Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition - Final Report

Affendi  Yang Amri; Ken Kassem

Coral reefs are a complex coastal ecosystem and possess important roles in supporting the early stages of marine organisms, such as fish, mollusk, and many other invertebrates, through providing various types of habitats and shelters. This study aims to investigate the coral reef condition in Malalayang II waters, Manado, and Kalasey waters, Minahasa regency. This work was achieved in order to promote the conservation of branching coral species that support the availability of egg placement habitat of cuttlefish Sepia latimanus. Data were collected through SCUBA dives at seven stations using Line Intercept Transect method at three, five, and ten meter depth. Results showed that the coral reef ecosystem condition at Manado Bay waters, particularly Malalayang II, was sufficiently productive to support marine biota in the area. It is indicated with low to medium coral cover, low to medium coral diversity, and high coral evenness. Other biotic components of the coral reefs help also sup...

The coral health of Pulau Anak Datai (PAD), located off the northwest of Langkawi, Malaysia, was assessed using the Coral Health Index (CHI) method. Three ecological parameters, namely, benthic cover, fish biomass, and microbes (Vibrio) were determined at four sites around the island in 2019. In addition, community parameters such as coral mortality index, coral richness, relative abundance, diversity index, Evenness tests, and reef morphology were measured for each site. The results revealed that the benthic cover consists of less than 40% of scleractinian corals at all sites. A total of 25 genera of hard corals comprising of 11 families and 1 scleractinian Incertae sedis were observed, with the most dominant corals belong to the genera Porites, Favites, and Diploastrea. The average fish biomass of PAD was low (16.76 g/m2), with only 19 non-cryptic fish species observed. The abundance of Vibrio around the island was within the average range of 29.58 cfu/ml. Based on the benthos, fish, and Vibrio values, the Coral Health Index (CHI) of PAD was classified on the low side of the fair status. All sites tended toward high values of the mortality index (MI > 0.33). Reef morphology was strongly influenced by stress-tolerant corals, dominated by massive and sub-massive corals. The data presented here suggested that the reefs of PAD could be rated as stressed and becoming unhealthy and disturbed. However, in view of the rarity of coral reef ecosystems in the Straits of Malacca, this island deserves increased attention for conservation planning and coral reef protection.

Nowadays, we have seen that the depletion and loss of coral reef biodiversity in our region is significantly worsening. Therefore, biodiversity conservation and significant issues related to sustainable use of this biological resource should be given specific attention. In this study, Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark (LUGG) is one example where the deterioration of coral reefs is at a critical level. A comprehensive and up-to-date understanding of coral reefs in Pulau Langkawi, its values, the processes that support it and the pressures that affect it is fundamental to protecting and restoring the reefs and in making informed decisions on avoiding, mitigating and offsetting the pressures. All of this information should be taken into account in informing the adaptive management before proclaiming this area as marine protected area (MPA) through Ecosystem Approach for Fisheries Management (EAFM). Generally, the effectiveness of this study on biodiversity response and strategy can be measured by the wealth of the local community. Here we can see from two angles; (1) they conserve the resources of goods and services for their current and future needs, and (2) they create synergy and balance between the conservation of biodiversity and the other needs of the community, including the safeguarding of the sustainable use of biological resources. Hopefully, the outcome of this study will benefit the locals and even regionally and globally in ensuring the survival of marine life, particularly the coral reefs in this area so that they are immaculately maintained for future generations.

Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition WWF-Malaysia Project Report with NCB Naturalis and Universiti Malaysia Sabah © WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja February 2012 WWF-Malaysia PJ Office (HQ) 49, Jalan SS23/15 Taman SEA 47400 Petaling Jaya Selangor, Malaysia Tel: +60 3 7803 3772 Fax: +60 3 7803 5157 E-mail: contacus@wwf.org.my Copyright © 2012 WWF-Malaysia. All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, Stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. The opinions of the authors articulated in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of WWF-Malaysia. Design and layout by Ken Kassem and Angela Lim Suggested citation: K.Kassem, B.Hoeksema, Affendi. YA. (eds) (2012) Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition. WWF-Malaysia, NCB Naturalis, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Kota Kinabalu Malaysia. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing –in-Publication Data Semporna marine ecological expedition / compiled by K. Kassem, B. Hoeksema, Affendi YA Bibliography: p.200 ISBN 978-967-0237-18-3 1. Marine ecology--Sabah--Semporna. 2. Reef ecology--Sabah--Semporna. I. K. Kassem. II. Hoeksema, Bert. III. Affendi Yang Amri. IV. WWF Malaysia. V. NCB Naturalis. VI. Universiti Malaya. VII. Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 577.70959521 Printed in Malaysia Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition Compiled by K.Kassem, B.Hoeksema, Affendi YA Report Produced Under Project MY0256I Facilitating Collaborative Management of Coral Reefs and Adjacent Ecosystems with Tourism and Fisheries: Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia February 2012 Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ iii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................iv 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Objectives......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Expedition Dive sites and GPS Coordinates: ............................................................................... 3 1.4 Team Member Details and Tasks .................................................................................................. 6 2. Biodiversity surveys .............................................................................................................7 2. Biodiversity surveys .............................................................................................................8 2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Hard Corals (Families Fungiidae, Agariciidae and Euphyllidae) .............................................. 9 2.3 Fish Fauna ..................................................................................................................................... 43 2.4 Palaemonoid Shrimps ................................................................................................................... 65 2.5 Stony Corals and their associated Coral Gall Crabs ................................................................. 73 2.6 Ovulidae associated with Octocorallia ........................................................................................ 76 2.7 Macroalgae .................................................................................................................................... 82 3. Reef status.........................................................................................................................123 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 123 3.2 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................... 125 3.3 Results & Discussion................................................................................................................... 126 3.3 Results & Discussion................................................................................................................... 127 3.4 Substrate cover............................................................................................................................ 134 Southern Coral Reefs ...................................................................................................................... 136 Northern Coral Reefs ...................................................................................................................... 139 Tun Sakaran Marine Park Coral Reefs ........................................................................................... 141 Northwest Coral Reefs .................................................................................................................... 144 Oceanic Coral Reefs........................................................................................................................ 147 3.5 Fish density .................................................................................................................................. 148 Snapper............................................................................................................................................ 148 Moray eel......................................................................................................................................... 150 Parrotfish ........................................................................................................................................ 152 Bumphead parrotfish....................................................................................................................... 154 Humphead wrasse ........................................................................................................................... 156 Barramundi cod............................................................................................................................... 158 Sweetlips (Haemulidae)................................................................................................................... 160 Butterflyfish ..................................................................................................................................... 162 Grouper size classes........................................................................................................................ 164 3.6 Invertebrate density.................................................................................................................... 167 Diadema .......................................................................................................................................... 167 Banded coral shrimp ....................................................................................................................... 169 Crown-of-Thorns Seastar (COTS)................................................................................................... 171 Triton Shell...................................................................................................................................... 173 i Sea Cucumber ................................................................................................................................. 175 Collector Urchin ............................................................................................................................. 177 Pencil Urchin .................................................................................................................................. 179 Lobster............................................................................................................................................. 181 Giant Clam size classes................................................................................................................... 183 3.7 Impacts......................................................................................................................................... 190 Trash (Fishnets and General) ......................................................................................................... 190 Coral Disease (Black Band and White Band) .................................................................................192 Coral Bleaching .............................................................................................................................. 194 Coral Damage ................................................................................................................................. 196 3.8 Conclusion and recommendations............................................................................................. 203 3.9 References.................................................................................................................................... 205 4. Communications ........................................................................................................................... 206 © WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja ii Acknowledgements This project was carried out as a partnership between: • Universiti Malaysia Sabah (Prof Dr Ridzwan Abdul Rahman) • Universiti Malaya (Affendi Yang Amri) • NCB Naturalis (Dr Bert Hoeksema) • WWF-Malaysia We are grateful for the outstanding support and cooperation from: • Semporna District Office (Abdul Mohamad Ibnu, Norsih Nusuri) • Department of Fisheries Sabah (Rayner Datuk Stuel Galid, Dr Norasma Dacho) • Sabah Parks (Paul Basintal, Dr Maklarin Larkin, Fazrullah Rizaly) • Sabah Economic Planning Unit (Gwendolen Vu) • Economic Planning Unit • Universiti Malaysia Sabah • Universiti Malaya • Universiti Malaysia Sarawak • Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia • Old Dominion University • The staff and crew of the MV Celebes Explorer • Nina Ho and Betty Gaisong for their organizational skills, enthusiasm and patience. • Angela Lim for communications and media relations. • Gavin Jolis and Nattelee Lim for ground support in Semporna. • Treasure Images Sdn Bhd and Eric Madeja for being a one-man film, edit and photography crew. iii Executive Summary The Semporna reef complex is located within the Coral Triangle region, where the highest numbers of marine species are found. Semporna has the largest concentration of reefs within Malaysia. Semporna is unusual because of its rich mix of reef types, representing 5 major geomorphological reef types, which include a proto-atoll, an offshore seamount, fringing reefs, patch reefs, and a barrier reef formation. Such areas usually have high levels of biodiversity because of the mix of habitat types and ecosystems. There is one existing marine protected area in the district which covers 350 km2 out of the approximately 7,680 km2 of Semporna PCA. The Tun Sakaran Marine Park contains 8 islands and is the first marine protected area in Malaysia to include local communities within its boundaries. Sipadan Island’s waters are proposed as a park and the intention to gazette was published in mid-2009. Previous reef status surveys from WWF-Malaysia in year 2009 found that there are no reefs with more than 75% live coral cover (those surveys did not include Sipadan or the Tun Sakaran Marine Park). Marine biologists from Malaysia, the Netherlands and the USA assessed the marine biodiversity and coral reef health during the expedition onboard MV Celebes Explorer from 29 November to 18 December 2010. The expedition was organized by WWF-Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Malaya (UM) and the Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity (NCB) Naturalis. The results show that Semporna rivals the top spots in the Coral Triangle in terms of coral, fish and shrimp taxa. However, the state of the reefs is worrying. Mushroom coral species (Family Fungiidae) were counted as a proxy for coral species richness. A total of 44 species were recorded from 63 sites. The mushroom coral species composition at each site was variable and depended on the reef condition. Species diversity was generally higher at reefs close to the mainland, with the highest diversity at Maiga Island (Site 41) in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park and Batik Kulambu Island (Site 53) in Darvel Bay. Both sites recorded 29 species. Semporna PCA shows two clusters of mushroom coral distributions. The first cluster comprises the barrier reef area, Sipadan and some of the outer northeastern reefs. The second cluster centers around northwestern reefs and those of Darvel Bay and the Tun Sakaran Marine Park. The total of 44 species of mushroom corals that have been recorded from this expedition surpasses other areas with very high biodiversity in the Coral Triangle such as Berau, East Kalimantan and Raja Ampat, West Papua. Both of these sites recorded 41 and 40 species of mushroom corals, respectively, and to date Semporna holds the record for the highest species diversity of this coral family. The fish surveys also found high richness. The surveys focused on reef-dwelling fish and some pelagics as encountered in the Semporna fish markets. The total reef fish diversity of Semporna recorded during the roving surveys and rotenone stations consists of 690 species belonging to 265 genera and 72 families. The total number of species recorded from market surveys was 141, of which 78 were not recorded during the roving surveys, resulting in a combined diversity of 768 species for the entire expedition. Conventional methods of predicting fish richness indicates that Semporna may reach, with further surveys, 966 species. This puts Semporna in the top 5 sites in the Coral Triangle for fish richness. iv Other taxa surveyed included reef-dwelling shrimps, coral-dwelling gall crabs, and ovidulae snails. The surveys found 104 species of shrimps, which ties with Ternate, Indonesia as the highest in the Coral Triangle. The surveys of gall crabs and ovulidae have contributed to a growing literature on these relatively unknown taxa. The algae surveys found more than 130 species. Further confirmation of specimens is being conducted at Universiti Malaya. The distribution of algae around Semporna was highly varied with high richness found at reefs throughout the study area. Many of the taxa are considered rare within the Semporna PCA. The reef status team surveyed 106 transects at 60 sites. Using a modified version of the standard Reef Check methodology, they assessed substrate cover, fish densities, invertebrate densities, and impacts. The results show that for substate cover, only 5 stations out of the 109 (5%) are found to be ‘Excellent’, 25 stations (23%) ‘Good’, 41 stations (38%) ‘Fair’ and 38 stations (35%) are at ‘Poor’ status. The fish density surveys showed low densities of nearly all indicator groups including snapper, parrotfish, humphead wrasse, and groupers. © WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja v Ringkasan Eksekutif Kawasan terumbu karang Semporna yang terletak di dalam kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang mempunyai jumlah spesies marin tertinggi yang boleh ditemui. Semporna juga adalah kawasan kepadatan terumbu karang yang paling tinggi di Malaysia. Semporna adalah unik kerana mempunyai jenis terumbu karang yang mewakili 5 jenis terumbu geomorfologi yang utama, termasuk proto-atol - sejenis gunung dasar laut, terumbu pinggir, terumbu tompokan dan pembentukan sebuah terumbu sawar. Kawasan seperti ini mempunyai biodiversiti yang tinggi kerana adanya pelbagai jenis habitat dan ekosistem. Taman Marin Tun Sakaran merupakan sebuah kawasan perlindungan marin yang meliputi keluasan 350 km2 daripada jumlah keluasan Kawasan Pemuliharaan Prioriti (Priority Conservation Area-PCA) Semporna iaitu 7,680 km2. Taman marin tersebut mempunyai 8 pulau dan merupakan kawasan perlindungan marin yang pertama di Malaysia merangkumi penduduk tempatan. Perairan Pulau Sipadan telah dicadang untuk diwartakan sebagai kawasan perlindungan marin pada pertengahan tahun 2009. Mengikut kaji selidik yang dilakukan oleh WWF-Malaysia pada tahun 2009, didapati bahawa tiada terumbu karang yang mempunyai liputan karang hidup melebihi 75%, namun kaji selidik tersebut tidak merangkumi Pulau Sipadan atau Taman Marin Tun Sakaran. Penyelidik biologi marin dari Malaysia, Belanda dan Amerika Syarikat telah membuat kajian ke atas biodiversiti marin dan kesihatan terumbu karang dalam sebuah ekspedisi pelayaran di atas kapal MV Celebes Explorer dari 29 November hingga 18 Disember 2010. Ekspedisi ini dianjurkan oleh WWF-Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Malaya (UM) dan Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity (NCB) Naturalis. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa Semporna mempunyai kepelbagaian hidupan marin yang tinggi dan setaraf dengan kawasan lain dalam Kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang terutamanya untuk taksa batu karang, ikan dan udang. Namun, status kesihatan terumbu karang adalah dilaporkan dalam keadaan yang membimbangkan. Spesies batu karang dari Famili Fungiidae telah digunakan sebagai proksi untuk kepelbagaian spesies batu karang secara keseluruhan. Sebanyak 44 spesies direkodkan daripada 63 tapak kajian. Komposisi spesies batu karang Fungiidae ini adalah berbeza di setiap tapak kajian dan bergantung kepada keadaan terumbu karang di tapak tersebut. Secara umumnya, kepelbagaian spesies adalah lebih tinggi di kawasan terumbu karang berhampiran tanah besar dengan kepelbagaian paling tinggi dicatatkan di Pulau Maiga (Tapak kajian 41) di Taman Marin Tun Sakaran dan Pulau Batik Kulambu (Tapak kajian 53) di Teluk Darvel. Kedua-dua tapak kajian merekodkan sebanyak 29 spesies batu karang Famili Fungiidae. Kawasan Pemuliharaan Prioriti Semporna menunjukkan taburan dua (2) kelompok batu karang Famili Fungiidae ini. Kelompok pertama ditemui di kawasan terumbu sawar, tebing karang Pulau Sipadan dan kawasan terumbu karang di arah timur laut. Kelompok kedua pula didapati di sekitar kawasan barat laut dan juga di Teluk Darvel dan Taman Marin Tun Sakaran. Jumlah 44 spesies terumbu karang Famili Fungiidae yang direkodkan sepanjang ekspedisi ini merupakan kepelbagaian tertinggi jika dibandingkan dengan kawasan lain di dalam kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang seperti Berau, Kalimantan Timur dan Raja Ampat, Papua Barat. Kedua-dua kawasan tersebut merekodkan sebanyak 41 dan 40 spesies terumbu karang Famili Fungiidae. Setakat ini Semporna memegang rekod untuk jumlah spesies yang tertinggi untuk batu karang Famili ini. vi Kajian ke atas ikan juga mencatatkan jumlah kepelbagaian yang tinggi. Kaji selidik yang dijalankan tertumpu kepada jenis ikan terumbu karang dan beberapa pelagik yang ditemui di pasar ikan Semporna. Jumlah biodiversiti ikan terumbu karang yang didapati di Semporna dengan menggunakan kaedah ‘roving surveys’ dan ‘rotenone stations’ adalah 690 spesies yang terdiri daripada 265 genera dan 72 famili. Jumlah spesies yang direkodkan daripada kaji selidik yang dijalankan di pasar ikan adalah sebanyak 141 dimana antaranya 78 jenis yang tidak ditemui semasa ‘roving surveys’. Ini menjadikan jumlah keseluruhan kepelbagaian ikan dicatatkan di sepanjang ekspedisi adalah sebanyak 768 spesies. Kaedah konventional dalam mengganggarkan kepelbagaian jenis ikan di Semporna menunjukkan kemungkinan bagi jumlah tersebut untuk mencapai sehingga 966 spesies ikan. Dengan itu, Semporna dikenalpasti sebagai salah satu dari 5 kawasan kepelbagaian ikan tertinggi di Kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang. Taksa lain yang dikaji selidik termasuk udang, ketam ‘gall’ dan siput ovidulae terumbu karang. Hasik kaji selidik menemui 104 jenis udang, iaitu jumlah yang sama ditemui di Ternate, Indonesia iaitu jumlah tertinggi di dalam Kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang. Kajian keatas ketam ‘gall’ dan siput ovidulae terumbu karang telah menambahkan pengetahuan ke atas taksa yang masih belum diketahui secara luas ini. Kajian terhadap alga mencatatkan jumlah sebanyak 130 spesies. Pengesahan lanjutan sedang dijalankan di Universiti Malaya. Taburan spesies alga di sekitar Semporna adalah amat pelbagai dan tinggi di terumbu karang di kawasan kajian. Kebanyakan dari taksa adalah dianggap jarang ditemui di kawasan pemuliharaan marin Semporna. Kumpulan penyelidik yang membuat kajian ke atas status terumbu karang telah membuat kajian untuk 106 transek di 60 tapak kajian. Dengan menggunakan kaedah ReefCheck yang diubahsuai, kajian ke atas litupan substrat, densiti ikan, densiti invertebrat, dan impak ke atas terumbu karang telah dijalankan. Hasil kajian mendapati untuk litupan substrat hanya 5 stesen daripada jumlah keseluruhan 109 stesen (5%) adalah dalam keadaan “Amat Baik”, 25 stesen (23%) mencatatkan keadaan “Baik”, 41 stesen (38%) dalam keadaan “Memuaskan” dan 38 stesen (35%) adalah dalam keadaan “Tidak Baik”. Hasil kajian ke atas densiti ikan menunjukkan densiti yang rendah untuk hampir kesemua kumpulan ikan penunjuk spesies iaitu ikan jenahak, ketarap, bayan-bayan dan kerapu. vii 1. Introduction At the southeast corner of the Malaysian Bornean state of Sabah lies the Semporna district and Semporna town. The district is bounded on the west by the districts of Kunak and Tawau. To the north and south lie inlets of the Sulawesi Sea, Darvel Bay and Cowie Bay respectively. Semporna town, at the eastern tip of the Semporna Peninsula is the main trading town for more than 50 islands which lie east of the peninsula. The Sulawesi Sea is part of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion and the ecological definition of the Coral Triangle. Semporna The Semporna reef complex is located within the Coral Triangle region, where the highest numbers of marine species are found. Semporna has the largest concentration of reefs within Malaysia. Semporna is unusual because of its rich mix of reef types, representing 5 major geomorphological reef types, which include a proto-atoll, an offshore seamount, fringing reefs, patch reefs, and a barrier reef formation. Such areas usually have high levels of biodiversity because of the mix of habitat types and ecosystems. There is one existing marine protected area in the district which covers 350 km2 out of the approximately 7,680 km2 of Semporna PCA. The Tun Sakaran Marine Park contains 8 islands and is the first marine protected area in Malaysia to include local communities within its boundaries. Sipadan Island’s waters are proposed as a park and the intention to gazette was published in mid-2009. Previous reef status surveys from WWF-Malaysia found that there are no reefs with more than 75% live coral cover (those surveys did not include Sipadan or the Tun Sakaran Marine Park). Marine biologists from Malaysia, the Netherlands and the USA assessed the marine biodiversity and coral reef health during the expedition onboard MV Celebes Explorer from 1 29 November to 18 December 2010. The expedition was organized by WWF-Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Malaya (UM) and the Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity (NCB) Naturalis. The expedition was launched on the 29th of November 2009 by Mr. Norsih Nusuri, the Assistant District Officer of Semporna. 1.1 Objectives • Assessment of coral reef biodiversity including reef fish and associated reef fauna richness The biodiversity on the reef can be compared between different sites (within Semporna), as well as with other areas within the Coral Triangle (e.g. Berau, Raja Ampat, Ternate, etc.), and Malaysia in particular. There is no definitive count of the species richness across a wide range of habitats in Semporna. This is important to determine the areas of high potential for diving tourism, conservation and other economic activities in the future. • Assessment of coral reef status and reef population health A ‘snapshot’ of the reef health will be assessed for each site at two depths using a modified Reef Check methodology and reef profiling. This will complement the surveys which were completed in 2008 (Ho and Kassem 2009) which show that the overall condition of Semporna’s reefs is in the “poor” and “fair” categories. Recurring surveys are important to determine a trend of reef status in the area. • Conservation and outreach Establish the value of the Semporna area for diving tourism in combination with coral reef conservation, based on its reef status, which includes information on species richness and the occurrence of rare and endemic species. The Semporna Priority Conservation Area is listed as globally-outstanding for its biodiversity in the Tri-national Conservation Plan of the SuluSulawesi Marine Ecoregion (SSME). In addition, the SSME is one of the priority seascapes of the Coral Triangle Initiative which was signed by the Heads of State of the 6 Coral Triangle counties in 2009. 