsyrmiense Andrussow. - Changed combination: Lymnocardium subsyrmiense Andrussow. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1907 Andrussow: Limnocardium subsyrmiense Andrus. ··1958 ZR: Limnocardium (ElIXinicardium) subsyrmiense Pliocene [Ref. Eberzin 1958]. "1958 ZR: Limnocardium subsyrmiense Andrus. sub genotype of (ElIXinicardium) Eberzin, 1958. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. ··1987 Anaya: Lymnocardium subsyrmiense Andrussov, 1903 . Type species (D.O .) of (Euxinicardium) Ebersin, 1947. subsyrmiense lacta Eberzin, 1958 (variety). - Upgraded. New combination: Lymnocardium subsyrmiense lacta Eberzin, 1958. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) subsyrmiense var. lacta Eberzin, 1958 nov. Kerchenski Peninsula, Black Sea. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. sllbsyrmiense lecta (variety). - Euxinicardium subsyrmiense lecta. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Euxinicardium subsyrmiense lecta . - Limnocardium (ElIXinicardium) subsyrmiense Andrus. var. lecta Ebers. sllbsyrmiense turbida Eberzin, 1958 (variety) . Upgraded . New combination: Lymnocardium subsyrmiense turbida Eberzin, 1958. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. REcORDs. ··1958 ZR: Limnocardium (ElIXinicardium) subsyrmiense var. turbida Eberzin, 1958 nov. Kerchenski Peninsula, Black Sea. Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. subtentum. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " subtentum. Cardiidae. Lower Eocene. REcORDs. ··1871 Stoliczka, 150: C. subtentum. subtenue integricosta Almera & Bofill (variety) . Combination to be revised:: "Cardium" subtenue var. integricosta Almera et Bofill. Lyrrmocardiidae. Fossil. RECO RDS. ··1987 Anaya: Cardium subtenue var. integricosta Almera et Bofill. subtenllisulcatum Orbigny, 1852 . - "Cardium " subtenuisulcatum Orbigny, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium subtenuisulcatum Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 21. subtile. - "Cardium " subtile. Cardiacea. Fossil. REcORDs. "1886 Fischer: Cardium subtile. subtrapezinum Tscheltzov, 1965. - Avicardium subtrapezinum Tscheltzov, 1965. Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Avicardium subtrapezinum Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Pliocene, Turkmenia, USSR. subtrianglliare mut. n. - See under productum Sow. subtriangulare Cottreau, 1924. sllbtrigonale d'Orbigny, 1850. - Conocardium subtrigonale d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6281: Conocardium subtrigonale d'Orbigny, 1850. *sllbtrigonllm . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium subtrigonum from 2 sources: Orbigny, 1850. - Morris & Lycett, 1853 . sllbtrigonllm Morris & Lycett, 1853. - Changed combination: Protocardium subtrigonum. Cardiidae. Lias-Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subtrigonum Morris & Lycett, 1853; [1853-1854] vol. 2: 64, pI. 7, fig. 3. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Protocardium subtrigonum . Bathonien. France (Pas de Calais), S01914. sllbtrigonum Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium subtrigonum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "192232 Sherborn, p. 6281 : Cardium subtrigonum d 'Orbigny, 1850. subtrigonum Orbigny, 1850. - Unicardium subtrigonum d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, p . 6281: Unicardium subtrigonum d'OrbignY,1850. subtruncata (variety). - See under martelli var. subtruncata Viola, 1949. subtruncatum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subtruncatum d'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6282: Cardium subtruncatum d'Orbigny, 1850. subturgidum millasiense Fontannes, 1882. Laevicardium subturgidum millasiense (Fontannes, 1882). Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 37: Laevicardium (Habecardium) subturgidum millasiense (Fontannes, 1882). "1989 Gontsharova: Laevicardium (Habecardium) subturgidum millasiense in Glibert & Pool, 1970. subturgidum Orbigny, 1852. - Changed combination: Nemocardium subturgidum (d'Orbigny, 1852). Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Laevicardium (Habecardium) subturgidum (Orbigny, 1852) [Ref. Glibert & Van De Poe I 1970]. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium subturgidum Orbigny, 1852; [18501852] vol. 3: 118. ··1989 Gontsharova: Nemocardium (Habecardium) subturgidum (Orbigny, 1852). "1989 Gontsharova: Laevicardium (Laevicardium) subturgidum Glibert, 1945. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium subturgidum d ' Orbigny. Belgium (Anvers), B35561. subumbonatum Orbigny, 1852. - Combination to be , revised: "Cardium " subumbonatum Orbigny, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium subumbonatum Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 118. subventricosum Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" subventricosum d 'Orbigny, 1850. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6289: Cardium subventricosum d'Orbigny, 1850. subvitrea Andrussov, 1924. - Adacna subvitrea Andrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene. RECORDS. "1924 ZR: Adacna subvitrea Andrussov, 1924 Pleistocene. ··1963 ZR: Adacna (Adacna) subvitrea Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. subvulgaris (subspecies). - See under rudis subvulgaris Nevesskaya, 1963. Sllbzlatarski Ebersin, 1967. - Pseudocatillus subzlatarskii Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. 792 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Succuridacna - sueziensis RECORDs. ··1967 Ebersin: Pseudocatillus subzlatarskii sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Pseudocatillus subzlatarskii Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Pliocene, USSR. Succuridacna Korobkov, 1958 (subgenus) . Lymnocardiidae . Miocene . RECORDS . ··1958 ZR: Succuridacna Korobkov, 1958 subgen . nov. of Eoprosodacna , subgenotype Cardium goriense Davidaschvili, Georgia, USSR Kotsakhursk horizon, Miocene [Ref. Korobkov 1958] . ··1980 Vokes: Succuridacna Korobkov, 1954 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. suculum in Monterosato 1878, printer's error of C. siculum Sowerby. suecicum (spelling). - See under suediense Reeve, 1845. suecicum Loven, 1846. - Synonym of Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: not a synonym of Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836). » Regarding Cardium suecicum : Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium suecicum Forbes, Loven = Cardium minimum Philippi. ··1867 ZR: Cardium minimum (Phil.) identified on Jeffreys's authority with Cardium suecicum (Loven) [this identification is not correct, according to a communication from Mr. Jeffreys, Ref. to Weinkauff 1867]. ··1886 Locard: Cardium suecicum Loven, 1846 = Cardium minimum Philippi , 1845 . ··1890 Paetel: Cardium suecicum Loven. ··190 I Friele & Grieg: Cardium suecicum Loven, 1846 = Cardium minimum Philippi, 1836. ··1912 Jensen: Cardium suecicum Loven, 1846 = Cardium minimum Philippi . ··1969 Nordsieck: Parvicardillm minimum suecicum (Loven, 1846). ··2001 Aartsen & Goud : Cardium suecicum Loven, 1846 emend. = Parvicardillm minimum (Philippi, 1836). suecicum Reeve (spelling) - See under suediense Reeve. suedense (error). - Printer's mistake for suediense in Kobelt 1888. suediense Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part I p. 145. Part 3 p. 915]. - Synonym of Parvicardium minimum (Phi lippi, 1836). » Regarding Cardium suediense: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. BMNH ; Cardium suediense Reeve Syntypes 2 of 3 valves reg. no. 197628. Neg. No. 0261. DISTRIBUTION. West coast of Sweden (Reeve 1845). RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium suediense. ··1846 Loven: Cardium suecicum Reeve sp. 132. ··1851 Sars: Cardium svecicum Reeve. ··1856 Jeffreys: (Cardium suecicum B.M.) = Cardium minimum Ph. (Note: Ph. & B.M. = Philippi and "British Mollusca", Forbes & Hanley 1849 respectively). ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Cerastoderma) suecicum Reeve. ··1859 Danie1ssen: Cardium svecicum Reeve = Cardium loveniThompson. ··1867 Weinkauff, p. 143: Cardium suedense [err. pro suediense] Reeve = Cardium minimum Philippi. ··1869 Romer: Cardium suediense Reeve fig. 132 = Cardium suecicum Loven. ··1871 March, p. 215, No. 206 Cardium svecicum Reeve = Cardium minimum Phi 1. ··1872 ZR: Cardium minimum (Phil.) = suecicum (Reeve), ribs vary from 28-33 [Ref. Bragger 1872]. ··1886 Locard: Cardium suldiense sic Reeve, 1836 = Cardium minimum, Philippi, 1845. ··1888 Kobe1t: Cardium suedense sic Reeve = Cardium suecicum Loven. ··1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium suediense Reeve 1843 = Cardium (Parvicardium) minimum, Philippi 1836. ··1917 Hidalgo: Cardium suedense sic Reeve = Cardium Suecicum Loven . ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6294: Cardium suediense Reeve, 1845. ··1932 Winckworth: Cardium suecicum = Cardium (Parvicardium) minimum Philippi , 1836. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium suediense Reeve, 1845 = Cardium minimum Philippi. ··2001 Aartsen & Goud: Cardium suediense Reeve, 1845 = Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell minute, orbicular, thin, fragile, radiately ribbed, 28 convex, prickly ribs; white, covered with a thin straw-coloured epidermis. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: this is the smallest species of Cardium I have met with; it is not much unlike the figure of an odd valve discovered by M. Philippi, at Palermo, and figured in his second volume of the Enum. Moll. Siciliae, pI. 14. f. 18, under the name of C. minimum; his description, however, by no means agrees with the northern species under consideration. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: West coast of Sweden. suense Sidorova, 1961. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" suense Sidorova, 1961. Cardiacea. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1961 ZR: Cardium suense Sidorova, 1961 sp. nov. Sue, Sarmatian, Miocene; Mangyshlak, Turkmeniya, Russia . DISTRIBUTION. Europe (Winckworth 1932); Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf of Suez (Nordsieck 1969). suess; Barbot, 1869. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" suessi Barbot, 1869. Cardiacea. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium suessi Barb. Sarmatian [Ref Ko1esnikov 1929]. ··1946 ZR: Cardium suessi Barbot. Sarmatian fossil [Ref. Simionescu & Barbu 1940]. ··1970 ZR: Cardium suessi Barbot, 1869 type sp. for Maequicostates group nov. q.v. [?Ref.]. suessi. - Inaequicostata suessi. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Inaequicostata suessi. suessi imbecilla Kolesnikov, 1929 (variety). - Upgraded. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" suessi imbecilla Kolesnikov, 1929. Cardiacea. Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium suessi Barb. var. imbecilla Kolesnikov, 1929 nov. Sarmatian [Ref. Kolesnikov 1929]. suessi pseudohispida Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 (variety). - Upgraded. "Cardium " suessi pseudohispida Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. Cardiacea. Sarmatian. REcORDs. ··1946 ZR: Cardium suessi Barbot var. pseudohispida Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 nov. Chisinau, Sarmatian fossil, Rumania. suessiformis (subspecies and variety). - See under politioanei suessiformis and politioanei var. suessiformis Jekelius, 1944. sueziense (mode). - See under sueziensis Issei, 1869. sueziensis Issei, 1869. [Figs. Part 3 p. 852]. - Changed combination: Parvicardium sueziensis (Issei, 1869). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Bay of Suez. RECORDS. ··1869 Issei, p. 76, PI. 3, fig. 4 : Cardium sueziensis. ··1869 ZR: Cardium sueziense Issei, 1869 sp. n. from Suez. ··1870 Macandrew: Cardium (Cerastoderma) sueziensis. ··1885 Smith, p. 158-159, pI. 8, figs. 2-2b: Cardium (Acanthocardia) sueziense IsseI. ··1899 Hedley: Cardium fragrum [sic. = fragum] var. sueziense IsseI. ··1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 839: Cardium (?Acanthocardia) sueziense IsseI. ··1907 ZR: Cardium sueziense raised beach, Red Sea [Ref. Hall & Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 793 suicum - sulcatum Standen 1907]. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium (Acanthocardia) sueziensis. ··1938 Lamy: Cardium (Cerastoderma) sueziensis IsseI. ··1973 Biggs: Parvicardium sueziensis (Issei, 1869). ··1977 FischerPiette: Cardium (Cerastoderma, Parvicardium) sueziense IsseI. ··1977 Popov: Loxocardium sueziense (Issei, 1869). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium sueziensis Issei, 1869; p. 76, pI. 3, fig. 4. ··1992 Oliver: Parvicardium sueziensis. ··1995 Oliver, fig. 1078: Parvicardium sueziense (Issei, 1869). ··2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Parvicardium sueziense (Issei, 1869). Det. 1. Vidal. ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Fragum sueziense. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Parvicardium sueziense (Issei, 1869). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 178: Fragum sueziense (Issei, 1869). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - Of COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC from the Gulf of Thailand. DESCRlPTIONS. ··1869 Issei: shell small, equivalve, inequilateral, suborbicular, somewhat oblique, anterior rounded, posterior obtuse, subangulate, somewhat inflated, thin, white, small brown spots, about 23-24 ribs, numerous transverse scales, small umbo, denticulated margin [I have translated from Latin]. Roundly subquadrate, posterior margin slightly longer and less rounded than anterior. Sculpture of 20-24, low rather broad, radial ribs, all but the posterior few bearing large, slightly curved cross bars; posterior ribs with blunt spines. ··200 I Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. DIMENSIONS. ··1869 Issei: length 7.5 mm, width 6 mm, diameter 5 mm. ··1995 Oliver: to 8 mm. REMARKS. ··1869 Issei: C. sueziensis resembles C. minimum Philippi, but differs in number of ribs and their ornamentation. The dozen odd valves studied by Hedley (1899) passed gradually into typical C. fragum. The species was redescribed and reillustrated by Smith (1885, p. 158 and pI. 8) because he condemned the original figure by Issei (Hedley 1899). Unfortunately C. minimum and C. fragum are very different, so it is difficult to judge the status of C. sueziensis, based on information in the literature. HABITAT. ··1906 Melvill & Standen: sand 3 fathoms, mud, 10 fathoms, coral. ··ZMUC mud 30 m depth. ··1995 Oliver: muddy sand, lower shore and below. DISTRIBUTION. ··1899 Hedley: Fiji, Torres Strait. ··1994 Hylleberg: Suez, Red Sea. ··1995 Oliver: Red Sea. ··ZMUC Arabian Sea. ··2000 HyJleberg: Vietnam and Cambodia. ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: South India. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. suicum Iqbal, 1970. - "Cardium" suicum Iqbal, 1970. Cardiidae. Early Eocene. RECORDS. ··1970 ZR: Cardium suicum Iqbal, 1970 sp. nov. Early Eocene, Ghazij Formation, Shahrig, Pakistan. sukaraii Habe, 1961. - Nemocardium sukaraii Habe, 1961. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1961 ZR: Nemocardium (Microcardium) sukaraii Habe, 1961 sp. nov. Cardiidae, Tosa Bay, Kochi Pref. Shikoku, Japan. sulacense Andrusov, 1963. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sulacense Andrusov, 1963. Cardiacea. Neogene. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Cardium sulacense Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Neogene, Russia. sulcata (variety). - See under archiaciana var. sulcata Acquaotta, 1929. *sulcatinum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium sulcatinum from 2 sources: Lamarck, 1819. - Deshayes, 1838. sulcatinum Deshayes 1838. - New name: Didacna andrusovi Gude, 1913. OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium ponticum Deshayes. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1857. Deshayes: Cardium sulcatinum. Desh. 1837 sic. - C. ponticum Desh. ··1913 ZR: "Cardium" sulcatinum Desh. 1838 non Lamarck, 1819 replaced by Didacna andrusovi Gude, 1913 nom. nov. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6298: Cardium sulcatinum Deshayes, 1838. sulcatinum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part 3 p. 921]. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sulcatinum Lamarck, 1819. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck: "Cardium" sulcatinum Lamk. ··1886 Fischer: "Cardium" sulcatinum. ··1857. Deshayes: Cardium sulcatinum. Lamk. 1818 sic. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6298: "Cardium" sulcatinum Lamarck, 1819. *sulcatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium sulcatum from 3 sources: Lamarck, 1819. - Michelotti, 1839. - Koninck (?year). sulcatum Koninck. - Replaced by "Cardium" sulciferum. Deshayes. » Regarding Cardium sulcatum: Not a cardiid (cardiomorpha). Silurian. RECORDS. ··1857. Deshayes: "Cardium" sulcatum Koninck (cardiomorpha). - C. sulciferum. Desh. sulcatum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part I p. 76 No. 190, p. 79 No. 12, p. 82 No.9. p. 90. Part 3 p. 898]. - Identical with Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). Cardiumflavum Poli - Cardium norvegicum Spengler, 1799. - Cardium serratum Bruguiere. » Regarding Cardium sulcatum: Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Mediterranean (Reeve 1845). TYPE REPOSITORY. Lamarck's cabinet, unknown availability. RECORDS. ··1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 298. fig. 5. Cardium sulcatum. ··1819 Lamarck, p. 10, No. 24: Cardium sulcatum new name for Cardium oblongum Chemnitz, t. 19, fig. 190. ··1832 Bronn: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. = Cardium oblongum (Chemn.) Brch. 503. ··1835 Deshayes: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. ··1836 Philippi: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. = Cardium crassum Gm. p. 3254. ··1838 Maravigna: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. ··1839 Anton: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz = Cardium serra tum Bruguiere. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 5, No. 64: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. ··1844 Brown: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck = Cardium oblongum. ··1844 Philippi: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. ··1846 Verany: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. ··1848 Requien: Cardium Sulcatum Lamarck. = Cardium oblongum Chemn. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. sulcatum Lam. = Cardium oblongum Ch. ··1857. Deshayes: Cardiumsulcatum. Lamk 1818 sic. ··1862 Weinkauff: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. ··1867 Hidalgo: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck = Cardium oblongum, Chemnitz. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck, Deshayes, Philippi = C. oblongum Chemnitz. ··1867 ZR: Cardium sulcatum (Lam.) and Cardium oblongum (Chemn.) nearly allied, but may be kept distinct [Ref. Weinkauff 1867]. ··1868 ZR: The Mediterranean Cardium sulcatum (Lam.) = oblongum (Chemn.) = flavum (Born) to be distinguished from Cardium pennanti and oblongum of Reeve [Ref. Romer 794 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) sulcatum - suluanum 1868]. --1869 Romer: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1872 Monterosato: Cardium sulcatum = C norvegicum (foss. recente). --1878 Monterosato : C sulcatum Lamarck = Cflavum Poli (non Lin.) = Cardium oblongum Chemn. --1884 Monterosato: C sulcatum Lamarck = C flavum Poli (non Lin.) = Loevicardium sic oblongum. --1886 Locard : Cardium su/catum de Lamarck, 1818 = Cardium oblongllm Chemnitz, 1782. --1888 Kobelt: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz . --1899 Granger: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. --1843 Hanley: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. --1890 Hidalgo: Cardium su/calum Lamarck = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1890 Paetel: Cardium silica tum Lm. = ob/ongum Ch. [not available]. --1900 Locard & Caziot: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck, 1819 = Cardium ob/ongum Chemnitz, 1789 sic. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6300 : Cardium sulcatum Lamarck, 1819. "1930 Stewart: Laevicardium sllicatum. "1945 ZR: Cardium sulcatum Lk. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. "1969 Nordsieck: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck, 1819 = Laevicardium oblongum (Chemnitz, 1782). --1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 176: Cardium sulcatum Lamarck = Laevicardium oblongum Lamarck sic. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium sulcatum Lamarck. Pliocene. Italy; Algeria; Greece; B36096, B38899, B40342, B41270. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. --1841 Sowerby, No. 64: a shell [C sulcatum] has been collected at Plymouth by Mr. Cuming, which is distinct from C serra tum , and may probably tum out to be a British variety of this species. -- Label at ZMUC : "Lamarck No. 24 = flavum Born t 3/8, and oblongum Ch fig. 190, E. pI. 298 f. 5 bon, andflavum Poli t 17 f. 9. Gulf d Torento = oblongum Gmelin, 1791 Mediterranean, Canary lsI." "1969 Nordsieck: Cardium flavum Born, 1780 = Cardium sulcatum Lamarck, 1819 = Laevicardium oblongum (Chemnitz, 1782) . HABITAT. --1969 Nordsieck: the species oblongum: sand at 4-200 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve : the species sulcatum: Mediterranean. --1969 Nordsieck: oblongum: Mediterranean, Canary lsI. sulcatum Leckenby, 1858. - Unicardium sulcatum Leckenby, 1858. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Unicardium su/catum Leckenby, 1858; vol. 15 : 14, pI. 3, fig. II. sulcatum of authors. - RECORDS. --1870 Aradas & Benoit: Cardium sulcatum auctt. = Cardium ob/ongum Chemnitz. sulcatum of Blainville - RECORDS. "1917 Hidalgo : Cardium sulcatum Blainville = Cardium oblongum. sulcatum of Gmelin (1791). [Figs . Part I p . 139]. Synonym of Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium sulcatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Mediterranean (Reeve 1845) . DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean (Romer 1891). RECORDS. "1791 Gmelin: did not refer to Cardiumsulcatum , only to Cardium oblongum. --1891 Romer: Trachycardium su/catum Gm. --1845 Reeve, fig. 79: Cardium sulcatum Gmelin. "1977 Fischer-Piette, p . 18 : Cardium sulcatum Gmelin = Cardium oblongum Gmelin. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. "1845 Reeve: shell elongately ovate, attenuated towards the umbones, very ventricose, radiately grooved, posterior area smooth, depressed; rusty white, covered with a yellowish olive epidermis. REMARKS. --1845 Reeve: the sculpture of this species is of such a very similar character to that of the Cardium oblongum. that I (Reeve) at first doubted whether they be truly distinct. Upon subsequent examination I (Reeve) find they differ constantly in form, the Cardium sulcatum being more elongated and so much more full and ventricose about the umbones. DISTRIBUTION. --1845 Reeve: Mediterranean . sulcatum of Payraudeau (1826). - RECORDS. --1826 Payraudeau: Cardium sufcatum Lamarck. n. 24. --1880 Stossich: Cardium sulcatum Payraudeau, 1862 sic = Laevicardium oblongum Chemnitz. sulcatum of Philippi . - RECORDS. --1856 Jeffreys: (Cardium sulcatum Ph.) = Cardium norvegicum B.M. (Note: Ph. & B.M . = Philippi and "British Mollusca Forbes & Hanley 1849" respectively). sulcatus Michelotti, 1839. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sulcatus Michelotti, 1839. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6300: Cardium sulcatus Michelotti, 1839. *sulciferum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium sulciferum from 2 sources : Bayle in Fournel, 1849. Deshayes, 1853 . sulciferum Bayle in Fournel, 1849. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " sulciferum Bayle in Fournel, 1849. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6311: Cardium sulciferum Bayle in Fournel, 1849. sulciferum Deshayes, 1853. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sulciferum Deshayes, 1853 . ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium sulciferum Deshayes, 1853; vol. 2: 49. suldiense (error). - Printer's mistake for suediense in Locard 1886. sulini Alizade. - Raricardium? sulini (Alizade). Lymnocardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. "1986 Nevesskaya et af.: Raricardium? sulini (Alizade) comb. nov. "1987 ZR: Raricardium? sulini (Alizade) comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 191. sulini magnum Tscheltzov, 1965 (subspecies). Combination to be revised : "Cardium " sulini magnum Tscheltzov, 1965. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1965 ZR: Cardium sulini magnum Tscheltzov, 1965 subsp. nov. Akchagylian (Pliocene), Turkmenia, USSR. suluanum Vidal , 1999 . [Figs . Part 3 p . 880]. Acrosterigma suluanum Vidal, 1999. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Holotype, Tawitawi Island , Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, 439 m. T YPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC . Paratypes, Zoological Museum University of Copenhagen. TYPE MATERlAL. Holotype, a right valve (USNM 299435). Paratypes 1,2,3, a left valve and two right valves from Sunasaki, Japan, 15035 m (ZMUC, coIl. Mortensen). Paratypes 4 and 5 two right valves, Japan, 113 m, same repository and collection. RECORDS. --1999 Vidal, p. 298, Table 22, Figs 8D-F: Acrosterigma suluanum n. sp. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value. Ribs are rounded and the fine lateral ornaments are situated at the base of the ribs, touching the interstice. DESCRIPTIONS. --1999 Vidal: shell ovoid, not truncated posteriorly and almost equilateral, Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 795 sumsarica - symbo/icum moderately elongated and tumid. Lunule small, rather imperfectly delineated, its umbonal margin raised. Colour yellow with orange splashes; interior partially pink. Hinge slightly asymmetrical and moderately angled. On right valve, cardinals slightly more than usually fused at base. Rib number 43.8 ± 1.3, range 41-45. Posteriorly, interstices very thin, ribs very flat with an axial furrow separating two zones of similar width. Slightly elongated, tubercular, oblique scales on posterior part encroaching upon anterior zone, straddling axial furrow. on middle part of surface, ribs are flatly triangular and asymmetrical posteriorly, then rounded. Scales disappear and are replaced further posteriorly with numerous very thin short ridges or tubercles, situated at base of rib, touching interstice. Anteriorly, large scales reappear on posterior flanks, imposed on the latter fine ornamentation: a similar fine beading but thinner and more tubercular appears also at base of anterior flank of ribs. On anterior slope, the fine beading of both sides disappear and posterior large scales proceed to top and anterior flank of ribs, forming free top-ridges which are not imbricated. DIMENSIONS. Length 34.0, height 43.6, width (calculated) 30.0 mm. REMARKS. ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma suluanum shares with A. profundum the character of having fine ornaments on both sides of the ribs on median surface (difference with A. uniornatum and A. amirante that have ornaments only on the posterior side). On A. suluanum, however, the ribs are rounded and the fine lateral ornaments are situated at the base of the ribs, touching the interstice, whilst on A. profundum the ribs are squared and the fine ornaments are separated from the interstice and slightly overhang it. In addition, the rib number of profundum is higher, with an average of 58.4, against 43.8 on suluanum. DISTRIBUTION. "1999 Vidal: Known from the Philippines and Japan. sumsarica (variety). -See under beshbaluki var. sumsarica Mirkamalova, 1958. sundica Andrusov, 1963. - Didacna sundica Andrusov, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Didacna sundica Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Miocene, Russia. sundicum Vekilov, 1959. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" sundicum Vekilov, 1959. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1959 ZR: Cardium sundicum Vekilov, 1959 sp. nov. Pontic beds, Lower Pliocene, Maraza region, Azerbaidjan. superbum Tremlett, 1950. - Nemocardium superbum Tremlett, 1950. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1950 ZR: Nemocardium superbum Tremlett, 1950 sp. nov. Hampshire Basin, Bracklesham Bay. ··1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) superlum sic Tremlett, 1950. superlum (error). - Printer's mistake for superbum in Popov 1977. superob/iquum Riedel, 1932. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" superobliquum Riedel, 1932. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1938 ZR: Cardium superobliquum Riedel, 1932 sp. n. Cretaceous Cameroons. supina (variety). - See under rectidens sup ina. supracimmerica Eberzin, 1960. - Pachydacna supracimmerica Eberzin, 1960. Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Pachydacna supracimmerica Eberzin, 1960 sp. n. Pliocene Tamansk, Bugazski region, Crimea, USSR. suprae/egans Gregorio, 1930. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" supraelegans Gregorio, 1930. Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS. ··1936 ZR: Cardium supraelegans Gregorio, 1930 sp. n. Lias Palermo. supsae (subspecies). - See under crassa supsae Nevesskaya, 1963. susannae Bagdasaryan, 1979. - Parvicardium susannae Bagdasaryan, 1979. Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. ··1979 ZR: Parvicardium susannae Bagdasaryan, 1979. Sp. nov. Ukraine. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p.39. suwannense Mansfield, 1937. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" suwannense Mansfield, 1937. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Cardium (Acanthocardia) suwannense Mansfield, 1937 sp. n. Suwannee limestone (Oligocene) Florida. svecicum (error). - Printer's mistake for suediense in Sars 1851, Danielssen 1859 and Morch 1871. swediense (error). - Printer's mistake for suediense in Sowerby 1859. sybariticum (subspecies). - See under serratum sybariticum. sybariticum Dall, 1886. - Changed combination: Laevicardium sybariticum (Dall, 1886). Cardiidae. Recent. OF COLLECTIONS. ZMUC from St Thomas, West Indies. Antilles. RECORDS. "1886 Dall, 12, p. 171: Cardium serratum var. sybariticum. "1900 Dall: Cardium serratum var. sybariticum. ··1902 Dall & Simpson, pI. 58, fig. II: Cardium (serratum var.?) sybariticum Dall. "1939 McLean: Cardium sybariticum Dall, 1886 = Laevicardium serra tum sybariticum (Dall, 1886). "1944 Clench & Smith: Laevicardium sybariticum Dall. ··1944 ZR: Laevicardium sybariticum Dall [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944]. "1947 Aguayo & Jaume: Laevicardium sybariticum Dall. ··1951 McLean: Laevicardium sybariticum Dall. "1961 Weber: Laevicardium sybariticum. ··1962 Warmke & Abbott: Laevicardium sybariticum Dall, 1886. ··1968 Jong & Kristensen: Americardia sybariticum Dall. "1971 Porter & Wolfe: Laevicardium sybariticum (DaU) ? "1974 Abbott: Laevicardium sybariticum (Dall, 1886). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium sybariticum Dall & Simpson. ··1997 Shelton: Laevicardium sybariticum (Dall, 1886). ··200 I Vidal, p. 407: Laevicardium sybariticum. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRlPTIONS. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: shell much smaller and more delicate than the type, more compressed, pale or faintly flecked with pink or purple; beaks often deep pink. ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: length 11, height 14, diameter 7 mm. DISTRIBUTION. ··ZMUC St Thomas, West Indies; Antilles. ··1977 Fischer-Piette Brazil. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: Porto Rico. sycophanta Boghachev, 1938. - New combination: Lymnocardium sycophanta Boghachev, 1938. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1939 ZR: Limnocardium sycophanta Boghachev, 1938 sp. n. symbolicum Iredale, 1929. [Figs. Part 3 p. 903]. - New name. Ctenocardia symbolicum (Ired ale, 1929). Cardiidae. Recent. Type species of Ctenocardia H. & A. 796 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) symmetrica - Tauricardium Adams, 1857. DISTRIBUTION. central Indo-West Pacific (Hylleberg 1994). RECORDS. "1929 Iredale, p. 264: Fragum (Ctenocardia) symbolicum nom. nov. for Ctenocardia hystrix (Reeve, 1844) (type of genus named), hystrix preoccupied by Solander 1786. --1929 ZR: Fragum symbolicum nom. n. for Cardium hystrix Rve. [Ref. lredale 1929bJ. --1932 Prashad: Cardium(Ctenocardia) symbolicum. Nomen novum replacing hystrix Reeve, 1844. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Ctenocardia) symbolicum Iredale. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum (Ctenocardium) symbolicum Iredale, 1929; new name for Cardium hystrix. symmetrica Popov, 1983. - Didacna symmetrica Popov. 1983. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. REcORDs. "1983 Popov, p. 154, fig.: Didacna symmetrica sp. nov. syriacum (cf.) Conr. - Trachycardium cf. syriacum Conr. Cardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. --1917 ZR: Trachycardium cf. syriacum Conr. [Ref. Newton 1917]. syrmiensis Homes, 1874. - Paradacna syrmiensis (Homes, 1874). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 66: Paradacna syrmiensis (Homes, 1874). "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium syrmiense R. Hoem. syrticum (subspecies). - See under glaucum syrticum Coen,1915. szaboi Loer. - New combination: Lymnocardium szaboi (Loer.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium szaboi Loer. T tabacoensis Myers, 1968. - New combination: Granocardium tabacoensis Myers, 1969. Cardiidae. Fossil. "1968 ZR: Cardium (Granocardium) tabacoensis Myers, 1968 sp. nov. Cardenas formation, Mexico. --1969 ZR: Cardium (Granocardium) tabacoensis Myers, 1969 sp. nov. Arroyo del Tabaco, Cirdenas formation, Arroyo del Aguaje, Mexico. Tachycardium (error). - Printer's mistake for Trachycardium in Csepreghy-Meznerics 1959 (Vokes 1980). taciturna Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna taciturna Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. "1989 Papaianopo1, p. 71 , fig .: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) taciturna sp. nov. taeniopleura DaJl, 1900. - Changed combination: Planicardium taeniopleura (DaJl, 1900). Cardiidae. Fossil. --2002 Schneider: citing Dall (1900): Cardium (Cerastoderma) taeniopleura sp. nov. section Cerastoderma. --2002 Schneider: citing Stanley (1986): Planicardium taeniopleura. taidonense Tolmatchoff, 1925 . - Conocardium taidonense Tolmatchoff, 1925. Conocardiidae. Carboniferous . RECORDS. --1925 ZR: Conocardium taidonense Tolmatchoff, 1925 sp. n. Carbon. taiwanensis (subspecies). - See under samarangae taiwanensis Masuda & Huang, 1990. taiwanensis Masuda & Huang, 1990. - Vepricardium taiwanensis Masuda & Huang, 1990. Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Western Foothills of northern Taiwan. RECORDS. --1990 Masuda & Huang, p. 153, fig.: Vepricardium taiwanensis sp. nov. takoyellsis Kafanov & Savizky, 1982, - Yagudinella takoyensis Kafanov & Savizky, 1982. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. --1982 Kafanov & Savizky: Yagudinel/a takoyensis Kafanov & Savizky. --1982 ZR: Yagudine/la takoyensis Kafanov, 1982 sp. nov. Russian SFSR, Ref. to Kafanov, et al. p. 41. talahabense Martin, 1922. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" talahabense (Martin, 1922). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Lower Miocene of Java (Vidal 1999) . RECORDS. --1922 ZR: Cardium (Eucardium) talahabense Martin, 1922 sp. n. Tertiary. "1999 Vidal, p. 270: cites Martin 1922, 484, pI. 61, figs. 105-105a: Cardium (Eucardium) talahabense. tamallica (subspecies) . - See under caspia tamanica Nevesskava, 1963. Tamilicardia (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS . --1983 ZR: (Tamilicardia) subgenus of Protocardia. India. tanaica Ebersin, 1967. - Didacnomya tanaica Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1967 Ebersin : Didacllomya tanaica sp. n. --1967 ZR: Didacnomya tanaica Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. figs. Pliocene, USSR. tallaitica (subspecies) . - See pontocaspia tanaitica Popov, 1983. tallaitica Popov, 1955. - Didacna tanaitica Popov, 1955. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. --1956 ZR: Didacna tanaitica Popov, 1955 sp. nov. Don and Warsaw Manich Quaternary. Russia. taphrium Dall, 1900. - Dinocardium taphrium (Dall, 1900). Cardiidae. Fossil. --2002 Schneider: citing Dall (1900): Cardium (Cerastoderma) taphrium sp. nov. section Dinocardium. taracaicum Yokoyama, 1930. - Changed combination: Laevicardium· taracaicum (Yokoyama , 1930). Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene-Miocene. RECORDS. --1930 Yokoyama: Cardium taracaicum (fide Keen 1973). --1930 ZR: Cardium taracaicum Yokoyama, 1930 sp. n., fossil. --1973 Keen : Laevicardium taracaicum (Yokoyama, 1930). taramelli Gortani, 1906. - Conocardium taramelli Gortani, 1906. Conocardiidae. Carboniferous. RECORDS. --1906 ZR: COllocardium taramelli Gortani, 1906 sp. n. Carboniferous, Carnian Alps. tarchanicum (subspecies). - See under liverovskayae tarchanicum . tascharvaticu Sibiryakova , 1962 . - Pr%cardia tascharvatica Sibiryakova, 1962. Cardiidae. Jurassic. RECORDS. --1962 ZR: Protocardia tascharvatica Sibiryakova , 1962. sp . nov. Tascharvat, Western Turkrneniya, Russia, Jurassic. tataricu Kafanov ex Lautenschlager, 1997. - Papyridea tatarica Kafanov ex Lautenschlager, 1997. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1997 Kafanov, p. 6, pI. 8, fig. 3.: Papyridea (Pro/lllvia) tatarica Kafanov ex Lautenschlager. Tauricurdium Ebersin, 1947 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1980 Vokes: Tauricardium Ebersin, 1947 in subfamily Lymnocardiinae. Tuuricurdium Eberzin, 1958 (subgenus) . - Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1958 ZR: Tauricardium Eberzin, 1958 subgen. nov. of Limnocardium ; sUbgenotype: Limnocardium subsquamu/osum Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 797 tauricum - tenerum Andrusssov, 1903 Pliocene of the Ponto-Caspian basin, Russia. --] 958 ZR: Tauricardium Eberzin, 1958 subgen. nov. of Limnocardium q .v. "1983 ZR: (Tauricardium) subgenus of Lymnocardium Romania. Dacique Basin. Neogene. Ref. to Papaianopol et al. "1987 Taktakishvili: (Tauricardium) Ebersin, 1947. tauricum Sobetskii, 1977. - Granocardium tauricum Sobetskii, 1977. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDs. --1977 ZR: Granocardium tauricum sp. nov. Ukraine. Ref to Sobetskii, p. 184, fig'd. "1986 AbdelGawad: "Granocardium" tauricum Sobetski, 1977. taurina Michelotti, 1847. - Acanthocardia taurina (Michelotti, 1847). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) taurina (Michelotti, 1847). taurinium Michelotti, 1847. - Combination to be revised "Cardium " taurinium Michelotti, 1847. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6393 : Cardium taurinium Michelotti, 1847. taurovatum Sacco, 1899. - Laevicardium taurovatum Sacco, 1899. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS . --1899 Sacco, p. 53, pI. 12, fig. 6: Laevicardium taurovatum Sacco--1977 Popov: Laevicardium taurovatum Sacco, 1899. tcheliense Debeaux in Pilsbry, 1904. - Synonym of Fulvia mutica (Reeve, 1844). » Regarding Cardium tcheliense: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1994 Vidal: Cardium tcheliense Debeaux in Pilsbry, 1904 = Fulvia (Fulvia) mutica (Reeve, 1844). tchuktchense (subspecies). - See under ciliatum tchuktchense Kafanov, 1981. tegalense Oostingh, 1934. - New combination : Laevicardium tegalense Oostingh, 1934. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. --1934 ZR: Laevicardium (Laevicardium) tegalense Oostingh, 1934 sp. n. Tertiary Java. tegulata Munster, 1840. - See under tegulatum Orbigny, 1850. tegulatum Dautzenberg, 1900. [Figs. Part 3 p. 907] . Synonym of Fragum unedo (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Hemicardium tegulatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. RECORDs. --1900 Dautzenberg, p. 5-8, pI. I, figs 3-6: Hemicardium tegulatum n. sp. --1900. ZR : Hemicardium tegulatum Dautzenberg, 1900 n. sp. hab. unknown. --1909 Lynge: Hemicardium tegulatum Dautzenberg, 1900 = Fragum unedo (Linne, 1758). --1932 Prashad: Hemicardium tegulatum Dautzenberg, 1900 = Fragum unedo (Linne, 1758). --1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 48: "Hemicardium" tegulatum Dautzenberg, 1900. --1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 144: Corculum (Hemicardia) tegulatum Dautzenberg. --1981 ZR: Fragum tegulatum (Dautzenberg j 900) Junior synonym of F. unedo Linnaeus. Ref. to Germain, p. 166. "1982 ZR: Fragum (Fragum) tegulatum (Dautzenberg 1900) Diagnostic characters. Taxonomic position. Ref. to Germain. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. "1977 Fisher-Piette: reestablished tegulatum Dautzenberg, 1900 but the action was erroneous . The synonymy (=Fragum unedo) is correct according to Luc Germain who studied the specimen of Dautzenberg. DISTRIBUTION. "1994 HylJeberg : Indo-Pacific. tegulatum Hal. - New combination: Lymnocardium tegulatum (HaL) . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium tegulatum (HaL). tegulatum Orbigny, 1850. [Figs. Part 3 p. 907]. Cardium tegulatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6397: Cardiola tegulata Muenster, 1840. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6397: Cardium (Muenster) tegulatum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiola. teisenbergerense Schlosser, 1926. - New name. "Cardium" teisenbergerense Schlosser, 1926. Combination to be revised. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. --1926 ZR: Cardium teisenbergerense Schlosser, 1926 nom. nov. for C. raulini Gumbel. telluris Hoeninghaus, 1831 . - Hemicardium telluris Hoeninghaus, 1831. - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6401: Hemicardium tel/uris Hoeninghaus, 1831. --1922-32 Sherborn : Hemicardium telluris. telluris Lamarck, 1819. - Not a cardiid. »Regarding Cardium tel/uris: Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDs. --1819 Lamarck: Cardium telluris Lamk. "1912 Favre: Cardium tel/uris Lamarck. [Not a cardiid = Ceromya elegans Deshayes]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6401: Cardium tel/uris Lamarck, 1819. Tendagurium Dietrich, 1933 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Vokes : Tendagurium Dietrich, 1933 in subfamily Protocardiinae. Tendagurium Dietrich, 1933 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1933 ZR: Tendagurium Dietrich, 1933 subgen. n. of Cardium type Cardium propebanneianum Dietrich, 1933 sp. n. Cretaceous Africa. --1937 ZR: Tendagurium Dietrich 1933 "type here designated Cardium (Tendagurium) propebanneianum Dietrich 1933" [Ref. Keen 1937]. --1977 ZR: Protocardia (Tendagurium) . Lower Cretaceous. Argentina, Patagonian Spring hill Formation, first record for Patagonia. Ref. to Riccardi. --1995 Schneider: Tendagurium Dietrich, 1933. Mesozoic subgenus of Cardium. Salisbury (1934) designated Cardium propebanneainum [err. pro propebanneianum] Dietrich, 1933, as the type species. --1995 Schneider: Hayami (1958) considered the name Tendagurium unavailable. - Tendagurium is valid, and the taxon is considered to have been erected by Salisbury (1934). tenellum Wood, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " tenellum Wood, 1840. