Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition
WWF-Malaysia Project Report
with NCB Naturalis and
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja
February 2012
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necessarily reflect those of WWF-Malaysia.
Design and layout by Ken Kassem and Angela Lim
Suggested citation:
K.Kassem, B.Hoeksema, Affendi. YA. (eds) (2012) Semporna Marine Ecological
Expedition. WWF-Malaysia, NCB Naturalis, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Kota Kinabalu
Malaysia.
Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing –in-Publication Data
Semporna marine ecological expedition / compiled by K. Kassem,
B. Hoeksema, Affendi YA
Bibliography: p.200
ISBN 978-967-0237-18-3
1. Marine ecology--Sabah--Semporna. 2. Reef ecology--Sabah--Semporna.
I. K. Kassem. II. Hoeksema, Bert. III. Affendi Yang Amri. IV. WWF Malaysia.
V. NCB Naturalis. VI. Universiti Malaya. VII. Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
577.70959521
Printed in Malaysia
Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition
Compiled by
K.Kassem, B.Hoeksema, Affendi YA
Report Produced Under Project MY0256I
Facilitating Collaborative Management of Coral Reefs and Adjacent Ecosystems with
Tourism and Fisheries: Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia
February 2012
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ iii
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................iv
1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Objectives......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Expedition Dive sites and GPS Coordinates: ............................................................................... 3
1.4 Team Member Details and Tasks .................................................................................................. 6
2. Biodiversity surveys .............................................................................................................7
2. Biodiversity surveys .............................................................................................................8
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Hard Corals (Families Fungiidae, Agariciidae and Euphyllidae) .............................................. 9
2.3 Fish Fauna ..................................................................................................................................... 43
2.4 Palaemonoid Shrimps ................................................................................................................... 65
2.5 Stony Corals and their associated Coral Gall Crabs ................................................................. 73
2.6 Ovulidae associated with Octocorallia ........................................................................................ 76
2.7 Macroalgae .................................................................................................................................... 82
3. Reef status.........................................................................................................................123
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 123
3.2 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................... 125
3.3 Results & Discussion................................................................................................................... 126
3.3 Results & Discussion................................................................................................................... 127
3.4 Substrate cover............................................................................................................................ 134
Southern Coral Reefs ...................................................................................................................... 136
Northern Coral Reefs ...................................................................................................................... 139
Tun Sakaran Marine Park Coral Reefs ........................................................................................... 141
Northwest Coral Reefs .................................................................................................................... 144
Oceanic Coral Reefs........................................................................................................................ 147
3.5 Fish density .................................................................................................................................. 148
Snapper............................................................................................................................................ 148
Moray eel......................................................................................................................................... 150
Parrotfish ........................................................................................................................................ 152
Bumphead parrotfish....................................................................................................................... 154
Humphead wrasse ........................................................................................................................... 156
Barramundi cod............................................................................................................................... 158
Sweetlips (Haemulidae)................................................................................................................... 160
Butterflyfish ..................................................................................................................................... 162
Grouper size classes........................................................................................................................ 164
3.6 Invertebrate density.................................................................................................................... 167
Diadema .......................................................................................................................................... 167
Banded coral shrimp ....................................................................................................................... 169
Crown-of-Thorns Seastar (COTS)................................................................................................... 171
Triton Shell...................................................................................................................................... 173
i
Sea Cucumber ................................................................................................................................. 175
Collector Urchin ............................................................................................................................. 177
Pencil Urchin .................................................................................................................................. 179
Lobster............................................................................................................................................. 181
Giant Clam size classes................................................................................................................... 183
3.7 Impacts......................................................................................................................................... 190
Trash (Fishnets and General) ......................................................................................................... 190
Coral Disease (Black Band and White Band) .................................................................................192
Coral Bleaching .............................................................................................................................. 194
Coral Damage ................................................................................................................................. 196
3.8 Conclusion and recommendations............................................................................................. 203
3.9 References.................................................................................................................................... 205
4. Communications ........................................................................................................................... 206
© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja
ii
Acknowledgements
This project was carried out as a partnership between:
• Universiti Malaysia Sabah (Prof Dr Ridzwan Abdul Rahman)
• Universiti Malaya (Affendi Yang Amri)
• NCB Naturalis (Dr Bert Hoeksema)
• WWF-Malaysia
We are grateful for the outstanding support and cooperation from:
• Semporna District Office (Abdul Mohamad Ibnu, Norsih Nusuri)
• Department of Fisheries Sabah (Rayner Datuk Stuel Galid, Dr Norasma Dacho)
• Sabah Parks (Paul Basintal, Dr Maklarin Larkin, Fazrullah Rizaly)
• Sabah Economic Planning Unit (Gwendolen Vu)
• Economic Planning Unit
• Universiti Malaysia Sabah
• Universiti Malaya
• Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
• Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
• Old Dominion University
• The staff and crew of the MV Celebes Explorer
• Nina Ho and Betty Gaisong for their organizational skills, enthusiasm and patience.
• Angela Lim for communications and media relations.
• Gavin Jolis and Nattelee Lim for ground support in Semporna.
• Treasure Images Sdn Bhd and Eric Madeja for being a one-man film, edit and
photography crew.
iii
Executive Summary
The Semporna reef complex is located within the Coral Triangle region, where the highest
numbers of marine species are found. Semporna has the largest concentration of reefs within
Malaysia. Semporna is unusual because of its rich mix of reef types, representing 5 major
geomorphological reef types, which include a proto-atoll, an offshore seamount, fringing
reefs, patch reefs, and a barrier reef formation. Such areas usually have high levels of
biodiversity because of the mix of habitat types and ecosystems.
There is one existing marine protected area in the district which covers 350 km2 out of the
approximately 7,680 km2 of Semporna PCA. The Tun Sakaran Marine Park contains
8 islands and is the first marine protected area in Malaysia to include local communities
within its boundaries. Sipadan Island’s waters are proposed as a park and the intention to
gazette was published in mid-2009. Previous reef status surveys from WWF-Malaysia in
year 2009 found that there are no reefs with more than 75% live coral cover (those surveys
did not include Sipadan or the Tun Sakaran Marine Park).
Marine biologists from Malaysia, the Netherlands and the USA assessed the marine
biodiversity and coral reef health during the expedition onboard MV Celebes Explorer from
29 November to 18 December 2010. The expedition was organized by WWF-Malaysia,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Malaya (UM) and the Netherlands Centre for
Biodiversity (NCB) Naturalis.
The results show that Semporna rivals the top spots in the Coral Triangle in terms of coral,
fish and shrimp taxa. However, the state of the reefs is worrying.
Mushroom coral species (Family Fungiidae) were counted as a proxy for coral species
richness. A total of 44 species were recorded from 63 sites. The mushroom coral species
composition at each site was variable and depended on the reef condition. Species diversity
was generally higher at reefs close to the mainland, with the highest diversity at Maiga Island
(Site 41) in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park and Batik Kulambu Island (Site 53) in Darvel Bay.
Both sites recorded 29 species. Semporna PCA shows two clusters of mushroom coral
distributions. The first cluster comprises the barrier reef area, Sipadan and some of the outer
northeastern reefs. The second cluster centers around northwestern reefs and those of Darvel
Bay and the Tun Sakaran Marine Park. The total of 44 species of mushroom corals that have
been recorded from this expedition surpasses other areas with very high biodiversity in the
Coral Triangle such as Berau, East Kalimantan and Raja Ampat, West Papua. Both of these
sites recorded 41 and 40 species of mushroom corals, respectively, and to date Semporna
holds the record for the highest species diversity of this coral family.
The fish surveys also found high richness. The surveys focused on reef-dwelling fish and
some pelagics as encountered in the Semporna fish markets. The total reef fish diversity of
Semporna recorded during the roving surveys and rotenone stations consists of 690 species
belonging to 265 genera and 72 families. The total number of species recorded from market
surveys was 141, of which 78 were not recorded during the roving surveys, resulting in a
combined diversity of 768 species for the entire expedition. Conventional methods of
predicting fish richness indicates that Semporna may reach, with further surveys, 966 species.
This puts Semporna in the top 5 sites in the Coral Triangle for fish richness.
iv
Other taxa surveyed included reef-dwelling shrimps, coral-dwelling gall crabs, and ovidulae
snails. The surveys found 104 species of shrimps, which ties with Ternate, Indonesia as the
highest in the Coral Triangle. The surveys of gall crabs and ovulidae have contributed to a
growing literature on these relatively unknown taxa.
The algae surveys found more than 130 species. Further confirmation of specimens is being
conducted at Universiti Malaya. The distribution of algae around Semporna was highly
varied with high richness found at reefs throughout the study area. Many of the taxa are
considered rare within the Semporna PCA.
The reef status team surveyed 106 transects at 60 sites. Using a modified version of the
standard Reef Check methodology, they assessed substrate cover, fish densities, invertebrate
densities, and impacts. The results show that for substate cover, only 5 stations out of the 109
(5%) are found to be ‘Excellent’, 25 stations (23%) ‘Good’, 41 stations (38%) ‘Fair’ and 38
stations (35%) are at ‘Poor’ status. The fish density surveys showed low densities of nearly
all indicator groups including snapper, parrotfish, humphead wrasse, and groupers.
© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja
v
Ringkasan Eksekutif
Kawasan terumbu karang Semporna yang terletak di dalam kawasan Segitiga Terumbu
Karang mempunyai jumlah spesies marin tertinggi yang boleh ditemui. Semporna juga adalah
kawasan kepadatan terumbu karang yang paling tinggi di Malaysia. Semporna adalah unik
kerana mempunyai jenis terumbu karang yang mewakili 5 jenis terumbu geomorfologi yang
utama, termasuk proto-atol - sejenis gunung dasar laut, terumbu pinggir, terumbu tompokan
dan pembentukan sebuah terumbu sawar. Kawasan seperti ini mempunyai biodiversiti yang
tinggi kerana adanya pelbagai jenis habitat dan ekosistem.
Taman Marin Tun Sakaran merupakan sebuah kawasan perlindungan marin yang meliputi
keluasan 350 km2 daripada jumlah keluasan Kawasan Pemuliharaan Prioriti (Priority
Conservation Area-PCA) Semporna iaitu 7,680 km2. Taman marin tersebut mempunyai 8
pulau dan merupakan kawasan perlindungan marin yang pertama di Malaysia merangkumi
penduduk tempatan. Perairan Pulau Sipadan telah dicadang untuk diwartakan sebagai
kawasan perlindungan marin pada pertengahan tahun 2009. Mengikut kaji selidik yang
dilakukan oleh WWF-Malaysia pada tahun 2009, didapati bahawa tiada terumbu karang yang
mempunyai liputan karang hidup melebihi 75%, namun kaji selidik tersebut tidak
merangkumi Pulau Sipadan atau Taman Marin Tun Sakaran.
Penyelidik biologi marin dari Malaysia, Belanda dan Amerika Syarikat telah membuat kajian
ke atas biodiversiti marin dan kesihatan terumbu karang dalam sebuah ekspedisi pelayaran di
atas kapal MV Celebes Explorer dari 29 November hingga 18 Disember 2010. Ekspedisi ini
dianjurkan oleh WWF-Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Malaya (UM)
dan Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity (NCB) Naturalis.
Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa Semporna mempunyai kepelbagaian hidupan marin yang
tinggi dan setaraf dengan kawasan lain dalam Kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang
terutamanya untuk taksa batu karang, ikan dan udang. Namun, status kesihatan terumbu
karang adalah dilaporkan dalam keadaan yang membimbangkan.
Spesies batu karang dari Famili Fungiidae telah digunakan sebagai proksi untuk
kepelbagaian spesies batu karang secara keseluruhan. Sebanyak 44 spesies direkodkan
daripada 63 tapak kajian. Komposisi spesies batu karang Fungiidae ini adalah berbeza di
setiap tapak kajian dan bergantung kepada keadaan terumbu karang di tapak tersebut. Secara
umumnya, kepelbagaian spesies adalah lebih tinggi di kawasan terumbu karang berhampiran
tanah besar dengan kepelbagaian paling tinggi dicatatkan di Pulau Maiga (Tapak kajian 41)
di Taman Marin Tun Sakaran dan Pulau Batik Kulambu (Tapak kajian 53) di Teluk Darvel.
Kedua-dua tapak kajian merekodkan sebanyak 29 spesies batu karang Famili Fungiidae.
Kawasan Pemuliharaan Prioriti Semporna menunjukkan taburan dua (2) kelompok batu
karang Famili Fungiidae ini. Kelompok pertama ditemui di kawasan terumbu sawar, tebing
karang Pulau Sipadan dan kawasan terumbu karang di arah timur laut. Kelompok kedua pula
didapati di sekitar kawasan barat laut dan juga di Teluk Darvel dan Taman Marin Tun
Sakaran. Jumlah 44 spesies terumbu karang Famili Fungiidae yang direkodkan sepanjang
ekspedisi ini merupakan kepelbagaian tertinggi jika dibandingkan dengan kawasan lain di
dalam kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang seperti Berau, Kalimantan Timur dan Raja Ampat,
Papua Barat. Kedua-dua kawasan tersebut merekodkan sebanyak 41 dan 40 spesies terumbu
karang Famili Fungiidae. Setakat ini Semporna memegang rekod untuk jumlah spesies yang
tertinggi untuk batu karang Famili ini.
vi
Kajian ke atas ikan juga mencatatkan jumlah kepelbagaian yang tinggi. Kaji selidik yang
dijalankan tertumpu kepada jenis ikan terumbu karang dan beberapa pelagik yang ditemui di
pasar ikan Semporna. Jumlah biodiversiti ikan terumbu karang yang didapati di Semporna
dengan menggunakan kaedah ‘roving surveys’ dan ‘rotenone stations’ adalah 690 spesies
yang terdiri daripada 265 genera dan 72 famili. Jumlah spesies yang direkodkan daripada kaji
selidik yang dijalankan di pasar ikan adalah sebanyak 141 dimana antaranya 78 jenis yang
tidak ditemui semasa ‘roving surveys’. Ini menjadikan jumlah keseluruhan kepelbagaian ikan
dicatatkan di sepanjang ekspedisi adalah sebanyak 768 spesies. Kaedah konventional dalam
mengganggarkan kepelbagaian jenis ikan di Semporna menunjukkan kemungkinan bagi
jumlah tersebut untuk mencapai sehingga 966 spesies ikan. Dengan itu, Semporna
dikenalpasti sebagai salah satu dari 5 kawasan kepelbagaian ikan tertinggi di Kawasan
Segitiga Terumbu Karang.
Taksa lain yang dikaji selidik termasuk udang, ketam ‘gall’ dan siput ovidulae terumbu
karang. Hasik kaji selidik menemui 104 jenis udang, iaitu jumlah yang sama ditemui di
Ternate, Indonesia iaitu jumlah tertinggi di dalam Kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang. Kajian
keatas ketam ‘gall’ dan siput ovidulae terumbu karang telah menambahkan pengetahuan ke
atas taksa yang masih belum diketahui secara luas ini.
Kajian terhadap alga mencatatkan jumlah sebanyak 130 spesies. Pengesahan lanjutan sedang
dijalankan di Universiti Malaya. Taburan spesies alga di sekitar Semporna adalah amat
pelbagai dan tinggi di terumbu karang di kawasan kajian. Kebanyakan dari taksa adalah
dianggap jarang ditemui di kawasan pemuliharaan marin Semporna.
Kumpulan penyelidik yang membuat kajian ke atas status terumbu karang telah membuat
kajian untuk 106 transek di 60 tapak kajian. Dengan menggunakan kaedah ReefCheck yang
diubahsuai, kajian ke atas litupan substrat, densiti ikan, densiti invertebrat, dan impak ke atas
terumbu karang telah dijalankan. Hasil kajian mendapati untuk litupan substrat hanya 5
stesen daripada jumlah keseluruhan 109 stesen (5%) adalah dalam keadaan “Amat Baik”, 25
stesen (23%) mencatatkan keadaan “Baik”, 41 stesen (38%) dalam keadaan “Memuaskan”
dan 38 stesen (35%) adalah dalam keadaan “Tidak Baik”. Hasil kajian ke atas densiti ikan
menunjukkan densiti yang rendah untuk hampir kesemua kumpulan ikan penunjuk spesies
iaitu ikan jenahak, ketarap, bayan-bayan dan kerapu.
vii
1. Introduction
At the southeast corner of the Malaysian Bornean state of Sabah lies the Semporna district
and Semporna town. The district is bounded on the west by the districts of Kunak and
Tawau. To the north and south lie inlets of the Sulawesi Sea, Darvel Bay and Cowie Bay
respectively. Semporna town, at the eastern tip of the Semporna Peninsula is the main
trading town for more than 50 islands which lie east of the peninsula. The Sulawesi Sea is
part of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion and the ecological definition of the Coral
Triangle.
Semporna
The Semporna reef complex is located within the Coral Triangle region, where the highest
numbers of marine species are found. Semporna has the largest concentration of reefs within
Malaysia. Semporna is unusual because of its rich mix of reef types, representing 5 major
geomorphological reef types, which include a proto-atoll, an offshore seamount, fringing
reefs, patch reefs, and a barrier reef formation. Such areas usually have high levels of
biodiversity because of the mix of habitat types and ecosystems.
There is one existing marine protected area in the district which covers 350 km2 out of the
approximately 7,680 km2 of Semporna PCA. The Tun Sakaran Marine Park contains
8 islands and is the first marine protected area in Malaysia to include local communities
within its boundaries. Sipadan Island’s waters are proposed as a park and the intention to
gazette was published in mid-2009. Previous reef status surveys from WWF-Malaysia found
that there are no reefs with more than 75% live coral cover (those surveys did not include
Sipadan or the Tun Sakaran Marine Park).
Marine biologists from Malaysia, the Netherlands and the USA assessed the marine
biodiversity and coral reef health during the expedition onboard MV Celebes Explorer from
1
29 November to 18 December 2010. The expedition was organized by WWF-Malaysia,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Malaya (UM) and the Netherlands Centre for
Biodiversity (NCB) Naturalis.
The expedition was launched on the 29th of November 2009 by Mr. Norsih Nusuri, the
Assistant District Officer of Semporna.
1.1 Objectives
• Assessment of coral reef biodiversity including reef fish and associated reef
fauna richness
The biodiversity on the reef can be compared between different sites (within Semporna), as
well as with other areas within the Coral Triangle (e.g. Berau, Raja Ampat, Ternate, etc.), and
Malaysia in particular. There is no definitive count of the species richness across a wide
range of habitats in Semporna. This is important to determine the areas of high potential for
diving tourism, conservation and other economic activities in the future.
• Assessment of coral reef status and reef population health
A ‘snapshot’ of the reef health will be assessed for each site at two depths using a modified
Reef Check methodology and reef profiling. This will complement the surveys which were
completed in 2008 (Ho and Kassem 2009) which show that the overall condition of
Semporna’s reefs is in the “poor” and “fair” categories. Recurring surveys are important to
determine a trend of reef status in the area.
• Conservation and outreach
Establish the value of the Semporna area for diving tourism in combination with coral reef
conservation, based on its reef status, which includes information on species richness and the
occurrence of rare and endemic species. The Semporna Priority Conservation Area is listed as
globally-outstanding for its biodiversity in the Tri-national Conservation Plan of the SuluSulawesi Marine Ecoregion (SSME). In addition, the SSME is one of the priority seascapes
of the Coral Triangle Initiative which was signed by the Heads of State of the 6 Coral
Triangle counties in 2009.
1.2 Methodology
There were several concurrent surveys conducted during the assessment of coral reefs. Each
survey employed slightly different methodologies to ensure compatibility and comparability
with previous surveys in Semporna and throughout the Coral Triangle. A small team of
international and local scientists conducted the entire survey. Each team made 2-3 survey
dives or outings per day throughout the Semporna reef complex. The sites were selected
using nautical maps, satellite images and GPS. The survey was conducted from the
liveaboard boat, MV Celebes Explorer (based in Semporna).
Coral reef biodiversity – An inventory of corals, fishes and associated reef fauna species was
made during SCUBA dives using the Roving Diver technique. Species records were used in a
species richness estimation analysis for species presence-absence comparisons (see
Hoeksema 2004, Hoeksema & Koh, 2009). Specimens of particular scientific interest were
collected for the reference collections of the participating institutes for further identification
(Borneo Marine Research Institute of Universiti Malaysia Sabah at Kota Kinabalu,
Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis at Leiden). In addition, specimens were
collected for molecular phylogenetic (evolutionary) comparisons and phylogeographic
studies on connectivity.
2
Coral reef status – A single ‘snapshot’ of Semporna’s coral reef health was established using
modified and supplemented Reef Check (Hodgson et al., 2006) and Asean Australian
methods (English et al., 1997). In addition to this, reef profiling was conducted at all sites and
random swims and quadrat photos were made at shallow reefs or reef flats. Most sites were
also supplemented with underwater video transects.
By being based on a liveaboard boat, the teams were able to make several dives per day. The
biodiversity team used the WWF-Malaysia catamaran Kahumbu, while the reef status team
used the diving skiff of the MV Celebes Explorer. The two teams would dive in similar sites
2 to 3 times per day while the MV Celebes Explorer moved between sites. Usually 2 dives
were made in the morning and 1 or 2 dives were made in the afternoon and early evening. In
the evenings and between dives, the biodiversity team used the MV Celebes Explorer upper
deck to process collected specimens. In the evenings both teams focused on data entry.
Permits for collections were obtained from Department of Fisheries Sabah. Permits for data
collection in the Sabah Parks’ sites were obtained from Sabah Parks. All expedition
participants from overseas obtained research permits from the Economic Planning Unit and
research passes from the Department of Immigration in Sabah.
1.3 Expedition Dive sites and GPS Coordinates:
Dive site for all team
Dive site for biodiversity team
3
Dive site for reef status team
Date
Dive
Site
28/11/10
Check
dive
1
Semporna
Fish
Cage
Mid Rock, Roach
Reef
Second
Reef,
Roach Reef
Hand Rock
Darby Bank
Alert Patches 2
Alert Patches 3
Erzherzog Reef
Horn Reef
Ligitan Reef 1 S
Ligitan Reef 2 N
Paradise 2, Mabul
Island
Stingray Valley,
Kapalai Island
Cust Reef 1 S
Ribbon Valley 1,
Mabul Island
Ligitan Island 1
SW
Ligitan Island 2
SE
Ligitan Island 3 E
Si Amil Island
Denawan Island
Ligitan Island 4
W
Cust Reef 2 N
Creach Reef
Sipanggau Island
Bumbun Island W
(channel)
Pasalat Reef
Bumbun Island E
Batura Reef
Boheyan Island
Timba
timba
Island
Pandanan Island
Sweetlips Rock,
Mataking Island
Kulapuan Island 1
S
Kulapuan Island 2
N
29/11/10
2
30/11/10
01/12/10
02/12/10
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9A
9B
10
11
12
03/12/10
13
14
04/12/10
05/12/10
07/12/10
08/12/10
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
09/12/10
30
31
Latitude (N)
Biodiversity
Team
Longitude (E) Latitude (N) Reef Longitude
(E)
Biodiversity
Status Team
Reef Status Team
Team
04⁰ 29' 02.0''
118⁰ 37' 20.11''
04⁰ 29' 02.0''
118⁰ 37' 20.11''
04⁰ 10' 39.0''
118⁰ 18' 12.1''
04⁰ 10' 48.1''
118⁰ 18' 31.2''
04⁰ 10' 31.5''
04⁰ 08' 24.5''
04⁰ 06' 42.8''
04⁰ 09' 38.5"
04⁰ 09' 46.7"
04⁰ 14' 26.5"
04⁰ 14' 31.9"
04⁰ 14' 05.8"
N/A
118⁰ 17' 53.5''
118⁰ 10' 44.3''
118⁰ 13' 39.7''
118⁰ 15' 36.3"
118⁰ 16' 35.8"
118⁰ 23' 35.2"
118⁰ 26' 25,0"
118⁰ 33' 26.7"
N/A
04⁰ 10' 32.5''
04⁰ 08' 23.0''
04⁰ 06' 42.8''
04⁰ 09' 37.7"
04⁰ 09' 46.8"
04⁰ 13' 49.8"
04⁰ 14' 32.0"
04⁰ 14' 07.7"
04⁰ 14' 39.3"
N/A
118⁰ 17' 54.5''
118⁰ 10' 41.6''
118⁰ 13' 39.7''
118⁰ 15' 37.3"
118⁰ 16' 36.0"
118⁰ 25' 00.0"
118⁰ 26' 24.1"
118⁰ 33' 22.7"
118⁰ 33' 43.0"
N/A
04⁰ 14' 56.7"
118⁰ 37' 54.7"
04⁰ 13' 05.4"
04⁰ 16' 27.5"
118⁰ 40' 20.0"
118⁰ 42' 32.9"
04⁰ 13' 04.8"
04⁰ 16' 26.0"
118⁰ 40' 20.1"
118⁰ 42' 35.2"
04⁰ 13' 49.8"
118⁰ 38' 12.3"
04⁰ 13' 50.3"
118⁰ 38' 10.8"
04⁰ 11' 13.8"
118⁰ 47' 27.9"
04⁰ 11' 13.4"
118⁰ 47' 29.6"
04⁰ 09' 35.8"
04⁰ 12' 43.0"
04⁰ 18' 56.9"
04⁰ 18' 55.9"
118⁰ 52' 22.2"
118⁰ 54' 36.6"
118⁰ 52' 33.8"
118⁰ 51' 03.6"
04⁰ 09' 38.4"
04⁰ 12' 40.4"
04⁰ 19' 02.1"
04⁰ 18' 53.1"
118 52' 21.3"
118⁰ 54' 35.4"
118⁰ 52' 30.7"
118⁰ 50' 59.7"
04⁰ 14' 06.5"
04⁰ 17' 08,3"
04⁰ 18' 58.8"
04⁰ 22' 51.4"
118⁰ 48' 26,5"
118⁰ 42' 40,7"
118⁰ 36' 17.3"
118⁰ 36' 20.3"
04⁰ 14' 07.3"
04⁰ 17' 08.7"
04⁰ 18' 57.4"
04⁰ 22' 50.5"
N/A
118⁰ 48' 27.1"
118⁰ 42' 39.8"
118⁰ 36' 18.4"
118⁰ 36' 19.8"
N/A
04⁰ 27' 40.7"
04⁰ 30' 47.8"
04⁰ 26' .54.1"
04⁰ 30' 48.6"
04⁰ 28' 00.9"
118⁰ 38' 09.1"
118⁰ 44' 07.8"
118⁰ 46' 31.0"
118⁰ 48' 31.2"
118⁰ 56' 51.6"
04⁰ 30' 50.0"
04⁰ 27' 02.5"
04⁰ 30' 49.1"
04⁰ 28' 05.6"
118⁰ 44' 30.9"
118⁰ 46' 39.7"
118⁰ 48' 30.7"
118⁰ 56' 50.8"
04
04
33' 37.7"
34' 36.0"
118
118
55' 30.4"
55' 14.1"
04
04
33' 39.2"
34' 40.7"
118
118
55' 29.3"
55' 13.4"
04
34' 57.6"
118
56' 46.5"
04
35' 09.6"
118
56' 45.4"
04
30' 41.3"
118
51' 58.4"
04
30' 42.8"
118
51' 57.5"
04
32' 09.6"
118
50' 18.6"
04
32' 07.4"
118
50' 18.2"
4
10/12/10
11/12/10
32
33
34
35
36
36B
37
38
39
12/12/10
13/12/10
15/12/10
16/12/10
17/12/10
40
41
42
43
43B
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
18/12/10
59A
59B
60
Pom pom Island
Kapikan Reef
Mantabuan Island
Gaya Island 1 SE
Gaya Island 2 N
Gaya Island 3 N
Boheydulang
Island 1 S
Boheydulang
Island 2 outer reef
Tetagan
Island
Inner Lagoon
Ribbon Reef
Maiga Island
Selakan Island
Sebangkat Island
Singamata
Pancang
Sibuan Island
Church Reef 1
Church Reef 2
Larapan Island
Timbun
Mata
Island
Balusuan Island
Batik Island
Tabawan Island
Silumpat Island
Batik
Kulambu
Island
Bakungan Island
Silawa Island
Mata Pahi Island
Larapan Island 2
S
Semporna
Mangrove
Mid
Reef,
Sipadan Island
Barracuda Point,
Sipadan Island
Hanging Garden,
Sipadan Island
04
04
04
04
04
04
35' 29.8"
38' 56.5"
37' 56.0"
37' 29.0"
37' 57.6"
38' 32.5"
118
118
118
118
118
118
51' 43.1"
49' 15.0"
47' 48.6"
46' 38.9"
45' 32.3"
44' 6.0"
04
04
04
04
04
N/A
35' 30.6"
39' 4.9"
37' 57.6"
37' 30.4"
37' 57.9"
118
118
118
118
118
N/A
51' 41.2"
49' 18.2"
47' 48.9"
46' 38.9"
45' 31.7"
04
35' 00.3"
118
46' 39.1"
04
35' 00.4"
118
46' 40.5"
04
34' 01.8"
118
45' 27.5"
04
34' 03.2"
118
45' 27.1"
04
04
04
04
04
35' 55.4"
36' 10.0"
37' 32.2"
34' 22.1"
33' 19.9"
118
118
118
118
118
43' 43.2"
45' 53.6"
40' 58.0"
43' 04.3"
39' 17.3"
04
04
04
04
04
N/A
35' 56.9"
36' 09.3"
37' 32.5"
34' 23.6"
33' 18.9"
118
118
118
118
118
N/A
43' 43.7"
45' 53.5"
40' 58.5"
43' 02.5"
39' 18.8"
04
04
04
04
04
31' 21.0"
39' 01.9"
40' 54.9"
41' 10.5"
34' 27.5"
118
118
118
118
118
37' 00.7"
39' 22.6"
39' 28.4"
38' 56.5"
36' 15.0"
04
04
04
04
39' 03.4"
40' 54.1"
41' 10.0"
34' 27.4"
118
118
118
118
39' 22.9"
39' 28.9"
38' 54.8"
36' 15.5"
04
04
04
04
04
37' 59.6"
41' 07.9"
43' 09.2"
47' 15.6"
45' 58.7"
118
118
118
118
118
35' 21.6"
32' 29.6"
28' 22.0"
25' 00.8"
23' 25.6"
04
04
04
04
04
38' 46.6"
41' 08.0"
43' 33.0"
47' 14.1"
45' 57.7"
118
118
118
118
118
35' 11.9"
32' 30.5"
28' 13.8"
25' 01.3"
23' 27.0"
04
04
04
04
42' 02.1"
45' 11.1"
34' 29.8"
34' 50.9"
118
118
118
118
23' 18.4"
29' 16.0"
33' 59.6"
32' 49.4"
04
04
04
04
42' 03.3"
45' 12.8"
34' 29.9"
34' 49.1"
118
118
118
118
23' 18.2"
29' 16.5"
34' 01.2"
32' 48.4"
04
32' 51.1"
118
36' 31.3"
04
32' 51.1"
118
36' 31.3"
04
27' 35.6"
118
37' 33.6"
04
27' 36.2"
118
37' 34.2"
N/A
N/A
04
07' 12.0"
118
37' 44.9"
04
06' 45.3"
118
37' 29.3"
5
04 06' 47.8"
N/A
118 38' 10.1"
N/A
04
118
06' 40.3"
37' 29.3"
1.4 Team Member Details and Tasks
Biodiversity Research Team
Team Leader / Expedition Leader
Dr. Bert W. Hoeksema
Head of Department Marine Zoology,
NCB Naturalis, Netherlands.
Research field: Taxonomy, ecology, phylogeny,
biogeography, and conservation of corals.
Specialty in Mushroom coral (Fungidae)
Mrs. Zarinah Waheed
PhD Student NCB Naturalis & Academic
staff in Borneo Marine Research Institute,
University Malaysia Sabah.
Research Field: Hardcoral (Agariciidae &
Euphyllidae), connectivity, coral reefs
ecology.
Dr. Charles H.J.M. Fransen
Researcher/Curator Crustacea NCB Naturalis,
Netherlands.
Research Field: taxonomy and systematics of
shrimps of the subfamily Pontoniinae that live
in association with other organisms.
Ms. Sancia E.T. van der Meij
Research Associate, PhD Student, NCB
Naturalis, Netherlands.
Research Field: taxonomy and ecology of
stony corals (Scleractinia) and coral gall
crabs (Cryptochiridae)
Prof. Dr. Kent Carpenter
Manager, Marine Biodiversity Unit, Species
Programme,
IUCN
and Professor
Old
Dominion University, USA.
Research Field: Coral Reef Fish (Ichtyology)
Mr. Bastian T. Reijnen
Research Associate, PhD Student, NCB
Naturalis, Netherlands.
Research Field:
Gastropod snails
(Ovulidae) associated with soft corals and
gorgonians.
Dr. Stefano Giovanni Angelo Draisma
Visiting Senior Research Fellow, Institute of
Ocean & Earth Sciences (IOES) ,Universiti
Malaya (UM)
Research Field: Macroalgae
Mr. Brian Stockwell
Reef fish specialist, Old Dominion
University, USA.
Research Field: Reef fish ecology and
conservation (especially Southeast Asia)
Mr. Mohd. Kassim B. Abd. Karim
Park Ranger, Turtle Island Park, Sabah Parks.
Research Field: Fish and marine turtles.
