The Red List of
Trees of Guatemala
Jose Luis Vivero, Michelle Szejner,
James Gordon and Georgina Magin
FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI),
founded in 1903 and the world’s first
international conservation organization,
acts to conserve threatened species
and ecosystems worldwide, choosing
solutions that are sustainable, are based
on sound science and take account of
human needs.
BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION
INTERNATIONAL (BGCI) is a membership
organization linking botanic gardens in over
100 countries in a shared commitment to
biodiversity conservation, sustainable use
and environmental education. BGCI aims
to mobilize botanic gardens and work with
partners to secure plant diversity for the
well-being of people and the planet. BGCI
provides the Secretariat for the IUCN/SSC
Global Tree Specialist Group.
THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN is a joint
initiative between FFI, BGCI and the
UNEP World Conservation Monitoring
Centre (UNEP-WCMC), in association with
other partners around the world, working for
the conservation of threatened trees and
their habitats.
SPONSOR
THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST
GROUP forms part of the Species Survival
Commission (SSC), the largest of IUCN’s
six volunteer commissions with a global
membership of 8000 experts. SSC advises
IUCN and its members on the wide range
of technical and scientific aspects of
species conservation and is dedicated to
securing a future for biodiversity. The aims
of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist
Group are to promote and implement global
red listing for trees and act in an advisory
capacity to the Global Trees Campaign.
Financial support provided by Defra
(the UK Government Department for
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs)
for the development of this document
is gratefully acknowledged. Defra is
supporting the Convention on Biological
Diversity Global Strategy for Plant
Conservation (GSPC) through the Plant
Diversity Challenge in the UK and through
active involvement in and support for
research, policies and projects overseas.
This document is presented as a
contribution to Target 2 of the GSPC.
COMPILERS
Jose Luis Vivero, member of the
IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group
Michelle Szejner, Universidad del Valle de
Guatemala
James Gordon, Fairchild Tropical Botanic
Garden, Miami, USA
Georgina Magin, Global Trees Campaign
Coordinator, Fauna & Flora International
The Red List of
Trees of Guatemala
Jose Luis Vivero, Michelle Szejner,
James Gordon and Georgina Magin
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
CONTENTS
2
Foreword
3
Acronyms
4
Acknowledgements
5
Introduction
6
References
13
THE RED LIST OF TREES
OF GUATEMALA
15
Map: Departments of Guatemala
16
Species endemic to Guatemala
17
Species endemic to Mesoamerica
22
Widespread species
34
Least Concern species
37
ANNEX I
IUCN Red List
Categories and Criteria
38
ANNEX II
Synonyms and Basionyms
42
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
FOREWORD
rees are important to the well-being
of people in every country of the
world, providing essential ecological,
economic and cultural services. The first
global assessment of the conservation
status of trees worldwide indicated that
around 8000 tree species are threatened
with extinction. This information was
published in 1998 in The World List of
Threatened Trees and was subsequently
incorporated into the IUCN Red List. The
IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group has
now taken on the important role of revising
the global conservation status of trees,
building up our knowledge of threatened
tree species around the world.
T
ambitious targets, which relate to in-situ
and ex-situ conservation and sustainable
use and trade in plants.
Tree red listing is also very important in
planning for sustainable forest management.
Projects of the Global Trees Campaign
contribute both to the GSPC and to
international forest objectives, especially
those relating to halting the loss of forest
biodiversity and supporting sustainable
forest management and rural livelihoods.
The collection of information on tree species
of conservation concern is vital for planning
conservation action. The second role of the
IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group is to
act as an advisory body for the Global Trees
Campaign, which aims to save the world’s
most threatened tree species and the
habitats where they grow. The Campaign
was developed by Fauna & Flora
International (FFI) and the UNEP World
Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEPWCMC) in direct response to the publication
of The World List of Threatened Trees.
Botanic Gardens Conservation International
(BGCI) joined the campaign in 2005 and
now provides the Secretariat for the
IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.
The Global Tree Specialist Group is
committed to undertaking a global
assessment of the conservation status of
tree species. We are working on both
a taxonomic and regional basis, making
the most of available resources and
expertise. This second publication, The
Red List of Trees of Guatemala, draws on
the knowledge of a wide range of experts
and involved government and academic
institutions in Guatemala as well as
researchers overseas. It summarizes currently available information on tree
species based on more detailed species
profiles and makes a strong plea for
conservation action. An immediate priority is to conserve the 10 Critically
Endangered tree species that are found
only in Guatemala, as part of the
sustainable management of Guatemala’s
rich forest resources.
The Global Trees Campaign provides an
important practical mechanism for implementation of the Global Strategy for Plant
Conservation (GSPC) of the Convention for
Biological Diversity. Global tree red listing
contributes directly to Target 2 of the
Strategy, which calls for a provisional list
of threatened plant species by 2010. In
many ways Target 2 underpins the other
Sara Oldfield
Chair of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree
Specialist Group
3
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
ACRONYMS
CATIE
CECON
Nature Conservation Centre, Guatemala
CEPF
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CONAMA
CONAP
National Council of Environment, Guatemala
National Council for Protected Areas, Guatemala
DBH
Diameter at Breast Height
Defra
Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK
ENCA
National School of Agricultural Training, Guatemala
FAO
FFI
Food and Agriculture Organization
Fauna & Flora International
INAB
National Forestry Institute, Guatemala
IUCN
The World Conservation Union
MAGA
NGO
SIGAP
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food
Non-government organization
System of Protected Areas of Guatemala
SNU
United Nations System
SSC
Species Survival Commission
TNC
The Nature Conservancy
UNDP
URL
United Nations Development Programme
University of Rafael Landívar, Guatemala
USAC
University of San Carlos, Guatemala
USAID
United States Agency for International Development
UVG
4
Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Centre
University of Valle, Guatemala
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
he project to assess the threat status
of trees in Guatemala was funded by
a private donation. Further financial
support for publication of this document, The
Red List of Trees of Guatemala, came from
Defra (the United Kingdom Government’s
Department of Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs). Financial assistance from Missouri
Botanical Garden and the New York
Botanical Garden allowed Michelle Szejner to
visit both institutions as part of the project.
We are very grateful to all these organizations
for their generous support.
T
The following people have contributed to
this work with their knowledge, time and
experience. Especially important was the
contribution from Juan José Castillo,
Professor of Botany and Director of the
Herbarium of the Faculty of Agronomy in
the University of San Carlos (USAC),
Guatemala. His advice during the preparation of the project and its subsequent
development provided great motivation, and
without him, this Red List would not have
been completed. His taxonomic expertise
was particularly important in deciding on
candidate species and nomenclature. David
Mendieta, technician in the Herbarium of
USAC, also deserves special mention for his
work to help the authors resolve nomenclature queries and species present in
Guatemala. He also accompanied the
authors on several field trips.
Other botanists who have contributed to
the project, providing unpublished data
and advice on many aspects (distribution,
taxonomy and ethnobotany) are the
following: César Castañeda (Department
of Forestry, UVG); Margaret Dix (UVG);
Elfriede Pöll (Director of the Herbarium,
UVG); Ana Lú de MacVean (UVG); César
Linneo García (USAC); Óscar González
(Director of Forest Management, CONAP);
Mygdalia García (CITES Authority,
CONAP); Otoniel Chacón (CONAP);
Rodrigo Rodas (INAB); Mario Díaz (INAB);
Julio Morales (Herbarium, CECON, USAC);
and José Linares (Director of Zamorano
Herbarium, Honduras). A special mention
also to the botanists of the Missouri
Botanical Garden (United States of America)
for the help given to Michelle Szejner during
her stay there, in particular Alina Freire
Hierro, James Miller, Peter Jørgensen, Gerrit
Davidse, W. Douglas Stevens, Charlotte
Taylor, Carmen Ulloa Ulloa, Gordon
McPherson, Henk van der Werff, George
Schatz, David Neill, Doug Holland and Jhon
Pruski. We would also like to thank those
botanists that helped Michelle during her
stay in the New York Botanical Garden,
namely Daniel Atha, Thomas Zanoni, Fabian
Michelangeli, Jackie Kallunki, Stella Sylvia
and Bryan Boom.
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala would
not have been possible without the work
done by the botanists, foresters and
government officials at the Workshop on
Threatened Trees in Guatemala held on 5-6
September 2005. Thanks to those who
attended, from CONAP: Omar Molina, Hiram
Ordóñez, Julio Madrid, Edy Girón, Julio
Tzirin, Otoniel Chacón, Mygdalia García, Lis
Lima, Héctor Gutiérrez and Julio Cruz Corzo;
from CECON: Miguel Flores, Ana María Ortiz,
Rebeca Orellana, Marie Storek and Julio
Morales; from other institutions: Conrado
Valdés Markwordt (USAC), Martín Sánchez
(Central University of the South West/USAC),
Brenda Chávez (Museum Jorge Ibarra of
Natural History), Herbert Ortega (ENCA) and
Mario Díaz (INAB).
Finally, thanks to Sara Oldfield (Chair,
IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group)
for getting this project off the ground and
for invaluable guidance and advice; to
Aljos Farjon (Chair, IUCN/SSC Conifer
Specialist Group) for input on conifer
species; to Craig Hilton-Taylor of IUCN-SSC
for valuable comments; and to Sylvia
Harcourt-Carrasco and Elena Valdehita for
translation work.
5
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
INTRODUCTION
FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY IN GUATEMALA
The name Guatemala comes from the word
Quauhtemalan, a Nahuatl word meaning
‘land of trees’. This name was given
because of the exuberant vegetation that
existed in the country at the time of the
Spanish colonization (Holdridge et al.
1950). The flora of Guatemala is one of the
richest and most varied in the world (Gentry
1982), due to its biogeographic position
(between the Neoarctic and Neotropical
regions) and to its interoceanic position
(between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans).
It also has a diversity of terrestrial
formations and soil types, and wide ranges
in altitude (0-4220 m above sea level),
precipitation levels (400-5000 mm) and
average yearly temperature (10-30 °C).
These variations in temperature and rainfall
within relatively small areas result in 14
different life zones, according to Holdridge
(1967), or 18, according to the National
Forestry Institute (INAB 2001). Guatemala
is at the heart of one of the Biodiversity
Hotspots of Mesoamerica (Mittermeier et
al. 1999, Myers et al. 2000). These
’hotspots‘ have been defined as areas
characterized by exceptional numbers of
species with high levels of endemism and
which experience high levels of threat.
21,264 km2 of predominantly broadleaved
forest. The department with the most
conifer forest is Huehuetenango (INAB
2000), where the majority of the conifer
species reported in the country can be
found. Fifty-five per cent of the country’s
forest occurs within protected areas (INABCONAP-MAGA-UVG-PAFG 2004).
Forest in Guatemala covers 42,865 km2 or
39 per cent of the area of the country, with
broadleaved forest more widespread than
conifer forest. Forty-three per cent of the
country’s forest cover occurs in the
Department of Petén, which has a total of
As shown in this table, there is a high level
of endemism amongst Guatemala’s plant
and animal species. There is also a high
level of threat. Conservation is thus of the
utmost importance. Various initiatives to
study and catalogue the biodiversity of
A range of forest types are found, including
mangrove forest on the southern coast, dry
forest and spiny bush in the east, montane
conifer forest and tropical forest in the
north, cloud forest in the west and in the
Verapaces, paramo on the volcanoes and
the Cuchumatanes, and mixed forest
(conifer and broadleaved) in the Altiplano.
Guatemala has more than 8000 higher
plant species, including 1403 woody
species in 550 genera and 105 families.
There are 28 species of conifer and more
than 500 species of broadleaved trees
(CONAMA 1999, Villar 1998, CEPF 2004,
FAO 2004), with a high level of endemism
(Asociación Becaria de Guatemala 1995).
Twenty-five per cent of the genera are
restricted to the Nearctic region (Islebe &
Kappelle 1994). This tremendous diversity
of flora and fauna is illustrated in Table 1.
TABLE 1: Diversity and endemism in various taxonomic groups in Guatemala
Species
Plants
Birds
Mammals
Amphibians
FAO (2004)
8000
669*
250
112
CEPF (2004)
8681
738
251
112
Endemic species
(FAO 2004)
1171
5
4
40
% endemism
14.64
0.75
1.60
35.71
*204 are migratory birds
6
Guatemala are underway, e.g. The Nature
Conservancy’s programme of Cloud Forests
in the Volcanic Chain, the Mesoamerican
Biological Corridor, the United States
Agency for International Development’s
(USAID) Project Proarcas, the World Bank’s
Project MIRNA, and so on. These programmes have produced a range of
documents about the conservation state of
many species. However, the results have
not always been adequately distributed,
either within or outside the country, so the
valuable information they have produced is
not always readily available.
THREATS TO THE FORESTS
The rate of deforestation in Guatemala is
estimated at 900 km2 a year (INAB 2002;
see Table 2), 73 per cent within broadleaved forest and 23 per cent in coniferous
forest. According to projections carried out
by the National Forestry Institute (INAB),
this rate of deforestation will result in the
elimination of the country’s forest cover
in approximately 40 years. The montane
ecosystem (forests between 1500-3000 m)
is one of the most threatened because
of demographic pressure leading to conversion to agricultural land and exploitation
for firewood, and because of climate
change (Islebe et al. 1995, Islebe & VélizPérez 2001). The sub-alpine forests
of Guatemala (found between 31503800 m) are subject to particular pressure
and will probably disappear in the next
few years if no immediate action is taken
(Islebe 1996).
Reptiles
209
231
Freshwater fish
230
19
9.09
27
11.74
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
TABLE 2: Annual rate of deforestation in
Guatemala (km2)
Year
Area deforested (km2/year)
1977
637
1983
600
1989
556
1990
600-900
1993
900
1997
900
Apart from altering the ecological
equilibrium, this forest destruction is
threatening many species of trees and
shrubs with extinction. Species such as
Abies guatemalensis, Podocarpus oleifolius,
Cedrela odorata, Swietenia humilis,
Swietenia macrophylla and others are now
considered threatened.
Many of the threats to Guatemala’s forest
are related to increasing human population
and the unequal distribution of land, which
forces poor farmers to view forests as a
source of agricultural land. Population
density has reached more than 300 people
per km2 in many zones of the Altiplano,
resulting in a drastic increase in land use,
with conversion of forest into agricultural
land, cattle ranches and human settlements. The majority of the population use
firewood for cooking and heat, leading to
additional pressure on the country’s forest
resources.
Guatemala has suffered from a lack of
appreciation of the importance of forest
genetic resources and their contribution
to the struggle against poverty and hunger
(Shimizu & Vivero 2004). The result is that
the conservation and utilization of forests
have not been viewed as strategic
elements in the economic and social
development of Guatemala. However, it
appears that this perception is starting to
change. In a recent report, the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
positioned the forestry sector as one of
the four sectors to spur economic growth
and human development (PNUD 2003),
BOX 1: Unsustainable use of pinabete, a threatened flagship species
Pinabete (Abies guatemalensis), a fir, is found in several departments in the east
and west of Guatemala along the volcanic chain, in montane forests over 2500 m.
The species is listed in Appendix 1 of CITES (Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).
During December, pinabete suffers from uncontrolled cutting of the branches for
use as Christmas trees. Regeneration of the species is naturally low, due to the
small number of cones produced and the poor viability of the seeds. Cone
production occurs in December, coinciding with the branch cutting. The practice
thus considerably reduces the reproductive capacity of the species. Because of
high demand for the branches and the multiple damage done to many trees at
some sites, it has disappeared from some areas (Lopez 1999).
and INAB, jointly with the Ministry
of Agriculture, Livestock and Food
(MAGA) and the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), released a policy
paper in 2005 on how forest resources
contribute to food security and poverty
alleviation (INAB 2005).
The principal processes that affect
forests in Guatemala are listed below.
While several of these anthropogenic disturbances may be compatible with forest
and tree conservation if managed well,
in reality the impact is all too often
negative.
i) Shifting agriculture (slash and burn). This
process, combined with the increasing
population and the opening-up of areas
with roads, is producing fragmentation
of the forest, a reduction in the size of
the forests and a loss of biodiversity.
ii) Forest fires. These provoke a loss of forest biodiversity and weakening of the
trees, making them more susceptible to
disease.
iii) Illegal extraction and over-exploitation of
a limited range of species. This has
resulted in some species being in
danger of extinction in Guatemala, e.g.