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6409 : Cardium tenellum Wood, 1840. tenera (subspecies). - See under corbuloides tenera Taktakishvili, 1978. tenerum Solander, 1786. - Not valid. » Regarding Cardium tenerum: Cardiidae. Recent. Synonym of Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia bullata (Linnaeus, 1758). - Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). - Nomen nudum. REMARKS. Cardium tenerum was listed by Dillwyn (1817) with reference to Cardium ruga tum Solander's MSS. No details are available about the species. RECORDS. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium tenerum Solander's MSS = Cardium rugatum Gronovius. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6412: Cardium tenerum Solander, 1786 [n.n.]. "1945 Smith: Cardium tenerum 'Solander'Diliwyn 1817 syn. = Fulvia bullata Linne . --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium tenerum 798 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) tenue - tenuicostatum Dillwyn = nomen nudum . "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Cardium tenerum Dillwyn, 1817 = Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). *tenlle. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium tenue from 4 sources: Brown, 1827. - Sowerby, 1838. Orbigny, 1850. - Leach, 1852. tenue Brown, 1827. - Nomen nudum but accompanied by figure. » Regarding Cardium tenue: Cardiidae. Recent. Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). REcORDs. "1852 Leach : Cardium tenue. "1867 Weinkauff: Cardium tenue Brown = Cardium edule Linne. "1888 Kobelt: Cardium tenue Brown = Cardium var. edule. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6422: Cardium tenuis Brown, 1827 [n. et f.]. tenue Jekelius, 1944. - New combination: Lymnocardium tenue Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Limnocardium tenue Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. tenue Leach, 1852. - Insufficiently known species. » Regarding Cardium tenue: ?Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Seas of Great Britain. RECORDS. "1852 Leach, p. 319: Cardium tenue. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium tenue Leach = species insufficiently known. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium tenue Leach in J. Gray, 1852; p. 319. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DIMENSIONS. Length I inch and three-eighths. REMARKS. The specific name indicates that the species has a thin shell. Fischer-Piette (1977) referred to numerous ribs, but since Lea did not compare with other cardiids, the exact nature of Lea's species is cryptic. tenue Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" tenue d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6422 : Cardita tenuis Klipstein, 1845. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6422 : Cardium (Klip.) tenue d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardita tenue. tenlle Sowerby, 1838. [Figs. Part I p. 112] . - Synonym of Fulvia tenuicostata (Lamarck, 1819). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fischer-Piette (1977) suggested Cardium tenue Sowerby = Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter [not available] . » Regarding Cardium ｴ ･ ｮｾ ･ Ｚ＠ Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1838 Sowerby, 149t part, No. 36: Cardium tenue nobis. "1840 Sowerby, corrected list p. 8: Cardium tenue nobis = Cardium tenuicostatum Lam. 001840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium tenuicostatum (Sowerby No.8). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium tenue Sowerby = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter. tenue Stephenson, 1941. - Brevicardium tenue Stephenson, 1941. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Brevicardium tenue Cretaceous, Texas, Neylandsville marl 2 1/2 m N. of Corbet. 001947 ZR: Brevicardium tenue Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Navarro Group, Upper Cretaceous, Texas. tenue Vu Khuc 1991. - Vietnamicardium tenue Vu Khuc 1991. Cardiidae. Triassic. TYPE LOCALITY . Vietnam. RE CORD S. .. 1991 Vu Khuc et. al. p . 10 I , fig : Vietnamicardium tenue Vu Khuc 1991; sp. nov. tenue beta Leach, 1852 (variety). - Insufficiently known species . » Regarding Cardium tenu e var. beta : ?Cardiidae. RECORDS. 001852 Leach: Cardium tenue var. beta Leach, 1852. tenuicostata (mode and variety). - See under tenuicostatum Lamarck, 1819 and planicostata var. tenuicostata Andrusov, 1964. tenuicostata Gillet, 1970. - Monodacna tenuicostata Gillet, 1970. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS . 001970 ZR: Monodacna tenuicostata Gillet, 1970 sp. nov. Miocene, ' Monte dei Corvi' deposits, Ancona region, Italy. tenuicostata Gillet, 1970. - Pontalmyra tenuicostata Gillet, 1970. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001970 ZR : Pontalmyra tenuicostata Gillet, 1970 sp. nov. Miocene, 'Monte dei Corvi' deposits, Ancona district, Italy. *tenuicostatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium tenuicostatum from 2 sources: Lamarck, 1819. Gumbel, 1861 . tenuicostatum Gumbel, 1861. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " tenuicostatum Giimbel, 1861. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium tenuicostatum Gumbel , 1861 ; p. 743 . tenuicostatum Lamarck, 1819. [Figs. Part I p. 119, 133 , 174. Part 3 p. 891 , 929]. - Changed combination: Fulvia tenuicosta (Lamarck, 1819). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia australe. - Papy ridea papyra ceum. « Regarding Cardium tenuicostatum : Cardiidae. Pliocene, Quaternary and Recent. TYPE LOCA LITY . Timor and Australia. TYPE REPOSITORY. National Museum in Paris, unknown availability. Lectotype designated by Vidal 1994, p. 101. RECORDS. 001841 Lamarck, pI. II, fig. 6 a, b, c: Cardium tenuicostatum. 001844 Reeve, species 50. Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.), vol. vi . p . 372. 001865 Angas: Papyridea tenuicosta Lam. 001867 Angas: Cardium (Papyridium sic) tenuicostatum Lam. "1868 ZR: Cardium tenuicostatum (Lam.). Cardium radiatum (Reeve) seems to be a variety [Ref. Romer 1868]. 001869 Issei: Cardium tenuicostatum ? Lamarck. 001871 Fischer: Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck. 001885 Smith: Cardium (Bucardium) tenuicostatum Lamarck. 001890 Paetel: Cardium tenuicostatum Lm. 001898 Bavay: Cardium tenuicostatum Lmk. probably Fulvia australe. 001899 Sturany : Cardium tenuicostatum Lm. 001905 Sturany: Cardium tenuicostatum Lm. 00192232 Sherborn, p. 6418: Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck, 1819. "1932 Lamy: Cardium (Papyridea) tenuicostatum Lk. 001932 Prashad: Cardium (Laevicardium) tenuicostatum . .. 1942 ZR: Cardium tenuicostatum sterol fraction content [Ref. Fantl 1942]. 001945 Smith: Fulvia tenuicostata Lamarck, 1819. 001961 Cotton: Fulvia tenuicostata Lamarck 1819; Pliocene, South Australia. 001974 Habe & Kosuge: Fulvia tenuicostata (Lamarck, 1822). 001977 FischerPiette: Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) SchrNer. 001977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fulvia tenuicostatum (Lamarck, 1819). 001992 Oliver: Cardium tenuicostatum ? Lamarck in IsseI (1869) = Fulvia australe. 001992 Oliver: Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck in Fischer 1871 = Fulvia australe. 001992 Oliver: Cardium tenuicostatum Lm. in Sturany 1899 = Fulvia australe. 001992 Oliver: Cardium tenuicostatum Lm. in Sturany 1905 = Fulvia australe . 001992 Lamprell & Whitehead : Fulvia tenuicostatum . 001994 Vidal : Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck, 1819; lectotype designated, p. 10 I. 00 I 994 Vidal: Fulvia (Fulvia) tenuicosta (Lamarck, 1819). 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 799 tenuicostatum - tenuo Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck. Quaternary. Egypt (Suez), B42200. ··2001 Vidal, p. 408: Fulvia tenuicostata. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1844 Reeve: shell transversely ovate, rather oblique, somewhat thin, ventricose, radiately very finely ribbed, sometimes 40 smooth ribs, sometimes about 52-53 ; whitish, ribs variegated in a waved manner with small flesh-colour spots, umbones rose-purple. "1972 Cernohorsky: 45-55 feeble radial ribs. "1819 Lamarck: 48 ribs. "2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. DIMENSIONS. To 60 mm in length. HABITAT. Coral sand, 10-20 m. DISTRIBUTION. ··1819 Lamarck: gives reference to Timor (Indonesia) and New Holland. Reference to Timor is erroneous according to Stephen & Wilson. Lamarck specifies that specimens from Australia are slightly more inequilateral, so he must have had specimens from Timor to compare with. "1819 Lamarck p. 5, No.5: Cardium tenuicostatum . "1844 Reeve: New Holland = Western Australia. '·1897 Sowerby: Natal South Africa. ··1994 Hylleberg: Western Australia. tenuicostatum of Reeve. - Misidentification. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1844 Reeve, sp. 50: Cardium tenuicostatum. '·1897 Sowerby: Cardium tenuicostatum Lamarck with reference to Reeve fig. 50. "1903 Hidalgo: Cardium lenuicostatum in Reeve, fig. 50 does not show tenuicostatum Lamarck. tenuicostatum of Sowerby. - Misidentification of Papyridea papyracea . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia australe. » Regarding Cardium tenuicostatum: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Grasset 1884). REcoRDs. ·'1840. Sowerby, 182nd part, fig. 62: Cardium lenuicostalum Lam. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. I, No. 8: Cardium tenui-costatum, Lam. "1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium tenuicostatum (Sowerby No.8). "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Cardium (Fulvia) tenuicostala, Sow. ··1870 Macandrew: Papyridea (Fulvia) lenuicostatum Sow. "1884 Grasset: Cardium lenuicoslatum. Sow. ·'1974 Barnard: Cardium tenuicoslatum in Sowerby 1897 = Papyridea papyracea. '·1903 Hidalgo: Cardium tenuicostatum in Sowerby, figs . 19 and 36 do not show tenuicostatum Lamarck. "1992 Oliver: Papyridea (Fulvia) tenuicostatum Sow. in Macandrew 1870 = Fu/via australe. tenuilamellosum Poutiers, 1981. [Figs. Part 3 p. 90 I] . Microcardium tenuilamellosum Poutiers, 1981. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype at MNHN . TYPE LOCALITY. North of Lubang Island, Philippines, 186-193 m. RECORDS ... 1981 Poutiers: Microcardium tenuilamellosum. ·'1981 ZR: Microcardium tenuilamellosum Poutiers, 1981 sp. nov. Philippines. Ref. to Poutiers p. 338. tenuis (mode). - See under tenue. tenuisquamosum Jekelius, 1944. - New combination: Lymnocardium tenuisquamosum Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ' ''1946 ZR: Limnocardium tenuisquamosum Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. tenuissima Ebersin, 1956. - Chartoconcha tenuissima Ebersin, 1956. Cardiacea. Pliocene. RECORDS. ·'1956 ZR: Chartoconcha tenuissima Ebersin, 1956 sp. nov. Pliocene. Kerchenski, Crimea Peninsula, Russia. tenuissimum (subspecies). - See under barzaviae tenuissimum Andreescu, 1975. tenuissubquadratum Coen, 1915. - Infrasubspecific. No evidence for subspecific status. Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Unknown (Nordsieck 1969). RECORDS. ·'1915 Coen: Cerastoderma glaucum tenuissubquadratum. ··1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma glaucum tenuis-subquadratum (Coen, 1915). *tenuistriatum . - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium tenuistriatum from 2 sources: Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. -Anton 1839. tenuistriatum Anton, 1839. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" tenuistriatum. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1839 Anton: No . 389: Cardium tenuistriatum mihi. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6427: Cardium tenuistriatum Anton, 1839. tenuistriatum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. -Combination to be revised: "Cardium" tenuistriatum Munster in Goldfuss, 1837. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6427: Cardium tenuistriatum Muenster in Go1dfuss, 1837. tenuisulcatum Lamarck. - See under tenuisu/catum Nyst, 1836. *tenuisulcatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium tenuisulcatum from 2 sources: Nyst, 1836. - Munster, 1840. tenuisulcatum Munster, 1840. - Replaced by "Cardium" comptum. Deshayes. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857. Deshayes: Cardium tenuisulcatum Munster, 1840. - C. comptum. Desh. '·1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6429 : Cardium tenuisu/catum Muenster, 1840. tenuisulcatum Nyst, 1836. - Changed combination: Laevicardium tenuisulcatum (Nyst, 1836). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium cingulatum Goldfuss, 1840. » Regarding Cardium tenuisulcatum: Cardiidae . Oligocene . RECORDS. ··1844 Potiez & Michaud : Cardium tenuisulcatum Nyst. fossil of Belgium. ·'1857. Deshayes: Cardium tenuisulcatum Nyst, 1835 sic. "1886. Vincent: Cardium tenuisulcatum Nyst = Cardium cingula tum Goldfuss, 1840. '·1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6429 : Cardium tenuisulcatum Nyst, 1836. ··1945 ZR: Cardium tenuisulcatum Lk. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. ·'1970 ZR: Laevicardium tenuisulcatum (Nyst, 1836) designated type sp. of Laevicardium (Habecardium) subgen. nov. Glibert & Van De Poel, 1970. ··1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Habecardium) tenuisulcatum (Nyst, 1836). "1986 Gitton et al.: Laevicardium (Habecardium) tenuisulcalum Nyst. Oligocene. ··1995 Schneider: Habecardium tenuisulcatum (Nyst, 1836). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium tenuisulcatum Nyst. Tongrien. Germany, 24904 to -6 . France (Bassin de Paris), B52833 to -43. tenuitesla Cossmann, 1908. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" tenuitesta Cossmann, 1908. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1909 ZR: Cardium (Plagiocardium) lenuilesta Cossmann, 1908 sp. n. Belgium Tertiary. ·'1975 ZR: Cardium (Plagiocardium) tenuitesta Cossmann, 1908. Lectotype designated . p. 34. Ref. to Glibert. tenuitesta. - Parvicardium tenuitesta. Cardiidae . RECORDS. ·'1979 ZR: Parvicardium tenuitesta. Lower Palaeocene. Ukraine. Ref. to Makarenko. tenuo Meuschen, 1778. Non binominal. - Not available. 800 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) terquemi - thaumastum "1902 Sherborn, p. 963: Cardium tenuo Meuschen, 1778. terquemi Martin, 1863. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" terquemi 1. Martin, 1863. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium terquemi 1. Martin, 1863; vol. 7: 86, pI. 5, figs. 16-20. tertiana Eberzin, 1956. - Oxydacna tertiana Eberzin, 1956. Lyrnnocardiidae. Pliocene. REcORDs. ··1956 ZR: Oxydacna tertiana Eberzin, 1956 sp. nov. Pliocene Russia Kuban Province. terticostales (subspecies). - See under grande terticostales Steininger, 1963. tertium Fischer-Piette, 1977. - New name Laevicardium tertium Fischer-Piette, 1977. Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Unknown. REMARKS. Fischer-Piette (1977) states that Cardium fragile is preoccupied by Brocchi, 1814, (Conchiologia fossile subappennina, II: 505 (pI. 13, Figs. 4a, b). There is a previous record of Cardium fragile R6ding (Mus. Bolt.), but this is a nomen nudum. RECORDS. "1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 28: Laevicardium tertium new name for Cardium fragile Sowerby, 1834. "1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 176 Laevicardium tertius nom. nov. "1977 ZR : Laevicardium tertium Fisher-Piette, 1977 nom. nov. for Cardium fragile Sowerby, 1834 nee Brocchi, 1814. Ref to Fischer-Piette, E. p. 28. "1980 Keen: Laevicardium (Fulvia) tertius Fischer-Piette, 1977, teshimaense Saito, Bando & Noda, 1970. - Vasticardium teshimaense Saito, Bando & Noda, 1970. Cardiidae. Middle Miocene. RECORDS. "1970 ZR: Vasticardium teshimaense Saito, Bando & Noda, 1970 sp. nov. Middle Miocene Teshima 1., Shodo-Gun, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. testata Kvaliashvili, 1978. - Digressodacna testata Kvaliashvili, 1978. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. "1978 ZR: Digressodacna testata Kvaliashvili , 1978 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Kvaliashvili p. 67. *tetragonum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium tetragonum from 3 sources: Voigt in Cuvier, 1834. Michelin, 1838. - Munster, 1842. tetragonum Michelin, 1838. - Replaced by Cardita tenuicostata. d 'Orbigny. Not a cardiid. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857 Oeshayes: Cardium tetragonum Michel. Cardita tenuicostata. d 'Orb. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6466: Cardium tetragonum Michelin, 1838. tetragonum Munster, 1842. "Cardium" tetragonum Munster, 1842. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857. Oeshayes: "Cardium " tetragonum Munster, 1842. Ietragonum Orbigny, 1850. - Conocardium tetragonum d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6467 : Lunulacardium tetragonum Muenster, 1840. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6466: Conocardium (Muenster) tetragonum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Lunu/acardium. tetragonum Voigt in Cuvier, 1834. - Synonym of Fragum hemicardium (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium tetragonum: Cardiidae . Recent. OF COLLECTIONS. One specimen at ZMUC . REMARKS. Cardium tetragonum Voigt = Fragum hemicardium (Linne , 1758) according to label in box with hemicardium from Amboina at ZMUC. DISTRlBUTION. East Indies (Romer 1891). RECORDS. '·1839 Anton: Cardium tetragonum Voigt = Cardium hemicardium Linne. "1890 Paetel: Hemicardium tetragonum Voigt. "1891 Romer: Ctenocardia tetragonum Voigt. "192232 Sherborn, p . 6466: Cardium (Hemicardium) tetragonum Voigt in Cuvier, 1834. tetrameroide Ryckholt, 1860. - Conocardium tetrameroide Ryckholt, 1860. Conocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Previously in Cardiidae but Conocardiids have no connection with the Cardiacea except analogy of form, which does not offer any point of relationship (Dall 1895, p. 519). RECORDS ... 1980 Ruhoff: Conocardium tetrameroide Ryckholt, 1860; [1852-1862] part 2: plate II, figs. 13-15. tetrica Feruglio, 1937. - Lahillia (?) te/rica Feruglio, 1937. Cardiacea. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1937. ZR: Lahillia (?) telrica Feruglio, 1937 sp. n. Cretaceous Argentina. tevoroa. - Tridacna tevoroa. Tridacnidae. Fossil and Recent. RECORDS. ··2002 Schneider: Tridacna tevoroa, Tridacnidae . Fossil and Recent. The fossil record extends back to the Tertiary (?Late Miocene). Hawaii . tewartii Mathur, 1975. - Discors tewartii Mathur, 1975 . Cardiidae. Lower Eocene . RECORDS. "1975 ZR: Discors tewartii Mathur, 1975 sp. nov. Himachal Pradesh, Simla Hills. Ref. to Mathur, p. 25. texana Conrad, 1857. - Changed combination: Protocardia lexana texan a (Conrad, 1857). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka, 141: C. texanum (genus Protocardium). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium (Protocardia) texanum Conrad, 1857; vol. 1: 150, pI. 6, figs. 6a-c. "1986 Scott: Cardium (Protocardia) texana Conrad, 1857. "1986 Scott: Protocardia lexana texana (Conrad, 1857). texana of authors.- Misidentification of Protocardia multistriata (Shumard, 1854). RECORDS. "1986 Scott: Protocardia texana (Conrad, 1857) in Adkins & Winton 1920, Adkins 1928; Perkins 1961 = Protocardia multistriata (Shumard, 1854). texana salinaensis Meek, 1872 (subspecies). Protocardia texana salinaensis Meek, 1872. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1986 Scott: Prolocardia texana salinaensis Meek, 1872. texana subspinigera Cragin, 1893 (subspecies). Protocardia lexana subspinigera Cragin, 1893. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1986 Scott: Protocardia texana subspinigera Cragin, 1893. "1987 ZR: Protocardia texana subspinigera Cragin, 1893. Neotype designated. Ref. to Scott p. 1200. textum Bronn, 1832. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" textum Bronn, 1832. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1832 Bronn, No. 589, p. 610: Cardium texlum n. sp. [fossil]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6475: Cardium textum Bronn, 183 I. texturatum Munster, 1840. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" texturatum Munster, 1840. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6475: Cardium texturatum Muenster, 1840. tha/assium Maury, 1925. - Changed combination: Agnocardia tha/assium (Maury, 1925). Cardiidae. Fossil. .. 2002 Schneider: Cardium (Trachycardium) tha/assium Maury, 1925. thaumasta (mode). - See under thaumastum Woodring, 1925. thaumastum Woodring, 1925. - Changed combination: Trigoniocardia thaumasta (Woodring, 1925) . Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 801 theidus - thurstoni Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1925 Woodring, p. 144, pI. 19, figs. 12-13: Cardium (Trigoniocardia) thaumastum new species. ··1977 Popov: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) thaumasta (Woodring, 1925). theidus (error). - Printer's mistake for thetidis in Wilson & Stevenson 1977, Text Fig. 10. thetidis Hedley, 1902. - Changed combination: Pratulum thetidis (Hedley, 1902). Cardiidae. Recent. Type species : Iredale (1924) designated Cardium thetidis Hedley, 1902 type species of the genus Pratulum Iredale, 1924. Recognised only at the subgeneric level by some authors. Keen (1954): Cardium thetidis Hedley, 1902 is type species of Pratulum Iredale, 1924. TYPE LOCALITY. A considerable series from off Port Kembla in 63-75 fathoms, and off Cape Three Points in 41-50 fathoms (Hedley 1902). TYPE REPOSITORY. Australian Museum, Sydney. Syntype COl3261. RECORDS. ··1902 Hedley, p. 322 : Cardium striatulum var. thetidis Hedley var. nov. ··1924 Iredale designated Cardium thetidis Hedley, 1902 . ··1924 lredale, p. 182 : Pratulum thetidis (Hedley, 1902). ··1924 ZR: Cardium thetidis replaced by Pratulum thetidis lredale, 1924. ··1938 Cotton & Godfrey: Pratulum thetidis Hedley 1902. ··1950 Allan: Pratulum thetidis. ··1950 Keen: Nemocardium (Pratulum) thetidis (Hedley, 1902). ··1954 Keen: Cardium thetidis Hedley, 1902. ··1954 Keen: Nemocardillm (Pratulum) thetidis (Hedley) , 1902. ··1961 Cotton: Cardium thetidis Hedley 1902. ··1962 Macpherson & Gabriel : Pratulum thetidis Hedl. ··1962 Iredale & MacMichael : Cardium thetidis Hedl. ··1969 Moore et al.: Nemocardium (Pratulum) thetidis. ··1977 FischerPiette: Pratulum thetidis Hedley = Pratulum striatulum Sowerby. ··1977 Popov: Pratulum thetidis (Hedley, 1902). Type of Pratulum Iredale, 1924. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson : Nemocardium (Pratulum) thetidis (Hedley, 1902) [text fig. 10 theidus err. pro thetidis]. ··1977 Popov: Pratulum thetidis (Hedley, 1902). ··1979 Powell: Nemocardium thetidis . ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead : Nemocardium (Pratuillm) thelidis. ··1995 Schneider: Nemocardium (Pratulum) thetidis (Hedley, 1902). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC Australia, C. thetidis 36 S 150 E, 65 fv, sandy mud. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1979 Powell: delicate radial ribs. DIMENSIONS. ··1902 Hedley: to 12.5 mm in length and 11.5 mm in height. REMARKS. ··1902 Hedley: stated that "thetidis" appears specifically inseparable from C. striatulum Sowerby. But the new variety is diminutive, thin, delicate, the concentric sculpture fainter, and the angle limiting the posterior prickly area is less pronounced. lredale (\ 924) found the difference described by Hedley (1902) to be quite constant and accepted their value as specific, i.e. raised the variety thetidis to the specific level. The new genus was not defined . Iredale only stated: "The difference between this style and typical Cardium is very great, and I, therefore propose the new genus Pratulum, naming Cardium thetidis Hedley as type. HABITAT. ··ZMUC: sandy mud bottom 130 m depth. ··1902 Hedley: 41-75 fathoms . DISTRIBUTION. Australia, New Zealand. thetironiae Lange, 1920. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium" thetironiae Lange, 1920. Cardiidae. Jura. RECORDS. ··1920 ZR : Cardium thetironiae Lange, 1920 Jura E. Africa. thetkegyiense Cotter, 1923. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" thetkegyiense Cotter, 1923. Cardiidae. Eocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Eocene ofBurrna (Cotter 1923). RECORDS. ··1923 ZR: Cardium th etkegyinense sic Cotter, 1923 sp. n. Eocene Assam. ··1930 Stewart, p. 258 : "Cardium" thetkegyiense sic Cotter, 1923. thetkegyinense (spelling) . - See under thetkegyiense Cotter, 1923. thielei Fischer-Piette, 1977. - Synonym of Afrocardium exochum (Melvill, 1906). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: New name for Cardium radula Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931. Trachyeardium infantile (Nomura & Zinbo, 1834).» Regarding Laevicardium thielei: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY . Dar es Salam, E. Africa. DISTRIBUTION. £. Africa, Indo-Pacific. RECORDS. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevieardium (Traehyeardium) thielei new name for Cardium radula Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931. ··1977 ZR: Laevieardium (Trachycardium) thielei nom. nov. for Cardium radula Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931 nec Deshayes, Broderip & Sowerby. Ref to Fischer-Piette, E. p. 55. ··1980 Keen: Ctenocardia (Afroeardium) thielei (Fischer-Piette, 1977). ··1981 Koyama et al.: Laevicardium (Trachycardium) thielei Fischer-Piette, 1977 = Cardium (Trachycardium) infantile Nomura & Zinbo, 1834 . ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Laevicardium (Trachyeardium) thielei Fischer-Piette, 1977 ; junior synonym of Afroeardium exoehum (Melvill, 1906). ··1999 Higo et al.: Laevicardium thielei Fischer-Piette, 1977 = Afrocardium infantile (Nomura & Zinbo, 1934). tholi Stephenson, 1941. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " thoU Stephenson, 1941 . Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Cardium (Granocardium) tholi Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Navarro formations, Cretaceous, Texas, Nacatoch sand , vicinity of Chatfield . ··1947 ZR: Cardium (Granoeardium) thoU Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Upper Cretaceous, Navarro Group Texas. thomassini Vidal, 1998 . [Figs. Part 3 p . 868] . Vasticardium thomassini Vidal, 1998 . Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. South Africa (Zulu1and, 45-78 m). RECORDS. ··1998 Vidal, p. 123-124: Vastieardium thomassini sp. nov. ··1999 Vidal, p. 269: Vastieardium thomassini Vidal, 1998. thunense Mayer, 1866. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " thunense Mayer, 1866 . Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg, p. 327: Cardium thunense Mayer, 1866. thurstoni Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938. [Figs. Part I p. 145]. - Synonym of Fragum mundum (Reeve, 1845). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fragumfragum (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Fragum thurstoni: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . ··1938 Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, p. 154, pI. 41, figs. 9-10: Fragum thurstoni new species. ··1939 ZR: Fragum thurstoni Dan, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938. sp. n. Keokia. Hilo, Hawaii. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium thurstoni DaU, Bartsch & Rehder = Coreulum fragum Linne. ··1977 Habe: Fragum thurstoni Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 = Fragum mundum (Reeve, 1865). ··1979 Kay: Fragum thurstoni Dall, Bartsch, and Rehder, J 938 Uun. syn.) = Fragum (Fragum) mundum (Reeve, J845). ··1999 Higo et al.: Fragum thurstoni Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 = Fragum 802 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) thaanumi - tintinnabularum mundum (Reeve, 1845). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: one specimen F. thurstoni: Beach collection on Oahu, Hawaii. Related to Fragum mundum Reeve, 1845 and Fragum carinata Lynge, 1909. DISTRIBUTION. ··ZMUC: Fragum thurstoni: Hawaii; Fragum mundum: West Pacific, Hawaii. thaanumi Pilsbry, 1920. - Changed combination: Nemocardium thaanumi (Pilsbry, 1920). Cardiidae. Recent RECORDS ... 1920 Pilsbry, p. 323-324, pI. 12, fig. 24: Cardium thaanumi n. sp. ··1920 ZR: Cardium thaanumi Pilsbry, 1920 sp. n. Hawaii. "1938 Dall, Bartsch & Rehder: Microcardium thaanumi Pilsbry 1921. ··1964 ZR: Microcardium thaanumi photo. [Ref. Weaver 1964]. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Microcardium thaanumi Pilsbry. ··1977 Popov: Pratulum thaanumi (Pilsbry, 1921). ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Nemocardium (Microcardium) thaanumi Pilsbry, 1921. "1979 Kay: Nemocardium thaanumi (Pilsbry, 1921). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1979 Kay: shell hemispherical, thin, equivalve; anterior margin a little more strongly curved than posterior; with slender radiating threads crossed by concentric threads; white. Hinge: narrow; left valve with two erect cardinals and elongate laterals; right valve with the ventral cardinal larger than the dorsa!. Sculpture: numerous (135 or more) slender radiating ribs separated by impressed interspaces crossed by regularly spaced concentric threads with elevated spines at the junctions. Color: white, the external sculpture showing through. DIMENSIONS. ··1979 Kay: Height, 7.5 mm; length, 7 mrn; diameter, 6 mrn. REMARKS. ··1979 Kay: N. thaanumi was described from the Hawaiian Islands; shells similar to the Hawaiian shells have been dredged in the Marquesas (Rehder cited by Kay 1979). HABITAT. ··1938 Dall, Bartsch, and Rehder: these cardiids occur at depths of from 16 m to 200 m, with one report of valves at depths of 500 m. ··1979 Kay: they are not common; occurring in fewer than one percent of the dredge hauls of both the Pele and the Albatross, but appear to be most frequent at depths of 25 to 50 m. DISTRIBUTION. Tropical Pacific, Hawaii. tibisii Jekelius, 1944. - Replidacna tibisii Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Replidacna tibisii Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Soceni Banat "1977 ZR: Cardium (Replidacna) tibisii lekelius. Ref to Paramonova p. 70 [Trans!. p. 320]. tigilense Siodkewitsch, 1938. - Keenocardium tigilense (Slodkewitsch, 1938). Cardiidae. Fossi!. RECORDS. "1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova: Keenocardium tigilense (Slodkewitsch), 1938. Laevicardium tigilense Siodkewitsch, 1938. tigrina Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. Not a cardiid. RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium tigrina. tilimbergense Doderlein 1862. Identical with Lymnocardium secans (Fuchs, 1870). » Regarding Hemicardium tilimbergense: Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1899 Sacco, p. 58: Hemicardium tilimbergense Doderlein 1862 = Lymnocardium secans (Fuchs, 1870). timisense Jekelius, 1944. - New combination: Lymnocardium timisense Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1946 ZR: Limnocardium timisense Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium timisense Jek. timorensis Krumbeck, 1924. - Protocardia timorensis Krumbeck, 1924. Cardiidae. Trias. RECORDS. "1924 ZR: Protocardia (?lsocyprina) timorensis Krumbeck, 1924 sp. n. Trias Timor. tinctum (mode and variety). - See under tincta Dall, 1881 and peramabile var. tinctum Dall. tinctum Dall, 1886. - Changed combination: Nemocardium tinctum (Dall, 1886). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. St. Croix, West Indies. RECORDS. ··1881 Dall: Cardium peramabilis var. tinctum. ··1886 Dall, p. 270: Cardium peramabilis var. tinctum. ··1900 Dall: Protocardia tincta . .. 1902 Dall: Protocardia tincta Dall, 1886 (quite distinct, not a variety) ... 1902 Dall & Simpson, pI. 58, fig. 4: Protocardia tincta ... 1934 Johnson: Protocardia tincta Dall 1886. ··1939 McLean: Microcardium tinctum. "1939 ZR: Microcardium tinctum fig. [Ref. McLean 1939]. ··1944 ZR: Microcardium tinctum Dall, fig. [Ref. Clench & Smith 1944]. "1968 Kempf & Matthews: Microcardium tinctum (Dall, 1881). ··1970 Rios: Microcardium tinctum (Dall, 1881). "1971 Altena: Nemocardium tinctum . .. 1974 Abbott: Nemocardium tinctum (Dall, 1881) ... 1977 Popov: Pratulum tincta (Dall, 1886). "1997 Shelton: Nemocardium tinctum (Dall, 1881).CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: S.w. of Mississippi delta, Gulf of Mexico 88 m. CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: minute radiating ribs. DESCRIPTIONS. "1902 Dall & Simpson: shell small, fragile, nearly equilateral, considerably inflated; posterior area sculptured with minute, radiating ribs; every second, third, fourth and fifth one bears a row of sharp, elevated spines or scales; the spaces between theses ribs are crossed by delicate scales, making them pitted; the remainder of the shell is sculptured with very finely beaded ribs, as in P peramabilis; borders of the shell finely and sharply serrate, not gaping; outside sculpture showing faintly within; anterior laterals showing as long arched ridges within, entering far within the cavity of the beaks. Colour whitish, beautifully tinted and clouded with pink or red. DIMENSIONS. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: length 13, height 12, diameter 9 mm. "1939 McLean: 13 x 12 x 9 mrn. REMARKS. ··1902 Dall & Simpson: P tincta is certainly different from P peramabilis. It is not so high in proportion to its width, is a little less inflated, the line between the two areas of sculpture is not so distinctly marked out, and when perfect it has the scaly spines on the posterior area finely developed. The anterior lateral teeth are different from those of P peramabilis. HABITAT. ··ZMUC: 70-88 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1939 McLean: Key West, Florida, the West Indies; "Of authors: Brazil; Mississippi Delta, Gulf of Mexico. tinrhertense Collignon, 1971. - Trachycardium tinrhertense Collignon, 1971. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1971 ZR: Trachycardium tinrhertense Collignon, 1971 sp. nov. Upper Cretaceous Sahara desert. tintinnabularum Maury, 1917. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" tintinnabularum (Maury, 1917). Cardiidae. Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Restriction of type Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 803 tinyeanum - torii locality Vokes 1989, p.l08. RECORDS. "1919 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) tintinnabularum Maury, 1919 sp. n. Tertiary S. Domingo. "1922 Pilsbry: Cardium tintinnabularum Maury. "1989 Vokes, p. 108: Cardium (Trachycardium) tintinnabularum Maury, 1917. tinyeanllm Loer. - New combination: Lymnocardium tinyeanum (Loer.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium tinyeanum Loer. tippanllm Conrad, 1858. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" tippanum Conrad, 1858. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka, 126: C. tippanum (subgenus Acanthocardium sic). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium tippanum Conrad, 1858; vol. 3: 326, pI. 34, fig. 8b. "1998 Schneider: Cardium tippanum Conrad, 1858. Granocardium tippanum (Conrad, 1858). tirolense Mayer & Gumbel in Gumbel, 1861. Combination to be revised: "Cardium " tirolense Mayer & Gumbel in Gumbel, 1861. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium tirolense Mayer & Gumbel in Gumbel, 1861; p. 673. Titanocardium Maxwell, 1978 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Tertiary. GENOTYPE. Cardium (Trachycardium) cantuariense Laws, 1933, original designation. RECORDS. "1978 Maxwell, p. 18: Subgenus Titanocardium n. sg. "1978 ZR: Titanocardium New subgenus. Hedecardium (Titanocardium). Ref. to Maxwell. "1980 Vokes: Maxwell, 1978. Fossil. ··2002 Schneider: Titanocardium Maxwell, 1978 subgenus of Hedecardium Marwick, 1944. Spines absent. titthus Krishtofovich 1969. - Synonym of S. groenlandicus (Bruguiere 1789). » Regarding Serripes tiuhus: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 ZR: Serripes tiUhus Krishtofovich 1969 is a junior synonym of S. groenlandicus (Bruguiere 1789). Ref. to Kafanov. tkalad Brus. - New combination: Lymnocardium tkalaci (Brus.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium tkalaci Brus. tobaruense Noda, 1988. - Frigidocardium tobaruense Noda, 1988. Cardiidae . Pliocene. Noda (1988) Frigidocardium tobaruensis Noda, 1988 is type species of subgenus (Tobarum) Noda , 1988 of genus Frigidocardium. TYPE LOCALITY. The Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan. REMARKS. Also spelt F (Tobarum) tobanlensis. RECORDS. "1988 Noda p. 74, pI. 19, fig. 12a,b: Frigidcardium sic (Tobarum) tobaruense n. sp. "1988 Noda: Frigidcardium sic (Tobarum) tobaruensis. Type species of (Tobarum) . "1988 Noda: Frigidocardium (Tobarum) tobaruense sp. nov. "1995 Schneider: Microcardium tobaruense (Noda, 1988). "1995 Schneider: Tobarum Noda, 1988. Type species Frigidocardium (Tobarum) tobaruense Noda, 1988. Pliocene, Japan. tobarllensis (mode). - See under tobaruense Noda 1988. Tobarum Noda, 1988 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1988 Noda: (Tobarum) Noda, 1988 n. subgen. "1995 Schneider: Tobarum Noda, 1988. Type species Frigidocardium (Tobarum) tobaruense Noda, 1988. Pliocene, Japan. tocatum Nalivkin, 1934. - Conocardium tocatum Nalivkin, 1934. Conocardiidae. Devonian. RECORDS. "1935 ZR: Conocardium toeatum Nalivkin, 1934 sp. n. Devonian S. Ural. tochigiensis Hirayama, 1954. - Changed combination: Vastieardium tochigiensis (Hirayama, 1954). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1955 ZR: Vasticardium tochigiensis Hirayama, 1954 sp. nov. Miocene, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan . •• 1973 Keen: Vasticardium tochigiense Hirayama, 1954. Miocene. [Cardium]. toerteliense (subspecies). - See under abichi toerteliense Szeles, 1962. tohanensis Papaianopol, 1974. - Pteradacna tohanensis Papaianopol, 1974. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS . "1974 ZR: Pteradacna tohanensis sp. nov. Romania, Prahova, Tohaneasa. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. J 31. tohanensis Papaianopol, 1977. - Plagiodacna tohanensis Papaianopol, 1977. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1977 ZR: Plagiodacna tohanensis Papaianopol , 1977 sp . nov. Romania, Pliocene. Ref. to Papaianopol, I. p. 45, fig'd. tohanensis Papaianopol, 1981. - Pontalmyra tohanensis Papaianopol , 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECOROS . ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) tohanensis Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol , p. 23. tokunagai Yokoyama, 1922. - Changed combination: Clinocardium tokunagai (Yokoyama, 1920). Cardiidae. Pleistocene. REcORDs. "1922 ZR: Cardium tokunagai Yokoyama, 1922 sp. n. Pleistocene Japan. "1927 Yokoyama: Cardium tokunagaiYok. (Up. Musashino). "1973 Keen: Clinocardium tokunagai (Yokoyama, 1920) [Pleistocene?). tokyoense Tokunaga, 1906. - Changed combination: Vasticardium tokyoense (Tokunaga, 1906). Cardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pliocene of Tokyo (Vidal 1999). REMARKS. Tokunaga (1906) compared Cardium tokyoensis with Acrosterigma burchardi but stated that it was closer to Acrosterigma ul1icolor (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. "1906 Tokunaga: Cardium tokyoensis n. sp. post tertiary. "1906 ZR: Cardium tokyoensis Tokunaga, 1906 sp. n. Post Tertiary, Japan. "1973 Keen: Vasticardium tokyoel1se (Tokunaga, 1906). "1990 Gladenkov & Sinelnikova: Vasticardium tokyoense (Tokunaga). "1999 Vidal, p. 272 : Cardium tokyoensis Tokunaga, 1906: 51 , pI. 3, figs 12a-a'. tombecki Loriol. - Ul1icardium tombecki de Lorio!' Cardiidae. Lias and Jurassic. RECORDS. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Ul1icardium tombecki de Lorio!. Kimmeridgian. France (Bourges), S05175. tomlini Cox, 1930. - Fragum tomlini Cox, 1930. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1930 ZR: Fragum tomlini Cox, 1930 sp. n. fossil, Mombassa. toneanum Yokoyama, 1922. - New combination: Cerastoderma toneanum (Yokoyama, 1922). Cardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. "1922 Yokoyama, pI. 13, figs. 6-7: Vel1ericardia toneanum. "1933 Nomura: Cardium (7 Cerastoderma) toneanum (Yokoyama, 1922). tongricum Bayan. - Synonym of Cardium kochi Semp. » Regarding Cardium tongrieum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1886 Vincent: Cardium tongricum Bayan = Cardium kochi Semp. torii Nomura, 1933. - Changed combination: Nemocardium torii (Nomura, 1933). Cardiidae. Mioand Pliocene. RECORDS. "1933 Nomura, p!. 2, figs. 6a, b: Cardium (Nemocardium) torii n. sp. "1954 Keen: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) torii (Nomura, 1933 804 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) toronglynicum - Trachycardilllll sic). Japan . --1973 Keen: NemocardiulII (Nemocardium) torii (Nomura, 1933). toronglynicum. -Combination to be revised: "Cardium" toronglynicum. Cardiidae. Cenozoic. RECORDS. "1967 ZR: Cardium toronglynicum, Akchagy1 deposits (Cenozoic), Azerbaidjan, SSR [Ref. Baba-Zade 1967]. torquota (variety). - See under tuberculatum var. torquota . torresi Smith, 1885. [Figs. Part 3 p. 900]. - Changed combi. Frigidocardium torres[ (Smith, 1885). TYPE LOCALITY. 'Challenger' sta. 188, south of New Guinea 09 59' 5, 139 42' E., 28 fms (Higo et at. 1999). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1885 Smith, p. 164-165, pI. 8, figs. 4-4b: Cardium (Fragum) torresi, n. sp. --1885 ZR: Cardium (Fragum) torresi Smith, 1885 sp. n., S. of New Guinea. "1890 Paete1: Hemicardium torresi Smith. --1931 Thiele & Jaeckel: Cardium (Fragum) torresi E. Smith. "1932 Prashad: Cardium (Pratttlum) torresi . .. 