Reef Status Research Team
Team Leader
Mr. Affendi Yang Amri
Academic staff in Universiti Malaya (UM)
Research Field: Coral Reef Ecology
Reef status research: Substrate & video transect
Mr. Kee Alfian Abd Adzis
Academic staff in Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia (UKM)
Research Field: Marine Invertebrate
Reef status research: substrate
Mr. Muhammad Ali Syed Husin
Ms. Nina Ho
Academic staff in Universiti Malaysia Sabah Marine Conservation Biologist
(UMS)
Reef status research: Fish
Research field: Marine Zoology
Reef status research: Fish
6
Dr. Aazani Mujahid
Academic staff in Universiiy Malaysia Sarawak
(UNIMAS)
Research Field: Physical Oceanography
Reef Status research: Invertebrate & physical
parameters
Ms. Munira Shaipudin Shah
Master student in Universiti Malaya (UM)
Research field: Sea anemone
Reef status research: Invertebrate & Reef
profilling
Mr. Nara Ahmad
Research officer in Marine Research Unit,
Tun Sakaran Marine Parks, Sabah Parks.
Reef Status research: Reef profilling & transect
laying
Mr. Carel Drijver
Head of Oceans & Coasts Programme
WWF-Netherlands
Reef status research: Impacts
Invertebrate
Mr. Ken Kassem
Head of Marine Conservation / SSME Manager
WWF-Malaysia
Reef status research: Reef profiling & transect
laying
Communicator / Photographer
Ms. Angela Lim
Senior Communications Officer
SSME Programme, WWF-Malaysia
Mr. Eric Madeja
Director / Photographer
Treasure Images Sdn. Bhd.
© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja
7
&
2. Biodiversity surveys
2.1 Introduction
Hereby, we present the
preliminary results of the
biodiversity survey that was
part of the Semporna Marine
Ecological
Expedition
(SMEE) 2010. The outcome
of the expedition will help to
see which areas within the
Semporna
region
are
relatively rich in species,
some of which are unique or
rare. With regard to physical
conditions,
a
major
distinction can be made
between the predominantly
oceanic, wave-exposed reefs
in the south and the mostly
sheltered reefs in the north,
especially those in Darvel
Bay. This difference is also
reflected in the species
composition and richness of
some taxa, like for instance
some coral and fish families.
Besides their application in
conservation efforts, the
results will be worked out
and published in scientific
journals. So far five short
papers have been published
and a sixth is accepted for
publication. We aim to make
© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja
those
papers
available
through open access and to become freely available to the public. We hope that this shared
knowledge will help to promote the Semporna region as a dive destination and that this will
help to stop the use of destructive fishing methods.
We are indebted to WWF-Malaysia and WWF-Netherlands for organizing this expedition,
and to their sponsors for the financial support. We are grateful to our colleagues (of WWF,
the reef status team, and the biodiversity team), Eric Madeja of Treasure Images Sdn Bhd,
and the crew of MV Celebes Explorer for the cooperation.
8
2.2 Hard Corals (Families Fungiidae, Agariciidae and Euphyllidae)
Zarinah Waheed and Bert W. Hoeksema
Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity - Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The
Netherlands
E-mail: Zarinah.Waheed@ncbnaturalis.nl, Bert.Hoeksema@ncbnaturalis.nl
The coral families Fungiidae, Agariciidae and Euphylliidae were chosen for the hard coral
biodiversity study. These three families have a wide geographical distribution and are found
in various reef habitats. Reliable data can be obtained on their species presence or absence by
per reef area surveyed. It would be unrealistic to work with absolute maximum numbers of all
coral species as this would decrease the precision of the data.
Fungiidae
Mushroom corals account for 10% of all reef-dwelling hard coral species. They are
taxonomically well studied and are easily identified in the field. Areas with high richness of
mushroom coral species usually have high richness of other corals as well. Mushroom corals
belong to the Indo-Pacific family Fungiidae and has a total of 11 genera: Fungia (26 species),
Heliofungia (1 species), Ctenactis (3 species), Herpolitha (1 species), Polyphyllia (2 species),
Sandalolitha (3 species), Zoopilus (1 species), Halomitra (2 species), Cantharellus (3
species), Lithophyllon (3 species) and Podabacia (4 species). The genus Fungia is divided
into seven subgenera (Hoeksema, 1989). However, a recent study by Gittenberger et al.
(2011) suggested a revision in the classification of this family based on their molecular
analyses.
A total of 44 species of mushroom corals have been recorded from 63 sites during this
expedition (Appendix 1). Data on the presence and absence of coral species per site were
used for species richness analyses. The species richness estimators were calculated using the
programme EstimateS (Colwell, 2009), in which the sample order is randomized and the
values are averaged. The mean and standard deviation of species richness at each sample
number are calculated and the curves are extrapolated to estimate the total species richness in
an area (Magurran, 2004). The species accumulation curves show the rate at which other
species are found and more sampling will uncover more species, making the accumulation
curves arch upwards (Magurran, 2004). When the curves flatten out and reach an asymptote
with minimal standard deviation (close to 0), additional species is not discovered.
The present species accumulation curves show that the estimated species numbers (ICE,
Chao 2) reaches the observed species number very closely with an error of less than one. In
theory, additional sampling may reveal one more species (Fig. 1).
The mushroom coral species composition at each site was variable and depended on the reef
condition. Species diversity was generally higher at reefs close to the mainland, with the
highest diversity at Maiga Island (Site 41) in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park and Batik
Kulambu Island (Site 53) in Darvel Bay. Both sites recorded 29 species.
9
Fig. 1. Species accumulation curves indicating numbers (and standard deviations) of mushroom corals
observed at Semporna from 63 dives (n=44). For statistics see Colwell (2009).
Based on the species composition of mushroom corals, a cluster analysis was carried out to
determine the similarity or differences in species composition among the sites. Several
methods were used but the Ward’s minimum variance clustering method showed the clearest
pattern. The sites were clustered into two main areas (Fig. 2 and 3), and seem to be separated
by a line from Semporna in an East-northeast direction. The first area is from the outer reefs
of the northeast to the south of Semporna, which includes the barrier reef formation and the
oceanic island of Sipadan. These reefs are more exposed to the oceanic elements as compared
to the first area. These reefs are not very well described, with the exception of Sipadan Island
(Wood, 1987; Wood and Tan, 1987; Wood, 1994) and Mabul Island (Aw, 2009).
The second area is towards the north of Semporna including the islands in Darvel Bay and
most of the reef sites in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park. The reefs in the Park are composed of
fringing reefs, atolls or ring reefs, platform reefs and reefs with low islands (see Wood, 1987
for detailed descriptions of the reef geomorphology within the park area). The reefs in Darvel
Bay are also composed of fringing and patch reefs, however, unlike the reefs in the park area,
these reefs are characterized by brown turbid waters with high humic content and sheltered
conditions (Ditlev, 2003), especially towards the inner part of the bay.
A comparison of the coral species composition of Semporna with other studied localities in
the region shows that Semporna is within the cluster representing the Coral Triangle (Fig. 4).
The total of 44 species of mushroom corals that have been recorded from this expedition
10
surpasses other areas with very high biodiversity in the Coral Triangle such as Berau, East
Kalimantan and Raja Ampat, West Papua. Both of these sites recorded 41 and 40 species of
mushroom corals, respectively, and to date Semporna holds the record for the highest species
diversity of this coral family (Fig. 5).
Some species have widespread distributions and can be considered common, such as Fungia
(V.) repanda, Fungia (W.) granulosa, Herpolitha limax and Podabacia crustacea. Other
species that were encountered at only few sites are rare and may be limited to a certain
environments based on the reef type or preference, such as Fungia (C.) cyclolites, Podabacia
sinai, Sandalolitha sp., Fungia (C.) hexagonalis, and Fungia (P.) taiwanensis (Plate 1). Some
rare coral species only known from a few localities in the Coral Triangle, such as
Lithophyllon ranjithi and Halomitra clavator, were also recorded (Plate 2).
Previous studies documenting the species diversity of hard corals around Semporna are listed
in Table 1. A comparison of the species diversity of mushroom corals from these previous
studies and this present report is shown in Appendix 2. The previous studies did not record as
many species as the recent expedition. The reason is two-fold: 1) it is difficult to identify and
document all species (> 500) of hard corals on the reef as the focus is too broad, 2) these
studies were carried out to determine the status of the reefs rather than concentrate solely on
the species count of corals. For these reasons, rare and inconspicuous species were more
easily overlooked in the previous studies.
Table 1. Previous studies on status of coral reefs (including species list) in Semporna, Sabah
Location
Publication
Bodgaya group of islands and reefs (now the Wood (1987), Wood and Tan (1987)
Tun Sakaran Marine Park) and Sipadan Island
Sipadan Island
Wood (1994 )
Darvel Bay
Ditlev et al. (1999), Ditlev (2003)
11
Fig. 2. Cluster analysis (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method) of hard coral family Fungiidae
from 63 sites in Semporna. Numbers on the right side represent dive site numbers. Symbols on the left
(triangle and circle) represent two separate clusters.
12
Legend
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Reef < 5 m depth
Land
Fig. 3. Survey sites in Semporna showing two clusters based on mushroom coral species composition (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method)
13
Fig. 4. Dendogram of cluster analysis showing the position of Semporna among other localities that
has been studied. Semporna (marked by red) is situated within the orange box, which represents the
cluster of the Coral Triangle area.
?
?
Fig. 5. Mushroom coral species numbers based on presence / absence data with additional records
(adapted after Hoeksema, 2007). Semporna is indicated by the red circle. Areas indicated by a
question mark (?) will be surveyed in the near future.
14
Sandalolitha sp.
Fungia (C.) cyclolites (Lamarck, 1815)
Podabacia sinai (Veron, 2002)
Fungia (P.) taiwanensis
(Hoeksema and Dai, 1991)
Juvenile Fungia (C.) hexagonalis
(Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848)
Adult Fungia (C.) hexagonalis
Plate 1. Rare species of mushroom corals that were recorded in Semporna.
15
Halomitra clavator
(Hoeksema, 1989)
Fungia (V.) spinifer
(Claereboudt and Hoeksema, 1987)
Lithophyllon ranjithi
(Ditlev, 2003)
Plate 2. Other rare mushroom coral species worldwide that were recorded in Semporna
16
Agariciidae
Corals of the family Agariciidae are represented by five genera in the Indo-Pacific:
Leptoseris (15 species), Pavona (13 species), Gardineroseris (1 species), Coeloseris (1
species) and Pachyseris (5 species) (Veron and Pichon, 1979). In general, agariciid corals are
found in a variety of reef habitats but Leptoseris species are more common in deeper reef
environments. The growth forms of these corals may be massive (boulder-shaped) or laminar
(plate-like).
In Semporna, a total of 31 species of agariciid corals was documented from 59 dives
(Appendix 3). The species accumulation curves show that the estimated species numbers
(ICE, Chao 2) reach the observed species number asymptotically. Therefore sampling effort
has been sufficient and additional sampling would not have resulted in more species (Fig. 6).
Reefs with highest species diversity were generally found near the coast, with the exception
of a few offshore reef sites such as Sipadan and Mataking Islands. The highest diversity of
agariciid corals was recorded at Sibuan Island (Site 44).
Fig. 6. Species accumulation curves indicating numbers (and standard deviations) of agariciid corals
observed at Semporna during 59 dives (n=31). For statistics see Colwell (2009).
Based on the species composition of agariciid corals, the sites were also clustered to two
main areas (Fig. 7 and 8). Similar to the mushroom corals, the two distinct clusters seem to be
separated by a similar line from Semporna in an East-northeast direction.
17
Some species are common and were found at more than 40 sites, such as Pachyseris
speciosa, Pavona varians, Leptoseris cf. scabra, Gardineroseris planulata and Pavona
explanulata (Plate 3). Leptoseris scabra is thought to be one of the most common Leptoseris
species. However upon inspection of the type specimens from Hawaii, deposited in the
Smithsonian Institution (USNM 20886 and USNM 20885), we found that the type specimens
are small, with smaller corallites and finer septocostae than the specimens we found in
Semporna. This variation could be related to the different locality or habitat type. On the
other hand, it could also be a different species altogether. For these reasons the specimens
were provisionally identified as Leptoseris cf. scabra until further examination can prove
their identity.
Rare species or species that were found at less than five sites are Leptoseris amitoriensis,
Leptoseris solida, Leptoseris sp. and Pavona minuta (Plate 4). Leptoseris sp. is possibly
Leptoseris fragilis and requires further examination.
The comparison of the presently observed species diversity of agariciid corals with those of
earlier studies in Semporna (Appendix 4) shows that the current expedition recorded more
species. The reasons for this are similar to those mentioned previously under the mushroom
coral section.
18
Fig. 7. Cluster analysis (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method) of the family Agariciidae
recorded at 59 sites in Semporna. Numbers on the right side represent dive site numbers. Symbols on
the left (triangle and circle) represent two separate clusters.
19
Legend
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Reef < 5 m depth
Land
Fig. 8. Survey sites in Semporna showing two clusters based on agariciid species composition (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method)
20
Pachyseris speciosa (Dana, 1846)
Podabacia crustacea (mushroom coral)
and Pachyseris speciosa (agariciid coral)
Pavona varians (Verill, 1864)
Leptoseris cf. scabra (Vaughan, 1907)
Pavona explanulata (Lamarck, 1816)
Gardineroseris planulata (Dana, 1846)
Plate 3. Common species of agariciid corals that were recorded at more than 40 sites in Semporna
21
Leptoseris amitoriensis
(Veron, 1990)
Leptoseris solida
(Quelch, 1886)
Leptoseris sp.
Plate 4. Rare or uncommon agariciid corals. These corals were encountered at less than five sites in
Semporna
22
Euphylliidae
Coral family Euphylliidae is composed of five genera, all occurring in the Indo-Pacific,
namely Euphyllia (8 species), Plerogyra (6 species), Physogyra (1 species), Catalaphyllia (1
species) and Nemenzophyllia (1 species). They are characterized by large-sized corallites with
conspicuous tentacles that are usually extended all the time. The tentacles have the form of
long tubes, bubble-like grapes, anchor or hammer-shaped, or even fleshy mantles, depending
on the species. Generally, euphylliid corals can be found in various reef environments but
some species have a preference for sheltered and turbid environments.
Out of the total of 17 species of currently known euphylliid corals, 15 species were recorded
during 59 dives in Semporna (Appendix 5). Similar to the agariciid corals, the species
accumulation curves show that the estimated species numbers (ICE, Chao 2) reach the
observed species number. Hence additional sampling would not have resulted in additional
species (Fig. 9). The species diversity of euphylliid corals was highest at the coastal reefs
rather than the oceanic reefs, as observed for the Agariciidae. The highest diversity was
recorded at Timbum Mata Island (Site 48), while the lowest was at Mabul and Sipadan
Islands (Sites 12 and 59, respectively).
Fig. 9. Species accumulation curves indicating numbers (and standard deviations) of bubble corals
observed at Semporna during 59 dives (n=15). For statistics see Colwell (2009).
23
Based on the cluster analysis, there was no distinct pattern in the species composition of
euphylliid corals that could distinguish between the reefs of the area (Fig. 10 and 11).
However, there were species that were found exclusively in the nearshore/coastal reefs such
as Nemenzophyllia turbida, Euphyllia paradivisa, Plerogyra diabolotus and Plerogyra
cauliformis (Plate 5).
Frequently encountered (>40 sites) euphylliid coral species include Plerogyra sinuosa,
Physogyra lichtensteini, Euphyllia glabrescens, Euphyllia ancora, and Euphyllia divisa.
These species are also common in the area (Plate 6)
Rare or uncommon euphylliid coral species are Euphyllia cristata and Plerogyra cauliformis
and these two species were only encountered four times each and at different sites (Plate 7).
The three new euphylliid coral species that were first discovered in Darvel Bay and described
by Ditlev (2003) were also found during the expedition. Thus far these coral species have
only been reported from this locality.
Similar to the mushroom corals and agariciid corals, the species number of euphylliid corals
recorded from this expedition is higher compared to those of the previous studies (Appendix
6).
24
Fig. 10. Cluster analysis (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method) of hard coral family
Euphyllidae from 59 sites in Semporna. Numbers on the right side represent dive site numbers.
Symbols on the left (triangle and circle) represents two separate clusters.
25
Legend
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Reef < 5 m depth
Land
Fig. 11. Survey sites in Semporna showing two clusters based on euphyliid species composition (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method)
26
Nemenzophyllia turbida
(Hodgson and Ross, 1981)
Euphyllia paradivisa
(Veron, 1990)
Plerogyra diabolotus
(Ditlev, 2003)
Plate 5. Euphylliid coral species that were only recorded on the nearshore/coastal reefs in the north and
northeast of Semporna
27
Plerogyra sinuosa (Dana, 1846)
Physogyra lichtensteini
(Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1851)
Euphyllia ancora (Veron and Pichon,
1979) host to shrimp Ancylomenes
venustus, (Bruce 1989)
Euphyllia glabrescens
(Chamisso and Eysenhardt, 1821)
Euphyllia divisa with the tentacles retracted
Euphyllia divisa (Veron and Pichon, 1979)
Plate 6. Common species of euphylliid corals that were recorded at more than 40 sites in Semporna
28
Euphyllia cristata (Chevalier, 1971)
Plerogyra cauliformis (Ditlev, 2003)
Plate 7. Rare or uncommon euphylliid coral species that was encountered in less than five sites in Semporna
29
References
Aw, S.L. 2009. Impact of Tourism Development and Proposed Management Plan for Mabul Island, Sabah,
Malaysia. M.Sc. Thesis, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
Colwell, R. K. 2009. EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples.
Version 8.2. User's Guide and application published at: http://purl.oclc.org/estimates.
Ditlev, H., De Silva, M.W.R.N. and Ridzwan, A.R. 1999. Hard Corals of Darvel Bay. In: Ekspedisi Balaxea
’98. A study of living marine resources of Darvel Bat, Sabah, Malaysia. Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
Pp 51 – 71
Ditlev, H. 2003. New scleractinian corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Sabah, North Borneo. Description of
one new genus and eight new species, with notes on their taxonomy and ecology. Zoologische Mededelingen
77 (1-14): 193-219
Gittenberger, A., Reijnen, B.T. and Hoeksema, B.W. 2011. A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of
mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for
life history traits. Contributions to Zoology, 80 (2): 107-132
Hoeksema, B.W. 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia:
Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295
Hoeksema, B.W. 2007. Delineation of the Indo-Malayan Centre of Maximum Marine Biodiversity: The Coral
Triangle. In: W. Renema (ed.) Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers and Islands. Springer,
Dordrecht. Pp 117-178
Magurran. A.E. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell, Oxford.
Veron, J.E.N. and Pichon, M. 1979. Scleractinia of Eastern Australia III. Families Agariciidae,
Siderastreidae, Fungiidae, Oculinidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae, Pectiniidae, Caryophylliidae,
Dendrophylliidae. Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series 4: 1-459.
Wood, C.R. 1987. Physical features of the islands and coral reefs. In: The corals reefs of the Bodgaya Islands
(Sabah: Malaysia) and Pulau Sipadan.. Malayan Nature Journal 40 (3-4): 169-188
Wood, E.M and Tan, B.S. 1987. Hard Coral. In: The corals reefs of the Bodgaya Islands (Sabah: Malaysia)
and Pulau Sipadan.. Malayan Nature Journal 40 (3-4): 189-224
Wood, C.R. 1994. Physical features of the Sipadan reef. In: Pulau Sipadan: Reef life and ecology. Technical
report, WWF Project Number MYS 233/92. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Pp 11-22
30
Appendix 1. Mushroom corals (Fungiidae) observed at Semporna sites
Sample number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12
13
14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) distorta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) cyclolites
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) curvata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
F. (C.) somervillei
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) fragilis
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) hexagonalis
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) costulata
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
F. (C.) tenuis
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
F. (C.) vaughani
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) spec.
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fungia (Verillofungia) spinifer
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (V.) scabra
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
F. (V.) concinna
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
F. (V.) repanda
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fungia (Danafungia) fralinae
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (D.) horrida
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
F. (D.) scruposa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fungia (Fungia) fungites
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fungia (Wellsofungia) granulosa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fungia (Lobactis) scutaria
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fungia (Pleuractis) moluccensis
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
F. (P.) taiwanesis
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (P.) gravis
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
F. (P.) paumotensis
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
F. (P.) seychellensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Heliofungia actiniformis
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
Ctenactis albitentaculata
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C. echinata
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
C. crassa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
Herpolitha limax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Polyphyllia novaehiberniae
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. talpina
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
Sandalolitha dentata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
S. robusta
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
S. spec.
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Zoopilus echinatus
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Halomitra pileus
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
H. clavator
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cantharellus doederleini
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C. noumeae
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C. jebbi
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lithophyllon undulatum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
L. mokai
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. ranjithi
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Podabacia crustacea
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
31
P. motuporensis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. kunzmanni
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. sinai
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
22
17 28
22
17 18
18
20 22
17
22 22
19
23 12
19 15 20 16 19 14 19
Appendix 1. cont.
Sample number
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 36b 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
F. (C.) distorta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) cyclolites
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) curvata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) somervillei
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) fragilis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) hexagonalis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (C.) costulata
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
F. (C.) tenuis
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
F. (C.) vaughani
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
F. (C.) spec.
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fungia (Verillofungia) spinifer
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
F. (V.) scabra
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
F. (V.) concinna
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
F. (V.) repanda
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fungia (Danafungia) fralinae
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
F. (D.) horrida
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
F. (D.) scruposa
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fungia (Fungia) fungites
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fungia (Wellsofungia) granulosa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fungia (Lobactis) scutaria
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fungia (Pleuractis) moluccensis
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
F. (P.) taiwanesis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F. (P.) gravis
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
F. (P.) paumotensis
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
F. (P.) seychellensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Heliofungia actiniformis
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Ctenactis albitentaculata
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
C. echinata
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
C. crassa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Herpolitha limax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Polyphyllia novaehiberniae
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. talpina
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
Sandalolitha dentata
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
S. robusta
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
S. spec.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Zoopilus echinatus
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Halomitra pileus
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
H. clavator
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cantharellus doederleini
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C. noumeae
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
C. jebbi
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
Lithophyllon undulatum
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. mokai
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
L. ranjithi
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
Podabacia crustacea
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P. motuporensis
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
P. kunzmanni
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. sinai
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Total
22 23 19 24 21 23 15 16 21 17 24 21 22 27 25
21 22 21 18 29 19 25
Appendix 1. cont
Sample number
43b 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 51b 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Total
Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
17
F. (C.) distorta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
F. (C.) cyclolites
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
F. (C.) curvata
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
F. (C.) somervillei
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
F. (C.) fragilis
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
9
F. (C.) hexagonalis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
F. (C.) costulata
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
59
F. (C.) tenuis
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
36
F. (C.) vaughani
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
F. (C.) spec.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
Fungia (Verillofungia) spinifer
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
F. (V.) scabra
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
37
F. (V.) concinna
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
57
F. (V.) repanda
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
63
Fungia (Danafungia) fralinae
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
11
F. (D.) horrida
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
59
F. (D.) scruposa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
60
Fungia (Fungia) fungites
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
61
Fungia (Wellsofungia) granulosa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
63
Fungia (Lobactis) scutaria
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
Fungia (Pleuractis) moluccensis
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
52
F. (P.) taiwanesis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
F. (P.) gravis
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
54
F. (P.) paumotensis
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
62
F. (P.) seychellensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Heliofungia actiniformis
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
58
Ctenactis albitentaculata
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
33
C. echinata
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
55
C. crassa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
58
Herpolitha limax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
63
Polyphyllia novaehiberniae
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. talpina
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
43
Sandalolitha dentata
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
14
S. robusta
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
59
S. spec.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
33
Zoopilus echinatus
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
11
Halomitra pileus
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
37
H. clavator
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
Cantharellus doederleini
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C. noumeae
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C. jebbi
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
7
Lithophyllon undulatum
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
16
L. mokai
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
38
L. ranjithi
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
13
Podabacia crustacea
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
63
P. motuporensis
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
P. kunzmanni
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. sinai
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Total
22
23 26 24 25 23 25 22 24 26
34
27 29 22 21 21 25 16 18 13
Appendix 2. Mushroom corals (Fungiidae) observed during previous studies in Semporna, Sabah
Sample number
Wood and Tan (1987)
Wood (1994)
Ditlev et. al. (1999)
SMEE 2010
Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis
-
-
+
+
F. (C.) distorta
-
-
-
+
F. (C.) cyclolites
-
-
-
+
F. (C.) curvata
-
-
-
+
F. (C.) somervillei
-
-
+
+
F. (C.) fragilis
-
+
+
+
F. (C.) hexagonalis
-
-
-
+
F. (C.) costulata
+
-
+
+
F. (C.) tenuis
-
-
+
+
F. (C.) vaughani
-
-
-
+
F. (C.) spec.
-
-
-
+
Fungia (Verillofungia) spinifer
-
-
-
+
F. (V.) scabra
+
-
+
+
F. (V.) concinna
+
+
+
+
F. (V.) repanda
+
-
+
+
Fungia (Danafungia) fralinae
-
-
-
+
F. (D.) horrida
-
+
+
+
F. (D.) scruposa
-
+
+
+
Fungia (Fungia) fungites
+
+
+
+
Fungia (Wellsofungia) granulosa
+
+
+
+
Fungia (Lobactis) scutaria
-
-
-
+
Fungia (Pleuractis) moluccensis
-
-
+
+
F. (P.) taiwanesis
-
-
-
+
F. (P.) gravis
-
-
+
+
F. (P.) paumotensis
+
+
+
+
F. (P.) seychellensis
-
-
-
-
Heliofungia actiniformis
+
+
+
+
Ctenactis albitentaculata
-
-
+
+
C. echinata
+
+
+
+
C. crassa
-
+
+
+
Herpolitha limax
+
+
+
+
Polyphyllia novaehiberniae
-
-
-
-
P. talpina
+
+
+
+
Sandalolitha dentata
-
+
-
+
S. robusta
+
+
+
+
S. spec.
-
-
-
+
Zoopilus echinatus
+
-
+
+
Halomitra pileus
+
-
+
+
H. clavator
-
-
-
+
Cantharellus doederleini
-
-
-
-
C. noumeae
-
-
-
-
C. jebbi
-
-
-
+
Lithophyllon undulatum
+
-
+
+
L. mokai
-
-
+
+
L. ranjithi
-
-
+
+
35
Podabacia crustacea
+
+
+
+
P. motuporensis
-
-
-
+
P. kunzmanni
-
-
-
-
P. sinai
-
-
-
+
Total
16
15
28
44
36
Appendix 3. Hard coral family Agariciidae observed at Semporna sites (site 6 not included)
Sample number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Coeloseris mayeri
0
1
0
1
1
-
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
Gardineroseris planulata
1
1
0
0
1
-
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
Leptoseris amitoriensis
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. glabra
0
0
1
0
0
-
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. foliosa
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. gardineri
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. hawaiiensis
0
0
1
0
0
-
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
L. incrustans
0
0
1
0
1
-
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
L. kalayaanensis
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. mysetoseroides
0
0
1
0
0
-
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
L. papyracea
0
0
1
0
0
-
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. scabra
0
0
1
1
0
-
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
L. solida
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. striata
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. tubulifera
0
0
1
1
0
-
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
L. yabei
0
0
0
0
0
-
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Leptoseris sp.
0
0
1
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pachyseris foliosa
1
0
1
1
0
-
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
P. gemmae
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
P. involuta
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. rugosa
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
P. speciosa
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Pavona bipartia
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
P. cactus
0
0
1
0
0
-
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
P. clavus
1
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
P. danai
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. decussata
0
0
1
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
P. duerdeni
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
P. explanulata
0
1
0
0
0
-
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P. frondifera
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. maldivensis
1
0
1
0
0
-
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. minuta
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. varians
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
P. venosa
1
1
1
1
1
-
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
Total
8
7
16 8
7
-
10 12 10 10 7
15 8
9
13 13 8
37
12 9
12 12 9
Appendix 3. cont.
Sample number
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Coeloseris mayeri
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Gardineroseris planulata
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Leptoseris amitoriensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
L. glabra
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
L. foliosa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. gardineri
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
L. hawaiiensis
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
L. incrustans
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. kalayaanensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. mysetoseroides
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
L. papyracea
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
L. scabra
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
L. solida
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
L. striata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. tubulifera
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
L. yabei
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Leptoseris sp.
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pachyseris foliosa
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
P. gemmae
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
P. involuta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. rugosa
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
P. speciosa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Pavona bipartia
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
P. cactus
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
P. clavus
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. danai
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
P. decussata
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P. duerdeni
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. explanulata
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
P. frondifera
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
P. maldivensis
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
P. minuta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. varians
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P. venosa
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Total
12 15 12 12 16 15 19 8
9
8
15 16 12 19 15 12 15 12 16 11 12 21
38
Appendix 3. cont.
Sample number
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Total
Coeloseris mayeri
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
36
Gardineroseris planulata
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
43
Leptoseris amitoriensis
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
L. glabra
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
31
L. foliosa
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
L. gardineri
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
7
L. hawaiiensis
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
38
L. incrustans
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
12
L. kalayaanensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. mysetoseroides
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
37
L. papyracea
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
22
L. scabra
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
49
L. solida
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
L. striata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. tubulifera
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
26
L. yabei
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
10
Leptoseris sp.
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
Pachyseris foliosa
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
36
P. gemmae
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
34
P. involuta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. rugosa
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
28
P. speciosa
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
58
Pavona bipartia
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
15
P. cactus
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
28
P. clavus
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
15
P. danai
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
12
P. decussata
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
37
P. duerdeni
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
10
P. explanulata
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
41
P. frondifera
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
P. maldivensis
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
25
P. minuta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
P. varians
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
57
P. venosa
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
34
Total
18 18 17 16 11 19 14 13 17 16 13 13 16 13 16 19
39
Appendix 4. Corals from family Agariciidae observed during previous studies in Semporna, Sabah
Sample number
Wood and Tan (1987)
Wood (1994)
Ditlev et. al. (1999)
SMEE 2010
Coeloseris mayeri
+
-
+
+
Gardineroseris planulata
+
+
+
+
Leptoseris amitoriensis
-
-
-
+
L. glabra
+
+
+
+
L. foliosa
-
-
-
+
L. fragilis
-
-
+
-
L. gardineri
-
-
+
+
L. hawaiiensis
+
+
+
+
L. incrustans
-
-
+
+
L. kalayaanensis
-
-
-
-
L. mysetoseroides
+
+
+
+
L. papyracea
-
-
+
+
L. scabra
+
+
-
+
L. solida
-
-
+
+
L. striata
-
-
-
-
L. tubulifera
-
-
-
+
L. yabei
-
+
-
+
Leptoseris sp.(possibly L. fragilis)
-
-
-
+
Leptoseris sp. (from Wood, 1994)
-
+
-
-
Pachyseris foliosa
-
-
+
+
P. gemmae
-
-
-
+
P. involuta
-
-
-
-
P. rugosa
+
+
+
+
P. speciosa
+
+
+
+
Pachyseris sp.
-
-
+
-
Pavona bipartia
-
+
-
+
P. cactus
+
+
+
+
P. clavus
+
-
+
+
P. danai
-
-
-
+
P. decussata
+
-
+
+
P. duerdeni
-
-
-
+
P. explanulata
+
+
+
+
P. frondifera
-
-
-
+
P. maldivensis
+
-
+
+
P. minuta
+
+
-
+
P. varians
+
+
-
+
P. venosa
+
+
+
+
P. divaricata
-
-
+
-
P. foliata (possibly P. decussata)
-
-
+
-
Pavona sp. A
+
-
-
-
Total
17
15
22
31
40
Appendix 5. Bubble coral (Euphylliidae) observed at Semporna sites (site 6 not included)
Sample number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Catalaphyllia jardineri
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
Nemenzophyllia turbida
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Physogyra lichtensteini
1
1
0
1
0
-
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
Euphyllia ancora
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
E. paraancora
0
0
1
0
0
-
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
E. cristata
0
0
0
1
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
E. divisa
1
1
1
1
0
-
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
E. paradivisa
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E. glabrescens
1
1
1
1
0
-
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
E. paraglabrescens
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E. yaeyamaensis
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Plerogyra discus
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. simplex
0
0
0
1
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
P. sinuosa
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P. multilobata
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
P. diabolotus
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. cauliformis
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
5
5
5
7
2
-
6
7
6
2
5
1
6
4
2
7
6
7
6
3
9
7
Appendix 5. cont.
Sample number
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Catalaphyllia jardineri
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Nemenzophyllia turbida
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
Physogyra lichtensteini
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
Euphyllia ancora
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
E. paraancora
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
E. cristata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E. divisa
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
E. paradivisa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
E. glabrescens
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
E. paraglabrescens
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E. yaeyamaensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
Plerogyra discus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. simplex
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
P. sinuosa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
P. multilobata
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
P. diabolotus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. cauliformis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
7
7
6
5
3
2
2
5
4
5
5
4
5
6
2
2
10 4
8
5
9
4
41
Appendix 5. cont.