Swietenia macrophylla (mahogany),
Cedrela odorata (cedar) and Abies
guatemalensis (pinabete). There are two
types of illegal extraction: firstly, the
extraction of species with high market
value, both nationally and internationally
(e.g. Cedrela odorata and Swietenia
macrophylla); secondly, the extraction of
timber by rural communities for local
use, most commonly conifer species
such as Pinus strobus and Pinus
ayacahuite.
iv) Use of fuelwood. Wood remains the
principal energy source in Guatemala,
although the percentage of the
population reliant on fuelwood has
decreased in the past few years.
MEASURES
FOR THE PROTECTION AND
MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS AND THREATENED
GUATEMALA
There are two institutions in Guatemala
responsible for the management of forest
resources. The National Forestry Institute
(INAB) is in charge of the administration of
forests outside protected areas, while the
National Council for Protected Areas
(CONAP) is in charge of the management
of protected areas. The System of
Protected Areas of Guatemala (SIGAP)
consists of 115 legally declared protected
areas covering a total of 31,831 km2,
equivalent to 29.23 per cent of the national
territory. CONAP is also responsible for the
conservation of threatened species and the
SPECIES IN
7
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
BOX 2: Legal framework for the protection of forests and tree species
The Forest Policies of Guatemala have as their strategic aim the strengthening of
SIGAP and the protection and conservation of strategic forest ecosystems, as well
as the productive management of natural forests.
The Forest Law of Guatemala (Legislative Decree 101-96) created the National
Forestry Institute (INAB), which, amongst other responsibilities, develops
programmes and projects for the conservation of forests and collaborates with
entities that require their support.
The Law for Protected Areas (Decree 4-89 of the Congress and reforms to the
Decrees 18-89 and 110-96) established as objectives of CONAP: (a) to achieve
the conservation of the genetic diversity of the wildlife, flora and fauna of the
country; (b) to develop capacity for the sustainable utilization of species; (c) to
defend and preserve the natural heritage of the nation.
The Red List of the Wild Flora of Guatemala (Resolution No. ALC/028/2001 of
CONAP) was published in 2001 in the Official Diary of Central America.
preparation of the official Red List of
Guatemala (see below).
A series of legal measures for the protection
of the forests and forest species serve to
regulate the use and conservation of trees
and shrubs (see Box 2). Amongst the exsitu measures for the conservation of
forest species, the Seed Bank for
Forest Species – BANSEFOR – is particularly noteworthy. This is a project of
INAB that collects and distributes forest
seeds, and could be a key element in the
conservation of rare and threatened tree
species. The establishment of nurseries and
forest plantations to reproduce threatened
BOX 3: Threatened trees of Guatemala listed on CITES Appendices I and II
Abies guatemalensis and Balmea stormae are listed on Appendix I of CITES,
which includes species in danger of extinction that are or could be threatened by
trade. Trade in these species is subject to strict regulations to prevent further
danger to their survival, and can only be authorized under exceptional
circumstances. The removal of Balmea stormae from Appendix I is currently being
considered by the CITES Plants Committee, since it is the subject of almost no
international trade.
Swietenia humilis, Swietenia macrophylla and Guaiacum sanctum are listed on
Appendix II of CITES, which includes species not necessarily in danger of
extinction now, but that could become so if the trade is not subject to strict
regulation to avoid a level of use incompatible with their survival. Two species of
Dalbergia that are found in Guatemala (D. retusa and D. stevensonii) may be
proposed for inclusion in Appendix II shortly.
8
trees for reforestation could also be a useful
component of efforts to conserve and
manage species in danger of extinction.
EXPLOITATION OF FOREST SPECIES
There are an estimated 502 tree and
120 shrub species that are used for
various purposes in Guatemala. Forest
species can be grouped according to their
principal usage: timber, firewood, human
consumption, forage, medicine, ornament
and those that produce latex or industrial
resin. In addition to these primary uses,
tree and bush species may be
used for dye, handicraft, tanning works,
rituals, oil extraction, cosmetics and
hallucinogens.
Through resolution 1/31/97, the Board of
INAB classifies forest species according to
their economic value in the market. In the
past, forest exploitation has focused on a
small number of trees with high commercial
value (Pinus oocarpa, Pinus maximinoi,
Pinus caribaea, Cupressus lusitanica,
Swietenia macrophylla (mahogany) and
Cedrela odorata (cedar)). This selective
exploitation caused populations of some of
these species (e.g. mahogany, cedar) to
decrease to critical levels, thus reducing
the value of the forest. Swietenia humilis
is no longer a commercially viable species
in Guatemala due to its overexploitation
(Magin 2006).
There is now a higher level of awareness
amongst stakeholders in the forestry sector
about the need for sustainable forest
management. However, the number of
forest species used by the timber industry in
Guatemala has also increased in recent
years, and several more threatened species
are now exploited. The most commonly
used threatened conifer species is Pinus
tecunumanii, while threatened broadleaves
that have joined the list of harvested
trees include Zanthoxylum belizense and
Pouteria amygdalina. A number of species
are listed on CITES (see Box 3).
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES IN
GUATEMALA
The Government of Guatemala, according
to Decree 110-96, is obliged to have an
up-to-date list of all the threatened fauna
and flora in the country. Accordingly, a
process of evaluating species was carried
out in the period 1999-2001, through
resolution ALC/039-99 (for animals) and
ALC/028/2001 (for plants), with the resulting list of threatened fauna and flora being
published in the Diario de Centroamerica
(Official Bulletin of the State of Guatemala)
in 1999 and 2001.
The evaluation of species in Guatemala was
undertaken using criteria developed by
Guatemalan scientists, using the best
information that was available at the time.
Some elements of the IUCN Red List
Categories and Criteria Version 2.3 (IUCN
1994) were used, as well as elements
of a system devised by The Nature
Conservancy (TNC), and the listings on the
CITES Appendices. The resulting system
classified species into three categories:
CONAP 1, 2 or 3. The criteria used were
less precise and detailed than the IUCN
Red List Criteria, and had wide margins of
uncertainty (Carton de Grammont & Cuaron
2006) and application (see Box 4). The list
of species produced by this process
contains 154 species of trees and shrubs,
including at least 32 that are endemic to
the country.
BOX 4: CONAP categories of use and threat in Guatemala
CATEGORY 1: Includes species that are in danger of extinction. These species
can be used exclusively for scientific reasons or for propagation. Exportation and
commercialization of these species from the wild is prohibited; trade is only
permitted if specimens, parts or derivatives can be proved to have been produced
in captivity or through cultivation.
CATEGORY 2: Includes species with distribution restricted to one habitat type
(endemics) and species of low population density. These species can be used for
scientific reasons or for propagation. Their use must be controlled via
management plans and requires an Environmental Impact Study.
CATEGORY 3: Includes species which may not at present be in danger of
extinction but could become threatened if their use is not regulated. These
species can be used for scientific reasons or for propagation; trade must be
regulated through scientifically developed management plans approved by the
competent organization or institution.
evaluated according to IUCN Red List
Criteria largely by outside experts. In many
cases these evaluations were done with
very little or no reference to national experts
or information sources within Guatemala.
The CONAP classification system and
resulting categories and criteria are specific
to Guatemala and do not permit an easy
comparison with species in neighbouring
countries, or the positioning of Guatemala
within a world context of conservation and
threatened species.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, there are very
significant differences in the species
included on the two lists. The lack of
convergence between them is well
illustrated by trees: in the CONAP (2001)
list there are 154 tree species threatened at
the national level, while in the World List of
Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998),
which summarizes the IUCN tree
evaluations, there are 106 species from
Guatemala listed as globally threatened.
However, the lists have only 18 tree species
in common. It appears that information that
exists outside the country about the trees
of Guatemala does not coincide with that
existing within the country, and vice versa.
In addition to this national list, the IUCN
Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN
2006; see www.iucnredlist.org) contains
global listings for plants and animals that
occur in Guatemala, which have been
There was therefore a clear need to
combine all current information on the
status of tree species in Guatemala to
produce a single Red List of threatened
trees, which could be used by both IUCN
and CONAP. A project was developed, Red
Listing, Mapping and Conservation Status
for the Threatened Trees of Guatemala, to
evaluate the conservation status of trees in
Guatemala according to the most recent
IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria
(IUCN 2001) and to publish a revised Red
List of threatened trees of the country. The
project was developed as part of the Global
Trees Campaign (www.globaltrees.org), led
by Fauna & Flora International. Support for
publication of this document came from
Defra (the United Kingdom Government’s
Department of Environment, Food and
Rural Affairs).
RED
LISTING, MAPPING AND CONSERVATION
STATUS FOR THE THREATENED TREES OF
GUATEMALA – METHODOLOGY
For the purposes of the project, a tree was
defined as an erect plant, perennial, with
only one true trunk (Smith et al. 2004),
which develops an aerial part that is
partially woody and which can be differentiated into various layers: cambium,
woody and bark (Frans 1994), with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 10 cm or
more and a height greater than 6-7 m. This
9
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
definition avoids the inclusion of palms and
bushy species.
A candidate list of tree species was first
drawn up, including all species on the
existing CONAP and IUCN lists. This gave
a total of 224 species. All species of the
genus Quercus found in Guatemala were
added to the list, since this group is the
subject of global evaluation by the
IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group
(see Box 5). This gave a total working list of
248 tree species.
An exhaustive search for synonyms of
each species and their distribution in
Mesoamerica, particularly in Guatemala, was
then conducted (see Annex II). This was
done using, principally, the Flora of
Guatemala (Standley & Steyermark 19461977, Steyermark 1950) and the TROPICOS
database held at Missouri Botanical Garden
(mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html).
In October 2004 a meeting of botanists
and timber experts was held to revise the
initial list and prioritize the remaining
species based on the following criteria:
1. Endemic species
2. Species present in both Red Lists
(national and IUCN)
3. All species in the genus Quercus
4. Threatened Magnolia and Dalbergia
species
4. Species listed on CITES
5. Rare and little-known species
This list was then taken to Missouri
Botanical Garden and revised by
specialists of particular families or regions,
resulting in further removal or addition of
species. Through this process, a list of 156
tree species was produced. Thirty-four of
these species were not included in either of
the existing Red Lists for Guatemala. A
further two taxa were later dropped from
the list: Quercus vicentensis because it is
not present in the country and Pinus
strobus var. chiapensis because the project
decided not to assess varieties.
All available information on the remaining
154 species within Guatemala was then
Box 5: Threat status of Quercus, Magnolia and Dalbergia species in Guatemala
The IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group is assessing the conservation status
of the world’s tree species for the IUCN Red List and as a contribution towards
the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.
The assessments are being undertaken on both a geographical and taxonomic
basis. At the time of this Guatemalan project, global assessments of all members
of the family Magnoliaceae and the genus Quercus were underway, with the genus
Dalbergia identified as a priority group for attention. Assessment of all conifer
species is being undertaken by the IUCN/SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon &
Page 1999).
As part of this Guatemalan project, the national status of two species of
Dalbergia, two of Magnolia and 23 of Quercus were evaluated. These
included two species endemic to Guatemala, for which these evaluations were
therefore global assessments: Magnolia guatemalensis (EN), a beautiful tree
restricted to humid and swampy areas of the central highlands in Verapaces
and Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve; and Quercus flagellifera (VU), a rare
tree found in several departments in the western highlands and southeastern
lowlands.
10
gathered, including information on populations, distribution, uses and threats. All
the herbaria and botanical libraries of
Guatemala were visited, including the
herbaria of the Faculty of Agronomy of the
University of San Carlos, Guatemala
(USAC), the Faculty of Biology of the USAC,
the Nature Conservation Centre (CECON),
CECON-USAC, and the Herbarium of the
University of Valle (UVG). The herbaria and
libraries of the Missouri Botanical Garden
(MBG) and the New York Botanical Garden
(NYBG) in the United States of America
were also visited, thanks to financial
assistance from both institutions.
A bibliographical review of published
literature and unpublished (grey) material
on these species in Guatemala was carried
out in the USAC, the UVG, various governmental institutions (CONAP, INAB),
international organizations (World Bank,
Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher
Education Centre (CATIE), Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO)) and NGOs
such as Fundacion Defensores de la
Naturaleza, CECON and TNC. Information
about each species in Guatemala was
compiled and organized under the
following headings: taxonomy, habitat,
distribution, management, conservation,
threats, threat category and references.
These species files will be incorporated into
the IUCN Red List database, to ensure the
information gathered is as widely available
as possible.
Using this information, an assessment was
made for each species against the IUCN
Red List Categories and Criteria version
3.1 (2001) (IUCN 2001; Annex I), and a Red
List status, and criteria where appropriate,
was assigned to each species for its
Guatemalan populations. For endemic species these national Red List Categories and
Criteria represent global evaluations, while
for species that also occur outside
Guatemala, a global category was assigned
through a separate process (see below).
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Once the information compilation and
status assessments were complete, a
workshop was organized in collaboration
with the National Council for Protected
Areas (CONAP). The workshop, which was
held in Guatemala City on 5-6 September
2005, was attended by over 20 specialists
from diverse institutions, both academic
and governmental. The aim of the meeting
was to check and confirm the proposed
Guatemalan national categories and criteria
for the threatened tree species, in order to
ensure that the final output of the project,
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala, is as
accurate as possible and enjoys the full
support of the national scientific and
governmental community. All the global
evaluations will be submitted in due course
to IUCN for inclusion in the global Red List
of threatened species.
GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF SPECIES RESTRICTED
TO MESOAMERICA
As stated above, the aim of the
Guatemalan project was to revise the
national Guatemalan tree Red List and
reconcile the differences between the list
compiled using CONAP national criteria
and the Guatemalan species on the global
IUCN Red List. The project therefore
gathered information on the populations
of the species identified within Guatemala
and assessed their threat status within the
country. This was a very thorough and
inclusive process, involving all national
stakeholders and a review of all available
information.
The project did not, however, attempt a
comprehensive review of the global status
of species on the candidate list that also
occur outside Guatemala. In order to
expand the scope and usefulness of
the work, and to ensure that the conservation of Guatemalan trees is properly
contextualized with global priorities, an
additional preliminary assessment of
candidate species that also occur outside
Guatemala but are restricted to neigh-
bouring countries in Mesoamerica was
undertaken (Mesoamerica is defined as
southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica and Panama). For species already
on the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2006) (albeit
that most were listed using the old (version
2.3) Red List Categories and Criteria),
revision was only attempted where the
current status was considered erroneous
or obsolete. The global assessments that
were not changed are included here for
completeness.
Information on the status of these more
widespread species is inevitably fragmentary
and more difficult to compare; in particular
estimates of decline in species populations
are incomplete across this large area. Thus
apart from the information gathered from
Guatemala, the global assessments are
based primarily on distribution data from
monographs, checklists and databases.
Species on the candidate list that occur
more widely (e.g. ranging to South America
and beyond) were not assessed at a global
scale and only their national threat status is
given, together with their existing IUCN
global status if they have one.
THE RED LIST OF TREES OF GUATEMALA
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
presents 154 species whose status within
Guatemala has been evaluated according
to the IUCN Red List Categories and
Criteria version 3.1 (2001) (see Annex I).
The principal results of the Guatemalan
evaluations are presented in Table 3.
There are 48 species endemic to
Guatemala, for which the national categories also represent global categories.
The numbers of endemic species in each
Red List Category are shown in Table 4.
Many of these endemic species have a very
restricted distribution within the country,
and may only be known from one or two
collections in one department. The highest
degree of endemism occurs in the Northern
Corridor (Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz,
Quiché and Huehuetenengo): over 25
species are found solely in this area. Little
is known about these species. Genera such
as Ocotea (Lauraceae), Pouteria (Sapotaceae) and Eugenia (Myrtaceae) exhibit
notable diversity in Guatemala, and many
of the species in these groups are endemic.
As shown in the table, there are 19 species
evaluated as Critically Endangered within
the country. Many of these are only known
from the type specimen collected more
than 50 years ago, and have never been
found again, and the localities are in areas
which are under threat. Ten of the Critically
Endangered species are endemic to
Guatemala. These endemic and very
poorly known species should be top
priorities in efforts to conserve the
threatened flora of Guatemala, since their
disappearance from the country would
mean their global extinction.
A further 81 species have a distribution
restricted to Mesoamerica (as defined
above), giving a total of 129 tree species
that are found only in Mesoamerica.
Twenty-three are found only in the south of
Mexico (Chiapas) and Guatemala, political
entities that share very similar biogeographical characteristics and which are
rich in endemics, not only in the plant
kingdom but also other taxonomic groups.
For example, the area is classified by
BirdLife International as an Endemic Bird
Area (Stattersfield et al. 1998).
