departmental reporc series
report: 84 - 1
SUBSISTENCE AND CONFLICT IN KONA, HAWAI'I
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE
KUAKINI HIGHWAY REALIGNMENT CORRIDOR
ROSE SCHILT
DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM
HONOLULU, HAWAI'I
Report 84-1
SUSBISTENCE AND CONFLICT IN KONA, HAWAI'I
An Archaeological Study of the
Kuakini Highway Realignment Corridor
Rose Schilt
With Contributions by:
Melinda S. Allen
Thecla M. Bennett
Carl C. Christensen
Sara Collins
Deborah M, Pearsall
Jane Allen-Wheeler
Foreword by Patrick V. Kirch
Department of Anthropology
BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM
Honolulu, Hawai'i
June 1984
Prepared for
Department of Transportation
State of Hawai'i
The reported research is a joint undertaking of Bernice P. Bishop Museum and the Department of
Transportation, Highways Division, assisted by the Department of Land and Natural Resources.
The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors
and not necessarily those of the State.
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD
xiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Report 1
xv
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
by Rose Schilt
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Introduction
Definition o f t h e Project Area
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T h e Kona Field System .
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Environmental Setting .
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Previous Archaeological Research in Kailua and the Kona Field System
Research Problems (1981)
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Archaeological Research i n t h e Project Area
Field a n d Laboratory Methods
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Historical Research i n t h e Project Area
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Organization o f t h e Report .
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Survey Results a n d Excavation Sampling Design.
Site Type Categories
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Sampling Design
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Prehistoric Habitation o n Lower Leeward Slopes
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D10-23, Cairn
D8-13, Modified Outcrop
D7-22, Modified Outcrop
D8-36, Modified Outcrop
D8-34, Platform
D7-21, Midden Scatter
D8-20, Platform a n d Terraces
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D8-23, Walls, Extensive Modified Outcrops, and Platform
D7-25, Terrace Platform
D6-29, Enclosures a n d Platform
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D6-41, Terrace Platform
Archaeological Monitoring (1982-1983) .
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Summary Discussion
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Continuity a n d Change i n Historic Times .
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D8-22, Historic House Site
D7-57, Historic House Platform
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D7-63, Historic House Pavement
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D8-37, Garden Plots, Activity Areas, and Modified Outcrops
D8-38, Historic Temporary Habitation Site, U-Shaped Structure
D8-58, Historic Gardening Enclosure
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D8-19, Cairn
D8-30, Burial Complex
D8-31, Kuakini Wall
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D7-30, Historic WWII, Defensive
Archaeological Monitoring (1982-1983)
Summary Discussion
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Kona Gardens o n Lower Leeward Slopes
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Habitation, Refuge, a n d Burial i n Caves .
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D6-21, Habitation
D7-27, Habitation and Refuge Caves in Modified Sink
D8-33, Burial, Habitation, a n d Refuge Cave .
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Archaeological Monitoring (1982-1983) .
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Summary Discussion
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1 1 7
Zone 1
D8-51, Soil Pockets on Pahoehoe
D8-52, Enclosure
D8-S4, Garden Plots
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Page
Subsistence and Conflict on Leeward Hawai'i Island
The Value of Archaeological Models
A Leeward Metaphor
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Appendix. Descriptions of Unexcavated Sites in the
Kuakini Highway Realignment Corridor, by Ahupua'a
References
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Report 2
Report 3
ANALYSIS OF VERTEBRATE FAUNAL REMAINS
by Sara Collins
Introduction
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Methodology
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Zoological and Ecological Implications
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Archaeological Implications
References Cited
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Report 5
Report 6
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of Kuakini Fauna
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ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL MATERIALS
by Melinda S. Allen
Introduction
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Results
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Discussion
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Conclusions
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References Cited
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ANALYSIS OF POLLEN AND FERN SPORES
by Thecla M. Bennett
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Introduction
Methods
Results
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Discussion
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Conclusions
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References Cited
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377
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383
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ANALYSIS OF PHYTOLITH CONTENT IN SELECTED SOIL SAMPLES
by Deborah M. Pearsall
Introduction
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Phytolith Analysis .
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Results
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Discussion a n d Conclusion
Acknowledgments
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References Cited
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Report 7
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ANALYSIS OF NONMARINE MOLLUSKS
by Carl C. Christensen
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Introduction
Field a n d Laboratory
Systematic Review
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Site Reports
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Discussion
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Conclusion
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References Cited
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Report 4
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PARTICLE-SIZE AND SHAPE ANALYSES OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS
by Jane Allen-Wheeler
Introduction
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Methods
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The Hawai'i Belt Road Samples: An Introduction
The Results for the Individual Sites
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Conclusion
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References Cited
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397
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Report 3
ANALYSIS OF NONMARINE MOLLUSKS
by Carl C. Christensen
INTRODUCTION
Under contract to the Department of Transportation, State of Hawai'i, the Bernice P. Bishop
Museum has conducted a program of archaeological survey and salvage as part of environmental
impact mitigation efforts associated with proposed realignment of the Kuakini Highway, North
Kona District, Island of Hawai'i. Early in the excavation phase of this project it was determined that fossil shells of nonmarine mollusks were abundantly represented in soils at some of
the archaeological sites under investigation. The occurrence of such faunal remains elsewhere
in the Hawaiian Islands has long been known, as has their potential value as indicators of
former environmental conditions (Henshaw 190^, Perkins 1913, Zimmerman 19^8). In recent investigations at Halawa Valley, Moloka'i (Kirch 1975), Barbers Point, O'ahu (Kirch and Christensen
1980; Christensen and Kirch 198lb), and South Kohala, Hawai'i (Christensen 1983), analysis of
fossil nonmarine mollusks has provided significant information regarding human-induced ecological change in the Hawaiian Islands, a subject of considerable interest to both archaeologists
and biologists (Kirch 1982; Olson and James 1982a, 1982b).
Accordingly, land snail analysis was
included as one of several methods of paleoenvironmental interpretation to be used in an interdisciplinary investigation of the Kuakini Highway Right-of-Way. The present report contains the
results of this analysis.
Description of Project Area. The project area is located in the North Kona District on the
western (leeward) side of the Island of Hawai'i.
It consists of a strip of land 91 m (300 ft)
in width and 4,968 m (16,300 ft) in length, corresponding to the Right-of-Way for a proposed
realignment of the Kuakini Highway, and lies inland of the town of Kailua, 0.8 to 1.6 km from
the shoreline, at an elevation of ^0 to 116 m. Annual rainfall in this arid region averages ca.
51 to 76 cm/yr (20 to 30 in./yr). The modern vegetation of the area is dominated by exotic
species, including kiawe (Prosopis pallida), koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala), and various
shrubs, grasses, and weeds. Although three main soil types are found in the corridor, in the
agricultural sites from which most of the mollusk samples were taken the principal soil type is
the Wai'aha extremely stony silt loam.
