Check List the journal of biodiversity data Check List 11(5): 1758, 4 October 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.5.1758 ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors Lists of species Shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands, an updated checklist with new records and new percentage of endemic species Erwan Delrieu-Trottin1, 2*, J. T. Williams3, Philippe Bacchet4, Michel Kulbicki5, Johann Mourier1, René Galzin1, hierry Lison de Loma1, Gérard Mou-ham5, Gilles Siu1 and Serge Planes1 1 Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, USR 3278 CNRS – EPHE – UPVD, Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l’Environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan, 58 Av. Paul Alduy – 66860 Perpignan cedex, France 2 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB – UMR 7205 – MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, EPHE; École Pratique des Hautes Études, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39; F-75005, Paris, France 3 Division of Fishes, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, MD 20746, USA 4 BP 2720 Papeete, Tahiti, PF 5 IRD – UR 227 CoReUs, LABEX “CORAIL”, UPVD, 66000 Perpignan, France * Corresponding author: E-mail: erwan.delrieu.trottin@gmail.com Abstract: Expedition Pakaihi I Te Moana was conducted in 2011 to the Marquesas Islands, lying between 07°50ʹ S and 10°35ʹ S latitude and 138°25ʹ W and 140°50ʹ W longitude. he expedition combined extensive collections and visual censuses of the shore ish fauna. A total of 74 species are added as new records for the Marquesas Islands; the coastal ish fauna of the Marquesas Islands is increased from 415 to 495 species and the number of endemic species is increased from 48 to 68 species. his increases the percentage of species-level endemism for the Marquesas Islands to 13.7%, ranking as the third highest region of endemism for coral reef ishes in the Indo-Paciic. Only two other peripheral regions, the Hawai’ian Islands and Easter Island, have higher values. considered. he highest percentages of endemism for reef ish in the Indo-Paciic are: 1) Hawai’i with 25% endemism according to Randall (2007); 2) Easter Island with 21.7% (Randall and Cea 2011); 3) Red Sea third with 13.6% (Eschmeyer et al. 2010). he census of biodiversity constitutes the primary basis for conservation eforts and the establishment of protection measures, as indicated for instance by IUCN red lists. Endemism is often perceived as an important characteristic in species conservation (e.g., Parravicini et al. 2014). Although extensive databases for coral reef ishes are being developed with more accurate taxonomy and geographical distributions (e.g., Randall 2005, 2007; Randall and Cea 2011; Kulbicki et al. 2013), our knowledge of the reef ish fauna still has major gaps due to the isolation of some remote regions or the technical diiculty of studying the reef ish fauna in certain regions of the world. he Marquesas Islands are a prime example. Located in Northeastern French Polynesia between 07°50ʹ S and 10°35ʹ S latitude and 138°25ʹ W and 140°50ʹ W longitude, they are geographically isolated. To the east, the closest islands are the Galapagos (5 300 km), to the north-west they are 2,200 km from the Line Islands and 3,500 km from Hawai’i. he closest island is in the Tuamotu archipelago some 500 km away. he South Equatorial Current, lowing between 04° N and 17° S from east to west (Wyrtki and Kilonsky 1984; Bonjean and Lagerloef 2002; Gaither et al. 2010), seems to constitute a hydrographical barrier to dispersal leading to the genetic diferentiation of some Marquesan populations of otherwise widespread species (Planes and Fauvelot 2002; Winters et al. 2010; Key words: Coral reef ishes; endemism; tropical reefs; species distribution; biodiversity, hotspot. INTRODUCTION Tropical reefs represent a high priority for conservation action among marine ecosystems (Roberts et al. 2002). hey are known to host some of the most diverse communities in the world with nearly 6,500 species of coral reef ishes (Kulbicki et al. 2013), a diversity that reaches its maximum in the Indo-MalayPhilippine archipelago (Bellwood and Hughes 2001; Roberts et al. 2002; Mora et al. 2003; Reaka et al. 2008; Bellwood and Meyer 2009; Hubert et al. 2012), while peripheral areas of the Indo-Paciic basin host high percentages of endemism. Percentages of endemism change as our knowledge of the reef ish fauna improves and may also vary according to the sizes of the regions Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 1 Volume 11 | Number 5 | Article 1758 Delrieu-Trottin et al. | Shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands, an updated checklist figure 1. Map of the Marquesas Islands showing the diferent islands sampled. Motu Iti, Nuku-Hiva, Ua-Huka, Ua-Pou, Fatu-Huku, Hiva-Oa, Tahuata, Fatu-Hiva; Figure 1) during a threeweek expedition in 2011, aboard the M.V. Braveheart. A diversity of habitats was explored with shallow and deep air dives (down to 50–55 m) for a total of 54 sampled sites. Extensive collections and visual censuses were combined to establish the species composition of shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands. he complementarity of these sampling methods (Williams et al. 2006) allowed us to target diferent components of the ichthyofauna. Rotenone (powdered root of the Derris plant) allowed us to sample the cryptic and small ish fauna while spear guns and visual censuses allowed us to sample and record larger specimens of species not susceptible to rotenone collecting. Fishes were identiied using identiication keys and taxonomic references (Randall 2005; Bacchet et al. 2006) and representative specimens of all species collected were photographed while they had their fresh coloration, sampled for tissues, labeled, and preserved as voucher specimens for the sequences made for a COI Barcode library. Voucher specimens were preserved in 10% formalin (3.7% formaldehyde solution) and later transferred into 75% ethanol. Preserved specimens were cataloged into the ish collection at the Museum Support Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, Maryland, USA. Underwater visual censuses and underwater photographs allowed us to complete the list of new records. Nomenclature follows Randall (2005) and we followed recent taxonomic changes tracked using the Gaither et al. 2010). In addition to the isolation of the Marquesas, their environmental conditions are unique compared to the remainder of French Polynesia. he high islands are not surrounded by lagoons, and coral cover is minimal compared with other parts of French