See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240537371
Description of Parastenocaris amalasuntae n. sp.
and new data on Parastenocaris proserpina and
Parastenocaris...
Article in Italian Journal of Zoology · March 1998
DOI: 10.1080/11250009809386732
CITATIONS
READS
12
18
2 authors:
Maria Cristina Bruno
Vezio Cottarelli
70 PUBLICATIONS 460 CITATIONS
83 PUBLICATIONS 308 CITATIONS
FONDAZIONE EDMUND MACH - ISTITUTO AGRA…
SEE PROFILE
Tuscia University
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Maria Cristina Bruno on 20 May 2014.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document
and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
This art icle was downloaded by: [ 190.206.88.229]
On: 24 March 2014, At : 12: 51
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
I nform a Lt d Regist ered in England and Wales Regist ered Num ber: 1072954 Regist ered office: Mort im er House,
37- 41 Mort im er St reet , London W1T 3JH, UK
Italian Journal of Zoology
Publicat ion det ails, including inst ruct ions f or aut hors and subscript ion inf ormat ion:
ht t p: / / www. t andf online. com/ loi/ t izo20
Description of Parastenocaris amalasuntae n. sp.
and new data on Parastenocaris proserpina and
Parastenocaris pasquinii from subterranean waters of
central Italy (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)
Maria Crist ina Bruno
a
& Vezio Cot t arelli
a
a
Dipart iment o di Scienze Ambient ali , Universit à degli St udi delt a Tuscia , via San Camillo De
Lellis, Vit erbo, I‐01100, It aly
Published online: 28 Jan 2009.
To cite this article: Maria Crist ina Bruno & Vezio Cot t arelli (1998) Descript ion of Parast enocaris amalasunt ae n. sp. and
new dat a on Parast enocaris proserpina and Parast enocaris pasquinii f rom subt erranean wat ers of cent ral It aly (Copepoda,
Harpact icoida), It alian Journal of Zoology, 65: 1, 121-136
To link to this article: ht t p: / / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 11250009809386732
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTI CLE
Taylor & Francis m akes every effort t o ensure t he accuracy of all t he inform at ion ( t he “ Cont ent ” ) cont ained in t he
publicat ions on our plat form . However, Taylor & Francis, our agent s, and our licensors m ake no represent at ions
or warrant ies what soever as t o t he accuracy, com plet eness, or suit abilit y for any purpose of t he Cont ent . Any
opinions and views expressed in t his publicat ion are t he opinions and views of t he aut hors, and are not t he
views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of t he Cont ent should not be relied upon and should be
independent ly verified wit h prim ary sources of inform at ion. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses,
act ions, claim s, proceedings, dem ands, cost s, expenses, dam ages, and ot her liabilit ies what soever or howsoever
caused arising direct ly or indirect ly in connect ion wit h, in relat ion t o or arising out of t he use of t he Cont ent .
This art icle m ay be used for research, t eaching, and privat e st udy purposes. Any subst ant ial or syst em at ic
reproduct ion, redist ribut ion, reselling, loan, sub- licensing, syst em at ic supply, or dist ribut ion in any
form t o anyone is expressly forbidden. Term s & Condit ions of access and use can be found at ht t p: / /
www.t andfonline.com / page/ t erm s- and- condit ions
Ital. J. Zool.. 6y. 121-136 (1998)
Description of Parastenocaris
amalasuntae n. sp. and new data on
Parastenocaris proserpina and
Parastenocaris pasquinii from
subterranean waters of central Italy
(Copepoda, Harpacticoida)
MARIA CRISTINA BRUNO
VEZIO COTTARELLI
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali,
Università degli Studi delta Tuscia,
via San Camillo De Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo (Italy)
INTRODUCTION
Researches concerning species of the genus Parastenocaris Kessler 1913, from the subterranean waters
of central Italy have led to the discovery and the description of several species new for science (Cottarelli,
1969, 1972; Cottarelli & Drigo, 1972; Cottarelli & Torrisi, 1976; Cottarelli & Maiolini, 1980; Cottarelli et al,
1995; Pesce et al., 1995), and to the study of some aspects of the biology, geonemy, and ecology of these
taxa (Bruno et al., 1996). In this work we present and
discuss new data from recent field research concerning
species of this genus collected in psammolittoral waters of volcanic lakes of Latium and in hyporheic and
subterranean waters of northern Latium and southern
Tuscany.
We will describe and discuss a new species, Parastenocaris amalasuntae n. sp. which is morphologically and
taxonomically very close to P. proserpina Chappuis, 1938.
In this work the lattest species is redescribed in detail
and, as a result of this analysis, the different populations
of Parastenocaris prope proserpina Cottarelli, 1972 have
been attributed to this species.
The description of some morphological features of
Parastenocaris pasquinii Cottarelli, 1972 that have been
detected in material collected in Bolsena Lake will be
presented in order to correct some mistakes and omissions in the previous description and to give a more
precise knowledge of this species.