Sample number
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Total
Catalaphyllia jardineri
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
10
Nemenzophyllia turbida
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
7
47
Physogyra lichtensteini
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Euphyllia ancora
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
44
E. paraancora
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
25
E. cristata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
4
E. divisa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
41
E. paradivisa
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
7
E. glabrescens
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
45
E. paraglabrescens
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E. yaeyamaensis
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
14
Plerogyra discus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P. simplex
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
P. sinuosa
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
56
P. multilobata
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
17
P. diabolotus
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
9
P. cauliformis
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
4
Total
7
4
9
12 9
9
4
7
9
5
10 11 11 8
1
3
Appendix 6. Bubble corals (Euphylliidae) observed during previous studies in Semporna, Sabah
Sample number
Wood and Tan (1987)
Wood (1994)
Ditlev et. al. (1999)
SMEE 2010
Catalaphyllia jardineri
-
-
+
+
Nemenzophyllia turbida
-
-
+
+
Physogyra lichtensteini
+
+
+
+
Euphyllia ancora
+
+
+
+
E. paraancora
-
-
-
+
E. cristata
-
+
+
+
E. divisa
+
-
+
+
E. paradivisa
-
+
+
+
E. glabrescens
+
+
+
+
E. paraglabrescens
-
-
-
-
E. yaeyamaensis
-
-
-
+
Plerogyra discus
-
-
-
-
P. simplex
+
-
+
+
P. sinuosa
+
+
+
+
P. multilobata
-
-
+
+
P. diabolotus
-
-
+
+
P. cauliformis
-
-
+
+
Total
6
6
13
15
42
2.3 Fish Fauna
Brian Stockwell and Kent Carpenter
Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
E-mail: bstoc006@odu.edu , kcarpent@odu.edu
Introduction
The primary goal of the expedition was to provide an inventory of fish species inhabiting the reefs
surrounding Semporna. The reef fish surveyed were restricted to a maximum depth of 40m for
safety, while the pelagic and open water species were restricted to those observed in markets. The
results of this study are likely to highlight the great diversity of fishes in the area and thus
demonstrate the importance of further protection for marine reserves such as Sipadan Island, and
marine parks such as the Tun Sakaran Marine Park.
Methods
Fish surveys
Fish diversity was estimated using (1) roving surveys, (2) rotenone stations, and (3) fish market
surveys. Roving surveys were conducted by a single observer (K. Carpenter or B. Stockwell) at a
total of 37 sites. Surveys were each a total of 60 minutes and began at the base of the reef slope (3020m) and ended along the reef flat, in which the observer recorded all species encountered. Fish
abundances were recorded using a log10 scale. The roving surveys were supplemented using
rotenone (an ichthyocide) at four stations (36, 46, 50, 54). Rotenone powder was mixed with liquid
detergent and seawater to create an emulsion, which was applied to small coral heads at various
depths. Divers waited 5 minutes before collecting specimens. The purpose of ichthyocides is to
collect highly cryptic species (i.e. eels and gobies) that are not observed during the roving surveys.
Market surveys were conducted before the beginning of the expedition (29 November) and during
rest days (6 and 14 December) at the Semporna fish market.
Data Analysis
Multivariate analyses of species assemblages were carried out using the computer software package
PRIMER (www.primer-e.com) (Clarke and Warwick 2001). Data were transformed to species
presence/absence to further minimize the potential effects of fishing and reserve protection on fish
species assemblage patterns. Degrees of similarity between sites based on species composition were
examined first by constructing a resemblance matrix using Bray-Curtis similarity. [Note that BrayCurtis similarity is equivalent to Sorenson’s similarity when used on presence/absence data.
Furthermore, ‘shared absences’ between samples have no effect on the computation of Bray-Curtis
similarity coefficients (Clarke and Warwick 2001)]. Hierarchical clusters of sites (agglomerative)
were then generated from the Bray-Curtis resemblance matrix. A series of ‘similarity profile’
(SIMPROF) tests in PRIMER were used to identify statistically-significant clusters of sites. To
highlight geographic patterns, the groupings of sites indicated by hierarchical clustering were
illustrated on maps.
Results
The total reef fish diversity of Semporna recorded during the roving surveys and rotenone stations
consists of 690 species belonging to 265 genera and 72 families (Appendix 1). The total number of
43
species recorded from market surveys was 141 (Appendix 2), of which 78 were not recorded during
the roving surveys, resulting in a combined diversity of 768 species for the entire expedition.
General faunal composition
The most abundant families in terms of number of species are damselfishes (Pomacentridae),
wrasses (Labridae), gobies (Gobiidae), groupers/basslets (Serranidae), cardinalfishes (Apogonidae),
butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae), surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae), parrotfishes (Scaridae), snappers
(Lutjanidae), and angelfishes (Pomacanthidae). These 10 families collectively account for 66% of
the total reef fish fauna (Fig. 1).
Total diversity per site varied greatly from 74 to 270 (Table 1). The total number of species on a reef
is usually a product of food availability, shelter, and the diversity of substrata (Allen 2002). Thus
the sheltered sites (i.e. 4, 5, 40, 43, 47, and 56) with low coral cover were among the poorest sites in
terms of diversity. The top ten richest sites (Table 2) had some of the highest coral cover and habitat
complexity. However, this list also highlights the importance of fishing, since the top five sites are
also closed to fishing.
100
92
90
84
80
# of species
70
60
54
50
41
40
38
40
31
20
18
Lutjanidae
Pomacanthidae
25
30
20
10
0
Scaridae
Acanthuridae
Chaetodontidae
Apogonidae
Serranidae
Gobiidae
Labridae
Pomacentridae
Figure 1. Top ten most diverse reef fish families encountered during the Semporna expedition.
44
Table 1. Number of fish species observed at each site during roving surveys during the Semporna expedition.
(* indicates sites with in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park)
Site
4
5
7
8
10
12
13
15
16
18
19
23
26
29
30
31
34*
36*
37*
Species
79
95
109
118
155
129
114
96
142
74
102
117
150
166
170
146
176
141
135
Site
39*
40*
41*
42*
43*
44*
45*
47
48
49
51
52
53
55
56
57
59
60
Species
116
89
103
127
96
134
128
88
104
92
116
88
93
86
77
98
270
201
Table 2. Ten richest fish sites during the Semporna expedition. (* indicates sites with in the Tun Sakaran
Marine Park)
Site #
59
60
34
30
29
10
26
31
16
36*
Location
Barracuda Pt., Sipadan Is.
Hanging Garden, Sipadan Is.
Mantabuan Is.
South Kulapuan Is.
Mataking Is.
Mabul Is.
Boheyan Is.
North Kulapuan Is.
Si Amil Is.
North Gaya Is.
45
species
270
201
176
170
166
155
150
146
142
141
The rabbitfish Siganus trispilos was observed at Sipadan Island and an illustration depicting this fish
was posted outside the Semporna fish market (Fig. 1). However, according to Lieske and Myers
(2002) this fish is restricted to Western Australia. This is either a disjunct range extension or a
possibly undescribed species. Further samples need to be collected to confirm either of these
conclusions.
Fig. 1. Marble inscription at the Semporna fish market and photograph of Siganus
trispilos at Barracuda Pt., Sipadan Island.
Coral Fish Diversity Index
Given the unlikely event that all reef fish species are encountered during a roving survey Allen
(1998) devised a method for estimating total reef fish diversity from six key families:
Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Labridae, Scaridae, and Acnthuridae. The total
number of species in these six families is used to obtain the Coral Fish Diversity Index (CFDI) for
either a single site (e.g. Mabul Is.) or restricted geographic areas such as the reefs around Semporna.
For areas less than 2,000 km2 the equation: x = (3.39 x CFDI) – 20.595 (d.f. = 18; R2 = 0.96; P >
0.0001) was used to estimate total reef fish diversity. An overall CFDI value of 291 was generated
from the 37 roving surveys, resulting in an estimated total reef fish diversity of 966. These values
put the reefs of Semporna among the top five most diverse sites surveyed by the Rapid Assessment
Program (RAP) of Conservation International (Table 3).
Table 3. Coral Fish Diversity Index (CFDI) for restricted localities in the Indo-Pacific region. All data
provided by (Allen 2002a, 2002b) except for current study (shown in bold).
Locality
CFDI
Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea
Maumere Bay, Flores, Indonesia
Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia
Togean & Bangagai Islands, Indonesia
Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia
Komodo Islands, Indonesia
Calamianes Islands, Philippines
Madang, Papua New Guinea
Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea
Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia
337
333
326
308
291
280
268
257
254
249
46
No.
reef
Fishes obs.
1109
1111
972
819
680
722
736
787
687
624
Estimated reef fishes
1313
1107
1084
1023
966
928
888
850
844
823
Fish species assemblage patterns
Only the species from CFDI (291 spp.) were included in this analysis. The hierarchical clustering of
the 37 sites using data on presence/absence of species suggested groups that reflected reef exposure
(Fig. 2, 3). The first division (45 % similarity) splits the sites into exposed and sheltered reefs, while
the SIMPROV tests further split these clustering in smaller subsets depending on geographic
location (e.g. east vs. south sheltered reefs) (Fig. 2). This division was likely a result of higher mean
CFDI values for exposed (90.7) vs. sheltered (61.3) reefs. The seven clusters generated by
SIMPROV suggest significant differences in species assemblages within exposed and sheltered reefs
of Semporna (Figure 2). However, only three of these assemblage groupings (2 in Tun Sakaran MP
and 1 in Sipadan Is.) are located in reefs closed to fishing (Fig. 3).
20
Habitat
S Exposed
Oceanic
W Exposed
Inner Sheltered
E Sheltered
S Sheltered
Mid. Sheltered
Similarity
40
60
80
S15
S16
S26
S13
S8
S10
S12
S59
S60
S29
S30
S39
S40
S49
S57
S53
S52
S48
S51
S41
S43
S55
S47
S56
S18
S19
S7
S4
S5
S42
S23
S45
S31
S34
S37
S36
S44
100
Samples
Fig. 2. Dendrogram showing hierarchical clustering of 37 sites based on the Bray-Curtis similarity
measure using data on reef fish species composition (presence/absence). Significant clusters determined
by SIMPROF tests (see Materials and methods) are connected by black lines to distinguish them from
non-significant clusters (red lines).
47
#
#
51
52
53 #
#
56 #
45 #
49
48
#
55
#
57
#
#
47
#
36
44 # 41
#
43
#
#
#
40 #
#
#
42
39
#
34
37
#
31
#
#
23
30
4
#
5
#
#
7
19
#
#
8
10
59#
#
#
#
12
29
#
18#
#
26
16
#
15
#
13
60
Fig. 3. Geographic representation and habitat description of the significant clusters determined from
the dendrogram in Fig. 2.
Summary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A list of fish species was compiled for 37 roving census sites, 4 rotenone sites, and fish market
surveys. The survey involved 41 hours of scuba diving to a maximum depth of 33m.
The reefs around Semporna are among the world’s richest in terms of reef fish diversity,
consisting of 768 observed species and an estimated total diversity of 966 species.
Damselfishes (Pomacentridae), wrasses (Labridae), and gobies (Gobiidae) are the dominant
families in terms of species numbers.
Species numbers at roving census sites ranged from 74 to 270, with an average of 122.2.
Although diversity was high, there was evidence of overfishing. Groupers were rare at most
sites, while Napoleon wrasses were only seen at 3 sites. In addition to overfishing, incidences of
blast fishing were heard frequently during surveys on the inshore reefs.
The areas with the highest diversity and density were in areas closed to fishing.
Seven distinct species assemblages were identified through cluster analyses, only 3 of which are
located within marine reserves.
48
Recommendations
•
•
•
Given the devastating and long term effects of blast fishing, more effort should be allocated to
stopping this fishing technique within the reefs of Semporna.
Given the high diversity and fish biomass in no-take marine reserves such as Sipadan Is., more
of such reserves should be established to improve and protect fish stocks.
Given that 7 distinct species assemblages were discovered, and only 3 are within marine
reserves, it is recommended that a network of no-take marine reserves be established in the south
to include these remaining species assemblages.
References
Allen, G.R. 1998. Reef and shore fishes of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. In: Werner,
T.B. and G.R. Allen (eds.). A rapid biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs of Milne Bay
Province, Papua New Guinea. RAP Working Papers Number 11. Conservation International.
Washington D.C. Pp. 39-49.
Allen, G,R. 2002a. Reef Fishes of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. In: Allen, G.R., Kinch,
J.P. McKenna, S.A. and P. Seeto (eds.). A Rapid Marine Biodiversity Assessment of Milne Bay
Province, Papua New Guinea Survey II (2000). RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment Number 29.
Conservation International. Washington, D.C. Pp. 46-55.
Allen, G,R. 2002b. Reef Fishes of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia. In
McKenna, S.A. Allen, G.R. and S.B. Suryadi (eds.). A Marine Rapids Assessment of the Raja
Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia 2001. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment
Number 22. Conservation International, Washington D.C. Pp. 39-48.
Clarke, K. R., and R. M. Warwick. 2001. Change in marine communities: an approach to
statistical analysis and interpretation.
Lieske E. and Myers R. 2002. Coral Reef Fishes. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New
Jersey. Pp.400
49
Appendix 1. Reef fish species records for all sites. (* indicates rotenone stations)
Species
Carcharinidae
Carcharinus amblyrhynchos
Carcharinus melanopterus
Triaenodon obesus
Dasyatidae
Dasyatis kuhlii
Taeniura lymma
Taeniura meyeni
Muraenidae
Echidna polyzona
Gymnothorax flavimarginatus
Gymnothorax gracilicauda
Gymnothorax javanicus
Gymnothorax richardsoni
Siderea thyrsoidea
Rhinomuraena quaesita
Uropterygius macrocephalus
Congridae
Gorgasia maculata
Heteroconger hassi
Plotosidae
Plotosus lineatus
Synodontidae
Synodus rubromarmoratus
Synodus variegatus
Saurida gracilis
Trachinocephalus myops
Ophidiidae
Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides
Mugilidae
Liza vaigiensis
Belonidae
Tylosurus crocodilus
Holocentridae
Myripristis adusta
Myripristis berndti
Myripristis botche
Myripristis hexagona
Myripristis kuntee
Myripristis murdjan
Myripristis pralinia
Myripristis violacea
Neoniphon opercularis
Neoniphon sammara
Sargocentron caudimaculatum
Sargocentron diadema
Sargocentron melanospilos
Sargocentron spiniferum
Solenostomidae
Solenostomus cyanopterus
Syngnathidae
Corythoichthys intestinalis
Doryrhamphus dactyliophorus
Hippocampus comes
Trachyrhamphus longirostris
Aulostomidae
Aulostomus chinensis
Fistularidae
Fistularia commersonii
Centriscidae
Aeoliscus strigatus
Centriscus scutatus
Site Records
59,60
59,60
59,60
13,23,26,42,44,45
12,15,30,31,45,48
15
38*
28,59
38*
59,60
35
37
13,16
35
9,10
9,10,12,59
19,40,42,51,52
42,47
14,19,26,29,31,34,36,37,38*,40-45, 47, 50*-53,55,57,59,60
26
46*
38*46*
59
44,51,53
26
34,48,51
36
30,36,39,41,44
4,5,7,8,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,30,34
10,46*,53
4,8,10,37,39
42,43
59
59
4,5,8,10,13,15,16,30,31,44,59,60
5
34
8,19
36
29
30
55
55
7,8,13,15,16,26,30,31,34,36,37,42,44,45
12,13,16,34,37,42
18
51,57
50
Appendix 1. continued
Species
Scorpaenidae
Inimicus didactylus
Pterois antennata
Pterois russelli
Pterois volitans
Scorpaenopsis papuensis
Synanceia verrucosa
Platycephalidae
Cymbacephalus beauforti
Serranidae
Aetheloperca rogaa
Anyperodon leucogrammicus
Cephalopholis argus
Cephalopholis boenak
Cephalopholis leopardus
Cephalopholis microprion
Cephalopholis miniatus
Cephalopholis cyanostigma
Cephalopholis formosa
Cephalopholis sexmaculata
Cephalopholis spiloparaea
Cephalopholis urodeta
Diploprion bifasciatum
Epinephelus bleekeri
Epinephelus coiodes
Epinephelus corallicola
Epinephelus fasciatus
Epinephelus hexagonatus
Epinephelus merra
Epinephelus ongus
Epinephelus quoyanus
Gracila albomarginata
Grammistes sexlineatus
Grammistops ocellatus
Plectranthias longimanus
Plectropomus aerolatus
Plectropomus leopardus
Plectropomus maculatus
Plectropomus oligacanthus
Pseudanthias bicolor
Pseudanthias dispar
Pseudanthias hutchi
Pseudanthias hypselosoma
Pseudanthias luzonensis
Pseudanthias pleurotaenia
Pseudanthias randalli
Pseudanthias squamipinnis
Pseudanthias tuka
Pseudogramma polyacanthum
Serranocirrhitus latus
Variola louti
Pseudochromidae
Labricinus cyclophthalmus
Pseudochromis alleni
Pseudochromis bitaeniatus
Pseudochromis diadema
Pseudochromis fuscus
Pseudochromis marshallensis
Pseudochromis perspicillatus
Site Records
38*
14,30,34,44,47
58
13,36,42,44,54*
14,42,43
38*
7
29
12,16,23,26,29,34,36,37,39,41,43,48,51,52,53,59,60,
12,29,59,60
18,23,26,37,40,41,44,45,47-49,51,52,55-57
59
30,31,34-41,43-45,49,51,52,56
29,59,60
16,23,30,34,37-41,43,44
10
40,59
60
5,8,10,12,13,15,29,59
7,19,23,30,31,34,36,37,39,41,43,44,45,48,49,51,52,53,55
55
13
55,56
4,7,8,10,12,13,15,23,26,30,31,34-38*,41,43-45,47-49,51-53,57
30
13,15,16,30,37,38*,43,51,53,55-57
30,31,34,37,38*,40,43-45,47,52,55
30,55
14
10,18,59,60
54*
51
29,53,59,60
31,36,39-41,43-45,47,49,51,52,59,60
12,18,39
59,60
59,60
10,29,59,60
7,8,10,12,15,29-31,34
10
9
8,10,16,30,59,60
59,60
10,15,29,30,59,60
7,8,26,34,59,60
46*
60
10,11,29
17,27,30,31,43
36,44,47
45,51
14,16,23,26,29,30,34,36,37,40,42,43,51,52
18,19,29,34,35,38*,41,44,45,47-49,52,56,59,60
35,38*,52
17,23,42
51
Appendix 1. continued
Species
Pleisiopidae
Plesiops coeruleolineatus
Plesiops corallicola
Plesiops sp.
Opistognathidae
Opistognathus randalli
Priacanthidae
Heteropriacanthus cruentatus
Priacanthus blochii
Priacanthus hamrur
Apogonidae
Apogon aureus
Apogon bandanensis cf
Apogon fragilis
Apogon chrysopomus
Apogon compressus
Apogon crassiceps
Apogon cyanosoma
Apogon hoevenii
Apogon kallopterus
Apogon leptacanthus
Apogon multilineatus
Apogon nanus
Apogon neotes
Apogon nigrofasciatus
Apogon novemfasciatus
Apogon ocellatus
Apogon parvulus
Apogon rhodopterus
Apogon rubrimacula
Apogon seali
Apogon selas
Apogon trimaculatus
Apogon wassinki
Archaemia bleekeri
Archaemia fucata
Archaemia macroptera
Archaemia zosterophora
Cheilodipterus artus
Cheilodipterus alleni
Cheilodipterus intermedius
Cheilodipterus isostigmus
Cheilodipterus macrodon
Cheilodipterus quenquelineatus
Cheilodipterus zonatus
Fowleria marmorata
Neamia octospina
Rhabdamia gracilis
Siphamia elongata
Siphamia versicolor
Sphaeramia nematoptera
Sphaeramia orbicularis
Malacanthidae
Hoplolatilus fronticinctus
Hoplolatilus starcki
Malacanthus brevirostris
Malacanthus latovittatus
Echeneidae
Echenius naucrates
Site Records
35,38*
38*
46*
16,34,36,37
23
44
8,12,16
14,16,29
18,40,47,53
39,40,49,52,57
39
18,39,42,45,47,51,53
38*
14,15,23,29-31,35,37,38*,42,44,57
53
8,10,59,60
29,30
31,35,36,38*,42
31,34,37,42,49
49,51,55,57
5,8,10,12,13,15,16,23,29-31,38*
29,30
54*
31,36,39,40,42-44,47,51-53,55
40
39
23,39,42
19
44
8,23
57
23,39,42
42
18,39,42,45,49,51,57
11,39,42,51,57
44,47
39,44
7,14,18,19,23,29
8,10,30,34,36,39,40,51
10,31,34,37,39-42,44,45,48,49,51,53,56,57,59,60
18,36,39-42,47,49,51,53,55,57
54*
38*
48,55
40
35,42
18,40,48,57
18
13,36
16,26,30
10,12,13,15,59,60
12,13,15,51,59
7,47,49,51
52
Appendix 1. continued
Species
Carangidae
Carangoides bajad
Carangoides ferdau
Carangoides plagiotaenia
Caranx ignobilis
Caranx melampygus
Elagatis bipinnulatus
Gnathanodon speciousus
Scomberoides lysan
Trachinotus blochii
Lutjanidae
Aphareus furca
Aprion virescens
Lutjanus argentimaculatus
Lutjanus biguttatus
Lutjanus bohar
Lutjanus carponotatus
Lutjanus gibbus
Lutjanus decussatus
Lutjanus ehrenbergi
Lutjanus fulviflamma
Lutjanus fulvus
Lutjanus johnii
Lutjanus kasmira
Lutjanus lutjanus
Lutjanus monostigma
Lutjanus quenquelineatus
Macolor macularis
Macolor niger
Paracaesio xanthura
Paracaesio sordida
Caesionidae
Caesio cuning
Caesio caerulaurea
Caesio teres
Gymnocaesio gymnoptera
Pterocaesio digramma
Pterocaesio pisang
Pterocaesio tessellata
Pterocaesio tile
Gerreidae
Gerres erythrourus
Haemulidae
Diagrammus melanacrum
Diagrammus pictum
Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides
Plectorhinchus lessonii
Plectorhinchus lineatus
Plectorhinchus polytaenia
Nemipteridae
Pentapodus aureofasciatus
Pentapodus bifasciatus
Pentapodus caninus
Pentapodus emeryi
Pentapodus setosus
Pentapodus cf. trivittatus
Scolopsis affinis
Scolopsis bilineatus
Scolopsis ciliatus
Scolopsis lineatus
Scolopsis margaritifer
Scolopsis monogramma
Scolopsis taeniopterus
Scolopsis xenochrous
Site Records
44,51,52
12,16,48
57
12,47,59,60
16,29,44,47,59,60
49,59,60
53
59
59
14,16,59,60
12,47
13
4-8,30,34,36,39,40,42-45,47-49,51-53,57
16,23,34,36,39,42,59,60
7,18,19,31,37,39,42,43,48,56
29,30,59,60
5,7,8,10,12,13,15,16,19,26,30,34,36,37,39-42,44,45,47-49,51-53,59,60
8,13,34
10,34,37,42-44,53,59,60
4,5,10,12,15,30,39,51,59,60
30
10,40
34,37
29,53,59,60
30
14,16,23,26,29,30,34,36,42,45,59,60
4,5,7,10,13,18,26,30,59,60
10,16,59
14,59
4,5,8,10,16,30,34,37,39,43
12,13,29,34,39,42,43,51,53,56
10,13,15,23,34,37,39,40,42-45,47,48,51-53,55-57
29
26,30,31,39
8,10,13,16,23,29,37,44,59,60
26,39,41
5,10,59,60
59
39,48
10,23,47
4,7,10,18,26,29,30,44,45,47,48,57,59,60
15,19,30,60
26,30
10,13,19,30
4-8,10,12,13,15,16,18,23,26
23,38*,56,59,60
12,30,31,34,36,41,53,55
16,26,30,36,37,40,41,43-45,49,51
55
18,19,23,31,34,36,37,39,41,42,48,53
10,12,15,16,19,39,42,53
5,7,8,10,12,13,16,19,26,29-31,34,44,45,47,53
7,23,30,34,37,39,40,42,44,48,49,51-53,56,57
17,19,31,56
4-7,10,12,13,18,19,23,26,30,31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,56,57
30,40
41,42
15,19
53
Appendix 1. continued
Species
Lethrinidae
Gymnocranius griseus
Lethrinus erythracanthus
Lethrinus erythropterus
Lethrinus harak
Lethrinus microdon
Lethrinus obsoletus
Lethrinus olivaceus
Lethrinus ornatus
Monotaxis grandoculis
Mullidae
Parupeneus barberinoides
Parupeneus barberinus
Parupeneus crassilabrus
Parupeneus cyclostomus
Parupeneus indicus
Parupeneus multifasciatus
Upeneus tragula
Pempheridae
Parapriacanthus ransonneti
Kyphosidae
Kyphosus cinerascens
Kyphosus vaigiensis
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon adiergastos
Chaetodon auriga
Chaetodon bennetti
Chaetodon baronessa
Chaetodon citrinellus
Chaetodon ephippium
Chaetodon guentheri
Chaetodon kleinii
Chaetodon lineolatus
Chaetodon lunula
Chaetodon lunulatus
Chaetodon melanotus
Chaetodon meyersi
Chaetodon ocellicaudus
Chaetodon octofasciatus
Chaetodon ornatissumus
Chaetodon punctofasciatus
Chaetodon rafflesi
Chaetodon selene
Chaetodon semeion
Chaetodon speculum
Chaetodon trifascialis
Chaetodon ulietensis
Chaetodon unimaculatus
Chaetodon vagabundus
Chaetodon xanthurus
Chelmon rostratus
Coradion altivelis
Coradion chrysozonus
Coradion melanopus
Forcipiger flavissimus
Forcipiger longirostris
Hemitaurichthys polylepis
Heniochus acuminatus
Heniochus chrystostomus
Heniochus diphreutes
Heniochus singularis
Heniochus varius
Parachaetodon ocellatus
Site Records
15
7,57,59,60
5-8,10,12,15,16,26,29,34,36,39-45,47,49,51,56,59,60
27,31,42
60
10,12,13,19
4,10,59
8,15,34,37,42,59
7,8,10,12,13,15,19,23,30,59,60
17,19,23,37,49
4-8,10,12,13,15,19,23,29-31,34,36,37,39-43,45,48,49,51,53,55,57,59,60
8,26,30,31,34,37,45,59,60
13,19,59,60
56
4-8,10,12,13,15,16,19,26,29-31,37,41
17,23,34,36,37,39-42,44,45,48,49,55,57
29
59
16,19,59,60
10,47,59
29,30,31,47,59
28,59
4-8,19,26,29-31,34,39,41,42,44,47,49
8,10,12,13,15,16,26,29,30,59
10,44,60
16
4-8,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,36-38*,41-44,57,59
10,29,30,60
14,29,40,44,59,60
5,7,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,26,29,31,34,36,37,39-42,45,59,60
19
59,60
5,41,52
4-7,23,31,34,36,37,39,40,42-45,47-49,51,53,55-57
26,36,59,60
7,12,29,31,59,60
12,34,59,60
5,10,12,19,37,42
60
16,34,41,59,60
4,7,8,23,26,29,30,34,36,41,59,60
10,34,60
26,34,59
10,12,13,15,16,18,19,26,29-31,34,40,56,59,60
16
4-8,10,12,18,19,23,31,34,36,37,39,41-45,47-49,51-53,55-57
16,26,30,31,34,36,37,43,44,52
4,5,16,19,23,30,31,34,36,37,39,43-45,51,56,57
31,36
4,5,8,10,12,13,16,26,29-31,34,36,37,59,60
59,60
10,16,26,30,59,60
10,30,45,55,59
8,15,34,59
10,13,16,29,47,59,60
5,10,18,59,60
4-7,10,13,18,19,26,29,31,34,36,37,39,41,43-45,59,60
7,40-42,44,47,48,51,52,55
54
Appendix 1. continued
Species
Pomacanthidae
Apolemichthys trimaculatus
Centropyge bicolor
Centropyge bispinosus
Centropyge flavicauda
Centropyge heraldi
Centropyge nox
Centropyge tibicien
Centropyge vroliki
Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus
Genicanthus lamarck
Genicanthus melanospilus
Paracentropyge multifasciata
Pygloplites diacanthus
Pomacanthus imperator
Pomacanthus narvarchus
Pomacanthus semicirculatus
Pomacanthus sexstriatus
Pomacanthus xanthometopon
Cirrhitidae
Cirrhitichthys aprinus
Cirrhitichthys falco
Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus
Cyprinocirrhites polyactis
Oxycirrhites typus
Paracirrhites arcatus
Paracirrhites forsteri
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf lorenzi
Abudefduf sexfasciatus
Abudefduf vaigiensis
Acanthochromis polyacanthus
Amblyglyphidodon aureus
Amblyglyphidodon batunai
Amblyglyphidodon curacao
Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster
Amblyglyphidodon ternatentsis
Amblyglyphidodon sp.
Amblypomacentrus breviceps
Amblypomacentrus clarus
Amphiprion clarkii
Amphiprion frenatus
Amphiprion ocellaris
Amphiprion perideraion
Amphiprion polymnus
Amphiprion sandarocinos
Cheiloprion labiatus
Chromis alpha
Chromis amboinensis
Chromis analis
Chromis atripectoralis
Chromis atripes
Chromis caudalis (cf.p.83 Allen)
Chromis delta
Chromis elerae
Chromis lepidolepis
Chromis lineatus
Chromis margaritifer
Chromis cf. opercularis
Chromis retrofasciata
Chromis ternatensis
Chromis viridis
Chromis weberi
Site Records
12,16,30,37,59,60,
7,8,10,12,13,15,16,19,26,29-31,37,59,60
12,16,26,30,59,60
10,34,36
16,26,31,59,60
5-8,10,12,19,23,29,31,34,36,44,45,59,60
4,7,8,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,44,45,59,60
4,5,8,10,12,13,15,19,26,29-31,34,37,44,45,59,60
5,18,19,23,26,30,31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55-57
10,31
10,13,16,26,30
36,59,60
4,5,7,10,16,19,26,30,31,34,36,37,39,44,45,59,60
5,8,10,12,13,15,16,19,26,37,59,60
26
15,30,41
28,39,40,44,59,60
16,59,60
29,59,60
5,8,10,12,13,15,16,19,30,59,60
30,59,60
13,59
14,59
8,13,15,16,30,59,60
8,12,13,15,26,30,31,59
53
34,45,47,52,56,59
10,12,15,30,31,34,45,51,59
26,29
8,10,16,23,26,31,34,36,37,43,44,45,47,48,51-53,59
34,43
4-8,10,13,18,19,23,30,31,34,36-39,41,42,44,45,48,49,51-53,55,57,59
4-8,12,13,16,23,26,29,31,34,36,37,39,44,45,48,49,51,53,57,59
39,43,57
18,23
43,48,49,51,57
40
5,8,10,12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,36,37,41,44,45,47,49,51-53,57,59,60
31
4,5,8,18,29-31,34,36,37,39,40,42,45,49,51,52,55,57,59,60
18,31,34,37,41,42,45,48,49,51,52,57,60
49,57
7,13,30,31,34,42,45,31,57,59,60
45
8,10,16,30,59
4-8,10,12,16,19,29,30,34,44,59
8,10,12,13,16,26,30,31,34,36,59
34,52,59
5-8,10,12,16,26,29-31,59
4,5,8,10,12,13,16,23,26,29,31,37,59
29-31,37,59,60
59,60
15,16,19,30,42,59
60
5-8,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29-31,34,36-38*,59
14
7,8,10,12,19,23,26,29,31,34,59
4,7,19,23,26,29-31,34,41,45,57,59
19,26,29-31,34,45,59
5,10,12,13,15,16,19,29,30,42,45,59
55
Appendix 1. continued
Species
Site Records
Pomacentridae (cont.)