In profile, this soil type is characterized by the
presence of an upper soil layer, ca. 10 cm (k in.) thick and of slightly acid pH, and a neutral
to mildly alkaline subsoil ca. 56 cm (Ik in.) thick, overlying a substratum of pahoehoe lava
(Sato et al. 1973). Archaeologically, the project area lies within the Kona Field System, an
extensive complex of agricultural features (see Report l).
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Christensen
FIELD AND LABORATORY-METHODS
Site Selection. Selection of sites for snail analysis was non-random based on the observed
presence of shells of terrestrial mollusks.
Sampling Methods. Bulk soil samples were collected in the field using standard archaeological methods, including maintenance of precise stratigraphic control.
Extraction and Sorting. For quantitative analysis, bulk soil samples were oven-dried,
weighed, and wet-sieved using standard brass screens of k.O-, 1.0-, and 0.5-mm mesh size (the
It-.O-mm screen was omitted when the coarse soil fraction was only minimally represented). The
residue retained by the U,0- and 1.0-mm screens was oven-dried and sorted with the aid of a lowpower (7X) stereomicroscope; all intact shells and apical fragments (those including the apex of
the shell) were removed, sorted by taxon, counted, and the results recorded. Shells retained in
the 0.5-mm screen were not sorted or counted due to the impracticality of handling large numbers
of very small shells, most of them broken or immature. This material (together with non-apical
fragments from the k.O- and 1.0-mm fractions) was examined for the presence of taxa not otherwise represented in a particular sample; taxa represented only from this source are listed as
"V1 in the data tables but are excluded from shell counts. For qualitative analysis, soil
samples were wet-sieved and the residue Ct-.O- and 1.0-mm fractions) was examined under the
microscope; specimens of all taxa represented in each sample were identified and recorded.
Identification. Shells of terrestrial mollusks were identified through reference to published works and the collections of the Division of Malacology, Bishop Museum. Identifications
in particularly difficult groups (especially the genera Tornatellides, Leptachatina, and
Succinea) are to the generic level only, and the incomplete state of many specimens of other
taxa prevented precise identification.
Ecological Data. Available ecological data for most species represented in the present
material have been reviewed by Christensen (1983); information for other species is summarized
below.
Non-Mollusean Faunal Remains. A few vertebrate skeletal remains were recovered from one of
the soil samples analyzed; these were identified by Carla Kishinami, Division of Vertebrate
Zoology, Bishop Museum.
Presentation of Data. Stratigraphic data are presented for all samples analyzed. Raw
shell counts, relative frequency of taxa, and shell density (countable shells per 100 gm soil
weight) are presented for samples analyzed quantitatively; presence/absence data are provided
for qualitative samples. Brief site descriptions are provided for all archaeological sites from
which nonmarine mollusks were examined; for complete archaeological data, reference should be
Nonmarine Mollusks
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made to the archaeological reports presented elsewhere in this volume (see Report 1). Site
reports are presented in geographical order, north to south.
Materials Examined. Quantitative analysis of terrestrial mollusk shells was performed for
27 samples from three soil columns obtained at two archaeological sites. Qualitative analysis
was performed for 29 samples from four soil columns from three sites; six spot samples from two
of these sites were also analyzed.
Curation of Materials. Nonmarine mollusks examined during this study have been accessioned
to the collection of the Division of Malacology, Bishop Museum.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Terrestrial mollusk taxa recorded during this study are listed in Table 3.1. Nearly all of
these were also encountered in the course of paleoenvironmental studies recently conducted in
the Waimea-Kawaihae highway corridor (Christensen 1983), and data on their ecology and geographical distribution are available in that publication. Although most of the native species
cannot be assigned to a particular ecological category, Amastra (Cyclamastra) umbilicata pluscula and Leptachatina (An^ulidens) anceyana (Family Amastridae), and Lyropupa (Mirapupa) costata, L. (M.) ovatula kona, and Nesopupa dispersa (Family Pupillidae) are generally characteristic
of arid environments; Lyropupa (Lyropupa) prisca and Philonesia sp. (Family Helicarionidae)
suggest more mesic conditions. The only native species found during the present investigations
but not found during the Waimea-Kawaihae study is Tornatellaria cf. henshawi (Family Achatinellidae; T. henshawi is endemic to the island of Hawai'i; no ecological data are available).
Cookeconcha cf. thwingi (Family Endodontidae) is the species referred to as "Cookeconcha sp. A"
in the earlier report.
A number of adventive taxa (synanthropic exotics introduced to the Hawaiian Islands through
accidental transport by humans) were found in this material. Probably the most significant of
these, from the archaeological point of view, is Lamellaxis gracilis (Subulinidae). This species has been found in prehistoric contexts in archaeological sites in the southeastern Solomon
Islands (Christensen and Kirch 198la), Fiji (Hunt 1981), the Society Islands (Christensen 1981;
Sinoto 1983), and elsewhere (Christensen et al., unpublished observations). Material from the
present study provides the first Hawaiian record of the occurrence of this species in a dated
prehistoric context. Gastrocopta pedieulus (Pupillidae) has also been recovered from archaeological sites of prehistoric age in all of the non-Hawaiian localities cited above for L.
gracilis, but its status in Hawai'i is uncertain. Pupisoma cf. oreula (Pupillidae) may also be
an immigrant here, possibly dating from the prehistoric period; its status is also unclear.
Post-1778 introductions include: Zonitoides arboreus (Zonitidae); Cecilioides aperta (Ferussaciidae); Lamellaxis clavulinus, Prosopeas achatinaceum, and Subulina octona
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Christensen
(Subulinidae); Euglandina rosea (Spiraxidae); Bradybaena similaris (Bradybaenidae); and possibly
Havaiia sp. (Zonitldae).
SITE REPORTS
Site 50-Ha-D8-33,, Ahupua'a of Keopu 2
Site D8-33 is a lava tube modified to serve as a refuge cave.
At TP-12 a column of five
soil samples (0-k5 cm b.s.; see Table 3.2) was collected for qualitative analysis of land
snails.
Spot samples from Subfeature 3 (Layer III/IV, 156-166 cm b.d.), TP-U (NE quad, Layer
II, 8U.5-87 cm b.d.), TP-12 (NW quad, Layer III, ca. 35-^0 cm b.s.), and TP-18 (Square E7-8,
Layer V, 168-170 cm b.d.) were also analyzed (Table 3-3).
At TP-12 a diverse native snail fauna was found to be present throughout most of the soil
column (5-^5 cm b. s., Layers II and III); native taxa were considerably reduced in number in
the uppermost 5 cm of soil (Layer I). Two radiocarbon dates (A. D. 1675-1930, top of Layer I;
A. D. 1550-1660, Layer III, 25-35 cm b. s.) and one volcanic glass date (late l8th century,
Layer I) are available.