ABSTRACT
This work concerns the description of Parastenocaris amalasuntae n. sp., the redescription of Parastenocaris proserpina, and
the addition of new morphological features for Parastenocaris
pasquinii. The characters have been detected using light and
scanning electron microscopy. Parastenocaris amalasuntae has
been collected in the interstitial psammal of Bolsena Lake
(Latium), in hyporheic and groundwaters of northern Latium, and
in phreatic habitats of southern Tuscany. The species belongs to
the proserpina species group Lang, 1948 and shows the closest
affinities with P. proserpina. This last species had previously been
collected in Bolsena Lake, where nowadays it seems to have been
substituted by P. amalasuntae. Updated information on the distribution and ecology of the three species is also presented and discussed.
KEY WORDS: Parastenocarididae - Psammon - Hyporheos - Systematics - Geonemy.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by grants from the Italian Ministero
dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica
(M.U.R.S.T., funds 40% and 60%). We want to thank the two
anonymous referees whose comments usefully improved the
manuscript.
(Received 17 July 1997 - Accepted 13 August 1997)
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Specimens were collected using the Karaman-Chappuis
method (Delamare Deboutteville, I960), fixed in 5% buffered formalin and mounted in permanent slides with Faure's medium.
They were drawn at 1250x, with an oil immersion lens, using a
drawing tube mounted on a Zeiss Axioskop® phase contrast microscope.
For scanning electron microscopy, some specimens fixed for 24
hours in 10% formalin were washed twice in cacodylate buffer,
pH 7.2, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetraoxide in the same buffer,
dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, critical-point-dried in a
Balzers Union® CPD 020 apparatus, and coated with gold in a
Balzers Union® MED 010 sputter coater. Observations were performed with a 1200 JEOL JEM® EX II scanning electron microscope.
The following abbreviations are used, when required, throughout the text and figures: Al - antennula; A2 » antenna; Bsp =
basipodite; Enp = endopodite; Exp - exopodite; Fu - furcal rami;
Ga » genital field; Gsg = genital somite; Md - mandible; Mx =
maxilla; Mxl = maxillula; Mxp = maxilliped; Op - anal operculum;
P1-P5 = thoracic appendages; R - rostrum.
The nomenclature and descriptive terminology follow Dussart
& Defaye (1995), Huys & Boxshall (1991 ), and Giere (1993).
The holotype and one female paratype will be deposited in the
collection of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale G. Doria, Genoa
(Italy); the material of the type series is deposited at the "Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università della Tuscia", Viterbo
(collection of the senior author).
M. C. BRUNO. V. COTTARELLI
122
TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT
Family PARASTENOCARIDIDAE Chappuis, 1933
Genus Parastenocaris Kessler, 1913
Parastenocaris amalasuntae n. sp.
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
Material
Holotype: 1 maie, M. C. Bruno leg., 24-05-1994, beach on
Bolsena Lake, about 2 km north-west from Capodimonte Village,
dissected and mounted on a slide labelled: Capodimonte, Lago di
Bolsena - Parastenocaris amalasuntae ht. Paratypes: 25 males
and 25 females, M. C. Bruno leg., same date and place, mounted
on slides labelled: Capodimonte, Lago di Bolsena - Parastenocaris
amalasuntae pt.; 5 males and 5 females, prepared for scanning
electron microscopy, on a stub labelled: Capodimonte, Lago di
Bolsena - Parastenocaris amalasuntae, males and females pt.
Many more specimens have been collected in different times
from January 1995 to June 1996 from the locus typicus and in the
following sampling stations: Bolsena Lake: near Marta, Bolsena,
Capodimonte, psammolittoral habitat (M. C. Bruno leg.); Fiora
River, near Sovana (Grosseto) and Vulci (Viterbo), hyporheic and
groundwater habitats (V. E. Cottarelli & L. Ciampicali leg.); Manciano-Farnese Road, km 7 (Grosseto), well (V. Cottarelli & A. L.
Santacroce leg.)
Description of the holotype
Body cylindrical and elongate, unpigmented, eyeless;
length from rostrum to distal apex of furcal rami: 0.404
mm. Cephalosome and first four abdominal somites
(Fig. IB) with dorsal hyaline integumental windows.
Spermatophore as in Figure IF. Anal operculum (Figs
IB, ID): distal margin smooth and slightly concave,
with ventral row of spinules parallel to margin.
Furcal rami (Figs IB, ID): shorter than last abdominal
somite; length to width ratio: 2.3. Armature consisting
of three setae of different lengths inserted ât about 1/3
of the lateral outer margin, a pennate and a composite
setae subapically on the dorsal margin, and a main long
apical seta flanked by a shorter ventral one.
Rostrum and antennule (Fig. IG): rostrum as in Figure. Al: first segment bare, second segment with six
distal setae, one of which is plumose. Third segment
with five apical setae. Fourth segment very enlarged,
with three distal setae and an aesthetasc. Fifth segment
partially merged with the previous one, with no armature, sixth segment also naked. Seventh segment with
seven setae and an aesthetasc.
Antenna (Fig. 2E): one-segmented exopodite with an
apical seta, allobasipodite with two rows of cuticular
spinules. Endopodite bearing distally two geniculate,
two normal, and one transformed setae. Remaining ornamentation as in Figure.