Polynesia. Sea temperatures are unusually variable (26–30°C) for a locality this close to the equator (Randall and Earle 2000) and upwelling of cold enriched waters leads to a general low coral cover and major production of phyto- and zooplankton (Martinez and Maamaatuaiahutapu 2004). All these features give to the archipelago its uniqueness not only within the French Polynesian landscape, but also among Paciic tropical reefs. Selection processes in such a contrasting environment have already been highlighted as a driver of speciation for a Marquesan endemic reef ish species (Gaither et al. 2015). In 2000, Randall and Earle identiied the archipelago as a major hotspot of endemism with 11.6% endemic ish species (Randall and Earle 2000) with only a relatively small portion of the islands having been explored. he present work is based on a compilation of all previous ish records in addition to a preliminary reef ish survey on one island (Mohotani) in 2008 and to the irst reef ish survey, which explored all islands of the archipelago in 2011 (expedition Pakai I Te Moana – Nov. 2011). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling was carried out in 2008 in Mohotani and in 2011 for the irst time at every island in the Marquesas (Clark Bank, Motu One, Hatutaa, Eiao, Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 2 Volume 11 | Number 5 | Article 1758 Delrieu-Trottin et al. | Shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands, an updated checklist Catalog of Fishes (http://researcharchive.calacademy. org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp, accessed in August 2015). Undescribed new species are listed as sp. Gymnothorax sp., Apterichtus sp., Gnathophis sp., Pseudogramma sp., Pempheris sp., Trimmatom sp. Seven species were mentioned in Randall and Earle (2000) as described species or potentially subspecies and they represent new species endemic to the Marquesas: 1 - Trachinocephalus sp. reported as Trachinocephalus myops, is currently being described by Polenco et al.; 2 - Macropharyngodon pakoko Delrieu-Trottin, Williams & Planes, 2014 was originally reported as an unusual looking Macropharyngodon meleagris (Valenciennes, 1839); 3 - Blenniella sp. reported as Blenniella gibbifrons (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) is under study by DelrieuTrottin, Williams and Planes; 4 - Istiblennius sp. reported as Istiblennius edentulus is under study by J.T Williams; 5 Pseudogramma sp. reported as Pseudogramma polyacantha (Bleeker, 1856); 6 - Cymolutes sp. reported as Cymolutes torquatus with distinct color pattern for the Marquesan populations; 7 - Cantherhines nukuhiva Randall, 2011 reported in Randall and Earle (2000) as Cantherines pardalis (Rüppell, 1837). Due to recent taxonomic updates and revisions of several families, several species and records reported in Randall and Earle (2000) are here reported diferently in this checklist: we report Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1823) instead of A. narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) that is now restricted to the Atlantic. We report Albula argentea (Forster, 1801) instead of A. forsteri (Valenciennes, 1846), which is now a synonym. Kyphosus ocyurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) was recorded as Sectator ocyurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882), which was transferred to Kyphosus (Knudsen and Clements 2013). Centropyge isheri (Snyder, 1904) was reported as C. lavicauda FraserBrunner, 1933, which is a synonym. Bodianus busellatus Gomon, 2006 replaces B. bilunulatus (Lacep̀de, 1802) in the Marquesas (Gomon 2006). Halichoeres claudia Randall & Rocha, 2009 was formerly reported as H. ornatissimus (Garrett, 1863) which is now restricted to Hawaii (Randall and Rocha 2009). Chlorurus spilurus (Forssk̊l, 1775) was previously reported as C. sordidus (Forssk̊l 1775). he Paciic populations previously reported as C. sordidus belong to the distinct species C. spilurus (Randall 2007; Choat et al. 2012). Randall and Myers (2002) found that the Paciic goatish populations previously reported as Parupeneus bifasciatus (Lacep̀de, 1801) were an undescribed species that they named P. insularis Randall & Myers, 2002. We therefore report P. insularis instead of P. bifasciatus. Rhabdoblennius rhabdotrachelus (Fowler & Ball, 1924) was reported as R. ellipes (Jordan & Starks, 1906), which is considered now as a synonym. Fusigobius duospilus Hoese & Reader, 1985 were previously reported as Coryphopterus duospilus (Hoese & Reader, 1985). Acanthurus nigros Günther, 1861 was reported as Acanthurus nigroris Valenciennes, 1835. Acanthurus nigroris is now restricted to Hawaii (DiBattista et al. 2011; Randall et al. 2011). Acanthurus RESULTS A total of 495 shore ish species in 72 families is reported from Marquesan waters (Table 1) with 74 species reported as new geographic records for the archipelago. Muraenidae (42 species), Labridae (36), Gobiidae (33), Acanthuridae (26) and Serranidae (22) constitute the 5 most speciose families. Among the 495 species, 68 are reported as endemic to the Marquesas Islands, raising the percentage of endemism for the Marquesas Islands to 13.7%. Randall and Earle (2000) recorded numerous species as undescribed species (sp.) and potentially endemic; 16 of them have since been described and are endemic: Ariosoma multivertebratum Karmovskaya 2004, Scorpaenopsis pusilla Randall & Eschmeyer, 2001, Pseudanthias hiva Randall & Pyle, 2001, Apogon lativittatus Randall, 2001, Apogon marquesensis Greenield, 2001, Ostorhinchus relativus (Randall, 2001), Ostorhinchus sinus (Randall, 2001), Pseudamiops phasma Randall, 2001, Chromis abrupta Randall, 2001, Chromis fatuhivae Randall, 2001, Chromis lavapicis Randall, 2001, Iniistius auropunctatus Randall, Earle & Robertson 2002, Amblyeleotris marquesas Mohlmann & Randall, 2002, Trimma woutsi Winterbottom, 2002, Engyprosopon marquisensis Amaoka & Séret 2005, Aseraggodes lateralis Randall, 2005. Stegastes lividus (Forster 1801) was included in Randall and Earle (2002) checklist as Stegastes sp., but Randall (2004) determined that this endemic species was actually the Stegastes species described by Forster in Bloch and Schneider (1801) as Chaetodon lividus. Myripristis earlei Randall, Allen & Robertson, 2003 and Yirrkala moorei McCosker, 2006 have also since been described but are not restricted to the Marquesas Islands. In the same manner, six undescribed species collected during the oceanographic campaign have since been described and are endemic to the Marquesas Islands: Eviota dorsimaculata Tornabene, Ahmadia & Williams, 2013, Eviota lacrimosa