Lamellaxis gracilis was found throughout the soil column, including
samples taken at and below the level of the 1550-1660 radiocarbon date.
This is the first
Hawaiian record of this adventive species from a dated prehistoric context.
Hawaila sp.,
possibly adventive, was present only in the upper 5 cm of soil. At each level a few of the
snail shells showed evidence of burning.
A spot sample stratigraphically underlying the late
prehistoric radiocarbon sample (Layer III, ca. 35-^0 cm b. s.) contained a few vertebrate
skeletal remains (small rodent, unidentified bird, gekkonid and scincid lizards, and possible
fish; C. Kishinami, pers. comm.) in addition to shells of a number of native terrestrial tnollusk
taxa, Lamellaxis gracilis, and the possibly adventive Pupisoma cf. orcula. The apparent cooccurrence of Lamellaxis and a diverse native mollusk fauna could indicate that human impact
during the late prehistoric period was not sufficiently intense to cause extirpation of native
land snails, although quantitative analysis (not undertaken here because of time and funding
limitations) would be necessary to demonstrate that changes in relative abundance of the
anthropophobic and ecologically tolerant species that would be the most visible indication of
such impact." Alternatively, these sediments could represent a brief period of rapid
sedimentation, in which case human impact during this period could have been sudden and
profound.
Spot samples from Subfeature 3, TP-1*, and TP-18 each were found to contain diverse
assemblages of native mollusks, and P. cf. orcula was present in each; these isolated spot
samples are of limited utility for paleoecological analysis, however.
Nonmarine Mollusks
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Site 50-Ha-D7-27, Ahupua'a of Pua'a 1
Site D7-2T is a lava bubble cave that was modified extensively for habitation and refuge,
containing artifacts and midden material consisting of shells of marine mollusks. Two soil
samples containing terrestrial mollusks for qualitative analysis were obtained outside the cave
at TP-2B (two samples, Layer II, 117-127 cm b.d., and Layer III, 1^7-157 cm b.d.; Table 3.U) and
within the cave at TP-k (a column of ten samples, depth range 0-95 cm b.s.; Table 3.5).
Radiocarbon dating of a charcoal sample from Layer III (127-137 cm level) of TP-2B yielded
a late prehistoric to early historic age range (see Report 1). Snail samples from levels above
and below the dated level contained six and five native taxa, respectively, as well as a prehistoric adventive species (Lamellaxis gracilis). Additionally, the lower sample contained
shells of four historically introduced species. Members of the genus Cecilioides are known to
burrow in soil to depths in excess of 2 m (Evans 1972), and thus the occurrence of C. aperta at
this level is without stratigraphic significance. The presence of Gastrocopta ^ejrvilis, Lamellaxis clavulinus , and Subulina octona , however, is a strong indication of surface contamination.
Schilt (Report l) reports that the soil matrix at this site was rocky and porous, conditions
that could allow living snails of non-burrowing species to crawl freely in the interstices of
the buried rock-rubble and that could also permit contamination through downwashing of empty
shells (Evans and Jones 1973).
At the TP-lf excavation, a radiocarbon date of A. D. 1^10-1630 was obtained for charcoal
from the 75-85 cm b.s. level (Layer III; see Report 1), and the TP-4 samples thus span the
interval from the late prehistoric period to the present. No evidence was forthcoming regarding
conditions prior to that time or any possible change in diversity of the native snail fauna
associated with the initiation of human settlement in the region, however, as no significant
numbers of shells were recovered from levels beneath the dated stratum. Shells representing a
moderately diverse native snail fauna of seven to nine taxa were present from that level until
late in the stratigraphic sequence (15-25 cm b.s., Layer II). Lamellaxis gracilis was found in
all samples to a depth of 65-75 cm (upper portion of Layer III), immediately overlying the dated
charcoal sample. The presence of this synanthropic snail indicates at least some anthropogenic
environmental impact, as does the fact that an estimated 10-30% of the shells recovered from
depths of 15-25 and 35-75 cm b.s. (Layers II and III) show evidence of burning. The diversity
of the native snail fauna did not change greatly in this interval, a condition similar to that
observed at the D8-33 cave site. Historic-period adventives were restricted to the uppermost
soil level (0-5 cm, Layer I), where indigenous taxa were present in reduced numbers.
Because of the scarcity of shells of all species in the 5-15 and 25-35 cm samples, it
cannot be determined whether the observed decline in diversity of native snails preceded the
appearance of modern adventives or was concurrent with their rise to dominance, and thus extirpation of the native fauna cannot be demonstrated to have been a historic era phenomenon. As at
Site D8-33> the observed stratigraphic profile may indicate either that Lamellaxis gracilis and
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Christensen
a diverse native snail fauna coexisted over an extended period of time (and thus that anthropogenic ecological disturbance may have been relatively minor until late in the sequence) or that
the upper portion of Layer III and the lower portion of Layer II (ca. 15-25 cm to 65-75 cm b.s.
at TP-10 represent a period of rapid deposition, possibly associated with anthropogenic ecological disturbance, and particularly with the use of fire.
Site 50-Ha-D7-29, Ahupua'a ofPua'a 1
This site is a U-shaped rock alignment, possibly associated with agricultural activities.
A column of ten soil samples from TP-2 was processed for quantitative snail analysis (Table
3.6).
The uppermost 15 cm of soil (Layer I and the upper one-third of Layer II; 0-15 cm b.s.)
were virtually barren of terrestrial mollusk shells. The lower two-thirds of Layer II (15-35 cm
b.s.) contained shells representing a diverse native fauna, the abundance of individuals increasing with depth. The prehistoric adventive Lamellaxis gracilis was also present, as was
Gastrocopta servilis (at depths of 15-25 cm b.s.). G. servilis is an exotic species not
reported from the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1892.
The transition zone between Layers II and III
(35-^0 cm b.s.) contained abundant shells of native species, as well as a few individuals of L.
gracilis and a single shell of Pupisoma cf. oreula, a taxon of uncertain status but possibly a
prehistoric adventive. In Layer III (40-50 cm b.s.) native snails were extremely abundant
(maximum density, 878 shells/100 gm sediment at kO-k5 cm b.s.), but no adventive taxa were
present.
The distribution of terrestrial mollusk shells in the soil shows marked stratification.
The virtual absence of shells from the upper 15 cm of soil is probably due to preservational
factors, as the upper soil level of the Wai'aha soils is slightly acidic (Sato et al. 1973), a
condition unfavorable to the preservation of calcareous mollusk shells. The underlying fossiliferous subsoil is neutral to mildly alkaline.