1.2 Methodology There were several concurrent surveys conducted during the assessment of coral reefs. Each survey employed slightly different methodologies to ensure compatibility and comparability with previous surveys in Semporna and throughout the Coral Triangle. A small team of international and local scientists conducted the entire survey. Each team made 2-3 survey dives or outings per day throughout the Semporna reef complex. The sites were selected using nautical maps, satellite images and GPS. The survey was conducted from the liveaboard boat, MV Celebes Explorer (based in Semporna). Coral reef biodiversity – An inventory of corals, fishes and associated reef fauna species was made during SCUBA dives using the Roving Diver technique. Species records were used in a species richness estimation analysis for species presence-absence comparisons (see Hoeksema 2004, Hoeksema & Koh, 2009). Specimens of particular scientific interest were collected for the reference collections of the participating institutes for further identification (Borneo Marine Research Institute of Universiti Malaysia Sabah at Kota Kinabalu, Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis at Leiden). In addition, specimens were collected for molecular phylogenetic (evolutionary) comparisons and phylogeographic studies on connectivity. 2 Coral reef status – A single ‘snapshot’ of Semporna’s coral reef health was established using modified and supplemented Reef Check (Hodgson et al., 2006) and Asean Australian methods (English et al., 1997). In addition to this, reef profiling was conducted at all sites and random swims and quadrat photos were made at shallow reefs or reef flats. Most sites were also supplemented with underwater video transects. By being based on a liveaboard boat, the teams were able to make several dives per day. The biodiversity team used the WWF-Malaysia catamaran Kahumbu, while the reef status team used the diving skiff of the MV Celebes Explorer. The two teams would dive in similar sites 2 to 3 times per day while the MV Celebes Explorer moved between sites. Usually 2 dives were made in the morning and 1 or 2 dives were made in the afternoon and early evening. In the evenings and between dives, the biodiversity team used the MV Celebes Explorer upper deck to process collected specimens. In the evenings both teams focused on data entry. Permits for collections were obtained from Department of Fisheries Sabah. Permits for data collection in the Sabah Parks’ sites were obtained from Sabah Parks. All expedition participants from overseas obtained research permits from the Economic Planning Unit and research passes from the Department of Immigration in Sabah. 1.3 Expedition Dive sites and GPS Coordinates: Dive site for all team Dive site for biodiversity team 3 Dive site for reef status team Date Dive Site 28/11/10 Check dive 1 Semporna Fish Cage Mid Rock, Roach Reef Second Reef, Roach Reef Hand Rock Darby Bank Alert Patches 2 Alert Patches 3 Erzherzog Reef Horn Reef Ligitan Reef 1 S Ligitan Reef 2 N Paradise 2, Mabul Island Stingray Valley, Kapalai Island Cust Reef 1 S Ribbon Valley 1, Mabul Island Ligitan Island 1 SW Ligitan Island 2 SE Ligitan Island 3 E Si Amil Island Denawan Island Ligitan Island 4 W Cust Reef 2 N Creach Reef Sipanggau Island Bumbun Island W (channel) Pasalat Reef Bumbun Island E Batura Reef Boheyan Island Timba timba Island Pandanan Island Sweetlips Rock, Mataking Island Kulapuan Island 1 S Kulapuan Island 2 N 29/11/10 2 30/11/10 01/12/10 02/12/10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9A 9B 10 11 12 03/12/10 13 14 04/12/10 05/12/10 07/12/10 08/12/10 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 09/12/10 30 31 Latitude (N) Biodiversity Team Longitude (E) Latitude (N) Reef Longitude (E) Biodiversity Status Team Reef Status Team Team 04⁰ 29' 02.0'' 118⁰ 37' 20.11'' 04⁰ 29' 02.0'' 118⁰ 37' 20.11'' 04⁰ 10' 39.0'' 118⁰ 18' 12.1'' 04⁰ 10' 48.1'' 118⁰ 18' 31.2'' 04⁰ 10' 31.5'' 04⁰ 08' 24.5'' 04⁰ 06' 42.8'' 04⁰ 09' 38.5" 04⁰ 09' 46.7" 04⁰ 14' 26.5" 04⁰ 14' 31.9" 04⁰ 14' 05.8" N/A 118⁰ 17' 53.5'' 118⁰ 10' 44.3'' 118⁰ 13' 39.7'' 118⁰ 15' 36.3" 118⁰ 16' 35.8" 118⁰ 23' 35.2" 118⁰ 26' 25,0" 118⁰ 33' 26.7" N/A 04⁰ 10' 32.5'' 04⁰ 08' 23.0'' 04⁰ 06' 42.8'' 04⁰ 09' 37.7" 04⁰ 09' 46.8" 04⁰ 13' 49.8" 04⁰ 14' 32.0" 04⁰ 14' 07.7" 04⁰ 14' 39.3" N/A 118⁰ 17' 54.5'' 118⁰ 10' 41.6'' 118⁰ 13' 39.7'' 118⁰ 15' 37.3" 118⁰ 16' 36.0" 118⁰ 25' 00.0" 118⁰ 26' 24.1" 118⁰ 33' 22.7" 118⁰ 33' 43.0" N/A 04⁰ 14' 56.7" 118⁰ 37' 54.7" 04⁰ 13' 05.4" 04⁰ 16' 27.5" 118⁰ 40' 20.0" 118⁰ 42' 32.9" 04⁰ 13' 04.8" 04⁰ 16' 26.0" 118⁰ 40' 20.1" 118⁰ 42' 35.2" 04⁰ 13' 49.8" 118⁰ 38' 12.3" 04⁰ 13' 50.3" 118⁰ 38' 10.8" 04⁰ 11' 13.8" 118⁰ 47' 27.9" 04⁰ 11' 13.4" 118⁰ 47' 29.6" 04⁰ 09' 35.8" 04⁰ 12' 43.0" 04⁰ 18' 56.9" 04⁰ 18' 55.9" 118⁰ 52' 22.2" 118⁰ 54' 36.6" 118⁰ 52' 33.8" 118⁰ 51' 03.6" 04⁰ 09' 38.4" 04⁰ 12' 40.4" 04⁰ 19' 02.1" 04⁰ 18' 53.1" 118 52' 21.3" 118⁰ 54' 35.4" 118⁰ 52' 30.7" 118⁰ 50' 59.7" 04⁰ 14' 06.5" 04⁰ 17' 08,3" 04⁰ 18' 58.8" 04⁰ 22' 51.4" 118⁰ 48' 26,5" 118⁰ 42' 40,7" 118⁰ 36' 17.3" 118⁰ 36' 20.3" 04⁰ 14' 07.3" 04⁰ 17' 08.7" 04⁰ 18' 57.4" 04⁰ 22' 50.5" N/A 118⁰ 48' 27.1" 118⁰ 42' 39.8" 118⁰ 36' 18.4" 118⁰ 36' 19.8" N/A 04⁰ 27' 40.7" 04⁰ 30' 47.8" 04⁰ 26' .54.1" 04⁰ 30' 48.6" 04⁰ 28' 00.9" 118⁰ 38' 09.1" 118⁰ 44' 07.8" 118⁰ 46' 31.0" 118⁰ 48' 31.2" 118⁰ 56' 51.6" 04⁰ 30' 50.0" 04⁰ 27' 02.5" 04⁰ 30' 49.1" 04⁰ 28' 05.6" 118⁰ 44' 30.9" 118⁰ 46' 39.7" 118⁰ 48' 30.7" 118⁰ 56' 50.8" 04 04 33' 37.7" 34' 36.0" 118 118 55' 30.4" 55' 14.1" 04 04 33' 39.2" 34' 40.7" 118 118 55' 29.3" 55' 13.4" 04 34' 57.6" 118 56' 46.5" 04 35' 09.6" 118 56' 45.4" 04 30' 41.3" 118 51' 58.4" 04 30' 42.8" 118 51' 57.5" 04 32' 09.6" 118 50' 18.6" 04 32' 07.4" 118 50' 18.2" 4 10/12/10 11/12/10 32 33 34 35 36 36B 37 38 39 12/12/10 13/12/10 15/12/10 16/12/10 17/12/10 40 41 42 43 43B 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 18/12/10 59A 59B 60 Pom pom Island Kapikan Reef Mantabuan Island Gaya Island 1 SE Gaya Island 2 N Gaya Island 3 N Boheydulang Island 1 S Boheydulang Island 2 outer reef Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon Ribbon Reef Maiga Island Selakan Island Sebangkat Island Singamata Pancang Sibuan Island Church Reef 1 Church Reef 2 Larapan Island Timbun Mata Island Balusuan Island Batik Island Tabawan Island Silumpat Island Batik Kulambu Island Bakungan Island Silawa Island Mata Pahi Island Larapan Island 2 S Semporna Mangrove Mid Reef, Sipadan Island Barracuda Point, Sipadan Island Hanging Garden, Sipadan Island 04 04 04 04 04 04 35' 29.8" 38' 56.5" 37' 56.0" 37' 29.0" 37' 57.6" 38' 32.5" 118 118 118 118 118 118 51' 43.1" 49' 15.0" 47' 48.6" 46' 38.9" 45' 32.3" 44' 6.0" 04 04 04 04 04 N/A 35' 30.6" 39' 4.9" 37' 57.6" 37' 30.4" 37' 57.9" 118 118 118 118 118 N/A 51' 41.2" 49' 18.2" 47' 48.9" 46' 38.9" 45' 31.7" 04 35' 00.3" 118 46' 39.1" 04 35' 00.4" 118 46' 40.5" 04 34' 01.8" 118 45' 27.5" 04 34' 03.2" 118 45' 27.1" 04 04 04 04 04 35' 55.4" 36' 10.0" 37' 32.2" 34' 22.1" 33' 19.9" 118 118 118 118 118 43' 43.2" 45' 53.6" 40' 58.0" 43' 04.3" 39' 17.3" 04 04 04 04 04 N/A 35' 56.9" 36' 09.3" 37' 32.5" 34' 23.6" 33' 18.9" 118 118 118 118 118 N/A 43' 43.7" 45' 53.5" 40' 58.5" 43' 02.5" 39' 18.8" 04 04 04 04 04 31' 21.0" 39' 01.9" 40' 54.9" 41' 10.5" 34' 27.5" 118 118 118 118 118 37' 00.7" 39' 22.6" 39' 28.4" 38' 56.5" 36' 15.0" 04 04 04 04 39' 03.4" 40' 54.1" 41' 10.0" 34' 27.4" 118 118 118 118 39' 22.9" 39' 28.9" 38' 54.8" 36' 15.5" 04 04 04 04 04 37' 59.6" 41' 07.9" 43' 09.2" 47' 15.6" 45' 58.7" 118 118 118 118 118 35' 21.6" 32' 29.6" 28' 22.0" 25' 00.8" 23' 25.6" 04 04 04 04 04 38' 46.6" 41' 08.0" 43' 33.0" 47' 14.1" 45' 57.7" 118 118 118 118 118 35' 11.9" 32' 30.5" 28' 13.8" 25' 01.3" 23' 27.0" 04 04 04 04 42' 02.1" 45' 11.1" 34' 29.8" 34' 50.9" 118 118 118 118 23' 18.4" 29' 16.0" 33' 59.6" 32' 49.4" 04 04 04 04 42' 03.3" 45' 12.8" 34' 29.9" 34' 49.1" 118 118 118 118 23' 18.2" 29' 16.5" 34' 01.2" 32' 48.4" 04 32' 51.1" 118 36' 31.3" 04 32' 51.1" 118 36' 31.3" 04 27' 35.6" 118 37' 33.6" 04 27' 36.2" 118 37' 34.2" N/A N/A 04 07' 12.0" 118 37' 44.9" 04 06' 45.3" 118 37' 29.3" 5 04 06' 47.8" N/A 118 38' 10.1" N/A 04 118 06' 40.3" 37' 29.3" 1.4 Team Member Details and Tasks Biodiversity Research Team Team Leader / Expedition Leader Dr. Bert W. Hoeksema Head of Department Marine Zoology, NCB Naturalis, Netherlands. Research field: Taxonomy, ecology, phylogeny, biogeography, and conservation of corals. Specialty in Mushroom coral (Fungidae) Mrs. Zarinah Waheed PhD Student NCB Naturalis & Academic staff in Borneo Marine Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah. Research Field: Hardcoral (Agariciidae & Euphyllidae), connectivity, coral reefs ecology. Dr. Charles H.J.M. Fransen Researcher/Curator Crustacea NCB Naturalis, Netherlands. Research Field: taxonomy and systematics of shrimps of the subfamily Pontoniinae that live in association with other organisms. Ms. Sancia E.T. van der Meij Research Associate, PhD Student, NCB Naturalis, Netherlands. Research Field: taxonomy and ecology of stony corals (Scleractinia) and coral gall crabs (Cryptochiridae) Prof. Dr. Kent Carpenter Manager, Marine Biodiversity Unit, Species Programme, IUCN and Professor Old Dominion University, USA. Research Field: Coral Reef Fish (Ichtyology) Mr. Bastian T. Reijnen Research Associate, PhD Student, NCB Naturalis, Netherlands. Research Field: Gastropod snails (Ovulidae) associated with soft corals and gorgonians. Dr. Stefano Giovanni Angelo Draisma Visiting Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Ocean & Earth Sciences (IOES) ,Universiti Malaya (UM) Research Field: Macroalgae Mr. Brian Stockwell Reef fish specialist, Old Dominion University, USA. Research Field: Reef fish ecology and conservation (especially Southeast Asia) Mr. Mohd. Kassim B. Abd. Karim Park Ranger, Turtle Island Park, Sabah Parks. Research Field: Fish and marine turtles. Reef Status Research Team Team Leader Mr. Affendi Yang Amri Academic staff in Universiti Malaya (UM) Research Field: Coral Reef Ecology Reef status research: Substrate & video transect Mr. Kee Alfian Abd Adzis Academic staff in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Research Field: Marine Invertebrate Reef status research: substrate Mr. Muhammad Ali Syed Husin Ms. Nina Ho Academic staff in Universiti Malaysia Sabah Marine Conservation Biologist (UMS) Reef status research: Fish Research field: Marine Zoology Reef status research: Fish 6 Dr. Aazani Mujahid Academic staff in Universiiy Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Research Field: Physical Oceanography Reef Status research: Invertebrate & physical parameters Ms. Munira Shaipudin Shah Master student in Universiti Malaya (UM) Research field: Sea anemone Reef status research: Invertebrate & Reef profilling Mr. Nara Ahmad Research officer in Marine Research Unit, Tun Sakaran Marine Parks, Sabah Parks. Reef Status research: Reef profilling & transect laying Mr. Carel Drijver Head of Oceans & Coasts Programme WWF-Netherlands Reef status research: Impacts Invertebrate Mr. Ken Kassem Head of Marine Conservation / SSME Manager WWF-Malaysia Reef status research: Reef profiling & transect laying Communicator / Photographer Ms. Angela Lim Senior Communications Officer SSME Programme, WWF-Malaysia Mr. Eric Madeja Director / Photographer Treasure Images Sdn. Bhd. © WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja 7 & 2. Biodiversity surveys 2.1 Introduction Hereby, we present the preliminary results of the biodiversity survey that was part of the Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition (SMEE) 2010. The outcome of the expedition will help to see which areas within the Semporna region are relatively rich in species, some of which are unique or rare. With regard to physical conditions, a major distinction can be made between the predominantly oceanic, wave-exposed reefs in the south and the mostly sheltered reefs in the north, especially those in Darvel Bay. This difference is also reflected in the species composition and richness of some taxa, like for instance some coral and fish families. Besides their application in conservation efforts, the results will be worked out and published in scientific journals. So far five short papers have been published and a sixth is accepted for publication. We aim to make © WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja those papers available through open access and to become freely available to the public. We hope that this shared knowledge will help to promote the Semporna region as a dive destination and that this will help to stop the use of destructive fishing methods. We are indebted to WWF-Malaysia and WWF-Netherlands for organizing this expedition, and to their sponsors for the financial support. We are grateful to our colleagues (of WWF, the reef status team, and the biodiversity team), Eric Madeja of Treasure Images Sdn Bhd, and the crew of MV Celebes Explorer for the cooperation. 8 2.2 Hard Corals (Families Fungiidae, Agariciidae and Euphyllidae) Zarinah Waheed and Bert W. Hoeksema Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity - Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands E-mail: Zarinah.Waheed@ncbnaturalis.nl, Bert.Hoeksema@ncbnaturalis.nl The coral families Fungiidae, Agariciidae and Euphylliidae were chosen for the hard coral biodiversity study. These three families have a wide geographical distribution and are found in various reef habitats. Reliable data can be obtained on their species presence or absence by per reef area surveyed. It would be unrealistic to work with absolute maximum numbers of all coral species as this would decrease the precision of the data. Fungiidae Mushroom corals account for 10% of all reef-dwelling hard coral species. They are taxonomically well studied and are easily identified in the field. Areas with high richness of mushroom coral species usually have high richness of other corals as well. Mushroom corals belong to the Indo-Pacific family Fungiidae and has a total of 11 genera: Fungia (26 species), Heliofungia (1 species), Ctenactis (3 species), Herpolitha (1 species), Polyphyllia (2 species), Sandalolitha (3 species), Zoopilus (1 species), Halomitra (2 species), Cantharellus (3 species), Lithophyllon (3 species) and Podabacia (4 species). The genus Fungia is divided into seven subgenera (Hoeksema, 1989). However, a recent study by Gittenberger et al. (2011) suggested a revision in the classification of this family based on their molecular analyses. A total of 44 species of mushroom corals have been recorded from 63 sites during this expedition (Appendix 1). Data on the presence and absence of coral species per site were used for species richness analyses. The species richness estimators were calculated using the programme EstimateS (Colwell, 2009), in which the sample order is randomized and the values are averaged. The mean and standard deviation of species richness at each sample number are calculated and the curves are extrapolated to estimate the total species richness in an area (Magurran, 2004). The species accumulation curves show the rate at which other species are found and more sampling will uncover more species, making the accumulation curves arch upwards (Magurran, 2004). When the curves flatten out and reach an asymptote with minimal standard deviation (close to 0), additional species is not discovered. The present species accumulation curves show that the estimated species numbers (ICE, Chao 2) reaches the observed species number very closely with an error of less than one. In theory, additional sampling may reveal one more species (Fig. 1). The mushroom coral species composition at each site was variable and depended on the reef condition. Species diversity was generally higher at reefs close to the mainland, with the highest diversity at Maiga Island (Site 41) in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park and Batik Kulambu Island (Site 53) in Darvel Bay. Both sites recorded 29 species. 9 Fig. 1. Species accumulation curves indicating numbers (and standard deviations) of mushroom corals observed at Semporna from 63 dives (n=44). For statistics see Colwell (2009). Based on the species composition of mushroom corals, a cluster analysis was carried out to determine the similarity or differences in species composition among the sites. Several methods were used but the Ward’s minimum variance clustering method showed the clearest pattern. The sites were clustered into two main areas (Fig. 2 and 3), and seem to be separated by a line from Semporna in an East-northeast direction. The first area is from the outer reefs of the northeast to the south of Semporna, which includes the barrier reef formation and the oceanic island of Sipadan. These reefs are more exposed to the oceanic elements as compared to the first area. These reefs are not very well described, with the exception of Sipadan Island (Wood, 1987; Wood and Tan, 1987; Wood, 1994) and Mabul Island (Aw, 2009). The second area is towards the north of Semporna including the islands in Darvel Bay and most of the reef sites in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park. The reefs in the Park are composed of fringing reefs, atolls or ring reefs, platform reefs and reefs with low islands (see Wood, 1987 for detailed descriptions of the reef geomorphology within the park area). The reefs in Darvel Bay are also composed of fringing and patch reefs, however, unlike the reefs in the park area, these reefs are characterized by brown turbid waters with high humic content and sheltered conditions (Ditlev, 2003), especially towards the inner part of the bay. A comparison of the coral species composition of Semporna with other studied localities in the region shows that Semporna is within the cluster representing the Coral Triangle (Fig. 4). The total of 44 species of mushroom corals that have been recorded from this expedition 10 surpasses other areas with very high biodiversity in the Coral Triangle such as Berau, East Kalimantan and Raja Ampat, West Papua. Both of these sites recorded 41 and 40 species of mushroom corals, respectively, and to date Semporna holds the record for the highest species diversity of this coral family (Fig. 5). Some species have widespread distributions and can be considered common, such as Fungia (V.) repanda, Fungia (W.) granulosa, Herpolitha limax and Podabacia crustacea. Other species that were encountered at only few sites are rare and may be limited to a certain environments based on the reef type or preference, such as Fungia (C.) cyclolites, Podabacia sinai, Sandalolitha sp., Fungia (C.) hexagonalis, and Fungia (P.) taiwanensis (Plate 1). Some rare coral species only known from a few localities in the Coral Triangle, such as Lithophyllon ranjithi and Halomitra clavator, were also recorded (Plate 2). Previous studies documenting the species diversity of hard corals around Semporna are listed in Table 1. A comparison of the species diversity of mushroom corals from these previous studies and this present report is shown in Appendix 2. The previous studies did not record as many species as the recent expedition. The reason is two-fold: 1) it is difficult to identify and document all species (> 500) of hard corals on the reef as the focus is too broad, 2) these studies were carried out to determine the status of the reefs rather than concentrate solely on the species count of corals. For these reasons, rare and inconspicuous species were more easily overlooked in the previous studies. Table 1. Previous studies on status of coral reefs (including species list) in Semporna, Sabah Location Publication Bodgaya group of islands and reefs (now the Wood (1987), Wood and Tan (1987) Tun Sakaran Marine Park) and Sipadan Island Sipadan Island Wood (1994 ) Darvel Bay Ditlev et al. (1999), Ditlev (2003) 11 Fig. 2. Cluster analysis (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method) of hard coral family Fungiidae from 63 sites in Semporna. Numbers on the right side represent dive site numbers. Symbols on the left (triangle and circle) represent two separate clusters. 12 Legend Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Reef < 5 m depth Land Fig. 3. Survey sites in Semporna showing two clusters based on mushroom coral species composition (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method) 13 Fig. 4. Dendogram of cluster analysis showing the position of Semporna among other localities that has been studied. Semporna (marked by red) is situated within the orange box, which represents the cluster of the Coral Triangle area. ? ? Fig. 5. Mushroom coral species numbers based on presence / absence data with additional records (adapted after Hoeksema, 2007). Semporna is indicated by the red circle. Areas indicated by a question mark (?) will be surveyed in the near future. 14 Sandalolitha sp. Fungia (C.) cyclolites (Lamarck, 1815) Podabacia sinai (Veron, 2002) Fungia (P.) taiwanensis (Hoeksema and Dai, 1991) Juvenile Fungia (C.) hexagonalis (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848) Adult Fungia (C.) hexagonalis Plate 1. Rare species of mushroom corals that were recorded in Semporna. 15 Halomitra clavator (Hoeksema, 1989) Fungia (V.) spinifer (Claereboudt and Hoeksema, 1987) Lithophyllon ranjithi (Ditlev, 2003) Plate 2. Other rare mushroom coral species worldwide that were recorded in Semporna 16 Agariciidae Corals of the family Agariciidae are represented by five genera in the Indo-Pacific: Leptoseris (15 species), Pavona (13 species), Gardineroseris (1 species), Coeloseris (1 species) and Pachyseris (5 species) (Veron and Pichon, 1979). In general, agariciid corals are found in a variety of reef habitats but Leptoseris species are more common in deeper reef environments. The growth forms of these corals may be massive (boulder-shaped) or laminar (plate-like). In Semporna, a total of 31 species of agariciid corals was documented from 59 dives (Appendix 3). The species accumulation curves show that the estimated species numbers (ICE, Chao 2) reach the observed species number asymptotically. Therefore sampling effort has been sufficient and additional sampling would not have resulted in more species (Fig. 6). Reefs with highest species diversity were generally found near the coast, with the exception of a few offshore reef sites such as Sipadan and Mataking Islands. The highest diversity of agariciid corals was recorded at Sibuan Island (Site 44). Fig. 6. Species accumulation curves indicating numbers (and standard deviations) of agariciid corals observed at Semporna during 59 dives (n=31). For statistics see Colwell (2009). Based on the species composition of agariciid corals, the sites were also clustered to two main areas (Fig. 7 and 8). Similar to the mushroom corals, the two distinct clusters seem to be separated by a similar line from Semporna in an East-northeast direction. 17 Some species are common and were found at more than 40 sites, such as Pachyseris speciosa, Pavona varians, Leptoseris cf. scabra, Gardineroseris planulata and Pavona explanulata (Plate 3). Leptoseris scabra is thought to be one of the most common Leptoseris species. However upon inspection of the type specimens from Hawaii, deposited in the Smithsonian Institution (USNM 20886 and USNM 20885), we found that the type specimens are small, with smaller corallites and finer septocostae than the specimens we found in Semporna. This variation could be related to the different locality or habitat type. On the other hand, it could also be a different species altogether. For these reasons the specimens were provisionally identified as Leptoseris cf. scabra until further examination can prove their identity. Rare species or species that were found at less than five sites are Leptoseris amitoriensis, Leptoseris solida, Leptoseris sp. and Pavona minuta (Plate 4). Leptoseris sp. is possibly Leptoseris fragilis and requires further examination. The comparison of the presently observed species diversity of agariciid corals with those of earlier studies in Semporna (Appendix 4) shows that the current expedition recorded more species. The reasons for this are similar to those mentioned previously under the mushroom coral section. 18 Fig. 7. Cluster analysis (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method) of the family Agariciidae recorded at 59 sites in Semporna. Numbers on the right side represent dive site numbers. Symbols on the left (triangle and circle) represent two separate clusters. 19 Legend Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Reef < 5 m depth Land Fig. 8. Survey sites in Semporna showing two clusters based on agariciid species composition (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method) 20 Pachyseris speciosa (Dana, 1846) Podabacia crustacea (mushroom coral) and Pachyseris speciosa (agariciid coral) Pavona varians (Verill, 1864) Leptoseris cf. scabra (Vaughan, 1907) Pavona explanulata (Lamarck, 1816) Gardineroseris planulata (Dana, 1846) Plate 3. Common species of agariciid corals that were recorded at more than 40 sites in Semporna 21 Leptoseris amitoriensis (Veron, 1990) Leptoseris solida (Quelch, 1886) Leptoseris sp. Plate 4. Rare or uncommon agariciid corals. These corals were encountered at less than five sites in Semporna 22 Euphylliidae Coral family Euphylliidae is composed of five genera, all occurring in the Indo-Pacific, namely Euphyllia (8 species), Plerogyra (6 species), Physogyra (1 species), Catalaphyllia (1 species) and Nemenzophyllia (1 species). They are characterized by large-sized corallites with conspicuous tentacles that are usually extended all the time. The tentacles have the form of long tubes, bubble-like grapes, anchor or hammer-shaped, or even fleshy mantles, depending on the species. Generally, euphylliid corals can be found in various reef environments but some species have a preference for sheltered and turbid environments. Out of the total of 17 species of currently known euphylliid corals, 15 species were recorded during 59 dives in Semporna (Appendix 5). Similar to the agariciid corals, the species accumulation curves show that the estimated species numbers (ICE, Chao 2) reach the observed species number. Hence additional sampling would not have resulted in additional species (Fig. 9). The species diversity of euphylliid corals was highest at the coastal reefs rather than the oceanic reefs, as observed for the Agariciidae. The highest diversity was recorded at Timbum Mata Island (Site 48), while the lowest was at Mabul and Sipadan Islands (Sites 12 and 59, respectively). Fig. 9. Species accumulation curves indicating numbers (and standard deviations) of bubble corals observed at Semporna during 59 dives (n=15). For statistics see Colwell (2009). 23 Based on the cluster analysis, there was no distinct pattern in the species composition of euphylliid corals that could distinguish between the reefs of the area (Fig. 10 and 11). However, there were species that were found exclusively in the nearshore/coastal reefs such as Nemenzophyllia turbida, Euphyllia paradivisa, Plerogyra diabolotus and Plerogyra cauliformis (Plate 5). Frequently encountered (>40 sites) euphylliid coral species include Plerogyra sinuosa, Physogyra lichtensteini, Euphyllia glabrescens, Euphyllia ancora, and Euphyllia divisa. These species are also common in the area (Plate 6) Rare or uncommon euphylliid coral species are Euphyllia cristata and Plerogyra cauliformis and these two species were only encountered four times each and at different sites (Plate 7). The three new euphylliid coral species that were first discovered in Darvel Bay and described by Ditlev (2003) were also found during the expedition. Thus far these coral species have only been reported from this locality. Similar to the mushroom corals and agariciid corals, the species number of euphylliid corals recorded from this expedition is higher compared to those of the previous studies (Appendix 6). 24 Fig. 10. Cluster analysis (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method) of hard coral family Euphyllidae from 59 sites in Semporna. Numbers on the right side represent dive site numbers. Symbols on the left (triangle and circle) represents two separate clusters. 25 Legend Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Reef < 5 m depth Land Fig. 11. Survey sites in Semporna showing two clusters based on euphyliid species composition (Ward’s minimum variance clustering method) 26 Nemenzophyllia turbida (Hodgson and Ross, 1981) Euphyllia paradivisa (Veron, 1990) Plerogyra diabolotus (Ditlev, 2003) Plate 5. Euphylliid coral species that were only recorded on the nearshore/coastal reefs in the north and northeast of Semporna 27 Plerogyra sinuosa (Dana, 1846) Physogyra lichtensteini (Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1851) Euphyllia ancora (Veron and Pichon, 1979) host to shrimp Ancylomenes venustus, (Bruce 1989) Euphyllia glabrescens (Chamisso and Eysenhardt, 1821) Euphyllia divisa with the tentacles retracted Euphyllia divisa (Veron and Pichon, 1979) Plate 6. Common species of euphylliid corals that were recorded at more than 40 sites in Semporna 28 Euphyllia cristata (Chevalier, 1971) Plerogyra cauliformis (Ditlev, 2003) Plate 7. Rare or uncommon euphylliid coral species that was encountered in less than five sites in Semporna 29 References Aw, S.L. 2009. Impact of Tourism Development and Proposed Management Plan for Mabul Island, Sabah, Malaysia. M.Sc. Thesis, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Colwell, R. K. 2009. EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 8.2. User's Guide and application published at: http://purl.oclc.org/estimates. Ditlev, H., De Silva, M.W.R.N. and Ridzwan, A.R. 1999. Hard Corals of Darvel Bay. In: Ekspedisi Balaxea ’98. A study of living marine resources of Darvel Bat, Sabah, Malaysia. Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia. Pp 51 – 71 Ditlev, H. 2003. New scleractinian corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Sabah, North Borneo. Description of one new genus and eight new species, with notes on their taxonomy and ecology. Zoologische Mededelingen 77 (1-14): 193-219 Gittenberger, A., Reijnen, B.T. and Hoeksema, B.W. 2011. A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. Contributions to Zoology, 80 (2): 107-132 Hoeksema, B.W. 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295 Hoeksema, B.W. 2007. Delineation of the Indo-Malayan Centre of Maximum Marine Biodiversity: The Coral Triangle. In: W. Renema (ed.) Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers and Islands. Springer, Dordrecht. Pp 117-178 Magurran. A.E. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell, Oxford. Veron, J.E.N. and Pichon, M. 1979. Scleractinia of Eastern Australia III. Families Agariciidae, Siderastreidae, Fungiidae, Oculinidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae, Pectiniidae, Caryophylliidae, Dendrophylliidae. Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series 4: 1-459. Wood, C.R. 1987. Physical features of the islands and coral reefs. In: The corals reefs of the Bodgaya Islands (Sabah: Malaysia) and Pulau Sipadan.. Malayan Nature Journal 40 (3-4): 169-188 Wood, E.M and Tan, B.S. 1987. Hard Coral. In: The corals reefs of the Bodgaya Islands (Sabah: Malaysia) and Pulau Sipadan.. Malayan Nature Journal 40 (3-4): 189-224 Wood, C.R. 1994. Physical features of the Sipadan reef. In: Pulau Sipadan: Reef life and ecology. Technical report, WWF Project Number MYS 233/92. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Pp 11-22 30 Appendix 1. Mushroom corals (Fungiidae) observed at Semporna sites Sample number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) distorta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) cyclolites 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) curvata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 F. (C.) somervillei 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) fragilis 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) hexagonalis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) costulata 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F. (C.) tenuis 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 F. (C.) vaughani 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) spec. 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fungia (Verillofungia) spinifer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (V.) scabra 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 F. (V.) concinna 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 F. (V.) repanda 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fungia (Danafungia) fralinae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (D.) horrida 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 F. (D.) scruposa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fungia (Fungia) fungites 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fungia (Wellsofungia) granulosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fungia (Lobactis) scutaria 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fungia (Pleuractis) moluccensis 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 F. (P.) taiwanesis 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (P.) gravis 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 F. (P.) paumotensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F. (P.) seychellensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Heliofungia actiniformis 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Ctenactis albitentaculata 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C. echinata 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 C. crassa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 Herpolitha limax 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Polyphyllia novaehiberniae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. talpina 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Sandalolitha dentata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 S. robusta 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S. spec. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zoopilus echinatus 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Halomitra pileus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 H. clavator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cantharellus doederleini 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C. noumeae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C. jebbi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lithophyllon undulatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 L. mokai 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. ranjithi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Podabacia crustacea 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 P. motuporensis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. kunzmanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. sinai 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 22 17 28 22 17 18 18 20 22 17 22 22 19 23 12 19 15 20 16 19 14 19 Appendix 1. cont. Sample number 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 36b 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 F. (C.) distorta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) cyclolites 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) curvata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) somervillei 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) fragilis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) hexagonalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (C.) costulata 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F. (C.) tenuis 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 F. (C.) vaughani 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 F. (C.) spec. 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fungia (Verillofungia) spinifer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 F. (V.) scabra 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F. (V.) concinna 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F. (V.) repanda 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fungia (Danafungia) fralinae 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 F. (D.) horrida 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F. (D.) scruposa 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fungia (Fungia) fungites 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fungia (Wellsofungia) granulosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fungia (Lobactis) scutaria 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fungia (Pleuractis) moluccensis 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 F. (P.) taiwanesis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. (P.) gravis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 F. (P.) paumotensis 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F. (P.) seychellensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Heliofungia actiniformis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ctenactis albitentaculata 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 C. echinata 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C. crassa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Herpolitha limax 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Polyphyllia novaehiberniae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. talpina 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 Sandalolitha dentata 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 S. robusta 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 S. spec. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zoopilus echinatus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Halomitra pileus 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 H. clavator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cantharellus doederleini 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C. noumeae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 C. jebbi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Lithophyllon undulatum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. mokai 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 L. ranjithi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Podabacia crustacea 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P. motuporensis 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 P. kunzmanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. sinai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Total 22 23 19 24 21 23 15 16 21 17 24 21 22 27 25 21 22 21 18 29 19 25 Appendix 1. cont Sample number 43b 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 51b 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Total Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 17 F. (C.) distorta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 F. (C.) cyclolites 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 F. (C.) curvata 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 F. (C.) somervillei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 F. (C.) fragilis 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 9 F. (C.) hexagonalis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 F. (C.) costulata 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59 F. (C.) tenuis 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 36 F. (C.) vaughani 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 F. (C.) spec. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Fungia (Verillofungia) spinifer 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 F. (V.) scabra 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 37 F. (V.) concinna 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 57 F. (V.) repanda 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63 Fungia (Danafungia) fralinae 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11 F. (D.) horrida 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 59 F. (D.) scruposa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 60 Fungia (Fungia) fungites 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 61 Fungia (Wellsofungia) granulosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63 Fungia (Lobactis) scutaria 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Fungia (Pleuractis) moluccensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 52 F. (P.) taiwanesis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 F. (P.) gravis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 54 F. (P.) paumotensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 62 F. (P.) seychellensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Heliofungia actiniformis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58 Ctenactis albitentaculata 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 33 C. echinata 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55 C. crassa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 58 Herpolitha limax 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63 Polyphyllia novaehiberniae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. talpina 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 43 Sandalolitha dentata 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 14 S. robusta 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59 S. spec. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 33 Zoopilus echinatus 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 Halomitra pileus 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 37 H. clavator 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Cantharellus doederleini 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C. noumeae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C. jebbi 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 Lithophyllon undulatum 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 16 L. mokai 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 38 L. ranjithi 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 13 Podabacia crustacea 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63 P. motuporensis 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 P. kunzmanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. sinai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Total 22 23 26 24 25 23 25 22 24 26 34 27 29 22 21 21 25 16 18 13 Appendix 2. Mushroom corals (Fungiidae) observed during previous studies in Semporna, Sabah Sample number Wood and Tan (1987) Wood (1994) Ditlev et. al. (1999) SMEE 2010 Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis - - + + F. (C.) distorta - - - + F. (C.) cyclolites - - - + F. (C.) curvata - - - + F. (C.) somervillei - - + + F. (C.) fragilis - + + + F. (C.) hexagonalis - - - + F. (C.) costulata + - + + F. (C.) tenuis - - + + F. (C.) vaughani - - - + F. (C.) spec. - - - + Fungia (Verillofungia) spinifer - - - + F. (V.) scabra + - + + F. (V.) concinna + + + + F. (V.) repanda + - + + Fungia (Danafungia) fralinae - - - + F. (D.) horrida - + + + F. (D.) scruposa - + + + Fungia (Fungia) fungites + + + + Fungia (Wellsofungia) granulosa + + + + Fungia (Lobactis) scutaria - - - + Fungia (Pleuractis) moluccensis - - + + F. (P.) taiwanesis - - - + F. (P.) gravis - - + + F. (P.) paumotensis + + + + F. (P.) seychellensis - - - - Heliofungia actiniformis + + + + Ctenactis albitentaculata - - + + C. echinata + + + + C. crassa - + + + Herpolitha limax + + + + Polyphyllia novaehiberniae - - - - P. talpina + + + + Sandalolitha dentata - + - + S. robusta + + + + S. spec. - - - + Zoopilus echinatus + - + + Halomitra pileus + - + + H. clavator - - - + Cantharellus doederleini - - - - C. noumeae - - - - C. jebbi - - - + Lithophyllon undulatum + - + + L. mokai - - + + L. ranjithi - - + + 35 Podabacia crustacea + + + + P. motuporensis - - - + P. kunzmanni - - - - P. sinai - - - + Total 16 15 28 44 36 Appendix 3. Hard coral family Agariciidae observed at Semporna sites (site 6 not included) Sample number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Coeloseris mayeri 0 1 0 1 1 - 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Gardineroseris planulata 1 1 0 0 1 - 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Leptoseris amitoriensis 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. glabra 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. foliosa 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. gardineri 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. hawaiiensis 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 L. incrustans 0 0 1 0 1 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 L. kalayaanensis 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. mysetoseroides 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 L. papyracea 0 0 1 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. scabra 0 0 1 1 0 - 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 L. solida 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. striata 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. tubulifera 0 0 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 L. yabei 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptoseris sp. 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pachyseris foliosa 1 0 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 P. gemmae 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 P. involuta 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. rugosa 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 P. speciosa 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pavona bipartia 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 P. cactus 0 0 1 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 P. clavus 1 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 P. danai 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. decussata 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 P. explanulata 0 1 0 0 0 - 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P. frondifera 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. maldivensis 1 0 1 0 0 - 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. minuta 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. varians 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 P. venosa 1 1 1 1 1 - 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 Total 8 7 16 8 7 - 10 12 10 10 7 15 8 9 13 13 8 37 12 9 12 12 9 Appendix 3. cont. Sample number 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Coeloseris mayeri 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gardineroseris planulata 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Leptoseris amitoriensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 L. glabra 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 L. foliosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. gardineri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 L. hawaiiensis 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 L. incrustans 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. kalayaanensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. mysetoseroides 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 L. papyracea 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 L. scabra 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 L. solida 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 L. striata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. tubulifera 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 L. yabei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Leptoseris sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pachyseris foliosa 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 P. gemmae 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 P. involuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. rugosa 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 P. speciosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pavona bipartia 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 P. cactus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 P. clavus 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. danai 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 P. decussata 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P. duerdeni 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. explanulata 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 P. frondifera 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 P. maldivensis 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 P. minuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. varians 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P. venosa 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Total 12 15 12 12 16 15 19 8 9 8 15 16 12 19 15 12 15 12 16 11 12 21 38 Appendix 3. cont. Sample number 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Total Coeloseris mayeri 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 36 Gardineroseris planulata 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 43 Leptoseris amitoriensis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 L. glabra 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 31 L. foliosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 L. gardineri 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 L. hawaiiensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 38 L. incrustans 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 12 L. kalayaanensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. mysetoseroides 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 37 L. papyracea 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 22 L. scabra 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 49 L. solida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 L. striata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. tubulifera 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 26 L. yabei 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 Leptoseris sp. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Pachyseris foliosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 36 P. gemmae 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 34 P. involuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. rugosa 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 28 P. speciosa 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58 Pavona bipartia 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 15 P. cactus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 28 P. clavus 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 15 P. danai 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 12 P. decussata 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 37 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 10 P. explanulata 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 41 P. frondifera 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 P. maldivensis 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 25 P. minuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 P. varians 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57 P. venosa 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 34 Total 18 18 17 16 11 19 14 13 17 16 13 13 16 13 16 19 39 Appendix 4. Corals from family Agariciidae observed during previous studies in Semporna, Sabah Sample number Wood and Tan (1987) Wood (1994) Ditlev et. al. (1999) SMEE 2010 Coeloseris mayeri + - + + Gardineroseris planulata + + + + Leptoseris amitoriensis - - - + L. glabra + + + + L. foliosa - - - + L. fragilis - - + - L. gardineri - - + + L. hawaiiensis + + + + L. incrustans - - + + L. kalayaanensis - - - - L. mysetoseroides + + + + L. papyracea - - + + L. scabra + + - + L. solida - - + + L. striata - - - - L. tubulifera - - - + L. yabei - + - + Leptoseris sp.(possibly L. fragilis) - - - + Leptoseris sp. (from Wood, 1994) - + - - Pachyseris foliosa - - + + P. gemmae - - - + P. involuta - - - - P. rugosa + + + + P. speciosa + + + + Pachyseris sp. - - + - Pavona bipartia - + - + P. cactus + + + + P. clavus + - + + P. danai - - - + P. decussata + - + + P. duerdeni - - - + P. explanulata + + + + P. frondifera - - - + P. maldivensis + - + + P. minuta + + - + P. varians + + - + P. venosa + + + + P. divaricata - - + - P. foliata (possibly P. decussata) - - + - Pavona sp. A + - - - Total 17 15 22 31 40 Appendix 5. Bubble coral (Euphylliidae) observed at Semporna sites (site 6 not included) Sample number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Catalaphyllia jardineri 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Nemenzophyllia turbida 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Physogyra lichtensteini 1 1 0 1 0 - 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 Euphyllia ancora 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E. paraancora 0 0 1 0 0 - 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 E. cristata 0 0 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 E. divisa 1 1 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 E. paradivisa 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E. glabrescens 1 1 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E. paraglabrescens 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E. yaeyamaensis 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Plerogyra discus 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. simplex 0 0 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 P. sinuosa 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P. multilobata 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 P. diabolotus 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. cauliformis 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 5 5 5 7 2 - 6 7 6 2 5 1 6 4 2 7 6 7 6 3 9 7 Appendix 5. cont. Sample number 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Catalaphyllia jardineri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Nemenzophyllia turbida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Physogyra lichtensteini 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 Euphyllia ancora 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 E. paraancora 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 E. cristata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E. divisa 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 E. paradivisa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 E. glabrescens 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 E. paraglabrescens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E. yaeyamaensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Plerogyra discus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. simplex 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 P. sinuosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 P. multilobata 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 P. diabolotus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. cauliformis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 7 7 6 5 3 2 2 5 4 5 5 4 5 6 2 2 10 4 8 5 9 4 41 Appendix 5. cont. Sample number 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Total Catalaphyllia jardineri 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 10 Nemenzophyllia turbida 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 47 Physogyra lichtensteini 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Euphyllia ancora 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 44 E. paraancora 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 25 E. cristata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 E. divisa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 41 E. paradivisa 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 7 E. glabrescens 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 45 E. paraglabrescens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E. yaeyamaensis 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 14 Plerogyra discus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. simplex 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 P. sinuosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 56 P. multilobata 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 17 P. diabolotus 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 9 P. cauliformis 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 Total 7 4 9 12 9 9 4 7 9 5 10 11 11 8 1 3 Appendix 6. Bubble corals (Euphylliidae) observed during previous studies in Semporna, Sabah Sample number Wood and Tan (1987) Wood (1994) Ditlev et. al. (1999) SMEE 2010 Catalaphyllia jardineri - - + + Nemenzophyllia turbida - - + + Physogyra lichtensteini + + + + Euphyllia ancora + + + + E. paraancora - - - + E. cristata - + + + E. divisa + - + + E. paradivisa - + + + E. glabrescens + + + + E. paraglabrescens - - - - E. yaeyamaensis - - - + Plerogyra discus - - - - P. simplex + - + + P. sinuosa + + + + P. multilobata - - + + P. diabolotus - - + + P. cauliformis - - + + Total 6 6 13 15 42 2.3 Fish Fauna Brian Stockwell and Kent Carpenter Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA E-mail: bstoc006@odu.edu , kcarpent@odu.edu Introduction The primary goal of the expedition was to provide an inventory of fish species inhabiting the reefs surrounding Semporna. The reef fish surveyed were restricted to a maximum depth of 40m for safety, while the pelagic and open water species were restricted to those observed in markets. The results of this study are likely to highlight the great diversity of fishes in the area and thus demonstrate the importance of further protection for marine reserves such as Sipadan Island, and marine parks such as the Tun Sakaran Marine Park. Methods Fish surveys Fish diversity was estimated using (1) roving surveys, (2) rotenone stations, and (3) fish market surveys. Roving surveys were conducted by a single observer (K. Carpenter or B. Stockwell) at a total of 37 sites. Surveys were each a total of 60 minutes and began at the base of the reef slope (3020m) and ended along the reef flat, in which the observer recorded all species encountered. Fish abundances were recorded using a log10 scale. The roving surveys were supplemented using rotenone (an ichthyocide) at four stations (36, 46, 50, 54). Rotenone powder was mixed with liquid detergent and seawater to create an emulsion, which was applied to small coral heads at various depths. Divers waited 5 minutes before collecting specimens. The purpose of ichthyocides is to collect highly cryptic species (i.e. eels and gobies) that are not observed during the roving surveys. Market surveys were conducted before the beginning of the expedition (29 November) and during rest days (6 and 14 December) at the Semporna fish market. Data Analysis Multivariate analyses of species assemblages were carried out using the computer software package PRIMER (www.primer-e.com) (Clarke and Warwick 2001). Data were transformed to species presence/absence to further minimize the potential effects of fishing and reserve protection on fish species assemblage patterns. Degrees of similarity between sites based on species composition were examined first by constructing a resemblance matrix using Bray-Curtis similarity. [Note that BrayCurtis similarity is equivalent to Sorenson’s similarity when used on presence/absence data. Furthermore, ‘shared absences’ between samples have no effect on the computation of Bray-Curtis similarity coefficients (Clarke and Warwick 2001)]. Hierarchical clusters of sites (agglomerative) were then generated from the Bray-Curtis resemblance matrix. A series of ‘similarity profile’ (SIMPROF) tests in PRIMER were used to identify statistically-significant clusters of sites. To highlight geographic patterns, the groupings of sites indicated by hierarchical clustering were illustrated on maps. Results The total reef fish diversity of Semporna recorded during the roving surveys and rotenone stations consists of 690 species belonging to 265 genera and 72 families (Appendix 1). The total number of 43 species recorded from market surveys was 141 (Appendix 2), of which 78 were not recorded during the roving surveys, resulting in a combined diversity of 768 species for the entire expedition. General faunal composition The most abundant families in terms of number of species are damselfishes (Pomacentridae), wrasses (Labridae), gobies (Gobiidae), groupers/basslets (Serranidae), cardinalfishes (Apogonidae), butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae), surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae), parrotfishes (Scaridae), snappers (Lutjanidae), and angelfishes (Pomacanthidae). These 10 families collectively account for 66% of the total reef fish fauna (Fig. 1). Total diversity per site varied greatly from 74 to 270 (Table 1). The total number of species on a reef is usually a product of food availability, shelter, and the diversity of substrata (Allen 2002). Thus the sheltered sites (i.e. 4, 5, 40, 43, 47, and 56) with low coral cover were among the poorest sites in terms of diversity. The top ten richest sites (Table 2) had some of the highest coral cover and habitat complexity. However, this list also highlights the importance of fishing, since the top five sites are also closed to fishing. 