Table 5 shows the numbers of Guatemalan
trees endemic to Mesoamerica in each Red
List Category. It should be noted that, unlike
the comprehensive Guatemalan national
evaluations, the new global evaluations
(Proposed Global Categories) are only
preliminary assessments. Further information
on these species outside Guatemala or
comments on the proposed categories and
criteria would be much appreciated – please
11
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
contact the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist
Group at GTSG@bgci.org.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Despite nearly half the country being
covered with primary and secondary forest,
the potential of the forest sector as a
resource for combating poverty has been
overlooked in Guatemala. It is only recently
that international organizations have highlighted its importance as an engine of
growth for rural areas (SNU 2003). Few
studies have addressed the economic
contribution of forest products to rural
livelihoods and food security (Shimizu &
Vivero 2004), the latter being one of the
most pressing issues associated with
extreme poverty and ethnic discrimination
in the country.
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala should
be used as a tool in the valuation of the
country’s forest resources and the prioritization of actions for the conservation
and sustainable use of forests. Having
been developed and endorsed by a wide
range of governmental and academic
institutions in Guatemala, it should also
assist the two mandatory institutions
(CONAP and INAB) to work together to
preserve the most threatened tree
species, several of which have a high
commercial value.
The 19 tree species considered Critically
Endangered should be the subject of
immediate action, to ground truth their
range and populations and to initiate
specific in-situ or ex-situ conservation
measures to avoid their extinction. Priority
should be given to those 10 Critically
Endangered trees that are restricted to
Guatemala, most of which are only known
from a single location. A further 36 species
(23 endemic) are considered Data
Deficient, mostly because they are only
known from a single collection made some
time ago. These species should also
be priorities for action, to gather
12
information on their status, biology and
ecology and to initiate conservation
measures where necessary.
Current conservation activities and research undertaken by environmental
organizations – such as Conservation
International (CEPF 2004), The Nature
Conservancy, IUCN, WWF, Fauna and
Flora International, Fundación Defensores
de la Naturaleza, Fundación para el
Desarrollo y la Conservación (FUNDAECO)
and the Wildlife Conservation Society,
among others – should incorporate action
for threatened tree species within their
biodiversity conservation initiatives, and
assign high priority to preventing the
extinction of the Critically Endangered
and Data Deficient endemic species.
Threatened trees could be used as indicators in the determination of Important
Plants Areas (Palmer & Smart 2002).
and international universities, research
centres and non-government organizations
(NGOs) (see Cordero & Boshier 2003,
Castañeda 2004 for recent publications).
Much of this information is kept in NGO
offices or university repositories and is
never published for a wider audience (e.g.
Marcos 1999, Martínez 1999, Medinilla
1999, Rosito 1999, Paiz 2001). The
development of a partnership between
CONAP, INAB, USAC, the University of
Rafael Landívar (URL), UVG and national
and international biodiversity conservation
institutions to produce an online database
containing all ‘grey’ literature on forests and
tree species of Guatemala would be
extremely useful. A similar database for bird
information is currently being promoted by
the Sociedad Guatemalteca de Ornitología
(www.avesdeguatemala.org).
Finally, a considerable amount of information on the woody biodiversity of
Guatemala has been produced by national
TABLE 3: National Red List Categories for species within Guatemala
IUCN Category
Number of species
CR
19
EN
42
VU
28
NT
17
DD
36
LC
13
DD
23
LC
0
TABLE 4: Red List Categories for endemic species (national and global
categories)
IUCN Category
Number of species
CR
10
EN
13
VU
2
NT
0
TABLE 5: Proposed and current global Red List Categories for Mesoamerican
endemic species that occur in Guatemala
IUCN Category
Number of species
CR
0
EN
9
VU
25
NT
10
DD
6
LC
40
LR/nt*
1
* Low risk/near threatened – a category from Version 2.3 (1994) Categories and Criteria that no longer
exists in Version 3.1 (2001). There is one species that is currently listed on the IUCN Red List
in this category and has not been re-evaluated during this project.
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
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Castañeda, C. (2004). Árboles y arbustos
del los bosques secos de Guatemala.
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Guatemala.
CEPF (2004). Mesoamerica Biodiversity
Hotspot. Critical Ecosystems Partnership
Fund Fact Sheet. Critical Ecosystems
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de Centroamérica, un manual para
extensionistas. Oxford Forestry Institute &
CATIE, Costa Rica.
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biológica de los árboles y bosques de
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Cambridge, UK.
Frans, G. (1994). El árbol al servicio del
agricultor: manual de agroforestería para el
desarrollo rural. CATIE-ENDA CARIBE,
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between Central and South America:
Plesitocene climatic fluctuations or an
accident of the Andean orogeny? Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 69: 557-593.
Mapa de cobertura forestal. Escala
1:50.000. Guatemala.
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(1995). High elevation coniferous vegetation
of Guatemala. Vegetatio 116: 7-23.
Islebe, G.A. (1996). Will Guatemala´s
Juniperus-Pinus forests survive?
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Islebe, G.A. & Kappelle, M. (1994). A
phytogeographical comparison between
subalpine forests of Guatemala and Costa
Rica. Feddes Repertorium 105 (1994) 1-2:
73-87.
Holdridge, C. (1967). Life Zone Ecology.
Tropical Science Centre Publication, San
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Islebe, G.A. & Véliz-Pérez, M.E. (2001).
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(eds). Bosques nublados del neotrópico,
pp. 231-241. INBio, Costa Rica.
Holdridge, L.R., Lamb, B. & Bertell, M.
(1950). Los bosques de Guatemala vol. I-V.
Instituto de Fomento de la Producción de
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Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland,
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INAB (2000). Mapa de cobertura forestal de
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IUCN (2001). IUCN Red List Categories
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INAB (2001). Mapa de ecosistemas
forestales de Guatemala. Escala 1:
250.000. Instituto Nacional de Bosques,
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INAB (2002). Información sobre Proyectos
de Reforestación bajo el Programa de
Incentivos Forestales – PINFOR. Unidad de
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Nacional de Bosques, Guatemala.
INAB (2005). Cómo contribuyen los
recursos forestales a la seguridad
alimentaria en Guatemala. INAB, MAGA,
FAO, Guatemala.
INAB-CONAP-MAGA-UVG-PAFG (2004).
Plan de acción forestal para Guatemala.
IUCN (2006). 2006 IUCN Red List of
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López, E. (1999). Diagnóstico de las
poblaciones naturales de pinabete (Abies
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estrategia para su conservación.
Presidencia de la República, Consejo
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e Instituto Nacional de Bosques (INAB). CoEdiciones Técnicas, Documento No. 11.
Guatemala City, Guatemala.
Magin, G. (ed) (2006). Status and
Sustainable Use of Mahogany in Central
America: Report of a Nicaraguan Study and
13
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a Regional Coordination Workshop. Fauna
& Flora International, Cambridge, UK.
Marcos, C. (1999). Censo de especies del
género Quercus y su distribución geográfica
en dos cuencas de la Reserva Biosfera
Sierra de las Minas. Tesis de Ingeniería
Forestal. Universidad del Valle de
Guatemala, Guatemala.
Martínez, M. (1999). Estudio florístico de las
comunidades arbóreas y arbustivas
localizadas al norte del Parque Nacional
Sierra del Lacandón, Petén. Tesis de
Ingeniero Agrónomo, Facultad de
Agronomía, Universidad San Carlos de
Guatemala, Guatemala.
Medinilla, C.E. (1999). Estudio florístico de
los bosques con dominancia de especies
del género Pinus en la microcuenca del Río
Colorado, Río Hondo, Zacapa. Tesis de
Ingeniero Agrónomo, Facultad de
Agronomía, Universidad San Carlos de
Guatemala, Guatemala.
Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Mittermeier,
C.G. & Gill, P.R. (1999). Hotspots: Earth´s
Biologically Richest and Most Endangered
Terrestrial Ecoregions. CEMEX S.A.,
Mexico DF.
Muller, C.H. (1942). The Central American
Species of Quercus. Miscellaneous
Publication. United States Department of
Agriculture No. 477: 216.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier,
C.G., Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000).
Biodiversity hotspots for conservation
priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.
Oldfield, S., Lusty, C. & MacKinven, A.
(comps) (1998). The World List of
Threatened Trees. World Conservation
Press, Cambridge, UK.
Paiz, Y.C. (2001). Estudio florístico de las
comunidades vegetales de la península de
14
Manabique, Izabal. Tesis de Ingeniero
Agrónomo, Facultad de Agronomía,
Universidad San Carlos de Guatemala,
Guatemala.
Bird Areas of the World. Priorities for
Biodiversity Conservation. BirdLife
Conservation Series No. 7. BirdLife
International, Cambridge, UK.
Palmer, M. & Smart, J. (2002). Guidelines
to the Selection of Important Plant Areas in
Europe. Plantlife, Salisbury, UK.
Villar, L. (1998). La flora silvestre de
Guatemala. Editorial Universitaria,
Universidad San Carlos de Guatemala,
Guatemala.
PNUD (2003). Informe de desarrollo
humano de Guatemala. Programa de las
Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo,
Guatemala.
Rosito, J.C. (1999). Estudio florístico de la
comunidad del Ciprecillo (Taxus globosa
Schlecht.), en los cerros Pinalón, Guaxabajá
y Mulujá en la Sierra de las Minas. Tesis de
Ingeniero Agrónomo, Facultad de
Agronomía, Universidad San Carlos de
Guatemala, Guatemala.
Shimizu, T. & Vivero, J.L. (2004). Improving
the food security and poverty focus of the
National Forestry Program in Guatemala.
European Tropical Forestry Research
Network News 41: 19-23.
Smith, N., Mori, S., Henderson, A.,
Stevenson, D. & Heald, S. (2004).
Flowering Plants of the Neotropics. The
New York Botanical Garden and Princeton
University Press, New Jersey, USA.
SNU (2003). Guatemala: una agenda para
el desarrollo humano. Informe de Desarrollo
Humano de Guatemala. Sistema de las
Naciones Unidas, Guatemala.
Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (19461977). Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana:
Botanical series. Field Natural History
Museum, Chicago, USA.
Steyermark, J.A. (1950). Flora of
Guatemala. Ecology 31: 358-372.
Stattersfield, A.J., Crosby, M.J., Long,
A.J. & Wege, D.C. (1998). Endemic
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
J.L. Vivero
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Magnolia guatemalensis
15
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
PE
BELIZE
MEXICO
Caribbean Sea
HU
AV
IZ
QU
GU
GUATEMA
ATEMA
AT E MAL
LA
SM
BV
TO
ZA
PR
QZ
SO
HONDURAS
GU
CM
Guatemala City
SA
RE
CQ
JA
SU
JU
ES
SR
EL SALVADOR
North Pacific Ocean
ABBREVIATIONS
DEPARTMENTS
GUATEMALA
OTHER
16
WITHIN
COUNTRIES
AV
BV
CM
CQ
ES
GU
HU
IZ
Alta Verapaz
Baja Verapaz
Chimaltenango
Chiquimula
Escuintla
Guatemala
Huehuetenango
Izabal
BE Belize
CR Costa Rica
ES El Salvador
JA
JU
PE
PR
QU
QZ
RE
SA
Jalapa
Jutiapa
Petén
El Progreso
Quiché
Quetzaltenango
Retahuleu
Sacatepéquez
GU Guatemala
HO Honduras
ME Mexico
SM
SO
SR
SU
TO
ZA
San Marcos
Sololá
Santa Rosa
Suchitepéquez
Totonicapán
Zacapa
NI Nicaragua
PA Panama
OT Others
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
SPECIES ENDEMIC TO GUATEMALA
Since these 48 species occur only in Guatemala, the assessments
undertaken during this project and the resulting Red List Categories
and Criteria represent the global status of the species. Version 3.1
(2001) of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria was used (see
Annex I). Any listings on the 2006 IUCN Red List are also indicated; this
list will be changed when these new assessments have been
accepted. The CONAP listings are also given.
Aiouea guatemalensis (Lundell) Renner
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, IZ
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN B1ab(iii)
Tree or shrub reaching heights of up to 8 m that grows in high evergreen
forests in association with Orbygnia spp. Very few collections have been
made in only three departments of Guatemala, all from at least 35 years
ago.
Aiouea parvissima (Lundell) Renner
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PE, IZ
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN B1ab(i,ii,iii)
Shrub or small tree measuring 7 m in height that grows in secondary
shrub forests in association with Manilkara. Found in only three
hilltop locations, despite the presence of much suitable habitat in
the country.
Alchornea integrifolia Pax. & K. Hoffm.
Euphorbiaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
AV, BV
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree with a height of 6-25 m growing in swampy forests at elevations of
1000-1500 m. It has been reported in two departments in Guatemala
and one collection has been made in Colombia (pending confirmation).
This species needs further study as few collections have been made
and scant reproductive material is available.
Beilschmiedia steyermarkii C.K. Allen
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PE, AV
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
Tree measuring 25 m growing at elevations of 300-400 m. This species
has only been collected twice, in Petén and Alta Verapaz, over 30 years
ago, and there is no information regarding its ecological or biological
characteristics.
Buddleja megalocephala Donn. Sm.
Loganiaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
CM, SO, TO, QZ, HU, SM
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. CR B2ab(ii,iii)
Tree measuring 12 m growing in mountains with high forests at
elevations of 2400-4000 m, associated with Pinus, Abies, Cupressus
and Juniperus. In Flora of Guatemala (Standley & Steyermark 19461977) it is reported in six departments in Guatemala but there is only a
single supporting herbarium specimen from Huehuetenango in 1991,
hence its threat status.
Calliandra carcerea Standl. & Steyerm.
Mimosaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PR, ZA
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN A2cd; B2ab(ii,iii)
Tree or shrub with dense, hard wood. There are only two collections of
this species: the type collection from in El Progreso in 1942 and one
from the Department of Zacapa in 2000.
Capparis steyermarkii Standl.
Capparidaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
IZ
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. CR B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
Small tree on which there is practically no information apart from
the relatively detailed and precise type description. Only two collections
made in Izabal, the most recent in 1975.
Casimiroa emarginata Standl. & Steyerm.
Rutaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
SM
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 15 m. The only information is from the type collection
from the Volcano Tajumulco (2500 m) in San Marcos, dating from 1940.
The description of the species is incomplete and it is difficult to
associate it with any other described Mexican or Central American
species.
17
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Cedrela imparipinnata DC.
Meliaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
CM
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
The taxonomy of this species is uncertain because the only
available information is from the type collection of a number of
incomplete fragments from Volcano Fuego, Chimaltenango.
The collection of other specimens to confirm information is
urgently needed.
Clethra skutchii Standl. & Steyerm.
Clethraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
QZ
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 20 m growing in mountain rainforests at elevations of
1300-3000 m. Only two collections are known from two different sites
in the Department of Quetzaltenango (Volcano Santa María), dating
from 1934 and 1940.
Cordia cardenasiana J.S. Miller
Boraginaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PE
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 15 m. This is a very rare species which has not been
adequately described (its fruit has not been studied). The only available
specimen is from the type collection from Petén dating from 1967.
Cordia skutchii I.M. Johnst.
Boraginaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
QZ
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 6 m growing in mixed forest and rainforest at elevations of 1100-3800 m. Recorded only from Volcano Santa María,
Department of Quetzaltenango, prior to 1945.
Croton quercetorum Croizat
Euphorbiaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
JA
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
18
Shrub or small tree measuring 8 m growing at 1600 m in rainforest and
associated with Quercus. The only available information is the type
location report (Montaña de Cahuite), which indicated that it was
abundant, but it has not been collected for over 60 years.
Cymbopetalum steyermarki N.A. Murray
Annonaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
HU
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 23 m growing at elevations ranging from 200800 m. There is only the type specimen (complete) collected from the
Sierra de los Cuchumatanes (Huehuetenango) by Steyermark
in 1942.
Esenbeckia echinoidea Standl. & Steyerm.
Rutaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
CQ, PR, ZA, GU
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
Small tree measuring 5-7 m growing on rocky slopes, in lowland
forests or places with dense vegetation at elevations of 3001200 m. All herbarium records are by Standley and Steyermark and
there are no recent citations.
Eugenia cervina Standl. & Steyerm.
Myrtaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
AV
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 10 m growing in rainforests at elevations of 250400 m. Only two collections have been made in Cubilguitz (Alta
Verapaz), dating from 1942. Nothing more is known about this
species.
Eugenia papalensis Standl. & Steyerm.
Myrtaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
HU
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 12 m growing in montane forest at elevations of
1800-3000 m. Only the type collection from Huehuetenango, which
dates from 1942 and which did not include flowers, has
been studied.
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Eugenia shookii Lundell
Myrtaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PE
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 20 m growing in high evergreen forest. Only two
collections have been made at the same place over 40 years ago.
Garrya corvorum Standl. & Steyerm.
Garryaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
HU
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
Tree or shrub measuring 2-15 m growing in high mountain forests
alongside Juniperus and Pinus in rocky soil and marl at elevations of
3000-4000 m. This species is only known in the Sierra de los
Cuchumatanes, where it has been collected several times.
Juglans steyermarkii W.E. Manning
Juglandaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
HU
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 17 m which grows at an elevation of 1200-1300 m.
Produces edible walnuts and wood similar to other walnut species. All
information regarding this species comes exclusively from the type
collection from Huehuetenango in 1942.
Magnolia guatemalensis Donn. Sm.
Magnoliaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
AV, BV, ZA, SR
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN A2c; B2ab(ii,iii,iv)
Very attractive tree measuring 15 m with tough shiny leaves and red
shiny stipules and sepals. It grows in swamp areas among forests at
elevations of 1300-2000 m. It is relatively abundant in marshes in
Tactic (Alta Verapaz), where it forms dense stands, but at other
locations it is found as isolated trees within the forest.
Only the type collection made by Steyermark in 1942 in the Canahuiis
Mountains is known. There is no further information about this species.
Mosannona guatemalensis (Lundell) Chatrou
Annonaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
AV
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 7 m only known from the type collection in 1964. No
data is available on its habitat and its fruit and seeds are unknown.
Mouriri steyermarkii Standl.
Melastomataceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PE, IZ
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN B2ab(ii,iii)
Tree reaching heights of up to 12 m, sometimes taking the form of a
shrub. It grows in low evergreen forest at elevations below 100 m. It is
distributed throughout forests in Petén and Izabal, but the most recent
collection (there have only been three in total) is 40 years old.
Myrciaria ibarrae Lundell
Myrtaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PE
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 10 m growing in lowland forests associated with
Manilkara zapota. There have been two collections from the type
location gathered in 1960.
Ocotea amplifolia (Mez & Donn. Sm.) van der Werff
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
QU
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
The only information comes from the type collection that was from the
Department of Quiché, but it is not known where or when. Nothing
more is known about this species.
Mimosa canahuensis Standl. & Steyerm.
Mimosaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PR
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
19
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Ocotea bajapazensis Lundell
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
BV
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. CR B2ab(iii,iv)
Grows at elevations ranging from 100-300 m. It has been collected
several times but only at the type location, most recently in 1977.
Nothing more is known about this species.
Ocotea oblongiflora van der Werff
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
QZ
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
All information regarding this species comes exclusively from the
type collection gathered at elevations of between 1400-1800 m
in Quetzaltenango. Nothing more is known about this species.
Ocotea barbatula Lundell
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
BV
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. CR B2ab(iii,iv)
Collected only in a very restricted area (Unión Barrios and Niño
Perdido) several times between 1975 and 1977. There are no reports
of the species since 1977.
Ocotea racemifolia Lundell
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
AV
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
The only information is from the type specimen collected in
Alta Verapaz in 1968. There is no further information regarding
this species.
Ocotea contrerasii Lundell
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
BV
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. CR B2ab(iii,iv)
Collected only in a very restricted area (Unión Barrios and Niño
Perdido) several times between 1975 and 1977. There are no reports
of the species since 1977.
Persea perglauca Lundell
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
BV
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. CR B1ab(ii,iv)+2ab(ii,iv)
All information is from four collections undertaken in Baja Verapaz
between 1971 and 1975. There is no further information regarding
this species.
Ocotea euvenosa Lundell
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
AV
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
The only information is from the type collection made in
Alta Verapaz in 1964. There is no further information regarding this
species.
Persea sessilis Standl. & Steyerm.
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PR, ZA
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
Only found in the Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve, at elevations
of 1800-3000 m. There is very little botanical information on this
species and its taxonomy needs clarification since imperfect material
was used in the study of its flowers and fruits. However, it appears
clear that it belongs to the genus Persea.
Ocotea nigrita (Lundell) Lundell
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PE, IZ
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
Grows in low rainforest (200-300 m). Infrequently collected, only from
Petén (1969) and Izabal (1972, 1975). There is no further information
regarding this species.
20
Phyllonoma cacuminis Standl. & Steyerm.
Saxifragaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
BV, ZA
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
Tree measuring up to 14 m growing in mixed wet forest between
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
2000-2600 m. Restricted to the Sierra de las Minas and peripheral
areas. Only two collections made, the most recent in 1995.
Pleurothyrium wesrphalii van der Werff
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
AV
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 20 m growing at elevations ranging from 9001100 m. Only two individuals are known, which were collected in the
type location in Alta Verapaz 30 years ago.
Pouteria areolatifolia Lundell
Sapotaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PE
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
VU D2 (ver. 2.3 1994, WCMC)
Proposed Glob. Cat. CR B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
Large tree measuring 40 m in height with a DBH of 1 m growing in high
evergreen and semi-evergreen forests where Manilkara zapota is the
dominant species. Only found in its type location to the south of Petén,
with three collections dating from the 1970s.
Pouteria briocheoides Lundell
Sapotaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PE
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU D2 (ver. 2.3 1994, WCMC)
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv); C2a(ii)
Tree measuring 15 m growing in high evergreen forest and semievergreen forest in lowlands where Manilkara zapota is the dominant
species. It has only been found in two locations in Petén.
Pouteria quicheana Cronquist
Sapotaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, QU
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. VU B1ab(i,ii)
Tree growing in mixed forests in the vicinity of water. There are three
herbarium registries in three different departments indicating that,
although it is not very well known, the species probably has a wide
distribution but occurs at a low density.
Pouteria rufotomentosa (Lundell) T.D. Penn.
Sapotaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
BV
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU D2 (ver. 2.3 1994, WCMC)
Proposed Glob. Cat. CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
Tree measuring 15 m with a DBH of 30 cm growing in the high
evergreen forest and in the lowlands. Only four collections have been
made at the type location, Niño Perdido in Baja Verapaz, dating 1977.
Its fruit is unknown.
Quercus flagellifera Trel.
Fagaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
AV, CQ, PR, SU, CM, SO, HU, SM
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. VU A2cd
Grows in mixed wet or rainforest at 1250-2500 m. It is distributed
throughout the mountains in the east and central part of Guatemala
and is a difficult species to identify. This and other species of the genus
require taxonomic study using molecular techniques.
Rondeletia chinajensis Standl. & Steyerm.
Rubiaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
AV
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Small tree measuring between 6-9 m in height. All information is from
the type collection gathered in 1942 at Cerro Chinaja, Alta Verapaz, at
400-700 m.
Saurauia veneficorum Standl. & Steyerm.
Actinidiaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
AV, IZ, CQ
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 6 m growing in rainforest at elevations of 5001700 m. It could be a synonym of S. waldeheimii, and recent
collections in Izabal indicated a significantly different habitat, calling for
a new collection in the type location (Concepción las Minas,
Chiquimula). Its presence in Alta Verapaz, indicated in Flora of
Guatemala (Standley & Steyermark 1946-1977), has not been
corroborated by a herbarium specimen.
21
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Sideroxylon hirtiantherum T.D. Penn.
Sapotaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
PE
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU B1+2c, D2 (ver. 2.3 1994, WCMC)
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN A2c; B2ab(iii,iv)
Tree measuring 15 m growing in high evergreen forests alongside
Manilkara zapota. Its fruit has not been described. Studies have
focused solely on the type location, Petén, from where it was collected
in 1975-1977.
Sideroxylon ibarrae (Lundell) T.D. Penn.
Sapotaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
BV
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU B1+2c, D2 (ver. 2.3 1994, WCMC)
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
Tree measuring 20 m growing in tropical rainforest. All information
is based on the only three collections made in 1975 at the
type location.
Stillingia cruenta Standl. & Steyerm.
Euphorbiaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
BV
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree or shrub measuring 8 m growing on dry, rocky ground in Baja
Verapaz in pine oak forests at 1500 m. The only known specimen is
the type collection gathered in 1942, and the collectors affirmed that it
was abundant. It has not been observed since then.
Viburnum euryphyllum Standl. & Steyerm.
Caprifoliaceae
Distribution
GU
Within Guatemala
HU
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN C2a(ii)
Tree measuring 9 m restricted to the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes
(2500-3000 m), from where the species was described in 1942.
It has been collected twice recently, also in Huehuetenengo.
22
SPECIES ENDEMIC TO MESOAMERICA
The following 81 species that occur in Guatemala and other countries
in Mesoamerica (see p. 11) have been assessed at the Guatemalan
national level, following the process outlined on p. 11. For each
species, the current global category (Current Glob. Cat.) as listed on
the 2006 IUCN Red List is given, if one exists. If the species does not
currently have a global category, or if the current category is
considered erroneous or obsolete, a proposed global category
(Proposed Glob. Cat.) is given. These have been assigned following a
preliminary assessment done during this project, using the process
outlined on p. 11, except for conifer, Magnoliaceae and Quercus
species. These groups have been the subject of recent assessments
by the Conifer Specialist Group (previously Data Deficient conifer
species only) and the Global Tree Specialist Group (see Box 5), and the
resulting proposed categories are presented here. Proposed
categories have been or will be submitted to IUCN for acceptance and
inclusion in the IUCN Red List.
Abies guatemalensis Rehder
Pinaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, HO
Within Guatemala
JA, PR, ZA, SO, TO, QZ, QU, HU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN A2c
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1d (ver. 2.3 (1994),
Conifer Specialist Group)
CITES Appendix I
Tree characteristic of the mountain rainforest of Central America, most
abundant between 2800-3200 m elevation. It grows in single-species
forests or is interspersed with Pinus ayacahuite, Cupressus lusitanica,
Quercus spp. and occasionally Pinus rudis. It is the species in the
genus Abies with the most southerly distribution. Within Guatemala, A.
guatemalensis is of considerable cultural value to indigenous
communities and is well known amongst the general public. The
widespread use of its branches as Christmas trees, the low natural
regeneration and the drastic reduction of its cloud-forest habitat have
led to its inclusion in Category 1 of the CONAP Red List in Guatemala.
Acacia dolichostachya S.F. Blake
Mimosaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO
Within Guatemala
PE, BV, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Current Glob. Cat.
LR/nt (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Shrub or tree reaching heights of up to 15 m. It grows in deciduous
and semi-evergreen forests, and is also found among sand dune
vegetation at elevations of between 300-1000 m. It is a common
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
species well distributed throughout the Yucatan peninsula but has only
been collected once in Honduras (Tegucigalpa). It contains tannins and
is an aromatic honey plant with medicinal uses as well as a good
shade tree. In the Department of Petén (Guatemala), it is subject to
unregulated use for construction and firewood, which may lead to the
species becoming threatened in the future.
Acer negundo subsp. mexicanum (DC.) Wesm.
Aceraceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
AV, BV, SA, CM, TO, QZ, QU, HU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B1ab(i,ii,iii)
CONAP
3
Current Glob. Cat.
VU B1+2c (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree reaching heights of up to 30 m. It grows in deciduous and pineoak forests and among riparian vegetation on well-drained soils at
elevations of 1200-3000 m. It is distributed throughout the mountains
of Mexico and Guatemala, where it is not uncommon although widely
dispersed and present at low densities.
Acer skutchii Rehder
Aceraceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
GU, ZA, QU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii)
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Deciduous tree reaching heights of between 20-30 m. It grows along
riverbanks and in mixed rainforest at elevations of 16002600 m, and in gullies of the Sierra de las Minas. In Guatemala,
it has only been collected twice from the Departments of Zacapa
and Quiché. The wood is used for posts and in the construction of
other objects.
Aegiphila skutchii Moldenke
Verbenaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, HO, NI
Within Guatemala
SU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
VU C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
Tree reaching heights of up to 12 m which occurs in high and medium
evergreen forest at elevations of 1200-1700 m. Although distributed
from Mexico to Nicaragua, very little is known about this species. In
Guatemala it has only been collected on one occasion in the
Department of Suchitepéquez.
Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Standl.
Julianaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, NI, CR
Within Guatemala
CQ, PR, ZA
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
A dominant species in lower deciduous forests, reaching heights of up
to 8 m. It is distributed throughout the region’s dry forests, doing
particularly well in areas affected by periodic fire. Within Guatemala it
is still relatively abundant in the dry region of the Department of El
Progreso, but its dry forest habitat is being encroached upon by the
growing population of the Motagua Valley. The bark has astringent
properties and a high tannin content, and is used for local medicinal
purposes and for production of red dye.
Anaxagorea guatemalensis Standl.
Annonaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO
Within Guatemala
PE, IZ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B1ab(i,iii)
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Shrub or tree measuring 6 m in height growing at elevations of 50-500
m. This is a rare species which has been infrequently collected
throughout its known range. A number of collections have been made
in the Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve, although most are from
the same locality. In Belize it has a number of local uses but in
Guatemala none has been reported.
Balizia leucocalyx (Britton & Rose) Barneby & J.W. Grimes
Mimosaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO
Within Guatemala
PE, IZ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN A2cd; B2ab(i,ii,iii)
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree reaching heights of up to 40 m. It forms part of the upper stratum
of high evergreen forests, growing in alluvial or calcareous soils and
along riverbanks. It is also sometimes found on grasslands below 400
m. It is associated with Guatteria anomala, Terminalia amazonia and
Dialium guianense. Its wood is used for floorboards, staves and
planks. In Sayaxché (Petén) this tree is reportedly used as sawn wood
under management plans. In Guatemala only one collection has been
made in Izabal in 1971.
23
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Balmea stormae Martínez
Rubiaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES
Within Guatemala
JA, ZA, ES, GU, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. CR A2ac
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. VU B1ab(iii)
CITES Appendix I
Tree or shrub measuring 7 m, ground-rooted or epiphytic on Quercus
spp. The plant has been documented in dry and rocky areas of
Michoacán (México) and with Quercus in mixed rainforest in
Guatemala at elevations of 1400-2300 m. Within Guatemala, it has
been infrequently collected on the slopes of the Volcano Pacaya but
the departments referred to in the Flora of Guatemala (Standley &
Steyermark 1946-1977) have not yielded recent records. It is a
popular plant with local inhabitants in its area of distribution due to its
bright red flowers, and was traditionally sold in Central America as a
Christmas tree.
Calyptranthes contrerasii Lundell
Myrtaceae
Distribution
GU, BE
Within Guatemala
PE, AV
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU A2c; B1ab(i,ii,iii); C2
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. NT
Tree or shrub measuring 4-8 m growing in rainforest dominated by
Manilkara at a maximum altitude of 500 m. Within Guatemala, only
three localities are known, all from over 30 years ago, but these
are widely separated, suggesting a relatively large area of distribution.
Known to be used locally for construction timber in parts of its range.
Calyptranthes paxillata McVaugh
Myrtaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES
Within Guatemala
AV, BV
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. NT
Tree or shrub measuring between 3-6 m growing in rainforest and
cloud forest at elevations of 900-1800 m. Very few specimens have
been collected in Guatemala, all from a small area.
Capparis lundellii Standl.
Capparidaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
PE
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
1
24
Proposed Glob. Cat. VU B1ab(iii)
In Guatemala, only two collections have been made at the
type location, Laguna del Tigre National Park, 40 years apart. The
park is highly threatened by drug cartels, cattle ranching and illegal
wildlife trade.
Cedrela tonduzii C. DC.
Meliaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, NI, CR, PA
Within Guatemala
JU, JA, PR, GU, SU, SA, CM, QZ, HU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree measuring up to 40 m growing at intermediate elevations, typically
in pre-montane and low montane primary and secondary forests at
1200-2800 m, in wet to very wet climatic conditions. It is a fastgrowing heliophytic species, producing smooth-grained wood with a
characteristic aroma used in the manufacture of furniture, cabinets and
musical instruments and for general construction.
Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreategui
Sterculiaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
PR, ZA, SA, CM, SO, TO, QZ, QU, HU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree measuring 15-30 m growing in pine-oak forests and mesophyllic
mountain forests at elevations of 2000-3000 m. It is a very attractive
mixed rainforest tree due to its abundant red flowers, which can be
used medicinally to treat a variety of conditions. Naturally restricted in
distribution, direct exploitation of the species and logging of its habitat
are contributing to its decline.
Cordia cordiformis I.M. Johnst.
Boraginaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
SR, GU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree measuring 6 m. In Guatemala it grows at an elevation of
800 m, and there have been only three collections, two over a century
ago. The third was possibly cultivated.
Cordia prunifolia I.M. Johnst.
Boraginaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, CR, PA
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, BV, PR, ZA, SU, SA
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B2ab(iii)
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree measuring 10-20 m growing at a wide range of elevations and
in different types of forests: dry forest in El Progreso and rainforest in
Baja Verapaz. It is often confused with C. stenoclada. Considered
threatened because of its scarcity and restricted distribution.