Chromis xanthochira
Chromis xanthura
Chrysiptera oxycephala
Chrysiptera parasema
Chrysiptera rollandi
Chrysiptera springeri
Chrysiptera talboti
Dascyllus aruanus
Dascyllus melanurus
Dascyllus reticulatus
Dascyllus trimaculatus
Dischistodus chrysopoecillus
Dischistodus melanotus
Dischistodus perspicullatus
Dischistodus prosopotaenia
Dischistodus pseudochrysopoecilus
Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon
Neoglyphidodon nigroris
Neoglyphidodon melas
Neoglyphidodon thoracotaeniatus
Neopomacentrus anabatoides
Neopomacentrus azysron
Neopomacentrus filamentosus
Neopomacentrus nemurus
Plectroglyphidodon dickii
Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus
Pomacentrus adelus
Pomacentrus alexanderae
Pomacentrus amboinensis
Pomacentrus armillatus
Pomacentrus auriventris
Pomacentrus bankanensis
Pomacentrus brachialis
Pomacentrus burroughi
Pomacentrus chrysurus
Pomacentrus coelestis
Pomacentrus colini (p89 Allen)
Pomacentrus cuneatus
Pomacentrus geminospilus
Pomacentrus grammorhynchus
Pomacentrus lepidogenys
Pomacentrus moluccensis
Pomacentrus nagasakiensis
Pomacentrus nigromarginatus
Pomacentrus opisthostigma
Pomacentrus reidi
Pomacentrus simsiang
Pomacentrus smithii
Pomacentrus cf spiloticeps
Pomacentrus stigma
Pomacentrus vaiuli
Pomachromis richardsoni
Premnas biaculeatus
Pristotis obtusirostris
Stegastes fasciolatus
Stegastes lividus
Stegastes nigricans
31,59
8,10,13,16,26,29,31,37,59
18,19,36,39-41,43,44,47,48,52,53,55-57
8,18,19,23,36,39,40,43,47,48,55-57
4-8,10,13,19,23,26,29-31,34,36-45,47-49,51-53,55-57
7,19,23,31,34,36,39-45,47-49,51-53,55-57
4,5,8,10,26,30,31,59
7,18,23,31,34,36,37,44
19,36,39
4-7,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29,30,34,36,37,42,44,49,59
5-8,10,12,13,15,16,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,42,44,45,49,51,53,55,57,59
55
31,36,40,44,45,47,51-53
18,23,31,34,36,39,40,42,45,47,48,52,55,56
18,31,34,36-40,42,44,47,49
53
18,19,39,40,52,53,56
4
4,5,7,12,19,23,26,31,34,37,39,41-45,48,49,51,52,57
7
42,43,44,48,49,51,51,55,56,57
38*,39,43,45,47-49,51-53,56,57
47,53,55
34,36,42,44
26,30,34,59
4-7,10,12,13,34,51,59
7,29-31,34-36,38*,40,42,44,45,47,48,51,52,55,56
5,7,10,18,19,23,26,29-32,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55-57
4-8,10,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,34-37,41-44,48,52,53,55,57
51,52,55
4,8,12,13,15,16,19,29,30,47,59
4,5,8,10,12,15,16,26,29-31,39,40,51,59,60
4-8,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29-31,34,36,38*,40,42,44,59
4,5,18,34,36,39-41,43-45,47-49,51-53,55-57
7,10,35
4,5,13,16,26,29-31,34,35,37,45,47,55,56,59
5,8,10,12,15,18,23
44,55
40,43,48,49,52,53,57
11,52
5,7,26,34,42,56
5-8,18,19,23,26,29-31,34-42,44,45,47,48,51-53,55-57,59,60
37,43,55,56
29,30,34,36,37,43,44,47,51,52
29-31,34,44,45,47,51,53,56
8,16,26,31,59
29,31,39,40,42,44,48,51-53,55
33,34,36,41,43-45,47-49,51-53,57
4
4-7,10,12,16,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39,41,43-45,47,48,50*-52,56,57
5,13,16,31,59,60
57
27,34,36,39-45,48,49,53,56,59,60
56
26,39,59,60
34,39
34
56
Appendix 1. continued
Species
Site Records
Labridae
Anampses caeruleopunctatus
Anampses geographicus
Anampses melanurus
Anampses meleagris
Anampses twistii
Bodianus axillaris
Bodianus diana
Bodiaus mesothorax
Cheilinus chlorurus
Cheilinus fasciatus
Cheilinus oxycephalus
Cheilinus trilobatus
Cheilinus undulatus
Cheilio inermis
Choerodon anchorago
Choerodon oligacantus
Choerodon zosterophorus
Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura
Cirrhilabrus exquisitus
Cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis
Cirrhilabrus lubbocki
Cirrhilabrus rubripinnis
Cirrhilabrus temminckii
Coris batuensis
Coris centralis
Coris dorsomacula
Coris gaimard
Coris pictoides
Diproctacanthus xanthurus
Epibulus insidiator
Gomphosus varius
Halichoeres biocellatus
Halichoeres chloropterus
Halichoeres chrysus
Halichoeres hartzfeldii
Halichoeres hortulanus
Halichoeres margaritaceus
Halichoeres marginatus
Halichoeres melanurus
Halichoeres leucurus
Halichoeres nebulosus
Halichoeres ornatus
Halichoeres podostigma
Halichoeres prosopeion
Halichoeres richmondi
Halichoeres scapularis
Halichoeres solorensis
Halichoeres trimaculatus
Hemigymnus melapterus
Hemigymnus fasciatus
Hologymnosus annulatus
Hologymnosus doliatus
Labrichthys unilineatus
Labroides bicolor
Labroides dimidiatus
Labropsis manabei
Macropharyngodon negrosensis
Macropharyngodon meleagris
Novaculichthys taeniorus
Oxycheilinus bimaculatus
Oxycheilinus oxyrhynchus
Oxycheilinus digrammus
12
13,30
16,59
4,5,8,10,13,15,16,19,59
14,16,26,59
29,30
8,10,13,16,23,29,31,34,37,44,59
4-8,10,18,19,26,29-31,36,37,39-41,43,45,48,49,51,57,59
8,10,12,13,15,19,23,26,29-31,36,37,42,45,48,51,52,56,57,59
4,8,10,12,13,18,23,26,29-31,34,36,39-41,43-45,48,49,51-53,56,57,59
34,42
23,29,56
40,59,60
16,37,42
18,19,23,30,31,34,37,39,41,44,47-49,52,53,55-57
23
37,41,43,44
4-8,10,12,13,15,16,19,23,29-31,34,36,37,39,41-43,45,48,49,57,59,60
32,59,60
29
26,29,34
29,41
13,19,26,29,30
7,8,10,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,36,37,42,45,48
13
30
10,12,15,16,19,29,30,59
23,57
8,12,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36-45,47-49,51-53,56,57,59,60
7,12,13,16,19,23,26,34,36,37,40-45,47-49,51-53,56,57,59,60
7,13,16,30,31,34,42,47,59,60
16,26
23,34,36-40,42,44,45,48,51-53,55,56
4,10,12,15,16,19,29,30,34,59,60
29,39,42,53
4-8,10,12,16,26,29-31,34,36,38*,45,51,59,60
59,60
32
4-8,10,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55,56,59,60
36,39-43,45,47-49,51-53,55-57
14,15,16,26,29
38*,59,60
10,26,30
4,5,8,12,13,16,18,23,28,29,31,34,36,37,43-45,51,52,59,60
5,18,23,26,38*,49
12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29,30,34-36,42,59,60
32
31
7,12,18,19,26,30,31,34,36,37,39,41-45,47,48,52,55
14,26,37,39,41,45
9
12,16,19,26,34
7,8,10,12,13,16,19,26,29,34,39,43,45,59
7,59
4-8,10,12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,38*-42,44,45,47-49,51-53,55-57,59,60
29,31,34,37,41,45
7,30,31
13,15,16,26,29,30
12,15,26,31,34,42
15,16,18,19,23,29,57
4,7,18,19,34,36,37,39-41,43-45,47-49,51-53,56,57
4-8,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,37,39,41,43-45,49,51,52
57
Appendix 1. continued
Species
Labridae (cont.)
Oxycheilinus orientalis
Oxycheilinus rhodochrous
Oxycheilinus unifasciatus
Paracheilinus angulatus
Paracheilinus filamentosus
Pseudocheilinops ataenia
Pseudocheilinus evanidus
Pseudocheilinus hexataenia
Pseudocheilinus octotaenia
Pseudocoris aurantifasciata
Pseudocoris yamashiroi
Pseudodax mollucanus
Pterogogus cryptus
Sethojulis bandanensis
Stethojulis interrupta
Stethojulis strigiventer
Sethojulis trilineata
Thalassoma amblycephalum
Thalassoma hardwicke
Thalassoma jansenii
Thalassoma lunare
Thalassoma quinquevittatum
Scaridae
Bolbometopon muricatum
Calotomus carolinus
Cetoscarus bicolor
Chlorurus bleekeri
Chlorurus bowersi
Chlorurus capistratoides
Chlorurus microrhinos
Chlorurus spilurus
Hipposcarus longiceps
Scarus dimidiatus
Scarus flavipectoralis
Scarus forsteni
Scarus frenatus
Scarus ghobban
Scarus globiceps
Scarus hypselopterus
Scarus niger
Scarus oviceps
Scarus prasiognathus
Scarus psittacus
Scarus quoyi
Scarus rivulatus
Scarus rubroviolaceus
Scarus spinus
Scarus tricolor
Pinguipedidae
Parapercis clathrata
Parapercis cf cylindricus ( yellowtail)
Parapercis cylindrica
Parapercis lineopunctata
Parapercis hexophthalma
Parapercis schauinslandi
Parapercis tetracantha
Parapercis xanthozona
Pholidichthyidae
Pholidichthys leucotaenia
Tripterygiidae
Enneapterygius flavoccipitis
Helcogramma striatum
Site Records
7,37,42
7,13,42,49,53
4,5,41
29,36
10,12,23,29,30,34,36,37,41-45,47-49,51-53,55-57
50*
7,8,12,13,15,18,26,29-31,36,45,59
8,12,13,19,30,31,34,35,38*,44,45,57,59
30,59
59
14,15,26,59
8,34,59,60
41,47
8,10,12,13,15,16,26,29-31,34,45,59
29,30,42
16,18,19,23,29,30
53,57
14,15,19,23,26,30,31,34,37,38*,59,60
7,8,10,13,15,26,30,31,34,39,40,44,45,59,60
8,15,16,23,26,29,59,60
4-8,10,12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,41-45,47,51-53,55,56,59,60
26,59,60
10,28,29,39,40,59
34,38*
5,19,28,29,36,39,41,44,49,52,57
4-8,10,12,15,16,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55,57
4
4
34,36,41,55
5,7,8,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,36,37,44,45,49,56,57,59,60
29,59
7,10,12,13,16,19,23,26,30,31,34,36,37,39,40,42,44,47-49,51,53,55,56,59
5,10,12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,57
4,5,7,8,12,36
59
16,18,19,23,26,30,31,37,42,47-49,51,55-57,59
8,15
7,10,13,19,34,37,40-43,49
29,34,36,37,39,42-44,47-49,51,59,60
7,59
8,34
8,15,16,18,19,26,29,30,34,37,56,59,60
9,30,31,34,37,42-45,48,49,51-53,56,57
15,44
16,23,26,59,60
16,19,26,34,36,45,59
8,10,12,18,19,31,36,44,52,57,59,60
4-8,10,12,13,15,16,19,23,29,31,38*,41,48,51,59
15,35,38*,41,42,45,47
23,26,29,38*,48
23,29,42,48,55,57
23,29,30,36,37,41,43,44,48,49,55,56
10
10,12,13,15,16,19,23,26,29,34,59
23
16,31,36
38*
37,38*
58
Appendix 1. continued
Species
Blennidae
Atrosalarias fuscus
Aspidontus taeniatus
Escenius bimaculatus
Escenius bicolor
Escenius melarchus
Escenius namiyei
Meiacanthus atrodorsalis
Meiacanthus ditrema
Meiacanthus geminatus
Meiacanthus grammistes
Plagiotremus rhinorhynchus
Plagiotremus tapeinosoma
Salarias ramosus
Salarias segmentatus
Gobiesocidae
Diademichthys lineatus
Callionymidae
Synchiropus splendidus
Gobiidae
Amblyeleotris guttata
Amblyeleotris gymnocephala
Amblyeleotris fontanesii
Amblyeleotris rubrimarginalis
Amblyeleotris wheeleri
Amblyeleotris sp. P303 Allen et al. Freckled
Amblyeleotris steinitzi
Amblyeleotris yanoi
Amblygobius decussatus
Amblygobius hectori
Amblygobius phaelaena
Amblygobius nocturnus
Asterropteryx striatus
Bryaninops natans
Callogobius hasseltii
Coryphopterus neophytus
Coryphopterus signipinnis
Cryptocentrus cinctus
Cryptocentrus fasciatus
Cryptocentrus inexplicatus
Cryptocentrus strigilliceps
Cryptocentrus
sp.1
(ventral-barred
shrimpgoby)
Cryptocentrus sp.2 (yellow shrimpgoby)
Cryptocentrus sp.3 (bluespot shrimpgoby)
Ctenogobiops aurocingulus
Ctenogobiops crocineus
Ctenogobiops feroculus
Ctenogobiops tangaroai
Ctenogobips pomasticus
Eviota bifasciatus
Eviota macrophthalma
Eviota nigriventris
Eviota pellucida
Eviota sebreei
Eviota striata
Eviota sp.
Exyrias bellisimus
Exyrias sp. (Filamented Goby)
Gnatholepis anjerensis
Gobiodon okinawae
Site Records
38*,54*
29
23,30,31,35-39,42,43,45,48,55,57
29,38*
34,39,41-45,47-49,51-53,55-57
17,26,29
4-8,16,19,26,31,36,41-43,45,48,49,51,55,57
39
11
4,5,8,10,12,15,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,37,42,45,48,49,55,59
8,29,30,37,59,60
29
17
44,47,49,52
23,30,31,36,38*,43,44,45
40
16,26,35,42,43
52,55
55
23,39,51,53,55
32,36,38*,45,59
10,12
17,36,37,42,43,49,51
10,59
7,18,36,41-45,48,49,51,55-57
7,30,34,36,37,39,41-44,47,48,51-53,56,57
17,19,42,48,57
36,39,40,41,42
8,48,53,55,56
34
35
14,54*
23,29,34,36,41,47,48,49,51
36,39,40,42,49,53
58
56
39,40,41,48,49,52,55,56
55
55
58
48,59
23,59
42
26
55
8,55,57
38*
36,40,41,43-45,48,49,51-53,55,57
30,31,34,36-38*,41-45,47-49,51-53,55,57,59
31,41,45,48,57
38*,41,59
14
39,48,49,56,57
48
26,31,34,48
35
59
Appendix 1. continued
Species
Site Records
Gobiodon quinquestrigatus
Istigobius decoratus
Istigobius regilis
Paragobiodon echinocephalus
Pleurosicya elongata
Signigobius biocellatus
Trimma tevegae
Valenciennea helsdingeni
Valenciennea immaculata
Valenciennea parva
Valenciennea puellaris
Valenciennea sexguttata
Valenciennea strigata
Vanderhorstia ambanoro
Microdesmidae
Nemateleotris decora
Nemateleotris magnifica
Ptereleotridae
Aioliops megastigma
Parioglossus interruptus
Ptereleotris evides
Ptereloetris heteroptera
Ptereleotris microlepis
Ephippidae
Platax boersii
Platax orbicularis
Platax pinnatus
Siganidae
Siganus argenteus
Siganus canaliculatus
Siganus corallinus
Siganus fuscescens
Siganus guttatus
Siganus puellus
Siganus punctatissimus
Siganus punctatus
Siganus trispilos
Siganus unimaculatus
Siganus vermiculatus
Siganus virgatus
Siganus vulpinus
Zanclidae
Zanclus cornutus
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus blochii
Acanthurus grammoptilus
Acanthurus lineatus
Acanthurus leucochilus
Acanthurus maculiceps
Acanthurus mata
Acanthurus nigricans
Acanthurus nigricaudus
Acanthurus nigrofuscus
Acanthurus nigroris
Acanthurus nubilus
Acanthurus olivaceus
Acanthurus pyroferus
Acanthurus thompsoni
Acanthurus xanthopterus
Ctenochaetus binotatus
Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus
Ctenochaetus striatus
Ctenochaetus strigosus
Ctenochaetus tominiensis
46*
29,35
23,34,42,45
38*
53
36,43
36,51
10
42
43
23,42,51,52,56
36
16,30
48
59
12,13,16,26,30,59,60
37,39,40,43,47-49,51-53,55-57
55
10,12,13,26,29,43-45,59,60
15,19,36
21,56
7,8,10,12,16,26,29,30,34,37,39,41,43-45,51,57,59,60
12
26,30,31,39,41
55
14
4 -8,10,12,13,16,18,23,26,31,34,36,37,40-45,47,48,51,53,57,59
55
34,44,59
5,10,30,31,34,36,37,44,49,51,59
5,12,39,40,41,44,53,59,60
16,29,59,60
59,60
48
12
4,5,10,12,16,26,31,34,36,37,39-41,44,48,49,51-53,56,57,59
5,7,34,36,37,39,40,44,45,47-49,51-53,57,59
4 -8,12,13,16,18,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55-57,59,60
59,60
59
8,16,26,59,60
29
8,13,59,60
4,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29,31,45,59
4-8,10,13,15,16,26,59,60
29,59
29,30,37,38*,59,60
30,34,59,60
59
10,15,29,30,37,60
4 -8,10,12,15,16,23,26,29,30,34,36,37,59,60
13,26,30,36,59,60
29,43,47,55,59,60
4 -8,10,12,13,15,16,18,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-43,45,47-49,59
59,60
4 -8,10,12,13,15,16,18,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-43,45,59
26
4,7,8
60
Appendix 1. continued
Species
Site Records
Naso brachycentron
Naso brevirostris
Naso lituratus
Naso lopezi
Naso minor
Naso thynoides
Naso unicornis
Naso vlamngi
Paracanthurus hepatus
Zebrasoma scopas
Zebrasoma veliferum
Sphyraenidae
Sphyraena barracuda
Sphyraena flavicauda
Sphyraena qenie
Scombridae
Rastrelliger kanagurta
Gymnosarda unicolor
Scomberomorus commerson
Balistidae
Abalistes stellatus
Balistapus undulatus
Balistoides conspicillum
Balistoides viridescens
Melichthys niger
Melichthys vidua
Odonus niger
Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus
Rhinecanthus verruccosus
Sufflamen bursa
Sufflamen chrysopterus
Xanthichthys auromarginatus
Monacanthidae
Aluterus scriptus
Acreichthys radiatus
Acreichthys tomentosus
Amanses scopas
Cantherines dumerili
Cantherines pardalis
Paraluteres prionurus
Pervagor aspricaudus
Pervagor janthinosoma
Pervagor melanocephalus
Pervagor nigrolineatus
Rudarius minutus
Ostraciidae
Lactoria cornuta
Ostracion cubicus
Ostracion meleagris
Ostracion nasus
Ostracion solorensis
Tetraodontidae
Arothron nigropunctatus
Arotrhon manilensis
Arothron mappa
Canthigaster bennetti
Canthigaster compressa
Canthigaster leoparda
Canthigaster papua
Canthigaster valentini
Chelonodon patoca
Diodontidae
Diodon holocanthus
Diodon hystrix
59,60
29,59,60
5,16,26,29,30,34,59,60
29
10,13,26
16
29,59,60
15,29,59,60
12,13,15,29,59,60
4 -7,10,12,15,16,26,30,31,34,36-38*,40,45,59,60
7,10,12,18,26,29,59,60
59
51
59
10,12
60
10,12,16
53,55,56
4 -8,10,12,13,15,16,29-31,34,36,37,41-43,45,49,51,59,60
10,13,30,59,60
5,8,12,15,29,30,40,44,52,53,59,60
26,59,60
10,12,16,29,59,60
7,10,12,15,29,59
7,10,39,42,44,56,59,60
30,53
4,7,10,12,13,16,23,29,30,36,37,45,49,53,59,60
5,7,10,12,13,15,23,29,37,41,51,53,59,60
10,13,15
12,16,29,53,59,60
33
42,56
26,59,60
34
15,34
18,45
7
23
59
36,51
38*
15
8,16,31,34,37,45,55,57,59,60
12,15,26,59,60
31,59
29
4,8,37,41,42,59,60
58
39,48
17
41,55,56
59
7,13,16,23,30,31,34,36,37,39-41,43,45,48,57
7,8,10,12,13,16,18,23,26,29,31,37,41,44,45,47,56,59,60
48
13,47
60
61
Appendix 2. Species list and abundance estimates of fishes identified at the Semporna fish market.
Species
RHINOBATIDAE
Rhinobatos typus
DASYATIDAE
Dasyatis kuhlii
Himantura undulata
MYLIOBATIDAE
Mobula eregoodootenkee
MURAENIDAE
Gymnothorax javanicus
CONGRIDAE
Conger cinereus
CLUPEIDAE
Sardinella sp.
CHANIDAE
Chanos chanos
ARIIDAE
Arius sp.
MUGILIDAE
Crenimugil crenilabrus
HEMIIRAMPHIDAE
Hemiramphus far
Hemiramphus sp.
BELONIDAE
Tylosurus acus melanotus
Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus
CENTROPOMIDAE
Lates calcifer
SERRANIDAE
Anyperodon leucogrammicus
Cephalopholis argus
Cephalopholis microprion
Cephalopholis miniata
Cephalopholis sonnerati
Cromileptes altivelis
Epinephalus areolatus
Epinephalus coioides
Epinephelus undulosus
Epinephelus corallicola
Epinephelus fasciatus
Epinephelus merra
Epnephelus ongus
Plectropomus areolatus
Plectropomus leopardus
PRIACANTHIDAE
Priacanthus tayenus
CARANGIDAE
Alectis ciliaris
Alectis indica
Alepes djedaba
Alepes vari
Atule mate
Carangoides malabaricus
Caranx malabaricus
Caranx papuensis
Caranx sexfasciatus
Decapterus kurroides
Decapterus macrosoma
Decapterus russelli
Elagatis bipinnulata
Gnathanodon speciousus
Megalaspis cordyla
Abundance
Market Only
2-10
+
1
1
+
2-10
+
2-10
2-10
+
> 100
+
1
+
11-100
+
11-100
+
2-10
2-10
+
+
11-100
2-10
+
2-10
+
2-10
2-10
1
2-10
1
1
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
62
+
+
+
+
+
1
+
2-10
2-10
2-10
11-100
11-100
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
> 100
11-100
2-10
2-10
2-10
> 100
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Appendix 2. continued
Species
CARANGIDAE (cont.)
Scomberoides commersonnianus
Scomberoides tol
Scomberomorus commerson
Selar crumenophthalmus
Selaroides leptolepis
Seriolina nigrofasciata
Uraspis uraspis
MENIDAE
Mene maculata
LEIOGNATHIDAE
Leiognathus equulus
Leiognathus fasciatus
LUTJANIDAE
Aphareus furca
Etelis coruscans
Lutjanus bohar
Lutjanus carponotatus
Lutjanus decussatus
Lutjanus ehrenbergi
Lutjanus malabaricus
Lutjanus sebae
Lutjanus vitta
Macolor macularis
Pinjalo pinjalo
CAESIONIDAE
Caesio cuning
Pterocaesio digramma
GERREIDAE
Gerres abbreviatus
HAEMULIDAE
Diagramma melanacrum
Diagramma pictum
Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides
Plectorhinchus polytaenia
NEMIPTERIDAE
Nemipterus furcosus
Nemipterus hexodon
Nemipterus japonicus
Nemipterus nematophus
Pentapodus bifasciatus
Pentapodus trivittatus
Scolopsis margaritifer
Scolopsis monogramma
Scolopsis taeniopterus
LETHRINDAE
Gymnocranius grandoculis
Lethrinus erythropterus
Lethrinus lentjan
Lethrinus microdon
Lethrinus obsoletus
Lethrinus olivaceus
Lethrinus rubroperculatus
Lethrinus semicinctus
MULLIDAE
Parupeneus barberinus
Parupeneus ciliatus
Parupeneus heptacanthus
Parupeneus indicus
Upeneus tragula
KYPHOSIDAE
Kyphosus vaigiensis
Abundance
Market Only
2-10
2-10
2-10
> 100
> 100
1
2-10
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
> 100
+
> 100
11-100
+
+
2-10
1
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
11-100
1
11-100
2-10
1
+
+
+
+
+
11-100
11-100
1
+
2-10
2-10
1
2-10
11-100
11-100
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
+
+
+
+
1
11-100
11-100
2-10
11-100
11-100
2-10
1
+
11-100
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
63
+
+
+
+
+
Appendix 2. continued
Species
POMACANTHIDAE
Pomacanthus imperator
TERAPONTIDAE
Terapon jarbua
POMACENTRIDAE
Dischistodus perspicullatus
Dischistodus prosopotaenia
Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon
LABRIDAE
Choerodon schoenleinii
Hemigymnus melapterus
SCARIDAE
Calatomus carolinus
Chlorurus bleekeri
Chlorurus microrhinos
Chlorurus sordidus
Leptoscarus vaigiensis
Scarus flavipectoralis
Scarus ghobban
Scarus globiceps
Scarus psittacus
Scarus quoyi
Scarus rivulatus
EPHIPPIDAE
Platax boersii
SIGANIDAE
Siganus canaliculatus
Siganus corallinus
Siganus fuscescens
Siganus guttatus
Siganus virgatus
ACANTHURIDAE
Acanthurus mata
Acanthurus nigricans
Acanthurus triostegus
Acanthurus xanthopterus
SPHYRAENIDAE
Sphyraena forsteri
SCOMBRIDAE
Euthynnus affinis
Grammatorcynus bilineatus
Katsuwonus pelamis
Rastrelliger kanagurta
Thunnus alalunga
Thunnus albacares
SOLEIDAE
Rendahlia jauberensis
BALISTIDAE
Psedobalistes fuscus
MONACANTHIDAE
Aluterus scriptus
Aluterus monoceros
DIODONTIDAE
Diodon holocanthus
Diodon hystrix
Diodon liturosus
Abundance
Total Species
Total Species only in market
141
78
Market Only
1
2-10
+
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
1
+
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
1
2-10
11-100
2-10
2-10
2-10
1
+
+
+
+
+
2-10
> 100
11-100
> 100
11-100
2-10
+
11-100
2-10
11-100
11-100
11-100
+
11-100
2-10
11-100
11-100
2-10
11-100
+
+
+
2-10
+
+
+
11-100
2-10
1
11-100
11-100
11-100
64
+
+
2.4 Palaemonoid Shrimps
Charles H.J.M. Fransen
Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity - Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden,
The Netherlands.
E-mail: Charles.Fransen@ncbnaturalis.nl
The most diverse subfamily of marine shrimps in the palaemonoids is the Pontoniinae, comprising
over 600 species (De Grave and Fransen, 2011) with around 430 recorded from the Indo-Pacific.
Most species are living in association with other organisms. Only few records of these shrimps from
the Semporna area are known in the scientific literature. Holthuis (1950, 1952), in his monographs
on the Palaemoninae and Pontoniinae of the Siboga and Snellius Expeditions, recorded a few species
from the Sulu Archipelago near the Semporna area.
Shrimps were photographed on their host before collecting. During 60 dives a total of 360 samples
were collected comprising about 550 specimens. Preliminary identification of the material yielded
ca. 104 species (Table 1). In genera like Periclimenes and Periclimenaeus, identification to species
level awaits further morphological study of the specimens. New species in these genera are
expected. The number of palaemonoid species is rather high in comparison with most other localities
visited within the Coral Triangle (Fransen, 2007; Hoeksema, 2007): East Kalimantan (2003: ca. 90
species), Cebu (1999: ca. 87 species), Sulawesi (1994: ca. 80 species), Ambon (1996: ca. 90
species), Bali (2001: ca. 90 species), Ternate (2009: ca. 104), and Raja Ampat (2007: ca. 77 species),
and distinctly higher than the localities outside this area: Seychelles (1992: 57 species), Pulau Seribu
(2005: 60 species). Table 2 summarizes the number of species per host group for the areas studied
over the years.
Table 1. Preliminary list of shrimp species and their hosts collected during the Semporna Marine
Ecological Expedition 2010.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Taxa
Host
_______________________________________________________________________________________
SUPERFAMILY PALAEMONOIDEA
FAMILY ANCHISTIOIDIDAE
Anchistioides willeyi (Borradaile, 1900)
Leucetta lemon
FAMILY PALAEMONIDAE
SUBFAMILY PALAEMONINAE
Urocaridella spec.
free living
SUBFAMILY PONTONIINAE
Anchiopontonia hurii (Holthuis, 1981)
Spondylus varius
Anchistus australis Bruce, 1977
Tridacna squamosa
Anchistus custoides Bruce, 1977a
Atrina vexillium
Anchistus miersi De Man, 1888
Hippopus hippopus
Tridacna squamosa
Ancylomenes holthuisi (Bruce, 1969)
Actinodendrum plumosum
Actinodendrum spec.
Heteractis aurora
Heteractis magnificus
Herpetolitha lima
Stichodactyla haddoni
Hydroid
Phyllodiscus spec.
Ancylomenes magnificus (Bruce, 1979)
Actinodendrum plumosum
65
Ancylomenes sarasvati (Okuno, 2002)
Ancylomenes venustus (Bruce, 1989)
Ancylomenes spec. ? nov.
Apopontonia falcirostris Bruce, 1976
Brucecaris tenuis (Bruce, 1969)
Conchodytes meleagrinae Peters, 1852
Conchodytes pteriae Fransen, 1994
Coralliocaris labyrintha Mitsuhashi & Takeda, 2008
Crinotonia attenuatus (Bruce, 1971)
Cuapetes amymone (De Man, 1902)
Cuapetes kororensis (Bruce, 1977)
Cuapetes lacertae (Bruce, 1992)
Cuapetes tenuipes (Borradaile, 1989)
Cuapetes spec.1
Cuapetes spec. 2
Dactylonia ascidicola (Borradaile, 1898)
Dactylonia holthuisi Fransen, 2003
Dactylonia spec. 1
Dasella herdmaniae Lebour, 1939
Dasycaris ceratops Holthuis, 1952
Dasycaris zanzibarica Bruce, 1973
Exoclimenella maldivensis Duris & Bruce, 1995.
Hamodactylus aqabai Bruce & Svoboda, 1984
Hamodactylus boschmai Holthuis, 1952
Hamodactylus noumaea Bruce, 1970
Hamopontonia corallicola Bruce, 1970
Harpiliopsis depressa (Stimpson, 1860).
Ischnopontonia lophos (Barnard, 1962)
Jocaste spec.
Lacertonia chadi Marin, 2011
Laomenes amboinensis (De Man, 1888)
Laomenes spec. 1
Laomenes spec. 2
Laomenes spec. 3
Manipontonia psamathe (De Man, 1902)
66
Dofleinia armata
Plerogyra spec.
Heteractis magnificus
Phyllodiscus spec.
Euphyllia divisa
Coscinaraea culumna
Euphyllia yaeyaemensis
Cryptodendrum adhaesivum
Euphyllia ancora
Heteractis aurora
Fungid coral
Heteractis aurora
Among branches of Seriatopora hystrix
probably in encrusting sponge
Oxycomanthus bennetti
Pinctada margeritifera
in small Pteria spec.
Acropora spec.
grey crinoid
Acropora spec.
Heliofungia actiniformis
Nemezophyllia turbita
among Pavona cactus
rubble
Ricorda corallimorpharian
Heliofungia actiniformis
Nephthea on sand
Catalaphyllia gardineri
rubble
Xenia on sand
Ascidia spec.
Plurella spec.
Herdmania momus
Herdmania momus
Virgularia spec.
Pteroides spec.
Cirripathes spec.
Among Pavona cactus
Nephthea spec.
red Gorgonaria
Melitheid
Elisella spec.
Rumphella spec.
Elisella spec.
Heliofungia anctiniformis
Catalaphyllia gardineri
Plerogyra sinuosa
Seriatopora hystrix
Galaxea astreata
Galaxea fascicularis
Acropora spec.
Lopha cristagalli
Oxycomanthus bennetti
Comanthus schlegeli
? Comaster nobilis
grey crinoid
Ianthella basta
Gorgonaria
Antipathes spec.
Dendronephthya spec.
Hydroid
Junceela spec.
Polycarpa aurata
Polycarpa spec.
Polycarpa spec.
Polycarpa spec.
green sponge
Mesophlus sarassinorum
Crinoids
Pocillopora guttatus
Pteria penguin
Spondylus spec.
orange encrusting sponge
rubble with encrusting sponges and
Didemnum molle
encrusting compound ascidian
Sponge, purple outside, white inside
Leucetta lemon
Mesophlus sarassinorum
green sponge
Lissoclinum spec.
white compound ascidian
pinkish grey sponge
black compound ascidian
Acropora spec.
Seriatopora hystrix
Pocillopora guttatus
Pectinia paeonia
sea anemone
Heteractis aurora
Actinodendrum spec.
Actinodendrum plomosus
red gorgonarian
Pectinia paeonia
Acropora humulis
Thelonota anax
tube sponge
Stylissa flabelliformis
Stichodactyla mertensii
Heteractis magnifica
Sarcophyton spec.
Entacmaea quadricolor
Heteractis spec.
sea anemone
gorgonarian
? Echinaster luzonicus
Linckia laevigatus
Choraster granulatus
Culcitta novaeguinaea
Protoreaster nodosus
Iantella basta
Herpolitha limax
Polyphyllia talpina
Alcyonarian, Nidaliidae, probably new
(pers. comm. L.P. van Ofwegen)
Nephthea spec.
red gorgonian
Dendronephthya spec.
black ear sponge
Galaxea and rubble
Miopontonia yongei Bruce, 1985
Odontonia katoi (Kubo, 1940)
Odontonia sibogae (Bruce, 1972)
Odontonia spec.1
Onycocaridella spec. nov.
Orthopontonia ornata (Bruce, 1970)
Palaemonella potsii (Borradaile, 1915)
Palaemonella spec. 1
Paranchistus pycnodontae Bruce, 1978
Paranchistus spondylus Suzuko, 1971
Periclimenaeus rastrifer Bruce, 1980
Periclimenaeus spongicola Holthuis, 1952
Periclimenaeus storchi Bruce, 1989
Periclimenaeus aff. tuamotae Bruce, 1969
Periclimenaeus spec. 1
Periclimenaeus spec. 2
Periclimenaeus spec. 3
Periclimenaeus spec. 4
Periclimenaeus spec. 5
Periclimenaeus spec. 6
Periclimenaeus spec. 7
Periclimenaeus spec. 8
Periclimenella spinifera (De Man, 1902)
Periclimenella spec. 1
Periclimenella spec. 2
Periclimenes brevicarpalis (Schenkel, 1902)
Periclimenes diversipes Kemp, 1922
Periclimenes diversipes group spec. 1
Periclimenes divesipes group spec. 2
Periclimenes imperator Bruce, 1967
Periclimenes incertus Borradaile, 1915
Periclimenes inornatus Kemp, 1922
Periclimenes kempi Bruce, 1969
Periclimenes ornatus Bruce, 1969
Periclimenes aff. perturbans/lepidus
Periclimenes soror Nobili, 1904
Periclimenes vanellus Fransen, 2010
Periclimenes watamuae Bruce, 1976
Periclimenes spec. nov.
Periclimenes spec. 1
Periclimenes spec. 2
Periclimenes spec. 3
Periclimenes spec. 4
67
ascidian
genus
Periclimenes spec. 5
Periclimenes spec. 6
Periclimenes spec. 7
Philarius gerlachei (Nobili, 1905)
Philarius rufus Marin & Anker, 2011
Platypontonia hyotis Hipeau-Jacquotte, 1971
Pliopontonia furtiva Bruce, 1973
Pontonides ankeri Marin, 2007
Pontonides maldivensis (Borradaile, 1915)
Pontoniopsis comanthi Borradaile, 1915
Rapipontonia ? galene (Holthuis, 1952)
Rapipontonia ? paragalene Marin, 2007
Thaumastocaris streptopus Kemp, 1922
Tuleariocaris zanzibarica Bruce, 1967
Unguicaris pilipes (Bruce & Zmarzly, 1983)
Vir euphyllius Marin & Anker, 2005
Seriatopora and rubble
brown sponge
Nemezophyllia turbita
Seriatopora spec.
Acropora spec.