100 92 90 84 80 # of species 70 60 54 50 41 40 38 40 31 20 18 Lutjanidae Pomacanthidae 25 30 20 10 0 Scaridae Acanthuridae Chaetodontidae Apogonidae Serranidae Gobiidae Labridae Pomacentridae Figure 1. Top ten most diverse reef fish families encountered during the Semporna expedition. 44 Table 1. Number of fish species observed at each site during roving surveys during the Semporna expedition. (* indicates sites with in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park) Site 4 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 23 26 29 30 31 34* 36* 37* Species 79 95 109 118 155 129 114 96 142 74 102 117 150 166 170 146 176 141 135 Site 39* 40* 41* 42* 43* 44* 45* 47 48 49 51 52 53 55 56 57 59 60 Species 116 89 103 127 96 134 128 88 104 92 116 88 93 86 77 98 270 201 Table 2. Ten richest fish sites during the Semporna expedition. (* indicates sites with in the Tun Sakaran Marine Park) Site # 59 60 34 30 29 10 26 31 16 36* Location Barracuda Pt., Sipadan Is. Hanging Garden, Sipadan Is. Mantabuan Is. South Kulapuan Is. Mataking Is. Mabul Is. Boheyan Is. North Kulapuan Is. Si Amil Is. North Gaya Is. 45 species 270 201 176 170 166 155 150 146 142 141 The rabbitfish Siganus trispilos was observed at Sipadan Island and an illustration depicting this fish was posted outside the Semporna fish market (Fig. 1). However, according to Lieske and Myers (2002) this fish is restricted to Western Australia. This is either a disjunct range extension or a possibly undescribed species. Further samples need to be collected to confirm either of these conclusions. Fig. 1. Marble inscription at the Semporna fish market and photograph of Siganus trispilos at Barracuda Pt., Sipadan Island. Coral Fish Diversity Index Given the unlikely event that all reef fish species are encountered during a roving survey Allen (1998) devised a method for estimating total reef fish diversity from six key families: Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Labridae, Scaridae, and Acnthuridae. The total number of species in these six families is used to obtain the Coral Fish Diversity Index (CFDI) for either a single site (e.g. Mabul Is.) or restricted geographic areas such as the reefs around Semporna. For areas less than 2,000 km2 the equation: x = (3.39 x CFDI) – 20.595 (d.f. = 18; R2 = 0.96; P > 0.0001) was used to estimate total reef fish diversity. An overall CFDI value of 291 was generated from the 37 roving surveys, resulting in an estimated total reef fish diversity of 966. These values put the reefs of Semporna among the top five most diverse sites surveyed by the Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) of Conservation International (Table 3). Table 3. Coral Fish Diversity Index (CFDI) for restricted localities in the Indo-Pacific region. All data provided by (Allen 2002a, 2002b) except for current study (shown in bold). Locality CFDI Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea Maumere Bay, Flores, Indonesia Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia Togean & Bangagai Islands, Indonesia Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia Komodo Islands, Indonesia Calamianes Islands, Philippines Madang, Papua New Guinea Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia 337 333 326 308 291 280 268 257 254 249 46 No. reef Fishes obs. 1109 1111 972 819 680 722 736 787 687 624 Estimated reef fishes 1313 1107 1084 1023 966 928 888 850 844 823 Fish species assemblage patterns Only the species from CFDI (291 spp.) were included in this analysis. The hierarchical clustering of the 37 sites using data on presence/absence of species suggested groups that reflected reef exposure (Fig. 2, 3). The first division (45 % similarity) splits the sites into exposed and sheltered reefs, while the SIMPROV tests further split these clustering in smaller subsets depending on geographic location (e.g. east vs. south sheltered reefs) (Fig. 2). This division was likely a result of higher mean CFDI values for exposed (90.7) vs. sheltered (61.3) reefs. The seven clusters generated by SIMPROV suggest significant differences in species assemblages within exposed and sheltered reefs of Semporna (Figure 2). However, only three of these assemblage groupings (2 in Tun Sakaran MP and 1 in Sipadan Is.) are located in reefs closed to fishing (Fig. 3). 20 Habitat S Exposed Oceanic W Exposed Inner Sheltered E Sheltered S Sheltered Mid. Sheltered Similarity 40 60 80 S15 S16 S26 S13 S8 S10 S12 S59 S60 S29 S30 S39 S40 S49 S57 S53 S52 S48 S51 S41 S43 S55 S47 S56 S18 S19 S7 S4 S5 S42 S23 S45 S31 S34 S37 S36 S44 100 Samples Fig. 2. Dendrogram showing hierarchical clustering of 37 sites based on the Bray-Curtis similarity measure using data on reef fish species composition (presence/absence). Significant clusters determined by SIMPROF tests (see Materials and methods) are connected by black lines to distinguish them from non-significant clusters (red lines). 47 # # 51 52 53 # # 56 # 45 # 49 48 # 55 # 57 # # 47 # 36 44 # 41 # 43 # # # 40 # # # 42 39 # 34 37 # 31 # # 23 30 4 # 5 # # 7 19 # # 8 10 59# # # # 12 29 # 18# # 26 16 # 15 # 13 60 Fig. 3. Geographic representation and habitat description of the significant clusters determined from the dendrogram in Fig. 2. Summary • • • • • • • A list of fish species was compiled for 37 roving census sites, 4 rotenone sites, and fish market surveys. The survey involved 41 hours of scuba diving to a maximum depth of 33m. The reefs around Semporna are among the world’s richest in terms of reef fish diversity, consisting of 768 observed species and an estimated total diversity of 966 species. Damselfishes (Pomacentridae), wrasses (Labridae), and gobies (Gobiidae) are the dominant families in terms of species numbers. Species numbers at roving census sites ranged from 74 to 270, with an average of 122.2. Although diversity was high, there was evidence of overfishing. Groupers were rare at most sites, while Napoleon wrasses were only seen at 3 sites. In addition to overfishing, incidences of blast fishing were heard frequently during surveys on the inshore reefs. The areas with the highest diversity and density were in areas closed to fishing. Seven distinct species assemblages were identified through cluster analyses, only 3 of which are located within marine reserves. 48 Recommendations • • • Given the devastating and long term effects of blast fishing, more effort should be allocated to stopping this fishing technique within the reefs of Semporna. Given the high diversity and fish biomass in no-take marine reserves such as Sipadan Is., more of such reserves should be established to improve and protect fish stocks. Given that 7 distinct species assemblages were discovered, and only 3 are within marine reserves, it is recommended that a network of no-take marine reserves be established in the south to include these remaining species assemblages. References Allen, G.R. 1998. Reef and shore fishes of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. In: Werner, T.B. and G.R. Allen (eds.). A rapid biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. RAP Working Papers Number 11. Conservation International. Washington D.C. Pp. 39-49. Allen, G,R. 2002a. Reef Fishes of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. In: Allen, G.R., Kinch, J.P. McKenna, S.A. and P. Seeto (eds.). A Rapid Marine Biodiversity Assessment of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea Survey II (2000). RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment Number 29. Conservation International. Washington, D.C. Pp. 46-55. Allen, G,R. 2002b. Reef Fishes of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia. In McKenna, S.A. Allen, G.R. and S.B. Suryadi (eds.). A Marine Rapids Assessment of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia 2001. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment Number 22. Conservation International, Washington D.C. Pp. 39-48. Clarke, K. R., and R. M. Warwick. 2001. Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Lieske E. and Myers R. 2002. Coral Reef Fishes. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. Pp.400 49 Appendix 1. Reef fish species records for all sites. (* indicates rotenone stations) Species Carcharinidae Carcharinus amblyrhynchos Carcharinus melanopterus Triaenodon obesus Dasyatidae Dasyatis kuhlii Taeniura lymma Taeniura meyeni Muraenidae Echidna polyzona Gymnothorax flavimarginatus Gymnothorax gracilicauda Gymnothorax javanicus Gymnothorax richardsoni Siderea thyrsoidea Rhinomuraena quaesita Uropterygius macrocephalus Congridae Gorgasia maculata Heteroconger hassi Plotosidae Plotosus lineatus Synodontidae Synodus rubromarmoratus Synodus variegatus Saurida gracilis Trachinocephalus myops Ophidiidae Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides Mugilidae Liza vaigiensis Belonidae Tylosurus crocodilus Holocentridae Myripristis adusta Myripristis berndti Myripristis botche Myripristis hexagona Myripristis kuntee Myripristis murdjan Myripristis pralinia Myripristis violacea Neoniphon opercularis Neoniphon sammara Sargocentron caudimaculatum Sargocentron diadema Sargocentron melanospilos Sargocentron spiniferum Solenostomidae Solenostomus cyanopterus Syngnathidae Corythoichthys intestinalis Doryrhamphus dactyliophorus Hippocampus comes Trachyrhamphus longirostris Aulostomidae Aulostomus chinensis Fistularidae Fistularia commersonii Centriscidae Aeoliscus strigatus Centriscus scutatus Site Records 59,60 59,60 59,60 13,23,26,42,44,45 12,15,30,31,45,48 15 38* 28,59 38* 59,60 35 37 13,16 35 9,10 9,10,12,59 19,40,42,51,52 42,47 14,19,26,29,31,34,36,37,38*,40-45, 47, 50*-53,55,57,59,60 26 46* 38*46* 59 44,51,53 26 34,48,51 36 30,36,39,41,44 4,5,7,8,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,30,34 10,46*,53 4,8,10,37,39 42,43 59 59 4,5,8,10,13,15,16,30,31,44,59,60 5 34 8,19 36 29 30 55 55 7,8,13,15,16,26,30,31,34,36,37,42,44,45 12,13,16,34,37,42 18 51,57 50 Appendix 1. continued Species Scorpaenidae Inimicus didactylus Pterois antennata Pterois russelli Pterois volitans Scorpaenopsis papuensis Synanceia verrucosa Platycephalidae Cymbacephalus beauforti Serranidae Aetheloperca rogaa Anyperodon leucogrammicus Cephalopholis argus Cephalopholis boenak Cephalopholis leopardus Cephalopholis microprion Cephalopholis miniatus Cephalopholis cyanostigma Cephalopholis formosa Cephalopholis sexmaculata Cephalopholis spiloparaea Cephalopholis urodeta Diploprion bifasciatum Epinephelus bleekeri Epinephelus coiodes Epinephelus corallicola Epinephelus fasciatus Epinephelus hexagonatus Epinephelus merra Epinephelus ongus Epinephelus quoyanus Gracila albomarginata Grammistes sexlineatus Grammistops ocellatus Plectranthias longimanus Plectropomus aerolatus Plectropomus leopardus Plectropomus maculatus Plectropomus oligacanthus Pseudanthias bicolor Pseudanthias dispar Pseudanthias hutchi Pseudanthias hypselosoma Pseudanthias luzonensis Pseudanthias pleurotaenia Pseudanthias randalli Pseudanthias squamipinnis Pseudanthias tuka Pseudogramma polyacanthum Serranocirrhitus latus Variola louti Pseudochromidae Labricinus cyclophthalmus Pseudochromis alleni Pseudochromis bitaeniatus Pseudochromis diadema Pseudochromis fuscus Pseudochromis marshallensis Pseudochromis perspicillatus Site Records 38* 14,30,34,44,47 58 13,36,42,44,54* 14,42,43 38* 7 29 12,16,23,26,29,34,36,37,39,41,43,48,51,52,53,59,60, 12,29,59,60 18,23,26,37,40,41,44,45,47-49,51,52,55-57 59 30,31,34-41,43-45,49,51,52,56 29,59,60 16,23,30,34,37-41,43,44 10 40,59 60 5,8,10,12,13,15,29,59 7,19,23,30,31,34,36,37,39,41,43,44,45,48,49,51,52,53,55 55 13 55,56 4,7,8,10,12,13,15,23,26,30,31,34-38*,41,43-45,47-49,51-53,57 30 13,15,16,30,37,38*,43,51,53,55-57 30,31,34,37,38*,40,43-45,47,52,55 30,55 14 10,18,59,60 54* 51 29,53,59,60 31,36,39-41,43-45,47,49,51,52,59,60 12,18,39 59,60 59,60 10,29,59,60 7,8,10,12,15,29-31,34 10 9 8,10,16,30,59,60 59,60 10,15,29,30,59,60 7,8,26,34,59,60 46* 60 10,11,29 17,27,30,31,43 36,44,47 45,51 14,16,23,26,29,30,34,36,37,40,42,43,51,52 18,19,29,34,35,38*,41,44,45,47-49,52,56,59,60 35,38*,52 17,23,42 51 Appendix 1. continued Species Pleisiopidae Plesiops coeruleolineatus Plesiops corallicola Plesiops sp. Opistognathidae Opistognathus randalli Priacanthidae Heteropriacanthus cruentatus Priacanthus blochii Priacanthus hamrur Apogonidae Apogon aureus Apogon bandanensis cf Apogon fragilis Apogon chrysopomus Apogon compressus Apogon crassiceps Apogon cyanosoma Apogon hoevenii Apogon kallopterus Apogon leptacanthus Apogon multilineatus Apogon nanus Apogon neotes Apogon nigrofasciatus Apogon novemfasciatus Apogon ocellatus Apogon parvulus Apogon rhodopterus Apogon rubrimacula Apogon seali Apogon selas Apogon trimaculatus Apogon wassinki Archaemia bleekeri Archaemia fucata Archaemia macroptera Archaemia zosterophora Cheilodipterus artus Cheilodipterus alleni Cheilodipterus intermedius Cheilodipterus isostigmus Cheilodipterus macrodon Cheilodipterus quenquelineatus Cheilodipterus zonatus Fowleria marmorata Neamia octospina Rhabdamia gracilis Siphamia elongata Siphamia versicolor Sphaeramia nematoptera Sphaeramia orbicularis Malacanthidae Hoplolatilus fronticinctus Hoplolatilus starcki Malacanthus brevirostris Malacanthus latovittatus Echeneidae Echenius naucrates Site Records 35,38* 38* 46* 16,34,36,37 23 44 8,12,16 14,16,29 18,40,47,53 39,40,49,52,57 39 18,39,42,45,47,51,53 38* 14,15,23,29-31,35,37,38*,42,44,57 53 8,10,59,60 29,30 31,35,36,38*,42 31,34,37,42,49 49,51,55,57 5,8,10,12,13,15,16,23,29-31,38* 29,30 54* 31,36,39,40,42-44,47,51-53,55 40 39 23,39,42 19 44 8,23 57 23,39,42 42 18,39,42,45,49,51,57 11,39,42,51,57 44,47 39,44 7,14,18,19,23,29 8,10,30,34,36,39,40,51 10,31,34,37,39-42,44,45,48,49,51,53,56,57,59,60 18,36,39-42,47,49,51,53,55,57 54* 38* 48,55 40 35,42 18,40,48,57 18 13,36 16,26,30 10,12,13,15,59,60 12,13,15,51,59 7,47,49,51 52 Appendix 1. continued Species Carangidae Carangoides bajad Carangoides ferdau Carangoides plagiotaenia Caranx ignobilis Caranx melampygus Elagatis bipinnulatus Gnathanodon speciousus Scomberoides lysan Trachinotus blochii Lutjanidae Aphareus furca Aprion virescens Lutjanus argentimaculatus Lutjanus biguttatus Lutjanus bohar Lutjanus carponotatus Lutjanus gibbus Lutjanus decussatus Lutjanus ehrenbergi Lutjanus fulviflamma Lutjanus fulvus Lutjanus johnii Lutjanus kasmira Lutjanus lutjanus Lutjanus monostigma Lutjanus quenquelineatus Macolor macularis Macolor niger Paracaesio xanthura Paracaesio sordida Caesionidae Caesio cuning Caesio caerulaurea Caesio teres Gymnocaesio gymnoptera Pterocaesio digramma Pterocaesio pisang Pterocaesio tessellata Pterocaesio tile Gerreidae Gerres erythrourus Haemulidae Diagrammus melanacrum Diagrammus pictum Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides Plectorhinchus lessonii Plectorhinchus lineatus Plectorhinchus polytaenia Nemipteridae Pentapodus aureofasciatus Pentapodus bifasciatus Pentapodus caninus Pentapodus emeryi Pentapodus setosus Pentapodus cf. trivittatus Scolopsis affinis Scolopsis bilineatus Scolopsis ciliatus Scolopsis lineatus Scolopsis margaritifer Scolopsis monogramma Scolopsis taeniopterus Scolopsis xenochrous Site Records 44,51,52 12,16,48 57 12,47,59,60 16,29,44,47,59,60 49,59,60 53 59 59 14,16,59,60 12,47 13 4-8,30,34,36,39,40,42-45,47-49,51-53,57 16,23,34,36,39,42,59,60 7,18,19,31,37,39,42,43,48,56 29,30,59,60 5,7,8,10,12,13,15,16,19,26,30,34,36,37,39-42,44,45,47-49,51-53,59,60 8,13,34 10,34,37,42-44,53,59,60 4,5,10,12,15,30,39,51,59,60 30 10,40 34,37 29,53,59,60 30 14,16,23,26,29,30,34,36,42,45,59,60 4,5,7,10,13,18,26,30,59,60 10,16,59 14,59 4,5,8,10,16,30,34,37,39,43 12,13,29,34,39,42,43,51,53,56 10,13,15,23,34,37,39,40,42-45,47,48,51-53,55-57 29 26,30,31,39 8,10,13,16,23,29,37,44,59,60 26,39,41 5,10,59,60 59 39,48 10,23,47 4,7,10,18,26,29,30,44,45,47,48,57,59,60 15,19,30,60 26,30 10,13,19,30 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,18,23,26 23,38*,56,59,60 12,30,31,34,36,41,53,55 16,26,30,36,37,40,41,43-45,49,51 55 18,19,23,31,34,36,37,39,41,42,48,53 10,12,15,16,19,39,42,53 5,7,8,10,12,13,16,19,26,29-31,34,44,45,47,53 7,23,30,34,37,39,40,42,44,48,49,51-53,56,57 17,19,31,56 4-7,10,12,13,18,19,23,26,30,31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,56,57 30,40 41,42 15,19 53 Appendix 1. continued Species Lethrinidae Gymnocranius griseus Lethrinus erythracanthus Lethrinus erythropterus Lethrinus harak Lethrinus microdon Lethrinus obsoletus Lethrinus olivaceus Lethrinus ornatus Monotaxis grandoculis Mullidae Parupeneus barberinoides Parupeneus barberinus Parupeneus crassilabrus Parupeneus cyclostomus Parupeneus indicus Parupeneus multifasciatus Upeneus tragula Pempheridae Parapriacanthus ransonneti Kyphosidae Kyphosus cinerascens Kyphosus vaigiensis Chaetodontidae Chaetodon adiergastos Chaetodon auriga Chaetodon bennetti Chaetodon baronessa Chaetodon citrinellus Chaetodon ephippium Chaetodon guentheri Chaetodon kleinii Chaetodon lineolatus Chaetodon lunula Chaetodon lunulatus Chaetodon melanotus Chaetodon meyersi Chaetodon ocellicaudus Chaetodon octofasciatus Chaetodon ornatissumus Chaetodon punctofasciatus Chaetodon rafflesi Chaetodon selene Chaetodon semeion Chaetodon speculum Chaetodon trifascialis Chaetodon ulietensis Chaetodon unimaculatus Chaetodon vagabundus Chaetodon xanthurus Chelmon rostratus Coradion altivelis Coradion chrysozonus Coradion melanopus Forcipiger flavissimus Forcipiger longirostris Hemitaurichthys polylepis Heniochus acuminatus Heniochus chrystostomus Heniochus diphreutes Heniochus singularis Heniochus varius Parachaetodon ocellatus Site Records 15 7,57,59,60 5-8,10,12,15,16,26,29,34,36,39-45,47,49,51,56,59,60 27,31,42 60 10,12,13,19 4,10,59 8,15,34,37,42,59 7,8,10,12,13,15,19,23,30,59,60 17,19,23,37,49 4-8,10,12,13,15,19,23,29-31,34,36,37,39-43,45,48,49,51,53,55,57,59,60 8,26,30,31,34,37,45,59,60 13,19,59,60 56 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,19,26,29-31,37,41 17,23,34,36,37,39-42,44,45,48,49,55,57 29 59 16,19,59,60 10,47,59 29,30,31,47,59 28,59 4-8,19,26,29-31,34,39,41,42,44,47,49 8,10,12,13,15,16,26,29,30,59 10,44,60 16 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,36-38*,41-44,57,59 10,29,30,60 14,29,40,44,59,60 5,7,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,26,29,31,34,36,37,39-42,45,59,60 19 59,60 5,41,52 4-7,23,31,34,36,37,39,40,42-45,47-49,51,53,55-57 26,36,59,60 7,12,29,31,59,60 12,34,59,60 5,10,12,19,37,42 60 16,34,41,59,60 4,7,8,23,26,29,30,34,36,41,59,60 10,34,60 26,34,59 10,12,13,15,16,18,19,26,29-31,34,40,56,59,60 16 4-8,10,12,18,19,23,31,34,36,37,39,41-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 16,26,30,31,34,36,37,43,44,52 4,5,16,19,23,30,31,34,36,37,39,43-45,51,56,57 31,36 4,5,8,10,12,13,16,26,29-31,34,36,37,59,60 59,60 10,16,26,30,59,60 10,30,45,55,59 8,15,34,59 10,13,16,29,47,59,60 5,10,18,59,60 4-7,10,13,18,19,26,29,31,34,36,37,39,41,43-45,59,60 7,40-42,44,47,48,51,52,55 54 Appendix 1. continued Species Pomacanthidae Apolemichthys trimaculatus Centropyge bicolor Centropyge bispinosus Centropyge flavicauda Centropyge heraldi Centropyge nox Centropyge tibicien Centropyge vroliki Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus Genicanthus lamarck Genicanthus melanospilus Paracentropyge multifasciata Pygloplites diacanthus Pomacanthus imperator Pomacanthus narvarchus Pomacanthus semicirculatus Pomacanthus sexstriatus Pomacanthus xanthometopon Cirrhitidae Cirrhitichthys aprinus Cirrhitichthys falco Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus Cyprinocirrhites polyactis Oxycirrhites typus Paracirrhites arcatus Paracirrhites forsteri Pomacentridae Abudefduf lorenzi Abudefduf sexfasciatus Abudefduf vaigiensis Acanthochromis polyacanthus Amblyglyphidodon aureus Amblyglyphidodon batunai Amblyglyphidodon curacao Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster Amblyglyphidodon ternatentsis Amblyglyphidodon sp. Amblypomacentrus breviceps Amblypomacentrus clarus Amphiprion clarkii Amphiprion frenatus Amphiprion ocellaris Amphiprion perideraion Amphiprion polymnus Amphiprion sandarocinos Cheiloprion labiatus Chromis alpha Chromis amboinensis Chromis analis Chromis atripectoralis Chromis atripes Chromis caudalis (cf.p.83 Allen) Chromis delta Chromis elerae Chromis lepidolepis Chromis lineatus Chromis margaritifer Chromis cf. opercularis Chromis retrofasciata Chromis ternatensis Chromis viridis Chromis weberi Site Records 12,16,30,37,59,60, 7,8,10,12,13,15,16,19,26,29-31,37,59,60 12,16,26,30,59,60 10,34,36 16,26,31,59,60 5-8,10,12,19,23,29,31,34,36,44,45,59,60 4,7,8,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,44,45,59,60 4,5,8,10,12,13,15,19,26,29-31,34,37,44,45,59,60 5,18,19,23,26,30,31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 10,31 10,13,16,26,30 36,59,60 4,5,7,10,16,19,26,30,31,34,36,37,39,44,45,59,60 5,8,10,12,13,15,16,19,26,37,59,60 26 15,30,41 28,39,40,44,59,60 16,59,60 29,59,60 5,8,10,12,13,15,16,19,30,59,60 30,59,60 13,59 14,59 8,13,15,16,30,59,60 8,12,13,15,26,30,31,59 53 34,45,47,52,56,59 10,12,15,30,31,34,45,51,59 26,29 8,10,16,23,26,31,34,36,37,43,44,45,47,48,51-53,59 34,43 4-8,10,13,18,19,23,30,31,34,36-39,41,42,44,45,48,49,51-53,55,57,59 4-8,12,13,16,23,26,29,31,34,36,37,39,44,45,48,49,51,53,57,59 39,43,57 18,23 43,48,49,51,57 40 5,8,10,12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,36,37,41,44,45,47,49,51-53,57,59,60 31 4,5,8,18,29-31,34,36,37,39,40,42,45,49,51,52,55,57,59,60 18,31,34,37,41,42,45,48,49,51,52,57,60 49,57 7,13,30,31,34,42,45,31,57,59,60 45 8,10,16,30,59 4-8,10,12,16,19,29,30,34,44,59 8,10,12,13,16,26,30,31,34,36,59 34,52,59 5-8,10,12,16,26,29-31,59 4,5,8,10,12,13,16,23,26,29,31,37,59 29-31,37,59,60 59,60 15,16,19,30,42,59 60 5-8,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29-31,34,36-38*,59 14 7,8,10,12,19,23,26,29,31,34,59 4,7,19,23,26,29-31,34,41,45,57,59 19,26,29-31,34,45,59 5,10,12,13,15,16,19,29,30,42,45,59 55 Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Pomacentridae (cont.) Chromis xanthochira Chromis xanthura Chrysiptera oxycephala Chrysiptera parasema Chrysiptera rollandi Chrysiptera springeri Chrysiptera talboti Dascyllus aruanus Dascyllus melanurus Dascyllus reticulatus Dascyllus trimaculatus Dischistodus chrysopoecillus Dischistodus melanotus Dischistodus perspicullatus Dischistodus prosopotaenia Dischistodus pseudochrysopoecilus Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon Neoglyphidodon nigroris Neoglyphidodon melas Neoglyphidodon thoracotaeniatus Neopomacentrus anabatoides Neopomacentrus azysron Neopomacentrus filamentosus Neopomacentrus nemurus Plectroglyphidodon dickii Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Pomacentrus adelus Pomacentrus alexanderae Pomacentrus amboinensis Pomacentrus armillatus Pomacentrus auriventris Pomacentrus bankanensis Pomacentrus brachialis Pomacentrus burroughi Pomacentrus chrysurus Pomacentrus coelestis Pomacentrus colini (p89 Allen) Pomacentrus cuneatus Pomacentrus geminospilus Pomacentrus grammorhynchus Pomacentrus lepidogenys Pomacentrus moluccensis Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Pomacentrus nigromarginatus Pomacentrus opisthostigma Pomacentrus reidi Pomacentrus simsiang Pomacentrus smithii Pomacentrus cf spiloticeps Pomacentrus stigma Pomacentrus vaiuli Pomachromis richardsoni Premnas biaculeatus Pristotis obtusirostris Stegastes fasciolatus Stegastes lividus Stegastes nigricans 31,59 8,10,13,16,26,29,31,37,59 18,19,36,39-41,43,44,47,48,52,53,55-57 8,18,19,23,36,39,40,43,47,48,55-57 4-8,10,13,19,23,26,29-31,34,36-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 7,19,23,31,34,36,39-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 4,5,8,10,26,30,31,59 7,18,23,31,34,36,37,44 19,36,39 4-7,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29,30,34,36,37,42,44,49,59 5-8,10,12,13,15,16,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,42,44,45,49,51,53,55,57,59 55 31,36,40,44,45,47,51-53 18,23,31,34,36,39,40,42,45,47,48,52,55,56 18,31,34,36-40,42,44,47,49 53 18,19,39,40,52,53,56 4 4,5,7,12,19,23,26,31,34,37,39,41-45,48,49,51,52,57 7 42,43,44,48,49,51,51,55,56,57 38*,39,43,45,47-49,51-53,56,57 47,53,55 34,36,42,44 26,30,34,59 4-7,10,12,13,34,51,59 7,29-31,34-36,38*,40,42,44,45,47,48,51,52,55,56 5,7,10,18,19,23,26,29-32,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 4-8,10,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,34-37,41-44,48,52,53,55,57 51,52,55 4,8,12,13,15,16,19,29,30,47,59 4,5,8,10,12,15,16,26,29-31,39,40,51,59,60 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29-31,34,36,38*,40,42,44,59 4,5,18,34,36,39-41,43-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 7,10,35 4,5,13,16,26,29-31,34,35,37,45,47,55,56,59 5,8,10,12,15,18,23 44,55 40,43,48,49,52,53,57 11,52 5,7,26,34,42,56 5-8,18,19,23,26,29-31,34-42,44,45,47,48,51-53,55-57,59,60 37,43,55,56 29,30,34,36,37,43,44,47,51,52 29-31,34,44,45,47,51,53,56 8,16,26,31,59 29,31,39,40,42,44,48,51-53,55 33,34,36,41,43-45,47-49,51-53,57 4 4-7,10,12,16,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39,41,43-45,47,48,50*-52,56,57 5,13,16,31,59,60 57 27,34,36,39-45,48,49,53,56,59,60 56 26,39,59,60 34,39 34 56 Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Labridae Anampses caeruleopunctatus Anampses geographicus Anampses melanurus Anampses meleagris Anampses twistii Bodianus axillaris Bodianus diana Bodiaus mesothorax Cheilinus chlorurus Cheilinus fasciatus Cheilinus oxycephalus Cheilinus trilobatus Cheilinus undulatus Cheilio inermis Choerodon anchorago Choerodon oligacantus Choerodon zosterophorus Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura Cirrhilabrus exquisitus Cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis Cirrhilabrus lubbocki Cirrhilabrus rubripinnis Cirrhilabrus temminckii Coris batuensis Coris centralis Coris dorsomacula Coris gaimard Coris pictoides Diproctacanthus xanthurus Epibulus insidiator Gomphosus varius Halichoeres biocellatus Halichoeres chloropterus Halichoeres chrysus Halichoeres hartzfeldii Halichoeres hortulanus Halichoeres margaritaceus Halichoeres marginatus Halichoeres melanurus Halichoeres leucurus Halichoeres nebulosus Halichoeres ornatus Halichoeres podostigma Halichoeres prosopeion Halichoeres richmondi Halichoeres scapularis Halichoeres solorensis Halichoeres trimaculatus Hemigymnus melapterus Hemigymnus fasciatus Hologymnosus annulatus Hologymnosus doliatus Labrichthys unilineatus Labroides bicolor Labroides dimidiatus Labropsis manabei Macropharyngodon negrosensis Macropharyngodon meleagris Novaculichthys taeniorus Oxycheilinus bimaculatus Oxycheilinus oxyrhynchus Oxycheilinus digrammus 12 13,30 16,59 4,5,8,10,13,15,16,19,59 14,16,26,59 29,30 8,10,13,16,23,29,31,34,37,44,59 4-8,10,18,19,26,29-31,36,37,39-41,43,45,48,49,51,57,59 8,10,12,13,15,19,23,26,29-31,36,37,42,45,48,51,52,56,57,59 4,8,10,12,13,18,23,26,29-31,34,36,39-41,43-45,48,49,51-53,56,57,59 34,42 23,29,56 40,59,60 16,37,42 18,19,23,30,31,34,37,39,41,44,47-49,52,53,55-57 23 37,41,43,44 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,19,23,29-31,34,36,37,39,41-43,45,48,49,57,59,60 32,59,60 29 26,29,34 29,41 13,19,26,29,30 7,8,10,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,36,37,42,45,48 13 30 10,12,15,16,19,29,30,59 23,57 8,12,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36-45,47-49,51-53,56,57,59,60 7,12,13,16,19,23,26,34,36,37,40-45,47-49,51-53,56,57,59,60 