Cordia stenoclada I.M. Johnst.
Boraginaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
PE
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree measuring 10-16 m growing in the medium and high semievergreen forest and in forests with Quercus at altitudes ranging from
0-500 m. Only known from the humid areas of southern Mexico and
Guatemala, with only one collection in Guatemala from Petén. This
species is very similar to C. prunifolia, although considered as a
different taxon in the TROPICOS database and by several authors
(Szejner, pers. comm.).
Crudia lacus Standl. & Steyerm.
Caesalpiniaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA
Within Guatemala
IZ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. CR B2ab(i,iii)
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Tree widely distributed throughout Central America. In Guatemala
it has only been collected in Izabal, the type collection dating
from 1942.
Cupania mollis Standl.
Sapindaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES
Within Guatemala
BV, SR, GU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B2ab(ii)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
LR/cd (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
There is no data regarding habitat in any of the three countries where
it occurs. It has been only infrequently collected in Guatemala, with two
specimens from more than 35 years ago: only one from recent times.
Cymbopetalum mirabile R.E. Fr.
Annonaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
PE, IZ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B1ab(i,ii,iii); C2a(i)
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. VU B1ab(iii)
Shrub or small tree measuring 2-6 m growing on slopes and rocky
mountains at high elevations, associated with Manilkara and Orbignya.
Distributed throughout Chiapas (Mexico), Petén and Izabal, where it is
very rare and infrequently collected.
Cymbopetalum penduliflorum (Dunal) Baill.
Annonaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, IZ, GU, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(ii)
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree measuring 25 m with a crown in the form of a pyramid. It grows
in high evergreen forests with well-drained deep soil at elevations
ranging from 150-1500 m. Dried petals are used as a condiment in the
preparation of atoles (a traditional beverage) and occasionally in coffee.
It also has several medicinal uses. Although it has a wide distribution,
it is a rare species.
Cymbopetalum stenophyllum Donn. Sm.
Annonaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
SR, QZ, RE
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. CR B2ab(i,ii,iii)
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN A2c
Shrub or small tree measuring 2-7 m growing in tropical rainforest, on
red clay soils on steep slopes close to water in high precipitation areas,
at elevations of 100-600 m. This species is scant in both countries,
with few localities known.
Dalbergia stevensonii Standl.
Fabaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, IZ, QU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN A2cd; B2ab(ii,iii)
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. VU A2cd
Large tree measuring 20-30 m. Reported to grow in large stands along
or close to rivers as well as in drier areas. Guatemala exports
sawnwood from this species, but there is no information concerning its
ecology or distribution in the country or the extent of logging. An
assessment of the species in the wild is urgently needed.
25
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Decatropis paucijuga (Donn. Sm.) Loes.
Rutaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, HO
Within Guatemala
HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. CR B2ab(ii,iii)+C2a(i)
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN B1ab(iii)
Tree growing in dry forest at elevations of 700-1600 m. Within
Guatemala, there is only the type collection and a subsequent
collection in 1993, both in the Department of Huehuetenango.
Decazyx macrophyllus Pittier & S.F. Blake
Rutaceae
Distribution:
GU, HO, CR
Within Guatemala:
IZ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(ii,iii); C2a(i,ii)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
Large tree growing in mixed rainforest close to sea level. Its wood is
used for construction. In Guatemala, there have been two collections
from the Department of Izabal in 1966 and 1975.
Desmopsis lanceolata Lundell
Annonaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, CR
Within Guatemala
IZ, SO, QZ, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii)
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. VU B1ab(i)
Shrub or small tree measuring 3-6 m. Within Guatemala, it grows at
elevations of 150-2000 m in the wet pre-montane forests of Izabal and
on the slopes of Volcano Atitlán, and is a very rare species.
Diospyros johnstoniana Standl. & Steyerm.
Ebenaceae
Distribution
GU, ES
Within Guatemala
SA
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. CR B2ab(iii)
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. EN B1ab(iii)
Tree measuring 5-8 m growing in densely wooded wet ravines and
mountain forests at elevations of 1000-1600 m. In Guatemala there is
only the type collection gathered along a river in Sacatepéquez.
Erblichia odorata Seem.
Turneraceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, IZ
26
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(ii,iii)
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Large tree reaching heights of 40 m and a DBH of 50 cm. There is
some confusion surrounding its taxonomy, and it has often been
included in the genus Piriqueta, although the most recent taxonomic
treatment considers it better ascribed to the genus Erblichia (Arbo
1995). It grows in low rainforests (Petén) at an elevation of 900 m.
Documented records exist only in Petén, although it has been reported
in Quiché, Alta Verapaz and Izabal.
Guatteria anomala R.E. Fr.
Annonaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES
Within Guatemala
AV
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
LR/nt (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Enormous tree measuring up to 60 m with a DBH of 6 m. In Yucatan
it is a dominant species of the high evergreen forest, growing on rolling
hills in deep calcareous soils at elevations ranging from sea level to 450
m. It is associated with Balizia leucocalyx, Terminalia amazonia and
Dialium guianense. It has been collected only once in Guatemala, in
Alta Verapaz, and, despite being such a large and majestic tree, little is
known about this species.
Hampea sphaerocarpa Fryxell
Malvaceae
Distribution
GU, HO
Within Guatemala
IZ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
Proposed Glob. Cat. NT
Small tree measuring 10 m growing in tropical rainforest up to
elevations of 900 m. Within Guatemala, one single collection has been
made in Izabal (uncertain location) dating back to 1918, and virtually
nothing is known about the species.
Hyperbaena mexicana Miers
Menispermaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO
Within Guatemala
PE, IZ, PR, SR, QZ, RE, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B2ab(iii)
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree measuring 15 m growing in high evergreen forest, low forest of
Petén and semi-arid forest, between 150-1400 m. Several collections
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
have been made in Guatemala from different habitats, although only
four are since 1900.
Ilex quercetorum I.M. Johnst.
Aquifoliaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, HO
Within Guatemala
ZA, QU, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1c (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Tree measuring 15 m growing in rainforest or oak forests at 15002000 m. Within Guatemala, three collections were made in Quiché, the
most recent in 1964, although it is also cited in Flora of Guatemala
(Standley & Steyermark 1946-1977) as growing in Zacapa and
Huehuetenengo, but there are no herbarium records to support its
presence in these two departments.
Inga cookii Pittier
Mimosaceae
Distribution
GU, BE, HO
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, IZ, SO
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU A2c
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree measuring 8 m growing in mixed forests on calcareous rock associated with Manilkara zapota, and in pine rainforests above 1500 m.
Several collections have been made in Guatemala between 4001500 m, although there are only five localities.
Juniperus comitana Martínez
Cupressaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
BV, ZA, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN A2cd; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
VU B1+2c (ver. 2.3 (1994),
Conifer Specialist Group)
Tree measuring 10 m growing in pine-oak forests between 13002500 m. In Baja Verapaz it is found on dry rocky mountainsides, in the
Sierra de los Cuchumatanes on dry dolomitic soil and in Zacapa it
grows on cliffs. In all three cases its habitat is being reduced due to
clearance for agriculture.
Juniperus standleyi Steyerm.
Cupressaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
GU, HU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
EN B1+2b (ver. 2.3 (1994),
Conifer Specialist Group)
Tree measuring 15 m growing in high montane forests at 30004100 m in marl soils. In very wet forest conditions it grows in full
sunlight forming small woods. It is used for firewood, as a remedy
for rheumatism and to make sheep corrals. It has a very restricted
distribution and is also threatened by the expansion of agriculture and
grazing in the areas where it occurs.
Leucaena leucocephala ssp. ixtahuacana C.E. Hughes
Mimosaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
LR/cd (ver. 2.3 (1994) C. Hughes)
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Small tree with a round and compact crown. It is restricted to a small
area in the north of Guatemala (Cuilco and Selegua river valleys) and
on the border with Mexico at elevations of 1300-2000 m. It is grown
close to houses for its legumes and immature seeds, which are
consumed locally and sold in nearby markets. It is also used
medicinally to cure stomach parasites.
Leucaena magnifica (C.E. Hughes) C.E. Hughes
Mimosaceae
Distribution
GU, ES?
Within Guatemala
CQ, JU?
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(ii,iii); C2a(i)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
EN B1+2c, C1+2a (ver. 2.3 (1994),
C. Hughes)
Tree reaching heights of up to 20 m growing in deciduous and mixed
dry tropical forests and on degraded or disturbed soil together with
leguminous trees or shrubs such as Acacia, Lonchocarpus and other
trees such as Swietenia and Simarouba. Within Guatemala, its
distribution is limited to a 400 km2 area of Chiquimula, although in Flora
of Guatemala (Standley & Steyermark 1946-1977) it is also cited in
Jutiapa. It has been reported in El Salvador in an unknown location,
although further searches have failed to confirm its presence there.
Lonchocarpus phaseolifolius Benth.
Fabaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, HO, NI, CR
Within Guatemala
ZA, SR, RE
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
CR C2b (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
27
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Small tree or shrub growing in rocky, dry or wet shrub-filled gullies from
sea level to 700 m. Its wood is used for general construction, rustic
furniture, fuel and stakes. The taxonomy of this species is not well
defined for it is only known through a description of incomplete
specimens in Kew, and for Guatemala there is only one reported
collection dating from 1940.
Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus Standl. & Steyerm.
Fabaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, HO, NI, CR
Within Guatemala
CQ, ZA
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+C2a(i)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Small tree growing on rocky, dry and shrub-filled slopes at 400700 m. The only specimens are the type collection gathered in
Chiquimula in 1940 and a recent collection from a different location in
the same Department. Its reported presence in Zacapa Department
has no herbarium support.
Lonchocarpus santarosanus Donn. Sm.
Fabaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, CR
Within Guatemala
CQ, SR, SU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
3
Current Glob. Cat.
VU B1+2c (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Tree measuring 8 m growing at elevations of 1500-1600 m. Within
Guatemala only two collections have been made, the type collection
dating from 1894 and another in 1969, although Flora of Guatemala
(Standley & Steyermark 1946-1977) also cites it as occurring in
Suchitepéquez Department.
Magnolia yoroconte Dandy
Magnoliaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO
Within Guatemala
AV, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN A2c; B2ab(ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1c (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Tree measuring up to 40 m growing in low montane rainforest and
associated with Pinus, Quercus and Liquidambar forests, typically
along river banks at elevations of 400-1500 m. Its distribution in
Guatemala is very fragmented, with only 11 populations registered in
the country, each with very few trees and separated from other
populations by over 100 km. There appears to be very little
regeneration in natural forest conditions.
28
Montanoa guatemalensis B.L. Rob. & Greenm.
Asteraceae
Distribution
GU, ES, HO, NI, CR
Within Guatemala
AV, JA, SR, GU, SA, CM, QZ, QU, HU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree measuring 5-10 m growing on mountain slopes just below the
cloud forest at elevations of 1200-2000 m, associated with
Chaeptothelia mexicana, Ulmus, Oreopanax and Boconia. Although it
has been reported in many departments (Standley & Steyermark
1946-1977), there is herbarium support for just three. The habitat for
this species is severely affected by the extension of the agricultural
frontier and human pressure.
Ocotea guatemalensis Lundell
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU, HO, CR? PA?
Within Guatemala
BV
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. CR B2ab(iii,iv)
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD
Two small population centres have been reported, one in the
mountains of Central Honduras and Guatemala, and another in
northern Panama and southern Costa Rica, although its presence
in the latter has not been fully confirmed. In Guatemala it has only
been collected at the type location in 1975 and 1976. No reports
have been received since then, and nothing more is known.
Ocotea standleyi C.K. Allen
Lauraceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
AV, BV, QZ, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. NT
Small tree measuring 6 m growing in a mixed, dense, wet and
montane forest between 800-2500 m, although it is typically found
above 1500 m. In Guatemala there are only two herbarium specimens
(from Alta and Baja Verapaz), and its presence in other departments
remains unconfirmed. It is considered globally Near Threatened due to
its limited range and the conversion and fragmentation of its habitat.
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Ocotea verapazensis Standl. & Steyerm.
Lauraceae
Distribution
GU, NI, CR
Within Guatemala
AV, BV, IZ, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. VU B1ab(iii)
Small tree ranging between 6-12 m in height growing in dense, wet
montane forest between 1500-2000 m. There are a number of
specimens in Guatemala and Costa Rica but its presence in Nicaragua
is unconfirmed.
Oreopanax sanderianus Hemsl.
Araliaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO
Within Guatemala
GU, CQ, SR, SA, CM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1c (ver. 2.3 (1994), N. Ramirez-Marcial
& M. González-Espinosa)
Tree measuring 18 m growing in wet cloud forest and in low evergreen
forests up to 3900 m. In Guatemala it is reportedly grown for
ornamental use. Few localities are known.
Oreopanax arcanus A.C. Smith
Araliaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
HU, SO
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1c (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Tree reaching heights of 12 m growing on steep slopes of Quercus
rainforest at elevations of 1600-3000 m. Guatemala only has the type
collection gathered in 1942 in Huehuetenango.
Pinus tecunumanii Eguiluz & J.P. Perry
Pinaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI
Within Guatemala
BV, JA, PR, ZA, GU, SO, TO, QZ,
QU, HU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A2c (ver. 2.3 (1994), Conifer Specialist
Group)
Large tree measuring up to 50 m growing in tropical mountain forests
between 500-2700 m in valleys and on high plateaus with deep fertile
soils. It is frequently found in single species stands; associated species
include Pinus ayachahuite, P. oocarpa, Quercus and Liquidambar
styraciflua. The wood is very versatile and is used in heavy
construction, interior joinery and furniture, plywood, crafts and turned
articles, and to a lesser degree as firewood. Although it has a wide
geographical and altitudinal range and regenerates well in disturbed
forest, the species is regarded as Vulnerable due to the exploitation of
its wood and the clearance of land for agriculture. However, it is being
used in reforestation schemes in Guatemala.
Oreopanax echinops (Cham. & Schltdl.) Decne. & Planch.
Araliaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, HO
Within Guatemala
AV, BV, PR, SU, SA, CM, SO, TO, QZ, HU,
SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. LC
CONAP
3
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1c (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Tree or shrub reaching a height of 10 m growing in deciduous forest
and cloud forest alongside Quercus and Pinus and with secondary
vegetation at elevations between 1500-2400 m.
Oreopanax peltatus Linden
Araliaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, NI, CR
Within Guatemala
AV, BV, ZA, SA, SO
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. LC
CONAP
3
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1c (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Tree measuring 10-15 m growing in deciduous forests alongside
Quercus and Pinus and in high evergreen forests between 10002000 m. It is a very ornamental tree sometimes planted in
Guatemalan gardens. Its leaves are sold in markets to wrap food and
soap because of their longevity.
Piscidia grandifolia (Donn. Sm.) I.M. Johnst.
Fabaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, HO, NI, CR
Within Guatemala
BV, CQ, JA, SR, ES, GU, SA, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU A2cd
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree measuring 15 m growing in forests, slopes and ravines between
400-1900 m. An important species for the indigenous peoples of
Central America for its resinous, hard wood and use as a source of fish
poison. The roots are also used for medicinal purposes. It is subject to
unregulated commercial exploitation in Guatemala.
29
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Pistacia mexicana Kunth.
Anacardiaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, HO
Within Guatemala
BV, CQ, JU, JA, PR, GU, SA, QU, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B2ab(iii)
CONAP
3
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1c (ver. 2.3 (1994), N. Ramirez-Marcial &
M. González-Espinosa)
Tree or shrub measuring 9 m growing in dry rocky forests between
600-2200 m, associated with Quercus, Oreopanax and Zanthoxylum.
All collections of this species in Guatemala have been since 2000 and,
although rare, its known distribution may increase with further
collections.
Podocarpus matudae Lundell
Podocarpaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, HO
Within Guatemala
HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv); C2a(ii)
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
DD (ver. 2.3 (1994), Conifer Specialist Group)
Proposed Glob. Cat. NT (Conifer Specialist Group)
Large tree with a DBH of 1.5 m growing at elevations of 11002300 m. Only one collection has been made in Guatemala, at Laguna
Yolnabaj in Huehuetenango in 1998.
Pouteria amygdalina (Standl.) Baehni
Sapotaceae
Distribution
GU, BE
Within Guatemala
PE
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU A2c; B1ab(iii,iv); C2a(ii)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU B1+2c (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Large tree measuring 35 m in height with a DBH of 60 cm growing in
evergreen forests in marl soils at around 800 m. It is known in the
Department of Petén, Guatemala, and in a location in Belize very close
to Petén.