Hyotissa hyotis
Amplexidiscus fenestater
Cirripathes spec.
Tubastrea micrantha
? Comaster nobilis
Aglaophenia cupressina
hydroid
tubesponges
Diadema setosum
crinoid
Euphyllia ancora
Euphyllia divisa
Plerogyra spec.
Physogyra lichtensteini
Plerogyra philippinensis
Physogyra lichtensteini
Euphyllia glaberescens
Vir philippinensis Bruce & Svoboda, 1984
Vir smiti Fransen & Holthuis, 2007
Vir spec. 1
68
Table 2. Number of Palaemonoid species per host group encountered in different areas.
P.
E.
Semporna Ternate Raja Ampat Seribu Kalimantan Bali
2010
4
16
Porifera
4
Hydrozoa
9
Actiniaria
Corallimorpharia 2
24
Scleractinia
10
Alcyonaria
7
Gorgonaria
3
Antipatharia
1
Echinoidea
1
Asteroidea
9
Crinoidea
1
Holothuroidea
10
Bivalvia
13
Ascidiacea
Free-living
Total
104
Cebu Sulawesi Ambon Seychelles
2009
2007
2005
2003
2001 1999 1994
1996
1992/93
2
12
2
8
2
21
8
7
4
1
2
6
1
8
18
6
8
1
8
1
23
3
4
3
0
1
7
1
6
8
1
4
1
3
1
16
4
4
1
1
1
5
1
9
5
8
6
1
8
1
23
7
8
6
1
1
9
1
8
10
4
22
2
2
1
18
3
3
8
2
1
12
0
6
9
6
10
2
6
1
25
2
4
9
2
2
9
0
8
3
4
10
2
8
1
20
5
4
6
1
1
10
1
7
4
6
6
2
8
1
22
8
5
5
1
1
9
1
7
8
6
4
2
2
1
20
5
11
5
1
1
3
1
9
3
104
77
57
98
93
89
84
90
74
69
Fig. 1. Dasycaris ceratops on
unidentified Virgularia seapen
Fig. 2. Ancylomenes holthuisi on
Actinodendron arboreum sea
anemone
Fig. 3. Laomenes amboinensis on
unidentified crinoid
Fig. 4. Manipontonia psamathe on
Ianthella basta sponge
Fig. 5. Miopontonia yongei on
unidentified Junceella gorgonarian
Fig. 6. Periclimenes soror on
Linckia laevigata sea star
70
Fig. 7. Cuapetes kororensis on
Heliofungia actiniformis
Fig. 8. Pliopontonia furtiva on
Amplexidiscus fenestrafer
corallimorpharian
Fig. 9. Pontonides ankeri on
unidentified Cirripathes black coral
Fig. 10. Pontoniopsis comanthi on
unidentified crinoid
Fig. 11. Thaumastocaris streptopus
in unidentified Callyspongia sponge
Fig. 12. New species of pontoniine
shrimp possibly Onycocaridella, in
sponge
71
References
De Grave, S. and C.H.J.M. Fransen. Carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the
dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda).
Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 85(9): 195-589 figs 1-59.
Fransen, C.H.J.M., 2007. The Influence of Land Barriers on the Evolution of Pontoniine Shrimps (Crustacea,
Decapoda) Living in Association with Molluscs and Solitary Ascidians, in: Renema, W. (ed.),
Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and Islands, Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 103-115,
figs. 1-3.
Hoeksema, B.W., 2007. Delineation of the Indo-Malayan Centre of Maximum Marine Biodiversity: The
Coral Triangle. In: W. Renema (ed.) Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers and
Islands, pp 117-178. Springer, Dordrecht.
Holthuis, L.B., 1950. The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition. Part X. The Palaemonidae collected
by the Siboga and Snellius expeditions with remarks on other species. I. Subfamily
Palaemoninae. Siboga Expeditie 39a9: 1-268.
Holthuis, L.B., 1952. The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition. Part XI. The Palaemonidae collected
by the Siboga and Snellius Expeditions with remarks on other species II. Subfamily
Pontoniinae. Siboga Expeditie 39a10: 1-253.
72
2.5 Stony Corals and their associated Coral Gall Crabs
Sancia E.T. van der Meij
Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity – Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
E-mail: Sancia.vanderMeij@ncbnaturalis.nl
Coral gall crabs (Cryptochiridae Paul’son, 1875) are obligatory associated with stony corals.
Currently, the Cryptochiridae include 46 extant species (20 genera), of which two are deep-water
species. Gall crabs can probably be found worldwide, wherever scleractinian corals occur. Many
reefs still need to be sampled for gall crabs, and doing so from the host perspective (sampling as
many different host corals as possible) yields many new associations.
The females of some species live within enclosed ‘galls’, completely encompassing the crab, in
which it remains for the remainder of its life. Other gall crab species live in an indentation or pit in
the coral, which they can leave if needed. The males are far smaller than the females, and sometimes
encountered wandering freely on top of the coral.
During the fieldwork carried out in Semporna, stony corals and the associated gall crabs were
sampled during 60 dives. The goal was to obtain as many different species of gall crabs from a wide
range of coral hosts from the Semporna region. Gall crabs where collected from > 100 different
coral hosts, belonging to 33 genera and nine coral families (Table 1, Fig. 1). A total of 213 samples
were collected, and for a number of specimens identification to species level awaits microscopic
study (Appendix 1).
Compared to the Ternate area (Halmahera, Indonesia), Semporna appears to have a similar diversity
of coral gall crabs, which is not surprising given the similarities between the coral assemblages in
the two areas. For the gall crabs identification to species level awaits further morphological study of
the specimens, after which a better comparison can be made.
One gall crab species was found in Semporna which was not encountered during previous
expeditions (Neotroglocarcinus cf. hongkongensis from the coral Turbinaria peltata). In Semporna
this coral was more intensively searched for associated gall crabs than in Ternate.
Fig. 1. Coral gall crabs of the species Pseudocryptochirus viridis, Fungicola fagei and Lithoscaptus sp.
73
Table 1. Coral hosts from which gall crabs were collected in Semporna and their associated gall crabs (preliminary).
Agariciidae
Gardineroseris planulata
Leptoseris amitoriensis
L. foliosa
L. glabra
L. hawaiensis
L. incrustans
L. mycetoseroides
L. scabra
L. yabei
Pavona cf. bipartita
P. cactus
P. clavus
P. explanulata
P. maldivensis
P. varians
P. venosa
Dendrophylliidae
Turbinaria cf. mesenterina
T. peltata
T. cf. reniformis
Turbinaria sp.
Faviidae
Cyphastrea micropthalma
Echinopora gemmacea
E. hirsutissima
E. horrida
E. lamellosa
E. pacificus
Favia speciosa
F. cf. rotundata
F. maritima
F. pallida
F. cf. laxa
Favia sp.
Favites abdita
F. cf. halicora
Favites sp.
Goniastrea cf. aspera
G. cf. australensis
G. pectinata
Goniastrea sp.
Leptastrea sp.
Leptoria phrygia
Montastraea curta
Oulophyllia crispa
Oulophyllia sp.
Platygyra cf. pini
P. lamellina
P. pini
P. sinensis
Platygyra sp.
P. verweyi
P. yaeyamaensis
Plesiastrea versipora
Fungiidae
Cycloseris costulata
C. hexagonalis
C. mokai
C. somervillei
C. tenuis
Lithophyllon ranjithi
L. repanda
L. scabra
L. spinifer
L. undulatum
Pleuractis granulosa
P. moluccensis
P. paumotensis
Podabacia crustacea
Sandalolitha dentata
Merulinidae
Hydnophora exesa
H. rigida
Merulina ampliata
M. scabricula
Merulina sp.
Mussidae
Acanthastrea echinata
Lobophyllia sp.
Symphyllia sp.
Pectiniidae
Echinophyllia aspera
Echinophyllia sp.
Mycedium elephantotus
Mycedium sp.
Oxypora lacera
Oxypora sp.
Pectinia paeonia
Pectinia sp.
P. alcicornis
P. lactuca
Pocilloporidae
Pocillopora damicornis
P. verrucosa
Seriatopora. caliendrum
S. cf. caliendrum
S. hystrix
Stylophora cf. pistillata
S. pistillata
Siderastreidae
Coscinarea columna
C. monelli
Psammocora cf. nierstraszi
P. digitata
P. haimeana
P. nierstraszi
P. profundacella
Siderastrea savignyana
Opecarcinus sp.
Opecarcinus sp. /
P. ransoni
P. viridis
N. cf. hongkongensis
P. viridis
Cryptochirus sp.
Lithoscaptus sp.
Lithoscaptus sp.
/
Dacryomaia sp.
Cryptochirus sp.
Xynomaia sp.
Cryptochirus sp.
Lithoscaptus sp.
/
Lithoscaptus sp.
74
F. fagei /
Dacryomaia sp.
F. utinomi /
Dacryomaia sp.
F. fagei
Xynomaia sp.
Fizeserenia sp.
Xynomaia sp.
H. marsupialis
Dacryomaia sp.
Appendix 1. Overview of the SEM localities and the coral hosts in which gall crabs were
encountered.
75
2.6 Ovulidae associated with Octocorallia
Bastian Reijnen
Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity - Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden,
The Netherlands.
E-mail: Bastian.Reijnen@ncbnaturalis.nl
Introduction
Ovulidae are gastropod molluscs which are primarily associated with Octocorallia but can
also be found on antipatharians (black corals). Ovulids are globally distributed in tropical and
temperate seas, but their greatest diversity is found on reefs in the Indo-Pacific. Currently
over 200 species are described from both shallow and deep water reefs (Lorenz and Fehse,
2009). Little is known of the Malaysian ovulid fauna, particularly focussing on eastern
Borneo. Lorenz and Fehse (2009) e.g. show several in situ photographs of Malaysian ovulids
and George and George (1987) have a record of Ovula ovum (Linnaeus, 1758) from the outer
reef of Mantabuan Isl., but scientific data on the diversity and distribution of Malaysian
Ovulidae remains scarce.
Scientific literature on the Octocorallia diversity around Borneo is also limited. George and
George (1987) have made an inventory of the gorgonians and alcyonaceans at the Bodgaya
Islands, which is now the Tun Sakaran Marine Park, and Sipadan Isl. In their inventory they
mention 58 different species or species groups. An additional record is by Bayer (1950) who
described a new Corallium species (Corallium borneënse) from north Si Amil Isl.
For this report we focussed on the interactions between the Octocorallia and the Ovulidae.
Therefore we do not provide a complete overview of the Octocorallia at Semporna, but give
an overview of the observed interactions between octocorals and ovulids. Discrepancies
between the George and George (1987) paper can therefore be observed.
Identifying Octocorallia is troublesome, most characters are poorly defined and even
specialists cannot always positively identify genera or species. As a result only one paper
describing the interactions between both Ovulidae and Octocorallia from the Indo-Pacific is
known e.g. Schiaparelli et al. (2005). Therein no specimens from Malaysia were included,
therefore this is the first overview specifically on the association between octocorals and their
associate ovulids from Malaysian Borneo.
Material and Methods
Gorgonians and soft corals were meticulously searched for ovulid snails, while using SCUBA
equipment. Upon encounter in situ photographs were made to record the morphology and
colour (patterns) of both the host and symbiont (see Fig. 1).
The ovulid snail including a tissue sample of its host species was collected and stored on 80%
ethanol to preserve it for closer examination. Identifications of the Ovulidae were made with
the help of a dissecting microscope and reference literature from Cate (1973) and Lorenz and
Fehse, (2009). The nomenclature as used by the latter reference was used for this report.
For the octocorallia, microscopy slides of the sclerites (internal calcareous parts) had to be
made for identification purposes. A chlorine solution (common bleach) was used to dissolve
76
the tissue. The remaining residue was washed 5 times with tap water followed by 5 washing
steps with distilled water. Sclerites were embedded in euparal to enable visualisation and
identification under a stereomicroscope.
Results
In total 30 species of Ovulidae were found divided over 17 genera, excluding a single
representative from the family Pediculariidae. Formerly Pediculariidae were considered to
belong to the family Ovulidae but recent insights (Lorenz and Fehse, 2009) placed the
Pedicularia in a separate family (Table 1). In total over 220 individuals of Ovulidae were
observed and collected.
For the Octocorallia, a total of 102 specimens were preserved for further identification.
Closer identification revealed at least 48 different species(groups) of which not all could be
provided with a species name (Table 2). New records of genera for the Semporna region are,
compared to George and George (1987): Acanthogorgia, Annella, Bebryce, Chironephthya,
Ctenocella, Paracis, Solenocaulon, Studeriotes, Villogorgia and Viminella.
Table 1. Ovulidae and Pediculariidae collected at Semporna, Malaysia. Numbers in between
parenthesis indicate the total number of samples.
Aclyvolvinae
Hiatavolva coarctata (Sowerby 2nd in Adams and Reeve, 1848) (6)
Hiatavolva rugosa (Cate and Azuma in Cate, 1973) (2)
Hiatavolva sp. (3)
Ovulinae
Ovula ovum (Linnaeus, 1758) (9)
Pellasimnia cf. annabelae (Lorenz and Fehse, 2009) (4)
Phenacovolva rosea (Adams, 1854) (2)
Phenacovolva parvita (Cate and Azuma in Cate, 1973) (1)
Prionovolvinae
Archivolva clava (Habe, 1991) (1)
Calpurnus verrucosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (5)
Crenavolva aureola (Fehse, 2002) (2)
Dentiovula dorsuosa (Hinds, 1844) (6)
Dentiovula cf. dorsuosa (6)
Dentiovula eizoi Cate and Azuma in Cate, 1973 (14)
Dentiovula mariae (Schilder, 1941) (3)
Dentiovula masaoi Cate, 1973 (5)
Dentiovula colobica (Azuma and Cate, 1971) (2)
Diminovula culmen (Cate, 1973) (6)
Diminovula margarita (Sowerby 1st, 1828) (3)
Diminovula concinna (Sowerby 2nd in Adams and Reeve, 1848) (1)
Habuprionovolva aenigma (Azuma and Cate, 1971) (3)
Margovula bimaculata (Adams, 1854) (2)
Primovula rosewateri (Cate, 1973) (3)
Primovula tadashigei (Cate, 1973) (1)
Prosimnia draconis Cate, 1973 (35)
Prosimnia piriei (Petuch, 1973) (6)
Prosimnia semperi (Weinkauff, 1881) (26)
Rotaovula septemmacula (Azuma, 1974) (3)
Pediculariidae
Pedicularia pacifica Pease, 1865 (40+)
Simniinae
Naviculavolva deflexa (Sowerby 2nd, 1848) (13)
Naviculavolva elegans (Fehse, in Lorenz and Fehse, 2009) (2)
Naviculavolva malaita (Cate, 1976) (3)
77
Table 2. Octocorallia collected at Semporna, Malaysia. Numbers in between parenthesis indicate the
total number of samples.
Acanthogorgiidae
Acanthogorgia
A (3)
Acanthogorgia
B (2)
Acanthogorgia
C (1)
Acanthogorgia
D (1)
Acanthogorgia
E (1)
Acanthogorgia
F (1)
Melithaeidae
sp.
Acabaria spp. (23)
sp.
Melithaea sp. A (1)
sp.
Melithaea sp. B (4)
sp.
Melithaea spp. (6)
sp.
Mopsella sp. A (2)
sp.
Mopsella sp. B (1)
Alcyoniidae
Lobophytum pauciflorum (Ehrenberg, 1834)
(1)
Mopsella sp. C (1)
Nephtheidae
Sarcophyton glaucum (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) (2)
Sarcophyton trocheliophorum (von Marenzeller, 1886)
(2)
Dendronephthya sp. A (5)
Sarcophyton sp. (1)
Dendronephthya sp. C (1)
Dendronephthya sp. B (1)
Sinularia polydactyla (Eherenberg, 1834)(1)
Anthoteliidae
Solenocaulon
(2)
Nephtea spp. (5)
Stereonephthya sp. (1)
sp.
Nidaliidae
Ellisellidae
Chironephthya spp. (6)
Ctenocella sp. (1)
Siphonogorgia sp. A (1)
Ellisella cf. ceratophyta (Linnaeus, 1758)(1)
Siphonogorgia spp. (7)
Viminella sp. (6)
Paralcyoniidae
Coelogorgiidae
Studeriotes sp. (1)
Paratelesto sp. (3)
Plexauridae
Gorgoniidae
Hicksonella sp. A
(3)
Hicksonella sp. B
(1)
Bebryce stellata Hentschel, 1903 (1)
Hicksonella sp. C (2)
Rumphella sp. A
(2)
Bebryce sp. C (1)
Bebryce sp. A (2)
Bebryce sp. B (1)
Euplexaura sp. A (2)
Rumphella sp. B (2)
Euplexaura sp. B (1)
Paracis sp. (1)
Villogorgia sp. (1)
Subergorgiidae
Annella reticulata (Ellis and Solander,
1786)(3)
Annella mollis (Nutting, 1910) (1)
Annella cf. mollis (1)
In Table 3 the absence/presence data for ovulids per dive site was plotted. This data indicates
that the most diverse reefs, were south of Semporna. Darvel bay and its surroundings (Islands
and reefs NW of Boheydulang Isl.) proved to be less diverse. In general Octocorallia prefer
nutrient rich, turbid waters. Since the Darvel Bay area is murkier and less prone to currents,
the number of Octocorallia and their diversity was lower, resulting in a lower number of
symbiotic Ovulidae. Ovulid-wise the most diverse spot was Kapalai, SE of Mabul. In total
seven different ovulids were observed during a single dive.
78
Table 3. Absence/presence data per dive site for the Ovulidae.
79
Figure 1. A. Pellasimnia annabelae on an Annella sp.; B. Prosimnia draconis on an Acabaria sp.;
C. Dentiovula colobica on an Acanthogorgia sp.; D. Rotaovula septemmacula on Bebryce sp.;
E. Calpurnus verrucosus on Sarcophyton sp.; F. Diminovula culmen on Dendronephthya sp.;
G. Ovula ovum feeding on Sarcophyton sp.; H. Naviculavolva deflexa on Rumphella sp.
80
References
Bayer F.M., 1950. A new precious coral from North Borneo. Journal of the Washington Academy of
Sciences 40: 59-61.
Cate, C.N., 1973. A systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family Ovulidae (Mollusca:
Gastropoda). The Veliger 15 Suppl.: pp. 1-116.
George J.D. and George J., 1987. The coral reefs of the Bodgaya Islands (Sabah: Malaysia) and Pulau
Sipadan. Malayan Nature Journal 40: 225-260.
Lorenz F. and Fehse D., 2009. The living Ovulidae. A manual of the families of allied cowries:
Ovulidae, Pediculariidae and Eocypraeidae. Hackenheim: ConchBooks pp. 1-651.
Schiaparelli S, Barucca M, Olmo E, Boyer M, Canapa A. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships within
Ovulidae (Gastropoda: Cypraeoidea) based on molecular data from the 16S rRNA gene.
Marine Biology 147: 411-420.
81
2.7 Macroalgae
Stefano G.A. Draisma
Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences – University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
E-mail: sgadraai@hotmail.com
Introduction
Macroalgae or seaweeds (rumpai laut in Malay language) are macroscopic algae. They have
representatives on different branches of the Tree of Life, namely the green algae
(Chlorophyta), the red algae (Rhodophyta), and the brown algae (Phaeophyceae). The bluegreen algae (Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria and also have macroscopic
representatives. The temperate seas around Japan and southern Australia harbor the highest
seaweed diversity. However, some seaweed genera have their highest diversity in the tropics,
e.g., the green algal genera Caulerpa and Halimeda, and the brown algal genera Padina,
Sargassum and Turbinaria. These taxa can sometimes form large dominant stands on coral
reefs. Seaweeds need a hard substrate to attach themselves to by means of a holdfast
structure. They lack roots for anchoring in the sand. Notable exceptions are some species of
Caulerpa and Halimeda that can be found on sand. Seaweeds are at the base of the food chain
and are grazed by herbivores (fish, snails). Algae developed different strategies against
grazing. Many slow growing algae produce calcium carbonate (limestone) as a defense
against herbivory. The strategy of filamentous algae is to grow very fast so that grazers
cannot keep up with them. A healthy coral reef habitat generally is dominated by massive
corals and crustose coralline algae. These calcareous red algae cement the corals together to
build the reef framework. Fleshy algae are removed by abundant herbivores. Some corals are
inhibited by elevated nutrient levels and crustose coralline algae may become the dominant
group. The reef may become dominated by low growing and turf algae in cases where
grazing activity decreases. Decreased grazing activity in combination with elevated nutrient
levels may result in the dominance of frondose macroalgae (Littler et al. 2009: Smithsonian
Contributions to the Marine Sciences 38: 401-414). Seagrasses are not algae but flowering
plants (Magnoliophyta) that have “returned” to the sea. They have a root system and can form
extensive seagrass bed habitats next to coral reefs.
Methodology
During the Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition the seaweed diversity of the reefs around
Semporna was investigated by Stefano Draisma. Draisma made SCUBA dives of
approximately sixty minutes each at 57 sites (Fig. 1) and scored the presence or absence of
seaweed taxa at each site. The dive sites were named SEM01 to SEM60 (the sites SEM35,
SEM36, and SEM44 were not visited by Draisma). Photographs were made of the various
macroalgae at each site and deposited in the WWF-Malaysia picture database. In addition to
green, red, and brown macroalgae, the presence of the macroscopic “golden noodle alga”
Chrysocystis fragilis Lobban, Honda and Chihara (Chrysophyceae) and that of seagrasses
was also scored. An increasing number of blooms of C. fragilis has been observed on Pacific
reefs in recent years. Abundance was not measured. Whether only a single individual of a
species was found at a site or many, both were scored as present. However, note was taken
when the frondose brown algal genera Dictyota, Lobophora, Padina, Sargassum, and
Turbinaria were observed (subjectively) in high abundance at a site. The Reef Status Team
estimated the percentage of algal cover along two transects at each site, but the team did not
always visit the exact same locations as the Biodiversity Team and algal distributions may be
very patchy. Some specimens were collected and preserved in 5% formalin in seawater in
Whirl-Pak bags or jars and will later be dried and submitted to the University of Malaya
82
Seaweeds and Seagrasses Herbarium (KLU) in Kuala Lumpur. These herbarium vouchers
can in a later stage be used to confirm or correct field identifications. Vouchers were
numbered SGAD1012xxx, where xxx stands for 001, 002, 003, etc. (until 361). Before a
specimen was transferred to formalin, a piece was cut off and preserved in either silica (Si)
beads or 96% ethanol (EtOH). Si and EtOH samples can in the future be used for DNA
extractions. Most turf algae were not scored because they can easily be overlooked and are
unidentifiable in the field, but some were collected, e.g. Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing
(SGAD1012112), and also some cyanophytes (e.g. SGAD1012111 and SGAD1012235).
Crustose coralline algae were not scored either, with the exception of Lithophyllum-like
morphologies. It must be emphasized that the taxon names in this report are based on field
identifications and still need to be confirmed by examining the vouchers. Representative
vouchers for each taxon are given in Table I. Many algae cannot be identified to the species
level in the field and therefore several species were lumped under one taxon name, e.g. the
genus Dictyota (which may also include representatives of the recently split-off genus
Canistrocarpus), Padina, and Halimeda. In other cases Draisma is lacking the expertise to
identify the alga in the field and a descriptive name is given, e.g., “green unbranched
filament” or “red rubbery alga”. Taxonomic insights of macroalgae are still changing with
more and more DNA sequence data becoming available. Some species can be morphological
very plastic, but there are also species that cannot be distinguished from each other based on
morphology alone. For example, Leliaert et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53:
122-133, 2009) demonstrated that the enigmatic, sponge-associated Cladophoropsis
vaucheriiformis (Areschoug) Papenfuss actually represents four different species based on
DNA sequence data. Rohfritsch et al. (Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 35: 91-98,
2007) demonstrated that one of the morphotypes of Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kützing
looks like Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh. All known taxonomic uncertainties have
been taken into consideration in the final version of a presence-absence taxon table. This
table may later be analyzed in combination with environmental parameters that were
measured by Aazani Mujahid during the Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition 2010. A
preliminary cluster analysis of the presence-absence dataset was carried out using the MultiVariate Statistical Package (available from http://www.kovcomp.com/mvsp/?gclid=
CNTp9Ku50asCFYMa6wodZBt6UQ). A minimum variance clustering procedure with
squared euclidian distances was applied.
Outcome
In total, 361 collections were made. A detailed list of collections, observations and
photographs can be obtained upon request from Stefano Draisma. Photographs taken at each
site are also deposited in the WWF-Malaysia database. The taxa for which presence-absence
data is collected are listed in Table I including the voucher numbers of collections, a list of
some representative photographs, the SEM sites where they have been observed, and a
reference to a distribution map. In the further discussion in this text Halimeda, Dictyota,
Amphiroa are each treated as a single taxon, thus 94 taxa in total. Together these taxa may
represent an estimated 130+ species, but this still needs to be confirmed after closer
examination of the specimens.
New records
Phang et al. (2007) gives a checklist of the seaweeds of Malaysia (Seaweed Diversity in
Malaysia. In Chua, Kirton and Saw [eds] Status of Biological Diversity in Malaysia and
Threat Assessment of Plant Species in Malaysia. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. pp. 185210). From this list it can be concluded that the seaweed diversity of West-Malaysia is much
83
better known than that of East-Malaysia, unless Borneo is indeed less diverse than Peninsular
Malaya. Phang et al. also published checklists of marine algae in 2008 and 2010 but these
were limited to the South China Sea. Some of the algae collected during the SMEE
expedition are not in any of the checklists by Phang et al. and can therefore be considered to
be new records for Malaysia. Caulerpa filicoides Yamada and Caulerpa parvifolia Harvey
are new records for Malaysia. The identification of C. filicoides has meanwhile been
confirmed by DNA sequencing and its DNA sequence is identical to that of a C. filicoides
specimen collected in the Berau delta (Indonesian Borneo), but differs substantially from two
C. filicoides var. andamanensis W.R. Taylor specimens collected in Palau (Draisma,
unpublished). A proposal is submitted to give separate species status to C. filicoides var.
andamanensis (will then become Caulerpa andamanensis). The identification of the newly
collected C. parvifolia specimen has also been confirmed by a DNA sequence, but it is
known from Draisma’s unpublished sequence data set that also C. parvifolia represents two
distinct species for which currently no diagnostic characters are known. The DNA sequence
of the Caulerpa verticillata J. Agardh specimens from SEM18 and 30 differ substantially
from those from SEM19 and 22, but no morphological differences are currently known. The
type from SEM18 and 30 has also been found once in the Berau delta and once in the
Philippines and is now for the first time recorded for Malaysia. More research is needed in
order to decide whether to reinstate the name Caulerpa charoides for this type. Halimeda
cylindracea Decaisne is one of the easier species to distinguish in the speciose genus
Halimeda and was not recorded for Malaysia before and neither was the algal symbiont of the
sponge Halichondria cartilaginea Esper, i.e., Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis. The golden
alga Chrysocystis fragilis is also a new record for Malaysia (but the Phang et al. checklists do
not include heterokont algae other than the brown algae). It was observed in five locations
around Semporna but nowhere did it form a bloom (i.e., covering several square meters). The
red algae Dichotomaria marginata (Ellis and Solander) Lamarck, Gibsmithia hawaiiensis
Doty, Ethelia sp., Mastophora spp., Predaea spp., Renouxia sp., and Vanvoorstia sp. are also
new records for Malaysia and so are Euptilota articulata (J. Agardh) Schmitz and
Asteromenia anastomosans (Weber-van bosse) Saunders et al. if these identifications are
correct. The unidentified Jania sp. (Cheilosporum-like) from Sipadan is probably also a new
record. Some of these new records were widely distributed in the research area (D.
marginata, Ethelia sp., G. hawaiiensis, Predaea sp.), and it is not clearly understood why
they have been overlooked in the past. The reason may be that earlier surveys were done by
wading, dredging and snorkeling, but not by diving and thus deeper growing algae were
overlooked.
Distributions
Taxon richness per site is indicated in Fig. 2. The highest number of taxa (30) was observed
at SEM22 in the channel near Semporna town. However, other sites with a high number of
taxa (>20) are only found on the outer reefs in the south (SEM09, 12-14), the north (SEM33,
45, 50, 54), and east (SEM26). Sites with no more than ten observed taxa were located central
in the research area (SEM23, 37-38, 42, 56, 58), in the extreme southwest (SEM04-05) and
around Sipadan (SEM59-60). Out of the 93 taxa, 56 were considered to be rare, because they
were encountered at no more than five of the 57 visited sites. SEM22 has the highest number
of rare taxa (11), followed by nearby SEM21 (9) and SEM20 (6) (Fig. 3). The northeastern
reefs seem to have the lowest number rare taxa, but there is no clear pattern. The SMEE area
was divided into subregions with 10-11 visited sites and the number of taxa per subregion
was compared (Fig. 4). The southern barrier reef system was divided into a Southwestern
(SW; SEM01-09, 20, indicated in red in Fig. 4) and a Southeastern (SE; SEM10-19, indicated
in purple) subregion, each comprising ten sites. The Northeastern reefs (NE; in blue) included
84
SEM23-32 (10 sites), the Tun Sakaran Marine Park (TSMP; in green) included SEM33-46
(11 sites), and the Northwestern reefs (NW; in yellow) included SEM47-57 (11 sites). In the
Channel between mainland Borneo and Bumbun island only three sites were visited (in
white; SEM21-22, 58) and around the oceanic island Sipadan only two (in grey; SEM59-60)
and comparison of these two regions with the others is therefore less relevant. The numbers
of observed taxa in the five regions with 10-11 visited sites do not differ significantly (Fig.
4). The highest number of taxa (53) was observed in the SE subregion and the lowest number
(43) in the TSMP. These regions also harbored respectively the highest (16) and lowest (9)
number of rare taxa. SEM20 substantially pushes up the taxon richness of the SW subregion.
If the SW region included SEM01-10 and the SE region SEM11-20, then the number of
observed taxa (and rare taxa) per subregion would be, respectively, 42 (12) and 58 (21). If the
Southern reefs are compared to the Northern reefs then the numbers are: SW+SE 66 (29),
NW+NE 61 (24), and NW+TSMP 54 (19). Remarkably, only one taxon less than in the
TSMP was observed at the three sites in the Semporna-Bumbun channel and the highest
number of rare taxa was found here (18). The distribution of the 94 taxa is mapped in Figs 557. Ten of these 94 were found only in the Channel and nowhere else (Figs 17-18, 26, 30, 4748, 51). Eight taxa were only found in the SW (Figs 18, 40, 41, 47-48), and nine only in the
SE (Figs 6, 17-18, 33, 40-41), five only in the NE (Figs 11, 18, 40, 48), four only in the NW
(Figs 18, 33, 47), three only in the TSMP (Figs 18, 40, 47), and one only in Sipadan (Fig. 40).
However, most of these taxa were found only once. Taxa that were restricted to a single
subregion, but found more than once are Dictyosphaeria sp. (Fig. 18) and Renouxia sp. (Fig.
47) (both SW), Tolypiocladia sp. (Fig. 40) (SE), Stypopodium multipartitum (Suhr) Silva
(Fig. 33) (NW), Enhalus acoroides (Linnaeus) Royle (Fig. 26), Gracilaria salicornia (C.
Agardh) Dawson (Fig. 47), and Udotea orientalis Gepp and Gepp (Fig. 18) (all three
Channel), and Jania sp. (former Cheilosporum) (Fig. 40) in Sipadan. Other taxa showed a
wider distribution pattern, but some still limited. Avrainvillea sp. and Caulerpa racemosa var.
lamourouxii were restricted to the Northern reefs (resp. Figs 5 and 15) and so was
Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis which, however, was also found in one Southern site (Fig.
20). Dictyopteris sp. was present in several Northern sites and only two sites in the SW (Fig.
28). Taxa with a distribution limited to the Southern reefs include Bornetella spp. (Fig. 9) and
Turbinaria decurrens Bory de Saint-Vincent (Fig. 34). Taxa that were only encountered in
the East were Caulerpa peltata J.V. Lamouroux (Fig. 13), Ceratodictyon spongiosum
Zanardini (Fig. 39), and Portieria hornemannii (Lyngbye) P.C. Silva (Fig. 41). Taxa with a
more or less central distribution are the seagrasses (Fig. 26), Acanthophora spicifera (M.
Vahl) Børgesen (Fig. 35), Gracilaria/Halymenia sp. Z (Fig. 50), Spyridia filamentosa
(Wulfen) Harvey (Fig. 40), Caulerpa sertularioides (S.G. Gmelin) M.A. Howe (Fig. 17), and
Caulerpa verticillata J. Agardh which is absent in the North (Fig. 11). The distribution of
Tydemania expeditionis Weber-van Bosse (Fig. 24) was limited to the outer reefs, whereas
Chrysocystis fragilis (Fig. 27), Galaxaura rugosa (J.Ellis and Solander) J.V.Lamouroux (Fig.
45), Hypnea pannosa J. Agardh (Fig. 50), Lithophyllum sp. (Fig. 52), Titanophora spp. (Fig.
56), and Actinotrichia fragilis (Forsskål) Børgesen (Fig.36) showed a disjunct distribution
being absent in the center of the research area, like Dictyopteris sp. Widely distributed taxa,
but absent in the SW are Boodlea/Microdictyon/Phyllodictyon (Fig. 8), Caulerpa lentillifera
J. Agardh (incl. C. microphysa [Weber-van Bosse] Feldmann) (Fig. 12), Caulerpa racemosa
(Forsskål) J. Agardh (Fig. 14), Antithamnion(ella) (Fig. 38), and Chondrophycus/Laurencia
(Fig. 42). Boodlea sp. (Fig. 7), Neomeris sp. (Fig. 22), Rhipidosiphon javensis Montagne
(Fig. 23), and Predaea sp. (Fig. 54) are widely distributed but absent in the NW. Other taxa
are distributed over the whole research area, but most of these taxa include multiple species
(e.g., Halimeda spp., Dictyota spp., Padina spp.) and at the actual species level there may be
a distribution pattern recognizable. It was noted that the brown algal taxa Sargassum spp.