The presence of GastroQopta servilis in the
upper portion of this snail-rich zone indicates either (l) that this species inhabited the
region contemporaneously with the now locally extinct native taxa, or (2) that shells of this
modern adventive species were deposited atop a pre-existing soil surface, the upper sediments of
which preserved shells of previously extirpated native species. As at Site D7-27, TP~k, some
shells in the fossiliferous zone show the marks of exposure to fire, although such evidence is
much less prominent with the D7-29 material.
Site_50-Ha-D7-66) Ahupua'a-of Puapua'a Nui-and Puapua'a Iki
Site D7-66 is a complex of probable agricultural features, and includes an extensive
landscaped garden area and platforms, enclosures, and rubble alignments.
Quantitative snail
analysis was undertaken for soil columns from Backhoe Trench 1 (BT-1; 8 samples, 0-^0 cm b.s.;
Table 3.7) and Feature 6l, TP-5C (7 samples, 0-1+3 cm b.s.; Table 3.8); additional columns for
Nonmarine Mollusks
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qualitative analysis were examined from Feature 62, Backhoe Trench k (BT-4; 8 samples, 0-U6 cm
b.s.; Table 3.9) and Feature 59, TP-1E (6 samples, 0-30 cm b.s.; Table 3,10).
The snail profiles from the Backhoe Trench 1 and Feature 6l, TP-5C, excavations were
closely similar. A buried soil layer containing numerous shells of locally extinct native
snails was present at both of the DJ-66 excavations, with some of the shells showing evidence of
burning (est. ^0-50% of those from Backhoe Trench 1, Layers II/III, 15-30/31 cm, and 20-30% of
those from Feature 6l, TP-5C, Layers II/III, 17-37 cm). A few individuals of Lamellaxis gracilis were also present. The fossiliferous layer was overlain by soil having greatly decreased
numbers of shells (as at Site D7-29, probably a result of low soil pH and, thus, unfavorable
preservational factors). In both soil columns the upper portion of the snail-rich layer contained a few shells of the modern adventive Gastrocopta servilis.
Examination of samples of the
modern litter fauna at each of these sites shows the overwhelming dominance of the adventive
taxa now inhabiting these sites. At each of these locations, as at Site D7-29, the apparent cooccurrence of G. servilis and native species not now found in the region, and the presence of
their shells at depths to 22 cm, suggests rapid soil deposition during the historic era (probably commencing late in the 19th century), with extinction of native taxa concurrent with or
prior to the events initiating this change in depositional regime; stratigraphic mixing caused
by erosion or historic agricultural activities could also account for the presence of shells of
G. servilis at these levels (see Report 1 for evidence of soil disturbance at Feature 6l,
TP-5C).
Results of qualitative analysis of two soil columns from this site (Backhoe Trench k and
Feature 59, TP-1E) are less clear-cut than from those examined quantitatively.
At Backhoe
Trench k (Table 3«9) native land snails were present throughout the soil column, although these
were somewhat reduced in numbers of taxa represented in the upper two samples (0-10 cm b.s.,
Layer I). Lamellaxis gracilis was present in the 10-15 cm sample, and other adventives or
possible adventives (Gastrocopta seFvi^lis, Hawaiia sp., and Subulina octona) were found in the
uppermost 10 cm of soil.
The occurrence of each of these four species in a sample from ^,0-^2 cm
b.s. (Layer IIB) is noteworthy; the presence of two historic-era adventives (G. servilis and S.
octona) at such a depth indicates probable surface contamination, a finding that may explain the
conflicting results of radiocarbon dating of charcoal obtained with this sample (A. D. 1565-1605
and 1610-1950; see Report 1). Further evidence of such contamination is the presence of seeds
of exotic plants (Amaranthus sp. and gassiflora cf. foetida) at this level (see Report k).
Samples from Feature 59, TP-1E (Table 3.10), yielded similar results of continuous presence of
native taxa and appearance of adventives late in the stratigraphic sequence, but without the
contamination observed at the Backhoe Trench h site.
Notable here is the absence of molluscan
remains from the 15-20 cm b.s. level (middle of Layer II), unusual in that the snail-free layer
was overlain by fossiliferous soil containing shells of several native taxa.
-362-
Christensen
DISCUSSION
Analysis of fossil terrestrial mollusk remains can provide information regarding the nature
of plant communities formerly occupying a site, as well as indications of the nature and chronology of major ecological changes (Evans 1972). The precision and accuracy of this method of
paleoenvironmental reconstruction are, of course, dependent upon the quality of our knowledge of
the taxonomy and ecology of the molluscan taxa represented, as well as upon the extent to which
the available sedimentary record provides an unbiased sample of molluscan populations that
formerly inhabited the study site. Caution is required in both of these areas of concern in
interpreting the nonmarine mollusks recovered and analyzed during the present investigations.
The state of our knowledge regarding the taxonomy and ecology of Hawaiian land snails is
much less advanced than is normally true in the continental areas where land snail analysis has
long been used in paleoenvironmental interpretation. In part this is due to the remarkable
diversity of the Hawaiian fauna, which includes some 1,000 species of native terrestrial mollusks, many of them undescribed and almost all ecologically unknown. Another important factor
is the unfortunate circumstance that many of the native species encountered in paleoenvironmental studies in Hawai'i are extinct, and thus no direct observations of their ecology are
possible. Indeed, the type of vegetation that most of these species probably inhabited, the
leeward dry-land forest, has been virtually destroyed since human settlement of the Hawaiian
Islands; it is therefore not possible to compare fossil assemblages with modern analogues
inhabiting "control" sites not subject to anthropogenic modification. Available ecological data
are for species probably now extirpated over much of their former range, and it is uncertain to
what extent observations of modern populations adequately document the true range of habitats
once occupied by these snails. Fortunately, sufficient observations of fossil assemblages from
arid lowland sites are available to indicate that such faunas were characterized by the presence
of certain taxa, particularly dextral Lyropupa (subgenus Mirapupa) and species of Cyclamastra
and Angulidens (subgenera of Amastra and Leptachatina, respectively), and the virtual absence of
sinistral Lyropupa (subgenera Lyropupa and Lyropupilla) and Fhilonesia. Such genera as Pleuropoma, Lamellidea, Tornatellides, Cookeconcha, and Succinea were also well represented, although
they were not restricted to such environments.
These extinctions are the result of anthropogenic disturbance of native plant communities
and their replacement by assemblages of exotic plant species, combined with the effects of the
introduction and spread of non-native predators such as ants and rats. It is uncertain whether
adventive land mollusks actively displaced endemic forms through competitive exclusion, or
whether they merely invaded niches made vacant by the prior extirpation of native forms. In any
event, modern terrestrial mollusk communities are often dominated by exotic species, which may
often totally replace the original fauna of native snails. This pattern of decreasing diversity
of native land snail species over time, and the appearance and rise to dominance of synanthropic
exotics, may be reflected in the archaeological record and can provide strong evidence of
anthropogenic ecological change. Additionally, because at least one of the exotic taxa became
Nonmarlne Mollusks
-363-
established in the Hawaiian Islands prehistorically, while others are known to have been introduced during the post-contact period, their occurrence at particular stratigraphic levels can be
used to supplement other dating methods in providing chronometric control.