1977 Fischer-Piette: Microcardium torresi Smith. --1977 Wilson & Steven-son: Nemocardium (Microcardium) torresi (Smith, 1885). --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium (Fragum) torresi Smith, 1885 . "1988 Drivas & Jay : Nemo-cardium (Microcardium) torresi (Smith, 1885). --1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Frigidocardium torresi. --1999 Higo et al.: Frigidocardium torresi (E. A. Smith, 1885). --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 183: Nemocardium torresi (Smith, 1885). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. Resembles Fulvia dulcis (Deshayes, 1863) sensu Drivas & Jay (1988) but the posterior end is more produced, and the coloration does not include a violet umbonal area. DIMENSIONS. --1988 Drivas & Jay: ant.-post. 9.2 mm, umbo-ventr. 10 mm . HABITAT. --1988 Drivas & Jay: Reunion, western Indian Ocean at 54 m depth. --1999 Higo et at.: 30-200 m, sandy mud. DISTRIBUTION. "1999 Higo et at. : North Indian Ocean, West Pacific, Australia; Boso peninsula (Tsuchida & Kurozumi 1986) and southwards, Japan Sea (off central Niigata prefecture); East China Sea, South China Sea, Australia, Persian Gulf, Indo-Pacific. --2003 HylJeberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. tortuoSllm Hermann, 1781. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" tortuosum Hermann, 1781. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1902 Sherborn, p. 983 : Cardium tortuosum Hermann, 1781 . torui. - Changed combination: Nemocardium torui. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1933 ZR: Cardium (Nemocardium) tonti Pliocene [Ref. Nomura 1933]. tosensis Kimura, 1956. - Protocardia tosensis Kimura, 1956. Cardiidae. Jurassic . RECORDS. --1973 Keen: Protocardia (Protocardia) tosensis Kimura, 1956. tOllcasianulII d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " toucasianum d'Orbigny, 1850. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS ... 1871 Stoliczka, 46: C. toucasianum (7 Acanthocardium sic). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6549: Cardium toucasianum d'Orbigny, 1850. Touricardium (error). - Printer 's mistake for subgenus Tauricardium in Celidje 1953. tournaisense Branson, 1942. - New name. Conocardium tournaisense Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1942 ZR: Conocardium tournaisense Branson, 1942 nom. nov. p. 389 for Conocardium antiquum Koninck 1885. touzini Cossmann, 1922. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" touzini Cossmann , 1922. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. --1922 ZR : Cardium (Plagiocardium) touzini Cossmann, 1922 sp. n. Eocene. Trachicardium (error). - Printer's mistake for Tra chycardium in Romer, 1869 (Vokes 1980). Trachycardiinae Stewart, 1930 (subfamily). Cardiidae. Eocene and Recent. RECORDS. --1936 ZR: subfamily Trachycardiinae in Cardiidae [Ref. Keen 1936a] . "1980 Vokes: Subfamily Trachycardiinae Stewart, 1930. --1980 ZR: Trachycardiinae Stewart 1930. Key to genera. Ref. to Keen. --1983 Anaya: subfamily Trachycardiinae Stewart, 1930. "1994 Schneider: the subfamilies Trachycardiinae Stewart, 1930 and Cardiinae are synonyms. "1995 . Pacaud & Renard: Subfamily Trachycardiinae. --1999 Higo et at.: Trachycardiinae (subfamily) Stewart, 1930. --2000 Coan et al.: Subfamily Trachycardiinae Stewart, 1930. --2001 Schneider & Carter: Trachycardiinae (subfamily) Stewart, 1930. --2002 Schneider: Trachycardiinae originate in the Palaeogene, not Cretaceous. The monophyly of Trachycardiinae is not in doubt. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION . "1994 Hylleberg : ovate but not oblique; rib ornamentation normally of spines or imbricating scales along posterior sides of ribs; hinge relatively short, either nearly straight or sharply bent; cardinal teeth unequal in size, A II with socket above; posterior margin notched to digitate. TrachycardiulII Morch, 1853 (genus). Cardiidae. Eocene and Recent. GENOTYPE. Martens (1870) designated Cardium isocardia Linne, 1758 type species of subgenus Trachycardium Morch, 1853 of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. Upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS. --1876 Meek: Trachycardium, Mbrch. Cardium allernatum , Sow. regarded as genotype . "1876 Meek: Trachicardium [err. pro Trachycardium] Morch, 1853 . Synon. - Cardiidae. "1930 Stewart: Trachycardium Morch 1853. "1961 Olsson: Trachycardium Morch, 1853. --1977 Popov : Trachycardium Morch, 1853. Genotype : Cardium isocardia Linne, 1758. --1977 ZR: Trachycardium. Key to subgenera. Ref. to Popov p. 46. -·1978 Maxwell: Genus Trachycardium . ·-1980 Vokes: Trachycardium Morch, 1853 in subfamily Trachycardiinae. --1983 Anaya: Trachycardium Morch, 1835 (sic = 1853). Type species: Cardium isocardia Linne, 1758, designated by von Martens, 1870. ·-1999 Vidal: Genus Trachycardium Morch, 1853: 34. --2000 Coan et al.: Genus Trachycardium Morch, 1853. -·2001 Vidal, p. 407, Trachycardium - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "1969 Moore et al. , emend. Hylleberg 1994: medium to large shells. Outline ovate; nearly equilateral, height greater than length; hinge heavy, short, nearly straight, hinge line strongly arched. Sculpture of prominent ribs or riblets ornamented with spines, posteriorly arising from posterior edges of the ribs, remainder smooth or with raised scales. Inner margin crenulate. --2001 Vidal: tentacles numerous. DISTRIBUTION. Tropical America. Trachycardium Morch, 1853 (section and subgenus).Cardiidae. Eocene, Oligocene and Recent. GENOTYPE. Martens (1870) designated Cardium isocardia Linne, 1758 type species of subgenus Trachycardium Morch, Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 805 transcarpaticum - transcendens 1853. RECORDS. "1858 Adams & Adams: subgenus (Trachycardium) March. ··1869 ZR: subgenus (Trachycardium) (March), type Cardium isocardia (L.) [Ref. Romer 1869]. "1871 Stoliczka: (Trachycardium) March, 1852 (?). Type not identified by Stoliczka. "1886 Cossmann: Section (Trachycardium) Morch, 1853 of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. ··1887 Fischer: (Trachycardium) March, 1853. Section of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. "1890 Paetel: 3. Sect. (Trachycardium) March of Cardium. "1891 Romer: III. Sect. (Trachycardium) March of genus Cardium L. "1899 Sacco: subgenus (Trachycardium) . "1922 Olsson: (Trachycardium) Moerch. "1924 Oldroyd : Subgenus (Trachycardium) Morch, 1853. "1928 Kuroda: (Trachycardillm) March, 1853. "1934 Johnson: (Trachycardium) March 1853. ··1953 Olsson & Harbison: subgenus (Trachycardium) March, 1853. "1970 Glibert & Poel: subgenus (Trachycardium) . ··1999 Vidal: Subgenus (Trachycardium) March, 1853 of the genus Trachycardium with 4 living species and at least 4 fossil nominal species. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTION. "1969 Moore et at.: sculpture of imbricating scales over entire shell, reduced to beads anteriorly. West Indies-East and West Central America-South America. REMARKS . The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus. *transcarpaticum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium transcarpaticum from 2 sources: Grischkevitsch, 1955. - Merklin & Nevesskaya, 1959. transcarpaticllm Grischkevitsch, 1955. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" transcarpaticum Grischkevitsch, 1955. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1985 Ionesi : Cardium transcarpaticum Grischkevitsch, 1955 . "1985 ZR: Cardium transcarpaticum Grischkevitsch, 1955. Status. Ref. to Ionesi p. 15. transcarpaticum Merklin & Nevesskaya, 1959. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" transcarpaticum Merklin & Nevesskaya, 1959. Cardiidae. Miocene . RE CORDS. "1959 ZR: Cardium transcarpaticum Merklin & Nevesskaya, 1959 sp. nov. Turkmenistan, Miocene. "1965 ZR: Cardium transcarpaticum figd. Sarmatian, Yugoslavia [Ref. Spajic 1965] . transcaspia Ebersin. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra transcaspia (Ebersin). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra transcaspia (Ebers.). transcaspica (subspecies). - See under catil/us transcaspica Nevesskaya, 1959. transcaspica Eberzin, 1962. - Changed combination: Hyrcania transcaspica Eberzin, 1962. LYJ1U1ocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1962 ZR: Didacna (Pontalmyra) transcaspica Eberzin, 1962 sp. nov. Manghyshlak, Azerbaidzhan, Azov region; Pliocene, Russia. "1977 Popov: Hyrcania (Hyrcanomya) transcaspica. transcaucasiclIm Bobkova, 1956. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" transcaucasicum Bobkova, 1956. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. "1956 ZR: Cardium transcaucasicum Bobkova, 1956 sp. nov. Armenia Cretaceous. Caucasus, Russia. transcaucasium (subspecies). - See under alatoplanum transcaucasium Eberzin, 1956. transcendens Melvill & Standen, 1899. - Changed combination: Acrosterigma transcendens (Melvill & Standen, 1899). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype, Torres Strait. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, Natural History Museum, London. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype, a left valve, BMNH 1899.2.23.6 (Wilson & Stevenson 1977). Paratype: A specimen from same locality, NMW 55.158.696 Melvill colI. RECORDS. "1899 Melvill & Standen, p. 191, pI. 11, fig. 21 : Cardium transcendens . .. 1899 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) transcendens Melvill & Standen, 1899 n. sp. "1909 Lynge: Cardium (Trachycardium) transcendens. "1909 Melvill: Cardium (Trachycardium) transcendens M. & St. "1960 Kuroda: Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) transcendens (Melvill & Standen). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium transcendens Melvill & Standen = Cardium enode Sowerby. "1977 Habe: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) transcendens (Melvill & Standen, 1899). "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Acrosterigma transcendens (Melvill & Standen, 1899). "1978 ZR: Trachycardium transcendens Bay of Bengal Burma, Maungmagan. First record for Burmese waters. Ref. to Ray, H.C. "1999 Higo et al. : Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) transcendens (Melvi II & Standen, 1899). "1993 Vida\: Cardium transcendens not synonym of Cardium en ode as suggested by Fischer-Piette. "1999 Vidal : Cardium (Trachycardium) transcendens Melvill & Standen. ,,2001 Vidal, p. 407 : Acrosterigma transcendens. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value. "1909 Melvill: distinguished by its very fine longitudinal ribs, nearly 60 in number, and bright coloration. DESCRIPTIONS. "1999 Vidal: Shell medium to small, almost perfectly ovoid and equilateral (anterior dorsal margin sometimes very slightly raised), and never truncated; also weakly elongated and rather globose. Lunule narrow, almost equal on both valves, and poorly differentiated, with its umbonal margins slightly raised . External colour is variable, often vivid and bright, light beige-yellow variously spotted and splashed with darker pink, orange, or brown. Interior variable in colour, white to pink or orange, with two umbonal rays which are often wide and well developed. Hinge nearly symmetrical and moderately angled. Mean rib number 64.4 ± 3.9, range 56-74. On posterior slope, interstices narrow and both parts of ribs about equivalent in width, with a variable axial furrow; scales irregular, mainly tubercular, sometimes becoming very small, or absent altogether. On posterior part of median shell, ribs become more or less flatly triangular and asymmetrical (the anterior flank shorter and steeper), sometimes still bearing an axial furrow; wider posterior flank smooth or bears elongated ridges which are analogous to the scales of posterior slope, but more numerous. On anterior part of median shell, axial furrow and posterior long ridges eventually disappear and ribs become ｰｲｯｧ･ｳｩｾｬｹ＠ more symmetrical and slightly rounded, ornamented only with posterior crenulations; interstices become wider and often very finely notched. On anterior half of shell, ribs at first remain rounded and retro crenu1ated, and then become somewhat top-ridged; on first anterior ribs, top ridges become tubercular and irregular, tending to be arranged in concentric alignments which can replace the longitudinal ribbing. "200 I Vida\: tentacles numerous. No eyes on tentacles. DIMENSIONS ... J999 Vidal : length 806 Tropical Marin e Mollusc Programme (TMMP) transclathratum - transversum 27.1 mm, height 30.2 mm, width 18.9 mm. REMARKS. A. transcendens is very close to A. maculosum , particularly as far as rib morphology is concerned. A. transcendens can be separated from maculosum by a more vividly coloured, thinner and often smaller shell, less elongated, more globular and with more ribs (range 56-74 as opposed to 43-61 in maculosum) . A. transcendens is generally rather consistent as far as size, colours and thickness of the shell are concerned. According to Vidal (1999) junior synonyms are : Cardium perstriatum Kuroda 1928: II (Fide Habe, 1981: 111). Laevicardium pulcherrimum Sakurai & Habe, 1966: 293. HABITAT. "1909 Melvill: 30 fathoms, among quantities of Halimeda- and Lithothamniarubble. "1999 Vidal: recorded from 9 to 295 m depth, mostly from 30-80 m. "1999 Higo et af.: intertidal to 50 m, sand and mud . DISTRIBUTION. "1909 Melvill: Amirantes. "1994 Hyl1eberg : Indo-West Pacific . "1999 Vidal : it is probably present in the main part of the tropical Indian Ocean, and in many central Pacific archipelagoes. "1981 Kuroda & Habe; "1999 Higo et al.: Kii peninsula (and southwards, East China Sea, Philippines, South China Sea, tropical Indo-Pacific, Australia. transclathratum Viader, 1951. - Parvicardium transclathratum Viader, 1951. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . "1951 Viader, p . 143 , pI. III, fig. 7: Parvicardium transclathratum . "1951 ZR: Cardium transclathratum Viader, 1951 sp. nov. Stray valves abundant in shell sand between Grand Bay and Cap Malheureux Mauritius . "1988 Drivas & Jay : Parvicardium transclathratum (Viader, 1951). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Cerastoderma, Parvicardium) transclathratum Viader, 1951. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - "1988 Drivas & Jay: tuberculated ribs on the shell surface. DIMENSIONS. "1988 Drivas & Jay: Max. ant.-post. 6.4 mm, umbo-ventr. 6.2 mm. DISTRIBUTION. "1988 Drivas & Jay: Reunion, western Indian Ocean at 40 m depth. "Of authors: Western Indian Ocean, South Africa. transilis Eberzin, 1960. - Pachydacna transilis Eberzin, 1960. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1960 ZR: Pachydacna transilis Eberzin, 1960 sp. n . Pliocene Duab river, Abkhaziya, Georgia, USSR. transkaspica Andrussov, 1924 . - Monodacna transkaspica Andrussov, 1924 . Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene. RECORDS. "1924 ZR: Monodacna transkaspica Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. "1963 ZR: Monoda cna transkaspica Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Pliocene, Russia. translalum Prashad, 1932. [Figs. Part 3 p. 870]. Changed combination; new name : Ctenocardia tran slatum (Prashad, 1932) . Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. "1932 Prashad: Cardium (Ctenocardia) translatum (n. nov.). "1932 ZR : Cardium (Ctenocardia) translatum Prashad, 1932 nom. n. for Cardium rigidum Rve . non Wood. "1977 FischerPiette: Corculum (Ctenocardium) translatum . "1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium translatum Prashad, 1932. "1977 Wilson & Stevenson : Cardium (Ctenocardia) translatum Prashad, 1932. "200 I Vidal, p. 408: Ctenocardia translatum. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 178: Ctenocardia translatum (Prashad, 1932). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. "2001 Vidal : only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. DISTRIBUTION. "1994 Hylleberg: Central Indo-West Pacific. ··2003 HylJeberg & Kilburn: I valve from Quinhon (Vietnam) is deposited in the Collection Saurin at MNHN, Paris. (1. Vidal). translucidum. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " translucidum. Cardiidae . Cretaceous of California. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka, 149: C. translucidum. transpositum Deshayes, 1853 . - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" transpos itum Deshayes. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium transpositum Deshayes, 1853 ; vol. 2: 49, 53 transversa (subspecies) . - See under pomeyro/i transversa Freneix, 1957. transversa Fan, 1963. - Protocardia transversa Fan, 1963 . Cardiidae . Lias. RE CORD S. "1963 ZR : Protocardia transversa Fan, 1963 sp. nov. Lechang, Guangdong, China, Lias. transversa Sowerby. - Papyridea transversa Sow. Cardiidae. RECORDS. "1890 Paetel: Papyridea transversa Sow. *transversale. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium transversale from 2 sources: Romer, 1849. - Deshayes, 1854. transversale Deshayes, 1854. [Figs. Part 3 p. 917]. Synonym of Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). » Regarding Cardium transversale: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. RECORDS. "1854 Deshayes: Cardium transversale . "1885 Smith: Cardium (Papyridea) transversale, Deshayes. 1854. "1888 Kobelt: Cardium transversale Deshayes. "1890 Paetel : Cardium transversale Dsh. "1917 Hidalgo: Cardium transversale Deshayes. "1927 Dautzenberg: Cardium (Parvicardium) transversale Deshayes. "1962 Clarke: Parvicardium transversale (Deshayes) 1854. "1969 Nordsieck: Papyridea transversale (Deshayes, 1854). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium transversale Deshayes = Cardium exiguum Gmelin. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium transversale Deshayes, 1854; p. 333 . "1984 ZR: Cardium transversale Deshayes, 1854. Preoccupied name, replaced by Parvicardium vroomi. Ref. to van Aart sen et al. p. 67 . ··2000 Aartsen & Goud: Parvicardium transversale Deshayes. Type in BMNH. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. "1962 Myra Keen in Clarke, p. 66: states that Cardium transversale Deshayes is preoccupied by Cardium transversale Romer 1849 (fide Fischer-Piette 1977). However, a new name is not needed because C. transversale Deshayes = C. exiguum Gmelin (FischerPiette 1977). HABITAT. "1969 Nordsieck: 126-1846 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. ··1969 Nordsieck: Mediterranean, Canary Islands, Algeria. transversale Romer, 1849. - Nomina ob/ita . Cardiidae. Cretaceous. TYPE LOCALITY. Friedrichsburg, Germany. RECORDS. '·1849 Romer: Cardium transversale. "192232 Sherborn, p. 6560: Cardium transversale C.F. Roemer, 1849. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium transversale Romer. "1986 Scott: Cardium transversale Roemer (1849) considered nomina oblita. transversum Rehder & Abbott, 1951 . - Changed combination: Nemocardium transversum (Rehder & Abbott, 1951). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1951 Rehder & Abbott, p. 56, pI. 9, figs. 9-10: Microcardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 807 transversum - Tridachna transversum. "1951 ZR: Mieroeardium transversum Rehder & Abbott, 1951 sp. nov. 50 m. SSw. of Marsh Island, Iberia Co. Louisiana 29 fms. "1964 Parker: Mieroeardium transversum Rehder & Abbott. "1974 Abbott: Nemoeardium transversum Rehder & Abbott, 1951. "1977 Fischer-Piette: Mieroeardium transversum Rehder & Abbott. "1979 ZR: Mieroeardium transversum. Ref. to Treece. "1997 Shelton: Nemoeardium transversum Rehder & Abbott, 1951. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: I valve, west of Mississippi delta, Gu1fofMexico. HABITAT. "ZMUC: clayey sand at 60 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. "Of authors: Louisiana; Mississippi Delta, Gulf of Mexico. transversum Sowerby. - Insufficiently known. RECORDS. "1840 Swainson: Papyridea transversum Sow. Conch. f. 4 asterisk. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 456: Cardium (Papyridea) transversa Sow. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6562: Cardium transversum Sowerby, 1832 [no etf]. *trapezinum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium trapezinum from 3 sources : Andrusov, 1923. Andrussov, 1924. Andrusov, 1963. REMARKS. Andrusov, 1923 and Andrussov 1924 may be identical with Andrusov 1963 (see below). trapezinum Andrusov, 1923. Changed combination: Caspieardium trapezinum (Andrusov, 1923). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1958 ZR: Cardium trapezinum Andrusov, 1923. Genotype of Caspieardium Astafieva, 1958. Cardiidae. Pliocene. Azerbaijan and Turkmenia, USSR ··1958 ZR: Caspieardium trapezinum (Andrusov, 1923) [Ref. Astafieva 1958]. trapezium Andrussov, 1924. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" trapezium Andrussov, 1924. ?Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. RECORDS. "1924 ZR: Cardium trapezium Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. trapezinum Andrusov, 1963. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" trapezium Andrusov, 1963. ?Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1963 ZR: Cardium trapezinum Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. trapezium Cecalupo & Quadri, 1996. - Parvieardium trapezium Cecalupo & Quadri, 1996, Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "2000 Aartsen & Goud: Parvieardium trapezium Cecalupo & Quadri, 1996. trapezoida/e Orbigny, 1850. - Conocardium trapezoidale Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6566: Conocardium (Roemer) trapezoidale d'Orbigny, 1850. - Pleurorhynchus trapezoidalis. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6566: Pleurorhynehus trapezoidalis FA. Roemer, 1843. traubi Schlickum, 1970. - Cerastoderma traubi Schlickum, 1970. Cardiidae. Upper Bavaria. RECORDS. "1970 ZR: Cerastoderma traubi Schlickum, 1970 sp. nov. Borehole SW. 13 Harmoning I, Teufe, Upper Bavaria, West Germany. "1977 Popov: Cerastoderma traubi Schlickum, 1970. triangu/a G. Schneid. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra triangula (G . Schneid.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili: Pontalmyra triangula (G. Schneid.). *triangulare. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium triangulare from 2 sources: Young & Bird, 1828. Coquand, 1862. trumgu!are Coquand, 1862, - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" triangulare Coquand, 1862. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1871 Stoliczka, 109: C triangulare Coquand, 1862. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium triangulare Coquand, 1862; vol. 2: 206, pI. II, figs. 1,2. triangu/are Young & Bird, 1828. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" triangulare Young & Bird, 1828. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6572: Cardium triangulare Young & Bird, 1828. triangularis Martyn, 1784. Non binominaL - Not available. Not a cardiid. RECORDS. "1784 Martyn: Cardium triangularis. triangularis Noda, 1962. - Serripes triangularis Noda, 1962. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS ... 1962 ZR: Serripes triangularis Noda, 1962 sp. nov. Itanoki-sawa, Araki-mura, Mogami-gun, Yamagata Pref. Mitsumori formation, Miocene, Japan. "1973 Keen: Serripes triangularis Noda, 1962. triangulata Campbell & Engel, 1963. - Chaenoeardiola triangulata Campbell & Engel, 1963 . Cardiacea. Tournaisian. RECORDS. "1963 ZR : Chaenocardiola triangulata Campbell & Engel, 1963 sp. nov. New South Wales, Toumaisian. triangulatocostatum (Hal.) . - New combination: Lymnoeardium triangulatoeostatum (Hal.) Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili> Limnoeardium triangulatoeostatum (Hal.). triangulatum Laubriere, 1881. - Changed combination: Parvieardium triangulatum (Laubriere, 1881). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1886 Cossmann: Cardium triangulatum Laub. "1904-06 Cossmann & Pissarro, 69-20: Cardium (Plagiocardium) triangulatum de Laub. "1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 48: Parvicardium triangulatum (de Laubriere, 1881). "1995 Le Renard et al.: Parvicardium triangulatum [Cardium triangulatum] De Laubriere, 1881. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Parvicardium triangulatum. "1998 Schneider: Parvicardium (Parvicardium) triangulatum (Laubriere, 1881). "1998 Schneider: Parvicardium triangulatum (Laubriere, 1881) Cardiidae. Eocene. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers . com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Plagioeardium triangulatum de Laubriere. Lutetien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52735 . -6. triangulatum Sowerby. - Nomen nudum. Not available. RECORDS. "1857 Carpenter, p. 94: Cardium triangulatum Sow. (nomen nudum). "1872 Carpenter, p. 30: Cardium triangulatum Sow. "190 I Dall : Cardium triangulatum "Sowerby" Carpenter, 1857 (perhaps a MS name). "1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 123: Cardium triangulatum Sowerby, Orbigny, 1847. Syn. of Coreulum (Trigoniocardia) biangulatum Sowerby, 1829. "1977 Fischer-Piette, p. 155: Cardium triangulatum Sowerby. Insufficiently known species. triangulum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. - See under triangulum Orbigny. triangulum Orbigny, 1850. - Conoeardium triangulum d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . .. 1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6575: Cardium triangulum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6575: Conocardium (Muenster) triangulum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Cardium. Tridachna (error) . - Printer's mistake for Tridacna in ZR for 1937 with ref to Iredale 1937. 808 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) Tridachnes - Trifaricardium Tridachnes (genus). - Synonym of Trida cna Bruguiere, 1797. » Regarding Tridachnes: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1937 ZR: Trida chnes Bolten [R6ding] Logo-type here selected Chama gigas L. [Ref. Iredale 1937]. "1998 Schneider (l998b): Tridachnes maxima R6ding, 1798. --1999 Higo et at.: Trida chnes R6ding, 1798 = Tridacna Bruguiere, 1797. Tridacnidae. Tridacna. - (genus). Tridacnidae. RECORDS. --1884 ZR: Tridacna [Ref. Sowerby 1884] ... 1891 ZR: Tridacna, anatomy of [Ref. Menegaux 1891] ... 1899 ZR: Tridacna its anatomy. [Ref. Grobben 1899] . --1904 ZR: Tridacna morphology and anatomy [Ref. Anthony 1904] ... 1920 ZR: Tridacna [Ref. Anthony 1920]. .. 1927 ZR: Tridacna fossil [Ref. Cox 1927]. "1931 ZR: Tridacna (digestion) Ref. to Yonge (1931). --1932 ZR: Tridacna, crystalline style, [Ref. Yonge 1932b]. .. 1934 ZR : Tridacna fig. [Ref. Boutan 1934]. .. 1937 ZR : Trida chna [err. pro Trida cna] Humph . Mus. CaloJU1. "Logotype here selected" Chama gigas L. [Ref. Iredale 1937] ... 1938 ZR: Tridacna Biology [Ref. Tomlin 1936]. --1939 ZR: Tridacna Pearls [Ref. Cobb 1939]. --1946 ZR: Tridacna communication between mantle and stomach [Ref. Mansour 1946]. --1947 ZR: Tridacna anatomy [Ref. Mansour 1947] ... 1957 ZR: Trida cna nature and occurrence of pearls [Ref. Haas 1957]. --1962 ZR: Tridacna records oflarge specimens [Ref. Roscoe 1962] ... 1963 ZR: Tridacna collecting on Eniwetok [Ref. Roberts 1963]. --1969 ZR: Tridacna spp. ecology in Palau, Western Caroline Is. [Ref. Hardy & Hardy 1969]. --1970 ZR: Tridacna Biology, ecology. [Ref. Cowen, R.] . .. 1971 ZR: Tridacna [Ref. Salvat 1971]. --1971 ZR: Tridacna Biology and ecology [Ref. Fankboner 1971]. "1975 ZR: Trida cna . Steroid hormones . Ref. to Teshima. / Distribution. Ref. to Yonge. --1976 ZR: Tridacna. Heavy metal content. Strontium partition coefficient between sea water & aragonite. Western Pacific. Ref. to Konishi. / Toxin toxicity. Ref. to Kanno. --1977 ZR: Tridacna. Care in captivity. Popular account. Ref. to Weingarten & Tuxson. / Coral Sea. Great Barrier Reef. Impact of poaching on population dynamics. Fishing & fisheries . Ref. to Pearson. / Holocene. Tasman Sea, Gilbert & Ellice Islands, stratigraphy. Ref. to Schofield . .. 1981 ZR: Trida cna. Ref. to Benson et al. Great Barrier Reef. / Fankboner. / Trench et al. --1982 ZR: Tridacna . Ref. to de Couet. / Harada el al. / Romano. / Ueda el al. / Yonge. --1983 ZR: Tridacna. Ref. to Benson / Bruce / Munro et at. / Poulicek / Wells. --1984 ZR Tridacna : Eye. Retina cell hyperpolarization . Ref. to Wilkens. .. 1992 Schneider p. 155: Tridacna. Type species Tridacna gigas (Linnaeus, 1758). --1998 Schneider: Trida cna with three subgenera: (Tridacna), (Cham etra chea ), (Persikima) . .. 1999 Higo el at.: Tridacna (subgenus) s. Sir. Tridacnidae ... 1999 Higo el at.: Trida cna Bruguiere, 1797. Type species: Chama gigas Linnaeus, 1758 (s. m. Lamarck, 1799). Tridacnacea (superfamily). - RECORDS ... 1974 ZR: Tridacnacea. Population censuses. Coral reef. West Caroline Basin. Ref. to Hester. --1976 ZR: Tridacnacea. Crustacean parasites. Cyclopoida. Parasite systematics. Ref. to Humes. --1977 ZR: Tridacnacea. Mutualism. Symbiosis, algae, lectin system defensi ve mechanism or digestive function . Ref. to Uhlenbruck & Steinhausen. --1979 ZR: Tridacnacea. General account. Coral reefs, Australia. Ref. to Summerhays. --1980 ZR: Tridacnacea, western Pacific. Ref. to Bishop, D.G. et al. --1983 ZR: Tridacnacea. Ref. to Mangum: comparative review. --1992 Schneider: superfamily Tridacnacea of Keen (fide Schneider 1992) ... 1998 Schneider: superfamily Tridacnacea, Family Tridacnidae. Tridacnidae (family). - REcORDs. "1865 ZR: Tridacnidae [Ref. Vaillant 1865] . "1940 ZR: Tridacnidace [err. pro Tridacnidae] in Mus. hist. nat. Paris [Ref. Lamy 1940]. --1947 ZR: Tridacnidae food and feeding habits [Ref. Mansour 1947]. --1957 ZR: Tridacnidae pallial attachment, nervous system and evolution with regard to the monomyarian condition [Ref. Yonge 1957]. --1964 ZR: Tridacnidae, species of Dar es Salaam [Ref. Spry 1964]. --1966 ZR : Tridacnidae ofthe Great Barrier Reef, Australia, [Ref. Rosewater 1966] ... 1953 ZR : Tridacnidae, mantle and water circulation, figs. [Ref. Yonge 1953]. "1970 ZR : Tridacnidae sic symbiotic zooxanthellae in mantle edge [Ref. Read 1970]. --1974 ZR: Tridacnidae . Particulate feeding. Gastric diverticula. Functional morphology. Posture. Ref. to Fankboner. "1975 ZR: Tridacnidae. Systematic accounts of species. Ref. to Lambiotte. --1976 ZR: Tridacnidae. Community structure. Population size. West Caroline Basin. Ref. to Bryan . --1979 ZR: Tridacnidae. Ref. to Heslinga. --1981 ZR: Tridacnidae. Ref. to Gwyther et al. / Heslinga. / Yonge. Indo Pacific. --1999 Higo el al.: Tridacnidae (family) Lamarck, 1819 (Refs.: Rosewater, 1965). --1983 ZR : Tridacnidae. Ref. to D ' Attilio et al. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMA RKS. --1998b Schneider: all species of tridacnines harbor photosymbiotic dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae) in their tissues. Extinct tridacnine taxa are known from the Middle Eocene. Extant tridacnine taxa are known from Miocene fossils . Tridacninae (subfamily). - RECORDS. --1998 Schneider (1998b): Tridacninae (subfamily). --2002 Schneider: Tridacninae originate in the Pa laeogene , not Cretaceous. --200 I Schneider & Carter: Tridacninae (subfamily) Lamarck, 1819. Tridacnodites KrUger, 1823. - Synonym of Trida cna Bruguiere, 1797 . » Regarding Tridacnodiles: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1999 Higo el al. : Tridacnodites KrUger, 1823 = Tridacna Bruguiere, 1797. Tridacnidae. Tridacnoidea (Superfamily). - RECORDS. --1995 Pacaud & Renard : Superfamily Tridacnoidea. Trifaricardium Kuroda & Habe, 1951. - ?Valid genus . No description (Vokes 1980). GENOTY PE. Habe (1951) designated Cardium nomurai Kuroda & Habe, 195 as type species of subgenus Trifaricardium of the genus Nemocardium Meek, 1876. RECORDS. --1961 ZR : Trifaricardium Kuroda & Habe, 1961 gen . nov. Cardiidae genotype Cardium (Acanthoca rdia) cancel/alum Nomura 1933 = nomurai p. 34, nom . nov. pro cancellalum Nomura 1933 non Gmelin 1791, Japan [published after preparation of the manuscript of this work in Illust. Cat. Jap. Shells No. 13 p. 86, 1951 Kuroda & Habe]. --1962 ZR: Trifaricardium gen . nov. nomurai nom. nov. for Cardium cancel/ata Nomura 1933, non Gmelin 1791. --1980 Vokes : Trifaricardium Kuroda & Habe, 1951 . --1992 Poutiers: Trifaricardium. --1999 Higo el al.: Trifaricardium Kuroda & Habe in Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 809 trijidum - trigonoides Babe, 1951. Type species : Trifarlcardium nomurai Kuroda & Habe, 1951 (0. d.). -CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. --1994 Hylleberg: near Nemocardium (Microcardium) but secondary concentric sculpture on anterior slope only. trifldum Deshayes, 1858 . - Changed combination: Orthocardium trifidum (Deshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. "1886 Cossmann: Cardium trljuJum Deshayes. --1904-06 Cossmann & Pissarro, 69-6: Cardium (Trachycardium) trifidum Desh . "1930 Stewart, p, 254: "Cardium" trifidum. Ref to Cossmann & Pissarro 1906, pI. 17, fig. 69-6. (Thanetien) "1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 53: Cardium (Orthocardium) trifidum Deshayes, 1858. "1977 Popov: Orthocardium trifidum (Deshayes, 1858). "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium trifidum Deshayes, 1858; [1856-1865] vol. I: 556, pI. 56, figs. 5-7. "1995 Le Renard et al.: Cardium (Orthocardium) trifidum Deshayes, 1858. "1995 Pacaud & Renard: Cardium (Orthocardium) trifidum . "1999 Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Trachycardium trifidum Deshayes. Thanetien. France (Bassin de Paris), 52668 to -71 , B69974. trijkovici (subspecies). - See under conjugens trifkovici Brusina 1902. trijkovici (cf.). - New combination: Lymnocardium cf. trifkovici. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. --1961 ZR: Limnocardium sp. nov. Gillet & Vicente, 1961 cf. trifkovici Pliocene, Barcelona, Spain. triforme Sowerby, 1840. - Changed combination: Discors triforme (Sowerby, 1840). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p . 6602: Cardium triforme Sowerby, 1840. --1977 Popov: Discors triforme (Sowerby, 1840). trigona Fan, 1963. - Protocardia trigona Fan, 1963. Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS. --1963 ZR: Protocardia trigona Fan, 1963 sp. nov. Xaioshui , Lechang, Guangdong, China, Lias. trigona. - Not in Cardiidae. » Regarding Cardium trigona: RECORDS. "1839 Anton, no. 405 . Cardium trigona = Donax cardioides Lamarck. trigonale d'Orbigny, 1850 . - Conocardium (Ph .) trigonale d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn: Pleurorhynchus trigonale Ph . --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6603 : Conocardium (Ph.) trigonale d' Orbigny, 1850. Pleurorhynchus. trigonalis. - Cardium trigonalis. ?Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. --1857 Deshayes: Cardiumtrigonalis (England). trigonellare Buvignier, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" trigonellare Buvignier, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium trigonellare Buvignier, 1852; atlas p. 15, pI. 13, figs. 32-33. *trigonellum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium trigonellum from 2 sources: Orbigny, 1852. - Bronn, 1848. trigonellum Bronn, 1848. - Synonym of Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791).» Regarding C. trigonellum : Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1867 Weinkauff: Cardium trigonellum Bronn, 1848 = Cardium papillosum Poli. trigonellum Orbigny, 1852. - Synonym of Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). » Regarding Cardium trigonellum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1888 Kobelt: Cardium trigonellum d ' Orb. (fide Weinkauf£) = Cardium papil/osum Poli o --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium trigonellum Orbigny, 1852; [1850-1852] vol. 3: 118. Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900 (genus). - Cardiidae. Recent. GENOTYPE. Dall (1900) designated Cardium granifera Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 type species of genus Trigoniocardia. RECORDS. --1953 Olsson & Harbison: Genus Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900. --1980 Vokes : Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900 in subfamily Fraginae. .. 1934 Johnson: Trigoniocardia Dall 1900. "1961 Olsson: Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900. --1977 Popov: Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900. Genotype: Cardium graniferum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. "1977 ZR: Trigonocardia [err. pro Trigoniocardia] Key to subgenera. Ref. to Popov p. 55. --1992 Schneider p. 155: Trigoniocardia. Type species Trigoniocardia granifera (Brode rip & Sowerby) . "1998 Schneider: Trigoniocardia. A number of Eocene species have been variously classified as Trigoniocardia. "1999 Higo et at.: Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900. Type species: Cardium graniferum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 (0. d.). "2001 Vidal, p. 408 : Trigoniocardia . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE- DESCRlPTION. --1994 Hylleberg: shell ovate to quadrate; hinge asymmetric, anterior section shorter than posterior. .. 2001 Vidal: only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped . Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900 (section and subgenus). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1900 ZR: Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900a n. sect. of Fragum type Cardium graniferum Sby. --1922 Olsson: section Trigoniocardia Dall. --1924 Oldroyd: Subgenus (Trigoniocardia) Dall, 1900. Trigonocardia (genus) . - Printer 's error. RECORDS. --1980 Vokes: Trigonocardia (err. pro Trigonio- Dall, 1900) Cossmann, 1901. trigonoides Eichwald, 1838. [Figs. Part I p. 123] . Identical with Didacna trigonoides Pallas, 1771. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. RECORDS. "1838 Eichwald: Didacna trigonoides n. "1841 Eichwald: Didacna trigonoides . --1844 Reeve : Didacna trigonoides. Eichwald = Cardium trigonoides Pallas. --1876 ZR: Cardium [Didacna] crassum (Eichw.) and trigonoides (Pall.), in the Caspian Sea, connected by intermediate forms [Ref. Grimm 1876]. "1922-32. Sherborn, p. 6606 : Didacna (Pall.) trigonoides Eichwald, 1838. - Cardium trigonoides Pallas, 1771. --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com .) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Didacna trigonoides Eichwald. Caspian Sea, B37642. trigonoides Pallas, 1771. [Figs. Part I p. 128]. - Didacna trigonoides (Pallas, 1771). Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. Type species: Stoliczka (1870) designated Cardium trigonoides Pallas, 1771 type species of the genus Didacna Eichwald, 1838. TYPE LOCALITY . Caspian Sea. RECORDS. --1771 Pallas: Cardium trigonoides (fide Eichwald 1841). --1776 Pallas [Anhang p. 26, No. 86]: Cardium trigonoides . "1788 Schriiter: Cardium trigonoides [Reference to Chemnitz (1782) fig. 203] . .. 1841 Eichwald : Cardium trigonoides Pallas, 1771. .. 1838 Eichwald: Cardium trigonoides Pall. "1844 Reeve species 26 : Cardium trigonoides Pallas, 1776. 'Reise durch verschied. Provinzen des Russischen 810 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) trigonoides ehasariea- trilaterum Reichs,' vol. i.; Anhang (Appendix) , p. 26, no. 80. "1849 Middendorff: Cardium trigonoides (fide Andrussoff 1903). 001858 Adams & Adams, p. 460: Adaena (Didacna) trigonoides Pallas. 001866 Issei: Didacna trigonoides Pallas. "1870 Stoliczka: Cardium trigonoides Pallas, 1771. '·1877 Grimm: Cardium trigonoides Pallas. "1884 Grasset: Adacna trigonoides. Pal1. "1887 Fischer: Didacna trigonoides Pallas (in s. g. Didacna Eichwald, 1838). 001890 Paetel: Adacna trigonoides Pallas. ··1890 Woodward : Didacna trigonoides Pal. - Caspian. 001902 Sherborn, p. 993: Cardium trigonoides Pallas, 1771. "1903 Andrussoff: Cardium trigonoides Pallas. 001903 Andrussoff: Cardium trigonoides. 001916 ZR: Didacna trigonoides Ref. to KaJickij (1916). "1930 ZR: Didacna trigonoides [Ref. Pravoslavleff 1913 sic]. 001947 ZR: Didacna trigonoides effects of salinity in the Caspian Sea, [Ref. Karparich 1947]. 001963 ZR: Didacna trigonoides, food and feeding mechanism [Ref. Rosssanova 1963]. "1964 Shikama: Didacna (Didacna) trigonoides (Pallas). 001968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Didacna trigonoides trigonoides. 001969 Moore et al.: Didacna (Didacna) trigonoides (Pallas). 001977 Popov : Didacna trigonoides (Pal1.). 001980 ZR: Didacna trigonoides. Caspian Sea. Ref. to Galperina. 001984 ZR: Didacna trigonoides. Ref. to Galperina. 001998 Schneider (1998b): Didacna trigonoides (Pallas, 1771). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCEDESCRIPTIONS . . . 1776 Pallas, original: Testa magnitudine fere rustici, subimbricata, valde gibba, inaequilatera, subtriangularis. Valvulae aequales, vesus nates inflexas angulatae, altero latere planiusculae, altero lato, convexo. Striae in planiore latere exiles circiter sex, area vulvae laevigata, in convexa parte 14-18. latae, complanatae. Copiosissima testa Maris Caspii, viva tamen mihi non visa. 001844 Reeve: shell triangularly cordate, elongated and slightly angulated posteriorly with the umbones obtusely keeled, shortened and compressed anteriorly; very smooth, whitish, ornamented with slightly elevated brown rays, very like worn flattened ribs, diverging with great regularity from the umbones. REMARKS. 001844 Reeve: The Figure, Part I, p. 128, No. 26b, has an interesting history. Reeve described the fate of the shell as being one of three shells described by Pallas in 'Journey through different Provinces of the Russian Empire,' published at Leipzic in 1776. Although a species of some rarity in our collections, it must be tolerably abundant in the Caspian Sea according to the testimony of both Pallas and Eichwald. The locality given by Lamarck, "Seas of America," is extremely vague, and most probably incorrect, as it appears to be founded merely upon the fact of his specimen, from the cabinet of M. Defrance, having been presented to that naturalist by M. Richard after his return from Guyana. It will perhaps be interesting to know that the shell before me, belonging to Miss Saul, is from the same source; the chief portion of M. Richard's conchological rarities fell into the possession of Dr. Goodhall of Eton, and, at the death of the venerable Provost, the specimen in question passed into the collection of the Rev. Mr. Stain forth, to whom its present possessor is indebted for it. 001903: Andrussoff stated that Eichwald, 1838 moved Cardium trigonoides to genus Didacna. DISTRIBUTION. 001844 Reeve, 001884 Grasset: Caspian Sea. trigonoides ehasariea Svitoc, 1967. - Didacna trigonoides chasarica Svitoc, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. 001967 ZR: Didacna trigonoides chasarica Svitoc, 1967 subsp. nov. figs.; Quaternary, central Caspian region. trigonoides ehvalyniea Svitoc, 1967. - Didacna trigonoides chvalynica Svitoc, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. 