Tornabene, Ahmadia & Williams, 2013, Eviota deminuta Tornabene, Ahmadia & Williams, 2013, Pseudanthias oumati Williams, Delrieu-Trottin & Planes, 2013, Plectranthias lammeus Williams, Delrieu-Trottin & Planes, 2013, Apterichtus mysi McCosker & Hibino, 2015. Nine species were reported by Randall and Earle (2000) as undescribed endemic species and still remain to be described (Kaupichthys sp., Gorgasia sp., Gymnapogon sp., Pseudamia sp., Trachinotus sp., Callogobius sp., Pri­ olepis sp., Trimma sp., Arnoglossus sp.). Our collection yielded additional specimens for some of them, but also led to the discovery of eight additional undescribed new endemic species: Moringua sp., Anarchias sp., Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 3 Volume 11 | Number 5 | Article 1758 Delrieu-Trottin et al. | Shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands, an updated checklist table 1. Checklist of the Marquesan shoreish fauna. New records based on captured specimens are designated by an asterisk (*), new records based on underwater visual census are designated by a superscript (1) while records based on the Catalog of Fishes are designated by a superscript (2). Records not counted in total number of species are designated by a superscript (3). Figure numbers in bold refer to photographs in this paper. family or species Distribution carcharhinidae family or species Distribution Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker, 1859) Non-Endemic Carcharhinus albimarginatus (R̈ppell, 1837) Non-Endemic Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker, 1864 Non-Endemic Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker, 1856) Non-Endemic Gymnothorax melatremus Schultz, 1953 Non-Endemic 1 Carcharhinus falciformis (M̈ller & Henle, 1839) Non-Endemic Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw, 1795) Non-Endemic Carcharhinus limbatus (M̈ller & Henle, 1839) Non-Endemic Gymnothorax monostigma (Regan, 1909) Non-Endemic Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Non-Endemic Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl, 1789) Non-Endemic Galeocerdo cuvier (Ṕron & Lesueur, 1822) Non-Endemic Gymnothorax prismodon B̈hlke & Randall, 2000 Non-Endemic 1 Negaprion acutidens (R̈ppell, 1837) Non-Endemic Gymnothorax reevesii (Richardson, 1845) Non-Endemic Triaenodon obesus (R̈ppell, 1837) Non-Endemic Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland, 1844) Non-Endemic Non-Endemic *Gymnothorax shaoi Chen & Loh, 2007 [USNM 409357, USNM Non-Endemic 409689] Ginglymostomatidae Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1831) *Gymnothorax sp. [USNM 409505] sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini (Griith & Smith, 1834) 1 Sphyrna mokarran (R̈ppell, 1837) Endemic Non-Endemic Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson, 1845) Non-Endemic Non-Endemic Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale, 1906 Non-Endemic Scuticaria tigrina (Lesson, 1829) Non-Endemic Himantura fai Jordan & Seale, 1906 Non-Endemic Uropterygius alboguttatus Smith, 1962 Non-Endemic Taeniurops meyeni (M̈ller & Henle, 1841) Non-Endemic Uropterygius concolor (R̈ppell, 1837) Non-Endemic Uropterygius fuscoguttatus Schultz, 1953 Non-Endemic Dasyatidae Myliobatidae Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl 1823) Non-Endemic Mobulidae Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker, 1865) Non-Endemic Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacep̀de, 1803) Non-Endemic 1 Non-Endemic congridae Manta birostris (Walbaum 1792) Non-Endemic Ariosoma multivertebratum Karmovskaya, 2004 Endemic Conger cinereus cinereus R̈ppell, 1828 Non-Endemic *Gnathophis sp. [USNM 409314, USNM 409315, USNM 409316] Endemic Non-Endemic Manta alfredi (Kreft, 1868) Megalopidae Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1752) Non-Endemic Albulidae Albula argentea (Forster, 1801) Non-Endemic Albula glossodonta (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic *Gorgasia galzini Castle & Randall, 1999 [USNM 409324, USNM 409325, USNM 397394, USNM 405348, USNM 397096, USNM 397393, USNM 409711] Gorgasia sp. Endemic Non-Endemic Heteroconger lentiginosus B̈hlke & Randall, 1981 Non-Endemic chanidae Chanos chanos (Forssk̊l, 1775) Moringidae ophichthidae Moringua ferruginea Bliss, 1883 Non-Endemic Apterichtus moseri (Jordan & Snyder, 1901) Non-Endemic Moringua javanica (Kaup, 1856) Non-Endemic Apterichtus mysi McCosker & Hibino, 2015 Endemic *Moringua sp. [USNM 397080, USNM 408504, USNM 408709, USNM 408722, USNM 409523, USNM 409677] Endemic *Apterichtus sp. [USNM 409323] Endemic Brachysomophis crocodilinus (Bennett, 1831) Non-Endemic chlopsidae Kaupichthys sp. Endemic *Callechelys marmorata (Bleeker, 1854) [USNM 409326, USNM Non-Endemic 409713] Kaupichthys diodontus Schultz, 1943 Non-Endemic Callechelys randalli McCosker, 1998 Muraenidae Endemic Cirrhimuraena playfairii (G̈nther, 1870) Non-Endemic Non-Endemic Ichthyapus vulturis (Weber & de Beaufort, 1916) Non-Endemic Anarchias seychellensis Smith, 1962 Non-Endemic Lamnastoma orientalis (McClelland, 1844) Non-Endemic *Anarchias sp. [USNM 408488] Endemic Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay & Bennett, 1839) Non-Endemic Echidna leucotaenia (Schultz, 1943) Non-Endemic 1 Myrichthys colubrinus (Boddaert 1781) Non-Endemic Echidna nebulosa (Ahl, 1789) Non-Endemic Myrichthys maculosus (Cuvier, 1816) Non-Endemic Echidna polyzona (Richardson, 1844) Non-Endemic Phaenomonas cooperae Palmer, 1970 Non-Endemic Echidna unicolor Schultz, 1953 Non-Endemic Phyllophichthus xenodontus Gosline, 1951 Non-Endemic Enchelycore bayeri (Schultz, 1953) Non-Endemic Schultzidia johnstonensis (Schultz & Woods, 1949) Non-Endemic Enchelycore bikiniensis (Schultz, 1953) Non-Endemic Non-Endemic Anarchias leucurus (Snyder, 1904) Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Non-Endemic *Myrophis microchir (Bleeker 1864) [USNM 409322, USNM 409715] Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker, 1853) Non-Endemic Xestochilus nebulosus (Smith, 1962) Non-Endemic Enchelynassa canina (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Non-Endemic Yirrkala moorei McCosker, 2006 Non-Endemic Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw, 1797) Non-Endemic clupeidae Gymnothorax breedeni McCosker & Randall, 1977 Non-Endemic Sardinella marquesensis Berry & Whitehead, 1968 Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker, 1857) Non-Endemic synodontidae *Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott, 1860) Non-Endemic Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Non-Endemic Gymnothorax imbriatus (Bennett, 1832) Non-Endemic *Saurida nebulosa Valenciennes, 