The low elevation, leeward location, and arid climate of the Kuakini Highway study area
indicate that formerly the region must have supported a native dry-land vegetation community.
Paleobotanical investigations undertaken concurrently with the present malacological study
yielded little information regarding the species composition of this vegetation, however.
Palynological analysis (see Report 5) provided evidence of the occurrence of several native
ferns and fern allies (Cibotium, Dryopteris, Sadleria, and Lyeopodium) as well as the angiosperm Dodonaea. Macrobotanical remains (see Report h-) included numerous seeds of Chenopodlum
oahuense (probably also represented in the pollen record among the abundant "cheno-am" material)
and lesser numbers of seeds of Waltheria amerlcana; according to Allen (Report U), both of these
are weedy species indicative of ecological disturbance, and thus their presence may reflect
human influence rather than being indicative of the pre-human vegetation of the region.
Aleurltes, a Polynesian introduction that has become naturalized as a major component of the
modern Hawaiian forest, was represented both by pollen and macrobotanical remains.
Phytolith
analysis (see Report 6) showed non-grass species to have been dominant throughout the period
represented by the soil columns examined; there was evidence of change in the species composition of the grass component, although grasses were never abundant.
None of the strata containing raolluscan material analyzed during the present study can be
identified as antedating settlement of the Hawaiian Islands by the Polynesians, so the diversity
of the pre-human land snail fauna of the study area cannot be determined. The taxa of native
terrestrial mollusks that were recorded, however, are consistent with the former presence of a
native dry-land forest.
Dextral species of Lyropupa (subgenus Mirapupa.), Nesopupa dispersa,
Amastra (Cyclamastra) umbilicata pluscula, and Leptachatina (Angulidens) anceyana are species
typical of arid leeward sites, and of the taxa represented in this material only Lyropupa
(Lyropupa) prisca and Philonesia sp. are usually associated with relatively moist environments
(both of these species are rare in the Kuakini material).
As in most lowland situations in the Hawaiian Islands, the original native vegetation of
the study area has been replaced by a community dominated by exotic plant species, most of them
introduced by humans within the last 200 years.
Similarly, the native land mollusks formerly
inhabiting the study area have been almost entirely replaced by exotic forms, most of them postA. D. 1778 immigrants to Hawai'i, but one (Lamellaxis gracills) a prehistoric synanthropic
arrival, and two others (Gastrocopta pedlculus and Pupisoma cf. orcula) that may also be precontact adventives. A number of additional species have become established in the Hawaiian
Islands within the last 200 years. Land snail analysis provides some evidence regarding the
sequence of extinction and replacement among the land snail fauna, and as this undoubtedly
reflects the simultaneous replacement of native plants by exotics, it may also provide
information useful in the interpretation of the chronology of vegetational change in the region.
-364-
Christensen
Land snail analysis was undertaken for samples from excavations in lava tubes and in open
sites probably associated with agricultural activities. The pattern of occurrence of land snail
fossils was consistent within each of these site types. As noted above, no information is
available regarding the pre-settlement fauna of the region, so it is not known whether or not
human activities in the early prehistoric period caused any reduction in the diversity of the
native land mollusk fauna. Information is available, however, regarding ecological change
during and subsequent to the late prehistoric period.
Excavations in each of the two lava tube sites examined (D8-33 and DJ-27) revealed a layer
of sediment ca. 0.5 m in thickness containing abundant shells of native terrestrial mollusk
species, with some shells at D8-33 showing evidence of burning.
At D8—33> TP-12, the prehis-
torically introduced land snail Latnellaxis gracilis was found at and below a level radiometrically dated as being of late prehistoric age; also present were remains of adventive rodent
and lizard taxa.
At D7-27, TP-4, a late prehistoric radiocarbon date was obtained from the
lowermost sample of the the fossiliferous layer; L. graeilis was present in all of the overlying
samples. At both of these sites a diverse native snail fauna evidently persisted until at least
the late prehistoric period, suggesting that anthropogenic ecological disturbance prior to this
time was not sufficiently intense as to result in their extirpation.
The co-occurrence of L.
gracilis and native forms over a considerable stratigraphic range may indicate either that these
species did in fact co-exist for an extended period of time during the late prehistoric era
(which would suggest that little ecological change took place during this interval, although the
presence of fire and Lamellaxis does indicate at least some level of ecological disturbance), or
that this zone of highly fossiliferous sediment was deposited rapidly as a result of a single
major event, probably late in the prehistoric period. The event most likely to cause such rapid
deposition would be destruction of the native vegetation due to human use of fire.
Available
malacological evidence does not allow distinction between these alternatives, or elimination of
such factors as soil disturbance or differences in erosional/depositional regima. Upper levels
at these sites showed a decreased diversity in the native fauna. With the exception of obvious
contaminants, modern adventive species were restricted to the uppermost 5 cm of soil.
The open-ground temporary habitation and agricultural sites for which quantitative snail
columns are available (Site D7-29, TP-2; Site D7-66, Feature 6l, TP-5C, and Feature 59, TP-1E)
again showed a consistent distribution of fossil nonmarine mollusks in the soil profile.
At the
two D7-66 excavations the lowest soil zone (designated as Layer IV; apparently absent in the
D7-29 site) contained only a very few shells, all of native species. Above this was a highly
fossiliferous zone (Layer III and the lower portion of Layer II, present in all three excavations) containing numerous shells of native species, many of them fire-altered. A few shells of
prehistorically and/or modern adventive species were present in the upper portion of the buried
burn layer (uppermost Layer III sample or in the lower portion of Layer II). This apparent cooccurrence of native taxa and post-contact exotics could be interpreted as indicating that the
native mollusk fauna of the region remained relatively undisturbed until the arrival of modern
adventive species (probably late in the 19th century). An alternative explanation is that
modern sediments and associated snail shells were deposited atop a pre-existing ground surface,
Nonmarine Mollusks
-365-
native and exotic species being found together as a result of mixing of recent shells with
fossils contained in soil at and below the old surface. Malacological evidence alone cannot
resolve this matter. Sediments above the burn layer (Layer I and most of Layer II at the D7-29
site; Layer I only at the D7-66 excavations) contained few or no shells, probably due to preservational factors associated with low soil pH. Because shells of modern adventive species were
found beneath the barren upper soil level, deposition of the upper ca, 15 cm of sediment may
have occurred within the last 100 years or so, unless their presence is the result of soil
mixing associated with post-contact cultivation.