001967 ZR: Didacna trigonoides chvalynica Svitoc, 1967 subsp. nov. figs.; Quaternary, central Caspian region. trigonoides erassum Grimm, 1876. - Synonym of Didacna baeri (Grimm, 1877). » Regarding Cardium trigonoides crassum: Lymnocardiidae. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. 001876 Grimm, p. 140: Cardium trigonoides crassum m. 001877 Grimm: Cardium trigonoides crassum m. (syn.) = Cardium baeri sp. n. trigonoides praetrigonoides Nat. et Anis. - Didacna trigonoides praetrigonoides Nat. et Anis. Lymnocardiidae. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. 001968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Didacna trigonoides praetrigonoides Nat. et Anis. trigonoides tuzetae Tadjalli-Pour, 1977. - Didacna trigonoides tuzetae Tadjalli-Pour, 1977. Lymnocardiidae. RECORDS. 001977 ZR: Didacna /rigonoides /uze/ae Tadjalli-Pour, 1977 subsp. nov. Caspian Sea. Ref to Tadjalli-Pour, M . p. 97, fig'd. trigonoides elongata Pravoslavleff, 1913 (variety). Upgraded. Didacna trigonoides elongata Pravoslavleff, 1913. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001930 ZR: Didacna trigonoides var. elongata Pravoslavleff, 1913 sic nov. *trigonum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium trigonum from 3 sources: Mi.inster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Sismonda, 1842. - Michelotti, 1847. trigonum Michelotti, 1847. - Replaced by Cardium michelottii Deshayes. » Regarding Cardium trigonum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001857. Deshayes: Cardium trigonum Michelotti, 1847. - C. michelottii. Desh. trigonum Mi.inster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Cardium trigonum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001857. Deshayes: Cardium trigonum Munster, 1840. 00 1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6607: Cardium trigonum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. [Mi.inster in Goldfuss 1837 is assumed to be identical with Mi.inster 1840]. trigonum Sismonda, 1842. - Synonym of Parvicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791). » Regarding Cardium trigonum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001888 Kobelt: Cardium trigonum Sism. (fide Weinkauff) = Cardium papillosum Poli [Weinkauff 1867, p. 138]. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6607: Cardium trigonum Sismonda, 1842. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium trigonum Sismonda. The Crimea, 837640. trilaterum Gmelin, 1791. - Unknown species. RECORDS. 001791. Gmelin No. 26: Cardium trilaterum. 001815. Wood: Cardium trilaterum Gmelin (p. 3253) is not specific. 001817 Dillwyn : Cardium trilaterum Gmelin should be ignored. 001849 Middendorff: Cardium trilaterum Gm. (fide Andrussoff \903). "1902 Sherborn, p. 993: Cardium trilaterum J.F. Gmelin, 1790. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 811 trilaterum - truncatum trilaterum Gmelins, 1774. - Unknown species. RECORDs. 001774 Gmelins, p. 248: Cardium trilaterum. 001849 Middendorff p. 29-42: Cardium trilaterum. 001902 Sherborn, p. 993: Cardium trilaterum S.G. Gmelinsie, 1774. *trinacria. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium trinaeria from 3 sources: Andrussow 1902. - Andrusov, 1963. - REMARKS. I do not know how Andrusov 1963 compares with Andrussow 1902. trinacria Andrusov, 1963. - Combination to be changed : "Cardium" trinaeria Andrusov, 1963. ?Lymnocardiidae. Neogene. REcORDs. 001963 ZR: Cardium trinaeria Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Russia. 001986. Nevesskaya et al.: Andrusovieardium trinaeria (Andrusov) comb. nov. 001987 ZR: Andrusovieardium trinaeria (Andrusov) comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 192. trinacria Andrussow, 1902. - Combination to be changed: "Cardium " trinaeria (Andrussow, 1902). ?Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1902: Cardium trinaeria n. sp. tends towards Cerastoderma. trinitatis Tomlin, 1929. - Laevieardium trinitatis Tomlin, 1929. Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. Trinidad. REcORDs. 001929 Tomlin : Laevieardium trinitatis n. sp. 001929 ZR: Laevieardium trinitatis Tomlin, 1929 sp. n. Indies. *tripartitum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Conoeardium tripartitum from 2 sources: Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Branson, 1942. tripartitum Branson, 1942. - New name. Conoeardium tripartitum Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001942 ZR: Conoeardium tripartitum Branson, 1942 nom. nov. for Conoeardium truneatum Pohll929 non Koninck 1885 [Ref. Branson 1942] . tripartitum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. - Cardium tripartitum Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. ?Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6620: Cardium tripartitllm Muenster in Goldfuss, 1837. tripolitanum Blanckenhorn & Offenheim, 1927. Combination to be revised. "Cardium" tripolitanum Blanckenhorn & Offenheim, 1927. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001927 ZR: Cardium tripolitanum Blanckenhorn & Offenheim, 1927 sp. n. Miocene Syria. triquetrum Matheron. - Not a cardiid. 001857 Deshayes: Cardium triquetrum Matheron In genus lsoeardia. triste Gmelin, 1791. - See under triste Linnaeus, 1758. triste Linnaeus, 1758. - Dubious ｾｰ･｣ｩｳＮ＠ Cardiidae. RECORDS . 001758 Linnaeus (lot edition) No. 74: Cardium triste. 001764 Linnaeus (Mus. Lud . Ulr. Reg.) No. 46: Cardium triste. 001767 Linnaeus : sp . 74 . Cardium triste removed in the 12th edition 1767. 00 1789 Bruguiere, dubious species, p. 235. Cardium triste Linn. pag. 680, num. 74. 001791 Gmelin No. 28: Cardium triste. 001815 Wood: Cardium triste Gmelin is doubtful and omitted. 001817 Dillwyn: Cardium triste Gmelin should be ignored. 001864 Krebs: Cardium triste L. ? (syn.) = Cardium eitrinum Ch. 001902 Sherborn, p. 997: Cardium triste Linnaeus, 1758. tristicu/um Yokoyama, 1924. - Changed combination: Nemoeardium tristieulum (Yokoyama) . Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene. RECORDS. 001924 ZR: Cardium (Laevicardium) tristieulum Yokoyama, 1924 sp. n. Tertiary Japan. 001954 Keen : Nemocardium (Aretopratulum) tristieulum (Yokoyama), 1924 [U Oligocene). 001999 Kafanov et al.: Laevieardium tristieulum (Yokoyama) (= Cardium esutoruensis). trombosum Gregorio, 1930. - Dieeroeardium trombosum Gregorio, 1930. Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS. 001936 ZR: Dieeroeardium trombosum Gregorio, 1930 sp. n. Lias Palenno. Tropicardium. - Printer's error of genus Tropidoeardium. RECORDS. 001980 Vokes: (err. pro Tropido- Romer, 1868) Preston, 1916. Synonym of Cardium Linnaeus, 1758. Tropidocardium Romer, 1869 (genus). - Synonym of Cardium. Cardiidae. RECORDS. 001869 ZR: subgenus Tropidoeardium, type Cardium costa tum (L.) [Ref. Romer 1869). 001876 Meek : Tropidoeardium Roemer (Cardium proper of most authors). Cardium eostatum Linn. regarded as genotype. 001876 Meek: Tropidoeardium Roemer, 1868. Synon. - Cardiidae. 001930 Stewart: Tropidocardium Romer in Kiister, 1869 (objective synonym of Cardium Linne). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. 001869 Romer: shells very inflated, nearly equilateral, thin, with broad, flat, longitudinal ribs, with thin edges or spines and lamellae. Posterior end broadly gaping, with strongly serrated edges. Ligament short, thick, projecting. Edge of closure more or less straight and long; Cardinal teeth small, two in the right valve, one in the left valve; lateral teeth lamellar, prolonged, little developed. Tropidocardium Romer, 1869 (section and subgenus). - Synonym of Cardium. Cardiidae. REMARKS. The designation "section" takes the value of subgenus . RECORDS. 001869 Romer: Sectio Tropidoeardium Romer. 001887 Fischer: Tropidoeardium Romer, 1868. Section of genus Cardium Linne, 1758. troughtoni Iredale, 1927. - Synonym of Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). » Regarding Tridacna troughtoni: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001927 ZR: Tridacna troughtoni Iredale, 1927 sp. n. Vanikoro. 001937. ZR: Tridacna trough toni Tridacnidae type of Sepidaena [Ref. Iredale 1937]. 001999 Higo et af. : Tridacna troughtoni Iredale, 1927 = Tridacna (Flodacna) maxima (Roding, 1798). truncata Vest. - Myocardia truncata von West. Adacnidae (= Lyrnnocardiidae). Tertiary TYPE LOCALITY. Tihany, Hungary. REMARKS. This Hungarian fossil species bridges the gap between Adaena and Cardium. It has a hinge like in Cardium and a siphonal sinus like in Adaena (Andrussoff 1903). RECORDS. 001877 Grimm: Myocardia truncata von West. 001903 Andrussoff: Myocardia truncata Vest. *truncatum; Cardiidae - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium truncatum from 2 sources: Sowerby, 1827.Goldfuss, 1840. truncatum Beyrich, 1845. - Protoeardia truneatum Beyrich, 1845 . Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6658: Protoeardia (Sow.) truneatum Beyrich, 1845. - Cardium truneatum. truncatum Goldfuss, 1840. - Replaced by "Cardium" transpositum Deshayes. Combination to be revised: » Regarding Cardium truneatum: Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS . 001857. Deshayes: Cardium truneatum. Goldfuss. 1840. - C. transpositum . Desh. truncatum Sowerby, 1827. - Combination to be revised : 812 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) truncatum - tuberculatum "Cardium" truncatum Sowerby, 1827. Cardiidae. Lias. RECORDS. ··1857. Deshayes: Cardium truncatum Sowerby, 1827. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6654: Cardium truncatum Sowerby, 1827. *truncatum; Conocardiidae - Homonymy to be noticed. Conocardium truncatum from 2 sources: Koninck, 1885. - Pohl, 1929. truncatum Koninck 1885. Conocardium truncatum Koninck 1885. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1942 ZR: Conocardium truncatum Koninck 1885 [Ref. Branson 1942]. truncatum Poh1 1929. - Replaced by Conocardium tripartitum. Conocardiidae. Fossil. » Regarding Conocardium truncatum: RECORDS. ··1942 ZR: Conocardium truncatum Pohl 1929 non Koninck 1885 replaced by Conocardium tripartitum Branson, 1942 nom. nov. tschandae (error). - Printer's mistake for tschaudae in Davidaschvili & Kitovani 1964. tschandyricllm Andrusov. - Changed combination : Andrusovicardium tschandyricum (Andrusov). Lymnocardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. ··1986 Nevesskaya et al.: Andrusovicardium tschandyricum (Andrusov) comb. nov. ··1987 ZR: Andrusovicardium tschandyricum (Andrusov) comb. nov. Ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p. 192. tschangeticum Poyarkova, 1978. - New combination: Trachycardium tschangeticum (Poyarkova, 1978). Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) tschangeticum Poyarkova, 1978 sp. nov. Uzbekistan. Upper Cretaceous. Ref. to Poyarkova p. 110. tschaudae Andrussow, 1889 - Didacna tschaudae Andrussow, 1889. Lyrnnocardiidae. Fossil. Didacna tschaudae Andrussow is type species of genus Tschaudia Davitaschvili, 1956. (Davidaschvili & Kitovani 1964) RECORDS . ··1889. ZR: Cardium tschaudae Andrusson sic, 1889. n. sp. with fig. ··1964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani: Didacna tschaudae Andrus. ··1964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani: Didacna tschandae sic Andrus. ··1965 ZR : Cardium tschaudae Andrusov, 1965 sp. nov. S. Russian seas. ··1970 Glibert & Poel, p. 63: Didacna (s.s.) tschaudae tschaudae Andrusov, 1890. ··1977 Popov: Didacna (Pontalmyra) tschaudae. Tschaudia Davidaschvili 1956 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani : Tschaudia Davitaschvili, 1956. ··1980 Vokes: Tschaudia Davidaschvili, 1956 in subfamily Didacninae. ··1987 Taktakishvi Ii: Tschaudia Davitaschvili 1956 ; referred to new tribe Digressodacnini. tschelidzei Gab. - Changed combination: Macradacna tschelidzei Gab. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. •• I 967 Ebersin: Macradacna tschelidzei Gab . •• I 967 ZR: Macradacna tschelidzei pro Monodacna tschelidzei Gab. 1953 [Ref. Eberzin 1967]. tschepalygae Mih. - Didacna tschepalygae Mih . Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1989 Mikhailesku: Didacna tschepalygae Mih. tschernyschewi Licharew, 1931. - Conocardium tschernyschewi Licharew, 1931. Conocardiidae. Upper Permian . RECORDS. ··1931 ZR: Conocardillm tschernyschewi Licharew, 1931 sp. n. Russia. Upper Permian. tschikojensis Maslennikov, 1961. - Cypricardinia tschikojensis Mas1ennikov, 1961. Cardiacea. Permian. RECORDS. ··1961. ZR: Cypricardinia tschikojensis Maslennikov, 1961 "sp. nov.", Permian, Transbaika1ia, Russia. tshepalygai Mikhailescu, 1985. - Didacna tshepalygai Mikhailescu, 1985. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. The lower reaches of the Danube, Moldavia. RECORDS. ··1985 Mikhailescu, p. 108, pI. 3, figs. 1-2: Didacna tshepalygai sp. nov. ··1987 ZR: Didacna tshepalygai sp. nov. Moldavia. Ref. to Mikhailescu p. 105. tuba Camacho, 1960. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " tuba Camacho, 1960. Cardiidae . Paleocene. RECORDS. ··1960 ZR: Cardium tuba Camacho, 1960 sp. nov. Paleocene River Ewan, Tierra del Fuego. tuberclllare Sowerby 1820. - Synonym of Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium tuberculare: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··182 I - 1834 Sowerby, fig. 3: Cardium tuberculare (only figure). ··1850 Jay: Cardium tuberculare Sowb. = Cardium rusticum . ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. tuberculare Sow. G. f. 3 = no . 25 = Cardium tubercula tum Lin . •• I 867 Weinkauff: Cardium tuberculare Sowerby = Cardium tuberculatum Linne. ··1869. Romer: Cardium tuberculare Sowerby = Cardium tuberculatum L. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium tuberculare Sowerby = Cardium tubercula tum Linne. ··1890 Paetel : Cardium tuberculare Sow. = tuberculatum L. tuberculata Chemnitz 1782. Non binominal. - Not available . •• I 845 Reeve in the index: Cardium tuberculatum in Chernnitz 1782 = Cardium rusticum Linne, 1767. ··1850 Jay: Cardium tubercula tum Chernn. = Cardium rusticum. tuberculata of Pult. - Misidentification. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1803 Montagu : Cardium tuberculatum Pult. Cat. Dorset. p. 30? = Cardium aeuleatum Lin. tuberculatum (mode) . - See under tuberculata Linne, 1758. tuberculatum Brongniart , 1821. - Hemicardium tuberculatum Brongniart, 1821. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6667: Hemicardium tubereulatum Brongniart, 1821. tuberculatum Lamarck (variety). [Figs. Part 3 p. 847].Lamarck collection, MNHN Paris . No published records seen. tuberculatum Linnaeus, 1758 / Gmelin, 1791 . (Figs. Part I p. 39, 42,44,46, 53, 55, 58,64, 68, 74,92,96, 126, 167, 171. Part 3 p. 846,847, 849]. - Changed combination: Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Pliocene and Recent. Type species: Keen (1937) designated Cardium tuberculatum Linne, 1758 as type species of the subgenus Rudicardium Coen, 1915. TYPE LOCALITY. Unknown (Linne, 1758); Britain and the Mediterranean (Sowerby 1841). RECORDS. ··1684 Bonanno. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium tubercula tum recf. 2. f. 100. ··1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium tubercula tum t. 329. f. 166. ··1705 Rurnphius. ID by Linnaeus 1758 and Gmelin 1791: Cardium tuberculatum mus. t. 48 . f. I I. ··1742 Argenville. ID by Linnaeus 1758: Cardium Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 813 tuberculatum tuberculatum conch. t. 26. f. L. --1742 Gualtieri, pI. 71, fig. M: = Cardium tuberculatum (fide Spengler 1799). --1758 Linne, p . 679, No . 65: Cardium tuberculatum. --1758 Regenfuss. ID by Gme1in 1791: Cardium tuberculatum Conch. I . t. 8. f. 23. 24. --1758 Seba. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium tuberculatum mus. 3. t. 86. f. 7. --1764 Linnaeus (Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg.) No. 37. --1767 Linne, p. 1122, sp. 81: Cardium tuberculatum. --1771 Knorr. ID by Gme1in 1791: Cardium tuberculatum Vergn. 5. t. 30. f. 2. --1771 Knorr, pI. 30, fig. 2: Cardium tuberculatum (fide Spengler 1799). --1772 ArgenviUe. ID by Gme1in 1791: Cardium tuberculatum zoom. t. 6. f. C. D. --1772 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium tubercula tum Vergn. 6. t. 8. f. 3. (Same ref. as to C. Jasciatum) . --1778 Born, G8 . Cardium tuberculatum Linn. S.N. Sp. 81. "1780 Born: Cardium tuberculatum Linn. S. N . Sp. 81. --1782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium tubercula tum mus Kirch. 2. f. 100 ... 1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 17 Fig. 173: Cardium tuberculatum Lin. --1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium tubercula tum t. 17. f. 173. --1786 Schroter, No. IX: Cardium tuberculatum Linn. XII . pag. 1122. Spec. 81. --1788 Schroter: Cardium tuberculatum. [citing Chemnitz (1782) figs. 179. 180]. --1789 Bruguiere, No. 12. Cardium tuberculatum; Linn. --1791 Gmelin No. II: Cardium tuberculatum. --1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 300. fig. 1. Cardium tuberculatum. --1799 Spengler, p. 19, No. 8: Cardium tuberculatum Linnei Sp. 81 . p. 1122. --1800 Donovan, PI. 27, fig. 9 Cardium tuberculatum . "1803 Montagu: Cardium tuberculatum . .. 1807 Maton & Rackett, No. 7 : Cardium tuberculatum Linn . --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium tuberculatum. Linnaeus. --1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 329 fig. 166 Cardium tuberculatum . --1829 Costa: Poli considered C. tuberculatum a variety of C. rusticum. --1832 Deshayes: Cardium tuberculatum, L. = Cardium echinatum L. "1836 Bose: Cardium tuberculatum. --1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 2, No. 28 : Cardium tuberculatum, Linn. --1844 Potiez & Michaud: Cardium tuberculatum Linn . --1850 Jay: Cardium tubercula tum Linn. = Cardium echinatum, --1856 Wood & Hanley, No, 4: Cardium tuberculatum Lin. --1858 Adams & Adams : Cardium (lsocardia) tuberculatum Linn. --1859 Sowerby: C. tubercula tum, Linn, ? = Cardium rusticum, Linn. --1868 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum (L.), this name to be restored for rusticum (L., Reeve) [Ref. Romer 1868]. --1884 Grasset: Cardium tuberculatum. L. --1888 Servain: Cardium tuberculatum Linnaeus, 1767. --1890 Paetel: Cardium tuberculatum L. --1891 Romer : Acanthocardia tuberculatum L. --1892 B. D. & D. p. 256-261: Cardium tuberculatum , Linne ... 1902 Sherborn, p. 1003 : Cardium tuberculatum Linnaeus, 1758. --1907 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum [Refs. Roule; Zimmermann]. --1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum L. forma typica . --1932 Winckworth: Cardium (Acanthocardia) tuberculatum Linne, 1758. --1933 Coen : Eucardium (Rudicardium) tubercula tum Linneo. "1933 Coen & Vatova: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tubercula tum Linnaeus. --1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tubercula tum Linneo (Note 259: 8 varieties described by Coen in 1915). "1937 Keen designated Cardium tuberculatum Linne, 1758. --1937 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum [Ref. Avnimelech 1937]. --1937 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum L. , 1758 type of Rudicardium Coen 1915 [Ref. Keen 1937]. "1937 ZR: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum L. [Ref. Coen 1937], ,,1938, ZR: Cardium tuberculatum fig . luist [Ref. Girscher 1938a]. "1939 Adam & Leloup: Cardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum Linne 1758. --1953 ZR: Cardium tubercula tum L. structure of shell [Ref. Saban 1953]. "1959. Devidts: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum Linne. --1959 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum enzyme system activated by magnesium ions [Ref. Roche, et at. 1959]. --1962 Pasteur-Humbert: Cardium tubercula tum Linne. --1962 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum photo., shell shape and co10uration [Ref. Pfeiffer 1962]. --1963 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum [Santarelli 1963: from Italy] . --1963. ZR: Cardium tuberculatum [Kjolberg et at. 1963 : properties of some glycogens found in tissues]. "1966 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum [Salanki 1966: experiments on the rhythmic activity]. ..1966 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum [Ref. Salanki & Zs.-Nagy 1966: investigation of the adductor muscle]. "1969 Nordsieck: Rudicardium tuberculatum tuberculatum (Linne, 1758). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium (Cerastoderma, Rudicardium) tuberculatum Linne. --1978 Janssen & Van der Slik : Acanthocardia (Rudicardium) tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758). --1980 ZR : Acanthocardia (Rudicardium) tuberculatum. Adriatic Sea, Ref. to Marano. et al. --1980 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum, Ref. to Gade . --1981 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum. Ref. to Ansell et ai , --1982 ZR: Acanthocardia tuberculata. Ref. to Savazzi. --1983 ZR: Acanthocardia tuberculata. Ref. to Ivell, Meinardus et at. - Cerastoderma tuberculatum. Ref. to Cano Perez. --1984 ZR: Acanthocardia (Rudicardium) tuberculata. Ref. to Marano et at. --1985 ZR Cardium tuberculatum. Ref. to Chrispeel et at. / Meinardus et al. --1987 ZR: Acanthocardia tuberculata. Ref. to Vigna Ii et at. --1987 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum. Ref. Meinhardus-Hager et al. --1993 Poutiers: Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). --1994 Schneider: Acanthocardia (Rudicardium) tuberculata (Linne, 1758). --1998 Macedo et at.: Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758), --1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection as Cardium tuberculatum Linne. Pliocene. France; Turkey; Tunesia. --200 1 Vidal, p. 407: Acanthocardia tuberculatum. --2002 Schneider: Acanthocardia (Rudicardium) tuberculata (Linne, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: 2 specimens Spengler coil. (Mediterraneum. p. 19 no. 8). ZMUC wet collection. DESCRIPTIONS. --1758 Linnaeus : shell subcordate, interstices transversely striated, obtuse nodes [I have translated from Latin]. --1799 Spengler: Testa subcordata, sulcis obtusis nodosis transversim striatis. Linnei Sp. 81, p, 1122. Colour very variable. Completely white or white with brown or yellow transverse bands ... 200 1 Vidal: Tentacles around siphons only. No eyes on tentacles. REMARKS. The following authorship are not available: Gualtieri 1742, Knorr 1771, Chernnitz 1782. Requien made iconographic reference to pI. 4, fig. II in Philippi (1844) but that figure shows Tapes decussatus according to Locard & Caziot (1900). According to Dillwyn (l817) Mr. Montagu doubted whether 814 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) tubereulatum - tubereulatum eoaleseens Cardium tubereulatum Linnaeus should be considered a distinct species. HABITAT. 001876 Duprey: Cardium tubereulatum, L. intertidal on the coast of New Jersey with a tidal range of about 13 m. 001969 Nordsieck: among laminarians and in sand, 15-100 m depth. DISTRIBUTION. J807 Maton & Rackett: Dorset, Devon. 001884 Grasset: Algeria. 001891 Romer: Mediterranean. 001969 Nordsieck ; West Europe, Mediterranean, Canary Islands, Madeira . ooZMUC West Europe, Mediterranean. tubereulatum Pusch, 1836. - Cardium tubereulatum Pusch, 1836. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6664: Cardium (Br.) tuberculatum Pusch, 1836. - Hemieardium. tubereulatum aeutieostis Coen, 1937 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Aeanthoeardia tubereulata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculata var. aeutieostis: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001933 Coen: Eueardium (Rudicardium) lubereulatum var. aeuticostis Sta1io mss. The Mediterranean . 001937 Coen, Note 260 : Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) lubereulatum var. aeutieostis (Stalio mss.) Co en n. var. 001937 ZR: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tubereulatum L. var. aeulieostis (Stalio mss .) Coen, 1937 nov. Adriatic. 001937 ZR: Eueardium (Rudieardium) tubereulatum L. var. aeutieostis (Stalio mss. var. anom.) Coen, 1933 nov. tubereu/atum a/bidum Danilo & Sandri, 1891 (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Aeanthoeardia tub erculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. lubereulata var. albida: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001789 Karsten: Cardium tubereulatum testa extus et intus albida. 001891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium tuberculalum Linn. var. albidum nob. 001892 B.D. & D. p. 261: var. albidum Brusina = Cardium tuberculatum var. ex colore alba Monterosato. 001914 Coen: Cardium tubercula tum vaT. albida Brusina = Eueardium (Rudicardium) lubereulatum var. alba Monts. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. White, milkish, uniform colour. REMARKS. Brusina wrote the introduction to Danilo & Sandri (1891). tubereulatum a/bum Monterosato, 1878 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanlhoeardia tuberc ulata (Linne , 1758). » RegardingA . tubereulata var. alba: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001878 Monterosato: Cardium tubereulatum, Lin . var. ex col. alba. 001892 B. D. & D. p. 261: Cardium tubercula tum var. ex colore alba Monterosato. 001900 Locard & Caziot: var. alba (Mtr.) = Cardium tubereulatum Linne. 001914 Coen: Eueardium (Rudieardium) tubereulatum var. alba Monts. 001933 Coen: Eueardium (Rudieardium) tubereulalum var. alba Monterosato. 001937 Coen: Cerasloderma (Rudieardium) tubereulatum album Monterosato. 001969 Nordsieck: Rudieardium tubercula tum tubercula tum (Linne, 1758) var. album (Monterosato). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ooZMUC: two specimens labeled "90. B. C. tb . 26 album , Sardinien". DESCRIPTION. White, milkish, uniform colour. DI STRIBUTION. The Mediterranean. tubereulatum alta Pallary, 1904 (variety). 00 Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Aeanthoeardia tubereulata (Linne, 1758). » RegardingA. tubercula tum var. alta: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001904 Pallary, p. 246: Cardium tubereulatum var. alta Pallary. tuberculatum angulatum Coen, 1933 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Aeanthoeardia tub ereu lata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tubereulatum var. angulata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001933 Coen: Eueardium (Rudieardium) tubereulatum var. angulata Coen. The Mediterranean. 001937 Coen, Note 260: Cerastoderma (Rudieardium) tubereulatum Linn. var. angulatum Coen n. var. 001937 ZR: Cerastoderma (Rudieardium) tubereulatum L. vaT. angulata (Stalio mss.) Coen, 1937 nov. Adriatic. 001937 ZR: Eueardium (Rudieardium) tubereulatum L. var. angulata (Stalio mss. var. anom.) var. Coen, 1933 nov. tubereulatum asperula Coen , 1914 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Aeanthoeardia tubereulata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tubereulata var. asperula: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001914 Coen: Eueardium (Rudieardium) tubereulatum n. var. asperula Coen. 001915 ZR: Cardium tubercula tum var. asperula Coen, 1915 var. n. Adriatic. 001933 Coen: Eueardium (Rudieardium) tubereulatum var. asperula Coen. tubereulatum beta Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 58]. - Unknown status. RECORDS. 001758 Seba. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium tubereulatum var. beta, mus. 3. t. 86. f. 2. 001791 Gme1in No . 11. Cardium tubercula tum var. beta. tubereulatum citrinum Danilo & Sandri, 1891 mss (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Aeanthoeardia tubereulata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tubereulata var. citrina: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium tubereulalum var. eitrinum nob. 001892 B. D. & D. p. 261: Cardium tubercula tum var. ex forma et colore citrina Brusina. 001914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. ex forma et colore citrina Brusina. 001933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tubereulatum var. citrina Brusina. 001937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum citrinum Brusina . 001969 Nordsieck: Rudicardium tubercula tum citrinum (Brusina, 1865). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. With 19, angled ribs (normally 24 ribs); colour yellow with dark brown bands. HABITAT. Sandy bottom at 8-73 m depth (Nord sieck 1969). DISTRIBUTION. 001892 B.D. & D.: Adriatic Sea off Albany. 001969 Nordsieck: unknown. tuberculatum coalescens Coen, 1937 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Aeanth oea rdia tubereulata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tubereulatum var. eoaleseens: Cardiidae. Recent . RECORDS. 001933 Coen: Eu ea rdium (Rudieardium) tubereulalum var. eoaleseens Coen. The Mediterranean. 001933 ZR: Rudicardium tubereulatum var. eoaleseens Coen, 1933 nov. Venice [Ref. Coen 1933] . 001937 Coen, Note 261, pI. 10, fig. 92: Cerastoderma (Rudieardium) tuberculatum Linn. var. anomlia eoaleseens Coen n. var. 001937 ZR: Cerastoderma (Rudieardium) tubereulatum L. var. Phuket Marin e Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 815 tubereulatum dauizellbergi - tuberculatum multifasciata coalescens (Spinelli mss.) Coen, 1937 nov. Adriatic. "1937 ZR: Rudicardium tuberculatum var. coalescens Coen, 1933 nov. Venice. "1937 ZR: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum L. var. coalescens (var. anom.) Coen, 1933 nov. (uberculatum dautzellbergi Coen, 1914 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acantho cardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758) . » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. dautzenbergi : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. dautzenbergi Coen n. var. .. 1915 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum var. dautzenbergi Coen, 1915 var. n. Adriatic. "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. dautzenbergi Coen. "1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tubercula tum dautzenbergi Coen. tubereulatum delta Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 60). - Unknown status. RECORDS. "1758 Seba. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium tubereulatum var. delta mus. 3. t. 86. f. 14. "1791 Gmelin No. II: Cardium tubercula tum var. delta. tubereulatum depauperatum Coen, 1937 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne , 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. depaup erata : Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. depauperata Coen. The Mediterranean. "1937 Coen , Note 260: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tubercula tum var. depauperatum Coen n. var. "1937 ZR: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum L. var. depauperata (Stalio mss.) Coen, 1937 nov. Adriatic. "1937 ZR: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum L. var. depauperata (Stalio mss. var. anom.) var. Coen, 1933 nov. tubereulatum elegalls Danilo & Sandri, 1891 mss (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. elegans: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium tuberculatum var. elegans nob. "1892 B. D. & D. p. 261: Cardium tubercula tum var. ex forma elegans Brusina. "1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. ex forma elegans Brusina. "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tubercula tum var. elegans Brusina. "1937 Coen: Cerastode rma (Rudicardium) tubercula tum elegans Brusina. "1969 Nordsieck: Rudicardium tuberculatum tuberculatum (Linne, 1758) var. elegans (Brusina). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. Elevated ribs with tubercles; interstices with undulating transverse stripes. Lunule deep . REM ARKS. Brusina wrote the introduction to Danilo & Sandri (1891) . DISTRlBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck : unknown. tubereulatum epsiloll Gmelin, 1791 (variety) . Unknown status. RECORDS. "1764 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium luberculatum var. epsilon, Vergn. 2. t. 29. f. 4. "1791 Gmelin No. II : Cardium tubercula tum var. epsilon . tubereulatum fuseapepratx (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne , 1758) . » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. fuscapepratx : Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS ... 1914 Coen : Eucardium (Rudicardium) tubercula tum var. ex col.fuscapepratx. tubereulatum fuscum Pepratx , 1884 (variety) . Infrasubspecific . No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tub erculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. fusca : Cardiidae . Recent. RECO RDS. "1884 Pepratx : Cardium tuberculatum var. fuscum . "1892 B. D. & D. p. 261: Cardium tuberculatum var. ex colore fus ca pepratx. "1969 N ordsieck : Rudicardium tuberculatum tuberculatum (Linne, 1758) var.fuscum (Petratx sic). tuberculatum fuscum Philippi (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne , 1758). » Regarding A. tubercula tum var. fusca: Cardiidae . Recent. RECORDS. "1933 Coen : Eu cardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var.fusca Philippi. "1937 Coen : Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum fuscum Philippi. tuberculatum gamma Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p . 59). - Unknown status . RECORDS. "1758 Seba. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium tubercula tum var. gamma, mus. 3. t. 86. f. 6. "179 J Gmelin No. II : Cardium tubercula tum var. gamma. tuberculatum lactea Clement, 1879 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne , 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. lactea: Cardiidae. Recent . RECO RDS. "1879 Clement: Cardium tuberculatum var. lactea. "1892 B. D. & D. p. 261: var. lactea Clement = Cardium tuberculatum var. ex colore alba Monterosato. "1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. lactea Coen. "1914 Coen: Cardium tuberculatum var. lactea Clement (non Coen) = Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. alba Monts. "1914 ZR: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) tuberculatum lactea var. n. Coen, 1914. "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tubercula tum var. lactea Coen. "1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum lacteum Coen. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. White, milkish, uniform colour. tuberculatum millor Monterosato, 1878 (variety). Infrasubspecific . No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. minor: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1789 Karsten: Cardium tuberculati varietas minores. "1878 Monterosato: Cardium tuberculatum, Lin. var. ex forma minor. "1892 B. D. & D. p. 261: Cardium tuberculatum var. ex forma minor Monterosato. "1900 Locard & Caziot: var. minor (MIr.) = Cardium tuberculatum Linne. "1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. ex forma minor Monterosato. "1969 Nordsieck: Rudicardium tuberculatum tuberculatum (Linne, 1758) var. minor (Monterosato ). tuberculatum millus Karsten , 1789 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). RECORDs. » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. minus : Cardiidae . Recent. "1789 Karsten: Cardium tuberculatum testa minus. tuberculatum multifasciata Danilo & Sandri, 1891 mss (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » 816 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) tuberculatum multiplicatum - tuberculatum torquata Regarding A. tuberculatum var. multifasciatum: Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. Brusina wrote the introduction to Danilo & Sandri (1891). RECORDS. ··1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium tuberculatum var. multifasciatum nob. ··1892 B. D. & D. p. 261: var. multifasciata Brusina = Cardium tuberculata var. ex colore zonata Monterosato. ··1914 Coen: Cardium tuberculatum var. multifasciata Brusina = Eucardium (Rudicardium) tubercula tum var. ex col. zonata Monterosato. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. White with several bands of marked brown colour. tuberculatum multiplicatum Coen, 1933 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. multiplicata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. multiplicata Coen. ··1937 Coen, Note 260: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. multiplicatum Coen n. var. ··1937 ZR: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tubercula tum L. var. multiplicata (Stalio mss.) Coen, 1937 nov. Adriatic. ··1937 ZR: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum L. var. multiplicata (Statio mss. var. anom.) Coen, 1933 nov. tuberculatum muticum Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892 (variety). - InfTasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. mutica: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1892 Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, p. 261: Cardium tuberculatum var. ex forma mutica B.D.D. ··1900 Locard & Caziot: var mutica (B.D. & D.) = Cardium tuberculatum Linne. ··1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. mutica B.D.D. ··1914 ZR: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) tuberculatum mutica var. n. Coen, 1914. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. mutica B.D.D. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum muticum B.D.D. ··1969 Nordsieck: Rudicardium tuberculatum tuberculatum (Linne, 1758) var. muticum (Bucquoi (sic Bucquoy), Dautzenberg & Dollfus). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. Without tubercles on the ribs. DISTRIBUTION. The Mediterranean. tuberculatum palaeomutica Coen, 1914 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. palaeomutica: Cardiidae. New name for fossil varieties (Coen 1914). RECORDS. ··1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. palaeomutica Coen nom. nov. suggested for the fossil records of tubercula tum var. mutica. tuberculatum pharisiana Pallary, 1924 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. pharisiana: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Cardium tubercula tum pharisiana Pallary, 1924 var. n. Tunis. tuberculatum picta Coen (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. picta: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. picta n. var. ··1915 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum var. picta Coen, 1915 var. n. Adriatic. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. picta Coen. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum pictum Coen. tuberculatum potens Monterosato Mss (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. potens: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. potens Monterosato Mss. tuberculatum ruderata Monterosato (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. ruderata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. ex forma ruderata Mss. The Mediterranean. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tubercula tum var. ruderata Monterosato mss. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum ruderatum Monter. mss. tuberculatum rudis Coen (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. ntdis: Cardiidae. Recent. REcORDs. ··1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. ex forma rudis Coen. ··1914 ZR: Eucardium (Cerastoderma) tuberculatum rudis var. n. Coen, 1914. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. rudis Coen. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum rude Coen. tuberculatum spinosa Coen, 1914 (variety). InfTasubspecific. No evidence of specific or subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. spinosa: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tubercula tum var. ex forma spinosa Coen n. var. The Mediterranean. ··1915 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum var. spinosa Coen, 1915 var. n. Adriatic. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tubercula tum var. spinosa Coen. = tuberculatum unifasciata Danilo & Sandri mss. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) spinosum Coen. tuberculatum suborbicula Marshall, 1893 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of specific or subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » RegardingA. tuberculatum var. suborbicula: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1893 Marshall, p. 246: Cardium tuberculatum var. suborbicula Marsh. (n. var.) Britain. ··1901 Chaster et al.: Cardium tuberculatum v. suborbicula Marshall. ··1926 McClelland: Cardium tubercula tum suborbicula Marshall, 1893 n. sp. tuberculatum torquata Coen, 1914 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. torquata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. torquata Coen n. var. The Mediterranean. ··1915 ZR: Cardium tuberculatum var. torquata Coen, 1915 var. n. Adriatic. ··1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. torquata Coen. ··1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum torquatum Coen. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 817 tuberculatum unifasciata - tumidum tuberculatum unifasciata Danilo & Sandri, 1891 mss (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of sub specific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. unifasciatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium tuberculatum var. unifasciatum nob. --1892 B. D. & D. p. 261: Cardium tuberculata var. ex colore unifasciata Brusina. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. White, with a single transverse band of brown colour. REMARKS. Brusina wrote the introduction to Danilo & Sandri (1891). tuberculatum vittatum Danilo & Sandri, 1891 mss (variety). - Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tuberculatum var. vittatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1891 Danilo & Sandri: Cardium tuberculatum var. vittatum nob. --1892 B. D. & D. p. 261: Cardium tuberculatum var. ex colore vittata Brusina. "1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. vittata Brusina. "1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. vittata Brusina. "1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tubercula tum vittatum Brusina. --1969 Nordsieck: Rudicardium tuberculatum tuberculatum (Linne, 1758) var. vittatum (Brusina). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. Characterized by a white rayon rib 17 and the adjoining two interspaces. REMARKS. Brusina wrote the introduction to Danilo & Sandri (1891). DISTRIBUTION. "1969 Nordsieck: unknown. tuberculatum zeta Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 62]. - Unknown status. RECORDS. --1768 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium tubercula tum var. zeta, Vergn. 3. t. 4. f. 5. "1791 Gmelin No. 11: Cardium tuberculatum var. zeta. tuberculatum zonata Monterosato, 1878 (variety). Infrasubspecific. No evidence of subspecific status. Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linne, 1758). » Regarding A. tubercula tum var. zonata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1878 Monterosato: Cardium tuberculatum, Lin. var. ex col. zonata. "1892 B. D. & D. p. 261: Cardium tuberculata var. ex colore zonata Monterosato. --1900 Locard & Caziot: var. zonata (Mtr.) = Cardium tuberculatum Linne. "1914 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. ex col. zonata Monterosato. --1933 Coen: Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. zonata Monterosato. --1937 Coen: Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tubercula tum zonatum Monterosato. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. White with several bands of marked brown colour. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean. --1900 Locard & Caziot: unknown. tuberosum Jekelius, 1944. - New combination: Lymnocardium tuberosum JekeJius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. --1946 ZR: Limnocardium tuberosum Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. tubuliferum Goldfuss, 1837. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" tubuliferum Goldfuss, 1837. ?Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REcoRDs. --1871 Stoliczka, 60: C. tubuliferum (Acanthocardium sic). "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6677: Cardium tubuliferum Goldfuss, 1837. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium tubuliferum Goldfuss. Senonien. Holland (Vaels), B18337. tubulosum Eichwald, 1830. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" tubulosum Eichwald, 1830. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6678: Cardium tubulosum Eichwald, 1830. tucani Pavlovic, 1929. - Changed combination: Bosphoricardium tucani (Pavlovic, 1929). Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. RECORDS. --1928 ZR: Limnocardium lucani [Ref. Pavlovitch 1928]. --1929 ZR: Limnocardium lucani Pavlovic, 1929 sp. n. Pontian Serbia. --1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium lucani Pavl. - Bosphoricardium tucani. Tulongocardiinae Schneider, 1995 (subfamily). RECORDS. --1995 Schneider: Tulongocardiinae Schneider, 1995 subfam. n. Type genus: Tulongocardium Chen, Chen & Zhang in Lan & Chen, 1976. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1995 Schneider: Cardiidae with shell sculpture ofradial ribs on entirety of shell, shell quadrate, longer than high, posterior margin crenulate. Spines absent. Hinge as in Protocardia, but right anterior cardinal smaller (absent in some specimens). OCCURRENCE Norian and Rhaetian ofIndonesia, Peoples' Republic of China, northern Vietnam and Burma. Tulongocardium Chen, J. Chen & Zhang, 1976 (genus). - Cardiidae. Late Triassic. RECORDS. --1980 Vokes: Chen, J. Chen & Zhang, 1976. Fossil. "1980 ZR: Cardium (Tulongocardium) Chen, Chen & Zhang 1976. Subgen. nov. Type species C. (T.) pluriradiatum, Triassic. Ref. to Wen et al. p. 31. --1995 Schneider: Tulongocardium Chen, Chen & Zhang in Lan and Chen, 1976. Type species Cardium (Tulongocardium) pluriradiatum Chen, Chen & Zhang in Lan & Chen, 1976. --1995 Schneider: Tulongocardium is not a cardiid genus according to Keen (1980). tulskajensis (variety). - See under andrussovi var. tulskajensis Pavlinova-Ilyina, 1961. *tumidum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium tumidum from 3 sources: Kloeden, 1834. - Deshayes, 1854. - Ali-Zade & Ribina (?year). tumidum Ali-Zade & Ribina. - Synonym of Cerastoderma (lnaequicostala) politioanei (Jekelius). » Regarding Cardium tumidum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS ... 1977 ZR: Cardium (Replidacna) tumidum Ali-Zade & Ribina. Ref to Paramo nova p. 70 [Transl. p.320]. tumidum Deshayes, 1854. [Figs. Part 3 p. 871]. Synonym of Vasticardiumjlavumjlavum (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium enode Sowerby. Acrosterigma (Vaslicardium) enode (Sowerby, 1841). - Not Vasticardium enode. - Possibly A. (R.) gratiosum. » Regarding Cardium tumidum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Moluccas. TYPE REPOSITORY. Syntype BMNH. REcORDS. --1855 Deshayes: Cardium tumidum. --1884 Grasset: Cardium tumidum Desh. --1890 Paetel: Cardium tumidum Dsh. --1980 Keen: Cardium tumidum not a synonym of Vasticardium enode but it may fall within the range of variation of A. (R.) graliosum. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium lumidum Deshayes, 1854; p. 331. "1993 Vidal: Cardium tumidum not synonym of Cardium enode as suggested by Fischer-Piette 1977. --1997 Vidal: Cardium tumidum Deshayes, 1854 = Vasticardiumjlavumjlavum (Linne, 818 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) tumidum - turislavicum 1758). ··1999 Higo et at.: Cardium tllmidum Deshayes, 1854 = Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) enode (Sowerby, 1841). ··1999 Vidal: Cardium tllmidum Deshayes, 1855 = Vasticardium jlavum (Linne, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1980 Keen: referred to Acrosterigma (Regozara) sp. DISTRIBUTION. ··1884 Grasset: Australia. ··Of authors: Moluccas. tumidum Kloeden, 1834. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " tumidum Kloeden, 1834. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS . ··1922-32 Sherborn , p. 6681 : Cardium tumidum Kloeden, 1834. tumidum Meuschen, 1778. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 1006: Cardium tumidum Meuschen, 1778. tumorifera (mode). - See under tumoriferum Lamarck, 1819. tumoriferum Lamarck, 1819. (Figs. Part I p. 110, 135 . Part 3 p. 910]. - Synonym of Fragum hemicardium (Linne, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS : A dubious species. » Regarding Cardium tumoriferum: Cardiidae . Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. (Australia, Bay of ChiensMarins) (New Holland in Sowerby 1841 No. 89). TY PE REPOSITORY. Mus. no. and in Lamarck's cabinet; availability unknown RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck, p. Ili No. 43: Cardium tumoriferum. ··1834 Sowerby, 50 t part, fig. 22: Cardium tumoriferum Lam. ··1841 Lamarck in Delessert, pI. II, fig. 7 a,b,c: Cardium tumoriferum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No. 89: Cardium tumoriferum. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium tumoriferum (Sowerby No. 89). ··1844 Reeve, pI. 12, sp. 64: Cardium tumoriferum. ··1945 ZR: Cardium tumoriferum Lk. (Ref. Lamy 1945]. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Fragum) tumorifera Lam. ··1869 Romer: Cardium tumoriferum Lamarck, a dubious species. ··1884 Grasset : Hemicardium tumoriferum Lam. ··1890 Paetel : Hemicardium tumoriferum Lm. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6683: Cardium tumoriferum Lamarck, 1819. ··1950 Allan: Hemicardium tumoriforum sic. ··1964 Shikama: Corrolum (Lunulicardia) tumoriferum. ··1977 FischerPiette: Cardium tumoriferum Lamarck = Corcllium hemicardium Linne. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson : Cardium tumoriferum Lamarck, 1819; junior synonym of Fragum (Lunulicardia ) hemicardium (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1986 Abbott & Dance: Lunulicardia lumorifera (Lamarck, 1819). ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Cardium lumoriferum Lamarck, 1819 = Fragum (Lunulicardia) hemicardium (Linne, 1758).CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1840 Sowerby No. 89: C. lumorifentm with ribs narrower and tubercles smaller than in C. hemicardium. ··1844 Reeve: shell cordate, swollen, obliquely quadrilateral, posteriorly compressed, with a prominent keel running down from the umbones to the margins; radiately ribbed, ribs flattened, almost obsolete, interstices closely punctured; anterior area large, smooth; snowy white. ··1844 Reeve: at first Reeve hesitated to consider this species anything more than a variety of the Cardium hemicardium. But, he found that it appears to differ in having the anterior area perfectly smooth, whilst the ribs are much less prominently developed. The name given to this shell is suggested by the circumstance, which Lamarck relates of its interior being often blistered, and which is certainly very conspicuous in the example Reeve studied. DISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve: New Holland = Australia. ··1884 Grasset: Australia. ··1994 Hyl\eberg: Red Sea, West Pacific. tumoriferum of Reeve. - Suggested misidentification. ··1868 ZR: Cardium tumoriferum of Reeve is not that of Lamarck (Ref. Romer 1868]. tumoriforum (error). - Printer ' s mistake for lumoriferum inAJlan 1950 and in Shikama 1964. tunicula Vokes, 1977. - Fragum tunicula Vokes, 1977. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1977 Vokes, p. 172, pI. 6, fig. 5, pl. 7, figs. 1-3 : Fragum tunicula H. E. Vokes n. sp. ··1977 ZR: Fragum lunicula Vokes, 1977 sp. nov. Florida. Ref to Vokes p. 172, fig'd . tuomeyi Aldrich. - Acanthocardia tuomeyi (Aldrich). Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Acanlhocardia (Schedocardia) tuomeyi (Aldrich). turbida (variety). - See under subsyrmiense var. turbida Eberzin, 1958. turcmena Andrussow. - Hyrcania turcmena (Andrussow). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Hyrcania (Hyrcania) lurcmena (Andrussow). turfanensis Martinson, 1959. - Pseudocardinia turfan ensis Martinson, 1959. Cardiacea. Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1959 ZR: Pseudocardinia turfanensis Martinson, 1959 sp. nov. Turfan Depression, Sinkiang, Western China, Jurassic. *turgidum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium turgidum from 4 sources: Solander in Brander, 1766. Brand, 1837. Brown, 1845-49. Deshayes, 1854. turgidum Brand, 1837. - Synonym of "Cardium" comalufum Bronn, 1863. Combination to be revised . Cardiidae. M.-U. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1837 Brand, p. 222, Tav. 145, fig. 3: Cardium turgidum (fide Ravn 1907). ··1907 Ravn: Cardium lurgidum Brand, 1837 = Cardium comalulum Bronn, 1863 . turgidum Brown, 1845-49. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " lurgidum Brown, 1845-49. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6691 : Cardium turgidum Brown, 1845-49. turgidum Deshayes, 1854. - Not a cardiid. » Regarding Cardium lurgidum : printer's error. Should read Caecella turgida . RECORDS. "1890 Paetel : Cardium lurgidum Dsh. ··1903 Hidalgo : Cardium lurgidum in Deshayes 1854; printer 's error = Caecella lurgida Deshayes . ··1928 Faustino: Cardium turgidum Deshayes. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: erroneous citation of Caecella turgida Deshayes . turgidum Solander in Brander, 1766. - Changed combination : Nemocardium lurgidum (So lander in Brander, 1766). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 1007: Cardium lurgidum So lander in Brander, 1766 . ··1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) turgidum (Solander, 1766). ··2001 Schneider & Carter: Nemocardium turgidum (Sol ander, 1766). Cardiidae. Eocene. England. turislavicum Jek. - New combination: Lymnocardium turislavicum (Jek.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium turislavicum Jek. turislavicum Jekelius , 1944. - New combination. Lymnocardium turislavicum Jekelius, 1944. Lymnocardiidae . Miocene . RE CORDS . ··1946 ZR: Limnocardium turislavicum Jekelius, 1944 sp. nov. Miocene Soceni Banat. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 819 Tllrkmena - tOrteliense Turkmena Popov, 1956 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary and Recent. REcORDs. ··1980. Vokes: Turkmena Popov, 1956 in subfamily Adacninae. turkmena Andrussov, 1924 . - Didaena turkmena Andrussov, 1924. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene and Pleistocene. ··1924 ZR: Didaena turkmena Andrussov, 1924 sp. n. Pleistocene. ··1929 ZR: Didaena turkmena Apscheronian Transcaucasia [Ref. Ruzencev I 929b]. ··1963 ZR: Didaena turkm ena Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. ··1963 ZR: Didaena turkmena Pliocene [Ref. Andrusov 1963]. turkmena latecostata Ruzencev, 1929 (variety). Upgraded. Didaena turkmena lateeostata Ruzencev, 1929. Lymnocardiidae. Apscheronian. RECORDs. ··1929 ZR: Didaena turkmena var.latecos/ata Ruzencev, 1929 nov. Apscheronian Transcaucasia [Ref. Ruzencev I 929b]. turkmena major Andrusov, 1963 (variety). - Upgraded. Didaena turkmena major Andrusov, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1963 ZR: Didaena turkmena var. major Andrusov, 1963 nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. turonense Cossmann, Peyrot, 1911. - Synonym. » Regarding C. turonense: Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. ··1989 Gontsharova: Cardium turonense Cossmann, Peyrot, 1911 = Aean/hoeardia grundensis Ivolas et Peyrot, 1900. turonense Mayer emend. Synonym. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1902 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium turonense May. emend. Cossmann & Peyrot, 1912. Synonym of Cardium turonieum Mayer in Hoemes, 1863. tllronica (mode). - See under turonieum. *tllronicllm. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium turonieum from 3 sources: Homes, 1861. - Mayer in Hoemes, 1863. - Possibly Mayer, 1870. turonicum Homes, 1861. - Synonym of Cardium sallomaeense Cossmann & Peyrot 1912 . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium broeehi Mayer, 1866. - Cardium praeeehinatum Hilber, 1882. » Regarding Cardium turonieum : Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Europe. RECORDS. ··1986 Studencka, p. 69 : Aeanthoeardia (Acanthoeardia) turoniea (Homes 1861); syn. nov. = Cardium sallomaeense Cossmann & Peyrot 1912. ··1987 ZR: Aeanthoeardia (Aeanthocardia) turoniea (Homes, 1861). New synonyms: Cardium broeehi Mayer, 1866, Cardium praeeehinatum Hilber, 1882, Cardium sallomaeense Cossmann & Peyrot, 1912. Ref. to Studencka p. 69. tllronicum Mayer in Hoemes, 1863 I Mayer, 1870. Aeanthoeardia turoniea (Mayer, 1870). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS . ··1886 Dollfus & Dautzenberg: Cardium turonieum Mayer. ··1952 Lecointre: Cardium turonieum Mayer in Hoemes, 1863 . "1977 Popov: Aeanthoeardia (Aeanthoeardia) turoniea (Mayer, 1870). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium (Aeanthoeardia) turonieum Mayer. Helvetien. France; Austria ; Rumania; Hungary; Turkey; former Yugoslavia. tllronicllm grllndense Ivolas & Peyrot, 1900 (variety). - Changed combination: Aeanthoeardia turonieum grundense (Ivolas & Peyrot, 1900). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1989 Gontsharova : Cardium (Aeanthoeardia) turonieum grundense in Sieber, 1956 Acanthoeardia grrmdensis Ivolas et Peyrot, 1900. ··1989 Gontsharova : Cardium turonieum var. grundensis Ivolas et Peyrot, 1900 = Aeanthoeardia grundensis Ivolas et Peyrot, 1900. tIIroniCllm vidali Cossmann et Peyrot (variety). Upgraded. New combination: Aeanthoeardia turoniea vidali Cossmann & Peyrot. "1912 Favre: Cardium turonieum Mayer var. vida Ii Cos sm. et Peyr. ID suggested by Favre. turoniense H. Woods. - Changed combination: Pleurioeardia turoniense (H . Woods). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REcORDs. ··1978 Scott: Cardium turoniense H. Woods. ··1978 Scott: Pleurioeardia (Doehmocardia) turoniense (H. Woods). ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers . com.) MNHN, Paris : Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium turoniense Woods. Turonien. France (du Rhone), B 17570. turtoni (variety). - See under spinosum var. turtoni Dall. turtoni Sowerby, 1894. - Synonym of Parvieardium papillosum (Po Ii, 1791). » Regarding Cardium turtoni: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. South Africa (Sowerby 1894). RECORDS. ··1894 Sowerby, p. 377378, pI. vii, fig . 4: Cardium tllrtoni Sowerby, n. sp. ··1894 ZR: Cardium turtoni Sowerby, 1894a n. sp. Port Elizabeth. ··1897 Sowerby: Cardium turtoni. ··1904 Smith: Cardium turtoni Sowb. "1926 McClelland: Cardium turtoni, Sowerby, 1894 n. sp. ··1950 Barnard: Cardium turtoni . ··1974 Barnard: Cardium turtoni Sowerby. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium turtoni Sowerby = Coreulum papillosum Poli. ··1982 Kilburn & Rippey: Parvieardium turtoni (Sowerby, 1894). ··1991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Cardium turtoni Sowerby, 1894 = Parvieardium papillosum (Poli, 1795). tllteheri Palmer, 1973. - Cryptoeardia(?) tutcheri Palmer, 1973 . ?Cardiidae. Lower Jurassic. REcORDs. ··1973 ZR: Cryptoeardia(?) tuteheri Palmer, 1973 sp. nov. England, Somerset, Ilminster. Ref. to Palmer p. 168. Tllteheria (genus) . - Not valid for Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Tuteheria Cox, 1946 gen. nov. Cardiidae type Cardium submultieostatum Orb. ··1995 Schneider: Tuteheria is an astartid genus. tllz/anum (subspecies). - See under lithopodolicum tuzlanum Soklic, 1958. Tychoeardia [Fig. Part 1, p. 163] (section & subgenus). - Now in family Isocardiidae. RECORDs. ··1869 Ed. Romer: I. Sectio Tyehoeardia Romer. Genus [socardia Lamarck. ··1869 ZR: subgenus I. Tychoeardia, type [soeardia cor (L.) [Ref. Romer 1869]. typica (variety). - See under isseli var. typiea Androussov, 1923. - propinqua var. typiea Androussov, 1923. tzankovi Kojumdgieva, 1970. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" tzankovi Kojumdgieva, 1970. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. "1970 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) tzankovi Kojumdgieva, 1970 sp. nov. Sarmatian, Upper Miocene, Gaitantzi , Vidinsko, Bulgaria. torteliense (invalid spelling). - See under toerteliense. = 820 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) uaylandi - undatopictum U uaylandi Woodring, 1925.- Acrosterigma uaylandi (Woodring, 1925). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Acrosterigma uaylandi (Woodring, 1925). uchidai Habe, 1955. - Synonym of Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1839). » Regarding Clinocardium uchidai: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1954 Kira: Clinocardium uchidai Habe, MS. ··1955 Habe, p. 11-12, pI. 2, figs. 5-6: Clinocardium uchidai sp. nov. "1955 Habe: Clinocardium californiense in Rolle 1896, p. 114, fig. b, non Deshayes = Clinocardium uchidai sp. nov. "1955 ZR: Clinocardium uchidai Habe, 1955 sp. nov Akkeshi Bay, Japan. ··1962 Kira: Clinocardium uchidai. ··1973 Keen : Clinocardium uchidai Kira, 1954, ex Habe, MS . Recent. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Keenocardium) uchidai Habe. ··1977 Habe: Clinocardium uchidai Habe, 1955 = Clinocardium (Keenocardium) californiense (Oeshayes, 1839). ··1980 Keen : Clinocardium uchidai = Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1839). ··1980 ZR: Clinocardium uchidai Kira 1954 Nomen nudum . Ref. to Kafanov, p. 310 ... 1999 Higo et al. : Clinocardium uchidai Habe, 1955 = Clinocardium (Keenocardium) californiense (Deshayes, 1839) . "2000 Coan et al.: Clinocardium uchidai Habe, 1955 = Clinocardium (Keenocardium) californiense (Deshayes, 1839). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1980 Keen: probable that Laevicardium interrogatorium Fischer-Piette, 1977 = Clinocardium uchidai (Habe , 1955) from the northwestern Pacific (not California) . DISTRIBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Japan. uiratamense Kolesnikov, 1929. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" uiratamense Kolesnikov, 1929. Cardiacea. Sarrnatian. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium uiratamense Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarrnatian. uiratamense inepta Kolesnikov, 1929 (variety). Upgraded . Combination to be revised : "Cardium " uiratamense inepta Kolesnikov, 1929. Cardiacea . Sarrnatian. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Cardium uiratamense var. inepta Kolesnikov, 1929 nov. Sarrnatian [Ref. Kolesnikov 1929]. ukrainica Ebersin, 1967. - Macradacna ukrainica Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Macradacna ukrainica sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Macradacna ukrainica Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. Lymnocardiidae. Pleistocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Russian SFSR. RECORDS. "1983 Popov, p. 160, fig.: Didacna ultima sp. nov. IImbonare Lamarck, 1819. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " umbonare Lamarck, 1819. Cardiacea . FossiL RECORDS. ··1819 Lamarck: Cardium umbonare Lamk ... 1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6715: Cardium umbonare Lamarck, 1819. umbonata Ebersin, 1959. - Didacna umbonata Ebersin, 1959. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. "1957 ZR: Didacna umbonata Ebersin. Nizhnekhvalin deposits, Chelekan and Pribal Khan. Quaternary, Turkmenia, Russia [Ref. Neveskaya 1957]. ··1959 ZR: Didacna umbonata Ebersin, 1959 sp. nov. fossil. umbonatum (subspecies) . - See under glaucum umbonatum Wood, 1850. *umbonatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium umbonatum from 5 sources: Sowerby, 1817. - Bell, 1913. - Wood, 1850. - Cossmann, 1921. - Goldfuss (?year). IImbonatum Bell, 1913 . -Combination to be revised : "Cardium " umbonatum Bell, 1913. Cardiidae. Crag. RECORDS. ··1913 ZR : Cardium umbonatum Bell, 1913 sp. n. Suffolk Crag. IImbonatlim Cossmann, 1921 . - Fragum umbonatum (Cossmann, 1921). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1922 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) umbonatum Cossmann, 1922 sp. n. Eocene. "1930 Stewart: "c." umbonatum Cossmann, 1921. ··1977 Popov: Fragum umbonatum. IImbonatlim Goldfuss. - Replaced by "Cardium" austriacum Desh. » Regarding C. umbonatum: Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857. Oeshayes: Cardium umbonatum. Goldf. - C. austriacum . Desh. umbonatum Sowerby, 1817. - Not a cardiid. RECORDS. ··1857 Deshayes: Cardium umbonatum Sowerby. In genus Glycymeris. "1922-32 Sherborn, p . 6715 : Cardium umbonatum Sowerby, 1817. umbonatum Wood, 1850. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma umbonatum (Wood, 1850). Cardiidae. ukrainica Eberzin & Semenenko, 1967. - Limnodacna ukrainica Eberzin & Semenenko, 1967 . Fossil. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. DISTRJBUTION. North Africa, Adriatic Sea (Nordsieck 1969). RECORDS. ··1850 Wood: Cardium umbonatum. "1974 Starobogatov: Cerastoderma umbonatum (Wood, 1850). umbricatum (error). - Printer's mistake for imbricatum in Higo et al. 1999. umkae Stevanovic, 1982. Paradacna umkae Stevanovic, 1982. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1982 ZR: Paradacna umkae Stevanovic, 1982 sp. nov. Yugoslavia. Ref. to Stevanovic p. 126. undatopicta (mode). - See under undatopictum Pilsbry, Lymnocardiidae. Lower Kimmeridgian. RECORDS. ··1967 ZR : Limnodacna ukrainica Eberzin & Semenenko, 1967 sp. nov. Ukraine, USSR. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Limnodacna ukrainica Ebers. et Sem. ukrainicum (variety). - See under mithridatis ukrainicum var. Ossaulenko, 1936. ukrainicum Bagdasaryan, 1979. - Sarmaticardium ukrainicum Bagdasaryan, 1979. Cardiacea. Upper Miocene . RECORDS. "1979 ZR: Sarmaticardium ukrainicum Bagdasaryan, 1979 sp. nov. Ukraine. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 42. ultima (variety). - See under inlongaevum ultima var. Eberzin, 1958. ultima Popov, 1983.- Didacna ultima Popov, 1983. 1904. undatopictum Pilsbry, 1904. - Changed combination: Fulvia undatopictum (Pilsbry, 1904). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia hungerfordi (Sowerby, 1901). Laevicardium hungerfordi undatopictum (Pilsbry, 1904). - Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schrcter [not available] . » Regarding Cardium hungerfordi undatopictum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Hirado, Nagasaki Pref. Kyushu (Kuroda et al. 1971). RECORDS. "1904 Pilsbry, p. 556, pI. 40, figs . 14-15: Cardium hungerfordi undatopictum . "1940 Nomura & Niino: Cardium undatopictum Pilsbry. ··1951 Habe: Microfragum undatopictum Pilsbry. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: Fulvia undatopicta (Pilsbry). ··1954 Taki: Pliocene, USSR. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2 004) 821 undatum - unedo Cardium undalopietum Pilsbry. "1954 Kira : Laevieardium undalopietum (Pilsbry). --1955 Kira : Laevieardium undatopietum (Pilsbry). --1958 Habe : Laevieardium undatopietum (Pilsbry). --1962 Kira : Laevieardium undatopietum (Pilsbry) . --1971 Kuroda , Habe & Oyama: Laevieardium undatopielum (Pilsbry). --1977 Popov : Laevieardium undatopietum (Pilsbry). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium undatopietum Pilsbry = Papyridea papyraeeum (Chemnitz) Schrater. --1977 Habe: Laevieardium undatopietum (Pilsbry, 1904). --1981 Koyama et al.: Fulvia undatopietum. --1981 Koyama et al.: Laevieardium hungerfordi undatopietum (Pilsbry, 1904) = Fulvia hungerfordi (Sowerby, 1901). --1994 Vidal: Fulvia (Laevifulvia) undatopiela (Pilsbry, 1904). --1994 Vidal: Fulvia undatopieta (Pilsbry). Type of(Laevifulvia) Vidal, 1994 new subgen. --1998 Lamprell & Healy: Fulvia (Fulvia) undatopiela (Pilsbry, 1904). --1999 Higo et al.: Fulvia undatopieta (Pilsbry, 1904). --2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Fulvia undalopiela (Pilsbry, 1904). Det. 1. Vidal. "2000 Lutaenko : Fulvia undatopiela (Pilsbry, 1904). --2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Fulvia undatopieta (Pilsbry, 1904). --2001 Vidal, p. 408 : Fulvia undatopieta. --2003 HyUeberg & Kilburn, p . 183 : Fulvia undatopieta (Pilsbry, 1904). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS . --200 I Vidal : tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. DIMENSIONS. -'1971 Kuroda et al.: 17.1 x 17.4 x 10.8 mm. HABITAT. --1971 Kuroda et al. : fine sandy, gravely bottoms, 10-100 m depth . --1999 Higo et al.: subtidal to 100 m, sandy mud DISTRIBUTION. --1971 Kuroda et al. : Japan, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu . --1994 Hylleberg: Tropical Pacific, Solomon lsI. --1999 Higo et at.: Boso peninsula (Kuroda & Habe, 1981) and southwards, Seto island sea, Japan Sea (Oga peninsula), Philippines, South China Sea, Indo-Pacific, Australia (Gulf of Carpentaria Lamprell & Healy 1998). --2000 Hyl\eberg: Vietnam and Cambodia. --2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. *undawm. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium undatum from 2 sources: Sismonda, 1846. - Reuss, 1868. undatum Reuss, 1868. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " unda/um Reuss, 1868. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium undatum Reuss, 1868; vol. 58 : 87, pI. 2, figs. 3-4. undatum Sismonda, 1846. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " undatum Sismonda, 1846. ?Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6726: Cardium undatum Sismonda, 1846. undatum Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. Not a cardiid . RECORDS. --1784 Martyn : Cardium undalum. unedo Linne, 1758 / Gmelin, 1791. [Figs. Part 1 p. 39, 40,43,46,50, 60, 61 , 68, 73,87, 103 , 125, 166.Part2 inside of back cover. Part 3 p. 905, 907] . - Changed combination: Fragum unedo (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae. Recent. Gray (1847, No. 557) Cardium unedo is type species of Hemieardium, Swainson 1840. DaJl (1902) Cardium unedo Linnaeus is type of subgenus Fragum s.s. TYPE LOCALITY. Ceylon (Sowerby 1841 No. 86) . None designated (Higo et al. 1999). RECORDS. --1684 Bonanno. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium unedo recr. 3. f. 375 . --1687 Lister. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium unedo t. 315. f. 151 . --1705 Rumphius. ID by Linnaeus 1758 and Gmelin 1791: Cardium unedo mus. t. 44 . f. F. --1742 Argenville. 1D by Linnaeus 1758 & Gmelin 1791 : Cardium unedo conch. 1. 26. f. N. --1742 Gualtieri. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium unedo 1. 83 . f. A . --1758 Linne, p . 680, No. 68: Cardium unedo. --1758 Regenfuss. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium unedo Conch. 1. 1. 3. f. 25 . --1758 Regenfuss, fig. 25: Cardium unedo (fide Linne 1758; Spengler 1799). --1758 Seba. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium unedo mus. 3. t. 86. f. 12. --1758 Seba, Vol. 3, pI. 86, fig. 12: Cardium unedo (fide Spengler 1799). --1764 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium unedo Vergn. 2. 1. 29. f. 2. --1764 Linnaeus (Mus. Lud . Uir. Reg.) No. 40. --1767 Linne, p. 1123, No. 84: Cardium unedo. --1769 Knorr (author not available) : C. unedo . --1778 Born, G 10. Cardium unedo Linn. S.N. Sp. 84. --1780 Born: Cardium unedo Linn. S. N . Sp. 84. --1782 Bonannio. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium unedo mus. Kirch. 2. f. 109. --1782 Chemnitz, pI. 16, figs . 168-169: Cardium unedo. "1782 Chernnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium unedo t. 16. f. 168. 169. --1786 Schrater, No. XII: Cardium unedo Linn. XII. pag. 1123 . Spec. 84. --1789 Bruguiere, No.7. Cardium unedo Linn . --1789 Karsten : Cardium unedo testa solida sulcata . "1791 Gmelin , p . 3250 , No. 14: Cardium unedo. --1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 295 . fig. 4 . Cardium unedo. --1798 Rading: Fragum unedo. --1799 Spengler, p. 59, No. 40: Cardium unedo Linnei Sp. 84 . p. 1123. --1817 Dillwyn: Cardium unedo Linnaeus . Born appears to have confounded C. ringens with C. unedo. --1823 Dillwyn, Tab. 315 fig. 150 Cardium unedo. --1836 Bose: Cardium unedo. --1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 7, No. 86: Cardium unedo Linn. --1844 Potiez & Michaud : I . Cardium unedo Linn. Gmel. --1844 Reeve, sp. 13: Cardium unedo. --1847 Gray, No . 557 : C. unedo . "1853 Gray: Bueardium unedo. --1853 March: Fragum unedo. --1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 50: Cardium unedo Lin. Syst. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Fragum) unedo Linn. --1869 ZR: Section, subtypical - 4. Semicordiformes: fragum (L.), unedo (L.), donaeiformis (Spengl.), &e. [Ref. Graham-Ponton 1869]. --1880 Martens: Cardium (Hemieardium) unedo Linne. --1884 Grasset: Hemieardium unedo. L. --1887 Fischer: Hemieardium unedo Linne. --1889 Martens: Cardium (Hemieardium) unedo L. , citing Chernnitz. --1890 Paetel : Hemieardium unedo L. --1891 Fischer: Cardium unedo Linne. --1891 Ramer: Fragum unedo L. --1902 Dall : Cardium unedo Linnaeus . --1902 Sherborn, p. 1016: Cardium unedo Linnaeus, 1758. --1905 Hidalgo : Hemieardium unedo Linne. --1895 Melvill & Standen : Hemieardium (Fragum) unedo Linne. --1909 Lynge: Hemieardium (Fragum) unedo . --1939 Adam & Leloup: Coreulum (Fragum) unedo (Linne 1758). --1977 Wilson & Stevenson : Fragum (Fragum) unedo (Linnaeus, 1758). --1932 Prashad: Cardium (Fragum) unedo. --1945 ZR: Cardium unedo L. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. --1960 Kuroda : Fragum unedo (Linne). --1967 ZR: Fragum unedo, effect ofmyotropic substances on the heart [Ref. Kratzing & Ladd 1967]. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Coreulum (Fragum) unedo Linne. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum (Fragum) unedo (Linnaeus, 1758). Hemieardium unedo Linnaeus, 1758. --1990 Abbott & Dance: Fragum unedo. --1994 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Fragum unedo (Linne). 822 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) unedo - unicolor ··1995 Chung-Hung & Hsi-Jen: Fragum unedo (Lilme) . ··1981 ZR: Fragum unedo Linnaeus Senior synonym of F. tegulatum (Dautzenberg 1900). Ref. to Germain, p. 166. ··1982 ZR: Fragum (Fragum) unedo (Linnaeus 1758). Indian Ocean and Western Pacific. Ref. to Germain. ··1983 ZR: Fragum unedo. Japan. Ref. to Kawaguti. ··1985 ZR: Fragum unedo. Ref. to Ohno. ··1998 Poutiers: Fragum unedo (Linnaeus, 1758) . ··1998 Schneider (l998b): Fragum unedo (Linne, 1758) . Harbours photosymbiotic dinoflagellates. ··1999 Aungtonya e/ al. , PMBC-SP 19(2): 377: Fragum unedo (Linnaeus, (758). ··1999 Higo el al.: Fragum unedo (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1999 Hylleberg, p. 40 I: Fragum unedo (Linne, 1758). ··1999 Knudsen & Hylleberg: Spengler, 1799 No. 40: Cardium unedo in Spengler (East Indies) = Fragum rubrum citing Chemnitz Tom. VI. Tab. 16 Fig. 168-169. ··2000 Hylleberg, p. 532: Fragum unedo (Linne, 1758··2000 Lutaenko, p. 372: Fragum unedo (L., 1758). ··200 I Vidal, p. 408: Fragum unedo. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 178: Fragum unedo (Linnaeus, 1758). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. ··ZMUC: Nicobar Islands, Fiji Islands, Japan, Philippines. ··ZMUC 2 specimens, Spengler coil. East Indies. ··ZMUC wet collection: Eilat, Lontor Banda, Tonga Islands intertidal, Banda , Kei Islands . DESCRIPTIONS . ··1758 Linne: Shell subcordate: interstices crescent-shaped coloured [I have translated from Latin]. ··1799 Spengler: Testa subcordata, sulcis lunulis colora/is. ··1844 Reeve: shell somewhat heartshaped, posterior side angulated; radiately ribbed, ribs about thirty in number, close-set, interstices on the posterior side slightly open at the margins; yellowish, ribs ornamented with bright pinkish-red, elevated cross ridges or small shields. The bright red ornamental sculpture of the ribs varies in its character and size from minute cross ridges to small oblong square elevated shields. ··200 I Vidal : only the exhalant aperture is tubeshaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. ··My rib counts: Material at ZMUC: 27,27, 27, 28 , 28, 28, 29 ribs. DIMENSIONS. ··1799 Spengler: length 61 mm (2 Tom. 4 Lin .), width 52 mm (2 Tom.). ··1844 Reeve: Shell somewhat heart-shaped, posterior side angulated; radiately ribbed, about 30 close-set ribs, interstices on the posterior side slightly open at the margins; yellowish, ribs ornamented with bright pinkish-red, elevated cross ridges or small shields. ··1972 Cernohorsky: 60 mm. REMARKS. ··1844 Reeve: The bright red ornamental sculpture of the ribs varies in its character and size from minute cross ridges to small oblong square elevated shields, as in the specimen selected for illustration. HABITAT. ··1844 Reeve: found in sandy mud at low water. ··1999 Higo et al.: intertidal to 60 m, sand and mud. ··ZMUC: intertidal coral sand. D ISTRIBUTION. ··1844 Reeve : Ceylon, Philippine Islands, &C. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: Ceylon, &c. ··1884 Grasset: Ceylon. ··1891 Romer: East Indies. ··1994 Hylleberg: Indo-Pacific. ··1999 Aungtonya e/ al.: Thailand, Andaman Sea. ··1999 Higo et al.: Tosa bay (southern Shikoku) and southwards, Philippines, South China Sea, Beibu gulf, Indonesia, Indo-Pacific. ··2000 Hylleberg: Vietnam and Cambodia. ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. ··ZMUC: Nicobar Islands, Fiji Islands, Japan, Philippines, East Indies, Banda, Tonga Islands, Kei Islands. unedo Roding in Bolten, 1798. - The same as Fragum unedo (Linnaeus, 1758). ··1902 Sherborn, p. 1016: Fragum (Gm.) unedo Bolten, 1798. - Cardium unedo. unedo Swainson, 1840. - The same as Fragum unedo (Linnaeus, 1758). RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6738: Hemicardium (Wood) unedo Swainson, 1840.Cardium unedo. unedo beta Gmelin, 1791 (variety). - Unknown status. RECORDS. ··1764 Knorr. ID by Gmelin 1791 : Cardium unedo var. beta, Vergn. 2. t. 29 . f. 3? ··1791 Gmelin No. 14: Cardium unedo var. be/a. ungheniensis. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ungheniensis. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Cardium ungheniensis, fossil [Ref. Vascautanu 1930]. ungulata Roding, 1798. - Synonym of Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Tridacnes ungulata: Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1999 Higo et at.: Tridacnes ungulata Roding, 1798 = Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758). Unicardium d'Orbigny, 1850 (genus). - Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6742: Unicardium d 'Orbigny, 1850. ··1924 ZR: Unicardium [Ref. Cossmann 1924, p. 47] . unicolor Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part I p. III, 115, 141. Part 3 p. 881]. - Synonym of Acroslerigma simplex (Spengler, 1799). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium enode Sowerby. - Not a synonym of Cardium enode. » Regarding Cardium unicolor: Cardiidae. Neogene and Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. lsI. of Ticao, the Philippines (Sowerby, 1840). TYPE REPOSITORY. Natural History Museum, London. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype missing. Six paired syntypes from Ticao (Philippines), in BMNH, Cuming coil., the largest of which fits the specimen cited and figured by Sowerby, and was selected as lectotype by Voskuil & Onherwagt (1991: 116). RECORDS. ··1840 Sowerby, 178 t part, fig . 42: Cardium unicolor nobis . ··1840 Sowerby, p. 107: Cardium unicolor. ··1840 Sowerby catalogue p. 4, No. 46 : Cardium unicolor Sow. ··1840 Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium unicolor (Sowerby No. 46) . ··1845 Reeve: Cardium unicolor. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) unicolor Sow. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium unicolor Sow ... 1890 Paetel: Cardium unicolor Sow. ··1907 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) unicolor raised beach, Red Sea [Ref. Hall & Standen 1907]. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6744: Cardium unicolor Sowerby, 1841. "1928 Faustino: Cardium unicolor Sowerby. ··1931 ZR : Cardium unicolor with ref. to WD. Smith (1931). ··1932 Prashad: Cardium (Trachycardium) unicolor. ··1960 Kuroda: Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) unicolor (Sowerby). ··1964 Spry: Cardium (Vasticardium) (Regozara) unicolor (Sowerby) . ··1974 Habe & Kosuge : Vasticardium unicolor (Sowerby, 1840). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium unicolor Sowerby = Cardium enode Sowerby. ··1977 Habe: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) unicolor (Sowerby, 1840). ··1987 Cuif, Denis, JaiJlard & Zhu: Acrosterigma unicolor . •• J 987 ZR with ref. to Cuif et al.: Acrosterigma unicolor. ··1991 Abbott: Trachycardium unicolor. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma unicolor. ··1993 Vidal: Cardium unicolor not synonym of Cardium enode as suggested by Fischer-Piette. ··1995 Chung- Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 823 unifasciatum - uniornatum Hung & Hsi-Jen: Vasticardium unicolor (Sowerby). "1999 Higo et al.: Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) unicolor (Sowerby, 1841). "1999 Vidal: Trachycardium unicolor Neogene fossils from Taiwan (Gu Zhi-wei et al., 1976: 70). "1999 Vidal: Cardium unicolor Sowerby, 1834 in Ranson 1967: 125 = Acrosterigma seurati Vidal. "1999 Vidal: Cardium unicolor Sowerby, 1834: fig. 29: = Acrosterigma simplex (Spengler, 1799). "1999 Vidal: Cardium unicolor Sowerby, 1834 in Sowerby 1841, p.107 = Acrosterigma simplex (Spengler, 1799). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. "ZMUC: I specimen. labeled Philippines colI. Cuming. DESCRIPTIONS "1845 Reeve: shell oblongovate, somewhat attenuated towards the umbones, radiately ribbed, 48 rounded, smooth ribs, the anterior very finely crenul.ated; whitish, very obscurely spotted with purple, interior tinged with pink. DIMENSIONS. "1840 Sowerby: long. 1.50 poll. (length 38 mm), lat. 1.10 poll. (width 28 mm), alt. 1.70 poll (height 43 mm). REMARKS. "1840 Sowerby: a slightly mottled form is brought from the Brazils. "1845 Reeve: The ribs of this species are very numerous considering the distinctness with which they are developed; and the interior of the shell is characteristically tinged in the interior with rose pink. HABITAT. "1840 Sowerby: Sandy mud at 5 fathoms. "1845 Reeve: found in sandy mud at low water. "1999 Higo et at.: subtidal to 30 m, sand and mud . DISTRIBUTION. "1845 Reeve: lsI. of Ticao, Philippines. "1884 Grasse!: Philippines. "1994 Hylleberg: Central Indo-West Pacific, Australia. ··1999 Higo et al.: Tosa bay (southern Shikoku) and southwards, Philippines, South China Sea, Micronesia, Indo-Pacific . "ZMUC: Philippines. unifasciatum Danilo & Sandri mss. - Synonym of Acanthocardia tuberculata. » Regarding Cardium unifasciata: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1933 Coen: Cardium unifasciata Danilo & Sandri mss = Eucardium (Rudicardium) tuberculatum var. spinosa Coen. "1937 Coen: unifasciatum Danilo & Sandri mss = Cerastoderma (Rudicardium) tuberculatum torquatum Coen. uniforme. - See under uniformis Phillips, 1835. uniformis Phillips, 1835. - Nomen nudum accompanied by figure. Combination to be revised: "Cardium " uniforme Phillips, 1835. ?Cardiacea. Pre-Mesozoic. RECORDS. '·1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6755: Corbis uniformis Phillips, 1835 In. elf]. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6755: Unicardium (Ph.) uniforme d'Orbigny, 1850. - Corbis uniforme. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium (Unicardium) uniforme Phillips. Tourcien. Lombardy, B09996. unimaculatum Broderip & Sowerby, 1833. [Figs. Part I p. 106,144. Part 3 p. 914]. - ?Synonym ofCorculum cardissa (Linne, 1758). OTHER SUGGESTIONS. Corculum dionaeum (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829). » Regarding Cardium unimaculatum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 3 syntypes. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY. S. Pacific Ocean (Sowerby 1841). RECORDS. "1833 Broderip & ｓｾｷ･ｲ｢ｹＺ＠ Cardium unimaculatum. "1834 Sowerby, 46 t part, fig. I double asterisk: Cardium unimaculatum nobis. "1840 Sowerby, p. 7, No. 94: Cardium unimaculatum Sow., fig. I double asterisk = Cardium Cardissa Linn. "1845 Reeve, species 114: Cardium unimaculatum Broderip and Sowerby, 1838. Pro. Zoo!. Soc. "1850 Jay: Cardium unimaculatum Brod. & Sowb. = Cardium cardissa. 001858 Adams & Adams, p. 458: Hemicardia unimaculata Sow. 001869 Romer: Cardium unimaculatum Sowerby, the west coast of Central America. 001890 Paetel: Hemicardium unimaculatum Sow. et Broderip. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6757: Cardium unimaculatum Sowerby, 1833 . 001947 Bartsch: Cardium unimaculatum Broderip and Sowerby, 1836 = Corculum dionaeum (Broderip and Sowerby, 1829). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium unimaculatum Sowerby = Cardium cardissa Linne. 001977 Habe: Corcu/um unimaculatum Broderip & Sowerby, 1836 sic = Corcutum cardissa (Linnaeus, 1758). "1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Cardium unimaculatum Broderip & Sowerby, 1833 = Corculum dionaeum (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829).001999 Higo et af.: Cardium unimaculatum Sowerby, 1833 = Corculum cardissum (Linnaeus, 1758). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. 001845 Reeve: Shell laterally heart-shaped, very convex in the middle, keeled, keel spinosely dentated, sides flatly compressed, anterior radiately grooved, posterior radiately flatly ridged, ridges armed down the middle with minute raised dots; whitish, sprinkled with opaque snowy spots, vividly stained around the posterior lunule with pink. REMARKS. 001845 Reeve: Cardium unimaculatum Sowerby, Conch . IIlus. f. 1* *, was corrected to show the young of the Cardium cardissa; it is, however, maturely grown shells. HABITAT. 001845 Reeve: found in coral sand on the reefs. DISTRlBUTlON. 