Mandible (Fig. 2A): one-segmented palp, with two
distal setae.
Maxillule (Fig. 2B): arthrite of the praecoxopodite
with five slightly curved apical spines, and curved seta
inserted at about half length of arthrite. Coxopodite
with a distal seta, basipodite with two apical setae.
Maxilla (Fig. 2C): syncoxopodite with two endites,
one bears a normal and a flattened seta, the other one a
normal seta. Basipodite prolonged in an apical curved
and spinulose tip accompanied by a seta. Endopodite
reduced to a small tubercle with two setae.
Maxilliped (Fig. 2D): slim and elongate; basipodite
unarmed, last segment with a long, curved, pennate
apical spine.
PI (Fig. 21): exopodite three-segmented, as long as
the endopodite. Third segment with four distal setae,
two of which are geniculated. Endopodite two-segmented, second segment with a long geniculate seta and a
barbed simple seta on the apex.
P2 (Fig. 2N): basipodite without outer seta. Exopodite
three-segmented, armature shown in Figure. Endopodite reaching 2/3 of exp-1, represented by a small
cylindrical segment, with three spinules at about 2/3 of
the length, and two apical spines and one apical seta.
P3 (Fig. 1C): squat, basipodite with one seta at about
midlength of the lateral margin with a row of spinules
near it. Endopodite reduced to a small spine. Exp-1
with two sharpened tubercles about midlength of the
medial margin, ending in a finger-like apophysis with a
short terminal spine. Exp-2 represented by a leaf-like
appendix much longer than the apophysis itself.
P4 (Fig. 3C): exopodite three-segmented, chaetotaxy
as shown in Figure. Endopodite as long as the first segment of exp-1, which is represented by an apically
acute appendix, with denticles along the lateral margins. Other denticles are inserted near the segment origin. Between the exopodite and the endopodite, a stout
curved seta, as long as the endopodite.
P5 (Fig. 2H): elongated, triangular plate, with a row
of spines of increasing length on medial margin, and
two short and one long setae on the lateral margin. A
pore near the proximalmost seta.
Description of the male paratype
Some of the features described for the holotype have
been checked in the five male paratypes with SEM:
Habitus as in Figure 7A.
Furcal rami (Fig. 7F): with a pore near the main apical
seta.
PI: basipodite with a row of spinules between exopodite and endopodite (Fig. 7C, arrow), a pore near
the exopodite insertion on the lateral side (Fig. 7C);
similar pores present in the same position on P2, P3
and P4 (Fig. 7E). Near the endopodite insertion of both
males and females, on the inner side, a row of spinules
(Fig. 7C, asterisk): the sexual dimorphism described for
other species of this genus does not exist in this case.
Further details on the first segment of endopodite are
shown in Figure 8C.
P2: basipodite as in Figure 7D.
P3: outer side of the basipodite as in Figure 7G; distal
part of the leg as in Figure 7B.
Description of the female paratype
Length: 0.410 mm. Rostrum (Fig. 1A), antenna, oral
appendages, maxilliped, PI, P2 and P4 exopodites, anal
operculum (Fig. IE), cephalic and dorsal windows (Fig.
IE), as in the male.
123
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
NEW DATA ON PARASTENOCARIS FROM CENTRAL ITALY
Fig. 1 - Pamstenocaris amalasuntae n. sp. Holotype: B, Fu and Op, dorsal view, and abdominal somite with dorsal window; C, P3; D,
Fu and Op, lateral view; F, spermatophore; G, AI and R. Paratype female: A, Al and R; E, Fu and Op, dorsal view, and abdominal
somite with dorsal window.
Furcal rami (Fig. IE): similar to those of the male one
but a little longer.
Antennule (Fig. 1A): seven-segmented, segment 2
with four composite, one plumose setae; third segment
with four distal setae. Fourth segment with two distal
setae and an aesthetasc. Seventh segment with an aesthetasc and seven setae.
P2 endopodite (Fig. 2F): similar to that of the male.
P3 (Fig. 2M): endopodite represented by a small
cylinder with an apical spine, almost as long as 1/3 of
the exp-1, which is armed as in Figure.
P4 (fig 2L): endopodite a little shorter than exp-1, represented by a cylindrical segment with some subapical
spinules and a barbed apical seta.
P5 (Fig. 2G): similar to that of the male, but wider
and longer and without spines on the inner margin.
Some of the features described for the paratype have
been checked in the five female specimens with SEM:
M. C. BRUNO, V. COTTARELLI
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
124
Fig. 2 - Parastenocaris amalasuntae n. sp. Holotype: A, Md; B, Mxl; C. Mx; D, Mxp; E, A2; H, P5; I, PI; N, P2. Paratype female: F, Enp
P2; G, P5; L, P4; M, P3-
Habitus and cephalic window as in Figure 9E.
Dorsal windows as in Figure 8A.
Genital field as in Figure 9C.
Anal operculum as in Figure 9A.
Furcal rami (Fig. 9D): with a pore near the main apical seta.
Rostrum with one pore on each side (Fig. 8B).
Antennule as in Figure 9B.
P5 as in Figure 8D.
