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Royal Statues, Staff Gods, and the Religious Ideology of the Prehistoric State of Tiwanaku

Royal Statues, Staff Gods, and the Religious Ideology of the Prehistoric State of Tiwanaku

Profile image of Krzysztof MakowskiKrzysztof Makowski

In the archaeology of the Central Andes, it is widely believed that only one male staff god presided over the Andean pantheon, at least since Chavín times. The presumed diffusion of the motifs seen on the Gateway of the Sun—those of the staff god and his winged attendants—was the basis for this notion and has sustained it to this day. As I hope to demonstrate, however, our current knowledge of pre-Hispanic Tiwanaku iconography, including its antecedents in the Middle and Late Formative Periods, no longer supports this hypothesis. The representational conventions for frontal and profile figures, with staffs and with rayed halos around their faces, were employed to portray a great repertoire of deities in their various hierarchical relations. Tiwanaku conventions can be compared to those of paleo-Christian or Byzantine iconography. Much like the saints in those traditions, the most important Tiwanaku deities were represented frontally, with halos surrounding their faces, and they all resembled one another. Nonetheless, just as with images of St. Peter, St. John, or St. Matthew, the identity of each can be discerned by comparative study of the secondary details that allude to the character or power of the personage or to relevant episodes in the individual’s story. In Tiwanaku reliefs, glyphlike signs are found in different combinations in the plumes of the halos as well as in the body painting, belts, tear-tracks, and scepters. These designs appear separately, as independent motifs, in textile and ceramics, and studying them in those contexts reveals the various identities of the frontally portrayed supernatural beings.

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Royal Statues., Statt Gqds, and.the Re\ig\ous \deo\ogy of the Prehistoric State of Tiwanaku Krzysztof Makowski H anula Translated by Rose Vekony In the archaeology of the Central Andes, it is widelv are found in dit-terent combinations in üe plumes of believed that only one male staff god presided over the halos as rr-ell as in the bodv painting, belrs, rearthe Andean pantheon, at least since Chavín times. The presumed diffusion of the motifs seen or1 the Gateway of the $u¡-¡hess of the staiT god and his winged ¿¡¡s¡d2¡15-\ñ-as the basis for üis notion and has sustained it to this dai'. As I hope to demonstrate, however, our current knov'ledge of pre-Hispanic Tiwanaku iconographli including its antecedents in the l\tiddle and Late Formative Periods, no longer supports this hypothesis. The representational conventions for frontal and profile figures, with staffs and with rayed halos around their faces, were employed to portrav gre t repertoire ^ of deities in their various hierarchical relations. Tiwanaku conr.'entions can be compared to those of iike the saints in thc¡se traditions, the most important Tiwanaku deiues were represented frontally, with paleo-Christian or Byzantine iconography Much tracks, and scepters. These designs appear separateh-, in texrile and ceramics, and as independent motits, studring üem in those contests rer-eals the sarious of the frontallv portrar-ed supernatural be- identities ings. The same is t¡ue for the prohle deities, rvhich Dorothy Menzel (1,964, 197T compares to angels. The reliefs on rhe Gatewal. of üe Sun represent only a small percentage of the supernatural beings that formed the rich and varied Tiwanaku pantheon. The Staff God Theme Revisited Among the images that make up the figurative legacv of the pre-Hispanic Andes, the stulptural decoration of Tiwanaku's Gatewal, of the Sun (fig. 1) is perhaps the most popular and widely known. Drawings and photographs of it began to circulate in the second half of the nineteenth century, thanks to the publihalos surrounding their faces, and they all resembled cations of Chades Wiener (1880), Ephraim Squier one another. Nonetheless, iust as withimages of St. (1877), and Alphons Stribel and N{ax Uhle (1892). Peter, St. John, or St. Mattherr,; the identiw of each From the studies of Uhle through üose of Doro- secpower of the personage or to relevant episodes in the individual'.s story. In Tiwanaku reliefs, glrphlilie signs can be discerned by comparative studv of the ondary details that allude to the character or fig Gatetal of the Sun. a. Irront vieui b. Back vies.i (?hotos: D. thy X{enzel and up to the present dar; comparisons betrveen the Gateuar designs of of üe Sun's motitt and the cenual lndean ceramics har-e serr-ed first to define the sn le horizon and later to support (iiannoni) 134 Ttwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Art Museum at the surface of a Late Intermediate Peri,-c ;::-- etery in the Pativilca Valle,v with some hrpc,-.:-.-:-lpreceramic graves. The two dates corresponi :, r. third miliennium B.C. Jonathan Haas and \\ ::-::= Creamer Q004) consider the images in the p::-.-' on the outet surface of the gourds to be rhe c,-c;.: figutative expression of the staff gods, but -,::.: interpretation is not very convincing. Instead :::-are probablv late Middle Horizon or Late Ilr-:mediate Period engravings on preceramic gouri.The basis for the presumed existence of a sin.---. main deiq; and for the unguestionable spread ,-,: motifs inspired by Tiwanaku iconographr- ¡fi¡erghout the Centtal Andes in the Middle Horizon 2, .nvas (and remains to this da1) the thesis 1 anc of a reij- gious ideology shared by two independent highlanC states (see I{olata 1993b; Cook 2001; Isbell2001b . This argument also supports the interpretation of Ifari iconographv's wide geographic drstribution a n;raterial expression of the emergence as and rapid of an empire (Lumbreras 1974; \\'illiams 2001,, 59) that owed its success to, among other expansion oi Fig. 2. Gates,al noni) the Sun, central hgure. (Photo: D. Gian- things, a religious doctrine possessing great po\\-ers of proselr.tization speculation on the relarions bers'een Tirvanaku and (Menz el 19 64, 1977 ; Cook 1983: Isbell and Cook 1987). It should be noted, however, \\hri (Isbell and IIcEs'an 1991). Scholars and re- that Nlenzelt hypothesis (1964,1977) was based on seatchers have quite naruralh'come ro consider the three implicit suppositions that have now lost favor. eústence of the raved staff god one of the axioms The 6rst is the assumption that contact between the of Andean archaeologli According to the hlpothesis that has gained wide acceptance in academic circles (Isbell and I{nobloch 2006), the image of a deiq' Titicaca and Ayacucho basins took place during the with two scepters, one in each hand, and a full-frontal Sanginés 1969; see also Cook 1994,323, table 3), time when the Tiwanaku st)4e was fully consolidated and mature: the Tiwanaku IV phase (e.g., Ponce posture (ñg.2) is thought to have been created in as defined by the sti,üstic sequence established bv the Northern Sierra in the Chavín context (R.orve 1971), and to have spread from there toward the Wendell Benn ett (1934).In accordance with this first Titicaca Basin as a central componenr doctrine. This icon sas deemed characte¡istics of a of reügious celesdal dein-rrith a supreme god, larer comparable to \¡iracocha rn the colonial texts (Demarest 1981). Recendr- the idea of a hrpothetical pan-Andean diffusion of the staff god has been bolstered arguments stemming fragments of supposition, it rvas also thought that the diversity of supernatural beings and mvthical themes that characteúzed the religion calh- represented of the altiplano was syntheti- in the friezes of the Gateway of the Sun. Finall¡ it was assumed that the decoration of the Gateway constituted a canonical model that br- nes' u'as faithfully irnitated, or reproduced with certain tiom the C-14 dating of nr-o modifications, decorated gourds that rvere collected rvood, 2¡d in differe¡¡ msdi¿-5tone, textile, ss1¿¡¡is-foth in the heart of Tiwanaku zar{f,ugs-3uno¡) sorun+ aqt Jo ouo 'tsuof, qtnos r¿-+ r{trFlr\ o} 'as¿qd AI ruluut,4A,Il etsT aqt Surparald s.ued Jo sfa¡u,L eqt tuo4 auror Ílqissod sluaru¡z8 sasyqd aqr or peu8rssy d¡ensn erú Isra as 'su8rsap aqt 3o a/rs eqt isuonce¡oc at¿¡r¡d uror-l stuaru¡¿8 pr-u -ourarer ;o dnor8 puondarxa uz paqsqqnd -ipuarar 'Gt-Zt ' svq (6V-Il'ygg7) zerTtuy5-3uno 1 rarr:3.re ar{I'?rvtrnd ot ueqt n>ivuv,4trl o} rosop seratd ztvdoqruo3 rltr¡N sleii¿wd asolc luasa¡d op t¿rll sarnrdlnrs nIEup.¡A.rI eqr Suouy (7997'q1gg¿ u¡nu -¿H rrls^\\o:lvJr¡) qrqouoru of,uocl aql uo algord ur J¡ s¡vadd¿ t?r{t sanlop ,Io uorsserord eqr ur ernSg saop sr _loadrqs rnq azarr-J.i¿,nel¿-l eqt ur paluase.rde¡ tou sr'peaq e [m{¡t-\\ aJ¿-I u aqla_] ¿ {1lrt\ eJroeoJJ v,1teelvdotqtuo3 uI sluePuattu eLp aIEt uat-Io s-iu.r '(¿96¿ ryraqau ¡1 pa8ur-n rqndod lsow aq] Jo euo 'OOOZ qtolqou>J _¡o aSeun aqr sr asaqr Suorrr¿ alqu¡o_\ (Frssotr pue pur llaqsl :2002'qt00Z ú1nu¿H DIs¡ño1eJq) qrr¡ouour :9861 '8861 ur¡¡uo3) Erurnd pnur-ro:d sdoqs:1ro-l ap\et BrErncI ur patzarr -ilquqord aras aruod eqt -+o tur{t puv 8Bf crqdroruodorqluy aqt -iqdvrSouocr n-yvuz.trrl arlt azrJatr¿rsqr relel plno¡ñ jo iqdy.lSouofl eqt uee¡dtaq saltlJvlrurls Iera^as ryqr s8uraq ¡ernlyuradns 3o su8rsap ar{r Jo rsow '.la,re.toq 'a,ru araq¡ 3a4er funaltC egt uo esoql '(9OOZ qrotqou>J pue ol parudruor s¿ stuppua}}u pa8uur aqt Jo srr}slrel ileqsl'2002 rpaqaeg) e¡rr{J uI eurúrzlv ap oJpecl u¿S puz'n.ra¿ ur sefv¡,r¡ puy'rolr¡ -JvJvq) pue 'uoDnquls¡p 'uotlutrueIJo eqt Jo slrrJal uI sef,uareJ;rp elq?tou eru aleqt '(g 'Id 'VG6L loof) 'sunqig aqr-sfa¡z,L oqt pu¿ ts?oJ Jr-[] uror¡ osp tnq sBA'Z00zq.raqazg) sa8vpuaddzalqa:Iüus Jr{I 'u.\\on pe-iur urs€g ¿fsfrlrl aq] tuou ,,(po lou aur?tr stuePof,atuu uledoqruol ruory 3nf crqdrowodorqluv ut Jo l3q1 pu¿ pelreilor esoqt tzqt tlEJ ar{} azrszqdrua (Z0OZ'tOOZTIaqsI 'ung aq} 3o fe,lnaleg eqt ot tsesolJ satuor rvql a8urut elrrlne>l iyggT zaqtugg-8uno¡) sertrnlol eqt uI ue^g 'ayhs ouo¡duJa aqr tuareU 'sa/is ;o prrdfr uonrsodtuor pu¿ 11I n>leuú.{\rl eq] 3o acuaS.reure Jo sap.r praueS eqt ot petrurq eru senlJelrurrs elqrssod aql pezrratr¿r¿qr a^?q or ¡yaddz'tuapacatuz u^llornl 'uns eqr ;o ,{u.'ro.areg aqr Jo iqdurSouoet eqt ur slal ¡1 'suontperl -prvd ou a Eq r{rrLl,a Jo tsour'(L002'000ztpolqotr>J -¡o :2002 loof pur? fieqsl Í1gg¿ o:rauo¿ ¿rerqe3 Pul? srrrsruEqlaru salduo3 'serprus Suuaauord s(lezueJ{ ourlr-\¿rvd vurotrr{ro :¿961 1oo3) a/is nizuy.lc'r¡ -Io etutr aqr alurs -i¡ynuersqns pa8ueqr srq a1-üs ur su8rsap ,Io reqirrnu luuogruSrs e ;o uonrnpordar J-\nEeJl srr -ig pazrretf¿Jeqf sr srrurtJer uredoqc nIEu¿-$rI eql -Jo ur5uo aqr -¡o uoudarrad ,qI '(VOOZ:12ruüsn8n1-:¿9-9g '.g002 losnuvf un8aq -uo3 _Io -iqdurSouocr aqr'puyq rar{to eqt uO asr-$a1q pzq 'zurdy¡y puv u-iu syszle;E r{rJ 'e]nt '(rnuap¡ {rolsn¡er¿ lo umasntr [ agt tuory an]Ers -relrgrrz lutua{unuour;o saxaldruol ureul aqt Jo lJuurs:9¿'ou'}?f,'ggl'g00zzvl(fzev?rntfpuuu,Louus uonfnrtsuof, uar{,n puu arqd a¡zr or un8aq dltuarer -¿J apJa¡ aas) sarnrdprs Surpuelsaar¡ J1I rul¿ur?.4NlJ puq asuqd AI rulEuE-4NrI er{t ot asrr a,u8 ppo.la 1zq1 Jo esoqt ot patular flasop ate atmv nar{t Jo s¡E}ap sa8uzqr cBsqfrs aqr ueqa'("t002'¿661 IIeqsI) 'cI'V pue sasod rraql Íunesmu pcrSoloeeqrru puor8er Á¡ntuar qt{s a{p ur s}trEtuof, esor{t Jo rras aql 8ur oqcncuiy aL[] pu¿ runesnur atrs rJp¿fi aqt rt sarnSg uúu¡nq Jo sentEts eqt lrl uees eq osp uuc sSur.nouoq -]?ntrs ur saPrf,uror ssaw r{toq uroJJ sel¿P 'IvJ lL-J .(uz 1rq tvqt suon?,\ouur snoreLLrnu puv eruzruro_I tuara_l_+rp SurreureSluuy sisaqru-is Joe¿JvlcJtueraqlpu¿ rnsq.üs rvlnrrts'Ers3DrI e>lE'I Jo seloqs uJaqtnos ;o fSolouotqc pu? ureqtrou aql Suop i{la¡nradsa¡ 'peetds puz elnlosqz aqt pu€ (196¿ qcolqou;4) fSolouoJr{r 3^rl snoeue¡odruatuor Íprzd era,4A, qrrq.4t'sa1,bs 111 n1e -¿lal tueJeJ eql qtr¡N ¡a,lo,,{1r¡u¡ prolJ¿ suosr¡udu¡or -uE.{!I pue ¿r?rnd or{t Jo su8rsap puu suonue uof asar¡¡'(ig puz 99 'sld'ü661 {oof) sar?ulT elp3 puz ruoJ_+ pe^rrep a^?q ot ruaes }r?r{t sllu¡} 'or{¡n¡uÍy u1 uozuoT alppllt aqr urorj s8ulaq lernlvuradns 3o wrf,vlwue;,¡ Jo sielu{ aq} uo sz'rq8rg Jo uor}lsod E ur .{¡¡uluozuo! paluesa¡dal arú oq.4A. 'srargtnus aql fqdu.rSouort er{l uI srrcn )r.vq)Jv ,{1a,l.nu1a.r un }rer alquleseJ spetep puu sa.rnSg eqt Jo auros 'alduuxe arnou ot tsr5 aql se,tr (166¿'t661) Ioof vtwy'¿rroz rod'(ü661 {oof) sSuoleq uns aq} 3o de.raarug aqr Ier}uaf,uu¿¡aqlftnpnllur'svawtustsrprrtpu?arntlnl Joserras,lo'eueql'n>IBu¿.