CARDIIDAE (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA) IN THE COLLECTION OF STATENS NATURHISTORISKE MUSEUM, PREVIOUSLY THE ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN (ZMUC). ANNOTATED AND REVISED. PART 1 (OF 2).

Jørgen Hylleberg

ABSTRACT. The Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen has a comprehensive collection of cardiids established over a period of more than 250 years. The oldest specimens from the first Royal Art Museum can not be dated, but from 1763 (Forskaal’s collection) and onwards dates are present, or a least a time interval can be deducted from the collector’s period of life or time of publication, e.g. Spengler, Schumacher, Moltke, Yoldi, and King Christian 8th. Dr. H. Beck served the King from 1829-1848 so his period of service can also be used to estimate dates. The most precise information is available from the period 1844-1878 when Mörch took care of the molluscs. He produced a series of detailed catalogues where he noted the collector, date and locality, and he marked the labels and specimens with numbers. His efforts were remarkable and a great help to present day students of the collection. Before 1863, the zoological collections in Denmark were located in a number of buildings. The situation changed when the royal collections and the university collections amalgamated by law in 1862. Construction of the museum began in 1864 and moving of the specimens took place in 1867. Official inauguration was in 1870. As a result, all specimens were now deposited in the Zoological Museum constructed in Krystalgade. During the following years, a large number of cardiids were added in the wake of fishery investigations and expeditions such as the Atlantide and the second Galathea Expeditions 1950-52, The collecting efforts by R.H. Parker and the worldwide expeditions by Dr. Th. Mortensen from 1900-1930 also resulted in a remarkable number of accessions. The Krystalgade museum functioned in 100 years until it was replaced by the present Zoological Museum in Universitetsparken. This happened in 1960 when a new museum law passed the Parliament. The research section of the museum opened 1963 and the exhibition was officially inaugurated in 1970. Labels produced during the long history of the cardiid collection carry many abbreviations of collectors, localities, references, and various notes. With few exceptions, the labels are handwritten and the language is Danish. Gothic style predominates on old labels. I have translated all texts into English and annexed explanations to an illustrated dictionary. The dictionary shows the meaning of the often-cryptic abbreviations. The dictionary also reviews the location and activity period of zoological collections in Copenhagen as well as records from old catalogues by Beck and Mörch. I have checked all identifications and added new information. Jacques Vidal from the Natural History Museum in Paris checked about 600 lots. I include about 3680 lots in the present catalogue. Species and genera are listed alphabetically within the family Cardiidae (39 genera). At the end of the catalogue I list all fossil cardiids present in the collection: “Cardium”, Bucardium, Cardium, Cerastoderma, Orthocardium, Papillicardium, Aviculariidae (one genus) and Conocardiidae (one genus). Keywords: Cardiidae, history of the cardiid collection, Spengler, Beck, Mörch, King Christian 8th, review of collectors and museums, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. [2009. J. Hylleberg]

cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen 1 Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the collection of Statens naturhistoriske Museum, previously the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC). Annotated and revised. Part 1 (of 2). JØRGEN HYLLEBERG Steenstrupia hylleberg. J. cardiidae (mollusca: Bivalvia) in the collection of statens naturhistoriske museum, previously the zoological museum, university of copenhagen (zmuc). annotated and revised. – steenstrupia 31 (1): 1–101. copenhagen, denmark. august 2009. issn 0375-2909. the zoological museum of the university of copenhagen has a comprehensive collection of cardiids established over a period of more than 250 years. The oldest specimens from the irst Royal Art Museum can not be dated, but from 1763 (Forskål’s collection) and onwards dates are present, or a least a time interval can be deducted from the collector’s period of life or time of publication, e.g. spengler, schumacher, moltke, Yoldi, and King christian 8th. dr. h. Beck served the King from 1829-1848 so his period of service can also be used to estimate dates. the most precise information is available from the period 1844-1878 when mörch took care of the molluscs. he produced a series of detailed catalogues where he noted the collector, date and locality, and he marked the labels and specimens with numbers. his efforts were remarkable and a great help to present day students of the collection. Before 1863, the zoological collections in denmark were located in a number of buildings. the situation changed when the royal collections and the university collections amalgamated by law in 1862. construction of the museum began in 1864 and moving of the specimens took place in 1867. Oficial inauguration was in 1870. as a result, all specimens were now deposited in the zoological museum constructed in Krystalgade. During the following years, a large number of cardiids were added in the wake of ishery investigations and expeditions such as the atlantide and the second galathea expeditions 1950-52, the collecting efforts by R.H. Parker and the worldwide expeditions by Dr. Th. Mortensen from 1900-1930 also resulted in a remarkable number of accessions. the Krystalgade museum functioned in 100 years until it was replaced by the present zoological museum in universitetsparken. this happened in 1960 when a new museum law passed the Parliament. The research section of the museum opened 1963 and the exhibition was oficially inaugurated in 1970. Labels produced during the long history of the cardiid collection carry many abbreviations of collectors, localities, references, and various notes. With few exceptions, the labels are handwritten and the language is danish. gothic style predominates on old labels. i have translated all texts into english and annexed explanations to an illustrated dictionary. the dictionary shows the meaning of the often-cryptic abbreviations. the dictionary also reviews the location and activity period of zoological collections in copenhagen as well as records from old catalogues by Beck and mörch. I have checked all identiications and added new information. Jacques Vidal from the Natural History Museum in Paris checked about 600 lots. I include about 3680 lots in the present catalogue. Species and genera are listed alphabetically within the family cardiidae (39 genera). at the end of the catalogue i list all fossil cardiids present in the collection: “Cardium”, Bucardium, Cardium, Cerastoderma, Orthocardium, Papillicardium, aviculariidae (one genus) and conocardiidae (one genus). Keywords: cardiidae, history of the cardiid collection, spengler, Beck, mörch, King christian 8th, review of collectors and museums, zoological museum, university of copenhagen. Jørgen Hylleberg, il. dr., prof. emer., research associate. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. universitetsparken 15, dK-2100 copenhagen Ø, denmark & department of Biological sciences, university of aarhus, denmark. e-mail: jhylleberg@snm.ku.dk steenstrupia 31 (1): 1–101. 2 J. hYlleBerg TABLE Of CONTENTS introduction ............................................... cardiids of the world ocean present at the zmuc ............................................ chronological overview of the museum collections in copenhagen ................... acknowledgements & dedication ............ Higher classiication, subfamilies ............. checklist of extant species of cardiidae ... dictionary ................................................. the collection of cardiids at zmuc ......... Fossils cardiids .......................................... References ................................................. index to species in the catalogue .............. 6 10 11 15 19 103 317 320 322 CARDIID GENERA Acanthocardia ........................................... Acrosterigma ............................................. Afrocardium .............................................. Americardia .............................................. Bucardium ................................................. Cardium .................................................... Cerastobyssum .......................................... Cerastoderma ............................................ Ciliatocardium .......................................... Clinocardium ............................................ Corculum ................................................... Ctenocardia ............................................... Dallocardia ............................................... Dinocardium ............................................. Europicardium .......................................... Fragum ...................................................... Frigidocardium ......................................... Fulvia ........................................................ Goethemia ................................................. 104 126 132 134 138 139 142 147 171 182 183 187 190 196 198 200 205 206 217 2 4 Hemicardium ............................................. Keenaea ..................................................... Laevicardium ............................................. Laevifulvia ................................................. Lophocardium ........................................... Lunulicardia .............................................. Lyrocardium .............................................. Microcardium ............................................ Microfragum ............................................. Nemocardium ............................................ Papillicardium ........................................... Papyridea .................................................. Parvicardium ............................................. Phlogocardium .......................................... Plagiocardium ........................................... Pratulum .................................................... Protocardia ............................................... Serripes ..................................................... Trachycardium .......................................... Trigoniocardia ........................................... Vasticardium .............................................. Vepricardium ............................................. 218 218 219 235 235 236 238 239 242 242 244 246 249 278 279 280 281 281 291 299 301 311 fOSSIL CARDIIDS Classiied as “Cardium” ............................ Acanthocardia ........................................... Bucardium ................................................. Cardium ..................................................... Cerastoderma ............................................ Habecardium ............................................. Orthocardium ............................................ Papillicardium ........................................... Avicularium ............................................... Conocardium ............................................. 317 317 317 318 318 318 318 319 319 319 INTRODUCTION my study of the collection of cardiids at the zoological museum started in 1996. From the beginning i knew that the collection was extensive with thousands of cardiids stored in boxes and tubes, but I had not realised how dificult it would be to ind a particular specimen among the large amount of specimens. the zm specimens are roughly sorted into genera but a main problem arising from this way of organising a collection is that generic and subgeneric combinations have changed much over time and no single curator can manage to shift specimens around in accordance with the changes (hylleberg, 1994). in addition, the curators have faced problems associated with highly variable characters such as size, shape, thickness of shells, and ornamenta- cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen tion. A given specimen may not it into a given generic deinition so the shells have been left without further identiication. the present curator of molluscs (dr. ole tendal) is a specialist of another phylum but he was requested by the museum to curate the molluscs also because the ZM lacks scientiic staff. for many decades, various danish governments have cut the funding thereby creating the situation of today. In consequence, neither the ZM nor the universities in denmark have been able to permanently hire scientists specialised in molluscs. the result is that the people engaged in systematics and taxonomy of molluscs consist of amateurs, students, or retired people working as volunteers such as me (since 2005). therefore, dr. ole tendal was happy when i offered to improve the situation by checking the specimens and putting the indings into a catalogue. in 1999 i received help from the late cardiid researcher Jacques Vidal, who worked at the Natural History Museum in Paris. He came to denmark for one week and we worked together in my home with about 600 lots from the zm. Later I continued alone and checked identiication of species in the collection and I classiied previously unidentiied species as shown in the present catalogue. The work was intensiied in connection with my publication Lexical Approach to Cardiacea vols. 1–3 (2004). however, i have not been able to assign all specimens to species. some species display extreme variation in shape, number of ribs, and colours. such specimens are conferred to the genus or species they resemble most. a closer examination will probably reveal that some of these specimens only express geographical variation or modiications caused by environmental factors, while other specimens may turn out to be undescribed species. Structure of the catalogue each entry starts with the country or body of water where the specimens were collected. i have used information on the labels when possible, but often the labels only specify the country, a bay, or an island. in such cases, i have added the body of water. – Separated by dashes (–) I quote information on labels, generally translated into english, 3 but geographical names and abbreviations usually appear with the original spelling maintained. abbreviations and some common danish words are explained in the dictionary. 1st dash: deposition of the specimens. the cardiids of zmuc are located in three different sections of the store room: [SPECIAL DRY] is the special collection deposited in separate cabinets containing recognised type material, historical material from the forskål expedition to the Red Sea and Yemen, and material identiied by Spengler (the Spengler collection), and specimens previously deposited in the “Kunstkammer” = the Royal Museum. some specimens (possibly type material) are also stored in the special collection. [DRY] is the general dry collection which includes specimens from all other sources. of special interest are shells from the museum of the danish King christian 8th. such shells are marked CVIII on the inside. [WET] is the general wet collection contains all specimens preserved in alcohol, except the north atlantic cardiids which are on other shelves. 2nd dash: next follows detailed locality information according to the labels, sediment characteristics, and depth of sampling. 3rd dash: the time of sampling. if the year is missing i have added “before” signifying the minimum age according to the year the collector died. 4th dash: the collector, name of expedition/ vessel, and station number. if unknown, i list the original collection from where the specimen came. 5th dash: Identiication at ZM as it appears from a given label succeeded by other persons, who have identiied, or expressed their opinions on the material. 6th dash: in the Remarks, I show information on number of specimens and their condition as well as additional information, which appear on labels or specimens in the collection. i specify the author if i can identify the handwriting. i also give other information, such as reference to zm museum catalogues. 7th dash: When i worked with the present material i numbered specimens to facilitate work with the material. i have written these numbers at 4 J. hYlleBerg the end of each entry (Jh #), but the numbers are not part of the oficial museum record. The museum does not apply catalogue numbers, except for some type specimens. Authorship mentioned on labels Please note that the following authors are unavailable for the purpose of nomenclature: argenville, Bonanno, chemnitz, gronovius, gualtieri, Lister, Martini & Chemnitz, Klein, Martyn, Meuschen, Rumph, Seba, Spengler in Schröter, and schröter. the authors are not binominal but quoted on old cardiid labels. They are included here for historical reasons. Gender of names formed from Greek or Latin it is not always simple to know the correct ending of speciic names because knowledge of Greek and Latin lack in the education of present day students of natural sciences, including myself. Labels at the ZMUC show that the gender and ending may have changed 3 times over time in the same species, e.g. Aphrodite groenlandica, Cardium groenlandicum, and Serripes groenlandicus. the international code of zoological nomenclature (iczn) has a number of guidelines speciied in Article 30 to assist biologist in coining the right gender. the sex of gender is necessary in order to give the correct ending to the species name, e.g. Cardium australe because Cardium is neuter. When Cardium australe is moved to the genus Fulvia, the speciic name must be changed to australis because Fulvia is feminine. iczn 30.1.1 The gender is given by the inal component, in the case of a noun, the gender of that noun. greek words ending in -a are most likely feminine (nybakken, 1959) but they are neuter if the ending is -ma e.g., Acrosterigma and Cerastoderma. stigma is neuter < greek = pillar, support. derma is neuter < reek derma = skin. (Brown 1959). A Latin word ending in -a is feminine, -um is neuter, and -us is masculine. e.g., Corculum is neuter. < Latin = small heart and Fragum is neuter. < Latin = Strawberry. iczn, 30.1.2 greek words transliterated into Latin without other changes take the gender given for that word in standard greek dictionaries, e.g. Serripes. The gender is given by the inal component. -pes is masculine < Latinized Greek; pedis = foot. (Brown 1959). Cardia is feminine. < Latinized Greek kardia = heart (Brown 1959). iczn 30.1.3 Greek word Latinized with change of ending, takes the gender normally appropriate to the changed ending, e.g. Cardium; -um is neuter. < Latinized Greek kardia = heart. Cerastobyssum; -um is neuter. < greek byssos (feminine). < Latin byssus = thread. ICZN 30.1.4.4 A Latin word with changed ending takes the gender appropriate to the new ending, e.g. Papyridea -a is feminine. < greek papyros = paper. < Latin idus = having the nature of. Pratulum: -um is neuter < Latin pratulum = diminutive of lawn. iczn 30.2.4. gender of names formed from words that are neither Latin nor Greek. Goethemia: Latinized name honouring Dr. van goethem (male) but the author treated the gender as feminine. Keenaea: Latinized name in honour of dr Keen (female). the gender is feminine. CARDIIDS Of THE WORLD OCEAN PRESENT AT THE ZMUC the World ocean is the interconnected system of earth’s oceanic waters. there is pronounced interchange among its parts, and each ocean encompasses many interconnected seas and bays. For the purpose of the present catalogue i distinguish between three principal oceanic areas: the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Paciic ocean. excluded here are the independent arctic Ocean around the North Pole (listed under the atlantic ocean) and the southern ocean around the South Pole (no cardiids are recorded from this area). The Equator subdivides the oceans into northern and southern parts. the landmasses of the surrounding continents subdivide the oceans into western and eastern parts. Basically, the zmuc cardiids are listed according to countries bordering the oceans, but it is not possible to go fully through with this concept because the old labels usually lack suficient information. Samples from Mexico and Panama, for example, may originate from coastlines facing the western atlantic or the eastern cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen Paciic. Records from such countries are marked ”pooled”. similarly, some countries are located both north and south of Equator, e.g. Indonesia. A simple classiication is further complicated by the fact that indonesia encompasses islands in both the Paciic and the Indian Oceans. Records from such countries are also marked ”pooled”. geographical areas (seas, countries, islands) are listed in alphabetical order for each of the three oceans. Records per area are enclosed in brackets. the counts represent information on labels rather than strict national afiliations. Fossil specimens of the collection and records without locality (sine loc.) are put together in the last paragraph. ATLANTIC OCEAN Adriatic Sea (4) central mediterranean, without speciication. – Algeria (7) north africa, Western mediterranean. – Angola (8) se atlantic, West africa. – Antilles (168) nW atlantic & the Caribbean Sea. Pooled. – Atlantic Ocean (19) without speciication. – Azores (3) ne atlantic islands. – Balearic Islands (1) ne atlantic, Western mediterranean. – Barbados (1) nW atlantic island, West indies. – Bermuda (3) nW atlantic island. – Brazil (14) sW atlantic, south america. – Cameroon (2) ne atlantic, West africa. – Canada nW atlantic & ne Paciic. See under the Paciic Ocean. – Canary Islands (7) ne atlantic – Cape Verde (10) ne atlantic islands. – Central America (1) nW Atlantic & NE Paciic, Pooled. – Colombia (7) NW Atlantic (Caribbean) & NE Paciic, South America. Pooled. – Congo (5) se atlantic, West africa. – Corsica (11) ne atlantic, Western mediterranean, island. – Croatia (1) adriatic sea, europe. – Cuba (3) nW atlantic, caribbean sea. – Denmark (899) ne atlantic, north sea, skagerrak, Kattegat, many fjords and belts, Øresund, & the Baltic, Europe. Pooled. – Egypt (9) north africa, eastern mediterranean & Red Sea. Pooled. – Faroe Islands (128) north atlantic. – Finland (11) the Baltic sea. Åland islands, europe. – France (19) ne atlantic and Mediterranean, Europe. Pooled. – French Eq. Africa (3) ne atlantic, West africa. – Guinea (17) ne atlantic, West africa. – Gambia (17) ne atlantic, West africa. – Germany (17) 5 ne atlantic, north sea & Baltic sea, europe. Pooled. – Ghana (5) ne atlantic, West africa. – Gold Coast (15) ne atlantic, West africa. – Gran Canaria (1) ne atlantic islands. – Greece (7) ne atlantic, mediterranean. – Greenland (180) north atlantic island. – Guinea (38) ne atlantic, West africa. – Haiti (2) nW atlantic, caribbean sea. – Iceland (303) north atlantic island. – Ireland (2) north atlantic – Israel (10) NE Atlantic, Eastern Mediterranean & Red Sea. Pooled. – Italy (55) ne atlantic, mediterranean & adriatic. – Ivory Coast (1) ne atlantic, West africa. – Jamaica (1) sW atlantic, caribbean sea. – Jan Mayen (7) north atlantic island. – Latvia (1) ne atlantic, the Baltic sea. – Lebanon (1) ne atlantic, e mediterranean. – Liberia (10) ne atlantic, West africa. – Madeira (5) ne atlantic islands. – Mediterranean (33) ne Atlantic, without speciication. – Mexico (183) NW Atlantic & NE Paciic, Central America. Pooled. – Morocco (5) ne atlantic, north africa & Mediterranean. Pooled. – Nicaragua (4) NW Atlantic & NE Paciic, Central America. Pooled. – Nigeria (5) ne atlantic, West africa. – Norway (43) ne atlantic. – Panama (45) nW Atlantic & NE Paciic, Central America. Pooled. – Poland (1) ne atlantic, the Baltic sea. – Portugal (9) ne atlantic. – Puerto Rico (1) nW atlantic, central american island. – Rhodes (2) ne atlantic, mediterranean island. – Romania (6) ne atlantic, Black sea. – Russia (10) ne Atlantic-NW Paciic, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, Kara Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, Caspian Sea. Pooled. – Salvador (1) sW atlantic, Brazil, Bahia, south america. – Sardinia (11) ne atlantic, mediterranean island. – Senegal (3) ne atlantic, West africa. – Sierra Leone (4) ne atlantic, West africa. – South Africa (5) se atlantic, sW Indian Ocean. Pooled. – Spain (3) ne atlantic, Mediterranean. Europe. Pooled. – Spitsbergen (5) north atlantic island. – St. Helena (11) se atlantic island. – Sweden (28) ne atlantic, Kattegat, Baltic. Pooled. – Tunisia (15) ne atlantic, Mediterranean, North Africa. Pooled. – Turkey (1) ne atlantic, Black sea. – UK/England (10) NE Atlantic, the Channel, North Sea. Pooled. – Ukraine (5) ne atlantic, Black sea. – USA (66) NW Atlantic, Mexican Gulf & NE Paciic. Pooled. – Venezuela (11) nW atlantic, south america. – Vera Cruz (2) nW atlantic, coast 6 J. hYlleBerg state in east mexico, central america. – West Africa (3) NE Atlantic, without speciication. – West Indies (1) NW Atlantic, without speciication, see also under antilles. PACIfIC OCEAN Annaa Island (1) NE Paciic. – Australia (43) Indo-Paciic, Torres Strait, Arafura Sea, Coral Sea, Tasmanian Sea. Pooled. – Bismarck Islands (3) SW Paciic. – Canada (17) NE Paciic & NW Atlantic. Pooled. – Caroline Islands (1) nW Paciic. – China (14) NW Paciic, South China sea. – Colombia see under the atlantic ocean. – Coral Sea (5) SW Paciic, not speciied. – Easter Island (3) SE Paciic. – Fiji Islands (21) sW Paciic. – Hawaii (5) NE Paciic. – Hong Kong (1) NW Paciic, South China Sea. – Indonesia see under the indian ocean. – Japan (16) nW Paciic, Japan Sea. – Lord Hood’s Island (5) ne Paciic. – Mexico see under the atlantic ocean. – Malaysia see under the indian ocean. – Marshall Islands (1) NW Paciic. – Mellish Reef (1) SW Paciic. – New Brittany (1) SW Paciic. – New Caledonia (2) SW Paciic. – New Zealand (31) SW Paciic, Tasmanian Sea. – Nicaragua see under the atlantic ocean. – Paciic Ocean (1) without speciications. – Panama see under the atlantic ocean. – Papua (6) previously new Guinea, SW Paciic, Torres Strait, Coral Sea, solomon sea. – Philippines (56) NW Paciic, celebes sea, sulu sea, Java sea. – Russia see under the atlantic ocean. – Samarai Island (9) SW Paciic, China Strait, Coral Sea. – Singapore see under the indian ocean. – Solomon Islands (4) SW Paciic, Solomon Sea. – South Africa see under the atlantic ocean. – Tahiti (2) sW Paciic island. – Taiwan (1) previously Formosa, NW Paciic, South China Sea, East China Sea. – Thailand see under the indian ocean. – Tonga Islands (4) SW Paciic. – USA see under the atlantic ocean. – Vietnam (6) NW Paciic, South china sea. (5) NW Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf. – Bangladesh (2) northern indian ocean, Bay of Bengal. – East Indies (12), see also under indian ocean without speciications. – French Somaliland (1) nW indian ocean, e africa. – India (28) northern indian ocean, Bay of Bengal, arabian sea. Pooled. – Indian Ocean (10) without speciications. – Indonesia (105) Indo-Paciic, Strait of malacca, south china sea (malaya sea), celebes sea, molucca sea, Banda sea, Flores sea, timor Sea, Macassar Strait, Java Sea. Pooled. – Iran (16) NW Indian Ocean, Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman. Pooled. – Kenya (6) sW indian ocean, mombasa, east africa. – Kuwait (2) NW Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf. – Madagascar (1) sW indian ocean island. – Malaysia (5) Indo-Paciic, Malacca Strait, Gulf of Thailand, South China Sea. Pooled. – Mauritius (8) sW indian ocean island. – Mozambique (10) sW indian ocean, e africa. – Nicobar Islands (13) ne indian ocean, andaman sea. – Pakistan (4) northern indian ocean, arabian sea. – Qatar (6) NW Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf. – Red Sea (10) NW Indian Ocean, no speciications. – Saudi Arabia (7) NW Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf. – Singapore (28) Indo-Paciic, Strait of Malacca, South China Sea. Pooled. – Sri Lanka (8) formerly ceylon, ne indian ocean, Bay of Bengal. – Thailand (155) Indo-Paciic, Andaman Sea, Gulf of Thailand. Pooled. – Zanzibar (4) sW indian ocean island. east africa. WITHOUT LOCALITY (sine loc.) & fOSSILS Fossils (21) Belgium, England, france, Russia, italy, sine loc. – sine loc. (356) Localities are not speciic or labels are missing. However, labels may have been misplaced and turn up later in other cabinets. alternatively they are permanently gone. indian ocean CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW Of THE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS IN COPENHAGEN Andaman Islands (13) ne indian ocean, andaman sea. – Arafura Sea (18) se indian ocean. – Australia see under the Paciic Ocean. – Bahrain the purpose of this overview is to introduce the reader to the chronology of old labels. there may be up to six labels in one box covering centuries cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen of time. the labels may carry names of the collector or the curator, but no mention of years, which are important since classiication has changed much over time. some cardiids at the zmuc are very old (more than 250 years), but unfortunately many original labels have been lost because of war, and/or ire, or transfer from one collection to another. For example, there are no original labels attached with the specimens collected by forskål in the Red Sea 1763. In this connection, the catalogues by Beck and mörch have been useful in tracing the origin. special credit must go to mörch’s careful marking of individual specimens and labels, among others the specimens, which were unpacked after storage for longer periods because of ire or war damage. Mörch’s markings are very reliable. Furthermore, markings inside the shells may give reference to the original depository or collector. such information is helpful in estimating the year when the specimen was acquired. usually the information is abbreviated and may appear cryptic to persons unfamiliar with the complicated history of the collections. i have therefore compiled a dictionary elaborating on those terms. In this chronology I have identiied persons who have contributed to the cardiid collection at zmuc in various ways (they are marked with an asterisk*). however, more persons than those I have listed may be identiied in the future so the chronology also encompasses potential contributors (persons who submitted specimens, identiied, labeled, etc.). 1623–1654 Museum Wormianum 1654 Professor Ole Worm passed away. The collection (fig.1) was transferred to The Royal art museum (Kunstkammeret). 1650–1821 Kunstkammeret = Museum Regium 1650–1680 The Royal Art Museum was housed in the irst Christiansborg castle. 1680–1821 The Royal Art Museum had address in the library building of the university. 1775–1801 *Lorenz Spengler. Curator. 1807 Lorenz Spengler passed away. 7 1821 the museum closed. the zoological collections were transferred to Km. 1657–1728 The First Cabinet of Natural History 1657–1728 “universitetets 1. naturalkammer”. 1770–1789 *Brünnich, M.T. Prof. Manager. 1728 the First cabinet burned down. 1740–1770 The Second Cabinet of Natural History 1740–1770 “universitetets 2. naturalkammer”. 1770 collections had fallen into decay and were lost. 1759–1772 The Naturalia and Housekeeping Cabinet 1759–1772 “natural- og husholdnings-cabinettet” in charlottenborg, Kgs. nytorv. 1759–1772 Ascanius, P. Professor 1772 the collections were transferred to the new natural history theater. 1770–1810 The New Natural History Theater 1770–1810 “universitetets nye natural theater” in building of Kommunitetet, nørregade 10. 1770–1789 *Brünnich, M. T. Prof. Manager. 1772 the museum received all specimens from the naturalia and housekeeping cabinet. 1795–1810 *Wad, Gregers Prof. Manager. 1807–1810 collections stored at nørregade 10, following a major ire in 1807. 1810 *moltke, J.g. bought the collection. 1789–1805 Natural History Association Museum 1789 *Abildgaard, Peter Christian established “Naturhistorie-Selskabet” in Prinsens Palæ. 1789–1805 *Vahl, Martin. Prof. Manager. 1805 collections were transferred to Km. 1810-1864 The academic museum (Mus. acad.) 1810 *moltke donated a new zoological museum to the university (“det grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende zoologisk museum” or the academic museum). it was located at nørregade 10 (1810–1832), at st. Kannikestræde 34 (1832–1838), and again at nørregade 10 (1838–1864) 1810–1813 Rathke, Jens. Professor, manager. 8 J. hYlleBerg fig. 1. Copper showing Ole Worm's Museum in 1655. Modiied after ig. 1 in Wolff 1999. 1813–1845 *Reinhardt, Joh. H. Prof. Manager. 1831–1846 *Beck, henrik. dr. assistant. 1845–1864 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Prof. zool. 1848 *King Christian VIII died and part of his large collection at the amalienborg castle was transferred to the university museum. 1851–1864 *Lütken, Chr. Dr. Assistant. 1852–1864 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Prof. Manag. 1852–1864 *Mörch, O. A. L. Assistant. 1796–1804 The Royal Commission active 1796–1814 Frederik christian of augustenborg. establishment & management of the royal museum (Km). 1796–1827 *Reventlow, C. D. 1796–1829 schimmelmann, e. 1796–1801 *Abildgaard, Peter Christian. 1801–1808 Rafn, C. G. 1802–1838 hauch, a. W. 1804–1821 The Royal Natural History Museum “det kongelige museum (Km)” was located in two places: The Spengler coll. in Rosenborg castle (1804–1821) and other specimens at Østergade (1805–1821). 1804 Spengler’s shell collection was acquired. 1804–1821 *Wad, Gregers. Prof. Inspector. 1805–1805 holten, h. s. inspector. 1806–1821 *Reinhardt, Joh. H. Inspector. 1808–1851 Lehmann, M. C. G. manag. of KM. 1814–1838 hauch, a. W. chief of Km manag. 1821 The two KM collections in Rosenborg and Østergade were transferred to the new Royal natural history museum in stormgade. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen 1821–1864 The new Royal Natural History Museum 1821–1829 *Wad, gregers. inspector. 1821–1839 Wøldike, P. Museum conservator. 1821–1845 *Reinhardt, Joh. H. Inspector. 1829–1832 *Wad, gregers. management. 1829–1847 *Vargas de Bedemar, E. Management. 1829–1848 Thonning, P. Management of KM. 1829–1848 *Beck, h. (zoology). inspector. 1829–1852 *Pingel, C. (mineralogy). Assist. 1838–1843 møsting, J. sv. management. 1839–1846 Place, J. Museum conservator. 1842–1848 *Krøyer, henrik. inspector (4th inspectorate, which included mollusca). 1846–1864 scheel, c. F. museum conservator. 1848 King *Christian CVIII died. His private collections transferred to Km. 1848–1864 *Reinhardt, Joh. T. Inspector. 1848–1864 *Forchhammer, J. g. management. 1848–1864 *steenstrup, Japetus. management. 1852–1859 *Olufsen, L. H. Inspector. 1833–1847 The Danish Society of Natural History during the short history of the museum “naturhistorisk Forenings museum” it was located at ny Kongensgade 1, Wedells Palæ. (1833–1835 ) and Kongens Nytorv, Thotts Palæ (1835–1847) 1833–1840 *eschricht, d. F. director. 1835–1836 *Krøyer, henrik. director. 1836–1839 *Westermann, B. W. director. 1840–1841 *Krøyer, henrik. director. 1841–1842 *steenstrup, Japetus. director. 1842–1847 *Krøyer, henrik. director. 1847 the museum closed and collections were sold at a public sale. 1841–1864 museum for physiology and comparative anatomy 1841 “det zootomisk-physiologiske mus.” 1841–1864 *Eschricht, D. f. Prof. & Manager. 1864 eschricht died. the museum closed. 1862–1962 Zoological Museum of the University. 1862–1870 the museum, in danish called “universitetets zoologiske museum i Krystalgade” was established by law, which was 9 adopted in 1862. construction began in 1864. Moving in started in 1867. Oficial inauguration in 1870. 1864 2nd department established, which included mollusca. 1864–1869 *Krøyer, henrik. dr. manager. 1864–1878 *Mørch, O. A. L. Dr. Assistant. 1864–1882 *Lütken, Chr. Dr. Inspector. 1864–1885 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Prof. Manag. 1864–1885 *Conradsen, R. Mus. conservator. 1882–1885 *Boas, J. E. V. Dr. inspector. 1885–1914 *Levinsen, G. M. R. Cand. mag. 1889–1891 Gundel, E. V. Museum conservator. 1889–1896 *Posselt, H. J. Cand mag. Assist. 1891–1914 *Fagerstrøm. museum conservator. 1892–1914 *Jensen, ad. s. cand. mag. assist. 1904–1910 *Lundbech, W. Mag. scient. Assist. 1908–1917 *mortensen, th. dr. assistant. 1910–1934 *ditlevsen, hj. mag. scient. assist. 1915–1917 *Jensen, ad. s. cand. mag. manag. 1914–1931 olesen, anker. mus. conservator. 1915–1933 *Kramp, P. L. Dr. Assistant. 1917–1933 *mortensen, th. dr. manager. 1918–1920 Bovien, P. L. Mag. scient. Assist. 1918–1937 *Spärck, R. Dr. Assistant. 1921–1932 Lieberkind, I. Mag. scient. Assist. 1923–1964 Wesenberg-Lund, Elise. Mag. sci. 1931–1933 heding, s. g. mus. conservator. 1933–1938 Fasmer, h. museum conservator. 1933–1962 *Kramp, P. L. Dr. Manager. 1933 heding, s. g. assistant. 1934 *thorson, g. dr. became assistant. 1938 *Bruun, a. F. dr. became assistant. 1938 Christensen, P. became Mus. conservator. 1941–1962 *Knudsen, Jørgen. dr. phil. cur. 1961–1962 *Petersen, Godtfred Høpner. 1864–1961 Study collection of the University (“Studiesamlingen”) at Nørregade 10. 1864–1885 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Prof. Manag. 1864–1885 *Conradsen, R. Mus. conservator. 1866–1874 *Winther, georg. dr. assistant. 1874–1899 *Jungersen, h. F. e. dr. assistant. 1878–1882 *trausted, m. cand. mag. assist. 1882–1886 *Petersen, C. G. Joh. Cand. mag. 1885–1899 *Lütken, Chr. Manager, professor. 1885–1921 Hamburger, V. C. Museum conserv. 1886–1896 *Posselt, H. J. Cand. mag. Assist. 10 J. hYlleBerg 1892–1910 *Jensen, ad. s. cand. mag. assist. 1899–1904 Lundbeck, W. Cand. mag. Assist. 1899–1917 *Jungersen, H. f. E. Prof. Manager. 1903–1914 *mortensen, th. dr. assistant. 1914–1937 *ditlevsen, hj. mag. scient. assist. 1916–1917 ellinger, tage. mag. scient. assist. 1917–1923 *steenberg, c. m. mag. scient. assist. 1917–1936 *Jensen, Ad. S. Prof. Manager. 1921 nielsen, K. became museum conservator. 1923–1937 Lieberkind, I. Dr. Assistant. 1936–1937 *Steenberg, C. M. Prof. Manager. 1937–1960 *Spärck, R. Prof. Manager. 1937–1960 Volsøe, H. Dr. Assistant. 1963–present A second museum law passed Parliament in 1960 for the construction of the present zoological museum of the university of copenhagen, abbreviated zmuc (zoologisk museum, Københavns universitet). the research section of the museum opened 1963. the exhibition was oficially inaugurated in 1970. The new address is Universitetsparken 15 (The University Park). 1960–1966 *Spärck, R. Dr. phil. Prof. Manager. 1960–1968 Volsøe, H. Dr. phil. Director. 1963–2000 *Petersen, Godtfred Høpner. Dr. 1963–1974 *Lemche, Henning. Dr. phil. Cur. 1963–1988 *Knudsen, Jørgen. dr. phil. cur. 1963 *Wolff, torben. dr. phil. curator. 1969–1988 *Rasmussen, Erik. dr. phil. cur. ass. 1964 *Vedelsby, A. Curator ass. 1977 *schiødte, tom. curator ass. 1983 *nielsen, claus. dr. phil. 1968–1996 *Muus, Bent. Dr. phil. Professor. 1961 1960–1961 the second museum law passed in 1960 included the study collection (studiesamlingen) of the university. in 1961 the study collection moved to a wing of zm at universitetsparken. 1961–1966 *Spärck, Ragnar. Dr. phil. Prof. 1967 Christensen, Bent. Dr. phil. Professor. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i wish to thank the staff at the zoological museum for friendship and much help over the years. i am grateful to dr danny eibye-Jacobsen for good working facilities. i am particularly indebted to former curator of molluscs Dr G. Høpner Petersen for discussions and loan of photographs and literature. Former curator of molluscs dr Jørgen Knudsen helped with literature and good discussions. i am also grateful to the present curator of molluscs dr ole tendal for encouragement. i received help throughout from the assistant curators mr tom schiøtte and ms annie Vedelsby who helped to locate the specimens. Annie Vedelsby has been a great help regarding interpretation of the old labels and identiication of the authors of labels. I have beneitted from discussions with Dr Kathe R. Jensen and Dr claus nielsen. dr torben Wolff has provided me with reprints of his many papers on the history of the university of copenhagen and the zoological collections in copenhagen. Finally my sincere thanks are due to my wife Karen for accepting the many hours spent with old shells instead of her. i am grateful to the Biological institute, dept. of marine ecology of the university of aarhus for general support over the years before my retirement from the university in 2005. in aarhus, i have beneited much from discussions with Dr tomas cedhagen. dedication i dedicate the present work to my colleagues and good friends Jørgen Knudsen at zmuc, Copenhagen, and Jacques Vidal at MNHN, Paris. We will remember their ine contributions to the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) in southeast asia. they worked tirelessly in the ield and the laboratory, sharing their great knowledge and experience with everybody. Sadly, Jacques Vidal passed away in September of 2006. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen 11 HIGHER CLASSIfICATION, SUBfAMILIES Less than a century ago nearly all cardiids were placed in the genus Cardium Linnaeus, 1758. however, subgenera were often used to indicate relationships of species within the genus but many malacologists found this system less attractive. as a result, the subgenera were upgraded to genera (Hylleberg 1994). The Russian researchers Kafanov & Popov (1977) and Popov (1977) classiied the proliferating number of genera into subfamilies. Their classiications were based on structure and arrangement of lamella forming the shell. the american paleontologist myra Keen (1980) presented a somewhat alternative classiication of subfamilies based on external shell characters. Keen’s system was taken further by schneider (1992, 1997, 1998) who used cladistics to group the genera. it should be noted that all four authors have a background in paleontology, i.e. they used shell characters for their classiication. In contrast the french malacologist Jacques Vidal (2001) analysed the genera based on soft bodies of extant species. he used the classical observations of number of siphonal openings and presence of eyes on tentacles (Pelseneer, 1911) combined with the arrangement of tentacles on the siphons. Based on these characters, he placed the cardiid genera in 3 groups instead of subfamilies (table 1). Luckily the two approaches of shell characters and soft bodies are in agreement in most cases but noteworthy disagreements are found. schneider (op. cit) placed the genus Fulvia in the subfamily Laevicardiinae (with smooth shells) and he placed the genus Vepricardium in the subfamily Cardiinae (with distinct ribs). Vidal (op. cit) found that these two genera should be closely related based on siphons with eyes and placed them in same group (table 1). obviously more work has to be carried out with respect to higher classiication of cardiids. Based on the anatomical structure of siphons two major types can be identiied within the family cardiidae. in one type the edges of the two siphons are bridged, creating a mantle with 3 apertures: one for the exhalant siphon, one for the inhalant siphon, and one larger opening for extension of the foot. in the other type the exhalant siphon is a tube but the inhalant siphon has overlapping left and right edges kept together in the live animal but detached in the dead animal thereby creating a mantle with 2 apertures: one for the exhalant siphon, and a larger opening for the inhalant siphon and the foot. in the live animal, the siphon edges stick together in a zipperlike fashion i.e. they function as a tube. the zmuc collection contains 26 genera of the type with 3 openings, and 12 genera of the type with two openings. genera with 3 openings are: Acanthocardia, Acrosterigma, Afrocardium, Bucardium, Cardium, Cerastoderma, Ciliatocardium, Clinocardium, Dallocardia, Dinocardium, Europicardium, Frigidocardium, Fulvia, Laevicardium, Laevifulvia, Lophocardium, Lyrocardium, Microcardium, Nemocardium, Phlogocardium, Plagiocardium, Pratulum, Serripes, Trachycardium, Vasticardium, and Vepricardium. genera with 2 openings are: Americardia, Cerastobyssum, Corculum, Ctenocardia, Fragum, Hemicardium, Lunulicardia, Microfragum, Papillicardium, Papyridea, Parvicardium, and Trigoniocardia. however, in the present catalogue i have listed all genera and species within the genera in alphabetical order as shown in the table of contents. J. hYlleBerg 12 Table 1. family Cardiidae. Genera and subgenera (within brackets) placed in subfamilies by Kafanov & Popov (1978), Popov (1977), Keen (1980), and Schneider (1992, 1995, 1997, 1998a,b). Subfamilies of these authors are based on shell morphology and shell structure. In comparison, Vidal (2001) did not apply subfamilies but divided 26 genera into 3 groups based on number of siphons, arrangement of tentacles, and presence of eyes on tentacles. (Bar = not placed in the subfamily by the author). The subfamilies are CARDIINAE, TRACHYCARDIINAE, PROTOCARDIINAE, LAEVICARDIINAE, fRAGINAE, CLINOCARDIINAE, HEMIDONACINAE, and LYMNOCARDIINAE. I also include genera without subfamiliar assignment by Schneider (1998b). Kafanov & Popov Cardium Bucardium Vepricardium Vasticardium Dinocardium Trachycardium Acrosterigma Fulvia Europicardium – – – – Phlogocardia Laevicardium Papyridea Mexicardia Dallocardia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Popov Keen schneider Subfamily CARDIINAE Lamarck, 1809 Cardium Cardium Cardium Bucardium Bucardium Bucardium (Vepricardium) Vepricardium Vepricardium – (Vasticardium) Vasticardium – Dinocardium Dinocardium – Trachycardium Trachycardium – Acrosterigma Acrosterigma – – Fulvia – (Europicardium) Europicardium – Acanthocardia Acanthocardia – Rudicardium Rudicardium – Orthocardium Orthocardium – – Serripes – – Phlogocardia – – Laevicardium – – Papyridea – – Mexicardia – – (Dallocardia) – – (Nemocardium) – – Clinocardium – – (Habecardium) – – Pratulum – – Discors – – Lophocardium – – Parvicardium – – Papillicardium – – Maoricardium – – Plagiocardium – – Loxocardium – – – Subfamily TRACHYCARDIINAE Stewart, 1930 – Trachycardium – Vasticardium – Acrosterigma – Phlogocardia – – – – Vidal GROUP 1 Cardium Bucardium – – – – – – – Acanthocardia – – Serripes – – – – – – Clinocardium – – – – – – – – – Cerastoderma GROUP 2 Trachycardium Vasticardium Acrosterigma – cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen 13 table 1, cont. Kafanov & Popov Popov Keen schneider Vidal – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Mexicardia Dallocardia Papyridea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Vepricardium Goethemia Plagiocardium Afrocardium Subfamily PROTOCARDIINAE Keen, 1951 – Nemocardium Nemocardium Nemocardium – Protocardia Protocardia Protocardia – Pratulum Pratulum Pratulum – Lophocardium Lophocardium Lophocardium – – Discors Discors – – Lyrocardium Lyrocardium – – Keenaea Keenaea – – Microcardium Microcardium – – Frigidocardium Frigidocardium – – Habecardium Habecardium Nemocardium – – – – Lyrocardium – – Frigidocardium – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Subfamily LAEVICARDIINAE Keen, 1936 – Laevicardium Laevicardium – Fulvia Fulvia – – Discors – – Nemocardium – – Habecardium – – Lophocardium – – Lyrocardium – – Pratulum – – Keenaea – – Microcardium – – Frigidocardium – – Dinocardium – – Cerastoderma – – Clinocardium – – Ciliatocardium – – Keenocardium – – Serripes Laevicardium Fulvia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Fragum Ctenocardia Subfamily FRAGININAE Stewart, 1930 Fragum Fragum Fragum Ctenocardia Ctenocardia (Ctenocardia) GROUP 3 Fragum Ctenocardia J. hYlleBerg 14 table 1, cont. Kafanov & Popov Popov Keen schneider Vidal Trigoniocardia Corculum Lunulicardia Parvicardium Americardia Acanthocardia Plagiocardium Maoricardium Papillicardium – – – – Rudicardium Loxocardium Afrocardium Orthocardium Microfragum – Trigoniocardia Corculum (Lunulicardia) Parvicardium (Americardia) Acanthocardia Plagiocardium Maoricardium – – – – – – Loxocardium – Orthocardium – – Trigoniocardia Corculum Lunulicardia – – – – – – – Microfragum – – – – – – – Afrocardium Trigoniocardia Corculum Lunulicardia Parvicardium (Americardia) – Plagiocardium – Papillicardium (Cerastobyssum) (Microfragum) – – – Loxocardium – Orthocardium – – Trigoniocardia Corculum Lunulicardia Parvicardium – – – – – – – Hemicardium Papyridea – – – – – – Subfamily CLINOCARDIINAE Kafanov 1975 – – Clinocardium Clinocardium – – Keenocardium Keenocardium – – Ciliatocardium Ciliatocardium – – Serripes Serripes – – Yagudinella Yagudinella – – – – – Subfamily HEMIDONACINAE Iredale & McMichael, 1962 – – – Hemidonax – Subfamily LYMNOCARDIINAE Stoliczka, 1871 Cerastoderma Cerastoderma Cerastoderma Without subfamilial assignment by Schneider (1998b) Plagiocardium Maoricardium Geothemia cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen 15 CHECKLIST Of ExTANT SPECIES Of CARDIIDAE genera and species in alphabetical order. asterisks mark taxa present at the zmuc. Bold-faced species are types of speciied genera. Acanthocardia gray, 1851 A. aculeata (Linné, 1758) * A. deshayesi (Payraudeau, 1826) * A. echinata (Linné, 1758) * A. erinacea (Lamarck, 1819) * A. milaschewitchi Kafanov, 1980 * A. mucronata (Poli, 1791)* A. paucicostata (sowerby, 1834) * A. tuberculata (Linné, 1758) * Acrosterigma dall, 1900 A. amirante Vidal 1999 A. attenuatum (sowerby, 1840) * A. beauforti (Prashad, 1932) * A. biradiatum (Bruguière, 1789) * A. burchardi (dunker, 1877) * A. capricorne Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 A. cygnorum (deshayes, 1855) A. dalli (heilprin, 1887). Fossil. A. dampierense Wilson & stevenson, 1977 A. dianthinum (melvill & standen, 1899) A. discus Vidal, 1999* A. foveolatum (sowerby, 1840) A. fucatum (spengler, 1799) * A. hobbsae Vidal, 1999 A. hornelli (tomlin, 1928) A. impolitum (sowerby, 1834) * A. maculosum (Wood, 1815) * A. marielae (Wilson & stevenson, 1977) A. mauritianum (deshayes, 1855) A. nebulosum (Reeve, 1845) A. oxygonum (sowerby, 1834) * A. pristipleurum (dall, 1901) A. profundum Vidal, 1999 A. rosemariense Wilson & stevenson, 1977 A. simplex (spengler, 1799) * A. suduirauti Vidal & ter Poorten, 2007 A. suluanum Vidal, 1999* A. transcendens (melvill & standen, 1899) * A. unicolor (sowerby, 1834) * A. variegatum (sowerby, 1840) * A. vlamingi (Wilson & stevenson, 1977) Afrocardium tomlin, 1931 A. carditaeforme (Reeve, 1845) * A. crenelloides melvill, 1909 A. ebaranum (Yokohama, 1927) A. exochum (melvill in m. & standen, 1906) * A. infantile (nomura & zimbo, 1934) A. levisculatum (smith, 1903) A. richardi (audouin, 1827) * A. shepstonense (tomlin, 1931) A. skeeti (hedley, 1906) Americardia stewart, 1930 A. biangulata (Broderip & sowerby, 1829) * A. guanacastensis (hertlein & strong, 1947) * A. media (Linné, 1758) * A. nodulosa (spengler, 1799) * A. speciosa (Adams & Reeve, 1850) * Bucardium gray, 1853 B. ringens (Bruguière, 1789) * Cardium Linnaeus, 1758 C. costatum Linné, 1758* C. hians Brocchi, 1814. * C. indicum Lamarck, 1819* Cerastobyssum Petersen & Russell, 1973 C. hauniense (Petersen & Russel, 1971) * Cerastoderma Poli, 1791 C. edule (Linné, 1758) * C. eichwaldi (Reeve, 1845) C. glaucum (Bruguière, 1789) * C. isthmicum (issel, 1869) C. mareoticum (Pallary, 1912) C. pulchrum hinds, to be revised Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974 C. ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780) * Clinocardium Keen, 1936 C. blandum (gould, 1850) C. buelowi (Rolle, 1896) C. californiense (deshayes, 1839)* 16 J. hYlleBerg C. nuttallii (conrad, 1837) * C. pseudofossile (Reeve 1844) * Corculum Röding in Bolten, 1798 C. aequale (deshayes, 1854) C. cardissa (Linné, 1758) * C. dionaeum (Broderip & sowerby, 1829) * C. inexpectatum crozier, 1966 C. junoniae (Lamarck, 1819) * C. monstrosum (gmelin 1791) * C. productum (deshayes, 1855) F. scruposum (deshayes, 1855) * F. simillimum (smith, 1896) F. unedo (Linnaeus, 1758) * F. whitleyi iredale, 1929 * Frigidocardium habe, 1951 F. centumliratum (melvill, 1906) * F. eos Kuroda, 1929 * F. exasperatum (sowerby, 1838) * F. kiranum sakurai & habe, 1966 F. torresi (smith, 1885) * Ctenocardia h. & a. adams, 1857 Fulvia gray, 1853 C. adamsii (Adams & Reeve, 1850) * C. ijianum Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 C. fornicata (sowerby, 1840) * C. gustavi Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 C. kinai habe & murakami, 1970 C. perornata (iredale, 1929) * C. robillardi (sowerby, 1894) C. subfestivum Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 C. symbolica (iredale, 1929) * C. victor (angas, 1872) * F. aperta (Bruguière, 1789) * F. australis (sowerby, 1834) * F. ballieni, Vidal, 1994 F. boholensis Vidal, 1994 F. colorata Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 F. congoensis cosel, 1995 * F. dulcis (deshayes, 1863) F. fagea Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992 * F. fragiformis Vidal, 1994 F. fragilis (Forskål in niebuhr, 1775) * F. hungerfordi (sowerby, 1901) * F. imperfecta Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 F. laevigata (Linné, 1758) * F. lineonotata Vidal, 1994 F. mutica (Reeve, 1844) * F. natalensis (Krauss, 1848) * F. prashadi Vidal, 1994 F. scalata Vidal, 1994 * F. striata (spengler, 1799) * F. subquadrata Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 F. tenuicostata (Lamarck, 1819) * F. undatopicta (Pilsbry, 1904) * F. varia (sowerby, 1834) F. vepris Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 Dallocardia stewart, 1930 D. muricata (Linné, 1758) * D. quadragenaria (conrad, 1837) * D. senticosa (sowerby, 1833) * Dinocardium dall, 1900 D. robustum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786) * D. vanhyningi (Clench & L.C. Smith, 1944) * Europicardium Popov, 1977 E. caparti (nicklès, 1955) * E. multicostatum (Brocchi, 1814). Fossil. E. serrulatum (deshayes, 1855) * Fragum Röding in Bolten, 1798 F. arcuatulum (sowerby, 1873) F. bannoi (otuka, 1937) F. carinatum (Lynge, 1909) * F. erugatum (tate, 1889) * F. fragum (Linné, 1758) * F. loochooanum Kira, 1962 F. mundum (Reeve, 1845) * F. nivale (Reeve, 1845) * F. roseolum (melvill, 1909) Goethemia Lambiotte, 1979 G. elegantula (möller, 1842 ex Beck ms) * Hemicardium swainson, 1840 H. guichardi (Bernardi, 1857) * H. hemicardium (Linnaeus, 1758) * Type: see under Fragum unedo. Keenaea habe, 1951 K. samarangae (makiyama, 1934) * cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen Laevicardium swainson, 1840 L. brasilianum (Lamarck, 1819) * L. castanea Vidal, 2005 L. clarionense (hertlein & strong, 1947) * L. crassum (gmelin, 1791) * L. elatum (sowerby, 1833) * L. elenense (sowerby, 1840) * L. iski Richards, 1954* L. gibba (Jeffreys, 1863) L. laevigatum Lamarck L. lobulatum (deshayes, 1855) * L. mortoni (conrad, 1831) * L. multipunctatum (sowerby in B.&s.,1833) * L. norvegicum (spengler, 1799) * L. oblongum (gmelin, 1791) * L. oviputamen (Reeve, 1844) L. pictum (Ravenel, 1861) L. pristis (Valenciennes, 1827) * L. senegalense (dautzenberg, 1891) * L. serratum (Linné, 1758) * L. substriatum (conrad, 1837) * L. sybariticum (dall, 1886) * L. tertium fischer-Piette, 1977 L. trinitatis (tomlin, 1929) Lophocardium Fischer, 1887 L. annettae (dall, 1889) * L. cumingii (Broderip, 1833) * Lunulicardia gray, 1853 L. auricula (niebuhr in Forskål, 1775) * L. retusa (Linné, 1758) * L. subretusa (sowerby, 1834) * L. tumoriferum (Lamarck, 1819) Lyrocardium meek, 1876 L. anaxium oliver & chesney, 1997 * L. aurantiacum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) L. kalamantanum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) * L. lyratum (sowerby, 1834) * L. pectinatum (Linné, 1758) * Microcardium thiele, 1934 M. aequiliratum Poutiers, 1981 M. gilchristi (sowerby, 1904) M. panamense (dall, 1908) M. pazianum (dall, 1917) * M. peramabile (dall, 1881) * 17 M. pulchellum (gray in dieffenbach, 1843) * M. sakuraii (habe, 1961) M. tenuilamellosum Poutiers, 1981 M. thaanumi (Pilsbry, 1920) * M. tinctum (dall, 1881) * M. transversum (Rehder & Abbott, 1951) * Microfragum habe, 1951 M. festivum (deshayes, 1855) * Nemocardium meek, 1876 N. bechei (Reeve, 1847) * N. centiilosum (carpenter, 1864) * N. nomurai (Kuroda & habe, 1951) N. richardsoni (Whiteaves, 1878) * Trifaricardium Kuroda & habe, 1951 ?valid genus; moved to Nemocardium. Papillicardium monterosato in sacco, 1899 P. omanense (melvill, 1906) P. papillosum (Poli, 1791) * P. turtoni (sowerby, 1894) Papyridea swainson, 1840 P. aspersa (sowerby in B. & s., 1833) * P. crockeri (strong & hertlein, 1937) P. hiulcum (Reeve, 1845) P. semisulcata (gray, 1825) * P. soleniforme (Bruguière, 1789) * Parvicardium monterosato, 1884 P. commutatum (B. d. d, 1892) P. exiguum (gmelin, 1791)* P. hudsoniense (deshayes, 1855) P. minimum (Philippi, 1836)* P. nodosum (montagu, 1803) * P. ovale (sowerby, 1840) * P. pinnulatum (conrad, 1831) * P. quadrarium (Reeve 1845) P. scabrum (Philippi, 1844)* P. simile milaschewitsch, 1909* P. stellatum (Reeve, 1845)* P. sueziense (issel, 1869) * P. transclathratum Viader, 1951 P. vroomi (aartsen, menkhorst, & gittenberger, 1984) 18 J. hYlleBerg Phlogocardia stewart, 1930 P. belcheri (Broderip & sowerby, 1829) * Plagiocardium cossmann, 1886 P. fraseri (garrard, 1963) P. granulosum (Lamarck, 1805). Fossil. P. latum (Bruguière, 1789) P. mansitii (otuka, 1937) P. pseudolatum (Voskuil & Onverw., 1991) * P. pseudolima (Lamarck, 1819) * P. setosum (Redield, 1848) * Pratulum iredale, 1924 P. probatum (iredale, 1927) P. thetidis (hedley, 1902) * Pseudofulvia Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 P. arago Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 P. caledonica Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 Serripes gould, 1841 S. groenlandicus (Bruguière, 1789) * S. notabilis (sowerby, 1915). type of Yagudinella S. laperousii (deshayes, 1839) Trachycardium mörch, 1853 T. consors (sowerby, 1833) * T. delicatulum (smith, 1915) T. egmontianum (shuttleworth, 1856) * T. isocardia (Linné, 1758) * T. leucostomum (Born, 1780) * T. manueli Prado, 1993 T. panamense(sowerby, 1833) * T. procerum (sowerby, 1833) * T. subelongatum (sowerby 1840) * Trigoniocardia dall, 1900 T. granifera (Broderip & sowerby, 1829) * T. guppyi (thiele, 1916) T. obovalis (sowerby, 1833) * V. compunctum Kira, 1959 V. coralense (Vidal, 1993) V. dupuchense (Reeve, 1845) * V. elongatum (Bruguière, 1789) * V. enode (sowerby, 1840) * V. idele (Vidal, 1992) * V. lavum (Linné, 1758) * V. gaillardi (fischer-Piette, 1977) V. gratiosum (deshayes, 1854) * V. hawaiensis (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938) V. indioceanum (Vidal, 1993) V. insulare Vidal, 1997 V. kengaluorum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992) V. kerslakae (Healy & Lamprell, 1992) V. lacunosum (Reeve, 1845) * V. luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onver., 1991) * V. lomboke Vidal, 2003 V. marerubrum (Voskuil & Onverw., 1991) * V. mendanaense (sowerby, 1896) V. mindanense (Reeve, 1844) V. nigropunctatum (habe & Kosuge, 1966) V. okinawense (Kuroda, 1960) V. olivifer (iredale, 1936) V. orbita (sowerby, 1833) V. ornatum (sowerby, 1877) V. papuanum Vidal, 1996 V. pectiniforme (Born, 1780) * V. peregrinum (Jousseaume, 1888) * V. philippinense (hedley, 1899) * V. pulicarium (Reeve, 1845) V. punctolineatum (Healy & Lamprell, 1992) V. rhegminum (oliver & chesney, 1997) V. rubicundum (Reeve, 1844) * V. rugosum (Lamarck, 1819) * V. serricostatum (melvill & standen, 1899) V. sewelli (Prashad, 1932) V. sorenseni (Powell, 1958) V. subassimile Vidal, 2003 * V. subrugosum (sowerby, 1838) * V. thomassini Vidal, 1998 * V. translatum (Prashad, 1932) * V. tumidum (deshayes, 1855) V. vertebratum (Jonas, 1844) * V. wilsoni (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991) Vasticardium iredale, 1927 V. alternatum sowerby, 1840* V. angulatum (Lamarck, 1819) * V. assimile (Reeve, 1844) * V. cipangense (Vidal, 1993) Vepricardium iredale, 1929 V. albohamatum Hylleberg & Vidal, 2000 V. asiaticum (Bruguière, 1789) * V. burnupi(sowerby, 1897) * cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen V. coronatum (spengler, 1799) * V. incarnatum (Reeve, 1844) * V. mirabile (deshayes, 1854) V. multispinosum (sowerby, 1838) * V. pulchricostatum (iredale, 1929) V. rubrohamatum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1988 V. rudentis (fischer-Piette, 1977) V. sinense (sowerby, 1838) * V. vidali Ter Poorten & Dekker, 2002 fig. 2. The chevron signiies the old currency called Mark. DICTIONARY history of museum collections, catalogues, expeditions, identiiers, collectors, & abbreviations used in connection with catalogues, labels, and specimens: i have extracted pieces of information on expeditions, persons, events and buildings from many sources. in particular the history of buildings in copenhagen (Bramsen, B & P. Fogtdal (eds). 1987-1991), life histories of danish and norwegian persons (Bricka, C.F. 1887-1905), activities by the kings CVIII and Cx (Jørgensen, Harald. 1944. — Nørlund, N.E. 1937), orbituaries (Dansk naturhistorisk Forening. Årsskrift 1988-2007. — Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening. 1917-1988.), the history of copenhagen university and the museums (Spärck, R. 1945. Wolff, T. 1999), expeditions and vessels (Wolff, t. 1967) Wollf’s publications are in english. the other sources are in danish. 19 Layout of the dictionary follows Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language 2003 and collins shorter english dictionary 1994. The Danish letters å, æ, and ø, are listed under a and o in this dictionary. 8vi abbr. of octavi referring to CVIII. a meaning price per specimen. “a” is followed by a igure and a symbol of the old Danish and german currency called mark. seen on labels of the steenberg collection and in Beck’s catalogue listing shells purchased by Prince christian from a shell dealer in hamburg in 1837. (Fig. 2). A. C. J. abbr. of the danish zoologist a.c.Johansen on labels. A. G. T. abbr. of the Belgian zoologist a. g. tirlemont. A. I. Abbr. not identiied. A. W. H. abbr. of a.W.hauch. Aalborg Skole Public school in Denmark. ZM Book of dispatch #193 Cardium muricatum, #193 Cardium medium. Aarhus Museum the museum of natural history is operated as a private foundation in association with Århus university. see under collin’s collection. Aarhus Universitet (university of Århus) was founded by Royal Decree in 1928. It was inaugurated by King Christian x in 1933 after the irst building was completed. Aarhuus Latinskole grammar school in Århus, denmark. mörch provided cardiids for educational purposes. they were extracted from Møller’s duplicates or equivalents. Møller was regimental surgeon in helsingør and his collection was donated to zm after he deceased. zm Book of dispatch: #33 Cardium medium L West Indies, 1. #34 Cardium muricatum L. West indies, 1. #35 Cardium rugosum Lam. Red Sea, 1. #36 Cardium edule denm. 2. #37 Cardium laevigatum chem. West indies, 2. Abänderung german meaning variety. Abbott, Tucker (1919–1995) american malacologist. Identiied cardiids onboard the frigate ”galathea” in 1951. Abbr. = shortened form of abbreviation. Abildg. abbr. of abildgaard. Abildgaard, Peter Christian (1740–1801). dr. 20 J. hYlleBerg med. active in the management of Km from 1796–1801; established the Natural History association (naturhistorie-selskabet) including a museum in Prinsens Palæ in 1789. He was President and founding father of the irst Danish Veterinary and Agriculture College (Veterinærskole) in 1773. He had a versatile intellect and maintained a shell collection, including cardiidae, which was transferred to zmuc in 1960. see also under naturhistorieselskabet. Aboe mrs. donated cardiids from south africa, Algoa Bay, the Cap 1858, through Pharmacist mr. Benzon. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #86. Cardium. Academic Museum The irst proper academic museum of the university of copenhagen was called universitets nye natural theater. it maintained a collection for education and exhibition. apparently, the public could visit the museum every Wednesday during the period 1794–1800. this collection was later transferred to det grevelige moltk’ske universitetet tilhørende zoologiske museum dubbed the academic museum. see under m. acad. & universitetsmuseum. Accession books See under Beck 1830–1836; Beck 1836a; Beck. 1842–43; Mörch 1846–53; Mörch 1853–61; Mörch 1857–68; Mörch 1866–72; Mörch 1870–89; Posselt et al. 1889–1937. see also under tilgangsjournal or Tilvæxt–journal. Adams, Charles Barker (1814–1853) american malacologist. Collected and identiied West indian cardiids. numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #154 Liocardium serratum L. W Indies, Cardium muricatum L. W Indies. #155 Cardium isocardia L. Jamaica. Adans. see under adanson. Adanson (1727–1806) French malacologist. Published Histoire naturelle du Senegal. coCoquillages in 1757. Ads. S. stands for adanson’s publication from 1757, with reference to senegal. Afgangs-Journal danish for dispatch book. Afr. occid. Latin for West Africa. L < occidens: the west; derived from the setting sun. Agerbeck ship captain. collected cardiids in china. Agerbek see under agerbeck. Ålborg modern spelling of aalborg. alpha First letter in the greek alphabet. Als island in southern denmark. Amalienborg Slot originally the amalienborg castle was residence for the royal family during the winter season. it dates back to about 1750. Part of the King CVIII’s large shell collection at the amalienborg castle was transferred to the university museum after he died in 1848. amb. Ref. to the Indonesian island Ambon. amboena Ref. to the Indonesian island Ambon. Amboinea the indonesian island ambon. Amdrup Born 1866 First lieutenant (premierløjtnant) onboard the ship ”antarctic” to eastern greenland, 1900, according to uzm entries in a diary. advanced to vice-admiral. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. abbr. of the american museum of natural history. Amphioxus sand Well sorted, coarse sand characterised by the lancet ish Amphiouxus. Amst. see under amstelid. amste. see under amstelid. Amstel see under amstelid. Amsteli see under amstelid. Amstelid Refers to Amsterdam in the Netherlands. shells from indonesia dated 1836 reached copenhagen via amsterdam. an Latin <: close to; assumption; in need of conirmation. Andra Misspelling of Andréa on label by mörch. Andréa Kaptajn = ship captain. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #24 Cardium muricatum collected 1863. Bahia. – cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #9 Cardium papyraceum collected 1864, mauritius. – cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #45 Cardium echinatum. #46. Cardium edule collected 24. april 1866. north sea (nordsøen) 55°40’n 4°30’e. the museum received a shell collection 1866. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #59. Cardium crassum gm. C. norvegicum spgl. 51°30’n 2°10’e. #68 Cardium edule L. nordsøen 1867. – shells submitted 1870. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #125 Cardium cheriba, 4.5 feet cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen depth. – shells submitted 1871. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #67 Cardium medium L. var. – (Rota) Shells submitted 2 april 1872. donated to him by the museum in Port Louis. Cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #48 Cardium ”pulchrum sow” mauritius. 195. Andrea See under Andréa. Andreà See under Andréa. Andrèa See under Andréa. Andréa ship captain, collected material for nF c/o Japetus steenstrup. collected in Bahia (?salvador) 1863. Andrew see under mcandrew. Antil. abbr. of the antilles. Antill Abbr. of the Antilles; the West Indies. Antillerne danish for the antilles. Anton Bruun Large American research vessel named “anton Bruun”. named after the danish marine scientist anton Bruun. operated in the indian ocean around 1960. ap. < L. Abbr. See under apud. used on labels by Beck and mörch. Appelløf in 1898, he worked at Bergen’s museum, norway, dept. of natural history, according to uzm entries in a diary. apud < L. close to, confer. Arabia felix Latin: Happy Arabia = Yemen. Arct. abbr. of the arctic. Århus modern spelling of aarhus. Arøe collected cardiids in the north atlantic 1834. Art Museum of King Frederik III see under Kunstkammer. Atlanterhav danish for the atlantic ocean. Atlantide danish expedition to West africa 1945–46. dr. anthon Bruun was appointed leader of the expedition. onboard the privately owned motor yacht “atlantide” were also Jørgen Knudsen and torben Wolff. the yacht was equipped for marine research with necessary winches and sampling gear. in gratitude for help provided by the uK, a British scientist, dr. Francis c. Fraser, was invited to participate. everything was in shortage after the war ended in 1945 and a permission to set sails was needed from the British authorities. auct. abbr. of auctor, by authors. Australian Museum Sydney, australia. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 21 fig. 3. Label for Fragum unedo L. with Antonia (=Annie) Vedelsby’s characteristic signature: Det. AV. 1992. 1853–1861: #104 Cardium, 1. #105 Cardium unedo, 1 ex. 4511. indi. 3. av. Abbr. of ”avbildning” = igure. Abbr. used by h.Beck. AV. Abbr. of Antonia (formerly Annie) Vedelsby (Fig. 3). Azor abbr. of the azores. B. D. D. Abbr. of Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, & Dollfus (1892), on labels. Bä. Abbr. not veriied. Collected cardiids in Sri Lanka (Ceylon). It could be the Russian malacologist carl ernst von Baer (1792–1876). Baastrup collected cardiids in the mediterranean; Corsica 1920. Bach dr. Identiied cardiids around 1840. Backeljau, T. Collected cardiids in Poland 1970. Badarson, Gudm.G. spelling of Bardarson on labels. Bandahavet danish for the Banda sea. Bandie spelling of Bandiera on labels. Bandiera sign. cav. collected cardiids in the mediterranean, italy 1866, according to labels. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #127 Cardium oblongum. serratum. messina. #128 Cardium oblongum. jun. lævigatum messina. #129 Cardium glaucum ?messina. #130 Cardium exiguum. biangulatum messina. #131 Cardium rusticum. edule messina. #132 Cardium aculeatum messina. Bang senior manager of the telegraph. his shell collection was auctioned 16 January 1849. according to mörch’s accession book 1846– 1853, the museum purchased one cephalopod, but no cardiids. 22 J. hYlleBerg Bang, Niels Hofman (1776–1855). owner of an entailed estate (stamhusbesidder). see under hofman-Bang. Bank Collected cardiids together with Ravn in the antilles, West indies. Banker, R. submitted cardiids from scotland to zm 1977. Bardarson, Gudmundur (1880–1933). icelandic zoologist and teacher, collected cardiids in iceland 1900 and 1908. Bardenl. See under Bardenleth. Bardenleth, W.L. Lieutenant. Collected cardiids in the West indies before 1848. – mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: collected shells in the south sea 1875. Bardfe. Abbr. of Bardenleth. Bardl. Abbr. of Bardenleth. Båridsson, Diomedes collected cardiids in iceland 1930. Barker, C.J. collected cardiids in the West Paciic. Barrett, Lucas (1837–1862) British malacologist at the museum of cambridge, st. andrews hill, uK. received shells sent from zm 1 october 1850. zm Book of dispatch #15 Cardium elegantulum Bk. 2. – #1 Cardium grønlandicum ch. 4. Bay, E. zoologist onboard “hekla” during the expedition 1891–92. Bech occasional spelling of h.Beck on labels. Beck 1829–30 (T 274). Optælling af Conchilierne i spenglers samling efter modtagelse i cataloget 1829–30. spengler’s collection. stock-taking of specimens after having received the collection. Cardium: 44 species represented by 108 specimens. Beck 1830–36 (t 275). magazin catalog for conchilierne 2. deel (only shown on the spine) magazine catalogue of molluscs 2nd part. Beck’s irst entry 31 July 1830. His last entry 12 april 1836. each year signed by J.H. Reinhardt and H. Beck: Cardium p. 161–171. The sequence of information is running number (#), species number (not shown here), species, number of individuals, older identiication (numbers refer to Spengler), condition (good, poor, etc. not shown here), size (large, medium, small, not shown here). #1 C. costatum, 1, C. costatum, the shells it together. #2 C. costatum, 1, none, the shells now it together. #3–4 C. costatum, 2, C. costatum, the same as above. #5 C. ringens, 3, C. ringens n° 4. #6–7 C. asiaticum, 2, C. lamellatum n° 2. #8–10 Cardium–sp– an junior procedentis?, 3, C. coronatum n° 3. #11–12 C. apertum, 2, C. hians n° 24. #13 C. bullatum, 1 and some single valves, Solen bullatum. #14–15 C. bullatum, 2, Sangviolaria bullata. #16–19 C. papyraceum, 3, C. papyraceum n° 25. #20 C. ciliare?, 1, C. ciliare n° 7. #21 C. echinatum?, 1, C. echinatum n° 8. #22–23 C. echinatum?, 1, C. echinatum n° 8. #24 C. aculeatum, 1, C. aculeatum n° 5 var. a. #24 C. aculeatum var. 1, C. aculeatum B. #25 C. aculeatum var. 1, C. aculeatum var. c. #26–27 C. tuberculatum, 2, C. tuberculatum n° 8. #28 C. isocardia, 1, C. isocardia n°-. #29 C. muricatum, 1, C. muricatum var. from Pulo Condore [erroneous loc.]. #30 C. muricatum, l. C. muricatum var. from Pulo Condore [erroneous loc.]. #31 C. marmoreum, 1, C. leucostomum v. Born n° 14. #32–33 C. marmoreum, 2, var. af. n° 14. #34 C. magnum, 1, C. magnum n° 13. #35 C. rugosum?, 1, C. magnum B. #36–37 Cardium –sp– an lavum L?. 2, C. lavum n° 11. #38 C. sulcatum, 1, C. obsoletum n° 15. #39–40 C. sulcatum, 2, C. obsoletum n° 15. #41–42 Cardium –sp.– an serratum L non Lin. 2, C. serratum n° 27. #43 C. lævigatum, l (6), C. lævigatum n° 29. #44 C. aeolicum single valves C. pectinatum n° 18. #45 C. fig. 4. five columns of Beck’s catalogue (T 275). The irst line reads: [translation within brackets] Løbe n° [running n°], Art: [species], Cardium., Ind. [individuals], ældre Bgt.: [older name]. The second line reads: 5. 2. C – ringens, 3 half shells, C. – ringens n° 4. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen rusticum, l. C. rusticum n° 20. #46 C. edule, l. C. edule. #47 C. groenlandicum, l (5), C. groenlandicum n° 31. #48 C. islandicum ch, 4, C. islandicum n° 21. #49 C. norvegicum, (3), spengler n° 25. #50–52 C. norvegicum var. 1, spengler n° 25 var. B. #53 C. latum, 4, C. latum n° 22. #54 C. donaceum chm (one spcm probably an exiguum), 3, C. donaceum a–b–c. #55 Cardium. sp. 1, C. obliquum sp. n° 12. #56 Cardium sp. 1, none (12a). #57 Cardium sp. 1, C. fucatum n° 16. #58 Cardium sp. 1, C. simplex n° 17. #59 C. striatum spegl. 1, C. striatum n° 29. #60 Cardium sp ?, 1, C. politum. #61 Cardium sp aff. rustica, 1, species non Venus, from Russia. #62–63 C. unedo, 2. C. unedo n° 40. #64–65 C. medium, 2, C. medium n° 38. #66 C. fragrum [sic], 1, C. fragrum [sic] n° 39. #67–68 C. retusum, 2, C. retusum var. alpha n° 35. #69–70 C. retusum, 2, C. retusum var. beta. #71 C. hemicardium, 2, C. hemicardium n° 34. #72–73 Cardium. sp. an Fragrum [sic], 2, C. imbricatum n° 36. #74 C. plicatum sp?, 1, C. plicatum n° 33. #75 c. cardissa, 1, C. cardissa n° 32 a. #76 C. cardissa var. 1, C. cardissa n° 32 B. #77 C. cardissa, 1, C. cardissa n° 32 b. #78 C. cardissa (maybe C. junon.?), 1, C. cardissa n° 32 c. #79 C. cardissa var. 1, C. cardissa n° 32 d. #80 C. cardissa var. 1, C. cardissa n° 32 e. #81 C. cardissa var. 1, C. cardissa n° 32 F. #82 C. cardissa, 1, no (g!). #83 C. cardissa, 1, no (h!). #84 C. inversum, 1, Cardium nodulosum n° 37 next entry, called supplementum, refers to cuming 1834, who provided shells for the Prince Christian Museum; shells selected for the Royal Museum, and received 11. April 1834. – dated september 1834 the museum received shells from the Fugel collection (den Fugelske samling), among others 3 unspeciied cardiid species. Beck made a distinction between the main collection on display and the magazine collection for research. —dated July and august 1835, molluscs were exchanged with mr. cuming, who submitted #40 Cardium dionæum. – 1836: list of shells from the Fugel collection (den Fugelske samling). Received in September 1836: #34 Cardium retusum, 2 good specimens #34* C. oblongum, 2 good specimens, 2 poor specimens, 2 good ones traded with cuming #35 C. lima, 23 1 good specimen, 2 poor specimens. – dated 1836, an overview of shells sent from count Vargas-Bedemar cf. tilvæxtprotokol (Accession book) 12 april 1836. #1 Cardium tuberculatum, conirmed by Mörch, = C. rusticum L. #25 Cardium sp. an nova? small, young, many, but only single valves. (Fig. 4). Beck 1831 (t 276). index conchyliorum musei Principis Augustissimi Christiani frederici. Scripsit H. Beck. Pridie Cal: 1831. On 7 May 1849 (the year after Beck was sacked) Beck handed over the book to the committee. catalogue listing shells in the CVIII collection. Subsequently Mörch provided the catalogue with notes. #1 Cardium costatum. #2 C. indicum. #3 C. ringens. #4 C. asiaticum = C. lamellatum sp. cat. n° 2. #5 C. coronatum spgl. cat. n° 3. #6 C. apertum = Card. hians sp. cat. 24. #7 C. papyraceum. #8 C. bullatum = Solen bullatus L. – Spengl. C. #9 C. ciliare. #10 C. ciliare o. Fabr. from greenland. #11 Fig. 5. Front page of Beck’s catalogue 1831 describing the private collection of Prince Christian frederik (crowned King christian 8th in 1838). Beck handed over the catalogue to the Royal Commission on 7 May 1849, i.e. one year after he was sacked because of a drinking problem. i have slightly compressed the front page. 24 J. hYlleBerg C. norvegicum sp. #12 C. echinatum. #13 C. pseudolima. #14 C. aculeatum. #15 C. erinaceum. #16 C. tuberculatum. #17 not used by Beck. #18 C. isocardia. #19 C. muricatum. #20 C. angulatum. #21 C. marmoreum = Cardium leucostomum v. Born. #22 C. elongatum. #23 C. ventricosum. #24 C. rugosum = Cardium magnum var beta sp. c. 13. #25 c. sulcatum = Card. obsoletum n° 15 sp. c. = C. oblongum ch. #26 C. serratum = C. lævigatum. #27 C. lævigatum L. Lm. Sp. = C. serratum ch. #28 C. biradiatum = C. serratum L. Sp. = C. lævigatum ch. #29 C. æolicum = Cardium pectinatum sp. 19. #30 C. rusticum. #31 C. edule. #31.1 C. crenulatum Lm. #32 C. islandicum ch. sp. c. n° 21. #33 C. groenlandicum Lm. Sp. C. 31 = Mactra radiata donov. = Card. edentulum montag. #34 C. latum. #35 [sic] C. crenulatum. #34 sic C. exiguum. #35 C. unedo. #36 C. medium. #37 C. fragum. #39 C. retusum. #40 C. hemicardium. #41 C. cardissa. #42 C. roseum ch. = C. junoniæ var. 2 Lm. = Ch. vi. f. 147–148. #43 C. junoniæ Lm a Lm 1 = C. humanum ch. – ch vi. f. 145–6. b = var. 3 Lm. Enc. Mf. 294 f. 2. #44 C. inversum Lm. a unicolor = C. monstrosum ch. – ch. vi. f. 149–150. b maculata e.m. 295 f.1. (Fig. 5). Beck 1836 (t 278). Journal ved Forretningerne ved HKH Prins Christian frederiks Museum 1836. �transactions for that year were numbered starting 5 June 1836]. Accession catalogue: n° 5 a ine specimen of #3 Cardium magnum purchased in hamburg1836. see also under Bevalet, Meyer, Petit, Ravn, Röding, Turner, Voigt. Beck 1839 (T. 278). Loose page attached with t. 278: the shipment from greenland 1839. Without cat. number: Cardium islandicum, C. groenlandicum. Beck 1842–43 (t 296). tilgangs-journal Bløddyr Straaledyr 1 Bind. Printed on spine only. [Accession catalogue signed by Reinhardt & Beck 6/2 43]. Beck, Henrick see under Beck, henrik. Beck, Henrik (1799–1863). dr. phil. was bestowed on him by the göttingen university. full name: Henrich Henrichsen Beck. Personality according to Bricka: intelligent, well informed, a sharp eye for shapes and their Fig. 6. characteristic label by Beck: e neapel 1830. Card. spinosum sold. = C. erinaceum. Lm. n. 15. signiicance in systematics, but lack of steadiness. Years of important events in the life of Beck: 1823 he won the golden medal of the university. From 1831–1845 assistant with the zoological department of the university museum (the zm of the university donated by moltke). see under det grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende zoologisk museum. he was dismissed in 1845. From 1829 junior inspector (assistant) with det kgl. nath. museum (Km), became inspector in 1842 he was dismissed from Km in october 1849. in charge of the personal shell collection of King christian 8. he was dismissed from this position in 1848. See under CVIII. – He was active in nF. he prepared the catalogue of shells from the “Kunstkammer” 1829 and enumeration of shells from the spengler collection 1829–30. it is evident that Beck removed material from the Kings collection for private use. Mørch reported (1840–66: 199) that Prof. steenstrup purchased 196 gastropod species at an auction in sorø 1863 after dr. Beck. all species were reinstalled where they originally were in Mus. CVIII. Beck’s labels written from 1829–1848. Beck curated the shell collections of the Kunstkammer and CVIII. In the beginning he wrote with a goose quill on hand-made paper. The sizes of labels vary according to the amount of information and the time they were written. most labels are provided with abbreviated notes referring to literature information, il- cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen lustrations, synonyms and place of specimen deposition (Fig. 6). Becken, E. See under Roepstorff, fr.Ad. de. 1874. Bedemar see under Vargas Bedemar. Bell, Alfred (1835–1925) malacologist. he submitted fossils to o.mörch 1869. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #106 Cardium edule L. C. edulinum sowb. nouv. ca. #107 Cardium angustatum sowb. R. Crag. #108 Cardium grønlandicum chem. R.C. #109 Cardium parkinsonii Sowb. R.C. #110 Cardium interruptum S.Wood, R.C. #111 Cardium edule L. Crag, England. Bell, R. K. Identiied protocardiids onboard ”galathea” in 1951 & 1952. Bellona danish expedition to Brazil using the frigate “Bellona” 1840–41. Bels. abbr. of Bellsound (Bell sound) used on labels by mörch. Belsound spelling of Bellsound on labels. Belsund spelling of Bellsound on labels. Benzon Mr. Lived in London. On 27 June 1859 he received #21 Cardium elegantulum according to the zm Book of dispatch. Benzon, Alfred N. Pharmacist. He had a shell collection, which included specimens donated to him by the zoological museum c/o mörch. Benzon, Bøje (1891–1976). Pharmacist, dr. scient.; collected cardiids in Italy 1950, East africa and the mediterranean 1932–1949, and France 1958. Benzon, Boye alternative spelling of Bøje. Benzon, E. v. Master of the Royal Hunt (Hofjægermester). He collected cardiids in Morocco. see under sørensen, W. Bergendal submitted cardiids from greenland expedition in 1890 (accession book 1889– 1937): Serripes groenlandica. egedesminde. Bergh german malacologist. collected fossils for zm. Bergh, L. S. R. (1824–1909). danish malacologist worked with nudibranchs. Bernburg collected cardiids in greenland 1903, 1906. Bertelsen, E. collected caspian cardiids 1956– 57. Beskytteren the ship “Beskytteren” was used to sample in iceland 1903, 1904, 1905. 25 beta second letter in the greek alphabet. Bevalet according to Beck 1836 n° 14: shells from Bordeaux and dax purchased Jan. 1836 from mr. Bevalet. # 22 Cardium burdigalinum Bast. # 23 do var., # 24 c. ? burdigalinum (edule) Bast. (ref. t 278). Biolog. Stat. abbr. of den danske biologiske station. Blegvad collected cardiids for the station in the Baltic 1929. Birket-Smith danish biologist. collected cardiids in egypt. BIV abbr. of “bivalve”. used together with registration number of type material at zmuc. Bk abbr. of Beck, henrik. Blegvad, Harald (1886–1951). danish biologist working with C.G.Johs.Petersen. Collected cardiids for den danske biologiske station for many years, and in the Persian Gulf 1937. blødt ler danish = soft clay. Blom, M. collected cardiids in israel 1964–65. Boas, J. E. V. (1855–1935). Professor at the Landbohøjskolen. collected cardiids 1929. See under KVL. Boch Dr. Collected cardiids on the Lord Hood’s Isl. Paciic Ocean before 1845. Bock, C. Business man, grimsby, uK. according to Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889; submitted shells to the museum; cardiids not mentioned. Boeck, Axel dr. the museum received shells in exchange 1872; see dispatch 1868. Cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870– 1889: wet shells #45 Cardium crassum gm. udø ved mandal. #46 Cardium fasciatum mtg. Karn-øerne. dry shells: #115 Cardium papillosum Poli. #116. Cardium fasciatum mtg. #117 Cardium svecicum Reeve. He also submitted shells from udö, mandal in 1879. Bolt. abbr. of Bolten. Bolten, Joachim Friedrich (1718–96). german physician and malacologist. bon < french: stands for good quality of illustration. used on old labels written by Beck and mörch. Bonetz. abbr. of Bonnezen. Bonnesen captain. see under Jensen, e. Bonnezen sailor. sold shells from new Brittany to the museum 1881. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #1 Cardium cardissa ny Brittan. 26 J. hYlleBerg Boren mate. collected cardiid 1835. Borgo see under dall Borgo. Born, Ignatius von (1742–1791) austrian malacologist. Reference to Born’s publication 1780 is common on old labels at zmuc, e.g. Born t.3 f.8 – Born v. t.3 f. 10 – Born test. t. xvii f. 9. Borries, C. cand. phil. the museum purchased !! (sic) shells 18 January 1850. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #4 Cardium pectinatum, 1. #5 Cardium lavum, very large specimens, 2. #6 Cardium muricatum, 1. – dispatch catalogue: dated 10 december 1868, he received a shell collection. cardiid number in mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: #176 Cardium echinatum. Børth Collected cardiids in Sri Lanka before 1848. Borth see under Børth. Börth see under Børth. Börup see under Børup. Børup, O. collected cardiids in iceland onboard “Beskytteren” 1907. Bosc, L. A. G. Published “Histoire naturelle des coquilles ...” 1802, 1836. Br. abbr. of Bruguière on labels. Bradley, Chester american malacologist. identiied cardiids for Emerson, E. Bræstrup, Palle Danish zoologist; collected cardiids in the West indies before 1944. Bras. abbr. of Brazil. Brasil. abbr. of Brasilien = Brazil. Brasilea old danish for Brazil. Brasilien danish for Brazil. Brdl. Abbr. of Bardenleth. Brdp. abbr. of Broderip. Brdp. et Sow. z.i. xv. by f. 3 (?erroneous. i have only found ref. to Broderip & sowerby 1829, Zoological Society, Tab. ix, ig. 3). Bredn. abbr. of Bredning. danish = broad. Brg. abbr. of Bruguière on labels. Brinkmann, A. (1878–1940). collected cardiids in the atlantic ocean, senegal, 1906. it was not part of his work at KVL. He moved to Bergen museum, norway 1911. Broch. abbr. of Brocchi on labels. Brock collected cardiids in greenland 1868. Brockdorf captain donated shells to the museum 1868. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #19 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. godhavn sand and shells, 14 fathoms. #20 Cardium grønlandicum chemn. godhavn sand and shells, 14 fathoms. Brockdorff see under Brockdorf. Brod. & Sow. abbr. of Broderip & sowerby. Broderip, William John (1789–1859). British malacologist. Brown, A. collected cardiids in scotland, clyde before 1946. Brug. abbr. of Bruguière on labels. Brugi. abbr. of Bruguière on labels. Bruguière, Jean Guillaume (1749–1798). french malacologist; important publication on cardiids: Encyclopédie méthodique, Bruguière 1789 with text by Bory Saint Vincent 1827. Brünnich, Morten Thrane. (1737–1827). the irst professor in Natural History at Copenhagen university. Brünnich curated and expanded moltke’s cabinet, which was transferred to the university in 1772 under the name “the new natural theater of the university”. Brünnich moved to norway in 1789. see under “universitetets nye natural theater”. Brünnich’s Natural Theater see under Brünnich and moltke. Bruun collected cardiids in the mediterranean, naples. Bruun Lecturer. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #50. Cardium rusticum #51. Cardium (politum spgl) crassum gm. Bruun, Anton Fr. (1901–1961). collected cardiids in the Mediterranean 1938; participated in many expeditions; head of the Atlantide Expedition to West africa, leader of “galathea 2” expedition. employed at the zm from 1938. Bruun, Magda mrs. Wife of a.Fr. Bruun, collected cardiids for zm. Bucarde lisse French trivial name for Cardium lævigatum; Linn.; species n° 30 by Bruguière 1789. Bucarde spineuse French trivial name for Acanthocardia aculeata. Burgess, Clarence Milton (1907–1999) american malacologist; donated cardiids from Hawaii. C Fb see under cFb. C viii. abbr. of King christian the 8 th on labels. C. abbr. of chemnitz on labels by Beck. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen C. m. abbr. of Cardium magnum. C. Prlr. Abbr. not identiied. Collected cardiids in naples 1830. C. VIII. abbr. of King christian the 8th on labels. C. VIIII Printer’s error on label. See under CVIII. C. F. Stands for Prince Christian frederik, who became CVIII. C. F. S abbr. of christian Friederich schumacher. C. M. P. Abbr. of C.M. Poulsen. He had a shell collection, including tropical cardiids; now present in the zmuc dry coll. c/o steenberg. C. V. J. Abbr. not identiied. Ref. to “Atlantide” St. Vincent. Cab. abbr. of cabinet on labels. calc. abbr. of calcareous on labels. Calif. abbr. of california on labels by mörch. Capit. stands for ship’s captain. Carausu I. mrs. collected Black sea cardiids. Card. abbr. of Cardium on labels. Cardier meaning cardiids. used on labels by mörch. Carlsberg f. ocean. exp. or carlsb f. ocean. exp. omkr. Jorden 1928–30. stands for Carlsbergfondets oceanograiske Ekspedition omkring Jorden 1928–30. see under dana expeditions. Carlsberg Foundation the danish brewery carlsberg funded the “dana” expeditions. Carolinum cardiids from the caroline isl. collected by hartman1880. Casimir mr. donated fossil shells to the museum. see under Wroblewsky. Caspersen captain. submitted shells from st. anna, east coast of mexico 1870. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #58 Cardium ventricosum Brug. C. magnum Born. #59 Cardium citrinum chemn. Castonier groom of the chamber. submitted cardiids in 1837. cardiid numbers in Beck’s accession catalogue 1837–39: #20 Cardium ventricosum 1. n-am. #21 c. muricatum 4. #22 c. medium 2. #23 c. isocardia 3. #24 c. ?. #25 c. lævigatum 3. #26–28 not used by Beck. #29 C. bullatum ? catl. abbr. of catalogue on labels. Cb. abbr. of cabinet on labels. cf. Abbr. of confer; meaning; resembling; close 27 to. CFb abbr. of christian Fabricius. Beck’s handwriting before 1848. cfr. abbr. of confer. Ch. VI stands for chemnitz vol. 6. (1782) on labels. Charlottenborg Mansion (Palæ) located at the corner of Kgs. nytorv and nyhavn. it was renamed castle (borg) after Queen mother charlotte took up residence in 1700. the castle accommodated the naturalia and housekeeping cabinet (natural- og husholdnings-cabinettet) 1759–1772. today it is the domicile of the academy of Fine arts. Chemn. With a full stop. general abbr. of chemnitz. Chemn: With a colon. abbr. of chemnitz on labels by schumacher. Chemnitz according to Mörch (t 304). catalogue without title dealing with the original specimens in the chemnitz, müller, and spengler collections. the order of entries is running number, volume, igs., species, comments, and locality. #90. vi. (139) Cardium auricula Forskål. – a duplicate specimen is present in the spengler collection (Fig. ex m. moltk). C. retusum “L” Ch. #91. vi. 149,50. Cardium monstrosum ch. – C. replicatum spgl. ex m. moltk et sp. not the original specimen. #92. vi. 155. Cardium aculeatum L. – C. aculeat. var. a. sp. #93. vi. (p. 471) Cardium donaciforme spgl. mus. ch. – C. medium p.p. ch. Fig. ex m. ch. #94. vi. 166. Cardium fragum L. = Sp. ti. f. 5. #95. vi. 167. Cardium. – Fragum album ch. #?96. vi. 181–83. Cardium bullatum L. – C. apertum gronov. ch. #97. vi. 184. Cardium papyraceum ch. #98. vi. 191. Cardium magnum “L” ch. – ex m. sp. et ch. #99. vi. 197. Cardium rusticum Ch. (non L). Chemnitz, J.H. (1730–1800). Priest and conchologist. cardiidae illustrated and described in vol. 6. 1782: martini & chemnitz: neues systematisches conchylien-cabinet 1769– 1795. it is uncertain if any of chemnitz’s cardiids are preserved at the zmuc today. maybe as syntypes. Chenu (1808–1879). french biologist. Reference to chenu on labels at zmuc. Chest. stands for chester Bradley. 28 J. hYlleBerg chevron V-shaped ornamentation on ribs. Chm. abbr. of chemnitz. Chmn. abbr. of chemnitz on labels. Chr. P. Abbr. of Chr.Petersen 1905. Christensen, J. senior collected cardiids in Limfjorden 1896. Christian 8 th (1786–1848). King of denmark from 1838–1848. his interest in natural sciences was stimulated already when he was a boy. the naturalist h.s. holten, one of his teachers, played a key role in this respect. the young Prince Christian frederik established a small museum at amalienborg castle. in 1806 he married his german cousin charlotte Frederikke. they divorced in 1809. denmark supported France during the napoleon war. this alliance resulted in the bombardment of copenhagen by the British navy in 1807 and the forced separation of norway from denmark in 1814. these years were very troublesome for all Danes, including the royal family. Prince christian Frederik married again in 1815. his new wife was daughter of duke Frederik christian of augustenborg. they settled down in odense but spent many winters at amalienborg or on study tours abroad The irst travel took place in 1818. during the following years the Prince carried on his scientiic work and took care of his collections. in 1838 he became president of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters (fig. 7). Christiansborg Slot Castle of Copenhagen; planned during the reign of king christian VI; initiated in 1731; referred to as the irst christiansborg, which burnt down in 1794. it accommodated ”det kongelige Kunstkammer or Museum Regium”, but luckily the museum was in a separate building next to the castle itself. From 1680–1821 the collections were accommodated in the library building of the castle. in 1821 the zoological collections were transferred to ”det kongelige naturhistoriske museum”. the second christiansborg was inaugurated 1828 but burnt down in 1884. the third christiansborg was built from 1907–28. it still stands. Christiansen, H. Worked for st. nordisk telegraf; donated cardiids from Taiwan. circumstantial evidence means no direct proof, but knowledge of travel route and other fig. 7. Lithograph of King Christian 8th. From the steenberg Picture Collection at ZMUC. evidence allows to state the origin of a given specimen. Clavijo Vice Director of the Royal Natural History collection in madrid before 1799. Cmg. abbr. of cuming. Col. abbr. of collin, J. the younger. coll. abbr. of collection. Collegieraad danish word for “college councellor” e.g. meyer. Collin, Jonas (1776–1861) First bearer of the name. he had a high government position, active in the establishment of “den naturhistoriske Forening i København” 1833. Collin, Jonas (1840–1905) second bearer of the name. he was stud. art. when he became member of Nf in 1857. Referred to as Jonas collin the younger. he sold a collection of shells to the museum in 1868. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen Fig. 8. collin’s label: Cardium aculeatum Linné. The Mediterranean. J. col. the lower part of a larger label written by Jonas collin. #213 Cardium echinatum L. jun Hellebæk #214 Cardium svecicum Reeve, Hellebæk. his collection of cardiids partly went into the possession of steenberg. now available in the zmuc general collection. Collin’s collection dated 7 september 1887, mörch’s accession book 1870–1889 tells that the museum purchased J. collin’s collection (among others original material from the Limfjorden), but the museum only kept half of it. The other half was sold to bookseller Lynge and stud. mag. f. Riise. Note added to the entry: Lynge’s and part of Riise’s collections were sold in 1935 to the museum of natural history, aarhus university, denmark. see under aarhus museum. (Fig. 8). Comtesse, David Louis (1883–1957) British captain and malacologist. collected cardiids in Australia; onboard the Carlsberg foundation oceanic. exp. 1928–30. Conchiilien Musei Schumacherium see under schumacher’s collection. conchologist Person who works with conchology, i.e. the branch of zoology that deals with the study of shells of molluscs. Conr. abbr. of the danish museum conservator conradsen on labels. Conr. abbr. of the malacologist t.a.conrad on labels. Conrad, T. A. (1803–1857). american malacologist. Conradsen museum conservator. collected shells in the Bay of aarhus, nov. 1857. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #9 Cardium fasciatum, 4. coralline matter derived from calcareous algae. Corbet Mr. The Museum in Rheims, france; submitted unidentiied Tertiary fossils. Car- 29 diid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #258. Cardium. Corneliussen captain. he donated shells to the museum 1874. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #55 Cardium sp. Penang. #237 Cardium sp. 20 fv. water, singa. #358 Cardium australe n s Wales. Coromandel coast the coast off e india, Bay of Bengal. Cosel, Rudo von (born 1940) german malacologist working at MNHN in Paris. Submitted cardiid paratypes to zmuc in 1995. costis Latin< costa = rib = shell ribs. term used by schumacher. Couth. abbr. of couthouy. Couthouy, Joseph Pity (1808–1864). american malacologist. Cox, James Charles (1834–1912). australian malacologist. submitted shells to zm 1870. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #283 Cardium sp. new caledonia. #284 Cardium sp. hobson’s Bay. Coxe Collected cardiids in Paciic Ocean 1870. Coy collected cardiids in the caribbean 1867. Cum. abbr. of cuming. Cumg. abbr. of cuming. Cuming 1834, 1835 see under Beck 1830– 1836. Cuming, Hugh (1791–1865) Esq., London. British malacologist and shell dealer. his left shell collection (83,000 specimens) was purchased by the British museum 1866. supplied cardiids to CVIII. Cuming also donated shells to Fig. 9. Cardium trigonoides Pallas. Both Beck and Mörch wrote labels attached with cuming’s specimens this label from 1842 is similar to the style of Beck, but it is possibly written by cuming. 30 J. hYlleBerg the Museum; Mörch wrote the labels from his dictation. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #163 Cardium mortoni. united states, 2. #164 Cardium donaciforme. Philippines, 1. (fig. 9). Cuningham submitted cardiids from australia 1835 (Fig. 10). Cuningham, Allan (1791–1839). British malacologist. Cuv. abbr. of cuvier. Cuvier, Georges (1769–1832). Baron, French zoologist. CVIII (1786–1848). King christian 8 th. he is abbreviated CVIII on labels by Mörch (the most common abbreviation). the king’s collection was transferred to the university museum and encompassed many important specimens, e.g. from otto Fabricius, Forskål, and o.F. müller. see also Beck’s catalogue 1831 and christian the 8 th (Fig. 11). CVIII list of contributors Beck wrote the list for personal use. it shows persons who contributed to the shell collection of King christian 8 th (CVIII). The list is not dated but written before 1848. Beck’s entries show countries and persons who submitted material from these countries (not nationalities of the persons). the same person may have submitted shells from more than one country, e.g. Falbe, who collected in italy, greece, and tunisia. i have marked persons with an Fig. 10. C. fragum n. holl. collected by cuningham 1835. Label from the time of Beck. Fig. 11. mörch’s characteristic marking of material from the museum of CVIII. The marking is seen on labels as well as on the inside of specimens. asterisk* if they appear on old labels listed in the present catalogue. geographical areas in alphabetical order. Algeria: michaud. Ana: Lyck. Antilles: *Bardenl. *Sommer. magens. *scholten. castonier. *hornbeck. *Ravn. Nissen. *True Ekhard. Arabia & Red Sea: *forskål. *Greenough. D’. Roux. Australia: *Cuming. Lyell. *Cuningham. Woltown. Q. et Gaimard. Lesson. MC. Belgium: canthraine. *nyst. Brazil (Am med): *Reventlov. *W.Lund. Röding. Woodbene Pairish. Cap: Westermann, Trentepol, *Petersen. Ekloa. Central America (am. m. int): d’orbigny. *cuming. China: Trentepol. *Petersen. *Ludvigsen. Congo, Mozambique: *dal Borgo. Denmark: *o.müller. *abildgaard. holten. *otto Fabricius. *spengler. chemnitz. *Grove. *W.Lund, *Hofman-Bang. *Kröier. *møller. *steenstrup. Egypt. Red Sea: Beske. Cailliaud. (Ruppel). (Rusegge?). Dumreicher. Faroe Islands: *forkhammer. *Vargas Bedemar. France: Lamarck. G.Cuvier. ferussac. Blainville. *Valenciennes. Deshayes. Brongniart. Michaud. Risso. Rieneu. Recluz. Rey. gilles. Waldemar. Neraudreu [?]. *Bevalet. Rüssel. Marquies. Q et Gaimard. Lesson. Germany: martini. schröter. Winthern. thorey. Beske. Hofmann. Jenisson. Pfeifer. Menke. Rossmäsler. *Philippi. Ehrenberg. Bronn. goldfuss. münster. hoeninghaus. m.v. mühlfeldt. ziegler. *malsburg. *müller. taeschel. Wigmann. Greece: Falbe. Greenland: *chr. fabricius. Ginge. Pingel. *Vahl. *Holböll. tafting. Guinea: hein. tscherning. trentepol?. Klein. *mörck. I Oc Inter: Westermann. Iceland: Faber. Indian Ocean. Tranquebar: *schönheider. *seidlin. *hansen. (mourier). horstmann. Indian Ocean. Ceylon: *Börth. Indian Ocean. Ganges: Wallich + cantor. Isl. De France & Seychelles: *Ludvigsen. *Petersen. Italy: *Capesse Lado. Montechelli/Pak. Delle chiajei. certa Bivona caron. chret Jahn. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen fig. 12. Label by Beck: C. ciliare Ch. vol xI. xI. f. 1951-3 = junior C. aculeata. Portugal. Beck abbreviated Dal Borgo’s name (dBg.) in a very characteristic way. *Philippi. *W.Lund. *Prunner. falbe. Schouv. Japan siebolt. Java & Ambon: Westermann. *Voigt. Madagascar: Prevost. Mus Paris. Morocco *grove. nepperschmidt. *schousboe. North America: Lea. Petersen. *Ravn. Lyell. say. conrad. etc. Norway: Wassermann. Lyck. *Bock (sakri). Philippines: Trentepol. *Petersen. *Cuming. *Kjærulf. Bentley. Poland: Pingel. Portugal: *d Borgo. *grove. Russia: eschscholz. mertens. Krynicki. Senegal: *Petit. South America (inf. am. m.): *Mus Paris. Lyell. Spain: Youd [?]. Walton. Sumatra: trentepol. *Petersen. Sweden: Thunberg. Linné. Nilsson. Lovén. Marklin. The Netherlands: *Voigt, De Maan, Simons. Tunesia: Falbe. UK: i.Banks. sowerby. *cuming. *cuningham. Gray. Lyell. Murchinson. Broderip. *Greenough. Mantel. Goodal. Alder. Reeve. gaskoin. sault. Walton. Watson. stuchbury. graham. Wood. mawe. West America (am. occid): Løfgren. *Cuming. *Lyell. Crt Mørk. *suensen. d. CVIII stands for cardiids of the King christian 8th collection. see Fig. 11. D Bg. abbr. of dal Borgo. D Bgo. abbr. of dal Borgo. D Borgo see under dal Borgo. D Brg. abbr. of dal Borgo. D. franske Reg. danish abbr. of den franske 31 Regering (The french Government) which donated cardiids to zm 1868. D. B. R. Abbr. of Dall, Barth, and Rehder. D. F. H. abbr. of danmarks Fiskeri & havundersøgelser (Danish fisheries & Sea Research). D. N. F. abbr. of dansk naturhistorisk Forening (danish natural history society). D. W. abbr. of dillwyn on label by Bech. d’Orb. abbr. of d’orbigny. d’Orbigny, A. d’. French malacologist, d’Origny master at grammar school (adjunkt) in Ribe, Denmark. Received shells from the museum. daarlige Eksempl. danish for poor specimens. Dal Borgo, O. (1775 –1856). danish consul-general, among others in Rio; collected cardiids for the Km. (Fig. 12). Dana expeditions important expeditions to the western Atlantic and Mediterranean 1921; cardiids collected in the West indies and haiti 1922; Expedition circumnavigating the globe 1928–30. Dana the steam trawler “dana” was used to collect cardiids in Øresund 1922 and in Storebælt 1925. Dana vessels three vessels carried the name “dana”. dana i is the motor schooner “dana” of the east asiatic company. dana ii is the steam trawler “Dana” of the Danish State; used irst time in 1921. Dana III is the ishery research ship “dana” built in 1937. Danish West Indies see under West indies. Danmark the cruiser “danmark” was used in greenland 1902, in icelandic waters 1907, and for the northeast greenland expedition 1906–08. the work carried out is referred to as the danmark-expedition. Danmark-expedition see under danmark Dansk Biologisk Station shortened form of den danske biologiske station (the danish Biological station). see under c.g.Johs. Petersen. Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i København the danish natural history society in copenhagen was founded 1833 by a group of inluential persons. the original name was “den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn”. compare with “naturhistorie-selskabet”. Dansk naturhistorisk Forenings Samling collections of the danish natural history society. 32 J. hYlleBerg henrik Krøyer was associated with the collections from 1833–1847. Dat. Particular time when a sample was obtained. Dbgo. abbr. of dal Borgo. De forenede Museer (united museums) in 1867 mörch wrote an inventory of display and magazine facilities following the fusion of three collections. he listed cupboards, number of drawers and cabinets. all facilities were combined in the new zoological museum (zm) constructed in Krystalgade. From the Museum of CVIII: ZM received cupboards with 828 drawers, 20 exhibition cases, 2 upright cupboards. From the university museum: cupboards with 226 drawers, 4 exhibition cases, 1 upright cupboard. From the old Royal Museum: cupboards with 400 drawers, 4 exhibition cases and 3 upright cupboards. in total 1454 drawers but 176 of these were old, previously belonging to spengler og naturhistorisk selskab. he also mentions drawers stored in the loft on top of the university museum in nørregade. see also under museum collections and mörch 1867 for display of cardiids. De grevelige Moltkeske universitetet tilhørende naturhistoriske samlinger. the count moltke’s natural history collections belonging to the university displayed activity 1810–1864. Years of important events: – 1810 poor economy had made the natural science of the university go down on its knees. in addition, poor housing conditions, which followed the bombardment of copenhagen by the British in 1807, made the situation rather miserable. however, count Joachim godske moltke acted and purchased universitetets natural theater. it was fused with a large collection he had inherited after his father and given as a present to the university. this free gift was named ” de grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende samlinger”. in this way the university received new funding and the natural history collections were returned. it was an unusual event the collections had three addresses over time: 1.) nørregade 10, where the collection was stored 1810–1832. 2.) St. Kannikestræde 34 during the period 1832–1838. 3.) nørregade 10 again from 1838–1864. the collection was managed by the following scientiic staff: – 1810–1813 professor Jens Rathke – 1813–1845 professor Joh. Reinhardt. – 1831–1846 assistant, dr. henrik Beck. – 1846–1864 professor Japetus steenstrup. – 1852–1864 assistant o. mørch. – 1837 the main building of the university had been rebuilt after the bombardment and the housing situation relieved. – in 1838 the collections were transferred to nørregade. – 1848 King Christian VIII passed away and his comprehensive collections were transferred to det grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende naturhistoriske samlinger. de la Laing See under Laing, de la. De Luc See under Luc, De deciduous Falling off at periodical times. here in the sense of breaking off easily. ded. = det. < L. determino = the limits of, determined by. Defr. abbr. of defrance. Defrance, Jacques-Louis-Marin (1758–1850). French malacologist. Deichmann, Elisabeth (1896–1975). danishamerican zoologist. collected cardiids in Panama 1924. Deichmann, Henrik zoologist onboard the “hekla” expedition 1891–92 and the “eastgreenland expedition” 1898–1900. Delesseria genus of red algae. delta the 4 th letter in the greek alphabet. Den 3.aarige Østgrønlands-Undersøgelse the 3-year east greenland investigation 1931– 34. Den Danske biologiske Station the danish biological Station. See under C.G.Johs.Petersen. Den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn. the original name of the society founded in 1833. �“the natural history society in copenhagen”]. Compare with “dansk naturhistorisk Forening i København” and “naturhistorie-selskabet”. Desh. abbr. of deshayes on labels by mörch. Deshayes, Gérard Paul (1795–1875). French malacologist. His name is pronounced “deé” in French. Det gamle Universitets Museum the old museum of the university mentioned in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872 = the zoological museum in nørregade. collections were cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen moved to the zoological museum in Krystalgade in 1867. Det grevelige Moltkeske universitetet tilhørende zoologiske museum. identical with “de grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende naturhistoriske samlinger” (the count moltke zoological museum belonging to the university) referred to as the “university zoological museum”. see also under grev moltkes samling and de grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende naturhistoriske samlinger. Det kgl. naturhistoriske Museum abbr. of det kongelige naturhistoriske museum. also abbreviated Km. Det kongelige naturhistoriske Museum the Royal Natural History Museum displayed activity 1804–1864. the museum had 3 addresses during its lifetime. 1.) Rosenborg Slot, where the spengler collection was stored 1804–1821. 2.) Østergade 52, where other zoological collections were stored 1804–1821. 3.) Det Holsteinske Palæ, Stormgade 10 where the collections amalgamated 1821–1864. Years of important events: 1806 Johannes hagemann Reinhardt was appointed inspector at the Det kongelige naturhistoriske museum in Østergade. he worked 39 years at this museum. 1820 the King sanctioned that larger premises could be leased, viz. the Holstein Palace in stormgade. 1821 the collections stored at Rosenborg Castle and the collections from Østergade were transferred to the holsteinske Palæ in Stormgade. By this act ”Det kongelige naturhistoriske museum” in stormgade was created. the attraction of the museum was a collection of stuffed birds (Wøldig’ske fuglesamling). hence, the citizens of copenhagen nicknamed The Royal Natural History Museum “the bird museum” (Fuglemuseet). 1821 the zoological collections from the chamber of art (Kunstkammeret) amalgamated with the other collections. 1827 the danish state purchased the Holsteinske Palæ. 1829 a reform was carried out. the old commission was dissolved and a board of directors established to govern the ”det kongelige naturhistoriske museum”. 1829 Beck appointed assistant for Reinhardt. 1840 henrik Krøyer collected in south america onboard the frigate “Bellona”. 1842 a new reform was carried out regarding 33 the management. Reinhardt became chief inspector and Beck became inspector. 1845 Reinhardt died. 1845 steenstrup was appointed professor zoologiae, but during the following 3 years there was no contact between the university and det kgl. naturhistoriske museum. 1845–1847 the galathea expedition was carried out, but the collections were not fully utilized because of a war which raged with germany from 1848–51. 1848 dr. Beck was dismissed because he was addicted to drinking. 1848 Joh. Theodor Reinhardt was appointed inspector after his father. – 1850 the “universitetsmuseet” in nørregade gained increasing signiicance during the time of steenstrup who was determined to strengthen the natural sciences. hence, he worked on a fusion of det kgl. naturhistoriske museum og Universitetsmuseet. It was a dificult task but he succeeded and a law passed Parliament in 1862 stating the fusion of the natural history collections. 1864 det kgl. naturhistoriske museum closed. Det mineralogiske Museum the zoological museum received shells from the museum of mineralogy in copenhagen. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #45 Cardium cardissa, ex moltke, 2/2. #46 Cardium humanum, ex moltke. #47 Cardium unedo, ex moltke. #58 Cardium aculeatus [sic], ex Moltke. #51 Cardium isocardia, ex moltke. #52 Cardium oblongum, ex moltke. #53 Cardium tuberculatum, ex moltke. #55 Cardium costatum, ex moltke 1. ex min. mus. 1. #60 Cardium edule, ex moltke. – shells from the museum of mineralogy, copenhagen, 5 July 1850. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #177 C. lævigatum, 1 5/2. #178 C. edule, Falmouth, 2. #179 C. echinatum, 3/2. Det physiologiske Museum the museum of Physiology received glass tubes in 1868. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #73 Cardium pullus? #156 Cardium grønlandicum chem. #157 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. Det. Abbr. of < L. determino = the limits of, determined by = identiied by, ID. Diana the naval schooner “diana” sampled in iceland 1884, 1900, 1902. stud. mag. a. 34 J. hYlleBerg ditlevsen was onboard in 1902. “diana” operated in se iceland 1900. Dijmphna duplicate cardiids according to the dispatch book 1890–1921; duplicate specimens from the ”dijmphna” cruise were sent to museums in London, Paris, and Cambridge in october 1890. the cardiid species Cardium ciliatum mand Serripes groenlandicus were mailed to two unspeciied museums. Dijmphna the steamship “dijmphna” used for a danish expedition 1882–83 to the Kara sea. Dillwyn, Lewis Weston (1778–1855). British Malacologist. Published “A descriptive catalogue” 1817. Dillwyn, Lewis Weston (1778–1885) British malacologist. Published “A descriptive catalogue ...” 1817. Discr. Abbr. of < L. discrepantia = disagreement, difference. used by mørch to indicate that spengler and chemnitz used different names for the same species. dispatch book afgangs-Journal in danish. specimens sent from ZM ca. 1849–1893; mostly recorded in mörch’s handwriting. not signed, not fully dated, but the book probably started around 1848. – other dispatch books: mörch 1857–1868. afgangs-Journal for molluskerne 1890–1921. Ditlevsen, A. according to uzm entries in a diary he participated as a student onboard the naval schooner ”diana”, 1902 sampled cardiids at the Faroe islands and iceland. Dohm, dp. stettin. dated 29 august 1867, he received a shell collection. no number in mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: Cardium æolicum Born Dollfus, Robert Philippe (1887–1976). French malacologist. Dollfuss R. Ph. collected cardiids at the Faroe islands 1929. spelling of dollfus on labels. Donov. abbr. of donovan on labels by Beck. Donovan, Edward (1768–1837). British malacologist. Published “The natural History of British shells 1800–1804”. Donv. abbreviation of donovan. doublet Both valves it together, i.e. a complete bivalve; word used by Spengler 1799. Dr. Th. Mortensen. see under mortensen. Dreyer colonel, clarupgaard. collected fossil shells. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #19 Cardium edule L. – dated 3 december 1887 mörch’s accession book 1870–1889 tells that steenstrup donated subfossil Cardium edule collected by dreyer at Vindeby Nor NW of Eckernförde. DRY stands for the general collection of dried shells at zmuc. Duméril, André Marie Constant (1774–1860). French naturalist. Dumr. Abbr. of the Duméril. Collected cardiids in the Red Sea. Duus consul in hong Kong. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #144 Cardium multispinosum, 2. Dv Abbr. of Dictionnaire Vers, referring to “Histoire Naturelle des Vers, Encyclopédie méthodique” by Bruguière 1789. Dw abbreviation of dillwyn. Dyret i Regentsg. danish language meaning that the animal is deposited in a test tube. e < L. Abbr. of ex = from, out of. e mar. Tarantin = “from Bay of taranto”, the mediterranean. e Mus Chr. 8vi from the museum of CVIII. On label by Beck e Mus Christiani 8vi From the museum of CVIII. On label by Beck. e Museo regio From the royal museum. on label by Beck e Museo regio Hafniae From the royal museum in copenhagen. on label by Beck E. Stands for “Encyclopédie méthodique”, Bruguière 1789; text by Bory Saint Vincent 1827; see also under eni. e.g. < L. Abbr. of exempli gratia = for example. E. m. Abbr. of Encyclopédie méthodique, Bruguière 1789; see also under Eni. E. S. abbr. of e. schimmelmann. East India old geographical term covering india & countries east of India; it includes the malay archipelago and the indonesian islands, i.e. countries along the Bay of Bengal, in the andaman sea and the indian ocean. East-Greenland Expedition 1898–1900. carlsbergfondets Østgrønlandsekspedition commanded by senior lieutenant g. amdrup. it lasted 3 years. søren Jensen participated as zoologist. Eck. abbr. of eckard. Eckard see under ekart. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen Fig. 13. Cardium incrassatum m. [invalid species]. Caspian sea. the handwriting is possibly by eichwald. mörch added the greek letter alpha. Edmunds, J. collected cardiids in W. africa 1970. Eichw. abbr. of eichwald. Eichwald, Karl E. Ivanovich von (1795–1876). Russian malacologist; studied molluscs of the caspian sea. he wrote “m.” after species described by him (Fig. 13). Ek. abbr. of ekart. Ekart, F. collected cardiids in the antilles before 1848. Eksp. abbr. of ekspedition. Ekspeditionen danish for the expedition. Elberling, C. graduate. he received shells on 1 nov. 1860 according to zm book of dispatch: #33 Cardium lavum. – on 26 Jan. 1861: #107 Cardium echinatum – not dated: #159 Card. spinosum (bullatum). Emerson, Evelyn American collector; donated cardiids from the gulf of mexico and sanibel island, Florida, usa. empt. abbr. on old labels by Beck (next to mus. Regio). < L. emptio; a purchase. emt. abbr. on labels by Beck. see under empt. emto or emta abbr. on labels by Beck. see under empt. (Fig. 14). Enc. Abbr. of “Encyclopédie méthodique” 1789, text by Bory Saint Vincent 1827. Encycl. Abbr. of Encyclopédie méthodique, Bruguière 1789. Endeavour Research vessel used by Mortensen in australia during the dr. th. mortensen’s Paciic Exp. 1914–16 Eni. Stands for “Tableau Encyclopedique et Methodique” by Bruguière in Bory de St. Vincent 1827. 35 Enumeratio musei christiani octavi. mörch’s catalogue listing the organisation of shells in the museum of CVIII. epsilon the 5 th letter in the greek alphabet. Eschr. abbr. of eschricht. Eschricht, Daniel F. (1798–1863). Professor of physiology. started to build up a private collection called the “Zootomical-Physiological museum” 1825. it was sold to the “zoological museum of the university” in 1841. see under universitetets zoologiske museum. essential for the establishment of “den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn” (see under nF) and supplied cardiids for n.F. from the mediterranean. Ess: abbr. of schumacher’s “essai d’un nouveau…” 1817. et < L. et = and. eta the 7th letter in the greek alphabet. Etatsraad danish for titular councillor of state. Ex, ex < L. ex = from Ex., ex. Abbr. of < L. exemplar = specimen of a species. Exempl. Abbr. of < L. exemplar = specimen of a species. Exemps. Abbr. of < L. exemplaris = specimens of a species. Exp. abbr. of expedition. Expedt. Stands for the Expedition de la Venus, Petit Thouars 1839. Expl. E. Coast U.S. abbr. of exploration of the east coast of usa by Wm. stimpson. Fig. 14. Label by Beck: C. hemicardium var. e Mus. Reg. emto. mörch added 44 and the greek letter epsilon in pencil. 36 J. hYlleBerg Exposition universelle stands for exposition universelle de Paris 1868. Shells exhibited in Paris were donated to ZM. Cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #87 Cardium fragum L. East India. f. Abbr. of < L. igura = igure. F.C. abbr. of Frederik christian of augustenborg. fa. abbr. of Fabricius. Fabr. abbr. of Fabricius who provided alcohol specimens for the CVIII coll. (Mörch 1858–59). Fabricius, C. submitted cardiids from greenland before 1848. Fabricius, F. collected cardiids in greenland Fabricius, J.Chr. (1745–1808). danish entomologist, prof. of economy and natural history. see under cFb. Fabricius, Otto (1744–1822). danish bishop. Collected cardiids in Greenland; published “Fauna groenlandica” 1780. Færøerne the Faroe islands in danish language. Fam: terminated with a colon. abbr. of family. fathom = 1.8 m. this old measurement has often been converted into the metric system on zm labels; see under fv. Fav. abbr. of the French naturalist Favanne. Fedd. abbr. of Feddersen Feddersen master at a grammar school (adjunkt). zm accession 1862: cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867 #153. Cardium balthicum. dispatch from zm: dated 8 august 1862 he received a shell collection. cardiid number in mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: #43 Cardium rusticum. Feilberg submitted shells from sheriff (sysselmand) müller, the Faroe islands 1867. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #67 Cardium edule #68 Cardium echinatum. Fhll. Abbr. of the locality fairhill; used by Mörch for specimens in the møll. coll. i. Abbr. of < L. igura = igure. On labels by mørch. i. i Abbr. of igure i. ide < L. conidence in; according to. Fifth (5th) Thai-Danish Expedition 1966 Joint thai–danish expedition to the andaman sea between myanmar (Burma) and malaysia. Find a person who collected cardiids in the antilles. Findested Danish language, meaning inding place. Fjeldsøe collected cardiids in the former danish West indies before 1917. Fjeldsted, K. collected cardiids in the former danish West indies. Fjeldstrup teacher. he collected shells at the Faroe islands during the summer 1887. no number in mörch’s accession book 1870– 1889: Cardium echinatum. Fla abbr. of Florida, usa. Fleischer submitted cardiids from greenland before 1863. Fng. Abbr. not identiied. Material from Greenland on label by Beck. Forch. abbr. of Forchhammer on labels by mörch. Forchhammer, J.G. (1794–1865). Professor; active in the management of Km from 1848–64. collected shells october 1848 on the island sylt. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #2 Cardium edule, terpsted, 5 8/2. Forkhammer see Forchhammer. Forsk. abbr. of Forskål. Forskål in Niehbur 1775. Forskål died in Yemen 1763; subsequently Niebuhr published his indings. Forskål, Pehr Spelling of Peter forskål in the Swedish Pantheon. Forskål, Peter (1732–1763). zoologist and botanist. Participated in the Expedition to “arabia Felix” initiated in 1761. he died 1763 in Yemen. cardiids collected by Forskål are available at the zmuc today. Forskål’s collection cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #61 Cardium lavum, 62. (3 previously entered). #62 Cardium muricatum, 4 1/2. #63 Cardium assimile, 1 (1 previously entered). #64 Cardium auricula Niebuhr. Original to Ch og Rgf (1 previously entered). #65 Cardium unedo, 1. #66 Cardium papyraceum ch, fragile Forsk?, 1 2/2 (3 previously entered). #67 Cardium edule, 1 1/2. #68 Cardium edule, fossil suez 1/2. #69 Cardium digitale aff. 1. #70 Cardium, savig. t. f. fossil, 2/2. Forskål’s Samling undated entry in mörch’s ac- cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen cession book 1846–1853. see under Forskål’s collection. Forsskål see under Forskål. his name is spelled in different ways by authors: Petter forsskål, P. forsskåhl, P. forskål, forskhal, forskael. Fr. havn abbr. of Frederikshavn, denmark. fra Udst. abbr. of danish “fra udstillingen” = from the exhibition. see under universitetets zoologiske museum. fra udstil. or Fra udstil. see under fra udst. fragile shell Refers to delicate, thin, easily broken shells. Frederik Christian of Augustenborg (1765– 1814). duke Frederik christian of augustenborg, president, management of Km from 1796–1814. Frederik III (1609–1670). King of denmark. He started The Royal Cabinet of Curiosities. it existed from 1650–1821. see also under Kunstkammer . Frederiksborg Latinskole Frederiksborg grammar school, denmark. Kneckenborg received shells 1. march 1850. zm Book of dispatch #24 Cardium serratum L. (= C. laevi. ch), 1. #25 Cardium echinatum L. 1. #26 Cardium edule L. Grimstad, 1. Friele, Herman (1838–1921) Pharmacist, Bergen, norway. the museum received shells november 1874. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #74 Cardium edule L. #76 Cardium norvegicum spgl. #78 Cardium fasciatum mont. #79 Cardium nodosum turt. #80 Cardium minimum Phil. C. suecicum sow. Friis secretary. submitted shells from china c/o heu sass 1851. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #34 Cardium multispinosum, 1. Friis had a large collection, which included shells donated to him by the zoological museum c/o mörch. Fristed Collected cardiids in Sri Lanka and southern india 1889. Fristedt, K. see under Fristed. Fucus genus of brown algae. Fugel 1834 see under Beck 1830–1836. Fugl. abbr. of Fuglsang. Fuglsang Danish naturalist; collected tropical cardiids. fv abbr. of fathom (favn). the precise length of a fathom varies among countries. the dan- 37 ish fathom converts into 1.883 m; the British fathom into 1.829 m. Fylla the naval cruiser “Fylla” was used to collect bottom fauna in West greenland 1882, 1884 1886, and 1887. cardiids were deposited at the zm. G. G. U. abbr. of geological survey of greenland. G. W. Abbr. of Professor Gregers Wad. Gabriel, Charles John (1879–1963). australian malacologist. collected cardiids in australia 1921, 1923. Gad, Svend Danish Consul in Singapore; collected cardiids for the museum 1902–1910 according to uzm entries in a diary. Galathea label material from the second expedition 1950–52 has labels of two types: 1) Galathea-St. No.; 2) Zoologisk Museum, København, galathea-ekspeditionen 1950– 52. st. no. these texts are printed on top of labels. Galathea The irst expedition 1845–47; initiated by CVIII. The vessel “Galathea” was a modiied corvette. The navy ship had a length of 43 m and drew only 5 m. it could enter small harbours and sail up the rivers. Galathea the second expedition 1950–52. the vessel “Galathea” was a modiied frigate built by the British in 1934. the 80 m long navy ship was purchased by denmark in 1949. it was equipped with a 12 km long wire to enable deep sea bottom sampling. Galathea the third expedition 2006–07. the vessel was a naval inspection ship named “Vædderen”. The expedition is usually referred to as galathea 3, although the vessel did not carry the name galathea. so far i have not seen any cardiids collected during the third expedition. Gall mr. sold shells to mörch when he visited norway. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #77 Cardium edule var. glaucum. Gallardo A. chilean marine biologist. collected cardiids in Vietnam 1960. Participated onboard the 5 th thai-danish exp. 1966. Gamb. abbr. of gambia, West africa. Gemzøe collected cardiids in iceland 1904. Gibraltar Rhed danish: the sheltered roadstead of gibraltar. 38 J. hYlleBerg Gm. abbr. of gmelin 1791. Gmel. abbr. of gmelin. Gml. abbr. of gmelin. Godthaab Expedition cardiids were sampled in greenland 1930. Godthaab the vessel ”godthaab” operated in greenlandic waters 1930. Gould, Augustus Addison (1805–1866). collected alcohol specimens for CVIII. See under mörch 1858–59. Grækenland danish: greece. Greenland collection. shells from an exhibition in Kiel 1846. cardiid number entered on 26 august 1859 in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #73. Cardium ciliatum Fab. (new 6 september 1836 møller). #74. Cardium (Serripes) grønlandicum. gigantic. godthaab 1830. depicted by müller mss. one pathological specimen with double roof containing sand. one picturata. godthaab 1829. Greenogh spelling of greenough on labels. Greenough according to mörch, 1840–66, he checked subfossils from the Red Sea, Erythræa: #43 Cardium ciliatum Fab. (mörch stated: it does hardly belong to this coll.) #44 Cardium. #45 Cardium radiatum Reeve? (from T 278). He collected cardiids in the Red sea 1860. Grev Moltkes Samling the collection of count moltke housed in amalienborg until 1810. Grev Moltkes Universitetet tilhørende Museum stands for the collection of count moltke belonging to the university. shortened name, identical with “de grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende naturhistoriske samlinger” and “det grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende zoologiske museum”. For a period the collection was stored because of damage to buildings during the bombardment of copenhagen by the British commanded by admiral nelson in 1807. grev, greve = danish word for count Grl. abbr. of greenland. Gröenland see under grønland. Gron. abbr. of gronovius. Grøndal, Benedikt graduate, master at a grammar school, Reikiavik, Iceland. Cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #29 Cardium fasciatum mtg. – the museum received shells october 1875. cardiid num- bers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #57 Cardium islandicum. #58 Cardium grønlandicum. #59 Cardium grønlandicum var. Gronenl. abbreviation. stands for of greenland. Grønl. abbr. of the danish word grønland = greenland. Grønland = greenland. Grönland see under grønland. Grønlands Zoogeogr. Undersøgelser = greenland’s zoogeographical investigations. thule 1968. Gronovius (1730–1777). dutch naturalist and shell collector. author of “zoophylacium” 1781. Grove Collected specimens for CVIII. He had a shell collection, including tropical cardiids, now present at zmuc. Grove, C.G. Councellor of justice, Roskilde, denmark. Growe contributed cardiids to zm from Java 1844. see under grove. Gualt. abbr. of gualtieri. Gualtieri, Niccolo (1688–1747). italian malacologist. Published “Index testarum…” 1742. Gudmund collected alcohol specimens for CVIII. See under Mörch 1858–59. Guine abbr. of guinea. Guyon mr. submitted cardiids from algeria, 1 June 1850. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #34. Cardium crassum juv. #35. Cardium papillosum. #36. Cardium echinatum. see also under vase. H. C. or HC abbr. of hugh cuming, British malacologist and shell dealer. H. K. abbr. of henrik Krøyer. Hab. Abbr. of < L. habitat = location. Haderslev Latinskole haderslev grammar school, denmark. zm Book of dispatch #30 Cardium laevigatum Chem Vestind. 