Variability
The features described above appeared to be constant
.in all the specimens of the type series, with the following exceptions:
- the furcal rami in some female specimens from
Bolsena are transformed in a small conical appendix
(Fig. 3H), flattened and with fewer and smaller setae;
there are also some intermediate shapes between the
"normal" furcal rami and the transformed ones (Fig. 8E);
125
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
NEW DATA ON PARASTENOCARIS FROM CENTRAL ITALY
Fig. 3 - Parastenocaris amalasuntae n. sp. Holotype: C, P4. Paratype male: A, aberrant Fu, lateral view, Bolsena Lake, Marta; D, Enp P4,
Fiora River, Sovana; G, Enp P4,. Fiora River, Vulci. Paratype female: F, Enp P2, Fiora River, Vulci; H, Fu, lateral view, Bolsena Lake.
Parastenocarispasquinii. Male: B, Enp PI. Female: E, Fu and Op, dorsal view.
a similar kind of transformation was described by
Cottarelli et al. (1980) for P. admete and is also present
in P. proserpina. In Bolsena Lake (Marta) an aberrant
male has also been collected, with the left furcal ramus
(Fig. 3A) reduced to a small appendix with three short
setae;
- in the P4 endopodite of the male the dimension,
number and position of the denticles between the different populations can vary (Fig. 3G, from Vulci), partic-
ularly in the specimens from Sovana, that seem to be
larger than the males of other populations (Fig. 3D);
- the P2 endopodite has a variable number of spines:
in females the number of apical spines varies from two
to four (Fig. 3F from Vulci, Fig. 8G from Bolsena); in
males, there are three lateral spines in a specimen from
Bolsena (Fig. 9F);
- a female from Bolsena has a P3 endopodite with
four distal spines (Fig. 8F).
M. C. BRUNO, V. COTTARELU
126
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
Taxonomic affinities
Because of the peculiar structure of the P4 endopodite of the male, the new taxon belongs to the
species group proserpina Kunz, 1938. This group is represented in peninsular Italy by P. proserpina Chappuis,
1938, in Sardinia by P. admete Cottarelli et al., 1980 and
P. ima Cottarelli, 1989; and in Sicily by P. kalypso Pesce
et al., 1988. Parastenocaris amalasuntae n. sp. is most
similar to P. proserpina.
If the morphology and ornamentation of the P3 and
P4 endopodite of the male (that are the features used
to detect the affinities between the different species of
Parastenocaris), are considered, the new species P3 resembles that of P. proserpina. Nevertheless, this appendix is stouter and .larger in P. proserpina (see Figs 1C,
4H), the endopodite differs in length and shape, and
the tubercles on the inner margin of the exopodite are
inserted differently (see Figs 7B, 10B). In P. amalasuntae n. sp. the peculiar P4 endopodite of the male,
which is long, acute, denticulated and at least as long
as the first segment of the corresponding exopod, resembles more to P4 of P. kalypso, which differs from
the new species in the morphology and ornamentation
of P3. The P4 endopodite is very different in P. ima
and also in P. proserpina (see Fig. 4E). It is useful to
emphasize that even if P. amalasuntae n. sp. and P.
proserpina are quite similar in several morphological
and ecological features and have been collected in
neighbouring or even the same sampling stations, they
differ in those features related to the mating behaviour
of males (P3, P4 endopodite). These apomorphies
could be very useful to avoid inbreeding between syntopic species.
The furcal rami are similar to those of P. proserpina in
both morphology and ornamentation. P. admete differs
in the shape of both sexes.
As regards other features, all the Italian Parastenocaris species belonging to the proserpina group are peculiarly convergent, mainly in the morphology of the P5
of both sexes, which is always triangular, with a row of
spinules along the internal margin in the males. The P4
endopodite in the females has a different ornamentation but a similar morphology in all these species: it is a
long, acute appendix, at least as long as the first segment of the corresponding exopodite.
Derivatio nominis
The species name comes from Gothic Empress
Amalasunta, who was killed at Bolsena Lake, on
Bisentina Island, near the locus typicus.
Parastenocaris proserpina chappuis, 1938
Material
Many male and female specimens, collected on different dates
in May 1996 on Bracciano Lake, near Anguillara, V. Cottarelli leg.
Many other specimens were collected at different dates from 1970
to 1996, at the following localities: Basento River, Apulian, hyporheic habitat; Calore River, Basilicata, hyporheic habitat; Sele
River, Campania, groundwater habitat; Varano Lagoon, Apulian,
psammolittoral habitat; Volturno River, Campania, groundwater
habitat; Garigliano River, Latium, hyporheic and groundwater
habitat; Mignone River, Latium, hyporheic habitat; Stream near
Sperlonga, Latium, groundwater habitat; Sacco River, Latium, hyporheic habitat; Bracciano Lake, Latium, psammolittoral habitat;
Vico Lake, Latium, psammolittoral habitat; Bolsena Lake, Latium,
psammolittoral habitat; Cecina River, Tuscany, hyporheic habitat.
Description of the male
A dorsal hyaline integumental window on the
cephalosome. A pore near the exopodite insertion on
the outer side of PI, P2, P3 (Fig. 10A) and P4.