85
(Fig. 30), Turbinaria spp. (Fig. 34), Dictyota spp. (Fig. 29), Lobophora spp. (Fig. 31), and
Padina spp. (Fig. 32) showed a high abundance on the NW reefs and the former three taxa
also in the SE. This might be an indication of disturbance. The nocturnal corallivore Crownof-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) has only been observed by Draisma in the NW
(SEM48, 52 and 54), but only a few individuals. At most reefs Sargassum spp. occurred as
small reduced plants (rosettes) and could not be identified. The collected specimens were
identified as being S. aquifolium (Turner) C. Agardh (or S. binderi Sonder ex J. Agardh, the
taxonomy is currently under debate) (SGAD1012108), S. ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh (S.
cristaefolium C. Agardh which was recently synonymized) (SGAD1012126), S. oligocystum
Montagne (SGAD1012127), and S. siliquosum J. Agardh (SGAD1012184 and with
uncertainty SGAD1012315).
Cluster analysis
The result of the cluster analysis of the presence-absence dataset is shown in Fig. 58. The
sampling sites are grouped into four clusters: A1, A2, B1, and B2. The geographical
distribution of these clusters was mapped and is shown in Fig. 59. The sites of cluster A1 are
mainly restricted to the Southwestern reefs. The sites of cluster B1 are almost exclusively
found on the outer reefs, but not at oceanic Sipadan. The clusters A2 and B2 seem to reflect
the inner reefs of the north and south, respectively.
Other Expeditions
In October 2003 Willem F. Prud’homme van Reine and Lisette de Senerpont Domis (both
National Herbarium of the Netherlands – Leiden University) made seaweed collections in the
nearby Indonesian Berau delta (http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/98097). They
reported to have observed 233 macro-algal taxa (including varieties) and collected 189 taxa
(470 collected specimens housed in Leiden). They did not collect presence-absence data for
each visited location. It may seem rather trivial to make a preliminary comparison of the
Semporna data and the Berau data with many taxa still unidentified, but it seems that at least
the non-rare taxa around Semporna have also been found in the Berau delta. Eric Verheij and
Prud’homme van Reine collected during a two years research period in the Spermonde
Archipelago off Makassar (South Sulawesi) 223 taxa (published in Blumea 37: 385-510,
1993). Remarkably they did not list Dichotomaria marginata (and neither its synonym
Galaxaura marginata). Prud’homme van Reine and Draisma made a presence-absence table
for thirty sites in the Thousand Islands archipelago off Jakarta in September 2005 (also know
as Kepulauan Seribu and not part of the Coral Triangle). Their presence-absence table
included 78 taxa (60 genera; 60 genus level, 18 species level) and did not include eight
collected seagrass species, but 32 green algal taxa (22 genera), 33 red algal taxa (27 genera),
and 13 brown algal taxa (11 genera). Some of the taxa in the 2005 list were lumped in the
SMEE2010 list. Thirty-four taxa were found at no more than four of the thirty sites and
considered rare in the Thousand Islands. Taxa that were found at five or more sites in the
Thousand islands, but were not found around Semporna were the green algae Anadyomene
sp., Caulerpa brachypus Harvey, and Caulerpa cupressoides (West) C. Agardh, the red algae
Liagora sp. and Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan de Saint-Léon, and the brown
algae Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès and Solier, Hydroclathrus clathratus
(C. Agardh) M.A.Howe, and Sirophysalis trinodis (Forskåll) Kützing. These taxa were
observed though in the Berau delta, except for Asparagopsis taxiformis and Sirophysalis
trinodis. Prud’homme van Reine and Draisma did not report Ethelia sp. for the Thousand
islands, but this taxon was probably included in Peysonnelia spp. In total 684 specimens were
collected at 39 locations in the Thousand Islands representing an estimated 150+ macroalgal
species. In November/December 2007, Draisma collected 823 specimens at 68 sites in the
86
Raja Ampat archipelago (West Papua, Indonesia) representing an estimated 170+ macroalgal
species (http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/124392). A presence-absence table was
not made. In October/November 2009, Draisma collected 501 specimens at 40 sites around
Ternate (North Moluccas, Indonesia) representing an estimated 120+ macroalgal species
(http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/193936). A presence-absence table for 97 taxa
was made for 38 sites which contained 33 green algal taxa, 4 seagrasses, 1 chrysophycean, 7
brown algal taxa and 52 red algal taxa. Fifty-two of the 97 taxa were found at no more than 4
sites. This list is most suited to compare with the SMEE 2010 presence-absent list, but none
of the abundant taxa of each list is absent in the other list, except for Neurymenia fraxinifolia
(Mertens ex Turner) J. Agardh which was found at 15 sites around Ternate but not around
Semporna. There are some differences in abundance though. Some taxa were more frequently
found around Semporna than around Ternate. For example, Sargassum was found at only one
out of 38 sites around Ternate, but at fifteen out of 57 sites around Semporna. For other taxa
these numbers are: Antithamnion(ella) 4 (out of 38) vs. 15 (out of 57), Ethelia 3 vs. 23, “red,
soft, woolly blade” 2 vs. 16, Bryopsis sp. 7 vs. 21, and Chlorodesmis 1 vs. 29. Other taxa
were more frequently found around Ternate: Ceratodictyon spongiosum 12 vs. 6,
Dichotomaria marginata 33 vs. 19, Euptilota articulata 12 vs. 1, Hypnea pannosa 18 vs. 5,
Mastophora pacifica 8 vs. 1, Mastophora rosea 9 vs. 1, Portieria hornemannii 21 vs. 2,
Zellera tawallina 11 vs. 3, and Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis 21 vs. 7. C. spongiosum and
C. vaucheriiformis live in asssociation with a sponge, but they can also live without the
sponge. The free-living stages may have a wider distribution, but were not observed/scored
because
they
are
inconspicuous.
87
Table I: Summary of results. A list of taxa arranged by Division/Class including the voucher numbers of preserved specimens (SGAD1012xxx),
an incomplete list of representative images (IMG_xxxx), the SEM sites where the taxon has been observed, the total number of sites where the
taxon has been observed (Obs.), and the figure (Fig.) in which the distribution of the taxon is mapped. The coloring is indicative of the number of
observations (1x yellow, 2-5x orange, 6-14 light green, 15-24 dark green, ≥ 25x blue).
Genus
species (or description)
SGAD1012xxx
IMG_xxxx
Present at following SEM sites
Obs.
Fig.
Avrainvillea
sp.
268, 328
2534, 3240, 3246
39, 40, 53, 54
4
5
Boergesenia
forbesii
-
1073
15
1
6
Boergesenia?
"very small"
096
857-859
1
6
Boodlea
sp.
016, 035
215
17
7
Boodlea/Microdictyon/Phyllodictyon
spp.
091, 109, 244
828-829, 831, 1007, 1359-1362
12
3, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 26, 28, 29, 30,
32, 45, 46, 55, 60
12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 54
10
8
Bornetella
nitida/oligospora, sphaerica
095, 115
233, 247, 869-870, 1012
4
9
Bryopsis
sp.
008, 045, 131, 193
191-192, 432-433, 1065-1066, 1442
21
10
Caulerpa
filicoides
248
2240-2243
12, 14, 20, 21
2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 29, 31,
34, 42, 43, 45, 48, 52, 55, 57
32
1
11
Caulerpa
mexicana var. crassifolia
1
17
microphysa/lentillifera
9, 13, 18, 19, 21, 22, 33, 45, 50, 51, 53, 55
12
12
Caulerpa
parvifolia
1430-1431
917, 1243, 1246, 1334, 1439-1440, 31143116, 3268, 3398
2188-2190, 2203-2204
21
Caulerpa
191
103, 155, 162, 190, 307,
322, 336
245
31
1
11
Caulerpa
peltata
6
13
racemosa
lamourouxii)
11, 13, 17, 19, 22,23, 24, 26, 32, 33, 34, 45,
46, 48, 49, 51
16
14
Caulerpa
racemosa var. lamourouxii
832, 1816, 2140, 2188-2190
800-801, 951, 1195-1198, 1310, 13111312, 1353, 1354, 2334, 2775-2776, 3109,
3112, 3386-3388
2774
12, 17, 26, 30, 31, 34
Caulerpa
092, 225, 239
80, 104, 147, 157, 158,
159, 164, 258, 282, 306,
338
281
4
15
Caulerpa
serrulata
012, 130, 154, 186, 255
199, 1031, 1244-1245, 1432-1433, 22982300
26
16
Caulerpa
sertularioides
180, 337
1371, 3391
26, 33, 34, 45
2, 3, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
24, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34, 41, 45, 46, 48, 51, 53,
54
20, 22, 55
3
17
Caulerpa
taxifolia
149
18
1
17
Caulerpa
verticillata
150, 163, 209, 240
18, 19, 22, 30
4
11
Chaetomorpha
sp.
124
1248-1251, 1253, 1337-1339, 1568, 21482149
1093
1
18
Chlorodesmis
sp.
030, 215
375, 1610
29
19
Cladophora
"thick"
320
3167-3168
15
5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 28, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49, 50,
53, 54, 55, 56, 58
52
1
18
Cladophoropsis
vaucheriiformis
097
946
13, 28, 37, 45, 46, 50, 57
7
20
Codium
"terete, branching"
015
227
3
1
18
CHLOROPHYTA (green algae)
(excl.
var.
88
(Table I continued)
Genus
species (or description)
SGAD1012xxx
IMG_xxxx
Present at following SEM sites
Obs.
Fig.
Dictyosphaeria
sp.
175, 176
1395-1396, 1417-1418
3, 20
2
18
Unknown green alga
sp.
266
2527
40
1
18
Green branched filaments
sp.
094
825
12
1
18
Green unbranched filament
sp.
221
1702-1704
1
18
Halimeda
"big"
010, 011, 088, 146, 192,
195, 293, 298, 335, 353,
354, 355, 356
186, 161, 845, 1167, 1453-1454, 1463,
2971, 2998-2999, 3352, 3491, 3530, 3532,
3537
46
21
Halimeda
"small"
009, 089, 138, 144, 237,
243, 333, 350
200, 838, 1110, 1224, 3309-3311, 3480
Halimeda
“trident form” cf. opuntia
063, 087, 156
526, 835, 1330
25
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
30, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 58
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 19, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 34, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51,
52, 53, 54, 57, 58
9, 12, 19
3
21
Halimeda
cylindracea
148, 173
1266-1268, 1408
18, 20, 21
3
21
Halimeda
macroloba
196, 247
1461, 2219
2
21
Neomeris
sp.
041, 194
398, 1448
24
22
Rhipidosiphon
javensis
055
476-477
6
23
Tydemania
expeditionis
005
146
17
24
Udotea
orientalis
182, 352
3538
21, 31
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
21, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 41, 45, 58
8, 11, 12, 30, 34, 40
1, 10, 11, 14, 18, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40,
45, 46, 51, 54, 60
21, 58
2
18
Valonia
utricularis
047, 152
404, 1252, 1254
4
23
Ventricaria
ventricosa
029, 084, 242
376, 388, 784, 1504, 2166
7, 9, 18, 33
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34,
38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53,
54, 57
41
25
Cymodocea
rotundata
183
1477
21
1
26
Enhalus
acoroides
181
1478-1480
21, 22
2
26
Halophila
minor
073, 166, 219
707-708, 1335, 1622
10, 18, 19, 24, 42
5
26
Halophila
ovalis
165, 185
1336, 1476
19, 21, 24
3
26
Halophila
spinulosa
201
-
22
1
26
-
168, 1076
2, 9, 15, 50, 54
5
27
003, 013, 265, 311
2510, 2878, 3016, 3098
1, 3, 33, 34, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50,
52, 57
14
28
44
21
MAGNOLIOPHYTA (seagrasses)
HETEROKONTOPHYTA, Chrysophyceae (golden algae)
Chrysocystis
fragilis
HETEROKONTOPHYTA, Phaeophyceae (brown algae)
Dictyopteris
sp.
89
(Table I continued)
Genus
species (or description)
Dictyota
"broad, big, rounded tips"
SGAD1012xxx
065, 090, 102, 145, 161,
254
101, 134, 135, 177, 283,
312, 360
133, 249, 313
IMG_xxxx
Obs.
Fig.
20
29
388, 938, 1056, 1079, 1372, 1904, 28162817, 3100
1064, 2263, 3101
Present at following SEM sites
3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24,
25, 33, 39, 41, 52, 53, 54
3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 26,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 40, 41, 45, 50, 51, 54, 60
10, 12, 15, 25, 30, 32, 51
23
29
7
29
1566-1567
22
1
30
083, 711, 1112, 1119, 1121, 1386, 1597,
1712, 1713, 2297, 2395, 2406, 2514-2415,
2958, 3102, 3140, 3263, 3266, \3652
1, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 60
36
31
30
32
909, 918, 943, 1075, 1097, 1470, 3189,
3202-3204
3065-3066, 3181, 3216
3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24,
26, 27, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57
9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 39, 40, 50, 51,
52, 54, 55
50, 52, 53
15
30
528, 530, 854, 937, 1165, 1337, 2318
Dictyota
"broad, short, rounded tips"
Dictyota
"thin"
Hormophysa
cuneiformis
Lobophora
variegata
Padina
spp.
Sargassum
spp.
Stypopodium
multipartitum
202
004, 072, 139, 140, 141,
171, 202, 214, 222, 223,
256, 261, 262, 264, 294,
309, 310, 324, 325, 361
082, 125, 178, 198, 199,
213, 178, 198, 213, 263,
303, 304, 308, 317
099, 100, 105, 108, 126,
127, 184, 315
302, 316
3
33
Stypopodium?
sp.
093
822-824
12
1
33
Turbinaria
decurrens
495, 880
496-497, 560, 733-734, 1420, 1422, 1469,
2348, 3070, 3081, 3197-3198
9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 20, 25
9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 25, 26,
33, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54
34
ornata/conoides/murrayana
066, 085
062, 067, 075, 167, 172,
187, 257, 299, 300, 314
7
Turbinaria
18
34
4
35
18
36
34
37
24
37
15
38
1
40
780, 1096, 1413-1414, 1441, 1456, 1539,
2476, 3025-3026, 3061, 3196
RHODOPHYTA (red algae)
Acanthophora
spicifera
168
1555, 2567, 3392
Actinotrichia
fragilis
286, 297
2827, 2993
Amphiroa
"thick"
179
103, 730, 1397
Amphiroa
fragilissima
360
3564
Antithamnion(ella)
sp.
081, 217, 340
798-799, 1652-1654, 3360
Asteromenia
anastomosans
116
1020
20, 22, 40, 55
2, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 26, 27, 45, 46, 49, 50,
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57
1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20,
22, 24, 26, 27, 32, 33, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 60
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 27,
40, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59
11, 12, 22, 24, 26, 33, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50,
54, 55, 57
14
Ceratodictyon
spongiosum
117, 151, 236
955, 1255, 1902-1903
14, 18, 26, 27, 28, 29
6
39
Champia?
sp.
269
40
1
40
Chondrophycus/Laurencia
sp.
160, 280
2543
1084, 1352, 1395, 1509, 1820-1821,
1823-1824, 2784-2785, 3141-3142, 3200
15, 19, 20, 22, 26, 45, 51, 52
8
42
90
(Table I continued)
Genus
species (or description)
SGAD1012xxx
001, 003, 007,
057, 076, 077,
210, 211, 212,
251, 253, 287,
330, 347
024,
129,
226,
295,
056,
136,
250,
296,
IMG_xxxx
Present at following SEM sites
Obs.
Fig.
086, 184, 321, 441, 724, 731, 457, 1058,
1114, 1496, 1502, 1517, 1779, 2238, 2245,
2304, 2879, 2938, 2939, 3306, 3475
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 22, 26, 32,
33, 47, 48, 54, 57
19
43
23
44
1
41
18
45
Dichotomaria
marginata
Ethelia
sp.
022
324
Euptilota
articulata
110
971
Galaxaura
rugosa
034, 284, 349
028, 037, 048,
051, 052, 058,
070, 083,113,
206, 216, 227,
246, 277, 278,
290, 301, 305,
389, 2720, 2807, 2876, 3466
1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 18, 22, 23, 24, 26,
27, 30, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 58, 60
14
6, 9, 14, 26, 27, 29, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50,
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57
Gibsmithia
hawaiiensis
Gracilaria
salicornia
014, 018,
049, 050,
059, 069,
121, 122,
228, 234,
279, 289,
334, 348
189, 207
1429, 1596
21, 22
2
47
Gracilaria
sp. X
327
3223, 3227
53
1
47
Gracilaria/Rhodymenia
sp. Y
329
3296
54
1
47
Gracilaria/Halymenia
sp. Z
204, 343
1540-1541, 3436-3437
22, 56
2
50
Halymenia
dilatata
47
15, 21, 25, 56, 58
5
49
Halymenia/Platoma
sp. Q
2684-2685
1060-1062, 1435-1436, 1707-1708, 34253426, 3516, 3519-3520
473-474
2
durvillei
274, 341
118, 128, 188, 220, 344,
357
053
42, 56
Halymenia
8
1
47
Hypnea
pannosa
013, 174, 319, 331, 332
254, 1407, 3209, 3345, 3346
3, 20, 51, 52, 54
5
50
Jania (Cheilosporum)
sp.
359, 360
3564, 3569
59, 60
2
Kappaphycus/Eucheuma
sp.
002, 036, 259, 272
116, 236, 411-412, 2597, 3292, 3295
1, 3, 7, 8, 16, 22, 31, 33, 34, 41, 45, 54
12
51
cf. Kappaphycus
cottonii?
203
1578-1580
1
51
Lithophyllum
sp.
-
138, 716, 790, 2286, 2369
29
52
Mastophora
pacifica
044
425-426
22
1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 26, 27,
28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45,
46, 47, 50, 51, 52
7
1
41
Mastophora
rosea
025
308-309
1
41
Peysonnelia
sp.
026, 027, 031, 046, 137,
153, 238, 267, 271, 285
305, 328, 369, 407, 1111, 1279, 1957,
2530, 2807
41
53
Portieria
hornemannii
119, 120
1040, 1077
4
1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18,
19, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38,
39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55,
57, 58, 60
15, 26
2
41
241-242, 262, 379, 400, 406, 417, 427,
428, 439, 456, 466, 523, 542, 789, 994,
1024, 1515, 1648-1649, 1807, 1808, 1901,
2205, 2739, 2757, 2871, 2895, 3045-3046,
3132, 3357, 3476
3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 22, 24, 26, 28,
31, 43, 45, 47, 50, 51, 55, 57
21
46
91
(Table I continued)
Genus
species (or description)
IMG_xxxx
217-218, 250, 264, 442-443, 479-480, 514,
924, 978, 1511, 1756-1757, 1794, 17981799
2384-2385
Present at following SEM sites
Obs.
Fig.
3, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 22, 26, 34
9
54
sp. 2
SGAD1012xxx
019, 020, 021, 033, 040,
060, 061, 068, 098, 114,
229, 230, 231, 260
260
Predaea
sp.
Predaea
Pterocladia/Pterocladiella
34
1
47
sp.
169
1421
20
1
40
red, cartilaginous, spiny
"Peysonnelia-shaped"
033
-
6
1
48
red, mushroom
sp.
1769-1770
48
"Peysonnelia-shaped"
16
55
red, small blades
sp.
3492-3493
26
6, 10, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 37, 38, 43, 45,
47, 49, 54, 57
58
1
red, soft, wooly blade
224
032, 074, 078, 079, 106,
107
358
1
48
red, rubbery alga
sp.
200
1514
22
1
48
Renouxia
sp.
017, 043
245-246, 434
3, 7
2
47
Spyridia
filamentosa
3
40
sp.
7, 8, 9, 13, 17, 27, 33, 41, 48, 52
10
56
Tolypiocladia
sp.
1484-1485, 1564, 3396
420-421, 438, 493, 558, 1168, 1859, 23022303, 2589, 2963-2964, 3184
1068-1072, 3427-3429
21, 22, 55
Titanophora
197, 208, 339
038, 039, 054, 064, 142,
233, 252, 273, 292, 318
123, 143
2
40
Tricleocarpa
fragilis
006, 291, 345
193, 2888, 3427-3429
30
57
Vanvoorstia
sp.
218
1659-1660
15, 17
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19,
22, 26, 30, 33, 41, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,
56, 57, 58
24
1
40
Zellera
tawallina
042, 232
408-410, 1857
7, 26, 27
3
40
732, 770, 791, 913, 950
92
Fig. 1. Overview of the SEM sites visited during the SMEE expedition. Algal
diversity was not investigated at SEM35, SEM36, and SEM44 (in grey).
Fig. 2. Number of taxa (out of a total of 93) observed at each site. Numbers in squares
indicate the number of observed taxa, not the number of the SEM site.
93
Fig. 3. Number of rare taxa (out of a total of 56) observed per site. Rare taxa have
been found at up to five sites. Numbers in squares indicate the number of rare taxa,
not the number of the SEM site.
Fig. 4. Number of taxa per subregion. Subregions indicated by color. Numbers in
squares indicate SEM sites.
94
Fig. 5. Distribution of Avrainvillea sp.
Fig. 6. Distribution of Boergesenia forbesii and Boergesenia? sp.
95
Fig. 7. Distribution of Boodlea sp.
Fig. 8. Distribution of Boodlea/Microdictyon/Phyllodictyon-like morphologies.
96
Fig. 9. Distribution of Bornetella nitida, B. oligospora and B. sphaerica.
Fig.10. Distribution of Bryopsis sp.
97
Fig. 11. Distribution of Caulerpa filicoides, C. verticillata, and C. parvifolia.
Fig. 12. Distribution of Caulerpa microphysa/lentillifera.
98
Fig. 13. Distribution of Caulerpa peltata.
Fig. 14. Distribution of Caulerpa racemosa varieties except for var. lamourouxii.
99
Fig. 15. Distribution of Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii.
Fig. 16. Distribution of Caulerpa serrulata.
100
Fig. 17. Distribution of Caulerpa mexicana var. crassifolia, sertularioides and C.
taxifolia.
Fig. 18. Distribution of eight green algal taxa that were observed at one or two sites.
101
Fig. 19. Distribution of Chlorodesmis spp.
Fig. 20. Distribution of the green alga-sponge association Cladophoropsis
vaucheriiformis-Halichondria cartilaginea.
102
Fig. 21. Distribution of the calcified green algal genus Halimeda.
Fig. 22. Distribution of Neomeris spp.
103
Fig. 23. Distribution of Rhipidosiphon javensis and Valonia sp.
Fig. 24. Distribution of Tydemania expeditionis.
104
Fig. 25. Distribution of Ventricaria ventricosa.
Fig. 26. Distribution of seagrasses.
105
Fig. 27. Distribution of the “golden noodle alga” Chrysocystis fragilis.
Fig. 28. Distribution and abundance of Dictyopteris sp.
106
Fig. 29. Distribution and abundance of Dictyota spp.
Fig. 30. Distribution and abundance of Sargassum spp.
107
Fig. 31. Distribution and abundance of Lobophora spp.
Fig. 32. Distribution and abundance of Padina spp.
108
Fig. 33. Distribution of Stypopodium spp.
Fig. 34. Distribution and abundance of Turbinaria spp.
109
Fig. 35. Distribution of Acanthophora spicifera.
Fig. 36. Distribution of Actinotrichia fragilis.
110
Fig. 37. Distribution of Amphiroa spp.
Fig. 38. Distribution of Antithamnion(ella) sp.
111
Fig. 39. Distribution of the red alga-sponge association Ceratodictyon spongiosumHaliclona cymaeformis.
Fig. 40. Distribution of eight red algal taxa that were observed at one to three sites.
112
Fig. 41. Distribution of four red algal species taxa that were observed at one or two
sites.
Fig. 42. Distribution of Chondrophycus/Laurencia sp.
113
Fig. 43. Distribution of Dichotomaria marginata.
Fig. 44. Distribution of Ethelia sp.
114
Fig. 45. Distribution of Galaxaura rugosa.
Fig. 46. Distribution of Gibsmithia hawaiiensis.
115
Fig. 47. Distribution of seven rare red algal taxa that were observed at one or two
sites.
Fig. 48. Distribution of four rare red algal taxa that were only found at one site.
116
Fig. 49. Distribution of Halymenia durvillei.
Fig. 50. Distribution of Hypnea pannosa and Gracilaria/Halymenia sp. Z.
117
Fig. 51. Distribution of Kappaphycus/Eucheuma and cf. Kappaphycus cottonii.
Fig. 52. Distribution of Lithophyllum spp.
118
Fig. 53. Distribution of Peysonnelia spp.
Fig. 54. Distribution of Predaea sp.
119
Fig. 55. Distribution of an unidentified Peysonnelia-shaped but soft red alga.
Fig. 56. Distribution of Titanophora spp.
120
Fig. 57. Distribution of Tricleocarpa fragilis.
Fig. 58. Minimum variance cluster dendrogram with squared euclidian distances
based on presence-absence data of 57 sites.
121
Fig. 59. Geographic distribution of sampling stations colored according to the four
clusters of the dendrogram in Fig. 58
122
3. Reef status
Affendi Yang Amri (Universiti Malaya)
Nina Ho (WWF-Malaysia)
Kee Alfian Abd Adzis (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)
Aazani Mujahid (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak)
Muhammad Ali Syed Hussein (Universiti Malaysia Sabah)
Nara Ahmad (Sabah Parks)
Munira Shaipudin Shah (Universiti Malaya)
3.1 Introduction
The Reef Status team worked to accomplish Objective 2: Assessment of coral reef
status and reef population health of SMEE 2010.
During SMEE 2010, five main reef areas (Southern, Northern, Tun Sakaran Marine
Park, Northwest and Oceanic) containing 60 sites with 109 stations were surveyed.
Using a modified Reef Check method which included underwater video transects and
reef profiling the summary of results are:
Substrate cover
High damage from destructive fishing practices such as blast
fishing/dynamite fishing could be seen via the high Rubble (RB)
percentage at many sites
An issue for concern as habitat loss for reef organisms.
Fish density
Overfishing and blast fishing could be seen via:
Snapper low densities especially in Northern Reef area
Parrotfish low densities at all sites
Bumphead parrotfish very low densities except in Oceanic Reef
area
Humphead Wrasse absence except in Oceanic Reef area
Barramundi Cod absence except in Northwest Reef area
Sweetlips (Haemulidae) low densities at all sites
-
Of particular concern is the Grouper where it is found to be in low
densities and in sizes of not more than 60 cm
-
Moray eel has low densities and in Northwest Reef area is absent at all
stations surveyed
-
Butterflyfish has low densities but is still present at most sites
Invertebrate density
Over exploitation i.e. overfishing, curio and aquarium collection could be
seen especially for:
Banded coral shrimp low densities especially its absence at survey sites
in Northwest and Oceanic Reef areas
123
-
-
Impacts
-
Triton shell low densities at all sites
Sea cucumber low densities at all sites except Tun Sakaran Marine Park
Reef area
Collector urchin low densities except at some stations in Northern and
Southern Reef areas
Pencil urchin low densities especially its absence in Tun Sakaran Marine
Park stations surveyed
Lobster low densities at all sites except some stations in Southern Reef
area
Giant clam low densities at all sites except Tun Sakaran Marine Park
Reef
area
nutrient pollution could be seen especially for: Northern, Tun Sakaran
Marine Park and Southern Reef areas due to high densities of Diadema
sea urchins
Crown of Thorn Starfish (COTS) does not seem to be an issue for
concern during the survey as it was at low density in all areas.
Trash Impact levels are an issue for concern as they were high at most
sites even within Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area
-
Coral disease and Coral bleaching percentages are found to be at low
percentages.
-
Coral damage impacts are high in many sites, mainly from destructive
fishing practices such as blast fishing/dynamite fishing except in Oceanic
Reef area.
RECOMMENDATION
It is reminded that the methods used in this survey are designed for monitoring and
annual surveys need to be done. Only when changes are detected for the biological
indicators (and water quality) would the data be more precisely interpreted. At present
we can only speculate when comparing stations, sites and reef areas. Long term
monitoring data is essential. Nevertheless the criteria needed to be documented can be
changed as needed though time.
From the results of SMEE 2010, it is imperative to find ways to minimise coral
physical damage, trash and over exploitation of marine organisms in the area. Even
though conventional ways such as marine awareness, alternative livelihood for locals,
tourism based economies run by locals, environmentally sound practices, proper solid
waste disposal and low impact land development plans are always good to be used,
novel ways which is suited and agreed upon by relevant stakeholders in the area has to
be found. This can only be achieved through open and honest discussions between the
stakeholders of Semporna PCA.
124
3.2 Materials and methods
The Reef Status Team had eight SCUBA divers for each survey site. They were
divided into three teams, either to survey transects at ‘Shallow’ or ‘Deep’ depth
stations or reef profiling down to a depth of 25 m. The team members were:
1) Affendi Yang Amri (Universiti Malaya) – Team Leader
2) Nina Ho (WWF-Malaysia) – Co Team Leader
3) Kee Alfian Abd Adzis (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)
4) Aazani Mujahid (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak)
5) Muhammed Ali Syed Hussein (Universiti Malaysia Sabah)
6) Nara Ahmad (Sabah Parks)
7) Munira Shaipudin Shah (Universiti Malaya)
8) Ken Kassem (WWF-Malaysia)
9) Angela Lim (WWF-Malaysia)
10) Carel Drijver (WWF-Netherlands)
Reef status for each site was determined using a modified Reef Check which included
underwater video transects and reef profiling.
A modified Reef Check (Hodgson et al., 2006) was used at each study site. In general,
for each survey site a 100 m transect each was deployed at 6 m depth ‘Shallow’ and
12m depth ‘Deep’ stations. Subsequently substrate percentage cover, fish and
invertebrate density and impact surveys were done on four replicate 20m lengths with
5m breaks in between along the 100m transects concurrently with the underwater
video transect and reef profiling.
Underwater video footage of both 100m transects per site were taken and is currently
being analysed based on the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) technique (English et al.,
1997). Therefore the results from the underwater video are not included in this report.
Reef profiling was done at each study site in which a pair of SCUBA divers
descended from the end of their Reef Check transects down to a maximum of 25m
depth. Then while slowly ascending they documented the benthic community
structure on underwater paper attached to dive slates for every 5m depth. They
essentially documented 5m x 5m quadrats while following the underwater profile
ascending to the water surface. For each quadrat, firstly they documented the
percentage of Biological and Non-Biological substrate and secondly they documented
the percentage of Hard Coral growth-forms.
Biological Substrate were: Hard Coral, Soft Coral, Dead Coral, Algae, Coralline
Algae, Seagrass, Gorgonian Sea Fans, Sea Whips, Others
Non Biological Substrate were: Rock, Rubble, Sand and Silt.
Hard Coral growth-forms (Veron & Stafford-Smith, 2000) were: Branching, Massive,
Table, Laminar, Foliaceous, Free living, Encrusting and Others.
125
Brief above water study site descriptions using Reef Check (Hodgson et al., 2006) and
water quality parameters using a Hydrolab multiparameter probe were also taken but
are not included in this report.
During SMEE 2010 surveys from 29 November until 18 December 2010, five main
reef areas containing 60 sites with 109 stations were surveyed (Table 1 & Figures 124). Nine sites have two transects at the same depth due to its flat seafloor topography
without a distinct reef slope. The data of both transects e.g. Shallow 1 & Shallow 2 for
Site 02: Second Reef were later combined for all nine sites. The two sites at Oceanic
Reef area (Sipadan Island) only has one transect each at ‘Shallow’ depth as the island
has a steep ‘drop off’ reef wall.
© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja
126
3.3 Results & Discussion
There are 109 stations at 60 sites within 5 main reef areas surveyed (Table 1Table 1).