¡a.rI oqrnrzfy 9el uee.4Alaq tr¿tuor esuetur .nleue^ rI lo olBls cuolsrqord orll lo Á6o¡oep¡ snolollou oLll puB 'spoo [e]s 'son]B]s leÁou,, 'elnueH qsMoleru 136 Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Art Museum 2004, 42, ñg. 2.22) is decorated with two ral'ed faces rures-are inverted. The faces with rayed cro\\,::s. and human heads in profile reminiscent of those insteadof occupyingasubordinatepositionvis-i-r-. in Conchopata ceramics (Isbell 2001a, fig. 16). The the frontal staff god-in the Gateway of the Su:: other, the "Gateway Tunic" foung-Sánchez 2004, thev are at his feet, within the supposed calenci:: 47, frg' 2.26) ís even more spectacular: nvo tiontal f¡1s2s-2¡s found in the central, privileged place rrnc faces, each with a crown of tu-enn-fbur plumes, are larger than the other figures; in aclclition, e,rci: are positioned above a sn'lized stepped platfbrm one of them is accompanied bv rwo winged attcn- animals in profile. The faces resemble one of- the rariants of this same motif in the calendar iÁeze on the Gatelvav of the Sun (fig. 14c) and, et'en more, one and accompanied bv two fantastic rvinged of the ¡r,-o iaces positioned abor-e stepped piatfbrms dants in profile. At the same time, the frontai st¿r god----or rather several staff gods, to judge tion: the varietv of details and attribures-replaces th. customarv procession of winged creatures in prohl.. The discoverl'of snuff trays and bone rubes statT fiom San Pedro de Atacama offers equallv important their clues concerning the evolution of the Tirvanaku hands walli toward each of the rayed faces. Thev are str4e (lorres 1987 ,2002). Both the C-14 dates and shown in frontal position, but their feet indicate the the stylistic variability of these implements, used rc¡ direction of their movement. Their crowns, as well as inhale the powder of Anadenanthera colabrina (Torres the objects they hold in their hands like staffs, are not et al. 1991), indicate that their users were in close in the Bennett monolith (figs. 4b, 6). Eighteen gods with visible wings and rvith n'u-o staffs in identical.Young-Sánche2Q004,49,frg.2.27a,b)em- of contact with the Tiwanaku central zone from the üth stepped Late Formative Period. Several of these objects Cuzco feature designs and figures that may be antecedenrs region that is now in the collection of the Bedin to those reproduced in the friezes of the Garervav State N{useums. Among the different shapes of of the Sun and in the Ponce and Bennett monoliths. plumes that form the crowns of the staff gods, one Constantino Torres (1987, 2002) has convincinglr' remarkablerariantimitatesacacnrs. Inseveralcases shown that these wcre not imitations of motifs the straight scepters, as well as those in the form of knorvn from stone sculpture but rather were original a serpentine belt, are replaced by darts and plants. creations informed b), a good knowledge of fipprraThe central Part, near the opening of the tunic, tive conventions and details. Tiv,anaku figuratir-e phasizes the presence the headdress plumes, known from an eadier statue from the which is bipartite or quadripartite in composition, artifacts (figs. 3a--c) coexist in common gravesires is filled with stylized architectonic elements, among with objects thatwere produced in stvles unrelated to which four gateways stand out. Young-Sánchez Tiwanaku (suchasTorres 1987,pIs. 100-101, 104-7, believes that the weavers reproduced a ceremonial 111,113-15, 117) or that mix elements of several space similar to that of the Akapana or Kalasasaya, styles, including that of ú:Le altiplana (lorres 1987, pls. with statues of ancestors in the middle of sunken 98,99,120,132-133).Thereisnoshortageof novel courtvards. If we compare the composition of the designs created v¡ith fiJl knowledge of the iconogtunic with the reüefs of the Gateway of the Sun or raphy and rules of Tiwanaku composition (frontal the Bennett monolith, it becomes clear that in this divinity in Torres 1,987, pl. 77; anthropomorphic exceptional textile the relations between people figure in profile w'ith its head pointed upward, pls. 79, essential motif--nameh', and elements that are normalh'considered parts of the canonical Tinanaku 80, 82; feline decapitator in profile, pl. 83; fantastic bird, pl. 84; condor, pl. 96; camelid, pl. 87; frontal "the staff god theme" (Ifenzel 1964,1.968a,b;Cook faces, pls. 90,97; human decapitaror, pl. 91; feline 1987; Cook 2004,14649), the s,'inged aftendants, decapitatoq pL. 92; rampant felines, pl. 95); others and the crowned sunlike faces atop stepped struc- possibly inspired by motifs known from the monu- euo' (6' l'3A' V002zeqrueS-Bun",0 "t ut ilrue aqr puu (VI'3A'Z11zqraqav¡1) a1-bs ruluur ' ^\II srn8rg aql allxol selquJaseJ'surcurar rred ra^to1 aql i¡uo qcrq.t 1o'sarunld SuzBrz 3uo1 qrrt u-to:r slr !(q 's8g 'f9 'u6'g 's8q '08 't002 zaqruu5-Buno,\ :q'vz9 ur su8rsap '1002 loo.)) g L-t L'sF' ¿ g 6 1 sa:ro¿ ra rE Eret:aH'3 fq sSur-aazrq 'a1rq3 'uruzrury aP olPad uES 'urnasntrAl ÁSoloezqcry aSrz¿ r1 cl '{ :oaql [V '¿ru?)?]V eP orPecl uz5 '9 rorm] '96-n66I q{ror uro:¡ let¡'t'vttsvtew aP orPed uu5 'g :orm} 'nq-eglz qluor tuog fzr¡ 'q zruY:ztv eP orPecl uES 'aluauo o'(o1 '96 'iir'1 -E60f quor wo4 'lvta'u se:n8g pruo:¡ gllrr sÍ¿rl ¡¡nug'E 'u erltll? slI -Jo slurel uI ezau-l uns arll -lo ued Iürlual aql uI Puno-l euo eql ol rulnürs arnFr-¡ e sr (r:urr1 '-i:olsr¡1 puu -iio¡oaeqr:1' uonrallor aql ur) poE unasnJ\ Iuuotru\ eql .iu-taru..¡ aqt _¡o -l() -Io aqa aql ,lo aiutur Surpwrsaa;-¡ -i¡uo -I-Irls IEruor-I (f.00¿ '(SZ'S Sg ze-\gq3) azrs ur ¡¡eus puz ruanbar-¡trt a:v salduuse esaqt q8noqlp'arnldprs ¿ruf,nd uI luasa¡d osle er¿ u,¡o.orl elrlolurl pa,(ul e qll^\ elEJ IEI puz po8 JJ¿ts apur aql Jo sJnour eql 'vlilurvluu>I pu¿ saruul-1 ellv') JO sleru{ eql uo uees -uor_+ ar{r asoqt s¿ qlns'nlzuz,ttl Jo slergilrus eql -{o luepar aqt sI Jrloru sHI'(9861urJ¡uo3) a-¡ru1 eqt puv púaq peJe es eLIt :ref5lrfus 3qr Jo selnqlrl]E lJuls apru eI{} -atuu f1a>1rJ qinr Suleq apw pcrqlfur u rcrdap spuelq8rq er{} ur apu1r¡ ueeq a-teq fuur 'e.rn8g eptuaS eq] Jo lEr-[] seinxet ú¡lrlnd a.eJ aql Huuuaq stlvrt IEITBJ aur¡e-1 uor]¿]uasa¡da¡ alpxel uolu(uof uI seq lrrap srql ernr -ea3 i¡uo eql 'alÚtueJ sr 'ssalp puY a¡'{rsrrzq eql '(q a8pnf or 'luqr 'ütep luluol3 e sI sJltuvref, Er?fnd uI arnSg lurztrodu¡r lsotu er{l l¿q] u,4Noqs svq (t002 uaoul ou sI eIeql ',(1rl1uol3 LI}I¡N '7661) zatwl3 or8rag 'uor1lpÚr1 n>lsuE4NIIJerlJ¿e eql rüoü tuelxe etuos ol 1I sf,uBlslP 1?q] sll¿Jl luut8tro paierrrod .splq pu.rnlrou pup saurleJ eJ¿ sfrulereJ a¡nldln¡s üJ?fnd 3o,(rotredar lqdurSouocr agt ur ]u¿t¡odur sassassod sfILuEJel IúIuolueJel Puu -+o .sam3g o,¡at asoqt 8ur.^a.ollo¡I 'Qotuuaní .{qdv.iSouocr aql 'salrtxel eq} uo dqde.rSouoct aqt ol tso(u txau aql ouo¡dup urur1) sotvuzn8 i{leurru,spqaruuc patulBseuropuou patuduror sV 'uolsnlluof aulüs eql or lutod 'euoq Pu¿ qtr¡N peterfossu are algo.rd ur setnSg elzur ril] 'ern3g er{l uI lr3 ¿Julnd -l() suoD¿8ESa,\uI }ualeu s8ul,r¡uc ePetu .rru uo 'lYlaru'poo,n _lo slr?-lIlrE alqurrod nlEu¿.4NrI ul prlq e el?ruej oqt qtr.4N lsvJtuof ig qSnorqi IIa,¡N su peerds sleporu asoql'uoDnfoxe sll 1o .{poq ag} ro s8ur.r qtr¡N tullpue¡u pervj-uutum{ elDxal uI aqt _lo Jrtoru aqt .IOJ tuaPefatue pooS ú elnlnsuof eJo-Ieq salJnlual InoJ o1 o'Lrf sdoqsl'ro¡N ur uonzldYprz 'uuuro,\\ ¡;lrqr-ru aql s¿ LunlpeLu aLu¿s aq] ur algord PaluJoqule elel\ l?r{l slePotu Jo Jerlal erel -(ia-r'nY1ar u sr uns Jql Jo 'iu'lo'erug aql -+o uoll¿J ur pa-iulrod puno-l saurrtaluos aru qrrc1-t'uodue-t u e 3qI lr qtI-t\ t.Iü ¿¡uJnd ur sEuraq e¡;ru atlr 'puuq -olaP atll reqr srsaSSns a oqu Pellr eruaPl ro ,J-l¿ts Iaq.I¿e sruasa¡d u aqr ur pa-\¡esard ueaq rou s¿q r¿qr -Inour úrap srqr tuqt 'ero1erJqt 'srvaddz ]I 'sPu¿q laq ur raqto eqt uO 'uoprpúIt fnsrT-\ls n-luuú.\\Il sJJvtsploqlouseop.ürapapura3 zargtl3) LunasnJ.^ü eqt'(zz'1,'3a'v002 (uo¡J IETIJotsIH uJeg oql anlBls eq] w se .prJeruzr Sulduudtuorrú eq] tnoqtt.\\ puü 'pap sl suorsueurrp ee¡{r ur patuasa,rdar uaq¡A, ue^E pr1et¡¡?r patef,Rsatuop E r{lrg.{\ .raq ul elpurds a8:q B sreaq aqs ol ado¡ E puu 'stuzld ¡o sputr{ 'suodea.¡l .s¡ers Surploq Jo p€elsut Íasod pruory ;aq st Lil I spo8 'uone¡dsut -+o aJ'Inos B S¿ Pa^JaS e^tq Seull}atuos -ivur urpaur asaqt qloq JI ua^3 .,'sqodor]aur ,,oua¡{tl¡o ar{l ur spllq-+o Jo sluelurz8 eqr uo ;o secrds ltrru -otuaraJtm{ll.\\s-JeITarl¿lualunuouluouoil¡nPo'¡da-r ro-l Pe-\Ieluol seuIaql Io slePoul Jo uoDulltlll aldruts c aru a1-üs n>lúu¿.{\IJ, ut salard eI{} TI3 l?q} e1?14)ul or 3ootd ou slslxe alaql 'uorsnlruor uI '(8L'9L'VL 's1d ''Urur,\¡p pruol¡) lJt elnxel Íq pacuangur sduqlad srerpo üDS puu Í(¡.,g'88 'slQ -Iello ;o arluus pazqirs i6g '88 'sld'prlauzl Í9¿ '1d iürulrrp pruo'r¡) sJaqs] I?luaur aql pue 'spoo JJels 'sonlels leÁou" 'elnueH rlsitrole|/\ ,,nleueMlf lo otels cuolstqoJd otll to Á60¡oep¡ snolollou 138 Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Aft Museum notable detail is the presence of wrngs and a bi¡dt tail, they run in three rows approaching the ceo¡n[ like those that adotn the profile winged attendants. figure. These do not appear either in relief o¡ fabric versions of the frontal staff god flgures, perhaps because their portrayal relies on the three-dimensionaliw of freestanding sculpture. Indeed, the u,.ings and tail cannot be seen in frontal view; onlv rvhen the statue is rotated do they become apparent. Except for this one case, Pucara reliefs and textiles represent the face of the staff god, rvith its characteristic halo of rays (Chávez 2004), in preference to full-bodv images. In sum, the repertoire of formative antecedents (Pucara, Siguas, Tiwznaku III, and Qeva) to Tiwanaku iconographv is surprisinglv rich. It includes conventions for representing human beings frontally, in profile, running, walking, and flying (stretched out hodzontalTy, face down), full body or head onl¡ as well as most of the iconographic details from which mythic identities were probably se¡511us¡sd-¡amely, figurative feathers forming the crown, componeflts also contains figures of of staffs, and so on. The list hypothetical "central deity themes" and "the sacrificer" (Cook 1994,190-205). Only two of these have parallels in the iconographv of the Gatewav of the Sun: the principal deiw rep- tesented in full bodv or as a frontal face and one the three tlpes of of attendants rvith visible wings. The rest, such as the sacrificer and the anthropomorphic attendant with a feüne face, are represented only in reliefs that decorate iintels and garments of the monoüthic statues of human officiants. What is even more surprising about this repertoire is that the varier¡'of images casts doubt on the existence not only of the "theme of a central deity or staff god" but also on the existence of a single main deity. Remember that Xfenzel's hrpothesis was inspired b,v the relations between the anthropomorphic figures in üe Gatesav of üe Sun's principaTftieze: . The central figure is larger than the others; it is the onlt'one atop a stepped structure; it has two staffs, one in each hand, and lacks wings. . The remaining three fantastic beings ate repeated several times, in profrle and with wings; These characteristics become exceptional ra light of the formative evidence, and also in corr.id- of reliefs attributed to the initial phases 'T-rwanaku II! and the eady phase of classical Tis-an*u eration I\f (fiwanaku , such as the Bennett monoüth. The formative repertoire includes several staff deidessometimes represented side by side (nameh-, on the "Gateway Tunic" [Young-Sánchez 2004, ñg. 2-26] and the Bennett and Pachacamac monoliths [figs. 611cl) and at the same size, as blt with clear diffe¡ences to the characteristics of the crown, the venical objects held in the hands, clothing details, and the stepped structures over which they appear. \\ ings are not an exclusive attribute of figrrres in proñle (as the Pucara staff god shows), nor is the frontal pose an exclusive tritt of a male staff deity (as the Pucara female deity proves lChávez 2004,911). Moteor-er, we know of compositions in relief and in tapestn- in which several ftontal deities with two staffs form processions, one beside another (namely, the Gateway Tunic fYoung-Sánchez 2004, f,g.2.26] and the Pachacamac monolith, which has deities in profrle but without wings and with two staffs, one in each hand [fig. 11c]). Finallli in some cases the processions are oriented toward the central figure (figs. 1a, 11c), while in others they are turned awal' from it (Bennett monol,ith, frg. 6); there may even be both directions in the same scene (Ponce monolith, fig. N. In the context outlined above, the empirical and theoretical bases for the central role traditionally assigned to the iconography disappear. It would of the Gateway of the Sun seem that the current literature on this topic still betrays the influence of romantic images conjured by nineteenth-century engravings and photographs: the monolithic gateway, like a Ro- man triumphal arch, emerges alone amid the ruins of the great plaza,wlich is almost completeiy buried bv earth and rubble. The reüefs stand out against the Andean sk¡ the sole and final testimony of a lost civilization that flourished in such an apparendy hostile environment, an almost implausible nodon '(ruouuur'¡ 'q :soroq¿) 'q '.^l3r '¿ 'glqouou¡ nauuag ';.'31¡ luorc Il¿q Jo Ir¿tac 'iu.r.rz lsapr.t 3qt tuqt ua.ogs sur{ rul¿u¿.ANII Jo sulnr aqt ]ú pu¿ urnasnur alrs eqt ur pa,rraserd erntdlnrs _1o sadb Jeqto qtl.lc' sf¿.¡o.alu8 ar{l Jo uosuedwo3 orlllv le/tou ¡o /(qder6ouocl or.ll 'tr sessyd¡ns fldure ql[ouow ]teuueg Wt-iooJ-tvz eq¡ '-(qdy#ouof,r slr Jo surJet w xaiduroc ]soru eql .rou rse8ryl erp rer{treu sr uns aq} Jo ,{y,natzg aql t¿qr s.{\ogs satnldprs f,rql[ouou 3ul.'u¡¡ns Jo erlo] -radar aqr qrr-t uosuydiuor aldtuls 1¡'sacuds uedo ul pelqwassr sapn]Dlnru rearS eql or ruatuor snor8r¡ar tuq¡odu¡Sulie¡uo¡ ueeq e Eq tou PInoJ roJ runrpeurlvnsl E s€ pepuetrn pu¿.4NopEqs uI ueaq e^¿q PInO.^A 'tuooJ Pere^or E Jarler eql uaqt 'esyc arp s¿,4d, ]vq] JI ro p.ruihrnoc paoonrod ¿ Jo JolJetrrt eqt ruo4 uees aq ol tuee{u s¿,¡¡. a8urur po8 33urs or{t qtüN Ilp.4A. eql tzqr 'purur dru or ,{ldun'l¡¿d ¡addn eqt uI s}uauela 8un¡oddns pur Suqcauuor Jo uorlrtrol eqt sE IIa.¡N sv'sazau3r snourq eqr arrsoddo eprs aqr uo sletu{ puu seqrru Jo uonnqrJtslp aql 'saceds pa3ooJ pue s¡y.ro. Suucnf,tsuof, fqaraqt'sluau¡8as f,Iqr[ououI reqto qtrr\\'sacard o3a1 ayl'palquressy eq ot tlmq eJa-$ 'uon¿Jofep Jarler a^?q ol u¡A,oul sd¿,r¡.ale8 o-ru .i¡uo aqt '(1661 v?vzrnl-vpuvq¡ iy7'1d '1 '1o,r 'c¡61 .ilsuuuso¿) uootrn eqt Jo fr.lo.a1yg eq] put (t Eg) uns er{l ;o Íz.ro,arzg er{t lzqr pat?r}suourap -i¡Surrulruoc e,vq (q'eZ00Z) rrEN E[e]S puu ua4ord arrar¿-ueaf '(qtOOZ ¡1eqs1 :g¡1 'et,66l erelo;i) prur -erÍ¿ nlun¿ ¿wncl ar{l 3o dor eqt ueeq a-tuq ,(uur 'paqrear JOAoU ]r r{f,rqa 'uoBeunsap IvurJ slI'vew uoDrnJtsuor aql ol trodsu?rl slr Suunp '(e 'Z 'tBA 'BVL 'eg66L Etslo>l Í¿¿g 1 .rernbg) p¡uzrf¿ uuu dv¡1¡ or{t Jo quou 'e,(esvs?Iv>J palptr touna¡d pruorue -.rar a8ryl E Jo reuJor ]sa.ar{}Jou eqt ur peuopuuqz su.lo. dumatyg eqt sE u,r\ou¡ etrsepu€ ferS 3o ¡co1q f,rqlr¡ouour srq] ]Er{t paer8e i¡yraua8 ¡Nou sr tI 'n>I¿u?.¡r\rl jo xaldruoc 3ruolfelrqfJ? eql Jo sa¡¿ds Fruorualel aq] uI luaunuoru ]uslJodrur ]sou¡ er{l pareprsuor aq .ra8uol ou u¿r uns aql ;o fe.raaleg eq]'(ql00Z ¡¡aqs¡) paruerlnroP Ile'^A' ueeq sfe'rqY tou e,ruq ilareunrJoJun qrrq.4cr'uoEeJolse¡ puu 8ururap sE ¡a.{\ sE 'suonu¡E3xa ¡o ,{rnluef ? JeUv 'surc1d uyedorng pu¿ u?rrJeury rza.r8 aqr u13ui,t¡1 esoqr roJ 6$ .nleue¡ rf ]o olels cuolsrLloJd orll lo Áooloapl snolollou oql pue 'spoc gels 'sonlPls leÁou,, 'elnuBH DlsMoler\l 140 Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Art Museum of compositional .nariants ancl ttpes of figures- the ceremonial garrncnts, e\ccpr p,,.... supcrnatural beings rvith human fcatures, birds, butincluclingthebcltanclthe hcrrcl.l¡..-. felines, fish, camelids, and snails, with the trpical Unlilie the gateu'ar-s' rclietl. s-h:c.