Anal operculum (Figs 5D, 5G): distal margin slightly
concave, with smooth margin.
Furcal rami (Fig. 5D, 5G): shorter than the last abdominal somite; length to width ratio: 0.61. Armature consisting of three setae of different lengths at about 1/3 of
the lateral outer margin, a pennate and a composite setae subapically on the dorsal margin, a main long apical
seta and a shorter inner one.
Rostrum and antennule (Fig. 5B): rostrum as in Figure.
Al: first segment bare, second segment with seven distal
setae, one of which is plumose. Third segment with four
apical setae. Fourth segment very enlarged, with two setae and a short aesthetasc. Fifth segment partially
merged with the previous one, with no armature; sixth
segment naked. Seventh segment with six setae and an
aesthetasc.
Antenna (Fig. 4D): one-segmented exopodite with a
pennate apical seta; allobasipodite with two rows of cuticular spinules on the lateral margin. Endopodite bearing distally two geniculate, two pennate, and one transformed setae. Remaining; ornamentation as in Figure.
Mandible (Fig. 4F): one-segmented palp, with two
distal setae.
Maxillule (Fig. 4K): arthrite of the praecoxa with four
curved distal spines. Coxopodite with a distal seta,
basipodite with two apical setae.
Maxilla (Fig. 4J): syncoxopodite with two endites, one
with one normal and one leaf-like seta, the other one
with one normal seta. Basipodite prolonged in an apically curved, spinulose tip. Endopodite reduced to small
tubercle with two setae.
Maxilliped (Fig. 4G): slim and elongate; basipodite
unarmed, last segment with a long and slightly curved,
pennate apical spine.
PI (Fig. 4B): basipodite with a narrow outer spine.
Exopodite three-segmented, a little shorter than the endopodite. Third segment with four distal setae, two of
them are geniculated. Endopodite two-segmented, second segment with two distal setae: one is long, geniculate and one is short and pennate.
P2 (Fig. 4L): basipodite with an outer row of short
spinules. Exopodite three-segmented, armature as in
Figure. Endopodite reaching 2/3 of exp-1, represented
by a small cylindrical segment, with a spinule at about
FROM CENTRAL ITALY
127
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
NEW DATA O N PARASTENOCAR1S
Fig. 4 - Parastenocarisproserpina. Male: B, PI; D, A2; E, P4; F, Md; G, Mxp; H, P3; J, Mx; K, Mxl; L, P2. Female: A, P3; C, P4; I,
Enp P2.
2/3 of the margin, and a spinule and one seta on the
apex.
P3 (Figs 4H, 10A): squat, basipodite with one seta at
about midlength of the medial margin and a row of
spinules and a pore close to it. Endopodite reduced to a
small spine, with a row of small teeth near its insertion.
Exp-1 with one sharpened and one rounded teeth, not
aligned on about half of the lateral inner margin (Fig.
10B), ending in a distal rounded apophysis, with a terminal short spine.
Exp-2 represented by a distal leaf-like appendix,
longer than the apophysis itself.
P4 (Fig. 4E): exopodite three-segmented, chaetotaxy
as in Figure. Endopodite about half length of exp-1, represented by a cylindrical curved segment with rows of
short teeth inserted transversely near the origin and
along the lateral margins. Other short teeth on the apex,
near the origin of a narrow seta. Between the exopodite
and the endopodite, a strong curved seta, slightly longer
than the first segment of the corresponding endopodite.
P5 (Fig. 5C): a plate of pointed, triangular shape, with
a row of spines on the lateral inner margin, two short
M. C. BRUNO. V. COTTARELLI
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
128
Fig. 5 - Parastenocarisproserpina. Maie: B. Al and R; C, P5; D, Fu and Op, dorsal view; G, Fu and Op, lateral view. Female: A, Fu and
Op, lateral view; E, Al and R; F, P5.
and one long seta on the lateral outer margin. A pore
near the main seta.
Description of the female
Cephalic window, rostrum (Fig. 5E), antenna, oral appendages, maxilliped, PI, P2 and P4 exopodite. anal
operculum (Fig. 5A), as in the male.
Furcal rami (Fig. 5A): shorter and larger than those of
the male, with the same ornamentation; length to width
ratio: 1.86.
Antennille (Fig. 5E): seven-segmented, second segment with four composite setae, one plumose; third
segment with four distal setae. Fourth segment with two
long distal setae and one aesthetasc. Seventh segment
with an aesthetasc and six setae.
P2 endopodite (Fig. 41): similar to that of the male.
P3 (Fig. 4A): endopodire represented by a small cylin-
NEW DATA O N PAR.4STEXOCARIS
drical segment with an apical and a subapical spine, almost as long as 1/4 of exp-1, which is armed as in the
Figure.
P4 (Fig. 4C): endopodite almost as long as exp-1, represented by a cylindrical segment with an apical pennate spine and small distal spinules.
P5 (Figs 5F, 10F): similar to the that of the male, but
thinner and longer and without spines on the inner
margin.