Pouteria squamosa Cronquist
Sapotaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
IZ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(iii); C2a(ii)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU B1+2c, D2 (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Tree measuring 12 m growing in the high evergreen forest, in lowlands
and in areas close to bodies of water at an elevation of 250 m. Only
two collections have been made in Guatemala, both close to the
coast: one in 1940 and another more recently in 1997. It has only been
30
collected a few times in Mexico. However, the area with suitable
habitat for the species is relatively large, and it is possible that it will be
found to occur more widely in the future.
Quercus benthamii DC.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA
Within Guatemala
BV, JU, JA, CM, SO, QZ, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU A2cd
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1c (ver. 2.3 (1994), K. Nixon et al.)
Proposed Glob. Cat. VU A2cd (Global Tree Specialist Group)
Tree growing on wet and rainy mountains at an elevation of 15003000 m. It is typically used for firewood and coal. It belongs to a
taxonomically complicated group and many authors consider it to be
a synonym of Q. bumelioides Liebm.
Quercus bumelioides Liebm.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA
Within Guatemala
BV, PR, ZA, GU, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1c (ver. 2.3 (1994), K. Nixon et al.)
Proposed Glob. Cat. NT (Global Tree Specialist Group)
Dominant species of mixed mountain and cloud forest (associated
with Abies) between 1500-3200 m growing on volcanic, silt-clay,
acidic, deep and well-drained soils. In Guatemala and Costa Rica it
hybridizes with other Quercus. It has many synonyms owing to its
complicated taxonomy and high variability. Its highly resistant, durable
wood is used for furniture, posts, floorboards and agricultural tools,
and its bark produces tannins used for leather tanning. Its preferred
habitat (mountain cloud forest) is threatened by human pressure and
agricultural encroachment.
Quercus cortesii Liebm.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO, NI, CR, PA
Within Guatemala
PE
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
1
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC (Global Tree Specialist Group)
Grows in wet and dry forests or montane forests between 12001550 m. Although it is reported in many countries of the Central
American isthmus, there are no herbarium entries of collections from
Guatemala. In Flora of Guatemala (Standley & Steyermark 19461977), it is only reported in the Department of Petén.
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Quercus crispifolia Trel.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES
Within Guatemala
AV, BV, CQ, JA, PR, GU, QU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD (Global Tree Specialist Group)
Grows in rainforests at 900-2700 m. There are a number of
documented registries for Guatemala but very little data regarding its
ecology.
Quercus crispipilis Trel.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
ZA, GU, SU, CM, SO, TO, QZ, QU, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC (Global Tree Specialist Group)
Grows on plains and dry mountainsides at 750-2700 m. It is very
common in Huehuetenango where it is associated with pine trees,
forming stands which dominate slopes in the driest regions of this
Department. Its taxonomy is somewhat unclear (Muller 1942).
Quercus elliptica Née
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI
Within Guatemala
CQ, ZA, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(iii,iv)
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC (Global Tree Specialist Group)
Grows in pine-oak forests in wet sectors within dry areas in low
mountain foothills at 300-1500 m. There are only two citations for
Guatemala: one in the Sierra de las Minas (1939) and another in
Camotán (2004).
Quercus insignis M. Martens & Galeotti
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO, NI, CR, PA
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, BV, IZ, CQ, PR, ZA, GU, SA, SO, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. NT (Global Tree Specialist Group)
Grows in mountain wet or rainforest in stands of oak or pine-oak
between 800-2000 m. Very sporadic in cloud forest (Sierra de las
Minas) at higher elevations (2500-3000 m). It is reportedly abundant in
Nicaragua, but scarce in Guatemala.
Quercus lancifolia Schltdl. & Cham.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA
Within Guatemala
AV, CQ, JA, PR, ES, GU, SU, SA, SO, QZ, RE,
HU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC (Global Tree Specialist Group)
Grows in wet or dry mixed mountain forests at elevations of 5002400 m. It has a number of synonyms and three different leaf shapes
throughout its distribution, meaning that its taxonomy is uncertain and
requires further study.
Quercus oleoides Schltdl. & Cham.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO, NI, CR
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, IZ, CQ, ZA, GU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU A2cd
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC (Global Tree Specialist Group)
This is a slow-growing tree found in wet or dry evergreen forests, either
single-species forests or mixed with other oak species such as
Q. peduncularis. It has a wide ecological range, extending from sea
level to low mountain elevations up to 1800 m. It grows on plains or
on slopes, often in pine forest lowlands, and it is a dominant species
among beach vegetation and gallery forests along the Atlantic coast.
It is abundant in areas frequently affected by fire and in locations
characterized by occasional flooding. Its habitat is often decimated by
man-made fires and is being encroached upon by cane and coffee
plantations.
Quercus pilicaulis Trel.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
BV, JU, ZA, GU, SA, CM, SO, TO, QZ, HU,
SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. DD (Global Tree Specialist Group)
Grows on plains or on dry or wet mountainsides, associated with oak
and pine-oak forests with an elevation range of 300-3200 m. It is only
found in the mountains of Guatemala and Chiapas (Mexico), but is
fairly common within its range. Although considered a good species
in Guatemala, this is contested by botanists in Mexico, hence its
proposed global status.
31
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Quercus polymorpha Schlecht. & Cham.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
AV, CQ, JA, ZA, CM, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU A2cd
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. NT (Global Tree Specialist Group)
It grows on slopes of wet or dry oak forests at 900-2100 m. Its
distribution ranges from the eastern Sierra Madre (Mexico) to a few
Guatemalan mountain ranges.
Quercus segoviensis Liebm.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI
Within Guatemala
JA, PR, ZA, GU, SO, QZ, HU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
2
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC (Global Tree Specialist Group)
Grows in wet or dry mountain forests and is common in certain pineoak forests between 1000-2500 m. However, all confirmed records
are over 60 years old and its taxonomy and relation to other species
require further study.
Quercus skinneri Benth.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI
Within Guatemala
AV, BV, ES, GU, SU, SA, CM, SO, QZ, QU,
HU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. NT (Global Tree Specialist Group)
Grows in rainforest, mixed dense forests of the Pacific plains and on
volcanic slopes between 1000-2400 m. It is one of Central America’s
most polymorphic Quercus species and its differentiation from Q.
xalapensis is not completely clear. It grows at mid or high elevations in
the arid mountains of the western high plain, although today its
population has been considerably reduced. In Guatemala, it is also
commonly found in coffee plantations in Alta Verapaz and in the
mountains of Volcano Acatenango. In Quetzaltenango the leaves of
this species are used to fertilize mountainside fields.
Quercus skutchii Trel.
Fagaceae
Distribution
Within Guatemala
Guatemalan Nat. Cat.
CONAP
Current Glob. Cat.
Proposed Glob. Cat.
32
ME, GU
GU, SA, CM, QZ, QU, HU
EN A2cd
2
DD (ver. 2.3 (1994), K. Nixon et al.)
EN A2cd (Global Tree Specialist Group)
Grows on plains and dry mountain pine-oak slopes between 18002900 m and is occasionally associated with Juniperus. In Guatemala,
the sites where it was collected in the 1930s have been almost entirely
deforested but it has recently been collected in other departments.
Quiina schipii Standl.
Quiinaceae
Distribution
GU, BE, HO, NI, CR, PA
Within Guatemala
PE, IZ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B2ab(iii,iv)
CONAP
3
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree measuring 10-18 m growing in rainforest close to sea level at 0300 m. One single collection was made in Izabal, although local
specialists indicate that it is frequently found in Petén.
Sideroxylon eucoriaceum (Lundell) T.D. Penn.
Sapotaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
BV
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU B1+2c (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Tree measuring 25 m with a DBH of 1.2 m found in lowlands, rainforest
and secondary forest. Its fruit is edible and in some places it is used
for wood. Within Guatemala, only three collections are known, all from
Baja Verapaz (Unión Barrios and Niño Perdido) between 1975 and
1977.
Sideroxylon floribundum Griseb. subsp. belizense (Lundell)
T.D. Penn.
Sapotaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE
Within Guatemala
PE, IZ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU A2cd
CONAP
3
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1c (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Proposed Glob. Cat. NT
Endemic to the Yucatan peninsula, this tree measures 20 m with a
DBH of 0.5 m and grows in rainforest in marl soil between sea level
and 400 m, where the dominant species is Manilkara zapota. In
Guatemala only three collections have been recorded in Petén, one
just recently in the Maya Biosphere Reserve. However, the presence of
suitable protected, unexplored habitat suggests that it may be found
to occur more extensively.
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Sideroxylon stevensonii (Standl.) T.D. Penn.
Sapotaceae
Distribution
GU, BE
Within Guatemala
PE, AV
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU B1+2c (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Tree measuring 45 m with a DBH of 0.9 m growing in low elevation
rainforest, forests dominated by Manilkara zapota, and in low montane
forest in marl soil below 1000 m. It is known in Petén (Guatemala) and
Belize and has recently been found in Alta Verapaz. Latex from this
species is used regionally as a substitute for gum.
Simira salvadorensis (Standl.) Steyerm.
Rubiaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, IZ, ES, GU, SU, RE
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Evergreen tree measuring 20 m in height and forming an important
part of the middle stratum of the high or medium evergreen forests
dominated by Brosimum alicastrum and associated with Terminalia,
Dialium and Guatteria. It grows in black rendzine soils deriving from
calcareous material. It is used in rural construction, for tool handles
and turned articles, and for firewood. Globally widespread in southeast
Mexico, Belize and Guatemala.
Swietenia humilis Zucc.
Meliaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA
Within Guatemala
CQ, ZA, ES, GU, RE, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU A2cd; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1cd (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
CITES Appendix II
Tree measuring 15-20 m in height growing in dry and pre-montane dry
forest, able to tolerate a range of soil types from fertile to infertile
calcareous. It is a heliophytic species and reaches the forest canopy,
but its regeneration is very scant. In Guatemala it is distributed along
the Motagua Valley almost all the way to the Atlantic coast. Its wood is
high quality and durable and is used in construction, flooring,
decorative panels, wood carvings and crafts and for fine furniture.
Reforestation and conservation have recently been undertaken, and its
prolific seed production and fast regeneration offer promising
prospects for sustainable use.
Taxus globosa Schltdl.
Taxaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Within Guatemala
BV, PR, ZA, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
LR/nt (ver. 2.3 (1994),
Conifer Specialist Group)
Shrub or small tree reaching heights of up to 15 m. Its preferred
habitat is the mesophilic montane forest at elevations of 20003000 m. It is restricted to the Sierra de las Minas (from where there
are herbarium records), the volcanic mountain chain of Sierra de los
Cuchumatanes, Guatemala, and southern Mexico. The leaves, bark
and seeds contain an alkaloid known as taxine, which is being
studied for its anti-cancer properties.
Tetrorchidium brevifolium Standl. & Steyerm.
Euphorbiaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, HO
Within Guatemala
AV, BV
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(iii,iv)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
Small tree. Little is known about its habitat in Guatemala; it was
collected from a pristine forest in Alta Verapaz in 1939 but has not
been observed there since. The other Guatemalan collections were in
the 1970s in Unión Barrios and more recently in Niño Perdido (Baja
Verapaz).
Trichilia breviflora S.F. Blake & Standl.
Meliaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO, NI
Within Guatemala
PE, AV
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(iii,iv)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
Small tree measuring 10 m growing in low wetlands and evergreen
forests. All collections in Guatemala are over 35 years old and
are from a very specific area between the north of Alta Verapaz
and Petén.
Trichilia chirriactensis (Standl. & Steyerm.) T.D. Penn.
Meliaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO, NI
Within Guatemala
PE, AV
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU D2 (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Tree measuring 20 m growing at elevations of 300-900 m.
33
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
In Guatemala, only two collections have been reported, both in Alta
Verapaz more than 60 years ago, although in Flora of Guatemala
(Standley & Steyermark 1946-1977) it is also cited as being present in
Petén. The fruit is unknown.
Viburnum mortonianum Standl. & Steyerm.
Caprifoliaceae
Distribution
GU, ES
Within Guatemala
CQ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
DD (ver. 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
Shrub or small tree whose fruit is unknown. The only report
in Guatemala is the type collection gathered in Chiquimula in 1939 at
an elevation of 1500 m.
Zygia cognata (Schltdl. & Cham.) Britton & Rose
Mimosaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, IZ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
3
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC
Tree measuring up to 8 m in height growing in rainforest, along
riverbanks and on forest fringes between 50-300 m. In Guatemala,
there is only one herbarium entry, although Standley and Steyermark
(1946-1977) mention that it has been collected a number of times in
Izabal, Petén and Alta Verapaz.
34
WIDESPREAD SPECIES (NOT RESTRICTED TO MESOAMERICA)
The following 15 more widespread species have been assessed within
Guatemala but not on a global scale within this project. New
Guatemalan National Categories are presented here. If the species has
an existing global category, or if a new global listing has recently been
proposed by another assessor, this is included, with reference to the
version of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria under which the
species was assessed (see p. 11). Further information on the current
status of these species in countries other than Guatemala would be
most welcome.
Barnebydendron riedelii (Tul.) J.H. Kirk.
Caesalpiniaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, HO, CR, PA, OT
Within Guatemala
PE, ZA
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(i,ii,iii)
CONAP
3
Global Category
NE
Tree measuring 15-35 m growing in dry rocky areas with little other
vegetation, at elevations of 100-900 m. There have been very few
collections in Guatemala, and it is scarce in its area of distribution. This
species is reportedly cultivated in Florida (USA), Cuba, Guatemala,
Costa Rica and Panama.
Bourreria huanita (Llave & Lex.) Hemsl.
Boraginaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, OT
Within Guatemala
AV, IZ, CQ, JU, ZA, ES, GU, SA, CM, QZ,
QU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Global Category
NE
Tree measuring 8-15 m growing in rainforests from sea level to
an elevation of 2100 m, mostly at 900-1200 m, from central Mexico to
the border with Nicaragua. The variety featuring large flowers is
considered particularly rare. The tree has medicinal properties and its
wood is very resistant – individuals have been known to live up to three
centuries. The species is very difficult to propagate. In Guatemala there
are few reports of these trees in the wild, and a specimen found in
Calvary Church, Antigua, Guatemala, has been declared part of the
National Cultural Heritage.
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Cedrela odorata L.
Meliaceae
Distribution
Within Guatemala
Guatemalan Nat. Cat.
CONAP
Current Glob. Cat.
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA, OT
PE, PR, SR, ES, SU, RE
VU A2cd
2
VU A1cd+2cd (ver. 2.3 (1994),
Americas Regional Workshop)
CITES Appendix III
(Colombia, Peru)
Tree measuring 20-30 m, occasionally reaching 40 m. This is a
frequently occurring heliophytic species typical of secondary forests,
but also grows in grasslands or agricultural areas in calcareous soils or
soils rich in organic matter. In Guatemala, it is found in dry Pacific
coastal forests and rainforests on both sides of the country, ranging in
elevation from sea level to 1200 m. It forms colonies in secondary
vegetation, abandoned pasture land and agricultural land. In
Guatemala it is still relatively easy to find, but it is subject to enormous
pressure from logging, hence its threat status. Colombian and
Peruvian populations are listed in CITES Appendix III.
Dalbergia retusa Hemsl.
Fabaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO, NI, CR, PA, OT
Within Guatemala
AV, ZA, QU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B2ab(ii,iii)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1acd (ver. 2.3 (1994),
Americas Regional Workshop)
Tree measuring 15-20 m growing at low elevations or on
plains up to 700 m with a hot climate. It is found in the Pacific region
of Central America from Panama to the southwest of Mexico, and is
associated with Tabebuia ochracea, Sideroxylon capiri and Swietenia
macrophylla. It yields a hard, fine-grained, waterproof wood known as
Cocobolo, which is highly valued for crafts, cabinet-making,
construction and musical instruments. In Guatemala there are no
reliable reports of this species or its uses.
Guaiacum sanctum L.
Zygophyllaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA, OT
Within Guatemala
PE, BV, CQ, PR, ZA, GU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU A2ad
CONAP
1
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994),
Americas Regional Workshop)
CITES Appendix II
Medium-sized tree not exceeding 20 m in height. Widely distributed
throughout Central America and the Caribbean, growing at elevations
from sea level to 700 m in dry and semi-arid conditions with
precipitation under 1500 mm a year. Associated species include
Astronium graveolens, Tabebuia ochracea and Sideroxylon capiri. Its
wood is very dense and water resistant, and has been harvested for
hundreds of years for boats and other uses. Although it is one of the
most commercially exploited species in the region, the taxonomy of
this genus is not very clear.
