PHYLUM SIPUNCULA. - PART 1. A DETAILED CATALOGUE OF VALID GENERA, SPECIES, SYNONYMS &amp; ERRONEOUS INTERPRETATIONS OF SIPUNCULANS FROM THE WORLD, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INDIAN OCEAN AND THAILAND.

Jørgen Hylleberg

ABSTRACT. A literature study of revisions is presented in a catalogue created to overview information on 617 sipunculan taxa described from the world. Specific names of the binomial constitute entries to the catalogue. This system provides quick access to the status of a given species by keeping all information about a given species together. The number of sipunculan taxa was estimated at about 367 in 1972. During two decades of revisions, a group of researchers have reduced the number of valid sipunculan taxa to 146 polytypic species and 17 subspecies. The valid taxa of sipunculans are placed in 17 genera. Each of 5 genera contains only a single species. The 5 most species-rich genera have from 14 to 23 species, viz., Nephasoma, Phascolion, Aspidosiphon, Phascolosoma, and Golfingia. A total of 169 taxa have been reported during a hundred years of surveys in the Indian Ocean. Today 90 of those taxa are considered synonyms, 15 taxa are species inquirendae etc., while 79 taxa are considered valid. Recent revisions have added 9 species and 2 subspecies to the list of valid taxa, making a total of 90 valid taxa in the Indian Ocean. Specific mention of sipunculans from Thailand only refers to 8 valid species. Considerations in regard of genus and species concepts are discussed together with comments on the number of sipunculan taxa. [1994. J. Hylleberg]

NO. 58, 1994 PHUKET MARINE BIOLOGICAL CENTER RESEARCH BULLETIN I Published by the Center . P.O. Box 60, Phuket 83000, Thailand Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 (1994) 1 Phylum Sipuncula. - Part 1. A detailed catalogue of valid genera, species, synonyms & erroneous interpretations of sipunculans from the world, with special reference to the Indian Ocean and Thailand. By Jorgen Hylleberg Phuket Marine Biological Center, P. 0. Box 60, Phuket 83000, Thailand Present address: Institute ofBiological Sciences, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark ABSTRACT A literature study of revisions is presented in a catalogue created to overview information on 617 sipuncuIan taxa described from the world. Specific names of the binomial constitute entries to the catalogue. This system provides quick access to the status of a given species by keeping all information about a given species together. The number of sipunculan taxa was estimated at about 367 in 1972. During two decades of revisions, a group of researchers have reduced the number of,valid sipunculan taxa to 146 polytypic species and 17 subspecies. The valid taxa of sipunculans are placed in 17 genera. Each of 5 genera contains only a single species. The 5 most species-rich genera have from 14 to 23 species, viz., Nephasoma, Phascolion, Aspidosiphon, Phascolosoma, and Goljingia. A total of 169 taxa have been reported during a hundred years of surveys in the Indian Ocean. Today 90 of those taxa are considered synonyms, 15 taxa are species inquirendae etc., while 79 taxa are considered valid. Recent revisions have added 9 species and 2 subspecies to the list of valid taxa, making a total of 90 valid taxa in the Indian Ocean. Specific mention of sipunculans from Thailand only refers to 8 valid species. Consideratiop.s in regard of genus and species concepts are discussed together with comments on the number of sipunculan taxa. INTRODUCTION Sipunculan is the common name for worms in the phylum Sipuncula. Previous terms for the phylum are Sipunculoidea Sedgwick, 1898 or Sipunculida Hyman, 1959. The French scientist Quatrefages (1847) placed sipunculans, echiurans and priapulans in the phylum Gephyrea, a classification widely used until about 1965 when Stephen coined the phylum Sipuncula. The sipunculans, echiurans and priapulans were placed together in the phylum Gephyrea because a relationship was claimed and the gephyreans were speculated to constitute a bridge between the polychaetes and the echinoderms. The phyletic status of sipunculans is now generally accepted. The phylum is distinguished from the Annelida chiefly because sipunculans show no sign of segmentation or setae either in their larval or adult stages (Stephen & Edmonds, 1972). Among the characteristic features of sipunculans we can enumerate possession of a completely retractable introvert (often referred to as proboscis in the older literature). The mouth is situated at the tip of the introvert where a group of tentacles surrounds, partly surrounds, or lies near the mouth. The anus is dorsal and opens in the anterior part of the body, rarely on the introvert. Sipunculans are common inhabitants of all marine biotopes in the world. They are well known from polar, temperate and tropical regions, from the intertidal zone to the great depths of ocean floors. Many species are very abundant and contribute significantly to the biomass per unit area (Hylleberg, 1975; Nateewathana & Tantichodok, 1984). Stephen & Edmonds (1972) pointed out that many sipunculan species have a wide geographical distribution. Phascolosoma nigrescens and Cloeosiphon aspergillus, that are associated with coral reefs, are circumtropical; Sipunculus nudus is known from the Atlantic coast of Europe and northern America, the Mediterranean, and the Pacific coasts of USA, China and Japan. 2 Sipunculans of the world Some researchers claim that Goljingia margaritacea is bipolar but it is possible that the populations of the polar regions are connected via the deep-sea (Cutler & Cutler, 1987). According to the literature, Phascolion strombi is cosmopolitan. It has been described from the Arctic, the Atlantic, the Red Sea, the West Indies, the Pacific and Antarctic. But is is difficult to ascertain the geographical distribution because students of sipunculans tend to have very different opinions about classification of sipunculan species. Recent revisions have dramatically reduced the number of species because it has been shown that minor differences used to erect new species, actually only represented intraspecific variation. As a result, many species were put into synonymy. In consequence, the geographical distribution of many species has changed. Today many sipunculans have wider distributions than before the revisions. This may, or may not be true, but it is a logical consequence of the typological species concept adopted by contemporary students of sipunculans. The purpose of the present paper is to review recent revisions and to provide a quick way to recognize the status of a given species. Hopefully the result can serve taxonomists as well as experimentally oriented biologists & field biologists identifying a collection of sipunculans. My point has been to keep all the information about a given species together, irrespective of synonymies and genus affiliation. I have arranged the data according to the principles of an encyclopedia where species names constitute entries to a catalogue. This approach implies that an overview of generic and subgeneric classification is lost. However, considering the transient nature of generic classification, I trust this argument to be of minor importance compared to the advantages obtained by the present way of making a catalogue of species. RESULTS The number of sipunculan taxa Stephen & Edmonds (1972) recognized 325 species and 42 subspecies of sipunculans world wide. Murina (1975) estimated 329 described species, Halder (1975) calculated 319 species, while sipunculans numbered slightly more than 300 species according to Rice (1975). These figures have subsequently been reduced to 146 species and 17 subspecies as shown below. It follows that the number of sipunculan species has been counted very differently during the last three decades. From very high estimates at about 400 valid taxa to low counts of about 160 taxa (Table 1). Obviously these two estimates delineate the upper and lower limits, and the true number is lying somewhere within this range, probably closer to 160 than to 400. In order to make sure that the catalogue (Table 1) can accommodate future changes and not lose its overview-value in the wake of the next revisions, I have used the specific part of the binomial as entry. With the rare exception of creation of nom. nov., this part of the species will always remain together with the author(s) and year of publication. The last line of each entry shows the current status. The last specific name constitutes the entry for continued search in the catalogue. Genera, subgenera and subspecies are constantly being changed as science makes progress and more sipunculans are discovered. Table 1 and the references to this Table are printed at the end of the present paper. This position has been chosen for practical reasons. The Table takes up many pages because it deals with the present status of 617 sipunculan taxa described from the world since the beginning of systematic zoology. The revised number of sipunculan taxa Early reviews of world sipunculans, e.g., Selenka et al. (1883) provided information on insufficient descriptions (nomen nudum, species inquirendum etc.) and the list of synonyms of sipunculans began to grow. The monograph by Selenka et al. (1883) , stated that 81 species were sufficiently well described to be considered valid. During the following three decades, many new species were described, e.g. by Sluiter (1882-1902) working with sipunculans from the Indonesian waters. Most of Sluiter's species were included in the impressive monograph by Stephen & Edmonds (1972). As a result, this monograph treated a total of 367 taxa Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 considered valid at that time. Subsequent revisions conducted after 1972 reduced the 367 taxa to 109 valid species and no subspecies., i.e. only about 30% of the taxa in the 1972 monograph have valid status today. The reviews have been carried out by Cutler (1979), E.B. Cutler & N.J. Cutler (1982, 1983, 1985a,b, 1987, 1988, 1989), N.J. Cutler & E.B. Cutler (1986,1990), Cutler & Jurczak (1975), Cutler & Murina (1977), Cutler et al. (1983), Gibbs & Cutler (1987), and Gibbs et al. (1983). The 163 valid taxa (Table 2) encompassthe number of valid species in Stephen & Edmonds (1972) plus the new species described since their monograph. In other words, revisions have dramatically reduced the number of taxa in this phylum. A few examples can show this point: 52 out of 66 species in Phascolosoma, 82 of 112 species in Goljingia, and 23 of 26 species in Paraspidosiphon (now included with Aspidosiphon) have been proposed synonyms by Cutler and associates as compared to the taxa in Stephen & Edmonds (1972). Table 2. The 163 valid taxa of sipunculans according to revisions by Cutler & Cutler, Gibbs, and Murina as specified in bold in Table 1. All entries to the Table are according to the specific part of the binomial of each species. Entry Genus abnorme abyssorum abyssorum benhami agassizii agassizii kurilense albolineatum albus alutacea anderssoni annulatum antillarum arcassonense arcuatum aspergillus australe australe takatsukii birsteini blanda bogorovi boholense branchiotus branchiatus nudus bulbosum capensis capilleforme capitata catharinae caupo cirratum col/are confusum constricticervix constrictum convestitum coyi cristatus cryptum cumanense cutleri cymodoceae dayi dehamata diaphanes diaphanes corrugatum dyscrita Phascolion Nephasoma Nephasoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Themiste Goljingia Phascolosoma Antille:oma Siphonosoma Phascolosoma Cloeosiphon Siphonosoma Siphonosoma Goljingia Themiste Phascolion Siphonosoma Xenosiphon Xenosiphon Nephasoma Goljingia Nephasoma Apionsoma Thysanocardia Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Nephasoma Nephasoma Nephasoma Phascolion Aspidosiphon Lithacrosiphon Phascolion Siphonosoma Nephasoma Themiste Siphonosoma Themiste Nephasoma Nephasoma Themiste 3 Species & subspecies abnorme abyssorum abyssorum benhami agassizii agassizii kurilense albolineatum albus alutacea anderssoni annulatum antillarum arcassonense arcuatum aspergillus australe australe takatsukii birsteini blanda bogorovi boholense branchiatus branchiatus nudus bulbosum capensis capilleforme capitata catharinae caupo cirratum col/are confusum constricticervix constrictum convestitum coyi cristatus cryptum cumanense cutleri cymodoceae dayi dehamata diaphanes diaphanes corrugatum dyscrita Authorship Fischer, 1895 (Koren & Danielssen,1875) Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Keferstein,1867 (Sato,1937) Baird, 1868 Murina,1967 (Grube & Oersted, 1858) (Theel,1911 ) Hutton, 1879 (Grube & Oersted, 1858) Cuenot, 1902 (Gray, 1828) (Quatrefages,1865) (Keferstein, 1865) Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Murina 1973 (Selenka & de Man,1883) Murina,1973 (Selenka & Bulow, 1883) (Fischer, 1895) Cutler & Cutler, 1985 (Southern, 1913) (Teuscher, 1874) (Murina,1973) (Gerould,1913) (Grube, 1868) Hendrix, 1975 Murina,1968 Selenka & de Man,1883 (Sluiter, 1902) (Cutler, 1969) (Southern, 1913) Sluiter, 1902 Quatrefages,1865 (Sluiter, 1902) Hendrix, 1975 (Keferstein,1867) (Murina, 1975) (Edmonds, 1956) Stephen, 1942 (Kesteven,1903 ) (Gerould,1913) Cutler & Cutler,1986 (Fisher, 1952) 4 Sipunculans of the world Table 2 continued Entry Genus Species & subspecies Authorship elegans elongata eremita exiguus filiforme fischeri flagriferum funafuti glabrum glabrum multiannulatum gosnoldi gouldii gracilis graCilis schnehageni granulatum hedraeum hennahi hibridus hupferi immunita indicus ingens iniqua intermedium laetmophilum laevis lagimiformis Iilljeborgi lobostoma lomonossovi longipapillosus lucifugax lutense maculatum magnibathum maldivensis marcusi margaritacea margaritacea ohlini medusae megaethi meteori mexicanus microspheroidis minor minor huttoni minutum mirabilis misakiana misakiensis mourense muelleri multiaraneusa multicinctus mundanus muricaudata murinae neimaniae nigra nigrescens noduliferum norvegicus novaezealandiae nudus pacificum pacificum papillifera Aspidosiphon Goljingia Nephasoma Aspidosiphon Nephasoma Aspidosiphon Nephasoma Siphonosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Phascolopsis Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Phascolion Themiste Phascolion Phascolion Goljingia Sipunculus Siphonosoma Goljingia Onchnesoma Nephasoma Aspidosiphon Themiste Nephasoma Apionsoma Sipunculus Sipunculus Phascolion Phascolion Phascolosoma Onchnesoma Lithacrosiphon Sipunculus Goljingia Goljingia Phascolion Phascolion Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Phascolion Themiste Themiste Nephasoma Goljingia Goljingia Aspidosiphon Siphonosoma Aspidosiphon Nephasoma Siphonomecus Sipunculus Goljingia Goljingia ?Themiste Thysanocardia Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Sipunculus Nephasoma Sipunculus Phascolosoma Phascolion Apionsoma elegans elongata eremita exiguus filiforme fischer! flagriferum funafuti glabrum glabrum glabrum multiannulatum gosnoldi gouldii gracilis gracilis gracilis schnehageni granulatum hedraeum hennahi hibridus hupferi immunita indicus ingens iniqua intermedium laetmophilum laevis lageniformis lillj"eborgi lobostoma lomonossovi longipapillosus lucifugax lutense maculatum magnibathum maldivensis marcusi margaritacea margaritacea margaritacea ohlin; medusae megaethi meteori mexican us microspheroidis minor minor minor huttoni minutum mirabilis misakiana misakiensis mourense muelleri multiaraneusa multicinctus mundanus muricaudata murinae neimaniae nigra nigrescens noduliferum norvegicus novaezealandiae nudus pacificum pacificum papillifera (Chamisso & Eysenhardt,1821) Q(eferstein,1863) (Sars, 1851) Edmonds, 1974 (Sluiter,1902) ten Broeke, 192 5 (Selenka,1885) (Shipley, 1898) (Sluiter, 1902) Wesenberg-Lund, 1954 Cutler, 1981 (Pourtalils, 1851) (Baird, 1868) Fischer, 1913 Leuckart,1828 Selenka & de Man, 1883 Gray,1828 Murina,1981 Fischer, 1895 (Sluiter, 1902) Peters, 1850 (Fisher, 1947) (Sluiter, 1912) Murina,1976 (Fisher, 1952) Quatrefages, 1865 Baird, 1868 (Danielssen & Koren, 1881) (Fischer,1895) Murina,1968 Murina,1968 Selenka & de Man,1883 Selenka,1885 (Sluiter,1886) Cutler, 1969 Shipley, 1902 Ditadi,1976 (Sars, 1851) Theel, 1911 Cutler & Cutler, 1980 Cutler & Cutler, 1979 (Herubel,1904) (Murina 1967) Cutler & DuffY, 1972 (Ikeda, 1904) (Benham, 1903) (Keferstein, 1863) Murina, 1969 (Ikeda, 1904) Ikeda, 1904 Sato,1930 Diesing,1851 (Murina,1967) Fisher, 1947 Selenka & Billow,1883 (Southern, 1913) Cutler, 1969 (Murina,1976) (Ikeda, 1904) Keferstein, 1865 Stimpson, 1855 Danielssen, 1869 (Benham, 1904) Linnaeus,1766 Keferstein,1866 Murina,1957 (Keferstein, 1865) Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 Table 2 continued Entry Genus Species & subspecies Authorship parvulus pectinatoides pectinatum pellucidum pellucidum subhamatum perlucens phalloides phalloides inclusus pharetratum planoscutatus polymyotus procera pyroides recondita rectum rimicola robertsoni robustus rotumanum rutilofuscum saprophagicum schuttei scolops spiralis squamatum squamatum oligopapillosum steenstrupii steenstrupii steenstrupii nudum stephensoni strombus strom bus cronullae tasmaniensis tenuis thomassini trichocephala tuberculosum turnerae uniscutatus ushakovi valdiviae valdiviae sumatrense variospinosa vastum venabulum viljazi vulgariS vulgariS herdmani wodjanizkii wodjanizkii elisae zinni Aspidosiphon Goljingia Phascolosoma Nephasoma Nephasoma Phascolosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus Phascolion Aspidosiphon Sipunculus Thysanocardia Themiste Apionsoma Phascolion Nephasoma Phascolion Sipunculus Siphonosoma Nephasoma Phascolosoma Nephasoma Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Onchnesoma Onchnesoma Aspidosiphon Onchnesoma Onchnesoma Phascolosoma Phascolion Phascolion Nephasoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Apionsoma Phascolion Phascolosoma Lithacrosiphon Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Themiste Siphonosoma Aspidosiphon Nephasoma Goljingia Goljingia Nephasoma Nephasoma Aspidosiphon parvulus pectinatoides pectinatum pellucidum pcllucidum pellucidum subhamatum perlucens phalloides phalloides inclusus pharetratum planoscutatus polymyotus procera pyroides recondita rectum rimicola robertsoni robustus rotumanum rutilofuscum saprophagicum schuttei scolops spiralis squamatum squamatum squamatum oligopapillosum steenstrupii steenstrupii steenstrupii steenstrupii nudum stephensoni strombus strom bus cronullae tasmaniense tenuis thomassini trichocephala tuberculosum turnerae uniscutatus ushakovi valdiviae valdiviae valdiviae sumatrense variospinosa vastum venabulum viljazi vulgaris vulgariS vulgaris herdmani wodjanizkii wodjanizkii elisae zinni Gerould, 1913 Cutler & Cutler, 1979 Keferstein, 1867 (Keferstein, 1865) (Sluiter,1912) Baird, 1868 (Pallas, 1774) Cutler & Cutler, 1985 Sluiter,1902 Murina,1968 Fisher, 1947 (Mobius, 1875) (Chamberlain, 1920) (Sluiter, 1900) Ikeda, 1904 (Gibbs, 1973) Stephen & Robertson, 1952 Keferstein, 186 5 (Shipley, 1898) (Fischer, 1916) Gibbs, 1987 (Augener, 1903) (Selenka & de Man,1883) Sluiter, 1902 (Koren & Danielssen,1875) Cutler et al.,1984 Diesing, 1859 Koren & Danielssen, 1875 Cutler & Cutler, 1985 (Stephen, 1942) (Montagu, 1804) Edmonds, 1980 (Murina, 1964 ) Sluiter, 1886 Cutler & Cutler, 1979 Sluiter, 1902 Theel, 1875 Rice, 1985 (Ikeda, 1904) Murina,1974 Fischer, 1916 Fischer, 1916 Edmonds, 1980 (Selenka & Biilow,1883) Selenka & Biilow,1883 (Murina,1964) (Blainville,1827) (Shipley, 1903) (Murina, 1973) (Murina,1977) Cutler, 1969 5 Generic classification of valid taxa The valid taxa of sipunculans (146 species and 17 subspecies) are placed in 17 genera. Each of 5 genera contain only one single species, while 5 genera have from 14 to 23 species as shown in the following overview of valid taxa. The genera Nephasoma, Phascolion, Aspidosphon, Phasc%soma, and Golfingia are the most speciesrich genera with about 16, 16, 13, 12, & 10% respectively of the total number of species. The list is arranged in the traditional way, i.e., alphabetically according to genus. 6 Valid generic classification ANTILLESOMA: Antillesoma antillarum APIONSOMA: Apionsoma capitata Apionsoma lobostoma Apionsoma papillifera Apionsoma recondita Apionsoma trichocephala ASPIDOSIPHON: Aspidosiphon albus Aspidosiphon coyi Aspidosiphon elegans Aspidosiphon exiguus Aspidosiphon fischeri Aspidosiphon gosnoldi Aspidosiphon gracilis gracilis Aspidosiphon graCilis schnehageni Aspidosiphon laevis Aspidosiphon mexicanus Aspidosiphon misakiensis Aspidosiphon muelleri Aspidosiphon parvulus Aspidosiphon planoscutatus Aspidosiphon spiralis Aspidosiphon steenstrupii Aspidosiphon tenuis Aspidosiphon thomassini Aspidosiphon venabulum Aspidosiphon zinni CLOEOSIPHON: Cloeosiphon aspergillus GOLFINGIA: Golfingia anderssoni Golfingia birsteini Golfingia capensis Golfingia elongata Golfingia immunita Golfingia iniqua Golfingia margaritacea margaritacea Golfingia margaritacea ohlini Golfingia mirabilis Golfingia misakiana Golfingia muricaudata Golfingia murinae Golfingia pectinatoides Golfingia vulgaris vulgaris Golfingia vulgaris herdmani LITHACROSIPHON: Lithacrosiph9n cristatus Lithacrosiphon maldivensis Lithacrosiphon uniscutatus Sipuncu!ans of the world Nephasoma cutleri Nephasoma diaphanes diaphanes Nephasoma diaphanes corrugatum Nephasoma eremita Nephasomafiliforme Nephasoma flagriferum Nephasoma laetmophilum Nephasoma lilljeborgi Nephasoma minutum Nephasoma multiaraneusa Nephasoma novaezealandiae Nephasoma pellucidum pellucidum Nephasoma peUucidum subhamatum Nephasoma rimicola Nephasoma rutilofoscum Nephasoma schuttei Nephasoma tasmaniense Nephasoma vitjazi Nephasoma wodjanizkii wodjanizkii Nephasoma wodjanizkii elisae ONCHNESOMA: Onchnesoma intermedium Onchnesoma magnibatha Onchnesoma squamatum squamatum Onchnesoma squamatum oligopapillosum Onchnesoma steenstrupii steenstrupii Onchnesoma steenstrupii nudum PHASCOLION: Phascolion abnorme Phascolion bogorovi Phascolion caupo Phascolion cirratum Phascolion collare Phascolion convestitum Phascolion cryptum Phascolion hedraeum Phascolion hibridus Phascolion hupferi Phascolion lucifugax Phascolion lutense Phascolion medusae Phascolion megaethi Phascolion microspheroidis Phascolion pacificum Phascolion pharetratum Phascolion strom bus strombus Phascolion strom bus cronullae Phascolion rectum Phascolion robertsoni Phascolion tuberculosum Phascolion ushakovi Phascolion valdiviae valdiviae Phascolion valdiviae sumatrense PHASCOLOPSIS: NEPHASOMA: Phascolopsis gouldii Nephasoma abyssorum abyssorum Nephasoma abyssorum benhami Nephasoma bulbosum Nephasoma capilleforme Nephasoma confusum Nephasoma constricticervix Nephasoma constrictum PHASCOLOSOMA: Phascolosoma agassizii agassizii Phascolosoma agassizii kurilense Phascolosoma albolineatum Phascolosoma annulatum Phascolosoma arcuatum Phascolosoma glabrum glabrum Phascolosoma glabrum multiannulatum Phascolosoma granulatum Phascolosoma maculatum Phascolosoma meteori Phascolosoma nigrescens Phascolosoma noduliferum Phascolosoma pacificum Phascolosoma pectinatum Phascolosoma perlucens Phascolosoma saprophagicum Phascolosoma scolops Phascolosoma stephensoni Phascolosoma turnerae SIPHONOMECUS: Siphonomecus multicinctus SIPHONOSOMA: Siphonosoma arcassonense Siphonosoma australe australe Siphonosoma australe takatsukii Siphonosoma boholense • Siphonosoma cumanense Siphonosoma dayi Siphonosoma funafuti Siphonosoma ingens Siphonosoma mourense Siphonosoma rotumanum Siphonosoma vastum SIPUNCULUS: Sipunculus indicus Sipunculus lomonossovi Sipunculus longipapillosus Sipunculus marcusi Sipunculus mundanus Sipunculus norvegicus Sipunculus nudus Sipunculus phalloides phalloides Sipunculus phalloides inc/usus Sipunculus polymyotus Sipunculus robustus THEMISTE: Themiste alutacea Themiste blanda Themiste cymodoceae Themiste dehamata Themiste dyscrita Themiste hennahi Themiste lageniformis Themiste minor minor Themiste minor huttoni ? Themiste neimaniae Themiste pyroides Themiste variospinosa THYSANOCARDIA: Thysanocardia catharinae Thysanocardia nigra Thysanocardia procera XENOSIPHON: Xenosiphon branchiatus branchiatus Xenosiphon branchiatus nudus Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 Sipunculans from the Indian Ocean Although the sipunculans of the Indian Ocean and the Andaman Sea have been insufficiently studied, it is obvious that a high number of species inhabit these tropical waters. The Indo-Malay Archipelago is considered the main center of origin and evolution of sipunculans. The further one moves in any direction from this center, the poorer is the shelf fauna ofsipunculans (Murina, 1975). A total of 169 taxa were reported from the Indian Ocean by Sluiter (1902), Lanchester (1905a,b,c), and Fischer (1923). The comprehensive review by Halder (1975) contained 132 taxa. Among these sipunculans 90 taxa are considered synonyms according to revisions after 1972 (Table 3). Altogether 15 taxa have been termed species inquirendae etc. by Cutler and collaborators (Table 4), while 74 species and 5 subspecies (79 taxa) are considered valid. A total of 9 species and 2 subspecies have been added to the list of valid taxa based on information in Cutler & Cutler (1985b, 1986, 1987, 1989). This gives a total count of 90 valid taxa in the Indian Ocean (Table 5). Golfingia margaritacea margaritacea listed in Table 5, is a very widely distributed species which occurs in 7 deep water in lower latitudes. In spite of the above record quoted by Halder (1975), it should not occur in the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea according to Cutler & Cutler (1987). In consequence, the above estimates should only be considered as an order of magnitude. The Indian Ocean taxa of sipunculans occur in 14 genera but only 6 of these contain 8 species or more. The most abundant genus is Phascolosoma with 17 taxa, followed by Phascolion, Aspidosiphon, Golfingia, Nephasoma, and Sipunculus (Table 4). Taken together these 6 genera contain 80% of the taxa so far encountered in the Indian Ocean. On the whole, about 55% of the world's taxa of sipunculans have been recorded from the Indian Ocean. This estimate is based on revised taxa and compares well with previous estimates from the Indo-West Pacific. Murina (1975) also found Phascolosoma to be the most abundant genus. It was followed by Aspidosiphon, Siphonosoma, Golfingia, Phascolion, and Sipunculus. These 6 genera harboured 92% of the taxa recognized valid in 1975, and about half of the world's taxa were found to live in the Indo-West Pacific. Furthermore, Murina (1975) stated that the highest number of endemic species was found here. Table 3. Indian Ocean Sipunculans which have become synonyms (90 taxa) as a result of revisions after 1972 (see Table 1). Entry to the Table by specific name. Entry Genus Species & subspecies Authorship abnorme aequabilis africanum angasii asser asperum billitonensis cia viger corallicola cumanense opacus cumanense semirugosum cumanensis vitreus cumingii cylindricus dentigerum diaphanes discrepans duplicigranulatum edule eremita australis evisceratum Phascolosoma Sipunculus Phascolion Sipunculus Phymosoma Phascolosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus Aspidosiphon Sipunculus Sipunculus Sipunculus Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Phymosoma Phymosoma Sipunculus Phymosoma Siphonosoma Phascolosoma Physcosoma abnorme aequabilis africanum angasii asser asperum billitonensis claviger corallicola cumanensis opacus cumanense semirugosum cumanensis vitreus cumingii cylindricus dentigerum diaphanes discrepans duplicigranulatum edule eremita australis evisceratum Sluiter, I 886 Sluiter, I 902 Fischer, I 923 Baird,1868 Selenka & de Man, 1883 Grube, I 868 Sluiter, I 886 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter,1902 Selenka & Biilow, I 883 Selenka & Biilow, I 883 Selenka & Biilow, I 883 Baird,1868 Horst, I 899 Selenka & de Man,1883 Sluiter, I 886 Sluiter, I 898 Sluiter, I 886 (Pallas, I 774) Benham,I922 Lanchester, 1905 8 Sipunculans of the world Table 3 continued Entry Genus Species & subspecies Authorship exilis exostomum extortum fusea fuseus gaudens gigas gravieri hartmeyeri hebes heteropapillosum heteropsammiarum huttoni homomyarium imbellis improvisa inclusus indieus indieus infrons inquilinus insularis japonieum javanieum klunzingeri koreae laeteum levis longirostris lureo lureo malaeeensis margaritaeea adelaidensis miehelini mierodontoton mueidum murrayi nordenskjoldi novaepommeraniae ohlini onomiehianum pelma porreetus prioki psaron pudiea pyriformis ravus rhizophora robertsoni rottnesti scolops adenticulatum scolops mossambiciense semperi signifer socium spengeli spinosus spongieola steenstrupii ambonensis stephensoni Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Physeosoma Dendrostemum Aspidosiphon Physeosoma Aspidosiphon Sipuneulus Aspidosiphon Physeosoma Phaseolion Aspidosiphon Phaseolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Phaseolosoma Sipuneulus Lithaerosiphon Xenosiphon Sipuneulus Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Phaseolosoma Cloeosiphon Aspidosiphon Siphonosoma Phymosoma Aspidosiphon Golfingia Phymosoma Phymosoma Golfingia Aspidosiphon Phymosoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolion Phascolosoma Sipuneulus Phaseolosoma Phymosoma Phymosoma Sipunculus Phascolosoma Phymosoma Golfingia Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Dendrostoma Phaseolosoma Physeosoma Phymosoma Phascolosoma Dendrostoma Phaseolosoma Phymosoma Aspidosiphon Physeosoma Aspidosiphon Themiste exilis