The modern land snail fauna of the region—
based on examination of litter samples from the two DJ-66 locations—is predominantly of historically adventive species.
CONCLUSION
Land snail analysis as a method of paleoenvironmental reconstruction is in a very immature
state in tropical Polynesia, and conclusions based on such evidence should be carefully tested
against the results of other methods of analysis. The results of archaeological and paleoenvironmental studies carried out simultaneously with the present malacological study have not
been fully considered in the interpretation presented here; furthermore, none of the sites
examined during this study provided a well-dated sequence of continuous deposition and preservation of snail shells over a long period of time. The following interpretation of ecological
change in the Kuakini Highway study area should therefore be considered as a hypothesis to be
compared with the results of other investigations undertaken during Bishop Museum's archaeological and paleoenvironmental studies, in the interest of developing a synthetic analysis of
ecological change in this area.
Malacological data are not available to document conditions in the Kuakini Highway region
prior to the late prehistoric period. Sediments radiometrically dated to the 15th to 17th
centuries A. D. contained shells of a diverse native land snail fauna, similar in composition to
those formerly inhabiting other arid leeward locations in the Hawaiian Islands.
Lamellaxis
gracilis (an adventive land snail) and certain exotic vertebrates (lizards and a rodent) became
established not later than the late prehistoric period, and then or subsequently fire became an
important ecological influence in the region.
These circumstances indicate major anthropogenic
disturbance, which probably resulted in the extirpation of most native land mollusks.
The
advent of these environmental perturbations cannot be more precisely dated than as having
occurred subsequent to the 15th century and earlier than or simultaneous with the appearance of
modern adventive land snail species, probably late in the 19th century.
Post-contact exotics
were found at depths as great as ca. 22 cm in association with locally extinct native snails,
but this apparent co-occurrence may be the result of rapid deposition atop a pre-existing ground
surface and mixing of recently deposited shells with those contained in the older sediments at
or below that ground surface. The present mollusk fauna of the study area is dominated by
exotic species, most of them modern immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands, and reflects the almost
wholly exotic nature of the extant vegetation of the region.
-366-
Christensen
Table 3.1.
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSK TAXA REPRESENTED IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE KUAKINI HIGHWAY CORRIDOR,
NORTH KONA, HAWAI'I.
TAXON
STATUS
Family Helicinidae
Pleuropoma sandvichiensis konaensis Neal, 193^
Endemic
Family Achatinellidae
Lamellldea spp.
"Tornatellinops" baldwini (Ancey, 1889)
Tornatellaria cf. henshawi (Ancey, 1903)
Tornatellaria cf. trochoides (Sykes, 1900)
Tornatellides cyphostyla (Ancey, 190U)
Tornatellides spp.
Endemic
Endemic
Endemic
Endemic
Endemic
Endemic
Family Amastridae
Amastra (CyGlamastra) umbilicata pluscula Cooke, 1917
? Aroastra sp.
Leptaehatina (Angulidens) anceyana Cooke, 1911
Leptachatina spp.
Endemic
Endemic
Endemic
Endemic
Family Pupillidae
Lyropupa (Lyropupa) prisga Ancey, 190^
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) costata (Pease, 187!)
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) ovatula kona Pilsbry and Cooke, 1920
Nesopupa dispersa Cooke and Pilsbry, 1920
Nesopupa newcombi (Pfeiffer, 1852)
Nesopupa wesleyana Ancey, 190^
Pronesopupa acanthlnula (Ancey, 1892)
Pupisoma cf. orcxila (Benson, 1850)
Gastrocopta pediculus (Shuttleworth, 1852)
Gastrooopta seryilis~(Gould, l8*t-3)
Endemic
Endemi c
Endemi c
Endemic
Endemic
Endemic
Endemic
Status Uncertain
Introduced (Possibly Prehistoric)
Introduced (Historic)
Family Endodontidae
Cookeconcha cf. thwingi (Ancey, 190^)
Endemic
Family Punctidae
Punctum horneri (Ancey, 190*0
Endemic
Family Succineidae
"Succinea" spp.
Endemic
Family Helicarionidae
Philonesia sp.
Endemic
Family Zonitidae
Hawaiia sp.
Striatura meniscus (Ancey, 190k)
Zonitoides arboreus (Say, l8l6)
Status Uncertain
Endemi c
Introduced (Historic)
Family Ferussaciidae
Cecilioides aperta (Swainson, 18^0)
Introduced (Historic;
Burrowing Species)
Nonmarine Mollusks
-367-
Table 3.1 (continued)
TAXON
STATUS
Family Subulinidae
Lamellaxis clavulinus (Potiez and Michaud, 1838)
Lamellaxis graeilis (Button, 183^)
Prosopeas achatinaceum (Pfeiffer, I&k6)
Subulina octona (Bruguiere, 1792)
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Family Spiraxidae
Euglandina rosea. (Ferussac, 1821)
Introduced (Historic)
Family Bradybaenidae
Bradybaena siroilaris (Ferussac, 1821)
Introduced (Historic)
(Historic)
(Prehistoric)
(Historic)
(Historic)
Table 3-2.
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS FROM SITE 50-HA-D8-33, TP-12.
Layer/Level/Depth (cm b.s.)
II
II
2
3
Ill
III
15-25
25-35
35-^5
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
11
10
11
11
10
10
1
0
1
1
0
0
12
11
1
0
I
1
0-5
5-15
k
Native Taxa
Pleuropoma sandwich! ens is konaensis
Lamellidea spp.
"Tornatellinops" baldwini
Tornatellides spp.
Amastra (Cyclamas.) umbil. pluscula
Leptachatina spp.
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) ovatula kona
Nesopupa dispersa
Nesopupa newcombi
Cookeconcha cf . thwing_i
"Succinea" spp.
Striatura meniscus
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Hawalia sp.
Lamellaxis graeilis
X
X
Total Taxa
Native Taxa
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Known Historic Adventive Taxa
7
5
2
0
X = presence; - = absence.
-368-
Christensen
Table 3-3.
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS FROM SITE 50-HA-D8-33, VARIOUS FEATURES AND TEST PITS.
Locality/Layer/Depth (cm b .s. or b.d.)
Subfea. 3
Layer III/ IV
156-166
cm b.d.
TP-4 NE
Layer II
81*. 5-87
cm b.d.
TP-12 NW
Layer III
ca. 35-^0
cm b.s.
TP-18,
Sq E7-8
Layer V
168-170
cm b.d.
Native Taxa
Pleuropoma sandwichiensis konaensis
Lamellidea spp.
"Tornatellinops" baldwini
Tornatellides eyphostyla
Tornatellides spp.
Amastra (Cyclamas.) umbil. pluscula
? Araastra sp.