7,13,16,30,31,34,42,47,59,60 16,26 23,34,36-40,42,44,45,48,51-53,55,56 4,10,12,15,16,19,29,30,34,59,60 29,39,42,53 4-8,10,12,16,26,29-31,34,36,38*,45,51,59,60 59,60 32 4-8,10,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55,56,59,60 36,39-43,45,47-49,51-53,55-57 14,15,16,26,29 38*,59,60 10,26,30 4,5,8,12,13,16,18,23,28,29,31,34,36,37,43-45,51,52,59,60 5,18,23,26,38*,49 12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29,30,34-36,42,59,60 32 31 7,12,18,19,26,30,31,34,36,37,39,41-45,47,48,52,55 14,26,37,39,41,45 9 12,16,19,26,34 7,8,10,12,13,16,19,26,29,34,39,43,45,59 7,59 4-8,10,12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,38*-42,44,45,47-49,51-53,55-57,59,60 29,31,34,37,41,45 7,30,31 13,15,16,26,29,30 12,15,26,31,34,42 15,16,18,19,23,29,57 4,7,18,19,34,36,37,39-41,43-45,47-49,51-53,56,57 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,37,39,41,43-45,49,51,52 57 Appendix 1. continued Species Labridae (cont.) Oxycheilinus orientalis Oxycheilinus rhodochrous Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Paracheilinus angulatus Paracheilinus filamentosus Pseudocheilinops ataenia Pseudocheilinus evanidus Pseudocheilinus hexataenia Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Pseudocoris aurantifasciata Pseudocoris yamashiroi Pseudodax mollucanus Pterogogus cryptus Sethojulis bandanensis Stethojulis interrupta Stethojulis strigiventer Sethojulis trilineata Thalassoma amblycephalum Thalassoma hardwicke Thalassoma jansenii Thalassoma lunare Thalassoma quinquevittatum Scaridae Bolbometopon muricatum Calotomus carolinus Cetoscarus bicolor Chlorurus bleekeri Chlorurus bowersi Chlorurus capistratoides Chlorurus microrhinos Chlorurus spilurus Hipposcarus longiceps Scarus dimidiatus Scarus flavipectoralis Scarus forsteni Scarus frenatus Scarus ghobban Scarus globiceps Scarus hypselopterus Scarus niger Scarus oviceps Scarus prasiognathus Scarus psittacus Scarus quoyi Scarus rivulatus Scarus rubroviolaceus Scarus spinus Scarus tricolor Pinguipedidae Parapercis clathrata Parapercis cf cylindricus ( yellowtail) Parapercis cylindrica Parapercis lineopunctata Parapercis hexophthalma Parapercis schauinslandi Parapercis tetracantha Parapercis xanthozona Pholidichthyidae Pholidichthys leucotaenia Tripterygiidae Enneapterygius flavoccipitis Helcogramma striatum Site Records 7,37,42 7,13,42,49,53 4,5,41 29,36 10,12,23,29,30,34,36,37,41-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 50* 7,8,12,13,15,18,26,29-31,36,45,59 8,12,13,19,30,31,34,35,38*,44,45,57,59 30,59 59 14,15,26,59 8,34,59,60 41,47 8,10,12,13,15,16,26,29-31,34,45,59 29,30,42 16,18,19,23,29,30 53,57 14,15,19,23,26,30,31,34,37,38*,59,60 7,8,10,13,15,26,30,31,34,39,40,44,45,59,60 8,15,16,23,26,29,59,60 4-8,10,12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,41-45,47,51-53,55,56,59,60 26,59,60 10,28,29,39,40,59 34,38* 5,19,28,29,36,39,41,44,49,52,57 4-8,10,12,15,16,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55,57 4 4 34,36,41,55 5,7,8,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,23,26,29,31,34,36,37,44,45,49,56,57,59,60 29,59 7,10,12,13,16,19,23,26,30,31,34,36,37,39,40,42,44,47-49,51,53,55,56,59 5,10,12,13,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,57 4,5,7,8,12,36 59 16,18,19,23,26,30,31,37,42,47-49,51,55-57,59 8,15 7,10,13,19,34,37,40-43,49 29,34,36,37,39,42-44,47-49,51,59,60 7,59 8,34 8,15,16,18,19,26,29,30,34,37,56,59,60 9,30,31,34,37,42-45,48,49,51-53,56,57 15,44 16,23,26,59,60 16,19,26,34,36,45,59 8,10,12,18,19,31,36,44,52,57,59,60 4-8,10,12,13,15,16,19,23,29,31,38*,41,48,51,59 15,35,38*,41,42,45,47 23,26,29,38*,48 23,29,42,48,55,57 23,29,30,36,37,41,43,44,48,49,55,56 10 10,12,13,15,16,19,23,26,29,34,59 23 16,31,36 38* 37,38* 58 Appendix 1. continued Species Blennidae Atrosalarias fuscus Aspidontus taeniatus Escenius bimaculatus Escenius bicolor Escenius melarchus Escenius namiyei Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Meiacanthus ditrema Meiacanthus geminatus Meiacanthus grammistes Plagiotremus rhinorhynchus Plagiotremus tapeinosoma Salarias ramosus Salarias segmentatus Gobiesocidae Diademichthys lineatus Callionymidae Synchiropus splendidus Gobiidae Amblyeleotris guttata Amblyeleotris gymnocephala Amblyeleotris fontanesii Amblyeleotris rubrimarginalis Amblyeleotris wheeleri Amblyeleotris sp. P303 Allen et al. Freckled Amblyeleotris steinitzi Amblyeleotris yanoi Amblygobius decussatus Amblygobius hectori Amblygobius phaelaena Amblygobius nocturnus Asterropteryx striatus Bryaninops natans Callogobius hasseltii Coryphopterus neophytus Coryphopterus signipinnis Cryptocentrus cinctus Cryptocentrus fasciatus Cryptocentrus inexplicatus Cryptocentrus strigilliceps Cryptocentrus sp.1 (ventral-barred shrimpgoby) Cryptocentrus sp.2 (yellow shrimpgoby) Cryptocentrus sp.3 (bluespot shrimpgoby) Ctenogobiops aurocingulus Ctenogobiops crocineus Ctenogobiops feroculus Ctenogobiops tangaroai Ctenogobips pomasticus Eviota bifasciatus Eviota macrophthalma Eviota nigriventris Eviota pellucida Eviota sebreei Eviota striata Eviota sp. Exyrias bellisimus Exyrias sp. (Filamented Goby) Gnatholepis anjerensis Gobiodon okinawae Site Records 38*,54* 29 23,30,31,35-39,42,43,45,48,55,57 29,38* 34,39,41-45,47-49,51-53,55-57 17,26,29 4-8,16,19,26,31,36,41-43,45,48,49,51,55,57 39 11 4,5,8,10,12,15,16,18,19,23,26,29-31,37,42,45,48,49,55,59 8,29,30,37,59,60 29 17 44,47,49,52 23,30,31,36,38*,43,44,45 40 16,26,35,42,43 52,55 55 23,39,51,53,55 32,36,38*,45,59 10,12 17,36,37,42,43,49,51 10,59 7,18,36,41-45,48,49,51,55-57 7,30,34,36,37,39,41-44,47,48,51-53,56,57 17,19,42,48,57 36,39,40,41,42 8,48,53,55,56 34 35 14,54* 23,29,34,36,41,47,48,49,51 36,39,40,42,49,53 58 56 39,40,41,48,49,52,55,56 55 55 58 48,59 23,59 42 26 55 8,55,57 38* 36,40,41,43-45,48,49,51-53,55,57 30,31,34,36-38*,41-45,47-49,51-53,55,57,59 31,41,45,48,57 38*,41,59 14 39,48,49,56,57 48 26,31,34,48 35 59 Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Gobiodon quinquestrigatus Istigobius decoratus Istigobius regilis Paragobiodon echinocephalus Pleurosicya elongata Signigobius biocellatus Trimma tevegae Valenciennea helsdingeni Valenciennea immaculata Valenciennea parva Valenciennea puellaris Valenciennea sexguttata Valenciennea strigata Vanderhorstia ambanoro Microdesmidae Nemateleotris decora Nemateleotris magnifica Ptereleotridae Aioliops megastigma Parioglossus interruptus Ptereleotris evides Ptereloetris heteroptera Ptereleotris microlepis Ephippidae Platax boersii Platax orbicularis Platax pinnatus Siganidae Siganus argenteus Siganus canaliculatus Siganus corallinus Siganus fuscescens Siganus guttatus Siganus puellus Siganus punctatissimus Siganus punctatus Siganus trispilos Siganus unimaculatus Siganus vermiculatus Siganus virgatus Siganus vulpinus Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus Acanthuridae Acanthurus blochii Acanthurus grammoptilus Acanthurus lineatus Acanthurus leucochilus Acanthurus maculiceps Acanthurus mata Acanthurus nigricans Acanthurus nigricaudus Acanthurus nigrofuscus Acanthurus nigroris Acanthurus nubilus Acanthurus olivaceus Acanthurus pyroferus Acanthurus thompsoni Acanthurus xanthopterus Ctenochaetus binotatus Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Ctenochaetus striatus Ctenochaetus strigosus Ctenochaetus tominiensis 46* 29,35 23,34,42,45 38* 53 36,43 36,51 10 42 43 23,42,51,52,56 36 16,30 48 59 12,13,16,26,30,59,60 37,39,40,43,47-49,51-53,55-57 55 10,12,13,26,29,43-45,59,60 15,19,36 21,56 7,8,10,12,16,26,29,30,34,37,39,41,43-45,51,57,59,60 12 26,30,31,39,41 55 14 4 -8,10,12,13,16,18,23,26,31,34,36,37,40-45,47,48,51,53,57,59 55 34,44,59 5,10,30,31,34,36,37,44,49,51,59 5,12,39,40,41,44,53,59,60 16,29,59,60 59,60 48 12 4,5,10,12,16,26,31,34,36,37,39-41,44,48,49,51-53,56,57,59 5,7,34,36,37,39,40,44,45,47-49,51-53,57,59 4 -8,12,13,16,18,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-45,47-49,51-53,55-57,59,60 59,60 59 8,16,26,59,60 29 8,13,59,60 4,10,12,13,15,16,23,26,29,31,45,59 4-8,10,13,15,16,26,59,60 29,59 29,30,37,38*,59,60 30,34,59,60 59 10,15,29,30,37,60 4 -8,10,12,15,16,23,26,29,30,34,36,37,59,60 13,26,30,36,59,60 29,43,47,55,59,60 4 -8,10,12,13,15,16,18,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-43,45,47-49,59 59,60 4 -8,10,12,13,15,16,18,23,26,29-31,34,36,37,39-43,45,59 26 4,7,8 60 Appendix 1. continued Species Site Records Naso brachycentron Naso brevirostris Naso lituratus Naso lopezi Naso minor Naso thynoides Naso unicornis Naso vlamngi Paracanthurus hepatus Zebrasoma scopas Zebrasoma veliferum Sphyraenidae Sphyraena barracuda Sphyraena flavicauda Sphyraena qenie Scombridae Rastrelliger kanagurta Gymnosarda unicolor Scomberomorus commerson Balistidae Abalistes stellatus Balistapus undulatus Balistoides conspicillum Balistoides viridescens Melichthys niger Melichthys vidua Odonus niger Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus Rhinecanthus verruccosus Sufflamen bursa Sufflamen chrysopterus Xanthichthys auromarginatus Monacanthidae Aluterus scriptus Acreichthys radiatus Acreichthys tomentosus Amanses scopas Cantherines dumerili Cantherines pardalis Paraluteres prionurus Pervagor aspricaudus Pervagor janthinosoma Pervagor melanocephalus Pervagor nigrolineatus Rudarius minutus Ostraciidae Lactoria cornuta Ostracion cubicus Ostracion meleagris Ostracion nasus Ostracion solorensis Tetraodontidae Arothron nigropunctatus Arotrhon manilensis Arothron mappa Canthigaster bennetti Canthigaster compressa Canthigaster leoparda Canthigaster papua Canthigaster valentini Chelonodon patoca Diodontidae Diodon holocanthus Diodon hystrix 59,60 29,59,60 5,16,26,29,30,34,59,60 29 10,13,26 16 29,59,60 15,29,59,60 12,13,15,29,59,60 4 -7,10,12,15,16,26,30,31,34,36-38*,40,45,59,60 7,10,12,18,26,29,59,60 59 51 59 10,12 60 10,12,16 53,55,56 4 -8,10,12,13,15,16,29-31,34,36,37,41-43,45,49,51,59,60 10,13,30,59,60 5,8,12,15,29,30,40,44,52,53,59,60 26,59,60 10,12,16,29,59,60 7,10,12,15,29,59 7,10,39,42,44,56,59,60 30,53 4,7,10,12,13,16,23,29,30,36,37,45,49,53,59,60 5,7,10,12,13,15,23,29,37,41,51,53,59,60 10,13,15 12,16,29,53,59,60 33 42,56 26,59,60 34 15,34 18,45 7 23 59 36,51 38* 15 8,16,31,34,37,45,55,57,59,60 12,15,26,59,60 31,59 29 4,8,37,41,42,59,60 58 39,48 17 41,55,56 59 7,13,16,23,30,31,34,36,37,39-41,43,45,48,57 7,8,10,12,13,16,18,23,26,29,31,37,41,44,45,47,56,59,60 48 13,47 60 61 Appendix 2. Species list and abundance estimates of fishes identified at the Semporna fish market. Species RHINOBATIDAE Rhinobatos typus DASYATIDAE Dasyatis kuhlii Himantura undulata MYLIOBATIDAE Mobula eregoodootenkee MURAENIDAE Gymnothorax javanicus CONGRIDAE Conger cinereus CLUPEIDAE Sardinella sp. CHANIDAE Chanos chanos ARIIDAE Arius sp. MUGILIDAE Crenimugil crenilabrus HEMIIRAMPHIDAE Hemiramphus far Hemiramphus sp. BELONIDAE Tylosurus acus melanotus Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus CENTROPOMIDAE Lates calcifer SERRANIDAE Anyperodon leucogrammicus Cephalopholis argus Cephalopholis microprion Cephalopholis miniata Cephalopholis sonnerati Cromileptes altivelis Epinephalus areolatus Epinephalus coioides Epinephelus undulosus Epinephelus corallicola Epinephelus fasciatus Epinephelus merra Epnephelus ongus Plectropomus areolatus Plectropomus leopardus PRIACANTHIDAE Priacanthus tayenus CARANGIDAE Alectis ciliaris Alectis indica Alepes djedaba Alepes vari Atule mate Carangoides malabaricus Caranx malabaricus Caranx papuensis Caranx sexfasciatus Decapterus kurroides Decapterus macrosoma Decapterus russelli Elagatis bipinnulata Gnathanodon speciousus Megalaspis cordyla Abundance Market Only 2-10 + 1 1 + 2-10 + 2-10 2-10 + > 100 + 1 + 11-100 + 11-100 + 2-10 2-10 + + 11-100 2-10 + 2-10 + 2-10 2-10 1 2-10 1 1 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 62 + + + + + 1 + 2-10 2-10 2-10 11-100 11-100 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 > 100 11-100 2-10 2-10 2-10 > 100 + + + + + + + + + + + + + Appendix 2. continued Species CARANGIDAE (cont.) Scomberoides commersonnianus Scomberoides tol Scomberomorus commerson Selar crumenophthalmus Selaroides leptolepis Seriolina nigrofasciata Uraspis uraspis MENIDAE Mene maculata LEIOGNATHIDAE Leiognathus equulus Leiognathus fasciatus LUTJANIDAE Aphareus furca Etelis coruscans Lutjanus bohar Lutjanus carponotatus Lutjanus decussatus Lutjanus ehrenbergi Lutjanus malabaricus Lutjanus sebae Lutjanus vitta Macolor macularis Pinjalo pinjalo CAESIONIDAE Caesio cuning Pterocaesio digramma GERREIDAE Gerres abbreviatus HAEMULIDAE Diagramma melanacrum Diagramma pictum Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides Plectorhinchus polytaenia NEMIPTERIDAE Nemipterus furcosus Nemipterus hexodon Nemipterus japonicus Nemipterus nematophus Pentapodus bifasciatus Pentapodus trivittatus Scolopsis margaritifer Scolopsis monogramma Scolopsis taeniopterus LETHRINDAE Gymnocranius grandoculis Lethrinus erythropterus Lethrinus lentjan Lethrinus microdon Lethrinus obsoletus Lethrinus olivaceus Lethrinus rubroperculatus Lethrinus semicinctus MULLIDAE Parupeneus barberinus Parupeneus ciliatus Parupeneus heptacanthus Parupeneus indicus Upeneus tragula KYPHOSIDAE Kyphosus vaigiensis Abundance Market Only 2-10 2-10 2-10 > 100 > 100 1 2-10 + + + + + + + > 100 + > 100 11-100 + + 2-10 1 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 11-100 1 11-100 2-10 1 + + + + + 11-100 11-100 1 + 2-10 2-10 1 2-10 11-100 11-100 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 + + + + 1 11-100 11-100 2-10 11-100 11-100 2-10 1 + 11-100 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 63 + + + + + Appendix 2. continued Species POMACANTHIDAE Pomacanthus imperator TERAPONTIDAE Terapon jarbua POMACENTRIDAE Dischistodus perspicullatus Dischistodus prosopotaenia Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon LABRIDAE Choerodon schoenleinii Hemigymnus melapterus SCARIDAE Calatomus carolinus Chlorurus bleekeri Chlorurus microrhinos Chlorurus sordidus Leptoscarus vaigiensis Scarus flavipectoralis Scarus ghobban Scarus globiceps Scarus psittacus Scarus quoyi Scarus rivulatus EPHIPPIDAE Platax boersii SIGANIDAE Siganus canaliculatus Siganus corallinus Siganus fuscescens Siganus guttatus Siganus virgatus ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus mata Acanthurus nigricans Acanthurus triostegus Acanthurus xanthopterus SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena forsteri SCOMBRIDAE Euthynnus affinis Grammatorcynus bilineatus Katsuwonus pelamis Rastrelliger kanagurta Thunnus alalunga Thunnus albacares SOLEIDAE Rendahlia jauberensis BALISTIDAE Psedobalistes fuscus MONACANTHIDAE Aluterus scriptus Aluterus monoceros DIODONTIDAE Diodon holocanthus Diodon hystrix Diodon liturosus Abundance Total Species Total Species only in market 141 78 Market Only 1 2-10 + 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 1 + 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 1 2-10 11-100 2-10 2-10 2-10 1 + + + + + 2-10 > 100 11-100 > 100 11-100 2-10 + 11-100 2-10 11-100 11-100 11-100 + 11-100 2-10 11-100 11-100 2-10 11-100 + + + 2-10 + + + 11-100 2-10 1 11-100 11-100 11-100 64 + + 2.4 Palaemonoid Shrimps Charles H.J.M. Fransen Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity - Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: Charles.Fransen@ncbnaturalis.nl The most diverse subfamily of marine shrimps in the palaemonoids is the Pontoniinae, comprising over 600 species (De Grave and Fransen, 2011) with around 430 recorded from the Indo-Pacific. Most species are living in association with other organisms. Only few records of these shrimps from the Semporna area are known in the scientific literature. Holthuis (1950, 1952), in his monographs on the Palaemoninae and Pontoniinae of the Siboga and Snellius Expeditions, recorded a few species from the Sulu Archipelago near the Semporna area. Shrimps were photographed on their host before collecting. During 60 dives a total of 360 samples were collected comprising about 550 specimens. Preliminary identification of the material yielded ca. 104 species (Table 1). In genera like Periclimenes and Periclimenaeus, identification to species level awaits further morphological study of the specimens. New species in these genera are expected. The number of palaemonoid species is rather high in comparison with most other localities visited within the Coral Triangle (Fransen, 2007; Hoeksema, 2007): East Kalimantan (2003: ca. 90 species), Cebu (1999: ca. 87 species), Sulawesi (1994: ca. 80 species), Ambon (1996: ca. 90 species), Bali (2001: ca. 90 species), Ternate (2009: ca. 104), and Raja Ampat (2007: ca. 77 species), and distinctly higher than the localities outside this area: Seychelles (1992: 57 species), Pulau Seribu (2005: 60 species). Table 2 summarizes the number of species per host group for the areas studied over the years. Table 1. Preliminary list of shrimp species and their hosts collected during the Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition 2010. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Taxa Host _______________________________________________________________________________________ SUPERFAMILY PALAEMONOIDEA FAMILY ANCHISTIOIDIDAE Anchistioides willeyi (Borradaile, 1900) Leucetta lemon FAMILY PALAEMONIDAE SUBFAMILY PALAEMONINAE Urocaridella spec. free living SUBFAMILY PONTONIINAE Anchiopontonia hurii (Holthuis, 1981) Spondylus varius Anchistus australis Bruce, 1977 Tridacna squamosa Anchistus custoides Bruce, 1977a Atrina vexillium Anchistus miersi De Man, 1888 Hippopus hippopus Tridacna squamosa Ancylomenes holthuisi (Bruce, 1969) Actinodendrum plumosum Actinodendrum spec. Heteractis aurora Heteractis magnificus Herpetolitha lima Stichodactyla haddoni Hydroid Phyllodiscus spec. Ancylomenes magnificus (Bruce, 1979) Actinodendrum plumosum 65 Ancylomenes sarasvati (Okuno, 2002) Ancylomenes venustus (Bruce, 1989) Ancylomenes spec. ? nov. Apopontonia falcirostris Bruce, 1976 Brucecaris tenuis (Bruce, 1969) Conchodytes meleagrinae Peters, 1852 Conchodytes pteriae Fransen, 1994 Coralliocaris labyrintha Mitsuhashi & Takeda, 2008 Crinotonia attenuatus (Bruce, 1971) Cuapetes amymone (De Man, 1902) Cuapetes kororensis (Bruce, 1977) Cuapetes lacertae (Bruce, 1992) Cuapetes tenuipes (Borradaile, 1989) Cuapetes spec.1 Cuapetes spec. 2 Dactylonia ascidicola (Borradaile, 1898) Dactylonia holthuisi Fransen, 2003 Dactylonia spec. 1 Dasella herdmaniae Lebour, 1939 Dasycaris ceratops Holthuis, 1952 Dasycaris zanzibarica Bruce, 1973 Exoclimenella maldivensis Duris & Bruce, 1995. Hamodactylus aqabai Bruce & Svoboda, 1984 Hamodactylus boschmai Holthuis, 1952 Hamodactylus noumaea Bruce, 1970 Hamopontonia corallicola Bruce, 1970 Harpiliopsis depressa (Stimpson, 1860). Ischnopontonia lophos (Barnard, 1962) Jocaste spec. Lacertonia chadi Marin, 2011 Laomenes amboinensis (De Man, 1888) Laomenes spec. 1 Laomenes spec. 2 Laomenes spec. 3 Manipontonia psamathe (De Man, 1902) 66 Dofleinia armata Plerogyra spec. Heteractis magnificus Phyllodiscus spec. Euphyllia divisa Coscinaraea culumna Euphyllia yaeyaemensis Cryptodendrum adhaesivum Euphyllia ancora Heteractis aurora Fungid coral Heteractis aurora Among branches of Seriatopora hystrix probably in encrusting sponge Oxycomanthus bennetti Pinctada margeritifera in small Pteria spec. Acropora spec. grey crinoid Acropora spec. Heliofungia actiniformis Nemezophyllia turbita among Pavona cactus rubble Ricorda corallimorpharian Heliofungia actiniformis Nephthea on sand Catalaphyllia gardineri rubble Xenia on sand Ascidia spec. Plurella spec. Herdmania momus Herdmania momus Virgularia spec. Pteroides spec. Cirripathes spec. Among Pavona cactus Nephthea spec. red Gorgonaria Melitheid Elisella spec. Rumphella spec. Elisella spec. Heliofungia anctiniformis Catalaphyllia gardineri Plerogyra sinuosa Seriatopora hystrix Galaxea astreata Galaxea fascicularis Acropora spec. Lopha cristagalli Oxycomanthus bennetti Comanthus schlegeli ? Comaster nobilis grey crinoid Ianthella basta Gorgonaria Antipathes spec. Dendronephthya spec. Hydroid Junceela spec. Polycarpa aurata Polycarpa spec. Polycarpa spec. Polycarpa spec. green sponge Mesophlus sarassinorum Crinoids Pocillopora guttatus Pteria penguin Spondylus spec. orange encrusting sponge rubble with encrusting sponges and Didemnum molle encrusting compound ascidian Sponge, purple outside, white inside Leucetta lemon Mesophlus sarassinorum green sponge Lissoclinum spec. white compound ascidian pinkish grey sponge black compound ascidian Acropora spec. Seriatopora hystrix Pocillopora guttatus Pectinia paeonia sea anemone Heteractis aurora Actinodendrum spec. Actinodendrum plomosus red gorgonarian Pectinia paeonia Acropora humulis Thelonota anax tube sponge Stylissa flabelliformis Stichodactyla mertensii Heteractis magnifica Sarcophyton spec. Entacmaea quadricolor Heteractis spec. sea anemone gorgonarian ? Echinaster luzonicus Linckia laevigatus Choraster granulatus Culcitta novaeguinaea Protoreaster nodosus Iantella basta Herpolitha limax Polyphyllia talpina Alcyonarian, Nidaliidae, probably new (pers. comm. L.P. van Ofwegen) Nephthea spec. red gorgonian Dendronephthya spec. black ear sponge Galaxea and rubble Miopontonia yongei Bruce, 1985 Odontonia katoi (Kubo, 1940) Odontonia sibogae (Bruce, 1972) Odontonia spec.1 Onycocaridella spec. nov. Orthopontonia ornata (Bruce, 1970) Palaemonella potsii (Borradaile, 1915) Palaemonella spec. 1 Paranchistus pycnodontae Bruce, 1978 Paranchistus spondylus Suzuko, 1971 Periclimenaeus rastrifer Bruce, 1980 Periclimenaeus spongicola Holthuis, 1952 Periclimenaeus storchi Bruce, 1989 Periclimenaeus aff. tuamotae Bruce, 1969 Periclimenaeus spec. 1 Periclimenaeus spec. 2 Periclimenaeus spec. 3 Periclimenaeus spec. 4 Periclimenaeus spec. 5 Periclimenaeus spec. 6 Periclimenaeus spec. 7 Periclimenaeus spec. 8 Periclimenella spinifera (De Man, 1902) Periclimenella spec. 1 Periclimenella spec. 2 Periclimenes brevicarpalis (Schenkel, 1902) Periclimenes diversipes Kemp, 1922 Periclimenes diversipes group spec. 1 Periclimenes divesipes group spec. 2 Periclimenes imperator Bruce, 1967 Periclimenes incertus Borradaile, 1915 Periclimenes inornatus Kemp, 1922 Periclimenes kempi Bruce, 1969 Periclimenes ornatus Bruce, 1969 Periclimenes aff. perturbans/lepidus Periclimenes soror Nobili, 1904 Periclimenes vanellus Fransen, 2010 Periclimenes watamuae Bruce, 1976 Periclimenes spec. nov. Periclimenes spec. 1 Periclimenes spec. 2 Periclimenes spec. 3 Periclimenes spec. 4 67 ascidian genus Periclimenes spec. 5 Periclimenes spec. 6 Periclimenes spec. 7 Philarius gerlachei (Nobili, 1905) Philarius rufus Marin & Anker, 2011 Platypontonia hyotis Hipeau-Jacquotte, 1971 Pliopontonia furtiva Bruce, 1973 Pontonides ankeri Marin, 2007 Pontonides maldivensis (Borradaile, 1915) Pontoniopsis comanthi Borradaile, 1915 Rapipontonia ? galene (Holthuis, 1952) Rapipontonia ? paragalene Marin, 2007 Thaumastocaris streptopus Kemp, 1922 Tuleariocaris zanzibarica Bruce, 1967 Unguicaris pilipes (Bruce & Zmarzly, 1983) Vir euphyllius Marin & Anker, 2005 Seriatopora and rubble brown sponge Nemezophyllia turbita Seriatopora spec. Acropora spec. Hyotissa hyotis Amplexidiscus fenestater Cirripathes spec. Tubastrea micrantha ? Comaster nobilis Aglaophenia cupressina hydroid tubesponges Diadema setosum crinoid Euphyllia ancora Euphyllia divisa Plerogyra spec. Physogyra lichtensteini Plerogyra philippinensis Physogyra lichtensteini Euphyllia glaberescens Vir philippinensis Bruce & Svoboda, 1984 Vir smiti Fransen & Holthuis, 2007 Vir spec. 1 68 Table 2. Number of Palaemonoid species per host group encountered in different areas. P. E. Semporna Ternate Raja Ampat Seribu Kalimantan Bali 2010 4 16 Porifera 4 Hydrozoa 9 Actiniaria Corallimorpharia 2 24 Scleractinia 10 Alcyonaria 7 Gorgonaria 3 Antipatharia 1 Echinoidea 1 Asteroidea 9 Crinoidea 1 Holothuroidea 10 Bivalvia 13 Ascidiacea Free-living Total 104 Cebu Sulawesi Ambon Seychelles 2009 2007 2005 2003 2001 1999 1994 1996 1992/93 2 12 2 8 2 21 8 7 4 1 2 6 1 8 18 6 8 1 8 1 23 3 4 3 0 1 7 1 6 8 1 4 1 3 1 16 4 4 1 1 1 5 1 9 5 8 6 1 8 1 23 7 8 6 1 1 9 1 8 10 4 22 2 2 1 18 3 3 8 2 1 12 0 6 9 6 10 2 6 1 25 2 4 9 2 2 9 0 8 3 4 10 2 8 1 20 5 4 6 1 1 10 1 7 4 6 6 2 8 1 22 8 5 5 1 1 9 1 7 8 6 4 2 2 1 20 5 11 5 1 1 3 1 9 3 104 77 57 98 93 89 84 90 74 69 Fig. 1. Dasycaris ceratops on unidentified Virgularia seapen Fig. 2. Ancylomenes holthuisi on Actinodendron arboreum sea anemone Fig. 3. Laomenes amboinensis on unidentified crinoid Fig. 4. Manipontonia psamathe on Ianthella basta sponge Fig. 5. Miopontonia yongei on unidentified Junceella gorgonarian Fig. 6. Periclimenes soror on Linckia laevigata sea star 70 Fig. 7. Cuapetes kororensis on Heliofungia actiniformis Fig. 8. Pliopontonia furtiva on Amplexidiscus fenestrafer corallimorpharian Fig. 9. Pontonides ankeri on unidentified Cirripathes black coral Fig. 10. Pontoniopsis comanthi on unidentified crinoid Fig. 11. Thaumastocaris streptopus in unidentified Callyspongia sponge Fig. 12. New species of pontoniine shrimp possibly Onycocaridella, in sponge 71 References De Grave, S. and C.H.J.M. Fransen. Carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda). Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 85(9): 195-589 figs 1-59. Fransen, C.H.J.M., 2007. The Influence of Land Barriers on the Evolution of Pontoniine Shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda) Living in Association with Molluscs and Solitary Ascidians, in: Renema, W. (ed.), Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and Islands, Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 103-115, figs. 1-3. Hoeksema, B.W., 2007. Delineation of the Indo-Malayan Centre of Maximum Marine Biodiversity: The Coral Triangle. In: W. Renema (ed.) Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers and Islands, pp 117-178. Springer, Dordrecht. Holthuis, L.B., 1950. The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition. Part X. The Palaemonidae collected by the Siboga and Snellius expeditions with remarks on other species. I. Subfamily Palaemoninae. Siboga Expeditie 39a9: 1-268. Holthuis, L.B., 1952. The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition. Part XI. The Palaemonidae collected by the Siboga and Snellius Expeditions with remarks on other species II. Subfamily Pontoniinae. Siboga Expeditie 39a10: 1-253. 72 2.5 Stony Corals and their associated Coral Gall Crabs Sancia E.T. van der Meij Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity – Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands E-mail: Sancia.vanderMeij@ncbnaturalis.nl Coral gall crabs (Cryptochiridae Paul’son, 1875) are obligatory associated with stony corals. Currently, the Cryptochiridae include 46 extant species (20 genera), of which two are deep-water species. Gall crabs can probably be found worldwide, wherever scleractinian corals occur. Many reefs still need to be sampled for gall crabs, and doing so from the host perspective (sampling as many different host corals as possible) yields many new associations. The females of some species live within enclosed ‘galls’, completely encompassing the crab, in which it remains for the remainder of its life. Other gall crab species live in an indentation or pit in the coral, which they can leave if needed. The males are far smaller than the females, and sometimes encountered wandering freely on top of the coral. During the fieldwork carried out in Semporna, stony corals and the associated gall crabs were sampled during 60 dives. The goal was to obtain as many different species of gall crabs from a wide range of coral hosts from the Semporna region. Gall crabs where collected from > 100 different coral hosts, belonging to 33 genera and nine coral families (Table 1, Fig. 1). A total of 213 samples were collected, and for a number of specimens identification to species level awaits microscopic study (Appendix 1). Compared to the Ternate area (Halmahera, Indonesia), Semporna appears to have a similar diversity of coral gall crabs, which is not surprising given the similarities between the coral assemblages in the two areas. For the gall crabs identification to species level awaits further morphological study of the specimens, after which a better comparison can be made. One gall crab species was found in Semporna which was not encountered during previous expeditions (Neotroglocarcinus cf. hongkongensis from the coral Turbinaria peltata). In Semporna this coral was more intensively searched for associated gall crabs than in Ternate. Fig. 1. Coral gall crabs of the species Pseudocryptochirus viridis, Fungicola fagei and Lithoscaptus sp. 73 Table 1. Coral hosts from which gall crabs were collected in Semporna and their associated gall crabs (preliminary). Agariciidae Gardineroseris planulata Leptoseris amitoriensis L. foliosa L. glabra L. hawaiensis L. incrustans L. mycetoseroides L. scabra L. yabei Pavona cf. bipartita P. cactus P. clavus P. explanulata P. maldivensis P. varians P. venosa Dendrophylliidae Turbinaria cf. mesenterina T. peltata T. cf. reniformis Turbinaria sp. Faviidae Cyphastrea micropthalma Echinopora gemmacea E. hirsutissima E. horrida E. lamellosa E. pacificus Favia speciosa F. cf. rotundata F. maritima F. pallida F. cf. laxa Favia sp. Favites abdita F. cf. halicora Favites sp. Goniastrea cf. aspera G. cf. australensis G. pectinata Goniastrea sp. Leptastrea sp. Leptoria phrygia Montastraea curta Oulophyllia crispa Oulophyllia sp. Platygyra cf. pini P. lamellina P. pini P. sinensis Platygyra sp. P. verweyi P. yaeyamaensis Plesiastrea versipora Fungiidae Cycloseris costulata C. hexagonalis C. mokai C. somervillei C. tenuis Lithophyllon ranjithi L. repanda L. scabra L. spinifer L. undulatum Pleuractis granulosa P. moluccensis P. paumotensis Podabacia crustacea Sandalolitha dentata Merulinidae Hydnophora exesa H. rigida Merulina ampliata M. scabricula Merulina sp. Mussidae Acanthastrea echinata Lobophyllia sp. Symphyllia sp. Pectiniidae Echinophyllia aspera Echinophyllia sp. Mycedium elephantotus Mycedium sp. Oxypora lacera Oxypora sp. Pectinia paeonia Pectinia sp. P. alcicornis P. lactuca Pocilloporidae Pocillopora damicornis P. verrucosa Seriatopora. caliendrum S. cf. caliendrum S. hystrix Stylophora cf. pistillata S. pistillata Siderastreidae Coscinarea columna C. monelli Psammocora cf. nierstraszi P. digitata P. haimeana P. nierstraszi P. profundacella Siderastrea savignyana Opecarcinus sp. Opecarcinus sp. / P. ransoni P. viridis N. cf. hongkongensis P. viridis Cryptochirus sp. Lithoscaptus sp. Lithoscaptus sp. / Dacryomaia sp. Cryptochirus sp. Xynomaia sp. Cryptochirus sp. Lithoscaptus sp. / Lithoscaptus sp. 74 F. fagei / Dacryomaia sp. F. utinomi / Dacryomaia sp. F. fagei Xynomaia sp. Fizeserenia sp. Xynomaia sp. H. marsupialis Dacryomaia sp. Appendix 1. Overview of the SEM localities and the coral hosts in which gall crabs were encountered. 