Table 1: Area, site and station details
Lon (E)
Station
Depth
(m)
01
Name
Lat (N)
Mid Rock Roach
Reef
04 10' 48.1''
118
18' 31.2''
02
Second Reef
04
10' 32.5''
118
17' 54.5''
03
Hand Rock
04
08' 23''
118
10' 41.6''
Southern Reefs
04
Darby Bank
04
08' 23''
118
10' 14.6''
Southern Reefs
05
Alert Patches 2
04
09.629'
118
15.621'
Southern Reefs
06
Alert Patches 3
04
09.780'
118
16.600'
07
Erzherzog Reef
04
13.83'
118
25.00'
Southern Reefs
08
Horn Reef
04
14.534'
118
26.402'
Southern Reefs
09
Ligitan Reef 1 S
04
14.128'
118
33.378'
Southern Reefs
09A
Ligitan Reef 2 N
04
14.655'
118
33.716'
10
Kapalai Island
04
13.080'
118
40.335'
Southern Reefs
11
Cust Reef 1 S
04
16.434'
118
42.586'
Southern Reefs
12
Mabul Island
04
13.838'
118
38.180'
13
Ligitan Island 1 SW
04
11.224'
118
47.493'
Southern Reefs
14
Ligitan Island 2 SE
04
09.640'
118
52.355'
Southern Reefs
15
Ligitan Island 3 E
04
12.674'
118
54.590'
16
Si Amil Island
04
19.035
118
52.511'
Southern Reefs
17
Denawan Island
04
44.885'
118
50.995'
Southern Reefs
18
Ligitan Island 4 W
04
14.122'
118
48.451'
Shallow
Deep
Shallow 1
Shallow 2
Shallow
Deep
Deep 1
Deep 2
Deep 1
Deep 2
Deep 1
Deep 2
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow 1
Shallow 2
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
6
12
9
9
10
16
15
15
14
14
12
12
5
10
6
11
6
13
6
6
6
12
6
10
6
10
6
12
6
12
6
12
6
12
6
12
6
12
Reef Area
Day - date
Site
Southern Reefs
1 - 29.11
Southern Reefs
Southern Reefs
Southern Reefs
Southern Reefs
Southern Reefs
Southern Reefs
2 - 30.11
3 - 01.12
4 - 02.12
5 - 03.12
6 - 04.12
127
Southern Reefs
19
Cust Reef 2 N
04
17.145'
118
42.664'
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow 1
Shallow 2
Shallow
Deep
Shallow 1
Shallow 2
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
5
10
6
11
5
5
5
12
6
6
4
12
6
12
6
12
5
10
6
12
6
12
5
10
6
12
6
12
Southern Reefs
20
Creach Reef
04
18.956'
118
36.307'
Southern Reefs
21
Sipanggau Island
04
22.841'
118
36.330'
23
Pasalat Reef
04
30.834'
118
44.515'
Northern reefs
24
Bumbun Island E
04
27.042'
118
46.662'
Northern reefs
25
Batura Reef
04
30.818'
118
48.512'
26
Boheyan Island
04
28.094'
118
56.847'
Northern reefs
27
Timba timba Island
04
33.653'
118
55.489'
Northern reefs
28
Pandanan Island
04
34.678'
118
55.224'
Northern reefs
29
Mataking Island
04
35.160'
118
56.757'
30
Kulapuan Island 1 S
04
30.714'
118
51.959'
Northern reefs
31
Kulapuan Island 2 N
04
32.124'
118
50.303'
Northern reefs
32
Pom pom Island
04
35.510'
118
51.687'
Northern reefs
33
Kapikan Reef
04
39.082'
118
49.304'
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
12 - 10.12
34
Mantabuan Island
04
37.960'
118
47.815'
Shallow
Deep
6
12
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
35
Gaya Island 1 SE
04
37.506'
118
46.648'
Shallow
Deep
6
12
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
36
Gaya Island 2 N
04
37.965'
118
45.529'
Shallow
Deep
6
10
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
13 - 11.12
37
Boheydulang Island
1S
04
35.007'
118
46.675'
Shallow
Deep
6
12
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
38
Boheydulang Island
2 outer reef
04
34.053'
118
45.452'
Shallow
Deep
6
11
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
39
Tetagan Island Inner
Lagoon
04
35.949'
118
43.729'
Shallow
Deep
6
11
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
40
Ribbon Reef
36.155'
118
45.891'
Shallow
6
Northern reefs
Northern reefs
Northern reefs
7 - 05.12
09 - 07.12
10 - 08.12
11 - 09.12
04
128
Deep
12
40.975'
Shallow
Deep
8
13
118
43.042'
Shallow
Deep
6
10
33.315'
118
39.313'
Shallow
Deep
7
13
04
39.056'
118
39.382'
Shallow
Deep
6
12
Church Reef 1
04
40.901'
118
39.481'
Shallow
Deep
7
12
46
Church Reef 2
04
41.167'
118
38.913'
47
Larapan Island
04
34.457'
118
36.258'
48
Timbun Mata Island
04
38.777'
118
35.198'
Northwest reefs
49
Balusuan Island
04
41.133'
118
32.509'
Northwest reefs
50
Batik Island
04
43.550'
118
28.230'
51
Tabawan Island
04
47.235'
118
25.022'
Northwest reefs
52
Silumpat Island
04
45.961'
118
23.450'
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
6
14
6
12
6
12
8
13
6
13
6
12
7
12
Northwest reefs
53
Batik
Island
04
42.055'
118
23.304'
Northwest reefs
54
Bakungan Island
04
45.214'
118
29.275'
55
Silawa Island
04
34.499'
118
34.020'
Northwest reefs
56
Mata Pahi Island
04
34.819'
118
32.806'
Northwest reefs
57
Larapan Island 2 S
04
32.851'
118
36.522'
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow
Deep
Shallow 1
Shallow 2
Shallow
Deep
6
12
7
13
7
11
6
6
7
11
Northwest reefs
58
Semporna
Mangrove
04
27.603'
118
37.570'
Shallow 1
Shallow 2
6
6
06.797'
118
38.168'
Shallow
6
06.672'
118
37.489'
Shallow
5
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
14 - 12.12
41
Maiga Island
04
37.542'
118
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
42
Selakan Island
04
34.394'
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
43
Sebangkat Island
04
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
15 - 13.12
44
Sibuan Island
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
45
Tun
Sakaran
Marine Park
Northwest reefs
Northwest reefs
Northwest reefs
Northwest reefs
Oceanic reefs
Oceanic reefs
17 - 15.12
18 - 16.12
19 - 17.12
20 - 18.12
59A
60
Kulambu
Sipadan Is. Mid
Reef
04
Sipadan Is. Hanging
Gardens
04
129
© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja
130
Figure 1: All sites surveyed during SMEE 2010
Figure 2: Southern Reef area sites
131
Figure 3: Northern Reef area sites
Figure 4: Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area sites
132
Figure 5: Northwest Reef area sites
Figure 6: Oceanic Reef area sites
133
3.4 Substrate cover
‘Live Coral’ (Hard Coral and Soft Coral) percentage cover is used to classify the
status of reefs surveyed. The criteria used is by the ASEAN-Australian Living Coastal
Resources project (Chou et al., 1994), where >75% is ‘Excellent’, 50-75% is ‘Good’,
25-50% is ‘Fair’ and <25% is ‘Poor’. From the results (see Table 3-7 and graphs in
this chapter), only 5 stations out of the 109 (5%) are found to be ‘Excellent’, 25
stations (23%) ‘Good’, 41 stations (38%) ‘Fair’ and 38 stations (35%) are at ‘Poor’
status.
Only 38 stations (34.9%) surveyed has more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover. These
38 stations are listed in the following sub-chapters for each of the five main areas
surveyed. These stations are over the average percentage, this is in view of Bruno &
Selig (2007) report on 2003 surveys for West Indonesia which includes the SMEE
2010 study area as having an average of 29% coral cover. Their study also reported
Indo-pacific reefs in 2003 having a coral cover average of only 22.1% and just 7 of
390 reefs surveyed that year had coral cover >60%. For further comparision Harborne
et al. (2000) had estimated that the mean percent cover for islands on the east coast of
Peninsular Malaysia to be at 42.2%.
From all the substrate cover categories documented (Table 2Table 2) only Nutrient
Indicator Algae (NIA), Rubble (RB) and Silt (SI) results are presented in detail due to
present issues relevant to Semporna PCA reef areas.
134
Table 2: Substrate cover categories documented using the modified Reef Check method
(Hodgson et al., 2006)
Substrate Category
Hard Coral (HC)
Notes
Scleractinian corals and includes fire coral
(Millepora), blue coral (Heliopora) and organ
pipe coral (Tubipora) because these are reef
builders.
Soft Coral (SC)
Includes zoanthids
Recently Killed Coral Corals that has died within the past year
(RKC)
Biological Indicator for
Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing
& Nutrient Pollution
(if HC has low % cover)
Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing
& Nutrient Pollution
(if RKC has high % cover)
Nutrient
Indicator Blooms of fleshy algae that may be responding to Nutrient Pollution
Algae (NIA)
high levels of nutrient input
(if NIA has high % cover)
Sponge (SP)
All sponges (but no tunicates)
Nutrient Pollution
(if SP has high % cover)
Rock (RC)
Any hard substratum larger than 15 cm whether
it is covered in e.g. turf or encrusting coralline
algae, barnacles, oysters etc.
Rubble (RB)
Rocks between 0.5 and 15 cm diameter
Physical damage i.e. Storms,
Blast Fishing
(if RB has high % cover)
Sand (SD)
Smaller than 0.5 cm
Silt/Clay (SI)
Sediment that remains in suspension if disturbed Run off from nearby land
development
(if SI has unusually high %
cover)
Others (OT)
Other sessile organism including sea anemones,
tunicates, gorgonians or non-living substrata
135
Southern Coral Reefs
From Table 3 and graph for Southern Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed is as
follows:
Table 3: Southern Reef area % live coral cover and reef status
No. Site No.
Station Name
1
S01
Mid Rock (Shallow)
2
S01
Mid Rock (Deep)
3
S02
Second Reef (Shallow)
4
S03
Hand Rock (Shallow)
5
S03
Hand Rock (Deep)
6
S04
Darby Bank (Deep)
7
S05
Alert Patches 2 (Deep)
8
S06
Alert Patches 3 (Deep)
9
S07
Erzherzog Reef (Shallow)
10
S07
Erzherzog Reef (Deep)
11
S08
Horn Reef (Shallow)
12
S08
Horn Reef (Deep)
13
S09
Ligitan Reef 1 S (Shallow)
14
S09
Ligitan Reef 1 S (Deep)
15
S09A
Ligitan Reef 2 N (Shallow)
16
S10
Kapalai Island (Shallow)
17
S10
Kapalai Island (Deep)
18
S11
Cust Reef 1 S (Shallow)
19
S11
Cust Reef 1 S (Deep)
20
S12
Mabul Island (Shallow)
21
S12
Mabul Island (Deep)
22
S13
Ligitan Island 1 SW (Shallow)
23
S13
Ligitan Island 1 SW (Deep)
24
S14
Ligitan Island 2 SE (Shallow)
25
S14
Ligitan Island 2 SE (Deep)
26
S15
Ligitan Island 3 E (Shallow)
27
S15
Ligitan Island 3 E (Deep)
28
S16
Si Amil Island (Shallow)
29
S16
Si Amil Island (Deep)
30
S17
Denawan Island (Shallow)
31
S17
Denawan Island (Deep)
32
S18
Ligitan Island 4 W (Shallow)
33
S18
Ligitan Island 4 W (Deep)
34
S19
Cust Reef 2 N (Shallow)
35
S19
Cust Reef 2 N (Deep)
36
S20
Creach Reef (Shallow)
37
S20
Creach Reef (Deep)
38
S21
Sipanggau Island (Shallow)
Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover
Live Coral % Cover
18.1
14.4
39.7
73.1
80.0
55.0
41.3
34.4
65.0
62.5
50.0
31.3
35.0
39.4
56.3
20.6
12.5
66.3
77.5
15.0
11.9
46.3
21.9
11.9
19.4
15.0
8.8
26.3
18.1
21.9
18.8
81.3
56.3
59.4
49.4
48.1
5.6
25.6
Reef Status
Poor
Poor
Fair
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Fair
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Fair
Fair
Good
Poor
Poor
Good
Excellent
Poor
Poor
Fair
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Fair
Poor
Poor
Poor
Excellent
Good
Good
Fair
Fair
Poor
Fair
There are four stations (11%) that are ‘Excellent’, eight (21%) ‘Good’, eleven (29%)
‘Fair’ and fifteen (39%) ‘Poor’.
Only five stations (13.2%) surveyed has more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover and
they were S03 (Deep), S07 (Shallow & Deep), S11 (Deep) and S18 (Deep).
136
From the following graph,
Silt (SI) is highest at station S21 (Shallow) with 45.0% followed by S20 (Shallow)
11.3% and S18 (Deep) with 8.8%. Only nine out of 38 stations (29.9%) in the
Southern Reefs surveyed has Silt.
Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is highest at station S05 (Deep) with 16.9% followed
by S10 (Shallow) 9.4% and S03 (Shallow) & S04 (Deep) with 8.8% each. Half of the
38 stations (50%) in the Southern Reefs surveyed has NIA.
Rubble (RB) is highest at station S01 (Deep) with 46.9% followed by S01 (Shallow)
with 43.8% and S13 (Deep) & S12 (Deep) & S16 (Deep) with 38.8% each. About
84.2% (32 stations) surveyed had Rubble with 14 stations having more than 20%
Rubble.
137
138
Northern Coral Reefs
From Table 4Table 4 and graph for Northern Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed is
as follows:
Table 4: Northern Reef area % live coral cover and reef status
No.
Site No.
Station Name
1
S23
Pasalat Reef (Shallow)
2
S23
Pasalat Reef (Deep)
3
S24
Bumbun Island E (Shallow)
4
S25
Batura Reef (Shallow)
5
S25
Batura Reef (Deep)
6
S26
Boheyan Island (Shallow)
7
S26
Boheyan Island (Deep)
8
S27
Timba timba Island (Shallow)
9
S27
Timba timba Island (Deep)
10
S28
Pandanan Island (Shallow)
11
S28
Pandanan Island (Deep)
12
S29
Mataking Island (Shallow)
13
S29
Mataking Island (Deep)
14
S30
Kulapuan Island 1 S (Shallow)
15
S30
Kulapuan Island 1 S (Deep)
16
S31
Kulapuan Island 2 N (Shallow)
17
S31
Kulapuan Island 2 N (Deep)
18
S32
Pom pom Island (Shallow)
19
S32
Pom pom Island (Deep)
20
S33
Kapikan Reef (Shallow)
21
S33
Kapikan Reef (Deep)
Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover
Live Coral % Cover
30.0
45.0
55.6
8.8
7.5
53.8
53.8
36.3
28.8
13.1
20.0
31.3
26.9
18.8
25.6
13.8
8.8
42.5
11.9
40.0
30.6
Reef Status
Fair
Fair
Good
Poor
Poor
Good
Good
Fair
Fair
Poor
Poor
Fair
Fair
Poor
Fair
Poor
Poor
Fair
Poor
Fair
Fair
There are zero station (0%) that is ‘Excellent’, three (14%) ‘Good’, ten (48%) ‘Fair’
and eight (38%) ‘Poor’.
Only four stations (19.0%) surveyed has more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover and
they were S26 (Deep), S27 (Shallow), S29 (Shallow) and S33 (Shallow).
From the following graph,
Silt (SI) is not documented at all stations surveyed in the Northern Reefs.
Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is highest at station S32 (Deep) with 6.3% followed
by S33 (Shallow) 5.6% and S26 (Deep) with 3.8%. Only seven of the 21 stations
(33.3%) in the Northern Reefs surveyed has NIA.
Rubble (RB) is highest at station S32 (Deep) with 74.4% followed by S28 (Shallow)
with 61.9% and S32 (Shallow) with 51.9%. Nearly all stations (95.2%), 20 out of 21
surveyed had Rubble with 15 stations (71.4%) having more than 20% Rubble.
139
140
Tun Sakaran Marine Park Coral Reefs
From Table 5 and graph for Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reefs, the status of the reefs
surveyed are as follows:
Table 5: Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area % live coral cover and reef status
No. Site No.
Station Name
1
S34
Mantabuan Island (Shallow)
2
S34
Mantabuan Island (Deep)
3
S35
Gaya Island 1 SE (Shallow)
4
S35
Gaya Island 1 SE (Deep)
5
S36
Gaya Island 2 N (Shallow)
6
S36
Gaya Island 2 N (Deep)
7
S37
Boheydulang Island 1 S (Shallow)
8
S37
Boheydulang Island 1 S (Deep)
9
S38
Boheydulang Is 2 Outer Reef (Shallow)
10
S38
Boheydulang Is 2 Outer Reef (Deep)
11
S39
Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon (Shallow)
12
S39
Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon (Deep)
13
S40
Ribbon Reef (Shallow)
14
S40
Ribbon Reef (Deep)
15
S41
Maiga Island (Shallow)
16
S41
Maiga Island (Deep)
17
S42
Selakan Island (Shallow)
18
S42
Selakan Island (Deep)
19
S43
Sebangkat Island (Shallow)
20
S43
Sebangkat Island (Deep)
21
S44
Sibuan Island (Shallow)
22
S44
Sibuan Island (Deep)
23
S45
Church Reef 1 (Shallow)
24
S45
Church Reef 1 (Deep)
25
S46
Church Reef 2 (Shallow)
26
S46
Church Reef 2 (Deep)
Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover
Live Coral % Cover
39.4
19.4
23.1
18.1
28.8
38.1
26.3
22.5
8.8
21.9
36.3
55.6
56.3
54.4
54.4
59.4
38.8
34.4
53.1
49.4
23.1
35.0
52.5
48.1
35.0
32.5
Reef Status
Fair
Poor
Poor
Poor
Fair
Fair
Fair
Poor
Poor
Poor
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Fair
Good
Fair
Poor
Poor
Good
Fair
Fair
Fair
There are zero station (0%) that is ‘Excellent’, seven (27%) ‘Good’, eleven (42%)
‘Fair’ and eight (31%) ‘Poor’.
Nevertheless fourteen stations (53.8%) surveyed has more than 30% Hard Coral (HC)
cover and they were station S34 (Shallow), S36 (Deep), S39 (Shallow & Deep), S40
(Shallow & Deep), S41 (Deep), S43 (Shallow & Deep), S44 (Deep), S45 (Shallow &
Deep) and S46 (Shallow & Deep).
From the following graph,
Silt (SI) is documented only at one station S39 (Deep) with only 3.8% silt. The other
25 reef stations (96.2%) surveyed in Tun Sakaran Marine Park has no silt observed.
Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is highest at station S40 (Deep) and S41 (Shallow)
with 1.9% each followed by S46 (Shallow) 1.3% and S39 (Deep), S42 (Deep), S43
141
(Deep), S44 (Shallow), S45 (Shallow), S46 (Deep) with 0.6% each. Only ten of the 26
stations (38.5%) in the Marine Park reef surveyed have NIA.
Rubble (RB) is highest at station S36 (Shallow) with 61.3% followed by S34 (Deep)
& S44 (Shallow) with 53.1% each and S38 (Deep) with 51.9%. All 26 stations
surveyed had Rubble with 15 stations (57.7%) having more than 20% Rubble.
142
143
Northwest Coral Reefs
From Table 6 and graph for Northwest Park Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed is
as follows:
Table 6: Northwest Reef area % live coral cover and reef status
No. Site No.
Station Name
1
S47
Larapan Island (Shallow)
2
S47
Larapan Island (Deep)
3
S48
Timbun Mata Island (Shallow)
4
S48
Timbun Mata Island (Deep)
5
S49
Balusuan Island (Shallow)
6
S49
Balusuan Island (Deep)
7
S50
Batik Island (Shallow)
8
S50
Batik Island (Deep)
9
S51
Tabawan Island (Shallow)
10
S51
Tabawan Island (Deep)
11
S52
Silumpat Island (Shallow)
12
S52
Silumpat Island (Deep)
13
S53
Batik Kulambu Island (Shallow)
14
S53
Batik Kulambu Island (Deep)
15
S54
Bakungan Island (Shallow)
16
S54
Bakungan Island (Deep)
17
S55
Silawa Island (Shallow)
18
S55
Silawa Island (Deep)
19
S56
Mata Pahi Island (Shallow)
20
S57
Larapan Island 2 S (Shallow)
21
S57
Larapan Island 2 S (Deep)
22
S58
Semporna Mangrove (Shallow)
Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover
Live Coral % Cover
58.1
49.4
75.6
60.0
36.3
43.8
53.1
69.4
20.0
49.4
46.3
46.3
45.6
48.1
13.1
17.5
22.5
7.5
26.3
58.1
44.4
18.1
Reef Status
Good
Fair
Excellent
Good
Fair
Fair
Good
Good
Poor
Fair
Fair
Fair
Fair
Fair
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Good
Fair
Poor
There is only one location (5%) that is ‘Excellent’, five (23%) ‘Good’, nine (41%)
‘Fair’ and seven (32%) ‘Poor’.
Nevertheless eleven stations (50%) surveyed have more than 30% Hard Coral (HC)
cover and they are station S47 (Shallow & Deep), S48 (Shallow & Deep), S50
(Shallow & Deep), S51 (Deep), S52 (Shallow & Deep) and S57 (Shallow & Deep).
From the following graph,
Silt (SI) is highest at station S58 (Shallow) with 49.7% followed by S56 (Shallow)
with 9.4%, S55 (Shallow & Deep) with 5.0% and S52 (Deep) with 1.3% silt. The
other 17 reef stations (77.3%) surveyed in the Northwest have no silt observed.
Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is highest at station S51 (Shallow) with 28.8%
followed by S53 (Shallow) 21.3% and S52 (Deep) with 18.1%. Fourteen of the 22
stations (63.6%) in the Northwest reef surveyed have NIA observed.
Rubble (RB) is highest at station S55 (Shallow) with 39.4% followed by S54
(Shallow) with 35.6% and S56 (Shallow) with 28.4%. Twenty of the 22 stations
144
(90.9%) surveyed had Rubble with five stations (22.7%) having more than 20%
Rubble.
145
146
Oceanic Coral Reefs
From Table 7 and graph for Oceanic Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed is as
follows:
Table 7: Oceanic Reef area % live coral cover and reef status
No.
Site No.
Station Name
1
S59A
Sipadan Is Mid Reef (Shallow)
2
S60
Sipadan Is Hanging Gardens (Shallow)
Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover
Live Coral % Cover
56.9
67.5
Reef Status
Good
Good
There are zero station (0%) that is ‘Excellent’, two (100%) ‘Good’, zero (0%) ‘Fair’
and zero (0%) ‘Poor’. Nevertheless both stations (100%) surveyed have more than
30% Hard Coral (HC) cover.
From the following graph, Silt (SI) is not observed at the two stations in Sipadan.
Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is only present at station S59A (Shallow) but at a low
percentage cover of 0.6%. Rubble (RB) is higher at station S59A (Shallow) with
20.0% compared to S60 (Shallow) with 8.1%. Both stations have no more than 20%
Rubble.
147
3.5 Fish density
Snapper
Organism
Snapper (Lutjanidae)
Biological Indicator for
Overfishing & Blast Fishing
(if Snapper density is low)
The highest density of Snapper (87.8 ± 87.4 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station
S34 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area.
Snapper is present at 17 stations (65.4%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a
mean density of 5.9 ± 35.9 SE individuals per 500m3, both stations (100%) in Oceanic
Reef area with a mean density of 5.3 ± 10.0 SE individuals per 500m3, 18 stations
(81.8%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 2.1 ± 5.7 SE individuals per
500m3, 29 stations (76.3%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 1.9 ± 12.7
SE individuals per 500m3 and 9 stations (42.9%) in Northern Reef area with a mean
density of 0.3 ± 1.2 SE individuals per 500m3.
Snapper maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 41.3 ±
36.3 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S09 (Deep), Northwest Reef area 15.0 ± 10.4
SE individuals per 500m3 at station S52 (Deep), Oceanic Reef area 9.8 ± 6.7 SE
individuals per 500m3 at station S60 (Shallow) and Northern Reef area with 2.8 ± 2.4
SE individuals per 500m3 at station S30 (Deep).
148
149
Moray eel
Organism
Moray Eel (Muraenidae)
Biological Indicator for
Overfishing & Aquarium Fish Collection
(if Moray Eel density is low)
The highest density of Moray eel (0.75 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3) are at
stations S30 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area and S17 (Shallow) in Southern Reef
area.
Moray eel is present at 1 station (50.0%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of
0.13 ± 0.35 SE individuals per 500m3, 4 stations (19.0%) in Northern Reef area with a
mean density of 0.08 ± 0.32 SE individuals per 500m3, 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern
Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.22 SE individuals per 500m3, 1 station
(3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.10 SE
individuals per 500m3 and 0 stations (0%) in Northwest Reef area.
Moray eel maximum densities for each area surveyed are Oceanic Reef area 0.25 ±
0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S59A (Shallow), Tun Sakaran Marine Park
Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 only present at station S41 (Shallow)
and Northwest Reef area with 0 individuals per 500m3 at all stations.
150
151
Parrotfish
Organism
Parrotfish >20cm (Scaridae)
Biological Indicator for
Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing &
Aquarium Fish Collection
(if Parrotfish density is low)
The highest density of Parrotfish (19.3 ± 5.1 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station
S51 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area.
Parrotfish is present at 19 stations (86.4%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean
density of 4.5 ± 6.8 SE individuals per 500m3, 24 stations (92.3%) in Tun Sakaran
Marine Park area with a mean density of 2.9 ± 3.8 SE individuals per 500m3, 19
stations (90.5%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 2.9 ± 3.5 SE
individuals per 500m3, both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density
of 2.4 ± 1.2 SE individuals per 500m3 and 29 stations (76.3%) in Southern Reef area
with a mean density of 2.2 ± 4.2 SE individuals per 500m3.
Parrotfish maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 11.8 ±
7.8 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S10 (Shallow), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef
area 10.8 ± 1.1 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S36 (Deep), Northern Reef area
7.8 ± 1.6 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S26 (Deep) and Oceanic Reef area with
2.5 ± 0.3 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S59A (Shallow).
152
153
Bumphead parrotfish
Organism
Biological Indicator for
Bumphead
parrotfish Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing &
(Bolbometopon muricatum)
Aquarium Fish Collection
(if Bumphead parrotfish density is low)
The highest density of Bumphead parrotfish (10.00 ± 10.00 SE individuals per 500m3)
is at station S59A (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area.
Bumphead parrotfish is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a
mean density of 9.38 ± 17.41 SE individuals per 500m3, 2 stations (7.7%) in Tun
Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.04 ± 0.31 SE individuals per
500m3, 2 stations (5.3%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.03 ± 0.26 SE
individuals per 500m3, 1 station (4.8%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of
0.01 ± 0.11 SE individuals per 500m3 and 0 station (0%) in Northwest Reef area.
Bumphead parrotfish maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef
area 0.75 ± 0.75 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S12 (Deep), Tun Sakaran Marine
Park area 0.75 ± 0.75 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S40 (Deep), Northern Reef
area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 only at station S28 (Shallow) and
Northwest Reef area with 0 individuals per 500m3 at all stations.
154
155
Humphead wrasse
Organism
Biological Indicator for
Humphead
wrasse Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing &
(Cheilinus undulatus) Aquarium Fish Collection
(if Humphead wrasse density is low)
The highest density of Humphead wrasse (0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3) is at
station S59A (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area. This is the only station that this fish was
documented during the entire SMEE 2010.
Humphead wrasse is present only at 1 station (50%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean
density of 0.13 ± 0.35 SE individuals per 500m3, 0 stations (0%) in Tun Sakaran
Marine Park area, 0 stations (0%) in Northwest Reef area, 0 stations (0%) in Southern
Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area.
156
157
Barramundi cod
Organism
Biological Indicator for
Barramundi
cod Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing &
(Cromileptes altivelis)
Aquarium Fish Collection
(if Barramundi cod density is low)
The highest density of Barramundi cod (0.25 ± 0.16 SE individuals per 500m3) is at
station S56 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area. This is the only station that this fish
was documented during the entire SMEE 2010.
Barramundi cod is present only at 1 station (4.5%) in Northwest Reef area with a
mean density of 0.01 ± 0.07 SE individuals per 500m3, 0 stations (0%) in Tun Sakaran
Marine Park area, 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area, 0 stations (0%) in Southern
Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area.
158
159
Sweetlips (Haemulidae)
Organism
Sweetlips
(Haemulidae)
Biological Indicator for
Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing &
Aquarium Fish Collection
(if Sweetlips density is low)
The highest density of Haemulidae (3.25 ± 2.93 SE individuals per 500m3) is at
station S29 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area.
Haemulidae is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean
density of 0.38 ± 0.74 SE individuals per 500m3, 3 stations (14.3%) in Northern Reef
area with a mean density of 0.25 ± 1.40 SE individuals per 500m3, 14 stations (36.8%)
in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.13 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 500m3, 7
stations (26.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.12 ± 0.51
SE individuals per 500m3 and 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean
density of 0.10 ± 0.47 SE individuals per 500m3.
Haemulidae maximum densities for each area surveyed are Northwest Reef area 1.13
± 0.99 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S58 (Shallow), Southern Reef area 1.00 ±
0.58 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S19 (Deep), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef
area 1.00 ± 1.00 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S41 (Deep) and Oceanic Reef
area with 0.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S59A (Shallow).
160
161
Butterflyfish
Organism
Butterflyfish
(Chaetodon spp.)
Biological Indicator for
Overfishing, Poison Fishing & Aquarium Fish Collection
(if Butterflyfish density is low)
The highest density of Butterflyfish (19.8 ± 9.4 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station
S60 (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area.
Butterflyfish is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean
density of 12.3 ± 14.8 SE individuals per 500m3, all 38 stations (100%) in Southern
Reef area with a mean density of 3.7 ± 4.1 SE individuals per 500m3, 20 stations
(95.2%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 3.6 ± 4.3 SE individuals per
500m3, all 26 stations (100%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density
of 3.2 ± 3.1 SE individuals per 500m3 and 19 stations (86.4%) in Northwest Reef area
with a mean density of 2.1 ± 2.6 SE individuals per 500m3.
Butterflyfish maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 12.8 ±
3.8 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S01 (Deep), Northern Reef area 12.8 ± 3.2 SE
individuals per 500m3 at station S32 (Deep), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 7.8
± 0.5 SE and 7.8 ± 1.1 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S34 (Deep) and S43
(Shallow) respectively and Northwest Reef area with 7.3 ± 1.7 SE individuals per
500m3 at station S49 (Shallow).
162
163
Grouper size classes
Organism
Biological Indicator for
Grouper >30cm Overfishing, Blast Fishing & Poison Fishing
(Serranidae)
(if Grouper density is low)
No Grouper with the size class of more than 60 cm is documented in all 109 stations
of 60 sites surveyed during SMEE 2010.
The highest density of Grouper with the size class of 50-60 cm (0.50 ± 0.50 SE
individuals per 500m3) are at stations S60 (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area and S44
(Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. These are the only stations that
Grouper with this size class are documented, 1 station (50%) in Oceanic Reef area and
1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area.
The highest density of Grouper with the size class of 40-50 cm (1.00 ± 0.41 SE
individuals per 500m3) is at station S60 (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area.
This size class is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area, 3 stations
(7.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals
per 500m3 at station S10 (Shallow), 2 stations (9.5%) in Northern Reef area with a
maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 each at station S27 (Deep)
and S32 (Deep), 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a maximum
density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S44 (Deep) and 1 station
(4.5%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals
per 500m3 at station S48 (Deep).
The highest density of Grouper with the size class of 30-40 cm (2.50 ± 1.19 SE and
2.50 ± 0.87 individuals per 500m3) is at stations S60 (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area
and S40 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area respectively.
This size class is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area 18 stations
(69.2%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area, 23 stations (60.5%) in Southern Reef area
with a maximum density of 1.75 ± 0.55 SE and 1.75 ± 0.48 SE individuals per 500m3
respectively at stations S13 (Deep) and S15 (Deep), 12 stations (57.1%) in Northern
Reef area with a maximum density of 1.50 ± 0.65 SE individuals per 500m3 at station
S29 (Shallow) and 16 stations (72.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum
density of 1.00 ± 0.58 SE and 1.00 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 500m3 at stations S53
(Deep) and S47 (S) respectively.
Only two stations have 3 size classes of Groupers (30-40 cm, 40-50 cm, 50-60 cm),
they are S60 (Shallow) and S44 (Deep).
Most stations that Grouper are present only have the size class of 30-40 cm.
164
165
© WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja
166
3.6 Invertebrate density
Diadema
Organism
Long-spined Black Sea Urchin
(Diadema spp.)
Biological Indicator for
Overfishing & Nutrient Pollution
(if Diadema density is high)
The highest density of Diadema (188.8 ± 44.3 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station
S31 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area.
Diadema is present at 17 stations (81.0%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density
of 36.6 ± 60.7 SE individuals per 100m2, 32 stations (84.2%) in Southern Reef area
with a mean density of 15.1 ± 33.8 SE individuals per 100m2, 20 stations (76.9%) in
Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 13.4 ± 30.8 SE individuals per
100m2, 11 stations (50%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.3 ± 0.7 SE
individuals per 100m2 and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area.
Diadema maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 149.8 ±
16.9 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S17 (Shallow), Tun Sakaran Marine Park
Reef area 104.5 ± 43.2 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S38 (Shallow), Northwest
Reef area 1.8 ± 0.9 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S48 (Shallow) and Oceanic
Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at both stations.
167
168
Banded coral shrimp
Organism
Biological Indicator for
Banded coral shrimp Aquarium Fish Collection
(Stenopus hispidus)
(if Banded coral shrimp density is low)
The highest density of Banded coral shrimp (1.25 ± 0.75 SE individuals per 100m2) is
at station S14 (Deep) in Southern Reef area.
Banded coral shrimp is present at 5 stations (13.2%) in Southern Reef area with a
mean density of 0.08 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 100m2, 2 stations (9.5%) in Northern
Reef area with a mean density of 0.02 ± 0.15 SE individuals per 100m2, 1 station
(3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.10 SE
individuals per 100m2, 0 station (0%) in Oceanic Reef area and in Northwest Reef
area.
Banded coral shrimp maximum densities for each area surveyed are Tun Sakaran
Marine Park Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S45 (Shallow),
Northern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S24
(Shallow) and S31 (Deep), Oceanic Reef area and Northwest Reef area with 0
individuals per 100m2 at all stations.
169
170
Crown-of-Thorns Seastar (COTS)
Organism
Biological Indicator for
Crown-of-Thorns Seastar Overfishing
(Acanthaster planci)
(if COTS density is high)
The highest density of COTS (0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S51
(Deep) in Northwest Reef area.
COTS is present at 3 stations (13.6%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of
0.05 ± 0.21 SE individuals per 100m2, 2 stations (5.3%) in Southern Reef area with a
mean density of 0.01 ± 0.09 SE individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in Tun Sakaran
Marine Park area with a mean density of 0 individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in
Oceanic Reef area and in Northern Reef area.
COTS maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25
SE individuals per 100m2 at station S06 (Deep), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0
individuals per 100m2 at all stations, Oceanic Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all
stations and Northern Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations.