1850 [USNM 409129, USNM 411412] Non-Endemic *Synodus binotatus Schultz, 1953 [USNM 409126, USNM 409321, USNM 411375, USNM 412475, USNM 411376] Non-Endemic Synodus jaculum Russell & Cressey, 1978 Non-Endemic Gymnothorax lavimarginatus (R̈ppell, 1830) Non-Endemic *Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker, 1864 [USNM 409651] Non-Endemic *Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus (Schultz, 1953) [USNM 408496] Non-Endemic Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins, 1903 Non-Endemic Endemic Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 4 Volume 11 | Number 5 | Article 1758 Delrieu-Trottin et al. | Shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands, an updated checklist table 1. Continued. family or species Distribution family or species Distribution Synodus variegatus (Lacep̀de, 1803) Non-Endemic 1 Non-Endemic Trachinocephalus sp. Endemic Scorpaenodes kelloggi (Jenkins, 1903) Non-Endemic Scorpaenodes littoralis (Tanaka, 1917) Non-Endemic Non-Endemic Scorpaenodes hirsutus (Smith, 1957) Antennariidae Antennarius coccineus (Lesson, 1831) Non-Endemic Scorpaenodes parvipinnis (Garrett, 1863) *Antennarius nummifer (Cuvier 1817) [USNM 409022, USNM 409252, USNM 409498, USNM 412034] Non-Endemic *Antennarius striatus (Shaw 1794) [USNM 399893, USNM 409507] Non-Endemic *Antennatus tuberosus (Cuvier, 1817) [USNM 420988] Non-Endemic *Scorpaenodes quadrispinosus Greenield & Matsuura, 2002 Non-Endemic [USNM 409127, 409335, USNM 412001, USNM 411005, USNM 412003, USNM 412004, USNM 411006, USNM 411008, USNM 412007, USNM 411011, USNM 411012, USNM 412450, USNM 412454] Scorpaenopsis diabolus (Cuvier, 1829) ophidiidae Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 Non-Endemic *Ophidiidae sp. [USNM 409219, USNM 409220, USNM 409285, USNM 409320] Endemic Ophidion exul Robins, 1991 Non-Endemic Non-Endemic Scorpaenopsis macrochir Ogilby, 1910 Non-Endemic Non-Endemic Carapus mourlani (Petit, 1934) Non-Endemic *Scorpaenopsis possi Randall & Eschmeyer, 2001 [USNM USNM 409048,USNM 409333, USNM 409334, USNM 404814, USNM 411018, USNM 411022, USNM 411023, USNM 411024, USNM 411025, USNM 411026, USNM 411036, USNM 411037, USNM 411038, USNM 412060, USNM 411432, USNM 411433, USNM 411434] Onuxodon fowleri (Smith, 1955) Non-Endemic Scorpaenopsis pusilla Randall & Eschmeyer, 2001 Endemic *Scorpaenopsis vittapinna Randall & Eschmeyer, 2001 [USNM 409124] Non-Endemic Sebastapistes galactacma Jenkins, 1903 Non-Endemic carapidae Belonidae Platybelone argalus platyura (Bennett, 1832) Non-Endemic Tylosurus acus melanotus (Bleeker, 1850) Non-Endemic Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (Peron & Lesueur, 1821) Non-Endemic Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus depauperatus Lay & Bennett, 1839 Non-Endemic Hyporhamphus acutus acutus (G̈nther, 1872) Non-Endemic Holocentridae 3 Myripristis cf. botche figure 2 Non-Endemic 1 Myripristis chryseres Jordan & Evermann, 1903 Non-Endemic Myripristis berndti Jordan & Evermann, 1903 Non-Endemic Myripristis earlei Randall, Allen & Robertson, 2003 Non-Endemic Myripristis kuntee Valenciennes, 1831 Non-Endemic Myripristis pralinia Cuvier, 1829 Non-Endemic 1 Myripristis violacea Bleeker, 1851 Non-Endemic Myripristis vittata Valenciennes, 1831 Non-Endemic Myripristis woodsi Greenield, 1974 Non-Endemic Neoniphon argenteus (Valenciennes, 1831) Non-Endemic Neoniphon aurolineatus (Línard, 1839) Non-Endemic Neoniphon sammara (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Plectrypops lima (Valenciennes, 1831) Non-Endemic Sargocentron caudimaculatum (R̈ppell, 1838) Sebastapistes mauritiana (Cuvier, 1829) Non-Endemic *Sebastapistes strongia (Cuvier 1829) [USNM 409328, USNM 411044, USNM 412458, USNM 412459] Non-Endemic Sebastapistes tinkhami (Fowler, 1946) Non-Endemic Taenianotus triacanthus Lacep̀de, 1802 Non-Endemic Platycephalidae Eurycephalus otaitensis (Cuvier, 1829) Non-Endemic Thysanophrys chiltonae (Schultz, 1953) Non-Endemic caracanthidae Caracanthus maculatus (Gray, 1831) Non-Endemic Dactylopteridae Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier, 1829) Non-Endemic pegasidae Eurypegasus draconis (Linnaeus, 1766) Non-Endemic serranidae Aporops bilinearis Schultz, 1943 Non-Endemic Cephalopholis argus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Non-Endemic Cephalopholis sexmaculata (R̈ppell, 1830) Non-Endemic Non-Endemic *Cephalopholis spiloparaea (Valenciennes, 1828) [USNM 409360] Non-Endemic Sargocentron diadema (Lacep̀de, 1802) Non-Endemic Cephalopholis urodeta (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Non-Endemic Sargocentron ittodai (Jordan & Fowler, 1903) Non-Endemic Epinephelus fasciatus (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Sargocentron punctatissimum (Cuvier, 1829) Non-Endemic Epinephelus hexagonatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Non-Endemic Sargocentron spiniferum (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Epinephelus irroratus (Forster, 1801) figure 3 Endemic Sargocentron tiere (Cuvier, 1829) Non-Endemic Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) Non-Endemic Epinephelus macrospilos (Bleeker, 1855) Non-Endemic Epinephelus octofasciatus Griin, 1926 Non-Endemic Epinephelus polyphekadion (Bleeker, 1849) Non-Endemic Aulostomidae Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Non-Endemic fistulariidae Fistularia commersonii R̈ppell, 1838 Non-Endemic syngnathidae Epinephelus tauvina (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg, 1792) Non-Endemic Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, 1856 Non-Endemic Plectranthias lammeus Williams, Delrieu-Trottin & Planes, 2013 Endemic Halicampus marquesensis Dawson, 1984 Non-Endemic Plectranthias nanus Randall, 1980 Non-Endemic Coelonotus argulus (Peters, 1855) Non-Endemic Pogonoperca punctata (Valenciennes, 1830) Non-Endemic scorpaenidae Pseudanthias hiva Randall & Pyle, 2001 Endemic Endemic Iracundus signifer Jordan & Evermann, 1903 Non-Endemic Pseudanthias oumati Williams, Delrieu-Trottin & Planes, 2013 *Parascorpaena mcadamsi (Fowler, 1938) [USNM 409431, USNM 407976, USNM 404811,USNM 411000, USNM 412061, USNM 412492, USNM 412493, USNM 411525] Non-Endemic Pseudanthias regalis (Randall & Lubbock, 1981) Endemic Pseudogramma sp. Endemic *Parascorpaena mossambica (Peters, 1855) [USNM 409123, USNM 412000, USNM 411010, USNM 411013, USNM 412494] Non-Endemic Variola louti (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Kuhliidae Pterois antennata (Bloch, 1787) Non-Endemic Kuhlia petiti Schultz, 1943 Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) Non-Endemic priacanthidae