-. :. : poses of staff gods andrvinged ¿¡1s¡d^¡1s-occurs half hiddcn, accorcling to Prorzen's rcc, ::- :in the decoration of anthropomotphic frecstanding (Protzen ancl Nair 2002 a,b) ancl n-crc lr ,c..:. . . - statues (Nfakorvski Hanula 2001b, 2002; Isbell and of transit benvccrr two cn\-i1.()nmcrrr:. ::-.- por- represented in reLief on rhc surtacc ,,f ::-.. -' . Iinobloch 2006). These monolithic sculptures -, tra! human figures drcssed in ceremonial garmcnts, u,ere relatir-eir- casr- to see ancl potenti:tl1-, ,,;,-.,. s-ith textile Patterns indicated bv relief clecorations to the multituclcs asscn'ibled in thc pl:rz.r:. - - : rlf mvthical figures aligned in a processional man- ficiants of rites, lvho x'crc kings ancl/or pnc.:-ncr (fie' 1¡, 4b,5). A frontal figure atop a stepped most likell clressccl in turnics, bclts, ancl hc.,.lc:.. . plrttcrrrrr r¡r th,: k¿ro cup in t1-rc hands of the human u'ith hguratir-e decoration cluite sirnilrrr r( ) ::-...: stirtr-tc ilsclf constitutes tl'rc point of slmrnctrr- the statucs. Thc sculptrtrs u.ho clccorated th..:.. t( )$-:lrd u-iricit thc proccssions :rrc dircctccl. In :iclcü- s'cre inspirccl bv tl.re actual ceremonial qrrrrL-ir:- .tií)n to thc É¡rr, cup. thc st:lrucs hold in botl-r hlnds lcproclr-rcecl their clcsicns more orlcss fhithtull.. ,: cithcr ccrtrrin rirurl implcmcnts. t¡ars tbr l-relluci- canbcseeninsomcpicccsof clgthi¡g¡'h¡sc ¡.-nogenic pos-ders, or knives tcir sacrihcc (Bennett ration is oi cxceprional qualitr- ancl con-rplerir-. :: 193-t, hg. 25; Ponce Sanginés 1961 119901, hg.7; fortunateh'l-rar-e bccn prcscrr-ccl, such as rhe G..: (-ochamama; EI Nlonje, Nlakowski Hanuia 2001b, u.avTunic mcnrionccl abtx.c (\bung-Sánchcz ,, ', 92-93, hg.97a,b; Isbell 2001b, ñg.20 fthree mono- fig. 2.22) and thc \\hri-Tiu-anaku robe in thc S¡., litl-rs presen'ed beside the old railu''av ünel). The Nfuscum of F,thnologv in Nlunich (see Zuiclcrl fisuratir-c decotation co\¡ers the entire surthcc of this r-olume, fig. 1a). Thc clecoretion oi rhc rr,i¡. tesembles ¿ knorvn tic-dlc clesisn used in Tis-ln.ri. -. skirts v-ith cliagonal lines ancl circlcs. The krnq sitl.. are \\oven r.vith ts-clr-e staff cleitics each, ¿11 of ih. ttct pt.'ir.rtcti same size, stancling trontallv s.ith their outward and alisnecl one bcside another. Ilds-rrrcl cl. Bock and Tom Zuidema har-c analr-zed t1-re distribution of the multjcolored circlcs th¿it fcrrm part of th. dccoration of the robc ancl disccx-erecl complcx crrlcnclar codes coresponding to a \.ear of 365 clar-s errcl nvelve months (de Bock and Zuidema 1990,46t)-(r91. Fes'Tis'anaku monoliths s.ere tound in thrce cases, tl-rat 2(,)( )3, 2 -;0. 2-5 sitr_r. ir-r of Putuni ((louture ancl Sampcck 1, tig. 3.38), I{alasasava (Poncc Sanginé s 19(r9; I{olata 2003, 168), ancl thc Seni-subterrancar-r Temple (Poncc Sanginés 1964 [1990]), the placc of discoverv indicates tl-rat the starues orisin^llv st(x)cl in the center of sunken plazas. A monumcntal qate- Fig. 5. Poncc n-ronolitl'r. tlr¡nr vies: ,?hoto: D. (iiannoni). \-- rvav and stairs connected the l{alasasava prccinct t<r a larqe sunken court)'ard, known as in the üterature the Semi-Subterranean Temple. V'endell Bennett (Ponce Sanginés 1964 [1990)) found in the central '(g €g) polracl elnvtu¡oC eqr Jo a¡uasa¡d aql'uJnesnur alIS rr\eu eg :q1'2002 ul'puoces eq] pu? ¡l.atdec u¿t.tqog lrqt[ouour aSrq aq¡ drrvnb z sz Pesn uaaq aqt ur aserlt Jo tsJg arp-eze¡d er{t Jo Jaluer arp a.tvq sprurerdd puz surro;ry¡d ¡era-teg 'uou¿dn¡co ¿truI eqt arurs n1euúal¡ 3o xaldurotr lutuawnuou¡ ur rlr{ouow Deuueg aqt Sultoqs eputu uaaq a zr{ a¡dua¡ uueu?rrelqns-r-was ol{r Jo suonlnllsuoleJ a^rssaJJns 'uotrrsoddns srqr Sultrogod 'nlls ur PunoJ erll 3]sJlsuotuep sql{ouotu elslduroful Joq}o (qtrJouour aqt o] ezIS uI JúIruils ltauuag sE peaq s? Tla,4a' aql dq peraJJns suonvratlv rza.r8 -¡o aruapna 3w -tunoru parnpord a-r.eq 'ta-ra-rroq 'srea-i luefeJ -Io suon¿-wr\a rlr¿u¡ers-is aql '(ql00z ¡aqs1 :u9661 ¿rqol ¡961 seur8uug aruo¿) zueduly pue u-iusese¡uy eql ero_laq rlmq'xa¡dtuotr aqr rn a)5Tpa tsrg aqt su a¡dura¡ uuarrvrretqns-r-u¡es eqr eruP or :[OOO1] stuatun8rB etlr Jo euo s¿ pasn osTE su¡d srpqouotu ara¡I stllqououJ aq] ]Eq] eJnl?Jelq eql uI snsuesuof ¿ uaaq szq araqt Íra,torsrp stl aruls '(t '39) qlriouoür De{ruag snorrrzJ aqr st'euo lsa8rq aqt 'qlmo; aqt aT.rr¡,tr 'porra¿ er\RvuIJoC eql uJoü are 'uorsora fq paratlu uoltzrorep aldurs qtl.,rr 'qrlqra, Jo aeJgl 'sentuts rnoj Jo elquasue ue pryftrnoc eqr 3o rrud '(zrerrag '3 :3ur.nu;q) 's1eqal :qlrJouour lauuag 9 €t¿ ffiBgB @@@@o@ @@o@@ @Glie¡ ,Vl IHeffiEffi E8Eg38E ,,nleuemtl lo alels cuotsrLlaJd oql lo Á00¡oep¡ snor0r¡a¡ aql pue 'spoe JJeIS 'sonlels ¡e,{o¡,, 'e¡nue¡1 Dls/r^olef{ tTiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Aft Museum ffi? ul @ 1ffi1 taL Mffi ffiffi Fig. 7. Ponce monolith: detail go¿eü apz€p of teüefs on the back. @taüng: C. Hetrera) Ievel of destruction that components of the sculp- tural decoration of Akapana, I{alasasaya, and the surrounding area were subiected to. Extirpators of idolatrv intentionally destroyed pre-Hispanic images. The Ponce monolith, which was lying on its side, uas probablv knocked down bv them, to iudge from I the presence of an incised cross (Vtanichl'999,49). Nonetheless, the location, orientation, and stratigraphic context documented in the profiles and in the published plans, as well as in atchival photographs (Bennett 1934; Ponce Sanginés 1964 [1990]), lend credence to the hlpothesis that the four monoliths originally stood at the center of the Semi-subterranean Templet sunken plaza.The fo:u were found aügned one next to another, with their bases near the center of the plaza and the upper extremities pointing north-northwest. According to Carlos Ponce Sanginés Q002,51),who reviewed Fig. 8. Giant head, Tirvanaku site museum (Photo br- K. Ilalios-ski Hanula). the field documentation of the eadier investigations, and who also excavated and reconstructed the Semi- '(ruouuztg 'q :oroq¿¡) 's{¿¡ral¿ti PU¿ sqlrl '6 €l.t -ouoru Jo uoq¿f,ol tuaJlnl aqt qrr-,tr'zuedu¡y agt ;o dot eqt rrJog,\\ar^Je o'aldruaa ueauuuJlqns-ures aql pue zfuszsziz) wn¡,n-vf,v¡ o] ssaffs sa¡r8 l¿r{r d¿rnaluS il{] Jo elpPr-tu eql uI eqt ¡¡¡ pue seJnllnr EIernd pue udrm¡3 eql w PoIracI seslr PEeq esoq,4A' 'ql¡ouour eluod aqt 8utce3 sv e¡D¿urrod eqt r¡ stuaperaluv a^rsuetxe pzq luqr uoD gcns 'alqrssod ueaq a^Eg oslu Plno¡a' suonuluauo -vztue}topquds 3o seldrruud a>1o.ta ulusu s¿F>I pue .laqlo '1ce ueulnq et?raqrlap u lo altnbqtrva ur -iq aldural aq] qloq ,ase¡ fu¿ uI .(t002 ¡esnuuf igg¡¿ pesn?f, ueeq p"q IpJ aq] 31 'ruudY¡y eq] osp snqr >padureg pu€ arruno]) ru1yueru¡ eJoJeq ewBt tErp puz'pruflrnos eql ol afuEJlue alos eqr 8urceJ tuor-¡ s]¡w¡ard snor8rJer Ietueurnuour eq sezvld o¡ar egt stl r{}IrN Supuzrs .{¡¡zu¡8r¡o sBrN ql{ouour }leuuag 'uossar r{}eeuoq }Erp eJntere}rl eql ur snsuasuotr osiz sI eJeql erll lvql .¡a.olloJ PIno-44. lr 'anJl oralt\ slql JI .n{uncl etuncl pue uuudely'sprurzrid Sursodur o¡¡l etues eqt ro; Álqeqord pue 'eouo }3 IIaJ II¿ faqr rYqr Jo uonrulsuor ratvl aqr ^iq paqsrunrrrp tou se.^l, stsaSSns sent?ls JnoJ eq] ¡o lueuruSrp I?luePlrulor aru¿t¡odu¡r rraqr lxa¡druor I¿ruouJaJeJ urzru s,ruluu aql 'atoruraqun¡'vzv¡d ua>luns eql Jo uorssardap .Gg-tz,yggTzaqtuvs-3.r""duonrp?D -¿¡\rI aq ot pareprsuo t an svzyld aldura¿ uuauurral eqt uritlrt SuDupuncrs eJe,tt luql sluawtpas 'iq -qns-r-uas puu z.rzszsulcy er{J'uop¿lol pa8aprud percalord sE¡N }ser aq} seeJeq,4o, '¡e3 s}r JeUE aurtr i¡lyuopdaexa u3 pzr{ srl}rlouoru o^\t aql '}feJ¡o:r sI 3uo1 e ro; ef,Y;rns aqr re pasodxe PeuwureJ amldprs aql Jo rred srql ]Eql uorwJrpul us sI 'dra,torsrp ¡o e^oq¿ patuasard aouapr,ta eqt Jo Surpvat aqr ;1 .(e .Sg) sserfz aql 3o .(z.rcru8 pdicur.rd erp Jo etuzry ]ueurour eqr rz sqdurSoroqd ur pePJo3eJ 'acuj aqJ, eqt urgllN elqls1,t 'tsve ar{} ur poo}s ter{} q}{ouorrr Jo epIS rq8p aqr uo uorsore Jo e}Els Perus^PB púaq aqt Jo uonf,erlP eq] ur )iool o1 '(Oeet [Vr)etl sgur8uug aruo¿) alslnurnfru o] ]uauI ]touueg eql Jo -Ipes Jo ?}BJ}s Pra^as .ro3 q8noua 3uo1 'a¡n1.lt poo8 e peluarro pooq{aI{ llu ur sB.¡N rüqououI eruocl ar{I .svzv¡d o.,rlt ar{} s>lurl tuqt d¡}au¡tufs Jo srxe aqr 8ur JoJ poqlno}un,{u1 ante}s eg} }er{t satssrptn }ueurarqd -tnlqsuoJ snq] 'sxe prlroutnba tsa.{\-tsge rca¡lad ¿ sF{I .('saPIS o,4dl sll sll [e,44' s¿ úle]s aI{1 Jo uop¡od sac¿r] ,uo¡¿ro1 pur8uo alqyqord 4aW q Surpuurs tuorJ er{l tsrg ,4lt?s }}euuag 'uonrsod }Er{l ur peuwur ara.ro.iaqt ;r'sqtrJouotu ort\J all ;o sdor e{l uaa:\\JeQ -a¡ 1t 'o8u 3uo1 pasde¡of }I uarl,ltr Wql PeJ aqr fq rrafo¡d ppo¡ñtzql eu{ aql'sarnrd¡nrs o¡r} eqr uaelu peureldxa aq.{yur qtrFI¡N'u.lo.op dor aqr tuor; pa13ue -aq azrs ur eruaraJ;rp eqt roJ sat¿suadu¡oc qr¡{¡tr .ipq8¡1s sB.{\ tr t?qt os 'sreJatu 0B'I }e se,n acard aql ,raqlo aqr ol t¡ul¡e¡d auo urory do.rp alqyrou aqr slueql'rq8raq ru¡nlls E or sPzeq.sqlrlouoru uvauzlJalqns-rjuas t? aq pFo.4A, atuod puu tleuuog eqr 'eldura¡ Ie^at?r{l¡ :g6l't00zs]"lo>I) aql ur sarnldpls aq] Jo uoputuelro elp '(IOOZ'qlOOZvynuz¡grys.llo>lzry eldura¡ ueau?rretqns-Fues eq] ruoIJ uÁesesepy w, 3o tred le.4tol eqt a¡q.tt'sralaur 0g'0 f¡uo ;o qldap B lE PunoJ sE.4A. pueq rqzqder ei{I ' ' ' sear8ep 6¿ ol Jo ]uqs E tB r{tnos eqt ot as"q eq} PUE quou eql llareq rY PEar{ s}I ql4 3ur.,{1 'qrdep s(re}aul v JIeq spls eql ¡o uonrod raddn aqr PunoJ,, ¡auuag'(¡9 'IOOOt] ¡961 sgur8ueg acuo¿) aldure¡ueeuerIelqns pue 'spoe #els 'sonlels leÁou,, 'elnueH llsmolef! ,,nleue/r^tl lo olels cuolstr¡ord aql Jo Á60¡oep¡ snor6rlau oql 144 Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Art Museum These chatacteristics and the hlpothetical presence their ::::-;: l-r, -; costumes. The Putuni monolith has locus characteristics (Couture and Sampeck 2l)lll. iruti- fig. 9.38), as do two small statues, one in thc c,,, =¡ated Tiwanaku's transformation into a reügious and tion of the Nfetropoütan N{useum oi Art ecd =. poiitical center with full hegemonv in the Titicaca other in the Peter Blum Collection in \eu- \- :u Basin (Stanish 2002,2003). Several authors (I{olata (Young-Sánchez 2004,35, 133, fr,gs 2.1.4 and -:. 2003, 194' Couture 2004) have tightly observed The statues look üke miniature, portable \-si-s:, :r< that the fir.'e statues u/ere surrounded bv other of human-size(orsomewhatlessthanhuman-.'.. sculptures of human figures in similar attire. In the monolithic statues, such as the ones ¡¡q¡¡j, '::;J Semi-Subterr^ne^n Temple, tenon heads projected above; thev have the same shape, details, and s:-.., from the tbur u'alis of the sunken courfi-ard. There In the statue belonging to the Nfetropolitan- =r.vas a clear intention to give a certain individual relief decoration covers the belt and skirt; in i:-. touch to ther phvsiognomic features, even though statue from the Peter Blum Collection, it occutrr< the headdresses are similar. In Kalasasar-a there \\-as the band of the headdress as well. This latter st-r¡:. room for several statues, such as the one that is still has its hands aligned with the body, as in the Pun::: displaved there todar, knorvn as El Nlonje (Ilakos'ski monolith (Couture and Sampeck 2003), but the ¡e Hanula 2001b,92-93, fig.97a, b). To judge ftom maining details, such as the headdress, tear-track:. of of elite burial chambers make this the probable - the ancestral cult, founded by the rulers who the pieces preserved in situ and in the collections earrings, and necklace are completely comparab,. in fragments, the figures with the Bennett and Ponce monoliths. Surprisinel'.'. in this particulat fotm wcre dressed the decoration and the shape of the headdress i. in the same t\¡pe of garments and headdresses. exactly the same as that of the monumental head ¡¡ It is interesting to note, however, that there is the Tiwanaku site museum (fig. 8). If the size :rn,j an indisputable relationship between the size of location of the statues bear a direct relation to th. of museums, whole or represented the freestanding sculpture, on one hand, and the status of the person portrayed, the comparisons norcomplexin'of decoration of its attire, on the other. ed above would seem to demonstrate that the sociel This relation caflnot be explained bl obiective fac- position of the otficiants was expressed exclusir-eh' tors, such as the available space tbr reüef decoration; through the decoration of their unku turics, thei instead, it must have been intentional. For example, belts, and their headdresses: the Lrrgher the status, the the Bennett monolith, br- far the tallest and most greater the number of mythical figures represented. important, is the statute with the greatesr diversin' \\,ho did the statues poftfa\r: priests (Ponce of supernatural figutes represented. The figurative Sanginés 1969), ancestors (Couture 2004), or rulers decoration occupies the entire space of the unku (Kolata 2003, 194-97)? Alan I{olata (2003) and tunic, and also covers the band of the headdress, the Young-Sánchez Q004) righdy emphasize the er.ident belt, and the skirt. By contrast, on the monol-ith El ceremonial function of the emblems that most oi than the Ponce monolith, oniv the belt and the skirt are decorated. Significantlli there is not a single mythical fipgre among the designs reproduced there. The complex liguratir-e designs are limited to one frieze of crustaceans on the belt. Nevertheless there is N{onje, which is close to human size and smaller enough space for figrrratir-e relief in his the human figures represented in freestanding sculp- ture hold in their hands. The kero cup is used for the ceremoniai offering and consumpúon of chiclta, an alcoholic drink generally made with maize. The knife that sometimes appears (namely, in El Monle: Nlakou'ski Hanula 2001b,93, figs. 97a,b) alludes to undecorated a bloody human iconographv in sacrifice of humans and camelids. The unku.It seems that onlr'statues greater than snuff trar.s evoke the mantic abilities that the of- size were decorated w-ith complex ficiant acquires as a result of ecstatic rites entailing trrteLuoa8 -lo sParPunq e,\¿q a¿N .s;r-loru e^t.lurn8g puü suSrsep (sJeluef e^IlE-IlslulruPv BluI IIÚ Jo uo eql aPIs Prluesse ara't'suzzld lÚar8 elp Jo .