Leptachatina (Angulidens) anceyana
Leptachatina spp.
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) costata
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) ovatula kona
Nesopupa dispersa
Nesopupa newcombi
Nesopupa wesleyana
Cookeconcha cf. thwingi
"Succinea" spp.
Philonesia sp.
Striatura meniscus
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
?
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
7
X
X
X
15
13
17
16
2
0
0
-
X
X
X
-
X
_X
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Pupisoma cf . orcula
Lamellaxis gracilis
Total Taxa
Native Taxa
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Known Historic Adventive Taxa
X
10
9
1
0
13+2?
12+1?
1-fl?
0
X = presence; - = absence; ? = possible presence, identification uncertain.
-
1
Nonmarine Mollusks
Table 3.^.
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS FROM SITE 50-HA-D7-2T, TP-2B.
Layer/Depth (cm b.d.)
II
117-127
III
1^7-157
Native Taxa
Lamellidea spp.
Tornatellides spp.
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) spp.
Nesopupa neweombi
Cookeconcha cf. thwingi
"SucGinea" spp.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
GastroGopta servilis
Gastrocopta spp.
*Cecilioides aperta
Lamellaxis clavulinus
lamellaxis gracilis
Subulina octona
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
Total Taxa
Native Taxa
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Known Historic Adventive Taxa
8
6
2
0
10
5
5
k
*Burrowing species; X = presence; - = absence.
X
-369-
-370-
Christensen
Table 3-5.
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS FROM SITE 50-HA-D7-27, TP-k.
Layer/Depth (cm b.s.)
I
0-5
II
5-15
II
15-25
25-35
X
X
X
II
II
II
35-^5 ^5-55
Ill III III Ill
55-65 65-75 75-85 85-95
Native Taxa
Pleuroporaa s, konaensis
Lamellidea spp.
"Tornatellinops" baldwini
Tornatellides spp.
Leptachatina spp.
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) o. kona
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) spp.
Nesopupa dispersa
Nesopupa newcombi
Cookeconcha cf . thwin^i
"Succinea" spp.
X
X
_
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
k
3
-
_
-
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
-
X
-
X
-
X
-
-
-
8
7
k
3
10
9
1
0
9
8
1
0
7
7
0
0
1
1
0
0
-
-
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Gastrocopta pedioulus
Gastrocopta servilis
Lamellaxis Glavulinus
Lamellaxis gracilis
Prosopeas achatinaceum
Subulina octona
Bradybaena similaris
X
x
x
X
x
x
x
Total Taxa
10
Native Taxa
3
Adventive/Poss. Adv. Taxa
7
Known Historic Adv. Taxa
5
X = presence; - - absence.
1
0
1
0
1
0
8
7
1
0
10
9
1
0
Nonmarine MoHusks
-371-
Table 3,6.
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS FROM SITE 50-HA-D7-29, TP-2.
Layer /Depth (cm b.s.)
I
0-5
II
II
II
5-10 10-15 15-20
II
II
20-25
25-30
30-35
it
_+
13
1
II
II/III
35-40
III
40-45
It6
134
28
6
44
34
it
8
_
67
III
45-50
Native Taxa
Pleuropoma sandwichiensis konaensis
Lamellidea spp.
"Tornatellinops" baldwini
Tornatellides cyphostyla
Tornatellides spp.
Achatinellidae (unidentified)
Amastra (Cyclamas.) umbil. pluscula
Leptachatina (Angulidens) anceyana
Leptachatina spp.
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) ovatula kona
Nesopupa di spersa
Nesopupa nevcombi
Cookeconcha cf. thwlngi
Punctum horneri
"Succinea" spp.
Philonesia sp.
Striatura meniscus
1
it
35_
_
_-
_-
6
_1
_1
_
_
_
_-
_-
_3
_9
21
_
_
45
1
+
211
_
_
_
+
_
1
20
+
1
+
+
-
2
It
2
3
+
1
_
9
+
+
1
+
_
_
6
35
+
+
_3
55
179
+
6
31
+
4
-
2
1
28
121
1
27
12
3
1
_
7
_
1
15
_
57
5
53_
It
_
19
20
+
it
+
5
10
2
1
1
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Pupisoma cf. orcula
Gastrocopta servilis
Lamellaxis gracilis
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
3
2
2
3
5
-
Unidentified
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
10
11
9
11
10
1
0
11
8
10
16
14
2
13
13
0
0
0
0
Total Taxa
Native Taxa
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Known Historic Adventive Taxa
1
Total Shells, All Taxa
1
Total Shells, Native Taxa
100.00
*Total Shells, Native Taxa ('
0
Total Shells, Adventive/Poss Adv. Taxa
*Total Shells, Advent./Poss. Adv. Taxa(%) 0
60.6
Sample Weight (gm)
Shells/100 gm Sample Weight
1.7
2
1
2
1
1
136
0
0
0
0
92.2
0
0
0
0
80.3
61
17
25
U
58
23
133
82.35 92.00 96.67 97.79
2
2
3
3
2.21
8.00
17.65
3.33
107.2 107;0 116.5
88.9
23.lt
52.lt 153.0
15.9
11
11
0
0
382
382
150
735
150
729
99.18 100.00 100.00
6
0
0
0.82
0
0
10it,6
53-1
702.7 878.2 282.5
43.5
*Not including unidentified shells; "+" signifies presence of non-apical fragments and/or presence in 0.5 mm sediment
fraction only.
-372-
Christensen
Table 3.7.
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS FROM SITE 50-HA-DT-66, BACKHOE TRENCH 1.
Layer /Depth (cm b.s.)
Litter
I
I
I
0
05
510
1015
_
_
_
_
_
+
+
1
4
_
i
II
1520
III
20-
III
IV
23/25- 30/31-
IV
23/25
30/31
35
354o
60
9
28
5
41
1
+
+
_
_
Native Taxa
Pleuroporaa sandwichiensis konaensis
Lamellidea spp.
"Tornatellinops" baldwini
Tornatellaria cf. henshawi
Tornatellides cyphostyla
Tornatellides spp.
Achatinellidae (unidentified)
Amastra (Cyclaraas.) umbil. pluscula
Leptachatina (Angulidens) anceyana
Leptachatina spp.
Lyropupa (Lyropupa) prisca
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) ova tula kona
Nesopupa dispersa
Nesopupa newcombi
Nesopupa spp.
Pupillidae (unidentified)
Cookeconcha cf. thwingi
"Succinea" spp.
Philonesia sp.
Striatura meniscus
+
_
_
3
+
_
_
_
_
_
-
+
+
48
153
2
3
163
14
8
10
2
226
13
2
-
48
1
14
216
3
9
2
18
1
352
+
-4-
2
-
+
+
_5
84
+
+
_+
+
_
_
1
_
_
4
25
8
3
12
1
1
(2)
(2)
15
13
16
14
11
11
5
5
1
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
100.00
100.00
0
0
0
0
36
-
9
3
+
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Gastrocopta pediculus
Gastrocopta servilis
Hawaiia sp.