1. #31 Cardium muricatum L. Vestindien, 1. #32 Cardium medium L. Vestindien, 1. #33 Cardium edule grimstad, 1. Hallas dr. submitted shells from capt. hammers expedition 1867. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #1 Cardium elegantulum Beck. NE of Laganæs, 70 fathoms. #6 Cardium elegantulum Beck off Borgefjord, 80 fathoms, on Onuphis tubes. #7 Cardium cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen elegantulum Beck ?may, off Borgefjord, 80 fathoms, on Onuphis tubes. Hallgr. abbr. of hallgrimson. Hallgrimson mr. collected cardiids in iceland, Reykjavik 1840–41. See under Magazine. Hammer captain. see under hallas. Hanno. abbr. of hannover. Hannov. abbr. of hannover. Hannover dr. surgeon lieutenant, licentiate in 1846. he collected cardiids in the mediterranean. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #92 Cardium aculeatum, 1. #93 Cardium oblongum, 1. Hansen Business man, Port Elisabeth, Cap. The museum received shells through mrs. hansen. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #39 Cardium sp. Hansen Lieutenant in the navy; found shells at a ship stranded in east india. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #124. Cardium unedo. #125. Cardium. #126. Cardium lavum. 20 nov. 1862. shells found in stranded ship. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #92. Cardium unedo. #93. 1. fragment juv. Hansen, H. J. (1855–1936). dr. phil. 1883. Participated in the “ingolf “expedition 1895. Hansen, M. M. collected cardiids in Barbados 1976. Hansen, P. M. (1901–1976). name on misplaced label with the steenberg coll. hansen did not collect cardiids in greenland 1927. fig. 15. I have not identiied the handwriting nor the reference to carolinum n° 34 in available catalogues. collected by hartmann 1880, i.e. two years after mörch died. 39 Fig. 16. characteristic label from the hauschild coll. his labels were typed on light blue paper. apart from hauschild’s typed labels only some american cardiids at zm are provided with typed labels. Y.c. refers to Yoldi’s collection n° 437 from the Philippines. Harder, G. G. U. collected cardiids in greenland 1906, together with Jensen. Harper Pease Mr. See under Pease. Hartman collected cardiids in the caroline isls. 1880 (Fig. 15). Hartmann see under hartman. Hauch A. W. (1755–1838). Senior Lord Chamberlain. active in the management of Km from 1802–38. Hauch the naval vessel “hauch” was used by the Fishery inspection to collect cardiids in Kattegat from 1883 to 1886. Hauschild danish shell collector. Hauschild’s collection cardiids are deposited at zmuc (Fig. 16). Havbugt danish for bay. Haysii erroneous spelling of hayesii by mörch. Hbk. Abbr. of Holbæk or Hellebæk. HCum. abbr. of hugh cuming. Hedegaard Naval oficer. Collected material for nF c/o Japetus steenstrup. Hedemann collected cardiids in greenland 1922. Heegaard, P. E. (1908–1974). danish zoologist. Collected cardiids in Australia 1938. Poul E. heegaard was associated with the danish Zoological Museum and the fishery Research institute. Hekla the norwegian steamer “hekla” was hired for the expedition to scoresby sound, greenland 1891–92. Hellebæk small town north of copenhagen 40 J. hYlleBerg Hellebek Old spelling of Hellebæk. Helsingør Realskole elsinore high school, denmark. zm dispatch book: mörch provided cardiids for educational purpose. they were extracted from Møller’s duplicates or equivalents. møller was regimental surgeon in helsingør and his collection was donated to zm after he deceased. zm Book of dispatch #33 Cardium medium L. 1. #34 Cardium muricatum L. 1. #35 Cardium rugosum Lam. 1. #36 Cardium edule, grimstad, 1. #37 Cardium laevigatum chem. 2. #38 Cardium soleniforme Brug. 1. Henriq. See under Henriques. Henriques Antique dealer. Collected cardiids in China or Vietnam. The Museum purchased (mörch wrote købt !!) shells, 17 may 1850. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #13 Cardium, 9 f. 1. Hensche, A. collected cardiids in germany 1867. see under meyer & möbius. Hirshals old danish spelling of hirtshals located in northern Jutland. Hirtsholm old danish spelling of the islands hirsholmene off Frederikshavn. Hj. U. abbr. of hjalmar ussing. HKH abbr. of hans Kongelige højhed (his Royal Highness) Also written with full stops h.K.h. Hlb. Abbr. of Hellebæk used on labels by mörch. Hofm. Bang abbr. of hofman Bang. Hofman Bang state councellor (estatsraad). supplied cardiids from the former danish West indies. Hofman-Bang (1776–1855). owner of an entailed estate. also listed in catalogues as gentleman farmer. Purchased fossils in 1846 from K. Krantz & comp. Berlin. he donated them to the museum in 1848. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #58 Cardium alæforme sowb. zitten in Bohemia (Böhmen), silurische schicht. 6. #59? idem. 4. Holbøl. see under holbøll. Holbøll & Møller 1839 (t 321). catalogue prepared in godthaab, greenland, but not printed. the species Cardium mariae nob. is not valid. the catalogue is called ”index collectionis molluscorum groenlandicum” c holbölli & C Mølleri. Godthaab 1839. – C. – Cardiaceés concha B. <Cardium grønlandicum. – Venus isl. F. <Cardium islandicum – Card. echin. F. <Cardium ciliatum F. <Cardium Mariae nob. (?). <Cardium minutum – Venus min F. Holbøll (1795–1856). senior lieutenant, inspector in greenland. collected alcohol specimens for CVIII. See under Mörch 1858–59. Holbøll, C. ship captain. collected material for nF c/o Japetus steenstrup. Holm mr. Bookseller who had a large collection, which included shells donated to him by the zoological museum in 1850 c/o mörch. in exchange for corals, sent 25 september 1850. zm Book of dispatch #17 Cardium rusticum L. Holm, Th. student (stud. mag.). dated 14 december 1887, mörch’s accession book 1870– 1889 tells that stud. mag. th. holm collected cardiids during a cruise to greenland onboard the warship ”Fylla”. Holm, Thøger C. mrs. donated shells collected in the mediterranean 1883. holotype the single specimen which is selected as representative of a new species. Holst dr. donated West indian cardiids from the antilles 1933–35. Holstein’s mansion see under stormgade 10. Holt, H. donated tropical cardiids to zm. Holten, Hans Severin (1770–1805). inspector at Km in Østergade during the year 1805. he had been teacher for CVIII at the time the king was a young prince. it is generally assumed that the king’s profound interest in natural history can be attributed to the teaching of holten. Høpner Middle name of Petersen. Used on ZM labels. See under Petersen, G.H. Hornb. abbr. of hornbeck. Hornbe. abbr. of hornbeck. Hornbech spelling of hornbeck on labels. Hornbeck dr. physician. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #4 Card. spinosum, 4. #5 Card. medium, 3. #6 Card. isocardia, 2. – collected cardiids in former danish West indies for nF. – collected cardiids in Panama and China for Nf 1860. – The museum purchased fossil shells (hornbeck’s collection) at auction in 1870. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #116 Cardium glaucum Brug. non globo- cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen sa. Bona. #177 Cardium porulosum Busch. damery marne. #178 Cardium obliquum. Beynes. #179 Cardium obliquum. Jalgonne. #180 Cardium lima. damery. Hornbeck dr. submitted one large specimen of #6 Cardium isocardia for his majesty’s zool. Museum 9/12 1833. Loose page attached with Beck 1833 (from t 278). Hornbek see under hornbeck. Hørring collected cardiids for the zm in Kattegat 1883. Hørring graduate (cand. med.). cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #21 Cardium edule. danmark. – cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #9 Cardium fasciatum. hornbek 1863. #16 Cardium echinatum juv. #21 Cardium svecicum #25. Cardium echinatum. Kattegat. – Læsø Rende. – Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #9 Cardium echinatum. #10 Cardium norvegicum; off Gjerrild Bay. hornum 15. #33 Cardium fasciatum unicolor, albus. #34 Cardium fasciatum rufescens. #75 Cardium svecicum north of gilleleje. Hørring, R. (1875–1943).graduate in zoology 1903. collected cardiids in the north atlantic: Faroe islands and iceland 1899, 1901. according to uzm entries in a diary, student mr. hørring was onboard the naval schooner ”diana”, 1898. – he submitted shells collected at iceland (onboard ”diana”). Cardium ciliatum Ydre Rödefjord, st. 17, 60–80 fv. Cardium ciliatum miöfjord, st. 11, 10–22 fv. Cardium ciliatum Berufjord, st. 23, 5– ? fv. according to the accession book 1889–1937. Horsens Skole Public school in Horsens, Denmark; received cardiids from ZM. Book of dispatch dated 30 april 1850: #34 Cardium medium L Vestindien, 1. #35 Cardium laevigatum Chem Vestind. 1. #36 Cardium muricatum L. Vestindien, 1. #37 Cardium lavum L. Spgl. Red Sea = C. rugosum Lam. 1. #38 Cardium edule, grimstad, 1. Hullas collected cardiids in iceland 1867. Hven or Hveen danish spelling of the swedish island Ven in the Øresund. Hyg. abbr. of hygom. Hygom ship captain. collected material for nF c/o Japetus steenstrup, among others in the West indies. cardiid number in mörch’s 41 accession book 1853–1861: #135 Cardium (Trachycardium), 1/2. 1853. Hylleberg, Jørgen (born 1935) il. dr. marine scientist. collected cardiids for the zmuc in the strait of georgia, Wa. usa. 1973–74. Jh was a guest researcher at the Friday harbor Laboratories when Dr. Henning Lemche visited the laboratory to study nudibranchs. Lemche requested me to collect molluscs for the zm since the museum only had few species from this part of the usa. I. oc. abbr. of indian ocean I. Philp. Abbr. of the Philippines. I. C. Abbr. not veriied. Submitted cardiids to zm 1900. i. e. <Latin. Abbr. of id est = that is to say. Ic. abbr. of “icones …” by the British malacologist Reeve. idem < L. meaning the same, normally printed in italics. ie <L. See under i.e. Ill. abbr. of “conchological illustrations…” by sowerby 1833–1840. Ill. f. Abbr. of Conchological Illustrations igure. Ind. Oc. abbr. of indian ocean. Ind. oc. see under ind. oc. Ind. orient. abbr. of east india. Ind: occident: Abbr. of West India: Latin < occidens: the west; derived from the setting sun. Ind: occidental abbr. of West india. Indiske ocean danish for indian ocean. Ingolf the 59 m long cruiser “ingolf” operated in the north atlantic 1895–96. the work carried out is referred to as the ingolf-expedition. ”ingolf” sampled cardiids in greenland and iceland 1895 and the norwegian sea 1896. Ingolf-expedition see under ingolf. Ins. Abbr. of island: <Latin insula. Ins. Philippines Abbr. of the Philippines. Ins. Philp. Abbr. of the Philippines. Inss. meaning islands, but the plural form of the Latin word insula is insulae. Inst. Wash. stands for smithsonian institution Washington. inter < L. meaning between intermed. Abbr. of intermediary: < L. composed of between and the middle. Irland nordic and german name for ireland. 42 J. hYlleBerg Isefjord danish fjord in contact with Kattegat. Isl. abbr. of island. Island danish & icelandic word = iceland. Isld. abbr. of island. Ital. abbr. of italy. Iversen mate. submitted shells 10 september 1871. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #24 Cardium antillarum d’orb. cuba. J. abbr. of journal. J. C. sen. abbr. of J.christensen senior. collected in Limfjorden 1896. J. N. Abbr. not identiied. Collected cardiids in smålandsfarvandet 1891. Jacobsen master at grammar school in sorø, Denmark. Received from ZM according to Book of dispatch for 10 august 1849 #18 Cardium lavum L. Spgl. C. magnum ch. (From the collection of Forskål). Jacobsen Pastor, 1861. Cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #17 Cardium fasciatum, 2. Jacobsen, Fr. (t 316). cand. theol. he wrote “catalogue of my shells”. two dates: nordby april 1859 and Besser June 1867 (from samsö). Fr. Jacobsen received shells from the museum c/o mörch. i have not been able to trace if Jacobsen’s shells were returned to the museum after his death. he certainly had much contact with the museum since he refers to the Varg. M.U. [Musei universitatis] and stp. his collection of cardiids: (1) Papyridea sws. #1. spinosum meusch., antill. Solen bullatus ch. S. soleniforme Brug. (2) Pectunculus Adans. non Lam. (3) Cardium L. #1. costatum L. Lm. Ch. VI. 151–152, Guinea #2. echinatum L. Lm. var. b Lm., Öresund, Hellebek. Skagerak P.D. #3. rusticum L., M.U. Madeira Varg. C. tuberculatum Lm. #4. multispinosum sow., china. (4) Cerastoderma #1. C. islandicum Ch. VI. 195. Gm. 21 #2. edule L. Gm. 20 Ch. VI. 194., Samsö. (5) Trachycardium Yoldi cat. #1. Isocardia L. Lm. 17, Antill. #2. muricatum L. Lm. 18, Antill. var. [2] Lm. #3. lavum L. (Spengl.), M.U. C. rugosum Lm., Mare rubr. Stp. (6) Liocardium sws. #1. citrinum ch. C. lævigatum Gm. 18.– Lm. 26., antill. (7) Serripes Bk. #1. grönlandicum ch. m.u. grønland stp. Venus islandica Fbr. (8) Fragum Bolt. Hemicardium sws. #1. donaci- forme spgl. in schröt. C. donaceum spglr. Mgr., M.U. Tranquebar. #2. medium Lm. 40, antill. #3. unedo L., M.U. India or. Stp. (9) Hemicardia Kl. (no species listed). Jan Mayen cardiids were sampled at the norwegian island Jan mayen 1900. Jb. abbr. of Jahrbuch. german = yearly publication. Jean the island st. Jean, the West indies. Jelnes, J. E. collected cardiids in the Baltic 2002. Jen old spelling of the island st. Jean, the West indies. Jensen collected cardiids in iceland 1887. Jensen Lieutenant. See under Riise, A.H. Jensen Worked for g.g.u. he collected cardiids in greenland 1906 together with harder. Jensen, Adolf Severin (1866–1953). Professor of zoology. uzm entries in a diary reports him as graduate, collected cardiids onboard the ship ”Michael Sars”, 1902. Subsequently Prof. of zoology, malacologist and leader of “tjalfe” expedition to greenland. curator of molluscs at the museum from 1895–1917. Retired in 1936. Collected cardiids in 1908, 1909. (Fig. 17). fig. 17. Adolf S. Jensen. from photo in the Steenberg Picture collection at zmuc. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen fig. 18. Reference to Yoldi’s cat n° 437: Hemicardium unedo Lin. (O.G.J.) [abbreviation of O.G. Jensen]. Nicobar. At some stage the specimen was owned by o.g.Jensen before ending up at the zmuc via another collection. Jensen, E. Danish Lieutenant. Dated 30 August 1886, mörch’s accession book 1870–1889 tells that mr. lieutenant e. Jensen onboard the warship ”diana”, collected many molluscs donated to the museum, among others cardiids. the cruise went to iceland and the Faroe islands, commanded by mr. captain Bonnesen. —. dated 1 may 1888, mörch’s accession book 1870–1889 tells that senior lieutenant e. Jensen was onboard the corvette ” dagmar” in the mediterranean. he collected Cardium sp. at Piraeus. Fig. 19. Cardium spinosum = C. erinaceum. sold. neapel 1830. I have not identiied the handwriting. Some elements point at O.G.Jensen (fig, 18); other elements at Jonas Collin (Fig. 8). 43 Jensen, Hj. dated 20 september 1890 he submitted cardiids from iceland (accession book 1889–1937): Cardium fasciatum st. 2. Cardium edule in Reikjafjord. Jensen, K. T. A. Danish shell collector; cardiids from Kattegat 1910–12 and from Finnmarken, northern norway. Jensen, Margit danish zoologist. collected cardiids in usa 1973. Jensen, O. G. collected cardiids in Kattegat before 1896. he had a large mollusc collection (Figs. 18, 19). Jensen, Søren uzm entries in a diary mentions him as student onboard the ship ”antarctic” to eastern greenland, 1900. (“the eastgreenland expedition” 1898–1900). Jespersen, P. Helveg collected cardiids in odense Fjord 1937. Johansen, A. C. (1867–1931). dr. phil. director. uzm entries in a diary reports him as graduate, 1898; he collected cardiids in Iceland 1900. he collected cardiids onboard “dana” 1923 and in denmark 1914, 1924, 1925 (Fig. 20). Fig. 20. a.c. Johansen onboard “dana” in may 1923 (in danish waters). Phot. by Anton fr. Bruun. from the Steenberg Picture Collection at ZMUC. 44 J. hYlleBerg Johansen, Frits (Fritz) (1882–1957). danish zoologist onboard “Beskytteren” in greenland 1905, in iceland onboard “Beskytteren” 1904, 1905, on the “danmark” expedition to northeast greenland 1906–08. he collected cardiids in greenland 1931. there is also a record from Vancouver. Johansen, Kirsten Submitted cardiid from Limfjorden to zm 1995. Johnsen, P. zoologist. collected cardiids in greenland 1947. Johnstrup Professor, submitted shells from the museum of mineralogy 1873. a collection of marine shells belonging to a.s.Ørsted’s ”de regionibus marinis” with original labels. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #101 Cardium edule L. – Greenland shells from H.P.C.Møller. Cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #177 Cardium grønlandicum. #178 Cardium islandicum. #179 Cardium elegantulum. Jønsson, H. collected cardiids in iceland 1898. Jordan, J. collected cardiids in Japan 1911 (Fig. 21). Jorden danish word for the globe. Jørgensen collected cardiids in greenland and the Faroe islands 1898. Jørgensen Pastor. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867, dated 27 July 1840: #30. Cardium ciliatum. #31. Cardium grønlandicum. collected cardiids in greenland 1841. Jørgensen, Harriet donated cardiids from sardinia 1962. Jørgensen, L. V. donated cardiids from gambia to zmuc 1979. Jørgensen, O. collected cardiids in the mediterranean, corsica, 1898. fig. 21. Label by Jordan: Japan 38 J.Jordan 12/12 1911. Fig. 22. hector F.e. Jungersen. From photo in the steenberg Picture Collection at ZMUC. Jr. Pr. Abbr. of (Zoological) Journal Proceedings Jrn. abbr. of journal. Jrpr. See under Sow. Jr. Pr. Ju. abbr. of Jungersen on labels. Jungersen, Hector F. E. (1854–1917). Professor of zoology, succeeded Lütken as professor zoologiae in 1899. Participated in the “Ingolf” expedition 1895. (Fig. 22). junior immature, the same as juvenile. Jusb. Abbr. not identiied. On label by Vibe, from Bylot sund 1968. Just, J. collected cardiids in greenland 1968. juvenile immature specimens also called junior on old labels. K. Mus. Abbr. of Konglige Museum (Royal museum). = Kgl. mus. = K.m. K. F. Possibly abbr. of museum conservator Fagerstrøm. collected cardiids in Øresund, amager, 1898. K. St abbr. of K. stephensen. K. V. zool. collection the zoological collection of KVLH was transferred to the Zoological Museum in 1960. See also under KVLH. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen Fig. 23. Beck’s handwriting ca. 1837: Kjerulf manilla. K. V. L. H. See under KVLH. Kallis collected cardiids in iceland 1887. Kanalen danish for the channel between england and France. Kapel, H. Collected cardiids in the Persian Gulf 1960. Kasp. Meer abbreviated german language for the caspian sea. Kaspiske Hav danish for the caspian sea. Kentz see under stimpson. Kgl. abbr. of kongelig – danish for royal. kgl. abbr. of kongelig ( royal) on labels. Kgl. Cb. Stands for Royal Cabinet. Kgl. Museum abbr. of “det kongelige museum” – the Royal Museum. Kgl. Museum på Rosenborg stands for the Royal Museum at Rosenborg Castle ca. 1800–1821. Kgl. Vetr.- & Lbhsk. Zool. Saml. abbr. of Kongelig Veterinær- & Landbohøjskole. zooloZoologisk Samling [Royal Agricultural University]. Also abbreviated KVLH or KV. Kiel 1846 (T. 310). King CVIII submitted shells to a german natural scientist meeting in Kiel 1846. Part of the exhibited shells were badly treated after they were returned to denmark. in a letter to ZM from C.G.Johs.Petersen, dated 19 nov. 1887, he complained that gastropods stored on the loft of the zoological museum in n° 54 were very dusty and had suffered much damage by being moved about over the years. see also under greenland collection. Kinberg collected cardiids in sweden and Brittan before 1848. King’s Museum see under det kongelige natur- 45 historiske museum and Km. Kirkland, Reynold J. dr. Grand Rapids Michigan usa. dated 9. June 1897 he received molluscs from greenland. according to the dispatch book 1890–1921: #8 Cardium elegantulum greenland. #9 Cardium ciliatum greenland #10 Cardium (Serripes) grönlandicum greenland. kischrot Beck’s spelling of german kirschrot = cherry red. Kjær Løjtnant (Military oficer). Collected cardiids in Venezuela and former Danish West indies 1897. uzm entries in a diary reports him as lieutenant, West indies, 1898. Kjærbølling harbour inspector. collected cardiids 1847. Kjærulf dr. med. Collected cardiids in the Philippines for CVIII. Submitted shells in 1837. cardiid numbers in Beck’s accession catalogue 1837–39: #30 Cardium cardissa. #31 Cardium aff. junoniae. #22 Cardium unedo. (Fig. 23). Kjærulph alternative spelling. see under Kjærulf. Kjerulf alternative spelling. see under Kjærulf. Kjøbenhavn old danish spelling of copenhagen. Kjöbenhavn old spelling of København = copenhagen. kjøbt danish word for purchased. used on old labels by mörch. Kl. abbr. of Klein. Klein, J. T. Pre-Linnean naturalist. His publication from 1753 rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. KM or K. M. Stands for the Royal Natural History museum (det kongelige naturhistoriske museum) moved to count holstein’s mansion (Det Holstein’ske Palæ) in 1821. It was an independent government institution. Johannes H. Reinhart was chief inspector. Specimens from the abolished Kunstkammer and spengler’s shell collection were transferred to Km. the period of activity was from 1821–1864. By law the Km fused with the other natural history museums in copenhagen in 1862. two years later the construction of the new zoological museum in Krystalgade began. see also under zm and g. Wad. 46 J. hYlleBerg Fig. 24. copper of the Kommunitet Building on nørregade 10 belonging to the university of copenhagen. after Wolff 1979. KNM Abbr. of the Royal Natural History Museum. mörch referred to “det Kongelige naturhistoriske museum” in the so-called opstillings-catalog, i.e. catalogue showing molluscs in the Royal Natural History Museum. spengler’s name added in pencil to the title of the catalogue. Knudsen, Jørgen (1918–present). dr. phil. malacologist at ZMUC from 1941. Participated in the “atlantide” expedition 1945–46 and the galathea expedition 1950–52. collected and identiied cardiids from West Africa, Gambia, and Vietnam for the museum. Kob. abbr. of Kobelt, W. “ilustriertes conchylienbuch” 1878. København danish language for copenhagen. Københavns Universitets zoologiske Museum abbreviated zmuc = zoological museum of the university of copenhagen. collections from the old zoological museum in Krystalgade were transferred to the new museum in universitetsparken 1963. the name was changed in 2006 to “statens naturhistoriske museum”. Koch, H. Lieutenant. Collected cardiids in the former danish West indies 1865. collected shells onboard the frigate ”tordenskiold” cruising east asiatic seas, submitted 1 march 1872. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #38 Cardium from hong Kong. #56 Cardium glaucum Brug. tims ah Lake in the Suez Canal. Kolding Latinskole grammar school in Kolding, denmark. the school received shells from zm c/o master at grammar school (adj.) Jonstrup, according to Book of dispatch september 1849. #20 Cardium isocardia L. 1. #21 Cardium serratum (laevigatum ch.), 1. #22 Cardium medium L. 1. Kolman, J. G. dutch zoologist. studied cardiids at zm. Kom. f. Havunders. = Kommiss. f. havunders. Collected cardiids in Limfjorden. Kommiss. f. Havunders. abbr. of Kommissionen for havundersøgelser = commission for investigations of the sea. the commission was formed in 1902 to conduct the danish tasks within the Permanent International council for the exploration of the sea. Kommunitet Part of the university building complex. see under nørregade 10. the Kommunitet is a scholarship foundation of the university of copenhagen housed in a long building facing nørregade. during the bombardment of copenhagen in 1807 the university was destroyed except the Kommunitet’s building and two smaller houses in the university yard. (Fig. 24). Kongelige danish for royal. Kongens Nytorv 4, Thotts Palæ the open space called Kongens nytorv in inner copenhagen was baptised The King’s New Square in 1669. a number of large buildings were constructed along the periphery of the square. The Thott’s mansion was constructed 1683 and rebuilt 1763–64. otto thott (1703–1785) was a passionate collector of books, works of art, and naturalia. Later the mansion accommodated the museum of the danish society of natural history (naturhistorisk Forenings museum) from 1833–1847. today it houses the embassy of France. Konstk. abbr. of Konstkammer, old spelling of Kunstkammer. see under Frederik ii. Konsul danish word for consul. Koolman, J. G. dutch zoologist who studied cardiids at zm. Kornerup cand. polyt. technological university, copenhagen. collected shells at a clay slope in the northern area of strømfjord, greenland, 6 m above sea level aug. 1879. no number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: Cardium cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen ciliatum Fabr. Kr. Abbr. not identiied, but reference to Yoldi 426 indicates a collection after 1853, the year mörch issued his Yoldi auction catalogue. Krabbe, Harald (1831–1917) zoologist, dr. med. 1857. Assistant at KVLH in 1858, professor in 1892. collected cardiids in east- and West india. Kraeuter, J. collected cardiids at sapelo island & the atlantic, usa 1971. Krafft dr. Provided fossils from Bohemia (Böhmen) 26 oct. 1865. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #60. Cardium. Prag E. Kramp, Paul L. (1887–1975). marine zoologist, dr. phil. Collected cardiids in Lillebælt 1916 and the Faroe islands 1926. Krantz, K. in Berlin. see under hofman-Bang. Krantz dr. German paleontologist, Bonn. Provided fossil cardiids to zm. Krebs, H. C. danish business man and consul in st. thomas. Krebs, Henrik Johannes (1821–1907) danish business man and consul in st. thomas, former danish West indies. graduate in zoology. collected cardiids in the danish West indies 1835. he had a large collection, which included shells donated to him by the zoological museum in 1849 c/o mörch. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #117 Cardium muricatum, 2/2. #117 Cardium muricatum, 2/2. – consul Krebs West indies 1862. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #9. Cardium antillarum d’orb. #10. Cardium lævigatum C. mortoni aff. C. pristis Val. – Cardiids received from ZM according to Book of dispatch #48 Cardium elegantulum Bk. 4. #96 Cardium lavum L. – Book of dispatch 29 november 1849 #31. Cardium groenlandicum ch. 1. #32 Cardium islandicum ch. 2. #34 Cardium elegantulum Beck, 1. #54 Cardium edule, grimstad, 1. #69 Cardium lavum L. (from the Red Sea collected by Forskål). – Krebs lived in allinge, denmark in 1872. the museum received shells from st. thomas. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #84 Cardium muricatum. #325 Cardium mortoni conr. – the museum received a box from consul Krebs with shells from st. martin 47 Fig. 25. h.c. Krebs. From copy of photo in the steenberg Picture Collection at ZMUC. 1876. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #999 Cardium ringiculum sow. #1000 Cardium spinosum meusch. #1001 Cardium citrinum chem jun?. #1002 Cardium medium L. #1003 Cardium muricatum L. #1048 Cardium spinosum meuschen. (Fig. 25). Kristensen, Thomas K. donated cardiids from gambia to zmuc 1982. Kristineberg old marine research facility on the west coast of sweden. dansk Biologisk station collected cardiids in sweden at the Kristineberg marine zoological station 1914. Kroier, H. graduate. donated shells from spitsbergen november 1839. cardiid numbers in Beck’s accession catalogue 1837–39: #15 Cardium an n.sp. (an var. groenlandicum). #16 Cardium islandicum ch. 1. Kroyer collected cardiids in trondheim, norway before 1848. 48 J. hYlleBerg Krøyer, Henrik (1799–1870). dr. phil. museum inspector, director, naturhistorisk Forenings museum 1835–36, 1840–41, 1842–47, Km inspector 1842–64. collected cardiids in the North Sea, Denmark, Participated in the “Bellona” expedition to south america. 1840–41. collected cardiids in Brazil. active in Km from 1842. collected alcohol specimens for CVIII. See under Mörch 1858–59. According to mörch 1840–66, h.Krøyer checked cardiids in 1860 brought home by dr. Krøyer from the Frigate Bellona’s cruise. # 133. Cardium muricatum Linn. Brasil (from T 278). Kruuse collected cardiids in greenland 1897 and 1907. Kryn. abbr. of Krynicki. submitted cardiids 1837. Krynicki, A. J. Russian naturalist. Published “conchilien tam terrestris ...” 1837. Krystalgade 25–27 Following the fusion of the existing museums (law passed in 1862), construction of a grand zoological museum started in 1864 in Krystalgade next to the University Library and the University Main Building. the architect chr. hansen created an innovative and ground breaking design for the construction of museum buildings serving display of natural history items. the building is still existing but is no longer museum. (Fig. 26). Kuf. Abbr. of Kjærulf. Kunstk. abbr. of Kunstkammer. Kunstkamm. abbr. of Kunstkammer. Kunstkammer in 1650, inspired by ole Worm, the King Frederik iii organised a collection named ”det kongelige Kunstkammer or museum Regium”. it was located in the castle of Copenhagen (Københavns Slot, the irst christiansborg). Years of important events: – 1655 King Frederik iii purchased the collection of ole Worm and a book describing the collection was issued “musei Wormiani historia”. Worm’s collection was incorporated together with other curiosa in Kunstkammeret. – 1665–70 a new building called Kunstkammer-bygningen was constructed close to the castle on Slotsholmen. The Royal art collection encompassing natural history objects moved to this building. – 1728 copenhagen experienced a major ire destroying a large part of the city, but the Kunstkammer survived without harm. – 1775 Lorenz spengler was appointed manager (kunstkammerforvalter) of the cabinet of curiosities. he illed that position until 1807. – 1794 the castle christiansborg burnt down, but as in 1728 the Kunstkammer survived without harm. – 1821 the zoological collections of the cabinet of curiosities amalgamated with collections from ”det kongelige naturhistoriske museum”. see also under Frederik iii. KVL Identical with KVLH. KVLH Abbr. of Kgl. Veterinær- & Landbohøjskole [Royal Agricultural University]. the school was established in Frederiksberg 1856 and inaugurated 1858. at that time Frederiksberg was a rural suburb to copenhagen. today the two areas are amalgamated. KVLH label in 1960 the cardiid collection was transferred to ZMUC from the KVLH. Most specimens have original labels. in addition the specimens were provided with small labels: Kgl. Vetr.- & Lbhsk. Zool. Saml. (printed on fig. 26. The irst building to the right is part of Kommunitetet. the second building is the zoological museum in Krystalgade around 1900. after photo in Wolff 1999. fig. 27. KVLH label attached with all cardiids transferred from the Royal Agricultural University Zoological Collection to zm. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen top) and J. 1/1960 (handwritten). i have not located this journal (Fig. 27). kvm abbr. of kvartmil = nautical mile. kvml abbr. of kvartmil = nautical mile. Kysten danish word for the coast. L&R see under L+R L. Abbr. of Linnaeus or Linné. l.c. < L. Abbr. of: loco citato = previously cited. l’orient French language: stands for eastern asia. L+R abbr. of left and right valves. la Gaayra only information on label written before 1848. it may be a person or a locality in the antilles. labels See under Beck, Galathea, Mörch, Posselt, spengler, schumacher, zm, steenberg, and KVLH labels. læv. Abbr. of < L. levis = smooth. On label by mörch. lagt danish word meaning placed or put. Laing, de la groom of the chamber. cardiid numbers 1865 in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #8. Cardium grgr. #9. Cardium grgr. #8. Cardium malta. #147. Cardium papillosum. Lamarck, J. B. (1744–1828). French naturalist. cardiids were described in “histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres” 1798. lambda the 11 th letter of the greek alphabet. Lamck: Terminated with a colon. Abbr. of Lamarck. Laminaria genus of brown algae. Lamk. Abbr. of Lamarck. Landau. Abbr. of Landauer. Landauer Hessen, Cassel, Germany. Received cardiids from zm according to Book of dispatch #71 Cardium ciliatum, 1. – donated cardiids to the museum ca. 1862. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #194. Cardium tenuisulcatum nyst. #195. Cardium tenuisulcatum nyst. #196. Cardium. Lange Lecturer. Collected in Spain, the Bay of Biscay, Vigo and ferrol. Cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #11a Cardium echinatum. Larsen collected cardiids at gibraltar. Larsen, G. collected cardiids at eburna (not located) 1877. Larsen, Knud collected cardiids in denmark 1936. 49 Lassen, N. Chr. N. master at grammar school. collection left by deceased sept. 1857. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #130. Cardium ciliatum Fab. #131. Cardium ciliatum jun. #132. Cardium elegantulum Bk. #133. Cardium elegantulum. #134. Cardium elegantulum. #135. Cardium grønlandicum juv. 3+5. #136. Cardium grønlandicum. #683. Cardium edule. #684. Cardium edule. #732. wet. Cardium ciliatum fab. d. Dr. Pingel. #733. wet. grønlandicum juv. 1. Dr. Pingel. Lav. Abbr. not identiied. On label with ref. to danish West indies. lc. see under l.c. Ldbk. Abbr. of Lundbeck on labels. Lea Philadelphia. Submitted cardiids to His Royal Highness on 7 february 1839: 2. Card. maculata. 2. Card. mortoni. Lea, Isac (1792–1886) american malacologist. His brother was Thomas Gibson Lea (1785– 1844), also a malacologist. Lectotype a single specimen selected from syntypes of a previously described species. Equivalent of holotype. Leg. Abbr. of < L. legit on labels. Inlected form of lego = collected by. Lehmann, M. C. G. (1775–1856). Judge (assessor, obsolete danish title). active in the management of Km from 1808–51. Lemche, Henning M. (1904–1977). dr. phil. malacologist and curator of mollusca at the zoological museum. he collected cardiids in many countries. he reorganised the collection after it was moved from the old zm in Krystalgade to the new zm in universitetsparken. unfortunately he often pooled species with different history in the same box. Lemche cut the edges of old labels so they could it into new boxes he had designed for the collection. leveAnten see under leveanten. leveanten The Levant (Levanten) derived from italian sunrise. seas east of the mediterranean. Levinsen, G. M. R. (1850–1914). museum inspector. he wrote some entries for the accession book 1889–1937, e.g. 26 February 1896. Levy See under Lewy. 50 J. hYlleBerg Lewy Professor. Submitted shells from Exp. de la Venus 1839. Identiied cardiids from Mexico 1839. collected cardiids in Bai de la madeleine. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #39 Cardium procerum, Exp. de la Venus 1839. li. abbr. of litra = number Lib. Latin <Abbr. of libri = book. Ref. to Lister 1687. Liebmann, F.M. (1813–1856). danish malacologist. Professor of botany at KU. Director of nF 1848–56. submitted a collection of mexican shells to zm. mörch, 1840–66 entered “Liebmanniana” dated 20 June 1859: Liebmann’s Mexican shells were submitted 1842–45. mörch refers to # 337. Cardium isocardia L. Vera Cruz Ratsach d. n. 230 card. #338 Cardium muricatum L. juv. d. n 237 cardium? # 339 Cardium muricatum. #340 Cardium (Liocardium) n. 221 antigua (from t 278). Lightfoot, John (1735–1788). Britsh Reverend. Identiied cardiids for the Portland Catalogue. Lillebælt The Little Belt between funen and Jutland connects the Baltic with the Kattegat. Limburg, Duche de. duke. see under Wroblewsky. Lin: or Lin. Abbr. of Linnaeus, 1758 Lindholm, M. collected cardiids in Barbados 1976. Linnæi Alternative mode of Linnaeus, 1758 List. Reference to Lister 1687 plate 337 (showing Venus tigerina). Lister, Martin (1638–1711 or 1639–1712). British malacologist. Published “Historiae conchyliorum” 1685–1692. Lithothamnion genus of coralline algae. Lm. Abbr. of Lamarck. Lmck. Abbr. of Lamarck. Lmk. Abbr. of Lamarck. Ln. Abbr. of Linnaeus or Linné. Loc. Abbreviated Latin = locality. Lond. Abbr. of London used by H.Beck 1839. Londini Latin for London on labels by Beck. Løppenthin, B. collected cardiids onboard the ”godthaab” expedition, greenland 1930. he collected cardiids in the Persian Gulf 1938. Løppenthin’s catalogue 1938. the catalogue of Løppenthin’s quantitative samples from st. 64–133 collected in the Persian Gulf, is available at the zmuc. he noted the number of 0.1 square m grab samples per station, preliminary identiications, and the wet weight of the animals with preliminary id’s. subsequent identiications were later added to the catalogue. Lovén, Sven Ludvig (1809–1895). swedish malacologist. Löwr. Abbr. not identiied. Collected cardiids in Kattegat 1879. Ltk. See under Lütken. Used on labels by mörch. Ltn. abbr. of lieutenant Luc, De mr. geneva. donation dated 29 september 1842 through the museum of mineralogy. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #27. Cardium alatum. du mont saleve 1. Lud. Abbr. of Ludvigsen. Ludvigsen collected cardiids in china/Japan 1834. Lund Grace R. collected cardiids in Bahrain after 1960. Lund, B. collected cardiids in former danish West indies before 1917. Lund, Niels Tønder (1749–1809). deputy of exchequer, active in Naturhistorie-Selskabet 1789–1805. Lund, P. W. (1801–1880). dr. phil. he donated a rich collections of Brazilian fossils to the Danish State c/o CVIII. The donation became a special section of det kgl. naturhistoriske museum, and the state committed itself to inance an inspector of this collection (see under Reinhardt, J.T.). Museum Lundii or Det Lund’ske palæontologiske Museum (Lund’s Paleontological Museum). Lund, V. Identical with P.W. Lund who collected cardiids for CVIII in Brazil. Lundbeck, William (1863–1941). graduated 1895. museum inspector, director. he collected cardiids in greenland 1892 and iceland 1893; participated in the “Ingolf” expedition 1895. dated 27 september 1892 he submitted cardiids collected at iceland and the Faroe islands. he was onboard the ishing vessel ”Prinsesse Marie”, a Danish purseiner. cardiid numbers in the accession book 1889–1937: #71 Cardium ciliatum. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen dyrefjord. #72 Cardium ciliatum. dyrefjord. #73 Cardium fasciatum. dyrefjord. #74 Cardium groenlandicum. onundarfjord. #75 Cardium groenlandicum. Patricksfjord. #76 Cardium groenlandicum. dyrefjord. #77 Cardium groenlandicum. onundarfjord 12 Fv. – dated 25 august 1894 he submitted cardiids from the West coast of iceland, he was onboard the ishing vessel ”Prinsesse Marie” according to accession book 1889–1937: #21 Cardium fasciatum, Falknafjord n46. #22 Cardium fasciatum, onundarfjord, n.2–3. #23 Cardium ciliatum, Falknafjord n46. #24 Cardium ciliatum, onundarfjord n9. #25 Cardium ciliatum, onundarfjord n5. #26 Cardium ciliatum, Falknafjord n43. #27 Cardium groenlandicum. Falknafjord n46. #28 Cardium groenlandicum. onundarfjord n30. #29 Cardium groenlandicum. onundarfjord n25. #30 Cardium groenlandicum. onundarfjord n5-18. #31 Cardium groenlandicum. onundarfjord n8. lunular heart see under lunule. lunule a crescentic structure on anterior part of dorsal margin. Lusitania An ancient name for Portugal. Lütk. Abbr. of Lütken. Lütken, Chr. Frederik (1827–1901). Professor zoologiae. dated 30 august 1873, he submitted shells to the museum. no number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: Cardium edule var. baltica. Roskildefjord. – He succeeded steenstrup as professor zoologiae in 1885. the different museum collections in copenhagen fused by law (see under naturhistorisk Museum). Lütken became inspector of the new museum. as university lecturer (docent), he collected at Hellebæk, 10–14 fathoms. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #66 Cardium echinatum, 2 +1, in alcohol. #67 Cardium fasciatum, 2+1, 2 +1, in alcohol. #79 Cardium ciliatum L 4, dry shells. #80 Cardium fasciatum mtg. 3, dry shells. #81 Cardium nodosum mtg. 1, dry shells. – danish molluscs from Hellebæk and Samsø: #24 Cardium ciliatum L. 1+4. #233 Cardium echinatum, juv. hlb. 3. #234 Cardium echinatum, 10–12 fv hlb, 1. #235 Cardium fasciatum, hlb, 2. #236 Cardium fasciatum, samsø 3+3. LV. abbr. of left valve. 51 Lydecken, I. collected cardiids on Åland, Finland, 1899. Lyell, Charles (1795–1875) British malacologist. Submitted cardiids from Canada to CVIII before 1848. Lynch collected cardiids as participant in the ocean study group 1971. Lyngby Collected alcohol specimens for CVIII. see under mörch 1858–59. Lynge, Herman (1862–1945). uzm entries in a diary reports him as book seller, copenhagen. he received mortensen’s siam molluscs 11 May 1901. He identiied the specimens. He had a large collection, which included shells donated to him by the zoological museum c/o mörch. see also under collin’s collection. M et Ch. abbr. of martini & chemnitz: neues systematisches conchylien-cabinet 1769– 1795. M I oc. abbr. of mare india oceanus. m m abbr. of mittelmeer = the mediterranean. M Moltk. abbr. of moltke’s museum. M rub. The Red Sea. L< mare = sea; rubrum = red. M. & St. abbr. of melvill & standen. m. Abbr. of < L. meus = mine. Refers to authorship, e.g. species named by schumacher (used at the end of text on specimen labels). the French malacologist Bruguière used nob. (Latin nobilis = recognised) to designate species described by him. schumacher also used m: followed by a reference to Plate and figure. in this case m: refers to in martini (see under chemnitz 1782 and under schumacher). fig. 28. Label by Beck: Cardium muricatum Linn Lmck: n° 18. chemn. 7 f. 177. mus: acad: (mörch added the letter greek letter delta in pencil). 52 J. hYlleBerg M. ac. see under m. acad. M. acad. abbr. of the academic museum. see under moltke. (Fig. 28). m. adr. the adriatic sea. see under m. adriaticum. m. adriat. the adriatic sea. see under m. adriaticum. m. Adriaticum The Adriatic Sea. L< mare = sea; hadria a town in italy. M. Berl. abbr. of museum in Berlin. exchange of cardiids c/o nF 1866. M. casp. the caspian sea. see under m. caspium. M. Casp. the caspian sea. see under m. caspium. M. Caspium The Caspian Sea. L< mare = sea; caspian: a name. M. Ch. abbr. of martini & chemnitz. M. Ch. stands for the museum of chemnitz. M. german The North Sea. L< mare = sea; germania = germany. m. m. the mediterranean. see under m. mediterraneum. M. med. the mediterranean. see under m. mediterraneum. M. medit. the mediterranean. see under m. mediterraneum. M. mediter. the mediterranean. see under m. mediterraneum. M. mediterraneum The Mediterranean. L< mare = sea; mediterraneum = in the middle. M. Min. abbr. of mineralogisk museum. M. min. abbr. of mineralogisk museum. M. Moltk. abbr. of moltke’s museum. M. Moltke abbr. of moltke’s museum. M. reg. abbr. of museum regium. m. rub. The Red Sea. L< mare = sea; rubrum = red. M. rubr. The Red Sea. L< mare = sea; rubrum = red. abbr. on labels by Beck and mørch. M. Sp. stands for the museum of spengler. M. zt. Berol. stands for the zootomical museum in Berlin, germany. m., M. Latin < Abbr. of mare = sea. M. P. Abbr. of the Museum in Paris. M. U. abbr. of musei universitatis = university museum in copenhagen. M: abbr. of martini. see under m et ch. M: ac. terminating with a colon. see under m. acad. M: acad: abbr. of academic museum in copenhagen. M: casp: The Caspian Sea. L< mare = sea; Caspian: a name. m: terminated with a colon. Latin < Abbr. of meus. see under schumacher’s label. MacAndrew see under mcandrew. MacGinitie, George Eber (1889–1989) american malacologist. donated shells from alaska 1948. Madsen, A. P. captain. see under museet for oldsager. Madsen, H. P. Pharmacist. donated shells from odessa 1875. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #24 Cardium edule. #25 Cardium glaucum. #26 Cardium exiguum gm. Madsen, Holger danish zoologist. donated cardiids from tunesia to zm 1970. Madsen, Ida Møhl donated cardiids from gambia 1973. Madsen, Ruth collected cardiids in the caribbean 1959. Madsen, Victor collected cardiids on Åland, the Baltic 1891 & 1915. Mag. abbr. of store room (magazine). Magaz. KM abbr. of magazin Kongens museum. see under magazine collections. Magazin collections specimens from det kongelige naturhistoriske museum were stored for a period following dificulties regarding economy and housing. When shells were removed from the store, mörch would write new labels indicating if shells came from the Magazine. If he identiied them as coming from det kongelige naturhistoriske museum, he added KM in pencil. In August 1860, Professor Reinhardt delivered a box he found in the magazine. it contained icelandic shells from mr. hallgrimson. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #57. Cardium ciliatum Fabr. #58. Cardium. Rkvk. 40–41. (Fig. 29). Magazine Catalogue 1829 (t 274). shells from “Kunstkammeret”, transferred to det Kongelige naturhistoriske museum, were stored in a magazine while the university of copenhagen was rebuilt following the British bombardment in 1807. H.Beck & J.Reinhardt signed the catalogue on 13 June 1829. The sequence cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen of information (not all information indicated for each species): running number (#), species, markings, and remarks. #45 Cardium costatum, marking 662, nB two unpaired valves. < Cardium costatum, marking 93. < Cardium costatum, marking 480. #46 Card. apertum, marking 28+. #47 Card. unedo, marking 42. #48 Card. cardissa. marking 12. #49 Card. hemicardium, marking 44. #50 Card. fragum, marking 43. #51 Cardium sp. marking 41. #52 Cardium muricatum, marking 46. #53 Card. bullatum, marking K+. Magz. abbr. of store room (magazine). Makasser old name for the indonesian city Ujung Pandang now called Makassar again. malacologist Person who works with malacology, i.e. the branch of zoology that treats molluscs. Malm, A. W. accession book. dated 3 november 1863 he sent shells to the Kongl. universit. zoologiske museum in copenhagen as a gift from the museum in gothenburg, sweden. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #157. Cardium pygmæum don. #158. Cardium nodosum turt. #159. Cardium fasciatum. #160. Cardium suecicum. – dispatch book. he received a shell collection. cardiid number in mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: #75 Cardium lavum. Malm, A. W. see under tornam, a. Malsb. abbr. of malsburg. Malsburg german malacologist. his collection was sold in 1837. he supplied cardiids for CVIII. Fig. 29. mörch’s label: Cardium/Trachycardium muricatum L. Magaz. Mörch added KM and the Greek letter lambda in pencil. 53 Mandal-Barth danish zoologist who collected cardiids in the Øresund, charlottelund, 1960. Manh senior lieutenant. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #7. Cardium edule. tokkebjerg, 8.5 fathoms, rocks. 31 october 1863. Manniche, A. L. V. zoologist on “danmark expedition” to northeast greenland 1906–08. Mar. Casp. stands for caspian sea. Mar. casp. stands for caspian sea. Mar. europ. stands for european seas. Mare Europ. stands for european seas. Margrethe the vessel “margrethe” was used to collect material at the Faroe islands, north atlantic, 1913. Mark the old danish and german currency called mark is abbreviated with a symbol. see under “a”. Marokko danish language for morocco. Mart. & Ch. abbr. of martini & chemnitz: neues systematisches conchylien-cabinet 1769–1795 rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. Martens, Karl Eduard von (1831–1904) german malacologist. zm received shells from the ” kgl. univ. zoologiske museum in Berlin”. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #45. Cardium lima singapore (Fig. 30). Martyn Reference to “The universal Conchologist” 1784, rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. Martyni see under martyn. Mathies. see under mathiesen. Mathiesen danish ship doctor onboard the corvette “Valkyrien” c/o Inspector Reinhart. Collected cardiids for nF c/o Japetus steenstrup. Donated shells c/o Dr. Rink, 12 January 1848. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #79 Cardium, 1. – mörch’s cat. #79 is from the period when J.T. Reinhardt was inspector at Km. Matsui collected cardiids in the gulf of thailand 1960. Mc. Abbr. not identiied. It is possibly a slip for mcandrew. collected cardiids in china. Mc.Andr. abbr. of mcandrew. he collected cardiids in norway 1865. McAndrew, Robert. (1802–1873) British naturalist. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession 54 J. hYlleBerg Fig. 30. the german professor e. von martens submitted cardiids to zm from the univ. zoological museum in Berlin. After photo in the Steenberg Picture Collection at ZMUC. book 1840–1867: #35 Cardium fasciatum. #36 Cardium nodulosum. #37 Cardium svecicum. #55 ?Cardium norvegicum. #59 Cardium crassum med. #245 Cardium (Hemicardium) ? siam. M-Ch. abbr. of martini & chemnitz.: neues systematisches conchylien-cabinet 1769–1795 rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. med. Medium quality of illustration. Used on labels. Meder v. donated cardiids from the moluccas. collected cardiids in china. Meg. abbr. of megerle 1811. Meiborg see under mejborg. Mejborg. the museum received danish shells 22 september 1870. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #14 Cardium echinatum L. thick shelled. #15 Cardium norvegicum spgl. #16 Cardium edule L. mellem danish word for between. Melv. abbr. of melvill referring to melvill & standen 1906. Messin abbr. of messina, sicily. Meu. abbr. of meuschen. Meusch. abbr. of meuschen. Meuschen, F. C. (1719–1800) dutch malacologist. Published “Zoophylacium Gronovianum” 1778 rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. Meyer & Möbius the museum received a shell collection from dr. h.meyer & dr. K.möbius, hamburg, germany, Jan. 1867. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #39 Cardium edule L. Kieler Bucht. #40 Cardium fasciatum mtg. in alcohol, Kieler Bucht. #41 Cardium fasciatum jun.? in alcohol, Kieler Bucht. #42 Cardium edule L. jun. Kieler Bucht #43 Cardium pygmæum gm. C. pygmæum ?svendborgsund. #44 nr? Hela Bucht, Ostpreussen (East Prussia), by a.hensche. Meyer, H. Adolf (1822–1889). german malacologist (t 278). according to Beck 1836 n° 3: From meyer in hamburg received in exchange #14 Cardium n. sp. e Japan. Meyer, Th. Mrc. Andr. college councellor (collegieraad, obsolete title). collected cardiids in Kattegat 1853. shells collected at hirtsholmen off Frederikshavn, denmark, June 1859. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #5 Cardium norvegicum. #6 Cardium edule, 3. #7 Cardium echinatum, 2/2. Meyr. abbr. of h.meyer. mgr. Abbr. of the Danish word “monograi” with ref. to spengler 1799. Mgz abbr. of magazine. Mid. Hav. abbr. of middel havet = the mediterranean. Midd. see under middendorff. Middelh. abbr. of middelhavet = the mediterranean. Middelhavet danish = the mediterranean Midden. abbr. of middendorff. Middend. see under middendorff. Middendorff dr. he was passing through copenhagen from St. Petersburg in 1846. He gave the museum a collection of lymnocardiids from the caspian sea in exchange for danica and grønlandica, which mörch gave him from his own collection. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #1 Cardium trigonoides = C. rusticum. m.casp. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen #2 Glycimeris plicata Pander, M.Casp. #3 Glycimeris laevigata Kryn. m.casp. one valve was slightly damaged. Mielche, Sol Collected cardiids in the Paciic, tonga isl. 1956. mil a danish mile is approximately 7.5 km. Miller, L. donated cardiids from australia. Min. Mus. abbr. of museum of mineralogy, copenhagen. Mineralogisk Museum. danish for museum of mineralogy. see under Johnstrup, professor. Mittell: Meer: terminating with colons. see under mittelland meere. Mittelland meere old german language. = seas of mediterranean countries. Mittellant meere see under mittelland meere. Mittelmeer german = the mediterranean. Mke. see under moltke, a.g. Möb. abbr. of möbius on labels by mörch. Möbius collected cardiids in denmark 1867. Møl See under Møller, H.P.C. Møll. Sml. abbr. of møllers samling (møller’s collection), which included cardiids from the Small Antilles. See under Møller, H.P.C. (Fig. 31). Møll: abbr. of møller. used on labels by by Beck and in the old zm catalogues. see under møll. sml. Møll: Saml: terminating with colons. see under møll. sml. Møller collected cardiids in greenland 1787. Møller collected cardiids in iceland before 1896. fig. 31. Label by Beck: Cardium medium Linn. Lmck: n° 40. chemn 6. f. 162-164. møll: sml: �= møller’s collection]. Both Beck and Mörch wrote labels for cardiids of the møller’s collection. 55 Møller mr., Øfjord, iceland. the museum received shells 4 december 1869. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #4. Cardium ciliatum Fabr. Møller Regimental surgeon, deceased before 1849. he had a large collection of cardiids, which after his death was donated to the zoological museum. according to old book of dispatch at the museum, mörch selected duplicate specimens and donated them to schools (e.g. elsinore secondary school and aarhus grammar school) for educational purposes. Möller See under Møller, H.P.C. Møller, H. P. C. (1810–45). inspector and conchologist, worked in greenland as inspector, member of nF. he had a large collection of molluscs, including cardiids now present at the ZMUC. – Shells c/o Prof. Philippi. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #57 Cardium papillosum Poli, 5, id Ph. #58 Cardium lævigatum Poli, 3, id Ph. #317 Cardium aculeatum Britt. 1. #318 Cardium norvegicum Norway, Phil. 2. – Shells in alcohol from southern norway. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #417 Cardium edule, in alcohol, southern norway. – cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #503 Cardium edule grimstad, 13. #504 Cardium edule Vejlefjord, 3/2. Without number by mörch: Cardium with nr. 469. 1. – shells in alcohol collected by shop assistants in greenland, september and october 1842. all id’s by cand. møller. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #32 Cardium grønlandicum juv. 2. #33 Cardium ciliatum juv. 2. #34 Cardium elegantulum, 1. – From møller’s collection labeled roadstead of gibraltar. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #371 Cardium, 12/2. Møller, H. P. C. deposition of original greenland shells. see under Johnstrup, professor. Møller, Johanne Collected cardiids in Panama before 1946. Møller, Poul colony manager. he collected cardiids in greenland 1903. Møller’s collection (T 303). HPC Møller. Katalog over mollusksamlingen” Printed on the spine only. Written by mörch, but not dated or signed. R.Spärck noted in 1918: supposed to 56 J. hYlleBerg be the catalogue of H.P.C.Møller’s collection; subsequently veriied by Tom Schiøtte. – It is indeed a comprehensive catalogue but i failed to ind certain numbers of tropical cardiids which should stem from møller’s coll. according to labels in the boxes. mörch placed møller’s collection of tropical shells, mainly gastropods, in a section called exotic shells numbered #1857–2154 and #2385–3031. in the beginning mörch subdivided the catalogue using capital letters to mark places of origin, and consecutive numbers to mark individual lots. however, the material was so comprehensive that he had to use the alphabet many times until he inally cancelled the use of capitals and just mentioned the area where sampling had occurred. the preparation of møller’s catalogue with 3031 listed numbers is a signiicant contribution and of great help to contemporary researchers. the catalogue starts with a). danish molluscs. #609 Cardium grønlandicum ch. (misplaced specimen) extracted from #588 collected at hven 1842. #610 Cardium echinatum L. elsinore (helsingør). #611 C. echinatum. l.d. I.Larsen, Sæby. #612 C. echinatum. #613 C. echinatum. #614 C. echinatum. hveen, 1842. #615 C. echinatum. juv. hven. th. #616 C. echinatum. Kattegat st. mgr. 12-5-1843. #617 Cardium edule L. the Little Belt (Strib). #618 C. edule. l.d. I.Larsen, Sæby. #619 C. edule. mf. ”skr.” #620 C. edule. ved Abra n°. #621 C. edule. mf skr. 3 hven #622 C. edule. odense Fjord 1841. th. #623 C. edule. Præstoe fjord. Th. #624 C. edule. ved n° 623 (Præstoe fjord). #625 C. edule. #626 C. edule. th. Kallebodstrand #627 C. edule juv. helsingør 14 april 1841 #628 C. edule juv. ved n° 627 (helsingør 14 april 1841) #629 C. edule juv. ved n° 627 (helsingør 14 april 1841) #630 C. edule juv. hven 1842. #631 Cardium fasciatum montg. ved n° 620 #632 C. fasciatum ved n° 630 (hven 1842). #633 C. fasciatum. hven. #634 C. fasciatum the great Belt. nyborg. #635 Cardium? sp.? the Little Belt 1841. #636 Cardium suecicum Reeve ved n° 632 (hven 1842). #637 C. suecicum ved n° 616 (Kattegat st. mgr. 12 may 1843.) – B. norwegian and swedish molluscs. #847 Cardium echinatum L. Southern Norway l.d. Kroyer. #848 Cardium sp. (from n° 844, Bohusläns skärgård Kinberg). #849 Cardium edule Mf. ”Lappen”. – C. Specimens without locality. #931 Cardium n. #932 Cardium islandicum. #933 Cardium echinatum. #934 Cardium echinatum juv. #935 Cardium edule. #936 Cardium fasciatum – d. no cardiids. – e. (area not speciied). #1024 Cardium. – F. From great Britain. #1088 Cardium echinatum mf. Fhll. valve dext #1089 Cardium edule mf. orkney valv. – g. spitsbergen Kroyer. #1120 Cardium groenlandicum spitsbergen l.d. Kroyer. #1121 Cardium groenlandicum spitsbergen l.d. Kroyer. – h. north america. no cardiids. – i. forgotten under section B. – h. godthaab 1840 and 1842 (greenland). #1170 Cardium groenlandicum. #1171 C. groenlandicum. #1172 C. groenlandicum juv. #1173 Cardium islandicum. #1174 C. islandicum. #1175 Cardium grønlandicum. #1176 C. grønlandicum juv. #1177 Cardium elegantulum Beck. – i. extracted from boxes marked Julianehaab. #1251 Cardium grønlandicum. #1252 Cardium islandicum. #1253 Cardium elegantulum – i. Box marked mixta fiskernæsset 1840. #1315 Cardium grønlandicum juv. #1316 Cardium islandicum juv. #1317 Cardium elegantulum. – K. wrapped in paper marked Mixta Jepsens Lab. Skovfjorden. #1349 Cardium grønlandicum juv. #1350 Cardium islandicum. #1351 Cardium islandicum. – L. wrapped in paper marked mixta Frhaab. #1381 Cardium grønlandicum juv. – m. Box without markings. #1402 Cardium grønlandicum. #1403 Cardium islandicum. – N. < O. < P. < Q. < R. < S. (no cardiids). – T. Without speciications of area. #1426 Cardium grønlandicum. – u. Box marked Kuksuk Fossils 1840, July. #1429 Cardium grønlandicum. #1430 Cardium islandicum. – V. A small wooden box marked fossils from Leeret ved Kuksuk 28 July 1840. #1439 Cardium grønlandicum. #1440 Cardium islandicum. – x. wrapped in paper marked dredging, shell fragments (Cardium grønlandicum identiied). – Y. < Z. < A. < B. (no cardiids). – c. 2 boxes marked søndre strømfjord 15 June 1843. #1507 Cardium elegantulum. – D. 3 boxes marked fRHB, Mixta fRB, and fhb respectively. #1543 Cardium cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen islandicum. #1544 Cardium elegantulum. – e. (no cardiids). – F. Box marked mixta Julianhb. #1565 Cardium grønlandicum juv. #1566 Cardium elegantulum. – g. (no cardiids). – h. 2 boxes marked godhavns havn (harbour of godhavn). #1583 Cardium islandicum. #1584 Cardium grønlandicum. – I. < K. < L. < M. (no cardiids). – N. Box marked ”Mixta fiskernæsset”. #1626 Cardium ciliatum o.Fbr. juv. #1627 Cardium grønlandicum juv. – o. (no cardiids). – P. < box marked ”below Røde Fjeld”. #1642 Cardium grønlandicum. – Q. < a box marked malene Fjeldsund ghb. #1651 Cardium ciliatum o.Fbr. C. islandicum ch. Godthaab. – R. (no cardiids). – S. Box placed together with insp. møller’s danish mollusca. #Without number: juv. Cardium ciliatum and Cardium elegantulum. – t. < g. < h. < i. < K. < L. < M. < O. < P. < Q. < R. < S. < T. < U. (no cardiids). – x. Extracted from various boxes. #1750 Cardium islandicum. #1751 Cardium grønlandicum. #1752 Cardium echinatum, 2 valves. – Y. (no cardiids). – z. (in alcohol). #1787 Cardium g. – From number 1792 mörch stopped using capital letters to mark sections. headlines would be ”From a selection of small wooden boxes”, ”exotic shells”, etc. #1839 Cardium elegantulum. #1849 Cardium islandicum juv. and Cardium grønlandicum juv. #1851 Cardium grønlandicum. #1852 Cardium islandicum. #2114 Cardium grønlandicum 5, 21, 30, 124, 24, 47, 13, 216. #2115 Cardium islandicum 5, 21, 30, 24, 47, 13. #2116 Cardium elegantulum 21, 14, 47, 13. #2131 Cardium grønlandicum. Removed from alcohol. #2132 Cardium islandicum. Removed from alcohol. Moltk. terminated with a full stop. see under moltke, a. g. Moltk: terminated with a colon. see under moltke, a. g. Moltke, Adam Gottlob (1710–1792). count, privy councellor. in 1759 he founded the naturalia and housekeeping cabinet (natural & husholdnings-cabinettet) at charlottenborg. a position as professor in zoology was established at “the Cabinet” which acquired Peter forskål’s collections from the Arabian Journey 1761–1763 (expedition to “arabia Felix”). in 1772 the museum was transferred 57 Fig. 32. count J.g.moltke. Founder of the moltke collections. after picture in spärck 1962. to the university. some cardiids at the zmuc stem from the collection of moltke (Fig. 32). Moltke, Joachim Godske (1746–1818). count, prime minister. inherited most of his father’s collection. he donated his father’s natural cabinet and the natural theater collection to the university in 1810. see also under moltke, adam g. Moltke’s shell collection see under mörch’s catalogue of count moltke’s shells. Montagu, George (1753–1815) British colonel and malacologist. Published “Testacea Britannica or natural history of British shells ....” in 1803. Monterosato Tomasso di Maria Allery (1841– 1927) Italian Marquise (Marquis) Palermo. italian malacologist. accession cat. dated 10 march 1891 he submitted a substantial collection of mediterranean molluscs on exchange with danica et grønlandica of the museum. the monterosato collection contained many ”species” described by him. cardiid numbers in the accession book 1889–1937: #542 Cardium paucicostatum sow. #543 Cardium mucronatum Poli, Palermo #544 Cardium 58 J. hYlleBerg deshayesii Payr. Palermo. #545 Cardium oblongum ch. #546 Cardium tuberculatum L. Balearerne. #547 Cardium sp. an var.? Patias (grèce). #548 Cardium lamarcki Reeve, cluoggia. #549 Cardium lamarcki var. tunisia. #550 Cardium papillosum Poli. Naples. #564 Cardium parvum Phil. Mondello. #685 Cardium sp. an Cardium parvum Phil. sp. ex Kattegat. – dispatch cat. dated 1891 he received a substantial collection of molluscs from the museum (exchange). according to the dispatch book 1890–1921: #127 Serripes groenlandica greenland. #128 Serripes groenlandica Kara sea, dijmphna exp. #129 Cardium echinatum Kattegat. #130 Cardium echinatum juv. Kattegat. #131 Cardium echinatum the sound. #132 Cardium edule the Little Belt. #133 Cardium edule W. coast of Jutland. #134 Cardium edule var. balticum. Baltic. #135 Cardium nodosum Limfjorden. #136 Cardium exiguum the sound. #137 Cardium suecicum (minimum auct.) Kattegat. #138 Cardium fasciatum the sound. #139 Cardium fasciatum, iceland. #140 Cardium islandicum (ciliatum Fabr.) greenland. #141 Cardium elegantulum greenland. #142 Cardium norvegicum Kattegat. #143 Cardium ciliatum Kara sea, dijmphna exp. Monterozato, Allerz Marquis, Palermo. Spelling of monterosato in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872. Montp. stands for the museum in montpellier, France. exchanged cardiids with zm in 1840. Monts. abbr. of the italian malacologist monterosato. Mörch (t 283). “Conchylia bivalvia” Printed on the spine only. not signed, not dated, but probably written around 1848. The sequence of information (not all information indicated for each species): running #, species, locality, number of individuals, collection mark, source of collection. #361. C. cardissa L. 1, møll, moltk. #362 sic. C. cardissa L. 1, mathies 79. < C. cardissa L. 6, Sch: #362. C. humanum ch. 2, sch:, 1 moltk. #363. C. dionæum Sowb. Lord Hoods Isl. 2, Møll: #364. C. hemicardium L. 1, sch: #365. C. auricula niebuhr, m. rub. 1, m moltk, orig. #366. C. retusum L. 3, sch: #367. C. subretusum sowb. 1/2, m. acad. #368. Cardium, 1/2, m. acad. #369. C. hemicardium L. 1, sch: #370. C. fragum, 2, sch: #371. C. unedo, 1, sch:, 65, 1. Forsk. 65. #372. C. medium, tortola, 10, møll: – C. medium, 5, sch: < C. medium, 1, møll: #373. C. donaciforme spengl. Philippin. 1, cuming 164. #374. C. costatum L. 1, nt. Foren. < C. costatum L. 1/2, Sch: < C. costatum L. 2/2, M. acad. #375. C. asiaticum Lamk. 1, m. acad. < C. asiaticum Lamk. 2, Sch: #376. C. coronatum spgl. 1, sch: #377. C. papyraceum ch. 4 2/2, m. acad. 66, Forsk. 66 #378. C. bullatum L. 1, moltk. < C. bullatum, 1, sch: #379. C. soleniforme Brug. tortola, 7, møll: < C. soleniforme Brug. 2, sch: #380. Cardium, 1, sch: #381. C. ringiculum sow. 2/2, sch: #382. C. lavum L. 7, Sch: < C. lavum L. 3, M. acad 61, 4. Forsk. 61 < C. lavum L. 1, Remh. 20, < C. lavum L. Ind. Oc. 1, Rink. 5, #383. C. muricatum L. 9, Mus. acad. 62. 4/2 forsk. 62 < C. muricatum L. 9, Sch: #384. C. rastrum Reeve, 2, Sch: #385. C. erinaceum Lm. 1, Sch: < C. erinaceum Lm. 2, M. acad. #386. C. aculeatum, Britain 1, møll: #387. C. echinatum L. Fairhill, 1/2, møll: < C. echinatum L. Norway, 1/2, møll: 84. < C. echinatum L. 4, Sch: < C. echinatum L. 1, M. Moltk < C. echinatum L. 1, m. acad. #388. C. ciliare gm. 3/2, moltk. #389. C. rusticum L. 3, sch: < C. rusticum L. 5, m. acad < C. rusticum L. 1, Moltk. #390. C. isocardia L. 4, Sch: 1 Sch. Orig. < C. isocardia L. St. Thomas 1, Unger. < C. isocardia L. 1, Møll: #391. C. leucostomum Born, 3, sch: < C. leucostomum Born, 1, m. acad. < C. leucostomum Born, 1, sch: < C. leucostomum Born, 1, møll: #392. C. pectinatum L. 1/2, sch: #393. C. papillosum Poli, Gibraltar Rhed, 5, Phil. Møll: 371, #394. C. fasciatum mont. 3, møll: 936, #395. Cardium, 10, møll: 1021, Cardium, the Channel, 1, Prosch 69, #396. C. edule L var. Rygen, 5, Moltk. Suenson. < C. edule L. Orkney, 1, Møll: 1089, < C. edule L. 5/2, møll: 935. < C. edule L. Als, 5, Sch: < C. edule L. Bergen, 1, Sars. < no#. Cardium, m. rub. 1, Forsk 67, Forsk. 67. < no#. Cardium, fos?, 1/2, Forsk 68, Forsk. 68. < no#. C. assimile Reeve, M. rub. 2 1/2, forsk 63, M.acad. Forsk. 63. #397. C. islandicum ch. 3, sch: < C. islandicum ch. 2, m. acad. < C. islandicum ch. 23 1/2, møll: #398. C. norvegicum spgl. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen fig. 33. Part of Mörch’s catalogue ca. 1848 “Conchylia bivalvia” The sequence of information is running #, species, locality, number of individuals, collection mark, and source of collection. norway, 1, stp. 227, < C. norvegicum spgl. Norway 3, Møll 3/8 (Phil) < C. norvegicum spgl. stp. 997, < C. norvegicum spgl. 3, møll: Phil. #399. C. oblongum ch. 1, m. acad. #400. C. obliquum spgl. 1, sch: #401. C. biradiatum Brug. 1, moltk. #402. C. lævigatum L. 1, Sch; 1 moltk (Forsk) #403.C. serratum L. 16, Sch: < C. serratum L. Tortola, 12, Møll: #404. C. mortoni conr. united states, 2, cuming #405. C. grönlandicum ch. 3, sch: < C. grönlandicum ch. 9, møll < C. grönlandicum ch. 1, møll: < C. grönlandicum ch. spitsbergen, 2, møll: 1121, #406. C. trigonoides Pallas, M. casp. 1, middend. #407. C. (Monodacna), casp. 1, cuming 133, #408. C. (Adacna), m. casp. 1, midden. #409. C. (Adacna), m. casp. 1, midden. (Fig. 33). Mörch (t 312). de forenede museers Bløddyrsamling. not dated. the mollusc collection of the united museums. cardiids on display in the public exhibition, i.e. the labels marked ”fra udst.” in the present dry collection of zmuc. Cardiids were on display in Room 2. Cupboard C.4. Veneracea: Cardium muricatum L. S. Croix, S. Thomas. Cardium rusticum L. the mediterranean. Cardium oblongum ch. Vestindien (Ravn. N.f.). Cardium (Liocardium) lævigatum s.croix (mus-zoot.hafn.). Cardium (Acanthocardium sic) echinatum. the mediterranean. (Kgl. mus.). Cardium 59 (Trachycardium) isocardia Vestindien. Cardium (Serripes) grønlandicum ch. greenland. (Fleischer). Cardium (Fragum) unedo Lin. the Philippines Cuming 541 (M. Chr. VIII). Mörch (T 312). Oversigt over CVIII Samling. Overview re the CVIII collection. Cardium without speciication in the drawers 11–22. not signed, not dated, but ca. 1864. Mörch (t 312, separate pages). heading of document: de forenede museers Bløddyrsamling. universitetets samling paa nørregade. Over ChVIII Samling indes et eget Catalg. the pages show how the collections were organised from the beginning. Mörch (T 313a). “Oversigt over Slægterne i conchylie-samlingen” overview of genera in the shell collection. catalogue in two parts. Part one. The cardiids were placed in room I, cabinet c, drawer 16. (Cardium). there are no dates allowing to estimate when part 1 was written, but the style of writing indicates that it was early in mörch’s work for the museum in nørregade. he served there from 1852–1864. For part two, see under mörch t 313a, separate pages. Mörch (t 313a, separate pages). samling af originalstykker. �collection of original specimens. One catalogue in two parts]. Part two: mollusca in glasses (wet): the cardiids were placed in room 2 cabinet C, 4. Veneracea in the museum in Krystalgade. the cabinet contained Cardium muricatum L. S. Croix, s. thomas. Cardium rusticum L., Mediterranean. Cardium oblongum ch., West indies (Ravn). Cardium (Liocardium) læævigatum L., S. Croix. (mus. zoot. Hafn.). Cardium (Acanthocardium sic) echinatum L., Mediterranean (Kgl. mus.). Cardium (Trachycardium) isocardium L., West Indies. Cardium (Serripes) grönlandicum ch., greenland (Fleischer). Cardium (Fragum) unedo Lin., Philippines Cuming 541 (M. Chr. VIII). Mörch 1840–66 (t 286). accession book. index by mörch. no title, no date. Mörch 1846–53 (t 287). universitetets zoologiske museums tilgangsjournal for Bløddyr i. 1846–53. Printed on the cover. In handwriting on irst page: “Tilvæxt-Journal for Mollusca n° 1”. accession book. Mörch 1849–61 (t 292). dispatch catalogue. no 60 J. hYlleBerg title, no date. First entry september 1849, last entry dated 1861. Mörch 1853–61 (t 289). universitetets zoologiske museums tilgangsjournal for Bløddyr ii. 1853–61. Printed on the cover. in handwriting on irst page: Universitetets zoologiske Museums Tilvæxt-Journal for Mollusca N° 2. (begyndt 1853, Febr.) accession book. information from this catalogue is listed here under the persons who contributed with specimens. Mörch 1857–68 (T 293). “UZM Mörch O.A.L. afgivelse og bytte af mollusca 1857–1868. Printed on spine only. Dispatch and exchange book. all entries by mörch. some shipments are only indicated with receiver and bulk number of species. dated 1856 molluscs were selected for dispatch to schools. cardiids are not mentioned. due to many fusions and splitting up of collections over the years, some species had to be reorganised. dated september 1857, mörch noted that he handed over crustaceans to the second inspectorate: spengler’s original Lepades and 2 drawers, which came from the collection of naturhistorie selskabet. Mörch 1866–72 (t 288). uzm tilgangsjournal for Bløddyr og stråledyr ii 1866–72. accession book. index by mörch. no title, no date. Last entry June 1872. Mørch the modern danish letter “ø” and the scandinavian and german letter “ö” were both used by mörch. the ö-spelling is most frequent on museum labels and in catalogues. See under Mörch, O.A.L. Mörch, O. A. L. (1828–1878), dr. phil. bestowed on him by the university of göttingen in 1868, assistant professor. Full name: otto andreas Lowson Mørch. Personality according to Bricka: eccentric, absent-minded, reserved and suspicious, but basically noble, unselish, and very helpful. his knowledge and experience was highly appreciated abroad. he was quite famous as a an expert of malacology. Years of important events in the life of mörch: 1844–1848 at the Royal Natural History Museum [Kgl. naturhistorisk Museum = KM]. assistant for Beck where he learnt much about the old collections. – in 1847 professor steenstrup offered him work at the university museum, which he accepted. – From 1850–1864 assistant curator of the shell collections of fig. 34. Portrait of O.A.L. Mörch published by Jonas Collin. after J.hylleberg 2004 (3): 841. the university of copenhagen (the university established by count moltke). – From 1864–1878 he worked with the zm shell collection of the university in Krystalgade where all museum collections had been united. he wrote a number of catalogues encompassing accessions registers, shells leaving the museum as gifts or in exchange, special collections, such as spengler’s and count moltke’s shells belonging to the zoological museum of the university. �see under “det grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende zoologiske Museum”]. When Mörch included new shells in the collections he would give them running numbers, which started with number 1 for each lot. at the same time he would write that number inside the shell and on the label. he prepared the enumeration of shells from the CVIII collection stored in alcohol and wrote new labels in 1858–59. (Fig. 34). Mörch’s Spengler cat. (t 304). spglers mgz. (spengler’s magazine). catalogue without title dealing with the original specimens in the cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen chemnitz, müller, and spengler collections. When Mörch writes “I” (irst person) he cites spengler’s comments. in this respect, and the numbering, the present catalogue differs from other spengler catalogues written by mörch. #875. Cardium. Solen bullatus. L. Ch. 159, 60. I own a variety of this bivalve, which is quite smooth on the outside, only with ine stripes on the curvature. i have some specimens, which are nicely brown-red with a few spots. the length reaches 2 t., the width 1.5 t. guinea. #877. Cardium costatum L. Ch. 151.152. It is a double, length 2 T. 13 L., width 3 T., depth 2.5 T., from a friend in Paris. #878. no record. #879. Variety of C. costatum �C. indicum Lam.], length 2.5 T., width 2.75 T., depth 2.25 t. on average, from the natural history collection in madrid. don clavijo. #880. Cardium lamellatum Sp. Ch. f. 153, 154. Niqb., height 2 t., width the same. 1 individual. #881. Cardium coronatum Sp. 1 T. 4 L. width, 1 T. 2 L. deep. Niquebar. #882. Cardium ringens ch. f. 170. guinea. the largest specimens measure 1 T. 8 L. in length. #883. C. aculeatum L. Ch. f. 155. #884. C. aculeatum variety a. 20 ribs. 1 T. 7 L. width, 1 T. 3 L. height. Ch. f. 155. #885. C. aculeatum variety B. ch. f. 156. 3.5 t. length and width. 3 t. thick. #886. C. aculeatum variety c. ch. f. 157. #887. C. echinatum L. Ch. 158. Specimens from the mediterranean measure 2.25 t in height and width. the nordic are 2 t. in width and 1t. 10 L. in height. #888. C. ciliare ch. f. 171, 72. xi 1951, 52, 53. #889. C. tuberculatum L. ch. f. 173. #890. C. isocardium L. Ch. f. 174, 175. Height 3 T. 1 L., width and depth 2 T. 7 L. #891. C. muricatum L. Ch. f. 177, length 2 T. 2 L., width 1 T. 9 L. I have a specimen from the south sea with some changes and very lively colours. Pulocondore. Martyn 2, f. 79. ii. #892. C. lavum L. Length 2T. 4 L., width 1.75 L. Red Sea and Niqbr. #893. C. obliquum Sp. 3 T. 2 L. on the front side. #894. C. magnum L. Seb. t. 86. p. 2. Length 3 T., width 2.5 t. #895. var. B. �C. magnum] Ch. f. 191. Niquebar is somewhat smaller than the above #896. C. leucostomum Born. ch. f. 179. Length 3 T., width 2.25 T #897. var B �C. leucostomum] Length 1 T. 5 L., width 1 T. 2 L #898. C. obsoletum sp. ch. f. 190. my larg- 61 est specimen measures: length 2.3 t., width 2 T. 2 L #899. C. fucatum Sp. Length 1.25 T, width 1 T. 2 L. Guinea #900. C. simplex sp. it is slightly smaller than the above sp. guinea #901. C. pectinatum L. Ch. f. 187, 88. Largest specimen: length 1.75 t., width 1.8 #902. C. edule L. Ch. f. 194 #903. C. rusticum L. Ch. f. 197. Reg. 77,78. Height 1.5 T., width 1.75 #904. C. islandicum ch. f. 195, 96. height 2.5 T., width 2 T. 8 L #905. C. latum ch. 192, 93. Height 0.25 T., width 1 T. 8 L. Niqbar #906. C. donaceum Sp. Ch. f. 165. Height 8 L., width 1 T. 1 L. Norway #907. var. B. [C. donaceum] somewhat smaller #908. var. c. �C. donaceum] all three are from Trondhjem. #909. C. hians gronov. ch. 187.83. height and width 2 t. #910. C. papyraceum ch. f. 184. height 1 T. 8 L., width 1.5 T. #911. C. norvegicum sp. 2.5 T. Variety 2.75 Schrøt. Einl. 3. t. 7. f. 12. #912. C. serratum L. Ch. 185, 186. #913. C. laevigatum L. Ch. f. 189. The largest specimen measures in length 2.25 T., width 1 T 11 L. also a variety. #914. C. striatum sp. height and width 1 t. south sea. #915. C. politum sp. south sea. 0.75 t. #916. C. grønlandicum ch. f. 198. Length 2.75 T., width 3 T. 2 L. #917. C. cardissa ch. 143,44. their unusual size in length is 2.5 T. and in width 1.25 T. Niquebar. #918. C. var. B. �C. cardissa] yellow-green colour. Length 2 T. 2 L., width 2 T. Niqbar. #919. C. var. c. �C. cardissa] length 2,75 T., width 2 T. Niqueb. #920. C. var. d. �C. cardissa] without spines. #921. C. var. e. �C. cardissa] Trqbar with brown spots. #922. C. var. F. �C. cardissa] length 1 T. 10 L., width 1 T. 8 L. #923. C. replicatum ch. 149,150. 1 t. 1 L. One more smaller specimen, which on the curved surface is densely covered with light brown spots. #924. C. hemicardium L. Ch. 159–61. measures 1.75 t. on the front side, the width measured at the lower rim is 1.5 t. #925. C. retusum ch. 139–142. also a variety from coromandel. #926. C. imbricatum ch. f. 167. the length of my largest specimen measures 1 T. 7 L., width is 1.25 T. #927. C. nodulosum Sp. Length 1.25 T, width 1 T. #928. C. medium L. Ch. 162–64. Length 1 T. 5 L., width 1 T. 2 L. #929. C. fragum L. Ch. f. 167. Length 1.5 T., width 1.25. east indies. #930. C. unedo L. Ch. f. 168,169. Length 2 T. 4 L., width 2 T. 62 J. hYlleBerg Fig. 35. mörch’ cover on the catalogue “Fortegnelse over den til christian den ottendes conchyliesamling hörende samling af spirituosa 1858/59”. Mörch’s CVIII cat. 1864 (t 318). “enumeratio musei christiani octavi”. novr 1864 Written in pencil. it lists the organisation of shells of CVIII. Cardium IV xxv drawer 11–21. Species not shown. not signed. Mörch’s CVIII wet spcm. 1858–59 (t 279). Fortegnelse over den til christian den ottendes conchyliesamling hörende samling af spirituosa optagen ved denne samlings ometiqettering 1858/59 af O.A.L. Mörch (Alcohol preserved specimens from the collection of King CVIII). The sequence of information (not always complete): running number, present and previous identiication, locality, Fig. 36. mörch copied spengler’s original labels and added references to spengler’s publication from 1799. the labels were probably written before 1870, i.e. the year mörch published a translation into german of spengler’s work. collected by, number of individuals. cardiids encompass. #538. C. (Acanthocardium sic) echinatum as C. echinatum L. Kattegat, Lyngby c/o fabr. 2. #539 C. (Trachycardium) muricatum as C. medium L, I. Antill, Bardenl. (?), 1. #540 C. (Fragum) medium as C. medium L. I. Antill, 1. #541 C. (Fragum) unedo as C. unedo L. I. Philippin. Cuming, 1. #542 C. (Lunulicardia) subretusum as C. sg. Hemicardium, I. Philippin. Cuming, 1. #543 C. (Cerastoderma) ciliatum Fabr. as C. ciliatum, oefjord iceland, gudmund, 2. < C. (Cerastoderma) ciliatum Fabr. = C. islandicum ch. Belsound, Kroyer, 4. < oc. sept. glac. C. ciliatum var. pubescens couth, 1. #544 C. (Cerastoderma) elegantulum Beck as C. elegantulum Bk. arctic, gould 12 org. 3 dissolved (opløst). #545 C. (Serripes) grönlandicum ch as C. (Serripes) hyberboreum Bk. Belsound, dr. Kroyer, 1. < C. (Serripes) grönlandicum junior as Serripes grönlandica Bk. (ch), godthaab, holbøl, 4. (Fig. 35). Mörch’s labels Written during the period 1844 to 1878, mainly on factory made paper. he wrote labels for new specimens (accessions) and labels elaborating old labels e.g. by spengler. he wrote the species name and synonym on top of the label. the central part was left open. at the bottom he continued to the left writing collector and his own catalogue number. if available, the locality was written to the right (Fig. 36). Mörch’s Møller cat. “møller’s collection”. not dated or signed. R.Spärck noted in 1918: supposed to be the catalogue of H.P.C.Møller’s collection. see under møller’s collection. Mörch’s Moltke cat. (t 281). “conchylia musei moltkiani”. catalogue of the shell collection of moltke. not dated, not signed. the sequence of information (not all information indicated for each species): running number (#), species, number of specimens, mörch’s notes. #45 Cardium cardissa, 1, C. cardissa. #46 C. humanum, 1, ch. #47 C. unedo. #48 C. hemicardium. #49 C. fragum. #50 C. aculeatum, 1, c –a–, 1 c –a–. #51 C. isocardia, 4 loose shells. 1/2. #52 C. oblongum. #53 C. tuberculatum, 1 specimen. #54 C. magnum. #55 C. costatum. #56 C. ciliare, 1/2 C. ciliare. #57 C. vulgatum var. �syn. of C. edule]. #58 C. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen fig. 37. Label by Beck: C. imbricatum. vBorn t.3/3-4. c. f. 167. sp. n° 36. sub nom C. fragum, e coll. mtk. n. 2443. the label indicates that the specimen originally belonged to a.g. moltke. virgineum = Mactra stultorum. #59 C. hians, 1, C. bullatum L. = C. apertum ch. #60 C. edule, 2, Cardium edule L. #61 C. aeolicum, 1, specimen with number, but it is a Mactra. (Figs. 37, 38). Mörch’s O. F. Müller cat. 1864 (t 306). oversigt over originaler. the catalogue encompasses species by müller (no cardiids), menkes’s original specimens from malsbuy’s collection (no cardiids), orig. to Fauna groenlandica with 2 cardiid species: 71. #410 Cardium echinatum. # 411 Cardium ciliatum ... is larger than the indicated measurements. Mörch’s Royal Museum cat. 1850–51 (t 315). Fortegnelse over originalerne i det kgl. museum 1850–51 sept-april. Printed on the spine: orig. mus. reg. (sic) �that is the spengler collection deposited in Mus. CVIII after Fig. 38. moltke’s label. i have not found the number 2443 nor the added n° 32 in available catalogues. 63 1821]. Inventory of the original specimens in the Royal Museum, 1850–51. Sept.-April. The sequence of information is running number, species, reference, measurements by spengler, origin of specimens, and remarks. the numbering of the species in mörch’s 1850 (t 301) catalogue is shown within brackets. the 1850–51 catalogue is nearly identical with mörch’s catalogue from 1850. however, the numbers differ among the two catalogues. i only show some examples from mörch’s catalogue as examples and refer to the 1850 catalogue for more details. #229 (249). Cardium costatum L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S.5,1. p. 5 n° 1. Guinea. 2,13; 3. Missing. 2 complete specimens present. #230 (250). C. indicum Lam. C. hians Brochi. Orig. Sp. N.S.S.5,1. p. 6 Variety of C. costatum. From the natural history collection in Madrid. 2 1/2; 2 3/4. Average of the convexity 2 1/4. #230a. (251). C. ciliare L. orig. sp. n.s.s. 5,1 p. 18 n° 7. #231 (252). C. aculeatum L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S. p. 13 n° 5. C. aculeatum var. b. 3 1/2, 3 1/2; 3. Measurements by Mörch: only 3; 3. #232(253). C. aculeatum L. juv. orig. ch. vi f 155. C. aculeatum Linnaei. orig. sp. n.s.s. v,i p. 12. C. aculeatum L. Sp. 1 inch 7 lines, 1 inch 3 lines. #233 (254). C. erinaceus Lam. orig. sp. n.s.s. v,i p. 14. C. aculeatum var C.– 3; 2,8; 2,4. From shell dealer in marseilles. Forskål. #234 (255). C. echinatum L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S. v,i. p. 16. n° 6. C. echinatum. the mediterranean shells measure 2 1/4; 2 1/4. The Nordic shells measure 2 inches in width and 1 inch 10 lines in height. three lines too much. #235 (256). C. rusticum L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S. v,i. p. 19. n° 8. C. tuberculatum L. Stp. #236 (257). C. isocardia L. Orig. sp. n.s.s. v,i. p. 19. n° 9. C. isocardium sic. 3,1; 2.7 lines. They are 2,9; 2,2. S. Thomas. S. croix. #237 (258). C. muricatum L. Orig. Sp. n.s.s. v,i. p. 20. n° 10. C. muricatum 2,2; 1,9. #238 (259). C. orig. sp. n.s.s. v,i. p. 21. C. muricatum L. Martyn 679 f. 1,1. Pulocondore, from the south sea with more lively colours. #239 (260). C. lavum L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S. v,i. p. 22. n° 11. ti f. 2. C. lavum 2,4; 1 3/4; 1 3/4. Red Sea, Nicobar Islands. C. vertebratum Jonas? – the catalogue continues in the same way, which is nearly identical with mörch’s catalogue from 1850 (2). however, the num- 64 J. hYlleBerg bers of each entry differ among the two catalogues. therefore, i only show the numbering of the species for the rest of mörch’s 1850 (3) catalogue and refer to the 1850 (2) catalogue for the details. – #240 (261). Cardium sp. #241 (262). C. magnum L. #242 (263). C. leucostomum Born. #243 (264). Cardium sp. #244 (265). C. fucatum spengler. #245 (266). C. edule L. #246 (267). C. lamarckii Reeve. #247 (268). C. islandicum chemnitz. #248 (269). C. obliquum spengler. #249 (270). C. oblongum chemnitz. #250 (271). C. norvegicum spengler. #251 (272). C. norvegicum spengler var. #252 (273). C. politum spengler. #253 (274). C. laevigatum L. Reeve. #254 (275). C. citrinum ch. #255 (276). C. serratum L. #256 (277). C. pectinatum L. #257 (278). C. striatum sp. #257a (279). C. papyraceum chemnitz. #258 (280). C. bullatum L. Stp. #259 (281). C. coronatum sp. #260 (282). C. lamellatum spengler. #261 (283). C. ringens spengler. #262 (284). C. latum Born. #263 (285). C. soleniforme Bruguière. #264 (286). C. groenlandicum chemnitz. #265 (287). C. cardissa L. #265 (288). C. cardissa L. var. #266 (289). C. cardissa L. var. #267 (290). C. cardissa L. var. #268 (291). C. humanum chemnitz. #269 (292). C. humanum chemnitz var. #270 (293). C. monstrosum chemnitz. #271 (294). C. hemicardium L. #272 (295). C. retusum L. #273 (296). Cardium sp. #273 (297). C. imbricatum Born. #274a (298). C. fragum L. #274 (299). Cardium fragum L. #275 (300). C. nodulosum sp. #276 (301). C. unedo L. #277 (302). C. medium L. #278 (303). C. donaciforme spgl. #278 (304). Cardium. #278 (305). Cardium. Mörch’s Spengler cat. 1850 (t 301). catalogue without title dealing with the spengler collection. annotated. information in the catalogue is basically identical with information in t 315. hence, i only list the numbers and names of the species: #249. C. costatum L. #250. C. indicum Lam. #251. C. ciliare L. #252. C. aculeatum L. #253. C. aculeatum L. #254. C. erinaceus Lam. #255. C. echinatum L. #256. C. rusticum L. #257. C. isocardia L. #258. C. muricatum L. #259 C. [no speciic name listed by Mörch]. #260. C. lavum L. #261. Cardium [no speciic name listed by Mörch]. #262. C. magnum L. #263. C. leucostomum Born. #264. Cardium [no speciic name listed by Mörch]. #265. C. fucatum spengler. #266. C. edule L. #267. C. lamarckii Reeve. #268. C. islandicum chemnitz. #269. C. obliquum spengler. #270. C. oblongum chemnitz. #271. C. norvegicum spengler. #272. C. norvegicum spengler. #273. C. politum spengler. #274. C. laevigatum L. Reeve. #275. C. citrinum ch. #276. C. serratum L. #277. C. pectinatum L. #278. C. striatum spengler. #279. C. papyraceum chemnitz. #280. C. bullatum L. Sp. #281. C. coronatum sp. #282. C. lamellatum spengler. #283. C. ringens Forskål. spengler. #284. C. latum Born. #285. C. soleniforme Bruguière. #286. C. groenlandicum chemnitz. #287. C. cardissa L. #288. C. cardissa L. var. #289. C. cardissa L. var. #290. C. cardissa L. var. #291. C. humanum chemnitz. #292. C. humanum chemnitz var. #293. C. monstrosum chemnitz. #294. C. hemicardium L. #295. C. retusum L. #296. Cardium [no speciic name listed by Mörch]. #297. C. imbricatum Born. #298. C. fragum L. #299. Cardium [no speciic name listed by Mörch]. #300. C. nodulosum sp. #301. C. unedo L. #302. C. medium L. #303. C. donaciforme spgl. ap. schröt. #304. Cardium [no speciic name listed by Mörch]. #305. Cardium. Mörch’s Spengler cat. 1850–51 (t 301). the spengler collection. annotated catalogue. The sequence of information (not all information indicated for each species): running #, species, reference, remarks. #249. C. costatum L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S.5,1. p. 5 n° 1. Guinea. Measurements by Spengler: 2.13; 3. Missing. 