Non-Endemic Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Non-Endemic Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacep̀de, 1801) Non-Endemic Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 5 Volume 11 | Number 5 | Article 1758 Delrieu-Trottin et al. | Shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands, an updated checklist table 1. Continued. family or species Distribution family or species Distribution Priacanthus hamrur (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Lutjanus fulvus (Forster in Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Non-Endemic Lutjanus gibbus (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic cirrhitidae Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1855) Non-Endemic Lutjanus kasmira (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster in Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Non-Endemic Lutjanus monostigma (Cuvier, 1828) Non-Endemic Cyprinocirrhites polyactis (Bleeker, 1875) Non-Endemic Paracaesio sordida Abe & Shinohara, 1962 Non-Endemic 1 Oxycirrhites typus Bleeker, 1857 Non-Endemic Pristipomoides zonatus (Valenciennes, 1830) Non-Endemic Paracirrhites forsteri (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Non-Endemic caesionidae Paracirrhites hemistictus (G̈nther, 1874) Non-Endemic Pterocaesio marri Schultz, 1953 Non-Endemic Paracirrhites xanthus Randall, 1963 Non-Endemic Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier, 1830) Non-Endemic Apogonidae Lethrinidae Apogon caudicinctus Randall & Smith, 1988 Non-Endemic Gnathodentex aureolineatus (Lacep̀de, 1802) Non-Endemic Apogon lativittatus Randall, 2001 Non-Endemic Gymnocranius grandoculis (Valenciennes, 1830) Non-Endemic Apogon marquesensis Greenield, 2001 Endemic Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Sato, 1978 Non-Endemic Apogonichthys ocellatus (Weber, 1913) Non-Endemic Lethrinus xanthochilus Klunzinger, 1870 Non-Endemic *Apogonichthys perdix Bleeker, 1854 [USNM 409402, USNM 409496] Non-Endemic Monotaxis grandoculis (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Mugilidae Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier, 1828 Non-Endemic Planiliza macrolepis (Smith, 1846) Non-Endemic Fowleria marmorata (Alleyne & Macleay, 1876) Non-Endemic Planiliza melinopterus (Valenciennes, 1836) Non-Endemic Gymnapogon sp. Endemic 2 Non-Endemic *Gymnapogon urospilotus Lachner, 1953 [USNM 409278, USNM 409380, USNM 409381, USNM 405632] Non-Endemic 2 Non-Endemic *Gymnapogon vanderbilti (Fowler 1938) [USNM 404821, USNM 407188] Non-Endemic 1 Lachneratus phasmaticus Fraser & Struhsaker, 1991 Non-Endemic Ostorhinchus apogonoides (Bleeker, 1856) Non-Endemic Ostorhinchus relativus (Randall, 2001) figure 4 Endemic Ostorhinchus sinus (Randall, 2001) figure 5 Endemic Pristiapogon kallopterus (Bleeker, 1856) Non-Endemic Pristiapogon taeniopterus (Bennett, 1836) Non-Endemic Pseudamia sp. Endemic *Pseudamiops gracilicauda (Lachner, 1953) [USNM 409275, USNM 411071] Non-Endemic Pseudamiops phasma Randall, 2001 Endemic Zapogon evermanni (Jordan & Snyder, 1904) Non-Endemic Crenimugil crenilabis (Forssk̊l, 1775) Planiliza alata (Steindachner, 1892) Osteomugil engeli (Bleeker, 1858) Non-Endemic Crenimugil seheli (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Neomyxus leuciscus (G̈nther, 1871) Non-Endemic Mullidae Mulloidichthys lavolineatus (Lacep̀de, 1801) Non-Endemic Mulloidichthys mimicus Randall & Gúź, 1980 Non-Endemic Mulloidichthys pluegeri (Steindachner, 1900) Non-Endemic Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) Non-Endemic Parupeneus barberinus (Lacep̀de, 1801) Non-Endemic Parupeneus ciliatus (Lacep̀de, 1801) Non-Endemic Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacep̀de, 1801) Non-Endemic Parupeneus insularis Randall & Myers, 2002 Non-Endemic Parupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Non-Endemic Malacanthidae Parupeneus pleurostigma (Bennett, 1831) Non-Endemic Malacanthus brevirostris Guichenot, 1858 Upeneus vittatus (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Non-Endemic pempheridae echeneidae 1 Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758 Non-Endemic Remora remora (Linnaeus, 1758) Non-Endemic Remorina albescens (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) Non-Endemic carangidae Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1787) Non-Endemic Carangoides orthogrammus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1881) Non-Endemic Caranx ignobilis (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Caranx lugubris Poey, 1860 Non-Endemic Caranx melampygus (Cuvier, 1833) Non-Endemic Caranx papuensis Alleyne & Macleay, 1876 Non-Endemic Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Non-Endemic Decapterus macarellus (Valenciennes, 1833) Non-Endemic Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Non-Endemic Gnathanodon speciosus (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Scomberoides lysan (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic *Scomberoides tol (Cuvier, 1832) [USNM 409332] Non-Endemic Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) Non-Endemic 1 Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833 Non-Endemic 1 Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes, 1833 Non-Endemic Trachinotus sp. Endemic Uraspis secunda (Poey, 1860) Non-Endemic Non-Endemic Lutjanus bohar (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Pempheris oualensis Cuvier, 1831 Non-Endemic Kyphosus bigibbus Lacep̀de, 1801 Non-Endemic Kyphosus cinerascens (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Non-Endemic Kyphosus ocyurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) Non-Endemic chaetodontidae Non-Endemic Aprion virescens Valenciennes, 1830 Endemic Kyphosidae Lutjanidae Aphareus furca (Lacep̀de, 1801) *Pempheris sp. [USNM 409165, USNM 409166, USNM 409167, USNM 409276, USNM 409382, USNM 402187, USNM 402188, USNM 412388, USNM 412389, USNM 412390] Chaetodon auriga Forssk̊l, 1775 Non-Endemic Chaetodon citrinellus Cuvier, 1831 Non-Endemic Chaetodon declivis Randall, 1975 Non-Endemic Chaetodon ephippium Cuvier, 1831 Non-Endemic Chaetodon lineolatus Cuvier, 1831 Non-Endemic Chaetodon lunula (Lacep̀de, 1802) Non-Endemic *Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 [USNM 409160] Non-Endemic Chaetodon ornatissimus Cuvier, 1831 Non-Endemic Chaetodon pelewensis Kner, 1868 Non-Endemic Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Gray, 1831 Non-Endemic Chaetodon reticulatus Cuvier, 1831 Non-Endemic Chaetodon semeion Bleeker, 1855 Non-Endemic Chaetodon trichrous G̈nther, 1874 Non-Endemic Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch, 1787 Non-Endemic Forcipiger lavissimus Jordan & McGregor, 