Variability
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
129
FROM CENTRAL ITALY
The features described above appeared to be constant
in all the specimens examined, with the following exceptions:
- furcal rami of so'me female specimens from Bracciano Lake are transformed in several ways: they can be
flattened, with reduced dimension and ornamentation
(Fig. 67, 6D), or they can be cylindrical (Fig. 10D), or
elongated (Fig. 6G);
- in some specimens from Bracciano Lake, endopodite P2 has two spinules and one seta on the apex
(Fig. IOC) and two lateral spinules in the male, and two
lateral spinules instead of the only one observed by
Cottarelli (1972) in the female;
- P3 of the males constant in all the population (Fig
6A, Cecina River; Fig. 6B, Sele River; Fig. 6C, Volturno
River); a female from Bracciano has the endopodite
with two apical spines (Fig. 6M);
- in P4 endopodite of the males, the number of the
small teeth can vary between the different populations,
but this appendix appears different according to the
point of view, in any case, the morphology and ornamentation are constant between specimens belonging
to the same population (Fig. 6E, Cecina River; Fig. 6H,
Sele River; Fig. 6l, Volturno River; Fig. 6L, Calore River).
Taxonomic remarks
Cottarelli (1972) discussed the taxonomic position of
the population from Bracciano, Vico and Bolsena Lakes,
called P. prope proserpina, which needed still to be
compared with P. proserpina topotypes from Pertosa
Cave. Unfortunately, this species has not been collected
since in the locus typicus, altough both Cottarelli and
Galassi (pers. comm.) sampled there even recently. The
location of the type series is still unknown. In any case
the accurate analysis of the many specimens collected
in the different sampling stations has allowed us to detect how the main taxonomic features (such as the morphology and ornamentation of P3 and P4 in the males)
vary in a continuous way or do not vary at all between
the populations and correspond to the description of
Chappuis (1938). Some of the differences detected by
Cottarelli (1972) (such as the ornamentation of P2 endopodite in both sexes and of P3 and P4 endopodites
in the females) are explainable as inter-population variability. Concerning the P5, the description given here
corresponds to the original one for the females, while
for males the observation of only one seta on the medial margin by Chappuis could have been an imprecise
observation. On the other hand, the number of short setae on this margin seems to vary in a continuous way
between and within the populations that we have studied. Chappuis could also have described a specimen
with only one seta just by chance. We want to emphasize that all the Italian species belonging to the proserpina group have a row of spinules on the medial margin.
Therefore it is possible to state that the main differences between the original and the new descriptions
are: the anal operculum, which, according to Chappuis,
should have a convex distal margin, while in most of
our specimens it has a slightly concave margin; and the
furcal rami, which should have five appendages according to Chappuis and which have six appendages in all
our specimens. As regards the anal operculum, the
shape of the margin for some of our specimens is similar to the description of Chappuis; as regards the furcal
rami, the missing seta is the composite one on the dorsal margin and it is always present in all our specimens,
except those with reduced furcal rami; this seta is long
but thin and fragile and for this reason it can be lost in
the manipulation of the specimens. In any case, this difference alone does not seem to us sufficient to discriminate the Parastenocaris that we have studied from
Parastenocaris proserpina.
Parastenocaris pasquinii Cottarelli, 1972
Material
Many specimens, collected on different dates from January
1995 to June 1996 from Bolsena Lake near Marta, Bolsena,
Capodimonte, interstitial habitats (MC. Bruno leg.). Many other
specimens have been collected in different dates from 1970 to
1996, at the following localities: Bracciano Lake, Latium, psammolittoral habitat; Bolsena Lake, Latium, psammolittoral habitat.
Additional description of the male
Cephalosome with dorsal hyaline window. Anal operculum (Fig. WE): with concave distal margin. Furcal rami (Fig. 10E): a secretory pore at the basis of the main
apical seta. Maxillule (Fig. 10G): arthrite of the praecoxa
with four distally pennate strong spines. Maxilla (Fig.
10G): two endites instead of the one previously reported by Cottarelli (1972). PI (Figs 3B, HE): basis with a
spine and a hook, both of the same length, near the endopodite insertion, and a secretory pore, also present
on the basipodite of all the other pereiopods. P4: endopodite as in Figure 11D.
Additional description of the female
Cephalosome with dorsal hyaline window. Anal operculum (Fig. 11A): with straight margin. Furcal rami:
(Figs 3E, 11 A, 11C): a secretory pore at the basis of the
transformed apical seta. Genital field as in Figure 11F.
M. C. BRUNO, V. COTTARELLI
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
130
Fig. 6 - Parastenocaris proserpina. Maie: A, P3, Cecina River; B, P3, Sele River; C, P3, Volturno River; E, Enp P4, Cecina River; H, Enp
P4, Sele River; I, Enp P4, Volturno River; L, Enp P4, Calore River. Female: D, Fu, lateral view, Bracciano; F, Fu, lateral view, Bracciano;
G, Fu, lateral view, Bracciano; M, Enp P3, Bracciano.
PI: basis (Fig. 11B) with only one spine and a secretory
pore, which is also present on the basipodite of all other pereiopods. P2: basis (Fig. 11G) with a row of spinules on the external side of the exopod insertion, without the lateral seta previously reported by Cottarelli
(1972). P5 (Fig. 11F): a large secretory pore on the inner proximal margin.