001845 Reeve: lsI. of Annaa, Pacific Ocean. 001994 Hylleberg: Indo-Pacific. Uniocardium Capellini, 1880 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001980. Vokes: Uniocardium Capellini, 1880. Subfamily uncertain. Uniocardium Capellini, 1880 (subgenus). - Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS . 001887 Fischer: Uniocardium Capellini, 1880 subgenus of genus Limnocardium, Stoliczka, em. 1870. 001903 Andrussoff: Subgenus in genus Didacna to accommodate species from the Ponti an basin. 001905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1903: Uniocardium Capellini, species from Italy. uniornatum Vidal, 1999. [Figs . Part 3 p . 881]. Acrosterigma uniornatum Vidal, 1999. Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype: A right valve, Waterwitch Bank, 500 m. Paratype 1: A left valve from the same locality. Paratype 2: A right valve from the same locality. Paratype 3: A right valve from the same locality. Paratypes 4 to 25: Odd valves, same locality. Paratypes 26-27: Two valves, Waterwitch Bank, 580600m. Paratypes 28 to 36: Odd valves, Waterwitch Bank, 275-295m. Paratype 37: One valve, Combe Bank 370m. Paratypes 38-39: Two odd valves, Combe Bank, 550-552m. Paratypes 40 to 44: Odd valves, Field Bank, 490-500 m. (Vidal 1999). TYPE LOCALITY. Three relatively shallow banks on the Melanesian Border Plateau, within and in the vicinity of Wallis and Futuna Territory, the south-western Pacific. TYPE REPOSITORY. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bouchet, Metivier, Richer de Forges col!. RECORDS. 001999 Vidal, p. 293 , Table 19, Figs. 7C-H, 8A: Acrosterigma 824 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) uralicum - valahica uniornatum sp. nov. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: ornamentation of the ribs uniform on all the parts of the shell. On right valve cardinals show a great degree of fusion. DESCRIPTION. ··1999 Vidal: Shell ovoid, practically equilateral, never truncated posteriorly, moderately elongated and rather globose. Lunule well delineated, nearly similar on both valves, small, and slightly hollowed. External colour uniform: white on juvenile part, pale yellow on adult part. Interior white, very rarely with traces of pink; no umbonal rays visible. Hinge symmetrical and moderately angled. On right valve cardinals show a greater degree of fusion at their base than is typical for the genus. Mean rib nwnber 38.2 ± 1.4, range 36-41. In posterior area, interstices thin, ribs flat with a central longitudinal furrow. Anterior smooth part narrower than posterior part, which bears elongated, thin , straight, oblique scales, often encroaching upon axial furrow and even anterior part. In median-posterior area, same features occur but posterior zone is slightly raised and ribs become slightly flattened triangles. Longitudinal furrow progressively becomes less distinct, and anterior smooth part of rib becomes its anterior flank. Scales remain about the same as on posterior slope. On anterior half, ribs become more rounded; scales become more numerous and change, first into posterior flank-ridges, then into moderately imbricated transverse top-ridges. MAXIMUM DIMENSIONS. ··1999 Vidal: Length 18.1, width 22.4, thickness (calculated) 15.2 mm. REMARKS. It is unclear whether this species lives at 500-600 m where the shells were dredged, or have rafted down from shallower depths. Anyhow, its depth range is probably greater than is usual for the genus. DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the vicinity of Wallis and Futuna Islands. uralicum. - Conocardium uralicum . Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6763: Conocardium (Vern.) uralicum Keyserling, 1846. Cardium ouralicum sic. ··1931 ZR: Conocardium uralicllm with ref. to Heritsch (1931). ursaniense Landes, 1940. - Changed combination: Granocardium ursaniense (Landes, 1940). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1954 Keen: Cardium (Ethmocardium) ursaniense Landes, 1940. ··1954 Keen: Granocardium (Ethmocardium) ursaniense (Landes, 1940). ··1970 Speden: Ethmocardium ursaniense Landes, 1940 and Granocardium (Ethmocardium) aff. whitei (Dall) may be conspecific. ursicimun. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ursicinum. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1891 ZR: Cardium ursicinum, Lower Corallian of the Bernois Jura [Ref. Loriol 1891). ursina (subspecies and variety). - See under sllbodessae ursina and subodessae ursina. ursina Humphrey, 1797. - Synonym of Hippoplls hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758). » Regarding Tridacna ursina: Tridacnidae, Recent. RECORDS. ··1999 Higo et al.: Tridacna ursina Humphrey, 1797 = Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758). urthensis Chelidze, 1975. - Paradacna urthensis Chelidze, 1975 . Lymnocardiidae. Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR: Paradacna urthensis Chelidze, 1975 sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Zugdid region. Ref. to Chelidze, p. 199. urupellSe (variety). - See under bajarunasi urupense var. Kolesnikov, 1929. uspenica (subspecies). - See under matschigarica uspenica uspenskaiae Koles. - Changed combination: Andrusovicardium uspenskaiae (Koles.). Lymnocardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. ··1986 N evesskaya et al.: Andrusovicardium uspenskaiae (Koles.) comb. nov. ··1987 ZR with ref. to Nevesskaya et al. p.I92: Andrusovicardium uspenskaiae (Koles.) comb. nov. ustrix Gardner, 1926. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" ustrix Gardner, 1926. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1926 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) ustrix Gardner, 1926 sp. n. Tertiary U.S.A. ustulatum Schroter. - Unknown species. ZMUC: label in box with muricatum Schroter, 7: Cardium ustulatum = muricatum. It is probably a catalogue name. utcholokensis Slodkewitsch, 1938. - Changed combination: Pro/ulvia utcholokensis (Slodkewitsch, 1938). Cardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Kamtchatka. RECORDS. ··1973 Keen: Fulvia utcholokensis (Slodkewitsch , 1938) (Papyridea). ··1976 ZR : Pro/ulvia utcholokensis (Slodkewitsch, 1938) Comb. nov. Transferred from Papyridea. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 482 [orig. p. 111]. ··1976 ZR: Papyridea utcholokensis Slodkewitsch, 1938 Referred to Pro/ulvia. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 482 [orig. p. 111). uvutschensis Iiyina, 1963. - Synonym of Serripes groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). » Regarding Serripes uvutschensis: Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Kamtchatka. RECORDS. ··1973 Keen: ? Serripes uvutschensis llyina, 1963. ··2000 Coan et at.: ? Serripes (?) uvutschensis Il'ina, 1963 = Serripes (Serripes) groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786). uyemurai Kanehara, 1937. - Changed combination: Cilia to cardium uyemurai (Kanehara, 1937). Cardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Sakhalin Island. RECORDS. ··1937 Kanehara: Cardium uyemurai. ··1937 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) uyemurai Kanehara, 1937b sp. n. Congi Series (Pliocene) Japan. ··1973 Keen: Clinocardium uyemurai (Kanehara, 1937). ··1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium uyemurai Kanehara, 1937 Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. uzunlarica Tschep. & Mih. - Didacna uzunlarica Tschep. & Mih. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1989 Mikhailesku: Didacna uzunlarica Tschep. & Mih. V valachica Papaianopol. - Pontalmyra valachica Papaian. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1987 Taktakishvili, p. 67: Pontalmyra valachica sic Papaian. Pontalmyra valahica sic Papa ian. valahica (spelling). - See under valachica Papaianopol. valahica Papaianopo1, 1981. - Pontalmyra valahica Papaianopo1, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) valahica Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 17. valahica Papaianopol, 1989. - Pachydacna valahica Papaianopol, 1989. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1989 Papaianopol, p. 96, fig.: Pachydacna (Pachydacna) Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 825 valahicus - variegatum valahica sp. nov. valahicus Papaianopol, 1975. - Dacicardium valahicus sp. nov. Papaianopol, 1975. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. REcORDs. ··1975 ZR: Dacicardium valahicus sp. nov. Papaianopol, 1975 Romania. Dealul Virful Coastei. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 257. ··1978 ZR: Dacicardium valahicus Papaianopol, 1975. Description. Ref. to Papaianopol et af. p. 308. valdense Pictet & Campiche, 1866. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" valdense Pictet & Campiche, 1866. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium valdense Pictet & Campiche, 1866; [18611871] seL 4, p. 253, pI. 120, fig. 3 Valenciennius (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. "1955 Ebersin: Valenciennius. "1975 ZR: Valenciennius. Systematic accounts of species. Romania. Ref. to Hanganu. valense Boghachev, 1938. - New combination: Lymnocardium valense Boghachev, 1938. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcoRDs. ··1939 ZR: Limnocardium valense Boghachev, 1938 sp. n. valida Papaianopol, 1981. - Pontalmyra valida Papaianopol, 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR: Pontalmyra (Pontalmyra) valida Papaianopol, 1981 sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, p. 31. validus Papaianopol, 1975. - Dacicardium validus Papaianopol, 1975. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Dacicardium validus Papaianopo1, 1975. sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol et al. p. 311. vandeneckii d'Orbigny, 1850. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" vandeneckii d'Orbigny, 1850. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6791: Cardium vandeneckii d'Orbigny, 1850 vanhyningi (subspecies). - See under robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith, 1944. vaquerosensis Arnold, 1908. - Changed combination: Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold, 1908). Cardiidae. Lower Miocene. RECORDS. ··1908 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) vaquerosensis Arnold, 1908 sp. n. Lower Miocene (Vaqueros formn.), California (San Mateo Co.) ... 1944 Keen & Bentson: Cardium (Trachycardium) vaquerosensis Arnold, 1908 (n. sp.). ··1944 Keen & Bentson: Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold). varia (variety). - See under rudis vaL varia. Varicardium (genus) Marwick, 1944. - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1944 ZR: Varicardium gen. nov. Cardiidae type Protocardium serum Hutton Catal. Tert. Moll. 1873, p. 23 , gen. also includes Cardium patulum Hutton tom. cit. p. 23 Ref. to Marwick 1944. ··1980 Vokes: Varicardium Marwick, 1944 in subfamily Protocardiinae. Varicardium (subgenus). - RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: (Varicardium) Marwick, 1944. SUbgenotype: Cardium patulum Hutton, 1873. varicostata Branson, 1938. - Dexiobia varicostata Branson, 1938. Previously in Cardiacea. Carboniferous. RECORDS. ··1940 ZR: Dexiobia varicostata Branson, 1938 sp. n. Northview Siltstone King Butte, Missouri Mississippian (Carboniferous) U.S.A. varicosum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Not a cardiid. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6805 : Unicardium (Sow.) varicosum d'Orbigny, 1850. - Venus varicosum Sowerby, 1821. variegatum Solander MS . - Synonym of Vasticardium leucostomum (Born). » Regarding Cardium variegatum: Cardi idae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium variegatum Solander's MSS = Cardium leucostomum Born. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6807: Cardium variegatum Solander, 1786 [n on.] . variegatum Sowerby, 1840. [Figs. Part I p. 118, 138, 173 . Part 3 p . 870]. - Changed combination: Acrosterigma variegatum (Sowerby, 1840). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS . TYPE MATERIAL . Three shells considered as syntypes in BMNH, not catalogued, Cuming collection, labeled from Ticao (Philippines) and another location (label illegible). The dimensions given by Sowerby for his figured specimen could fit the smallest specimen, but the colour pattern, the rib number (48 given), and the locality (Leyte given) do not match. The specimen figured by Vidal (1999, figs . 5A-C) better fits the figure, description and locality given by Reeve (1845: Sp. 75) . TYPE LOCALITY. Ad insulam Leyte, the Philippines (Sowerby 1840). RECORDS. ··1840 Sowerby, 181 th part, fig. 57: Cardium variegatum nobis. ··1840 Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. London p . 107: Cardium variegatum. ··1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 4, No. 45 : Cardium variegatum Sow. ··1841 . Sowerby, corrected list, p. 8: Cardium variegatum (Sowerby, No. 45). ··1845 Reeve: Cardium variegatum. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) variegatum Sow. ··1884 Grasset: Cardium variegatum Sow. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium variegatum Sow. ··1903 Hidalgo: Cardium variegatum Sowerby, 1840. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6807: Cardium variegatum Sowerby, 1841. ··1928 Faustino: Cardium variegatum Sowerby. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: "variegatum (Sowerby)" (non Solander) = Trachycardium "variegatum (Sowerby)". ··1960 Kuroda: Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) variegatum (Sowerby). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium variegatum Sowerby. ··1977 Habe: Trachycardium (Vasticardium) variegatum (Sowerby, 1841). ··1991 Rao, Rao & Maitra: Trachycardium variegatum (Sowerby, 1840). ··1997 Kafanov: Cardium variegatum in Sowerby, 1834 p. 4, 8, fig. 57 - not syn. of Papyridea (Papyridea) aspersa Sowerby in Broderip et Sowerby, 1833. ··1999 Higo et al.: Acrosterigma (Vasticardium) variegata (Sowerby, 1841). ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma variegatltm (Sowerby, 1840). ··2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 63: Acrosterigma variegatum (Sowerby, 1840). ID. by J. Vidal. .. 2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Acrosterigma variegatum (Sowerby, 1840). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value. ··1999 Vidal: it cannot be confused with any other species because of its unique lunule: practically absent on left valve, wide on right valve, projecting from the margin. DESCRIPTIONS. ··1840 Sowerby: shell oval, subventricose, red-brown blotches, 48 ribs, anterior ones rounded, crenulated; posterior ones much angulated, the most posterior ribs somewhat flattened, with oblique tubercles [I have translated from Latin). ··1845 Reeve: shell somewhat squarely ovate , depressed, posterior slightly angulated, radiately ribbed, 38 ribs, the extreme posterior ribs flatly obsolete, 826 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) variegatum - vattoni slightly prickly, middle ribs peculiarly sharply angled, anterior ribs rounded, very finely crenated; white, profusely variegated with bright rose spots. --1999 Vidal: shell ovoid, almost equilateral (anterior dorsal margin slightly angled), not posteriorly truncated, nor elongated and moderately compressed . Lunule wide on right valve, projecting from the margin against left valve, and composed of two parts: a strongly hollowed part near margin, forming an elongated socket, and an elevated part behind that, forming a large rib-like ridge, both parts being concentrically finely ridged; practically no lunule on left valve. Exterior beige variegated with large irregular patches of orange, brown, and purple, which are visible interiorly. Hinge markedly asynunetrical and moderately angled . Mean rib number 40.2, ± 2.2, range 36-43 [never as many as 48, as indicated by Sowerby] . Anterior ribs of posterior shell much wider, with oblique scales straddling a very thin intermediate furrow. Ribs on median posterior part triangular with a slightly concave posterior side, and a small, entirely smooth crestal fold. Anteriorly ribs become progressively rounded, first a little retro-ridged then top-ridged on anterior half. Interstices always rounded, excepted in posterior part, and slightly narrower than ribs. DIMENSIONS. --1840 Sowerby: long. 1.70 poll. (length 43 mm), lat. 1.80 poll. (width 46 nun), alt. 1.20 poll (breadth 31 mm). --1999 Vidal: length 52.6 mm, width 58 .1 mm, breadth (calculated) 37.0 mm. HABITAT. "1999 Higo et al.: recorded from I to 500 m depth; intertidal to 20 m, sand REMARKS. --1840 Sowerby: Ribs much closer than in C. muricatum (Sowerby 1840). --1845 Reeve: there is a peculiarity in the growth of this shell of which we find a similar indication in the Cardium angulatum; - a depressed square-like form, with the above described variation in the structure of the ribs. --1999 Vidal: C. radula is described as having the ribs angular on both sides, which is not the case with this species. A. variegatum is very constant in characters. It cannot be confused with any other species, particularly because of its unique lunule. DISTRIBUTION. --1845 Reeve: lsI. of Ticao, Philippines. --1884 Grasset: Philippines. --1999 Vidal: tropical western Pacific as far east as Wallis & Futuna; very abundant in the Philippines. -- I 999 Higo et al.: Okinawa islands and southwards, Philippines. South China Sea, Southeast Asia. "2002 Hylleberg & Kilburn: South India. --2003 HyUeberg & Kilburn: Vietnam. "Of authors: Thailand, Philippines, Japan. variegatum of authors. - Misidenti fication of Papyridea aspersa . RECORDS. --1997 Kafanov: Cardium variegatum auctt. - in part syn. of Papyridea (Papyridea) aspersa Sowerby in Broderip et Sowerby, 1833 . variegatum of Mabille 1895. - Misidentification of Papyridea spinosum var. asperum Sowerby. RECORDS. --1909 Lamy : Cardium variegatum in Mabille (1895)(non Sow.) = Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum Meuschen var. asperum Sowerby, Dall. variegatum of Roemer. - Misidentification of Cardium maculosum Wood. RECORDS. --1903 Hidalgo: Cardium variegatum in Roemer, fig. 7 = Cardium maculosum Wood. variegatum h . Solander, 1786 (variety) . Infrasubspecific. RECORDS. --1786 Solander, p. 17 no. 382: Cardium variegatum, var. b. S. *varium. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium varium from 2 sources: Sowerby, 1834. - Tscheltzov, 1965. varium Sowerby, 1834. - [Fig. Part I p. 109]. Synonym of Fulvia tenuicostata (Lamarck) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS : Fulvia australis (Sowerby, 1834). - Papyridea papy raceum Schroter [not available]. - Fulvia lenuicostata (Lamarck). » Regarding Cardium varium: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Swan River, Australia. RECORDS. --1834 Sowerby, 49 th part, No. 19: Cardium varium nobis. --1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. I, No.8 : Cardium varium = Cardium tenuicostata Lam. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium varium Sowerby = Papyridea papyraceum (Chemnitz) Schroter. --1994 Vidal: ? Cardium varium Sowerby, 1834 = Fulvia (Fulvia) australis (Sowerby, 1834). varium Tscheltzov, 1965. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" varium Tscheltzov, 1965 . Card iacea. Pliocene. RECORDS . -- I 965 ZR: Cardium varium Tscheltzov, 1965 sp. nov. Akchagylian (Pliocene), Turkmenia, USSR. varnensis (variety). - See under rectidens var. varnensis Coen, 1917. vasoevitschi (spelling) . - See under vasoevitshi Kolesnikov. vasoevitshi Kolesnikov, 1929. - Synonym of Replidacna tumidum (Ali-Zade & Ribina). » Regarding C. vasoevitshi: Cardiacea. Sarmatian. RECORDS. --1929 ZR : Cardium vasoevitshi Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. --1977 ZR: Cerastoderma (lnaequicostata) vasoevitshi (Kolesnikov); syn. nov. Cardium (R eplidacna) tumidum Ali-Zade & Ribina . Ref to Paramonova p. 70. [Transl. p. 320]. --1979 ZR: Protractiforma vasoevilschi (Kolesnikov). Referred to new subgenus P. (Fischericardium) . Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 44. Vasticardium Iredale, 1927 (genus). - Cardiidae. Oligocene and Recent . RE CORDS. --1927 ZR: Vasticardium Iredale, 1927b [gen. n.] type Cochlea nebulosa Martyn. --1978 Maxwell, p. 21: Vasticardium is a synonym of Acrosterigma. --1980 Vokes : Vasticardium Iredale, 1927 in subfamily Trachycardiinae. --1999 Vidal: Vasticardium Iredale, 1927: 75 . --2001 Vidal, p. 407, Vasticardium. CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DESCRIPTIONS. --200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. Vasticardium Iredale, 1927 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Oligocene and Recent. GENOTYPE. Iredale (1927) designated C. nebulosum ex Martyn type species of subgenus Vasticardium of genus Acrosterigma Dali, 1900. Upgraded to generic level by authors. RECORDS. "1977 Popov : (Vasticardium) Iredale, 1927 . SUbgenotype: Cochlea nebulosa Martyn, 1792. --1999 Rigo et al.: Vasticardium (subgenus) Iredale, 1927. Type species: Vasticardium nebulosum Iredale, 1927 (0. d.) . - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: resembling A. (Acrosterigma) but eaves more strongly sculptured; posterior margin notched. Indo-Pacific-North and Central America-Europe (Moore et al. 1969). vattoni Coquand, 1862. - Changed combination: Proto cardia vattoni (Coquand) . Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1980 Ruhoff: Cardium vattoni Coquand, 1862 vol. 2: 207, pI. II, fig. 5. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN , Paris: Fossils from the Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 827 vaughani - venustum Paleontological Collection. Protocardia vattoni Coquand. Cenomanian. Algeria, B 19034. vaughani Stephenson, 1923. - New name. Combination to be revised: "Cardium" nixicollis Stephenson, 1923. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. --1923 ZR: Cardium vaughani Stephenson, 1923 sp. n. Cretaceous U.S .A. --1936 ZR: Cardium (Protocardia) vaughani Stephenson, 1923; see Cardium nixicollis Stephenson, 1923 nom. nov. --2001 Schneider & Carter: Pleuriocardia (Dochmocardia?) vaughani (Stephenson, 1923). Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous, North Carolina USA. vaughaniana (subspecies). - See under gurabica vaughaniana Mansfield, 1932. venestum Kolesnikov, 1929. - Changed combination: Sarmaticardium venestum (Kolesnikov). Cardiidae . RECORDS. --1929 ZR: Cardium venestum Kolesnikov, 1929 sp. n. Sarmatian. --1977 Popov: Cerastoderma (Obsoletiforma) venestum. --1979 ZR: Sarmaticardium venestum (Kolesnikov) Comb. nov. Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 41. ventricosa (mode). - See under ventricosum Bruguiere, 1789. *ventricosum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium ventricosum from 3 sources: Bruguiere , 1789 . Orbigny, 1843. - Hall, 1847. ventricosum Bruguiere, 1789. [Figs. Part I p. 66, 91, 93. Part 3 p. 856]. - Synonym of Trachycardium robustum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786) . OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium macula tum Gmelin, 1791. Cardium magnum Born, 1780. - Cardium obliquum Spengler, 1799. » Regarding Cardium ventricosum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1789 Bruguiere, p. 228, No. 25: Cardium ventricosum Nob . --1798 Bruguiere. ID by Lamarck, pI. 299. fig. I. Cardium ventricosum. "1815 Wood: Cardium ventricosum Brug. "1817 Dillwyn: Cardium ventricosum Bruguiere = Cardium maculatum Gme1in. --1836 Bosc: Cardium ventricosum. --1839 Anton : Cardium ventricosum Bruguiere = Cardium maculatum Gmelin. --1840 Sowerby, catalogue p. 5, No. 63 : Cardium ventricosum, Brug. --1844 Reeve, sp. 20 : Cardium ventricosum Bruguiere in Lamarck [1819] = Cardium magnum Born, 1780. --1849 Roemer: Cardium ventricosum Brug. --1850 Jay : Cardium ventricosum Brug. = Cardium magnum Born. "1856 Wood & Hanley, No. 19: Cardium ventricosum Brug. --1869 Romer: Cardium ventricosum Bruguiere = Cardium magnum 80m. --1870 Morch: C. ventricosum 8rug. Jonas, junior synonym of Cardium obliquum Spgl. = C. magnum Born. --1890 Paetel: Cardium venlricosum Brug. = magnum Born . --1902 Dall : Cardium venlricosum Bruguiere, 1789 = Cardium robustum Solander, 1786. --1921 Maury : ventricosum Bruguiere, 1789 = Cardium (Cerastoderma) robustum Solander, 1786. "1902 Sherborn, p. 1035 : Cardium ventricosum Bruguiere, 1789. --1945 ZR: Cardium ventricosum 8rug. [Ref. Lamy 1945]. "1953 Olsson & Harbison: Cardium ventricosum Bruguiere, 1789 = Cardium (Dinocardium) robustum Solander, 1786. "1967 Rehder: Cardium ventricosum Bruguiere, 1789, p. 228 = Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786). --1974 Abbott: Cardium ventricosa Bruguiere, 1789 = Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786). --1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium ventricosum Bruguiere = Laevicardium robustum Solander. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OF COLLECTIONS. --ZMUC: 2 specimens from Galveston, Texas; 8 shells from St. Anna East Mexico coil. Caspersen 1870 ZMUC: 1 specimen labeled Lond. 1835. REMARKS. --1939. McLean: Cardium magnum 80m, 1780 in Reeve (1844 sp. 20) = Cardium robuslum. DISTRIBUTION. "1844 Reeve: C. magnum: Gulf of Mexico. --1939 McLean: C. robuslum: East coast of USA, Mexico. --ZMUC: C. ventricosum: Galveston, Texas, St. Anna East Mexico. ventricosum Hall, 1847. - Replaced by "Cardium ,. halli. Deshayes. Combination to be revised. » Regarding C. ventricosum: Cardiidae. Silurian. RECORDS. "1857 Deshayes, p. 49: Cardium ventricosum (Edmondia). Hall . 1847. - Replaced by C. halli. Desh. ventricosum Orbigny, 1843. - New name : "Cardium" insujJlatum Deshayes. Combination to be revised. » Regarding C. ventricosum: Cardiidae. Cretaceous . RECORDS. "1857. Deshayes , p. 49 : Cardium ventricosum. d ' Orb. non Brug. --1857 Deshayes, p. 59: Cardium insufflatum Desh. New name for Cardium venlricosum d'Orbigny, 1843. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6843: Cardium ventricosum d'Orbigny, 1844. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium ventricosum d'Orbigny. Senonien. Algeria, 819825. ventricosum Tolmachoff, 1927. - New name : Conocardium ventriculosum Branson , 1942. Conocardiidae. Paleozoic. RECORDS. "1927 ZR : Conocardium ventricosum Tolmachoff, 1927 sp. n. Palaeozoic Arctic. --1942 ZR: Conocardium ventricosum Branson, 1942 p. 387 Tolmachoff 1926 non Hall 1860 replaced by Conocardium ventriculosum nom. nov. Branson, 1942. ventriculosum Branson, 1942. - Conocardium ventricosum Branson, 1942. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. --1942 ZR: Conocardium ventriculosum nom. nov. Branson, 1942 p. 387, for Conocardium ventricosum Tolmachoff 1926 non Hall 1860. venusta Talent, 1963. - Cypricardinia venusta Talent, 1963. Cardiacea. Devonian. RECORDS. --1963 ZR: Cypricardinia venusta Talent, 1963 sp. nov. Kilgower Member, Tabberabbera Formation, Victoria, Australia, Devonian. *venustum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium venustum from 3 sources: Deshayes, 1858. - Dunker, 1861. - Gabb, 1873 . venustum Deshayes, 1858. - Synonym of Papyridea capsoides (Bayan, 1873). » Regarding Cardium venustum: Cardiidae. Eocene . RECORDS . --1886 Cossmann: Cardium venustum Deshayes = Papyridea capsoides (8ayan, 1873) . --1922-32 Sherborn : Cardium venustum [In index only. Not located in text]. -- J980 Ruhoff: Cardium venustum Deshayes, J858; [1856-1865] vol. 1: 575, pl. 55 , figs . 22-24. venustum Dunker, 1861. - Synonym of Trigoniocardia medium (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium venustum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --1861 Dunker: Cardium venustllm. "1902 Dall : Cardium venustum Dunker, 1861 = Cardium medium Linnaeus, 1758. --1939 McLean: Cardium venustum Dunker, 1861 = Trigoniocardia medium Linne, 1758. --1977 FischerPiette: Cardium venustum Dunker = Corculum medium 828 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) venustum - verioti Linne. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE DISTRIBUTION. ··1939 McLean: C. medium: North Carolina USA, West Indies, Brazil. venustum Gabb, 1873. - Synonym of Laevicardium serra tum (Linnaeus, 1758). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: New name Laevicardium venustulum (Gabb, 1873). » Regarding Cardium venustum: Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. "1873 Gabb: Cardium venustum Gabb, 1873. "1902 Dall : Cardium venuslum of Gabb, 1873 (not of Dunker, 1861) = Cardium serratum Linnaeus, 1758. "1922 Pilsbry, p. 421-422, pI. 25, figs. 2, 7: Cardium (Laevicardium) venustum Gabb, 1873. ··1925 Woodring , p. 145: Cardium venustum Gabb . Dominician Republic. ··1939 McLean: Cardium venustum in Gabb, 1873 = Laevicardium serratum sen'atum (Linne, 1758). ··1989 Vokes, p.129: Laevicardium venustum (Gabb, 1873) nec Dunker 1861. ··1989 Vokes. p.129: Cardium venus tum Gabb, 1873 preoccupied name. "1989 Vokes. p.129: Laevicardium venustum (Gabb, 1873) preoccupied name. ··1989 Vokes. p. 129: Cardium venustum Gabb, 1873 replaced by Laevicardium venustulum nom. nov. venzoi Tavani, 1948. - New combination: Protocardia vemoi Tavani, 1948. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1948 ZR: Cardium (Protocardia) venzoi Tavani, 1948 sp. nov. Cretaceous Somaliland. Vepricardiini Kafanov & Starobogatov, 1977 (tribus) . - Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1977 Kafanov et Starobogatov: Vepricardiini. ··1977 ZR: Vepricardiini Kafanov & Starobogatov Tribe nov. of Cardiidae, type genus Vepricardium Iredale, 1929. Ref to Kafanov & Popov p. 62 [Trans!. p. 312]. Vepricardium Iredale, 1929 (genus). - Cardiidae. Paleocene and Recent. GENOTYPE. Vepricardium pulchricostatum Iredale, 1929. Original designation. Recent, Australia. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Vepricardium gen. n. [type] pulchricostatum sp. n. Iredale, 1929a E. Australia. ··1977 ZR : Vepricardium Ireda1e, 1929. Designated type genus for new tribe Vepricardiini Kafanov & Starobogatov. Ref. to Kafanov & Popov p. 62 [Transl. p. 312]. ··1980 Vokes: Vepricardium Ireda1e, 1929 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: Vepricardium Iredale, 1929 in subfamily Cardiinae. ··1998 Schneider: Vepricardium. No Paleogene cardiids belong to this genus. ··1999 Higo et al.: Vepricardium Iredale, 1929. Type species: Vepricardium pulchricostatum Iredale, 1929 (0. d.). ··2000 Vidal, p. 447: Vepricardium Iredale, 1929. Type species: Vepricardium pulchricostatum Ireda1e, 1929 = Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1841). ··200 I Vidal, p. 407: Vepricardium. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell like Bucardium in outline (semicircular) but large. Posterior ribs not digitate, dorsal margins with smooth areas, Rib sculpture of close-set spines. Hinge plate rounding into anterior and posterior margins (Moore et al. 1969, emend. Hylleberg 1994). DESCRIPTIONS. ··1978 Maxwell: the genus Vepricardium has nearly equilateral valves with the posterior end well rounded to weakly truncate. ··2000 Vidal : ornaments of the ribs always situated along the posterior flank or on the posterior part of the top, consisting of rounded tubercles or festooned periostracal or calcareous insertions on the juveni les, becoming more or less elaborate tubercles, spines and lamellae in the adults. Surface of ribs and interstices almost always covered by numerous pustules or tiny acute spines. ··200 I Vidal: tentacles numerous. Eyes on tip of tentacles. ··2002 Schneider: Vepricardium has a conical right anterior cardinal tooth that projects horizontally (i.e. into the socket of the hinge of the left valve) a greater distance than the height or width of the tooth. The tooth is directly above the right anterior cardinal socket and does not obscure the socket face. The tip of the right anterior cardinal tooth is sharp, and the right anterior cardinal tooth is not connected to the right posterior cardinal. The 'lunule flap' is strongly folded over the exterior shell surface anterior of the beak, covering the entire lunule, and the lunule flap has several nearly vertical ridges on its surface. The dorsal surface of the nymph is distinctly concave. The posterior end of the nymph has a sharp dorsal extension (nymph flare). The radial ribs are strongly expressed from the ventral margin all the way to the umbo. It has strong, sharp spines with notches on the posterodorsal portion of their spines. The adductor muscle scars are not impressed into the shell. Vepricardium has the right caecum located in the middle of the stomach floor. The lengths of the labial palps are more than half the length of the animal. REMARKS, ··2000 Vidal : Vepricardium is close to Trachycardium s. s., particularly to the subgenus Dal/ocardia (Vidal 1999), close to Fulvia (Vidal 1994) and very close to the group of the Neogene Cardium multicostatum Brocchi, 1843 (Vidal 1999). DISTRIBUTION. EuropeAfrica-East Indies-Australia. Vepricardium Iredale, 1929 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Paleocene and Recent. RECORDS . ··1995 Pacaud & Renard: (Vepricardium) Iredale, 1929. Vepricardium in Iredale & MacMichael 1962. - Printer's error. RECORDS. ··1962 Iredale & MacMichael, p. 21: Cardium Vepricardium Iredale. [Vepricardium is not a species]. vera Kvaliashvili, 1978. - Digressodacna vera K valiashvili, 1978. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Digressodacna vera KvaJiashvili, 1978 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Kvaliashvili p. 79. verbeeki Martin, 1879. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" verbeeki Martin, 1879. Cardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Tjilanangsch., Java, Indonesia. TYPE REPOSITORY. ?Geologischen Reichs-Museum, Leiden, the Netherlands. RECORDS. ··1919 Martin: Cardium verbeeki Mart. verecunda Papaianopol, 1978. - Caladacna verecunda Papaianopol, 1978, Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1978 ZR: Caladacna verecunda sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol, I. p. 138. fig ' d. verecunda Papaianopol , 1981 . - Pontalmyra verecunda Papaianopol , 1981. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. ··1981 ZR : Pontalmyra (Crassadacna) verewnda sp. nov. Romania. Ref to Papaianopol, p. 41. *verioti. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium verioti from 2 sources: Buvignier, 1852. - Loriol & Cotteau, 1867. verioti Buvignier, 1852. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" verioti Buvignier, 1852. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium verioti Buvignier, 1852; atlas p. 16, pI. 16, figs. 1-5. verioti Loriol & Cotteau, 1867. - Combination to be Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 829 verneuili - vicksburgellse revised: "Cardium" verioti Loriol & Cotteau, 1867. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium verioti Loriol & Cotteau, 1867; vol. 21 : 561, pI. 9, f. 8. verneuili Deshayes, 1838. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" verneuili Deshayes, 1838. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. "1886 Fischer: Cardium verneuili Deshayes. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6860: Cardium verneuili Deshayes, 1838. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium verneuilli(i}. URSS, the Crimean, B32855, -6. verneuilianum d'Orbigny, 1845. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" verneuilianum d' Orbigny, 1845. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6861: Cardium verneuilianum d'Orbigny, 1845 . verrucosa meridiolla/is Strougo, 1976. - Acanthocardia verrucosa meridionalis Strougo, 1976. Cardiidae. Upper Eocene. RECORDS. "1976 ZR: Acanthocardia (Agnocardia) verrucosa meridionalis Strougo, 1976 subsp. nov. Egypt, Maadi. Ref. to Strougo, p. 106. *verrucosum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium verrucosum from 2 sources: Deshayes , 1829. Andrzejoswky, 1835. verrucosum Andrzejoswky 1835. - Replaced by "Cardium" podolicum Deshayes. Combination to be revised. » Regarding "c." verrucosum: Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. "1857. Deshayes, p. 49: Cardium verrucosum. Andrz. 1835. - Replaced by C. podolicum. Desh. verrucosum Deshayes, 1829. - Changed combination: Freneixicardia verrucosum (Deshayes, 1829). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium asperulum Brongniart. » Regarding Cardium verrucosum: Cardiidae. Eocene of France. Eocene of Egypt, and Rupelian (Lower Oligocene) of Italy. RECORDS . "1829 Deshayes : Cardium verrucosum. Lutetian (Middle Eocene) (fide Schneider 2002). "1835 Lamarck: Cardium verrucosum Desh . = C. asperulum Brongniart non Lamarck. "1857. Deshayes, p. 49: Cardium verrucosum Deshayes, 1830 sic. "1886 Cossmann : Cardium verrucosum Deshayes. "1922-32 Sherbom, p. 6865 : Cardium verrucosum Deshayes, 1829. "1977 Popov: Bucardium (Vepricardium) verrucosum. Bucardium (Agnocardia) verrucosum (Deshayes , 1829) ... 1995 Le Renard et al. .' Vepricardium (s. str.) verrucosum [Cardium verrucosumJ Deshayes, 1829. "1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection . Trachycardium verrucosum Deshayes. Lutetien. France (Bassin de Paris). "2002 Schneider: Freneixicardia verrucosa (Deshayes, 1829). verruculosum Deshayes. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " verruculosum Deshayes. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1839 Anton: Cardium verruculosum Deshayes. vertebratum Jonas, 1844. - Vasticardium vertebra tum (Jonas, 1844). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Laevicardiumjlavum Linnaeus auctorum. - Not a synonym. » Regarding Cardium vertebratum: Cardiidae. Recent. HABITAT. 810 fathoms (Melvill & Standen 1906). DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Grasset 1884); Red Sea, Australia (Hylleberg 1994). RECORDS . "1844 Jonas, p. 33: Cardium vertebra tum. "1858 Adams & Adams, p. 454: Cardium (Pectunculus) vertebratum Jonas ... 1867 Mitchell: Cardium vertebratum Jonas . "1870 March: c. vertebratum Jonas junior synonym of Cardium jlavum L. "1872 Tryon : Cardium vertebratum Jonas. "1884 Grasset: Cardium vertebra tum . R v. "1890 Paetel: Cardium vertebratum Jon. "1906 Melvill & Standen, p. 837: Cardium (Trachycardium) vertebra tum Jonas. "1922-32 Sherbom, p. 6873: Cardium vertebratum Jonas, 1844. "1928 Melvill: Cardium vertebratum Jonas ... 1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium vertebra tum Jonas = Laevicardium jlavum Linne auctorum. .. 1992 Oliver: Trachycardium vertebratum. "1997 Vidal: Vasticardium vertebratum (Jonas, 1844). "1999 Vidal: Vasticardium vertebratum (Jonas, 1844). verveceum Loriol, 1868 . - Changed combination: Protocardia verveceum Loriol , 1868. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium verveceum Loriol, 1868; ser. 4: 28, pI. 2, fig. 6. "1958 ZR: Protocardia vervecea from the Cretaceous Arzier, Swiss Jura, a redescription [Ref. Roessinger 1958]. veselillovici Brusina . - New combination: Lymnocardium veselinovici (Brus.). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Taktakishvili : Limnocardium veselinovici Brus. veslellse Staadt in Cossmann & Pissarro, 1913. Parvicardium veslense Staadt in Cossmann & Pissarro, 1913. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1992 Renard: Cardium (Plagiocardium) veslense Staadt in C. & P., 1913: pI. LXIII fig. 69-30. "1995 Le Renard et al.: Parvicardium veslense [Cardium veslense] Staadt in Cossmann & Pissarro, 1913 ... 1995 Pacaud & Renard: Parvicardium veslense. vesta Rigaux & Sauvage, 1868. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " vesta Rigaux & Sauvage, 1868. Cardiidae. FossiL RECORDS. "1980 Ruhoff: Cardium vesta Rigaux & Sauvage, 1868, vol. 3: 74, pI. 6, figs. 15-16. vetustum Papaianopol, 1984. - Dacicardium vetustum Papaianopol, 1984. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. "1984 ZR: Dacicardium vetustum sp. nov. Romania. Ref. to Papaianopol p. 75 . vexatum - Conocardium vexatum. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1889 ZR: Conocardium vexatum with fig. [Ref. Barrois]. viatorium Olsson, 1964. - Laevicardium viatorium Olsson, 1964. Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. "1964 ZR: Laevicardium viatorium Olsson, 1964 sp. nov. Esmeraldas formation , Neogene, Punta Gorda, Ecuador. vicaryi Palmer, 1973 . - Protocardia vicaryi Palmer, 1973. Cardiidae. Lower Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1973 ZR: Protocardia vicaryi Palmer, 1973 sp. nov. England, Devon, Haldon Hills p. 176. Ref. to Palmer. vicillum Fuchs, 1870. - Euxinicardium vicinum (Fuchs, 1870). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1987 Anaya: Euxinicardium vicinum Fuchs. "1987 Taktakishvili: Limnocardium vicinum (Fuchs). "1991 Muller & Magyar: Lymnocardium vicinum (Fuchs 1870). vicksburgellse Conrad, 1847. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" vicksburgense Conrad, 1847. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS ... 1857 Deshayes: Cardium vicksburgensis. "1922-32 Sherbom, p. 6896: Cardium vicksburgense Conrad, 1847. "1982 ZR: Cardium vicksburgense Conrad 1848. Neotype designated. Ref. 830 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) victor - villeneuvianum to Dockery, p. 74. victor Angas, 1872. [Figs. Part 3 p. 904]. - Changed combination: Cten ocardia victor (Angas, 1872). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCA LITY. Mauritius. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype, BMNH reg. no. 1872.5.18.3 (Wilson & Stevenson 1977). RECORDS. --1872 Angas, p. 612, pI. 42, fig . 9: Cardium victor. --1872 ZR: Cardium (Ctenocardia) victor sp. n. Angas, 1872. Mauritius. --1880 Martens: Cardium victor Angas. The lunule is conspicuously different in the Rand L valves. The species stands rather isolated among cardiids, is, however, somewhat related to C. multispinosum Sow., fimbriatum Wood and asiaticum Desh. --1890 Paetel: Hemicardium(Fragum) victor Ang . "1904 Smith: Cardium (Ctenocardia) victor . .. 1909 Melvill: Cardium (Ctenocardia) victor Angas. --1932 Prashad: Cardium (Ctenocardia) victor. "1937 Viader: Cardium victor, Angas. --1946 Abrard: Cardium (Ctenocardium) victor Angas. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Corculum (Ctenocardia) victor Angas. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: "Cardium" victor Angas, 1872; must remain in doubt. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium (Ctenocardia) victor Angas, 1872. --1988 Drivas & Jay: Ctenocardia victor (Angas, 1872). --1990 Abbott & Dance: Ctenocardia victor. --1991 Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe : Ctenocardia victor (Angas, 1872). --1992 Lamprell & Whitehead : Ctenocardia (Ctenocardia) victor. "1999 Higo et al.: Ctenocardia victor (Angas, 1872). --2001 Vidal, p. 408: Ctenocardia victor. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - CHARACTERS of diagnostic value: shell squarish, inflated, 41-52 strong ribs armed with long pointed dorsally recurved spines which are longer at the keel; interstices and intermediate ribs with fine arcuate sculpture. DESCRIPTIONS. --1977 Wilson & Stevenson: shell quadrate, umbo approximately central, touching, prosogyrate. Angled umbonal keel marks posterior slope, anterior and ventral margins rounded, posterior margin nearly straight with pointed serration, anterior and ventral margins with truncated serration. Lunule ovate with 2 spinose ribs in each valve ; escutcheon long, narrow, slightly wider in right valve, single spinose rib in each valve. fibS 48 (41-52) Anterior to umbonal keel, each 2n or 3 rd rib bears long, pointed spines which curve dorsally. At anterior end spines thicker, shorter and dorso-ventrally flattened at their ends. Longest spines on ribs along the keel. Ribs on posterior slope with short, fine, pointed spines. Interstices and spineless median ribs with numerous thin and fragile concentric lamellae, some of which run up and coalesce on sides of spines. Hinge line sinuous. Laterals approximately equidistant from umbo. LV; anterior cardinal very strong, long pointed and curved dorsally, separated by deep cleft from the weak, low and pointed posterior cardinal. Laterals: One large anterior and one + one, weak posterior teeth . RV; anterior cardinal small and joined by saddle with large, pointed, dorsally curved posterior cardinal. Anterior laterals: one + one, ventral tooth large, truncated, curved from shell cavity; dorsal tooth weak. One large posterior dorsal tooth. --200 I Vidal : only the exhalant aperture is tube-shaped. Inhalant siphon open towards the foot aperture. No eyes. DIMENSIONS. --1988 Drivas & Jay: ant.-post. 42.5 mm, umbo-ventr. 57 mm. REMARKS. "1909: Melvill obtained a large and fine specimen, peculiarly oblique in form, which might be characterised as vaT. pulcherrima. HABITAT. --1904 Smith: 3 fathoms , off south coast of Ceylon. --1988 Drivas & Jay: Reunion, western Indian Ocean, in 6080 m depth. --1909 Melvill : 28-30 fathoms, coral-rockrubbl e, broken shell, to a depth of 78 fathoms. --1999 Higo et al.: 10-100 m, sand. DISTRIBUTION. "1994 Hylleberg: East Africa, Japan, Australia. --1999 Higo et at.: Okinawa islands and southwards, Philippines, southeast Asia, northern Australia. victor pulcherrima Melvill, 1909 (variety). No evidence of sub specific status. Identical with Ctenocardia victor (Angas, 1872). » Regarding Cardium victor var. pulcherrima: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Providence, western Indian Ocean, 50-78 fathoms (Melvill 1909). REMARK S. Melvill(1909) obtained a large and fine specimen, peculiarly oblique in form, which might be characterised as var. pulcherrima. RECORDS. "1909 Melvill , p. 135: Cardium (Ctenocardia) victor Angas vaT. pulcherrima. victoriae Tate, 1887. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium " victoriae Tate. Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. --1897 Harris: Cardium viCloriae Tate, 1887. --1903 Dennant & Clark : Cardium victoriae Tate. vidali Cossmann & Peyrot , 191 I . - Changed combination : Acanthocardia vidali (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911). Cardiidae. Neogene. RECORDS. --1911 ZR: Cardium vidali Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911 sp. n. France. Neogene. --1977 Popov: Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) vidali (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1911). vidali Poorten & Dekker, 2002. - Vepricardium vidali Poorten & Dekker, 2002. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. --2002 Poorten & Dekker: Vepricardium vidali spec. nov. viennensis Papp, 1953 . - Monodacna viennensis Papp, 1953. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1956 ZR: Monodacna viennensis Papp, 1953 sp. nov. Vietnamicardium Vu-Khuc, 1977 (genus). - Synonym of Tulongocardium. » Regarding Vietnamicardium: Cardiidae. Fossil. RE CORDS. --1980 Vokes : Vietnamicardium Vu-khuc, 1977. Fossil. "1977 ZR: Vietnamicardium gen. nov. ofCardiidae. Type species Cardium vietnamicllm Vu-Huc 1965, Upper Triassic. Ref. to Vu-Huc , D. p . 678 . --1995 Schneider : Vietnamicardium Scott, 1978 Cretaceous. --1995 Schneider: Vietnamicardium synonymized with Tulongocardillm since there are no autopomorphies (characters unique to a taxon) to distinguish the two genera. "1995 Schneider: Vietn amicardium type species V vietnamicum Vu-Khuc in Vu-Khuc et ai. 1965 vietnamicum Vu-Huc, 1965. - Vietnamicardium vietnamicum (Vu-Huc, 1965). Cardiidae. Upper Triassic. RECORDS. --1976 Ma et al. p. 256: Cardium vietnamicum Vukhuc, 1965. --1977 ZR : Cardium vielnamicum Vu-Huc, 1965. Designated type species for new genus Vietnamicardium. Ref to Vu-Huc, D. p. 678 . --1995 Schneider: Vietnamicardium type species V vietnamicum Vu-Khuc in Vu-Khuc et al. 1965. vigeni 8agdasaryan, 1979. - Sarmaticardium vigeni Bagdasaryan, 1979. Cardiacea. Upper Miocene . RECORDS. --1979 ZR : Sarmaticardium vigeni Bagdasaryan, 1979. Sp. nov. Ukraine . Ref. to Bagdasaryan, p. 41 . villeneuvianum Matheron, 1843. - Combination to be Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 831 villicum - virgineum revised: "Cardium" villeneuvianum Matheron, 1843. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6903: Cardium villeneuvianum Matheron, 1843. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium villeneuvianum Matheron. Senonien. France, S09263, -4, B17626. villicum Papaianopol, 1982. - New combination: Lymnocardium villicum Papaianopol, 1982. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Ponti en et Dacien. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. 001982 Papaianopol, p. 194, fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) villicum sp. nov. villmarense d'Archiac & Verneuil, 1842. - Changed combination: Conocardium villmarense d'Orbigny, 1850. Conocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6904: Cardium villmarense d'Archiac & Verneuil, 1842. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6904: Conocardium (A & V) villmarense d'Orbigny, 1850.- Cardium villmarense. viminea (mode). - See under vimineum Martyn. vimineum Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. RECORDS. 001784 Martyn, p. 50, pI. 47, fig. 3: Cardium viminea. 001858 Adams & Adams, p. 455: Cardium (Trachycardium) vimineum Mart. 001869 Dunker, p. 112: Cardium virmineum sic (fide FischerPiette 1977). 001890 Paetel: Cardium vimineum Mrts. 001977 Fischer-Piette, p. 155: Cardium virmineum sic = species insufficiently known. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE. - DISTRIBUTION. China. vincenti Cossmann, 1891. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" vincenti Cossmann, 1891. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. 001891 ZR: Cardium vincenti. Oligocene of Etampes [Ref. Cossmann 1891]. vinculum Papaianopol, 1982. - New combination: Lymnocardium vinculum Papaianopol, 1982. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. 001982 Papaianopol, p. 183, fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) vinculum sp. nov. vindinense d'Orbigny, 1844. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" vindinense d'Orbigny, 1844. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001871 Stoliczka, 30: C. vindinense (Acanthocardium sic). 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6911: Cardium vindinense d'Orbigny, 1844. vindobonense. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium vindobonense from 3 sources: Hoernes in Partsch, 1848. - Schwetz, 1913. - Possibly Laskarev (?year). vindobonense Hoernes in Partsch, 1848. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" vindobonense Partsch. Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001922-32 Sherborn, p. 6911: Cardium vindobonense M. Hoernes (ex Partsch MS), 1848. 001965 ZR: Cardium vindobonense figd. Sarmatian, Yugoslavia [Ref. Spajic 1965]. 001999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium vindobonense Partsch. Austria; former Czechoslovakia. B31085, B31396. vindobonensis Laskarev. - Changed combination: Cerastoderma vindobonensis (Laskarev). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001998 Schultz: Cerastoderma vindobonensis vindobonensis (Laskarev). vindobonense Schwetz, 1913. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" vindobonense Schwetz, 1913. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001913 ZR: Cardium vindobonense Schwetz, 1913 sp. n. Tertiary, Kertsch. vindobonense breviformis Papp, 1954 - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" vindobonense brevi/armis Papp, 1954. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. REcORDs. 001949 ZR: Cardium vindobonense brevi/armis 'no sp.' [nomen nud.] [Ref. Papp 1949]. 001954 ZR: Cardium vindobonense brevi/ormis Papp, 1954 subsp. nov. Sarmatian, Vienna. 001965 ZR: Cardium vindobonense brevi/armis figd. Sarmatian, Yugoslavia [Ref. Spajic 1965]. vindobonense jekeliusi Papp, 1954. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" vindobonense jekeliusi Papp, 1954. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. 001949 ZR: Cardium vindobonensejekeliusi 'no sp.' [nomen nud.] [Ref. Papp 1949]. 001954 ZR: Cardium vindobonense jekeliusi Papp, 1954 subsp. nov. Sarmatian, Vienna. 001965 ZR: Cardium vindobonense jekeliusi figd. Sarmatian, Yugoslavia [Ref. Spajic 1965]. violacea Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. Not a cardiid. RECORDS. 001784 Martyn: Cardium violacea. viquesne/i Pavlovic, 1929. - New combination: Lymnocardium viquesneli Pavlovic, 1929. Lymnocardiidae. Pontian. RECORDS. 001928 ZR: Limnocardium viquesneli [Ref. Pavlovitch 1928]. 001929 ZR: Limnocardium viquesneli Pavlovic, 1929 sp. n. Pontian Serbia. virescens Gmelin, 1791. - Not a cardiid. REcORDs. 001742 Gualtieri, pI. 84, fig. A: Concha cordiformis. 001742 Gualtieri. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium virescens t. 84. f. A. 001791 Gmelin, p. 3256, No. 48.: Cardium virescens. 001815 Wood: Cardium virescens L. 001815 Wood: Cardium virescens Linn. Gmel., inside silverish. 001817 Dillwyn: Cardium virescens Gme1in should be ignored. 001828 Wood: Cardium virescens Gmelin. 001856 Wood & Hanley, No. 46: Modiola virescens Gmel. 3256, from Gualt. 84, f. A. (= M. marmorata, Forbes). Execrable copy. 001902 Sherborn, p. 1050: Cardium virescens Gmelin, 1790 sic. 001977 FischerPiette: Cardium virescens Gmelin = species insufficiently known. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. 001977 Fischer-Piette: Gmelin referred to Gualtieri, but the illustrated species has silvery interior surface. This character was also mentioned by Wood. 001856. Wood & Hanley: since silvery coatings do not occur in cardiids, the species virescens must belong to another family. DISTRIBUTION. Britain &c. virgatum Papaianopol, 1982. - New combination: Lymnocardium virgatum Papaianopo1, 1982. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Pontien et Dacien. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. 001982 Papaianopol, p. 197, fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) virgatum sp. nov. virgineum Linne, 1758. - Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia bullata (Linnaeus, 1758). - Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789). Dubious species. - Genus Mactra. » Regarding Cardium virgineum: Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Mediterranean (Smith 1945). TYPE REPOSITORY. Unknown. RECORDS. 001758 Linne, p. 682, No. 81: Cardium virgineum. 001767 Linne, p. 1124, No. 93: Cardium virgineum Linne. 001786 Schroter, No. XXI: 832 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) virgineum beta - virile Cardium virgineum. Linn. XII. pag. 1124. Spec. 93. "1791 Gmelin, p. 3253, No. 25: Cardium virgineum Linne. ··1789 Bruguiere, dubious species, p. 235. Cardium virgineum Linn. pag. 1124, num. 93. ··1815 Wood: Cardium virgineum L. is a doubtful species completely confused by Gmelin. ··1815 Wood: C. virgineum of Linne agrees with Cardium glaucum, except that longitudinal ribs are wanting in virgineum. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium virgineum Linnaeus = Cardium glaucum Poiret. ··1850 Jay: Cardium virgineum Gmel. = Cardium ruga tum Gron. ··1855 Han ley: Cardium virgineum Linne. ··1869 Romer: Cardium virgineum L. ed. X, N. 81, is a Mactra. ··1902 Sherborn, p. 1052: Cardium virgineum Linnaeus, 1758. ··1926 ZR: Cardium virgineum Lin. [Ref. Salisbury & Woodward 1926]. ··1945 Smith: Cardium virgineum Linne, 1758; Gmelin 1790, p. 3253 syn. = Fulvia bullata Linne. ··1952 Dodge: Cardium virgineum Linne. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium virgineum Linne. ··1994 Vidal: ?Cardium virgineum Linne, 1758 = Fulvia (Fulvia) aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Dodge (1952) stated that the name virgineum cannot be retained owing to the vagueness of its diagnosis, but "that the shell known as Cardium apertum (Fulvia aperta) is probably the species which Linnaeus described, and that the latter is not a synonym of Solen bullatus Linne". virgineum beta Gmelin, 1791 (variety). [Figs. Part I p. 135]. - Synonym of Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fulvia bullata (Linnaeus, 1758).Cardium ruga tum Gronovius, 1781 [not available].» Regarding Cardium virgineum var. B: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Indian and American Oceans. RECORDS. ··1781 Gronovius ZOop. t. 18. f. 5. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium virgineum var. beta. ··1782 Chemnitz. ID by Gmelin 1791: Cardium virgineum var. beta t. 18. f. 181. "1791 Gmelin No. 25: Cardium virgineum var. B. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium virgineum var. beta Gmelin = Cardium ruga tum Gronovius. ··1839 Anton: Cardium virgineum var. b. Gmelin = Cardium apertum Chemnitz. ··1844 Reeve: Cardium virgineum var B. Gmelin, 1791 = Cardium ruga tum Gronovius, 1781. ··1874 Lischke: Cardium virgineum var. beta. Gmelin = Cardium ruga tum Meuschen, 1781. ··1945 Smith: Cardium virgineum var. beta Chemnitz, 1782 syn. = Fulvia bullata Linne. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Cardium virgineum var. B. Gmelin, 1791 = Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). ··1979 Richardson et al.: Cardium virgineum var. B Gmelin, 1791 = Fulvia aperta (Bruguiere, 1789). virginian a Conrad, 1864. - Protocardia virginiana Conrad, 1864. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1980 Ruhoff: Protocardia virginiana Conrad, 1864; p. 211. virginianum Conrad, 1839. - Changed combination: Planicardium virginianum (Conrad, 1839). Neogene. Cardiidae. Type species of Planicardium Olsson (1967). Classifications according to Schneider (2202): Cardium (Cerastoderma) virginianum, section Cerastoderma (Dall 1900, Mansfield 1932). Cerastoderma virginianum (Gardner 1944). Planicardium virginianum (Campbell et al. 1975. Stanley 1986). Chesacardium virginianum (Ward 1992). RECORDS. ··1863 Conrad: Cardium (Cerastoderma) virginianum Conrad, 1839. (fide Schneider 2002). ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6930: Cardium virginianum Conrad, 1838. "2002 Schneider: Planicardium virginianum (Conrad, 1839). virgo Reeve, 1845. [Figs. Part I p. 144]. - New name and changed combination: Ctenocardia perornata (Jredale, 1929). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium Jornicatum Sowerby, 1840. » Regarding Cardium virgo: TYPE LOCALITY. ··1999 Higo et ai.: none designated. TYPE MATERIAL. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: not located. Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1845 Reeve: Cardium virgo. ··1858 Adams & Adams, p. 459: Hemicardia (Ctenocardia) virgo Reeve. ··1884 Grasset: Hemicardium virgo. Rv. ··1890 Paetel: Hemicardium virgo Rv. ··1909 Lynge: Cardium virgo Reeve, 1845 = Cardium Jornicatum Sowerby, 1840. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6931: Cardium virgo Reeve, 1845. ··1977 Fischer-Piette, No. 142: Cardium virgo Reeve = Cardium Jornicatum Sowerby. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson, p. 26: Cardium virgo Reeve, 1845; has been renamed Ctenocardia perornata (lredale, 1929). ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Ctenocardia (Ctenocardia) virgo. ··1999 Higo et at.: Ctenocardia virgo (Reeve, 1845). ··2003 Hylleberg & Kilburn, p. 177: Ctenocardium virgo (Reeve) = Ctenocardia perornatum (Iredale, 1929). - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. ··1845 Reeve: shell somewhat squarely heart-shaped, posteriorly concavely angulated, radiately ribbed, ribs about 38 in number, narrow, compressed, very closely scaled, middle ribs with the scales more erect, interstices between the ribs transversely elevately striated, pure snowy white without, blood-red within. ··Of authors: shell rounded squarish, thick, anterior end rounded, posterior slope angulated, concave; 38 ribs very closely scaled, middle ribs with the scales more erect, interstices transversely striped. Colour white, internally and externally, but yellow or rose colours may occur centrally and posteriorly internally. Shell length to 35 mm. REMARKS. ··1845 Reeve: Care should be taken not to mistake this very delicate and beautiful shell for a white variety of the Cardium hystrix, to which it is most nearly allied. ··1977: Wilson & Stevenson: C. virgo Reeve and C. Jornicata Sowerby are conspecific. However, the type illustration and descriptions given by Reeve (1845) are close to perornata Iredale (= C. imbricatum Sowerby), and certainly do not match the species C. Jornicata which is an easily identifiable species that should not be confused with any other cockle. HABITAT. ··1999 Higo et al.: 10-80 m, mud and sand. DISTRIBUTION. ··1845 Reeve: unknown. ··1884 Grasset: China. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Northern to North Western Australia. ··1994 Hylleberg: Indo-Pacific, Australia. ··1999 Higo et at.: Taiwan and southwards, Philippines, South China Sea, Beibu gulf, Hainan, Thailand, Australia. virgulata Martyn, 1784. Non binominal. - Not available. Not a cardiid. RECORDS. ··1784 Martyn: Cardium virgulata. virile Dall, 1898. - Changed combination: Trachycardium virile (Dall, 1898). Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1898 Dall: Cardium (Trachycardium) virile Dall, 1898 n. sp. ··1977 Vokes: "Trachycardium" virile (Dall) Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 833 virmineum - v/amingi virmineum (error). - Printer's mistake for vimineum Martyn in Fischer-Piette 1977. visterniceniensis Gillet, 1938. - New combination : Lymnocardium visterniceniensis Gillet, 1938. Lymnocardiidae. Miocene . RECORDS . --1939 ZR: Limnocardium visterniceniensis Gillet, 1938 sp. n. Sarmatian [Miocene] Roumania. visternicense chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 (forma). - Upgraded. New combination: Lymnocardium visternicense chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS . --1946 ZR: Cardium visternicense n. f. chisinau Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 Sarmatian fossil, Rumania. viteLlinum Reeve, 1844. [Figs. Part I p. 130. Part 3 p. 930]. - Synonym of Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Cardium laevigatum Pennant. - Cardium oblongllm Chemnitz [not avai lable]. - Cardium norvegicltm Spengler, 1799. Laevicardium brasilianum (Lamarck). » Regarding Cardium vitellinum : Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE REPOSITORY. 3 syntypes. 1978126. BMNH London. TYPE LOCALITY . Unknown (Reeve 1844). RECORDS. --1844 Reeve, p. 168: Cardium vitellinum . --1844 Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 37: Cardium vitellinum. -- J 856 Wood & Hanley: C. vitellinum Reeve I. Car. f. 37 = Cardium laevigatum Penn. --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 457: Laevicardium vitellinum, Reeve. --1867 Hidalgo: Cardium vitellinum, Reeve Guv., 1844, fig . 37) = Cardium oblongum Chemnitz. --1867 Weinkauff: Cardium vitellinum Reeve = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. --1868 ZR: Cardium vile/linum = Cardium norvegicum (Spengl.) = Cardium laevigatum of Pennant not Linne [Ref. Romer 1868]. --1869 Romer: Cardium vitellinum Reeve fig. 37 = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. --1888 Kobe\t: Cardium vitellinum Reeve = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. --1889 Martens: Cardium vitellinum Reeve (p. 13 : Kap Verden, Bonavista, 86 m, coarse sand). --1890 Paetel: Laevicardium vitellinum R v. --1912 Dautzenberg & Fischer: Cardium vitellinum Reeve J 844 = Cardium (Laevicardium) norvegicum Spengler 1799. --1917 Hidalgo: Cardium vitellinum Reeve = Cardium norvegicum Spengler. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6954: Cardium vitellinum Reeve, 1844. --1953 Olsson & Harbison: Laevicardium vitellinum (Reeve, 1844). --1958 Abbott: Laevicardium vitellinum Reeve (in Olsson and Harbison 1953). --1969 Work : Laevicardium vitellinum (Reeve, 1843) in Olsson & Harbison 1953: 107 = Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus , 1758). --1977 Popov : Laevicardium vitellinum (Reeve, ) 845). --) 977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium vitellinum Reeve = Laevicardium brasilianum Lamarck. --1977 Fischer-Piette: Laevicardium vitellinum Rve in Hall & Standen 1907 = Laevicardium crassum Gmelin. --1977 Fischer-Piette, p.12: Cardium vitellinum Rve in Martens 1889 = Laevicardium crassum Gmelin. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DESCRIPTIONS. --1844 Reeve, sp. 37: shell obliquely ovate, rather thin, radiately striated; yellowish white, copiously freckled with numerous small pinkishbrown spots, covered with a yellow epidermis; margins crenulated within (Descriptions in Latin as well as in English). REMARKS. Cardium vitellinum is less ventricose than the related C. oviputamen and farther distinguished by its different tinge and style of colouring. DISTRIBUTION. --1844 Reeve: unknown. --Of authors: South East USA, Brazil. vitrea Eichwald, 1829. [Figs. Part 1 p. 122]. - Changed combination: Adacna vitrea (Eichwald, 1829) . Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. --1829 Eichwald : Glycimeris vitrea. --1838 Eichwald: Adacna vitrea m. --1838 Eichwald: Glycymeris vitrea Zool. spec. --1841 Eichwald: Glycimeris vitrea Eichwald, 1829. --) 841 Eichwald: Adacna vitrea. --1849 Middendorff: Pholadomya vitrea Eichw. (fide Andrussoff 1903). --1858 Adams & Adams, p. 460: Adacna vitrea, Eichw. --1866 Issei: Adacna vitrea, Eichwald, 1842. --1876 ZR: Adacna vitrea (Eichw.) [Ref. Grimm 1876]. --1876 ZR: Monodacna vitrea Eichw.) [Ref. Vest 1876]. --1877 Grimm : Adacna vitrea Eichwald . --1890 Paetel : Adacna vitrea Eichw. -- J 890 Woodward: Adacna vitrea, Eichwald - Caspian, Aral. --1903 Andrussoff: Glycimeris vitrea Eichwald, 1829. --1903 Andrussoff: Eichwald, 1838 moved Glycimeris vitrea to genus Adacna. --1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6956: Adacna vitrea Eichwald, 1838. - Glycimeris vitrea Eichwald, 1829. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis vitrea vitrea (Eichwald). --1974 Starobogatov: Hypanis vitrea (Eichwald). --1978 ZR: Hypanis vitrea. Spawning. Larval numbers in plankton, relationships, Caspian Sea. Ref. to Galperina. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. --1969 Nordsieck: Black Sea. vitrea bergi Starobogatov, 1974. - Hypanis vitrea bergi Starobogatov. Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. --1974 Starobogatov, p. 245 , fig. 212: Hypanis vitrea bergi Starobogatov subsp. nov. --1978 ZR: Hypanis vitrea bergi Starobogatov, 1978 subsp. nov. Aral Sea. Ref. to Starobogatov p. 245. vitrea ellxinica Nevesskaya, 1963 (variety). - Adacna vitrea euxinica Nevesskaya, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Quaternary. RECORDS. --1963 ZR: Adacna vitrea euxinica Nevesskaya, J963 subsp. nov. Quaternary, Black Sea basin. --1969 Nordsieck: Adacna vitrea (Eichwald, 1829) var. euxinica Nevessk. vitrea glabra Ostroumoff. - Hypanis vitrea glabra (Ostroumoft). Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. -- J 968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov: Hypanis vitrea glabra (Ostroumoft). --1974 Starobogatov: Hypanis vitrea glabra (Ostroumoft). vitrea minima auct. (variety). - Changed combination: Hypanis minima minima (Ostroumoff, 1907). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Hypanis vitrea glabra (Ostroumoft). » Regarding Adacna vitrea var. minima: Lymnocardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Caspian Sea. RECORDS. --1968 Logvinenko & Starobogatov : Adacna vitrea var. minima auct. non Ostroumoff, 1907 = Hypanis vitrea glabra (Ostr.). --1974 Starobogatov: Adacna vitrea var. minima auct. = Hypanis minima minima (Ostroumoff, 1907). vittatllm (variety). - See tuberculatum var. villatllm Brusina, 1865. vlamingi Wilson & Stevenson, 1977. [Figs. Part 3 p. 871]. - Synonym of Acrosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833). » Regarding Acrosterigma vlamingi: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. South Passage, Shark Bay, Western Australia. TYPE REPOSITORY . Holotype, 834 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) vlastoides - vulgaris Western Australian Museum, 1029-66. TYPE MATERJAL. Holotype in WAM 1029-66, a single left valve from Shark Bay, Western Australia. Eight paratypes, all from the central West coast of Western Australia, from Abrolhos Islands to Shark Bay (Vidal 1999). DIMENSIONS. Length 24 .2, height 27.4, width (calculated) 16.6 mm (Vidal 1999). DISTRIBUTION. West Australia (Hylleberg 1994). REcORDs. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson, p. 92-95, pI. 6, figs. 21-22, text fig. 16: Acrosterigma vlamingi sp. nov. ··1978 ZR: Acrosterigma vlamingi sp. nov. Western Australia. Ref. to Wilson et al. p. 92, fig'd. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma vlamingi. ··1999 Vidal: Wilson & Stevenson 1977, p. 92, pI. 6, figs 21-22 : Acrosterigma vlamingi = Acrosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833). vlastoides Reed, 1915. -Shanina vias to ides Reed, 1915. Cardiacea. Ordovician. ··1915 ZR: Shanina vias to ides Reed, 1915 gen. & sp. nov. Ordovician Shan States. vodopici Brusina 1902. - Changed combination: Prosodacna vodopici (Brusina 1902). Lymnocardiidae. Pannonian. REMARKS. ··1991 Muller & Magyar, p. 368: Prosodacna vodopici (Brusina 1902). voesendorfense Papp, 1951 . - New combination: Lymnocardium voesendorfense (Papp, 1951). Lymnocardiidae. Pannonian. REMARKS. The relationship with Monodacna voesendorfensis Papp, 1953 remains to be determined. RECORDS. ··1948 ZR: Limnocardium voesendorfensis Papp, 1948 'no sp.' [nomen nud.]. ··1951 ZR: Limnocardium voesendorfense Papp, 1951 sp. nov. Pannonian Vienna Basin. voesendorfensis Papp, 1953. - Monodacna voesendorfensis Papp, 1953. Lymnocardiidae. Fossi I. RECORDS. ··1956 ZR : Monodacna voesendorfensis Papp, 1953 sp. nov. vogdti Andrussow, 1902. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" vogdti Andrussow, 1902. Cardiidae. Neogene. REMARKS. The relationship with "Cardium vogdti" Andrusov, 1961 and 1963 remains to be determined. RECORDS. ··1905 Dollfus, commenting Andrussow 1902: Cardium vogdti n. sp. tend s towards Cerastoderma. ··1961 ZR: Cardium vogdti Andrusov, 1961 "sp. nov."[in a table] Miocene Caspian region, Russia. ··1963 ZR: Cardium vogdli Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Neogene, Russia. vogeli. - Protocardium vogeli. Cardiidae . Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS . ··1966 Rasmussen: Protocardium vogeli (Faxe Lime, Denmark). volarovid Androussov, 1923. - Apscheronia volarovici Andrusov, 1963. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1930 ZR: Apscheronia volarovici Androussov, 1923 sp. n. ··1963 ZR: Apscheronia volarovici Andrusov, 1963 sp. nov. Apsheron layers, Pliocene, Russia. volaticum Papaianopol, 1982. - New combination: Lymnocardium volaticum. Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY . Pontien et Dacien. Basin Dacique, Romania. RECORDS. ··1982 Papaianopol, p. 1·93, fig.: Limnocardium (Euxinicardium) volaticum sp. nov. volgensis (subspecies). - See under catillus volgensis Svitoc, 1967. volhynicum Grishkevich, 1967. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" volhynicum Grishkevich, 1967. Cardiidae. Upper Sarmatian. RECORDS. ··1967 ZR: Cardium volhynicum Grishkevich, 1967 sp. nov. Upper Sarmatian, Volhyno-Podolia, USSR. voltz;; Leymerie , 1846. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia voltzi (Leymerie, 1846). Cardiidae . Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6975: Cardium voltzii de Leymerie, 1841 [n.n.]. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 6975: Cardium voltzii de Leymerie, 1846. ··1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) voltzi (Leymerie). ··1978 Scott: Cardium voltzi Leymerie. ··1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com .)MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection. Cardium voltzi Leymerie. Aptien. France (Yonne), S07314, -15, S06041 , R50326. voskoboinikovi (spelling) . - See under voskobojnikovi. voskobojnikovi Andrusov, 1964. - Changed combination: Pontalmyra voskobojnikovi (Andrusov, 1964). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1964 ZR: Didacna voskobojnikovi Andrusov, 1964 sp . nov. Tertiary, USSR. ··1987 Taktakishvili: Didacna voskoboinikovi Andrus. - Pontalmyra voskoboinikovi (Andrus.) voskuili Healy & Lamprell, 1992. - Synonym of Fulvia papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). » Regarding Fulvia voskuili: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION. North East Australia. RECORDS. ··1992 Healy & Lamprell: Fulvia voskuili. ··1994 Vidal: Fulvia voskuili Healey & Lamprell, 1992 = Fulvia (Fulvia) papyracea (Bruguiere, 1789). vostreysi (subspecies). - See under laqueatum vostreysi Ward, 1992. vroomi Aartsen, Menkhorst, & Gittenberger, 1984. Parvicardium vroomi Aartsen, Menkhorst, & Gittenberger, 1984. Cardiidae. Recent. REMARKS. Parvicardium vroomi is related to Cardium transversale Deshayes, 1854. RECORDS. ··1984 Aartsen, Menkhorst, & Gittenberger: Parvicardium vroomi. ··1984 ZR: Parvicardium vroomi nom. nov. for Cardium transversale Deshayes, 1854 nec Roemer 1849. Ref. to van Aartsen et al. ··1998 Macedo et al.: Parvicardium vroomi van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984. ··2000 Aartsen & Goud : Parvicardium vroomi van Aartsen , Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984. Replacement name for Cardium transversale Deshayes 1855. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTlON. Mediterranean, Canary Islands (Aartsen, Menkhorst, & Gittenberger, 1984). vulgare (mode). - See under vulgaris. vulgare Chemnitz, 1782. Non binominal. - Not available. Cardiidae. RECORDS. ··1782 Chemnitz, Tab. 19 Fig. 194: Cardium vulgare, edule Lin. vulgaris Costa, 1778. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium vulgaris: Cardiidae. Recent. DISTRIBUTION . Unknown. RECORDS. ··1678 Lister, pI. 5, fig. 34: Cardium vulgaris = edule (fide Spengler 1799). ··1778 da Costa: Cardium vulgaris. ··1788 Schrater: Cardium vulgare. [Reference to Chemnitz (1782) fig. 198). ··1803 Montagu : Cardium vulgare Da Costa p. 180 = Cardium edule Lin. ··1817 Dillwyn: Cardium vulgare da Costa = Cardium edule Linnaeus. ··1856 Wood & Hanley: C. vulgare Da Cos. = Cardium edule Lin. ··1859 Sowerby: C. vulgare = Cardium edule, Linn. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium vulgare Pennant, da Costa = Cardium edule 835 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) vulgaris - wamillatum Linne. ··1886 Locard: Cardium vulgare, da Costa, 1787 Cardium edule, Linne, 1767. ··1888 Kobelt: Cardium vulgare de Costa sic = Cardium edule Linne. ··1890 Paetel: Cardium vulgare D. Cost. = edule L. "1902 Sherborn, p. 1063: Cardium vulgare da Costa, 1778. "1969 Nordsieck: Cerastoderma vulgaris (da Costa, 1778). ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium vulgare da Costa = Cardium edule Linne. vulgaris Sinz. - Didacnomya vulgaris. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1964 Davidaschvili & Kitovani: Didacnomya vulgaris Sinz. ··1967 Ebersin: Didacnomya vulgaris (Sinz.). "1977 Popov: Didacnomya vulgaris. vulgaris. - Lunulacardium vulgaris. Probably not in Cardiidae. ?Lunulacardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··192232 Sherborn, p. 648: Lunulacardium vulgaris [In index only. Not located in text]. vulgaris. - Monodacna vulgaris. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene . RECORDS. ··1929 ZR : Monodacna (Didacnomya) vulgaris Pliocene [Ref. Krestovnikov 1929] . vulgaris Lister, 1678. Non binominal. - See under vulgaris Costa, 1778. vulgaris planior Krestovnikov, 1929 (variety). Upgraded. Monodacna vulgaris planior Krestovnikov, 1929. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1929 ZR: Monodacna (Didacnomya) vulgaris var. planior Krestovnikov, 1929 nov. Pliocene S. Russia [Ref. Krestovnikov 1929]. vulgaroides Chelidze, 1975. - Didacnomya vulgaroides Chelidze, 1975 . Lymnocardiidae . Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1975 ZR : Didacnomya vulgaroides Chelidze, 1975 sp. nov. Georgia SSR, Khobs region. Ref. to Chelidze, p. 195. vulgatum. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). Cardiidae . Fossil. RECORDS. "1844 Philippi: Cardium vulgatum = Cardium edule L. [fossil] . Vulgodacna Iredale, 1937 (genus). - Tridacnidae . Recent. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Vulgodacna Iredale, 1937 gen. n. Tridacnidae, type Tridacna maxima var.fossor Hedley (Vulgodacna fossor). ··1999 Higo et al.: Vulgodacna Iredale, 1937 = Flodacna (subgenus) Iredale, 1937. Tridacnidae. vulva Jousseaume, 1898. [Figs. Part 3 p. 852]. Synonym of Clinocardium buelowi (RoUe, 1896). » Regarding Cardium vulva: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Japan. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype in the Paris Museum. REMARKS . Clinocardium californiense buelowi in Kira (1962) = Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1839) (Kuroda et al. 1971). DISTRIBUTION. North Japan, Alaska. RECORDS. ··1898 Jousseaume, p. 81: Cardium vulva . ··1898 ZR: Cardium vulva Jousseaume, 1898 n. sp. Japan. ··1952 Kuroda & Habe: vulva Jousseaume = Clinocardium buelowi (Rolle sic). ··1971 Kuroda, Habe & Oyama: Cardium vulva Jousseaume, 1898 = Clinocardium californiense buellowi sic (Rolle). "1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium vulva Jousseaume = Corculum californiense Deshayes. ··1977 Habe : Cardium vulva Jousseaume, 1898 = Clinocardium (Keenocardium) buellowi sic (Rolle, 1896). "1978 ZR: Cardium vulva Jousseaume, 1898. New synonym of C. (Keenocardium) buellowi Rolle, 1896. Ref. to Habe, T. p. 194. ··1980 Keen: Cardium vulva = Clinocardium buelowi (Rolle, 1896). ··1999 = Higo et al.: Cardium vulva Jousseaume, 1898 = Clinocardium (Keenocardium) buellowi (RoUe, 1896). vutskitsi. - Prosodacna vutskitsi. Lymnocardiidae. Pannonian. RECORDS. ··1966 ZR: Prosodacna vutskitsi, Pannonian, Mecsek Mts. Yugoslavia, pI. [Ref. Bartha 1966]. vosendorfense (invalid spelling) . - See under voesendorfense . W wade; Stephenson, 1941. - Changed combination: Pachycardium wadei Stephenson, 1941. Cardiidae. Cretaceous . RECORDS. ··1946 ZR: Cardium (Pachycardium) wadei Stephenson, 1941 Navarro formations, Cretaceous, Texas, N. edge of Corsicana, Nacatoch sand. "1947 ZR: Cardium (Pachycardium) wadei Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Upper Cretaceous, Navarro Group Texas. wagnerianum (subspecies). - See under laevigatum wagnerianum Olsson and Harbison 1953. wai/andi Woodring, 1925. - Acrosterigma wai/andi (Woodring, 1925). Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Bowden, Jamaica (Vidal 1999). RECORDS. ··1999 Vidal: Acrosterigma wailandi (Woodring, 1925) waiparana Freneix & Grant-Mackie , 1978. Schedocardia? waiparana Freneix & Grant-Mackie. Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1978 Freneix & Mackie, p. 514, Figs. 25, 26: Schedocardia (?) waiparana n. sp. ··1978 ZR: Schedocardia? waiparana Freneix, 1978 sp. nov. New Zealand. Ref. to Freneix et al. p. 54. ··1992 Schneider: Schedocardia? waiparana Freneix & Grant-Mackie. waitakiense Suter, 1907. - Changed combination: Hedecardium waitakiense (Suter, 1907). Cardiidae. Chattian (Middle Oligocene) . Marwick (1944) designated C. waitakiense type species of subgenus Hedecardium of genus Vepricardium . Upgraded to generic level by authors. TYPE LOCALITY. South Canterbury, New Zealand. RECORDS. ··1907 Suter: Cardium (Trachycardium) waitakiense Suter, 1907. "1907 ZR: Cardium (Trachycardium) waitakiense Suter, 1907 n. sp. Oamaru series, New Zealand. ··1926 McClelland: Cardium wailakiense Suter, 1907 n. sp. ··1944 ZR: Cardium waitakiense Suter Oligocene, designated genotype of Hedecardium by Marwick, 1944a. ··1969 Moore et al.: Vepricardium (Hedecardium) waitakiense (Suter, 1907). "1977 Popov: Hedecardium waitakiense (Suter, 1907). Cardium waitakiense Suter, 1907. Type of Hedecardium Marwick, 1944 . "1978 Maxwell: Hedecardium (Hedecardium) waitakiense (Suter, 1907). ··1998 Schneider: Hedecardium waitakiense (Suter, 1907). Type species of Hedecardium. Cardiidae. Oligocene. ··2002 Schneider: Hedecardium (Hedecardium) waitakiense (Suter, 1907). waltonianum DaB, 1900. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" waltonianum Da1l, 1900. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1930 Stewart: C. waltonianum Dall. ··2002 Schneider: citing Dall (1900): Cardium (Cerasloderma) waltonianum sp. nov. section Cerasloderma . wamillatllm Furon, 1948. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" wamillatum Furon, 1948 . Cardiidae. Eocene. RE CORDS . "1950 ZR : Cardium 836 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) wapeti - whitleyi (Trachycardium) wamillatum Furon, 1948 sp. nov. Eocene, Togo. wapeti Cox, 1961. - Protocardia wapeti Cox, 1961. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RE COR DS . ··1961 ZR: Proto cardia wapeli Cox, 1961 sp. nov. Nanutarra fonnation Western Australia, Cretaceous. warrenana Meek & Hayden, 1860. - Tancredia warrenana Meek & Hayden, 1860. Cardiacea. Jurassic. RECORDS. ··1860 Meek & Hayden: Tan credia warrenana Meek & Hayden, 1860. wassoevitschi Ebersin, 1967 . - Didacnomya wassoevitschi Ebersin, 1967. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1967 Ebersin: Didacnomya wassoevitschi sp. n. ··1967 ZR: Didacnomya wassoevilschi Eberzin, 1967 sp. nov. figs . Pliocene, USSR. wateleti Oeshayes, 1858 . - Changed combination: Nemocardium wateleli (Oeshayes, 1858). Cardiidae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1930 Stewart: C. wallonianum Oall . ··1886 Cossmann : Prolocardillm wateleti (Oeshayes). ··1899 Sacco, p. 57: Nemocardium wateleti (Oeshayes) Eocene (also spelled walheleli by Sacco). ··1977 Popov: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) wate/eli (Oeshayes, 1858). ··1980 Ruhoff: Cardium wateleli Oeshayes, 1858; [1856-1865] vol. I: 570, pI. 54, figs . 16-18 ... 1995 Le Renard et al. .' Nemocardium (s. str.) wateleti [Cardium wateleti] Oeshayes, 1858 ... 1995 Pacaud & Renard : Nemoeardium (Nemocardium) wateleti . .. 1999 Jacques Vidal (pers. com.) MNHN, Paris: Fossils from the Paleontological Collection . Nemocardium wateleti Oeshayes. Ypn!sien. France (Bassin de Paris), B52859 to -61. watsoni Richards, 1947. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" watsoni Richards, 1947. ?Conocardiidae. Permian. RECORDS. ··1947 ZR: Cardium watsoni Richards, 1947 sp. nov. Coniacean Pennian Andes. waylandi Woodring, 1925. - New combination: Trachycardium waylandi (Woodring, 1925). Cardiidae. Miocene. TYPE LOCALITY. Jamaica. RECORDS. ··1925 Woodring, p. 139, PI. 19, Figs. 3-4: Cardium (Traehycardium) waylandi Woodring, 1925. waynense (subspecies). - See under diversum waynense Mansfield, 1940. waynense Mansfield, 1940. Nemocardium waynense Mansfield, 1940. Cardiidae. Middle Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1954 Keen: Nemocardium (Nemoeardium) waynense Mansfield, 1940. weaveri Anderson & Martin, 1914. - Changed combination: Nemocardium weaveri (Anderson & Martin, 1914). Cardiidae. Lower Oligocene and Cenozoic. RECORDS. ··1914 ZR: Cardium weaveri Anderson & Martin, 1914 sp. n. Cenozoic California. .. 1954 Keen: Nemoeardium (Nemocardium) weaveri (Anderson & Martin, 1914). ··1977 Popov : Nemocardium (Habecardium) weaveri (Anderson & Martin, 1914). weberi Beet, 1953 . - Corcu/um weberi Beet, 1953. Cardiidae. Mio-Pliocene . RECORDS. ··1956 ZR : Coreulum (Ctenocardia) weberi Beet, 1953 sp. nov. Mio-Pliocene Waisioe, Buton Malay Arch. weisenense Papp. - Synonym of "Cardium" (Replidacna) aurelianum Jekelius. Cardiacea. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 ZR : Cerastoderma (lnaequieostata) weisenense (Papp) syn. nov. Cardium (Rep/idacna) aurelianum Jekelius. Ref to Paramo nova p. 70 [Transl. p.320]. welleri Stephenson, 1941. - Changed combination: Granocardium welleri (Stephenson, 1941). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1947 ZR: Cardium (Ethmocardium) welleri Stephenson, 1941 sp. nov. Upper Cretaceous, Navarro Group Texas. ··1954 Keen: Cardium (Ethmocardium) welleri Stephenson, 1941. ··1954 Keen : Granoeardium (Ethmocardium) welleri (Stephenson, 1941). wenonah Weller, 1907. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia wenonah (Weller). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1954 Keen: Cardium wenonah Weller, 1907 (Criocardium wenonah) . "1978 Scott: Cardium wenonah Weller. ··1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Dochmocardia) wenonah (Weller). whitei Oall , 1900. - Changed combination: Granocardium whitei Oall, 1900 (Meek & Hayden, 1857). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Granoeardium speeiosum Adams and Reeve. - Not a synonym of Cardium speciosum Adams and Reeve. » Regarding Cardium whitei: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. "1900 Oall: Cardium whitei Oa11 not a synonym of Cardium speciosum Adams and Reeve. ··1902 Oall: Cardium whitei Dall type of subgenus Ethmocardium White, 1880. ··1954 Keen: Cardium whiteiOall, 1900. ··1954 Keen: Granocardium (Ethmocardium) whitei (Oall, 1900). ··1969 Moore et al.: C. whitei = Granocardium (Ethmocardium) speciosum (Meek & Hayden, 1857). ··1970 Speden: Cardium speciosum Adams & Reeve = Cardium (Ethmocardium) whitei Dall, 1900. ··1993 Jaillard et a/.: Granoeardium (Ethmocardium) whitei. ··1998 Schneider: Granocardium (Ethmocardium) whitei (Oall, 1900) USNM 315529 (holotype). whitei (aff.) Oall, 1900. - Synonym of ?Ethmocardium ursaniense Landes (1940). » Regarding whitei aff.: Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1970 Speden: Granoeardium (Ethmocardium) aff. whitei (Oall). Ethmoeardium ursaniense Landes (1940) may be conspecific. whitfieldi Weller. - Changed combination: Pleuriocardia whitfieldi (Weller). Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1963 ZR: Cardium whitfieldi, first record in Delaware, Upper Cretaceous [Ref. Richards & Shapiro 1963]. ··1978 Scott: Cardium whitfieldi Weller. ··1978 Scott: Pleuriocardia (Pleuriocardia) whitfieldi (Weller). Cardiidae whitleyi Iredale, 1929. - Synonym of Fragum seruposum (Oeshayes, 1855). OTHER JUDGEMENTS: Fragumfragum (Linnaeus). » Regarding Fragum whitleyi: Cardiidae. Recent. Type locality. Australia. TYPE REPOSITORY . Australian Museum, Sydney. Syntypes C057817. RECORDS. ··1929 Iredale, p. 264, pI. 30, fig. 14: Fragum whitleyi sp. nov. ··1929 ZR: Fragum whitleyi lreda1e, 1929b sp. n. N. Queensland. ··1977 Fischer-Piette, No. 149: Cardium whitleyi Iredale = Coreulum fragum Linne. ··1977 Wilson & Stevenson: Fragum whitleyi Iredale, 1929. ··1992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Fragum whitleyi Iredale, 1929 = Fragum (Fragum) scruposum Oeshayes, 1855. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - OISTRlBUTION. ··1994 Hylleberg: Red Sea, Indo-Pacific. [Figs. Part 3 p. 908]. Tridacnidae whitleyilredale, 1937. [Figs. Part 3 p. 908]. - Synonym 837 Phukel Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) wiesenense - xiangyunensis of Tridacna derasa (Roding, 1798). » Regarding Tridacna whitleyi : Tridacnidae. Recent. RECORDS. "1937 ZR: Persikima whitleyi Iredale, 1937 sp. n. Tridacnidae, type, Middleton Reef, S. Pacific. 001963 ZR: Tridacna whitleyi found to house commensal shrimps of the genus Archistus in the Swain Reefs, Australia, [Ref. McMichael 1963]. 001999 Higo et al.: Persikima whitleyi Iredale, 1937 = Tridacna (Flodacna) derasa (Roding, 1798). wiesenense Papp, 1954. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" wiesenense Papp, 1954. Cardiidae. Sarmatian. RECORDS. 001954 ZR: Cardium wiesenense Papp, 1954 sp. nov. Sarmatian, Vienna. wilckensi Zinsmeister, 1984. - Lahillia wilckensi Zinsmeister, 1984. Cardiidae. Upper Eocene. REcORDs. 001984 ZR: Lahillia wilckensi Zinsmeister, 1984 sp. nov. Antarctica. Ref. to Zinsmeister. 001995 Schneider: Lahillia wilckensi Zinsmeister, 1984. USNM 365500 (holotype). wilcoxi DaB 1900. - Trigoniocardia wilcoxi DaU, 1900. Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. 001900 Dall : Trigoniocardia wilcoxi. 001953 Olsson & Harbison: Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) wilcoxi (DaU, 1900). 001958 Abbott: Trigoniocardia willcoxi Dall 1900. 001977 Vokes p. 177: Trigoniocardia wilcoxi Dall, 1900. williami Fischer-Piette, 1977. - Synonym of Microcardium panamense (Dall, 1908). » Regarding Microcardium williami: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001977 Fischer-Piette, p. 4: Microcardium williami new name for Microcardium panamense (Dall, 1908). 001977 ZR: Microcardium williami Fischer-Piette, 1977 nom. nov. for Microcardium panamensis (Dall, 1908) nec Cardium panamense Sowerby, 1833. Ref to Fischer-Piette, E. p. 4. - CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - REMARKS. 001980: Keen claimed that Microcardium williami is an unnecessary new name for a supposed homonym: Pr%cardia panamensis Dall, 1908, versus Cardium panamense Sowerby, 1833, species that now fall not only in different genera but in different subfamilies. HABITAT. 001971 Keen & Mclean: 333 m. DISTRIBUTION. Panama (Keen & McLean 1971). wilmarense d' Archiac. Conocardium wilmarense d' Archiac . Conocardiidae. Fossil. Original classification in Cardiidae. RECORDS . "1859 Chenu: Conocardium wilmarense, d' Archiac. wilsoni (subspecies). - See also under elongatum wilsoni Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. wilsoniVoskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. [Figs. Part 3 p. 872]. - Changed combination: Vasticardium wilsoni (Voskui I & Onverwagt 1991). Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Broome, western Australia. TYPE REPOSITORY. Holotype NNM (No. 56583), Leiden, Holland; paratype No.4 (WAM No . 732-66) from Rosemary lsI. Western Australia; paratype No. 12 (NNMNo. 56584) from Fiji; paratype No. 13 (NNM No. 56585) from the Moluccas. REMARKS. See also Vas/icardium elongatum wilsoni. REcORDS. 001991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Trachycardium wilsoni. 001992 Lamprell & Whitehead: Acrosterigma wilsoni. 001991 Voskuil & Onverwagt: Trachycardium wilsoni. 001993 Vidal : Trachycardium wilsoni Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991 = Acrosterigma elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789). 001993 Vidal: Acrosterigma wilsoni (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991); downgraded to subspecies A. elongatum wilsoni. "1999 Vidal: Trachycardium wilsoni Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991 = Va sticardium elongatum (Bruguiere 1789). CHARACTERS AND OCCURRENCE - DISTRIBUTION. 001994 Hylleberg: North West Australia. winkleri lukas Stevanovic, 1982. - New combination: Lymnocardium winkleri lukas (Stevanovic, 1982). Lymnocardiidae. Upper Miocene. RECORDS. 001982 ZR: Limnocardium winkleri lukas Stevanovic, 1982 subsp. nov. Yugoslavia. Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 128. witchelli Lycett, 1863. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" witchelli Lycett, 1863. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. 001980 Ruhoff: Cardium witchelli Lycett, 1863; p. 55, pI. 40, fig. 36. wolfartiChenu. [Figs. Part I p. 152]. - Tridacna wolfarti Chenu. Tridacnidae. Fossil. RECORDS. "1845 Chenu pI. 8 f. 5: Tridacna wolfarti Chenu fossil Lower Hessen, Germany. woodringi Loel & Corey, 1932. - New combination: Trachycardium woodringi (Loel & Corey, 1932). Cardiidae. Miocene. RECORDS. 001933 ZR: Cardium (Trachy cardium) woodringi Loel & Corey, 1932 Miocene California [Ref. Loel & Corey 1932]. 001944 Keen & Bentson : Cardium (Trachycardium) woodringi Loel & Corey, 1932 (n. sp.). woodsi Marwick, 1944. - Ethmocardium woodsi (Marwick, 1944) . Cardiidae. Upper Cretaceous. RECORDS. 001944 ZR: Ethmocardium woodsi Marwick, 1944a sp. nov. Selinqu Rapids, Piripanan, Upper Cretaceous, = Cardium sp. 2 Woods N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. p. 38 pI. 18 f. 4, 5. "1954 Keen : Ethmocardium woodsi Marwick, 1944. 001954 Keen: Granocardium (Ethmocardium) woodsi (Marwick, 1944). 001978 Freneix & Mackie : Granocardium (Ethmocardium) woodsi (Marwick). "1978 Freneix & Mackie: Ethmocardium woodsi (Marwick 1944, p. 259, pI. 36. fig. 21). woolnoughi Bell, 1917. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " woolnoughi Bell, 1917. Cardiidae . Pliocene. RECORDS. 001917 ZR: Cardium woolnoughi Bell, 1917 n. sp. Pliocene England. wop/neri Ludbrook, 1966. - Protocardia wop/neri Ludbrook, 1966. Cardiidae. Albian. RECORDS. 001966 ZR: Protocardia wop/neri Ludbrook, 1966 sp. nov. Albian, S. Australia. x xanthocheilum Carpenter, 1857. - Synonym of Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837). » Regarding Cardium xanthocheilum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. 001857 Carpenter, (Gould ms. ) p. 232: Cardium xanthocheilum. 001864 Carpenter: Cardium xanthocheilum Gld. = Cardium quadragenarium Conr. 001872 Carpenter: Cardium xanthocheilum. 00190 I Dall: Cardium xanthocheilum (Gould MS.) Carpenter, 1856 = Cardium quadragenarium Conrad, 1837 . 001977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium xanthocheilum . Carpenter = Laevicardium quadragenarium Conrad. 002000 Coan et al.: C. xanthocheilum Carpenter, 1857 = Trachycardium (Dal/ocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837). xiangyunensis Chen, 1976. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" xiangyunensis Chen, 1976. Cardiidae. Upper Triassic. TYPE LOCALI TY . Yunnan, China . 838 TropicaL Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) yagatagensis - zavalui RECORDS. ··1976 Ma et af. p. 256, pI. 23, figs. 5-10, 17: Cardium xiangyunensis Chen, 1976 sp. nov. Y yagatagensis (error). - Printer's mistake for yakatagensis in ZR for 1972 with ref to Clark, 1932. Yagudinella Kafanov, 1975 (genus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDs. ··1975 Kafanov: Yagudinella. ··1977 Vokes: Yagudinella Kafanov, 1975. ··1980 Vokes: Yagudinella Kafanov, 1975. ··1975 ZR: Yagudinella Kafanov, 1975 gen. nov. ofCardiidae. Type species Cardium (Serripes) notabile Saverby (sic = Sowerby) 1915. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 147. ··1980 ZR: Yagudinella Kafanov 1975. Key to species & subspecies. Ref. to Kafanov. ··1998 Schneider (l998b): Yagudinella. ··1999 Higo et at.: Yagudinella Kafanov, 1975 = Serripes Gould, 1841. Yagudinella Kafanov, 1975 (subgenus). - Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··2000 Coan et af.: Subgenus Yagudinella Kafanov, 1975. yakatagensis Clark, 1932. - Changed combination: Clinocardium yakatagensis (Clark, 1932). Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1954 Keen: Cardium (Cerastoderma) yakatagensis Clark, 1932. ··1972 ZR: Clinocardium yagatagensis sic (Clark, 1932). Combination nov. Transferred from Cardium (Ceratoderma sic) [Ref. Addicott 1972]. ··1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium yakatagense (Clark, 1932). Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. yamasakii Makiyama, 1934. - Changed combination: Clinocardium yamasakii (Makiyama, 1934). Cardiidae. Oligocene. ?Miocene. REcORDs. ··1934 Makiyama: Cardium yamasakii. ··1935 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) yamasakii Makiyama, 1934 sp. n. Oligocene Japan. ··1973 Keen: Clinocardium yamasakii (Makiyama, 1934). ··1974 ZR: Ciliatocardium yamasakii. Makiyama 1934. Comb. nov. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 1469. yatsushiroensis Hayami, 1965. - Nemocardium yatsushiroensis Hayami, 1965. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. RECORDS. ··1965 ZR: Nemocardium yatsushiroense Hayami, 1965 sp. nov. Albian, Yatsushiro formation, Kumamoto Pref. Japan. ··1973 Keen: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) yatsushiroense Hayami, 1965 Lower Cretaceous. ··1986 Scott: Nemocardium yatsushiroensis Hayami, 1965. Yavorskielia Khalfin, 1950 (genus). - [Ambonychiacea, not mentioned in the ZR]. RECORDS. ··1969 ZR: Yavorskiella Khalfin, 1950 in subfamily Aenigmoconchiidae Betekhtina & Sukov, 1969 [Ref. Betekhtina & Sukov. 1969] ykatagense Clark, 1932. - Changed combination: Clinocardium ykatagense (Clark, 1932). Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1936 ZR: Clinocardium ykatagense (Clark, 1932) [Ref. Keen 1936]. yokoyamai Cossmann, 1924. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" yokoyamai Cossmann, 1924. Cardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1924 ZR: Cardium yokoyamai Cossmann, 1924 Pliocene. India. yokoyamai Otuka, 1935. - Serripes yokoyamai Otuka, 1935. Cardiidae. Middle Miocene to Lower Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1935 ZR: Serripes yokoyamai Otuka, 1935 sp. n. Miocene Japan. ··1973 Keen: Serripes yokoyamai Otuka, 1935. [Middle Miocene to Lower Pliocene]. ··1975 ZR: Serripes yokoyamai Otuka, (CHECK) 1935 Referred to Yagudinella. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 147. ··1975 ZR: Yagudinella yokoyamai (Otuka, 1935) comb. nov. transferred from Serripes. Ref. to Kafanov, p. 147. ··1977 Popov: Serripes yokoyamai Otuka, 1935. ··1978 Kafanov: Yagudinella yokoyamai (Otuka 1935). yokoyama; Takeda, 1953. - Nemocardium yokoyamai Takeda, 1953. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1953 ZR: Nemocardium yokoyamai Takeda, 1953 sp. nov. Oligocene, Japan. ··1954 Keen: Nemocardium (Arctopratufum) yokoyamai Takeda, 1953. ··1960 ZR: Nemocardium yokoyamai Takeda; lectotype designated [Ref. Oyama et at. 1960]. ··1973 Keen: Nemocardium (Nemocardium) yokoyamai Takeda, 1953. ··1977 Habe: Arctopratufum yokoyamai Takeda, 1953. yoshidense Kanno, 1958. - Laevicardium yoshidense Kanno, 1958. Cardiidae. Upper Oligocene. REcORDs. ··1960 ZR: Laevicardium yoshidense Kanno, 1958 sp. nov. p. 176, pI. 2, figs. 5-7; Nenokami, Hikokubo, Yoshida-machi, Japan, Upper Oligocene. ··1973 Keen: Laevicardium yoshidense Kanno, 1958. yukatagensis Clark, 1932. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" yukatagensis Clark, 1932. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1932 ZR: Cardium (Cerastoderma) yukatagensis Clark, 1932 sp. n. Oligocene S. Alaska. yunnanensis Chen, 1976. - Myophoricardium yunnanensis Chen, 1976. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1976 Ma et al. p. 260: Myophoricardium yunnanensis Chen sp. nov. Z zaccagnai Regny, 1922. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" zaccagnai Regny, 1922. Cardiidae. Cretaceous. REcoRDs. ··1922 ZR: Cardium zaccagnai Vinassa de Regny, 1922 sp. n. Cretaceous Tripoli. ··1924 ZR: Cardium zaccagnai Vinassa de Regny, 1924 sp. n. Cretaceous Tripoli. Zagrabicardium Basch, 1990 (genus). - Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. GENOTYPE. Basch (1990 p. 26) designated Cardium riegeli Homes, 1870 type species of subgenus (Zagrabicardium) of genus Limnocardium. zagrabiense Brusina, 1874. - New combination: Lymnocardium zagrabiense (Brusina, 1874). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1977 Popov: Limnocardium zagrabiense. ··1990 Basch: Limnocardium (Hungarocardium) zagrabiense (Brusina, 1874). Zamphiridacna Motas in Andreescu, 1974 (genus). Lymnocardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. ··1974 ZR: Zamphiridacna Motas. Referred to new subfamily Prosodacninae. Ref. to Andreescu, p. 128. ··1980 Vokes: Zamphiridacna Motas in Andreescu, 1974. Subfamily uncertain. ··1980 ZR: Zamphiridacna Motas 1974. Key to species. Ref. to Andreescu. zavalui Liteanu & Schoverth, 1964. - Horiodacna zavafui Liteanu & Schoverth, 1964. Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REMARKS. Representatives of genus Horiodacna Sabba from Dack in eastern Bulgaria. RECORDS. ··1964 ZR: Horiodacna zavafui Liteanu & Schoverth, 1964 sp. nov. Zavalu, Rumania, Dacian. ··1987 Lutskanov: Horiodacna zavafui Liteanu & Schoverth, 1960. ··1987 Phukel Marine Biological Cenler Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 839 zecki - Zllzica Lutskanov: Horiodacna zavalui. zecki Oppenheim, 1919. - Combination to be revised: "Cardium" zecki Oppenheim, 1919. Cardi idae. Eocene. RECORDS. ··1919 ZR: Cardium zecki Oppenheim, 1919 sp. n. Eocene, Togo. zetes Lorio1, 1889. - Combination to be revised : "Cardium " zetes Lorio1, 1889. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1889 ZR: Cardium zetes De Lorio1, 1889 n. sp. with fig . zhidkovae Kafanov, 1994. - Ciliatocardium zhidkovae Kafanov, 1994. Cardiidae. Fossil. RECORDS. ··1994 Kafanov in Arkhipova et al.: Ciliatocardium zhidkovae. zhuzhunae Popov, 1982. - Cerastoderma zhuzhunae Popov, 1982. Cardiidae. Oligocene. RECORDS. ··1982 ZR : Cerastoderma zhuzhunae Popov, 1982 sp. nov. Georgia SSR. Ref. to Popov et al. p. 42. zlatarskii Andrussow. - Pseudocatillus zlatarskii (Andrussow). Lymnocardiidae. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1967 Ebersin : Pseudocatillus zlatarskii (Andrus.). zlatarskii Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. - Monodacna zlatarskii Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930. Lymnocardiidae. Pliocene. RECORDS. ··1931 ZR: Monodacna zlatarskii Wassoievic & Eberzin, 1930 sp. n. URSS Pliocene. zonariaeforme Schauroth, 1865. - Unicardium zonariaeforme Schauroth, 1865. Cardiacea. Fossil. REcORDs. ··1980 Ruhoff: Unicardium zonariaeforme Schauroth, 1865; p. 130, pI. 3, fig. 11. zonata (mode and variety). - See under zonatum Brown, 1844 and papillosum zonala Monterosato. *zonatum. - Homonymy to be noticed. Cardium zonatum from 2 sources: Brown, 1827. - Leach, 1852. zonatllm Brown, 1827. - Synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). » Regarding Cardium zonatum: Cardiidae. Recent. TYPE LOCALITY. Devonshire coast. REMARKS. Brown (1844): May be distinguished from the young of C. edule by being invariably much thinner, and more inflated; smoother, and its colour of a gamboge-yellow, and zoned. Its habitat is at the mouth of rivers, where the water is brackish; and it never reaches an inch in diameter. REcORDs. ··1827 Brow'a Cardium zonatum Brown, First ed . ··1844 Brown, 2 n ed. p. 88, pI. 35, fig. 8: Cardium zona/um. ··1852 Leach: Cardium zona/um Brown. ··1859 Sowerby: C. zona/um = Cardium edule, Linn. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium zona/um Brown = Cardium edule Linne. ··1869 Romer: Cardium zonatum Brown = Cardium edule L. ··1890 Paetel : Cardium zonatum Brown. = edule L. "1917 Hidalgo: Cardium zona/um Brown = Cardium edule Linne. ··1922-32 Sherborn, p. 7049: Cardium zonatum Brown, 1827. ··1977 Fischer-Piette: Cardium zona tum Brown = Cardium edule Linne. zonatum Leach, 1852. - Synonym of Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby). » Regarding Cardiumzonatum: Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1852 Leach, p. 319: Cardium zonatum Leach, 1852. ··1867 Weinkauff: Cardium zona tum Leach = Cardium fasciatum Montagu. ··1888 Kobel!: Cardium zonatum Leach (1852) = Cardium fasciatum Montagu. zonatllm beta Leach, 1852 (variety). Infrasubspecific. » Regarding Cardium zonatum var. beta: No evidence of subspecific status. Parvicardium ovale (Sowerby). Cardiidae. Recent. RECORDS. ··1852 Leach: Cardium zonatum var. beta L. zorritensis Spieker, 1922 . - New combination: Trachycardium zorritensis (Spieker, (922). Cardiidae. Tertiary. RECORDS. "1922 ZR : Cardium (Trachycardium) zorritensis Spieker, 1922 Tertiary, Peru . zlljovici Brusina, 1897 . - New combination: Lymnocardium zujovici (Brusina, (897) non Fuchs. Lymnocardiidae. Ponti an. RECORDS. ··1953 ZR: Limnocardium zujovici Brus . non Fuchs Ponti an, Serbia. ··1979 ZR: Limnocardium zujovici Brusina, 1897. Neotype. Ref. to Stevanovic, p. 336. Zllzica (variety).- See planicostata var. zuzica Chelidze, 1957. 840 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) These sentences are extracted from pages 388-389 in G. Schenk & A.M. Keen J 940. (Ref in Part 1 p. 310) We need ilJustrations of unfigured or little-known species. Proper identification of specimens obviously must Qrecede all atfempts to delimit the geographical distrioution of species. Species must bear correct names if check lists are to be meaningful. Taxonomic revisions of more species and genera should be undertaken. We need! in short, nomenclatural stability to prevent the continual shutt ing of species from one generic allocation to another. Nomenclatural sadists tend to keep the names of genera in perpetual chaos. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) 841 O.A.L M0rch: an important cuartor of the Shell Collections ofthe University of Copenhagen [Universitetsmuseets Conchyliesamlinger] and the Royal Natural History Museum [Kg/. naturhistoriske Museum] . In 1844 M0rch became amanuensis of Dr. Beck who was in charge of the shell collection of King Christian 8, who reigned from 1839 to 1848 [many specimens shown on the present Plates have C VIII written on the inside]. Thanks to the knowledge achieved by Morch regarding the old cardiids dating back to Chemnitz (1782), Spengler (1799), and the King's Collection, scientists of present times are able to trace these shells in the collection of the Zoological Museum the University of Copenhagen (ZMUC). Morch had great knowledge and he was critical with a good sense for shapes and variations. He was also good at making order in collections. E.g., he wrote "Sp." in ink inside the shells when he had traced the material Spengler worked with. Morch's labels are also an invaluable source of information. Ifit had not been for Morch we would have had a hard time allocating much of the old material at ZMUC to the right source of origin. M0rch, or Morch as his name also is spelled, lived from 1828 to 1875. The picture of Otto Andreas Lowson M0rch is extracted from a biography written in Danish by Jonas Collin: Konchyliologen O.A.L. M0rch. En biografisk Skizze (38 pp). 842 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) The Plates I have taken photos of specimens deposited at museums of natural history in Austria (Vienna), Belgium (Brussels), Denmark (Copenhagen) France (Paris), United Kingdom (London) and Thailand (Phuket Marine Biological Center). I addition to my own records the present Plates show species provided by courtesy of the following people and institutions: Australian Museum Sydney. Photographer of the Museum by courtesy of Peter Middelfart. Natural History Museum, London. BIW and colour pictures. Photographer of the Museum by courtesy of Kathie Way & Amelia MacLellan. Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. Photographer of the Museum by courtesy of Tom Schi0tte. Legend: abbreviated names ofphotographers A. Ie G. = Amou Ie Goff for Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris G.D. = G. Dajoz for Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Geneve. BIW pictures by courtesy of Godtfred H0pner Petersen G.H.P. = Godtfred H0pner Petersen, Zoological Museum University of Copenhagen H.T. = Harry Taylor for the Natural History Museum, London J.H. = Jorgen Hylleberg, Marine Ecology, Aarhus University J.V = Jacques Vidal, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris L.K. = Lisa Kirkendale for the Natural History Museum, London P.S.D. = P.S. Dance for the Linnean Society of London Cardium & Ringicardium 843 & Acanthocardia Acanthocardia 844 845 Acanthocardia Acanthocardia 846 847 Acanthocardia Acanthocardia 848 849 Cerastoderma Cerastoderma 850 851 Cerastoderma Cerastoderma & ?Parvicardium & 852 Clinocardium & Ciliatocardium 853 Ciliatocardium & Serripes Serripes & Trachycardium 854 855 Trachycardium Dinocardium & Trigoniocardia 856 Trachycardium & Trigoniocardia 857 Dallocardia & Trachycardium 858 859 Vas ticardium Vas ticardium 860 861 Vas ticardium Vas ticardium 862 863 Vas ticardium Vas ticardium 864 865 Vas ticardium Vasticardium& Acrosterigma 866 867 Vas ticardium Vas ticardium 868 869 Vas ticardium Vas ticardium 870 871 Vasticardium & Acrosterigma Vasticardium & Acrosterigma 872 873 Acrosterigma Acrosterigma 874 875 Acrosterigma Vasticardium & Acrosterigma 876 877 Acrosterigma Acrosterigma 878 879 Acrosterigma Acrosterigma & Fulvia 880 881 11 ... _hi. , ... Acrosterigma & Vepricardium Vepricardium 882 883 Vepricardium Vepricardium 884 885 Vepricardium Vepricardium 886 887 Europicardium & Fulvia Fulvia & Microfragum 888 889 Fulvia Fulvia & Parvicardium 890 Fulvia Laevicardium & Acrosterigma 892 & Clinocardium 893 Laevicardium Laevicardium 894 895 Laevicardium Laevicardium 896 897 Laevicardium Laevicardium 898 899 Lyrocardium Nemocardium & Frigidocardium 900 & Pratulum Microcardium, & Frigidocardium 901 & Plagiocardium Plagiocardium & Ctenocardia 902 903 Ctenocardia Ctenocardia & Americardia 904 ｾ＠ ｾＢＭ M-f-Rvz s..... "'7 j-lJ.p./r r).,;..,,/ Ｍｦ･ｯｬｊｾ＠ ｾ＠ ,s'- I{ 411. t..-..r l'Jw-.rOY..J ,/,t, //, Americardia & Fragum 905 Fragum & ? Americardia 906 907 Fragum Fragum & Hemicardium 908 909 Hemicardium & Fragum Hemicardium & Lunulicardia 910 911 Lunulicardia Lunulicardia 912 913 Corculum Corculum 914 915 Corculum & Parvicardium Parvicardium & Papyridea 916 & Fulvia Papyridea & Parvicardium 917 & Afrocardium Afrocardium & Hemidonax 918 919 Cardium fasciatum Montagu. [= C. ovale Sowerby] a & b. A specimen of the short, strongly ventricose form. F<eroes. 20-30 fm c & d. A specimen of the somewhat elongated, much tumid form. West Iceland (0nundarfjardur), ca. 12 fm. e. A specimen with tubercles not only on the anterior and posterior area, but also on the middle area. West Iceland (0nundarfjardur), ca. 12 fm. f. That form which was confused by March with C. edule L. F<eroes. g. The same half from in front. h. The same half from behind. i. A specimen with an oblique cordiform contour. F<eroes, 135 m. k. A specimen from behind showing an intercostal sculpture in the form of a fine picking. West Iceland (0nundarfjardur), ca. 12 fm. Parvicardium Drawlllgs from A.S. Jensen (1912): The Danish Ingolf Expedition. Note the characteristic oblique scales on anterior ribs (g). K. 'V. OckelmalUl, pers. comm. "Cardium" 920 921 "Cardium" Cardium & Serripes 922 & Trachycardium 923 Trachycardium Trachycardium & Acrosterigma 924 925 Vasticardium Trachycardium & Clinocardium 926 & Vaslicardium 927 Acrosterigma Fulvia & Microcardium 928 929 Fulvia & Laevicardium Laevicardium 930 931 Trigoniocardia & Fragum Lunulicardia 932 933 Parvicardium & Afrocardium Papyridea 934 935 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) INDEX Specimens identified by Spengler and Lamarck are marked as [Spengler 's 10] and [Lamarck's 10] respectively. TYPE is short for any kind of type illustrated on the Plates. Bold script refers to photographs of type material. A abrolhense Vidal, 1999. TYPE. - 872 aculeatum A. Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's 10]. - 844 aculeatum cf . Linnaeus, 1758. - 844 aculeatum Linnaeus, 1758. - 844 aculeatum Linnaeus, 1758. [Lamarck 's 10]. - 844 aeuleatum Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 843 aeuleatum var. B. Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 844 aculeatum var. C. Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 844 adamsii Adams & Reeve, 1850. TYPE. - 902 aeolicum Born, 1778. [Lamarck 's 10]. - 899 aeolicum Born, 1778. TYPE. - 899 aequale Deshayes, 1854. TYPE. - 913 aequiliratum Poutiers, 1981. TYPE. - 90 I albohamatum Hylleberg & Vidal, 2000. TYPE. - 881 andreae Dujardin, 1837. - 920 angulatum Lamarck, 1819. - 859 angulatllm Lamarck, 1819. [Lamarck's 10]. - 859 angulatum Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. - 859 aperta Bruguiere, 1789. TYPE. - 889 arcticum Sowerby, 1834. TYPE. - 852 arcuatum Montagu, 1803 TYPE. - 921 arenicolum Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 872, 924 asiaticum Bruguiere, 1789. - 882 assimile Reeve, 1844. TYPE. - 859, 925 assimilis Reeve, 1844. - 859 auri Fischer-Piette, 1977. TYPE. - 915 auricula ForsskaJ. TYPE. - 932 australe Sowerby, 1834. - 880 australis Sowerby, 1834. - 929 aviculare Lamarck, 1805. - 921 B ballieni Vidal, 1994. TYPE. - 887 beauforti Prashad, 1932. TYPE. - 873 belticum Reeve, 1845 . TYPE. - 851 biradiatum Bruguiere, 1789. ? TYPE. - 879 boholensis Vidal, 1994. TYPE. - 887 boreale Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 922 brasilianum Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. - 929 buelowi Rolle, 1896. - 852 bul/alllm Lamarck, 1819. - 917 burdigalinum Lamarck, J 8 19. TYPE. - 920 burnupi Sowerby, 1897. TYPE. - 883 C californiense Deshayes, 1839. - 926 californiense Deshayes, 1841. - 852 caparti Nickles, 1955. - 887 caparti Nickles, 1955. TYPE. - 887 cardissa Linnaeus, 1758. (Lamarck's 10]. - 913 cardissa Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's 10]. - 914 cardissa Linnaeus, 1758. - TYPE. 913 cardissa Linnaeus, 1858. - 921 cardissa var. B. Spengler 1799. - TYPE. 914 cardissa var. C. Spengler 1799. - TYPE. 914 eardissa var. D. Spengler 1799. - TYPE. 914 cardissa var. E. Spengler 1799. - TYPE. 914 cardissa var. F. Spengler 1799. - TYPE. 914 cardissa var. H. [Spengler's 10]. - 914 carditaeforme Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 917,933 centumliratum Melvill & Standen, 1906. - TYPE. 900 ciliare Linnaeus, 1758. - 844 ciliare Linnaeus, 1758. (Lamarck's 10]. - 844 cilialum Fabricius, 1780. - 852, 853 , 890 compunctum Kira, 1954. TYPE. - 859 consors Sowerby, 1833. - 857,922, 923 consors Sowerby, 1833. TYPE. - 922 coronatum Spengler 1799. - 883 coronatum Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 884 costatum Linnaeus, 1758. (Spengler's 10]. - 922 costatum Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 843 couvrili Fischer-Piette, 1977. TYPE. - 874 crassum Gmelin, 1791. - 895, 896, 930 crenelloides Melvill . 1909. TYPE. - 917 crenulatum Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. 850 cygnorum Deshayes, 1855. - 874, 892 cygnorum Deshayes, 1855. TYPE. - 927 D dampierense Wilson & Stevenson 1977. TYPE. - 874 delicatulum Smith, 1915. TYPE. - 854 deshayesii Payraudeau, 1826. TYPE. - 845 dianthinum Melvill & Standen, 1899. TYPE. - 875 diluvianum Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. - 920 discus Vidal, 1999. TYPE. - 875 dOllaceum Spengler 1799. TYPE. - 918 donaceum Spengler, 1799 - 896 dOllaceum var. B Spengler 1799. TYPE. 918 dulce Deshayes, 1863. TYPE. - 888 dupuchense Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 925 E ebaranum Yokoyama, 1927. - 917 echinatum Linnaeus, 1758. [Lamarck's 10]. - 846 echinatum Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's 10]. - 845 echinatum Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE.- 848 echinatum var. [al Lamarck. TYPE. - 845 echinatum var. [hI Lamarck. TYPE. - 845 edule Linnaeus, 1758. - 849 edule Linnaeus, 1758. (Lamarck's 10]. - 851 edule Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's 10]. - 850 936 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) edule Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 850 edule var. Lamarck. TYPE. - 851 edule var. Linnaeus. - 850 eichwaldii Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 851 elatum Sowerby, 1833. TYPE. - 892 elenensis Sowerby, 1840. TYPE. - 892 elongatum Bruguiere, 1789. - 860 elongatum Bruguiere, 1789. TYPE. - 861 elongatum cipangense Vidal, 1999. TYPE. - 873 elongatum coralense Vidal, 1993. TYPE. - 873 elongatum elongatum Bruguiere, 1789. - 860 elongatum ellode Vidal, 1993. TYPE. - 860 enode Sowerby, 1840. TYPE. - 860 erinaceum Lamarck. - 848 erinaceum Lamarck. TYPE. - 848 euglyptum Sowerby, 1914. TYPE. - 917 exasperatum Sowerby, 1838. TYPE. - 90 I exiguum Gmelin, 1791. - 915 exochum Melvill, 1906. TYPE. - 857 F fabricii Deshayes, 1854. TYPE. - 854 Jasciatum Montagu, 1803. - 919 festivum Deshayes, 1855. TYPE. - 888 fidele Vidal, 1992. TYPE. - 861 fimbriatum Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. - 884 flavum Born 1780. - 898 flavum Born 1780. TYPE. - 897 flavum Born, 1780. [Lamarck's 10]. - 863 flavum dupuchense Reeve, 1845 . - 925 flavum Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's 10]. - 862 flavllm Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 861 flavum subrugosum Sowerby, 1838. TYPE. - 861 fornicatum Sowerby, 1840. - 902 fornicatum Sowerby, 1840. TYPE. - 902 foveolatum Sowerby, 1840. TYPE. - 874 Joveolatum Sowerby, 1841. - 927 fragiformis Vidal, 1994. TYPE. - 889 fragile ForskaJ in Niebuhr, 1775. TYPE. - 888 fragile Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 888 fragilis congoensis Cosel, 1995. TYPE. - 887, 888 fragum Linnaeus 1758. - 906 fragum Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's 10]. - 905 fragum Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 905 fraseri Garrard, 1963. TYPE. - 90 I fucatllm Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 875 G gaillardi Fischer-Piette, 1977. TYPE. - 892 glaucum Bruguiere, 1789. - 851 glaucum mareotica Pallary, 1912. TYPE. - 851 . graniferum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. - 857 gratiosum Deshayes, 1855. TYPE. - 862 groenlandicllm Bruguiere, 1789. - 922 groenlandicum Bruguiere, 1789. [Spengler's IDJ. - 853 groenlandicum Bruguiere, 1789. TYPE. - 853 guanacastensis Hertlein & Strong, 1947. - 904 guichardi Bernardi, 1857. - 908 guichardi Bernardi, 1857. TYPE. - 908 H hemicardium Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's IOJ. - 909 hemicardillm Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 909 hians Spengler 1799. TYPE. - 889 hibernicum Sowerby, 1815. - 921 hiulcum Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 934 hobbsae Vidal, 1999. TYPE. - 875 hlldsoniellse Deshayes, 1855. TYPE. - 890 hungerfordi Sowerby, 190 I. TYPE. - 890 hystrix Reeve, 1844. TYPE. - 902,903 hystrix Solander. - 903 imbricatum Born, 1780. [Spengler's 10]. - 906 imbricatu", Born, 1780. TYPE. - 905 imbricatum Sowerby 1840. TYPE. - 903 impolitum Sowerby, 1833. - 871,873,874 impoUtum Sowerby, 1833. TYPE. - 874 incarnatum Reeve, 1844. TYPE. - 885 indicllm Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. - 843 indioceanum Vidal, 1993. TYPE. - 864 intercoslatum Dujardin. - 921 interrogatorium Fischer-Piette, 1977. TYPE. - 892 islandicum Bruguiere, 1789. [Spengler's 10]. - 853 isocardia Linnaeus, 1758. [Lamarck's IOJ. - 854 isocardia Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's ID]. - 854 isthmicum IsseI, 1869. TYPE. - 852 J junoniae Lamarck. [Lamarck's 10]. - 913 K kalamantanum Adams & Reeve, 1850. TYPE. - 899 kerslakae Healey & LampreU, 1992. TYPE. - 864 L lacullosum Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 864, 876, 926 laevigatum Linnaeus, 1758. [Lamarck's 10]. - 893 laevigatum Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's 10]. - 893 laevigatum Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 890 laevigatum Pennant, 1777 - 896 laevigatum var. Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 893 lamarckii Reeve, 1845. [Lamarck's ID]. - 851 lamarckii Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 851 lamellatum Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 882 laperousii Deshayes, 1841. - 853 latum Born, 1778. [Spengler's ID]. - 902 latum Born, 1778. TYPE. - 917 lalum Bruguiere, 1789. [Lamarck's 10] . - 901 leucostomum Born, 1780. - 869,870 leucostomum Born, 1780. [Spengler's ID]. - 855 leucostomum Born, 1780. TYPE. - 855 leucostomum var. B Spengler, 1799. - 866 Phuket Marin e Biological Center Special Publication vol. 30 (2004) levisulcatum Smith, 1903 . TYPE. - 916 lima Reeve, 1845 . TYPE. - 923 lima Spengler in Schroter, 1786. TYPE. - 882 Iineonotata Vidal, 1994. TYPE. - 890 lobulatum Deshayes, 1854. TYPE. - 892 wmboke Vidal, 2003 . TYPE. - 862 luteomarginatum Voskuil & Onverw., 1991. - 868 luteomarginatum insulare Vidal, 1997. TYPE. - 868 luteomarginatum marerubrumVosk. & 0., 1991. - 869 M maculatum Sowerby, 1840. TYPE. - 876 maculosum howense Vidal, 1999. TYPE. - 877 maculosum Sowerby, 1834. - 876 maculosum Wood, 1815. - 872, 924 maculosum Wood, 1815. TYPE. - 876 magnijicum Deshayes. - 904 magnum Born, 1780 - 856 magnum Born, 1780. TYPE. - 856 magnum var. b. Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 859 manthelaniense Dollfus & Dautz., 1888. TYPE. - 920 mareoticum Pallary, 1926. TYPE. - 851 marerubrum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991 . TYPE.- 869 marielae Wilson & Stevenson, 1977. TYPE. - 877 marmoreum Lamarck. - 869 marmoreum var. [2] Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. - 870 mauritianum Deshayes, 1855. TYPE. - 877 medium Linnaeus, 1758. [Lamarck 's IO]. - 905 medium Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's 10]. - 905 mendanense Sowerby, 1896. TYPE. - 867 mindanense Reeve, 1844. TYPE. - 857,858,923 minimum Philippi, 1836 - 890, 915 mirabile Deshayes, 1854. TYPE. - 885 multispinosum Sowerby, 1838. TYPE. - 886 mundum Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 906,931 muricalum Linnaeus, 1758. [Lamarck 's 10]. - 858 muricatum Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 858 muricatum var. [2]. Lamarck. - 858 muticum Reeve, 1844. TYPE. - 928 N natalense Krauss, 1848. - 916 nebulosum Reeve, 1845 TYPE. - 877,927 nemo Fischer-Piette. 1977. TYPE. - 930 nivale Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 909, 931 nodulosum Lamarck. - 847 nodulosum Spengler 1799. TYPE. - 906 norvegicum Spengler, 1799. [Lamarck's 10]. - 896 norvegicum Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 895 norvegicum var. Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 895 notabile Sowerby, 1915. TYPE. - 854 nuttallii Conrad, 1837. - 852 o obliquum Lamarck, 1805. TYPE.- 920 obliquum Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 856 937 oblongum Bruguiere, 1789. - 897,898 oblongum Gmelin, 1791. [Lamarck's IO]. - 896 obovale Broderip & Sowerby, 1833. TYPE. - 856, 931 obsoletum Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 898 okinawense Kira, 1959. - 867 olivifer Iredale, 1936. TYPE. - 864 omane/lse Melvill & Standen, 1906. TYPE. - 915 orbita Broderip & Sowerby, 1833. TYPE. - 866 ovale Sowerby, 1840. - 919 oviputamen Reeve, 1844. - 894 oviputamen Reeve, 1844. TYPE. - 894 ovuloides Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 856, 931 oxygonum Sowerby, - 866 oxygonum Sowerby, 1834. TYPE. - 878 P pallidum Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 928 panamense Sowerby, 1833. - 857 panamense Sowerby, 1833. TYPE. - 924 papillosum Poli, 179 I. - 933 papillosum Poli, 1791 . - 915 papuanum Vidal, 1996. TYPE. - 869 papyraceum Bruguiere 1789. - 890,893 papyraceum Bruguiere 1789. [Spengler's IO]. - 889 papyraceum Bruguiere 1789. TYPE. - 889 pectinatum Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. - 850 pectinatum Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's 10]. - 899 pectinatum Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 899 pectiniforme Born, 1780. - 863 pectiniforme Born, 1780. TYPE. - 863 pellnanti Reeve. TYPE. - 930 peregrinum Jousseawne, 1888. TYPE. - 864 perornatum Iredale, 1929. TYPE. - 903 philippinense Hedley, 1899 (Deshayes MS). - 866 pianicostatll11l Sowerby, 1833. TYPE. - 904 polii Payraudeau, 1826. TYPE. - 933 politum Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 896 porulosum Solander in Br., 1766. [Lamarck 's 10]. - 920 pristipleura Dall, 190 I. - 876 pristis Valenciennes in B.St Vincent, 1827. TYPE. - 895 probatu11l Iredale, 1927. TYPE. - 900 procerum Sowerby in Brod. & S., 1833 . TYPE. - 924 productllm Deshayes, 1854. TYPE. - 915 pro/undu11l Vidal, 1999. TYPE. - 878 pseud%ssile Reeve, 1844. TYPE. - 926 pseudo lima Lamarck, 1819. - 902 pulchellum Reeve, 1844. TYPE. - 928 pulchricosUltum Iredale, 1929. TYPE. - 885 pulchrum Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 929 Q quadrarium Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 933 R radialum Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 929 radula Deshayes, 1832. - 921 938 rastrum Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 923 replicatum Spengler 1799. TYPE. - 914 retusumLinnaeus,1758.-910 retusum Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's ID]. - 911 retusum Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. 911, 932 retusum var. Spengler 1799. [Spengler's ID]. 911 rhomboides Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. - 921 richardi (Audouin, 1826). TYPE. - 918 ringens Bruguiere, 1789. [Spengler's ID]. - 843 robustum Lightfoot in Solander, 1786 - 856 rosemariensis Wilson & Stevenson 1977. TYPE. - 878 roseolum Melvill, 1909. TYPE. - 907 roseum Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. - 915 . rubescells Smith, 1911. TYPE. - 917 rubicundum Reeve, 1844. - 858, 923 rubicundum Reeve, 1844. TYPE. - 865,926 rubrohamatum Voskuil & OnvelWagt, 1988. - 881 rudelltis Fischer-Piette, 1977. TYPE. - 884 rugosum Lamarck, 1819. [Lamarck's ID] . - 863 rugosum var. I and 2. [Lamarck's ID). - 870 rusticum Linnaeus, 1758. - 849 rusticum Linnaeus, 1758. [Lamarck's IDJ. - 847, 849 rusticum Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's ID]. - 849 rusticum Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 848 S scalata Vidal, 1999. TYPE. - 890 scruposum Deshayes, 1855. TYPE. - 907 selelle Vidal, 1999. TYPE. - 877 semisulcata Gray, 1825. TYPE. - 916 senticosum Sowerby, 1833. - 923 serratum Linnaeus, 1758- 896 serra/urn Linnaeus, 1758. - 893 serratum Linnaeus, 1758. [Lamarck's ID]. - 894 serra tum Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's ID]. - 879 serratum Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 894 setosum Redfield, 1848. - 902 seurati Vidal, 1999. TYPE. - 880 sewelli Prashad, 1932. TYPE. - 865 shepstonense Tomlin, 1931. TYPE. - 918 simplex Spengler, 1799. - 880 simplex Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 879 sinense Sowerby, 1838. - 886 skeeti Hedley, 1906. TYPE. - 918 soleniforme Bruguiere, 1789. - 917 sorenselli Powell. TYPE. - 865 soyeri Fischer-Piette, 1977. TYPE. - 880 speciosum Adams & Reeve, 1848. TYPE. - 904 spinosus Deshayes. - 921 squamosum Gmelin 1791. - 922 stellatum Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 916 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) striatlllum thetidis Hedley, 1902. TYPE. - 900 striatum Spengler, 1799. TYPE. - 880 sllbangulatum Scacchi, 1833 . TYPE. - 916 sllbassimile Vidal, 2003. TYPE. - 868 subelongatum Sowerby, 1840. TYPE. - 867 subretusum Sowerby, 1834. TYPE. - 912 suediense Reeve, 1845. TYPE. - 915 sueziensis Issei, 1869. - 852 sulcatinllm Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. - 921 sulcalum Lamarck, 1819. [Lamarck's ID]. - 898 sulcatum Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. - 898 suluanum Vidal , 1999. TYPE. - 880 symbolica Iredale, 1929. TYPE. - 903 T tegulatum Dautzenberg, 1900. TYPE. - 907 tenuicosta Lamarck, 1819. - 929 tenuicostatum Lamarck, 1819. [Lamarck's ID) - 891 telluicostatum Lamarck, 1819. TYPE. - 891 tenuicostatum var. Lamarck. [Lamarck's ID]. - 891 tenuilamellosum Poutiers, 1981. TYPE. - 901 tltomassini Vidal, 1998. TYPE. - 868 torresi Smith, 1885. TYPE. - 900 torresi. Smith, 1885. - 900 trallslatum Prashad, 1932. TYPE. - 870 transversale Deshayes, 1854. - 917 tuberculatum Linnaeus, 1758. - 847,849 tuberculatum Linn., 1758. [Lamarck's ID]. - 846, 847 tuberculatum Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's ID]. - 846 tuberclliatum Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 846 tumidllln Deshayes, 1854. TYPE. - 871 tumoriferum Lamarck, 1819. - 910 U unedo Linnaeus, 1758. - 905 unedo Linnaeus, 1758. [Spengler's ID]. - 907 unedo Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE. - 907 unicolor Sowerby, 1840. TYPE. - 881 ullimaculatum Broderip & Sowerby, 1833. TYPE. - 914 uniornatum Vidal, 1999. TYPE. - 881 V variegatum Sowerby, 1840. TYPE. - 870 ventricosum Bruguiere , 1789. - 856 victor Angas, 1872. TYPE. - 904 vitellinum Reeve, 1844. TYPE. - 930 vlamingi Wilson & Stevenson, 1977. TYPE. - 871 vlllva Jousseaume, 1898. TYPE. - 852 W whitleyi Iredale, 1929. TYPE. - 908 wilsoni Voskuil & OnvelWagt, 1991. TYPE . - 872 939 Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication vol, 30 (2 004) RECTIFICATIONS Corrections regarding Part 1: p. 44 fig, No.9: correct p.146 ex Plate 1: correct correct p.351 legend: C cardissa Tridacna giga Vigmette into C isocardia into Tridacna gigas into Vignette June 2004 Printed by Funny Publishing 549/1 Soi Senanikom, Pholyothin Rd. Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand ｌｾ｣Ｎ＠ .. ｹｽ［ｾ ｽ＠ >. , Vasticardium e/ongatum (Bruguiere, 1789) The British malaeologist Hugh Cuming (1791-1865) collected and sold shells, many of which ended up in cabinets, for example of the Danish King Christian 8 (C VIII written inside the shells). The specimens are now deposited in Copenhagen at the ZMUC. The shells are from the Phillipines. Reeve (1844 fig. 46) illustrated the species [Sec Part I p. 132J. I made the pictures on a flatbed scanner (Agfa StudioScan IIsi) and converted the colours to gray scale.