1898 Non-Endemic Forcipiger longirostris Broussonet, 1782 Non-Endemic Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 6 Volume 11 | Number 5 | Article 1758 Delrieu-Trottin et al. | Shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands, an updated checklist table 1. Continued. family or species Distribution family or species Distribution *Hemitaurichthys thompsoni Fowler, 1923 [USNM 409368] Non-Endemic Stethojulis marquesensis Randall, 2000 figure 12 Endemic *Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758) [USNM 409272] Non-Endemic Thalassoma amblycephalum (Bleeker, 1856) Non-Endemic pomacanthidae Thalassoma lutescens (Lay & Bennett, 1839) Non-Endemic Centropyge isheri (Snyder, 1904) Non-Endemic Thalassoma purpureum (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Centropyge lavissima (Cuvier, 1831) Non-Endemic Thalassoma quinquevittatum (Lay & Bennett, 1839) Non-Endemic Centropyge loricula (G̈nther, 1874) Non-Endemic Thalassoma trilobatum (Lacep̀de, 1801) Non-Endemic *Centropyge nigriocella Woods & Schultz, 1953 [USNM 409156, USNM 409157, USNM 409158] figure 6 Non-Endemic Wetmorella nigropinnata (Seale, 1900) Non-Endemic *Paracentropyge multifasciata (Smith & Radclife, 1911) [USNM 409443] figure 6 Non-Endemic scaridae Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes, 1839) pomacentridae Abudefduf conformis Randall & Earle, 2000 figure 7 Endemic Abudefduf sordidus (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Chromis abrupta Randall, 2001 Endemic Chromis fatuhivae Randall, 2001 Endemic Chromis lavapicis Randall, 2001 figure 7 Endemic Chromis leucura Gilbert, 1905 Non-Endemic Chromis viridis (Cuvier, 1830) Non-Endemic Chromis xanthura (Bleeker, 1854) Non-Endemic Chrysiptera brownriggii (Bennett, 1828) Non-Endemic Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758) Non-Endemic Dascyllus strasburgi Klausewitz, 1960 figure 8 Endemic Lepidozygus tapeinosoma (Bleeker, 1856) Non-Endemic Plectroglyphidodon dickii (Línard, 1839) Non-Endemic Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Fowler & Ball, 1924 Non-Endemic Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Non-Endemic Plectroglyphidodon leucozonus (Bleeker, 1859) Non-Endemic Plectroglyphidodon phoenixensis (Schultz, 1943) Non-Endemic Plectroglyphidodon sagmarius Randall & Earle, 2000 figure 9 Endemic Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan & Starks, 1901 Non-Endemic Stegastes aureus (Fowler, 1927) Non-Endemic Stegastes lividus (Forster, 1801) Endemic Non-Endemic Anampses melanurus Bleeker, 1857 Non-Endemic Bodianus busellatus Gomon, 2006 Non-Endemic Bodianus axillaris (Bennett, 1831) Non-Endemic 1 Cheilio inermis (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch, 1791) Non-Endemic Cheilinus oxycephalus Bleeker, 1853 Non-Endemic *Cheilinus trilobatus Lacep̀de, 1801 [USNM 409210] Non-Endemic Coris hewetti Randall, 1999 Endemic Coris marquesensis Randall, 1999 Endemic Cymolutes sp. Endemic Gomphosus varius Lacep̀de, 1801 Non-Endemic Halichoeres claudia Randall & Rocha, 2009 Non-Endemic 1 Halichoeres margaritaceus (Valenciennes, 1839) Non-Endemic Halichoeres melasmapomus Randall, 1980 Non-Endemic Hemigymnus fasciatus (Bloch, 1792) Non-Endemic Iniistius auropunctatus Randall, Earle & Robertson, 2002 Endemic Iniistius pavo (Valenciennes, 1840) Non-Endemic Labroides bicolor Fowler & Bean, 1928 Non-Endemic Labroides dimidiatus (Valenciennes, 1839) Non-Endemic Labroides rubrolabiatus Randall, 1958 Non-Endemic Non-Endemic Chlorurus spilurus (Valenciennes, 1840) Non-Endemic 1 Scarus forsteni (Bleeker, 1861) Non-Endemic Scarus koputea Randall & Choat, 1980 Endemic Scarus psittacus Forssk̊l, 1775 Non-Endemic Scarus rubroviolaceus Bleeker, 1849 Non-Endemic Pinguipedidae 1 Parapercis millepunctata (G̈nther, 1860) Non-Endemic Parapercis schauinslandii (Steindachner, 1900) Non-Endemic creediidae *Chalixodytes tauensis Schultz, 1943 [USNM 405635, USNM 404800, USNM 411405] Non-Endemic *Crystallodytes enderburyensis Schultz, 1943 [USNM 409397, USNM 409467, USNM 409468, USNM 409469, USNM 412179, USNM 411404, USNM 412502] Non-Endemic *Limnichthys nitidus Smith, 1958 [USNM 409352, USNM 409353, USNM 412342, USNM 412343] Non-Endemic tripterygiidae Enneapterygius rhabdotus Fricke, 1994 Non-Endemic Blenniidae Alticus simplicirrus Smith-Vaniz & Springer, 1971 figure 13 Labridae Anampses caeruleopunctatus R̈ppell, 1828 Non-Endemic Chlorurus microrhinos (Bleeker, 1854) Endemic Aspidontus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 Non-Endemic Blenniella caudolineata (G̈nther, 1877) Non-Endemic Blenniella paula (Bryan & Herre, 1903) Non-Endemic Blenniella sp. Endemic Cirripectes quagga (Fowler & Ball, 1924) Non-Endemic *Cirripectes sp. [USNM 409139, USNM 409140] Non-Endemic Cirripectes variolosus (Valenciennes, 1836) Non-Endemic Ecsenius midas Starck, 1969 Non-Endemic Enchelyurus ater (G̈nther, 1877) Non-Endemic Entomacrodus corneliae (Fowler, 1932) figure 14 Endemic Entomacrodus macrospilus Springer, 1967 figure 14 Endemic Entomacrodus randalli Springer, 1967 figure 14 Endemic Exallias brevis (Kner, 1868) Non-Endemic Istiblennius bellus (G̈nther, 1861) Non-Endemic Istiblennius sp. Endemic Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos (Bleeker, 1852) Non-Endemic Plagiotremus tapeinosoma (Bleeker, 1857) Non-Endemic Rhabdoblennius rhabdotrachelus (Fowler & Ball, 1924) Non-Endemic callionymidae Callionymus marquesensis Fricke, 1989 Endemic Callionymus simplicicornis Valenciennes, 1837 Non-Endemic Synchiropus ocellatus (Pallas, 1770) Non-Endemic Gobiidae Amblyeleotris marquesas Mohlmann & Randall, 2002 figure 15 Macropharyngodon pakoko Delrieu-Trottin, Williams & Planes, Endemic 2014 figure 10 Endemic Amblygobius nocturnus (Herre, 1945) Non-Endemic Bathygobius coalitus (Bennett, 1832) Non-Endemic Non-Endemic Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacep̀de, 1801) Non-Endemic Bathygobius cocosensis (Bleeker, 1854) Oxycheilinus bimaculatus (Valenciennes, 1840) Non-Endemic Bathygobius cotticeps (Steindachner, 1880) Non-Endemic Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Streets, 1877 Non-Endemic Bryaninops yongei (Davis & Cohen, 1969) Non-Endemic Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins, 1901 Non-Endemic Callogobius sp. Endemic Non-Endemic Discordipinna griessingeri Hoese & Fourmanoir, 1978 Non-Endemic Endemic Eviota deminuta Tornabene, Ahmadia & Williams, 2013 Endemic Pseudodax moluccanus (Valenciennes, 1839) Pseudojuloides pyrius Randall & Randall, 1981 figure 11 Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 7 Volume 11 | Number 5 | Article 1758 Delrieu-Trottin et al. | Shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands, an