75 2.6 Ovulidae associated with Octocorallia Bastian Reijnen Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity - Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: Bastian.Reijnen@ncbnaturalis.nl Introduction Ovulidae are gastropod molluscs which are primarily associated with Octocorallia but can also be found on antipatharians (black corals). Ovulids are globally distributed in tropical and temperate seas, but their greatest diversity is found on reefs in the Indo-Pacific. Currently over 200 species are described from both shallow and deep water reefs (Lorenz and Fehse, 2009). Little is known of the Malaysian ovulid fauna, particularly focussing on eastern Borneo. Lorenz and Fehse (2009) e.g. show several in situ photographs of Malaysian ovulids and George and George (1987) have a record of Ovula ovum (Linnaeus, 1758) from the outer reef of Mantabuan Isl., but scientific data on the diversity and distribution of Malaysian Ovulidae remains scarce. Scientific literature on the Octocorallia diversity around Borneo is also limited. George and George (1987) have made an inventory of the gorgonians and alcyonaceans at the Bodgaya Islands, which is now the Tun Sakaran Marine Park, and Sipadan Isl. In their inventory they mention 58 different species or species groups. An additional record is by Bayer (1950) who described a new Corallium species (Corallium borneënse) from north Si Amil Isl. For this report we focussed on the interactions between the Octocorallia and the Ovulidae. Therefore we do not provide a complete overview of the Octocorallia at Semporna, but give an overview of the observed interactions between octocorals and ovulids. Discrepancies between the George and George (1987) paper can therefore be observed. Identifying Octocorallia is troublesome, most characters are poorly defined and even specialists cannot always positively identify genera or species. As a result only one paper describing the interactions between both Ovulidae and Octocorallia from the Indo-Pacific is known e.g. Schiaparelli et al. (2005). Therein no specimens from Malaysia were included, therefore this is the first overview specifically on the association between octocorals and their associate ovulids from Malaysian Borneo. Material and Methods Gorgonians and soft corals were meticulously searched for ovulid snails, while using SCUBA equipment. Upon encounter in situ photographs were made to record the morphology and colour (patterns) of both the host and symbiont (see Fig. 1). The ovulid snail including a tissue sample of its host species was collected and stored on 80% ethanol to preserve it for closer examination. Identifications of the Ovulidae were made with the help of a dissecting microscope and reference literature from Cate (1973) and Lorenz and Fehse, (2009). The nomenclature as used by the latter reference was used for this report. For the octocorallia, microscopy slides of the sclerites (internal calcareous parts) had to be made for identification purposes. A chlorine solution (common bleach) was used to dissolve 76 the tissue. The remaining residue was washed 5 times with tap water followed by 5 washing steps with distilled water. Sclerites were embedded in euparal to enable visualisation and identification under a stereomicroscope. Results In total 30 species of Ovulidae were found divided over 17 genera, excluding a single representative from the family Pediculariidae. Formerly Pediculariidae were considered to belong to the family Ovulidae but recent insights (Lorenz and Fehse, 2009) placed the Pedicularia in a separate family (Table 1). In total over 220 individuals of Ovulidae were observed and collected. For the Octocorallia, a total of 102 specimens were preserved for further identification. Closer identification revealed at least 48 different species(groups) of which not all could be provided with a species name (Table 2). New records of genera for the Semporna region are, compared to George and George (1987): Acanthogorgia, Annella, Bebryce, Chironephthya, Ctenocella, Paracis, Solenocaulon, Studeriotes, Villogorgia and Viminella. Table 1. Ovulidae and Pediculariidae collected at Semporna, Malaysia. Numbers in between parenthesis indicate the total number of samples. Aclyvolvinae Hiatavolva coarctata (Sowerby 2nd in Adams and Reeve, 1848) (6) Hiatavolva rugosa (Cate and Azuma in Cate, 1973) (2) Hiatavolva sp. (3) Ovulinae Ovula ovum (Linnaeus, 1758) (9) Pellasimnia cf. annabelae (Lorenz and Fehse, 2009) (4) Phenacovolva rosea (Adams, 1854) (2) Phenacovolva parvita (Cate and Azuma in Cate, 1973) (1) Prionovolvinae Archivolva clava (Habe, 1991) (1) Calpurnus verrucosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (5) Crenavolva aureola (Fehse, 2002) (2) Dentiovula dorsuosa (Hinds, 1844) (6) Dentiovula cf. dorsuosa (6) Dentiovula eizoi Cate and Azuma in Cate, 1973 (14) Dentiovula mariae (Schilder, 1941) (3) Dentiovula masaoi Cate, 1973 (5) Dentiovula colobica (Azuma and Cate, 1971) (2) Diminovula culmen (Cate, 1973) (6) Diminovula margarita (Sowerby 1st, 1828) (3) Diminovula concinna (Sowerby 2nd in Adams and Reeve, 1848) (1) Habuprionovolva aenigma (Azuma and Cate, 1971) (3) Margovula bimaculata (Adams, 1854) (2) Primovula rosewateri (Cate, 1973) (3) Primovula tadashigei (Cate, 1973) (1) Prosimnia draconis Cate, 1973 (35) Prosimnia piriei (Petuch, 1973) (6) Prosimnia semperi (Weinkauff, 1881) (26) Rotaovula septemmacula (Azuma, 1974) (3) Pediculariidae Pedicularia pacifica Pease, 1865 (40+) Simniinae Naviculavolva deflexa (Sowerby 2nd, 1848) (13) Naviculavolva elegans (Fehse, in Lorenz and Fehse, 2009) (2) Naviculavolva malaita (Cate, 1976) (3) 77 Table 2. Octocorallia collected at Semporna, Malaysia. Numbers in between parenthesis indicate the total number of samples. Acanthogorgiidae Acanthogorgia A (3) Acanthogorgia B (2) Acanthogorgia C (1) Acanthogorgia D (1) Acanthogorgia E (1) Acanthogorgia F (1) Melithaeidae sp. Acabaria spp. (23) sp. Melithaea sp. A (1) sp. Melithaea sp. B (4) sp. Melithaea spp. (6) sp. Mopsella sp. A (2) sp. Mopsella sp. B (1) Alcyoniidae Lobophytum pauciflorum (Ehrenberg, 1834) (1) Mopsella sp. C (1) Nephtheidae Sarcophyton glaucum (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) (2) Sarcophyton trocheliophorum (von Marenzeller, 1886) (2) Dendronephthya sp. A (5) Sarcophyton sp. (1) Dendronephthya sp. C (1) Dendronephthya sp. B (1) Sinularia polydactyla (Eherenberg, 1834)(1) Anthoteliidae Solenocaulon (2) Nephtea spp. (5) Stereonephthya sp. (1) sp. Nidaliidae Ellisellidae Chironephthya spp. (6) Ctenocella sp. (1) Siphonogorgia sp. A (1) Ellisella cf. ceratophyta (Linnaeus, 1758)(1) Siphonogorgia spp. (7) Viminella sp. (6) Paralcyoniidae Coelogorgiidae Studeriotes sp. (1) Paratelesto sp. (3) Plexauridae Gorgoniidae Hicksonella sp. A (3) Hicksonella sp. B (1) Bebryce stellata Hentschel, 1903 (1) Hicksonella sp. C (2) Rumphella sp. A (2) Bebryce sp. C (1) Bebryce sp. A (2) Bebryce sp. B (1) Euplexaura sp. A (2) Rumphella sp. B (2) Euplexaura sp. B (1) Paracis sp. (1) Villogorgia sp. (1) Subergorgiidae Annella reticulata (Ellis and Solander, 1786)(3) Annella mollis (Nutting, 1910) (1) Annella cf. mollis (1) In Table 3 the absence/presence data for ovulids per dive site was plotted. This data indicates that the most diverse reefs, were south of Semporna. Darvel bay and its surroundings (Islands and reefs NW of Boheydulang Isl.) proved to be less diverse. In general Octocorallia prefer nutrient rich, turbid waters. Since the Darvel Bay area is murkier and less prone to currents, the number of Octocorallia and their diversity was lower, resulting in a lower number of symbiotic Ovulidae. Ovulid-wise the most diverse spot was Kapalai, SE of Mabul. In total seven different ovulids were observed during a single dive. 78 Table 3. Absence/presence data per dive site for the Ovulidae. 79 Figure 1. A. Pellasimnia annabelae on an Annella sp.; B. Prosimnia draconis on an Acabaria sp.; C. Dentiovula colobica on an Acanthogorgia sp.; D. Rotaovula septemmacula on Bebryce sp.; E. Calpurnus verrucosus on Sarcophyton sp.; F. Diminovula culmen on Dendronephthya sp.; G. Ovula ovum feeding on Sarcophyton sp.; H. Naviculavolva deflexa on Rumphella sp. 80 References Bayer F.M., 1950. A new precious coral from North Borneo. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 40: 59-61. Cate, C.N., 1973. A systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family Ovulidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). The Veliger 15 Suppl.: pp. 1-116. George J.D. and George J., 1987. The coral reefs of the Bodgaya Islands (Sabah: Malaysia) and Pulau Sipadan. Malayan Nature Journal 40: 225-260. Lorenz F. and Fehse D., 2009. The living Ovulidae. A manual of the families of allied cowries: Ovulidae, Pediculariidae and Eocypraeidae. Hackenheim: ConchBooks pp. 1-651. Schiaparelli S, Barucca M, Olmo E, Boyer M, Canapa A. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships within Ovulidae (Gastropoda: Cypraeoidea) based on molecular data from the 16S rRNA gene. Marine Biology 147: 411-420. 81 2.7 Macroalgae Stefano G.A. Draisma Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences – University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mail: sgadraai@hotmail.com Introduction Macroalgae or seaweeds (rumpai laut in Malay language) are macroscopic algae. They have representatives on different branches of the Tree of Life, namely the green algae (Chlorophyta), the red algae (Rhodophyta), and the brown algae (Phaeophyceae). The bluegreen algae (Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria and also have macroscopic representatives. The temperate seas around Japan and southern Australia harbor the highest seaweed diversity. However, some seaweed genera have their highest diversity in the tropics, e.g., the green algal genera Caulerpa and Halimeda, and the brown algal genera Padina, Sargassum and Turbinaria. These taxa can sometimes form large dominant stands on coral reefs. Seaweeds need a hard substrate to attach themselves to by means of a holdfast structure. They lack roots for anchoring in the sand. Notable exceptions are some species of Caulerpa and Halimeda that can be found on sand. Seaweeds are at the base of the food chain and are grazed by herbivores (fish, snails). Algae developed different strategies against grazing. Many slow growing algae produce calcium carbonate (limestone) as a defense against herbivory. The strategy of filamentous algae is to grow very fast so that grazers cannot keep up with them. A healthy coral reef habitat generally is dominated by massive corals and crustose coralline algae. These calcareous red algae cement the corals together to build the reef framework. Fleshy algae are removed by abundant herbivores. Some corals are inhibited by elevated nutrient levels and crustose coralline algae may become the dominant group. The reef may become dominated by low growing and turf algae in cases where grazing activity decreases. Decreased grazing activity in combination with elevated nutrient levels may result in the dominance of frondose macroalgae (Littler et al. 2009: Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 38: 401-414). Seagrasses are not algae but flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) that have “returned” to the sea. They have a root system and can form extensive seagrass bed habitats next to coral reefs. Methodology During the Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition the seaweed diversity of the reefs around Semporna was investigated by Stefano Draisma. Draisma made SCUBA dives of approximately sixty minutes each at 57 sites (Fig. 1) and scored the presence or absence of seaweed taxa at each site. The dive sites were named SEM01 to SEM60 (the sites SEM35, SEM36, and SEM44 were not visited by Draisma). Photographs were made of the various macroalgae at each site and deposited in the WWF-Malaysia picture database. In addition to green, red, and brown macroalgae, the presence of the macroscopic “golden noodle alga” Chrysocystis fragilis Lobban, Honda and Chihara (Chrysophyceae) and that of seagrasses was also scored. An increasing number of blooms of C. fragilis has been observed on Pacific reefs in recent years. Abundance was not measured. Whether only a single individual of a species was found at a site or many, both were scored as present. However, note was taken when the frondose brown algal genera Dictyota, Lobophora, Padina, Sargassum, and Turbinaria were observed (subjectively) in high abundance at a site. The Reef Status Team estimated the percentage of algal cover along two transects at each site, but the team did not always visit the exact same locations as the Biodiversity Team and algal distributions may be very patchy. Some specimens were collected and preserved in 5% formalin in seawater in Whirl-Pak bags or jars and will later be dried and submitted to the University of Malaya 82 Seaweeds and Seagrasses Herbarium (KLU) in Kuala Lumpur. These herbarium vouchers can in a later stage be used to confirm or correct field identifications. Vouchers were numbered SGAD1012xxx, where xxx stands for 001, 002, 003, etc. (until 361). Before a specimen was transferred to formalin, a piece was cut off and preserved in either silica (Si) beads or 96% ethanol (EtOH). Si and EtOH samples can in the future be used for DNA extractions. Most turf algae were not scored because they can easily be overlooked and are unidentifiable in the field, but some were collected, e.g. Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing (SGAD1012112), and also some cyanophytes (e.g. SGAD1012111 and SGAD1012235). Crustose coralline algae were not scored either, with the exception of Lithophyllum-like morphologies. It must be emphasized that the taxon names in this report are based on field identifications and still need to be confirmed by examining the vouchers. Representative vouchers for each taxon are given in Table I. Many algae cannot be identified to the species level in the field and therefore several species were lumped under one taxon name, e.g. the genus Dictyota (which may also include representatives of the recently split-off genus Canistrocarpus), Padina, and Halimeda. In other cases Draisma is lacking the expertise to identify the alga in the field and a descriptive name is given, e.g., “green unbranched filament” or “red rubbery alga”. Taxonomic insights of macroalgae are still changing with more and more DNA sequence data becoming available. Some species can be morphological very plastic, but there are also species that cannot be distinguished from each other based on morphology alone. For example, Leliaert et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53: 122-133, 2009) demonstrated that the enigmatic, sponge-associated Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis (Areschoug) Papenfuss actually represents four different species based on DNA sequence data. Rohfritsch et al. (Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 35: 91-98, 2007) demonstrated that one of the morphotypes of Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kützing looks like Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh. All known taxonomic uncertainties have been taken into consideration in the final version of a presence-absence taxon table. This table may later be analyzed in combination with environmental parameters that were measured by Aazani Mujahid during the Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition 2010. A preliminary cluster analysis of the presence-absence dataset was carried out using the MultiVariate Statistical Package (available from http://www.kovcomp.com/mvsp/?gclid= CNTp9Ku50asCFYMa6wodZBt6UQ). A minimum variance clustering procedure with squared euclidian distances was applied. Outcome In total, 361 collections were made. A detailed list of collections, observations and photographs can be obtained upon request from Stefano Draisma. Photographs taken at each site are also deposited in the WWF-Malaysia database. The taxa for which presence-absence data is collected are listed in Table I including the voucher numbers of collections, a list of some representative photographs, the SEM sites where they have been observed, and a reference to a distribution map. In the further discussion in this text Halimeda, Dictyota, Amphiroa are each treated as a single taxon, thus 94 taxa in total. Together these taxa may represent an estimated 130+ species, but this still needs to be confirmed after closer examination of the specimens. New records Phang et al. (2007) gives a checklist of the seaweeds of Malaysia (Seaweed Diversity in Malaysia. In Chua, Kirton and Saw [eds] Status of Biological Diversity in Malaysia and Threat Assessment of Plant Species in Malaysia. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. pp. 185210). From this list it can be concluded that the seaweed diversity of West-Malaysia is much 83 better known than that of East-Malaysia, unless Borneo is indeed less diverse than Peninsular Malaya. Phang et al. also published checklists of marine algae in 2008 and 2010 but these were limited to the South China Sea. Some of the algae collected during the SMEE expedition are not in any of the checklists by Phang et al. and can therefore be considered to be new records for Malaysia. Caulerpa filicoides Yamada and Caulerpa parvifolia Harvey are new records for Malaysia. The identification of C. filicoides has meanwhile been confirmed by DNA sequencing and its DNA sequence is identical to that of a C. filicoides specimen collected in the Berau delta (Indonesian Borneo), but differs substantially from two C. filicoides var. andamanensis W.R. Taylor specimens collected in Palau (Draisma, unpublished). A proposal is submitted to give separate species status to C. filicoides var. andamanensis (will then become Caulerpa andamanensis). The identification of the newly collected C. parvifolia specimen has also been confirmed by a DNA sequence, but it is known from Draisma’s unpublished sequence data set that also C. parvifolia represents two distinct species for which currently no diagnostic characters are known. The DNA sequence of the Caulerpa verticillata J. Agardh specimens from SEM18 and 30 differ substantially from those from SEM19 and 22, but no morphological differences are currently known. The type from SEM18 and 30 has also been found once in the Berau delta and once in the Philippines and is now for the first time recorded for Malaysia. More research is needed in order to decide whether to reinstate the name Caulerpa charoides for this type. Halimeda cylindracea Decaisne is one of the easier species to distinguish in the speciose genus Halimeda and was not recorded for Malaysia before and neither was the algal symbiont of the sponge Halichondria cartilaginea Esper, i.e., Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis. The golden alga Chrysocystis fragilis is also a new record for Malaysia (but the Phang et al. checklists do not include heterokont algae other than the brown algae). It was observed in five locations around Semporna but nowhere did it form a bloom (i.e., covering several square meters). The red algae Dichotomaria marginata (Ellis and Solander) Lamarck, Gibsmithia hawaiiensis Doty, Ethelia sp., Mastophora spp., Predaea spp., Renouxia sp., and Vanvoorstia sp. are also new records for Malaysia and so are Euptilota articulata (J. Agardh) Schmitz and Asteromenia anastomosans (Weber-van bosse) Saunders et al. if these identifications are correct. The unidentified Jania sp. (Cheilosporum-like) from Sipadan is probably also a new record. Some of these new records were widely distributed in the research area (D. marginata, Ethelia sp., G. hawaiiensis, Predaea sp.), and it is not clearly understood why they have been overlooked in the past. The reason may be that earlier surveys were done by wading, dredging and snorkeling, but not by diving and thus deeper growing algae were overlooked. Distributions Taxon richness per site is indicated in Fig. 2. The highest number of taxa (30) was observed at SEM22 in the channel near Semporna town. However, other sites with a high number of taxa (>20) are only found on the outer reefs in the south (SEM09, 12-14), the north (SEM33, 45, 50, 54), and east (SEM26). Sites with no more than ten observed taxa were located central in the research area (SEM23, 37-38, 42, 56, 58), in the extreme southwest (SEM04-05) and around Sipadan (SEM59-60). Out of the 93 taxa, 56 were considered to be rare, because they were encountered at no more than five of the 57 visited sites. SEM22 has the highest number of rare taxa (11), followed by nearby SEM21 (9) and SEM20 (6) (Fig. 3). The northeastern reefs seem to have the lowest number rare taxa, but there is no clear pattern. The SMEE area was divided into subregions with 10-11 visited sites and the number of taxa per subregion was compared (Fig. 4). The southern barrier reef system was divided into a Southwestern (SW; SEM01-09, 20, indicated in red in Fig. 4) and a Southeastern (SE; SEM10-19, indicated in purple) subregion, each comprising ten sites. The Northeastern reefs (NE; in blue) included 84 SEM23-32 (10 sites), the Tun Sakaran Marine Park (TSMP; in green) included SEM33-46 (11 sites), and the Northwestern reefs (NW; in yellow) included SEM47-57 (11 sites). In the Channel between mainland Borneo and Bumbun island only three sites were visited (in white; SEM21-22, 58) and around the oceanic island Sipadan only two (in grey; SEM59-60) and comparison of these two regions with the others is therefore less relevant. The numbers of observed taxa in the five regions with 10-11 visited sites do not differ significantly (Fig. 4). The highest number of taxa (53) was observed in the SE subregion and the lowest number (43) in the TSMP. These regions also harbored respectively the highest (16) and lowest (9) number of rare taxa. SEM20 substantially pushes up the taxon richness of the SW subregion. If the SW region included SEM01-10 and the SE region SEM11-20, then the number of observed taxa (and rare taxa) per subregion would be, respectively, 42 (12) and 58 (21). If the Southern reefs are compared to the Northern reefs then the numbers are: SW+SE 66 (29), NW+NE 61 (24), and NW+TSMP 54 (19). Remarkably, only one taxon less than in the TSMP was observed at the three sites in the Semporna-Bumbun channel and the highest number of rare taxa was found here (18). The distribution of the 94 taxa is mapped in Figs 557. Ten of these 94 were found only in the Channel and nowhere else (Figs 17-18, 26, 30, 4748, 51). Eight taxa were only found in the SW (Figs 18, 40, 41, 47-48), and nine only in the SE (Figs 6, 17-18, 33, 40-41), five only in the NE (Figs 11, 18, 40, 48), four only in the NW (Figs 18, 33, 47), three only in the TSMP (Figs 18, 40, 47), and one only in Sipadan (Fig. 40). However, most of these taxa were found only once. Taxa that were restricted to a single subregion, but found more than once are Dictyosphaeria sp. (Fig. 18) and Renouxia sp. (Fig. 47) (both SW), Tolypiocladia sp. (Fig. 40) (SE), Stypopodium multipartitum (Suhr) Silva (Fig. 33) (NW), Enhalus acoroides (Linnaeus) Royle (Fig. 26), Gracilaria salicornia (C. Agardh) Dawson (Fig. 47), and Udotea orientalis Gepp and Gepp (Fig. 18) (all three Channel), and Jania sp. (former Cheilosporum) (Fig. 40) in Sipadan. Other taxa showed a wider distribution pattern, but some still limited. Avrainvillea sp. and Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii were restricted to the Northern reefs (resp. Figs 5 and 15) and so was Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis which, however, was also found in one Southern site (Fig. 20). Dictyopteris sp. was present in several Northern sites and only two sites in the SW (Fig. 28). Taxa with a distribution limited to the Southern reefs include Bornetella spp. (Fig. 9) and Turbinaria decurrens Bory de Saint-Vincent (Fig. 34). Taxa that were only encountered in the East were Caulerpa peltata J.V. Lamouroux (Fig. 13), Ceratodictyon spongiosum Zanardini (Fig. 39), and Portieria hornemannii (Lyngbye) P.C. Silva (Fig. 41). Taxa with a more or less central distribution are the seagrasses (Fig. 26), Acanthophora spicifera (M. Vahl) Børgesen (Fig. 35), Gracilaria/Halymenia sp. Z (Fig. 50), Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey (Fig. 40), Caulerpa sertularioides (S.G. Gmelin) M.A. Howe (Fig. 17), and Caulerpa verticillata J. Agardh which is absent in the North (Fig. 11). The distribution of Tydemania expeditionis Weber-van Bosse (Fig. 24) was limited to the outer reefs, whereas Chrysocystis fragilis (Fig. 27), Galaxaura rugosa (J.Ellis and Solander) J.V.Lamouroux (Fig. 45), Hypnea pannosa J. Agardh (Fig. 50), Lithophyllum sp. (Fig. 52), Titanophora spp. (Fig. 56), and Actinotrichia fragilis (Forsskål) Børgesen (Fig.36) showed a disjunct distribution being absent in the center of the research area, like Dictyopteris sp. Widely distributed taxa, but absent in the SW are Boodlea/Microdictyon/Phyllodictyon (Fig. 8), Caulerpa lentillifera J. Agardh (incl. C. microphysa [Weber-van Bosse] Feldmann) (Fig. 12), Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh (Fig. 14), Antithamnion(ella) (Fig. 38), and Chondrophycus/Laurencia (Fig. 42). Boodlea sp. (Fig. 7), Neomeris sp. (Fig. 22), Rhipidosiphon javensis Montagne (Fig. 23), and Predaea sp. (Fig. 54) are widely distributed but absent in the NW. Other taxa are distributed over the whole research area, but most of these taxa include multiple species (e.g., Halimeda spp., Dictyota spp., Padina spp.) and at the actual species level there may be a distribution pattern recognizable. It was noted that the brown algal taxa Sargassum spp. 85 (Fig. 30), Turbinaria spp. (Fig. 34), Dictyota spp. (Fig. 29), Lobophora spp. (Fig. 31), and Padina spp. (Fig. 32) showed a high abundance on the NW reefs and the former three taxa also in the SE. This might be an indication of disturbance. The nocturnal corallivore Crownof-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) has only been observed by Draisma in the NW (SEM48, 52 and 54), but only a few individuals. At most reefs Sargassum spp. occurred as small reduced plants (rosettes) and could not be identified. The collected specimens were identified as being S. aquifolium (Turner) C. Agardh (or S. binderi Sonder ex J. Agardh, the taxonomy is currently under debate) (SGAD1012108), S. ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh (S. cristaefolium C. Agardh which was recently synonymized) (SGAD1012126), S. oligocystum Montagne (SGAD1012127), and S. siliquosum J. Agardh (SGAD1012184 and with uncertainty SGAD1012315). Cluster analysis The result of the cluster analysis of the presence-absence dataset is shown in Fig. 58. The sampling sites are grouped into four clusters: A1, A2, B1, and B2. The geographical distribution of these clusters was mapped and is shown in Fig. 59. The sites of cluster A1 are mainly restricted to the Southwestern reefs. The sites of cluster B1 are almost exclusively found on the outer reefs, but not at oceanic Sipadan. The clusters A2 and B2 seem to reflect the inner reefs of the north and south, respectively. Other Expeditions In October 2003 Willem F. Prud’homme van Reine and Lisette de Senerpont Domis (both National Herbarium of the Netherlands – Leiden University) made seaweed collections in the nearby Indonesian Berau delta (http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/98097). They reported to have observed 233 macro-algal taxa (including varieties) and collected 189 taxa (470 collected specimens housed in Leiden). They did not collect presence-absence data for each visited location. It may seem rather trivial to make a preliminary comparison of the Semporna data and the Berau data with many taxa still unidentified, but it seems that at least the non-rare taxa around Semporna have also been found in the Berau delta. Eric Verheij and Prud’homme van Reine collected during a two years research period in the Spermonde Archipelago off Makassar (South Sulawesi) 223 taxa (published in Blumea 37: 385-510, 1993). Remarkably they did not list Dichotomaria marginata (and neither its synonym Galaxaura marginata). Prud’homme van Reine and Draisma made a presence-absence table for thirty sites in the Thousand Islands archipelago off Jakarta in September 2005 (also know as Kepulauan Seribu and not part of the Coral Triangle). Their presence-absence table included 78 taxa (60 genera; 60 genus level, 18 species level) and did not include eight collected seagrass species, but 32 green algal taxa (22 genera), 33 red algal taxa (27 genera), and 13 brown algal taxa (11 genera). Some of the taxa in the 2005 list were lumped in the SMEE2010 list. Thirty-four taxa were found at no more than four of the thirty sites and considered rare in the Thousand Islands. Taxa that were found at five or more sites in the Thousand islands, but were not found around Semporna were the green algae Anadyomene sp., Caulerpa brachypus Harvey, and Caulerpa cupressoides (West) C. Agardh, the red algae Liagora sp. and Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan de Saint-Léon, and the brown algae Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès and Solier, Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) M.A.Howe, and Sirophysalis trinodis (Forskåll) Kützing. These taxa were observed though in the Berau delta, except for Asparagopsis taxiformis and Sirophysalis trinodis. Prud’homme van Reine and Draisma did not report Ethelia sp. for the Thousand islands, but this taxon was probably included in Peysonnelia spp. In total 684 specimens were collected at 39 locations in the Thousand Islands representing an estimated 150+ macroalgal species. In November/December 2007, Draisma collected 823 specimens at 68 sites in the 86 Raja Ampat archipelago (West Papua, Indonesia) representing an estimated 170+ macroalgal species (http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/124392). A presence-absence table was not made. In October/November 2009, Draisma collected 501 specimens at 40 sites around Ternate (North Moluccas, Indonesia) representing an estimated 120+ macroalgal species (http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/193936). A presence-absence table for 97 taxa was made for 38 sites which contained 33 green algal taxa, 4 seagrasses, 1 chrysophycean, 7 brown algal taxa and 52 red algal taxa. Fifty-two of the 97 taxa were found at no more than 4 sites. This list is most suited to compare with the SMEE 2010 presence-absent list, but none of the abundant taxa of each list is absent in the other list, except for Neurymenia fraxinifolia (Mertens ex Turner) J. Agardh which was found at 15 sites around Ternate but not around Semporna. There are some differences in abundance though. Some taxa were more frequently found around Semporna than around Ternate. For example, Sargassum was found at only one out of 38 sites around Ternate, but at fifteen out of 57 sites around Semporna. For other taxa these numbers are: Antithamnion(ella) 4 (out of 38) vs. 15 (out of 57), Ethelia 3 vs. 23, “red, soft, woolly blade” 2 vs. 16, Bryopsis sp. 7 vs. 21, and Chlorodesmis 1 vs. 29. Other taxa were more frequently found around Ternate: Ceratodictyon spongiosum 12 vs. 6, Dichotomaria marginata 33 vs. 19, Euptilota articulata 12 vs. 1, Hypnea pannosa 18 vs. 5, Mastophora pacifica 8 vs. 1, Mastophora rosea 9 vs. 1, Portieria hornemannii 21 vs. 2, Zellera tawallina 11 vs. 3, and Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis 21 vs. 7. C. spongiosum and C. vaucheriiformis live in asssociation with a sponge, but they can also live without the sponge. The free-living stages may have a wider distribution, but were not observed/scored because they are inconspicuous. 87 Table I: Summary of results. A list of taxa arranged by Division/Class including the voucher numbers of preserved specimens (SGAD1012xxx), an incomplete list of representative images (IMG_xxxx), the SEM sites where the taxon has been observed, the total number of sites where the taxon has been observed (Obs.), and the figure (Fig.) in which the distribution of the taxon is mapped. The coloring is indicative of the number of observations (1x yellow, 2-5x orange, 6-14 light green, 15-24 dark green, ≥ 25x blue). Genus species (or description) SGAD1012xxx IMG_xxxx Present at following SEM sites Obs. Fig. Avrainvillea sp. 268, 328 2534, 3240, 3246 39, 40, 53, 54 4 5 Boergesenia forbesii - 1073 15 1 6 Boergesenia? "very small" 096 857-859 1 6 Boodlea sp. 016, 035 215 17 7 Boodlea/Microdictyon/Phyllodictyon spp. 091, 109, 244 828-829, 831, 1007, 1359-1362 12 3, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 45, 46, 55, 60 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 54 10 8 Bornetella nitida/oligospora, sphaerica 095, 115 233, 247, 869-870, 1012 4 9 Bryopsis sp. 008, 045, 131, 193 191-192, 432-433, 1065-1066, 1442 21 10 Caulerpa filicoides 248 2240-2243 12, 14, 20, 21 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 29, 31, 34, 42, 43, 45, 48, 52, 55, 57 32 1 11 Caulerpa mexicana var. crassifolia 1 17 microphysa/lentillifera 9, 13, 18, 19, 21, 22, 33, 45, 50, 51, 53, 55 12 12 Caulerpa parvifolia 1430-1431 917, 1243, 1246, 1334, 1439-1440, 31143116, 3268, 3398 2188-2190, 2203-2204 21 Caulerpa 191 103, 155, 162, 190, 307, 322, 336 245 31 1 11 Caulerpa peltata 6 13 racemosa lamourouxii) 11, 13, 17, 19, 22,23, 24, 26, 32, 33, 34, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51 16 14 Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii 832, 1816, 2140, 2188-2190 800-801, 951, 1195-1198, 1310, 13111312, 1353, 1354, 2334, 2775-2776, 3109, 3112, 3386-3388 2774 12, 17, 26, 30, 31, 34 Caulerpa 092, 225, 239 80, 104, 147, 157, 158, 159, 164, 258, 282, 306, 338 281 4 15 Caulerpa serrulata 012, 130, 154, 186, 255 199, 1031, 1244-1245, 1432-1433, 22982300 26 16 Caulerpa sertularioides 180, 337 1371, 3391 26, 33, 34, 45 2, 3, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34, 41, 45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54 20, 22, 55 3 17 Caulerpa taxifolia 149 18 1 17 Caulerpa verticillata 150, 163, 209, 240 18, 19, 22, 30 4 11 Chaetomorpha sp. 124 1248-1251, 1253, 1337-1339, 1568, 21482149 1093 1 18 Chlorodesmis sp. 030, 215 375, 1610 29 19 Cladophora "thick" 320 3167-3168 15 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58 52 1 18 Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis 097 946 13, 28, 37, 45, 46, 50, 57 7 20 Codium "terete, branching" 015 227 3 1 18 CHLOROPHYTA (green algae) (excl. var. 88 (Table I continued) Genus species (or description) SGAD1012xxx IMG_xxxx Present at following SEM sites Obs. Fig. Dictyosphaeria sp. 175, 176 1395-1396, 1417-1418 3, 20 2 18 Unknown green alga sp. 266 2527 40 1 18 Green branched filaments sp. 094 825 12 1 18 Green unbranched filament sp. 221 1702-1704 1 18 Halimeda "big" 010, 011, 088, 146, 192, 195, 293, 298, 335, 353, 354, 355, 356 186, 161, 845, 1167, 1453-1454, 1463, 2971, 2998-2999, 3352, 3491, 3530, 3532, 3537 46 21 Halimeda "small" 009, 089, 138, 144, 237, 243, 333, 350 200, 838, 1110, 1224, 3309-3311, 3480 Halimeda “trident form” cf. opuntia 063, 087, 156 526, 835, 1330 25 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 58 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58 9, 12, 19 3 21 Halimeda cylindracea 148, 173 1266-1268, 1408 18, 20, 21 3 21 Halimeda macroloba 196, 247 1461, 2219 2 21 Neomeris sp. 041, 194 398, 1448 24 22 Rhipidosiphon javensis 055 476-477 6 23 Tydemania expeditionis 005 146 17 24 Udotea orientalis 182, 352 3538 21, 31 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 41, 45, 58 8, 11, 12, 30, 34, 40 1, 10, 11, 14, 18, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45, 46, 51, 54, 60 21, 58 2 18 Valonia utricularis 047, 152 404, 1252, 1254 4 23 Ventricaria ventricosa 029, 084, 242 376, 388, 784, 1504, 2166 7, 9, 18, 33 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 57 41 25 Cymodocea rotundata 183 1477 21 1 26 Enhalus acoroides 181 1478-1480 21, 22 2 26 Halophila minor 073, 166, 219 707-708, 1335, 1622 10, 18, 19, 24, 42 5 26 Halophila ovalis 165, 185 1336, 1476 19, 21, 24 3 26 Halophila spinulosa 201 - 22 1 26 - 168, 1076 2, 9, 15, 50, 54 5 27 003, 013, 265, 311 2510, 2878, 3016, 3098 1, 3, 33, 34, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 52, 57 14 28 44 21 MAGNOLIOPHYTA (seagrasses) HETEROKONTOPHYTA, Chrysophyceae (golden algae) Chrysocystis fragilis HETEROKONTOPHYTA, Phaeophyceae (brown algae) Dictyopteris sp. 89 (Table I continued) Genus species (or description) Dictyota "broad, big, rounded tips" SGAD1012xxx 065, 090, 102, 145, 161, 254 101, 134, 135, 177, 283, 312, 360 133, 249, 313 IMG_xxxx Obs. Fig. 20 29 388, 938, 1056, 1079, 1372, 1904, 28162817, 3100 1064, 2263, 3101 Present at following SEM sites 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 39, 41, 52, 53, 54 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 40, 41, 45, 50, 51, 54, 60 10, 12, 15, 25, 30, 32, 51 23 29 7 29 1566-1567 22 1 30 083, 711, 1112, 1119, 1121, 1386, 1597, 1712, 1713, 2297, 2395, 2406, 2514-2415, 2958, 3102, 3140, 3263, 3266, \3652 1, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 60 36 31 30 32 909, 918, 943, 1075, 1097, 1470, 3189, 3202-3204 3065-3066, 3181, 3216 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 39, 40, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55 50, 52, 53 15 30 528, 530, 854, 937, 1165, 1337, 2318 Dictyota "broad, short, rounded tips" Dictyota "thin" Hormophysa cuneiformis Lobophora variegata Padina spp. Sargassum spp. Stypopodium multipartitum 202 004, 072, 139, 140, 141, 171, 202, 214, 222, 223, 256, 261, 262, 264, 294, 309, 310, 324, 325, 361 082, 125, 178, 198, 199, 213, 178, 198, 213, 263, 303, 304, 308, 317 099, 100, 105, 108, 126, 127, 184, 315 302, 316 3 33 Stypopodium? sp. 093 822-824 12 1 33 Turbinaria decurrens 495, 880 496-497, 560, 733-734, 1420, 1422, 1469, 2348, 3070, 3081, 3197-3198 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 20, 25 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 25, 26, 33, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54 34 ornata/conoides/murrayana 066, 085 062, 067, 075, 167, 172, 187, 257, 299, 300, 314 7 Turbinaria 18 34 4 35 18 36 34 37 24 37 15 38 1 40 780, 1096, 1413-1414, 1441, 1456, 1539, 2476, 3025-3026, 3061, 3196 RHODOPHYTA (red algae) Acanthophora spicifera 168 1555, 2567, 3392 Actinotrichia fragilis 286, 297 2827, 2993 Amphiroa "thick" 179 103, 730, 1397 Amphiroa fragilissima 360 3564 Antithamnion(ella) sp. 081, 217, 340 798-799, 1652-1654, 3360 Asteromenia anastomosans 116 1020 20, 22, 40, 55 2, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 26, 27, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 32, 33, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 60 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 27, 40, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59 11, 12, 22, 24, 26, 33, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 54, 55, 57 14 Ceratodictyon spongiosum 117, 151, 236 955, 1255, 1902-1903 14, 18, 26, 27, 28, 29 6 39 Champia? sp. 269 40 1 40 Chondrophycus/Laurencia sp. 160, 280 2543 1084, 1352, 1395, 1509, 1820-1821, 1823-1824, 2784-2785, 3141-3142, 3200 15, 19, 20, 22, 26, 45, 51, 52 8 42 90 (Table I continued) Genus species (or description) SGAD1012xxx 001, 003, 007, 057, 076, 077, 210, 211, 212, 251, 253, 287, 330, 347 024, 129, 226, 295, 056, 136, 250, 296, IMG_xxxx Present at following SEM sites Obs. Fig. 086, 184, 321, 441, 724, 731, 457, 1058, 1114, 1496, 1502, 1517, 1779, 2238, 2245, 2304, 2879, 2938, 2939, 3306, 3475 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 22, 26, 32, 33, 47, 48, 54, 57 19 43 23 44 1 41 18 45 Dichotomaria marginata Ethelia sp. 022 324 Euptilota articulata 110 971 Galaxaura rugosa 034, 284, 349 028, 037, 048, 051, 052, 058, 070, 083,113, 206, 216, 227, 246, 277, 278, 290, 301, 305, 389, 2720, 2807, 2876, 3466 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 18, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 58, 60 14 6, 9, 14, 26, 27, 29, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57 Gibsmithia hawaiiensis Gracilaria salicornia 014, 018, 049, 050, 059, 069, 121, 122, 228, 234, 279, 289, 334, 348 189, 207 1429, 1596 21, 22 2 47 Gracilaria sp. X 327 3223, 3227 53 1 47 Gracilaria/Rhodymenia sp. Y 329 3296 54 1 47 Gracilaria/Halymenia sp. Z 204, 343 1540-1541, 3436-3437 22, 56 2 50 Halymenia dilatata 47 15, 21, 25, 56, 58 5 49 Halymenia/Platoma sp. Q 2684-2685 1060-1062, 1435-1436, 1707-1708, 34253426, 3516, 3519-3520 473-474 2 durvillei 274, 341 118, 128, 188, 220, 344, 357 053 42, 56 Halymenia 8 1 47 Hypnea pannosa 013, 174, 319, 331, 332 254, 1407, 3209, 3345, 3346 3, 20, 51, 52, 54 5 50 Jania (Cheilosporum) sp. 359, 360 3564, 3569 59, 60 2 Kappaphycus/Eucheuma sp. 002, 036, 259, 272 116, 236, 411-412, 2597, 3292, 3295 1, 3, 7, 8, 16, 22, 31, 33, 34, 41, 45, 54 12 51 cf. Kappaphycus cottonii? 203 1578-1580 1 51 Lithophyllum sp. - 138, 716, 790, 2286, 2369 29 52 Mastophora pacifica 044 425-426 22 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52 7 1 41 Mastophora rosea 025 308-309 1 41 Peysonnelia sp. 026, 027, 031, 046, 137, 153, 238, 267, 271, 285 305, 328, 369, 407, 1111, 1279, 1957, 2530, 2807 41 53 Portieria hornemannii 119, 120 1040, 1077 4 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60 15, 26 2 41 241-242, 262, 379, 400, 406, 417, 427, 428, 439, 456, 466, 523, 542, 789, 994, 1024, 1515, 1648-1649, 1807, 1808, 1901, 2205, 2739, 2757, 2871, 2895, 3045-3046, 3132, 3357, 3476 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 22, 24, 26, 28, 31, 43, 45, 47, 50, 51, 55, 57 21 46 91 (Table I continued) Genus species (or description) IMG_xxxx 217-218, 250, 264, 442-443, 479-480, 514, 924, 978, 1511, 1756-1757, 1794, 17981799 2384-2385 Present at following SEM sites Obs. Fig. 3, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 22, 26, 34 9 54 sp. 2 SGAD1012xxx 019, 020, 021, 033, 040, 060, 061, 068, 098, 114, 229, 230, 231, 260 260 Predaea sp. Predaea Pterocladia/Pterocladiella 34 1 47 sp. 169 1421 20 1 40 red, cartilaginous, spiny "Peysonnelia-shaped" 033 - 6 1 48 red, mushroom sp. 1769-1770 48 "Peysonnelia-shaped" 16 55 red, small blades sp. 3492-3493 26 6, 10, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 37, 38, 43, 45, 47, 49, 54, 57 58 1 red, soft, wooly blade 224 032, 074, 078, 079, 106, 107 358 1 48 red, rubbery alga sp. 200 1514 22 1 48 Renouxia sp. 017, 043 245-246, 434 3, 7 2 47 Spyridia filamentosa 3 40 sp. 7, 8, 9, 13, 17, 27, 33, 41, 48, 52 10 56 Tolypiocladia sp. 1484-1485, 1564, 3396 420-421, 438, 493, 558, 1168, 1859, 23022303, 2589, 2963-2964, 3184 1068-1072, 3427-3429 21, 22, 55 Titanophora 197, 208, 339 038, 039, 054, 064, 142, 233, 252, 273, 292, 318 123, 143 2 40 Tricleocarpa fragilis 006, 291, 345 193, 2888, 3427-3429 30 57 Vanvoorstia sp. 218 1659-1660 15, 17 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 22, 26, 30, 33, 41, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58 24 1 40 Zellera tawallina 042, 232 408-410, 1857 7, 26, 27 3 40 732, 770, 791, 913, 950 92 Fig. 1. Overview of the SEM sites visited during the SMEE expedition. Algal diversity was not investigated at SEM35, SEM36, and SEM44 (in grey). Fig. 2. Number of taxa (out of a total of 93) observed at each site. Numbers in squares indicate the number of observed taxa, not the number of the SEM site. 93 Fig. 3. Number of rare taxa (out of a total of 56) observed per site. Rare taxa have been found at up to five sites. Numbers in squares indicate the number of rare taxa, not the number of the SEM site. Fig. 4. Number of taxa per subregion. Subregions indicated by color. Numbers in squares indicate SEM sites. 94 Fig. 5. Distribution of Avrainvillea sp. Fig. 6. Distribution of Boergesenia forbesii and Boergesenia? sp. 95 Fig. 7. Distribution of Boodlea sp. Fig. 8. Distribution of Boodlea/Microdictyon/Phyllodictyon-like morphologies. 96 Fig. 9. Distribution of Bornetella nitida, B. oligospora and B. sphaerica. Fig.10. Distribution of Bryopsis sp. 97 Fig. 11. Distribution of Caulerpa filicoides, C. verticillata, and C. parvifolia. Fig. 12. Distribution of Caulerpa microphysa/lentillifera. 98 Fig. 13. Distribution of Caulerpa peltata. Fig. 14. Distribution of Caulerpa racemosa varieties except for var. lamourouxii. 99 Fig. 15. Distribution of Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii. Fig. 16. Distribution of Caulerpa serrulata. 100 Fig. 17. Distribution of Caulerpa mexicana var. crassifolia, sertularioides and C. taxifolia. Fig. 18. Distribution of eight green algal taxa that were observed at one or two sites. 101 Fig. 19. Distribution of Chlorodesmis spp. Fig. 20. Distribution of the green alga-sponge association Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis-Halichondria cartilaginea. 102 Fig. 21. Distribution of the calcified green algal genus Halimeda. Fig. 22. Distribution of Neomeris spp. 103 Fig. 23. Distribution of Rhipidosiphon javensis and Valonia sp. Fig. 24. Distribution of Tydemania expeditionis. 104 Fig. 25. Distribution of Ventricaria ventricosa. Fig. 26. Distribution of seagrasses. 105 Fig. 27. Distribution of the “golden noodle alga” Chrysocystis fragilis. Fig. 28. Distribution and abundance of Dictyopteris sp. 106 Fig. 29. Distribution and abundance of Dictyota spp. Fig. 30. Distribution and abundance of Sargassum spp. 107 Fig. 31. Distribution and abundance of Lobophora spp. Fig. 32. Distribution and abundance of Padina spp. 108 Fig. 33. Distribution of Stypopodium spp. Fig. 34. Distribution and abundance of Turbinaria spp. 109 Fig. 35. Distribution of Acanthophora spicifera. Fig. 36. Distribution of Actinotrichia fragilis. 110 Fig. 37. Distribution of Amphiroa spp. Fig. 38. Distribution of Antithamnion(ella) sp. 111 Fig. 39. Distribution of the red alga-sponge association Ceratodictyon spongiosumHaliclona cymaeformis. Fig. 40. Distribution of eight red algal taxa that were observed at one to three sites. 112 Fig. 41. Distribution of four red algal species taxa that were observed at one or two sites. Fig. 42. Distribution of Chondrophycus/Laurencia sp. 113 Fig. 43. Distribution of Dichotomaria marginata. Fig. 44. Distribution of Ethelia sp. 114 Fig. 45. Distribution of Galaxaura rugosa. Fig. 46. Distribution of Gibsmithia hawaiiensis. 115 Fig. 47. Distribution of seven rare red algal taxa that were observed at one or two sites. Fig. 48. Distribution of four rare red algal taxa that were only found at one site. 116 Fig. 49. Distribution of Halymenia durvillei. Fig. 50. Distribution of Hypnea pannosa and Gracilaria/Halymenia sp. Z. 117 Fig. 51. Distribution of Kappaphycus/Eucheuma and cf. Kappaphycus cottonii. Fig. 52. Distribution of Lithophyllum spp. 118 Fig. 53. Distribution of Peysonnelia spp. Fig. 54. Distribution of Predaea sp. 119 Fig. 55. Distribution of an unidentified Peysonnelia-shaped but soft red alga. Fig. 56. Distribution of Titanophora spp. 120 Fig. 57. Distribution of Tricleocarpa fragilis. Fig. 58. Minimum variance cluster dendrogram with squared euclidian distances based on presence-absence data of 57 sites. 121 Fig. 59. Geographic distribution of sampling stations colored according to the four clusters of the dendrogram in Fig. 58 122 3. Reef status Affendi Yang Amri (Universiti Malaya) Nina Ho (WWF-Malaysia) Kee Alfian Abd Adzis (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) Aazani Mujahid (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak) Muhammad Ali Syed Hussein (Universiti Malaysia Sabah) Nara Ahmad (Sabah Parks) Munira Shaipudin Shah (Universiti Malaya) 3.1 Introduction The Reef Status team worked to accomplish Objective 2: Assessment of coral reef status and reef population health of SMEE 2010. During SMEE 2010, five main reef areas (Southern, Northern, Tun Sakaran Marine Park, Northwest and Oceanic) containing 60 sites with 109 stations were surveyed. Using a modified Reef Check method which included underwater video transects and reef profiling the summary of results are: Substrate cover High damage from destructive fishing practices such as blast fishing/dynamite fishing could be seen via the high Rubble (RB) percentage at many sites An issue for concern as habitat loss for reef organisms. Fish density Overfishing and blast fishing could be seen via: Snapper low densities especially in Northern Reef area Parrotfish low densities at all sites Bumphead parrotfish very low densities except in Oceanic Reef area Humphead Wrasse absence except in Oceanic Reef area Barramundi Cod absence except in Northwest Reef area Sweetlips (Haemulidae) low densities at all sites - Of particular concern is the Grouper where it is found to be in low densities and in sizes of not more than 60 cm - Moray eel has low densities and in Northwest Reef area is absent at all stations surveyed - Butterflyfish has low densities but is still present at most sites Invertebrate density Over exploitation i.e. overfishing, curio and aquarium collection could be seen especially for: Banded coral shrimp low densities especially its absence at survey sites in Northwest and Oceanic Reef areas 123 - - Impacts - Triton shell low densities at all sites Sea cucumber low densities at all sites except Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area Collector urchin low densities except at some stations in Northern and Southern Reef areas Pencil urchin low densities especially its absence in Tun Sakaran Marine Park stations surveyed Lobster low densities at all sites except some stations in Southern Reef area Giant clam low densities at all sites except Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area nutrient pollution could be seen especially for: Northern, Tun Sakaran Marine Park and Southern Reef areas due to high densities of Diadema sea urchins Crown of Thorn Starfish (COTS) does not seem to be an issue for concern during the survey as it was at low density in all areas. Trash Impact levels are an issue for concern as they were high at most sites even within Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area - Coral disease and Coral bleaching percentages are found to be at low percentages. - Coral damage impacts are high in many sites, mainly from destructive fishing practices such as blast fishing/dynamite fishing except in Oceanic Reef area. RECOMMENDATION It is reminded that the methods used in this survey are designed for monitoring and annual surveys need to be done. Only when changes are detected for the biological indicators (and water quality) would the data be more precisely interpreted. At present we can only speculate when comparing stations, sites and reef areas. Long term monitoring data is essential. Nevertheless the criteria needed to be documented can be changed as needed though time. From the results of SMEE 2010, it is imperative to find ways to minimise coral physical damage, trash and over exploitation of marine organisms in the area. Even though conventional ways such as marine awareness, alternative livelihood for locals, tourism based economies run by locals, environmentally sound practices, proper solid waste disposal and low impact land development plans are always good to be used, novel ways which is suited and agreed upon by relevant stakeholders in the area has to be found. This can only be achieved through open and honest discussions between the stakeholders of Semporna PCA. 124 3.2 Materials and methods The Reef Status Team had eight SCUBA divers for each survey site. They were divided into three teams, either to survey transects at ‘Shallow’ or ‘Deep’ depth stations or reef profiling down to a depth of 25 m. The team members were: 1) Affendi Yang Amri (Universiti Malaya) – Team Leader 2) Nina Ho (WWF-Malaysia) – Co Team Leader 3) Kee Alfian Abd Adzis (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) 4) Aazani Mujahid (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak) 5) Muhammed Ali Syed Hussein (Universiti Malaysia Sabah) 6) Nara Ahmad (Sabah Parks) 7) Munira Shaipudin Shah (Universiti Malaya) 8) Ken Kassem (WWF-Malaysia) 9) Angela Lim (WWF-Malaysia) 10) Carel Drijver (WWF-Netherlands) Reef status for each site was determined using a modified Reef Check which included underwater video transects and reef profiling. A modified Reef Check (Hodgson et al., 2006) was used at each study site. In general, for each survey site a 100 m transect each was deployed at 6 m depth ‘Shallow’ and 12m depth ‘Deep’ stations. Subsequently substrate percentage cover, fish and invertebrate density and impact surveys were done on four replicate 20m lengths with 5m breaks in between along the 100m transects concurrently with the underwater video transect and reef profiling. Underwater video footage of both 100m transects per site were taken and is currently being analysed based on the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) technique (English et al., 1997). Therefore the results from the underwater video are not included in this report. Reef profiling was done at each study site in which a pair of SCUBA divers descended from the end of their Reef Check transects down to a maximum of 25m depth. Then while slowly ascending they documented the benthic community structure on underwater paper attached to dive slates for every 5m depth. They essentially documented 5m x 5m quadrats while following the underwater profile ascending to the water surface. For each quadrat, firstly they documented the percentage of Biological and Non-Biological substrate and secondly they documented the percentage of Hard Coral growth-forms. Biological Substrate were: Hard Coral, Soft Coral, Dead Coral, Algae, Coralline Algae, Seagrass, Gorgonian Sea Fans, Sea Whips, Others Non Biological Substrate were: Rock, Rubble, Sand and Silt. Hard Coral growth-forms (Veron & Stafford-Smith, 2000) were: Branching, Massive, Table, Laminar, Foliaceous, Free living, Encrusting and Others. 