2 complete specimens present. in box marked beta. #250. C. indicum Lam. Orig. Sp. N.S.S.5,1. p. 6 Variety of C. costatum. missing but found in Museum CVIII. Mistake is possible. in 2 boxes. From the natural history collection in madrid. #251. C. ciliare L. Orig. sp. l.c. p. 18 n° 7. #252. C. aculeatum L. Orig. sp. l.c. p. 13 n° 5. c. a < var. b. measurements by spengler: height and width 3.5 inches, thickness 3 inches. measurements by mörch: only 3 inches height and width. #253. C. aculeatum L. juv. Orig. Ch. vi f 155. C. aculeatum Linnaei. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 12. C. aculeatum. measurements by spengler: height 1 inch 7 cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen lines, width 1 inch 3 lines. #254. C. erinaceus Lam. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 14. C. aculeatum. From shell dealer in marseilles. Forskål. measurements by Spengler: height 3 inches; width 2 inches 8 lines; thickness 2 inches 4 lines. Measurements by Mörch: height 2 inches 4 lines; width 2 inches 7 lines. #255. C. echinatum L. orig. sp. l.c. p. 16. n° 6. C. echinatum. the mediterranean shells measure 2.25 inches in height, 2.25 inches in width. the nordic shells measure 2 inches in width and 1 inch 10 lines in height. three lines too much. #256. C. rusticum L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 19. n° 8. C. tuberculatum L. #257. C. isocardia L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 19. n° 9. C. isocardium sic. measurements by spengler: height 3 inches 1 line, width 2 inches 7 lines. measurements by mörch: height 2 inches 9 lines, width 2 inches 2 lines. s. thomas. s. croix. #258. C. muricatum L. orig. sp. l.c. p. 20. n° 10. measurements by spengler: height 2 inches 2 lines, width 1 inch 9 lines. #259 C. orig. sp. l.c. p. 21. C. muricatum L. Martyn. Is C. corbis martyn C. pseudolima Sow? missing? t. 79 f. 1.1 Pulocondore, from the south sea with more lively colours. #260. C. lavum L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 22. n° 11. ti f. 2. c.f. measurements by spengler: 2.4; 1.75; 1, 75. Red Sea, Nicobar Islands. C. vertebratum Jonas? #261. Cardium �no speciic name listed by Mörch]. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 26. n° 15. C. magnum L. var. B. Orig. Ch. vi. f 191. (specimen of spengler and chemnitz). C. magnum. missing? #262. C. magnum L. orig. sp. l.c. p. 24. n° 13. C. magnum east indies. measurements by spengler: width 3 inches, width 3 inches 5 lines. measurements by mörch: 1.5 lines too much. #263. C. leucostomum Born. orig. sp. l.c. p. 27. n° 14. West indies. measurements by spengler: height 3 inches, width 2.25 inches. #264. Cardium [no speciic name listed by Mörch]. Orig. sp. l.c. p. 28. n° 14. C. leucostomum Born. var. B. sp. measurements by spengler: height 1 inch 5 lines; width 1 inch 2 lines. Nicobar Islands. #265. C. fucatum spengler. orig. sp. l.c. p. 30. n° 16. guinea. measurements by Spengler: height 1.25 inches; width 1 inch 2 lines. guinea. #266. C. edule L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 33. n° 19. C. edule L. Sp. North Sea. Measurements by Spengler: height 1 inch 4 lines; 65 width 1.5 inches. #267. C. lamarckii Reeve. 2 boxes. orig. ch. vi. f. 197. C rusticum L. mediterranean. orig. sp. l.c. p. 34. n° 20. C rusticum L. Mediterranean. Measurements by Spengler: height 1.5 inches; width 1.75 inches. #268. C. islandicum chemnitz. orig. sp. l.c. p. 34. n° 21. iceland. measurements by spengler: height 2.5 inches; width 2 inches 8 lines. #269. C. obliquum spengler. orig. sp. l.c. p. 24. n° 12. ti f. 3. < measurements by spengler: height 3 inches 2 lines. C. magnum Born. C. ventricosum Brug. #270. C. oblongum chemnitz. orig. sp. l.c. p. 28. n° 15. C. obsoletum. measurements by spengler: height 2.75 inches, width 2 inches 2 lines. #271. C. norvegicum spengler. orig. sp. l.c. p. 42. n° 26. c. n. var. measurements by spengler: height 2.5 inches, width 2.5 inches. #272. C. norvegicum spengler. orig. sp. l.c. p. 42. n° 26. var. b. mediterranean measurements: 2.75 inches. #273. C. politum spengler. orig. sp. l.c. p. 43. n° 30. south sea. measurements by spengler: height 0.75 inch, width 0.75 inch. C. vitellinum Reeve. #274. C. laevigatum L. Reeve. orig. sp. l.c. p. 43. n° 28. C. laevigatum var. West indies. measurements: height 1 inch 8 lines, width 1 inch 8 lines. #275. C. citrinum ch. orig. sp. l.c. p. 43. n° 28. C. laevigatum L. Measurements: height 2.25 inches, width 1 inch 11 lines. according to mörch, none of the specimens attain this size. #276. C. serratum L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 43. n° 27. South Sea. C. serratum L. C. biradiatum Brug. #277. C. pectinatum L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 32. n° 18. Guinea. 1.75; 1,8. C. æolicum Born. #278. C. striatum spengler. orig. sp. l.c. p. 45. n° 29. south sea. C. australe sow. #279. C. papyraceum chemnitz. orig. chemnitz vi. f 184. orig. sp. l.c. p. 41. n° 45. 1 inch 8 lines; 1.5 inch. found in Mus. CVIII. #280. C. bullatum L. Sp. Orig. Chemnitz vi. f 181 < 83. C. apertum sive hians gronovius. Found in mus. CVIII. Jamaica. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 39. n° 24. C. hians gronov. 2,2 Jamaica. is only 1.75 inch. #281. C. coronatum sp. orig. sp. l.c. p. 9. n° 3. ti f. 1 < 1,4; 1,4; 1,2. C. imbriatum Wood. #282. C. lamellatum spengler. orig. sp. l.c. p. 8. n° 2. < 2,2; 1,8. C. asiaticum Brug. #283. C. ringens Forskål. spengler. orig. sp. l.c. p. 20. n° 4. #284. C. latum Born. orig. sp. l.c. p. 35. 66 J. hYlleBerg n° 22. 1.25, 1,8. nicobar islands. #285. C. soleniforme Bruguière. orig. sp. l.c. p. 111 (sic) n° 26. Solen bullatus L. Guinea. Measurements: height 2 inches, width 1.25 inch. in 2 boxes. #286. C. groenlandicum chemnitz. orig. sp. l.c. p. 46. n° 31. greenland. 2.75 3,2. #287. C. cardissa L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 48. n° 32. nicobar islands. 2.5 1.25. #288. C. cardissa L. var. orig. sp. l.c. p. 50. var. B. with a beautiful yellow-green colour. 2,2; 2 Nicobar Islands. #289. C. cardissa L. var. orig. sp. l.c. p. 50. var. E. Tranquebar. #290. C. cardissa L. var. orig. sp. l.c. p. 51. var. F. nicobar islands. 1,10; 1,8. #291. C. humanum chemnitz orig. sp. l.c. p. 50. var. c. nicobar islands. #292. C. humanum chemnitz var. orig. sp. l.c. p. 51. var. d. C. cardissae. Tranquebar. #293. C. monstrosum chemnitz. orig. ch. vi. p. 155. (the description). orig. sp. l.c. p. 52. n° 33. C. replicatum. 1,1; 1,1. #294. C. hemicardium L. orig. sp. l.c. p. 53. n° 34. < measurements by spengler: height 1.75 inch, width 1.5 inch. measurements by mörch: height 1.25 inch, width 11 lines. #295. C. retusum L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 54. n° 35. C. retusum L. Mentioned in Ch. vi. from the Red Sea. C. auricula. #296. Cardium [no speciic name listed by Mörch]. orig. sp. l.c. p. 55. C. retusum var. coromandel coast. #297. C. imbricatum Born. orig. Sp. l.c. p. 56. n° 36. Largest specimen measured by mörch: height 1 inch 7 lines, width 1.25 inch. orig. ch. vi f. 166. missing �note cancelled]. found in Mus. CVIII. 1870. < #298. C. fragum L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 58. n° 39. ti f. 5 < height 1.5 inch. width 1.25 inch. orig. ch. vi. f. 166. C. fragum album f. lavum. Missing [note cancelled]. Belongs to no. 297 but is dubious. < #299. Cardium [no speciic name listed by Mörch]. Orig. Ch. vi. f. 167. C. fragum album f. lavum var. Missing [note cancelled]. found in the CVIII Collection, is the same species as the following. #300. C. nodulosum sp. orig. sp. l.c. p. 57. n° 37. ti f. 4. east india. measurements by spengler: height 1.25 inch, width 1 inch. missing �note cancelled]. #301. C. unedo L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 59. n° 40. east india. measurements by spengler: height 2 inches 4 lines, width 2 inches. #302. C. medium L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 57. n° 38. West indies. measurements by spengler: height 1 inch 5 lines, width 1 inch 2 lines. #303. C. donaciforme spgl. ap. schröt. chem. mörch changed the genus to Donax. orig. C. donaceum sp. l.c. p. 37. n° 23. tronhjem in norway. measurements: height 8 lines, width 1 inch 1 line. #304. Cardium [no speciic name listed by Mörch]. orig. sp. l.c. p. 37. n° 23. C. donaceum var. B. much smaller. tronhjem. missing. #305. Cardium [no speciic name listed by Mörch]. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 37. n° 23. C. donaceum var. c. tronhjem. missing. Mörch’s Suenson cat. 1857 capt. suenson shells auctioned. in this connection mörch wrote ”Catalogus Conchyliorum quæ reliquit Ill. M.N.Suenson Scripsit O.A.L.Mörch. Hæc Conchylia publica auctione xVIII Decbr. dividentur. Hafniæ. Typis I.Chr.Græbei. MDCCCLVII.” Mörch used the numbers 1556– 1579 in his list. #1556 Cardium cardissa L. ind. oc. #1557 C. unedo L. Ind. oc. #1558 C. medium L. Ind. oc. sic [err. locality]. #1559 C. lamarcki Reeve Oc. atl. #1560 C. balticum Bk? m. balticum. #1561 C. costatum L. Guinea. #1562 C. aculeatum L. M. med. #1563 C. rusticum L. (tuberculatum Lam.) M. med. #1564 C. echinatum L. M. med. #1565 C. ciliare L. M. med. #1566 C. isocardia L. I. antill. #1567 C. leucostomum Born. i. antill. #1568 C. alternatum sow. ind. oc. #1569 C. muricatum L. I. Antill. #1570 C. lavum L. (rugosum Lam.) Ind. oc. #1571 C. sinense sow? china. #1572 C. ringens ch. guinea. #1573 C. spinosum meusch. i. antill. #1574 C. tenuicostatum sow? ind. oc. #1575 C. brasilianum Lam. Brasilia. #1576 C. multipunctatum sow. china. #1577 C. citrinum ch. i. antill. #1578 C. lævigatum L. St. Thomas. #1579 C. grønlandicum ch. iceland Mörch’s Yoldi cat. 1853 (t 281). count Yoldi’s shell collection sold at a public auction. in this connection mörch published. ”catalogus Conchyliorum quæ reliquit D.Alphonso d’aguirra & gadea, comes de Yoldi. Fasciculus secundus. Scripsit O.A.L.Mörch Hafniæ Typis Ludovici Kleinii. MDCCCLIII.” Under the numbers 401–445 mörch listed the following shells in the family cardiacea. – Papyridea sws. – #401 Cardium spinosum Meusch (List. 342 f. 179.). i. antill. <Solen bullatus ch. non L. Stp. <Cardium soleniforme Brug. #402 cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen Cardium spinosum var. i. antill. #403 Cardium bullatum (Solen) L. (Stp.) Ind. oc. <C. rugatum meusch. <C. apertum sive hians ch. – Pectunculus adanson – #404 Cardium lima spgl. 1786 (schröt.) ind. oc. <C. costatum indiæ orientalis ch. <C. asiaticum Brug. 1789. <C. lamellatum spegl. 1799. #405 Cardium coronatum spgl. 1786. ind. oc. <C. imbriatum Lam. #406 Cardium ringens ch. guinea. <Le Mofat Adanson. – Cardium L. – #407 Cardium costatum L. Guinea. Acanthocardia Kl. p.p. Cerastes Poli. #408 Cardium aculeatum L. M. med. #409 Cardium echinatum L. M. med. <C. muricatum L. M.L.U. n. 35. #410 Cardium erinaceum Lam. M. med. <C. tuberculatum L.? <C. spinosum sol. dw. non meusch. <C. echinatum Brug. #411 Cardium erinaceum var. m. med. #412 Cardium rusticum L. M. med. <C. tuberculatum ”L.” Lam. <C. tuberculare sow. #413 Cardium multispinosum sow. china. – Cerastoderma (Poli) nob. – #414 Cardium setosum Redield. china. #415 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. grönlandia. <C. islandicum ch. #416 Cardium edule L. Dania. #417 Cardium elegantulum Bk. grönlandia. – Trachycardium nob. (Pectunculus mart.) – #418 Cardium isocardia L. I. antill. #419 Cardium muricatum L. I. Antill. #420 Cardium leucostomum Born. i. antill. <C. marmoreum Lam. #421 Cardium sp. #422 Cardium sp. #423 Cardium vimineum martyn. china? <C. elongatum Brug.? #424 Cardium lavum L. (Spgl.) Ind. oc. <C. rugosum Lam. <C. magnum ch. – Liocardium sws. (Lævicardium) – #425 Cardium pectinatum L. Guinea. <C. æolicum Born. #426 Cardium multipunctatum sow. china. #427 Cardium brasilianum Lam. Brasilia. <C. lamarckii d’orb. 1846, non Reeve. #428 Cardium citrinum ch. i. antill. <C. triste L? <C. serratum Ch. non L. <C. hiatus meuschen. <C. lineatum gm. <O. sic lævigatum Lam. #429 Cardium lævigatum L. (Reeve.), S. Thomas <C. pristis Valenc. Enc. 299. f. 3. #430 Cardium sp. #431 Cardium oblongum ch. (jun.) africa? <C. lavum Born. <C. obsoletum spgl. <C. sulcatum Lam. #432 Cardium crassum Gm. Lusitania. <C. serratum Lam. <C. norvegicum spgl? – Serripes Bk. (Aphrodita Lea. Accardo sws.) – #433 Cardium grønlandica ch. iceland. <Venus 67 islandica Fabr. #434 Cardium grønlandica (2 jun.), iceland. – Fragum Bolt. (Hemicardium sws.) – #435 Cardium donaciforme spgl. (apud Schröt.) Tranquebar. <C. donaceum spgl. mgr. #436 Cardium medium L. I Antill. #437 Cardium unedo L. I. Nicobar. #438 Cardium imbricatum Born. ind. oc. <C. fragum Lam. non L. #439 Cardium sp (minor). #440 Cardium hemicardium L. Ind. oc. <C. tetragonum Voigt. #441 Cardium auricula niebuhr. m. rub. #442 Cardium retusum L. Ind. oc. – Hemicardia Klein (spgl. Corculum hebenstr. Bolt. Cor Meusch. Cat. Leers. Cardissa meg. sw. Isocardia ok. Hemicardium cuv.) – #443 Cardium cardissa L. Ind. oc. <C. cardissa alba meg. <C. cardissa spinosa sw. #444 Cardium sp. (minor). – Pleurorhyncus (Phill.) sws. – #445 Cardium lithocardium (mantis. plant.) grignon. Fossil. <Cardita avicularis Lam. An. Mörch’s ZM cat. 1850 (t 285). “Fortegnelse over de i det grevelige moltkeske, universitetet tilhørende zoologiske museum opstillede mollusca: Bløddyr /: udarbeidet i sommeren 1850 :/ af o. mörch.”. mollusca musei universitatis, Vol. III. Mörch’s catalogue of molluscs of the University Museum. The sequence of information (not all information indicated for each species): running number (#), species and references, number of individuals, locality, source, ex collection, marking of material. #3353 C. dionæum sowb. Reeve f 122. <C. dionaeum, 2, Lord Hood Isl. Cumg leg. Bk det. ex coll. møll. <C. dionaeum, 1, marking 138. #3354 C. cardissa L. coeur de venus tachete de rose L. Coeur blanc de venus. sch: p. 160. < C. cardissa, 3, ex coll. sch. < C. cardissa, 1, ex coll. moltk: c.c. marking 45. < C. cardissa, 1, ex coll. sch. < C. cardissa, 1/2, ex coll. m. acad. < C. cardissa, 1, coll. matthies, marking 79. #3355 C. humanum ch. C. Junoniæ Lam. C. excavatum sch: 30. < C. humanum, 2, ex coll. sch: #3356 C. monstrosum ch. ch: vi f. 149/50, C. monstrosum, 1, ex coll. moltk: C. hum. marking 46. #3357 C. auriculum niebuhr. Forsk descr p. 122. n° 52!, C. retusum L. Ch. vi. f. 139–421. Regf: 11 f. 20. Tab. 9. orig.! < C. auriculum, 1, ex coll. moltk. orig!! < C. auriculum, 1 1/2, ex coll. m: acad: #3358 C. retusum L. c. replicatum Spengl. Sch. Le 68 J. hYlleBerg Coeur bisulque. < C. retusum, 2, ex coll. sch: #3359 C. subretusum sow. Reeve f. 100. C. subretusum, 2, ex coll. m: acad: #3360 C. hemicardium L. C. imbricatum Born, C. hemicardium L. 1, ex coll. Sch: #3353a Cardium alaforme sow?, 6, Silurische Schichten Litten in Bohemia (Böhmen), leg. Krantz, marking 58, #3353b Cardium alaforme, 4, Bohemia (Böhmen), leg. Krantz, marking 59. #3361 C. fragum L, C. hemicardium, Le Coeur trianguleur. < C. fragum L. 2, ex coll. Sch: #3362 C. unedo L. Le fraise rouge Sch. C. unedo parvum angulatum ventre prominulo, Forsk. p. xxxi. ?. < C. unedo, 1, ex coll. sch: < C. unedo, 1, ex coll. Forsk. marking 67. < C. unedo, 1+2, ex mus. sydn. 1859, marking 105. #3363 C. medium L. Le Coeur de pigeon sch: p. 160, < C. medium, 3, tortola, ex coll. møll: < C. medium, 1, leg. hofm Bang, ex coll. møll: < C. medium, 4, Ind. Occ. ex coll. Sch;. #3364 C. donaciforme spglr. schröt einl. < C. donaciforme, 1, Philippin. leg. Cumg, marking 164. #3365 C. costatum L. Sch. 158 La conque exotique. < C. costatum, 3/2, ex coll. sch: < C. costatum, 1?, ex coll. n.F. < C. costatum, 5/2, ex coll. m: acad: #3366 C. asiaticum Brug. C. lamellatum spgl. 1799, C. costatum indiæ orientalis Ch. C. costatum a simplex sch: < C. asiaticum, 1, ex coll. sch. < C. asiaticum, 1, ex coll. n.F. – C. asiaticum, ex coll. m. acad. #3367 C. coronatum spgler. C. imbriatum Lam. < C. coronatum, 1, cap, ex coll. sch: #3368 C. papyraceum ch. C. fragile, striatum trans, tantum ad cardines laeves. Forsk. xxxi. 11. e. < C. papyraceum, 3, ex coll. moltk. < C. papyraceum, 1 1/2, ex coll. Forsk. marking 66. #3369 C. bullatum L. C. apertum meuschen ch. C. hians moltk. 59. < C. bullatum, 1, ex coll. moltk:, marking 59. < C. bullatum, 1, ex coll. sch: #3370 C. soleniforme Brug. C. bullatum Lk: non L, C. apertum sch: 9. < C. soleniforme, 3, tortola, ex coll. møll: < C. soleniforme, 2, ex coll. sch: < C. soleniforme, 1 jun. St. Thomas, leg. Riise, marking 25. #3371 C. �Cardium sp.] C. chinense sch: 10. < C. chinense, 1, china, capt. agerbek, ex coll. sch: #3372 C. ringiculum sowb. Reeve f. 115. < C. ringiculum, 2, ex coll. sch:, #3373 C. �Cardium sp.], 1, ex coll. Forsk. marking 69. #3374 C. �Cardium sp.], c. savigny t. f. C. unedo; parvum angulatum, ventre prominule. Forsk. p. xxxi, 1, ex coll. forskp [sic], marking 70. #3375 C. lavum L. spglr. C. rugosum Lam. C. magnum ch. C. album sch:, C. serratum Forsk. p. xxx?. < C. lavum, 1, leg. Borries, marking 5. < C. lavum, 2, ex coll. sch: < C. lavum, 2, ex coll. sch: < C. lavum, 6, ex coll. Forsk:, marking 61. < C. lavum, 1, Nicobar, leg. Rink. marking 5. #3376 C. muricatum L. Le Coeur de cerf. C. æquilaterum sch. 5. C. ustulatum sch. 7. < C. muricatum, 6, ex coll. sch. < C. muricatum, 2, ex coll. m: acad: < C. muricatum, 2, ex coll. m: acad: < C. muricatum, 4, ex coll. Forsk. marking 62. < *C. muricatum*, 1, ex coll. n.F. < *C. muricatum, *3, St. Croix, leg. Ravn 1835, ex coll. n.F. < *C. muricatum, *3, s. thomas, leg. Krebs, marking 117. < C. muricatum var. m’, 1/1, cating. leg, hygom, marking 135. #3377 C. rastrum Reeve, C. lutescens sch. C. muricatum lavescens Ch 181. < C. rastrum, 2, ex coll. sch. #3378 C. leucostomum Born, C. marmoreum Lam. C. subelongatum Reeve. < C. leucostomum, 3, ex coll. sch. < C. leucostomum, 1, ex coll. m: acad: < C. leucostomum, 1, ex coll. møll. < var?, 1, ex coll. Yoldi, marking 421. #3379 C. assimile Reeve, Reeve f. 45. < C. assimile, 2, ex coll. m: acad: < C. assimile, 1/2, ex coll. Forsk. marking 63. < C. assimile, m’, 1, ex coll. Yoldi, marking 422 #3380 C. isocardia L. sch. p.158. xvi. f 4. Orig! Le Coeur taile. < C. isocardia, 1, ex coll. sch. orig. < C. isocardia, 1, s. thomas, leg. const. leg. unger. < C. isocardia, 3, ex coll. sch. #3376a C. multispinosum sowb. 1, china, leg. sass. ex coll. Friis, marking 34. < 2, leg. duus, marking 144. < c. �Cardium], c. 1, ex mus. sydney 1859, marking 104. < C. assimile aff. c. assimile aff. 1, leg. Rübe, marking 191. #3381 C. erinaceum Lam. C. aculeatum Lam. B. < C. erinaceum, 1, ex coll. sch. < C. aculeatum B, 1, ex coll. m: acad: #3382 C. aculeatum L. < C. aculeatum, 1, Brittan, leg. Kinberg, ex coll. møll. < C. aculeatum, 1, neapel, leg. hannov:, marking 92. < C. aculeatum, 2, ex montp. 1840, marking 48. #3383 C. ciliare L. Ch. < C. ciliare, 1 1/2, ex coll. Moltk. CVIII, marking 56. #3384 C. echinatum L. Lovén. < C. echinatum, 1/2, sydlige norge, leg. Kroyer, ex coll. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen møll. marking 847. < C. echinatum, 1, m: med:, ex coll. sch: < C. echinatum, 1, ex coll. m: acad: < C. echinatum, 2, ex coll. sch: < C. echinatum. 1/2, Fairhill, ex coll. møll. marking 1088. < C. echinatum, 8, ex coll. møll. marking 933, 34. < *C. echinatum = C. isocardia L? *0, St. Croix, leg. Ravn 1835, ex coll. n.F. < *C. echinatum < 1 uden skal *2, Faroe islands, leg. suenson, marking 116. #3385 C. rusticum L. < C. rusticum, 2, ex coll. sch: < C. tuberculatum Lam. 3, ex coll. M: acad: < C. aculeatum moltk. 1, ex coll. moltk. marking 50. < *C. rusticum *3, Vestindien, leg. Ravn, ex coll. N.f. < *C. rusticum *1, 0, m: med:, leg. eschricht, ex coll. n.F. < C. rusticum, 2, ex montp. marking 49. #3385 C. �Cardium sp.] 4/2, Guinea, leg. Prosch. marking 144. #3386 C. �Cardium sp.] < Cardium sp. 1, leg. Henriq. marking 13. < C. antillarum sowb. 8, S. Thomas, leg. Riise 1860, marking 508. < C. deshayesii Payr. 1, Corsica, leg. Stp. 1860, marking 3. #3387 C. islandicum ch. C. ciliatum fabr. non L. C. Nutallii (sic) conr. < C. islandicum, 2, ex coll. m: acad: < C. islandicum, 3, greenland, ex coll. sch. < C. islandicum, Pl, ex coll. Møll. < C. islandicum, 1/2, ex coll. møll: mf, marking 36. #3388 C. edule L. < C. edule, 5, grimstad, ex coll. møll. marking 503. < C. edule, 1, Bergen, leg. sars, ex coll. stp. marking 228. < C. edule, 5, als?, leg. nolte, ex coll. sch. < C. edule, 2/2, orkney, ex coll. møll. marking 1089. < C. edule, 3, ex coll. moltk, marking 60. < *C. edule, *1, norge, ex coll. møll. < *C. edule, *3, ex coll. n.F. < C. edule. �followed by a 16 character code] Turk Akidaba. Circa Suez, rarum, [&] longe a littore projectum in campis. Forsk. p. xxxi, 12. d. 1, suez?, ex coll. Forsk. marking 67. < C. edule, 1/2, fossil, ex coll. Forsk. marking 68. < C. edule var. glaucum Brug. 13, ex montp. 1860, marking 46. #3389 C. �Cardium]. Cardium, 3, Rügen, leg. Favne, ex coll. suenson. #3390 C. fasciatum mtg. < C. fasciatum, 1, Bohuslän, leg. Kinberg, ex coll. møll. marking 848. < C. fasciatum, 3, ex coll. møll. marking 936. < C. fasciatum?, 2 1/2, Falmouth, ex coll. m. min. marking 176. < #3391 C. rubrum mtg. Reeve f. 124. < C. rubrum, 5, ex coll. møll. marking 1024. < #3392 C. �Cardium sp.] < 1, Kanalen, 69 leg. Prosch:, marking 69. < #3393 C. �Cardium sp.] < 4, ex coll. Møll. marking 1025. < C. vindobonense Partsch. < C. vindobonense, 10/2, Weesen, Ung. ex M. Vindob. marking 170. < C. vindobonense, 11/2, Kostel, moravia (Mähren), ex M. Vindob. marking 171. #3394 C. papillosum Poli. < C. papillosum, 4, leg. Philippi, ex coll. Møll. < C. papillosum, 12/2, Gibraltar Rhed, 20 fv. leg. Larsen, ex coll. møll. marking 371. #3395 C. suecicum Reeve. < C. suecicum, 1, ex coll. møll. marking 874. #3396 C. graniferum sow. Reeve 43. < C. graniferum, 2/2, Matanzas, leg. Pugg. marking 156. < Lævicardium swains. #3397 C. norvegicum spgler. C. lævigatum Poli non L. C. serratum Lam. < C. norvegicum, 2/2, Bergen, leg. sars, ex coll. stp. marking 227. < C. norvegicum, 3, leg. Philippi, ex coll. Møll. marking 318. < C. norvegicum, 1, leg. stp. marking 197. < C. norvegicum, 2/2, leg. Philippi, ex coll. Møll. C. crassum gm. < C. crassum, 1, corsica, leg. stp. 1860, marking 2. #3398 C. oblongum ch. C. lavum Born, C. sulcatum Lam. < C. oblongum, 1, neapel, ex coll. m: acad:, < C. oblongum, 1, leg. hannov. marking 93. < *C. oblongum*, 1, ex coll. n.F. < *C. oblongum*, 1, Vestindien, Ravn N.f. ex coll. n.F. < C. oblongum, 2/2, ex montp. marking 47. #3399 C. ventricosum Brug. C. obliquum spgler. C. magnum Born. < C. ventricosum, 1, ex coll. moltk. ?. #3400 C. biradiatum Brug. C. lævigatum var. ch: moltk. < C. biradiatum, 1, ex coll. moltk. marking 65. < C. ventricosum Brug. < C. ventricosum, 1, Galveston Texas, leg. Römer, marking 4. < C. procerum sow. < C. procerum, 1, Bai de la Madeleine. Exp. Venus 1839, leg. Levy. 1839. #3401 C. lævigatum L. Reeve, Reeve f 69. C. pallens sch: 24. < C. lævigatum, 1, ex coll. sch: #3402 C. serratum L. C. lævigatum ch. Lam. Sch. < C. serratum, 1, ex coll. sch: c. serr: < C. serratum, 1, leg. hofm Bang, ex coll. møll: < C. serratum, 4, ex coll. sch: < C. serratum, 3, tortola, ex coll. møll: < C. serratum, 3, ex coll. møll: < C. serratum, 2, ex coll. møll: < C. serratum, 8, ex coll. sch: < C. serratum*, 1, S. Croix, Ravn 1835, ex coll. N.f. < C. serratum, 1, ex coll. m: min: #3403 C. mortoni conrad. < C. mortoni, 2, united states, ex coll. cumg. #3405 C. pectinatum L. 70 J. hYlleBerg Fig. 39. mörch’s front page in the catalogue “Fortegnelse over de i det grevelige moltkeske, universitetet tilhørende zoologiske museum opstillede mollusca: Bløddyr /: udarbeidet i sommeren 1850 :/ af o. mörch.”. the Fig. is slightly compressed. C. aeolicum Born, L’orient et L’ocident. < C. pectinatum, 1, leg. Borries, marking 4. < C. pectinatum, 1/2, ex coll. sch: < Serripes Beck. < Aphrodita Lea. #3406 C. grønlandicum ch. < Serripes groenlandica, 1, ex coll. sch: < Serripes groenlandica, 8, greenland, ex coll. møll: < Serripes groenlandica, 1, ex coll. møll: < Serripes groenlandica, 2, spitsberg, leg. Kroyer, ex coll. møll:, marking 1120, 1121. < Serripes groenlandica, 2, ex coll. sch: #3407 C. truncatum Phil. t 13, f 14. < ”C”. truncatum, 2, Yorkshire, Lias, leg. Pugg, marking 21. < C. �Cardium]. < C. 1, ex coll. Yoldi, marking 430. Monodacna eichw. #3408 C. trigonoides Pallas, C. lineatum gm. < Monodacna trigonoides, 1, m:casp. leg. midd: #3409 C. �Cardium caspium] C. caspium Eichw, Reeve. < Monodacna caspia, 1, caspian sea, leg. cumg. marking 133. #3410 C. �Cardium plicatum] Glycimeris plicata Panier, Adacna eichw. < Adacna plicata, 1, m:casp. leg. midd: #3411 C. �Cardium lævi- gatum] Glycemeris lævigata Kryn. Pholadomya Delewerti chem. < Adacna lævigata, 1, m:casp. leg. midd: (Fig. 39). Mörck governor. submitted shells from guinea, december 1838. cardiid numbers in Beck’s accession catalogue 1837–39: #17 Cardium costatum single valves. #18 Cardium ringens. #19 Cardium æolicum single valves. Mortensen captain. submitted shells from the caroline islands 1880. no number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: Cardium sp. carolinerne. Mortensen expeditions: th. mortensen 1899– 1900 to siam, gulf of thailand. – 1905 to the former danish West indies. – 1914–16 to the Paciic Ocean (Paciic Expedition 1914–16). – 1922 to Kei islands (den danske expedition til Kei-Øerne 1922). – 1929–30 to mauritius– Java–south africa. Mortensen label most specimens collected during the mortensen expeditions have labels rewritten at ZM. However, after the Paciic Expedition speciic labels were made with “Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Paciic Expedition 1914–15” printed on top. i refer to this type of label as a mortensen label. such labels may carry an addition: J. 7.1.1918. i have not located this journal. (Fig. 40). Mortensen, Th. (1868–1952). dr. phil. museum director, echinoderm specialist at the zoological museum, but he collected all kinds of invertebrates for the museum. many cardiids Fig. 40. mortensen label. special labels were preprinted at the ZM in connection with Mortensen’s Paciic Expedition. The label states 1914-15 but it included the year 1916. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen fig. 41. Photo of Dr. Th. Mortensen made in 1910. After spärck 1933. present at zmuc stem from his exceptional collecting efforts. he collected cardiids in the Faroe islands 1899, Kattegat, denmark 1905, West Indies 1905–06, Japan, Philippines, Australia onboard the ”endeavour”, new zealand, California, Panama, West Indies 1913–1916, indonesia, new guinea, Kei islands 1921–22, Java, mauritius, singapore, south africa, st. helena 1929–30. (Fig. 41). Møsting, J.Sv. Minister of inance. Active in the management of Km from 1838–43. Mtg. abbr. of montagu 1803. used on labels by Beck. MU. abbr. of musei universitatis. used on labels by Beck. see under m.u. Müll. abbr. of sysselmand müller on the Faroe islands. Müller Priest. Submitted shells from Greenland 1838. cardiid numbers in Beck’s accession catalogue 1837–39: #50 Cardium groenlandicum var. 1 = i. #51 Cardium groenlandicum jun. pl. #52 Card. 4. Müller see under Feilberg. 71 fig. 42. O.f. Müller. Text on the Plate (not included here) reads: cornel. hoyer. del. & meno haas. sculp. hafn 1776. from copy in the Steenberg Picture Collection at ZMUC. Müller sheriff (sysselmand) on the Faroe islands. mörch extracted shells from sheriff müller’s collection april 1867. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #10 Cardium fasciatum mtg. #11 Cardium edule L. jun. – Müller donated shells 1868. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #47 Cardium edule L. jun. #48 Cardium echinatum L. different ages. Müller, Otto Friedrich (1730–1784). Konferensraad (high danish title, now obsolete), published “zoologiae danicae, prodromus” 1776. (Fig. 42). Müller, W. donated cardiids from china. Munk graduate. the museum received a shell collection 1866. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #138 Cardium echinatum, Hellebæk 1865. #139 Cardium echinatum on the beach between Sæby and Frederikshavn aug. 1865. #140 Cardium edule on the beach between Sæby and frederikshavn aug. 1865. #141 Cardium edule on the beach at Hellebæk. #142 Cardium edule var. C. balticum Bk. Roskildefjord feb. 72 J. hYlleBerg Fig. 43. mörch’s label from 1860, showing that zm received Cardium aculeatum L. from the Mediterranean through Mus. montpellier. number 48 is mörch’s cat. n°. 1866. #143 Cardium fasciatum mtg. aastrup, Vendsyssel. Mus. acad. Abbr. of the academic museum; see under universitetsmuseum. Mus. Bergen abbr. of the museum in Bergen, norway. Mus. berl. abbr. of museum beroliense, the natural history museum in Berlin. Mus. Ch. abbr. of the museum of chemnitz. Mus. CVIII Abbr. of the Museum of CVIII.On label by Beck. Mus. Marseille abbr. of the museum in marseille, France. Mus. Moltk. abbr. of moltke’s museum. see under moltke. Mus. Moltke abbr. of moltke’s museum. see under moltke. Mus. Montp. abbr. of the museum in montpellier, France (Fig. 43). Mus. Montpellier abbr. of the museum in montpellier. Mus. Mosk. abbr. of the museum in moscow. Mus. nat. abbr. of naturhistorisk museum (museum of natural history). mus. phys-zoot. Hafn. abbr. of the zootomicalPhysiological Museum in Copenhagen. Mus. Prag. abbr. of the czech museum in Prague; submitted cardiids to ZM from the mediterranean, adriatic sea. Mus. reg. abbr. of museum regium which closed 1821. Mus. Reg. abbr. of museum regium. see also under Kunstkammer. Mus. Reg. empt. see under empt. Mus. Reg. emt. see under empt. Mus. Regio Abbr. of Museum Regium. Mus. Sydn. stands for the australian museum in sydney, australia. exchanged cardiids with zm in 1859. Mus. Univ. stands for the university museum of copenhagen. see under universitetsmuseum. Mus. Vindob. stands for the natural history Museum in Vienna, Austria. Mus. zool. berol. stands for the zoological museum in Berlin, germany. Mus. zoot. hafn. Stands the Zootomical-Physiological Museum. Abbr. of < L. hafn. = hafnia = copenhagen. see under eschricht, daniel F. Mus: acad: abbr. of the academic museum on labels by Beck. Mus: acad: see under universitetsmuseum. Museet for Oldsager The Museum of Antiquities. dated 14 February 1889, mörch’s accession book 1870–1889 tells that museet for oldsager donated subfossil Cardium edule from a køkkenmødding at mejlgaard, denmark. Captain A.P.Madsen and C.G.Johs. Petersen collected the shells. Musei Moltkiani (t 281). see under mörch’s moltke catalogue. Museum Collections at the time of the mid-19th Century all oficial zoological collections were deposited in copenhagen. they were geographically scattered but amalgamated by law in 1862, i.e. the Royal Museum and the university museums fused. see also under de forenede museer. Museum in Bergen Norway. Received from ZM according to Book of dispatch: #33 Cardium ciliatum ch. 3. #34 Cardium elegantulum, 1. #35 Cardium grønlandicum ch. 2. Museum in Copenhagen see under 1623–2007 chronological overview. Museum in Dresden Germany. Received from zm according to Book of dispatch: #84 Cardium gronlandicum, 3. #85 Cardium ciliatum ch. (changed to Fab.), 2+1. Museum in Moskva. the museum in moscow, Russia. The Museum submitted fossils to ZM. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #13 Cardium cocinnum Busch, obere Jura, chorochow. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen Museum in St. Petersborg the museum in st. Petersburg, Russia. Dated 7 July 1896 the museum received molluscs from greenland. according to the dispatch book 1890–1921: #20 Cardium grønlandicum greenland. #21 Cardium grønlandicum greenland. #22 Cardium elongatum [sic] Greenland. #23 Cardium ciliatum greenland. – dated 3 april 1897, the Museum in St. Petersborg received more north atlantic molluscs: #157 Cardium islandicum iceland. #158 Cardium islandicum Kara sea, dijmphna exp. #159 Cardium fasciatum Faroe islands. #160 Cardium fasciatum iceland. #161 Cardium echinatum Faroe islands. #162 Cardium ciliatum iceland. #163 Cardium grønlandicum iceland. – dated 17 June 1897, the Museum in St. Petersburg received danish molluscs: #323 Cardium fasciatum. the sound. #324 Cardium suecicum Kattegat. #325 Cardium exiguum the Baltic. #326 Cardium edule The Little Belt. #327 Cardium echinatum Kattegat. Museum in Sydney the australian museum in sydney. Accession. cardiids were sent to zm in 1859 from the australian museum. Dispatch. shells were sent to sydney from the magazine of the museum. cardiid numbers in mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: #234 Cardium lavum. i. oc. #235 C. muricatum. antill. #236 C. leucostomum. antill. #237 C. rusticum. m.med. #238 C. echinatum. m.germ. #239 C. spinosum. antill. #240 C. medium. Antill. – Received from ZM according to Book of dispatch #42 Cardium ciliatum Fab. 2. #350 Cardium lavum L. 2. Museum in Trondheim dated 11 march 1891 cardiids were sent to “museet i trondhjem” norway. according to the dispatch book 1890–1921: Cardium coronatum, C. costatum, C. pectinatum, C. serratum. Museum Lundii L. < lundini = Lund. The museum accommodating Lund’s collection. See under Lund, P.V. Museum Masiliense marseilles, France. cardiids received from zm according to Book of dispatch #76 Cardium ciliatum. Museum Monspessulanum in book of accessions. shells submitted 1860. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #46 Cardium edule. C. glaucum Brug. 12. #47 73 Cardium oblongum, 1/2. #48 Cardium aculeatum, 2. #49 Cardium rusticum, 2. – cardiids sent from zm according to Book of dispatch #8 Cardium (Trachycardium) lavum. Museum Montpellier France. cardiids received from zm according to book of dispatch #250 Cardium lima spgl. asiaticum Brug. Museum of Mineralogy located in copenhagen, denmark. zm received cupboard with fossils. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #87. Cardium. #88. Cardium. #89. Cardium grønlandicum from greenland. #90. Cardium grønlandicum from greenland. #257. Cardium. Jozefa gorri at Kielezei in Poland. Museum Regium a continuation of Worm’s “museum Wormianum”. it moved to a new building towards the end of 1670. it occupied a spacious hall on the second loor called the hall of natural sciences (naturalie-salen). it was part of the royal cabinet of curiosities (Kunstkammer). Museum Vindobonensis the natural history Museum in Vienna, Austria. Cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #170 Cardium vindobonensis Partsch. Wiesen, hungary (ung.) 10/2. #171 Cardium vindobonensis Partsch. Kostel, Moravia (Mähren). Museum Wormianum 1623–1654 Located in copenhagen, denmark, Worm’s cabinet of curiosities arose in 1623 as a private collection in St. Kannikestræde. Professor Ole Worm passed away 1654. Musl. abbr. of musling. musling danish for bivalve. N. Holl. abbr. of new holland = australia. N. Selsk. abbr. of naturhistorie selskabet = natural history association. N. F. abbr. of dansk naturhistorisk Forening i København = danish natural history society in copenhagen. N. S. or NS abbr. of naturhistorieselskabet = collections of the natural history association. N. S. S. abbr. of the publication “naturhistorisk selskabs skrivter”. N. S. Skr. v,i abbr. of the publication “naturhistorisk selskabs skrivter v (i)”. N. S. Wales abbr. of new south Wales, australia 74 J. hYlleBerg n° stands for catalogue number. Naga expedition carried out by american researchers 1959–61 in the Paciic, the South china sea and the gulf of thailand. the danish malacologist J.Knudsen participated and cardiids from “naga” are deposited at zmuc. Nat. Forenings Rejse morocco 1985. see under studierejsen. Nat. Forenings Saml. stands for collections of the danish natural history society (dansk naturhistorisk Forenings samling). Nat. Selsk. abbr. of naturhistorie-selskabet “natural history association” Nath. Selsk. abbr. of naturhistorie-selskabet. “natural history association” Natural history collection number 1. This irst “naturalkammer” displayed activity 1657– 1728. Years of important events: – 1657 the irst cabinet of natural history was founded in Domus anatomica at frue Plads. The collection fell slowly into decay and did not have any greater impact. – 1728 the remains of the collection were engulfed by ire when the inner copenhagen burnt down by accident. Natural history collection number 2. this “naturalkammer” displayed activity 1740–ca. 1770. the second cabinet of natural history of the university was founded by detharding in 1740. the collection fell slowly into decay and had practically vanished in 1770. no specimens are preserved from that museum. Natural history collection number 3. the third cabinet of natural history “det nye natural theater” displayed activity 1770–1810. it was a continuation of “moltke’s cabinet”. Years of important events: – 1770 the third collection founded by the university was named the new natural history theater in nørregade (universitetets nye natural theater). m.t. Brünnich was appointed professor extraordinarius. his private collection was added and constituted the irst proper zoological collection of the university. increase occurred through the east asiatic company and oficials in the former Danish colonies. – 1772 the collections of the natural- og husholdnings-cabinettet were transferred to universitetets natural theater, i.e. the university museum materialised. – 1789 Brün- nich moved to Kongsberg in norway and his chair remained vacant. Brünnich returned to copenhagen in 1814, where he passed away in 1823. – 1795 gregers Wad was appointed replacement for Brünnich and became ordinary professor in 1803. he worked until 1810. – 1807 inner copenhagen burnt down following bombardment by the British. the collections were not hit directly. nevertheless they had to be packed and stored in smaller rooms because the University requested the original rooms. – 1810 the collections were sold. see under count Joachim godske moltke and de grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende naturhistoriske samlinger. Natural history collection number 4. the fourth natural history collection of the university displayed activity 1810–1864 see under de grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende naturhistoriske samlinger 1810–1864. Natural history collections in Copenhagen. chronological overview: – 1623–1654 museum Wormianum. – 1650–1821 Kunstkammer (Museum Regium). – 1657–1728 first collection of specimens (naturalkammer) of the university. – 1740–1770 second collection of specimens of the university. – 1759–1772 naturalia and housekeeping cabinet (naturalog husholdnings-cabinettet). – 1770–1810 universitetets natural theater. – 1789–1805 collections of the natural history association (naturhistorie-selskabets samlinger) located in Prinsens Palæ. – 1796 The Royal Commission was established to prepare a museum of natural sciences for public use and service. Work of this commission led to the establishment of det kongelige naturhistoriske museum paa Østergade. – 1805–1864 a museum with the same name but different address, viz. det kongelige naturhistoriske museum paa Rosenborg. (The Royal Natural History Museum); acquired Spengler’s shell collection in 1805. The collection was stored at Rosenborg castle until 1820–21 – 1821 the collections from Rosenborg and Østergade fused and moved to Stormgade where a new The Royal natural history museum was established. 1810–1864 de grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende naturhistoriske samlinger. – 1833–1847 naturhistorisk Forenings mu- cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen seum (museum of the danish society of natural history). – 1862 it was decided that the university should maintain a study collection referred to in danish as the studiesamlingen. – 1862 universitetets zoologiske museum in Krystalgade was decided. – 1867 collections were moved to the museum. – 1870 the museum was oficially inaugurated. – 1964 the present zoological museum of the university of copenhagen, abbreviated zmuc (Københavns universitets zoologiske museum) was inaugurated in a new locality called the universitetsparken (the University Park). Natural- og Husholdnings-Cabinettet displayed activity 1759–1772. Years of important events: – 1759 the naturalia and housekeeping cabinet at charlottenborg was founded. the collection was located at charlottenborg, Kgs. nytorv. count adam gottlob moltke was the irst president. Peter Ascanius, a student of the Swedish naturalist Linné, was appointed professor i natural history. increase of material came from the danish trading post Tranquebar in India and from Count Moltke’s private collection. – 1763 Peter forskål passed away in Yemen. – 1761–67 Forskål’s material from the expedition to arabia felix = Yemen (den arabiske rejse) was transferred to the naturalia- and housekeeping cabinet. – 1765 morten thrane Brünnich was appointed lecturer in natural history and economy. – 1768 J. chr. Fabricius was appointed professor of natural history, but he moved to Kiel (now in germany) where he remained till he died. the main reason was that m.t. Brünnich already performed the job as professor of natural history. – 1772 the naturalia- and housekeeping cabinet (the charlottenborg collection) was transferred to “Københavns universitets nye natural theater”. see under moltke 1759–1772. Naturhistorie-Selskabet the natural history association took an active part in education from 1789–1805. Years of important events: – 1789 Peter Christian Abildgaard founded the natural history association. it functioned as a private university during a period of 16 years. it achieved considerable impact and had more than 250 members. abildgaard, originally a medical doctor, also founded the 75 school for vets (Veterinærskolen). – 1796 abildgaard managed to establish a royal commission which prepared the erection of a public museum of natural science (museum for naturvidenskaberne til offentlig Brug og nytte). – 1801 abildgaard passed away. – 1804 the commission purchased the shell collection of Lorenz Spengler. It was stored at Rosenborg Castle. – 1804 the natural history association proposed to hand over its natural history collections to a new museum owned by the state of denmark. – 1805 the state took over the collections which were transferred to The Royal Natural History Museum (Det kongelige naturhistoriske museum) in Østergade and Rosenborg Castle. Naturhistorie-Selskabets Samling collections of the natural history association located in Prinsens Palæ 1789–1805. In 1805 the collections were transferred to the Royal Natural history museum, see under Km. (det Kgl. naturhistoriske museum). Naturhistorisk Forening the danish natural history society established 1833. in 1849, the society began issuing a scientiic journal referred to as “Videnskabelige Meddelelser” The full title is “Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjöbenhavn”. see also under studierejsen. Naturhistorisk Forenings Museum displayed activity 1833–1847. Years of important events: – 1833 the museum of the danish society of natural history (naturhistorisk Forenings samlinger) was established together with a private museum. the museum had 2 addresses during its lifetime: 1.) Wedells Palæ, ny Kongensgade 1 from 1833–35. 