updated checklist table 1. Continued. family or species Distribution family or species Distribution Eviota dorsimaculata Tornabene, Ahmadia & Williams, 2013 Endemic Acanthurus pyroferus Kittlitz, 1834 Non-Endemic Eviota infulata (Smith, 1957) Non-Endemic Acanthurus reversus Randall & Earle, 1999 Endemic Eviota lacrimosa Tornabene, Ahmadia & Williams, 2013 Endemic Acanthurus thompsoni (Fowler, 1923) Non-Endemic Fusigobius duospilus Hoese & Reader, 1985 Non-Endemic Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus, 1758) Non-Endemic *Fusigobius inframaculatus (Randall, 1994) [USNM 409011, USNM 409012] Non-Endemic Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes, 1835 Non-Endemic *Gnatholepis anjerensis (Bleeker, 1851) [USNM 412070, USNM 412083, USNM 412256, USNM 412257] Non-Endemic Gnatholepis cauerensis (Bleeker, 1853) Non-Endemic Kelloggella tricuspidata (Herre, 1935) Endemic Paragobiodon echinocephalus (R̈ppell, 1828) Non-Endemic Pleurosicya mossambica Smith, 1959 Non-Endemic *Priolepis ailina Winterbottom & Burridge, 1993 [USNM 409428, USNM 411293, USNM 411294] Non-Endemic Priolepis compita Winterbottom, 1985 Non-Endemic Priolepis nocturna Smith, 1957 Non-Endemic Priolepis semidoliata (Valenciennes, 1837) Non-Endemic Ctenochaetus lavicauda Fowler, 1938 Non-Endemic Ctenochaetus hawaiiensis Randall, 1955 Non-Endemic Ctenochaetus marginatus (Valenciennes, 1835) Non-Endemic Naso annulatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Non-Endemic Naso brachycentron (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Non-Endemic Naso brevirostris (Valenciennes, 1835) Non-Endemic Naso hexacanthus (Bleeker, 1855) Non-Endemic Naso lituratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Non-Endemic Naso unicornis (Forssk̊l, 1775) Non-Endemic 1 Naso vlamingii (Valenciennes, 1835) Non-Endemic 1 Zebrasoma velifer (Bloch, 1795) Non-Endemic Zebrasoma rostratrum (G̈nther, 1873) Non-Endemic Priolepis sp. [USNM 409437] Endemic Priolepis squamogena Winterbottom & Burridge, 1989 Non-Endemic *Priolepis triops Winterbottom & Burridge, 1993 [USNM 409362, USNM 409447, USNM 409448, USNM 411087, USNM 411059, USNM 411279, USNM 411280, USNM 411281] Non-Endemic Stonogobiops medon Hoese & Randall, 1982 figure 16 Endemic Bothus mancus (Broussonet, 1782) Non-Endemic *Trimma sp. [USNM 409435, USNM 409436, USNM 409438, USNM 409439, USNM 409440] Endemic Bothus pantherinus (R̈ppell, 1830) Non-Endemic Engyprosopon marquisensis Amaoka & Śret, 2005 Endemic Trimma woutsi Winterbottom, 2002 Endemic samaridae *Trimmatom sp. [USNM 409434] Endemic Samariscus triocellatus Woods, 1966 Valenciennea helsdingenii (Bleeker, 1858) Non-Endemic soleidae Valenciennea strigata (Broussonet, 1782) Non-Endemic Aseraggodes lateralis Randall, 2005 Vanderhorstia ornatissima Smith, 1959 Non-Endemic Balistidae siganidae Siganus argenteus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Arnoglossus sp. Xenisthmidae *Xenisthmus polyzonatus (Klunzinger, 1871) [USNM 409131, USNM 409132, USNM 411054, USNM 412524, USNM 412525, USNM 412526] Non-Endemic Microdesmidae Gunnellichthys monostigma Smith, 1958 Non-Endemic Nemateleotris magniica Fowler, 1938) Non-Endemic Ptereleotris heteroptera (Bleeker, 1855) Non-Endemic Ptereleotris melanopogon Randall & Hoese, 1985 figure 17 Endemic Ptereleotris zebra (Fowler, 1938) Non-Endemic sphyraenidae Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards, 1771) Non-Endemic Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier, 1829 Non-Endemic Sphyraena helleri Jenkins, 1901 Non-Endemic Sphryaena qenie Klunzinger, 1870 Non-Endemic scombridae Non-Endemic Euthynnus ainis (Cantor, 1849) Non-Endemic Gymnosarda unicolor (R̈ppell, 1838) Non-Endemic Non-Endemic Non-Endemic *Acanthurus blochii Valenciennes 1835 [USNM 409483] Non-Endemic Acanthurus guttatus Forster, 1801 Non-Endemic 1 Acanthurus leucopareius (Jenkins, 1903) Non-Endemic Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Non-Endemic Acanthurus mata (Cuvier, 1829) Non-Endemic Acanthurus nigricans (Linnaeus, 1758) Non-Endemic Acanthurus nigros G̈nther, 1861 Non-Endemic *Acanthurus nubilus (Fowler & Bean, 1929) [USNM 409451] Non-Endemic Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl Balistapus undulatus (Park, 1797) Non-Endemic Balistes polylepis Steindachner, 1877 Non-Endemic Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Non-Endemic Melichthys niger (Bloch, 1786) Non-Endemic Melichthys vidua (Solander, 1844) Non-Endemic Odonus niger (R̈ppell, 1829) Non-Endemic Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Non-Endemic Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Non-Endemic Sulamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Non-Endemic Sulamen fraenatus (Latreille, 1804) Non-Endemic *Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett, 1832) [USNM 409459] Non-Endemic Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Randall, Matsuura & Zama, 1978 Non-Endemic Non-Endemic Cantherines dumerilii (Hollard, 1854) Non-Endemic Cantherhines nukuhiva Randall, 2011 figure 18 Endemic Pervagor marginalis Hutchins, 1986 figure 19 Non-Endemic Lactoria cornuta (Linnaeus, 1758) Non-Endemic Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus, 1758 Non-Endemic Ostracion meleagris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Non-Endemic Ostracion whitleyi Fowler, 1931 Non-Endemic tetraodontidae Acanthuridae Acanthurus achilles (Shaw, 1803) Endemic ostraciidae Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus, 1758) Non-Endemic Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765) Non-Endemic Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1831) Endemic Monacanthidae Gempylidae Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier, 1832) Non-Endemic Bothidae Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Non-Endemic Arothron meleagris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Non-Endemic Arothron stellatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Non-Endemic Canthigaster amboinensis (Bleeker, 1865) Non-Endemic *Canthigaster criobe Williams, Delrieu-Trottin & Planes, 2012 [USNM 409168] figure 20 Non-Endemic Canthigaster janthinoptera (Bleeker, 1855) Non-Endemic Canthigaster marquesensis Allen & Randall, 1977 figure 21 Endemic Diodontidae Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 8 Non-Endemic Volume 11 | Number 5 | Article 1758 Delrieu-Trottin et al. | Shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands, an updated checklist figure 3. Epinephelus irroratus. Photo: Philippe Bacchet. figure 2. Myripristis cf botche. Photographed by Yves Lef̀vre at -65 m, this Myripristis is closest to