Zonitoides arboreus
*Cecilioides aperta
gra£ilis
chati
Subulina octona
Subulinidae (unidentified)
Bradybaena similarls
Unidentified
Total Taxa
Native Taxa
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Known Historic Adventive Taxa
Total Shells, All Taxa
10
Total Shells, Native Taxa
0
**Total Shells, Native Taxa (%)
0
Total Shells, Adventive/Pbss. Adv. Taxa
10
**Total Shells, Adventive/Poss. Adv. Taxa (%) 100.00
Sample Weight (gm)
Shells/100 gm Sample Weight
81.4
12.3
*Burrowing species; **not including unidentified shells;
in 0.5 mm sediment fraction only
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
9
8
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
34T.3
0
+
0
0
0
0
10
251.3
9
90.00
1
10.00
199.7
5.0
1
693
683
98.84
8
1.16
299.2
231.6
188
777
188
774
99-87 100.00
0
1
0
0.13
164.5 224.1
472.3
83-9
154.5
0.6
93.2
0
signifies presence of non-apical fragments and/or presence
Nonmarine Mollusks
-373-
Table 3.8.
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS FROM SITE 50-HA-D7-66, FEATURE 6l, TP-5C.
Layer /Depth (cm b.s.)
Litter
I
0
0-5
9
+
+
I
I
5-11 11-17
II
III
17-22 22-27
III
IV
27-37* 37-43
Native Taxa
Pleuropoma sandwichiensis konaensis
Lamellidea spp.
"Tornatellinops" baldwini
+
+
_
Tornatellaria cf . henshawi
Tornatellaria cf. trochoides
Tornatellides cyphostyla
Tornatellides spp.
Achatinelii'dae (unidentified)
Amastra (Cyclamas.) umbil. pluscula
9
+•
-
+
_+
-
-
50
64
142
368.7
55
211.2
2
_
2
3
2.1
4.2
4.2
8
29
92
116.2
161.2
_
33
2
83-7
23.0
_+
36
377
84.7
953.8
1
22.0
_
4_
_
_
91
g
10
Leptaehatina (Angulidens) anceyana
Leptaehatina spp.
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) ovatula kona
Nesopupa dispersa
Nesopupa newcombi
Nesopupa wesleyana
Nesopupa spp.
Pronesopupa acanthinula
Cookeconcha cf. thwingi
Punctum horneri
"Succinea" spp.
Philonesia sp.
Striatura meniscus
7
2
-
+
2
_
_
_
136
1
+
_
2
4.2
2
33
116
13
14
1
6
196.9
+
37.7
13
+
2
+
_+
+
_+
26.1
-t_
_
_
_
_2
3
1
_
_
+
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Gastrocopta pediculus
Gastroeopta servilis
Hawaiia sp.
Zonitoides arboreus
**Ceeilioides aperta
Lamellaxis clavulinus
Lamellaxis graeilis
Prosopeas achatinaceum
Subulina octona
Euglandina rosea
Bradybaena similaris
Total Taxa
Native Taxa
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Known Historic Adventive Taxa
Total Shells, All Taxa
Total Shells, Native Taxa
Total Shells, Native Taxa (%)
Total Shells, Adventive/Poss. Adventive Taxa
Total Shells, Adventive/Poss. Adventive Taxa (%)
Sample Weight (gm)
Shells/100 gm Sample Weight
1
1
110
8
+
2
12
65
213
1
9
13
3
10
8
8
6
5
2
1
3
1
441
18
31
7.03
410
92.97
67.5
607.4
2
11.11
16
88.89
167.2
10.8
2
11
2
18.18
9
81.82
294.8
3.7
5
3
2
1
14
12
2
1
17
17
0
0
17
17
0
0
2299.8
912
912
M7
2299-8
25.00 99-52 100.00 100.00
0
6
2
0
0.48
0
0
75.00
313.7
209. ^ 218.7 155.1
3.8 191.6 588.0
733.1
8
2
419
9
9
0
0
7
7
100.00
0
0
115.2
6.1
"+" signifies presence of non-apical fragments and/or presence in 0.5 mm sediment fraction only. *Shell counts for 27-37
cm b. s. sample are calculated values based on examination of 100% of 4.0 mm sediment fraction and 48% of 1.0 mm sediment
fraction; **burrowing species.
-374-
Christensen
Table 3-9.
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS FROM SITE 50-HA-D7-66, FEATURE 62, BACKHOE TRENCH k.
Layer/Depth (cm b.s.)
I
0-5
I
IA
5-10 10-15
IA
15-23
II
23-30
IIA
30-38
I IB
X
X
_
X
X
—
X
X
X
X
X
III
Native Taxa
Lamellidea spp.
"Tornatellinops" baldwini
Tornatellides spp.
Leptachatina spp.
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) ovatula kona
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) spp.
Nesopupa newcombi
"Succinea" spp.
X
_
X
_
X
_
X
X
_
X
_
X
X
X
X
X
_
X
X
X
X
_
_
_
-
—
—
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Gastrocopta servilis
Hawaiia sp.
Lamellaxis gracilis
Subulina octona
Total Taxa
Native Taxa
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Known Historic Adventive Taxa
X = presence; - = absence.
_
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
3
6
2
1
0
5
6
7
2
k
u
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
X
X
3
1
_X
1
6
7
-
X
X
X
X
10
6
k
2
0
0
0
0
-375-
Nonmarine Mo Husks
Table 3.10.
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS FROM SITE 50-HA-D7-66, FEATURE 59, TP-1E.
Layer/Depth (cm b.s.)
I
0-5
II
II
5-10 10-15
II
15-20
II
III
20-25 25-30
Native Taxa
Pleuropoma sandwi ehi ens i s konaensis
Lamellidea spp.
"Tornatellinops" baldwini
Tornatellides spp.
Leptachatina spp.
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) ovatula kona
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) spp.
Nesopuga dispersa
Nesopupa newcombi
CookeGoncha cf. thwingi
"Succinea" spp.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Adventive/possibly Adventive Taxa
Gastrocopta pe_diculus
Gastrocopta servilis
Hawaiia sp.
*CeCilioides aperta
Lamellaxls gracilijs
Prosopeas achatinaceum
Subulina octona
Euglandina rosea
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
12
5
7
5
Total Taxa
Native Taxa
Adventive/Possibly Adventive Taxa
Known Historic Adventive Taxa
6
k
2
0
8
6
2
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
9
9
0
0
*Burrowing species; X = presence; - = absence.
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Ms.
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1983
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Christensen
, and Patrick V. Kirch
198la
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1972
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