\\orl Jattüru ou sr'Iru¿e-+ g Surqlauos 'sloqulis x¡clu-r8 slql IOJ Pesn q8norqt 'u¡atsis drqsur¡ xaldrutlr arp uttllr-t aru¡d ro alPPrLI eql ur Pools lstll Pul? esod¡nd aq¡ 'uor8q .rrpuel qlre -ürruapi aqr .ilr:acls ()l =1-\ols ero-\\ tuqt su.rt4rtld dol¿ las srEtIB'riluqrll srq puu uaa-^ate Jo dnl srr,ildlnrs eqt t?r{t Í1e¡r¡ ur:ql aJoLu sl ll 'su( )st:-r-I -J-I uful lut.redurr aql ur IÚruIJ lulluef u PslrqDsuol flap¡\ ¡eqto buoLuy .puep rraqt -i:nq puu :r(rts¡fue ¡rp o.t)l )qlqlr.)\\DtlJttf.l JouoB¿qqeqllutllurNou>l aql qll''rr Hur¡uup" atr,-rJua,\ ot Jep.io uI s3rrudlnls rlll punrl:tr suzr:1d sI lI (.'IJnlfuuunH LIIIA Puu uns arlt ur ,illrrrpotracl t:¡Lu PIno-\\ sl-lqtuatu ¡sotl.\\ ,saiuauq ¡lqou rL{r p:rurslril¡¡ s¡rut:rs -Io sr¡prr-r1 Irlt trrrlt e1q.r,qt.,riJ :rrnb st tI 't\¡.¡uL)J Sn{l u¡,\lr) .())zn--¡ -rq -lu srsn()q 1l ir.i: i:'l':t,rt.,,.j:rp ot prrtrduror urul rql s^\\oqs W'ql Qabsnuatuaq cuua['9¡7 'io]'9E61 tsf qf l) rlLlloduuru¿nSedqag'iqFuL\\rJPul\oul-fiaa rtll tlll-\\ utlst¡uduror slsaSSnS oSIÚ lI 'seDIAns¿J ou/!) :lrll -lo (ouanbzn3 la) vurTol'n JP i¿q()lsIrl -iq uon se8uau{ -dr.rlsap aql LIII-I\ sProlJÚ'(palY:raua'r PUE PesseJP eq rlqou -iq pasn ate-\\ 'uotssardap u .iq pepunor;ns or -iltrurodual PeiuldsP ue'ta sdzq-rad puu su'ro;rqd rlaql urlú ¡qr urqtl-\\ 'uuedu11- -lo qlrou eql ol Pul, loo3 Itrrlul aql ePISuI sreqtuuqr ut parrnq) sr¿eqaroJ o'tl Jo selPoq rql ol itFutxo'ld uI Puu 'sallorltu aqr tv sarvds eqt luqr stsaqlocl.iq ar{l Uoddns ol o'$l ui efuepr^a paruadar punoJ srq (ggg¿ ululo;1) ttalor¿ or papuodsa]rof e,\uq .iuru trzql suztld lua-r'! se'\Il¿luesrJder -JO urr.ruf qr,,¡ agl .qluep raqv puu e1rl ur qtocl'sat¡mui Palq1uesss 'elqa n¡euu.ttl aql Jo atqa Jo s¿eJu eJnll?Jtrod Pvall-euo]s Puu senlüls aqr 'paapul IúJe^es asnoq p1no.4l lúql sofueprsar 'nI¿uu.¡lII ut saruds IEIuo(uaJ3r etll Suturacuor ,xeuuú J() ]JOs u sy 'pepnpur sentuts rrqlrlouoru ur;J snq] pur: s-Ifln¡ etF t)t Paltll¡r JJa.\ 1uq] puü pue suzqcl ualiuns rlaqt qlt,rr sruroSlr4cl .ruln8uulrar e fuePl^3 lultSoloeeqrrÚ Jo suolluleJdJalul su rqt ,sru'o¿ prJololnlntr\ aqt Jo eruled oql PuE 'sapruorqr qsrurzd5 Írnluar-qtuaa]Ñs uI PeqLIlseP ^\ol Iuntncl u;orJ eouapl,ta .iq paf.roddns-¡a,u 'Ol¡¿ue¡s a'\na¡d¡atur srqr ot SurproltrV'(t002 riesnuYl) iunlnd ,\pug puu ,prtuu.rfd uurdu¡y aqt 'Ei(ustsul¿>l uaql 'otzna uI PeuIo-lred úuulturs aLIl uo 'et'661) llvlo>I 'lxeluor rruol SslIJ uaealeq 'rpqfu ('OOZ -felILIf,I? eql üIo4 peuealS aq Íuru suonlun3 snotbrJar '(9 Pt" pul, Pln{od 'i1e>1q eql Jo suollúllPul Jeq}O pa>lwtuar nl?ulr.^\Il osll, s¿q qt 'sBU '.qlllouotrr lleuuag aqr ur se) sPseLI Pnq :ic) Jo rrluef, Iuruoureret aLIt t¿qt u,\\ot{s uoaq ]I 'llnt l¿Jtsafuv al{l Jo-+ acrds lvtuotuefaf 3 Pulr (¿ Eq 'qrr¡ouow efuocl aqr ur sv) sP¿eLI qsg :su'¡NoJf .runalosnvru r .aw1ud aqi -¡o saurnld 3q] uroP? uouo luql sloqu'(s Iunuaprser u Jo alol eldu aqr pa,(r:.r eqJ,'(eIPPri!'qtl '39) sm+ r¿r{r auo sy xalduror runrncl aqr rardrarur .(13ur aLUús oqt uI sPue lruq PePllrrq -tul\uof (g¡¡¿) ltedruys rulraqtu>l PUL alnlno-¡ iiulaq rrqdrouodorqluz pa8uul ;o adú v ur "\laruuu alolr\ ,iirrlrrur5 'ralduor u,iususulu:J eLIl qrl.\\ 's¡sut ulr:lr¡l uJ'i¡uo srnJer PEati l{sq ar[] Jo IIEIaP rql .(g¡r¡.,1 urerspioS) -ia¡u.1 un8anbo¡¡ arlt ur 'ctrug tnq'sanleP etll aLIl uI s3 eluus aqt st aduqs -{o seru3 ur aruaprsar ro/puu aldurar lutlut-r.ord -rlq¡ u-\\oul ¡urauaii eql 'qsg u -+o Puaq elll ur sol?urulral [r¿1 'uuo¡ prrq iq -ipo aqr so¡vdruol aH 'uonuzruebio put uonda:uo¡ ¡soq-\\ Pnq u -Io -ipoq sselprall Ú J() lÚql sn()Irnf ü uo rli¿1 '(ZE6l -+Jrl^oru¡) sa'ia Pluollt3 str -IO srurat ur'nriúuu-\\rl ur put orzn:) leuadrut ur afueprsal s.JalnJ aLIr uaa.\uJq -urJcputs Jlqrssod eql -Io trüJl fnslJalf¿J?Llf z 's1lur1--lual ¡ql erJq paz'(1cuu ot uonuelt¿ pa¡vr .ipuarar svq (q19¡¿) ¡¡aqs1 uruq sesur eql [iE uI 's]ueulrrzS.naqr PruroPv uel-Jo sa8?Lul eql -Ir.A\.(etunlo srql .sedooH osp aes) slurú1tr uonrpur esoq-\\ sauo ,(¡a,r rLll-senlrP rLIl PU? slul?Ir5Jo illvuu,\\ll tuo4 }ueluol uea-\Uaq drqsuq uwlrel ¿ qs[qu]sa o] lualur uY ildulI IvJo s¿orzn3 ttr{t uf,uI eql ol ptr snor3qa; -lo ,bmunuor alqrsscid aLIl ,\snol.Ies JroLu rl-usrlut{ eql puu's¡lul-rual aqr 'i¡urgrcads'lrnud (Pu?q raqlo eq] uO 'pefz'rrrod sarnbg aq] Jo pur erorrr ua1vl e,\tsq (t¡lgZ .1u.f i1g¡¡¿'vE661 vtv¡ -u-J 3L1l lurr(ur¿tuy>J .sdvqrad'rsrg-i1,tro1s ¡ra¡8 -o;T) stsr8oloeuqfru ctuos pu¿ (¿661 qsuruszs:6661 uaunrlr¡1) suúIJotsIH 'OO¡-Zt'0661 dolsiH) ¡r:tus srrlnP.iFs¡Ircl ar¡r pezrsuqdrua puj ui e^¿q srordincs eLIl (snql 'srap'r'rod crueSoutcn¡uLl Jo uoDSeBuI ar{l gvl..nleueMlfloo}e]scllolslqoldaq}]oÁ00|oop|snolol|oUoq}pue.spocJJe}S.Son}e}S|eÁou,,.e|nueHllsMoleli\ 146 Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Art Museum have garments decorated with images of various anthropomorphic mvthicai beings. Their location, size, ancl decoration indicate that the Bennett and Ponce seen that onlv the statues of supernatural size monoiiths must have represented supreme rulers, the kings of Tiwanaku from the era when they extencled their power bevond the southern tendants in profile with respect to the frontal dein: the absence of the stepped platform beneath ttcr that walk toward the right; the number of plumes in the halo (fourteen instead of twentl'-four; fig' - ' In the case of the Bennett monolith, the results of the comparison reaches frontal of theTiticacaVallel' (Stanish2002,2003;Janusek are even more surprising. The deiq'', atop a stepped structure' does nc't resemble that of the Gatewav of the Sun, eren 2004). Following this supposition, the other statues though his position with respect to the othet figureswould possibly correspond to hgures of lou,er rank. in the center of the composition, would lead one Iconographic analvsis of the images represented to expect close iconographic links between the ñ\'o in reliei that simulate the decoration of ceremonial images, u'ith small stylistic differences (figs. 4b. ó: garments ot-fers a goocl opporrunin- to check this Xlakos'skiHanula 2001b,74,fr,g'79a).IntheBennen hvpothesis regarding rhe starues' identin'. It also monolith the deiq' does not hold staffs in his nr-o makes it possible to r-eriñ-rvhether the hrpothetical hands, but rather rvhat seem to be st1üzed plants' reconsrruction oi Tis-anaku reügion as a henothe- Other sn'lized plants form his feet. His crown or istic system, q-ith onlv one supreme god-on the halo has se\¡enteen raved plumes (fig. 12b) instead oi trventr,-four. The seven plumes that should close pu¡gtr¿6-is in fact corroborated bv archaeological sources. According to the the frame around his face, below the beard, are not hypothesis developeclbvNfenzel (1968b) and Cook represented. The plumes in the halo take on the aspect of frontal faces, u'ith a smiling expression. (1,994,2001), the garments' decorarion would be a instead of feline or avian heads in profile alternatinq vartanf of all or part of the "theme of homage by winged attendants to the staff god" as tepresented with disks, as in the Gateway of the Sun. The frontel in the Gatewav of the Sun. One might also then {igure is surrounded not by winged attendants in surmise that a1l the great statues of krngs would bear profiie but rather by four faces that correspond, to the same image of the staff god, while the subor- judge b,v the I'arf ing details, to at least three ditter\ü/e have seen that the iaces <]inate figures' clorhes would be adorned rvith one ent fi'pes of staff gods. of the winged anthropomotphic beings rn profile. constitute an abbreviated form of representation order of Vi¡acocha e¡ The evidence shows nothing of the sort. In the for the staff gods since the Formative Period, s-hen seriesmadeupofcompletesculptutesandlargefotsomefeasonthefull-bodl,versionwasnotused fragments of monoüths that are partly destroyed, (compare the Chunchukala monolith, full-bodv s'ith of its hands overits chest: I{olata 2003,fr'g.7.5). In the them can be consideted eithet a copy or a direct Bennett monoüth, on both sides of the stepped antecedent oi the Gates-ar-of the Sun. The decora- platform over .¡'hich the central deigv rests' there are t\ro almost identical faces whose halos have slr tion of the Ponce n-ronolith (figs. 5, -) is closest to the Gatel-al oi the Sun in terms of its composi- plumes, three to each side of the face; the plumes tion and the iconosraphic characteristics of the end i.n zoomorphic heads that are now highlv eroded frontal god, but er-en in this case there are notable (drawn as felines and birds in Posnanskv 1945). From differences: the orientation oi most of the profile the forehead of each face springs an apparentlr'phr-figures, g,ho furn their backs on the central deitv tomorphic, candelabra-shaped element. The same object sprouts from the feet of the principal dei¡ instead of approaching him, as in the Gateu'ay of the Sun; the presence oi anthropomorphic beings as well as from the bodies of two mythical llamas with feline and fish faces; the distribution of the at- that accompanv him. Above the deig'are two more there are no such figurative designs, and none paluaseJdeJ seJnFU aqt IIE Jo stueiu.rB8 aql l¿ql tno turod os]E tq8[u o¿N 'su.¡No¡r puts lUirls rrar{] spq ssarppeeq slH 'Uel eq] ot 8ur¡p.ra sr aLI túrp sf,nsrretrpJuql SuualJrp r(q peqsm8uusrp ',urap Jo sarr¿Punoq aqt 3q ot sluees 1?rl.{\ urqlra Puno-I s¡ rerltsJ lnq wro;re1d ú uo tsar tou soop úrap lurruar Jo I¿rluel oqr Surpnpur 'spo8 _]_IEls -JIP xls er? e:raqt parr-resard sr _+o sad-ü tuara_¡ trqt rrud aqt uI rleqt Jo uon¿luerro aqr -iq parúrrpur 'taa-I su 'sdars rraqr JO uonJe.rrp arp 8urc1:turu 'ap¡o.rd ur u-\\oqs eJü s¡D -iap ¡LIt _lo spreti arlt '.r:-r:-uo¡1 'rlqullnuepr -i¡pyar lou sLualqLlra our: 'srucld pazrT-\ts 'srralqo aIrF-I¿ts epnirur túLlt 'purrl rit¿a ur auo 'srralqo o-\u plorl pur -i¡lruor_¡ patuasa:da: sosJol a-\erl sarnErl Jsoql 'a-\r-\rns qrlll-\\ -¡o rq8ra 'tuq pepuno¡¡ns s8ur-r. _¡3urs _+o JaqLunu eterrruJalapur uv 'sp?tep rar{to Suotue 'u.rl.oJr pade.r aqr {g patsaSSns tnolllr^\\ spo8 sI sntvls l?rntuuradns sq pup 'ur.ro3lr1d paddats y dol¿ Sunsa¡ Jo pvetsur Ual aqt pr¿.4A.o] sIIp,4A, aH '(rtt '39) saunld rno;-úua.ru Jo ol¿q pa,'(ur z puu 'pueq grua ur euo's¡ets o,trt szg ibrap pdnur.rd aqr 'qtr¡ouour Juurelerlfvcl or{t sB u.¡eou>1 ruaru8zr; aqr uI 'rerlto qr¿a ot srlruq rrrql a.\üq ro a¡rJ .(latuu¡allu sern8g SurroqqSrau rpFI,\ ur azerr,+ e uo pa-(u.rtrod (uns eJú puetsur tnq uorssacord ¿ LuJo,l lou op aqt -+o al¿rrpul taeJ srH 'efn1fn.rts fruolfelrllfJu xaldruor aqr '(y11 '3g) qrqouoru ?ru€ul?rlrl?cl ro r?ulüw¿qJo:) aLIt uI 'let¿e¡8 ua¡a eJu uns aqt Jo 'ie.lo,etyg arlt or tre ds ar r{1L\ saruerelJrp eqt'stuatu8u;¡ sy,(¡uo pa-\r¡ -e¡d a¡e lvr{t sqtrTouoru 'uns agt s8uraq pa8urn aq] Jo stusrru^ urvlraf, ,i1ug -urap claqlouu Jat_Iü auo I?Jtuef eqt ot sll¿q JraLIt qlr.4l '8ur¡p,tr a.re 'l¿rJrráH ") Fbnr.¡oci ¿lers or;utrX ody Hnrll'01 8lC er{I 'spveq uvrunq qlr,t sarnSll 'spraq prrq qlr.a s8uraq rrqdroruodorqruu tq8ra 's¡uus;o seqruor rllr,lN sSuroq crqdroruodoJqtuu o^\\l Ísuurz¡ frlslllul? oal Jo stsrsuoJ enuneJ srLII'saDrep Ivtuory er{l Jo i3el pur rq8u oqr ol Qleq eqt a,\oqu pue']saqr pu? sruJ? erlt uo 'ssatppeaq aqt uo) s.\\or tuereJJrp JnoJ ur patnqulsrp (o.nar-,uua^t Jo Ixtot u) stu¿puene ¡o sdno:r8 iuuorssarord lq8re er¿ ararll 'sr tu¿puauú Wu¡S o.$t pup'suuo;tz1d paddars dotu sanlep pdnur.rd aeJqt dn apztu sr qfrq.a <qlrlouoru -l¿,+ -uag aql uo -iq Sur-tu"rq) '(9661 zürO sarn8g rrqd.rourodorqtuu pa8ultr uet puv Ís¡yr pue 's8ur^n ur uro-1rr1d u u() spuuts tuqr pod -u{ ar{r qtl\\ Lrml sluq trcI IaIBI srql 'sp¿er{ LIsu r{ pua qrrq-\\ _Io [¿ ]sou¡¡, 'sawnld uaalrno¡ -i1uo eqt Jo esvtr aqt uI orlt tn stuzpue]]E Jo suorssa¡o.rd aqr qlr-\\ slep.;;ed pug spyecl uvr ? ro usurnrl qtr-\\ ueuuag a8r o.¡A,} s _¡o -iu-ro.a1eg -ir:-tarcg Jqt uo asoqt arlr1 sp¿arl u¿r-\u pull uuLunrl e,\¿q rlrnl-\\ '|qt t'3q' stullpurlL: paiuln aqr 'puur{ r;Llto ¡rlt uO 'li rl '.Sg, rlals orruJf od¡ r¡nq3 aqr +_luts aLIt _¡o r- Jo uo dnor8 p.rluar aLit o] pe]rurq tou ar¿ uns aqt _1o -iu-tatzg aqt uo esoLlt pu¿ qt{ouour uau 's8ur^t aLIt prq s_IarTer srll uea:geQ seJuereJJ[p ar{I 3o adeqs lzuondarxa oql e^¿LI opq pa.iu.r aql's8urqr Jaqto Suotuú'esnrraq un5 aLIt Jo sraqt¿a3 eqt Jo eq} uo asoqt q}L\\ slaip.rrd s>llEl Uel '{ru,natug aLIt uo alvJ eqt 'pueq raqlo eqt uO 'tuelelel aq ol lno urnt ppor teqt ruro3reld er{} Jo selueraJJrp orlros jo errds ul-tq8rr sTrútap eqt ur er{t uo auo aql Dauuag oLIl uo sere3 paÍr.r o,4cl eqt Jo -ql{ouorrr euo JoJ prl?^ ssel Jo aJo(u sr uosu¿duror sq¿ úlep I¿rtual aqt Jo Jerlel snoureJ aqt qt?eueq spra.rds wqt ez¿t4 Jtpuel¿f, eqt urqtr.4t pes¡eds;atu eJ¿ sar¿_J esogl'saunld rnoS-,{rue.,tr1 e^úL[ sopq asorl.4l uns oq] ¡o i(e,rareg or{t uo sarúJ uo^ale or elqzwdtuor eru sacu; paÍur o¡Nl er{l'sopq.rraqt ut sarunld Jo lequnu eql pue u.ro;rqd paddats aq1 rr^o uonurol Jrer.[] Jo entJl ig '(q EU) arzS s,úrap I¿luef, aq] s? ezIS eLu¿s aqt sI t?qt saunld rno;-ihua-ru Jo ap?Lu opq pa,(ur u qtr¡N al¿J a8.rq z 3un¡oddns qcya'sur.rojtlqd paddals Lil ,,nleueMrf lo otels cuols¡qold aq] lo Áooloopl snoro¡loE oq] pue 'spoe ilels 'sonlels leÁou,, 'elnueH qs^ olEu\ 148 Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Aft Museum a themes, as in Br,zantine or Renaissance i!:- : :: ¡-.F knee-length turuc with no belt and u'hat is probabll' of episodes reiatins a sacred histor¡, a iirer:: ': a mande gathered at the shouldets. N[ost of their or a mvth is spread throush canonical com]':-: ú: on this monolith are exceptional, consisting of ,,:.., chests are decorated with image s of a mt,thical feLine. The mantle appears to be 1978). a woman's (I-von The Statf God: One or Many? of main rcs¡;.-:- : positions, and even gestures and scenes are :::::-:r=l b). tradition. (]enetallv thete is an illustrated b - =- r-volved in this drffusion. A model composidr,:: c::- -e in rvhich the number actors, theú p.r.::-;'l In the context of the evidence presented above, the copied in drarvtng or painting, u'hollv or in question posed in this subhead mav seem rhetori- or r.vithout slight variations, proot that might support, in a trulv convincing wa)', the existence of consideting thematic structure the guidrne prÍ-c-rr,: cal. Indeed, we frnd no empirical as u'ell as ad:rplrc other media. Christopher Donnan (19-5) : ,: su::-..:=: themes, each with a single protagonist: the theme in N{oche art. Regardless of the polemics ¡h:: -::-. vierv might eücit (Nlakorvski Hanula l!!