Juglans olanchana Standl. & L.O. Williams
Juglandaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, HO, NI, OT
Within Guatemala
AV, BV, GU, SA, CM, QU, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
Semi-deciduous tree reaching heights of up to 40 m. Grows mostly in
wet and very wet mountain areas at elevations of between 4001500 m in deep, rocky or sandy soil, frequently along the banks of
rivers and streams. It is associated with species such as Cojoba
arborea, Terminalia amazonia and Cedrela odorata. It is widely distributed from Mexico to Nicaragua, and within Guatemala it is very
common in the Departments of Alta and Baja Verapaz. The wood is
used in light construction and for floorboards, musical instruments,
decoration and high-quality cabinet-making. Its walnuts are edible,
and tannin is extracted from the shells for leather tanning; the bark is
also used locally to treat diabetes and blood diseases.
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms.
Fabaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA, OT
Within Guatemala
PE, ES, GU, SU, QZ, RE, HU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)
CONAP
3
Global Category
NE
Tall tree reaching heights of 45 m and a DBH of 1 m ranging from
Mexico to the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon. Within Guatemala, its
presence is documented only in Petén and Guatemala Departments;
its occurrence in other departments has never been confirmed.
Characteristic of pristine primary forests, it is found in evergreen
rainforest at elevations of 100-700 m in very wet climates. It prefers
calcareous soils, or those derived from igneous materials on hillocks or
well-drained flat areas, and is often associated with Brosimum,
Pseudobombax and Manilkara. It is used as a medicinal plant, in
rituals, as fuel and as a drink. The balm resin is used in the perfume
industry, in incense and in medicines, and the dried fruits have been
used to treat scabies. In Cobán, Guatemala, it was customary to add
a few seeds to spirits as a flavour enhancer. Its wood is hard, heavy
and aromatic and is used in construction, cabinet-making, for
decorative purposes and the manufacture of guitars and marimbas.
This species was specially protected by a papal order from Rome
35
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
during the Colonial Period, as it provided the raw material for church
incense. The lack of supportive records, its numerous traditional uses
and the fact that it is restricted to pristine forest qualify this species as
Endangered.
Podocarpus guatemalensis Standl.
Podocarpaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA, OT
Within Guatemala
IZ, PR
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU A2cd
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
DD (ver. 2.3 (1994),
Conifer Specialist Group)
Proposed Glob. Cat. LC (Conifer Specialist Group)
Tree measuring 30 m in height with a DBH of 75 cm. This is the only
gymnosperm tree species growing in the Guatemalan lowlands, in wet
or very wet climate at elevations of 50-150 m, on hillocks or in welldrained areas. Although this is a scant species throughout its
distribution, its regeneration tends to be good. Within Guatemala,
herbarium records are concentrated around the eastern part of the
Sierra de las Minas (outside the Biosphere Reserve) and Punta de
Manabique.
Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst.
Sterculiaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA, OT
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, PR, ZA, SR, ES, GU, SU, SO, RE,
SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
2
Global Category
NE
Evergreen tree measuring 25 m, although it can reach heights of 40 m,
with a DBH of 2 m. It grows in high evergreen forests, middle elevation
semi-evergreen forests, and at lower elevations from sea level to 800
m. Its wood is used in rural construction, for posts and canoes and as
firewood. The flowers, bark and leaves are used as home-made
remedies. The roots contain a substance serving as a raw material in
the manufacture of cortisone. Isolated specimens of this species are
typically found along boundaries, roads or paths where it is particularly
useful in providing shade for livestock. Within Guatemala, it is mostly
found on the Pacific slope, where forests are being transformed to
cane and maize plantations. There are few herbarium records of the
species in Guatemala, although it is present in several departments.
36
Swietenia macrophylla King
Meliaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA, OT
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, IZ, PR, SU, QU
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU A2cd+B2ab(ii,iii)
CONAP
3
Current Glob. Cat.
VU A1cd+2cd (ver 2.3 (1994), WCMC)
CITES Appendix II
Non-deciduous tree typically 30-45 m high, although it has been
known to reach 70 m with a DBH of 3 m. It grows in evergreen and
semi-evergreen forests – generally at lower elevations (50-900 m) –
with both dry and wet climates and medium-fertility soils. The species
grows well in the lowlands of Guatemala’s Atlantic coast, but
populations on the Pacific side are not commercially viable. This is one
of the most important woods on the world market.
Taxodium mucronatum Tenore
Taxodiaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, HO, NI, CR, OT
Within Guatemala
AV, BV, PR, SR, GU, SA, HU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B2ab(i,ii,iii)
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
LC (ver. 3.1 (2001), A. Farjon)
Deciduous conifer associated with riverbanks and bodies of water
between 900-1700 m. It is propagated by seed and is fast growing. A
few authors consider Taxodium distichum and T. mucronatum to be
synonyms, but most consider them different species. Although
recorded as present in a number of departments, many specimens
are cultivated.
Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam.
Rutaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO, NI, CR, PA, OT
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, IZ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. VU B2ab(iii,iv)
CONAP
3
Global Category
NE
Tree measuring 25 m growing in medium elevation rainforest between
50-1300 m. It was originally used for medicinal purposes and in
construction. Few locations are known in Guatemala, but all are very
recent.
Zanthoxylum ekmanii (Urb.) Alain
Rutaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO, NI, CR, PA, OT
Within Guatemala
PE, IZ
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. EN A2cd
CONAP
2
Global Category
NE
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Deciduous tree reaching heights of up to 30 m with a DBH of 1 m.
Found close to rivers and watercourses at elevations of 0-1700 m,
preferring open sunny areas or secondary vegetation. It is used in
general construction, carpentry, cabinet-making, plywood and
moulding, and is very good for paper pulp. Its restricted habitat
preferences combined with current economic uses suggest that it is a
threatened species.
Zanthoxylum ferrugineum Radlk.
Rutaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA, OT
Within Guatemala
SA
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. DD
CONAP
2
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
Dioeceous tree measuring 15 m in height growing in deciduous and
evergreen forests between 600-1850 m, with a distribution ranging
from Mexico to Colombia. There are neither official registries nor
specific sites for Guatemala, but it is cited in Flora of Guatemala
(Standley & Steyermark 1946-1977), hence its inclusion here.
Zanthoxylum juniperinum Poepp.
Rutaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO, NI, CR, PA, OT
Within Guatemala
PE, AV, IZ, CQ, JA, PR, ZA, QZ, HU, SM
Guatemalan Nat. Cat. NT
CONAP
3
Global Category
NE
Tree measuring 15 m growing in rainforest between 100-2700 m.
Although it is cited in 10 departments and allegedly has very diverse
habitats (Standley & Steyermark 1946-1977), official records have only
been found to corroborate its occurrence in two departments (Jalapa
and Petén). Specialists recommend further collection and a taxonomic
review focusing on the high-plain individuals to determine whether or
not they represent a different species.
LEAST CONCERN SPECIES
Cymbopetalum mayanum Lundell
Annonaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
Quercus acatenangensis Trel.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA, OT
Quercus brachystachys Benth.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Quercus candicans Née
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU
Quercus conspersa Benth.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, HO
Quercus peduncularis Née
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI
Quercus sapotifolia Liebm.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, ES, HO, NI, CR, PA
Quercus tristis Liebm.
Fagaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, ES, HO
Vitex gaumeri Greenm.
Verbenaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE, HO
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
The following 11 species have been assessed by this project
as Least Concern on both a global scale and nationally within
Guatemala.
Annona primigenia Standl. & Steyerm.
Annonaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, BE
Blepharidium guatemalense Standl.
Rubiaceae
Distribution
ME, GU, HO
Current Glob. Cat.
EN C2a (ver. 2.3 (1994), C. Nelson)
37
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Annex I
IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA
Extinct (EX)
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last
individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive
surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times
(diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to
record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate
to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
Extinct in the Wild (EW)
A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive
in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations)
well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild
when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range
have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame
appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
Critically Endangered (CR)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence
indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically
Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely
high risk of extinction in the wild.
Endangered (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that
it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered, and it is therefore
considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
Vulnerable (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that
it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable, and it is therefore
considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
Near Threatened (NT)
A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the
criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or
Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a
threatened category in the near future.
Least Concern (LC)
A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the
criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered,
Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are
included in this category.
Data Deficient (DD)
A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to
make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction
based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this
38
category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but
appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking.
DD is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this
category indicates that more information is required and
acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that
threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make
positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great
care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a
threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be
relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has
elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may
well be justified.
Not Evaluated (NE)
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against
the criteria.
THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED
AND VULNERABLE
Critically Endangered (CR)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence
indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is
therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in
the wild:
A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:
1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size
reduction of 90 per cent over the last 10 years or three
generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the
reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased,
based on (and specifying) any of the following:
(a) direct observation
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence
and/or quality of habitat
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,
pollutants, competitors or parasites.
2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size
reduction of 80 per cent over the last 10 years or three
generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to
(e) under A1.
3. A population size reduction of 80 per cent, projected or
suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three
generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e)
under A1.
4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected
population size reduction of 80 per cent over any 10 year or
three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum
of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include
both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to
(e) under A1.
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)
OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:
1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, and
estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
(a) Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single
location.
(b) Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any
of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
(c) Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals.
2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, and
estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
(a) Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single
location.
(b) Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any
of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
(c) Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals.
C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature
individuals and either:
1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25 per cent within
three years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up to a
maximum of 100 years in the future) OR
2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in
numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the
following (a-b):
(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 50
mature individuals, OR
(ii) at least 90 per cent of mature individuals in one
subpopulation.
(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.
D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature
individuals.
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the
wild is at least 50 per cent within 10 years or three generations,
whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).
Endangered (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that
it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore
considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild:
A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:
1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size
reduction of 70 per cent over the last 10 years or three
generations, whichever is the longer, where the
causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood
AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:
(a) direct observation
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence
and/or quality of habitat
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,
pollutants, competitors or parasites.
2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size
reduction of 50 per cent over the last 10 years or three
generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to
(e) under A1.
3. A population size reduction of 50 per cent, projected or
suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three
39
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100
years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.
4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected
population size reduction of 50 per cent over any 10 year or
three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum
of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include
both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to
(e) under A1.
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)
OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:
1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2, and
estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
(a) Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than
five locations.
(b) Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any
of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
(c) Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals.
2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2, and
estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
(a) Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than
five locations.
(b) Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any
of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
(c) Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals.
C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 mature
40
individuals and either:
1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20 per cent within
five years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to a
maximum of 100 years in the future) OR
2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in
numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the
following (a-b):
(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250
mature individuals, OR
(ii) at least 95 per cent of mature individuals in one
subpopulation.
(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.
D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature
individuals.
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the
wild is at least 20 per cent within 20 years or five generations,
whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).
Vulnerable (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that
it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore
considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild:
A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:
1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size
reduction of 50 per cent over the last 10 years or three
generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the
reduction are: clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased,
based on (and specifying) any of the following:
(a) direct observation
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence
and/or quality of habitat
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,
pollutants, competitors or parasites.
2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size
reduction of 30 per cent over the last 10 years or three
generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to
(e) under A1.
3. A population size reduction of 30 per cent, projected or
suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100
years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.
4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected
population size reduction of 30 per cent over any 10 year or
three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum
of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include
both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to
(e) under A1.
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)
OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:
1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km2,
and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
(a) Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10
locations.
(b) Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any
of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
(c) Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals.
individuals and either:
1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10 per cent within
10 years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to a
maximum of 100 years in the future) OR
2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in
numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the
following (a-b):
(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than
1000 mature individuals, OR
(ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation.
(b) Extreme fluctuations in number
of mature individuals.
D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the
following:
1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000 mature
individuals.
2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically
less than 20 km2) or number of locations (typically five or fewer)
such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or
stochastic events within a very short time period in an
uncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming Critically
Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period.
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the
wild is at least 10 per cent within 100 years.
Source: IUCN (2001)
2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2000 km2, and
estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
(a) Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10
locations.
(b) Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any
of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
(c) Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals.
C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature
41
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Annex II
SYNONYMS AND BASIONYMS
List of accepted names for 87 species used in this publication, with synonyms and basionyms used in other publications.
Accepted name
ACERACEAE
Acer negundo subsp.
mexicanum (DC.) Wesm.
ANACARDIACEAE
Pistacia mexicana Kunth
ANNONACEAE
Annona primigenia Standl. & Steyerm.
Cymbopetalum mirabile R.E. Fr.
Cymbopetalum penduliflorum (Dunal) Baill.
Guatteria anomala R.E. Fr.
Mosannona guatemalensis (Lundell) Chatrou
ARALIACEAE
Oreopanax echinops (Cham. & Schltdl.)
Decne. & Planch.
Oreopanax peltatus Linden
ASTERACEAE
Montanoa guatemalensis
B.L. Rob. & Greenm.
BORAGINACEAE
Bourreria huanita (Llave & Lex.) Hemsl.
CAESALPINIACEAE
Barnebydendron riedelii (Tul.) J.H. Kirkbr.
Crudia lacus Standl. & Steyerm.
EUPHORBIACEAE
Stillingia cruenta Standl. & Steyerm.
Tetrorchidium brevifolium Standl. & Steyerm.
FABACEAE
Dalbergia retusa Hemsl.
Lonchocarpus phaseolifolius Benth.
Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus
Standl. & Steyerm.
Lonchocarpus santarosanus Donn. Sm.
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms.
42
Synonym
Basionym
Acer mexicanum (DC.) Wesm.
Acer serratum Pax
Acer ternatum DC.
Acer negundo var. orizabense (Rydb.) Standl. y Steyerm.
Acer negundo var. mexicanum (DC.)
Acer orizabense (Rydb.) Standl.
Negundo orizabense Rydb.
Rulac mexicana (DC) Nieuwland
Negundo mexicanum DC.
Pistacia texana Swingle
Annona reticulata var. primigenia (Standl. & Steyerm.) Lundell
Cymbopetalum longissimum Lundell
Porcelia cinnamonema G. Don
Guatteria grandiflora Donn. Sm.
Unona penduliflora Dunal
Malmea guatemalensis Lundell
Hedera echinops (Cham. & Schltdl.) G. Don
Aralia echinops Cham. & Schltdl.
Oreopanax jaliscana S. Watson
Oreopanax salvinii Hemsl.
Montanoa hexagona B.L. Rob. & Greenm.
Bourreria formosa (DC.) Hemsl.
Bourreria grandiflora Bertol.
Crematoria huanita (Lex.) Miers
Ehretia formosa DC.
Morelosia huanita Lex.
Phyllocarpus septentrionalis Donn. Sm.
Phyllocarpus riedelii Tul.
Apalatoa acuminata (Benth.) Standl.
Crudia acuminata Benth.
Crudia choussyana (Standl.) Standl.
Tuchiroa acuminata (Benth.) Kuntze
Phyllocarpus riedelii Tul.
Sebastiana cruenta (Standl. & Steyerm.) Miranda
Tetrorchidium molinae L.O. Williams
Sapium guatemalense Lundell
Amerimnon lineatum (Pittier) Standl.
Amerimnon retusum (Hemsl.) Standl.
Dalbergia retusa var. hypoleuca (Pittier) Rudd.
D. retusa var. lineata (Pittier) Rudd.
D. hypoleuca Pittier
D. lineata Pittier
Lonchocarpus trifoliolatus Standl.
Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis Micheli.
Lonchocarpus robustus Pittier
Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae (Royle) Harms.
M. toluiferum A. Rich.
M. salvatoriense Mendez & Guzmán
M. pereira (Royle) Klotzsch
M. balsamum var. punctatum (Klotzsch) Harms.
Toluifera balsamum L.
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Accepted name
Piscidia grandifolia (Donn. Sm.) I.M. Johnst.
FAGACEAE
Quercus acatenangensis Trel.
Quercus benthamii A. de Candolle
Quercus bumelioides Liebm.
Quercus candicans Née
Quercus conspersa Benth.
Quercus cortesii Liebm.
Quercus crispifolia Trel.
Quercus crispipilis Trel.
Quercus elliptica Née
Quercus insignis M. Martens & Galeotti
Synonym
Basionym
M. punctatum Klotzsch
Myrospermum pereirae Royle
Myrospermum sonsonatense Pereira ex Oersted.
Myrospermum toluiferum (A. Rich.) DC.
Toluifera pereirae Baill.
Toluifera balsamum var. pereirae (Royle) Baill.
Ichthyomethia grandifolia (Donn. Sm.) S.F. Blake
Derris grandifolia Donn. Sm.
Quercus longifolia Liebm.
Q. acutifolia subsp. longifolia A. DC.
Q. xalapensis var. longifolia Wenzig
Q. donnell-smithii Trel.
Q. ambivenulosa Trel.
Quercus baruensis C.H. Mull.