CONCLUSIVE REMARKS
Scanning electron microscopy has allowed us to detect new morphological features, in spite of difficulties
caused by the small dimensions of the specimens. For
example in all the species examined, there are secretory
pores on the P5 and furcal rami of both sexes, and this
FROM CENTRAL ITALY
131
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
NEW DATA ON PARASTEKOCARIS
Fig. 7 - Parastenocaris amalasuntae n. sp. Paratype male: A. habitus, lateral view. x200; B, P3, apical part. x35OO; C, Bsp PI. X3500; D,
Bsp P2, lateral view. x35OO; E, Bsp P3 and P4. x2000; F, Fu. X2000; G, P3, external view. X2000.
feature may be common to all the species of this genus,
We have also confirmed the presence of pores on the
P1-P4 basipodites, as already observed in other species
of the genus (Glatzel, 1991; Galassi, manuscript submined).
Another morphological feature detected for these
M. C. BRUNO. V. COTTARELLI
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
132
Fig. 8 - Parastenocaris amalasuntae n. sp. Paratype maie: C, PI. x35OO. Paratype female: A, abdominal somites with dorsal windows.
xlOOO; B, R. x5000; D, P5. x2000; E, Fu and Op. x2000; F, Enp P3. Bolsena Lake. X750O; G, Enp P2, Bolsena Lake. X35OO.
species, which could have a taxonomical importance, is
the sexual dimorphism of PI basipodite. In P. pasquinii
there is a hook near the endopodite insertion of the
male, but in P. amalasuntae n. sp. and P. proserpina
from the proserpina group, the basipodite is not dimor-
phic. This feature could be useful to distinguish between the different species groups.
Regarding species distributions, P. amalasuntae n. sp.
was collected for the first time in Bolsena Lake, together with P. pasquinii. Parastenocaris amalasuntae seems
FROM CENTRAL ITALY
133
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
NEW DATA O N PARASTEXOCARIS
Fig. 9 - Parastenocaris amalasuntae n. sp. Paratype male: F, Enp P2, Bolsena Lake. x5000. Paratype female: A, Fu e Op. xl500; B, Al.
X1500; C, Ga. X5000; D, Fu. X2000; E, habitus, dorsal view. x200.
to have a quite wide ecological valence, since it has
been collected in the hyporheic and groundwaters of
Latium and Tuscany and in the phreatic waters of Tuscany. Parastenocaris amalasuntae has a narrower distribution than P. proserpina, which is widespread in
Italy in all subterranean waters (hyporheic aquifers,
phreatic system, karstic caves and lacustrine psammolittoral); P. proserpina seems therefore to have a wide
ecological valence, as was already noticed by Cottarelli
(1972). On the other hand, the discovery of P. proser-
M. C. BRUNO. V. COTTARELLI
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
134
Fig. 10 - Parastenocaris proserpina. Maie: A, P3. X2000; B, P3, apical part. X35OO; C, Enp P2, Bracciano Lake. X2000. Female: D, Fu.
X35QO; F, P5. X35OO. Parastenocarispasquinii. Maie: E, Fu e Op. X1500; G, mouth parts. X2000.
pina in Tuscany in the hyporheos of Cecina River extends northwards its distribution area on the Italian
peninsula. This species has also been collected in other
European countries (Slovakia, see Dussart & Defaye,
1990). We are of the opinion that the determination of
P. proserpina by Sterba (1965, 1967) in the hyporheos
of Laborec and Vàh Rivers should be confirmed.
It is interesting to note that the distribution area of P.
proserpina seems to have become reduced from Bracciano, Vico and Bolsena Lakes (Cottarelli, 1972) to only
FROM CENTRAL ITALY
135
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
NEW DATA O N PARASTENOCARIS
Fig. 11 - Parastenocaris pasquinii. Male: D, Enp P4. X7500; E,'Bsp PI. X35OO. Female: A, Fu and Op. X2000; B, Bsp PI, lateral view.
X5000; C, Fu. X5000; F, P5 and Ga. X35OO; G, Bsp P2, lateral view. x5000.
136
Bracciano Lake at present. In Vico Lake this species has
disappeared together with most of the interstitial copepods, probably because of the intensive use for agricultural purposes of most of the land surrounding the lake
(Cottarelli & Bruno, unpublished data). In Bolsena Lake
this species seems to have been supplanted by P.
amalasuntae n. sp. Further investigations will verify this
supposition.
Downloaded by [190.206.88.229] at 12:51 24 March 2014
Parastenoçaris pasquinii was originally discovered in
Bolsena Lake (Cottarelli, 1972) and later in one locality
near Martignano Village on Bracciano Lake (Cottarelli &
Drigo, 1972). The species is nowadays collected, mainly
in springtime, at several localities on this lake (Trevignano, Anguillara, Bracciano). In any case, P. pasquinii
has a more limited distributional area than P. proserpina, and it is restricted to the lacustrine psammal of
the two volcanic lakes.