2.) thotts Palæ, Kongens Nytorv from 1835–47. – 1847 the collections were closed and auctioned. some specimens were purchased by det kgl. naturhistoriske museum and other specimens by the university museum. – cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #46 Cardium costatum, 1. Naturhistorisk Museum i Aarhus. museum of natural history, aarhus university, denmark. Founded 1919. see under collin’s collection and aarhus museum. Naturhistorisk Museum i København = zoologisk museum, copenhagen. the establish- 76 J. hYlleBerg ment of a new museum of natural history was decided and the law passed in 1862. the museum was oficially opened in Krystalgade in 1870. the various collections, aggregated over time, were fused, and new comprehensive material added, e.g. from th. mortensen’s expeditions. moved to a new address in universitetsparken 1963. see under zmuc. naut. abbr. of nautical mile. Neapel danish for naples. Neipel old spelling of naples. neotype if no name-bearing type is believed to exist, a neotype can be designated. Nep. abbr. of neapel = naples. Nepl. abbr. of neapel = naples. NF see under n.F. Nicklès malacologist. Identiied cardiids from the “atlantide” expedition 1946. Nicobar also referred to as the nicobars. Niebuhr see under Forskål. Nielsen, Claus collected cardiids in thailand, Phuket 1985. Nielsen, Georg Kürstein sailor who donated cardiids to zm 1948. Nielsen, P. collected cardiids in the north sea, Fanø 1913 and in italy 1966. Nikobar danish for the nicobars. Niqb. abbr. of the nicobars. Niqbar. abbr. of the nicobars. Niqbr. abbr. of the nicobars. Niqueb. abbr. of the nicobars. Niquebar old danish/german language for the nicobar islands. nix meaning not. used by mörch on label. no. see under n° nob. abbreviated Latin > nobilis = can be recognised; indicates authorship on specimen labels and in catalogues. compare with m. Nob. see under nob. Noe scientist, collected cardiids in the mediterranean 1937. non < L. meaning not. Noona Dan Exp. abbr. of the noona dan expedition. Cardiids were collected in the Paciic ocean 1962. Nord. Ins. Labor. Exp. abbr. of “nordisk insulinlaboratory expedition” to tunesia and the mediterranean in 1938–39. anton Fr. Bruun was head of this expedition. Norden, O. collected cardiids in greece 1987. Nordhavet danish word = atlantic ocean. Nordl. abbr. of danish word “nordlig” = northern. Nordmann, V. dr. collected cardiids in greenland 1907 & 1911 and in the mediterranean 1912. Nords. abbr. of nordsøen (danish) = north sea. Nordsøen danish = the north sea. Norge danish and norwegian = norway. Nørregade 10 the Kommunitet building (see also under kommunitet) of the university has this address. it housed the new natural theater from 1770–1807. From 1807–1810 the collections were stored here because a major ire and bombardment by the British in 1807 destroyed much of the inner copenhagen. From 1810–1832 and again from 1838–1864 it housed collections of the count moltke zoological museum belonging to the university (in short: moltke’s university museum = det grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende zoologisk museum). according to Wolff 1999, it housed specimens of the study collection (studiesamlingen) from 1918–1961. �From 1864–1961 according to Spärck 1945]. The building still exists. Norw. abbr. of norwegen. see under norge. Norwegen german language = norway, norge. not available Pre-Linnean authors such as chemnitz, martyn, and meuschen are not available for nomenclatural purposes. Nt. Foren. abbr. of naturhistorisk Forening. Ny Kongensgade 1. Address of Wedells Palæ located at the corner of Frederiksholm and ny Kongensgade. it is a well kept grand mansion from the 18 th century. it is owned by the Wedell family and functioned as a winter residence. From 1833–1835 it accommodated the museum of the danish society of natural history (naturhistorisk Forenings museum). Nyst, Joseph Pierre-Henri (1813–1880) Belgian malacologist. the museum received shells donated to mörch when he visited Bruxelles 1873. no cardiids according to mörch’s accession book 1870–1889. Ø danish word meaning island. O. F. abbr. of odense Fjord, denmark. O. Fbr abbr. of otto Fabricius. O. G. J. abbr. of o.g. Jensen before 1896. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen O. M. Abbr. not identiied. Collected cardiids in Øresund, Kallebodstrand 1861. Oc. atl. Abbr. of Gr< Oceanus = world sea. L< atlanticus = connected with mount atlas. stands for atlantic ocean. Oc. sept. glac. abbr. of gr< oceanus = world sea; L< septentrionalis = northern; glacialis = icecold. stands for the arctic ocean. occidt. abbr. of occidental = western. ocean. see under carlsberg f. ocean. Ockelmannn Danish marine scientist. Identiied cardiids from greenland for zm. Odhner, Niels Hjalmar (1884–1973). swedish malacologist. zoological museum in uppsala and stockholm. cooperated with zm according to UZM entries in a diary. Identiied cardiids from th.mortensen expeditions in 1914, 1915, and 1930. OFMull. abbr. of o.F.müller. see under müller, otto Friedrich 1776. old label term is used if zm labels are written by unknown authors. most of the old labels seem to be 100 years or older based on paper quality and handwriting. Old, William Erwood Jr. (1928–1982) american malacologist. collected cardiids at sanibel island 1966. Oldnordisk Museum the museum of northern Antiquities. On 31 August 1866, the museum received shells earlier submitted by mr. thomsen from an unusual locality in east india. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #11 Cardium rusticum L. non tenuis. #12 Cardium (Hemicardium) hemicardium? Oldr. abbr. of oldroy. Olrik (1815–1870). inspector, director with the Royal Greenland trade, Godhavn, Greenland. submitted shells from the collection of deceased inspector møller (see under møllers samling). he collected cardiids in greenland 1859, 1860. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #66 Cardium islandicum, 2. #524 grønlandicum var. tumida. #525 echinatum, with gravel, 1844. 1/8. #526 edule with 5/2, pl. – cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #19 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. 4. clay and gravel 20 June 1860. #80 Cardium elegantulum Bk. 2. Rittenbenk ca 100 fv. shell gravel, 30 October 77 1859. #109 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. juv. 6. Rittenbenk ca. 60 fv. shell gravel, 12 October 1859. #110 Cardium elegantulum Bk. 1. Rittenbenk ca. 60 fv. shell gravel, 12 october 1859. #126 Cardium elegantulum Bk.- large shell, 1. upernavik 80–90 fv. shell gravel, 27 July 1860. #143 Serripes grønlandicus ch. non picta. 1+2. christianshaab c. 10 fv rocks & clay 06 oct. 1859. #144 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. christianshaab c. 10 fv rocks & clay 06 oct. 1859. #150 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. 2, christianshaab c. 10 fv gravel and clay 06 oct. 1859. #163a Cardium ciliatum Fabr. 2, christianshaab c. 10 fv gravel and clay 06 oct. 1859. – cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #42. Cardium ciliatum Fab. ikarasak 140 fv. august 1860. – cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #6. Cardium ciliatum. ikerasak, 80 fathoms. Olsen colony manager. he collected cardiids in greenland 1903. Olsen, A. P. assistant. collected cardiids in greenland 1897 and 1898. Olufsen Professor, handed over from the 5 th inspectorate. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #7. limestone with Cardium mf. 508. omkr. abbr. of danish omkring = around. Opstillings-Catalog “conchylierne i det kongelige naturhistoriske museum”. see under Knm. opt. abbr. of optimal. used on labels by Beck. Orange Peel Grab Used for quantitative sampling of benthos, mainly in the usa. oras Latin< ora maritima = coast. Orbigny, A. d’. French malacologist. see under d’orbigny. Öresund swedish and old danish spelling of Øresund. Øresund the sound between denmark and sweden which connects the Baltic with the Kattegat. orig. abbr. used by Beck and mörch to designate original specimens described by spengler and others. ornamentation Refers to spines, bars, ridges, etc. on the shell surface. Ørsted captain, copenhagen, 1898. according to uzm entries in a diary. Ørsted, Anders Sandø (1816–1872). Profes- 78 J. hYlleBerg sor of botany. the museum received original specimens used for the most outstanding work ”de regionibus marinis”. see under Johnstrup, professor. Ørsted traveled to the former danish West indies & america 1845–1848. – as senior master (magister) in march 1849, he collected West indian shells. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #88. Cardium medium. s. croix. #89. Cardium muricatum. s. croix. /1. drawing of the animal. #336. Cardium citrinum. #337. Cardium isocardia. #338. Cardium leucostomum. #339. Cardium muricatum. #340. Cardium medium. Ørsted, H.C. (1777–1851). Professor of physics. in 1824 he founded the society for Propagation of Natural Science (Selskabet for Naturlærens Udbredelse). Ørting student. collected cardiids in usa 1867. see under sahlertz. Øst danish for east. Ost. Ind. see under ostindien. Østergade 52 a stately house in Østergade, inner copenhagen, housed the collection of the natural history association (naturhistorieselskabet) from 1789–1805, and collections of the Royal Natural History Museum (Det kgl. naturhistoriske museum) 1805–1821. the house was demolished in 1912. Østersøen danish for the Baltic. Østgrønland Ekspedition expeditions to Jan mayen 1900 and east greenland 1930. Ostind. abbr. of ostindien. Ostindien danish for east india on labels. Østl. del danish meaning the eastern part. Otterström see under otterstrøm. Otterstrøm, C.V. (1881–1962). danish biologist, graduated 1906. collected cardiids onboard ”Beskytteren” in iceland 1903. collected cardiids in Kattegat 1905. Overman collected cardiids in the West indies for the John solomon coll. p. abbr. of page. P. T. Abbr. of P. Thonning. Packard, A.L. he submitted cardiids from usa in 1866. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #77. Cardium Hayesii Stimps. Labrador 62. #78. Cardium ciliatum. Labrador 91. #79. Cardium pinnulatum. maine 6. #155. Cardium pinnulatum ?. fig. 44. Label in Posselt’s handwriting. The text reads Cardium echinatum L. Kattegat Petersen 1885. Possibly a slip for Packard, A.S. Packard, Alpheus Spring Jr. (1839–1905). american naturalist. pag. abbr. of page. Pair. Abbr. of Payraudeau, french malacologist. Pankow, W. collected cardiids in the Baltic 2002. paralectotype additional type specimens selected by the author of a previously described species. see under lectotype. paratype additional type specimens selected by the author. they may serve as vouchers in other museums. Parker, Robert Hallett (born 1922) american naturalist. Collected, identiied and donated many american cardiids to zmuc around 1960. Patholog. abbr. of pathological condition: valve with blister inside. Reported in Serripes groenlandicus 1848. pathologisk See under Patholog. Pe. Abbr. not identiied. It could be Petersen. Cardiids were collected in Panama 1872. Pease, William Harper (1824–1871) american malacologist. honolulu, hawaii. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #236. Hemicardium fragum Radack Isld. According to mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868, he received a shell collection with the cardiid numbers #77 Cardium lavum. #269 Cardium lavum. #270 Cardium æolicum Born = Cardium pectinatum L. Pedersen From nolsö, the Faroe islands. donated cardiids to zm. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen fig. 45. Portrait of C.G.Johs. Petersen dated 1 January 1913. from photo in the Steenberg Picture Collection at ZMUC. periostracal ribbons the outer horny periostracum (epidermis by early authors) forms ribbons. periostracum outer layer on mollusc shells. Persiske Danish for Persian. Pet. bdh. See under Petersen bdh. Pet. Chr. Abbr. not identiied. Collected cardiids in Japan 1903. Petersen bdh. Abbr. of the Petersen bundhenter, i.e. the grab invented by C.G.Johs. Petersen. Petersen Bearer of name not identiied. Collected cardiids before 1848 for the CVIII collection. Petersen collected cardiids before 1886. the person is most likely C.G.Johs. Petersen. (Fig. 44). Petersen, C. G. Johs. (1860–1928). dr. phil. director with the danish biological station (den danske biologiske station) from 1889–1926. – dated 11 august, mörch’s accession book 1870–1889 tells that mr. cand mag. C.G.Johs. Petersen collected a substantial amount of molluscs onboard the gun boat (Kanonbaaden) ”hauch” cruising in the Kattegat 1883–86. the material was donated 79 to the museum and entered into the danish collection. Labels show: Kattegat Petersen accompanied by a number from 1–522, which refer to a map of the stations investigated by Petersen. – Dated 13 September 1888, mörch’s accession book 1870–1889 tells that C.G.Johs. Petersen collected Cardium edule from material excavated during construction of a canal at Gaardbo Lake. – He collected cardiids in iceland 1904. – see also under museet for oldsager (Fig. 45). Petersen, Chr. collected subfossil cardiids in Køkkenmødding 1905. Petersen, Godtfred Høpner (born 1930) dr. phil. malacologist and curator of mollusca. started to work for the zmuc in 1961, retired in 2000. collected cardiids for the museum in many countries. Petersen, Johs. See under Petersen, C.G.Johs. Peterson, H. collected cardiids in the Baltic 1928. Petit de la Saussaye (1792–1870). French malacologist (t 278). according to Beck 1836 n° 15: A collection of shells from de Petit #5 Cardium medium antill. Cardium medium var. squamosi. Petit, Emil collected cardiids in the mediterranean 1883. Petiver Provided American cardiids for the spengler collection before 1799. Petiver, James (1665–1718). British naturalist. Pfaff dr. collected cardiids in greenland, the bay at egedesminde. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #11 Cardium grønlandicum, 1. #12 Cardium, subfossil, 1/4. #13 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. 1. #59 Cardium ciliatum fabr. 5, in alcohol, from Rettenbenk. – cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #28. Cardium ciliatum. – submitted a collection of molluscs to the museum. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #58. Cardium grønlandicum (spcm. missing). pg. Abbr. of Latin < pagina = page. used on labels by collin. phi the 16 th letter in the greek alphabet. Phil. Abbr. of Philippi. Philipp. Abbr. of the Philippines Philippi Professor. Identiied cardiids for ZM. See under Møller, H.P.C. 80 J. hYlleBerg fig. 46. front page by Posselt “universitetets zoologiske museums tilgangsjournal for Bløddyr. initiated 20 may 1889, terminated 31 december 1937”. it is an accession book. the Fig. is slightly compressed. Philippi, Rudolf Amandus (1808–1904) german malacologist. Philippin. Abbr. of the Philippines. Philippinerne Danish for the Philippines. Phillipines See under the Philippines. Philp. Abbr. of the Philippines pi see under phi. Pingel, Christian (1793–1852). dr. phil. Km junior inspector, mineralogy. Østergade from 1829–42, Km senior inspector, Østergade from 1845–52. Km inspector, mineralogy from 1842–52. – dated 1866, he received a shell collection from the museum. cardiid numbers in mörch’s dispatch book 1857– 1868: #151 Cardium ciliatum. #152 Cardium grønlandicum. PMBC Abbr. of Phuket Marine Biological Center, thailand, the andaman sea. Poli Stands for the publication by Poli “Testacea ....” 1791. Poli, Guiseppe Saviero or Josepho xaveirio (1746–1825). italian malacologist. Port phil. Abbr. of Port Philip Australia Port. Abbr. of Portugal Portland’s Catalogue the catalogue edited by Solander 1786 when the Portland collection was sold. Posselt et al. (t 290). mollusca tilgang 1889– 1937 U.Z.M. Printed on spine only. [Accession catalogue] Initiated by Posselt 20 May 1889. Posselt’s last contribution 1896. Terminated 31 december 1937. the Journal was copied in 1944. Posselt et al. 1870–89 (t 289). uzm tilgangsjournal for Bløddyr 1870–89. Index by Posselt accession book. mörch deceased 1878 and he wrote his last entry that year. after that time there are less detailed and fewer entries. cardiids are mentioned but usually not at the speciic level. Posselt et al. 1889–1937 (t 290). universitetets zoologiske museums tilgangsjournal for Bløddyr 1870–89. initiated 20 may 1889, terminated 31 december 1937. accession book. (Fig. 46). Posselt et al. 1890–1921 (t 297). afgangsJournal for Molluskerne. Paabegyndt Efteraar 1890. Signed Posselt. Dispatch book. His irst contribution to the dispatch book was written during the fall 1890 and his last contribution in april 1891. (Fig. 47). Posselt labels Many labels were written by Posselt from 1876–1893. Posselt, Henrik Julian (1861(?63)–1896). assistant curator of molluscs at the zoological fig. 47. front page by Posselt et al. “universitetets zoologiske Museums Afgangs-Journal for Molluskerne. Paabegyndt Efteraar 1890. Signed Posselt”. It is a dispatch book. The Fig. is slightly compressed. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen museum, copenhagen, 1889–1895. his handwriting is very stylish and easy to read. he identiied cardiids from Greenland in 1892. Post. abbr. of posterior. Poulsen dr. phil. Councellor of justice. Received a shell collection encompassing 36 Red Sea species; not speciied in Mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868. Poulsen, Christian Marinus (1818–1885) dr. phil. danish shell collector. submitted shells from Flensburg november 1864. mediterranean and caribbean cardiids and fossils stem from his collection. Poulsen, Erik M. (1900–1985). dr. phil. member of nF 1919. collected cardiids in colombia 1948. Powell Identiied Australian cardiids for ZM 1914. Powell, A. W. B. (1901–1987). malacologist from new zealand. Prins Danish for Prince. Also spelled Prinds. Prinsens Palæ Mansion modiied and rebuilt many times by various kings since its start in 1684. today it is part of the building complex of the National Museum lanked by Ny Vestergade on one side and Stormgade on the opposite side. the mansion is located in inner Copenhagen in a quarter called frederiksholm. it is near holsteins mansion (see under stormgade 10). it served as domicile for the museum of the natural history association from 1789–1805. Prosch dr. ship doctor. donated shells collected 24 may–12 July 1848. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #144 Cardium, guinea, 4/2. – From his travel to the West indies 2 January 1849. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #69 cardium, 1. – collected cardiids for nF c/o Japetus steenstrup, among others in guinea and the channel between england and France. i have not found verifable references to Prosch, but a possibility could be ferdinand Victor Alphons Prosch who was co-author with J. H. Reinhardt in 1846. Prunner submitted cardiids from sardinia to the CVIII coll. Pt. rico. Abbr. of Puerto Rico Pten. Abbr. of Petersen Ptrsn. Abbr. of Petersen 81 Pugg. Abbr. of Puggaard. Puggaard, Christopher dr. phil. as a graduate he collected cardiids in cuba 1848 and in matanzas. shells from travel to england 16 January 1849. Id. Puggaard. He collected fossil cardiids in messina (scolpo) 1867. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846– 1853: #21 Cardium truncatum Phil. t.13 f. 14, Yorkshire. Lias. 2. – The museum received his collection october 1866. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #548 Cardium semistriatum Lond. Clay Whiteclif Bay, Wight. #609 C. Hillanum sow. #549 Cardium truncatum Phil. t.13 f. 14. Mountain Lias, Starthes. 912. #550 Cardium truncatum Phil. t.13 f. 14. Mountain Lias. #551 Cardium papillatum [sic] Poli. Phil. Brochi t. xiii f.1. militello 3. Cardium cognatum Phil. t. 9. f.14. inf. oolite dundry, Bristol. 911. #557 Cardium lævigatum L. Militello. 283. #588 Cardium edule L. Messina (Scolpo) Tertiary. pustules small projections from the periostracum. Resembling blisters or pimples. R. Abbr. of the British malacologist L.A.Reeve: “conchological iconica” published 1844–45. abbr. on old labels. R. Hg. Abbr. of the Danish zoologist R. Hørring. R. Ic. f. Abbr. of Reeve Icones igure. R.-Bell collected cardiids in australia. see under Bell. R. C. Abbr. of Red Crag, in catalogue. R. H. P. Abbr. not identiied. Submitted cardiids to zm in 1890 & 1893. R. H. S. Abbr. of R.H.Stamm. R. Hg. Abbr. of R.Hørring. Rading M. collected cardiids in Japan. Rafn C. G. (1769–1808). Judge (assessor, an obsolete danish title). active in the management of Km from 1801–08. Ragna th. mortensen was onboard the vessel “Ragna” 1905. He collected cardiids at Herthas Flak, denmark. Rahurkar donated cardiids from Bombay 1965. Rasch collected cardiids in Kattegat 1883. Rasmussen, Erik (1918–2005). dr. phil. staff of the mollusc section at zmuc. he collected cardiids for the museum in mexico and at sapelo island 1964, 1971. (Fig. 48). 82 J. hYlleBerg fig. 48. Erik Rasmussen rewrote a large number of old labels. The actual fiji specimen was not identiied when the label was written. Rasmussen, Niclas donated cardiids from Faroe island, north atlantic 1905. Ravn (t 278). according to Beck 1836, n° 15: Received from regimental surgeon Ravn. No number: Cardium elongatum from tortola collected cardiids in former danish West indies for n.F. 1835. – submitted shells from st. thomas in 1837. cardiid number in Beck’s accession catalogue 1837–39: #32 Cardium bullatum juvenile (ung). Ravn, J. P. J. graduate. min. museum Kbh. (copenhagen) 1901. according to uzm entries in a diary. Reagentsg. stands for test tube (reagensglas in danish). red cross see under schumacher. Redf. Abbr. of J.H.Redield. Published “Description of some new species ...” 1848. Redield, John Howard (1815–95). american malacologist. Reeve, Lovell Augustus (1814–1865). British shell dealer and malacologist. sold shells to His Royal Highness in May 1838. Cardiid number in Beck’s accession catalogue 1837– 39: #42 Cardium n. sp. 5 shilling. (Fig. 49). Regenf. Abbr. of Regenfuss. Regenfuss, Franz Michael (1712–1780). danish malacologist. he published “auserlesene schnecken muscheln ....” in 1758. Regf. Stands for the publication of Regenfuss 1758. Reikiavik Old spelling of Reykjavik used on labels by mörch. Reinh. or Reinh: Abbr. of Reinhard (sic); cardi- ids from Reinhardt’s collection. See under Reinhardt, J.h. and magazine catalogue 1829. Reinhard See under Reinhardt. Reinhardt as a graduate he donated shells to the museum 2. april 1848. mörch noted: those marked with ! should enter the collection. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #20 Cardium magnum chem. Jonas. 1! (entered). #21 C. echinatum, 2. #22 C. muricatum, 1. #23 C. isocardium [sic]. #24 C. medium, 1. #25 C. edule, 2. Reinhardt, Johannes Hagemann (1776–1845). Professor zoologiae 1813–1845, inspector at KM in Østergade from 1806–21. Promoted to senior inspector at “det kgl. naturhistoriske museum” (Km) from 1842–45. also active regarding “grev moltkes universitet tilhørende museum”. signed the collection catalogue from “Kunstkammeret” (see under Frederik iii) together with h. Beck in 1829. (Fig. 50). Reinhardt, Johannes Theodor (1816–1882). Son of Johannes Hagemann Reinhardt. KM fig. 49. Reeve’s portrait. from the Steenberg Picture Collection at zmuc. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen fig. 50. Johannes Hagemann Reinhardt’s signature 1829, countersigned by h. Beck. compressed text. inspector 1848 (succeeded his father). Professor 1854, extraordinary docent in zoology at the university 1861. Inspector at P.V. Lund’s Paleontological Museum (Det Lund’ske palæontologiske Museum). Participated in the First galathea expedition 1845–47. Reinhardt’s Galathea cat. (T 314a). Results from the irst Galathea-Expedition. Dated November 1864 professor J. Reinhardt prepared a catalogue of dry material collected from the corvette ”galathea” which sailed around the world. the catalogued material was handed over to the geological museum of the university. Reinhardt catalogued n° 222 Cardium lavum from the nicobar islands. (Fig. 51). Reinhart See under Reinhardt. Rev. Abbr. of Reventlow. Reventl. See under Reventlow. Reventlow, C. D. danish count, president of the exchequer, active in the Royal Commission 1796 founding the Royal Museum of Natural History (KM) at Rosenborg. The Commission fig. 51. Johannes Theodor Reinhardt’s signature 1864 in the catalogue of the First “galathea” expedition 1848-47. compressed text. 83 dissolved in 1829. active in the management of Km from 1796–1827. Reventlow, Christian Ditlev Frederik (1748– 1827). Danish Count, Prime Minister. Revtl. Abbr. of Reventlow. He submitted cardiids from Brazil. RH Abbr. of R.Hørring used on ZM labels and shells. RHS. see under stamm. Ribe collected tropical cardiids 1860. Riibe Skole Ribe public school, Denmark. Received cardiids from zm according to Book of dispatch Cardium isocardia, Cardium leucostomum, Cardium lavum. – 2 sept. 1860. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #191. Cardium cardissa, C. unedo. Riise, albert henrik (1810–1882). etatsraad (titular councillor of state), justitsraad (counsellor) and pharmacist. settled as pharmacist in St. Thomas, the West Indies, 1838. Returned to denmark 1868. collected cardiids in former danish West indies during the mid-1800. he had a large collection, which included shells donated to him by the zoological museum in 1849 c/o mörch. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853 (11 october 1850): #25 Cardium soleniforme, Brug. 1. – June 1860. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #508 Cardium antillarum, St. Thomas, 8. – Received from zm according to Book of dispatch #180 Cardium grønlandicum alpha fos. ? #181 Cardium islandicum alpha fos. ? – 17 Jan. 1893, Book of dispatch #95 Cardium lavum L. 3. – 29 november 1849. zm Book of dispatch #31 Cardium groenlandicum ch. 2. #32 Cardium islandicum ch. 3. #33 Cardium elegantulum Beck, 1. #61 Cardium edule, grimstad, 1. #73 Cardium lavum L. (from the Red Sea collected by Forskål). – submitted greenland shells collected by Ltn Jensen. Material from cand. steenstrup. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #561 Cardium grønlandicum. Riise, F. stud. mag. see under collin’s collection. Rinck See under Rink, H. Rink the vessel “Rink” operated in Greenland 1912. 84 J. hYlleBerg Rink, Hinrich Johannes (1819–1893). danish geologist. Participated in the first Galathea expedition. collected cardiids in the nicobar islands. – donated shells to zm. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #5. Cardium magnum ch. sine loc. 1. < shipped from Julianehaab, greenland. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #34 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. 1. #35 Cardium elegantulum, 1. Rkvk. Abbr. of Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland. R-Lund, Grace Collected cardiids in the Persian gulf after 1960. Rødehav Danish language for the Red Sea. Röding, Peter Frederich (1767–1846). german malacologist (t 278). according to Beck 1836 n° 1: Opened a box sent by Röding (cf. Journal 5/6 36.). the box contained # 13. Cardium donaciforme 1 (unit of currency; see under “a”). according to Beck 1836 n° 6: excellent species from Röding sent to the museum #10 Cardium n. sp. Roed’s coll. his collection contained cardiids from east africa. Roepke Collected cardiids in the Philippines. Roeppstorff, de Widow. Left her shell collection from the andaman islands to the national museum of denmark (nationalmuseet). this museum passed on the collection to the zoological museum on 15 February 1897, according to the accession book 1889–1937. Roepstorff, A. de governor of the andaman islands. donated a shell collection through prof. Reinhardt 11 April. – Cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #617 Cardium (Liocardium) #618 Cardium cardissa. #619 Cardium cardissa. – he donated shells from Port Blair or the Nicobar Isl. through mr. e. Becken 1874. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #62 Cardium cardissa. #63 Cardium cardissa. #64 Cardium cardissa. #65 Cardium cardissa. – he donated shells from the andaman isl. november 1875. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #238. Cardium sp. #239. Cardium sp. #240. Cardium cardissa L. Roespstorf Alternative spelling of Roepstorff. Römer, F. Dr. Carl ferdinand Römer (1818– 1891). german malacologist working in america. donated shells from usa, 10 november 1856. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #4. Cardium ventricosum, galveston, texas, 1, Ropstorf Alternative spelling of Roepstorff. Röpstorf Alternative spelling of Roepstorff. Ropstorff Alternative spelling of Roepstorff. Rosenborg Castle Construction of Rosenborg castle started 1606. summer retreat for king Christian IV outside the old defense works; construction took place in several steps. today the castle is located in central copenhagen. It accommodated The Royal Natural History museum (Km) from 1804–1821. Roskilde Latinskole Roskilde grammar school, denmark. dispatch June 1851. zm Book of dispatch #83 Cardium laevigatum chem. West indies, 1. #84 Cardium cardissa L. East indies. Rostrup teacher at a teacher’s college. collected shells on the Faroe islands 1867. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #10. Cardium edule L. Rothe headmaster in uddevalla. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #45. Cardium edule. Rothes Meer German language for the Red sea. Rübe collected tropical cardiids for zm. rubic. abbr. of rubicundum. Rumpf Reference to G.E.Rumph 1766, a German edition of Rumphius 1711. Not available for nomenclatural purposes. Rumph, Georg Eberhard (1627–1702). dutch naturalist. Published “Amboinsche Rariteitkamer ....” in 1705 so he never saw his work in print. not available for nomenclatural purposes. RV abbr. of right valve. Rv. Abbr. of Reeve on labels by Beck. Ryberg assistant, Julianehåb, greenland. collected cardiids in 1881. mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: Cardium ciliatum Fabr. without cat. number. Ryder Lieutenant. Collected cardiids in Greenland 1863, 1887. dated 29 september 1892 he submitted cardiids from the east greenland expedition. cardiid numbers in the accession book 1889–1937: #15 Cardium ciliatum. sta- cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen tionen. #16 Cardium ciliatum. danmarks Ø. Rygen island in the Baltic. S. abbr. of schumacher used by Beck and mörch. S. abbr. of senegal in adanson’s publication from 1757. S. Ill. f. Abbr. of Sowerby, Illustrations, igure. (sowerby: conchological illustrations). S. Jen old spelling of the island st. Jean, the West indies. S. C. abbr. of south carolina. S. I. abbr. of sowerby, illustrations. S. Ill. stands for “conchological illustrations” by sowerby 1833–1840. S. J. f. abbr. of sowerby: conchological illustrations ig. s. n. Abbr. of “Systema naturae” by Linnaeus 1758. see also under sn. S. Th. abbr. of s. thomas, the West indies. SA abbr. of south africa. Sa. Abbr. not identiied. Written on label in connection with talmadge. Sæmundsen, B. See under Sæmundsson. Sæmundson See under Sæmundsson. Saemundsson See under Sæmundsson. Saemundsson, B. See under Sæmundsson. Sæmundsson, Bjarni (1867–1940). dr. phil. icelandic zoologist onboard ”thor” 1900. collected cardiids in iceland 1900, 1901. Sahlertz cand. phil. the museum received shells collected by stud. Ørting. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #3 Cardium sp. Florida. Sallingsund the ship “sallingsund” was used to collect cardiids in Storebælt 1912. saml. abbr. of danish word “samling” = collection. Sander, F. collected cardiids in the West indies 1978. Sardi. abbreviation. see under sardinien. Sardinien danish language for sardinia, the mediterranean. Sars, Michael (1805–1869). norwegian zoologist and Pastor of Manger (Mangor on labels) at Bergen, norway. see also under steenstrup. Sass, Heu collected cardiids in china for zm. see under Friis. Savig. abbr. of savigny. Savigny, Marie J.C.D. (1777–1851). French 85 naturalist. Sch. abbr. of schumacher. Sch. E. abbr. of schröter’s einleitung. see under schröter. Sch: Ess: abbr. of schumacher’s “essai d’un nouveaux…”1817. Sch: terminated with colon. see under schumacher. Schimmelmann, E. (1747–1831). count. active in the management of Km from 1796–1829. Schiødte professor, received a study collection. cardiid number in mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: #59 Cardium echinatum. Schiøtte, Tom assistant curator. started to work for the zmuc in 1977. Schiøtz Pharmacist, Odense, Denmark. He donated shells to the museum 1874. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870– 1889: #3 Cardium echinatum. entrance to odense Fjord. Schjonh. see under schønheyder. Schjønh. see under schønheyder. Schm. abbr. of schumacher. Schneider, Sp. collected cardiids in norway (1891). see under sparre-schneider. Scholt. abbr. of von scholten. Scholten, Peter Carl Frederik (1784–1854). governor of the former danish West indies. he started to work on st. thomas in 1814. he was called back to denmark after he had liberated the slaves in 1848 against the oficial policy. he submitted cardiids to the collection of CVIII. Schon. abbr. of von scholten. Schönh. see under schønheyder. Schønh. see under schønheyder. Schönheider collected cardiids in the indian Ocean, Tranquebar, India. See under Schønheyder. Schønheyder, Ulrich Anton (1775–1858). naval oficer, Danish Interim Governor of Tranquebar 1822–24. Referred to as Schönh., schjønh., or schjonh. these abbreviations appear on zm labels from the period schønheyder served in Tranquebar. Schou, H. H. 1876 (t 322). catalogue listing 564 species in schou’s shell collection. second edition printed in copenhagen (Kjøbenhavn) 1 January 1876. cardiid numbers in the catalogue: #540 Cardium edule L. (416) Denmark. 86 J. hYlleBerg #541 Cardium (Trachycardium mörch) muricatum L. (419). Antill. #542 Cardium lavum L. (424) Ost. Ind. #543 Cardium (Liocardium sws) citrinum (428) antill. #544 Cardium (Fragum Bolt) unedo L. (437) the Nicobar isl. Schousboe, Peder Worked in morocco as a botanist, later as a danish consul. collected cardiids in 1832. Schr. E. abbr. of schröter einleitung. see under schröter. Schr. Einl. abbr. of schröter einleitung. see under schröter. Schroet. abbr. of schröter. Schrøt. abbr. of schröter. Schröt. Einl. abbr. of schröter einleitung. see under schröter. Schröter, Johan Samuel (1735–1808). german malacologist. he published an introduction to the knowledge of shells: “einleitung in die conchylien-kenntniss ...” 1784 & 1786. Schumacher, Chrétien Fréderic schumacher’s irst names spelled in french. Schumacher, Heinrich Christian Friederich (1757–1830). medical doctor, anatomist, surgeon, botanist, and a good artist. he retired from medicine for a period and completed a classiication of molluscs (Essai, etc.) published in 1817. His classiication was mainly based on shell characters. it was both praised and criticised by fellow scientists. he did not publish other books on molluscs. schumacher’s original shell material is marked with a cross in red-brown ink. see under schumacher-cross. Schumacher’s collection (T 282). Loose pages with t 282. Fortegnelse paa de i det grevelige, universitetet tilhörende zoologiske museum opbevarede muslinger, som er originalstykker for afbildninger, Beskrivelser eller Benævnelser i Professor Schumachers større Værk “Essay d’un nouveaux Systeme des habitations des vers testacés avec xxii planches par chretien Frederic schumacher a copenhague 1817” ved Japetus steenstrup museets Bestyrer 1846. one cardiid mentioned: #75 Cardium isocardia Linn. Reference to page 158, Figure 4, xvi. this specimen is present at zm. Schumacher’s collection (t 311). not dated, fig. 52. Part of Steenstrup’s catalogue T 311 dealing with schumacher’s species. steenstrup’s handwriting: conchylia musei schumacheriani. the Fig. is slightly compressed. not signed. the catalogue t 311 deals with schumacher’s species. steenstrup’s handwriting. A draft for T 282. The sequence of information is running number, species, and number of specimens. – Cardium #437 costatum. 1. #438 C. coronatum. 2. #439 C. simplex. 2. #440 C. rigens (sic) = ringens. 1. #441 C. tuberculatum. 2. #442 C. isocardium [sic]. 1. occident. 3. #443 C. æquilaterum. 1. #444 C. muricatum. 1. #445 C. ustulatum. 1. 3. 1. 1. #446 C. lutescens. 2. #447 C. album. 6. #448 C. aculeatum. 2. #449 C. echinatum. 2. #450 C. impressum. 1. #451 not used. #452 C. leucostomium (sic). 1. #453 C. islandicum. 2. ex groenland. 3. #454 C. rusticum. 2. #455 C. edule. 1. #456 C. pectinatum. 1. #457 C. groenlandicum. 4. #458 C. palleus. 1. #459 C. laevigatum 4. #460 C. serratum. 1. #461 C. soleniforme. 2. #462 C. chinense. 1. #463 C. medium. 5. #464 C. unedo. 1. #465 C. retusum. 3. #466 C. imbricatum. 1. #467 C. cardissa. 4. #468 C. excavatum. 1. #469 C. replicatum. 1. Schumacher’s collection steenstrup’s cat. 1846 (t 282). “conchiilien musei schumacherium” en Fortegnelse optagen ved museets overtagelse i aaret 1846 ved Japetus steenstrup. steenstrup used the numbers 437–469. i have not included number of specimens and remarks by steenstrup. #437 Cardium costatum sch. p. 158. #438 C. coronatum. #439 C. simplex. #440 C. ringens. #441 C. tuberculatum. #442 C. isocardium [sic] Sch. p. 158. #443 C. æquilaterum. #444 C. muricatum. #445 C. ustulatum. #446 C. lutescens. #447 C. album. #448 C. aculeatum. #449 C. echinatum. #450 C. impressum. #451 not used cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen Fig. 53. characteristic schumacher labels. the letter m: [marked <] is Schumacher’s indication of a species coined by him. however, the species was never published, so the name is not valid. text on schumacher’s labels Cardium isocardium 4. Lin: and Cardium ustulatum 7. m: by steenstrup. #452 C. leucostomum. #453 C. islandicum ex greenland. sch. p. 159. #454 C. rusticum. #455 C. edule. #456 C. pectinatum. #457 C. groenlandicum. #458 C. palleus. #459 C. laevigatum sch. p. 159. #460 C. serratum. #461 C. soleniforme sch. p. 159. #462 C. chinense. #463 C. medium. #464 C. unedo. #465 C. retusum. #466 C. imbricatum. #467 C. cardissa. #468 C. excavatum. #469 C. replicatum. (Fig. 52). Schumacher’s labels he wrote tiny labels on hand-made paper. the information is limited to the species name in Latin [occasionally also french]. He continued with his own cat. Number. occasionally he also wrote abbreviated references to chemnitz, number of specimens, locality, and Lin: if the species was described by Linnaeus or m: if it was his own manuscript name. (Fig. 53). Schumacher-cross Refers to the particular cross in red ink written inside shells from the schumacher collection. the “+” may have turned brown or faded over the years. Schwarzes Meer german language for the Black sea. Schytt, O. H. technological university, copenhagen (Polyth. exam.). He donated shells from singapore? 12 september 1868. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866– 1872: #19 Cardium lavum L. #20 Cardium cardissa L. Scripps Inst. of Oceanography scripps institution of oceanography, usa. Seb. abbr. of seba. 87 Seba, Alberto (1665–1736). dutch malacologist. He published “Locupletissimi Rerum naturalium thesauri” in 1758. not available for nomenclatural purposes. Sehested, Ove R. (1757–1838). active in naturhistorie-selskabet 1789–1805. Seid. J.N. see under seidlin. Seidlin collected cardiids in the indian ocean for CVIII. Sekelin Not identiied. The name appears on mörch’s label together with signe. Sell, Henrik danish amateur malacologist. collected cardiids in Kattegat 1890–1911. sensu Latin < sensu = judgment. meaning according to. seu Latin < seu = sive = provided with. Sg abbr. of subgenus. shells extracted from corals 1870–73. shells from the coral collection of the museum. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #18 Cardium (Liocardium) sp. Siam old name for thailand. sic Latin < in this way. indicates that the preceding quotation is literal. Often inserted within brackets. Sicyly or Sicÿlÿ spelling of sicily by h. cuming. Sieb (or Lieb.) Abbr. not identiied. Signe Not identiied. Appears on Mörch label together with ?sekelin. Simpson dr. dated december 1863, he received a shell collection from zm. cardiid number in mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: #33 Serripes grønlandicum. Simpson, Charles Torrey (1846–1932). american malacologist. sine loc. Abbr. used on labels. L< sine = without, loc. = locality. Singa. abbr. of singapore in catalogue. sive Latin < sive = provided with. Skagen the northern tip of Jutland, denmark. Skagerak old spelling of skagerrak Skagerrak sea between the north sea and Kattegat. sm see under sml. Smaaøerne danish for the small islands. on labels by th.mortensen. Smithsonian Inst. Wash. abbr. of the smithsonian institution Washington sml abbr. of danish sømil = nautical miles 88 J. hYlleBerg SN. Abbr. of Linné’s Systema Naturae. Used in connection with 12th edition, 1767. Snegle danish language = gastropods. Snekkersten Village located north of Copenhagen. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #10. Cardium echinatum, 2. The specimens were purchased from isherman, 1857. Soc. hist. nat. Abbr. of the french Societé d’histoire naturelle. Solander, Daniel Carlsson (1733–1782). employed by the Duchess of Portland as a naturalist. Issued the Portland Catalogue 1786. See also under Lightfoot. Sold. P. C. Stands for Solander’s Portland Catalogue. solider (name not mentioned). he sold shells from the skaw (skagen). cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #16. Cardium edule. Solomon, John collected cardiids in West indies before 1848. Somer, Jean identical with sommer, Jan. Sommer S. Jan, dr. according to mörch’s accession book 1866–1872, he collected cardiids in former danish West indies. Søndergaard, A. collected cardiids in the mediterranean 1961. Sørensen Pastor. Collected cardiids in North greenland 1894, 1899. Sørensen, W. graduate, cand. mag. submitted a shell collection from hofjægermester E.v. Benzon 1878. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #38 Cardium sp. el araish (morocco). #39 Cardium sp. el araish. #39 Cardium sp. el araish. #39 Cardium sp. el araish. Sov. abbr. of sowerby. Sow. abbr. of sowerby. Sow. Ill. see under sow. ill. Sow. Ill. stands for sowerby’s “conchological illustrations”. Sow. Jr. Pr. Stands for Sowerby in [Zoological] Journal Proceedings 1833. Sowb. abbr. of sowerby. Sowerby, George Brettingham (1788–1854). British malacologist and shell dealer. Published “conchological illustrations” 1833– 1840. sp. abbr. of species. Sp. abbr. of spengler used by mörch. sp. n. Abbr. of new species L< species = a kind, division of a genus; nova). Identical with nov. sp. Spärck, Ragnar (1896–1965). Professor zoologiae, copenhagen university. curator of molluscs at the museum. From 1919 till 1936 he wrote entries for the accession book 1889– 1937. His handwriting is very fast and dificult to read, sometimes impossible. he collected cardiids in Italy and Portugal 1930. Sparre-Schneider museum conservator, tromsø museum, norway. dated 20 June 1891 he submitted Cardium elegantulum Beck (accession book 1889–1937). Sparu Schudi misspelling of sparre schneider on label. spcm. abbr. of specimen(s). specimen shell kept as an example to illustrate a species. the word individual has the same meaning. Speerschneider, K. collected cardiids in australia 1925. Spengl. see under spengler. Spengler, Johan Conrad (1767–1839). curator of art at the royal collection, state councellor (Kunstkammerforvalter, direktør, Justitsraad, Estatsraad). Son of Lorenz Spengler, curator of art at the royal collection (Kunstkammeret). he returned from travel abroad in 1789 and started as curator. the castle christiansborg burnt 1795, but many paintings in the castle and the Kunstkammer collection were saved thanks to spengler’s heroic efforts. after his father’s death he took over the management of art at the royal collection. his main interest was ine arts, so he did not continue his father’s work with natural science. – in 1823 J.c. spengler signed a receipt with all catalogue numbers of Lorenz Spengler’s shell collection after its transfer from the Royal Art Museum to the Royal Natural History Museum. See also under Wad and CVIII. Spengler, Lorenz (1720–1807). master turner at the royal court, curator (Kunstkammerforvalter) of art at the royal collection (Kunstkammeret). Personality according to Bricka: very skillful, kind, fair, thoughtful of others, and popular with everybody. he started as curator in 1771 and worked in this position cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen fig. 54. Portrait of Spengler deposited at the ZM: Lorenz Spengler. Curator of Art with the Royal: Danish: Art Collection: the Art Chamber. Member of the Rom: Emperial: Citizen of zürich in: Berlin: naturf: gesellsch: cornel höyier del. meno haas scul. copenhagen 1776. until his death. in 1799 spengler published an overview of cardiids, including descriptions of new species. spengler received tempting offers to sell all his shell collections abroad, but he sold them to the danish state in 1804. today they are preserved at the zmuc in the special collections. a painting and a copper of spengler are available. (Figs. 54, 55). Spengler’s catalogue 1775 (t 274). “description of the shell collection in the royal chamber of art, previously not properly described and not numbered at all”. dated copenhagen 1775, the inventory describes the king’s collection of natural history objects, referred to as the Kunstkammer. he wrote in german, (gothic handwriting) following his appointment to manager (forvalter) of the Kunstkammer in 1771. spengler stated that the collection had grown over the years. additions had come 89 fig. 55. Portrait of Spengler deposited at the ZM: Lorenz spengler 1720-1807, painted in 1802 according to notes in the ile of Lemche (after O. Mourier). It also has another addition on the reverse: goes to the mollusc collection after my death. donated to the public by z. Fröhlich. Kbh. 1874. from the Castles Gottorp and Rosenborg. In 1732 the king Christian VI added many specimens purchased from a dealer in natural science objects. at that time the collection was structured according to Rumphs Amboinische Rariteten Kammer. However, Spengler followed the Systema naturae of Linnaeus 1758 and hoped that the collection would become useful in the future. (Fig. 56). Spengler’s collection transferred 1804 spengler’s shells were transferred to naturhistorieSelskabet 1804 and subsequently to KM = the Royal Museum. Spengler’s collection transferred 1823 (t 274). Lorenz Spengler’s numbered catalogue from the Royal Chamber of Art was oficially transferred to the Royal Natural History Museum in 1823. g.Wad received spengler’s catalogue through J.C.Spengler, son of L.Spengler. Spengler’s labels spengler wrote with a goose quill on hand-made paper. The size of labels was adjusted to the amount of information. He used a mixture of Latin (for the species) 90 J. hYlleBerg Fig. 56. cover of spengler’s 1775 catalogue in german “Beschreibung der Konchylien samlung aus der Königl: Kunst-Kamer, die vorhin entweder ordentlich beschrieben und gar nicht numeriert waren”. and german gothic style for the comments. (Fig. 57). Spg. see under spengler. Spgl. Magaz. stands for species of the spengler collection deposited in the magazine. Spgl. Mus. CVIII. stands for specimens of the Spengler collection transferred to the CVIII collection (the Royal Museum). Spgl. see under spengler. Spglers. abbr. of spengler’s. Spglr. abbr. of spengler. Spir. abbr. of danish word spiritus = alcohol). fig. 57. Spengler’s original label: Martyn vol: 2. ig. 79. ii. Cochlea ovum. Egg. from Pulo Condore. N° 10. variety of Card: muricatum. most of spengler’s labels are preserved with the specimens at zm. Spitg. abbr. of spitsbergen. Spitsbergen norwegian island in the north atlantic. Spl. abbr. of spengler on Beck’s labels. SS Abbr. not identiied. Collected cardiids in the mediterranean before 1848. St. Abbr. of Station; referring to an established building or institution. St. abbr. of saint, e.g. st. thomas. see under West indies. St. abbr. of the danish word “stor” (big, great), such as St. Kannikestræde or St. Nordisk telegraf. St. Océanographique de salammbo, tunisia. Abbr. of Station Océanographique. St. or st. Abbr. of Station; referring to a number given to a speciic collecting site. Staff of museum collections in Copenhagen see under chronological overview 1623–2007. Stamm, R. H. (1877–1934). danish zoologist, Lecturer. He collected cardiids in Isefjord 1907, in the north sea 1917, and in Kattegat off frederikshavn during ield courses for biology students of the university of copenhagen 1922. he had a large collection of molluscs. Statens naturhistoriske Museum natural history museum of the state. new name to be used after 2005 for zmuc: zoological museum of the university of copenhagen. Steenberg label the shell collection of c.m. steenberg was donated to the zoological museum after he deceased in 1946. individual lots were provided with printed labels only stating “coll. c.m. steenberg Journ. 14-121946”. the mentioned journal is not present at the zmuc. i assume the small labels just indicate the generous contribution by steenberg. (Fig. 58). Steenberg, Carl Marinus (1882–1946). Professor, comparative anatomist and shell collector. many cardiids from his collection were fig. 58. Printed Steenberg label. Identical labels of this type were added to all material from the steenberg collection donated to the zmuc. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen fig. 59. Portrait of C.M. Steenberg 1936. from the Steenberg Picture Collection at ZMUC. donated to the zoological museum in 1946. (Fig. 59). Steenstrup & Lützen Shells delivered by Professor Steenstrup & Dr. Lützen. Cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #12. Cardium edule juv. #55. Cardium edule juv. C. fasciatum mg. #98. pl. Cardium edule pulli. fænø. #149. Cardium edule marina. middelfart. #150. pl. Cardium edule pulli. fænø. #151. Cardium edule pulli. strib. Steenstrup collections accessions by professor, state councellor J.steenstrup. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867, dated august 1864: #48. Cardium edule, two very large. – From layer older than kitchen midden (køkkenmødding). havelse. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #68. Cardium edule pull. – cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #33. Cardium fasciatum. – cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #6. Cardium edule pulle. – norwegian shells collected by Pastor Sars. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #227 Cardium norvegicum Bergen, 1. #228 Cardium edule Bergen, 1. – From his danish collection. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846– 91 1853: #624 Cardium edule. #625 Cardium. sundet, als, 14. #626 Cardium norvegicum skagen. #627 Cardium echinatum sundet, Vensyssel 2. – from his Greenland collection collected by capt. holbøll (1838?). cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846– 1853: #688 Cardium elegantulum, 3. #689 Cardium grønlandicum, 1. #690 Cardium islandicum, 1. – From the collection of steenstrup. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #738 Cardium dionæum, sow. 1. – icelandic collection. some shells have been exhibited in Kiel. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #407 Cardium groenlandicum. høfde 14.03.1846. #408 Cardium groenlandicum. Faxe Bay. #409 Cardium groenlandicum. tuede. #410 Cardium groenlandicum. Østerlandet tuede var. elongata. #411 Cardium islandicum. #412 Cardium islandicum. Breakwater. #413 C. ciliatum, Cardium islandicum. #414 Cardium islandicum. Faxe Bay. #415 Cardium. #416 Cardium. #417 Cardium. – shells from a thick layer of bivalves above the peat, Herslev Sogn, Leiseherred, Strandgaarden. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #264. Cardium edule, many specimens. – shells from the mediterranean, 1860. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #2 Cardium crassum, juv. corsica, 1. #3 Cardium deshayesii, corsica, 1 – shells collected on the Faroe islands. a single handwritten document in the separate Fig. 60. steenstrup was abbreviated stp on labels by mörch. this label was written in 1859 and has n° 2 in mörch’s catalogue. 92 J. hYlleBerg fig. 61. Professor Japetus Steenstrup. from a lithograph made in 1855. Modiied after Roeleveld & Knudsen 1980. library of zmuc (2nd department). #52 Cardium echinatum, 1 spcm. from the open water off sandvaag. #53 Cardium edule?, 1 spcm. Kallefjord. – submitted shells in 1873. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #8 Cardium edule. #21 Cardium echinatum. – steenstrup donated shells from the dried up Klinte Lake, sandy bottom. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book Fig. 62. “conchylia musei schumacheriani” (t 311) in steenstrup’s handwriting. the species are: n° 437 Cardium costatum, 1 ind.; N° 438 coronatum, 2 ind. n° 439 simplex, 2 ind. n° 440 rigens sic 1 ind. 1866–1872: #8 Cardium edule, large. #9 Cardium edule, large. (Fig. 60). Steenstrup Pharmacist. The museum received shells from greenland, Julianehaab district 1874. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #4 Cardium gronlandicum #5 Cardium gronlandicum var. #6 Cardium ciliatum Fbr. – steenstrup collected shells on the beach at narssak, Julianehåbs district 1876. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #10 Cardium grønlandicum. – steenstrup collected shells in greenland 1877. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #22 Cardium grønlandicum. Steenstrup, J. subfossil cardiids collected 1887. see also under dreyer. Steenstrup, Japetus (1813–1897). danish Professor zoologiae, state councellor (Estatsraad, obsolete title) 1845–1885. director with naturhistorisk Forenings museum 1841–42. From 1848–64 he was member of the management of the Royal Natural history museum (det kgl. naturhistoriske museum). he became co-director with that museum in 1851. he was a controversial person at his age. contemporary danish scientists blamed him for nepotism, misinterpretations and hasty conclusions. the accusations were partly based on facts, partly on envy. however, as a museum man he was extraordinary. he developed the zoological museum and thanks to his efforts the collections grew to previously unknown heights. Personally he also contributed many specimens to zm. see under steenstrup collections. (Fig. 61). Steenstrup, K. J. V. (1842–1913). dr. phil. collected cardiids in greenland 1899. Steenstrup’s 1846 catalogue (t 311). see also under schumacher’s collection. (Fig. 62). Steff. Abbr. of Steffensen; alternative spelling of stephensen. collected cardiids in Øresund, Hellebæk 1910. Steffs. abbr. of steffensen. see under steff. Steincke danish business man, iceland. donated shells to the museum 1875,1876. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870– 1889: #34 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. Steph. A. Abbr. not identiied. Collected cardiids in usa 1835. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen fig. 63. Copper of the “Grevel: Holsteinske Palais” in Stormgade where the Royal Natural History Museum was located 1821-68. Modiied after Wolff 1979. Stephensen, K. (1882–1947). danish zoologist. collected cardiids in Øresund and Kattegat 1904, 1909, 1910, 1915. collected cardiids in norway 1905 and in greenland onboard “Rink” 1912. Stimp. abbr. of stimpson. Stimps. abbr. of stimpson. Stimpson dr. submitted cardiids to the museum. cardiid numbers were entered 1862 into mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #45. Cardium islandicum min. Bay. & coast of maine. #46. Cardium pinnulatum (an jun. 51). min. Bay. & coast of maine. #47. Cardium mortoni se coast and isl of min. #48. Cardium citrinum Florida. #49. Cardium muricatum. #50. Cardium isocardia juv. Florida. #51. Cardium ventricosum n.& s. carolina. Stimpson submitted cardiids marked Kentz from usa. Stimpson, William (1832–1872). american malacologist. Store Kannikestræde 34 this street is in the Latin Quarter of Copenhagen. Houses for 11 professors were here until the whole area burnt down in 1728. they were rebuilt over a period of time, but many houses burnt again, or were severely damaged during the bombardment of copenhagen by the British in 1807. during 1832–1838 the moltke’s new zoological museum donated to the university was located in house number 34 (det grevelige moltke’ske universitetet tilhørende zoologisk museum). Storebælt the great Belt between sealand and Funen connects the Baltic with the Kattegat. 93 Stormgade 10 The Holstein mansion (Palæ) is located in stormgade, inner copenhagen. the building can be traced back to 1687 and was rebuilt several times until it reached its inal form in 1756. it was purchased by king Frederik VI in 1827 and housed the Royal Natural history museum 1821–1864 (?1868). the building still stands. (Fig. 63). Stp. abbr. of professor steenstrup. used on labels by mörch. Stps. see under stimpson. Strandgaard ship captain. collected material for nF c/o Japetus steenstrup Stubbeberg onboard ”margrethe” 1913. collected cardiids in Faroe islands. Studierejsen (study tour) written on labels. members of naturhistorisk Forening collected cardiids during study tours to: – the Black sea 1960. – the indian ocean (east africa) 1970. – madeira 1974. – morocco 1985. Studiesamlingen At the time the Danish Parliament decided to establish a new zoological museum in Krystalgade, it was decided to establish a study collection of the university. the professor zoologiae should manage this collection serving education and research. Stuschbury slip for stutchbury. Stutchbury, Samuel (1798–1859). British shell dealer. Submitted a selection from London 8 January 1837. His Royal Highness chose cardiid number #94 Cardium sp. ex africa. 1 shilling 1/2 pence. Beck’s accession catalogue 1837–39. Styrmand Danish word for Mate, oficer. See under Boren. Subg. abbr. of subgenus. Subgen: terminated with a colon. abbr. of subgenus. Südsee old german language = south seas, referring to australia. Suenson, M. N. Ship captain, naval oficer. Collected cardiids for nF c/o Japetus steenstrup in the Baltic, Rügen before 1878. He had a collection, which included shells donated to him by the zoological museum c/o mörch. dated 16 october 1850, cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #89 Cardium isocardia?, 1, minus shell. animals from siam (thailand), 1900. according to uzm entries in a diary. 94 J. hYlleBerg Suenson’s shell collection see under mörch’s catalogue 1857: capt. suenson shells auctioned. Sundet danish for Øresund: the sound between denmark and sweden. Sundet danish for sound, i.e. a body of water more extensive than a strait. Susini, Joachim de M. Mr. Received cardiids from zm according to the zm Book of dispatch #35 Card. ciliat. Svennevig, N. collected cardiids in the coral sea 1979. Sw. abbr. of swainson. Swainsen alternative spelling of swainson. Swainson, William John (1789–1855). British malacologist. Published “A treatise on Malacology”. 1840. Sws. abbr. of swainson. Sydsøen old danish language = south seas, referring to australia syn. abbr. of synonym. syntype two or more species included in a type series on which a species description is based. t. Abbreviated Latin < tomus = volume of a publication. T. Fr. Abbr. not identiied. Collected cardiids in the Limfjorden. Talmadge, R. american malacologist. donated cardiids from california before 1976. Tåning, Å. W. Danish zoologist; his collection of cardiids ended in the steenberg collection, now in the zmuc general collection. Tauber Collected cardiids at Læsø 1893. tb. Abbr. of Latin < tabula = plate, table. Teilmann-Friis Identiied cardiids for ZM 1911. Test. Sci. Refers to Poli’s publication “Testacea utriusque Siciliae” 1791. Thaanum, Dietlev danish zoologist working in hawaii. Thanning graduate. collected cardiids in greenland 1873. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #15 Cardium grønlandicum chem. var. greenland stp. June, leg. 1873. Thanning Pastor. Received #4 Cardium lavum L. from ZM. The old Zoological Museum in Krystalgade see under the united museums. The united Museums the mollusc collection of the united museums described by mörch ca. 1867. see under mörch 1867 and de forenede museer. Thieleus mr. collected fossil cardiids in anvers, crag noire 1868. dated 1868 he received a shell collection from zm. cardiid number in mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: #94 Cardium ciliatum. see under tirlemont, arnand thieleus. Thomas, A. collected cardiids in the former danish West indies. Thomsen captain, submitted shells from the strait of Bali. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #8 Cardium sp. Thomsen collected cardiids in West greenland before 1878. Thomsen icelandic business man donated shells from greenland 23 december 1848. subfossil beach at 200 feet height at sarfangoak 6 mil south of holstenborg. cardiid without number in mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: Cardium grønlandicum, 1/4. Thomsen mr. see under oldnordisk museum. Thonning, P. (1775–1848). Judge (assessor, obsolete danish title). active in the management of Km from 1829–48. Thor expedition 1910 the “thor” expedition to the mediterranean including the Bosporus and the Black sea. Thor the trawler-built research steamer “thor” of the Commission for Marine Research (Kommissionen for havundersøgelser). “thor” expeditions lasted for nearly two decades and started in 1903. cardiids were collected in danish waters1914, 1922: skagerrak, north sea, smålandsfarvandet. cardiids were collected in iceland 1900. the north sea, iceland and greenland 1903, 1904. the Mediterranean 1914. A second 12 m long ishing cutter was also named “thor”. this small vessel sailed the Polar Sea on expeditions during 1934–35. Thorant see under thorent. Thorent Courquin Professor, Barcelona, Spain; donated shells to the museum 1874. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870– 1889: #49 Cardium paucicostatum sow. ciliare. #50 Cardium mucronatum Poli. Thornam alternative spelling of tornam by cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen mörch. he collected cardiids in the Baltic 1861. Thorson, Gunnar (1906–1971). Professor; curator of molluscs at the zoological museum in Krystalgade. he collected cardiids during the 3-year east greenland investigation 1931–34, and during the iranian gulf expedition 1937– 38. appointed director with the laboratory in Helsingør (The Marine Laboratory of the university of copenhagen) in 1958. Thorson’s catalogue 1937. the catalogue of Thorson’s quantitative samples from 81 stations collected in the Persian Gulf, is available at the zmuc. he noted the number of 0.1 square m grab samples per station, preliminary identiications, and the wet weight of the animals with preliminary id’s. Subsequent identiications were later added to the catalogue. Thotts Palæ see under Kongens nytorv 4. Thouars, M. Petit captain of the French frigate “Venus”. Collected cardiids in Mexico 1839. Throndheim old spelling of trondheim, norway. ti abbr. used by mörch in connection with spengler 1799. <L titulus = plate. Tif. abbr. used by h.Beck. = plate. Tilgangsjournal See under Beck 1830–36; Beck 1836; Beck. 1842–43; Mörch 1846–53; Mörch 1853–61; Mörch 1866–72; Mörch 1870–89; Tilgangsjournal 1889–1937. start 20 May 1889. Last entry 31 December 1937. Tilv. Abbr. of Tilvækst-Journal or Tilgangsjournal = accession book. Tilvækst-Journal for Mollusca (zm accession books). see under Beck 1836 and mörch 1853–61. the same meaning as tilgangsjournal. Tirlemont, Arnand Thieleus donated Belgian fossil shells to the museum 1868. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #69 Cardium porulosum soland. sables calciferies Bruxelles. #70 Cardium porulosum, sables ferrugineux, gronendal. #71 Cardium subturgidum d’orb. crag noire, anvers. #73 Cardium rusticum L. Cardita sp. crag gris, anvers. Tjalfe the brig “tjalfe” operated in greenland waters in 1908. cardiids were deposited at the zm. 95 Tjalfe-expedition see under tjalfe. Tom. Abbr. of Latin < tomus = volume. also abbreviated t. Tomlin, B. British malacologist. submitted cardiids from australia 1926. Tønder Lund See under Lund, Tønder. Topp, Th. the museum exchanged shells with mr. topp. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #34 Cardium subrugosum sowb. #35 Cardium sinense sowb. #36 Cardium pseudofossile Reeve C. californianum desh. he collected cardiids in sakelin 1869. Loc. not identiied. Tordenskiold the frigate ”tordenskiold” cruised east asiatic seas 1872. see under Koch Tornam, A. mr. collected cardiids in the skerries at Bornholm together with a.W.malm. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #39. Cardium nodosum turt. #40. Cardium fasciatum. #41. Cardium pygmæum donov. #42. Cardium svecicum Reeve. Tort. abbr. of tortola, West indies. Tranq. See under Tranquebar. Tranqeb. See under Tranquebar. Tranquebar Former danish trading post and fort on the coromandel coast, south east india. Trausted see under traustedt. Traustedt, M. master at grammar school. submitted shells collected during the summer 1879. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #94 Cardium sp. —traustedt collected shells north of Bergen, norway 1881. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #67 Cardium sp. alversund. – he submitted cardiids collected on a study tour to iceland and West greenland during the period october 1892 to February 1893. Cardium elegantulum. Cardium ciliatum according to accession book 1889–1937. Traustedt, Margar Peter A. (1853–1905). icelandic-danish zoologist. Trondh. abbr. of trondheim. Trondhjem old spelling of trondheim, norway. Trqb. Abbr. of Tranquebar. Trqbar. Abbr. of Tranquebar. Trqeb. Abbr. of Tranquebar. Trqeb. Abbr. of Tranquebar. Trqub. Abbr. of Tranquebar. Tryon, George Washington (1838–1888). 96 J. hYlleBerg Fig. 64. the style of labels used in the exhibitions at Km (top) and the museum in Krystalgade (bottom). the chevron marks a separate label originally glued on the shell after it was removed from the exhibition. american malacologist. dated 1867 he received a shell collection. cardiid number in mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: #13 Cardium medium. Tucker Abbott see under abbott, tucker. Turner (t 278). according to Beck 1836 n° 8: List of shells purchased from the British naturalist mr. turner (Journ. June 16): #1. Cardium latissimum from california, price 15 shilling. Turt. abbr. of turton on labels by Beck. Turton, W. (1762–1835). British amateur conchologist. Published “Conchylia Insularum britannicarum” 1822. Reprinted 1848 typ. added after species. term used by monte- rosato to indicate agreement between his specimen and the original type described by Linné, 1758. Type material general term for voucher or type specimens providing ixed reference for the use of the name. U. M. abbr. of universitetets museum. U. Z. M. abbr. of universitetets zoologiske museum. udst. see under udstillingen. udstil. see under udstillingen. Udstillingen danish word for exhibition. ”fra udst.” refers to the zoological museum in Krystalgade where a distinction was made between specimens on display (udstillingen) and specimens in the magazines. (Fig. 64). UM abbr. of universitetets museum (the university museum). see also under “det grevelige moltke’ske universitetet”. Unger soldier. collected cardiids for zm at st. thomas, the former danish West indies, 1846 (Fig. 65). Universitetets zoologiske Museum (the zoological museum of the university) displayed activity from 1867–1963. see also under “det grevelige moltke’ske universitetet”. Years of important events: – 1862–1867 the natural history collections amalgamated by law. an act passed the Danish Parliament stating that a new zoological museum should be constructed. the mineralogical and zoological collections should fuse with the collections of det kgl. naturhistoriske museum. the act Fig. 65. one of the last labels written by Beck before he was sacked in 1848. Cardium isocardia Linn. Lmck: n° 17. Chemn. 6. f. 174-176. Constable [enlisted private] Unger 1846. st. thomas. cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen stated that the new museum belonged to the university of copenhagen, hence the name universitetets zoologiske museum. – 1867 the fusion materialised. collections amalgamated in the new museum building. a distinction was made between the exhibition (udstillingen) and stored specimens (magasinsamling). – 1870 the museum was oficially inaugurated. it had central heating, which implied dry rooms preventing decay of specimens as experienced in previous buildings. the new zoological museum in Krystalgade encompassed large collections from the moltke’ske universitetsmuseum, including Forskål’s collection, Moltke’s and the CVIII shell collections, H.P.C.Møller’s comprehensive collection, and steenstrup’s collection of fossils and subfossils. The scientiic staff consisted of professor zoologiae (Japetus steenstrup) and inspector I.C. Schiødte, Inspector J.Th. Reinhardt, and 3 assistants. Dr. Lütken was permanent assistant and managed the mollusc department (2. afdeling). o. mörch was also assistant, but not involved in management. Professor Steenstrup persuaded ocean-going ship captains to collect material for the museum. the captains Andréa, Hygom, and Corneliussen were among those who contributed cardiids during the periods 1860 and 1870. – 1878 assistant Mørch passed away. J.E.V.Boas succeeded. he left the museum 1885. herluf Winge succeeded. – 1882 J.Th. Reinhardt passed away and Lütken succeeded. – 1882–87 c.g.Joh. Petersen collected cardiids onboard the gunboat “hauch”. – 1885 Japetus steenstrup retired. Lütken succeeded. G.M.R.Levinsen took over management of 2. department. C.G.Joh.Petersen served as assistant. – 1889 H.J.Posselt succeeded C.G.Joh.Petersen. – 1896 Ad.S.Jensen succeeded H.J.Posselt, who deceased i 1896. – 1897 professor steenstrup passed away. Universitetets zoologiske Museums Tilgangsjournal 1846–1853 for Bløddyr i. Written by mörch – tilgangsjournal 1853–1861 for Bløddyr ii. Written by mörch. Universitetets zootomisk physiologiske Museum the zootomic physiological museum of the university was located in the basement under the assembly hall of the university. 97 the museum was active 1841–64. during that period it was managed by professor d.F.eschricht. When he deceased, the museum was closed. Parts of the collection were consigned the zoological museum. – Bivalvia in alcohol. cardiids in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: Cardium lævigatum st croix, 1. Cardium rusticum = tuberculatum, 1. Cardium elegantulum Greenland, l. Universitetsparken 15 the old museum in Krystalgade became too small and space in inner copenhagen was too limited to allow expansion. Hence, for the irst time it was decided to move the collections and public display outside inner copenhagen. a museum law passed in 1960; construction quickly followed and the research section of the museum opened 1963. The exhibition was oficially inaugurated in 1970. Universitetsudvalget i Aarhus committee to establish a university in aarhus, denmark. dated 18 december 1921 the museum prepared and submitted a collection of nordic molluscs to universitetsudvalget in aarhus. according to the dispatch book 1890–1921: Cardium echinatum without locality. University Museum see under um. uno Latin< unus = the igure one. Ursin, E. danish zoologist. collected cardiids at the Faroe islands, north atlantic. Ussing, Hjalmar (1874–1965). a skillful and respected danish amateur zoologist. he collected cardiids in 1914. Ust. abbreviation. see under udstillingen �the exhibition]. UZM abbr. of universitetets zoologiske museum. UZM entries in a diary (t 270). uzm modtagelses- og forsendelsesjournal. Printed on the spine only. From 1897–1944 the university zoological museum made a diary-type book the diary shows material (boxes, glass tubes, alcohol, etc.) delivered by the museum to persons associated with zm in connection with voyages, collecting trips, and identiication of specimens. v. Martens see under martens, von Vær. Abbr. of Danish værelse = room. Vahl collected cardiids in greenland before 1845. 98 J. hYlleBerg Valenc. Enc. See under Bruguière, Valenciennes. Valenci: terminating with a colon. see under Bruguière, Valenciennes. Van Veen Grab Piece of equipment to collect bottom samples, usually spanning 0.1 m square. var. abbr. of variety. see under variet. Varg. Abbr. of Vargas Bedemar Vargas Bedemar greve (count) identical with Vargas de Bedemar. See also under Beck 1830–1836. Vargas Bedm. Abbr. of Vargas de Bedemar. Vargas de Bedemar, E. (1768–1847). chamberlain. active in the management of Km from 1829–47. dated march 1834 shells were transferred from the museum of mineralogy c/o Vargas Bedemar. Cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #12. Cardium truncatum, in rock from Whitly. – Donated shells to His Royal Highness in october 1839. cardiid numbers in Beck’s accession catalogue 1837–39: #14 Cardium ciliatum 5. #15 Cardium an rusticum 5. #16 Cardium small 8. #17 Cardium nod. small Vargas-Bedemar See under Vargas de Bedemar Vargaz Bedm. See under Vargas de Bedemar variet: terminating with a colon. abbr. of varietet. Latin< variatio = departure from = variety. varietas see under variet. Varietet danish word for variety. Vedelsby, Antonina (formerly Annie) Presently she takes care of the mollusc collection of ZMUC. She has identiied and labeled many cardiids. Ven a swedish island in the Øresund. Ven. abbr. of Cardium ventricosum on label. Venus a French expedition 1836–39 on the frigate “Venus”. Cardiids were collected in mexico 1839. Venus aus Rusland german = Venus from Russia. Vestind. Abbr. of Vestindien. Vestindien danish word for West indies. denmark owned the three islands st. John = st. Jan, st croix = st. cruiz, and st thomas of the Lesser Antilles. They were sold to the usa in 1917. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #149. Cardium leucostomum. Vestjylland danish for West Jutland, peninsular denmark. Vetr.- & Lbhsk. Abbr. of Veterinær- & Landbohøjskole (the agricultural university). Vg Bedm Abbr. of Vargas de Bedemar. Vibe, Christian (1913–1998). collected cardiids in greenland 1940 and nW greenland 1968. Vidal, Jacques Research associate at MNHN, Paris. Checked and identiied many ZMUC cardiids. VIII abbr. by authors for King christian the 8th (1786–1848). Voigt (t 278) according to Beck 1836 n° 7: Shells selected from van Voigt, Amsterdam: #43 Cardium apertum, #43 sic Cardium var, #44 Cardium papyraceum, # 45 Cardium sp.n (for angulatum), # 46 Cardium biradiatum, # 47 Cardium biradiatum var. elongatum, # 48–51 Cardium 4 sp. var a z, # 52 Cardium an var. fragum. Voskuil, R. dutch amateur malacologist. identiied cardiids at ZM. Vullede, G. I. collected West indian cardiids before 1848. also spelled Wullede. Vyff (missionary) collected cardiids in egypt 1922. W. abbr. of Westermann on labels by Beck. W. abbr. of Wroblewsky on labels by mörch. W. Indies see under West indies. W.L. Abbr. of W. Lund. Collected Brazilian and West Indian cardiids for CVIII. Wad, Gregers (1755–1832). university professor. Inspector at KM, Rosenborg from 1804–21. senior inspector at Km in stormgade 1821–29, active in the management of Km from 1829–32. encouraged natural science at the university. see under Km. – dated copenhagen 9 october 1823, dr. g. Wad of The Royal Natural History Museum (Det kongelige naturhistoriske museum), received the Kunstkammer collection of shells from manager of ine arts (Kunstforvalter) Mr. Spengler. see under Johan conrad spengler. Wandel captain in the navy. dated 5 october 1889 he submitted cardiids from dredging in iceland (accession book 1889–1937): Cardium ciliatum Fabr. nW coast of iceland. Wegge ship’s doctor. the museum received cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen shells collected at skallingen, denmark 15 april 1875. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #20 Cardium edule. #21 Cardium echinatum. West Indies series of islands separating the north atlantic from the caribbean. divided into the Bahamas, the greater antilles and the Lesser Antilles. Labels usually refer to the former danish colony encompassing 3 islands. See under Vestindien. Westermann, Bernt Wilhelm (1781–1868). danish wholesale dealer. director with naturhistorisk Forenings museum 1836–39. Spent many years in the Indo-Paciic region and submitted cardiids from indonesia. Western. see under Westermann. Wg.-Bedm. Abbr. of Vargas Bedemar. Willumsen Fisherman. submitted shells from the sound (snekkersten) 1878. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #1. Cardium sp. Winth. abbr. of g. Winther. Winther, G. (1844–1879). dr. phil. the museum received shells from student g. Winther 31 July 1867. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #53 Cardium edule L. jun. with nr. 50. – G. Winther, stud. collected shells along the east coast (denmark). cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #10 Cardium exiguum gm. var? 2–3 fathoms. #15 Cardium edule L. pull. from Stuffelinden to Hvidøre Rev, 3–4 fathoms. – Winther, stud. submitted shells to the museum 1871. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #13 Cardium echinatum may 1871. – g. Winther donated shells to the museum 1874. they were collected in Lunderenden 2 mil south of Hven. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #6 Cardium svecicum Reeve #7 Cardium fasciatum mtg. – the museum received shells in 1875. material collected in aarhusbugten, denmark, 1874. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #41 Cardium edule. – g. Winther submitted a major collection of danish molluscs from Kattegat collected during the summer 1877. Shells from Sejrø to Vejle. Cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #648 Cardium edule pull. #652 Cardium edule 99 pulli. #691 Cardium edule pull. #727 Cardium fasciatum. #728 Cardium edule jun. #741 Cardium edule jun. #756 Cardium fasciatum. #769 Cardium fasciatum. #786 Cardium fasciatum. #787 Cardium suecicum (Lovén, Reeve). #831 Cardium echinatum jun. #845 Cardium fasciatum. #856 Cardium fasciatum. #880 Cardium fasciatum. #887 Cardium fasciatum. #893 Cardium fasciatum. #905 Cardium echinatum. – g. Winther submitted a major collection of danish molluscs from the great Belt to hjelm. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #260 Cardium edule jun. hønsepul og hatterevet 5–10 fv. #274 Cardium edule var. #294 Cardium echinatum jun. #306 Cardium exiguum gm. #328 Cardium echinatum jun. #349 Cardium fasciatum mtg. #375 Cardium fasciatum. #402 Cardium echinatum pull. #403 Cardium fasciatum. #425 Cardium echinatum jun. #458 Cardium fasciatum. #476 Cardium fasciatum. #510 Cardium echinatum jun. #530 Cardium fasciatum. #531 Cardium edule jun. #555 Cardium fasciatum. #586 Cardium fasciatum. #617 Cardium echinatum adult. #621 Cardium echinatum. #637 Cardium edule. – g. Winther collected shells in det sydfynske Øhav, denmark, during the summer 1878. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #948 Cardium edule. Wolff, Torben dr. phil. danish zoologist, museum curator. Participated in the “Atlantide” expedition 1945–46 and was deputy chief of the “galathea” expedition 1950–52. collected cardiids for the museum in many countries. Woodward, F. R. submitted cardiids from scotland to zm 1977. Wrobelwsky, I. I. Lieutenant in the Royal Army medical corps. – he submitted shells donated by oldnordisk museum ( museum of northern Antiquities) 1872. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #13 Cardium muricatum – Wroblewsky submitted north american shells 1872. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #333 Cardium corbis martyn (C. nuttallii conr.). #334 Cardium blandum gould, strait of de Fuca. #335 Cardium substriatum conr. s. diego. #336 Cardium quadragenarium conr. catalina isl. 40 fathoms. – submitted a col- 100 J. hYlleBerg fig. 66. Label by Mörch: Cardium isocardia L. var? from Florida Keys with ref to Wrobl(ewsky) 1873. mörch’s cat. n° is 975. lection of shells from cap. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #491 Cardium sp. – the museum received north american shells 1873. cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #970 Cardium serratum. Florida. #971 Cardium magnum Born. Florida. #972 Cardium mortoni conr. Florida. #973 Cardium mortoni conr. var. C. citrinum Wood. Florida. #974 Cardium muricatum. Florida. #975. Cardium isocardium [sic] var. florida. #976 Cardium spinosum meusch. Florida. – Wroblewsky submitted a collection of fossils from mr. casimir, ugbagks mastricht (ubaks) 1875. Collection de terrain Cretacé du Duche de Limburg. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #1156 Cardium beckyii. Mull. Vaels. Tourtia Turion sup. et inferieur de tournay. #1230 Cardium michelini ag. (Fig. 66). Wrobl. abbr. of Wroblewsky on labels by mörch. Wudem. Abbr. not identiied. Wullede danish naturalist. collected tropical cardiids deposited in the zmuc dry coll. also spelled Vullede. Y. C. abbr. of the Yoldi collection. cardiids were numbered by mörch, and collectors used these numbers to specify their identiications. See under Yoldi’s shell collection. YC abbr. of the Yoldi collection. Yoldi, Alphonso D’Aguirra & Gadea (1765– 1852). danish count. active in the establish- fig. 67. Portrait of Yoldi. The translated text is: Count of Yoldi, senior groom of the chamber, with his majesty the King. From picture at the zmuc. ment of naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn. cardiids from china and other cardiids stem from the collection of count Yoldi. his collection was auctioned. see also under Yoldi’s shell collection. (Fig. 67). Yoldi’s shell collection according to mörch 1846–53, the count Yoldi specimens were auctioned as speciied in Mörch’s catalogue 1853 (count Yoldi’s shell collection). the museum and various shell collectors bought specimens. some of Yoldi’s cardiids may be present in the museum because private collections ended up in the museum after the owners deceased. cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #cat. n° 421 Cardium sp. #cat. n° 422 Cardium sp. #cat. n° 421 Lioc. sp. (Fig. 68). cardiidae in the zoological museum, copenhagen Z. Dp. abbr. of zoologiae dania prodromus 1776. see under müller, o.F. Z. M. see under zm. Zanzabu the same as zanzibar. on old label. Zaouali, J. collected cardiids in tunesia. Zarth. abbr. of zarthmann. Zarthm. abbr. of zarthmann. collected cardiids in the West indies (antilles). Zarthmann, Christian Christopher (1793– 1853). Danish naval oficer. Worked a couple of periods in the former danish West indies, 1825–26, 1833–34. Zimmer mr. egedesminde, greenland. cardiids in alcohol in mörch’s accession book 1853– 1861: Cardium ciliatum, 3. Cardium groenlandicum, 1. (dated 27 november 1856). – cardiid number in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #27 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. 3. (dated 22 october 1860). – cardiid numbers in mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #11 Cardium grønlandicum, 2. #12 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. very large (stor), 3. ZM abbr. of zoologisk museum (zoological museum), i.e., the old museum of the university in Krystalgade. the new museum in universitetsparken was also named zoologisk museum. see also under zm labels. fig. 68. Yoldi’s labels were in ine handwriting. The present label is written on dark blue paper. the specimen numbers were adopted by mörch in his Yoldi catalogue 1853 and by contemporary scholars as a reference. 101 Fig. 69. the zoological museum in universitetsparken. Photo from 1963. Modiied after Wolff 1999. ZM book of Accession see under accession book. ZM Book of Dispatch specimens sent from zm ca. 1849–1893. see under dispatch book. ZM labels have zoologisk museum, København printed on top of thick paper. collection data are handwritten. i refer to those labels as zm labels. Curator of molluscs, dr. H. Lemche, decided to have the old labels rewritten over a period around 1970. He requested dr. Erik Rasmussen to do this job. Many original notes and labels were discarded during that process. See also under Lemche, Henning. ZM: see under zm. ZMUC abbr. of zoological museum of the university of copenhagen (Københavns universitets zoologiske museum). collections from the old zoological museum in Krystalgade were transferred to the new museum in universitetsparken 1963. see also under statens naturhistoriske museum. (Fig. 69). Zool. Saml. abbr. of zoologisk samling ( = zoological collection) of KVLH. Zoologisk Museum in Krystalgade the old zoological museum started 1864. see also under Krystalgade. Zoologisk Museum, København Printed on labels of the museum. see under zm labels. Zootomisk Museum (zootomical museum, copenhagen). see under universitetets zootomisk physiologiske museum.

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CARDIIDAE (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA) IN THE COLLECTION OF STATENS NATURHISTORISKE MUSEUM, PREVIOUSLY THE ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN (ZMUC). ANNOTATED AND REVISED. PART 1 (OF 2).

CARDIIDAE (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA) IN THE COLLECTION OF STATENS NATURHISTORISKE MUSEUM, PREVIOUSLY THE ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN (ZMUC). ANNOTATED AND REVISED. PART 1 (OF 2).

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