Q. lowilliamsii C.H. Mull.
Q. rapurahuensis Pittier ex Seemen
Q. undulata Benth.
Q. gemmata Trel.
Quercus acapulcensis Trel.
Q. acherdophylla Trel.
Q. duratifolia C.H. Mull.
Q. mulleri Martínez
Q. petiolata (Trel.) E. Murray
Q. rubramenta Trel.
Q. panamandinaea C.H. Mull.
Q. pacayana C.H. Mull.
Q. boquetenesis Standl.
Q. chiriquiensis Trel. ex C.H. Mull.
Q. citrifolia Liebm.
Q. salicifolia var. seemannii (Liebm.) Wenz.
Q. copeyensis C.H. Mull.
Q. rapurahuensis Pittier ex Seemen
Q. pittieri Wesmael ex Seemen
Q. wesmaeli Trel.
Q. tahuasalana Trel.
Q. salicifolia Née
Q. seemannii Liebm.
Q. eugeniaefolia Liebm.
Q. granulata Liebm.
Q. borucasana Trel.
Quercus calophylla Schlecht. & Cham.
Quercus acutifolia var. conspersa A. DC.
Q. acutifolia var. microcarpa A. DC.
Q. correpta Trel.
Q. grahami var. coyulana Trel.≈
Q. grahami var. nelsoni Trel.
Quercus anglohondurensis C.H. Mull.
Q. brenesii Trel.
Q. tenuiaristata Trel.
Quercus amphioxys Trel.
Q. incrassata Trel.
Quercus cerifera Trel.
Q. cinnamomea Trel.
Quercus comayaguana Trel.
Q. guayabalana Trel.
Q. yoroensis Trel.
Q. hondurensis Trel.
Q. linguifolia Liebm.
Q. nectandrifolia Liebm.
Q. oajacana Liebm.
Q. yoroensis var. aguanana Trel.
Quercus schippii Standl.
Q. davidsoniae Standl.
Q. oocarpa Liebm.
Q. seibertii C.H. Mull.
Q. strombocarpa Liebm.
Q. tomentocaulis C.H. Mull.
Q. warscewiczii Liebm.
Q. yunckeri Trel.
43
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Accepted name
Quercus lancifolia Schltdl. & Cham.
Quercus oleoides Schltdl. & Cham.
Quercus peduncularis Née
Quercus pilicaulis Trel.
Quercus polymorpha Schlecht. & Cham.
Quercus sapotifolia Liebm.
Quercus segoviensis Liebm.
Quercus skinneri Benth.
Quercus skutchii Trel.
Quercus tristis Liebm.
44
Synonym
Quercus corrugata var. microcarpa Wenzig.
Q. corrugata var. granulifera Trel.
Q. corrugata var. ipalensis Trel.
Q. excelsa Liebm.
Q. pilgeriana Seemen
Q. cyclobalanoides Trel.
Q. reevesii Trel.
Q. aaata C.H. Mull.
Q. boqueronae Trel.
Q. leiophylla A. DC.
Q. molinae C.H. Mull.
Q. ovadensis Matuda
Q. yousei Trel.
Q. corrugata Hook
Q. pilaria Trel.
Quercus lutescens M. Martens & Galeotti
Q. retusa Liebm.
Q. oleoides var. australis Trel.
Q. virens A. DC.
Quercus peduncularis var. callosa (Benth.) A. Camus
Q. barbanthera var. calva Trel.
Q. barbanthera Trel.
Q. callosa Benth.
Q. aguana Trel.
Q. barbeyana Trel.
Q. arachnoidea Trel.
Q. dolichopus E.F. Warb.
Q. peduncularis subsp. callosa A. Camus
Q. tomentosa Willdenow
Quercus peduncularis subsp. pilicaulis A. Camus
Q. peduncularis subsp. hurteri A. Camus
Q. tomentosa var. bulata A. DC.
Q. tomentosa var. abbreviata A. DC.
Quercus petiolaris Benth.
Q. varians Mart. & Gal.
Q. guatimalensis A. DC.
Q. turbinata Liebm.
Quercus sapotaefolia Liebm.
Q. elliptica var. microcarpa A. DC.
Q. guatemalensis A. DC.
Q. correpta Trel.
Q. wesmaeli Trel.
Q. persiifolia var. achoteana Trel.
Q. parviglans Trel.
Q. amissiloba Trel.
Q. apanecana Trel.
Q. donnell-smithii Trel.
Q. microcarpa Liebm.
Q. siguatepequeana Trel.
Quercus achoteana Trel.
Q. reticulata var. segoviensis (Liebm.) Wenzig.
Q. achoteana var. sublanosa Trel.
Q. matagalpana Trel.
Q. peduncularis var. sublanosa (Trel.) C.H. Mull.
Quercus chiapasensis Trel.
Q. salvadorensis Trel.
Q. grandis Liebm.
Q. trichodonta Trel.
Q. hemipteroides C.H. Mull.
Q. grandis var. tenuipes Trel.
Q. xalapensis Bonpl.
Q. monserratensis C.H. Mull.
Quercus crispipilis var. pannosifolia
Q. aristigera Trel.
Q. chichavacana Trel.
Q. chimaltenangana Trel.
Q. pannosifolia C.H. Mull.
Quercus scherzeri Trel.
Q. consociata Trel.
Q. castanea A. DC.
Basionym
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Accepted name
Synonym
Basionym
Q. castanea var. sublobata A. DC.
JUGLANDACEAE
Juglans olanchana Standl. & L.O. Williams
Juglans guatemalensis W.E. Manning
JULIANACEAE
Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Standl. Juliana adstringens (Schltdl.) Schltdl.
LAURACEAE
Aiouea guatemalensis (Lundell) Renner
Aiouea parvissima (Lundell) Renner
Ocotea amplifolia (Mez & Donn. Sm.)
Van der Werff
Ocotea euvenosa Lundell
Ocotea nigrita (Lundell) Lundell
Cinnamomum amplifolium (Mez & Donn. Sm.) Kosterm.
Nectandra negrita Lundell
Buddleja hypsophila I.M. Johnst.
MELASTOMACEAE
Mouriri steyermarkii Standl.
Mouriri petenensis Lundell
Cedrela tonduzii C. DC.
Swietenia humilis Zucc.
Swietenia macrophylla King
Trichilia breviflora S.F. Blake & Standl.
Trichilia chirriactensis (Standl. & Steyerm.)
T.D. Penn.
MENISPERMACEAE
Hyperbaena mexicana Miers.
Aniba guatemalensis Lundell
Aniba parvissima Lundell
Phoebe amplifolia Mez. & Donn. Sm.
Replaced Name: Ocotea venosa Lundell
LOGANIACEAE
Buddleja megalocephala Donn. Sm.
MELIACEAE
Cedrela odorata L.
Hypopterygium adstringens Schltdl.
Cedrela mexicana M.J. Roemer
C. yucatana S.F. Blake
C. occidentalis C. DC.
C. guianensis Adr. Jussieu
C. paraguariensis Martius
C. velloziana M.J. Roemer
C. glaziovii C. DC.
C. paraguariensis var. multijuga C. DC.
C. dugesii Watson
C. adenophylla Martius
C. paraguariensis var. hassleri C. DC.
C. mexicana var. puberula C. DC.
C. hassleri (C. DC.) C. DC.
C. mourae C. DC.
C. sintenisii C. DC.
C. brachystachya (C. DC.) C. DC.
C. rotunda S.F. Blake
C. whitfordii S.F. Blake
C. ciliolata S.F. Blake
C. longipes S.F. Blake
C. longipetiolulata Harms.
C. palustris Handro.
C. odorata var. xerogeiton Rizzini & Heringer
C. cubensis Bisse.
C. paraguariensis var. brachystachya C. DC.
Surenus brownii (Loefling ex Kuntze) Kuntze
S. guianensis (Adr. Jussieu.) Kuntze
S. glaziovii (C. DC.) Kuntze
S. mexicana (M.J. Roemer) Kuntze
S. velloziana (M.J. Roemer) Kuntze
Cedrela pacayana Harms.
Swietenia bijuga P. Preuss
S. cirrahata S.F. Blake
Swietenia belizensis Lundell
S. macrophylla var. marabaensis Ledoux & Lobato
S. candollei Pittier
S. krukovii Gleason
S. tessmannii Harms.
Trichilia privigna Standl. & Steyerm.
Guarea chirriactensis Standl. & Steyerm.
Hyperbaena guatemalensis Standl.
Hyperbaena nectandrifolia Standl.
Hyperbaena phanerophlebia Standl.
45
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Accepted name
MIMOSACEAE
Acacia dolichostachya S.F. Blake
Balizia leucocalyx (Britton & Rose)
Barneby & J.W. Grimes
Inga cookii Pittier
Leucaena magnifica (C.E. Hughes)
C.E. Hughes
Zygia cognata (Schltdl. & Cham.)
Britton & Rose
PINACEAE
Abies guatemalensis Rehder
Pinus strobus var. chiapensis Martínez
Pinus tecunumanii Eguiluz & J.P. Perry
PODOCARPACEAE
Podocarpus guatemalensis Standl.
RUBIACEAE
Blepharidium guatemalense Standl.
Rondeletia chinajensis Standl. & Steyerm.
Simira salvadorensis (Standl.) Steyerm.
RUTACEAE
Decatropis paucijuga (Donn. Sm.) Loes.
Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam.
Zanthoxylum ekmanii (Urb.) Alain.
Zanthoxylum ferrugineum Radlk.
Zanthoxylum juniperinum Poepp.
46
Synonym
Senegalia dolichostachya (S.F. Blake) Britton & Rose
Albizia leucocalyx (Britton & Rose) L. Rico
Pithecellobium leucocalyx (Britton & Rose) Standl.
Inga subvestita Standl.
Leucaena shannonii subsp. magnifica C.E. Hughes
Inga stevensonii Standl.
Feuilleea cognata (Schltdl.) Kuntze
Pithecellobium stevensonii (Standl.) Standl. & Steyerm.
P. cognatum (Schltdl.) Benth.
Zygia stevensonii (Standl.) Record.
Basionym
Samanea leucocalyx Britton & Rose
Inga cognata Schltdl.
Abies tacanensis Lundell
Abies guatemalensis var. tacanensis (Lundell) Martínez
Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen
P. strobus subsp. chiapensis (Martínez) E. Murray
Pinus oocarpa var. achoterenae Martínez
Pinus patula subsp. tecunumanii (Eguiluz & J.P. Perry) Styles
P. patula Schltdl. & Cham.
Podocarpus guatemalensis var. allenii (Standl.) J. Buchholz. & N.E. Gray
P. guatemalensis var. pinetorum (Bartlett) J. Buchholz & N.E. Gray
P. pinetorum Bartlett
P. allenii Standl.
Blepharidium mexicanum Standl.
Tocoyena tabascensis Standl.
Arachnothryx chinajensis (Standl. & Steyerm.) Borhidi
Sickingia lancifolia Lundell
S. lancifolia var. puberula Lundell
S. mollis Lundell
S. multiflora Lundell
S. salvadorensis (Standl.) Standl.
S. vestita Lundell
Calderonia salvadorensis Standl.
Polyaster paucijuga Donn. Sm.
Zanthoxylum gentlei Lundell
Z. occidentale Rose
Z. rugosum A. St.-Hil. & Tul.
Z. caribaeum subsp. caribaeum
Z. chiloperone Mart. ex Engl.
Z. chiloperone var. angustifolium Engl.
Z. nelsonii Rose
Z. elephantiasis Macfad
Fagara caribaea (Lam.) Krug. & Urb.
F. chiloperone (Mart. ex Engl.) Engl. ex Chodat. & Hassl.
F. occidentalis (Rose) Engl.
F. elephantiasis (Macfad.) Krug. & Urb.
F. chiloperone var. angustifolia (Engl.) Engl. ex Chodat. & Hassl.
F. rugosa (A. St.-Hil. & Tul.) Engl.
Zanthoxylum belizense Lundell
Z. sobrevielae D.R. Simpson.
Zanthoxylum mollissimum (Engl.) P. Wilson
Z. anodynum Ant. Molina
Z. dugandii Standl.
Z. matudai Lundell
Fagara dugandii (Standl.) Dugand
Fagara mollissima Engl.
Zanthoxylum procerum Donn. Sm.
Z. minutiflorum Tul.
Z. ocumarense (Pittier) Steyerm.
Z. acuminatum (Sw.) Sw.
Z. acuminatum subsp. juniperinum (Poepp.) Reynel.
Fagara ekmanii Urb.
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
Accepted name
Synonym
Basionym
Z. acreanum (K. Krause) J.F. Macbr.
Z. pringlei S. Watson
Fagara procera (Donn. Sm.) Engl.
F. acreana K. Krause
F. minutiflora (Tul.) Engl.
F. pringlei (S. Watson) Engl.
F. acuminata Sw.
F. juniperina (Poepp.) Engl.
F. ocumarensis Pittier
F. warmingiana Engl.
SAPOTACEAE
Pouteria amygdalina (Standl.) Baehni
Pouteria rufotomentosa (Lundell) T.D. Penn.
Sideroxylon eucoriaceum (Lundell) T.D. Penn.
Sideroxylon floribundum Griseb. subsp.
belizense (Lundell) T.D. Penn.
Sideroxylon hirtiantherum T.D. Penn.
Sideroxylon ibarrae (Lundell) T.D. Penn.
Sideroxylon stevensonii (Standl.) T.D. Penn.
Bumelia lauriflora Standl.
Sideroxylon amygdalinum (Standl.) Standl.
Pouteria binatosepala Lundell
P. psilocarpa Baehni
Bumelia eucoriacea (Lundell) Lundell
Mastichodendron belizense (Lundell) Cronquist
M. erythrocarpum Lundell
Bumelia parviflora (Lundell) Lundell
Replaced name: Mastichodendron parviflorum Lundell
Sideroxylon rufotomentosum Standl.
Bumelia stevensonii (Standl.) Stearn.
STERCULIACEAE
Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreategui Cheirostemon platanoides Bonpl.
Chiranthodendron platanoides (Bonpl.) Baill.
Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst.
Chichaea acerifolia C. Presl.
C. hilariana C. Presl.
Clompanus apetauls (Jacq.) Kuntze
C. chichus (A. St.-Hil. ex Turpin) Kuntze
C. haenkeanus Kuntze
C. punctatus (DC.) Kuntze
Opsopea foetida Raf.
Sterculia carthaginensis Cav.
S. chicha A. St.-Hil. ex Turpin.
S. acerifolia (C. Presl.) Hemsl.
S. capitata (Jacq.) G. Karst. ex I. Seym.
S. convoluta St.-Lag.
S. helicteris Pers.
S. elata Clucke
S. punctata DC.
TAXACEAE
Taxus globosa Schltdl.
TAXODIACEAE
Taxodium mucronatum Tenore
TURNERACEAE
Erblichia odorata Seem.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
Guaiacum sanctum L.
Lucuma amygdalina Standl.
Peteniodendron rufotomentosum Lundell
Mastichodendron eucoriaceum Lundell
Sideroxylon belizense Lundell
Bumelia ibarrae Lundell
Dipholis stevensonii Standl.
Helicteres apetala Jacq.
Taxus baccata subsp. globosa (Schltdl.) Pilg.
Cuprespinnata mexicana (Carrière) J. Nelson
Taxodium distichum var. mexicanum (Carrière) Gordon
T. distichum var. mucronatum (Ten.) A. Henry
T. mexicanum Carrière
T. montezumae Decae
T. distichum Kunth.
Piriqueta odorata (Seem.) Urb.
Piriqueta xylocarpa Sprague & L. Riley
Erblichia standleyi Steyerm.
E. xylocarpa (Sprague & L. Riley) Standl. & Steyerm.
Guaiacum multijugum Stokes
G. guatemalense Planch. ex Rydb.
G. sloanei Shuttl. ex A. Gray
47
The Red List of Trees of Guatemala
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ISBN: 1 903703 22 0
Photos
Front cover (left to right) and back cover
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The Red List of
Trees of Guatemala
The flora of Guatemala is one of the richest and most varied in the world, with a high
degree of endemism. It is also facing a high level of threat. This publication presents the
first complete assessment of all Guatemala’s woody plants against the IUCN categories
and criteria, allowing the identification of priorities and the development of appropriate
conservation action to secure their future.
This document has been produced by the Global Trees Campaign under the auspices of
the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. The Global Trees Campaign is a joint
initiative of Fauna & Flora International, Botanic Gardens Conservation International and
the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, aiming to save the world’s threatened
trees and the habitats where they grow.
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