Other investigations, some of them still in progress,
concern the ecology and biology (Bruno et al., 1996;
Bruno, unpubl. data; Bruno et ai, manuscript submit-
ted) of P. amalasuntae and P. pasquinii sympatry. It
has been noticed that P. amalasuntae seems to be more
specialized in resource utilization, since this species is
dominant in sampling stations with peculiar physical
and chemical conditions and certain levels of nutrients.
Parastenoçaris pasquinii seems to be more generalist
and euryoecious, since it has colonized more sampling
stations with different ambient conditions (Bruno et al,
unpubl. data).
Even the biology of these two species seems different, since P. amalasuntae has more adapted reproductive strategies than P. pasquinii. These strategies include
a seasonal variations of the sex-ratio, biased towards females, and a greater percentage of sexually mature
males during the reproductive periods (Bruno et al, unpubl. data).
REFERENCES
Bruno M. C, Franzoi P., Cottarelli V., 1996 - Prime osservazioni
sulla struttura della comunità di Copepodi Arpacticoidi interstiziali del Lago di Bolsena (Italia Centrale). In: Atti VII Cong.
Naz. S.It.E., Napoli 11-14 Settembre 1996, pp. 519-522.
Chappuis P. A., 1938 - Subterrane Harpacticoiden aus Süd-Italien.
Bui. Soc. Sti. Cluj., 8: 556-571.
M. C. BRUNO, V. COTTARELLI
Cottarelli V., 1969 - Nuove Parastenoçaris (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) dell'Italia centro-meridionale. Riv. Idrobiol., 8. 1-27.
Cottarelli V., 1972 - Parasienocaris (Copepoda. Harpacticoida) di
alcuni laghi vulcanici del Lazio. Rend. 1st. Iomb. Sci. Lett., B,
106: 138-155.
Cottarelli V., 1989 - Un nuovo Arpacticoide (Crustacea, Copepoda) freatobio dell'isola La Maddalena (Sardegna): Parastenocaris ima n. sp. Ann. Mus. civ. St. nat. G. Doria, Genova, 87:
285-296.
Cottarelli V., Drigo E., 1972 - Sulla presenza di Parastenocaris orcina Chappuis (Cop. Harpacticoida) in acque interstiziali del
Lago di Bracciano. Not. Circolo speleol. rom., 17: 51-54.
Cottarelli V., Maiolini B., 1980 - Parastenoçaris veneris n. sp.,
nuovo Arpacticoide interstiziale del Lago di Vico (Crustacea,
Copepoda). Fragm. entomol., 15: 243-252.
Cottarelli V., Torrisi M. R., 1976 - Ciclopoidi e Arpacticoidi (Crustacea, Copepoda) di acque sotterranee dell'isola di Montecristo
(Arcipelago Toscano). Lav. SOC. ital. Biogeogr., 5: 357-370.
Cottarelli V., Bruno M. C, Venanzetti F., 1995 - Two new species
of Parastenoçaris from the interstitial waters of rivermouths in
Latium and Sardinia (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida).
Fragm. entomol., 26. 229-247.
Cottarelli V., Fasano L, Mura G., Saporito P. E., 1980 - Parastenocaris adméte n. sp. (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) di
acque interstiziali di Sardegna. Riv. Idrobiol., 19: 619-628.
Delamare Deboutteville C, 1960 - Biologie des eaux soutterraines
littorales et continentales. Hermann, Paris, pp. 740.
Dussart B. H., Defaye D., 1990 - Répertoire mondial de Crustacés
Copépodes des eaux intérieures. III. Harpacticoïdes. Crustaceana, Suppl. 16, 384 pp.
Dussart R., Defaye p . , 1995 - Introduction to the Copepoda.
Guide to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world. SPB Academic Publishing, 7, 277
PP.
Giere O., 1993 - Meiobenlhology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 328 pp.
Glatzel T., 1991 - Neue morphologische Aspekte und die Copepodid-Stadien von Parastenocaris phyllura Kiefer (Copepoda,
Harpacticoida). Zool. Sa-., 20. 375-393.
Huys R., Boxshall G., 1991 - Copepod evolution. The Ray Soc.,
London, 468 pp.
Pesce G. L., Galassi D. P., Cottarelli V., 1988 - First representative of
the family Parastenocarididae from Sicily (Italy) and description
of two new species of Parastenocaris Kessler (Crustacea Copepoda: Harpacticoida). Bull. Zoöl. Mus. Amsterdam, 11: 129-134.
Pesce G. L., Galassi D. P., Cottarelli V., 1995 - Parastenocaris
lorenzae n. sp., and first record of Parastenocaris glacialis
Noodt (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from Italy. Hydrobiologia,
302: 97-101.
Sterba O., 1965 - Plazivky (Copepoda, Harpacticoidea) Moravy a
Slovenska. Acta Univ. Palack. Olomu., Fac. Rer. nat. biol., 19:
203-313.
Sterba O., 1967 - K poznání plazivek (Copepoda, Harpacticoidea)
asijské cásti palearktidy. Acta Univ. Palack. Olomu., Fac. Rer.
nat. biol., 25: 251-380.