(. r* I "; 2005; Quilter 1997), the differences benr-een \[, c:.: of and Tiwanaku iconographv are immediateh- obr:, ' '.- a thematic structure in Tirvanaku att and even less the notion that its iconographv revolved around rrvo homage to the staff god (Nlenzel 1964; Cook of sacrifice (Cook 1983,1994). When narcaive content is expressed b1' means of 1983) and the theme not onlf in terms of the conventions for reprcs.n--: deeds and actions and the scenes in s'hich the'.' ¡:i. of actors, the repcrt, '::. of performances, and the complexin'of the t-i..In the Tirvanaku repertoire thcrc are no sccrlcsin the strict scnse clf the term. tach figure, s-iti.r ,': without emblems of action (rr''eapons or a slcriÉci..knife and a tr()phv heacl, a plant, or a staft;. is tr'..tt..i as an inclependent unit. His pose and orientrd, 'n r.i s-i-r.is the remaining flgure s i s highlr' conr-en rio nri and ober.s lasrs of altcrnation, svmmetr\., and inr-ersion much as in heraldry (González 1 974). \\'e har e seen that in most cases the rows of rvinged hqurcs in profilc ckr not face the frontal deiq', to s'hom thei. place, but also in the number supposecllr.par-homage, but rather face the oppositc direction, probablr- as determined b,v the orientr- tion of the statue rvith regard to an external pornt in thc ceremonial space: e.g., facing east, tou,ard the center of the gxteway into I{alasasaya, in the case Fig.11. Supernatutal fieutes on the partialll, pteserved monoliths Cochamama or Pachamama (a, b) and Pachacamac (c) (Portugal Orrí2, 1998 and documentatl photos, atchives of D. Giannoni and K. N{akorvski Hanula). (Dtar-ings br- C. Herrera) b. ildrurs 'uqof turvg tuesa.rda¡ stures _lo dnru8 r _1o of,sa{ arruuuzige w uotu eqt ils tuqt Sunrasse ayq aq plno.¡l l1 'paruadar si rzqr ern8g prrq]Íur a18urs u luasardar ltrüJ ur 'sqtr¡ouour f¿uref¿ql¿d Jo nauuJg eql Jo rrunl ,{u,/\\areg aqt ur sB 'oprs fg eprs pau.3qe 'Qt'3A 'B'a) sarnqrrtru pu¿ slrvtep tuarelJrp qlyr s8ul -aq rrqd;ourodo;qluy oqt ttqt eu¡nssz ot e Eq plno'\\ a,t'uapr sqr Surploqdn enunuor o¡ frpp a18urs e tuasa¡da¡ s8ur.rl alqrsr.L tnoqtt.{\ sern8g ptuor_l arll IJE t¿r{t a^e{eq ot uoseor ou sr erar{l uaqt 'tuopHurrl oua¡du¡o aqt ur palru e.rd reqr syapr snorS4ar I¿nuassa ¡o srsaqrufs eqt ¡ou tueparaluv eq] Jar{trau sr uns aql _¡o ,ty.trerzg ar{t -lo uonuJorep eql Jr pue 'e¡ntln;ts f,Rzrueql s1r¿l nrleu?.4A.r¡ _¡o fqdurSouolr erp JI 'uo os pue .,'lue3sy,, Jo <<uolllJedde,, .,'lqBIH,, Jo w sraqto pue '3ur:¡¡z.t ro ruro;ru1d v dow.{¡yruor; .,3rrr¡u-a,rza1,, .,'8uEearu,, Jo setueql ar{l ol pcalsrrt puodserroc ppo,¡a, seSsiül 8urur¿u¡a¡ aq¡ ,,'a8uuoq pafunrod s8ulag 'sqtrlouow Jo selgJ aqt uo ';enu1 Jo eu¡aqt,, eqt pell?f, aq plnol eloqu paterournue aqt Jo uorlvtrurl ut 'puz 'sarzjlns elnxet uo 'sa¡¿ds stu?rJú eql _'o lsJU eqt f¡ug 'euraqr alSurs ¿ o] tr fruotJatrqf,r? uI ruaqt atnqlrslp pue sa.rn8g rrqdroru u8lssz ot elqrssodur sr tr t?q] ees 0.4A. '1re uralsa¿¡ ur -odorqruu qtrta{s ot suonua uor Jo aJrotredar puu parrurq fral v parroldxa uzsrlJ¿ n>Isuú.lA.rl '@IOOZ 'r-0002 EInUEH r¡s.,to.o¡r1q) slsnru r{lI.4N as?f, aI{} sB,4N su 's;ar1ar pr8u eql erntf,nrts lR¿urorll JoJ sapotr pnsr¡ aqt o1 Surpro¡z e¡rot¡ade¡ peus sn{t ,lrssup ol i.rt a.¡¡. 31 ',(z.laarv8 e ?rrqf,otr{ unltr.4l ro pnuzrdd paddals E Jo urroJ eql ur urro_pqd ur v dow (pat?losr suIErrJeJ slaqto ur pu? uorssaco¡d puu 's8unulzd 'saplxal sperapadrrspuvlrouonr?qtl¡Npe1¡gsauarslu¡uodo] uoqzldsut ner{} s? seruoureraf, pu? sIs^ESeJ snorSqar _¡o seruer.radxa ro sqúur uor3 saposrda arlel Áaqf prp roN 'Ir¿tep JoJ lrctep sauers ppou Srmutlq fq arua¡o tou Prp su?srlJ? n{suú.4\rJ. 'aas ¡¡rqs a.4N sv 'sam8g aql ur lrvd aql flalprz sas¿l aruos ur po8 33ers 'urFI urorJ de,ru urnt seurn reqto pug u¡rq efsj sa>1e1 saurqeulos po8 3;efs ar{} Jo stuEpueny paurnsard Jo lu]uor3 'arn8g pcrqrÍru ro leet e aq¡ 'apord rr 30 aSyu-rr fpoq-oloqa 3q} JoJ e}n}Dsqns o} pesn ersj clqrfu Jel{to pup spoS 3o ,ünuapr atl} patrnrlsuof, u ¡o a8eurt eqt s€ qrns 'ulsrpol q}r.4ü sppo }¿ suon suesRJE ow7d14o aqt a.oq puz'p¡aq arcq rgSnu sTr¿tap -ue^uor sfoldrua uortrsodwo¡ eql 'sapor rrreurnu ¡o ,{rrpquuu,r aqr rq8ra.t }?r{^\ >lsz ot paeu a.t 'snq¡ 'lzuopualur ssapqnop 'a,t¡cur¡sTp ol Surproccu 'seurg opq ¿ a ¿q pur 'saqor 3uo1 rea.,rl pla as perradar eq II¡N etnSg atuzs aql Íruanbar3 'a¡nrsod IeruoJJ eur¿s aqr rdopz ¡z daqr asnuraq aruos qrr,lN '(L'g '6 's8g) qrr¡ouour eruod aq] Jo 'spuoq naql punorp 6rl .nleueMrl lo olPls cuolsrr.lo.¡d aql lo r{60¡oep¡ snorbrlou oq} pue 'spoe Jle}s 'son}els leÁou,, 'elnueH qsMoleu\l Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Art Museum The g\phs iisted above repeat in almost all Ti_ gruWtrffipHH *-anaku scuipture (see rable l. with the comparison ggffi Wffi#' oi plumes in halos) as rvell as in Wari rexúles and \ffi: Wg sr-,--.=ls "o'.ErfSR. porter\. Several of these ghphs also cpperr in snuff ffi Hrl¡¡¡# ffireE]]trars(Torresl987,90-96;l994),infigurativeceremics (Alconiru N{ujica 1995), and in Tiwanaku metal " ornaments (e.g., Nlakorvski Hanula 2001b, ñg.70. Exceptional designs that appear as emblematic attributes of the central figure of the Gatervar- of the Sun, and are aiso associated with the minor figures on the stepped border that delimits the lower part of the trieze, complete the repertoire: Fig. 12. Frontal figures in Uori and Tirvanaku i.ol-ronroph... a. Gate\\'a\- oi the Sun. b. Bennett monoiith, central ligure. c. Bennett monoüth, lateral leti hgure. d. Conchopata jug (Cook 1994). e. Conchopata urn (trIenzel 1968b). f. Conchopata urn (Ilcnzel 1968b). (Draüngs br- C. Hetrera). 1, Fantastic feiine head r,vith tures (crest and tear-tracks) and a crou,n (fig. 13 ngtu a) 2. Frontal feline face (ñg. 13 lefr d) 3. profile running, walking, or "flr:ing" Q¡..ing face down), multipll,and line up in rows to form a procession. The interior of these figures, whose posture and falconid facial fea- Trophr heads (hanging from rhe arms and the skrrt; figs. 1, 14a) 4. Feline serpeflt uüose bodl,is covered with plumes and scales (a fantastic otter?; fig. 13 rightk) orientation are shorvn br, ouünes, is filled with seem- 5. Small brrd r.vith a short, curr-ed beak (ñg.13 inglr, abstract elemenrs, similar to gl1'phs or takapas 6. Fantastic (s1-mbolic motifs repeated on Inca tunics). The fol- 7. Pair lorving list of "glrphs" decoration of has been estabüshed from the the Gateu'ar- 1. Stepped sign of the Sun (fig. 13 @i): u'ith an or-al disk on top (a) 3. Feüne herrd in profile (c) 4. Tripartue plume (d), sorne dmes com- bined with the frontal image 5. Frontal face of a ttline head of brrds uith of a bird of pre.\,(0 of a bird of pre). G) ó. Double head Ulk) 14c) r.erv long u'ings and short 8. Rainbowlike tw-o-headed serpent (fig. 14c) 9. Double croun (fig. 14c) Trumpeter (fig. 14c) The basic elements listed above combine to form attributes of the figures: tear-ttacks, internal appendages (bodv paint?), bird tails and u-ings, taved crowns (e) of a fish (fig. beaks (fig. 14c) 10. 2. Plume s'ith disk (b) bird u'ith the head of plumes, decorations for stepped platforms (figs. 13 left a-c, e-j). At the beginning 8. Fish head ftr) of a work, the sculptor, wea\-er, or ceramist would sketch the outlines of a figure chosen from a 9. Snail shell (i) repertoire 7. Single head 10. Headless 11. bodr.of a bird (j) Bird of pre¡-, full bodv (k) 12. N[eander (1) 13. Concentic sign, called cochaby Posnansk¡ (i945) and some Boür-ian archaeologists (m) 14. Condor head (bird rvith crest and ruff) of conventions and modfs that r.vere customarilr. reproduced. As mentioned earüer, the repertoire of conventions was hmited to five r.ariants: standing frontal figures, frontal figures walking to the left or right, figures in profile walking, figures in profile ruuning, and figures lving face down in the position of flight. The iconographic of sculpture is as restricted as the formal repertoire (Nfakowski Hanula 2001b, figs. 84-86): repertoire '(urar;ag '3 :8ur-llzrq) '¿zeal rvpu¿Iv:- Jo s1r¿ra(J 'r 'algord ur sa¡n8r,r 'q 'am8g IB¡uaJ 'E uns aqt 3o {e,r,rarzg '¡1 €rg pa>pu pue erEJ eqt uo sacqd asrcerd utpauonrsod a¡s .{aqr arurs frnuapr srr r{lut a¡nEU ar{r pa.4Nopue sqd,(13 'e^oq¿ Pe}srl sqdd13 asoqt Jo suon?urqlrror q8norqr petf,nJtsuof, s[¿]ap qtul rorratrll s]r ilU p1nortr vvsrlrv aql 'ern35 eser{t }BrI} erunss? o} elqeuoseer sI }I papeps arl] Jo eupno oql ap?ul 3ur.,tuq rar;y saulled o sprlourBJ o speus pazrqdrourodorqtuy . q SaAIIDI I?If,gIrfBS Pu¿ speer{ aurlal ffi ffi ffi spúeq qsg Jo 'p{q'euqa3 'uerunq puu s8ur..la puv sLEl prTq rül¡N sarn8g rrqdrourodoJqtuv . a¡nlr¿n¡od ptar{ pu? f¡¿n}¿}s ur sem5g uuluru{.,(¡ng . '(Uf ¡ fq s8urlrzrq) 'alzldtsea.rg :l :sIl¿Jt-;¿eI :r 'a Ísdrl JJErs puv 33zrg :f ! 'p fsarn8g crqdrou:oqrru -ro uo lrzt aqt ¡o sdr¡ :>-q :sluour¿ulo urJo]tuld :l'¿ 'uns JrF jo fe.ro,aleS aql uo apzu sarnqr.rny,rqFz '8lC suSrs rrturualqrua suSrs 3o tl ;o errorrada¿ InEcI :9¿61 ;a.{rl\q puE re.L\\C) svrvredwory salExal PaJaProJqruo aql ur Pe^resqo ssnblsq)el a-tqe¡e130 eqt salqureser osls Paqrrf,saP lsnl eJnpaf,ord aq¡ '(SOOZ eurzrd Í996¿ uorr¡) sndo4o¡ Ieruolor Puz ?f,ul r{}rrt\ senlr¿IuIls IsuoBlunJ IEJe^es osF ere arar{I's}uewals Jo errouedar paxS r qSnorqr (7661 uzurra.t¡g) su8rsap tounsqe ,{puereddz raql ut s8ur -u?euJ pelfnDsuof, dlrunuruIof, oJa<Ó eql Jo sJe slueru druanbar; Ivrrraurnu qtr.ll <salnr paxg ^\olloJ -ele Jo suoDzurqruof, pur suonpadar aq¡'ra ?a.ll ¿ Jo ]Erp JarpEr tnq Jetur¿d Jo JoldF¡s 3 Jo l€ql lou sI arnpaco.rd srqr ur frr¡qrsues f,rlaqtsau 8ur,{1.rapun aq¡ 'rrunt e{r :spuer{ qam8g eW q pleq satnqtrr}E IzIlgJo pu¿ elBtz Fruourarer Jo sluotuola aqt rm4rul ro fpoq ,9, #ffi { ffi I üüE tlo?2 z2 ffi ] sYA (Oo\ \olI- 's8g) sruy¡d paz4,bs pue'suodza.t'sJzls 'ssarppzaq aurnld'atqdtsea.rq'sarzg rza'ur¡s']1aq 'út t:'4¿ ffim' 33.4A, puoprpzrt rzqr duo. eql ot uDIE eJorrJ sr ]I 'suoBclg -rpou [¿tus qrrn sern8g are¡duror 8ur,(doc 'sarueq] peqsrlqs]sea¡d satza¡¡-al oq¡\ relurEd 3 Jo >lro¡N 3qt o1 3ruúlqruJsaf ou sJEog ssaf,oJd algeerc srq¡ '(Zt'0t 'üI qrur sarn5g crqdroruodorqtuv . @ o r:] rr lul l"l @ur I fEI tg!¡:)J .o, EtIy I HUJ i.?l g a qñj E- ffi tEfl VJ q €Éit -@ W# ffir @ w ffiM ,,nleue/ú\rf lo elels cuolsrLloJd otll lo ,i6o¡oep¡ snolollou oql pue 'spoc t--:-l @Kd J ru q nn o e ti7l Fl e.) ljBls 'sonlels leÁou,, 'elnueH llsMoley\ 152 Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Aft Museum were embroi- 1990a,b; Frame 1994). The outlines Tablel marked beforehand, sketched and comparison of Plumes in Halos dered, and then filled in with details. In the Case" Paracas Necropolis iconographic repertoire No. of plumes one rarelv finds two motifs that are trulv alike of in all their details, but the design and the rules of elements combination are repeated (Makowskr Hanula 2000b). Feline heads Bird heads Frontal faces Bird wings Bird headsb I am convinced 16 16 Round disks same deity rests on the supposed differences phic face and lack wings. (241d -04 06 16 plúmes Oval disks Feline headsb 01 01 01 01 - 02, - 02, -14 tiz 16 01 01 0l -- Fish headsb ; ;; 01 -01 02 -- 02 02 02 01 02 02 13 06 16 -16 01 'l_ 9 ,lu,' 02 ". 04 Tripartite profile. The former have an anthropomor- 78 56 24 Fish heads Ultimatel¡ the hlpothesis that all the images of a frontal figure with a rayedha).o and two staffs always correspond to the between the frontal beings and those in 1234 24 24 24 0604-06 ': :-, (?) 01 01 Feline/bird headsb Tripartite plumesb that these differences are not absolute and inherent to those figures but rathet derive from limitations of the formal conventions when appüed to a fÁeze or abas-reüef. Cook recently stressed (2001), and rightlv so, rhat the only known Pucara antecedent for the Tiwanaku frontal figures had wings. She "The numbered cases correspond to the following figures. Question marks Indicate cases where the shape cannot be determined because of poor preservation. 1 as well. The Pucara antecedent is a 5. Chuki Apo Marco stela (Portugal pany the staff god, there is at least one case where the figure is represented frontally rather than in profile. Its sculptural head Ortiz 1998, 244,fr1.218;here fi9.11) small ornithomorphic figures that usually accom- ofthe Sun, rayed faces in the lower frieze (fig.4) 4. Bennett monolith, frontal rayed face on the left (figs. 5b, 1 6c) ofthe Moon, frontal rayed face (fig.4) monolith, frontal figure in the center (figs. 5b,6) 8. Cochamama monolith, frontal figure (fig. 12) 9. Ponce monolith, frontal figure (figs.7b,8) 6. Gateway 7. Bennett three-dimensional statue. The wings can- not be seen from the front, but are visible from the sides and back (Cook 2001.,54, ñgs62a,b). On the other hand, among the Gateway of the Sun, frontal figure with staffs (fig. 1 0a) 3. Bennett monolith, frontal rayed face on the right (fi9s. 5b, 6) therefore believes that üe Tiwanaku figures did . 2. Gateway b Signs represented in the stepped platforms 'Alternating feline and bird heads d Estimate oftotal number ofelements based on the part that has been preserved see the freestanding feline, Young-Sánchez 2004, ñg.4.1) well as birds, and any of üese as may be represented frontalll, adorns a beautiful painted Ti.wa¡aku kero or in profile depending on the context. This conclusion may (Nlakowski Hanula 2001b, 80, fig. be further confirmed by a brief exercise 881, cf. qero of the imagination. in fig. 73). The halo that surrounds the bird If of prey's face has sixteen figurative plumes in which feline heads, ripartite signs, and disks alternate. The central figure of the Gateway of the Sun has similar plumes in its halo. Evidendy rayed halos, made of so that they appeared frontally and represented in a wav that their rayed crowns. Those in profile have only five, but that figurative plumes, and wings charactenze all, results ftom the impossibility anthropomorphic figures (fantastic animals, when only half the face is exposed; twelve plumes corre- camelid and feline, also have halo crowns: sponding to the other half the profile figures on the Gateway of the Sun were turncd relied solely on the formal resources that Tiwanaku sculptots employed, the wings would disappear, concealed by the torso. The figures would have up to twenty-four plumes in of projecting the entire of üe halo face remain hidden, and 'suoDu^rasqo,{ryurrurJa,rd aqr 3o,irrpr¡u-r rLIt LurrJu()l e^oqr paluesa.rd srs,i¡uuu e,utuJ¿druor aLIr _lo srlnsrl Jr{I'qtr¡ououJ l]áuue[I rrl] puu unS ¡qr -¡o .iu.taru'-¡ ¡lt u() olqo.rd u¡ ¡la1c1d:lp o-rnlirl pr8ur.L rtqd:otuoqr -rulo Jrlt Jo stu?rJvx ua,r.