exostomum extortum fuseum fuseus gaudens gigas gravieri hartmeyeri hebes heteropapillosum heteropsammiarum huttoni homomyarium imbellis improvisum inclusus indieus indieus infrons inquilinus insularis japonieum javanzeum klunzingeri koreae laeteum levis longlrostris lureo lureo malaeeensis margaritaeea adelaidensis miehelini mierodontoton mueidum murrayi nordenskjoldi novaepommeraniae ohlini onomiehianum pelma porrectus prioki psaron pudiea pyriformis ravus rhizophora robertsoni rottnesti scolops adenticulatum scolops mossambiciense semperi signifer soeium spengeli spinosus spongieola steenstrupii ambonensis stephensoni Sluiter, 1886 Johnson, 1964 Sluiter, 1902 Edmonds,1960 Sluiter, 1882 Lanchester, 1905 Sluiter, 1884 Herubel,1904 Fischer, 1919 Sluiter, 1902 Wesenberg-Lund,l963 Bouvier,1894 Benham,1903 Johnson, 1964 Sluiter,1902 Theel,1905 Sluiter,1902 Fischer, 1922 Johnson, 1969 Sluiter, I 902 Sluiter, I 902 Lanchester, 1905 Grube,1877 Sluiter, 1886 Selenka & de Man,1883 Sato,1939 Sluiter,1886 Sluiter, 1886 Wesenberg-Lund, 1959 Selenka et aI., 1883 Selenka & de Man,1883 Edmonds,1956 Bouvier, 1894 Sluiter, I 886 Sluiter, 1902 Stephen, 1941 Theel,1911 Fischer,I926 Theel,1911 Ikeda,I904 Selenka & de Man,1883 Selenka, 1888 Sluiter,1882 Sluiter, 1886 (Selenka, 1885 ) Lanchester, 1905 Sluiter,1886 Sluiter,1891 Stephen & Robertson, 1952 Edmonds, 1956 Herubel,1904 Selenka & de Man,1883 Selenka & de Man,1883 Selenka & de Man,1883 Lanchester, 1908 Sluiter,1886 Sluiter,1902 Sluiter,1902 Fischer,I922 Stephen, 1942 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 Table 3 continued Entry Genus Species & subspecies Authorship subhamatum sumatrense titubans tortus truncatum vulgare tropicum vulgaris antarctica vulgaris selenkae wasini Phascolosoma Phascolion Sipunculus Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Apionsoma subhamatum sumatrense titubans tortus truncatum vulgare tropicum vulgaris antarctica vulgaris selenkae wasini Sluiter, 1902 Fischer, 1922 Selenka & Bulow, 1883 Selenka & Bulow Keferstein, 1867 Sluiter, 1902 Murina,1957 (Lanchester, 1905) (Lanchester,1905) Table 4. Indian Ocean Sipunculans declared species incertae sedis, inquirendae or sp. as a result of revisions after 1972 (see Table 1). Entry to the Table by specific name. Entry Genus Species Author anguineum annulosum bonhourei chuni demanni depressum falcidentatum jimbriatum macer nigritorquatum parvus pel/ucidus rueppellii sewelli spinifer Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Sipunculus Phascolosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma Phymosoma Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Phymosoma Phascolion Sipunculus Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Dendrostoma anguineum annulosum bo'nhourei chuni demanni depressum falcidentatum jimbriatum macer nigritorquatum parvus pel/ucidus rueppellii sewelli spinifer Sluiter,1902 Grube,868 Herubel,1904 Fischer, 1916 Sluiter, 1891 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, 1882 Sluiter, 1902 (Sluiter, 1891) Sluiter, 1882 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, 1902 Grube, 1868 Stephen, 1941 Sluiter, 1902 Table 5. The Indian Ocean taxa considered valid according to revisions after 1972. Taxa added as a result of revisions by Cutler and associates (9 species + 2 subspecies) are marked with an asterisk behind of the entry. Entry to the Table by specific name. Entry Genus Species & subspecies Authorship abnorme agassizii albolineatum anderssoni annulatum antillarum arcuatum aspergillus australe branchiatus capensis catharinae cirratum col/are confusum convestitum coyi cristatus cumanense cymodoceae dayi diaphanes diaphanes* Phascolion Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Phascolosoma Antil/esoma Phascolosoma Cloeosiphon Siphonosoma Xenosiphon Goljingia Thysanocardia Phascolion Phascolion Nephasoma Phascolion Aspidosiphon Lithacrosiphon Siphonosoma Themiste Siphonosoma Nephasoma abnorme agassizii albolineatum anderssoni annulatum antil/arum arcuatum aspergillus australe branchiatus capensis calharinae cirratum col/are confusum conveslitum coyi cristatus cumanense cymodoceae dayi diaphanes diaphanes Fischer, 1895 Keferstein, 1867 Baird, 1868 (Theel,1911) Hutton, 1879 (Grube & Oersted, 1858) (Gray, 1828) (Quatrefages, 1865) (Keferstein, 1865) Fischer, 1895 (Teuscher,1874) (Grube, 1868) Murina,1968 Selenka & de Man,1883 (Sluiter, 1902) Sluiter, 1902 Quatrefages,1865 (Sluiter, 1902) (Keferstein,1867) (Edmonds, 1956) Stephen, 1942 (Gerould,1913) 9 10 Sipunculans of the world Table 5 continued Entry Genus Species & subspecies Authorship diaphanes corrugatum* elegans elongata* eremita filiforme glabrum glaucum gracilis granulatum hibridus* hupferi* immunita indicus laevis lageniformis lobostoma longipapillosus lutense maculatum maldivensis margaritacea margaritacea ohlini megaethi* meteori minor minor huttoni minutum mirabilis misakiana misakiensis muelleri mundanus muricaudata nigra nigrescens noduliferum norvegicus nudus pacificum papillifera pectinatum pellucidum pellucidum subhamatum perlucens phalloides phalloides inclusus pharetratum planoscutatus robertsoni robustus rutilofuscum schuttei* scolops spiralis steenstrupii steenstrupii stephensoni strombus tasmaniense* tenuis Nephasoma Aspidosiphon Golfingia Nephasoma Nephasoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Phascolion Phascolion Golfingia Sipunculus Aspidosiphon Themiste Apionsoma Sipunculus Phascolion Phascolosoma Lithacrosiphon Golfingia Golfingia Phascolion Phascolosoma Themiste Themiste Nephasoma Golfingia Golfingia Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Sipunculus Golfingia Thysanocardia Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus Phascolosoma Apionsoma Phascolosoma Nephasoma Nephasoma Phascolosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus Phascolion Aspidosiphon Phascolion Sipunculus Nephasoma Nephasoma Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Onchnesoma Phascolosoma Phascolion Nephasoma Aspidosiphon diaphanes corrugatum elegans elongata eremita filiforme glabrum glabrum glaucum gracilis gracilis granulatum hibridus hupferi immunita indicus laevis lageniformis lobostoma longipapillosus lutense maculatum maldivensis margaritacea margaritacea margaritacea ohlini megaethi meteori minor minor huttoni minutum mirabilis· misakiana misakiensis muelleri mundanus muricaudata nigra nigrescens noduliferum norvegicus nudus pacificum papillifera pectinatum pellucidum pellucidum pellucidum subhamatum perlucens phalloides phalloides inclusus pharetratum planoscutatus robertsoni robustus rutilofuscum schuttei scolops spira lis steenstrupii steenstrupii stephensoni strom bus tasmaniense tenuis Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Chamisso & Eysenhardt,1821) (Keferstein, 1963) (Sars, 1851) (Sluiter, 1902) (Sluiter, 1902) Lanchester, 1905 (Baird,1868) Leuckart, 1828 Murina,1981 Fischer,1895 (Sluiter, 1902) Peters, 1850 Quatrefages, 1865 Baird,1868 (Fischer,1895) Murina,1968 Selenka,1885 (Sluiter,1886) Shipley, 1902 (Sars, 1851) (llleel, 1911) Cutler & Cutler, 1979 (Herubel, 1904) (Ikeda, 1904) (Benham, 1903) (Keferstein, 1863) Murina, 1969 (Ikeda, I 904) Ikeda,1904 Diesing,1851 Selenka & Biilow,1883 (Southern, 1913) (Ikeda, 19(4) Keferstein, 1865 Stimpson, 1855 Danielssen,1869 Linnaeus, 1766 Keferstein, 1866 (Keferstein, 1865) Keferstein, 1867 (Keferstein, 1865) (Sluiter,1902) Baird,1868 (Pallas, 1774) Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, 1902 Murina,1968 Stephen & Robertson, 1952 Keferstein, 1865 (Fischer,1916) (Augener, 1903) (Selenka & de Man, 1883) Sluiter, 1902 Diesing,1859 Koren & Danielssen,1875 (Stephen, 1942) (Montagu, 1804) (Murina,1964) Sluiter,1886 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 Table 5 continued Entry Genus Species & subspecies Authorship thomassini * triehoeephala valdiviae valdiviae sumatrense vastum venabulum* vulgaris vulgaris herdmani* Aspidosiphon Apionsoma Phaseolion Phaseolion Siphonosoma Aspidosiphon Golfingia Golfingia thomas;ini triehoeephala valdiviae valdiviae sumatrense vastum venabulum vulgaris vulgaris vulgaris herdmani Cutler & Cutler, 1979 Sluiter, 1902 Fischer,1916 Fischer, 1922 (Selenka & Biilow,1883) Selenka et aI., 1883 (Blainville,1827) (Shipley, 1903) 11 Sluiter's list of sipunculans from Indonesian waters Many species were described around the turn of this century by Sluiter (l882a, 1882b, 1884, 1886, 1891, 1902) who worked with collections from the Indonesian archipelago, mainly material from the Siboga Expedition. Sluiter named a number of species which only differed from each other in minor details. Obviously, Sluiter did not realize the variability of characters applied in separation of sipunculan taxa. Sluiter described and identified 74 species and 2 subspecies, but only 25 ofthese species are considered valid today. These species are marked with an asterisk in Table 6. The other records are either junior synonyms or invalid species. Table 6. Indonesian sipunculans identified and described by Sluiter (1882-1902). Valid taxa are marked with an asterisk behind the entry. Entry to the Table by specific name. Entry Genus Species & subspecies Authorship abnorme aequabilis anguineum aspergillus * asser australe * billitonensis claviger eonfusum * eonvestitus * eorallieola eristatus * eumanense * eumingii eylindrieus demanni dentigerum depressum diaphanes diserepans duplieigranulatum edule elegans * exilis extortum faleidentatum filiforme * fimbriatum fuseus Phaseolosoma Sipuneulus Phaseolosoma Cloeosiphon Phymosoma Siphonosoma Sipuneulus Sipuneulus Nephasoma Phaseolion Aspidosiphon Lithaerosiphon Siphonosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Physeosoma Phymosoma Phaseolosoma Phymosoma Sipuneulus Phymosoma Siphonosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Physeosoma Phymosoma Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Aspidosiphon abnorme aequabilis anguineum aspergillus asser australe billitonensis claviger eonfusum eonvestitus eorallieola eristatus eumanense eumingii eylindrieus demanni dentigerum depressum diaphanes diserepans duplieigranulatum edule elegans exilis extortum faleidentatum filiforme fimbriatum fuseus Sluiter,1886 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter,1902 (Quatrefages, 1865) Selenka & de Man,1883 (Keferstein,1865) Sluiter, 1886 Sluiter, 1902 (Sluiter, 1902) Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, 1902 (Sluiter, 1902) (Keferstein,1867) Baird,1868 Horst, 1899 Sluiter,1891 Selenka & de Man,1883 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, 1886 Sluiter,1898 Sluiter,1886 (Pallas, 1774) (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821) Sluiter,1886 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter,1882 (Sluiter, 1902) Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, 1882 12 Sipunculans of the world Table 6 continued Entry Genus Species & subspecies Authorship · gigas glabrum * graciliS * hebes imbellis immunita * inclusus indicus * infrons inquilinus javanicum lacteum levis lurco lurco malaccensis macer maculatum * microdontoton mucidum muelleri * nigrescens * nigritorquatum nudus* pacificum* parvus pellucidum* pellucidus pelma pharetratus * prioki psaron ravus rhizophora robustus * scolops * signifer spengeli spinifer spinosus spiralis * spongicola steenstrupii * subhamatum tenuis • trichocephala • truncatum vulgare tropicum Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Physcosoma Aspidosiphon Goljingia Sipunculus Sipunculus Sipunculus Aspidosiphon Cloeosiphon Phymosoma Aspidosiphon Phymosoma Phymosoma Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Phymosoma Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Phymosoma Sipunculus Phascolosoma Phascolion Nephasoma Sipunculus Phymosoma Phascolion Phascolosoma Phymosoma Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Sipunculus Phascolosoma Dendrostoma Phymosoma Dendrostoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Physcosoma Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Apionsoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma gigas glabrum gracilis hebes imbellis immunita inclusus indicus infrons inquilinus javanicum lacteum levis lurco lurco malaccensis macer maculatum microdontoton mucidum muelleri nigrescens nigritorquatum nUdus pacificum parvus pellucidum pellucidus pelma pharetratus prioki psaron ravus rhizophora robustus scolops signifer spengeli spinifer spmosus spiralis spongicola steenstrupii subhamatum tenuis trichocephala truncatum vulgare tropicum Sluiter, 1884 (Sluiter, 1902) (Baird,1868) Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, 1902 (Sluiter, 1902) Sluiter, 1902 Peters, 1850 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter,1902 Sluiter, 1886 Sluiter, 1886 Sluiter, 1886 Selenka et aI., 1883 Selenka & de Man,1883 (Sluiter, 1891) (Sluiter, 1886) Sluiter, 1886 Sluiter, 1902 Diesing,1851 Keferstein, 1865 Sluiter, 1882 Linnaeus, 1766 Keferstein, 1866 Sluiter, 1902 (Keferstein, 1865) Sluiter, 1902 Selenka & de Man,1883 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, 1882 Sluiter, 1886 Sluiter, 1886 Sluiter,1891 Keferstein, 1865 (Selenka & de Man, 1883) Selenka & de Man,1883 Sluiter, 1886 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, 1902 Diesing, 1859 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter,1886 Sluiter, 1902 Keferstein, 1867 Sluiter, 1902 Sipunculans from Thai waters Sipunculans are very common in Thai waters but published information is very limited. Virtually nothing is know about the species, their distribution and abundance. Frith et al. (1976) recorded Phascolosoma arcuatum (Gray, 1828) to be abundant in mangroves. Other information stems from the paper by Fischer (1923) who identified 9 species and 1 subspecies from Thai waters. Of these 10 taxa, only 5 species are recognized as valid today. Scattered information with specific mention of Thailand can be found in Stephen & Edmonds (1972) and Cutler & Cutler (1987, 1989) but taken together the literature only refers to 8 valid species. Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 The species have mainly been extracted from coral blocks (Aspidosiphon steenstrupii Diesing, 1859; Aspidosiphon tenuis Sluiter, 1886; Cloeosiphon aspergillus (Quatrefages, 1865); Nephasoma pellucidum (Keferstein, 1865); Phascolosomaagassizii Keferstein, 1867, Phascolosoma nigrescens Keferstein, 1865). A few species are known from the sea bed: (Phascolosoma arcuatum (Gray, 1828); Go/jingia vulgaris herdmani (Shipley, 1903». Of course, this number only reflects the limited work conducted in Thai waters. In the PMBC Reference Collection we have more than 50 different species to be identified and described, so the unfortunate gap in knowledge can be filled. I have not previously published records concerning Thai sipunculans because I experienced trouble with many of the species described from Indonesia by Sluiter (1882-1902). Revisions by Cutler and associates have shown that a number of Sluiter's species did not have well defined characters because the descriptions were based on sfngle, and often abnormal individuals. DISCUSSION The catalogue of species The present study is based on literature available at the Phuket Marine Biological Center, supplemented with more recent revisions initiated by Edward B. Cutler and continued together with a number of collaborating scientists. It has taken Cutler and collaborators about two decades to revise sipunculans of the world. Obviously the style of revisions has changed over this period of time. For example, the latest revisions contain information about distribution and zoogeography which is absent in the earlier papers. But the concept of the authors in regard of revisions also varies over time, and because revisions were printed in various journals with different layout and editorial policies, I personally felt it difficult to extract the information I needed for work with the taxonomy of sipunculans from Thailand. Difficulties were caused by the fact that changes ｨ｡ｾ･＠ occurred at both the generic, specific and subspecific levels. In addition to keeping a record of synonyms, shifting genera, and invalid species, it is also necessary to keep record 13 of erroneous identifications. Various authors have published a number of specific names which have turned out to be wrong. This implies that the literature cannot be used before it has been checked if the identity of a given species has been changed as a result of revisions. Even type material has been shown to contain more than one species. In order to overview this variety of information, I decided to make a catalogue based on the species name since the specific name is the only part of the binomen which does not change. At least it is very rare. It only happens when a new specific name is proposed to replace a pre-occupied name. For example, Stephen & Edmonds (1972) introduced the name Go/jingia lanchesteri as nom. nov. pro Phascolosoma pyriformis Lanchester, 1905 because there already was one species called Phascolosoma pyriforme Danielssen in Theel, 1875. The two authors Lanchester and Danielssen used the same name for two different species in the same genus, and this of course should not occur. The action taken by Stephen & Edmonds would not have been necessary today since Lanchester's species is synonym with Themiste lageniformis Baird, 1868 and the species named by Danielssen is synonym with Thysanocardia procera (Mobius, 1875) (Table 1). I assume that the non-specialist will find it virtually impossible to keep record of all the changes which have happened during the last two decades. It does not make things easier that the conclusions of Cutler and collaborators have to be searched in four different journals and that the proposed changes are part of a process, not a final result. On top of this, new changes will invariably see the light of day in the coming decades. A catalogue of valid taxa would soon become difficult to use if it were to be based on traditional binomialism where the species are arranged according to genera and the specific names are shown alphabetically within each genus (e.g., Stephen & Edmonds, 1972). Of course specific names can be searched in the index of textbooks, but not in research papers written for those especially interested in taxonomy. In the research papers we often find (but not necessarily) that specialists present extensive lists of synonyms and erroneous identifications. Such information is printed at the beginning 14 Sipunculans of the world of each description and is a great help in terms of establishing an overview of the situation. But still, it may be difficult to keep the information together. For example, I found it difficult to handle information such as: Aspidosiphon cylindricus Horst, 1899. - Stephen & Edmonds, 1972: 222-223. - Not Sluiter, 1902: 18-19. It appears from the text that Cutler & Cutler (1989) referred Sluiter's (1902) material to Aspidosiphon elegans. This piece of information is repeated under Aspidosiphon elegans, where Sluiter's species is shown together with information on 8 other species, which are considered to be synonymous with A .elegans. This list of synonymies represent the view of Cutler & Cutler, and it may, or may not be accepted by other taxonomists, so it would be beneficial to be able to see if second opinions have been published. The genus concept The genus Goljingia represents the main trunk' of the sipunculan phylogenetic tree. It possesses the most simple and generalized features : a complete set of retractor muscles (2 pairs), two simple nephridia, simple tentacles arranged in a regular circle around the mouth, a continuous musculature of the body wall, and spherical eggs (Cutler & Murina, 1977). These characters have undergone changes in other genera. For example, Phascolion has only one nephridium; Themiste has branched tentacles; Siphonosoma has the longitudinal muscles divided into muscle bands; Phascolosoma has tentacles arranged around the nuchal organ located dorsal to the mouth, and the eggs are flattened ellipsoid. Regarding these shifts in characters, all taxonomists will concur that they constitute major gaps in the course of evolution of sipunculans and hence these characters can be used to divide sipunculan taxa into genera. But the last century has shown that characters which at a given time seemed to constitute a well marked gap have turned out to be less distinct as more worms have been described. The generic concept by Mayr et al., (1953) states that a genus is a systematic category including one species, or a group of species of pre- sumably common phylogenetic onglO, which is separated from other similar units by a decided gap. The critical part of this definition is "decided gap", and this is where taxonomists often disagree. It is not possible to specify the degree of difference needed to reach the point of "decided", but it should be generally acceptable that intermediate forms leading to more or less gradual changes in character status cannot be used as gabs separating genera. The problem of generic/subgeneric status is relevant considering the genera Aspidosiphon and Paraspidosiphon. Stephen & Edmonds (1972) divided sipunculans with a caudal shield into three genera: Centrosiphon contained only one species, Centrosiphon herdmani , which Cutler & Cutler (1987) later placed in the genus Goljingia (Table 1). Next, they recognized the genus Aspidosiphon characterized by continuous longitudinal musculature of the body wall, and finally the genus Paraspidosiphon with longitudinal musculature in bundles which may anastomose. The consistency of a Aspidosiphon Parasipdosiphon division based on the structure of the longitudinal muscles was questioned by Cutler (1973). Intermediate conditions of the two general types exist (Cutler & Cutler, 1989). I have noticed similar lack of consistency with respect to Thai Aspidosiphonidae. I therefore agree with the conclusion that subgeneric ranking for this character is adequate. It does not constitute a major gap that would justify maintaining the two genera Aspidosiphon and Parasipdosiphon. The action by Cutler & Cutler (1989) brought the classification back to the original situation. E.g, the genus Aspidosiphon Grube, was divided into two groups in Selenka et al., (1883), viz. with or without muscles in bundles, but they did not give names to the groups. The distinction was for practical reasons as characters in a key to the species of Aspidosiphon. In the paper by Cutler & Cutler (1989), the genus Aspidosiphon was subdivided into three subgenera (Akrikos), (Aspidosiphon) and (Paraspidosiphon), and the character of longitudinal muscles was made a homoplastic, apomorphic condition which did not separate Aspidosiphonidae at the generic level. Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 The species concept: how to define a sipunculan species The biological, or population species concept has been touched on but no explicit consensus has been reached among different workers (Cutler & Murina, 1977). Hylleberg & Nateewathana (l991a) stated that "Nature does not work on basis of the morphological species. It is a man made system for practical purposes". Therefore, they recommended a pragmatic definition of a species such as "A species is what a competent taxonomist says is a species. The name is not terribly important as long as the specimen is available for revision by other researchers, i.e. deposited in a reference collection". The only nuisance in adopting such a pragmatic species concept is that the list of synonyms may increase following revisions of a more comprehensive material covering a larger geographical area, or by adoption of more sophisticated ｭ･ｴｾｯ､ｳ＠ than the conventional morphological-anatomical analysis. But, whatever approach, there is bound to be eternal disagreement between lumpers and splitters. Some taxonomists have a preference towards the morphological (monotypic) species concept, while others have a preference towards the biological (polytypic) species concept. Cutler, Cutler & collaborators have adopted the biological species concept. The sipunculans were reclassified into polytypic species which led to a great simplification of the system (Table I). In their opinion, many local populations had been given specific rank on the basis of minor differences that merely were expressions of geographic variation. Mayr & Ashloch (1991) emphasized this point by stating "It is one of the major tasks of taxonomy to convert the nominal species of all groups of animals into well-delimited polytypic species taxa". However, populations are variable, so it is not enough to have one specimen at hand - the holotype - and ignore the variation within the population. The ideal description calls for collection of many individuals from many localities and often application of statistics to evaluate the variation (Hylleberg, 1994; Hylleberg & Nateewathana, 1991a,b,c; 1992; Chantrapornsyl & Nateewathana, 1992). 15 The characters to be used in ｾｮ｡ｬｹｳｩ＠ of polytypic species versus sibling species involve a personal decision by the taxonomist. The choice depends on the experience, and Cutler & Cutler have studied an impressive number of sipunculans so their basis to put many species into synonymy cannot be questioned. Most of the characters used in classification of sipunculans are highly variable so it is necessary to dissect many specimens to ascertain the possible variation. Some characters have been treated as diagnostic such as shape and size of hooks, origin and degree of fusion of retractor muscles, fixing muscle number and their attachment, length, attachment, and location of nephridia, number of intestinal coils, presence of rectal caecum, number of longitudinal muscle bundles and how they anastomose. However, the constancy of these characters has undoubtedly been overrated. Cutler & Cutler (1989) found that these characters only can be used in a limited manner. I agree with this point of view except for their conclusion concerning presence/absence of a rectal caecum. The rectal Caecum is a diverticlum on the rectum near the intestinal coil. Often such caeca are reported missing in a given species, and hence considered to have diagnostic yalue by authors. In other reports, caeca are claimed to be present in the same species. Cutler & Cutler (1989) give a comprehensive discussion of this obvious problem in taxonomy of sipunculans. They suggest that some species have a genetic potential (perhaps polygenic), but this potential is not always expressed, and when it is expressed it may be overlooked by an observer. The last part of the sentence is the reason for my skepticism about presence/absence of a rectal caecum. I have always found a caecum present in sipunculans from 13 genera, I have dissected. In more than a thousand specimens, a caecum could always be located, although sometimes hidden among the intestinal coils. These findings include Cloeosiphon aspergillus claimed to have no caecum in Stephen & Edmonds(1972). The number of sipunculan taxa Cutler and Murina (1977) were uncomfortable with a number of sipunculans which they speculated 16 Sipunculans of the world were questionable species. A small number of individuals were used as the basis for their description and many of the species had only appeared in the literature once. They listed 31 species from 6 subgenera and questioned their validity. After the revisions were finalized (Table 1) it turned out that 24 of these species were maintained as questionable while 7 of the species were considered valid. Among the questionable species they list Goljingia (Siphonides) quadrata described by Ikeda in 1905. It was collected on a sandy shore in the Philippines and is known only from the holotype. Unfortunately the type has disappeared, but Ikeda (1905) provided excellent drawings of the species, so it is certain that this particular species is very common at Phuket Island, Thailand. It has been collected on sandflats in front of mangroves, in sand among corals, or occasionally hidden in crevices in dead coral blocks. The species fits the description and drawings completely, so there is no doubt that Goljingia (Siphonides) quadrata is a valid species. Another question is whether it belongs to the Goljingia. It is certainly a very peculiar sipuncuIan: stiff as a small stick when collected. The tentacular crown has been difficult to observe. It has been withdrawn in all collected specimens, and attempts to make it protrude by keeping worms in sea water have failed. This is in contrast to other sipunculans. I will return to this species in a following paper. Cutler and associates have reduced the number of sipunculans to the lowest possible count by adoption of the polytypic species concept. They also have eliminated many species as being questionable for a number of reasons. As far as sipunculans from tropical waters are concerned, I agree with them in most cases. Many of the species described by Sluiter (1882-1902) had a very weak foundation. However, as mentioned above, Cutler and Murina (1977) also refer to a number of species which should not be classified as questionable just because they only have been recorded once. One reason for being rare could be that very little work has been conducted in these latitudes. The Reference Collection of the Phuket Marine Biological Center wants to remedy this situation by issuing illustrated descriptions of sipunculans from Thailand in the years to come. This will cause some of the species in Table 1 to become valid again. However, since the Table contains all described sipunculans it only implies that some species will have to change from normal font to bold. Cutler & Murina (1977) commented on the problem of being absolutely correct before publishing by stating "As with all areas of science, the information presented is incomplete: There will undoubtedly be errors, but if we have to wait until we were to be without fault, it would never be published" . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to late Professor Gunnar Thorson for guidance during my time as a student specializing in the ecology of sipunculans. I spent my first year of studies on sipunculans at Kristineberg Marine Biological Station, Sweden. At the KMBS I benefited from many discussions with Professor B. Akesson and I received all possible support from Director B. Swedmark and staff at the station. I am grateful to Dr M. Rice who made it possible for me to participate in the first international meeting on sipunculans in Yugoslavia, 1970. The stimulation from, and contacts with Dr Edward Cutler and Dr V. V. Murina as a result of that meeting have been very important for my interest in sipunculans. I am grateful for having been on the mailing list ever since. The last 15 years I have worked on and off with sipunculans in Thailand. I thank Directors and staff at the Phuket Marine Biological Center for the opportunity to study the local "sips" . Above all I am indebted to Marine Biologist Anuwat Nateewathana for good companionship during many fruitful sampling trips. Finally I thank Dr D. Dexter and P. Middelfart for comments to the manuscript, and I thank assistant editor Hakon R. Jalk for a job well done. /' Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 17 REFERENCES The references are presented in two parts. References (1) which lists all references referred to in the text. References (2) which lists all references mentioned in Table 1. References (2) are printed after Table 1. REFERENCES 1. Chantrapornsyl, S. & A. Nateewathana. 1992. Morphometric and meristic variations of Chicoreus ramosus L. in Thai waters. - Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publications, 10: 100-108. Cutler, E. B. 1973. Sipuncula of the western North Atlantic. - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 152: 105-204. 1979. A reconsideration of the sipunculan taxa Fisherana Stephen, Mitosiphon Fisher and Apionsoma Sluiter. - Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 65: 367-384. Cutler, E.B. & N.J.Cutler. 1982. A revision of the genus Siphonosoma (Sipuncula). - Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 95(4): 748-762 1983. An examination of the Phascolosoma subgenera Antillesoma, Rueppellisoma and Satonus (Sipuncula). - Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 77(2): 175-187. 1985a. A revision of the genera Sipunculus and Xenosiphon (Sipuncula). - Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 85: 219-246. 1985b. A revision of the genera Phascolion Theel, and Onchnesoma Koren and Danielssen (Sipuncula). - Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 98(4): 809-850 1987. Revision of the genus Golfingia (Sipuncula:Golfingiidae). - Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 100(4): 735-761 1988. A revision of the genus Themiste (Sipuncula). - Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 101(4): 741-766 1989. A revision of the genus Aspidosiphon (Sipuncula: Aspidosiphonidae). - Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 102(4): 826-865 Cutler, N.J. & E.B. Cutler. 1986. A revision of the genera Nephasoma (Sipuncula: Golfingiidae). - Proceedings ofthe Biological Society of Washington, 99(4) : 547-573 1990. A revision of the subgenus Phascolosoma (Sipuncula: Phascolosoma ). - Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 103(3): 691-730 Cutler, E.B & E. Jurczak. 1975. The sipunculan genus Lifthacrosiphon: a taxonomic review. - Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 56(3): 235-243 Cutler, E.B. & VV Murina. 1977. On the sipunculan genus Golfingia Lankester,1885 . - Zoological Journal ofthe Linnean Society, 60: 173-187 Cutler, E.B., N.J. Cutler & P.E. Gibbs. 1983. A revision of the Golfingia subgenera Golfingiella, Stephen, 1964, and Siphonoides, Murina, 1967. (Sipuncula). - Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 96(4): 669-674 Fischer,W. 1923. Gephyreen des Golfes von Siam. - Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 76: 21-27. Frith, D.W., R. Tantanasiriwong & O.Bhatia. 1976. Zonation of macrofauna on a mangrove shore, Phuket Island. - Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin, 10: 1-37. Gibbs, P.E. & E.B. Cutler. 1987. A classification of the phylum Sipuncula. - Bulletin of the British Museum of natural History (Zoology), 52(1): 43-58. 18 Sipunculans of the world Gibbs, P.E ., E.B.Cutler & N.J.Cutler. 1983. A review ofthe sipunculan genus Thysanocardia Fisher. - Zoologica Scripta, 12: 295-304. Halder, B.P. 1975. Sipuncula of the Indian Ocean in the Collection of the Zoological Survey of India. - In M.E. Rice & M.Todorovic (eds.) Proceedings of the International Symposium of Sipuncula and Echiura, Kotor, 1970, 1: 51-92. Hylleberg, 1. 1975. On the ecology of the sipunculan Phascolion strombi (Montagu). - In M.E. Rice & M.Todorovic (eds.) Proceedings of the International Symposium of Sipuncula and Echiura, Kotor, 1970. 1: 241-250. 1994. Indo-Pacific cockles (Bivalvia:Cardiidae). Part 1. Generic diagnoses and an overview of species with mention of taxonomic problems encountered in Thailand. - Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 13: 113-136. Hylleberg, 1. & A. Nateewathana. 1991a. The species concept. - Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 9: 17-19. 1991b. Redescription of Jdiosepius pygmaeus Steenstrup,1881 (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae), with mention of additional morphological characters. - Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin, 55: 33-42. 1991c. Morphology, internal anatomy, and biometrics of the cephalopod Jdiosepius biserialis Voss,1962. A new record for the Andaman Sea. - Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin, 56: 1-9. 1992. Description of Chicoreus ramosus shells, with notes on Chicoreus torre/actus. - Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 10: 109-112. Hyman, L.H. 1959. Phylum Sipunculida. - The Invertebrates. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 5: 610-696. . Ikeda, I. 1905. Gephyreans collected by Professor Dean at Manjuyodi Southern Negros (Philippine Islands). - Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 5: 169-174. Lanchester, W.F. 1905a. On a Collection of Sipunculids made at Singapore and Malacca. - Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1: 26-28. 1905b. The marine fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland in the years 1901 and 1902. Gephyrea - Proceedings ofthe Zoological Society of London, 1: 28-35. 1905c. On the Sipunculids and Echiurids collected during the "Skeat" Expedition to the Malay Peninsula. - Proceedings ofthe Zoological Society_of London, 1: 35-41. Mayr, E. & P.D. Ashlock. 1991. Principles 0/ Systematic Zoology. McGraw Hill Biological Science Series. 475 pp. Mayr, E., E. Linsley & RL. Ursinger. 1953 . Methods and Principles 0/ Systematic Zoology. New York, McGraw Hill. Murina, VG. 1975. The geographical distribution of marine worms of the phylum Sipuncula of the world ocean. - In M.E. Rice & M.Todorovic (eds.) Proceedings of the International Symposium of Sipuncula and Echiura, Kotor,1970, 1: 3-18. Nateewathana, A. & P. Tantichodok. 1984. Species composition, density and biomass of macrofauna of a mangrove forest at Ko Yav Yai, southern Thailand. - Proceedings of the Asian Symposium on Mangrove Environments; Research and Management. pp. 258-285 Quatrefages, A de. 1847. Memoire sur l'Echiure de Gaertner. - Annales des sciences nature lie, Zoo!., ser 3, 7: 307-343. Rice, M. E. 1975. Introduction. - In M.E. Rice & M.Todorovic (eds.) Proceedings of the International Symposium of Sipuncula and Echiura, Kotor,1970, 1: xi-xix. Sedgwick, A. 1898. A student's textbook o/Zoology. 1. Swan Sonnenschein, London. Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 19 Selenka, E., lG. de Man, & C.Biilow. 1883. Die Sipuncllliden, eine systematische Monographie. - Semper, Reisen in Archipel des Philippinen II., 4: 1-131 . Sluiter, C.Ph. 1882a. Beitrage zu der Kenntniss der Gephyreen aus dem Malayischen Archipel.(Erste Mittheilung). - Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 41: 84-110. 1882b. Beitrage zu der Kenntniss der Gephyreen aus dem Malayischen Archipel. (Zweite Mittheilung). - Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 41 : 148-171. 1884. Beitrage zu der Kenntniss der Gephyreen aus dem Malayischen Archipel. (Dritte Mittheilung). - Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 43 : 26-88. 1886. Beitrage zu der Kenntniss der Gephyreen aus dem Malayischen Archipel. (Vierte Mittheilung). - Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 45: 472-517. 1891. Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des Koniglichen naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Niederlandisch Indien in Batavia. Zugleich eine Skizze der Fauna des lava-Meeres mit Beschreibung der neuen Arten. - Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 50: 102-123 . 1902. Die Sipunculiden und Echiuriden der Siboga-Expedition, nebst Zusammestellung der iiberdies aus dem indischen Archipel bekannten Arten. - Siboga-Expedition, Monographie, 25 : 1-53 . Stephen, A.C. 1965. A revision of the phylum Sipuncula. - Annals and Magazine of Natural History ser.l3 , 7: 457-462 Stephen, A.c. & SJ. Edmonds. 1972. The phyla Sipuncula and Echiura. - London: Trustees British Museum (Natural History), 528 pp. Theel, H. 1875. Etudes sur les gephyriens inermes des mers de la Scandinavie, du Spitzberg et du Groenland. - Bihang till Kungliga Svenska Vetenskabs-Akademiens Handlingar, 3(6): 1-30 Phascolosoma scolops (Selenka & de Man, 1883) 20 Sipunculans of the world Table 1. Legend: All entries to the catalogue start with the specific part of the binomial of each species. The following typography has been used to differentiate between valid genera & species, subspecies, synonyms and erroneous ldentifications: THE FIRST COLUMN i. Bold font indicates a valid specific name, e.g., the species ahnorme. ii Normal font indicates that a specific, or subspecific name constitutes part of a synonym or a erroneous identification, e.g., abnorrne , or abyssorurn punctaturn . iii Underlining indicates a valid subspecies, e.g., gQyssorum benhami. iv A dash indicates additional information under the same specific entry. THE SECOND COLUMN 1. Bold font indicates a valid generic name, e.g., the genus Phascolion ii Normal font is used in subsequent mention of the genus under a given entry. The second column also shows how a given species has moved in concert with shifting application of generic names over time. iii Underlining indicates a valid genus of a given subspecies iv A sign of equation indicates that a generic name has been replaced and/or the species transferred to another taxon. Signs of equation are shown in front of conclusions drawn from the latest revisions. v A filled ellipse in front of the genus marks valid species and subspecies. THE THIRD COLUMN The third column gives the status of a given species. ii A valid specific name is repeated in bold, e.g., the species ahnorme. iii Subgenus is shown in normal font and brackets, e.g., (Phascolion) . iv Normal font indicates unchanged specific names, or v Normal font shows that a specific, or subspecific name constitutes part of a synonym or a erroneous identification. vi Underlining indicates a valid subspecies as a result of revisions, e.g., gQyssorum benhami . THE FOURTH COLUMN i. Bold font indicates the authorship and year of a valid species, e.g., Fischer, 1895. ii Authorship and year is shown in normal font for each entry to avoid confusion in cases where the same specific name is used with different genera. 111 Authorship and year is shown in normal font when synonymy has been proposed as a result of revisions. in or i. a. in front of a name & year indicate that a given publication is listed in the iv references. v Inter alia is used in case of many references to a given species. A complete list can be found in the revision mentioned under a given entry. Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM A abnorme abnorme abnormis abyssora abyssora punctata abyssorum abyssorum abyssorum abyssorum abyssorum gJzyssorum benhami abyssorum punctatum adriatica aeneus aequabilis aethiops africanum agassizii STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS} & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE Fischer,1895 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Sluiter,1886 in Sluiter,1902 in Cutler & Murina,1977 Sluiter,1886 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 Koren & Danielssen,1875 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Herubel,I925b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 (Koren & Danielssen,1875) Koren & Danielssen,1875 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Koren & Danielssen,1875 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1933 in Gibbs, 1973 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Southern, 1913a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 (Stephen,1948) new status: Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Herubel,I925b in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Murina, 1975 in Zavodnik & Murina, 1976 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Baird, 1868 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler, 1977a in Cutler & Cutler,1979a in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Baird,1868 in Cutler & Cutler,1983 in Gibbs & Cutler,1987 Fischer, 1923 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1963 in Stephen & Cutler, 1969 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Keferstein,1867 i.a. Selenka et al.,1883 i.a. Selenka,1888 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Phascolion abnorme Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia • Nephasoma Phascolosoma Goljingia = Nephasoma abnorme (Phascolion) abnorme abnormis abnorme p.175 (Satonus) pectinatum abnormis (Goljingiella) abnormis (Satonus) pectinatum p.175 abyssorum abyssora abyssorum abyssorum punctata (Phascoloides) abyssora punctata abyssorum Nephasoma abyssorum Phascolosoma Goljingia • Nephasoma Phascolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia = Nephasoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Apionsoma Goljingia = Nephasoma J::!gJhasoma • Nephasoma Phascolosoma = Nephasoma Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Sipunculus = Siphonosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus Sipunculus = Sipunculus Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma = Antillesoma Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion abyssorum (Phascoloides) abyssorum abyssorum abyssorum abyssorum (Phascoloides) rimicola rimicola abyssorum (Phascolosoma) abyssorum capitatum (Phascoloides) abyssorum abyssorum abyssorum gJzyssorum benhami abyssorum benhami abyssorum punctata abyssorum (Dushana) adriatica (Dushana) adriatica vulgaris vulgaris aeneus (Siphonosoma) australe aequabilis aequabilis aequabilis (Sipunculus) norvegicus aethiops (Antillesoma) antillarum antillarum africanum africanum africanum africanum (Phascolion) strom bus PhascoLosoma agassizii agassizii Phymosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma agassizii agassizii (Phascolosoma) agasslzii (Phascolosoma) agassizii 21 22 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES STATUS STATUS AUTHORSHIP SUBSP. & SYNONYM GENUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES REFERENCE agassizii Phascolosoma Physcosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Physcosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascoliori Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma Phymosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Lithacrosiphon Lithacrosiphon = Lithacrosiphon Themiste Themiste • Themiste Dendrostomum agassizii agassizii (Phascolosoma) scolops agassizii agassizii Phascolosoma stephensoni agassizii agassizii (Phascolosoma) nigrescens ggassizii kurilense kurilense kurilense agassizii kurilense agassizii puntarenae (Phascolosoma) nigrescens alberti alberti alberti alberti alberti alberti (Phascolion) strombus albidum margaritacea alholineatum albolineatum albolineatum (Phascolosoma) albolineatum (Phascolosoma) albolineatum alhus albus albus (Aspidosiphon) albus alticonus alticonus cristatus alutacea alutacea (Themiste) alutacea alutaceum (Themiste) alutacea amamiense amamiense agassizii agassizii ggassizii kurilense agassizii puntarenae alberti albidum alholineatum alhus alticonus alutacea alutaceum amamiense ambiguum ambonense ambonensis • Themiste Sipunculus Sipunculus Siphonosoma Siphonosoma Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon amamiense (Siphonosoma) amamiense amamiense (Siphonosoma)funafuti ambiguum incertae sedis ambonense (Phascolosoma) ambonense (Phascolosoma) qrcuatum ambonensis ambonensis (Paraspidosiphon) tenuis Keferstein,1867 in Fischer,1919a,I922a (part) in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Keferstein, 1866 in Fischer,I922a in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Keferstein, 1866 in Keferstein, 1867 (part) in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 (Sato,1937) Sato,1937a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Selenka et aI., 1883 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Sluiter, 1900 in Sluiter, 1912 in Gerould,1913 in Murina,1964c in Stepl}en & Edmonds, 1972 in Gibbs,1985 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b 1beel,1875 (b) in Cutler & Murina,1977 Baird,1868 i.a. Selenka et al.,1883 i.a. Fischer,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Murina,1967 Murina,1967a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 ten Broeke,I925 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Jurczak, 1975 (Grube & Oersted,1858) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Grube & Oersted, 1858 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Ikeda, 1904 in Ikeda, 1924 in Sato,1939 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 (Brandt, 183 5) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Fischer,1896 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Augener,1903 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE anceps Phascolosoma = Goljingia = Nephasoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Nephasoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma anceps (Phascoloides) minutum minutum anceps anceps anceps diaphanes diaphanes andamanensis andamanensis (Phascolosoma) albolineatum Theel, 1905 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Theel, 1905 in Sluiter,1912 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1925 In Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Johnson, 1971 in Halder, 1976 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Golfingia anderssoni (fheel,1911) Phascolosoma Goljingia • Goljingia Sipunculus = Sipunculus Phascolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma = Goljingia Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon anderssoni (Goljingia) anderssoni (Goljingia) anderssoni angasii robustus anguineum (Goljingia) anguinea species inquirendum anguineum species inquirendum angulatus angulatus angulatus angulatus angulatus angulatus (Paraspidosiphon) laevis Theel, 1911 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Baird,1868 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Sluiter,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Sluiter,1902 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Ikeda, 1904 in Ikeda, 1924 in Sato,1939 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1979a,1981 in Cutler et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 anceps andamanensis anderssoni angasii anguinea anguineum angulatus annulatum annulosum anomalus antarcticum Phascolosoma annulatum Hutton,1879 Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolosoma = Goljingia (Phascolosoma) annulatum (Phascolosoma) annulatum annulosum annulosum (inadequate description) annulosum Only one record, sp. inquirendum anomalus (Phascolion) strombus antarcticum (Goljingia) margaritacea in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Grube,1868a cf Selenka et aI., 1883 in Halder, 1975 present author Murina, 1981 b in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Michaelsen, 1889 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Grube & Oersted,1858) i.a. Keferstein,1863 i.a. Selenka et al.,1883 i.a. Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1983 in Gibbs & Cutler, 1987 Sato,1934 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler, 1977a in Murina,1977b,1978 in Cutler & Cutler,1981 in Cutler et aI., 1984 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 antillarum Antillesoma antillarum appendiculata Phascolosoma Phymosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma • Antillesoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia antillarum antillarum antillarum (Antillesoma) antillarum (Antillesoma) antillarum antillarum appendiculata (Goljingia) appendiculata appendiculata appendiculata appendiculata appendiculata (Goljingia) muricaudata 23 24 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP appendiculatum Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Golfingia Phascolosoma Golfingia = Golfingia Phascolosoma = Golfingia appendiculatum appendiculatum (Golfingia) muricaudata approximatum (Golfingiella) approximata species inquirendum approximatum species inquirendum Siphonosoma arcassonense Sipunculus Siphonosoma • Siphonosoma arcassonense (Siphonosoma) arcassonense (Siphonosoma) arcassonense Sat6,1934 in Murina,1964b in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Roule, 1898 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler et al,1983 Roule, 1898 in Cutler et aI., 1983 (Cuenot, 1 902) Cuenot,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 (Gray,1828) Gray, 1828 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Selenka & de Man,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Selenka & de Man,1883 Selenka et al.,1883 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Danielssen & Koren, 1880 in Danielssen & Koren,1881 in Selenka et al..1883 in Theel, 1905 in Southern, 1913a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Gray, 1828 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Danielssen & Koren, 1880 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Ikeda, 1904 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Cutler et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Ikeda, 1904 in Sat6,1939 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b approximata approximatum arcassonense arcuatum arcuatum malaccense arcuatum malaccensis armatum arcuatus armatus artijiciosum artijiciosus aspergillus aspergillum asperum aspidosiphonoides Phascolosoma arcuatum Siphunculus Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma Phymosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phymosoma Phymosoma = Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Siphunculus • Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion arcuatus (Phascolosoma) arcuatum arcuatum (Phascolosoma) arcuatum arcuatum malaccensis (Phascolosoma) arcuatum malaccense (Phascolosoma) arcuatum arcuatum malaccensis arcuatum malaccensis (Phascolosoma) arcuatum armatum armatum armatum armatum armatum (Aspidosiphon) muelleri (Aspidosiphon) muelleri arcuatus (Phascolosoma) arcuatum armatus (Aspidosiphon) muelleri artijiciosus artijiciosum artijiciosum artijiciosum (Phascolion) strombus artijiciosus artijic/Osus (Phascolion) strom bus REFERENCE Cloeosiphon aspergillus Ｈｑｵ｡ｴｲｬｾｦｧ･ｳＬＱＸＶＵＩ＠ Loxosiphon • Cloeosiphon Loxosiphon Echinosiphon Cloeosiphon • Cloeosiphon Phascolosoma Phymosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Nephasoma aspergillus aspergillus aspergillus aspergillum aspergillum aspergillus asperum asperum (Phascolosoma) pacijicum aspidosiphonoides rutilofuscum Quatrefages,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Quatrefages, 1865 in Sluiter,1884 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Grube, 1868a in Selenka et aI., 1883 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Fischer, 1922b in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE asser Phymosoma Phymosoma Phymosoma Physeosoma Physeosoma Physeosoma Physeosoma Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma =Antillesoma asser asser asser asser asser asser asser (Antillesoma) asser (Antillesoma) antillarum antillarum Selenka & de Man,1883 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Sluiter, I 886 in Fisher,1895,1914,1922 in Sluiter,1902 in Shipley,1903 in Leroy,1936 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1983 in Gibbs & Cutler,1987 (Keferstein,1865) Keferstein, I 865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Sato,1939 new status in Cutler & Cutler,1982 Keferstein, I 865 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 australe australe takatsukii australis Siphonosonw. australe australe Phaseolosoma Siphonosoma • Siphonosoma §jphonosoma • Siphonosoma Phaseolosoma Sipuneulus • Siphonosoma australe (Siphonosoma) australe (Siphonosoma) australe australe takatsukii (Siphonosoma) australe takatsukii australe australis (Siphonosoma) australe Siphuneulus = Sipuneulus Stephanostoma = Goljingia Phaseolion Phaseolion = Phaseolion Phaseolion Phaseolion = Phaseolion Phaseolosoma Goljingia = Nephasoma Sipuneulus = Phaseolion Sipuneulus Siphonosoma Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Sipuneulus Sipuneulus Sipuneulus Sipuneulus = Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma balanophorus nudus barentsii margaritaeea beklemisehevi beklemisehevi (lsomya) eonvestitum beklemisehevi beklemisehevi (lsomya) tubereulosum benhami (Phaseoloides) benhami abyssorum benhami bernhardus strombi billitonensis billitonense (Damosiphon) edule (Dasmosiphon) eumanense billitonensis billitonensis billitonensis billitonensis (Damosiphon) edule (Dasmosiphon) eumanense B balanophorus barentsii beklemisehevi beklemisehevi benhami bernhardus billitonense billitonensis birsteini blanda blandum Golfingia birsteini • Goljingia (Goljingia) birsteini Themiste blanda Dendrostoma Themiste • Themiste Dendrostoma • Themiste blandum blanda (Themiste) blanda blandum (Themiste) blanda Chiaje,1828 in Leroy,1942 Horst,1882 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Murina, 1964c in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Murina, 1964c sensu Cutler & C.,1979 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Stephen, 1948 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 new status in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Forbes,1841 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Sluiter, 1886 in Stephen, 1941 a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1982 Sluiter, I 886 in Sluiter, 1891,1902 in Shipley, I 899a, 1902 in Lanchester,1905b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Murina 1973 in Cutler & Cutler, I 987 (Selenka & de Man,1883) i.a. Selenka et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Selenka & de Man,1883 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 25 26 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES STATUS STATUS AUTHORSHIP SUBSP. & SYNONYM GENUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES REFERENCE blandum Dendrostoma Dendrostomum = Themiste blandum blandum (Themiste) pyroides Seienka & de Man, 1883 in Fischer, 1922a in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 bogorovi boholense boholensis bonhourei boreale borealis botulum botulus branchiatum branchiatus branchiatus nudus brasiliensis brocki brotzkajae bulbosa Continues next page Phascolion bogorovi Murina,I973 Phascolion • Phascolion bogorovi (Phascolion) bogorovi Murina,1973a in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Siphonosoma boholense (Selenka & Billow,1883) Sipunculus Siphonosoma • Siphonosoma Sipunculus • Siphonosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Goljingia = Nephasoma Sipunculus = Nephasoma Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Sipunculus Xenosiphon • Xenosiphon boholensis (Siphonosoma) boholense (Siphonosoma) boholense boholensis (Siphonosoma) boholense bonhourei bonhourei (Siphonosoma) bonhourei incertae sedis boreale boreale boreale boreale boreale (Phascoloides) eremita eremita eremita (Phascolosomum) borealis eremita botulus botulum incertae sedis botulus incertae sedis mundanus branchiatus branchiatum branchiatus branchiatus i.a. Selenka et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Selenka & Biilow,1883 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Herubel,1904a in Herubel,1907 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1982 Keferstein,1865 in Baird, 1868 in Diesing,1851,1859 in '/errill,1874 in Koren & Danielssen,1877 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Quatrefages,1865 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Selenka,1885 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Selenka,1885 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Fischer, 1895 in Fisher,1947 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Xenosiphon branchiatus branchiatus (Fischer,1895) Sipunculus Xenosiphon • Xenosiphon Xenosiphon • Xenosiphon Aspidoslphon = Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolosoma Goljingw mundanus branchiatus branchiatus branchiatus branchiatus branchiatus nudus branchiatus nudus brasiliensis laevis (Paraspidosiphon) laevis brocki brocki brocki brocki brocki (Aspidosiphon) elegans brotzkajae brotzkajae brotzkajae (Phascolion) strombus bulbosa (Phascoloides) bulbosa Fischer,1895 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Cutler & Cutler,I985 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Cordero & Mello-Leitao,1952 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Augener,1903 in Murina,1967b in Rice, 1970,1975 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Rice & Macintyre, 1979 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Murina,1964c in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Murina & Zavodnik,1979 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Southern, 1913 a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS} & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE bulbosa Golfingia Golfingia _Nephasoma Nephasoma Phascolosoma Golfingia _Nephasoma bulbosa (Phascoloides) bulbosa bulbosum bulhosum bulbosum (Phascoloides) bulbosa bulbosum in Cutler,1973 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 (Southern,1913) Sipunculus = Phascolion Golfingia Golfingia = Golfingia = Golfingia Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolosoma - Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia - Golfingia Nephasoma Nephasoma _Nephasoma Golfingia Golfingia _Nephasoma Apionsoma Physcosoma Fisherana Golfingia _Apionsoma Physcosoma _Apionsoma Phascolosomum = Phascolion Sipunculus =Phascolion Phascolosoma = Golfingia Xenosiphon - Xenosiphon Xenosiphon Xenosiphon = Xenosiphon Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Siphonosoma Siphonosoma caementarium strombi cantabriensis cantabriensis margaritacea (Golfingia) margaritacea canum canum (Montagu) lutense capense (Golfingia) capensis capensis (Golfingia) capensis (Golfingia) capensis capilleforme capilleforme capilleforme capilleformis capilleformis capilleforme capitata capitatum capitata (Apionsoma) capitata bulhosum C caementarium cantabriensis canum capense capensis capil1eforme capilleformis capitata capitatum capitatum capitatus capsiforme caribaeum caribaeus carneum carolinense Continues next page revision of genera capitatum capitata capitatum strombi capitatus strombi capsiforme (Golfingia) margaritacea caribaeum caribaeus caribaeum caribaeus branchiatus branchiatus carneum carneum carneum incertae sedis carneum (Phascolosoma) scolops carolinense carolinense Southern, 1913a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Quatrefages, 186 5 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Edmonds, 1960 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Cutler & Cutler,1980a in Gibbs,1985 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Teuscher, 1874 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Teuscher,1874) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 (Murina,1973) (Murina,1973b) in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Murina,1973b in Frank,1983 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Gerould,1913) Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler, 1979 in Gibbs & Cutler, 1987 Gerould,1913 (Gerould,1913) Diesing,1851 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Rathke, 1843 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Baird,1868 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Fisher, 1954a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Fisher,1954a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Ruppell & Leuckart,1828 in Diesing,1859 in Baird,1868 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Saiz Salinas,1989 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Fischer, 1928 in Nishikawa,1977 27 28 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE carolinense Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Cloeosiphon = Cloeosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Thysanocardia Phascolosoma Golfingia Golfingia • Thysanocardia Phascolosoma Golfingia = Thysanocardia Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Golfingia = Thysanocardia Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Golfingia = Golfingia Phascolosoma Golfingia Golfingia = Nephasoma Phascolosoma Golfingia = Golfingia = Nephasoma Phascolosoma = Nephasoma Phascolosoma Golfingia = Nephasoma Phascolosoma Golfingia = Nephasoma Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Sipunculus Pseudaspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Sipunculus Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon (Damosiphon) carolinense (Dasmosiphon) cumanense carolinum aspergillus carolinus carolinus carolinus (Aspidosiphon) elegans catharinae catharinae (Thysanocardia) catharinae (Thysanocardia) catharinae catharinae catharinae catharinae procera catharinae catharinae (Thysanocardia) catharinae nigra caupo (Phascolion) caupo charcoti charcoti charcoti (Golfingia) charcoti (Golfingia) elongata chuni (Phascoloides) chuni chuni ineertae sedis cinctum (Phascoloides) cincta minuta diaphanes diaphanes cinctum diaphanes diaphanes cinereum (Phascoloides) cinerea pellucidum pellucidum cinereum (Phascoloides) cinerea pellucidum pellucidum cirratum (Villiophora) cirratum cirratus (Villiophora) cirratum clavatus clavatum (Aspidosiphon) muelleri clavatus clavatus clavatus clavatus in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1982 Ikeda, 1924 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Sato,1935 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 (Grube,1868) Grube, 1868b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Gibbs et al.,1983 Grube, 1868b in Sluiter, 1912 in Gibbs et al.,1983 Grube, 1868b in Sato,1937b in Cutler, 1977b in Gibbs et al.,1983 Hendrix,1975 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Herubel,1906 in Herubel,1906a,b;1908 in Fischer, 1929 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Fischer, 1916 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Murina,1973a in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Gerould,1913 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Murina,1968 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Murina,1968a in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Blainville,1827 in Baird,1868 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Blainville,1827 in Diesing,1851 in Cuenot,I922 in Herubel,I924 carolinum carolinus catharinae catharinae catharinae caupo charcoti chuni cineca cinctum cinerea cinereum cirratum cirratus clavatum clavatus Continues next page Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM elavatus claviger cluthensis eoehlearium eoehlearius collare commune eoneharum eonfusa eonfusa zarenkovi confusum eonstellatum eonstrieta constricticervix constrictum convestitum eonvestitus eorallieola STATUS GENUS Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Sipuneulus = Siphonosoma Phaseolosoma = Goljingia Sipuneulus = Phaseolosoma = Aspidosiphon Sipuneulus Sipuneulus = Aspidosiphon Phascolion Phaseolion Phaseolion • Phaseolion commune = Goljingia Sipunculus = Phaseolion Phaseolosoma Goljingia • Nephasoma Goljingia = Nephasoma Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Goljingia • Nephasoma Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Goljingia • Nephasoma Nephasoma Goljingia • Nephasoma Nephasoma Phascolosoma Goljingia • Nephasoma Phascolion Phaseolion • Phaseolion Phaseolion • Phaseolion Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE clavatus clavatus clavatus in Leroy,1936 in Akesson,1958 in Voss-Foucart et al.,1977 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 incertae sedis (Aspidosiphon) muelleri claviger (Dasmosiphon) eumanense cluthensis elongata eoehlearius incertae sedis (Aspidosiphon) muelleri eoehlearius eoehlearius (Aspidosiphon) muelleri collare eollare eollare (Lesenka) eollare Phaseolosoma (Goljingia) vulgariS eoneharum strombi eonfusum (Phaseoloides) eonfusa eonfusum eonfusa zarenkovi eonfusum confusum eonfusum (Phaseoloides) eonfusa eonfusum eonstellatum incertae sedis constrietum (Phaseoloides) eonstrieta eonstrietum constricticervix eonstrietieervix eonstricticervix constrictum eonstrietum (Phaseoloides) eonstrieta eonstrietum convestitum eonvestitum (Jsomya) eonvestitum eonvestitus (Isomya) eonvestitum eorallieola eorallieola eorallieola eorallieola jukesii (Aspidosiphon) muelleri Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler,1982 Stephen,1931 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Valenciennes, I 854 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Valenciennes, I 854 in Saiz-Salinas,1986 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Selenka & de Man,1883 in Selenka et aI., 1883 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Keferstein, 1863 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Oersted,1844 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Sluiter,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Murina,1974a in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Sluiter,1902) Sluiter,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Quatrefages, 1865) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Southem,1913a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 (Cutler,1969) Cutler, 1969 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Southern,1913) Southem,1913a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Sluiter,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Sluiter, 1902 in Shipley,1903 in Stephen & Robertson, 1952 in Cutler,1965 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 29 30 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM corallicola corallicolum corallicolus coriacea coriacea coriaceum coriaceus coyi crassum cristatus cronullae cryptum cryptus cumanense cumanense koreae cumanense opacus I ). cumanense semirugosum cumanense yapense cumanensis Sipunculans of the world STATUS STATUS AUTHORSHIP GENUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES REFERENCE Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Sipunculus = Sipunculus Golfingia = Themiste Phascolosoma Golfingia = Golfingia Phascolosoma = Golfingia Sipunculus = Golfingia Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Lithacrosiphon Aspidosiphon Lithacrosiphon • Lithacrosiphon Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Siphonosoma Phascolosoma Siphonosoma • Siphonosoma Siphonosoma Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Siphonosoma Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Phascolosoma Sipunculus Siphonosoma • Siphonosoma corallicola (Phascolosoma) corallicolum ten Broeke,I925 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 incertae sedis in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 ten Broeke,1925 corallicola (Phascolosoma) corallicolum in Stephen & Edmonds,l;}72 incertae sedis in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Pourtales,1851 corallicolus incertae sedis in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Murina,1972 coriacea (Lagenopsis) minor minor in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Keferstein, 186 5 coriaceum (Thysanocardia) coriacea in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 . (Phascoloides) pellucida p.175 in Cutler & Murina,1977 coriaceum Keferstein, 1865 (Phascoloides) pellucida in Cutler & Murina,1977 Quatrefages, 1865 coriaceus inadequate description cf Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 coyi Quatrefages,1865 incertae sedis in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Paraspidosiphon) coyi in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 crassum Spengel in Fischer, 1919a (Hesperosiphon) vastum in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 (Sluiter,1902) cristatus Sluiter, 1902 cristatus cristatus in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 cristatus in Cutler & Jurczak, 1975 Edmonds, 1980 cronullae (Phascolion) strombus cronullae new status in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Hendrix,1975 cryptum (Lesenka) cryptum in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b cryptus Hendrix, 1975 (Lesenka) cryptum in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b (Keferstein,1867) cumanense cumanense Keferstein, 1867 (Damosiphon) .cumanense cumanense in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Dasmosiphon) cumanense in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Sato,1939 cumanense koreae (Damosiphon) cumanense koreae in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Dasmosiphon) cumanense in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 cumanensis opacus Selenka & Biilow,1883 in Selenka et al. ,1883 cumanensis opacus (Damosiphon) cumanensis opacus in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Dasmosiphon) cumanense in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 cumanense semlrugosum Grube, 1368 cumanense semirugosum in Selenka et al. ,1883 (Damosiphon) cumanense semirugosum in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Dasmosiphon) cumanense in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Sato,1935 cumanense yapense (Damosiphon) cumanense yapense in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Dasmosiphon) cumanense (deduced by the present author) cumanense Keferstein,1867 cumanensis in Selenka et aI., 1883 (Damosiphon) cumanense cumanense in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Dasmosiphon) cumanense in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58 : 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS} & SPECIES cumanensis opacus Sipunculus Sipunculus = Siphonosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus = Siphonosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Nephasoma Goljingia • Nephasoma Phascolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Goljingia Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Themiste Dendrostomum Themiste • Themiste cumanensis opacus cumanensis opacus (Dasmosiphon) cumanense cumanensis vitreus cumanensis vitreus (Dasmosiphon) cumanense cumingii cumingii cumingii cumingii cumingii cumingii cumingii cumingii cumingii cumingii cumingii cumingii cumingii (Paraspidosiphon) laevis cutleri cutleri cutleri cylindratum (Goljingia) cylindrata elongata (Goljingia) elongata cylindratum cylindratum cylindratum cylindratum (Goljingia) elongata cylindricus cylindricus (AsPidosiphon) elegans cylindricus cylindricus cumanensis vitreus cumingii cutleri cylindrata cylindratum cylindricus cylindricus cymodoceae species inquirendum cymodoceae cymodoceae cymodoceae (Lagenopsis) cymodoceae AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE Selenka & BOlow,1883 in Selenka et aI., 1883 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Selenka & BOlow,1883 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Baird, 1868 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Fischer,1892,1922b in Collin, 1892 in Sluiter, 1898, 1902 in Augener,1903 in Herubel,1904b in Monro,1931 in Leroy, 1936 in Andrew & Andrew, 1953 in Rice & Stephen, 1970 in Cutler, 1973 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 (Murina, 1975) Murina, 1975 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Keferstein,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Murina, 1977 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Keferstein,1865 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Gerould,1913 in Leroy, 1936 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Horst, 1899 in Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Horst, 1899 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 (Edmonds,1956) Edmonds, 1956 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 D dayi deani deformis dehamata Siphonosoma Siphonosoma • Siphonosoma Phymosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Sipunculus = Siphonosoma Themiste Themiste • Themiste dayi (Siphonosoma) dayi (Siphonosoma) dayi deani (Phascolosoma) deani (Phascolosoma) deani (Phascolosoma) arcuatum deformis (Damosiphon) cumanense cumanense dehamata dehamata (Lagenopsis) dehamata Stephen,1942 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Ikeda, 1905 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Baird, 1868 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Kesteven,1903) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 31 32 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE dehamatum Dendrostoma Dendrostomum • Themiste Phascolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia = Nephasoma Sipunculus = Sipunculus = Sipunculus Physcosoma Physcosoma = Phascolosoma Physcosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Sipunculus = Phascolion Phymosoma Phymosoma Phymosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia = Nephasoma Phascolosoma = Nephasoma Phascolosoma = Goljingia Nephasoma Phascolosoma _Nephasoma Phymosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma dehamatum dehamata (Lagenopsis) dehamata delagei (Phascoloides) delagei incertae sedis incertae sedis delphinus titubans nudus demanni demani incertae sedis demanni incertae sedis dentalicola (Jsomya) hedraeum dentalicola dentalicolum dentalicolum dentalicolum dentalicolum dentalicolum (Isomya) hedraeum dentalii strombi dentigerum dentigerum dentigerum dentigerum dentigerum dentigerum dentigerum dentigerum dentigerum dentigerum dentigerum dentigerum (Phascolosoma) perlucens depressum (Phascoloides) depressa species inquirendum depressum species inquirendum derjugini (Goljingia) elongata diaphanes diaphanes diaphanes diaphanes diaphanes diaphanes (Phascolosoma) diaphanes (Phascolosoma) nigrescens !!is!phanes corrugatum diaphanes corrugatum Kesteven, 1903 in Edmonds,1956 in Cutler & Cutler,1988 Herubel,1903 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Gibbs,1973 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Murina, 1967c in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Sluiter, 1891 in Sluiter,1902 in Cutler & Cutler,1983 Sluiter, 1891 in Cutler & Cutler,1983 Sato,1937b in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Sato,1937b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Murina)978 in Cutler, 1977a in Cutler &.Cutler,1980b in Cutler et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Gray,1828 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Selenka & de Man, 1883 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Sluiter,1886 in Sluiter,1891,1902 in Shipley,1898,1902 in Augener,1903 in Fischer,I922a,I922b in Monro,1931 in Fisher,1952 in Murina, 1964a, 1972 in Cutler, 1965 in Cutler & Kirsteuer,1968 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Sluiter,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Gadd,1911 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 delagei delphinus demani demanni dentalicola dentalicolum dentalii dentigerum depressa depressum derjugini diaphanes diaphanes dia12.hanes corrugatum ｾｨ｡ｳｯｭ＠ _Nephasoma (Gerould,1913) Gerould,19l3 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Sluiter,1886 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Cutler & Cutler,1986 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES digitatum Phaseolosoma Golfingia = Nephasoma Sipuneulus Sipuneulus Sipuneulus Sipuneulus = Sipuneulus Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Fisherana = Golfingia = Apionsoma Phaseolion = Onehnesoma Phaseolosoma = Golfingia Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma Phymosoma Physeosoma Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma Themiste Dendrostomum Themiste • Themiste Dendrostomum • Themiste digitatum (Phaseoloides) eremita eremita eremita diserepans diserepans diserepans diserepans indieus dissors dissors papillifera (Apionsoma) papillifera Sipuneulus = Sipuneulus Siphonosoma Siphonosoma Siphonosoma Siphonosoma Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Lumbrieus Sipuneulus Sipuneulus Sipuneulus Sipuneulus = Siphonosoma Golfingia Golfingia = Nephasoma Aspidosiphon Sternaspis Loxosiphon Phaseolosoma Sipuneulus eehinorhynehus Delle Chiaje,1823 incertae sedis in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 diserepans dissors dogieli dubium dunwiehi duplieigranulatum dyscrita dyseritum revision of genera dogieli steenstrupii dubium (Golfingia) vulgaris dunwiehi (Phaseolosoma) dunwiehi (Phaseolosoma) seolops duplieigranulatum duplieigranulatum (Satonus) duplieigranulatum (Phaseolosoma) cf. nigreseens (Phaseolosoma) nigreseens dyscrita dyseritum dyserita (Themiste) dyserita dyseritum (Themiste) dyserita AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE Theel,1875 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Sluiter,1898 in Fischer,1913,1914b in Leroy,1942 in Sato,1935 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Selenka & de Man, 1883 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler, 1979 in Gibbs & Cutler,1987 Murina,1964e in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Theel,1875 (b) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Edmonds, 1956 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Sluiter,1886 in Shipley,1899b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 (Fisher,1952) Fisher, 1952 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Fisher, 1952 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 E ｾ＠ eehinorhynehus edule edulis elaehea elegans Continues next page edule edule edule (Damosiphon) edule (Dasmosiphon) edule (Dasmosiphon) eumanense edulis edulis edulis edulis edulis (Dasmosiphon) eumanense elaehea (Phaseoloides) elaehea eremita elegans elegans elegans (Aspidosiphon) elegans elegans (Pallas, 1774) in Sato,1939 in Halder,1975 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 in Cutler & Cutler,1982 Pallas, 1774 in Sluiter, 1882b, 1886, 1891 in Selenka et aI., 1883 in Shipley,1899a in Lanchester,1905b in Cutler & Cutler,1982 Fisher, 1952 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Chamisso & Eysenhardt,1821) Chamisso & Eysenhardt,1821 in Diesing,1851 in Grube,1868a in B1ainville,1827 33 Sipunculans of the world 34 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM elegans elegans elegans elegans yapensis elisae elliptiea elliptieum elongata elongatum elongatum qUinquepunctatum eniwetoki eremita eremita eremita eremita eremita australe eremita australe eremita australis eremita ealiforniea eremita seabra STATUS STATUS AUTHORSHIP GENUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES REFERENCE Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Golfingia = Nephasoma Dendrostoma Themiste Themiste Themiste = Themiste Dendrostoma Dendrostoma = Themiste Golfingia Phaseolosoma Golfingia • Golfingia Phaseolosoma elegans elegans (Aspidosiphon) elegans elegans elegans elegans (Aspidosiphon) elegans elegans yapensis elegans yapensis (Aspidosiphon) elegans elisae wodjanizkii elisae elliptieum elliptiea elliptiea elliptiea (Lagenopsis) dehamata elliptieum elliptieum (Lagenopsis) dehamata elongata elongatum (Golfingia) elongata (Golfingia) elongata elongatum (Golfingia) elongata elongatum quinquepunetatum elongata reference not shown eniwetoki (Siphonosoma) eniwetoki (Siphonosoma) rotumanum eremita (Aspidosiphon) muelleri eremita eremita eremita (Phaseoloides) eremita eremita eremita eremita (Phaseoloides) eremita eremita eremita eremita australis eremita australe pellueidum pellueidum eremita australis eremita australis eremita australis (Phaseoloides) eremita australe eremita eremita australis eremita australis eremita eremita ealiforniea eremita eremita sea bra (Phaseoloides) eremita seabra eremita in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 (Chamisso & Eysenhardt,1821) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Sato,1935 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Murina,1977a in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Sato,1934 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Cutler et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Sato,1934 in Sato,1939 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 • Golfingia Phaseolosoma = Golfingia Siphonosoma Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Nephasonlfl Sipuneulus Phaseolosoma Golfingia • Nephasoma Nephasoma Golfingia • Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Nephasoma = Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Phascolosoma Phaseolosoma Golfingia = Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma = Nephasoma Golfingia = Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Golfingia = Nephasoma (Keferstein,1863 ) Keferstein, 1863 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Keferstein, 1863 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Herubel,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Fisher, 1950b in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Diesing, 1859 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 (Sars,1851 ) Sars,1851 i.a. Selenka et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Sars, 1851) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Benham, 1922 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1959a in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Benham 1922 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1963 in Murina,1972 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Benham, 1922 in Fischer, 1929 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Fisher, 1952 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 ｾ＠ Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES eremitus Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon eremitus incertae sedis (Aspidosiphon) muelleri esculenta esculenta (Phascolosoma) arcuatum esculentum (Phascolosoma) esculentum (Phascolosoma) arcuatum evisceratum (Phascolosoma) evisceratum (Phascolosoma) nigrescens exasperatum incertae sedis exhaustum exhaustum (Aspidosiphon) muelleri exhaustum exhaustus exhaustus exhaustus exhaustus exhaustus (Aspidosiphon) muelleri exhaustus mirus (Aspidosiphon) muelleri esculenta esculentum evisceratum exasperatum exhaustum exhaustus exhaustus mirus exiguus exilis eximioclathratus exostomum exostomus extortum Aspidosiphon exiguus • Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Sipunculus = Sipunculus Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma (Aspidosiphon) exiguus exilis exilis exilis exilis exilis (Aspidosiphon) elegans eximioclathratus nudus exostomum (Paraspidosiphon) steenstrupii exostomum exostomus (Paraspidosiphon) steenstrupii extortum (Phascolosoma) extortum (Phascolosoma) nigrescens Phymosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Lesinia Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma falcidentatum falcidentatum (Satonus)falcidentatum incertae sedis farcimen muelleri (Aspidosiphon) muelleri fascialum (Phascolosoma) granulatum AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE Diesing, 1859 p.340 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 p.231 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Chen &Yeh,1958 in Murina,1964a in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Chen & Yeh,1958 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Lanchester,1905b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Stimpson, 1864 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Sluiter, 1912 in Murina,1971a in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Sluiter,1912 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Murina,1972,1978 in Cutler & Cutler,1979a,1980a in Edmonds,1980 in Cutler et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Murina,1974b in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Edmonds, 1974 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Sluiter, 1886 in Sluiter,1891,1902 in Leroy, 1942 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Edmonds,1980 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Baird, 1868 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Johnson,1965 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Johnson,1965 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 F falcidentatum farcimen fasciatum Sluiter,1882 (b) in Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1983 Schmidt,1854 in Selenka et aI., 1883 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Baird,1868 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 35 36 Sipunculans o/the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS} & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE fasciolatum Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Nephasoma Phascolosoma Golfingia _Nephasoma Nephasoma Golfingia -Nephasoma Phascolosoma Golfingia Golfingia = Nephasoma Phascolosoma = Nephasoma Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon _ Aspidosiphon Dendrostomum Themiste = Themiste Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Golfingia -Nephasoma Nephasoma Phascolosoma Golfingia _Nephasoma Syrinx Phascolosoma = Golfingia Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Phascolosoma = Golfingia Siphonosoma Sipunculus Siphonosoma • Siphonosoma fasciolatum incertae sedis filiforme filiforme (Phascoloides)filiformis filiforme filiforme (Phascoloides)filiformis fillforme fimbriatum (Phascoloides)fimbriata fimbriata species inquirendum fimbriatum species inquirendum flScheri fischeri (Paraspidosiphon)fischeri fisheri fisheri (Lagenopsis) dehamata fischeri cubanus fischeri cubanus fischeri cubanus (Paraspidosiphon)fischeri fischeri fischeri fischeri (Paraspidosiphon) fischeri flagriferum (Phascoloides)flagrifera flagriferum flagriferum flagriferum (Phascoloides)flagrifera flagriferum forbesii forbesii (Golfingia) elongata formosanus formosanus formosanus formosanus (Paraspidosiphon) tenuis formosense (Phascolosoma)formosense (Phascolosoma) agassizii formosum (Dasmosiphon) cumanense fulgens (Golfingia) margaritacea funafuti funafuti (Siphonosoma)funafuti (Siphonosoma)funafuti (Brandt, 183 5) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 (Sluiter,1902) Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Sluiter, 1902) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Murina,1976 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 ten Broeke,1925 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Amor,1964 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Murina,1967b in Murina,1967c in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 ten Broeke,1925 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Selenka,1885 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Selenka,1885) Selenka,1885 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 McCoy,1845 in Baird,1868 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Sato,1939 in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Edmonds,1971,1980 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Sato,1939 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Sato, 1939 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Theei,1875 (b) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Shipley,1898) Shipley, 1898 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 filiforme filiformis fimbriata fimbriatum flScheri fisheri fischeri cubanus fischeri fischeri flagrifera flagriferum forbesii formosanus formosense formosum fulgens funafuti Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM funafotiense fusca fuscum fuscum fuscum fuscus STATUS STATUS AUTHORSHIP GENUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES REFERENCE Physcosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Dendrostomum Themiste Themiste = Themiste Dendrostomum Themiste = Themiste Phascolosoma =Phymosoma = Phascolosoma = Antillesoma Phascolosoma = Goljingia Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon funafutiense (Phascolosoma)funafutiense (Phascolosoma)funafutiense (Phascolosoma) glabrum glabrum fuscum fusca fusca (Lagenopsis) minor minor fuscum fusca (Lagenopsis) minor minor fuscum antillarum Keferstein personal comm. (Antillesoma) antillarum antillarum fuscum margaritacea fuscus fuscus the year 1882 fuscus fuscus steenstrupii steenstrupii (paraspidosiphon) steenstrupii Fischer, 1914b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1979a in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Edmonds, 1960 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Edmonds, 1980 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Edmonds, 1960 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Keferstein,1862 with Selenka et al.,1883 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 in Gibbs & Cutler, 1987 Michaelsen, 1889 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Sluiter, 1882a (sic) 1881 cf. Cutler & Cutler,1989 in Sluiter,1886,1891,1902 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Sipunculus = Sipunculus Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma = Antillesoma Phascolosoma = Goljingia Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Sipunculus = Sipunculus galapagensis (Sipunculus) phalloides phalloides gaudens (Rueppellisoma) gaudens (Antillesoma) antillarum antillarum georgianum margaritacea gerouldi gerouldi gerouldi gerouldi (Aspidosiphon) misakiensis gigas gigas gigas (Paraspidosiphon) laevis gigas incertae sedis Fisher, 1947 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Lanchester,1905c in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 in Gibbs & Cutler, 1987 Michaelsen, 1889 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 ten Broeke,I925 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1979b in Migotto & Ditadi,1988 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Sluiter,1884 in Sluiter, 1886, 1891, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Quatrefages,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Phascolosonw. glabrum glabrum (Sluiter,1902) Physcosoma Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma Physcosoma • Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma Onchnesoma Phalcolosoma glabrum (Phascolosoma) glabrum (Phascolosoma) glabrum glabrum glabrum (Phascolosoma) glabrum glabrum glabrum multiannulatum multiannulatum (Phascolosoma) glabrum multiannulatum glaciale glaciale Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 G galapagensis gaudens georgianum gerouldi gigas gigas glabrum glabrum glabrum glabrum multiannulatum glaciale Continues next page Wesenberg-Lund,1954 Wesenberg-Lund, 19 54 new status in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Danielssen & Koren, 1880 in Roule,1896 37 38 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE glaciale Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Nephasoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Nephasoma Goljingia Goljingia = Nephasoma Sipunculus = Slpunculus Golfingia Goljingia Goljingia Themiste = Themiste = Goljingia Phascolosoma Goljingia = Themiste Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma glaciale glaciale glaciale lilljeborgi glacialis (Phascoloides) glacialis glacialis glacialis glacialis lilljeborgi glacialis (Phascoloides) glacialis capilleforme glans incertae sedis glauca (Thysanocardia) glauca (Thysanocardia) glauca glauca Ｈｌ｡ｧ･ｾｯｰｳｩＩ＠ lageniformis glauca maybe a printer's error? p.705 glaucum (Thysanocardia) glauca (Lagenopsis) lageniformis glaucum (Phascolosoma) glaucum (Phascolosoma) agassizii glossipapillosum glossipapillosa p.91 glossipapillosa glossipapillosa (Goljingia) margaritacea glossipapillosum (Goljingia) margaritacea (Rueppel/isoma) golikovi (PhascolosGma)japonicum (Phascolosoma) agassizii irr Theel, 1905 in Fischer,1929 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1930, 1932 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Danielssen & Koren, 1880) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Gibbs,1982 in Cutler & Cutler, 1980b in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Danielssen & Koren,1880) in Murina, 1964c in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Quatrefages,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 (Lanchester, 1905b) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1977b in Gibbs et a/.,1983 in Cutler & Cutler,1988 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Lanchester, 1905 b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1988 Sato,1930 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Sato,1934 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Murina,1977b iy, Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Sato,1934 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Murina,1975a in Cutler & Cutler,1983 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Aspidosiphon gosnoldi Cutler,1981 • Aspidosiphon (Aspidosiphon) gosnoldi in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Phascolopsis gouldii (Pourtales,1851 ) Sipunculus Phascolosomum Phascolosoma Goljingia Phascolopsis • Phascolopsis gouldii gouldii gouldii (Phascolopsis) gouldii gouldii gouldii Pourtales,1851 in Diesing,1859 i.a. Keferstein,1865 in Fisher,1950b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Gibbs & Cutler,1987 gracilis Aspidosiphon gracilis gracilis (Baird,1868) gracilis gracilis Pseudoaspidosiphon Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon gracilis gracilis (Aspidosiphon) gracilis gracilis (Aspidosiphon) gracilis graCilis (Aspidosiphon) graCilis gracilis graciliS schnehageni (Aspidosiphon) graCilis schnehageni Baird,1868 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 (Baird,1868) in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 glacialis glacialis glans glauca glaucum glaucum glossipapillosa glossipapillosum golikovi gosnoldi gouldii gracilis schnehageni Fischer,1913 new status in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE grandis Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon grandis grandis grandis (Paraspidosiphon) laevis grandis obliquoscutatus (Paraspidosiphon) laevis Sato,1939 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1981 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Murina,1974b in Cutler & Cutler,1989 grandis obliquoscutatus granulatum granulatum gravieri grayi gurjanovae guttatum Phascolosoma granulatum Leuckart,1828 Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Sipunculus Xenosiphon = Xenosiphon Phascolosoma = Phascolpsoma Lithacrosiphon Lithacrosiphon = Lithacrosiphon Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) granulatum (Phascolosoma) granulatum granulatum granulatum granulatum (Phascolosoma) stephensoni gravieri branchiatus branchiatus branchiatus grayi (Phascolosoma) noduliferum gurjanovae gurjanovae cristatus guttatum incertae sedis in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Leuckart,1828 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1959a (part) in Cutler & Cutler, 1979b in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Herubel,1904c in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Baird,1868 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Murina, 1967b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Jurczak,1975 (Quatrefages, 1865) in Stephen & ｅ､ｭｯｮｾＬＱＹＷＲ＠ Phascolosoma = Phascolion Stephanostoma Phascolosoma = Golfingia = Golfingia Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Syrinx Phascolosoma = Golfingia Siphonosoma Siphonosoma Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Siphonosoma Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Siphonosoma hamulatum strombi hanseni hanseni margaritacea hanseni (Golfingia) margaritacea hartmeyeri hartmeyeri (Akrikos) albus hartmeyeri hartmeyeri hartmeyeri hartmeyeri hartmeyeri hartmeyeri (Aspidosiphon) misakiensis harveyii harveyii (Golfingia) vulgaris vulgaris hataii hataii (Damosiphon) carolinense (Dasmosiphon) cumanense havelockensis (Paraspidosiphon) tenuis hawaiense (Siphonosoma) rotumanum (Siphonosoma)funafuti hebes (Satonus) hebes (Dasmosiphon) cumanense Packard,1867 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Danielssen & Koren, 1881 in Theel,1905 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Fischer,1919a in Wesenberg-Lund,1957,1959 a,b in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Fischer,1919a in Fischer,I926 in Edmonds,1956,1980 in Murina, 1967c in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler,1977a in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Forbes, 1841 in Diesing, 1859 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Sato,1935 in Sato,1939 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1982 Halder,1978 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Edmonds,1966 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 H hamulatum hanseni hartmeyeri hartmeyeri harveyii hataii havelockensis hawaiense hebes 39 Sipunculans of the world 40 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE hedraeum Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Themiste Themiste • Themiste Centrosiphon Centrosiphon Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Physcosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Sipunculus Sipunculus = Aspidosiphon Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon =Aspidosiphon Dendrostoma Themiste Themiste Themiste = Themiste Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostomum Themiste = Themiste Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Aspidosiphon ,,; Aspidosiphon hedraeum hedraeum (Isomya) hedraeum hennahi hennahi (Themiste) hennahi herdmani herdmani herdmani (Goljingia) vulgaris herdmani heronis (Phascolosoma) heronis (Phascolosoma) stephensoni herouardi granulatum hespera hespera (Mitosiphon) hespera hespera (Mitosiphon) hespera (Mitosiphon) misakiana heterocyathi heterocyathi muelleri reference (McDonnald) not shown heteropapillosum heteropapillosum heteropapillosum (Ph{Ucolion) abnorme heteropapillosum heteropapillosum (Isomya) hedraeum heteropsammiarum heteropsammiarum (Aspidosiphon) muelleri hexadactylum hexadactyla hexadactyla hexadactyla (Themiste) pyroides hexadactylum hexadactylum hexadactylum hexadactylum hexadactyla (Themiste) pyroides hibridus hibridus (Phascolion) hibridus hirondellei hirondellei hirondellei (Isomya) tuberculosum hispitrofus (Aspidosiphon) muelleri Selenka & de Man,1883 hennahi herdmani heronis herouardi hespera heterocyathi heteropapillosum heteropapillosum heteropsammiarum hexadactyla hexadactylum hibridus hirondellei hispitrofus in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Gray,1828 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1988 Shipley, 1903 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Edmonds,1980 new status in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Edmonds, 1956 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Herubel,1903 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Chamberlain, 1920a in Fisher..1952 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Amor,1975a in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler ,1979 McDonald,1862 in Saiz Salinas, 1986b in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Wesenberg-Lund,1963 in Stephen & Cutler,1969 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Wesenberg-Lund, 1963 sensu Cutler, 1977b in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Bouvier,1894 in Saiz Salinas, 1986b in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Sato,1930 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Cutler et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Sato,1930 in Sato,1937b,1939 in Okuda,1946 in Fisher,1952 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Murina,1981 Murina, 1981 b in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Sluiter, 1900 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Gibbs,1985 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Li Greci,1980 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES homomyarium Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Golfingia = Golfingia Phascolosoma Golfingia = Golfingia = Golfingia Phascolosoma = Golfingia homomyarium (Aspidosiphon) elegans homomyarium homomyarius (Aspidosiphon) elegans horsti (Antillesoma) horsti (Phascolosoma) nigrescens (Phascolosoma) nigrescens hozawai (Thysanocardia) hozawai hudsonianum (Golfingia) hudsoniana muricaudata (Golfingia) muricaudata hudsonianum (Golfingia) muricaudata homomyarius horsti hozawai hudsoniana hudsonianum incertae sedis AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE Johnson, 1965 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Johnson, 1965 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 ten Broeke, 192 5 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Sato,1937b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 Chamberlain, 1920b in Stephen & ｅ､ｭｾ＾ｮｳＬＱＹＷＲ＠ in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Chamberlain, 1920b in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Phascolion hupferi Fischer,1895 Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolosoma Dendrostoma Dendrostomum Themiste Themiste Themiste = Themiste Phascolosoma Golfingia = Golfingia hupferi (Lesenka) hupferi huttoni huttoni huttoni huttoni huttoni huttoni (Lagenopsis) minor huttoni hyugensis (Thysanocardia) hyugensis in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia = Golfingia Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon (Golfingia) ikedai (Golfingia) ikedai (GDlfingia) ikedai (Golfingia) ikedai (Golfingia) margaritacea ikedai ikedai ikedai ikedai immunita Golfingia immunita (Sluiter,1902) immunitum Phascolosoma Golfingia Golfingia • Golfingia Phascolosoma • Golfingia Phascolosoma Golfingia Golfingia immunitum (Siphonoides) immunita (Golfingiella) immunita (Apionsoma) immunita immunitum (Apionsoma) immunita improvisum improvisa improvisa Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler et al.,1983 Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler et al.,1983 Theel, 1905 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1955, 1963 in Murina,1958,1968b,1971b, hupferi huttoni hyugensis incertae sedis Benham, 1903 in Benham, 1904 in Edmonds, 1960 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler ,1977a in Edmonds, 1980 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Sato,1934 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 I ikedai ikedai imbellis improvisa Continues next page Species inquirendum imbellis (Aspidosiphon) muelleri Fisher,1950a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Murina,1977b in Nishikawa, 1977 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Sato,1930 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Cutler et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 41 42 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES improvisa Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia = Nephasoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Nephasoma Sipunculus = Sipunculus Phascolosoma Golfingia = Nephasoma Phascolosoma = Nephasoma Lithacrosiphon Lithacrosiphon = Lithacrosiphon improvisa (Phascoloides) improvisa improvisa improvisa diaphanes diaphanes improvisum improvisum improvisum diaphanes diaphanes inc/usus (Sipunculus) phalloides inc/usus incompositum incomposita abyssorum incompositum abyssorum indicus indicus cristatus Sipunculus indicus Sipunculus • Sipunculus Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Xenosiphon = Sipunculus Sipunculus = Sipunculus indicus (Austrosiphon) indicus indicus indicus (Lesenka) hupferi indicus (Austrosiphon) indicus infrons (Sipunculus) norvegicus Siphonosoma ingens Siphonomecus Siphonosoma • Siphonosoma ingens (Siphonosoma) ingens (Siphonosoma) ingens improvisum inc/usus incomposita incompositum indicus indicus indicus indicus infrons ingens iniqua Golfingia iniqua iniquum Golfingia Golfingia • Golfingia Phascolosoma (Golfingia) iniqua margaritacea (Golfingia) iniqua iniquum (Golfingia) iniqua (Golfingiella) innoxia species inquirendum innoxium species inquirendum inquilinus inquilinis (Aspidosiphon) muelleri inquilinus inquilinus (Aspidosiphon) muelleri insularis insularis insulans (Phascolosoma) perlucens innoxia innoxium inquilinis inquilinus insularis • Golfingia Golfingia = Golfingia Phascolosoma = Golfingia Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Parapidosiphon = Phascolosoma AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE in Murina, 1972,1973a, 1978 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Arnor, 1975a in Edmonds,1976 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Theel,1905 in Gerou1d,1913 in Wesenberg-Lund,1930, 1939 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Sluiter,1912 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Sluiter,1912 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Fischer, 1922a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Jurczak,1975 Peters,1850 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Murina,1974c in Cutler et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Johnson, 1969 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a (Fisher,1947) ｆｩｾｨ･ｲＬ＠ 1947 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 (Sluiter,1912) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 .:;ilStuiter, 19 12 "lin Cutler & Cutler,1987 (Sluiter,1912) in Cut·lj:r et al.,1983 Sluiter,1912 in Cutler et al. ,1983 Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Sluiter,1902 in Edmonds,1980 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Lanchester, 1905c in Gibbs & Cutler, 1987 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 ". Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE intermedia Phascolosoma Goljingia Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolion intermedium (Phascoloides) intermedia strombus strombus intermedium intermedium strombus Southem,l913b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Gibbs, 1977 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Southern,1913b in Stephen,1948 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Onchnesoma intermedium Murina,1976 • Onchnesoma intermedium in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Cloeosiphon = Cloeosiphon Phascolosoma Phymosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Physcosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phymosoma Physcosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Goljingia = Goljingia Sipunculus Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Sipunculus Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus Sipunculus = Phascolosoma Sipunculus = Sipunculus Sipunculus = Phascolosoma japonicum aspergillus japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum (Phascolosoma)japonicum (Phascolosoma) agassizii japonicum japonicum (Phascolosoma) granulatum japonicum japonicum japonicum (Phascolosoma) noduliferum japonicum japonicum ikedai (nom. nov. pro japonicum) (Goljingia) margaritacea (Phymosomum)javanensis javanense (Phascolosoma) pacificum (Phymosomum)javanensis javanense (Phascolosoma) noduliferum (Phymosomum)javanensis incertae sedis (Phymosomum)javanensis (Phascolosoma) pacificum (Phymosomum)javanensis incertae sedis (Phymosomum)javanensis (Phascolosoma) noduliferum Ikeda, 1904 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Grube,1877 in Selenka et al.,1883 (part) in Shipley, 1891 in Fischer,1895,1914b,I922a in Fischer, 1923 in Ostroumov ,1909 in Chamberlain, 1920b in Sato,1930,37,39 in Leroy, 1936 in Stephen,1942 in Fisher, 1952 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1963 in Stephen & Cutler, 1969 in Cutler, 1977b in Cutler et aI., 1984 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Grube, 1877 in Fischer, 1922b in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Grube, 1877 in Selenka et al.,1883 (part) in Stephen, 1948 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Ikeda, 1904 in Chin, 1947 Fisher,1950a in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Quatrefages,1865 in Baird, 1868 (part) in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Quatrefages,1865 in Baird, 1868 (part) in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Quatrefages, 1865 (part) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Saiz Salinas, 1984b in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Quatrefages, 1865 (part) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Saiz Salinas, 1984b in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 intermedium intermedium J japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum japonicum javanense javanense javanensis javanensis 43 44 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE javanicum Cloeosiphon = Cloeosiphon Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma ? Sipunculus Phascolosoma = Nephasoma Sipunculus Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon javanicum aspergillus jeffreysii (Phascolosoma) granulatum johnstoni johnstoni (Paraspidosiphon) laevis johnstoni Sluiter, 1886 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Baird, 1868 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Edmonds, 1980 in Lopez et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 (Forbes, 1841 ) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Forbes,1841 in Southern, 1913a in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Herubel,1905 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Baird, 1873 in Rice & Stephen, 1970 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1979a in Edmonds, 1980 in Saiz Salinas, 1986b in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Siphonosoma Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon (Phascolosoma) kapalum (Phascolosoma) turnerae klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzingeri klunzi ngeri (Paraspidosiphon) laevis kolense (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris kolense (Goljingia) kolensis (Goljingia) kolensis (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris koreae (Damosiphon) cumanense koreae (Dasmosiphon) cumanense kovaleskii kovaleskii kovaleskii jeffreysii johnstoni johnstoni johnstoni joubini jukesii incertae sedis johnstoni johnstoni minutum joubini (Siphonosoma)jou/}ini incertae sedis jukesii jukesii jukesii jukesii jukesii jukesii (Aspidosiphon) muelleri K kapalum klunzingeri kolense kolensis koreae kovaleskii Continues next page Edmonds, 1985 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Selenka & Biilow,1883 in Fischer, 1896, 1914a in Sluiter, 1898, 1912 in Shipley, 1898, 1899b in Herubel,1904b in Monro,1931 in Edmonds, 1956 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1957b in Wesenberg-Lund, 1959a,b, in Wesenberg-Lund, 1963 in Cutler & Cutler, 1979a,b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Rice & Macintyre, 1972 in Rice,1975b in Halder, 1976 in Gibbs,1978 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Gadd,1911 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Gadd,1911 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Sato,1939 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Murina,1964c in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Zavodnik & Murina,1975 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE kovaleskii Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Lithacrosiphon Lithacrosiphon = Lithacrosiphon Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma kovaleskii (Aspidosiphon) muelleri kukenthali kukenthali uniscutatus kurchatovi kurchatovi (lsomya) hedraeum kurilense (Phascolosoma) kurilense (Phascolosoma) agassizii kurilense in Cutler & Cutler, 1979a in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Fischer,1919b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Jurczak, 1975 Murina,1974a in Cutler & Cutler,1980b in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Sato,1937a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Phymosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia • Nephasoma lacteum lacteum (Phascolosoma) lacteum (Phascolosoma) nigrescens laetmophilum (Phascoloides) laetmophila laetmophilum laetmophilum Nephasoma laetmophilum Goljingia Goljingia • Nephasoma Chrondosoma = Goljingia = Nephasoma Homalosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma laetmophilum (Phascoloides) laetmophila laetmophilum laeve (Phascolioides) eremita eremita eremita laeve margaritacea laeve (Phascolosoma) granulatum laeve laeve (Phascolosoma) granulatum laeve laeve (Phascolosoma) stephensoni Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon laevis Sluiter, 1886 in Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Fisher, 1952 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 vide Koren & Danielssen,1877 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Fisher,1952) Fisher, 1952 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Oersted in Koren & D.,1877 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Oersted in Keferstein,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Cuvier,1830 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Cuvier,1830 in Keferstein, 1863 (part) in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Cuvier,1830 in Keferstein, 1863 (part) in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Quatrefages,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Baird,1868 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Fischer,1895 in Fischer,1914a in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Fischer,1895 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 n.nom. Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Lanchester, 1905 c in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Harms,1921 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 kukenthali kurchatovi kurilense L lacteum laetmophila laetmophilum laeve laeve laeve laeve laeve laevis lageniformis lagense lagensis lanchesteri lanzarotae Continues next page • Aspidosiphon incertae sedis (Paraspidosiphon) laevis Themiste lageniformis Themiste • Themiste Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia Goljingia pro Phascolosoma = Themiste Physcosoma Phascolosoma lageniformis (Lagenopsis) lageniformis lagense lagense incertae sedis lagense (Goljingia) lagensis incertae sedis (Thysanocardia) lanchesteri pyriformis (Lagenopsis) lageniformis lanzarotae (Phascolosoma) granulatum 45 46 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE lanzarotae = Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Sipunculus = Phascolosoma Nephasoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia _Nephasoma Goljingia = Goljingia Dendrostomum Themiste = Themiste Dendrostomum = Themiste Apionsoma Phascolosoma Fisherana Goljingia -Apionsoma Sipunculus Sipunculus _ Sipunculus Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus _ Sipunculus Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phymosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) granulatum (part) (Phascolosoma) stephensoni (part) leachii in Cutler & Cutler,1990 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 incertae sedis in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 leachii levis levis lilljeborgi liochros Lissa lissum lobostoma lomonossovi longicolle longicolle longipapillosus longirhyncus longirostris lordi loricatum loveni levis levis levis (Paraspidosiphon) tenuis levis granulatum lilljeborgi lilljeborgi lilljeborgi lillijeborgi (sic) lilljeborgi liochros (Goljingia) vulgaris herdmani lissum Lissa (Themiste) hennahi lissum (Themiste) hennahi lobostoma lobostoma lobostoma (Apionsoma) lobostoma revision of genera lomonossovi lomonossovi (Sipunculus) lomonossovi longicolle longicolle incertae sedis longicolle cf. vulgaris longicolle longicolle (PhascQlosoma) scolops longipapillosus longipapillosus (Sipunculus) longipapillosus longirhyncus mexicanus (Akrikos) mexicanus longirostris , (Phascolosoma) longirostris (Mitosiphon) trichocephala Lordi (Phascolosoma) agassizii loricatum incertae sedis loveni granulatum (Blainville, 1827) Sluiter, 1886 in Sluiter,1891,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Cuvier, 1830 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 (DanieIssen & Koren,1881) Danielssen & Koren, 1881 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Cutler & Cutler,1979a in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Fisher, 1952 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler-& Cut!er, 1988 Fisher, 1952 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 (Fischer,1895) Fischer, 1895 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler ,1979 in Gibbs & Cutler, 1987 Murina,1968 Murina, 1968b in Cutler & Cutler,1985a ROppell & Leuckart,1828 in Diesing, 1851 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Saiz Salinas,1989 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 ROppell & Leuckart,1828 in Grube,1840 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Murina,1968 Murina, 1968b in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Cutler & Cutler,1980c in Cutler et ai., 1983 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Wesenberg-Lund,1959a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 Baird, 1868 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 (Quatrefages, 186 5) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Koren & Danielssen, 1877 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM lucifugax lureo lureo malaeeensis lutense luteum lutulenta STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS} & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE Phascolion lucifugax SeIenka & de Man,1883 Phaseolion Phaseolion • Phaseolion Phymosoma Physeosoma Phaseolosoma = Phascolosoma Phymosoma Phymosoma Physeosoma = Phaseolosoma lueifugax lueifugax (Jsomya) lueifugax lureo lureo lureo (Phaseolosoma) areuatum lureo malaeeensis lureo malaeeensis lureo malaeeensis (Phaseolosoma) areuatum in Selenka et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Selenka et aI., 1883 i.a Fischer, 1895 in Edmonds, 1956 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Selenka & de Man,1883 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Phascolion lutense Selenka,1885 Phaseolion • Phaseolion Phaseolosoma = Golfingia Themiste = Themiste lutense (Montagu) lutense luteum (Golfingia) vulgaris vulgaris lutulenta incertae sedis in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Theel,1875 (b) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Hutton, 1879) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Golfingia Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Golfingia Golfingia = Golfingia Golfingia Qolfingia = Golfingia Phaseolosoma Golfingia Golfingia Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Sipuneulus = Sipuneulus macer macer (Phaseoloides) maera macer species inquirendum maeginitiei (Thysanoeardia) maeginitiei (Thysanoeardia) nigra maekintoshii (Golfingia) vulgaris vulgaris (Golfingia) vulgaris macer (Phaseoloides) maera maera macer species inquirendum maerorhynehus incertae sedis Sluiter,1891 in Sluiter,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Fisher, 1952 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Gibbs et al.,1983 Lankester,1885 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Gibbs & Cutler, 1987 Sluiter,1891 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Blainville,1827 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 M macer maeginitiei maekintoshii maera maerorhynehus ) maculatum magnibatha magnibathum major makoensis Phascolosoma maculatum (Sluiter ,1886) Phymosoma Physeosoma Phaseolosoma • Phaseolosoma Onehnesoma • Onehnesoma maeulatum maeulatum (Satonus) maeulatum (Phaseolosoma) maeulatum magnibatha magnibathum Sluiter,1886 in Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Cutler, 1969 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Onchnesoma magnibathum Cutler,1969 • Onehnesoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon magnibathum major major major (Paraspidosiphon) laevis makoensis makoensis makoensis (Paraspidosiphon) steenstrupii in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Vaillant, 1871 in Vaillant, 1875 in DeRochebrune,1881 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Sato,1939 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 47 48 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM maldivensis manceps maoricus marchadi marcusi margaritacea Sipunculans of the world STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE Shipley,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Hughes,1975 in Cutler & Jurczak, 1975 Selenka & de Man,1883 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Shipley,1899c in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Benham, 1904 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Stephen, 1960 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Ditadi,1976 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a (Sars,1851 ) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Edmonds, 1956 in Edmonds, 1980 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Murina,1977b in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Michaelsen, 1889) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler et aI., 1984 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Baird,1868) in Edmonds, 1960 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Theel, 1905) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Danielssen & Koren, 1881) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Ikeda, 1904) in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Cutler et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Theel,1911 new status in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Gerould,1913) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Theel, 1905) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Sato,1934) in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Cutler et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Lithacrosiphon maldivensis Lithacrosiphon Lithacrosiphon • Lithacrosiphon Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Sipunculus = Xenosiphon = Sipunculus Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma maldivensis maldivensis maldivensis manceps manceps manceps manceps incertae sedis maoricus mundanus mundanus marchadi (Hesperosiphon) cumanense (Dasmosiphon) cumanense Sipunculus marcusl • Sipunculus (Sipunculus) marcusi Golfingia margaritacea margaritacea GoIfingia • GoIfingia margaritacea adelaidensis GoIfingia GoIfingia GoIfingia GoIfingia = GoIfingia margaritacea antarctica GoIfingia GoIfingia GoIfingia = GoIfingia margaritacea capsiformis GoIfingia GoIfingia = GoIfingia margaritacea jinmarchica GoIfingia GoIfingia = GoIfingia margaritacea hanseni GoIfingia GoIfingia = GoIfingia margaritacea ikedai GoIfingia GoIfingia GoIfingia = GoIfingia margaritacea ohlini GoIOngiQ • GoIfingia margaritacea meridionalis GoIfingia GoIfingia = GoIfingia margaritacea sibirica GoIfingia GoIfingia = GoIfingia margaritacea soya GoIfingia GoIfingia GoIfingia = GoIfingia (GoIfingia) margaritacea margaritacea (GoIfingia) margaritacea margaritacea margaritacea adelaidensis margaritacea adelaidensi s margaritacea adelaidensis margaritacea adelaidensis (GoIfingia) margaritacea margaritacea antarctica margaritacea antarctica margaritacea antarctica (GoIfingia) margaritacea margaritacea capsiformis margaritacea capsiformis (GoIfingia) margaritacea margaritacea jinmarchica (GoIfingia)jinmarchica (GoIfingia) margaritacea margaritacea hanseni (GoIfingia) margaritacea hanseni (GoIfingia) margaritacea margaritacea ikedai margaritacea ikedai margaritacea ikedai (GoIfingia) margaritacea margaritacea ohlini (GoIfingia) margantacea ohlini margaritacea meridionalis margaritacea meridionalis (GoIfingia) margaritacea margaritaceum sibirica margaritacea sibirica (GoIfingia) margaritacea margaritacea soya margaritacea soya margaritacea soyo (GoIfingia) margaritacea , Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES STATUS STATUS AUTHORSHIP SUBSP. & SYNONYM GENUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES REFERENCE margaritacea trybomi Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Goljingia margaritaceum Phascolosoma • Goljingia Goljingia margaritaceum Phascolosoma = Goljingia margan'taceum antarcticum Goljingia Phascolosoma = Goljingia ｭ｡ｲｧｩｬ｣ｾｵ＠ californiensis Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia margaritaceum capsiforme Goljingia Phascolosoma = Goljing!a margaritaceum hanseni Goljingia Phascolosoma = Goljingia margaritaceum meridionalis Goljingia = Goljingia margaritaceum sibirica Goljingia = Goljingia margaritaceum trybomi Goljingia Phascolosoma = Goljingia margaritaceus Sipunculus • Goljingia Nephasoma marinki Nephasoma = Goljingia = Nephasoma = Onchnesoma Phascolosoma martensi Goljingia = Thysanocardia mauritaniense Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma mawsoni Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma mawsoni Goljingia = Goljingia margaritacea trybomi margaritacea trybomi margaritacea trybomi margaritacea trybomi (Goljingia) margaritacea margaritacea margaritaceum (Goljingia) margaritacea margaritacea margaritaceum (Goljingia) vulgaris margaritaceum antarcticum margaritaceum antarcticum (Goljingia) margaritacea margaritaceum californiensis margaritaceum californiensis margaritaceum californiensis (Goljingia) margaritacea margaritaceum capsiforme margaritaceum capsiforme (Goljingia) margaritacea margaritaceum hanseni margaritaceum hanseni (Goljingia) margaritacea margaritaceum meridionalis (Goljingia) margaritacea margaritaceum sibirica (Goljingia) margaritacea margaritaceum trybomi margaritaceum trybomi (Goljingia) margaritacea margaritaceus (Goljingia) margaritacea marinki marinki glacialis lill;eborgi glaciale martensi (Thysanocardia) martensi catharinae mauritaniense (Satonus) mauritaniense incertae sedis mawsoni mawsoni mawsoni mawsoni mawsoni (Goljingia) mawsoni (Goljingia) margaritacea ohlini mawsoni mawsoni (Goljingia) margaritacea rm (Theel, 1905) in Wesenberg-Lund, 1955 in Murina,1971b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Sars, 1851) i. a. Koren & Danielssen, 1877 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Sars,1851 ) in Keferstein,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Michaelsen,1889) in Fischer,I929 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Fisher, 1952 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Rice, 1980 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Baird,1868) in Fischer, 1896 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 (Danielssen & Koren, 1881) in Stephen, 1941b in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Gerould,1913) in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Theel, 1905) in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Theel, 1905) in Fischer, 1924 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Sars,1851 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Pergament, 1940 p.215 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 p.1 44 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 in Gibbs & Cutler, 1987 Collin,1901 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Gibbs et al.,1983 Herubel,I924 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 Benham, 1922 in Fischer, 1929 in Stephen, 1948 in Edmonds, 1972 in Murina,1972 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Benham, 1922 sensu Murina,1964b in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 49 50 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE mediterraneum Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolosoma Phymosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia • Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Goljingia • Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Physcosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phymosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phymosoma Phymosoma = Phascolosoma Sipunculus = Sipunculus Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Themiste Dendrostoma Dendrostomum Themiste • Themiste Dendrostoma Dendrostoma = Themiste Themiste Phascolosoma • Themlste mediterraneum mediterraneum mediterraneum mediterraneum (lsomya) convestitum medusae medusae (Phascolion) medusae megaethi megaethi (Phascolion) megaethi meteori meteori meteori (Phascolosoma) meteori (Phascolosoma) meteori mexicana (Siphonoides) mexicana (Aspidosiphon) mexicanus mexlcanus (Siphonoides) mexicana (Akrikos) mexicanus michelini michelini (Aspidosiphon) muelleri microdentigerum microdentigerum (Antillesoma) microdentigerum (Phascolosoma) perlucens (Phascolosoma) perlucens microdontoton (Phascolosoma) microdontoton (Phascolosoma) albolineatum microdontoton microdontoton (Phascolosoma) glabrum glabrum microrhynchus incertae sedis microspheroides (lsomya) tuberculosum microspheroidi (lsomya) microspheroidis microspheroidis (Isomya) microspheroidis minor minor minor minor minor (Lagenopsis) minor minor minor minor (Lagenopsis) lageniformis minor huttoni huttoni (Lagenopsis) minor huttoni Fischer, 1922a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Saiz Salinas, 1980 in Gibbs, 1985 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Cutler & Cutler,1980 Cutler & Cutler, 1980c in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Cutler & Cutler,1979 Cutler & Cutler,1979a in Cutler & Cutler,1985b (Herubel,1904) Herubel,1904a in Stephen, 1941a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Murina 1967 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler et al.,1983 (Murina 1967) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Bouvier, 1894 in Saiz Salinas,1986b in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 ten Broeke, 192 5 in Stephen, 1960 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Sluiter, 1886 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Sluiter, 1886 in Shipley, 1898 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Blainville,1827 in Stephen &.Edmonds,1972 sensu Cutler & Cutler, 1980a in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Cutler & DuffY, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Cutler & DufTy,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b (Ikeda,1904) Ikeda, 1904 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1963 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Ikeda, 1904 in Chin,1947 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 (Benham,1903) Benham, 1903 new status in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 medusae megaethi meteori mexicana mexicanus michelini microdentigerum microdontoton microdontoton microrhynchus microspheroides microspheroidi microspheroidis minor minor minor huttoni Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES minuta Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia = Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma minuta minuta minuta minuta minuta minuta minuta minuta diaphanes diaphanes minutum minutum minutum minutum minutum minutum diaphanes diaphanes Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia • Nephasoma Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Petalostoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Golfingia • Nephasoma minuta minuta (Phaseoloides) minuta minuta minutum minutum minutum minutum minutum minutum minutum minutum minutum (Phaseoloides) minuta minutum Physeosoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Golfingia • Golfingia Golfingia Phaseolosoma Golfingia minutum minutum (Antillesoma) minutum (Phaseolosoma) nigreseens (Phaseolosoma) nigreseens mirabilis mirabilis mirabilis mirabilis (Aspidosiphon) muelleri (Aspidosiphon) muelleri mirabilis (Golfingia) mirabilis misakiana misakianum (Mitosiphon) misakiana (Apionsoma) misakiana misakianum (Mitosiphon) misakiana misakiensis (Aspidosiphon) misakiensis minutum minuta minutum minutum mirabilis mirabilis misakiana misakianum misakiensis • Golfingia Phaseolosoma • Golfingia Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE (Keferstein,1863) J in Wesenberg-Lund,1955,1963 in Murina,1957a,1958,1968b in Murina,1971b,1972,1973b in Murina, 1974a,1976, 1978 in Cutler, 1973,1977a in Cutler & Cutler, 1979a in Saiz-Salinas,1984 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Keferstein, 1863 in Theel, 19 11 in Sluiter,1912 in Fischer, 1922a,d, 1929 (part) in Wesenberg-Lund,1930,1932 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1937b,c in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Keferstein, 1863) in Akesson,1958 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Gibbs,1973,1975,1977 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Keferstein,1863 ) Keferstein, 1863, 1865 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Sluiter,1912 in Cuenot,1922 in Fischer, 1925 (part) ,1929 in Stephen, 1934 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1939 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 ten Broeke, 192 5 in Sluiter,1912 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Theel,1875 (b) in Theel,1905 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Southem,1913a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Murina,1969 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 (Ikeda,1904) Ikeda, 1904 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler ,1979 Ikeda, 1904 in Cutler & Murina,1977 Ikeda,1904 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 51 52 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE mogadorense Phascolion = Phascolion = Phascolion Golfingia Golfingia ? Aspidosiphon = Antillesoma Cloeosiphon Cloeosiphon = Cloeosiphon Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Siphonosoma Siphonosoma • Siphonosoma Phascolosoma Golfingia = Nephasoma Phascolosoma = Nephasoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Nephasoma Golfingia Golfingia • Nephasoma Siphonomecus Siphonomecus • Siphonomecus Sipunculus Sipunculus = Sipuncu[us Sipunculus = Phascolosoma Sipunculus Xenosiphon • Sipunculus Sipunculus Sipunculus Xenosiphon Xenosiphon Xenosiphon Xenosiphon Xenosiphon • Sipunculus Sipunculus = Xenosiphon mogadorense hirondellei (Isomya) tuberculosum mokyevskii (Thysanocardia) mokyevskii mokyevskii antillarum mollis mollis aspergillus moskalevi moskalevi species inquirendum mourense (Siphonosoma) mourense (Siphonosoma) mourense mucidum (Phascoloides) mucida jiliforme mucidum jiliforme muelleri muelleri (Aspidosiphon) muelleri multiannulata (Phascolosoma) multiannulatum (Phascolosoma) albolineatum multiannulata (Phascolosoma) multiannulatum (Phascolosoma) glabrum multiannulatum multiaraneusa multiaraneusa (Phascoloides) multiaraneusa multiaraneusa multicinctus multicinctus multicinctus multi sulcatus multisulcatus (Sipunculus) phalloides phalloides multitorquatus granulatum mundanus mundanum (Austrosiphon) mundanus mundanus mundanus mundanus mundanus mundanus mundanus mundanus (Austrosiphon) mundanus mundanus branchiatus branchiatus branchiatus Sluiter, 1912 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Murina, 1964 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Gibbs et al.,1983 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Selenka & BOlow,1883 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Murina, 1964a In Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b mokyevskii mollis moskalevi mourense mucida mucidum muelleri multiannulata multiannulatum multiaraneusa multicinctus multisulcatus multitorquatus mundanum mundanus mundanus branchiatus Sato,1930 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Diesing,IS51 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Wesenberg-Lu'nd,1954 (part) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Wesenberg-Lund, 1954 (part) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 (Murina,1967) Murina, 1967c in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Fisher, I 947 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Gibbs & Cutler, 1987 Fischer, 1913 in DeJorge,Petersen & Ditadi,1970 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Quatrefages, 1865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Selenka & BOlow,1883 in Fisher,1954a in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Selenka & Billow,ISS3 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Fisher,1954a in Tarifeno & Tomicic,1973 in Cutler, 1977a in Edmonds,1980 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Fischer, 1895 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS} & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE muricaudata Golfingia Goljingia Goljingia • Goljingia Phascolosoma • Goljingia Golfingia • Goljingia Phascolion Phascolion =Phascolion Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Dendrostoma = Themiste = Themiste muricaudata muricaudata (Goljingia) muricaudata (Goljingia) muricaudata muricaudatum (Goljingia) muricaudata murmae (Apionsoma) murinae murrayi murrayi (Lesenka) valdiviae sumatrense mutabile (Goljingia) iniqua mutabile (Goljingia) mutabilis (Goljingia) mutabilis (Goljingia) iniqua mytheca zostericola (Themiste) hennahi (Southern,1913 ) (Southern, 1913a) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Southern,1913 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Cutler,1969 in Cutler ,1979 Stephen, 1941 a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Southern,1913 (a) in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Southern,19t3 (a) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Murina,1977b in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Chamberlain, 1920a in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Phymosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma =Phascolosoma =Phascolosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus Sipunculus Sipunculus = Sipunculus ? Themiste Goljingia • ? Themiste Goljingia = Nephasoma Thysanocardia Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia • Thysanocardia PhascoLosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma Phascolosoma =Phascolosoma =Antillesoma Phymosoma Phymosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma Ikeda, 1904 nahaense (Rueppel/isoma) nahaense in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Rueppel/isoma) nahaense in Cutler & Cutler,1981,1983 (Phascolosoma) scolops in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 (Phascolosoma) scolops in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 natans Fisher, 1954b natans in Dejorge,Petersen & Ditadi,1970 natans in Cutler,1977a natans in Ditadi,1982 (Sipunculus) polymyotus in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a nelmamae (Murina,1976) (Thysanocardia) neimaniae Murina,1976 neimaniae in Gibbs et al.,1983 nicolasi Thompson, 1980 wodjanizkii wodjanizkii in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 nigra (Ikeda,1904) nigrum Ikeda, 1904 (Thysanocardia) nigra in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Thysanocardia) nigra in Cutler & Murina,1977 nigra in Gibbs et al.,1983 nigrescens Keferstein,1865 nigrescens Keferstein,1865 (Phascolosoma) nigrescens in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Phascolosoma) nigrescens in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 nigriceps Baird, 1868 (Antillesoma) antillarum in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 antillarum in Gibbs & Cutler, 1987 nigritorquatum Sluiter,1882 (b) nigritorquarum p. 701: the year 1882 (sic) 1881 cf Cutler & Cutler, 1990 nigritorquatum in Sluiter,1902 (Satonus) nigritorquatum in Fischer,1919a,1921a (Satonus) nigritorquatum in Edmonds, 1980 (Satonus) nigritorquatum in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 muricaudatum murinae murrayi mutabile mutabilis mytheca N nahaense natans neimaniae nicolasi nigra nigrescens nigriceps nigritorquatum Continues next page 53 54 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBS? & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES nigritorquatum ｾ＠ Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma • Thysanocardia Sipunculus ｾ＠ Sipunculus Phascolosoma Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma Sipunculus • Phascolosoma Sipunculus ｾ＠ Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia ｾ＠ Goljingia Phaseolosoma ｾ＠ Phaseolosoma Sipunculus Sipuneulus • Sipuneulus Sipunculus ｾ＠ Sipunculus Sipunculus ｾ＠ Sipunculus Phaseolosoma Goljingia Goljingia ｾ＠ Goljingia Phaseolosoma ｾ＠ Goljingia Sipunculus Siphonosoma Siphonosoma Siphonosoma Siphonosoma Siphonosoma ｾ＠ Siphonosoma Phaseolosoma Goljingia • Nephasoma Nephasoma Goljingia • Nephasoma Sipunculus Sipuneulus • Sipunculus Sipunculus Sipunculus ｾ＠ Sipunculus (Phascolosoma) cf. scolops iii Cutler & Cutler,1983 ｾ＠ incertae sedis in Cutler & Cutler,1990 nigrum nitidus noduliferum noduliferus nodulosus nordenskjoldi nordfoleense norvegicus norvegieus amerieanus norvegieus vemae nota nota novaepommeraniae novae-zealandiae novaezealandiae nudus nudus nigrum nigra nitidus (Sipunculus) norvegicus noduliferum (Phascolosoma) noduliferum (Phascolosoma) noduliferum (Phymosomum) noduliferus (Phascolosoma) noduliferum (Phymosomum) nodulosus (Phascolosoma) noduliferum nordenskjoldi nordenskjoldi nordenskjoldi nordenskjoldi (Goljingia) nordenskjoldi (Goljingia) nordenskjoldi (Goljingia) margaritacea nordfoleense incertae sedis norvegicus norvegieus norvegicus (Sipunculus) norvegicus norvegieus amerieanus (Sipunculus) norvegicus norvegieus vemae (Sipunculus) nudus nota (Goljingia) nota (Goljingia) nota (Goljingia) margaritacea nota (Goljingia) margaritaeea novaepommeraniae novaepommeraniae novaepommeraniae novaepommeraniae (Siphonosoma) novaepommeraniae novaepommeraniae (Siphonosoma) cumanense novae-zealandiae novae-zealandiae novaezealandiae novaezealandiae (Phaseoloides) novaezealandiae novaezealandiae nudus nudus (Sipunculus) nudus nudus nudus robustus AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE Ikeda,1904 in Gibbs et al.,1983 Sluiter, 1900 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Stimpson,1855 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Quatrefages, 1865 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Quatrefages, 1865 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Theel,1911 in Fischer, 1920, 1922a, 1929 in Stephen,194Ib,1948 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1955 in Murina, 1964b, 1978 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Brandt,1835) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Danielssen,1869 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Gerould,1913 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Stephen, 1966 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Sato,1934 in Murina, I 977b in Cutler & Cutler,1981 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Sato,1934 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Fischer, 1926 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1959c in Murina,1967c in Edmonds,1971 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler,1977a in Cutler & Cutler,1982 Benham,1904 in Edmonds,1960 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Benham,1904 ) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Linnaeus,1766 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Linnaeus, 1766 in Fischer, I 914b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES STATUS STATUS AUTHORSHIP SUBSP. & SYNONYM GENUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES REFERENCE nudus tesselatus Sipunculus = Sipunculus nudus tesselatus nudus Costa,1853 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Sipunculus = Goljingia Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Lithacrosiphon Uthacrosiphon = Uthacrosiphon Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma = Onchnesoma Phascolosoma Goljingia = Thysanocardia Phymosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma = Antillesoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma = Themiste Sipunculus Phascolosoma obscurus (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris ochrus ochrus (Paraspidosiphon) steenstrupii odhneri odhneri cristatus oerstedii margaritacea ohlini ohlini ohlini ohlini ohlini (Goljingia) ohlini ohlini ohlini (Goljingia) margaritacea ohlini ohlini ohlini (Goljingia) elongata okinoseanum (Goljingia) okinoseana (Goljingia) okinoseana (Goljingia) okinoseana (Goljingia) okinoseana (Goljingia) margaritacea okinoseanum (Goljingia) margaritacea olivaceum olivaceum nomen nudum squamatum colour form squamatum onagawa (Thysanocardia) onagawa nigra onomichianum onomichianum ｯｮｭｩ｣ｨ｡