171
172
Triton Shell
Organism
Triton Shell
(Charonia tritonis)
Biological Indicator for
Overfishing & Curio Collection
(if Triton Shell density is low)
The highest density of Triton Shell (2.50 ± 1.50 SE individuals per 100m2) is at
station S31 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area.
Triton Shell is present at 7 stations (33.3%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density
of 0.24 ± 0.86 SE individuals per 100m2, 7 stations (26.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine
Park area with a mean density of 0.09 ± 0.32 SE individuals per 100m2, 7 stations
(18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.06 ± 0.29 SE individuals per
100m2, 3 stations (13.6%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.21
SE individuals per 100m2 and 0 station (0%) in Oceanic Reef area.
Triton Shell maximum densities for each area surveyed are Tun Sakaran Marine Park
Reef area 0.75 ± 0.48 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S34 (Deep), Southern Reef
area 0.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S03 (Shallow) and S07
(Deep), Northwest Reef area 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S49
(Shallow) and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations.
173
174
Sea Cucumber
Organism
Sea Cucumber
Biological Indicator for
Overfishing
(if Sea Cucumber density is low)
The highest density of Sea Cucumber (2.00 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 100m2) is at
station S38 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area.
Sea Cucumber is present at 15 stations (57.7%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with
a mean density of 0.41 ± 0.78 SE individuals per 100m2, 17 stations (81.0%) in
Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.26 ± 0.46 SE individuals per 100m2, 15
stations (39.5%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.16 ± 0.43 SE
individuals per 100m2, 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density
of 0.07 ± 0.30 SE individuals per 100m2 and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area.
Sea Cucumber maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 1.50
± 0.50 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S10 (Shallow), Northern Reef area 0.75 ±
0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S32 (Shallow), Northwest Reef area 0.50 ±
0.50 SE and 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S49 (Shallow) and S47
(Deep) respectively and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all
stations.
175
176
Collector Urchin
Organism
Collector Urchin
(Tripneustes spp.)
Biological Indicator for
Curio Collection
(if Collector Urchin density is low)
The highest density of Collector Urchin (0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2) each
is at stations S15 (Deep) in Southern Reef area and S33 (Shallow) in Northern Reef
area.
Collector Urchin is present at 3 stations (14.3%) in Northern Reef area with a mean
density of 0.05 ± 0.21 SE individuals per 100m2, 4 stations (10.5%) in Southern Reef
area with a mean density of 0.03 ± 0.18 SE individuals per 100m2, 1 station (3.8%) in
Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.01 SE individuals per
100m2, 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area and in Northwest Reef area.
Collector Urchin maximum densities for each area surveyed are Tun Sakaran Marine
Park Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S36 (Deep), Northwest
Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations and Oceanic Reef area with 0
individuals per 100m2 at all stations.
177
178
Pencil Urchin
Organism
Biological Indicator for
Pencil
Urchin Curio Collection
(Heterocentrotus mammilatus) (If Pencil Urchin density is low)
The highest density of Pencil Urchin (1.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2) is at
station S15 (Deep) in Southern Reef area.
Pencil Urchin is present at 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a mean
density of 0.09 ± 0.34 SE individuals per 100m2, 2 stations (9.5%) in Northern Reef
area with a mean density of 0.02 ± 0.15 SE individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in
Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0 individuals per 100m2, 0
stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area and in Northwest Reef area.
Pencil Urchin maximum densities for each area surveyed are Northern Reef area 0.25
± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S23 (Deep) and S31 (Shallow), Tun
Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations, Oceanic Reef
area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations and Northwest Reef area with 0
individuals per 100m2 at all stations.
179
180
Lobster
Organism
Lobster
Malacostraca (Decapod)
Biological Indicator for
Overfishing
(if Lobster density is low)
The highest density of Lobster (0.75 ± 0.75 SE and 0.75 ± 0.48 SE individuals per
100m2) is at stations S08 (Shallow) and S14 (Shallow) respectively in Southern Reef
area.
Lobster is present at 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of
0.08 ± 0.39 SE individuals per 100m2, 5 stations (23.8%) in Northern Reef area with a
mean density of 0.06 ± 0.24 SE individuals per 100m2, 4 stations (18.2%) in
Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.21 SE individuals per 100m2, 2
stations (7.7%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.02 ± 0.14
SE individuals per 100m2 and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area.
Lobster maximum densities for each area surveyed are Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef
area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S42 (Shallow & Deep),
Northwest Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S48
(Shallow), S50 (Shallow & Deep) and S51 (Shallow), Northern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25
SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S23 (Deep), S27 (Shallow), S28 (Deep),
S30 (Shallow) and S32 (Shallow) and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2
at all stations.
181
182
Giant Clam size classes
Organism
Giant Clam
(Tridacna spp.)
Biological Indicator for
Overfishing & Curio Collection
(if Giant Clam density is low)
From 109 stations in 60 sites during SMEE 2010, only two stations have all six size
classes. The stations are S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and
S49 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area.
The best station for Giant Clam density and size classes is S39 (Shallow) in Tun
Sakaran Marine Park Reef area.
The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of more than 50 cm (0.75 ± 0.48
SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S51 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area.
This size class is present at 4 stations (18.2%) in Northwest Reef area, 4 stations
(19.0%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals
per 100m2 at station S27 (Shallow), 3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area with a
maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S12
(Shallow), S15 (Deep) and S19 (Deep), 6 stations (23.1%) in Tun Sakaran Marine
Park Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at
station S43 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area.
The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of 40-50 cm (1.25 ± 0.95 SE
individuals per 100m2) is at station S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef
area.
This size class is present at 7 stations (26.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area,
1 station (4.8%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.29 SE
individuals per 100m2 at station S27 (Shallow), 3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef
area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations
S03 (Shallow) and S07 (Deep), 2 stations (9.1%) in Northwest Reef area with a
maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S47
(Shallow) and S49 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area.
The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of 30-40 cm (3.25 ± 1.44 SE
individuals per 100m2) is at station S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef
area.
This size class is present at 3 stations (11.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area,
3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 1.25 ± 0.95 SE
individuals per 100m2 at station S11 (Shallow), 4 stations (18.2%) in Northwest Reef
area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S48
(Shallow), 4 stations (19.0%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25
± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S23 (Deep), S26 (Shallow) and S27
(Shallow & Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area.
183
The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of 20-30 cm (3.75 ± 1.49 SE
individuals per 100m2) is at station S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef
area.
This size class is present at 7 stations (26.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area,
6 stations (15.8%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.63 ± 0.50 SE
individuals per 100m2 at station S06 (Deep), 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef
area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.50 SE & 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per
100m2 respectively at station S48 (Shallow) and S49 (Shallow), 6 stations (28.6%) in
Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2
each at stations S29 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow) and S33 (Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in
Oceanic Reef area.
The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of 10-20 cm (6.00 ± 2.45 SE
individuals per 100m2) is at station S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef
area.
This size class is present at 16 stations (61.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area
10 stations (47.6%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 2.00 ± 1.22 SE
individuals per 100m2 at station S25 (Shallow), 9 stations (40.9%) in Northwest Reef
area with a maximum density of 1.00 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S48
(Deep), 9 stations (23.7%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.75 ±
0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S18 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in
Oceanic Reef area.
The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of less than 10 cm (9.25 ± 3.97
SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S25 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area.
This size class is present at 13 stations (61.9%) in Northern Reef area, 16 stations
(61.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area with a maximum density of 5.50 ±
2.53 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S39 (Shallow), 21 stations (55.3%) in
Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 3.50 ± 1.19 SE and 3.50 ± 1.71 SE
individuals per 100m2 respectively at station S09 (Shallow) and S12 (Shallow), 10
stations (45.5%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 1.50 ± 0.65 SE
individuals per 100m2 each at station S47 (Shallow) and S49 (Shallow) and 0 stations
(0%) in Oceanic Reef area.
184
185
186
187
188
189
3.7 Impacts
Trash (Fishnets and General)
The highest impact level of Trash (Fishnets) (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S32 (Deep)
in Northern Reef area, S44 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and S47
(Shallow) in Northwest Reef area.
Trash (Fishnets) is present at 13 stations (61.9%) in Northern Reef area, 19 stations
(73.1%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 16 stations (72.7%) in Northwest
Reef area, 22 stations (57.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum impact level of
2.8 ± 0.3 SE at station S09 (Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area.
The highest impact level of Trash (General) (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S42
(Shallow & Deep) and S43 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area.
Trash (General) is present at 13 stations (50.0%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef
area, 21 stations (55.3%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum impact level of 2.8 ±
0.3 SE at station S17 (Deep), 17 stations (77.3%) in Northwest Reef area with a
maximum impact level of 2.5 ± 0.0 SE at station S58 (Shallow), 9 stations (42.9%) in
Northern Reef area with a maximum impact level of 2.0 ± 0.0 SE at station S31
(Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area.
Both Fishnets and General Trash are present at 16 stations (42.1%) in Southern Reef
area, 13 stations (59.1%) in Northwest Reef area, 11 stations (42.3%) in Tun Sakaran
Marine Park Reef area, 7 stations (33.3%) in Northern Reef area and 0 stations (0%)
in Oceanic Reef area.
There are no stations with both Fishnet and General Trash at maximum impact levels.
190
191
Coral Disease (Black Band and White Band)
The highest percentage of Black Band Disease (10.0 ± 0.0 SE) is at station S39
(Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area.
Black Band Disease is present at 5 stations (19.2%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef
area, 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum percentage of 5.0 ±
0.0 SE at station S49 (Shallow), 4 stations (10.5%) in Southern Reef area with a
maximum percentage of 1.3 ± 1.3 SE at station S09 (Deep), 0 stations (0%) in
Northern Reef area and in Oceanic Reef area.
The highest percentage of White Band Disease (10.0 ± 0.0 SE) is at station S41
(Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area.
White Band Disease is present at 15 stations (57.7%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park
Reef area, 7 stations (31.8%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum percentage of
6.3 ± 1.3 SE at station S47 (Shallow), 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a
maximum percentage of 5.0 ± 2.9 SE at station S01 (Deep), 0 stations (0%) in
Northern Reef area and in Oceanic Reef area.
Both Black Band and White Band Diseases are present at 5 stations (22.7%) in
Northwest Reef area, 5 stations (19.2%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 3
stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area, 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area and in
Oceanic Reef area.
There are no stations with more than 10% disease occurrence.
192
193
Coral Bleaching
The highest percentage of the coral population bleaching (33.8 ± 5.5 SE) is at station
S53 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area.
Coral Bleaching is present at 18 stations (81.8%) in Northwest Reef area with a
maximum colony bleaching percentage of 40.0 ± 0.0 SE at station S53 (Deep), 23
stations (88.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area with a maximum percentage
of coral population bleaching of 10.0 ± 0.0 SE each at stations S40 (Deep) and S41
(Shallow) and a maximum colony bleaching percentage of 100.0 ± 0.0 SE at station
S43 (Deep), 21 stations (55.3%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum percentage of
coral population bleaching of 20.0 ± 0.0 SE and a maximum colony bleaching
percentage of 17.5 ± 2.5 SE at station S01 (Deep), 9 stations (42.9%) in Northern
Reef area with a maximum percentage of coral population bleaching of 10.0 ± 0.0 SE
at station S32 (Deep) and maximum colony bleaching percentage of 10.0 ± 0.0 SE
each at stations S26 (Deep), S30 (Deep), S31 (Shallow) and S32 (Deep) and 1 station
(50.0%) in Oceanic Reef area with a maximum percentage of coral population
bleaching of 1.3 ± 1.3 SE and a maximum colony bleaching percentage of 2.5 ± 2.5
SE at station S59A (Shallow).
There are only 5 stations with more than 10% of its coral population bleaching and
they are stations S53 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area, S01 (Deep), S06 (Deep), S07
(Deep) and S10 (Deep) in Southern Reef area.
194
195
Coral Damage
There are 18 stations out of 109 stations (16.5%) that had all three coral damage
criteria at maximum impact levels (3.0 ± 0.3 SE) during SMEE 2010. They are found
in two reef areas surveyed which included 11 stations in Northern Reef area which are
stations S28 (Shallow & Deep), S29 (Shallow & Deep), S30 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow
& Deep), S32 (Shallow & Deep), S33 (Shallow & Deep) and 7 stations in Southern
Reef area which are stations S01 (Shallow & Deep), S13 (Shallow & Deep), S14
(Deep), S15 (Shallow) and S16 (Shallow).
All three coral damage criteria are documented at 26 stations (68.4%) in Southern
Reef area, 11 stations (52.4%) in Northern Reef area, 11 stations (42.3%) in Tun
Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 9 stations (40.9%) in Northwest Reef area and
0 stations (0%) in the Oceanic Reef area.
The highest impact level of Coral Damage by Dynamite (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations
S01 (Shallow & Deep), S13 (Shallow & Deep), S14 (Deep), S15 (Shallow & Deep),
S16 (Shallow) in Southern Reef area, S25 (Shallow), S28 (Shallow & Deep), S29
(Shallow & Deep), S30 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow & Deep), S32 (Shallow & Deep),
S33 (Shallow & Deep) in Northern Reef area, S35 (Shallow), S36 (Deep), S38 (Deep)
and S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area.
Coral Damage by Dynamite is present at 28 stations (73.7%) in Southern Reef area,
19 stations (73.1%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 15 stations (71.4%) in
Northern Reef area, 9 stations (40.9%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum
impact level of 2.8 ± 0.3 SE at station S54 (Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef
area.
The highest impact level of Coral Damage by Boat/Anchor (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at
stations S01 (Shallow & Deep), S13 (Shallow & Deep), S14 (Deep), S15 (Shallow &
Deep), S16 (Shallow) in Southern Reef area, S25 (Shallow), S28 (Shallow & Deep),
S29 (Shallow & Deep), S30 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow & Deep), S32 (Shallow &
Deep), S33 (Shallow & Deep) in Northern Reef area, S35 (Shallow), S36 (Deep), S38
(Deep), S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and S54 (Deep) in
Northwest Reef area.
Coral Damage by Boat/Anchor is present at 31 stations (81.6%) in Southern Reef
area, 17 stations (81.0%) in Northern Reef area, 16 stations (61.5%) in Tun Sakaran
Marine Park Reef area, 13 stations (59.1%) in Northwest Reef area and 0 stations
(0%) in Oceanic Reef area.
The highest impact level of Coral Damage by Other (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S01
(Shallow & Deep), S08 (Deep), S09 (Shallow & Deep), S09A (Shallow), S10 (Deep),
S12 (Deep), S13 (Shallow & Deep), S14 (Deep), S15 (Shallow & Deep), S16
(Shallow & Deep), S17 (Shallow & Deep), S20 (Deep), S21 (Shallow) in Southern
Reef area, S25 (Shallow & Deep), S28 (Shallow & Deep), S29 (Shallow & Deep),
S30 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow & Deep), S32 (Shallow & Deep), S33 (Shallow &
Deep) in Northern Reef area, S37 (Shallow & Deep), S38 (Shallow & Deep), S39
(Shallow), S41 (Shallow), S43 (Shallow), S44 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park
Reef area and S54 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area.
196
Coral Damage by Other is present at 21 stations (100.0%) in Northern Reef area, 37
stations (97.4%) in Southern Reef area, 18 stations (81.8%) in Northwest Reef area,
20 stations (76.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in
Oceanic Reef area.
No Coral Damage is documented at 2 stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area at stations
S59A (Shallow) and S60 (Shallow), 3 stations (13.6%) in Northwest Reef area at
stations S50 (Shallow), S53 (Deep) and S54 (Shallow), 1 station (3.8%) in Tun
Sakaran Marine Park Reef area at station S39 (Deep), 1 station (2.6%) in Southern
Reef area at station S03 (Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area.
197
198
199
200
201
202
3.8 Conclusion and recommendations
Substrate cover
Signs of high damage from destructive fishing practices such as blast
fishing/dynamite fishing could be seen via the high Rubble (RB) percentage at many
sites even in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area. Rubble percentage is lower at Northwest
and Oceanic Reef areas. This is an issue for concern as habitat loss for reef organisms.
Fish density
Signs of overfishing and blast fishing could be seen via:
• Snapper low densities especially in Northern Reef area where blast fishing
could be the main cause as the area has high Rubble (RB) percentage
• Parrotfish low densities at all sites
• Bumphead parrotfish very low densities except in Oceanic Reef area
• Humphead Wrasse absence except in Oceanic Reef area
• Barramundi Cod absence except in Northwest Reef area
• Sweetlips (Haemulidae) low densities at all sites
• Of particular concern is the Grouper where it is found to be in low densities
and in sizes of not more than 60 cm.
• Moray eel has low densities and in Northwest Reef area is absent at all stations
surveyed.
• Even though Butterflyfish has low densities but this group is still present at
most sites.
Invertebrate density
Signs of over exploitation i.e. overfishing, curio and aquarium collection could be
seen especially for:
• Banded coral shrimp low densities especially its absence at survey sites in
Northwest and Oceanic Reef areas
• Triton shell low densities at all sites
• Sea cucumber low densities at all sites except Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef
area
• Collector urchin low densities except at some stations in Northern and
Southern Reef areas
• Pencil urchin low densities especially its absence in Tun Sakaran Marine Park
stations surveyed
• Lobster low densities at all sites except but some stations in Southern Reef
area
• Giant clam low densities at all sites except Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area
Signs of nutrient pollution could be seen especially for:
Northern, Tun Sakaran Marine Park and Southern Reef areas due to high densities of
Diadema sea urchins
COTs do not seem to be an issue for concern during the survey as it was at low
density in all areas.
203
Impacts
Trash Impact levels are an issue for concern as they were high at most sites even
within Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Solid wastes (i.e plastics) were found to
be at most sites except in Oceanic Reef area.
Coral disease and Coral bleaching percentages are found to be at low percentages.
Coral damage impacts are high in many sites, mainly from destructive fishing
practices such as blast fishing/dynamite fishing except in Oceanic Reef area.
The results above are only a snapshot and surveys at each site need to be repeated at
regular intervals to document any changes to the reef. Any negative or positive
changes need to be documented and further managed properly.
Recommendation
It is reminded that the methods used in this survey are designed for monitoring and
annual surveys need to be done. Only when changes are detected for the biological
indicators (and water quality) would the data be more precisely interpreted. At present
we can only speculate when comparing stations, sites and reef areas. Long term
monitoring data is essential. Nevertheless the criteria needed to be documented can be
changed as needed though time.
From the results of SMEE 2010, it is imperative to find ways to minimise coral
physical damage, trash and over exploitation of marine organisms in the area.
Even though conventional ways such as marine awareness, alternative livelihood for
locals, tourism based economies run by locals, environmentally sound practices,
proper solid waste disposal and low impact land development plans are always good
to be used, novel ways which is suited and agreed upon by relevant stakeholders in
the area has to be found. This can only be achieved through open and honest
discussions between the stakeholders of Semporna PCA.
204
3.9 References
Bruno, J. F., & Selig, E. R. (2007). Regional decline of coral cover in the IndoPacific: timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PloS one, 2(1), e711.
Chou, L. M., Wilkinson, C. R., Licuanan, W. R. Y., Alino, P., Cheshire, A. C., Loo,
M. G. K., Tangjaitrong, S., et al. (1994). Status of coral reefs in the ASEAN
region. In C. R. Wilkinson, S. Suraphol, & L. M. Chou (Eds.), Proceedings,
Third ASEAN-Australia Symposium on Living Coastal Resources, Vol 1 Status
reviews (pp. 1-10).
English, S., Wilkinson, C., & Baker, V. (1997). Survey manual for tropical marine
resources. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science (2nd ed., p. 390).
Townsville, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science. Retrieved
Harborne, A., Fenner, D., Barnes, A., Beger, M., Harding, S., & Roxburgh, T. (2000).
Status Report on the Coral Reefs of the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia,
Report for the Department of Marine Parks, Ministry of Natural Resources and
the Environment, Malaysia. London, SW19 2JG, UK: Coral Cay Conservation
Ltd.
Hodgson, G., Hill, J., Kiene, W., Maun, L., Mihaly, J., Liebeler, J., Shuman, C., et al.
(2006). Reef Check Instruction Manual: A Guide to Reef Check Coral Reef
Monitoring (2006th ed., pp. 1-95). Pacific Palisades, California: Reef Check
Foundation.
Veron, J. E. N., & Stafford-Smith, M. (2000). Corals of the World; Volumes 1-3 (p.
1382). Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science.
205
4. Communications
One of the objectives of the expedition was for communications and outreach:
Establish the value of the Semporna area for diving tourism in
combination with coral reef conservation, based on its reef status, which
includes information on species richness and the occurrence of rare and
endemic species. The Semporna Priority Conservation Area is listed as
globally-outstanding for its biodiversity in the Tri-national Conservation
Plan of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion (SSME). In addition, the
SSME is one of the priority seascapes of the Coral Triangle Initiative
which was signed by the Heads of State of the 6 Coral Triangle counties
in 2009.
A joint communications plan was established with NCB Naturalis for outreach in
Netherlands and Malaysia. This included:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Press releases
• 1st: Before REA,
• 2nd: Launch of REA by Semporna District Officer as the liveaboard
departs
Press conference post REA: in Kota Kinabalu morning of 20th December
T-shirts for expedition team
E-newsletters WWF, NCB Naturalis, partners
Social media: Twitter,Weblog, Flickr, Facebook
Lectures in 2011 – in NL and UMS, at Sabah Society talks
Blog - hosted on NCB Naturalis (http://blog.ncbnaturalis.nl/), use Flickr and
Twitter to alert new blog posts
22 blog videos of various topics produced by Treasure Images
WWF-Malaysia & WWF Coral Triangle Homepages & Facebook to generate
publicity to follow blog site
Publication: Final Semporna REA Report
The main thrusts included the YouTube site with 22 videos, Facebook updates during
the expedition, the press releases and the news coverage from the post-expedition
press conference.
Results include:
YouTube site: http://www.youtube.com/user/2010SMEE
o 10,575 video views (as of 14 March 2012)
o 22 videos
News hits:
• Results from 1st press release announcing smee:
o 1) wildsingapore news: Malaysia: 20-day marine expedition to assess
biodiversity level in Semporna http://wildsingaporenews.blogspot.com/2010/11/malaysia-20-daymarine-expedition-to.html
206
o 2) e-borneo.com - Travel Borneo Blog: International team to study
marine biodiversity in Semporna - http://eborneo.blogspot.com/2010/11/international-team-to-study-marine.html
o 3) Expedition on Semporna's coral reef http://www.sabahtourism.com/sabah-malaysian-borneo/en/news/8201expedition-on-sempornas-coral-reef/
•
•
Results from 2nd press release launching of smee:
o 1) 20101130 Fish New Expedition to assess richness of Malaysian
coral reefs - http://www.fishnewseu.com/latest-news/world/4813expedition-to-assess-richness-of-malaysian-coral-reefs.html
o 2) 20101130_pA12_BorneoPost_Marine biologists begin expedition in
Semporna
o 3) 20101202_p11_DailyExpress_Expedition on Semporna's coral reef
o 4) 20101206_p5_DailyExpress_Expedition to explore coral reefs of
Semporna underway
o 5) 20101206_N60_STR_MT_7_FC_THREE-WEEK MARINE
EXPEDITION
Results from press conference
o 1) Sabah rules in sea life http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/12/21/nation/7656858
&sec=nation
o 2) Rich Marine Life Found in Reef Expedition Near Borneo http://www.ouramazingplanet.com/rich-marine-life-found-in-reefexpedition-near-borneo-0875/
o 3) Rich marine life found in expedition near Borneo http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40755513/ns/technology_and_sciencescience/
o 4) World’s Highest Marine Biodiversity Found in Semporna
http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsgeneral.php?id=551332
o 5) World's Highest Marine Biodiversity Found In Semporna http://www.dailymail.com.my/v2/index.php?option=com_content&vie
w=article&id=2216:worlds-highest-marine-biodiversity-found-insemporna&catid=44:general&Itemid=128
o 6) World’s highest marine biodiversity found in Semporna http://www.mysinchew.com/node/49994
o 7) Semporna Expedition Yields Rich Biodiversity http://komuniti.malaysiakini.com/news/semporna-expedition-yieldsrich-biodiversity
o 8) Semporna Expedition Yields Rich Biodiversity http://wildsingaporenews.blogspot.com/2010/12/semporna-expeditionyields-rich.html
o 9) Malaysia expedition yields rich marine gift basket http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?198256/Malaysia-expedition-yieldsrich-marine-gift-basket
o 10) Malaysia expedition yields rich marine gift basket http://www.sciencecentric.com/news/11010201-malaysia-expeditionyields-rich-marine-gift-basket.html
o 11) Kerajaan diminta warta lebih banyak pulau di Semporna http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=1222&pub=u
207
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
tusan_malaysia&sec=Sabah_%26_Sarawak&pg=wb_02.htm&arc=hiv
e
12) New fame brings more danger to Semporna – by Joe Fernandez http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/news/general/14702new-fame-brings-more-danger-to-semporna
13) New fame brings more danger to Semporna http://malaysiansmustknowthetruth.blogspot.com/2010/12/new-famebrings-more-danger-to-semporna.html
14) Semporna is world’s No.1 http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=76363
15) Kudos to Sabah govt for protecting Sipadan http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/12/31/focus/7712147
&sec=focus
16) Borneo Megadiverse Reef Set To Entice Further Eco-Tourism http://www.prweb.com/printer/4929544.htm
17) Places Available for Young Adventurers in Sabah Conservation
Project (2nd Borneo Pangaea Project mentions SMEE) http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsindex.php?id=555376
18) EurekAlert! Semporna may have richest marine biodiversity in the
world - http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/nnsmh022311.php
19) Scientists find new marine biodiversity hotspot (25 Feb 2011) http://summitcountyvoice.com/2011/02/25/scientists-find-new-marinebiodiversity-hotspot/
208
Appendix (Substrate Profile and Coral growth-forms for each study site)
Note:
Site 19: Cust Reef 2 N
Substrate Profile and Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) could not be done due to
underwater logistical problems.
Site 60: Sipadan Island Hanging Gdns
Substrate Profile and Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) was not done.
209
Site 01: Mid Rock
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Mid Rock, Roach Reef
100%
Silt
90%
Sand
Rubble
80%
Rock
70%
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
50%
Gorgonian Sea
Fans
Seagrass
40%
Coralline Algae
30%
Algae
20%
Dead Coral
Soft Coral
10%
Hard Coral
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-forms of Mid Rock, Roach Reef
100%
Others
Percentage (%)
90%
80%
Encrusting
70%
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
50%
Laminar
40%
30%
Table
20%
Massive
10%
Branching
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
210
10-5m
5-0m
Site 02: Second Reef
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Second Reef, Roach Reef
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Second Reef, Roach Reef
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
211
10-5m
5-0m
Site 03: Hand Rock
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Hand Rock
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Hand Rock
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
212
10-5m
5-0m
Site 04: Darby Bank
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Darby Bank
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Darby Bank
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
213
10-5m
5-0m
Site 05: Alert Patches 2
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Alert Patches 2
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Alert Patches 2
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
214
10-5m
5-0m
Site 06: Alert Patches 3
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Alert Patches 3
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Alert Patches 3
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
215
10-5m
5-0m
Site 07: Erzherzog Reef
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Erzherzog Reef
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Erzherzog Reef
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
216
10-5m
5-0m
Site 08: Horn Reef
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Horn Reef
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Horn Reef
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
217
10-5m
5-0m
Site 09: Ligitan Reef 1 S
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Ligitan Reef 1 S
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Reef 1 S
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
218
10-5m
5-0m
Site 09A: Ligitan Reef 2 N
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Ligitan Reef 2 N
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Reef 2 N
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
219
10-5m
5-0m
Site 10: Kapalai Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Kapalai Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Kapalai Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
220
10-5m
5-0m
Site 11: Cust Reef 1 S
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Cust Reef 1 S
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Cust Reef 1 S
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
221
10-5m
5-0m
Site 12: Mabul Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Mabul Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Mabul Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
222
10-5m
5-0m
Site 13: Ligitan Island 1 SW
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Ligitan Island 1 SW
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Island 1 SW
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
223
10-5m
5-0m
Site 14: Ligitan Island 2 SE
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Ligitan Island 2 SE
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Island 2 SE
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
224
10-5m
5-0m
Site 15: Ligitan Island 3 E
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Ligitan Island 3 E
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Island 3 E
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
225
10-5m
5-0m
Site 16: Si Amil Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Si Amil Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Si Amil Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
226
10-5m
5-0m
Site 17: Denawan Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Denawan Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Denawan Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
227
10-5m
5-0m
Site 18: Ligitan Island 4 W
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Ligitan Island 4 W
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Island 4 W
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
228
10-5m
5-0m
Site 20: Creach Reef
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Creach Reef
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Creach Reef
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
229
10-5m
5-0m
Site 21: Sipanggau Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Sipanggau Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Sipanggau Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
230
10-5m
5-0m
Site 23: Pasalat Reef
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Pasalat Reef
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Pasalat Reef
100%
90%
80%
Others
Percentage (%)
70%
Encrusting
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
231
10-5m
5-0m
Site 24: Bumbun Island E
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Bumbun Island E
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Bumbun Island E
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
232
10-5m
5-0m
Site 25: Batura Reef
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Batura Reef
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Batura Reef
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
233
10-5m
5-0m
Site 26: Boheyan Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Bohayen Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Bohayen Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
234
10-5m
5-0m
Site 27: Timba timba Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Timba-timba Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Timba-timba Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
235
10-5m
5-0m
Site 28: Pandanan Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Pandanan Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Pandanan Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
236
10-5m
5-0m
Site 29: Mataking Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Mataking Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Mataking Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
Percentage (%)
70%
Encrusting
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
237
10-5m
5-0m
Site 30: Kulapuan Island 1 S
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Kulapuan Island 1 S
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Kulapuan Island 1 S
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
238
10-5m
5-0m
Site 31: Kulapuan Island 2 N
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Kulapuan Island 2 N
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Kulapuan Island 2 N
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
239
10-5m
5-0m
Site 32: Pom pom Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Pom pom Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Pom pom Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
240
10-5m
5-0m
Site 33: Kapikan Reef
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Kapikan Reef
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Kapikan Reef
100%
90%
80%
Others
Percentage (%)
70%
Encrusting
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
241
10-5m
5-0m
Site 34: Mantabuan Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Mantabuan Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Mantabuan Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
242
10-5m
5-0m
Site 35: Gaya Island 1 SE
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Gaya Island 1 SE
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Gaya Island 1 SE
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
243
10-5m
5-0m
Site 36: Gaya Island 2 N
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Gaya Island 2 N
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Gaya Island 2 N
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
244
10-5m
5-0m
Site 37: Boheydulang Island 1 S
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Boheydulang 1 S
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Boheydulang 1 S
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
245
10-5m
5-0m
Site 38: Boheydulang Island 2 outer reef
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Boheydulang Island 2 Outer Reef
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Boheydulang Island 2 Outer Reef
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
246
10-5m
5-0m
Site 39: Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon
100%
90%
80%
Others
Percentage (%)
70%
Encrusting
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
247
10-5m
5-0m
Site 40: Ribbon Reef
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Ribbon Reef
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Ribbon Reef
100%
90%
80%
Others
Percentage (%)
70%
Encrusting
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
248
10-5m
5-0m
Site 41: Maiga Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Maiga Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Maiga Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
249
10-5m
5-0m
Site 42: Selakan Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Selakan Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Selakan Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
Percentage (%)
70%
Encrusting
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
250
10-5m
5-0m
Site 43: Sebangkat Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Sebangkat Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Sebangkat Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
251
10-5m
5-0m
Site 44: Sibuan Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Sibuan Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Sibuan Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
252
10-5m
5-0m
Site 45: Church Reef 1
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Church Reef 1
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Church Reef 1
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
253
10-5m
5-0m
Site 46: Church Reef 2
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Church Reef 2
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Church Reef 2
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
254
10-5m
5-0m
Site 47: Larapan Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Larapan Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Larapan Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
255
10-5m
5-0m
Site 48: Timbun Mata Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Timbun Mata Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Timbun Mata Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
256
10-5m
5-0m
Site 49: Balusuan Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Balusuan Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Balusuan Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
257
10-5m
5-0m
Site 50: Batik Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Batik Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Batik Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
258
10-5m
5-0m
Site 51: Tabawan Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Tabawan Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Tabawan Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
259
10-5m
5-0m
Site 52: Silumpat Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Silumpat Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Silumpat Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
260
10-5m
5-0m
Site 53: Batik Kulambu Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Batik Kulambu Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Batik Kulambu Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
261
10-5m
5-0m
Site 54: Bakungan Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Bakungan Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Bakungan Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
262
10-5m
5-0m
Site 55: Silawa Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Silawa Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Silawa Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
263
10-5m
5-0m
Site 56: Mata Pahi Island
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Mata Pahi Island
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Mata Pahi Island
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
264
10-5m
5-0m
Site 57: Larapan Island 2 S
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Larapan Island 2 S
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Larapan Island 2 S
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
265
10-5m
5-0m
Site 58: Semporna Mangrove
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Semporna Mangrove
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Semporna Mangrove
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
266
10-5m
5-0m
Site 59A: Sipadan Island Mid Reef
Substrate Profile with depth (m)
Substrate Profile of Sipadan Island Mid Reef
100%
90%
Silt
80%
Sand
Rubble
70%
Rock
Percentage (%)
Others
60%
Sea Whips
Gorgonian Sea Fans
50%
Seagrass
Coralline Algae
40%
Algae
Dead Coral
30%
Soft Coral
Hard Coral
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
10-5m
5-0m
Depth Range (m)
Coral Growth-forms with depth (m)
Coral Growth-form of Sipadan Island Mid Reef
100%
90%
80%
Others
70%
Encrusting
Percentage (%)
Free Living
60%
Foliaceous
Laminar
50%
Table
Massive
40%
Branching
30%
20%
10%
0%
25-20m
20-15m
15-10m
Depth Range (m)
267
10-5m
5-0m