¡s s¡,r¿druoJ !- -l]qul 'uns aLll 3o ,iu,terug )tll uo ilut, ut.,tssr:,xd atp (rlpprLu uqtt'\ (tuorroq lo 'dol; r:nHr1 ¡qr -JO uon -rfol eqt or palulal sr arunld IUruoJ_I ¡rp _JO Lur()_J eqr (uotrtppu uI '(9-t slu¡lqu¡e'¿ ¡lqiili wuts -Ilrtll puú salpoq JIrLp uo _¡Ir()Ltr )Luus atll -r.\t:tl .i¡rznsn spueq¡r(u rr¡qt uo u;-rs prrq JLll rllr-\\ sduraq asotlr 'uoutun; .I?ILuIs r: patu.roSrad a,rtq iuru .iqdvr.:, ,¡, -'; nluuu.\\rl ul s¡oqu.is pue sqdifi aq] tuqt esod, ':j p¡1o.\ I 'ruroJrun srq uo zruHrsur puu sl€pew aqr , r sluutp prorer puü lucr s,rr3r+Jo q8rq aqr ¡7ffi1¡¡>¡ , ,: áiqu rq Plncr\\ suoDrpu-r] u\' 'il¡.\\ ir: '(¡¿t{rui ur uádxe rurcdpuuls Jalltout; uror-+ InJasn sl uosr¡rduol sHI '1_1uls lu.raua8 Jql _Jo uondaf,al z ut 's1auc-r1ol r¡qlr) r1tr.\ .ratFaiior 'luraua8 ¿ eroJaq alqord uI u.\\otls )q plno.\\ Ieu()lotr atrlus eqt rnq luiq elnlus :l1rq-$,'.i¡utuorJ pa.(urr.rod si ranEl aqt rJLL¡.I()-I rtll '1euct1or u r¡tt.N taeru sun:td¿f Jrlt uJrl.4N :uosrruduroo lunsl,r pooii- r: arallt patuese.rda.r -¡notu arll uae^ueq drqsuortzlc-r s-uneau -irul¡nu ¡o sqdrrSoroq¿ 'alqord ur ¡uadd¿ p{nr):\ rq csul tullt ur iÍrrap 3ur¡uu.r-.raqHrq r: roJ uorssJl()rd u jo Jeqrueru p sú patuesoJdar uaq-l 8uo.¡ls ¿ sr eJeLIt ocurs 'a¡i.r frluulelque pnads u pzrl asod puz uonlltrol luora3-+rp ? a^Eq plno.lr SuuaqteF u e^uq ot strraes pueqa;o-l str uo súrl sern8rl elgo.rd Írnuapr uI uousod l¿luor_I aql eulnss¿ ol ¡uuJ i(q paunsaperd arn8g aq¡'suo¡qtuud tucJr,l_+rp tuasa¡da¡ ot pasn )q cqt ot uonuler lrarrp ? eloq túqt splcp lrySuruuaur azrsuqdrua ot peqsr,\ u?snr? Jrll Jr su 's;eqtuatu p1nol lr rpns sV 'atuer{t al8urs r.ro tsruo8uto¡d ul¿ru a18urs u ()t pelul ]ou sr puu elr ep purro_] u ,í1.rreru uolssaco.¡d JO su,l\oJJ uroJ_+ [re]lILUo a;z serunld p adztls -rutauoeB ruqr,iqt-ro^r,r.etou o sl¿ sr I J',(¡uruorj 'tu¡r1 -¡o a,r.ua18ur¡¿t Jr su 'uoBfelrp alls()ddo erll uI Sulrotu Jo s1¡rls o.{\l r{tr,tr a.rn8rl rz pJu.¡a.ot Sunuu-r.pu u:rrorls 's8ulaq 3ur:1ue;-;aq3q ,]o sesserppueq eqt ur -lraddr lou saop 1nq sa:rn8q algo.rd aql ¡u.iq paruqs suolssa¡o¡d o,\u Jo luarirs ag¡ ú4rqrssod srrlt arvb' -eu rltllouoru ]teuuag aLIl Puu'glrlouoru fllru¿fl]tlfud :.ipoq er{t _Io strr:d rarlto alurorep t¿ql su:l-rs rrqdilS Jo erroqr eqt pu¿ (qsr-¡ :ro'pr1q'aula_¡) 'aldrursa agt -+o ro_¡ LIl"a tuqt atunld aq¡'sarn8r¡ eqt _lo llqt atunld paduqs-1ruus rLIt -Jo aprlu aq tsnur u()uu¡Lu lunadg 'uon¡afo¡d algord slr ol oluq pairzr sr ¡LIt -Io uonutnas¡.¡da-r IEtu()J-I ar-[] _Jo uorsJJruol aqt Luor_l s.\\()Tlo¡ puu saldourrd puorlrsoduor r(q ra-1_¡o s1 eqt'qtrlouoLu aruod eLIt 'uns ¡LIl -¡o.iu-\r1u'-¡ ¡t1l -+o s_]erler eqt ura.\\leq uosirudurol Stitaq prr:l-o1t.'qt.iur o18urs r ol puodsauor -ip.russacau u()nrsod lulu().I_l aqt pul? uortrsod I¿rturf eqt tur{t ';a,ra,toq ',i1dur t()u seoP lutl¡ 'o.3uuroll _J() lxaluoJ ¿ ur Peqsqquls¡ pauruldra aq uul pteq rqt JO p?q aqt p.rlrrrot rlued srllt _lo ruauraruldsrp aqt lvlll alqissod atmb sr tJ 'qtqouorlr lJuu¡f[ erl] plru unq ¡qt _¡o ,ir.n.rtr.-'¡ orlt tuql ol rulLurs ut patuesardar (g alqut) s8uraq oqdlrruorprur() pu¿ uae.$lrq urinrsoddo at1¡'sa.rn8g rrqdrou( )dol{lu? (¿ alqtr) rrqdrotuodorL{tuu urr-\\taq uosr-rudruor ¡rll eqr ur ua¡s aq uüf tfrj_l srlll 'u-\\oJJ pr-it:: rqt -¡o lJuq eql uI paluJol sr asrf -rr¡rlt ur qrn1.t ':urn1d alnrudur arp :ss¡rppuerl s. ur¡p -rrp _lo )rruD¡-J ¡u() eJuqs sauep IuruoJ_l aLIt pun(iJrr suorss:ro.rd turo-1 sananot{Tls esoq-\\ elgord ur sa.rni-q lüJruüuJedns eql pooll{e1rl 'd]t1suor]u1c.r l¿lrqfJ¿Jarq u sass¡¡dxa TIr ur e¡r¡ord ur asorlt _lo Jsrrf puu a.rruSq pluor,I aql arlt ur 's8ur,u Io aruasard aqt puu 's¡uts pa-iu,r .rraqr ur paia^uol sr JalfuJlrllf, ¡alda¡s 'su.no¡J ¡u:nlruradns asorl,\\ senrap -1o dnol8 y tuasarda¡ a1q<ud uI stlrupuau¿ lrTrá^es puv am8q ptuou euo rltt.\\ sezerJ_l aLII 'suorsnlcuor 8ur,tlo¡o-¡ aqr rsc8iins uolssnfsrp Suro8aro,¡ eLIt pu¿ asrfraxe srql 'uappq surpurar reqto aqt isa.rn8g agord ¿sluepuouv 6u¡r!1 a¡oyI ro oarql pc8ur,ln eql uI pu¿q auo iluo tuasarder s.roldlnrs n>i¿u¿,lrrl 'arn8q rrqd.rolllooz ¡vrr5o1oqr.iu ú ro uullmr-l aq tr aLIt t?qt ;JqruaLue¡ 'puuq L[]Be ur euo 's¡r:}s o,n1 reqteq,$'pa,iurr.rod rrafqns arlt tnoqu strt_J snor-ru.\ ploq osp pFoJ se-rnñ-rJ al¡ord a{1 plu,\\roJ erü-+ ol 1, pJulnt eta.ro. faqt ;rou¡) 'acvds Jo 1l?l JoJ PeIruJo q8no-rqr :aloqu paqrrf,s¡p lrqt ot'8ur¡uads .i1a,lnqar rq ]snur urLIJ aqt punoJr sauo Suluwrur; ua^es ell] ,ta'ruor pInOf, uuSI]Jt uu 'su3¡s e9 t -Jo uonuulqLuof ,,nleueMrj Jo olels cuolsrqard aq] lo Á60¡oep¡ snororleu aq] pue 'spoe üels 'sanlels leÁou,, 'elnupH rlsMoley\l 154 Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Att Museum The Tiwanaku pantheon represented in the reliefs ftom that site is luxuriant, in no way reducible to the four figures knou¡n ftom the upper fiieze of the Gateway of the Sun. How many deities were there? It is clear that three groups of supernatural beings make up the Tiwanaku pantheon: Table2 Comparison of Anthropomorphic Beings Emblemu't2345678910 FRONTAL EMBLEM Feline-+?___? Bird+-++++?___? Fish?++? OTHER sIGN5 IN THE HEADDRESS Snail +++++++++? Plume++++++++++ Bird++++++_? Fish+++? Anthropomorphic winged figures 2. Anthropomorphic and winged 1. animals: birds, fish, felines, land SIGNS ON THE BODY snails, deer (see Cook 1994, pl. 50) 3. Animals whose supernatural char_ sIGN5 ON THE WINGS Bird++++++_? Fish+++? Bird-+++++_+ Fish+-_++_ Mixed acter is signaled by rayed halos or glphic signs within the space of the body: camelid (fig. 6); cf. Torres 19g7, _ Bird-+++++ Fish+-++++ b--++++_+_ figs. 88, B9), condor (cf. Torres 1987, fig. 86), bird + STAFF ORNAMENTs of prey (I\4akowski Hanula 2001b,80, fig. B7). uThe numbered emblems correspond to the following figures. For the Bennett monolith, the initial A precedes the six varianis of anthropo_ morphic figures, followed by a number. euestion mark indicate cases The anthropomorphic winged figures differ from each other in the number of plumes in their halos or rayed crowns and the combination of glyphic signs. When where the shape cannot be determined because of poor preservation. they are represented in pro6.le, their identity 2. Personage in the lower row ofthe Gateway ofthe Sun 3. Personage Ala in the upper row ofthe Bennett seems to be indicated by the specific form of the figurative plume on their foreheads (cf. Gateway of the Sun, fig. 14b). The remaining rypes of plumes are shared by all the profile figures. By contrast, when supernatural beings are presented frontally, it is the combination of various plumes in the halo, rather than a single plume, that gives them their indiüdual personality and allows us to distinguish among similar dei_ ties. The iconographic context shows that the anthropomorphic beings whose halo was adorned by feline heads (Gateway of the Sun, figs. 14a, I2a) or by smiling faces (Bennen monoüth, figs. 6, 12b) rcp_ resented the most important gods. Each of them had a latge retinue made up of two to four anthropomorphic attendants poftrayed frontally and several more in profile, both humans and fantastic animals. 1. Personage in the upper row ofthe Gateway ofthe Sun monolith 4. Personage Al b in the upper row ofthe Bennett monolith 5. Personage A2a in the lower row of the Bennett monolith 6. Personage A2b in the lower row of the Bennett 7. Personage 43 on the headdress ofthe Bennett monolith monolith 8. Personage A4 in the lower row of the Bennett monolith 9. Personage A5 in the upper row ofthe Bennett monolith 1 0. Personage A6 (snail) on the headdress ofthe Bennett monolith b Additional appendage in the form ofa spearthrower hook ending in bird head. a The glyphic signs whose combination in the attire, attri_ butes, and body painting of each supernatural being define its personality and allow classification by iconographic tlpes and variants (subqpes) form an entire system. Of course, it is not possible to decode the concrete meaning of the signs, since, with the exception of certain archaisms, the iconogaphy of Tiwanaku did not survive the demise of that culture, which took place berween A.D. 900 and 1100 (Kolata 1993a), thus probably pteceding the advance of the Aryara (Cerrón_ Palomino 2000). For these reasons the ethnohistorical in_ formation on the sixteenth centuryis of verylimited use for iconographic studies. Nonetheless, the constants in the use of FtrRrtod Jo uoFgpunoJ aq¡'(valmnb) snfns rnoJ pue (drerour :vww[y) safos oznt Jo sJaqrueu a8pnf o1 '.{qderSouorr snor8qar n>lzue.4a.rl uI }uz^o -1ar .{¡vlredso ueecl e^?q ot tuaas su8ls aaJql eqr erazn,{aqr ¡r su'przdtrnor ueTrms erp Jo slls¡a' aq] uo'spny¡o ueurnq Jo sef,EJ ¡o sdnor8 rno3 €tm¡eau¡ olerf,uor PuE ,{q puz '(V002 za^ryqJ:uonrprr} vur1,n-vf,u¡) eroJeq sarJnluar patdFcs ruar{t Jo aruos 'lsed sa8z ruor; senrep Fnseru¿ 3o sa8zun aarqr .{q E aroq suSrs aql Jo r{rve }Erp uT?lJef, sI tr'eroJerogl '(9661 zc1[nry nmrorry) rupuE4A,II tv and -u{V aqr ur prmo; sref puz sl.4doq Jo uor}?Jorep aqt ro '(66 Eg 'qlOOZ EInuEH r¡sao,o¡utrq) Iesse trzlrod ¿ uo u8rs puaq qs5 aqr qtr¡o, uzqJnt eip uI su 'uonuJof,ap Jo lueruep '.tftt"p rrm pepunoJJns sú^\ qlrJouolu ]]euueg aql'drqsroaa elos eql sz palzadar sr u8rs r.(puenbarg ¡o acqd lualf,rrc eqt Jo Jatuel eq] sno(uouolnB u3 s3 pesn surn suSls rrqd.{18 eq} Jo gf,?e lerp ]qnop ou sr eJer{I'wer{t Jo ouros JoJ Suruyaur 3o splag alq$sod rsaSSns puu seldnuud prnlrnRs ur?tJer tE ur paltreJg 'uoBsluerJo puv'azts'uoBerol uI seluaJalJrp naql ol Suuno 'o.r€ aql uaan\leq fiuuruaure¡d -uror puE uoqrsoddo Jo uoBuIeJ lr¡a¡¿dds u¿ sl aJar{I sa8zauq ¡u,{or ¡o sJepunoJ pe}uasardar ler¡l pooq¡p1¡1 Ip uI lnq latua¡ lptuerunuour asdurq8 ¿ pJoJJ? sluawela Tuuonrsoduror s¿ suSrs rrqd.{¡8 'ssarppeaq aLlllo Supnp e)u¿]Jodur rolzur ara.lo, Á6o¡oep¡ sno!6!FU nleuPflul Jo uollcn4suocou P pJE/noI 'uorlen.resa¡d rood ¡o asneraq peururalap aq louuer adeqs eq¡ eleqM sosel etp)rpur qrPu uorlsono'pe¡uesal -dar are Áaql ereqivr uo burpuadap'(,{poq aq} ulqllm ubls eJo a)uasqe ¡o a¡uasa¡d = g Jo e) saluaraJjlp llei¡rs pauar o] pap!^lpqns erP tO pue ¡g sadÁ1'uo¡ssarord pueqlqbu eq] ur e)uo pue pupr{-Ual aq} u! aluo :ar^ t palueserder sr qrel 'satn6g rrqdrourorlllu.¡oJo (tO-tO) slueue^ rno1 aq¡ Jo qrea .ro¡ uanr6 sr roqurnu e q]llouorü uauuag aq] Jo ase) aql u¡ 'sarn6g 6umolpJ aql ol puodse.¡.lo> suelqule palaqunu eqle 'rr3o¡ ernwdlrr E rmllr.4r ("tppl r, .tro¡eq 'aroqz) ,fi ar¡os pw'aurq'eords Surd¡rswll JoJ sauo8aleo ¡unua8 ot perreJeJ e^¿q pForo. s¡ogurfs eeJrp aq] 'asuc tuq] uI '(9661 '¡961 vurepmT) oofot 'ua[a{ buoyot :uo4rpeJ] rnqran| ur u.&\ou{ seldrruud + areqt loadsns J'slueng¡o ueuJnq pu¿ seRrap Jo saddt uaenteq seruaralJlp etouep l"qt e oqe + peuoFrreur sloqruls aW Jo ¡Ner u1 :atacpuu'lu 'quue :luauluoJr ue lrreJaJJrp u rn sa^q spurruu + qlug fqtro.relou sr sloqru.{s 3o uonf,ales sn¡r 8ur.{¡repun crSol ruarzdde eq¡ pseg qsg eql . a¡gord uI pueq rrul.t¿ oqt . . :sSureq Iu¡nleu¡adns crqdroruodorqruz 3ro aJDtE eqt ur e3ue¡Jnf,a¡ ¡Euruetsfs rlaqr dq aTgord uI peeq eurleJ erp 991. pr!8 SIN]WVNUO pax!hl qsll + + + L ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ s9Nr^ 3HtNO SN9|S lrrVWilSWl tlslj + + pr!8 + + ¿ + + + ++ + + ++ ^COg ++ ++ ++ IHl I NO SN9IS fllvWllgl ¡:l t{s!l pI!g qallJnld lteuS slt/vntd ulHLo tls!J pr!8 aulpl SS]UCOV]H t IIVIS pr!8 + + + + qs!l + + qi paxlw +-+ ¿¿¿+ + + + +-+ -+ +- ++ Surf¡rssrp aql ot alq"Jedu¡o¡ u¡als,{s e aq ,{uru oorq] eW Jo lrpq aql u¡etun¡d a¡¡yed¡10 r{l!louorll }teuueg eLll }o Mol elpptur eq} ul q¡g a6euosta¿ '¿ r{lllouoLu ilauua8 aqlJo Mot alpptu aq} u! e¡6 aoeuosla¿'9 qllouour usuueg eql uo ssarppeaq aql ul ZO e6euostad'S qlllououl uauuaS oqlJo Mol alpplul eql ut 69 aoeuosta¿ '¡ r.llllouotu uauuaS aqtJo Mol alpptu aqr ul q ¡g aoeuoue¿ '6 r{lllououl uauuag aql Jo Mor alpplu aql ur e ¡9 aoeuosla¿ '¿ un5 aql;o,{ervra}eg aq¡Jo Mor alpplu eqt ul arn6¡1 '¡ s.ruÍBurrdll Jo uournrlsuoc 3o pouad ¡uIf,uJ eql ;o sa¡eds pruoureJrl fluo In pelrqrqxe ]ou sqlqouour o.4u esoql 'a.toqu passnJsrp sV'srüqouoru of,uod puv }leu -uag arp Jo uotrEJof,ap arp o1 rEInlBJ?d ur sluzql 'spo8 n¡zue.tuI qr"uJ eq] I[p tsorulz ¡o sa8eurr a srl a¡a.13rI] aurnssE ol alqsuosEeJ sI 1I <selBxe] pue sJerleJ erp Jo uo¡¡zarasard erelduorur eql ,,{q pasodur suoButrrurl snonqo aqr errdsaq Jo E Z I ]HI NI ]WNld'IVINOUI sbu reg >rqdrouror.ll!urO "uialquE ro uosueduto¡ € ,,nleueMrl lo eles cuolsrqald aq lo Á60¡oep¡ snornrlou eql puB 'spoe lJBls 'sonlels leÁou,, 'elnueH rls/üoleyl alqel I 156 i fiwanaku: Papersfrom the 200s Mayer center symposium atthe DenverAñ Museum comaccord social order in primitive times comes from this plex of images and architectonic forms. withthiscontext, theunkutuntcof In theofficiant/king the earth and who travels every ye r along the path traced by the Milky Way (Demarest 1981; Urbano 1981). Among the indications are rhe presence of majordivinities,eachimmobile snails, whose behavior precisely reflects environabove its stepped platform, as well as two symmetri- mental changes in humidity; fantastic plants; the cal processions, each composed of eleven m¡hical possibly mythical llama, mistress of the rains; and represents atdadof beings who walk toward the offering. Presumably the ritual is being carried out in the deities' honor. The principal deity on the Bennett monolith is styüzed streams of üquid that end in fish heads. Unlike its counterpart in the Bennett monoüth, the main deity represented in the unku tunic of the diametrically opposed to the staff god in the Gate- Ponce monolith mainrains a resemblance with the way of the Sun both because of his attributes-the iconography of the Gateway of the Sun, not onlv cfowrl, the garments, the recurrence of styüzed because of the plumes in its crown and the two staffs plants, and the absence of staffs-and because of but also because of the identity of the winged attenthe unique characteristics of his attendants, the dants. The latter arearranged in three rows and have camelids and fantastic snails. These characteristics human or avian heads. But despite the similarities, offer clues that may help identify his personality. thete are also differences that could imply that