ｵｾ＠ onomichianum onomichianum (Rueppel/isoma) onomichianum (Antillesoma) antillarum antillum orbiniense orbiniense incertae sedis (Themiste) alutacea orbiniensis incertae sedis Quatrefages, 1865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Cutler & Cutler, 1979a in Edmonds,1987 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Fischer, 1922a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Jurczak,1975 Keferstein, 1865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Theel,1911 in Fischer,1920,1929 in Stephen,1941b in Wesenberg-Lund,1955,1963 in Edmonds,1965 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Murina,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1980b in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Theel,1911 in Wesenberg-Lund,1959b in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Ikeda,1904 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Murina,1977b in Cutler & Cutler,1981 in Cutler et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutlet, 1987 Ikeda,1904 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 G.O.Sars in Selenka et al.,1883 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Sato,1937b in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Gibbs et al.,1983 Ikeda,1904 in Sato,1934,1939 in Wesenberg-Lund,1959a,1963 in Murina,1967b in Cutler & Cutler,1981 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1983 in Gibbs & Cutler,1987 (Quatrefages, 1865) in Baird,1868 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Quatrefages,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 0 obscurus ochrus odhneri oerstedii ohlini ohlini okinoseana okinoseanum olivaceum onagawa onomichianum orbiniense orbinie1Jsis Continues next page 55 56 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE orbiniensis Themiste = Themiste Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma = Goljingia orbiniensis (Themiste) alutacea owstoni (Goljingia) owstoni (Goljingia) owstoni (Goljingia) owstoni (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris oxyurum elongata in Saiz Salinas, 1984b in Cutler & Cutler,1988 Ikeda, 1904 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Murina,1977b in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Baird,1868 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Phymosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma _ Phascolosoma pachydermatus pachydermatus (Paraspidosiphon) laevis pacijicum pacificum pacificum (Phascolosoma) pacificum (Phascolosoma) pacificum pacificum pacificum pacificum (Montagu) pacificum pallidum pallidum pallidum pallidum (Isomya) tuberculosum pallidum meridionale tuberculosum ? papillifer papi lilfera papillifera revision of genera papillifera papillifera (Apionsoma) papillifera papi llifera revision of genera papilliferum papilliferum papillifera papillifera revision of genera papillosum (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris p.110 (Phascolosoma) granulatum p.306 parvulus parvulus (Paraspidosiphon) parvulus parvum (Hesperoslphon) parvum (Hesperoslphon) vastum parvus parvum species inquirendum parvus species inquirendum Wesenberg-Lund, 193 7a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Keferstein,1866 i.a. Selenka, et aI., 1883 i.a. Shipley, 1898 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Murina,1957 Murina,1957b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Koren & Danielssen,1877 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Leroy,1936 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Augener, 1906 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Quatrefages, 1865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Gibbs & Cutler,1987 (Keferstein,1865) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler, 1979 in Gibbs & Cutler,1987 Keferstein, 1865 in Augener, 1903 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Gibbs & Cutler,1987 Thompson, 1840 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 GerouId,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Fischer, 1928 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1982 Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 In Cutler & Cutler,1985b Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b owstoni oxyurum p pachydermatus pacijicum pacijicum pallidum pallidum meridionale papillifer papillifera papilliferum papillosum parvulus parvum parvum parvus Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion _ Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Sipunculus Fisherana _Apionsoma Apionsoma Fisherana Goljingia _Apionsoma Phascolosoma Phymosoma Fisherana _Apionsoma Sipunculus = Goljingia = Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon _ Aspidosiphon Sipunculus Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Phascolzon Phascolion = Phascolzon Phascolion = Phascolion Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES pavlenkoi Phaseolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia = Thysanoeardia Goljingia = Goljingia Golfingia • Goljingia Phascolosoma Phymosoma Physeosoma Phaseolosoma • Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Sipuneulus Goljingia • Nephasoma Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Sipuneulus Goljingia • Nephasoma Sipuneulus Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma !::!§phasoma • Nephasoma Sipuneulus = Siphonosoma Sipuneulus Phaseolosoma Goljingia • Nephasoma Phymosoma Phymosoma Phymosoma Phymosoma Physeosoma Physeosoma Physeosoma Physeosoma Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma = Antiliesoma Phymosoma Phaseolosoma = Themiste Phymosoma Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Themiste = Themiste pavlenkoi (Phaseoloides) pavlenkoi eatharinae nigra peetinatoida (Spinata) peetinatoides pectinatoides (Spinata) peetinatoides pectinatum peetinatum peetinatum (Satonus) peetinatum (Satonus) peetinatum peliueidum (Phaseolosomum) peliueidus (Phaseoloides) pellueida peliueidum pellueidum pellucidum pellucidum pellueidum (Phaseolosomum) peliueidus (Phaseoloides) pellueida pellueidum pellueidum pellueidus (Siphonosoma) pellueidum species inquirendum pellueidum subhamatum peliueidum subhamatum pellueidus species inquirendum (Phaseolosomum) pellueidus peliueidum (Phaseoloides) peliueida peliueidum peliueidum pelma pelma pelma pelma pelma pelma pelma pelma pelma (Antillesoma) antiliarum antillarum pelma pelma sp. pelma (Antillesoma) pelmum (Phaseolosoma) seolops perimeees perimeees perimeees perimeees (Themiste) hennahi peetinatoida pectinatoides pectinatum peliueida pelJucidum peliueidum eellueidum sub hamatum pellueidu s pellueidus pelma pelma pelmum perimeees AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE Oslroumov, 1909 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Gibbs et aI., 1983 Cutler & Cutler, 1979a p.736 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Cutler & Cutler,1979 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Keferstein,1867 in Selenka et aI., 1883 in Fischer, I 895 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 Keferstein, 1865 Quatrefages, I 865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina, 1986 (Keferstein,1865 ) Keferstein, I 865 Quatrefages, I 865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Sluiter,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1982 (Sluiter ,1902) new status in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Sluiter, I 902 in Cutler & Cutler,1982 Quatrefages, I 865 Keferstein, 1865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Selenka & de Man,1883 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Sluiter, 1886, 1891 in Augener,1903 in Sluiter, 1902 in Shipley,1902 in Fischer, 1922a, 1923 in Sato, 1935 in Cutler,1977a in Cutler & Cutler,1983 in Gibbs & Cutler,1987 Selenka & de Man,1883 sensu Fischer,1922a in Cutler & Cutler,1983 Selenka & de Man,1883 sensu Cutler,1977a in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Fisher, 1928 in Fisher,1952 in MacGinitie,1935 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 57 58 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE perlucens Phascolosoma Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostomum = Themiste = Themiste Siphonosoma Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Dendrostoma = Themiste Dendrosto,mum Themiste Themiste = Themiste Dendrostomum Themiste = Themiste Sipunculus Lumbricus Sipunculus • Sipunculus (Ijpunculus • Sipunculus Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Dendrostoma Themiste = Themiste Dendrostoma = Themiste Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Sipunculus Sipunculus • Sipunculus Lithacrosiphon Lithacrosiphon = Lithacrosiphon Sipunculus = Sipunculus Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma perlucens (Phascolosoma) perlucens (Phascolosoma) perlucens peruvianum peruvianum peruvianum hennahi (Themiste) hennahi pescadolense (Siphonosoma) pescadolense (Siphonosoma) australe takatsukii (Siphonosoma) australe takatsukii petraeum (Themiste) pyroides petricolum petricola petricola (Themiste) alutacea petricolum petricola (Themiste) alutacea phalloides phalloides phalloides phalloides (Sipunculus) phalloides phalloides ehalloides inc/usus (Sipunculus) phalloides inc/usus pharetratum pharetra tum (Phascolion) pharetratum pinnifolium pinnifolia nomen dubium pinnifolium nomen dubium placostegi nomen dubium planispinosum (Phascolosoma) nigrescens planoscutatus planoscutatus (Paraspidosiphon) planoscutatus plicatum incertae sedis polymyotus polymyotus (Sipunculus) polymyotus poritidis poritidis uniscutatus porrectus (Austrosiphon) indicus pourtalesi incertae sedis Baird,1868 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Collin, I 892 in Fischer,1914b in Wesenberg-Lund, 1955 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Sato,1939 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,198 I in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Fisher, 1928 in Cutler & Cutler,1988 Amor,1964 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Amor,1975b in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Amor,1964 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 (Pallas,1774) Pallas, 1774 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Sluiter,1902 new status in Cutler & Cutler,1985a SIuiter,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b ｋｾｦ･ｲｳｴｩｮＬ＠ 1865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Keferstein,1865 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Baird, 1868 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Baird,1868 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Murina,1968 Murina,1968a in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 (Quatrefages,1865) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Fisher,1947 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,I985a ten Broeke,I925 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Jurczak, 1975 Selenka,1888 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a (Pourtales, 1851) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 peruvianum pescadolense petraeum petricola petricolum phalloides ehalloides inc/usus pharetratum pinnifolia pinnifolium placostegi planispinosum planoscutatus plicatum polymyotus poritidis porrectus pourtalesi Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM priapuloides priapuloides priapuloides priapuloides americana prioki procera procera procerum profunda profundum psaron pudica pudica pudica pudicum STATUS GENUS Sipunculus = Sipunculus Sipunculus Sipunculus = Sipunculus Phallosoma = Sipunculus Sipunculus Sipunculus = Sipunculus Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Nephasoma = Thysanocardia Thysanocardia Goljingia • Thysanocardia Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Thysanocardia Phascolosoma • Thysanocardia Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phymosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Goljingia STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES priapuloides (Sipunculus) norvegicus norvegicus priapuloides priapuloides robustus priapuloides (Sipunculus) norvegicus norvegicus priapuloides americana norvegicus americanus (Sipunculus) norvegicus prioki prioki prioki prioki (Phascoloides) prioki prioki (junior synonym) nigra procera (Thysanocardia) procera procera procera procera catharinae procerum procera profundum (Goljingia) profunda (Goljingia) profunda (Goljingja) margaritacea profundum (Goljingia) margaritacea psaron psaron (Phascolosoma) psaron (Phascolosoma) scolops pudica pudica pudica pudica (Apionsoma) cf immunita pudica (Goljingia) pudica (Goljingia) pudica (Goljingia) pudica (Goljingia) pudica (Goljingiella) pudica (Goljingia) cf margaritacea pudica pudica pudica (Goljingia) margaritacea ohlini pudicum pudicum pudicum (Goljingia) margaritacea ohlini AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE Koren & Datlielssen, 1877 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Koren & Danielssen,1877 in Robinson, 1927 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Levinsen,1884 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a Sluiter, 1882 (b) in Sluiter,1891 ,1902 in Selenka et al. ,1883 in Selenka,1885 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Mobius,IS75) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Gibbs et al. ,1983 (Mobius,1875) in Gerould,1913 in Gibbs et al. ,1983 Mobius, 1875 in Gibbs et al.,1983 Roule,1898 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Roule,1898 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Sluiter, 1886 in Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 (Selenka,1885) sensu Wesenberg-Lund, 1959a sensu Murina, 1976 sensu Cutler, 1979 in Cutler et al. ,1983 (Selenka,1885) sensu Selenka, 1885 sensu Fischer, 1929 sensu Stephen, 1948 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler et al.,1983 in Cutler et al.,1983 (Selenka, 1885) (part) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler et al.,1983 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Selenka,1885 (part) in Fischer, 1929 in Stephen, 1948 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 59 60 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE pugettensis Goljingia Goljingia = Thysanocardia Sipunculus Sipunculus = Goljingia Phascolosoma Sipunculus Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma =Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma =Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma = Onchnesoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon ParaspidosiphOl, =Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma =Phascolosoma Phascolosoma =Goljingia = Thysanocardia Sipunculus = Onchnesoma = Onchnesoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Themiste =Goljingia = Themiste Themiste Dendrostoma Themiste • Themiste pugettensis (Thysanocardia) pugettensis nigra punctissimus punctissimus reference (Grosse) not shown vulgaris vulgaris puntarenae (Phymosomum) puntarenae puntarenae puntarenae puntarenae (Phascolosoma) puntarenae (Phascolosoma) nigrescens puntarenae puntarenae (Phascolosoma) perlucens pusi/la (Goljingie/la) pusi/la (Mitosiphon) trichocephala pusillum (Goljingie/la) pusi/la (Mitosiphon) trichocephala pusil/um steenstrupii pygmaeus pygmaeus pygmaeus (Paraspidosiphon) muelleri pygmaeum incertae sedis pyriforme (Thysanocardia) procera procera pyriformiS no description by the author: steenstrupii steenstrupii pyriformiS pyriformiS pyriformiS pyriformiS (Thysanocardia) lanchesteri (Lagenopsis) lageniformis pyroides pyroides pyroides (Themiste) pyroides Fisher,1952 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Gibbs et al., 1983 Grosse, 1853 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Grube & Oersted,1858 in Quatrefages, 1865 in Diesing,1859 in Keferstein, 1863 in Fisher,1952 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Grube & Oersted,1858 in Wesenberg-Lund,1959a in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 (Sluiter,1912) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 Sluiter,1912 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 Sars,1868 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Fischer, 1921 b in Murina,1967a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 (Quatrefages, 186 5) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Danielssen in Theel,1875 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Gibbs etal.,1983 Danieissen, 1859 in Koren & Danielssen, 1875 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Lanchester,1905c in Sato,1939 in Murina,1964a,1967 in Gibbs et al.,1983 n.nov. Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Phascolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia = ? Goljingia Aspidosiphon =Aspidosiphon quadrata (Siphonoides) quadrata incertae sedis valid species quatrefagesi (Paraspidosiphon) laevis Ikeda,1905 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler et al.,1983 the present author Saiz Salinas, 19 84a in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 punctissimus puntarenae puntarenae pusilla pusi/lum pusil/um pygmaeus pygmaeum pyriforme pyriformiS pyriformiS pyroides (Chamberiain,1920) Chamberlain, 1920a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Q quadrata quatrefagesi Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS STATUS GENUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE R radiata ramosa ramosum rapa rapus ravus recondita reconditum rectum rectus reticulata reticulatum rhizophora rhyssapsis rickettsi riisei rimicola Phascolosoma = Aspidosiphon Themiste Themiste = Themiste = Themiste Themiste Dendrostomum Dendrostomum . = Themiste = Themiste Sipunculus Phascolosoma Sipunculus = Themiste Sipunculus = Sipunculus = Themiste Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Apionsoma Phascolosoma Golfingia Golfingia • Apionsoma Phascolosoma • Apionsoma Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolosoma Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia = Golfingia Phascolosoma = Golfingia Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Siphonides = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma = Nephasoma Nephasoma Golfingia • Nephasoma radiata muelleri ramosa ramosa incertae sedis (Themiste) hennahi ramosum ramosum ramosum incertae sedis (Themiste) hennahi (Aedematosomum) rapa rapa rapa (Themiste) hennahi (Aedematosomum) rapa incertae sedis (Themiste) hennahi ravus ravus ravus ravus (Aspidosiphon) elegans recondita reconditum (Golfingia) recondita (Apionsoma) recondita recondita reconditum recondita rectum rectum (Lesenka) rectum rectus (Lesenka) rectum reticulatum reticulata (Golfingia) reticulata reticulata incertae sedis Alder, 1860 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 (Quatrefages, 1865) in Saiz Salinas, 1984b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 (Quatrefages,1865) Quatrefages,1865 in Leroy, 1936 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Quatrefages, 186 5 in Baird, 1868 in Saiz Salinas, 1984b in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Quatrefages,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Sluiter, 1886 in Sluiter, 1891,1902 in Shipley,1899,b,c in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 (Sluiter ,1900) Sluiter, 1900 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler, 1979 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Sluiter, 1900 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Ikeda,1904 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Ikeda, 1904 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Herubel,I925 in Herubel,I925a,b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Saiz Salinas,1986a in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 reticulatum Herubel,I925 incertae sedis in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 rhizophora (Phascolosoma) arcuatum rhyssapsis in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 incertae sedis in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 rickettsi (Satonus) pectinatum riisei in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 riisei (Phascoloides) pellucida pellucldum pellucidum rimicoia (Phascoloides) rimicola rimicola Sluiter,1891 Diesing, 1859 Fisher,1952 Keferstein,1865 in Baird,1868 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Gibbs,1973 ) Gibbs, 1973 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 61 62 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS STATUS AUTHORSHIP GENUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES REFERENCE riukiuensis Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Dendrostoma Dendrostomum Themiste Themiste Therniste = Themiste Sipunculus Sipunculus • Sipunculus Sipunculus Sipunculus = Sipunculus Dendrostomum Themiste = Themiste Dendrostomum = Themiste Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Siphonosoma Sipunculus Siphonosoma Siphonosoma • Siphonosoma Sipunculus • Siphonosoma Sipunculus = Sipunculus Phascolosoma Phymosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Sipunculus = Sipunculus Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma Goljingia = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia riukiuensis (Phascolosoma) scolops robertsoni robertsoni (Phascolion) robertsoni robertsoni robertsoni robertsoni robertsoni rob'ertsoni (Lagenopsis) lageniformis robustus robustus (Sipunculus) robustus robustus robustus (Sipunculus) nudus rosaceum rosacea (Themiste) alutacea rosaceum (Themiste) alutacea rottnesti (Phascolosoma) rottnesti (Phascolosoma) scolops (Siphonosoma) rotumanum rotumanus (Siphonosoma) rotumanum (Siphonosoma) rotumanum (Siphonosoma) rotumanum rotumanus (Siphonosoma) rotumanum rubens incertae sedis rueppellii rueppellii rueppellii rueppellii incertae sedis rueppellii (Rueppellisoma) rueppellii (Phascolosoma) scolops rufo-fimbriatus incertae sedis rugosum (Goljingia) rugosa rugosa (Goljingia) rugosa (Goljingia) iniqua rugosum mauritaniense (Goljingia) rugosa mauritaniensis incertae sedis rugosum (Goljingia) rugosa rugosa (Goljingia) iniqua Murina,1975a in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Stephen & Robertson,1952 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Stephen & Robertson,1952 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1963 in Stephen & Cutler, 1969 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1979a in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 robertsoni robertsoni robustus robustus rosacea rosaceum rottnesti rotumanum rotumanus rubens rueppellii rueppellii rufo-jimbriatus rugosa rugosa mauritaniensis rugosum Keferstein,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Keferstein, 1865 in Stephen,1941a (part) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Amor,1964 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Amor,1964 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Edmonds, 1956 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 (Shipley,1898) Shipley, 1898 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 as in Edmonds, 1971 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Shipley,1898 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Costa,1869 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Grube, 1868b in Selenka et al.,1883 in Shipley, 1902 in Stephen, 1941a in"Cutler & Cutler, 1983 Grube, 1868b sensu Stephen, 1941 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 Blanchard, 1849 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Southern, 1913 (a) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Murina,1977b in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Herubel,I925 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1983 Southern, 1913 (a) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE rugosum mauritaniense Phaseolosoma Golfingia = Phaseolosoma Aspidosiphon Golfingia • Nephasoma Nephasoma Golfingia • Nephasoma Aspidosiphon • Nephasoma rugosum mauritaniense (Golfingia) rugosa mauritaniensis incertae sedis rutilofuseum (Phaseoloides) rutilofusea rutilofuseum rutilofuscum (Phaseoloides) rutilofusea rutilofuseum rutilofuseum rutilofuseum Herubel,1925 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 Fischer, 1916 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Fischer,1916) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Fischer, 1916 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Phaseolosoma = Golfingia = Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma = Nephasoma Sipuneulus = Sipuneulus Phaseolosoma = Golfiizgia Phaseolion = Phaseolion Phascolosoma • Phaseolosoma Golfingia = Golfingia Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma = Antillesoma Dendrostomum Themiste Themiste = Themiste Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Golfingia • Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia Golfingia = Nephasoma Phascolosoma Phymosoma sabellariae (Phaseoloides) minuta minutum sabellariae sabellariae diaphanes diaphanes saeeatus incertae sedis sanderi (Golfingia) vulgaris vulgaris sandviehi species inquirendum saprophagi cum (Phaseolosoma) saprophagieum savalovi (Apionsoma) eapitata sehmidti (Antillesoma) antillarum antillarum sehmitti sehmitti sehmitti (Themiste) hennahi sehnehageni sehnehageni sehnehageni sehnehageni schnehageni (Aspidosiphon) gracilis sehnehagen schuttei sehuttei (Phaseoloides) sehuttei sehuttei sehuttei sehuttei sehuttei sehuttei sehuttei sehuttei diaphanes eorrugatum scolops seolops Theei,1905 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Theel,1905 in Gerould,1913 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Linnaeus,1767 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Collin,1892 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Murina,1974c in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Gibbs,1987 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Murina,1974a in Cutler, 1979 Murina,1975a in Cutler & Cutler,1983 in Gibbs & Cutler, 1987 Fisher, 1952 in Amor,1970 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Fischer, 1913 in Fischer,1914b in Wesenberg-Lund,1955 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Ditadi, 1975 new status: Cutler & Cutler, 1989 (Augener,1903) Augener,1903 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Augener,1903 in Murina,1964c,1967d in Murina,1971a,b,1973a in Murina,,1974a,1978 in Cutler & Cutler,1980b,c in Frank, 1983 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Selenka & de Man,1883) in Selenka, et al.,1883 rutilofusea rutilofuscum rutilofuseus S sabellariae sabellariae saeeatus sanderi sandviehi saprophagicum savalovi sehmidti sehmitti sehnehageni schuttei sehuttei scolops Continues next page 63 64 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS} & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE seolops Phaseolosoma • Phaseolosoma Phymosoma Physeosoma = Phaseolosoma Phymosoma Physeosoma = Phaseolosoma Phymosoma Physeosoma = Phaseolosoma Physeosoma Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma Phymosoma Phymosoma Physeosoma Physeosoma Physeosoma Physeosoma Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma Phymosoma Physeosoma = Phaseolosoma Phymosoma Phaseolosoma • Phaseolosoma Physeosoma = Phaseolosoma Sipuneulus Phaseolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Sipunculus Sipuneulus = Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Phaseolosoma Golfingia = Golfingia Golfingia = Nephasoma Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma = Siphonosoma Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Golfingia = Golfingia = Thysanoeardia (Phaseolosoma) seolops seolops (Phaseolosoma) seolops seolops seolops (Phaseolosoma) annulatum seolops seolops (Phaseolosoma) stephensoni seolops seolops (Phaseolosoma) perlueens seolops adentieulatum (phaseolosoma) seolops adentieulatum (Phaseolosoma) seolops seolops mossambieiense seolops mossambieiense seolops mossambieiense seolops mossambieiense seolops mossambieiense seolops mossambieiense (Phaseolosoma) seolops mossambiciense (Phaseolosoma) seolops seolops mossambieiense seolops mossambieiense (Phaseolosoma) annulatum seolops (Phaseolosoma) seolops seolops (Phaseolosoma) seolops sea lops tasmaniense (Phascolosoma) annulatum (Phaseolosoma) seutatus seutatum muelleri (Aspidosiphon) muelleri (Aspidosiphon) muelleri (Phaseolosoma) seutatus scutatus muelleri (Aspidosiphon) muelleri seutiger seutiger incertae sedis seetile diaphanes diaphanes semieinetum incertae sedis semirugosum (Dasmosiphon) eumanense semperi semperi (Thysanoeardia) semperi catharinae eatharinae in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Selenka, et al.,1883 in Wheeler,1938 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Selenka, et al.,1883 in Monro,1931 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Selenka, et aI., 1883 in ten Broeke,1925 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Herubel,1904b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Selenka & de Man, 1883 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Sluiter,1898 in Leroy,1936 in Stephen, 1942 in Edmonds,1956 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Selenka & de Man,1883 in Augener, 1903 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Selenka, et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Fischer,1914b in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 MiilIer,1844 in Krohn, 1851 in Selenka et aI., 1883 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 MiilIer,1844 in Keferstein, 1867 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Roule,1906 in Murina,1975b,1977 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Murina,1974a in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Stimpson, 18 5 5 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Grube,1883 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Selenka & de Man,1883 in Selenka et aI., 1883 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Gibbs et al.,1983 seolops seolops seolops seolops adentieulatum seolops mossambieiense seolops mossambieiense sea lops seolops seolops tasmaniense seutatum seutatus seutiger seetile semieinetum semirugosum semperi Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 65 SPECIES STATUS STATUS AUTHORSHIP SUBSP. & SYNONYM GENUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES REFERENCE semperi Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma = Themiste Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma = Themiste Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostomum Dendrostomum = Themiste Dendrostoma = Themiste Phascolosoma = Goljingia Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma = Antillesoma Physcosoma = Phascolosoma = Antillesoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia = Nephasoma Phascolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia = Goljingia semperi semperi semperi (Paraspidosiphon) steenstrupii sewelli (Nephasoma sp.) signum (Goljingia) signa (Goljingia) signa (Goljingia) signa (Goljingia) signa (Goljingia) margaritacea signifer signifer signifer signifer (Lagenopsis) minor huttoni signifer signifer signifer (Lagenopsis) minor minor signifer signifer signifer signifer signifer signifer signifer signifer signifer signifer signifer signifer signifer (Lagenopsis) lageniformis signifer (Lagenopsis) minor huttoni Signum (Goljingia) margaritacea similis (Rueppellisoma) simile (Antillesoma) antillarum antillarum similis (Antillesoma) antillarum antillarum sluiteri (Phascoloides) sluiteri pellucida pellucidum pellucidum socium socia (Goljingia) margaritacea margaritacea margaritacea ten Broeke, 1925 Gibbs & Cutler,1987 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Stephen, 1941 a in Cutler & Cutler,1983 Sato,1934 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Murina,1977b in Cutler & Cutler,1981 in Cutler et al.,1984 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Se1enka & de Man,1883 (part) in Selenka et al.,1883 in Augener,1903 in Fischer,1919a (part) ,1926 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Selenka & de Man, 1883 (part) in Fischer,1914b in Fischer,1919a (part) ,1922a (part) in Cutler & Cutler,1988 Selenka & de Man, 1883 (part) in Sluiter,1886,1891,1902 in Fischer,1895,1914a,b (part) in Fischer,1919a (part) ,1922a (part) in Fischer, 1923 in Augener, 1903 in Ikeda,1904 in Hammersten,1914 in Gravely,I927 in Awati & Pradhan,1935 in Leroy,1942 in Edrnonds,1956 in Wesenberg-Lund,1959a in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Selenka & de Man, 1883 (part) in Cutler & Cutler,1988 Sato,1934 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Chen & Yeh,1958 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 in Gibbs & Cutler,1987 Chen & Yeh,1958 in Cutler & Cutler,1983 in Gibbs & Cutler,1987 ten Broeke, 192 5 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina, 1977 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Lanchester, 1908 (Lanchester, 1908) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 sewelli signa signifer signifer signifer signifer Signum simile similis sluiteri socia 66 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES STATUS STATUS SUBSP. & SYNONYM GENUS (SUBGENUS} & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE socium Phascolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma = Goljingia Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidoslphon Phymosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Phascolion = Phascolion Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Sipunculus Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma socium socia (Goljingia) margaritacea margaritacea socium (Phascolosoma) socium (Phascolosoma) scolops solitarium (Goljingia) solitaria (Goljingia) solitaria (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris solitarium (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris soyo (Goljingia) soya (Goljingia) soya (Goljingia) margaritacea soya (Goljingia) margaritacea speciosus speciosus speciosus speciosus (Paraspidosiphon) laevis speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator (Paraspidosiphon) steenstrupii speculator speculator misakiensis speculator speculator (Paraspidosiphon) tenuis spengeli spengeli (Phascolosoma) spengeli (Phascolosoma) nigrescens spetzbergense strombi spinalis spinalis spinalis (Aspidosiphon) gosnoldi spinalis spinalis spinalis spinalis spinalis (Aspidosiphon) elegans (Phymosomum) spinicaudus spinicauda (Phascolosoma) granulatum (Phascolosoma) stephensoni Lanchester, 1908 (Lanchester, 1908) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Lanchester, 190 5c in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1990 Sluiter,1912 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Murina,1977b in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Sluiter, 1912 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Sato,1934 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Murina,1977b in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Sato,1934 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Gerould,1913 in Fischer, 1922c in Migotto & Ditadi,1988 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Selenka, 1885 in Fischer, 1914b, 1920 in Wesenberg-Lund,1959b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1979a (part) in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Selenka,1885 in Saiz Salinas, 1986a in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Selenka,1885 in Cutler & Cutler, 1979a (part) in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Sluiter,1886 in Shipley,1899b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Theel,1875 (b) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Ikeda, 1904 in Cutler,1973 in Cutler & Cutler, 1979b in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Ikeda, 1904 in Ikeda, 1924 in SaW,1939 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1981 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Quatrefages,1865 in Baird, 1868 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 . socium solitaria solitarium soya soyo speciosus speculator speculator speculator spengeli spetzbergense spinalis spinalis spinicauda Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS Sipunculus = Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Dendrostoma spinifer = Themiste Dendrostoma spinifera Themiste = Themiste Aspidosiphon spinoso-scutatus . Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon spinososcutatus Paraspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma spinosum = Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon spinosus Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon spiralis Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Physcosoma spongicola = Phascolosoma Physcosoma spongicolum Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Onchnesoma squamatum Phascolosoma Phascolion Onchnesoma • Onchnesoma sguamatum oligQPQPillosum Onchnesoma • Onchnesoma Onchnesoma squama tum squama tum • Onchnesoma steenstrupii Onchnesoma • Onchnesoma Onchnesoma steenstrupii Onchnesoma = Onchnesoma steenstrupii Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon steenstrupii ambonensis Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon steenstrupiifaciatus Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon steenstrueii nudum Onchnesoma • Onchnesoma steenstrupii steenstrupii Aspidosiphon Paraspidoslphon • Aspidosiphon spinicaudus STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE (Phymosomum) spinicaudus (Phascolosoma) granulatum (Phascolosoma) stephensoni spinifer incertae sedis spinifer spinifera incertae sedis spinoso-scutatus spinoso-scutatus (Paraspidosiphon) parvulus spinoso-scutatus spinososcutatus spinososcutatus (Paraspidosiphon) parvulus spinosum (Phascolosoma) perlucens spinosus spinosus (Aspidosiphon) elegans spiralis spiralis (Aspidosiphon) spiralis spongicola (Phascolosoma) scolops spongicola (Phascolosoma) spongicolum (Phascolosoma) scolops squamatum squamatum squamatum squamatum squamatum squamatum squamatum §.quamatum oligQPgpillosum squamatum oligopapillosum squamatum squamatum squamatum steenstrupii steenstrupii steenstrupii steenstrupii steenstrupli steenstrupii magnibathum steenstrupii (Paraspidosiphon) steenstrupii steenstrupli steenstrupii ambonensis (Paraspidosiphon) tenuis steenstrupli faciatus steenstrupli faciatus (Paraspidosiphon) steenstrupli steenstrupli nudum steenstrupii nudum steenstrupii steenstrupii steenstrupii (Paraspidosiphon) steenstrupii Quatrefages,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Sluiter,1902 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Sluiter, 1902 (Sluiter, 1902) in Cutler & Cutler,1988 Fisher, 1922 in Murina,1967b,c in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Fisher, 1922 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Rice,1975b in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Johnson, 1971 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Sluiter,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Sluiter,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 (Koren & Danielssen,1875) Koren & Danielssen,1875 in Selenka,1885 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 new status in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Cutler et al,1984 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b (Koren & Danielssen,1875) new status in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Koren & Danielssen,1875 new status in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Koren & Danielssen,1875 sensu Murina,1968b in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Diesing,1859 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Fischer, 1922a, 1923 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Augener,1903 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Cutler & Cutler,1985 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Diesing,1859 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 67 68 Sipunculans o/the world SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS} & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE steenstrupii steenstrupii Onchnesoma • Onchnesoma steenstrupii steenstrupii steenstrupii Koren & Danielssen,1875 new status in Cutler & Cutler,1985b (Stephen,1942) Stephen,1942 in Wesenberg-Lund,1963 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Stephen, 1942 (part) in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Stephen,1942 (part) in Wesenberg-Lund,1963 in Stephen & Cutler, 1969 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler, 1977b in Cutler & Cutler,1987 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 (Montagu, 1804) in Theel,1875a in Hylleberg Kristensen, 1969,1970, in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Hylleberg,1975 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Fischer, 1923 in Cutler & Cutler, 1980b in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Koren & Danielssen, 1877 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmunds,1972 Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Koren & Danielssen,1877 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 N onnan, 1894 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Gerould,1913 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Koren & Danielssen, 1877 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 (Montagu, 1804) Montagu, 1804 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Edmonds,1980 new status: Cutler & Cutler, 1985b stephensoni stephensoni stephensoni strombi strombi africanus strombi alba strombi canadensis strombi capitatum strombi fusca strombi gracilis strombi hyalina strombi laevis strombi spetzbergense strombi tuberculosum strombi tubicola strombi verrucosum strombus strom bus cronullae Phascolosoma stephensoni Physcosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma Dendrostoma = Themiste Dendrostoma Dendrostomum Themiste Themiste Themiste = Golfingia = Golfingia Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = PhascollOn stephensoni stephensoni (Phascolosoma) stephensoni (Phascolosoma) stephensoni stephensoni (Lagenopsis) lageniformis stephensoni stephensoni stephensoni stephensoni stephensoni (Golfingia) capensis (Golfingia) capensis strombi (Phascolosoma) strombi strombi strombi strombi (Phascolion) strom bus strombi africanus strombi africanus (Phascolion) strombus strombi alba strombi subspecies questioned strombi canadensis strombi subspecies questioned strombi capitatum strombi strombi fusca subspecies questioned strombi strombi gracilis strombi subspecies questioned strombi hyalina strombi subspecies questioned strombi laevis strombi subspecies questioned strombi spetzbergense (Phascolion) strombi strombi tuberculosum tuberculosum strombi tubicola tubicolum (Phascolion) strom bus strombi verrucosum (Phascolion) strombi Phascolion strombus strombus Sipunculus Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion strom bus strombi (Phascolion) strombus strom bus cronullae (Phascolion) strombus cronullae Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE subhamata Phaseolosoma Golfingia Golfingia = Golfingia Phaseolosoma = Nephasoma Phaseolion Phaseolion = Phaseolion subhamatum (Phaseoloides) sub hamata subhamata pellueidum subhamata subhamatum pellueidum sub hamatum sumatrense sumatrense (Lesenka) valdiviae sumatrense Sluiter,1902 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler et aI., 1984 in Cutler & Murina,1977 Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 Fischer,I922b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 new status in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b takatsukii takatsukii (Siphonosoma) australe takatsukii tasmaniense (Phaseolosoma) annulatum tasmaniense tasmaniensis (Phaseoloides) tasmaniensis tasmaniense temporariae (Isomya) tubereulosum tenuieinetus elongata tenuis tenuis (Paraspidosiphon) tenuis tenuissima (Phaseolana) tenuissima triehoeephala teres elongata tesselatus nudus thomassini rhomassini (Akrikos) thomassini thomense (Phaseolosoma) thomense (Phascolosoma) perlucens titubans titubans titubans titubans (Sipunculus) nudus titubans fitubans (Sipunculus) norvegieus titubans diptyehus (Sipunculus) nudus tortum tortum (Phascolion) strombus tortus tortus Sato,1935 in Sato,1939 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Edmonds,1956 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 (Murina, 1964) Murina, 1964b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Edmonds,1976 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b McCoy,1845 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Sluiter,1886 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Wesenberg-Lund,1959a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 Hutton, 1903 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Rafinesque, 1814 in Stephen & Edmonds, I 972 Cutler & Cutler,1979 Cutler & Cutler,1979a in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Augener,1903 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, I 990 Selenka et al.,1883 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Cutler,1977b in Cutler & Cutler, I 976 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Selenka & Bulow, 1883 in Murina,1976 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Fischer, 1895 in Cutler & Cutler,1985a Edmonds,I976 in Murina,1978 in Cutler & Cutler,1985b Selenka & Bulow, 1883 in Selenka et al.,1883 subhamatum sumatrense T takatsukii tasmaniense tasmaniensis temporariae tenuieinctus tenuis tenuissima teres tesselatus thomassini thomense fitubans titubans fitubans diptyehus tortum tortus Continues next page Siphonosoma Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma Nephasoma Golfingia Golfingia • Nephasoma Phaseolion = Phaseolion Syrinx = Golfingia Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Golfingia Golfingia = Golfingia Phaseolosoma = Golfingia Syrinx = Sipuneulus Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Physeosoma Phaseolosoma = Phascolosoma Sipunculus Sipuneulus Sipuneulus Sipuneulus = Sipunculus Sipunculus Sipunculus = Sipunculus Sipunculus = Sipunculus Phascolion Phaseolion = Phascolion Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon 69 70 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES SUBSP, & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP tortus Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Apionsoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia _Apionsoma Apionsoma _Apionsoma Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidosiphon Dendrostoma Themiste Themiste Themiste Themiste = Themiste Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostomum = Themiste Phascolosoma = Aspidosiphon Phascolosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Paraspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon = Aspidoslphon Phascolosoma = Goljingia Siphunculus Siphunculus = Phascolosoma tortus tortus tortus (Aspidosiphon) muelleri (Aspidosiphon) muelleri trichocephala (Goljingia) trichocephala trichocephala (Apionsoma) trichocephala trichocephala trichocephalus trichocephala tridens tridens original description by Semper tridens tridens tridens (Lesenka) collare trinidensis trinidensis trinidensis (Paraspidosiphon) steenstrupii tropicum tropica tropica tropica tropica (Lagenopsis) lageniformis tropicum tropicum tropicum (Lagenopsis) lageniformis truncatum (Paraspidosiphon) coyi truncatum truncatus truncatus truncatus truncatus truncatus truncatus truncatus trunca/us truncatus truncatus truncatus truncatus truncatus truncatus (Paraspidosiphon) coyi trybomi (Goljingia) margaritacea tuberculatus tuberculatus (Phascolosoma) noduliferum in' Herubel, 1904b in Fischer, 1923 in Gibbs, 1978 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler, 1979 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Sluiter,1902 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Selenka & de Man,1883 in Semper,1864 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler, 1977b in Cutlel & Cutler,1985b Cordero & Mello-Leitao,1952 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1979b,1980c in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Sato,1935 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler, 1977b in Cutler & Cutler, 1981 in Murina,1981a in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Sato,1935 in Sato,1939 in Wesenberg-Lund, 1963 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Keferstein,1867 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Keferstein,1867 in Selenka et aI., 1883 in Selenka,1885 in Sluiter, 1902 in Shipley, 1899c, 1902 in Herubel,1904b in Ikeda, 1904 in Lanchester,1905b in Fischer, 1914b in Benham, 1912 in Hammersten,1914 in Sato,1939 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1979a in Cutler et aI., 1984 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Theel,1905 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Gray, 1828 (in part) in Rice & Stephen, 1970 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 trichocephala trichocephalus tridens trinidensis tropica tropicum truncatum truncatus trybomi tuberculatus REFERENCE Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS} & SPECIES AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE tuberculosum Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolosoma • Phascolosoma tuberculosum tuberculosum tuberculosum (Isomya) tuberculosum tuberculosum tuberculosum (Jsomya) hedraeum tubicola (Phascolion) strombus tubicola tubicolum (Phascolion) strombus turnerae (Phascolosoma) turnerae Theel,1875 Lithacrosiphon Aspidosiphon Lithacrosiphon • Lithacrosiphon Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion uniscutatus uniscutatus uniscutatus uniscutatus ushakovi ushakovi (Phascolion) ushakovi (Ikeda,1904) Phascolion Phascolion = Phascolion Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolion • Phascolion Phascolosoma = Goljingia Phascolosoma Phymosoma Phymosoma Phymosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Physcosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma Themiste • Themiste Siphonosoma Sipunculus Siphonosoma • Siphonosoma valdiviae valdiviae (Lesenka) valdiviae valdiviae valdiviae valdiviae valdiviae (Lesenka) valdiviae valdiviae valdiviae sumatrense (Lesenka) valdiviae sumatrense validum (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris varians varians varians varians varians varians varians varians varians varians (Phascolosoma) varians (Phascolosoma) varians (Phascolosoma) varians (Phascolosoma) nigrescens variospinosa (Lagenopsis) variospinosa vastum vastus (Hesperosiphon) vastum vastum (Hesperosiphon) vastum tuberculosum tubicola tubicolum turnerae Theel,1875b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Theel, 1875 (b) sensu Cutler & Cutler, 1980b in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Verrill, 1873 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Verrill, 1873 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Rice,1985 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 U uniscutatus ushakovi Ikeda, 1904 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Jurczak, 1975 Murina,1974 Murina,1974c in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b V valdiviae valdiviae valdiviae sumatrense validum varians variospinosa vastum Fischer, 1916 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 new status in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Fischer,1916 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 new status in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Fischer,1916 new status in Cutler & Cutler, 1985b Theel, 1875 (b) in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Keferstein,1865 in Selenka et aI., 1883 in Shipley,1890 in Augener,1903 in Shipley, 1898 in Gerould,1913 in Fischer, 1922a in ten Broke,1925 in Sato,1939 in Leroy,1936 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler, 1977b , in Rice & MacIntyre, 1979 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Edrnonds,1980 in Cutler & Cutler,1988 (Selenka & Billow,1883) in Selenka et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 71 72 Sipunculans of the world SPECIES STATUS STATUS AUTHORSHIP SUBSP. & SYNONYM GENUS (SUBGENUS} & SPECIES REFERENCE vastum album Sipuneulus Siphonosoma = SiphC!nosoma Sipuneulus Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Sipuneulus • Siphonosoma Sipuneulus Siphonosoma = Siphonosoma Sipuneulus Siphonosoma == Siphonosoma Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon Aspidosiphon • Aspidosiphon Sipuneulus Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma Sipuneulus Sipuneulus Phaseolosoma = Phaseolosoma Phaseolosoma Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Nephasoma Sipuneulus = Phaseolosoma Sipuneulus = Sipuneulus Nephasoma Goljingia Goljingia • Nephasoma Phaseolosoma Goljingia = Nephasoma Phaseolosoma = Nephasoma Phaseolosoma • Goljingia Phaseolosoma = Goljingia Phaseolosoma = Goljingia Phaseolosoma = Goljingia vastus albus (Hesperosiphon) vastum album status not confinned vastus obseurus (Hesperosiphon) vastum obseurum status not confinned vastus (Hesperosiphon) vastum vastus albus (Hesperosiphon) vastum album status not confinned vastus obseurus (Hesperosiphon) vastum obseurum status not confinned venabulum venabulum venabulus (Akrikos) venabulum venabulus venabulus (Akrikos) venabulum vermieulus vermieulum (Phaseolosoma) perlueens vermieulus incertae sedis (Phaseolosoma) vermieulus (Phaseolosoma) perlueens verrillii verrillii (Phaseoloides) verrillii pellueida pellueidum pellueidum verrueosus granulatum violaeeus incertae sedis vitjazi vitjazi (Phaseoloides) viljazi viljazi vitreum (Phaseoloides) vitrea incertae sedis vItreum incertae sedis vulgare (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris vulgare astuta (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris vulgare multipapillosum (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris vulgare selenkae (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris Shipley, 1899b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 Shipley,1899b in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Selenka & Biilow,1883 in Cutler & Cutler, 1982 Shipley, 1899b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Shipley,1899b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Selenka & Billow,ISS3 in Selenka et al.,1883 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler,1989 Selenka,et aI., 1883 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Quatrefages,1865 in Baird,1868 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Quatrefages,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Saiz Salinas, 1884 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Gerould, 1908 in Murina,I964b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Cuvier,1830 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Quatrefages,1865 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 vastum obseurum vastus vastus albus vastus obseurus venabulum venabulus vermieulum vermieulus verrillii verrueosus violaeeus vitjazi vitrea vitreum vulgare vulgare astuta vulgare multipapillosum vulgare selenkae (Murina,1964) Murina,1964b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Roule,1898 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Roule,1898 in Cutler & Cutler,1986 (8Iainville,1827) in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Selenka,1885 in Cutler & Cutler,1987 Herubel,I925b in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Lanchester,1905b in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Phuket Marine Biological Research Bulletin 58: 1-88 SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES vulgare tropicum Phascolosoma = Goljingia Golfingia Sipunculus Goljingia • Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia Golfingia • Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Goljingia pro Goljingia = Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Goljingia Goljingia = Goljingia Phascolosoma Goljingia = Goljingia vulgare tropicum (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris vulgaris vulgaris vulgaris (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris vulgaris (sic) antarctica (Goljingia) vulgaris murinae (Goljingia) margaritacea ohlini vulgaris astuta (Goljingia) vulgaris astuta (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris !!.illgaris herdmani (Goljingia) vulgaris herdmani vulgaris multipapillosa (Goljingia) vulgaris multipapillosa (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris vulgaris murinae nom.nov. (Goljingia) vulgare antarctica (Goljingia) margaritacea ohlini vulgaris queenslandensis (Goljingia) vulgaris queenslandensis (Goljingia) vulgaris queenslandensis (Goljingia) vulgaris herdmani vulgaris selenkae (Goljingia) vulgaris selenkae (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris vulgare tropicum (Goljingia) vulgaris tropica (Goljingia) vulgaris vulgaris Phascolosoma Fisherana = Goljingia Physcosoma = Phascolosoma = Antillesoma Nephasoma Goljingia • Nephasoma Hfphasoma Goljingia • Nephasoma wasini wasini (Apionsoma) lobostoma weldonii (Antillesoma) antillarum antillarum wodjanzkii wodjanizkii wodjanizkii wodjanizkii wodjanizkii wodfanizkii elisae wodjanizkii elisae wodjanizkii elisae Murina, 1977a new status: Cutler & Cutler, 1986 Physcosoma Phascolosoma = Phascolosoma yezoense (Phascolosoma) yezoense (Phascolosoma) agassizii in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1990 Phascolosoma = Thysanocardia Thysanocardia Goljingia = Thysanocardia Sipunculus = Sipunculus zeni bakense nigra zenibakensis (Thysanocardia) zeni bakensi s nigra zenkevitchi vulgaris vulgaris antarctica vulgaris astuta !!.illgaris herdmani vulgaris muitipapillosa vulgaris murinae vulgaris queenslandensis vulgaris selenkae vulgaris tropica AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE Sluiter, 1902 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Blainville,1827) Blainville,1827 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Murina,1957a n.nov. in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Selenka, 1885 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Shipley,1903) new status: Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Herubel, 1925b) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 Murina,1957a in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Edmonds, 1956 in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Edmonds, 1980 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 (Lanchester, 1905 b) in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 Sluiter, 1902 in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler & Cutler, 1987 W wasini weldonii wodjanizkii YiQ!ljanizkii elisae Lanchester, 1905 b in Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 in Cutler, 1979 Shipley, 1892 in Cutler & Cutler, 1983 in Gibbs & Cutler, 1987 (Murina,1973) Murina,1973b new status: Cutler & Cutler, 1986 (Murina,1977) y yezoense Ikeda, 1924 Z zeni bakense zenibakensis zenkevitchi species inquirendum Ikeda, 1924 in Gibbs et al.,1983 (Ikeda, 1924) in Cutler & Murina,1977 in Gibbs et aI., 1983 Murina,1969 in Cutler & Cutler, 1985a 73 74 Sipunculans of the world STATUS (SUBGENUS) & SPECIES SPECIES SUBSP. & SYNONYM STATUS GENUS zinni Aspidosiphon zinni Cutler, 1969 • Aspidosiphon Dendrostoma Themiste Themiste = Themiste Dendrostoma Dendrostoma Dendrostomum Dendrostomum = Themiste (Akrikos) zinni zostericolum zostericola zostericola (Themiste) hennahi zostericolum zostericolum zostericolum zostericolum (Themiste) hennahi in Cutler & Cutler, 1989 Chamberlain, 1920a in Stephen & Edmonds,1972 in Rice, 1980 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 Chamberlain, 1920a in Peebles & Fox,1933 in Fisher,1952 in Gross,1954 in Cutler & Cutler, 1988 zostericola zostericolum AUTHORSHIP REFERENCE REFERENCES (2). 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