Myripristis blotche. figure 5. Ostorhinchus sinus (89mm SL). Photo: Jefrey T. Williams. figure 4. Ostorhinchus relativus. Photo: Yann Hubert. triostegus (Linnaeus, 1758) was reported as Acanthurus triostegus marquesensis Schultz & Woods, 1948, which is now a synonym. Coelonotus argulus (Peters, 1855) was reported as Microphis argulus (Peters, 1855), which is now a synonym. he reports of Apterichtus lavicaudus (Snyder, 1904) and A. moseri (Jordan & Snyder, 1901) were based on misidentiications of A. mysi McCosker & Hibino, 2015 and A. klazingai (Weber, 1913) (J.E. McCosker, personal communication). Apterichtus moseri is now restricted to Japan while A. lavicaudus is restricted to Hawaii, Midway Island, and possibly Australia and Seychelles (McCosker and Hibino 2015). For Mugilidae, we followed Durand et al. (2012) and report Planiliza macrolepis (Smith, 1846) instead of Chelon macrolepis (Smith, 1846); Planiliza melinopterus (Valenciennes, 1836) instead of Chelon melinopterus (Valenciennes, 1836); Planiliza alata (Steindachner, 1892) instead of Liza alata (Steindachner, 1892); Osteomugil engeli (Bleeker, 1858) instead of Moolgarda engeli (Bleeker, 1858); Crenimugil seheli (Forssk̊l, 1775) instead of Moolgarda seheli (Forssk̊l, 1775). Gobiidae (11 endemic species), Labridae (7), Pomacentridae (7), Serranidae (6), Apogonidae (6) and Blenniidae (6) are the families that possess the highest number of endemic species and among the highest percentage of endemism with respectively 33.3%, 20.0%, 33.3%, 27.3%, 30.0% and 31.6%. hey are only surpassed by Clupeidae and Soleidae that have a single Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl figure 6. Paracentropyge multifasciata (58 mm SL, top), Centropyge nigrio­ cella (36 mm SL, bottom). Photos: Jefrey T. Williams. 9 Volume 11 | Number 5 | Article 1758 Delrieu-Trottin et al. | Shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands, an updated checklist figure 7. Two endemic species to the Marquesas Islands: Chromis lavapicis (black) and Abudefduf conformis (striped). Chaetodon trichrous (half black, half white and yellow tail) is endemic to French Polynesia. Photo: Yann Hubert figure 8. Dascyllus strasburgi inding shelter in a Pocillopora sp. colony. Photo: Yann Hubert. figure 9. Plectroglyphidodon sagmarius. Photo: Yann Hubert. figure 10. Macropharyngodon pakoko (male, 72 mm SL). Photo: Jefrey T. Williams. figure 11. Pseudojuloides pyrius (32 mm SL). Photo: Jefrey T. Williams. Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 10 Volume 11 | Number 5 | Article 1758 Delrieu-Trottin et al. | Shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands, an updated checklist represented species endemic from the Marquesas (100% of endemism), and Congridae, Bothidae, Chlopsidae, Pempheridae (50%), all of them represented by no more than six species in total in the Marquesas. Among the ive most speciose families; the percentage of endemism observed is uneven with 5.0% for Muraenidae, 20.0% for Labridae, 33.3% for Gobiidae, 3.9% for Acanthuridae and 27.3% for Serranidae. DISCUSSION Percentage of endemism is dependant on our level of knowledge of the locality in question but also of the surrounding islands and archipelagos. While remote places like Hawaii tend to lose percentage of endemism due to new records of widespread ishes in their waters, the Marquesas constitutes one of the rare places where both the number of widespread and endemic ishes have grown despite continuous explorations of islands around it; with 10% of endemism in 1976, 1978 (Randall 1976, 1998); 11.6% in 2000 (Randall and Earle 2000), 12.3% (8.3% identiied endemics + 4% unidentiied) in 2007 (Kulbicki 2007), while Williams et al. (2013) evoked 12.9% of endemism based on a preliminary analysis of the collection presented in this study. Fifteen years ago, the Marquesas were reported to be one of the few hotspots of endemism in the IndoPaciic for shore reef ishes (Randall and Earle 2000). his percentage is presently at its highest level ever with 13.7%. his census of the Marquesan ish biodiversity constitutes a baseline that is essential to ensure the future protection of these islands. A plan to set up a figure 12. Stethojulis marquesensis (84 mm SL). Photo: Jefrey T. Williams. figure 13. Alticus simplicirrus. Photo: Philippe Bacchet. figure 16. Stenogobiops medon adult (19 mm SL, top) and juvenile (bottom, 15 mm SL). Photos: Jefrey T. Williams. figure 17. Ptereleotris melanopogon (76 mm SL). Photo: Jefrey T. Williams. figure 14. From top to bottom: Entomacrodus corneliae (40 mm SL), E. macrospilus (19 mm SL), E. randalli (109 mm SL). Photos: Jefrey T. Williams. figure 15. Amblyeleotris marquesas (69 mm SL). Photo: Jefrey T. Williams. Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl figure 18. Cantherhines nukuhiva (160 mm SL). Photo: Jefrey T. Williams. 11 Volume 11 | Number 5 | Article 1758 Delrieu-Trottin et al. | Shore ishes of the Marquesas Islands, an updated checklist figure 19. Pervagor marginalis (46 mm SL). Photo: Jefrey T. Williams. figure 21. Canthigaster marquesensis. Photo: Yann Hubert. the Marquesas. We thank the staf of the CRIOBE for logistical support, particularly Yannick Chancerelle for his assistance with arrangements for shipments into and out of French Polynesia. he second author’s travel to Moorea to participate in the expedition was funded by grants from the Leonard P. Schultz Fund (Division of Fishes, National Museum of Natural History). We thank Bruce Mundy and an anonymous reviewer for providing constructive reviews of an earlier version of the manuscript. figure 20. Canthigaster criobe (44 mm SL). Photo: Jefrey T. Williams. Marine Protected Area is in progress for the Marquesas Islands. Our study highlights the uniqueness of the Marquesan reef ish fauna and emphasizes the necessity to preserve the reef ish fauna of the archipelago, possessing the third highest percentage of endemism in the Indo-Paciic. LITERATURE CITED Bacchet, P., Y. Lef̀vre, and T. Zysman. 2006. Guide des poissons de Tahiti et ses îles. Au Vent des Iles, Tahiti, 608 pp. Bonjean, F. and G.S.E. 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Mean water and current structure during the Hawaii-to-Tahiti Shuttle Experiment. Journal of Physical Oceanography 14, 242–254. doi: 10.1175/15200485(1984)014<0242:mwacsd>2.0.co;2 Authors’ contribution statement: ED-T, JTW, PB, MK, JM, RG, TLL, GM-T, GS, SP collected the data, ED-T, JTW, MK, JM, RG, GS, SP analyzed the data, ED-T, JTW, MK, JM, RG, GS, SP wrote and commented on the text. Received: 29 May 2015 Accepted: 11 September 2015 Academic editor: Osmar J. Luiz 13 Volume 11 | Number 5 | Article 1758