the The llama carying plants is known in Nazca 1 ico- frontal deities in the Bennett and ponce monolith nography (X{akowski Hanula 2000b, 2005). In co- reüefs were not of the same rank the number of lonial myths from the Huatochirí zone and modern plumes in the Ponce deity's crown, as well as the myths from Cuzco (Urton 1981), it is described as factthat he lacks a platform and is shown walking a fantastic atimal seen as a black shape against the in one of the processions, possibly indicates a lower starry backdrop of the Milky Wa¡ alongside other rank. The characteristics ot- his unique winged atmythical beings, birds, snakes, toads, and felines. The ¿s¡d¿¡¿s-fslines ancl fish-may also reflect his d.ifllama is believed to be responsible for the waters that ferent nature. I(olata (I993a,2003) called attention flow through Ma1u, the celestial tivet, and thus the to the significance of the east-west solar equinoctial well-being of humanity In of the seems to have had depends on this animal. Pucata' art as well, the llama, as the attendant female deity (discussed above), axis in the spatial otganizattonof Kalasasaya. Recent studies in archaeo-astronomy (Benitez, this volume) confirm the role of the precinct as an observatorr.. a similar significance. And llamas are represented Might the main deities of the Ponce monoliü and i¡r Tiwanaku censers, as they were in the Formative the Gateway of the Sun have been of a solar or astral the nature? Even since the first studies by Arthur posof the domesticated cameüd, disappears nansky (I945),several authors (Anders 1986,1997; fromtherepertofue.Mostremarkableisthe factthat Makowski Hanula 2001b; Zirdema, this volume) the llama is the only supernatural animal that never have attempted to understand the calendar code appears anthropomorphized, in either Pucara or that rrray lie hidden in the iconographic program Tiwanaku art. Could it be that the tole of herding of the Gateway. Although their read.ings differ, all flocks that formedy belonged to the Pucara god- the scholars consider the complex alternations and dess was assumed by the male (or androgynous?) repetitions of frontal figures to be annotations of deity of the Bennett monolith? There is no lack of calendar calculations produced by observation of the evidence that might lead us to suspect that the deity solar cycle. Certain variations in the rayed halos and poised above the platform could have been telated the stepped platforms that can be seen when comin his power and iurisdiction to Cuzco's Viracocha, paring the central image with abbreviated versions the lord of subterranean waters, who gives üfe to repeated in the lower portion of the fneze (ñg. lk; Period. Only the ancestral supernatural womaq keeper 'sPrlq 9 Pu¿ sutrunrl 9l ol uoErPPu ur 'stuEPUsI¿ anbrun sE rlsq 9 Puu s¿tund 9'(ssa-rppuaq rqt uo 0l b'urpn¡rur) slrols¡ tg '>luu.r Jt¿urpJoqns 3o 'arnluu rt](,s u -+r) -ilt¡p ::runr rrll uC) lsue JLll pl¿.trot per¡l3() dnr o-ra;'1 'sp.rlq 8 pu¿ sullurnq 0l ot uoDrpp¿ ut's1uupua11u s¿ slnrus Z pu¿ s¿urull ¿ '(ssarppeaq ¡nbrun eqt uo 9 Surpnput) sl-rorse ¿¿ 'atnlvu )ruorllqf puu )iuvJ arua¡dns Jo Iu.rluel aqt 'sruro_1re1d dolu sanl¡p luluo{ aeJqJ :rlunt )rlt u() 'lsJr\ Jr{} Jo rl}nos ¡Lll P.rurNol PsJqJ() dnr txa;I '0lutI pa,(ur ur srl¿_+ qlr,¡a. rlaq '(¿'no1oq uror_¡ aSveurJ) sptaq ur Surpuo sprurq 'azts lulntuuredns ipqS{s J() rnluls '(luesard) rlrnq .(1ruare.r '(a'r.oqu) uzuld pasru¡ uns eql Jo ^errrele! 'o1eq pa-rvl uI sar¿J tnoLItL\\ rlaq '(¿o-r.oqu uo-t1 aiiuaur¡) spuaq plrq ur 8ur¡ruc (rsud) saurrr raLU,ro_J s1-rrurq 'an1u1s ¡nuuiJl') uI llrnq '(.to1aq) tzuld ua:¡ung qlrlouo(u lleuueg t elq¿r ]laa ryar8 aq¡ 'ou aq plno^\ ra.tlsuu llt 'sel.rnos rrqdu.lii se '(puaq qsg qtr^\ pJrq) etuldrs¿arq eqt puú opLI -ouorl elq¿IrB,\D rLI] uo p)sug 'C'V -t¡nluac qlua-\ála paiu.r aqr Jo uonrsoduor eqt ur saruelq-+rp rourtu er{l ur raruer prnr¡od srcl] Jo ¡q eqr ot u.iususulu]l nluu¿rrrll -Io elrdsep '(Ot BU) ¿lats olrutr{ ody r¡nq3 aqt ur arn8g Jo uollrnr}suor eq} tuor_1 "i.rotstll IuJnlEu-rrdns aqt Jo tu¿rr?Á r aq illep rewro] eLlr selJnruar xls Jo er! aqt Suunp a8uuqr tnollll.\\ PUú plno3 'qt{ouoru uauueg aqt ur ,urap pdnuud aqt Jauel aqt tl1 paÁ\olloJ ere¡N stderaJd slt,raqtatl,t puu srl-¿-sr^ uoeqtuúd aqt ur al¿ld srti ureq a,rvq lq8¡ru uolS{er oua¡c[u¡a eq] Jo luetuor uI?tu aqt Pazlsrtll (stueulrz8 -u.is eporap or Sunduan? eJrT e.¡tr saldlruud esoll-\\ 'ssarppueq slLI ul ]Eq.tr pu¿ 'Sunlas puv su8is puaq r1sq,r.1a.usn1cxa sull (r¡'3g) qt{ouoLu eulJtrop ctll reqtaq^\ ot sE scslrll uollsanb V '(¿) uaru ¡uus'(9) uetu LISU'(9) uau r:und'(¡1 uLu?LLruLIr¿cI eqt ut .\tlep pdnur.rd eLIt -(q,rl ure¡dxa rq8rtu rurp utzp ¡rul e.t.iupr¿ 'u()núJrlnu)pr erurrlrr uatu prlq '(9¿) ueru :,rtrap urzu eqt ot trrdser qll-\\ aql pu¿ suonurrJrssúp a,\U -lo qr¿e Jo srr\It¿tuaserdJr ¡Lll -¿-l pFo.\\ sloqru-is tqd^i18 -lo uonuLrrqLuo) 'csod arlt'ru.ro_1ru1d eLit _Io a¡uasa¡d aql 'uonutuar.ro -+o uonur()l puu -reqlunu alit uI pcttega.r sduqred aqt sú r{rns sIlTlaC 'sa¡n8q lu¿.r-ra^\\ol 'Sururvrua¡ Jre^\\ suouulal rrr\od 'lq3rr puz rye1 Jluq Llfua uI arll eznlSoral osl¿ plno-\\,iaq¡ 'uzu1d aqt Jo alpprlu o-\u 'sdnor8 rno-+ puu inolaq puu e^oq¿ 'sa.l1cr1 o.ru ul PeP}rlP -üal¡os -¡o alivur I¿ePI uB tlIro,I PIno-\\ rr{t w patfara antBls 3qt Jo lJsq rr{r jo rrrzd plrurf suorssaro.rd rnoJ or{r snrl¡ ',rlalcos n1uuz.ri.rl dn aqt ur petuasardar ,ürap ,(relalnt rrar{r Jo .iryuapl eqr rq8rs tsrr+ t¿ azru8oca.r tqnop ou ppoc (a&aur¡) aptstu t¿qt rsoql uuql sdno¡8 rluqta rua.ra_¡_1rp i¡qrs eql ¿ruro,+l¿1d peddars eqt Jo eruaseJd ar-[1 sú abauad rlr?e ruor_l (runrn¿ '€'a) eldruar-ervlud aqt -sod puy sc8eeurl tuera-+Jlp Jo slotsrlulr rltlt.\tu tuesa¡dar pln().¡o. slunpuettu pa8ur.t puu crqdrou -odorqlur: eL[] (erJq pasodord uoltule.¡d.¡atul aLIt ul 1o spru,ürnor eqt ur patu.ro;red salrr egt ur stuzd -rrru¿d arla 'a8yeur¡ erlt JO uonrsod pcrrqcld aqr rurg_lu .ro ateuo8au ot iSelv¡ls erlt Jo rrud peurro; :(¡ alqzt) sewr.l-er?ds o¡\r uee.4\req suousodd() _Jo lr: tlnf, IüJtseJu¿ aqt ,+o alduel-urnr-aculud er{t Jo uoD u pazrsuqdure l[usul7r] ot papuetur eJe^\ s_IJrleJ rtl: -fnltsuof eqr ur roqvl JO luaulsaxur aqr ruqr -i1a1q ruLI] rrpro lurfos Puu I?rnluu JLII Jo eulJll(lp snoliq:; 'tuallroLu ua,r.r8 leql lú JuoJrlt eql paranbuor el{t 'lfarJor sr lxeluor rraqt puu sLit{ouoLu tltoq p?r{ lrqt -\FUu-+ aql ot rulnrn¡¿d ur puu le,$od ro-l ru¿¡3o¡d rtqdurSouorr er{} Jo Sutpue; rno -II sr lI _i( , alqou 'saruyqdrda srq puu po8 ung eq} patuaserda.r a.¡n¡-qlue Jo aruld cqt tnoqú suepr ssa.rdxe or pesn i(1qu ptuol; snotuuJ aql tuLlt serunssu rs,rq auo -¡1 -ip, -qo;d sr:.tr wnrpauJ srrlt t1?LIt e.\ar1aq e1N'es?l rlJue ur elq¿I^ aq uuo suonuta.¡d¡atuI JSetll '-i1snot,rc1 l luere-grp s3.4N sluelrrr¿3 luruorue.rer PetslolaP 3r.ll ursqluoul e^le^\l _¡o aruenbas Julosrunl u ulqll^\\ su, ': (l¿rlf ournba 'iunBslos aLIl ¡tou , 'peilrrusuur] a8ussaw JLI] tur{t rsaSSns u¿d ur Jo aloqa -rsod pqirucz ro Sunedruoc sraqto aqr ot pw8ar qtr.{\ e8uaurJ ur pa,rrasa:rd sqtrfouolu e{J {lv ura:\!aq sef,uaro_+Jlp pelres a'\?r{ pFol (ZC-,'3A 'ql00Z ulnu¿H Dls-\\(}}itl': Lgl ,,nleue¡i\rllo alels cuolsil..lord oqlJo Á60¡oep¡ snor6rlau or.l] pue'spoe Jlels 'sonlels leÁou,,'elnueH llsMole!¡ 1 58 Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Arl Museum of rvings sel-eral deities with tw-o staffs and r.vithout represented in the Pachacamac monolith (fig. 1 1c). On the other hand, it is ükelv that the official doctrine also evolved ovet several cenruries, and that the hierarchical relations betv'een the main deities same question could applrr to the "assemblrl' changed, possibly multiple times, as the representa- of the solar epiphanies of this same Two deiqr, segments of relief with winged attendants rvere added to both sides of the frieze, a task that rvas never completelv finished (fig. 1a). It is therefore more than probable that the monoüthic segment of v'all that bore the reüef never reached main image) its destination. Comparison of the Gatewav of the of new lineages sought to legitimate theit right Sun relief with the Bennett monolith relief shov's to power, e.g., in the case of Viracocha and Punchao that the main deities sculpted in each of these nr,-o tir-es in Tawzntinsur.r-r (Demarest 1981). The decoration of of the stages of the religious doctrine's evolution. It has been argued that the relief tiieze rvas intended to decorate a roottd space-one of special importance, to judge from the splendid decoration of the faqade with niches and üntels (fig. 1b; Protzen and the Gatewar. of the Nair 2002a, 325, ñg.28), similar to the architectonic of Puma Punku. Access to the precinct was relatñelv restricted, as can be seen ftom the small size of the entrance. Because of its location outside the areas accessible to great multitudes, perhaps at the top elements that lie to the east of monuments had opposite characteristics (table 5): Iconographic analvsis Sun is doubdess related to one of the artificial the Puma Punku Pvramid, the slope of the calendar frieze affords a good opportuniw to understand how the details s'ere used, in particular the repertoire of glrphic signs intended to gil'e a face or a full-bodv figure a precise identi¡,and also possiblv to indicate the subject's condition Qtakowskr Hanula 2001b). if the frieze does in fact represent the annual path of the sun, the differences in the details of the stepped plattbrm w-ould denote the sun's svmboüc qualities at the beginning of the,vear (the main image) and in two halves of its journey The hvpothetical moflths are represented b,v a combination of chatactedstics representational of the platform and of the s,vmbols added above the the face in the rayed halo: arched rainbow, fish content mav have been related to the beLiefs of rovalfamill'thatcommissionedthetempleorpalace. According to the most rvidel.v accepted interpretations, the iconographic program of the Gate\ñ'av of the Sun consists not onlr- of the great image of a supreme god but also of a tu'elve-month calendar alluded to in eleven images (the nvelfth being the Table head, birds, trumpeters, etc. (fig. 14c). be emphasized that the composition of It should the rar¡ed halo does not vary, and in all tw-elve cases the same scheme of the main figure is repeated: feline heads alternating with circular disks at the trps of the ravs. On the other hand, comparison between the 5 Gateway of the Sun t monolith Sunken cour6.ard (belo.r,') of the plaza, public place Top of plramid? (above) interior rvall of an area oÍ worship or royal residence, resüicted Built in former times (past) and present for several cen access. Never finished or brought to its destination? turies in the Tiwznaku landscape. Statue of gigantic size, u'ith figurative decoratir¡n of the Relief lvith subjects smailer than natural size portral ed of the of a room or inward patio and under the roof. On the relief: deiq of a solar nature, with staffs, of continuouslv on a wide l-intel, in the upper part garments. wall On the tunic decorated in reLief: dein- of a chthonic nature, r.vithout staffs, of high rank, 2 deiff heads on stepped platforms, 22 attendants [escorts?] (including 6 on the headdress), 10 humans and 8 birds, in addition to 2 llamas and 2 snails as unique attendants. high rank, 2 attendants repeated 11 times in 6 varieties, 9 times on stepped platforms, 30 attendants (not in- cluding the 18 added on both sides), 20 humans and 10 birds, without unique attendants. 'oluqe Í seppdsa anb Elqelnf ep Efau¿tu pun ep r{ 'oJto 1a .,{ o.rquroq un 1a ru5zrqe ur.;rtewd pnb 1ap so5u.rq so1 iuoal olo syppdsa se1 ua i seu¡ard s¿l artua uoel un ap e5a,tur EI aprlús '(OSOt ['t qr91] uu4o¡¡) sEI ep B^?ruor a1 'ycu¡ otuoc sopnse i sef¿.¡t so1 s¿la¡o suun s¿lsand s?[e sz¡ ua,i sypypuroq szfaro u1 ua iszpzr -soJua súrqalnf suun so5z.rq sol ap sorluanJue sol ue ri Ísorto so1 .i soun sol Ios 1ep so-iyr ap yJeuuu¡ ¿ saluarlepuqdsar ,inu so-iu¡ saJt uerl otp o1 e 'e¡ap ¿rul eqt 'spo8 raqro eq] urog e8vruoq sa,uar -er pur ¡uaÍ ¡¡.au lernllnru8e ei.[] Jo uor]En -rdo¡d ar{r ra^o seprsard 'Íq rasolc 8ururqs 'oeqrun¿ urdy'ung errueru aq¡ :(,raqureldag i eru¡ ou;or Í uru¡ oruor otnEII un v5e,r¿l -ps el 'a8ap,r.ud puu a8zaur¡ Jo svtrul eqt Tip pue 'sJotserue rarlt pul? sabaua( eqt 1(fun; srq pu¿ olrporor 1ap e5a,rut u1 ug :suorr e1ús-n1pu¿,4Nrl sIlEreJ tuqr po8 srqr Jo uon -drrosap ¿ sa:\r8 'n insuDuu¡Nvl Jo stinJ lut.radtur eqt puu unqcan| ur uedxa uz 'uur¡otrq '(t86t ltt -JEtueC Í1961 outqr¡) n¡uuz,ro.l¡ uI rapro l¿Iros ¡A,au E Jo uon?eJf aql ur 'urzcDrl e>l?'I Jo sJat?.tr arl] Jo uroq 'eqrorelt¡ po8 eqt Jo alor aLI] uo parqd 'roqurug ep otuarulJes orpecl puu 'eur¡o1,,q ep pqotsrJ3 'sozuelag ap uunf su L[]ns 'srelrluo¡Llr qsruvdg alqr;a8pel.lo.oul tsotu eql t?r{t srsyqdura arlt sú grns 'slqt ;o suoEzJrpur ur?lJef eJ? alaql 'suonrpuJl u.¡a.o rreqt ur ruaql paturodrocui pue nlpu?.lo,rl -+o suonrperr lvrrqr-iu-ofuotsrq pu¿ snor8rTa.r eqt perequerueJ s¿rul aqt t¿qt e^el1eq (6661) uaunrp¡J uqnf puv (t6fil) r¡sururazg 'f /rsn8ny) rq8ru aqt aGt2Jo r{tuoru eqtwotql)'t 'po8 aqr iu¿druoo¡v ¡o euo puz ploH '(yqruulrro3 Jo ts¿aqlrou _lo euo 'sytuy¡ o.tr¿ uaulo.^¡. o,¡Nt sE T[o,¡4, s? 'ra"t¡s 'o)znl uvuz¡1) ¿llvrotuutr{ 1o lcurcard aql ut eqt Ja'to saprsard EtruI eql 'lsJAJEtl '(uorua¡a¡ eL[] Jo pue eqt rt eoqd sal?t l€^nsel aql ilt azr -lrual put quce aq] ol urnral ol sa.rvda¡d teqr uns aq] i(¡s ssalpnolc u ut 8ururqs 'ouqcun¿ urul 'ung SunoÁ aq] ot etuof,le¿¡ :(eunf/Áeyg) mb\m [wnV Jo r{]uour etTl w uafa¿ uu¡ '¿ 're^IIS Jo o¡Nl puú plo8 3o o,ttt 'svruu¡ no; iq paruYdurorle (uqcuucuo3 Jo tse.4Nr{}nos 'oczn3 upng) urnbn¿ ep olra3 erlt ur wn{ sdrqsro.lo. ¿rul aql ',¡¡.o¡3 saolztod pu€ azrvrr ueqa uosves eql Suunp qrno-i Jo uonvnrur oqt re^o saprsard'ro3r.r.3o ¡n_¡ tnq spnoll pulqeq uappFl'ouqrun¿ vu.(ung ' uns ]uer s elopv rutfot '.ir1s 1rufu"r aql : (re w(a2 Jo r{tuour qiuara q /reqtua'r.o ¡1) arTt ut rufa¿ u$t2 '¡ Jo lueurEurJu eqt uI Peurpno eJE sauanoq[s asoq.¡d. saruzqdrde JeqtrnJ o.4Nt puv 'rapunqt 3o :slruroard l¿ruoluaJaf, luareJJrp eeJqt ur saru¿u ooJtll Jepun petsJaual s?.\ po8 ung aqr '(ogenbznl Ie.) po8 aqr su{otr{ ep lzqgtsrr3 or Surp.rocce 'aldtuzxe s¿ 'u,ll.o srq :suoD¿uf¿lur eeJq] ur patv -rauel osle s¿.r\ edeyl'(¿66¡) p1s.,no¡1917 'y¡1 rol 'arnt¿u xalduror slr 3o slcedsy d.r¿]uerualdruol purl or Surprorry '(1961 ouuq.r¡) wqd rseroJ eql SuBsu¡tuo¡ pagruosred pu¿ esJa^run Sultq aqr rnolaq p[a¡ ut¿fsva eqt ur pue 'survlunotu eql safps o¡l'] eql pe^Jes oq.4N stuupuerp p?r{ 'sanrap 'e,roqe pfas ut¿fsem eqt ur ile,rpcedse.r 'sptu Eqf,of,vJT 'oyqcun¿ arl{ qrnry 'se^r,¡o. o,¡dl srq iq paruedruorrr sr po8 aq¡ 'ur{f,uútrrro3 r"-insuilur.tu¡ pdreuud lei{to aql sE lle,.rr sz 'ung eql 1l?g1 suolwsrpur aJE areql 'Ja.,nsuú alqrssod t s;a3;o uorS4eJ BluI qtr.tr uosuudwo3 ¿ueeur slrad -su eidnpru aser{t op tvql¡'sruro3 }uera3;rp o,rA,r ur saruuqdrda s? puv '¡uvr .rraqt Jo salnqrrltu er{t mr 'aldwal q8g aql Jo tooJ aqr te 'uledf¿rnvH qlr¡N'sdú.,rt eerqt ur ¡¿adde -ru? pue srueld aqr ol a3r¡ e,u8 ol 'ndeco¡ pue zuutu,'(eu1 's¡uepua11e o.,lr] spues puu sepr rp 'orzn3 1o vzeld Iúluef aqr ur arqd sa1et I¿^ -irseJ eql 'uouurr;und Jo sJtrr puv abuos ap oluaulpluapr aql -iq perpaLuer sr 8urua1ua,tr stql puy 'Sur,ttos lxau aLIl puú lsa:\Jz{ uee.¡Aleq 'ua¡ea.tr serJoJ Iúttr eqt uag,^\ pouad z sr t1 69 t ppor spoS -¡o irdnulrd eql qtog 'paturaue8 era.t uoaqtuvd nIBuE.4NrI eql ur sertrep Surluur-tsaq8rq aql -1o slnslratlvrvtp ¡o Írr¡quue^ pu¿ raqumu er{} .aoLI rvqr dldurr sJarJer urc1dxa p1notr rvqt tf,edsv tuut¡odu¡r Í¡ynnn E slua-\ -er uns eq] Jo 'w.tte1ug aql Pu¿ qlqouotu lleuueg ,,nleupMrl lo olets cuolsrqaid or.ll Jo Áoolospl snororlou oql pue 'spoe fels 'sonlels leÁou,, 'BlnueH rlsMolBr! 160 Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer center symposium at the Denver Añ Museum (From the top of its crocodile head there emerged three rays, each shining brighdy like the rays of the sun; and where its arms were joined [to the trunk] there v/ere twisted snakes; on its head a llauto [turban] like the Inca and its ears pierced with earfring]s in them like the Inca and the garmerits and attire of the Inca; a üon's head sprang from between its legs and on its back was another Iion, the arms of which seemed to embrace one shoulder and the other, gtasping in a snakeüke fashion from the shoulders on down.) (Iranslated by Rose Vekony) Of course, this does not suffice to prove that Viracocha was in fact chosen by the ruler portrayed in the Bennett monolith and that the Gateway of the Sun represents Punchao. I beüeve it is possible that the image and tales of the Tiwan¿ku and rJ7ad gods were partially preserved in memory, but in a version reinterpreted from the perspective of fout centuries of turbulent history. I likewise agree with Kolata (2003) that there are notable similarities between the structural principles of bi- and quadripartition that prevailed in the ceque system and the sacred geography of Cuzco, on the of Tiwanaku, on the other. Several principles find close parallels in Ayr.rra:a one hand, and of these as staffs; however, in the best-preserved fragment of the figure depicted barely skim of the panel. These edges consist of two the fingertips the edges to three vertical lines and a patallel border made of the stepped sign and spiral. In the case of the other fragment, not only is there no vertical up element resembling a staff, but also the feline does not even touch the edges of the panel, whose limits are discernible by the change of surface color. Both the sqrle and the iconography are cha¡acteristic of myhical beings in the Middle Horizon 3-4 and the Late Intermediate Period in the north-central coast from Pativilca and Supe to Ancón (see Carrión Cachot de Girard 1959, 13542,ñgs.713-14; Ugane Eléspuru 1999, pls. 2,3;Fiuliz Esttada 1999,pL7; JknénezBorja 1,999, pls. 9, 10). It seems probable these two gourds from the Late Preceramic Period (udging from the C-14 dates) wete found by chance at the end of the first millennium A.D. by residents of the Pativilca Valley in the middle of an ancient burial gtound thatwas disturbed as they üat dug new gtaves. The gourds they found were then decorated (drawings ftom the Middle Honzon34) and reused as offerings. Goutds from the Preceramic Period in the valleys of the Norte Chico tend to be excellendy preserved, and the pre-Hispanic of artifacts made from terracotta, gourds, or use bones recovered ftom the oldest graves has been ftequently documented. social organization (Albar nctn-J ordán n.d., 2003). Tripartition doubdess played an important role as an orgarizing principle. The sculptural decotation associated with three different architectonic forms-üe sunken pIaza, the plaza on top of the low platform, and the top of the stepped pyramidseems to indicate that the deities venerated in each of them had characteristics comparable, respectively, to the three Cuzco deities Viracocha (Thunupa: Kolata 2003,200), Apu Huanacauri, and Punchao. Note In both gourd fragments one can cleady discern feline figures shown in a frontal position standing References Nbatracín-Jordán, J. n.d. Arqueo logía de Tial¡uanaco: Hi¡toria de wna anügua ciuiliryción andina. LaPaz: Fundación Batolomé de las Casas. 2003. "Tiwanaku: A Pre-Inka, Segmentary State in the Andes." InI{olata 2003, 95-11.1. Alconini Mujica, S. 1995. Nto, símbolo e historia en Akapana, Tiwanaku: Un análisis de ce rá m i ca ce re m o n i a l p re bi rp á ni ca. La Paz: E ditorial Acción. Anders, M. B. 1986. "Dual Organization and Cal- lapiránide de on their hind legs, v¡ith theit forepaws opeo and extended toward the ftarne of the panel, as if thel' were human hands. Haas and Creamer Q004, frg. endars Inferred from the Planned Site of Azángarot Wari Administrative Strategies." Ph.D. diss., Cornell University. 1991. "Stucture and Function at the Planned Site of Azángaro: Cautionary Notes for the Model of Huari as a Centaltzed 3.2) interpret the dividing lines berween the panels Secular State." 1 In Huari Adninistratiae Stractwre: 'EZ al8olout{tg.P tnlDSuI .l aP s3l -roureur te xnE^EJt 'ar8o1ouqlg.p lntnsul :slred 0rlto7¡7 ualaryad xapo2) zaralqlt uaag IauuotS oúaaN'gt6L [Stqt] g 'qcfy ep rLuod u¿ruun5 'ug]sl^ u^anN :seJfv soueng 'atño¡oanhto Iatapa.4ta 'auv 'V L6l'¿ 'y 'zapzuoS '9red Iep ytrrlolu3 peplsro^run ¿Irgnuocl ;ertr1 'ua7auz ['yo,A'V66t '06-6vtez-zz aqto¿ adua y,.'uledoqruo3 LuoU s8urre¡g frrlrsre] uozrroH alPPIhl 3tlJ., '¿861 a¡ fo¡7sa ¡a auua :ilryourrftul 'LV-ZZ:j) ¡ Aryfusy '-{]ISre^run uoruawv u4//1..'lrecl 'rn8anbo141 ur aldua¿ IIeuJo-)'tuurSo;¿ sarpnts uErIJetuV ultuT ^N '¿reqtl '98-l9l 'ssra,trpuug '¡1 'pa Jsor¡ uoapuv ]rno3-ua1uns n>lEuE.4A,rI y :uorsuudxg at¿ts puy salduraa nIEut.lt\IL, '9661 'S ¿ 'utarsplog aq1 {o suo4afulsaúul vl ,,'re)IJulss aq} puu Árreq .l?uol -af,.rEg aP Errrouolnv tslrsJe ruf-I q aP uv,P tuarulrudaq'surqtuolocer¿ srpnrsg,p dnrS :EuolerJE[I '09-9eZ 'er]sauraq y1puEIoS 't002 ap olunf g ^'Pe ¡1 ¡ tn1nuotuauT ap on"t7uo7 'onquf l- a¡uantd 'oposo{ :souzpua sa¡q lap so4tV -xal'raS 0a0) p aa rzaalls opua1{a¡ uI (¡'s¿IuI eql ot I Jo epo3 rrqde;g y :.nde1o¡,, ,'9002 'VIE-16Z tQd Zt pulpuv p/r'!tt -/U ,.'lJocl on8rlu¿ Iap etJú Ie uJ sa¡nxal svJnl -rnrlse ep sapnsn sauaS¿rur se1,,'V66I'141 'eurerg 'V1qIf izvde-I'Mapltuloq MpaVry ua otpyd -nqatd otnpa4tabtv '9661 g 'f 'osocsolag etuvlzf sE 'slvo uol -rvqurnq :3q'uo18rm¡sv6'I9-gül'uosueg rotuauV uazqlaryl)-arcI u7 a!¡ta{¡t aqt A 'g 'pe PUD qloa(I uI (('uoDrP€{ pts¿o] glnos u¿I^ ltrlua3 aq¡ ;fqdu#ouorl n>l€u¿.4NII puu Ir¿nH ur f3o1oap1 a]üts Jo slcadsy,, '9861 'C 'V loo3 'runesnry el.nxel :3q'uor8tnq señ' 9€-eZ L 'a.4A,oU A 'V 'pe Jquxal apapav a0 aruataluo2 prlg 'g sn1uaf aq¡ uI .<'Errars ureq]nos tualruv eqr ur fnaruoag rrqrltrq aqJ,, '9861 VV- lt LZ aqt o¿ o d,a o ¡¡ ..'uolllp -e.r¡ Sulrra¿¡ ErreIS e ur alfrg pue arur¿ :.irlsa -dr¡ orr:uznqul puu Erv)r-t¿1, 't86i '[ rN'urFIuoJ ' e 6-0 L' Y gg7 zaqtuv5-8uno¡ uI (('nIúuú,^ñII Jo luePareluv uu sE uolllp -y;¿ snorS4e¿ uuutr11-udr¡ eq,L,,' i00Z 'fttsra-ttu¡ aret5 uu8rqrl¡,x''sslP 'c['rld <<'ursE€[ v)e)ntL aIE'I urequoN aql uI sluaudola-taq puqodorros ro-J suonvrr¡du1 :fqdurSouorl pue ,{8o1ouqra¿ írarro¿ ¿Jetnd uI se1n¿ pezrluuonueauo3,, 'Z6Gl'f 'S 'ze gq3 ' (.'s¿sEJ sEI eP aulololJ?g,, sou -nJecl E rn suJa]]vcl ,{renlro141 :sarf,aleure] súJ -¿JB(I eqJ.,'9¿6 ¡'ra.t-,raq a'[ Pu¿''g'g'.ra.,fuA.q '29-LVt tQ) I arul aorualaV uqLrl fo ¡outnof ,,'iqdr:r3ouor1 eqroJ,{ or qcuorddy rneruallJ,, 'gL6L 2 'uyuuoq úrsrarru¡ p¡E^ruH iGo¡ouqlg pur fSoloaur{rrv Jo runasnry,{poqua¿ :tr1q 'a8prrquu3 'po2 r¡3t¡7 aoapaV atfi {o úmbauy pao alalp^Ia(ll:otpztprlA '1861 'v'V'tsenruag t9-9ZZ 't002 3llrlo>I uI <('rulBuB.4A.rI ]s eJntJatrqfJv aJrlEcI 3o frorsr¡¡ V :run-tnd,, 'ggg¿ '1cadu¿S ') puu '':) 'N'aruno3 '6V-97,1.¡002 z¿q)ws -Buno¡ uI .('n{pu¿./rrl t¿ aJIl at4g puu '41'{rg -rpuv saleuor8a¡ sorpnrsg ep oDUaJ :o)zn') 'lzvutpuv I¿ro uorfrp¿Jl ¿l ep Elalollqlg 'orolulo w4yu7un'0002'U'ounuolu¿-uotra3 '6961 'r.;.xr1 'ottto¡t -1so{ opoua{'o4tot ry ap 04aar l-agol¡*:r1ta¿ orEt¡uo rl '696L'¡ 'prurrg ep loqrv3 UoIJJEJ 's¡a¡a3lrn']ootpsul'arrolsrg.p te lrV,P xnc.{o.r sersn11l:slessnrfl'69-09V 'rnrn¿'g'pa ¡a ua aotEtla.t 'a4o7s7q,p sap 000{:yra¿-orul u1 ..'aurpuu arqd -yr8ouorr.1 ap es'{pue.¡ rnod pqo13 alepotu un sJaA :urpue tJ¿(l suup anbnuruaqleuJ afueraq -o:),,'0661 vfrrePÍlz apapuv uI.,',tapos pu¿ uV ItE7¡.,,'V002 '9red IeP olrper.) eP ofuúg iewyl'99-69 'qnuug Dls^\o1útr\1 )'Pa (z'lo^ 'a.ta¿ onEr1uo ¡ap n'zlp t(rl uI.,'socruuldn¡e sauaS rJo sns tgt f ,,nleue/úul uunq sapvprep sv11,,'1002 aP ltrn]üN Jo unesntr\J .{\eN 'E'ou'VL l)o4st¡¡ ¡ow1a¡¡ : 'uepptrq' 99-91 I'uu urra,rpg' ¡1' pa' l8o¡ o a a q uV c-lrog d.rors41 '3 '¡1 'arnlno3 uptlraurv :{Jo €rm¡s4qn¿ [a^\-]rvlg VIAI to wnasn¡,g aprualav ,t1rrno3 'acvdg ptuewnuotr\L,'V002 I'u PUY')'g aql .[o uado¿ ¡ouFo¡o{o"rqgay r('orúuúnqurl tú suone^sf,xg,,,' i€6I'l rl\'lt¡uuag 'St-6L :1 'ou '9g luo7unr¡2 ,.'el¿ts nrlvuü.4A.r¿ aqr 3unzq,,'?002'S'1uru,bsn8ny 'sluo uotrúgtuncJ :)C 'uolSutqsu¿6 'L6-g9L (ue.4NgrtrN 'O pur, [eqsl 'H ¿N'sPe 'Tuatauta d 40) a/t)/S pap d.ttqtallqrrv 1olualuilalry lulls(lard lo alels cuolstqald oql lo ,{00¡oep¡ snorOrlou aql pue 'spoe [e]s 'sanle]s leÁou,, 'elnueH Dls/v\oleu! 162 Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium Haas, J. and N(l Creamer. 2004. 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"Vessels, Time, and Society: Toward a Ceramic Chronology in the Tiwan- Janusek, J. at the Denver Art Museum lrq7 afl :nilx?ap oplQt tg.n6il'd,'g 'uerura,rp.g 'oJeruo¡ YreIgEJ 'I tr Put ''f 'our.c¡,reru¿ surolsqf,O '9I EuolsrF{ :PIrpBIAtr 'itL-Ll'slru¿gy erSarul :Eurrf 'gE-ggg'sruapru3 ap 'H 'sPe 'vtu¡ soJ aP fltrw 'V'f 'spa'fsa¡uxe¡ nCI -I ap aIIE ET ap 1¡ puz el1p cI pue oueqrf] ap "T luattuy] Wa¿ lap ÍzuouEta sopú¡ v¡ [se¡nxa¡ fyouzg3 rruydsrg-er¿] .,',(rruzq3 uotrtftracl 'V'rpzrsg zrn¿ 'q¿o uo] -J"qumq :3q'uolSrm¡sep' gz-l1l'uosueg A 'g 'pa '996 t '/l Puo gZ raqopo 'uyor¡2 uo zrrugdsrqard "FoIpxaL, '6661 auata{uo2 trypo uzupqun¿-u1 ..'sa/ig lrvu,r^"qf Jo oruengul rettT uo 'g {'en'o¡ "q¿,,'IL6I 'g,g-tw:Q) B aqrl,.fqdzrSouof,I al{troJ I or qczotddy a B"rrzN aqL,,'L66L {'rarLrn} 'sreqsqqnd umue¡¿/oruaPsly 'gZZ-6gI taqsl 'H '¿4, Pus rerünl){ qro ^\eN uuruJallrs 'H 'spe 'Qauog puo afutspury'aV:il l7opaoqttV uoapuV v¡ ,,¿sa8vssud Jo s¡oqrur(g :rr>Izur,llrI ¡o sfunetrg eq¡',,'qZ00Z '99-60t'7002 Qznb4uV aoruauv leqsl puz e>lf,rpu) u1 ..'sa¡ulrod Á sauro¡zleld :ru¡mdyurn¿,,'EZA1Z'r.rBN'S puz'¿-'f 'uazlor¿ 'unsn8nY 'upw 'z 'slo uútuaav qro¡ nl'eN pu" {{ I 'V',$lsuzuso¿ '9?61 {o Epu") aql:ntpupflqxl 's9rPuv rrrs ap rofr¡1p"prsJe run izzdv-I'oury'xll '866t 'I I'zF¡O p8nr¡od '"üqog ep sJnrlnf ep olratsruItuef,{1\ izEd e-I rapuv fsoJrqo¿ 'zouroqry op pqg]su:) Put "urtotr4tr aP pqglslJJ uI <<'stf,ul sol aP solu -,( supqeJ 'ap '3 'zurJo¡q sq ap uorf,EloU,,'696I ['t "gt] fupoJou 'VtzV vzwD izedv-I'nutpuo ntasqnquxÍ t0) :l0S pp qrand rI'1661'['eSvzmT-sPu"rrIAT 'Er-uroJIITJ Jo ^rufl'd8o¡odorqruy Jo runesnJ l eLtroT '¡¡ '¿ .fap¡reg'a/cln qro4 I z¡geduro3 :r.l':u.rl 'upnH prnqllt rl'qgg1f 'vLf-Lt :9 p(f"cIpdqpN..'y¿ qcodg uozlroH alppm uI a.rtdurg IJ€nH eqt uo Etrt6l ¡NaN,, '8896I ' I 0 L- I.7, epp5{ erp w euru ¿ o drao ¡¡ ..' Írozttolfl alfts,, 'Vg6L'A 'pzue¡q a qt o Prrú 'suolaf,JEg aP ¿luou-olnv IElISJa^run 'L'pe'fl02 ap orunf g¡1¡ to4naotuatuVap osañ 0p soTw'otnqn{ [ aquasud'oposod :$a/pup oI I I ralry[ aflS 0a02 F ua tnlafls opuatlá¡u1 ,.'uf¡ -u0) ->looJg eP olusuI Ie ua IEJnlEusJqos oPtmur pp d pzparcos q ep ue8uun vj,,'9002 'oIf,JsfUOJ Ig sauolcrpg Jo 6 wTür1¡ 'fua¿ lo¡ pp otgytuaN o1ya{o1tuug 'sauoaoLqau rpratilucl 1L-Leg'2002 s0/ ap ?uJ?tr? 'Zg-L\ otSoJoaabto ilaqsl Puu e>lf,rlnE) uI <<¿uglfueauof, o ¿ureJ uo solnlgq :uunq f otrEuzil{zn egvt8ovott I apV,,'n>lvuvtttt¡ op pzpnrf, u-L,' 69 6I ep se¡Yluory selsuos¡ad ..'pnlua-tnf , FIlolIPg f, vyntqn :zvd e-I 'pe tlig 'nypwftrtl ap lail?rralqflflwaS wa/dua¡pp pltettltt! ugufr.unq'066L IV¡6L] '3 's9ur8uug ef,uocl ' lZ- L tQ) g qrrenay tlqfut&oa 2 puo4o -eN wl"rEd uI rolo] Jo asll aql,, 'q066I 'ss3Jd EtuoqtPlo 'rua¿&auav :uzurroN u7 G1^roqlnV Jo ^rufl {o qoqufS :lrxttv p,q5 rplprp¿'v0661'V'InEd 'etuo¡ I Ig uglf,€pund :qrrds 'a¡p,reg 'IlZ-t Ll ''p la sauol¡941 '1 'pe 'oaorua¿ liltqil/o/ua¿<I alrv:uoÁl u1 ..'ylvdoqeuo3 op IzruoureJef, v¿rg Iep egvt8ouott úI ua Jsrynu ugrtvztw8to,{ zsor8r¡ar u¡3o1oap1,' 1 gg¿ e9t "I soj,,'2002 'lrred IeP ollP?r] eP osuEg :"urrT '0lL-L9 'ul.u"H rrls¿\o>luJ J ) 'po'Z '1otr'7ln¿ pp tltntp srI uI .<'soln)Eq uof, sepzplep se1 d orzurnquF ugeruud Ig,, 'qI00Z '902-9LL on7Euo ¡¡ ..¿Sunr8rsaq puz 3we.{q Jo vot)vztuv8rg at¡+ tnoqr po eU tI seog t€q¿fi :srr]qed sr¡odon q tsaluil"deq'sutqtuoloterd srp$sg.p :euop rrr"g,' ¡Z-Z1L'arlsauraq qLrr"IoS dnrg ap ]JV(p -oq onuVdxqatdotnq¡ntsg pppnx) :flrypüo4uJ..'ElEIf slalsa Brm ep ssJnlueasap f sumluery, ,'2002 aqt Pup wa¿ ruapuV {o llo¡oaoquV aq¡ 'V'S Ezrns-ou€nre¿ som8asue¿ som8ag ap vgvt8ovott vlue ugrJeilvu f ¡znlr[,, 'vL1OZ 'trrad IaP o{P?rJ eP of,u"g tvurq'zLg-LLZ 'z¡nuug DIs^\oTzI I';¡ 'p3'l 'yotr.'yta¿ on&lup pp tlsntp tü-I L\<<'ef,s?N I syter¿vgvrBovott :g7 sot&oJ oanh"t7 <.'e)Tq)out EI ue selsmlsueJqos saras soT,, 'q0002 'r,ued pP orlP?r] oP of,U¿g :a$q'1L-LEI 'slnusH DIS.e\o>IsJ I ) 'Pe't '1orr'yua¿ on8quo Jap slrory rrl uI (('?f,rt{f,olrr v¡lvtñovott q ua seprpnrr rp sv1,,'r"0002 ,nlEuE r/ilI lo olels cuolsttloJd a$ lo ,(oo¡oep¡ snotollau oql puP 'spog [e]S 'sanlels lPi(ou,, 'elnuPH Dls/ú\oIeU\¡ 164 Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Art Museum 2005. 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