125 Brief above water study site descriptions using Reef Check (Hodgson et al., 2006) and water quality parameters using a Hydrolab multiparameter probe were also taken but are not included in this report. During SMEE 2010 surveys from 29 November until 18 December 2010, five main reef areas containing 60 sites with 109 stations were surveyed (Table 1 & Figures 124). Nine sites have two transects at the same depth due to its flat seafloor topography without a distinct reef slope. The data of both transects e.g. Shallow 1 & Shallow 2 for Site 02: Second Reef were later combined for all nine sites. The two sites at Oceanic Reef area (Sipadan Island) only has one transect each at ‘Shallow’ depth as the island has a steep ‘drop off’ reef wall. © WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja 126 3.3 Results & Discussion There are 109 stations at 60 sites within 5 main reef areas surveyed (Table 1Table 1). Table 1: Area, site and station details Lon (E) Station Depth (m) 01 Name Lat (N) Mid Rock Roach Reef 04 10' 48.1'' 118 18' 31.2'' 02 Second Reef 04 10' 32.5'' 118 17' 54.5'' 03 Hand Rock 04 08' 23'' 118 10' 41.6'' Southern Reefs 04 Darby Bank 04 08' 23'' 118 10' 14.6'' Southern Reefs 05 Alert Patches 2 04 09.629' 118 15.621' Southern Reefs 06 Alert Patches 3 04 09.780' 118 16.600' 07 Erzherzog Reef 04 13.83' 118 25.00' Southern Reefs 08 Horn Reef 04 14.534' 118 26.402' Southern Reefs 09 Ligitan Reef 1 S 04 14.128' 118 33.378' Southern Reefs 09A Ligitan Reef 2 N 04 14.655' 118 33.716' 10 Kapalai Island 04 13.080' 118 40.335' Southern Reefs 11 Cust Reef 1 S 04 16.434' 118 42.586' Southern Reefs 12 Mabul Island 04 13.838' 118 38.180' 13 Ligitan Island 1 SW 04 11.224' 118 47.493' Southern Reefs 14 Ligitan Island 2 SE 04 09.640' 118 52.355' Southern Reefs 15 Ligitan Island 3 E 04 12.674' 118 54.590' 16 Si Amil Island 04 19.035 118 52.511' Southern Reefs 17 Denawan Island 04 44.885' 118 50.995' Southern Reefs 18 Ligitan Island 4 W 04 14.122' 118 48.451' Shallow Deep Shallow 1 Shallow 2 Shallow Deep Deep 1 Deep 2 Deep 1 Deep 2 Deep 1 Deep 2 Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow 1 Shallow 2 Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep 6 12 9 9 10 16 15 15 14 14 12 12 5 10 6 11 6 13 6 6 6 12 6 10 6 10 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 Reef Area Day - date Site Southern Reefs 1 - 29.11 Southern Reefs Southern Reefs Southern Reefs Southern Reefs Southern Reefs Southern Reefs 2 - 30.11 3 - 01.12 4 - 02.12 5 - 03.12 6 - 04.12 127 Southern Reefs 19 Cust Reef 2 N 04 17.145' 118 42.664' Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow 1 Shallow 2 Shallow Deep Shallow 1 Shallow 2 Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep 5 10 6 11 5 5 5 12 6 6 4 12 6 12 6 12 5 10 6 12 6 12 5 10 6 12 6 12 Southern Reefs 20 Creach Reef 04 18.956' 118 36.307' Southern Reefs 21 Sipanggau Island 04 22.841' 118 36.330' 23 Pasalat Reef 04 30.834' 118 44.515' Northern reefs 24 Bumbun Island E 04 27.042' 118 46.662' Northern reefs 25 Batura Reef 04 30.818' 118 48.512' 26 Boheyan Island 04 28.094' 118 56.847' Northern reefs 27 Timba timba Island 04 33.653' 118 55.489' Northern reefs 28 Pandanan Island 04 34.678' 118 55.224' Northern reefs 29 Mataking Island 04 35.160' 118 56.757' 30 Kulapuan Island 1 S 04 30.714' 118 51.959' Northern reefs 31 Kulapuan Island 2 N 04 32.124' 118 50.303' Northern reefs 32 Pom pom Island 04 35.510' 118 51.687' Northern reefs 33 Kapikan Reef 04 39.082' 118 49.304' Tun Sakaran Marine Park 12 - 10.12 34 Mantabuan Island 04 37.960' 118 47.815' Shallow Deep 6 12 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 35 Gaya Island 1 SE 04 37.506' 118 46.648' Shallow Deep 6 12 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 36 Gaya Island 2 N 04 37.965' 118 45.529' Shallow Deep 6 10 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 13 - 11.12 37 Boheydulang Island 1S 04 35.007' 118 46.675' Shallow Deep 6 12 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 38 Boheydulang Island 2 outer reef 04 34.053' 118 45.452' Shallow Deep 6 11 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 39 Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon 04 35.949' 118 43.729' Shallow Deep 6 11 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 40 Ribbon Reef 36.155' 118 45.891' Shallow 6 Northern reefs Northern reefs Northern reefs 7 - 05.12 09 - 07.12 10 - 08.12 11 - 09.12 04 128 Deep 12 40.975' Shallow Deep 8 13 118 43.042' Shallow Deep 6 10 33.315' 118 39.313' Shallow Deep 7 13 04 39.056' 118 39.382' Shallow Deep 6 12 Church Reef 1 04 40.901' 118 39.481' Shallow Deep 7 12 46 Church Reef 2 04 41.167' 118 38.913' 47 Larapan Island 04 34.457' 118 36.258' 48 Timbun Mata Island 04 38.777' 118 35.198' Northwest reefs 49 Balusuan Island 04 41.133' 118 32.509' Northwest reefs 50 Batik Island 04 43.550' 118 28.230' 51 Tabawan Island 04 47.235' 118 25.022' Northwest reefs 52 Silumpat Island 04 45.961' 118 23.450' Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep 6 14 6 12 6 12 8 13 6 13 6 12 7 12 Northwest reefs 53 Batik Island 04 42.055' 118 23.304' Northwest reefs 54 Bakungan Island 04 45.214' 118 29.275' 55 Silawa Island 04 34.499' 118 34.020' Northwest reefs 56 Mata Pahi Island 04 34.819' 118 32.806' Northwest reefs 57 Larapan Island 2 S 04 32.851' 118 36.522' Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow Deep Shallow 1 Shallow 2 Shallow Deep 6 12 7 13 7 11 6 6 7 11 Northwest reefs 58 Semporna Mangrove 04 27.603' 118 37.570' Shallow 1 Shallow 2 6 6 06.797' 118 38.168' Shallow 6 06.672' 118 37.489' Shallow 5 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 14 - 12.12 41 Maiga Island 04 37.542' 118 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 42 Selakan Island 04 34.394' Tun Sakaran Marine Park 43 Sebangkat Island 04 Tun Sakaran Marine Park 15 - 13.12 44 Sibuan Island Tun Sakaran Marine Park 45 Tun Sakaran Marine Park Northwest reefs Northwest reefs Northwest reefs Northwest reefs Oceanic reefs Oceanic reefs 17 - 15.12 18 - 16.12 19 - 17.12 20 - 18.12 59A 60 Kulambu Sipadan Is. Mid Reef 04 Sipadan Is. Hanging Gardens 04 129 © WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja 130 Figure 1: All sites surveyed during SMEE 2010 Figure 2: Southern Reef area sites 131 Figure 3: Northern Reef area sites Figure 4: Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area sites 132 Figure 5: Northwest Reef area sites Figure 6: Oceanic Reef area sites 133 3.4 Substrate cover ‘Live Coral’ (Hard Coral and Soft Coral) percentage cover is used to classify the status of reefs surveyed. The criteria used is by the ASEAN-Australian Living Coastal Resources project (Chou et al., 1994), where >75% is ‘Excellent’, 50-75% is ‘Good’, 25-50% is ‘Fair’ and <25% is ‘Poor’. From the results (see Table 3-7 and graphs in this chapter), only 5 stations out of the 109 (5%) are found to be ‘Excellent’, 25 stations (23%) ‘Good’, 41 stations (38%) ‘Fair’ and 38 stations (35%) are at ‘Poor’ status. Only 38 stations (34.9%) surveyed has more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover. These 38 stations are listed in the following sub-chapters for each of the five main areas surveyed. These stations are over the average percentage, this is in view of Bruno & Selig (2007) report on 2003 surveys for West Indonesia which includes the SMEE 2010 study area as having an average of 29% coral cover. Their study also reported Indo-pacific reefs in 2003 having a coral cover average of only 22.1% and just 7 of 390 reefs surveyed that year had coral cover >60%. For further comparision Harborne et al. (2000) had estimated that the mean percent cover for islands on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia to be at 42.2%. From all the substrate cover categories documented (Table 2Table 2) only Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA), Rubble (RB) and Silt (SI) results are presented in detail due to present issues relevant to Semporna PCA reef areas. 134 Table 2: Substrate cover categories documented using the modified Reef Check method (Hodgson et al., 2006) Substrate Category Hard Coral (HC) Notes Scleractinian corals and includes fire coral (Millepora), blue coral (Heliopora) and organ pipe coral (Tubipora) because these are reef builders. Soft Coral (SC) Includes zoanthids Recently Killed Coral Corals that has died within the past year (RKC) Biological Indicator for Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & Nutrient Pollution (if HC has low % cover) Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & Nutrient Pollution (if RKC has high % cover) Nutrient Indicator Blooms of fleshy algae that may be responding to Nutrient Pollution Algae (NIA) high levels of nutrient input (if NIA has high % cover) Sponge (SP) All sponges (but no tunicates) Nutrient Pollution (if SP has high % cover) Rock (RC) Any hard substratum larger than 15 cm whether it is covered in e.g. turf or encrusting coralline algae, barnacles, oysters etc. Rubble (RB) Rocks between 0.5 and 15 cm diameter Physical damage i.e. Storms, Blast Fishing (if RB has high % cover) Sand (SD) Smaller than 0.5 cm Silt/Clay (SI) Sediment that remains in suspension if disturbed Run off from nearby land development (if SI has unusually high % cover) Others (OT) Other sessile organism including sea anemones, tunicates, gorgonians or non-living substrata 135 Southern Coral Reefs From Table 3 and graph for Southern Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed is as follows: Table 3: Southern Reef area % live coral cover and reef status No. Site No. Station Name 1 S01 Mid Rock (Shallow) 2 S01 Mid Rock (Deep) 3 S02 Second Reef (Shallow) 4 S03 Hand Rock (Shallow) 5 S03 Hand Rock (Deep) 6 S04 Darby Bank (Deep) 7 S05 Alert Patches 2 (Deep) 8 S06 Alert Patches 3 (Deep) 9 S07 Erzherzog Reef (Shallow) 10 S07 Erzherzog Reef (Deep) 11 S08 Horn Reef (Shallow) 12 S08 Horn Reef (Deep) 13 S09 Ligitan Reef 1 S (Shallow) 14 S09 Ligitan Reef 1 S (Deep) 15 S09A Ligitan Reef 2 N (Shallow) 16 S10 Kapalai Island (Shallow) 17 S10 Kapalai Island (Deep) 18 S11 Cust Reef 1 S (Shallow) 19 S11 Cust Reef 1 S (Deep) 20 S12 Mabul Island (Shallow) 21 S12 Mabul Island (Deep) 22 S13 Ligitan Island 1 SW (Shallow) 23 S13 Ligitan Island 1 SW (Deep) 24 S14 Ligitan Island 2 SE (Shallow) 25 S14 Ligitan Island 2 SE (Deep) 26 S15 Ligitan Island 3 E (Shallow) 27 S15 Ligitan Island 3 E (Deep) 28 S16 Si Amil Island (Shallow) 29 S16 Si Amil Island (Deep) 30 S17 Denawan Island (Shallow) 31 S17 Denawan Island (Deep) 32 S18 Ligitan Island 4 W (Shallow) 33 S18 Ligitan Island 4 W (Deep) 34 S19 Cust Reef 2 N (Shallow) 35 S19 Cust Reef 2 N (Deep) 36 S20 Creach Reef (Shallow) 37 S20 Creach Reef (Deep) 38 S21 Sipanggau Island (Shallow) Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover Live Coral % Cover 18.1 14.4 39.7 73.1 80.0 55.0 41.3 34.4 65.0 62.5 50.0 31.3 35.0 39.4 56.3 20.6 12.5 66.3 77.5 15.0 11.9 46.3 21.9 11.9 19.4 15.0 8.8 26.3 18.1 21.9 18.8 81.3 56.3 59.4 49.4 48.1 5.6 25.6 Reef Status Poor Poor Fair Excellent Excellent Good Fair Fair Good Good Good Fair Fair Fair Good Poor Poor Good Excellent Poor Poor Fair Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair Poor Poor Poor Excellent Good Good Fair Fair Poor Fair There are four stations (11%) that are ‘Excellent’, eight (21%) ‘Good’, eleven (29%) ‘Fair’ and fifteen (39%) ‘Poor’. Only five stations (13.2%) surveyed has more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover and they were S03 (Deep), S07 (Shallow & Deep), S11 (Deep) and S18 (Deep). 136 From the following graph, Silt (SI) is highest at station S21 (Shallow) with 45.0% followed by S20 (Shallow) 11.3% and S18 (Deep) with 8.8%. Only nine out of 38 stations (29.9%) in the Southern Reefs surveyed has Silt. Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is highest at station S05 (Deep) with 16.9% followed by S10 (Shallow) 9.4% and S03 (Shallow) & S04 (Deep) with 8.8% each. Half of the 38 stations (50%) in the Southern Reefs surveyed has NIA. Rubble (RB) is highest at station S01 (Deep) with 46.9% followed by S01 (Shallow) with 43.8% and S13 (Deep) & S12 (Deep) & S16 (Deep) with 38.8% each. About 84.2% (32 stations) surveyed had Rubble with 14 stations having more than 20% Rubble. 137 138 Northern Coral Reefs From Table 4Table 4 and graph for Northern Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed is as follows: Table 4: Northern Reef area % live coral cover and reef status No. Site No. Station Name 1 S23 Pasalat Reef (Shallow) 2 S23 Pasalat Reef (Deep) 3 S24 Bumbun Island E (Shallow) 4 S25 Batura Reef (Shallow) 5 S25 Batura Reef (Deep) 6 S26 Boheyan Island (Shallow) 7 S26 Boheyan Island (Deep) 8 S27 Timba timba Island (Shallow) 9 S27 Timba timba Island (Deep) 10 S28 Pandanan Island (Shallow) 11 S28 Pandanan Island (Deep) 12 S29 Mataking Island (Shallow) 13 S29 Mataking Island (Deep) 14 S30 Kulapuan Island 1 S (Shallow) 15 S30 Kulapuan Island 1 S (Deep) 16 S31 Kulapuan Island 2 N (Shallow) 17 S31 Kulapuan Island 2 N (Deep) 18 S32 Pom pom Island (Shallow) 19 S32 Pom pom Island (Deep) 20 S33 Kapikan Reef (Shallow) 21 S33 Kapikan Reef (Deep) Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover Live Coral % Cover 30.0 45.0 55.6 8.8 7.5 53.8 53.8 36.3 28.8 13.1 20.0 31.3 26.9 18.8 25.6 13.8 8.8 42.5 11.9 40.0 30.6 Reef Status Fair Fair Good Poor Poor Good Good Fair Fair Poor Poor Fair Fair Poor Fair Poor Poor Fair Poor Fair Fair There are zero station (0%) that is ‘Excellent’, three (14%) ‘Good’, ten (48%) ‘Fair’ and eight (38%) ‘Poor’. Only four stations (19.0%) surveyed has more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover and they were S26 (Deep), S27 (Shallow), S29 (Shallow) and S33 (Shallow). From the following graph, Silt (SI) is not documented at all stations surveyed in the Northern Reefs. Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is highest at station S32 (Deep) with 6.3% followed by S33 (Shallow) 5.6% and S26 (Deep) with 3.8%. Only seven of the 21 stations (33.3%) in the Northern Reefs surveyed has NIA. Rubble (RB) is highest at station S32 (Deep) with 74.4% followed by S28 (Shallow) with 61.9% and S32 (Shallow) with 51.9%. Nearly all stations (95.2%), 20 out of 21 surveyed had Rubble with 15 stations (71.4%) having more than 20% Rubble. 139 140 Tun Sakaran Marine Park Coral Reefs From Table 5 and graph for Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed are as follows: Table 5: Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area % live coral cover and reef status No. Site No. Station Name 1 S34 Mantabuan Island (Shallow) 2 S34 Mantabuan Island (Deep) 3 S35 Gaya Island 1 SE (Shallow) 4 S35 Gaya Island 1 SE (Deep) 5 S36 Gaya Island 2 N (Shallow) 6 S36 Gaya Island 2 N (Deep) 7 S37 Boheydulang Island 1 S (Shallow) 8 S37 Boheydulang Island 1 S (Deep) 9 S38 Boheydulang Is 2 Outer Reef (Shallow) 10 S38 Boheydulang Is 2 Outer Reef (Deep) 11 S39 Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon (Shallow) 12 S39 Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon (Deep) 13 S40 Ribbon Reef (Shallow) 14 S40 Ribbon Reef (Deep) 15 S41 Maiga Island (Shallow) 16 S41 Maiga Island (Deep) 17 S42 Selakan Island (Shallow) 18 S42 Selakan Island (Deep) 19 S43 Sebangkat Island (Shallow) 20 S43 Sebangkat Island (Deep) 21 S44 Sibuan Island (Shallow) 22 S44 Sibuan Island (Deep) 23 S45 Church Reef 1 (Shallow) 24 S45 Church Reef 1 (Deep) 25 S46 Church Reef 2 (Shallow) 26 S46 Church Reef 2 (Deep) Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover Live Coral % Cover 39.4 19.4 23.1 18.1 28.8 38.1 26.3 22.5 8.8 21.9 36.3 55.6 56.3 54.4 54.4 59.4 38.8 34.4 53.1 49.4 23.1 35.0 52.5 48.1 35.0 32.5 Reef Status Fair Poor Poor Poor Fair Fair Fair Poor Poor Poor Fair Good Good Good Good Good Fair Fair Good Fair Poor Poor Good Fair Fair Fair There are zero station (0%) that is ‘Excellent’, seven (27%) ‘Good’, eleven (42%) ‘Fair’ and eight (31%) ‘Poor’. Nevertheless fourteen stations (53.8%) surveyed has more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover and they were station S34 (Shallow), S36 (Deep), S39 (Shallow & Deep), S40 (Shallow & Deep), S41 (Deep), S43 (Shallow & Deep), S44 (Deep), S45 (Shallow & Deep) and S46 (Shallow & Deep). From the following graph, Silt (SI) is documented only at one station S39 (Deep) with only 3.8% silt. The other 25 reef stations (96.2%) surveyed in Tun Sakaran Marine Park has no silt observed. Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is highest at station S40 (Deep) and S41 (Shallow) with 1.9% each followed by S46 (Shallow) 1.3% and S39 (Deep), S42 (Deep), S43 141 (Deep), S44 (Shallow), S45 (Shallow), S46 (Deep) with 0.6% each. Only ten of the 26 stations (38.5%) in the Marine Park reef surveyed have NIA. Rubble (RB) is highest at station S36 (Shallow) with 61.3% followed by S34 (Deep) & S44 (Shallow) with 53.1% each and S38 (Deep) with 51.9%. All 26 stations surveyed had Rubble with 15 stations (57.7%) having more than 20% Rubble. 142 143 Northwest Coral Reefs From Table 6 and graph for Northwest Park Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed is as follows: Table 6: Northwest Reef area % live coral cover and reef status No. Site No. Station Name 1 S47 Larapan Island (Shallow) 2 S47 Larapan Island (Deep) 3 S48 Timbun Mata Island (Shallow) 4 S48 Timbun Mata Island (Deep) 5 S49 Balusuan Island (Shallow) 6 S49 Balusuan Island (Deep) 7 S50 Batik Island (Shallow) 8 S50 Batik Island (Deep) 9 S51 Tabawan Island (Shallow) 10 S51 Tabawan Island (Deep) 11 S52 Silumpat Island (Shallow) 12 S52 Silumpat Island (Deep) 13 S53 Batik Kulambu Island (Shallow) 14 S53 Batik Kulambu Island (Deep) 15 S54 Bakungan Island (Shallow) 16 S54 Bakungan Island (Deep) 17 S55 Silawa Island (Shallow) 18 S55 Silawa Island (Deep) 19 S56 Mata Pahi Island (Shallow) 20 S57 Larapan Island 2 S (Shallow) 21 S57 Larapan Island 2 S (Deep) 22 S58 Semporna Mangrove (Shallow) Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover Live Coral % Cover 58.1 49.4 75.6 60.0 36.3 43.8 53.1 69.4 20.0 49.4 46.3 46.3 45.6 48.1 13.1 17.5 22.5 7.5 26.3 58.1 44.4 18.1 Reef Status Good Fair Excellent Good Fair Fair Good Good Poor Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Good Fair Poor There is only one location (5%) that is ‘Excellent’, five (23%) ‘Good’, nine (41%) ‘Fair’ and seven (32%) ‘Poor’. Nevertheless eleven stations (50%) surveyed have more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover and they are station S47 (Shallow & Deep), S48 (Shallow & Deep), S50 (Shallow & Deep), S51 (Deep), S52 (Shallow & Deep) and S57 (Shallow & Deep). From the following graph, Silt (SI) is highest at station S58 (Shallow) with 49.7% followed by S56 (Shallow) with 9.4%, S55 (Shallow & Deep) with 5.0% and S52 (Deep) with 1.3% silt. The other 17 reef stations (77.3%) surveyed in the Northwest have no silt observed. Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is highest at station S51 (Shallow) with 28.8% followed by S53 (Shallow) 21.3% and S52 (Deep) with 18.1%. Fourteen of the 22 stations (63.6%) in the Northwest reef surveyed have NIA observed. Rubble (RB) is highest at station S55 (Shallow) with 39.4% followed by S54 (Shallow) with 35.6% and S56 (Shallow) with 28.4%. Twenty of the 22 stations 144 (90.9%) surveyed had Rubble with five stations (22.7%) having more than 20% Rubble. 145 146 Oceanic Coral Reefs From Table 7 and graph for Oceanic Reefs, the status of the reefs surveyed is as follows: Table 7: Oceanic Reef area % live coral cover and reef status No. Site No. Station Name 1 S59A Sipadan Is Mid Reef (Shallow) 2 S60 Sipadan Is Hanging Gardens (Shallow) Text in red denotes Hard Coral >30% substrate cover Live Coral % Cover 56.9 67.5 Reef Status Good Good There are zero station (0%) that is ‘Excellent’, two (100%) ‘Good’, zero (0%) ‘Fair’ and zero (0%) ‘Poor’. Nevertheless both stations (100%) surveyed have more than 30% Hard Coral (HC) cover. From the following graph, Silt (SI) is not observed at the two stations in Sipadan. Nutrient Indicator Algae (NIA) is only present at station S59A (Shallow) but at a low percentage cover of 0.6%. Rubble (RB) is higher at station S59A (Shallow) with 20.0% compared to S60 (Shallow) with 8.1%. Both stations have no more than 20% Rubble. 147 3.5 Fish density Snapper Organism Snapper (Lutjanidae) Biological Indicator for Overfishing & Blast Fishing (if Snapper density is low) The highest density of Snapper (87.8 ± 87.4 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S34 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Snapper is present at 17 stations (65.4%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 5.9 ± 35.9 SE individuals per 500m3, both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 5.3 ± 10.0 SE individuals per 500m3, 18 stations (81.8%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 2.1 ± 5.7 SE individuals per 500m3, 29 stations (76.3%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 1.9 ± 12.7 SE individuals per 500m3 and 9 stations (42.9%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.3 ± 1.2 SE individuals per 500m3. Snapper maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 41.3 ± 36.3 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S09 (Deep), Northwest Reef area 15.0 ± 10.4 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S52 (Deep), Oceanic Reef area 9.8 ± 6.7 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S60 (Shallow) and Northern Reef area with 2.8 ± 2.4 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S30 (Deep). 148 149 Moray eel Organism Moray Eel (Muraenidae) Biological Indicator for Overfishing & Aquarium Fish Collection (if Moray Eel density is low) The highest density of Moray eel (0.75 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3) are at stations S30 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area and S17 (Shallow) in Southern Reef area. Moray eel is present at 1 station (50.0%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 0.13 ± 0.35 SE individuals per 500m3, 4 stations (19.0%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.08 ± 0.32 SE individuals per 500m3, 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.22 SE individuals per 500m3, 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.10 SE individuals per 500m3 and 0 stations (0%) in Northwest Reef area. Moray eel maximum densities for each area surveyed are Oceanic Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S59A (Shallow), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 only present at station S41 (Shallow) and Northwest Reef area with 0 individuals per 500m3 at all stations. 150 151 Parrotfish Organism Parrotfish >20cm (Scaridae) Biological Indicator for Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & Aquarium Fish Collection (if Parrotfish density is low) The highest density of Parrotfish (19.3 ± 5.1 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S51 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area. Parrotfish is present at 19 stations (86.4%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 4.5 ± 6.8 SE individuals per 500m3, 24 stations (92.3%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 2.9 ± 3.8 SE individuals per 500m3, 19 stations (90.5%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 2.9 ± 3.5 SE individuals per 500m3, both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 2.4 ± 1.2 SE individuals per 500m3 and 29 stations (76.3%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 2.2 ± 4.2 SE individuals per 500m3. Parrotfish maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 11.8 ± 7.8 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S10 (Shallow), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 10.8 ± 1.1 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S36 (Deep), Northern Reef area 7.8 ± 1.6 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S26 (Deep) and Oceanic Reef area with 2.5 ± 0.3 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S59A (Shallow). 152 153 Bumphead parrotfish Organism Biological Indicator for Bumphead parrotfish Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & (Bolbometopon muricatum) Aquarium Fish Collection (if Bumphead parrotfish density is low) The highest density of Bumphead parrotfish (10.00 ± 10.00 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S59A (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area. Bumphead parrotfish is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 9.38 ± 17.41 SE individuals per 500m3, 2 stations (7.7%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.04 ± 0.31 SE individuals per 500m3, 2 stations (5.3%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.03 ± 0.26 SE individuals per 500m3, 1 station (4.8%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.11 SE individuals per 500m3 and 0 station (0%) in Northwest Reef area. Bumphead parrotfish maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 0.75 ± 0.75 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S12 (Deep), Tun Sakaran Marine Park area 0.75 ± 0.75 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S40 (Deep), Northern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 only at station S28 (Shallow) and Northwest Reef area with 0 individuals per 500m3 at all stations. 154 155 Humphead wrasse Organism Biological Indicator for Humphead wrasse Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & (Cheilinus undulatus) Aquarium Fish Collection (if Humphead wrasse density is low) The highest density of Humphead wrasse (0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S59A (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area. This is the only station that this fish was documented during the entire SMEE 2010. Humphead wrasse is present only at 1 station (50%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 0.13 ± 0.35 SE individuals per 500m3, 0 stations (0%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area, 0 stations (0%) in Northwest Reef area, 0 stations (0%) in Southern Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area. 156 157 Barramundi cod Organism Biological Indicator for Barramundi cod Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & (Cromileptes altivelis) Aquarium Fish Collection (if Barramundi cod density is low) The highest density of Barramundi cod (0.25 ± 0.16 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S56 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area. This is the only station that this fish was documented during the entire SMEE 2010. Barramundi cod is present only at 1 station (4.5%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.07 SE individuals per 500m3, 0 stations (0%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area, 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area, 0 stations (0%) in Southern Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area. 158 159 Sweetlips (Haemulidae) Organism Sweetlips (Haemulidae) Biological Indicator for Overfishing, Blast Fishing, Poison Fishing & Aquarium Fish Collection (if Sweetlips density is low) The highest density of Haemulidae (3.25 ± 2.93 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S29 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area. Haemulidae is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 0.38 ± 0.74 SE individuals per 500m3, 3 stations (14.3%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.25 ± 1.40 SE individuals per 500m3, 14 stations (36.8%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.13 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 500m3, 7 stations (26.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.12 ± 0.51 SE individuals per 500m3 and 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.10 ± 0.47 SE individuals per 500m3. Haemulidae maximum densities for each area surveyed are Northwest Reef area 1.13 ± 0.99 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S58 (Shallow), Southern Reef area 1.00 ± 0.58 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S19 (Deep), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 1.00 ± 1.00 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S41 (Deep) and Oceanic Reef area with 0.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S59A (Shallow). 160 161 Butterflyfish Organism Butterflyfish (Chaetodon spp.) Biological Indicator for Overfishing, Poison Fishing & Aquarium Fish Collection (if Butterflyfish density is low) The highest density of Butterflyfish (19.8 ± 9.4 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S60 (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area. Butterflyfish is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area with a mean density of 12.3 ± 14.8 SE individuals per 500m3, all 38 stations (100%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 3.7 ± 4.1 SE individuals per 500m3, 20 stations (95.2%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 3.6 ± 4.3 SE individuals per 500m3, all 26 stations (100%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 3.2 ± 3.1 SE individuals per 500m3 and 19 stations (86.4%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 2.1 ± 2.6 SE individuals per 500m3. Butterflyfish maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 12.8 ± 3.8 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S01 (Deep), Northern Reef area 12.8 ± 3.2 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S32 (Deep), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 7.8 ± 0.5 SE and 7.8 ± 1.1 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S34 (Deep) and S43 (Shallow) respectively and Northwest Reef area with 7.3 ± 1.7 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S49 (Shallow). 162 163 Grouper size classes Organism Biological Indicator for Grouper >30cm Overfishing, Blast Fishing & Poison Fishing (Serranidae) (if Grouper density is low) No Grouper with the size class of more than 60 cm is documented in all 109 stations of 60 sites surveyed during SMEE 2010. The highest density of Grouper with the size class of 50-60 cm (0.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 500m3) are at stations S60 (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area and S44 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. These are the only stations that Grouper with this size class are documented, 1 station (50%) in Oceanic Reef area and 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area. The highest density of Grouper with the size class of 40-50 cm (1.00 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 500m3) is at station S60 (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area. This size class is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area, 3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S10 (Shallow), 2 stations (9.5%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 each at station S27 (Deep) and S32 (Deep), 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S44 (Deep) and 1 station (4.5%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S48 (Deep). The highest density of Grouper with the size class of 30-40 cm (2.50 ± 1.19 SE and 2.50 ± 0.87 individuals per 500m3) is at stations S60 (Shallow) in Oceanic Reef area and S40 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area respectively. This size class is present at both stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area 18 stations (69.2%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area, 23 stations (60.5%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 1.75 ± 0.55 SE and 1.75 ± 0.48 SE individuals per 500m3 respectively at stations S13 (Deep) and S15 (Deep), 12 stations (57.1%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 1.50 ± 0.65 SE individuals per 500m3 at station S29 (Shallow) and 16 stations (72.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 1.00 ± 0.58 SE and 1.00 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 500m3 at stations S53 (Deep) and S47 (S) respectively. Only two stations have 3 size classes of Groupers (30-40 cm, 40-50 cm, 50-60 cm), they are S60 (Shallow) and S44 (Deep). Most stations that Grouper are present only have the size class of 30-40 cm. 164 165 © WWF-Malaysia / Eric Madeja 166 3.6 Invertebrate density Diadema Organism Long-spined Black Sea Urchin (Diadema spp.) Biological Indicator for Overfishing & Nutrient Pollution (if Diadema density is high) The highest density of Diadema (188.8 ± 44.3 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S31 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area. Diadema is present at 17 stations (81.0%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 36.6 ± 60.7 SE individuals per 100m2, 32 stations (84.2%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 15.1 ± 33.8 SE individuals per 100m2, 20 stations (76.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 13.4 ± 30.8 SE individuals per 100m2, 11 stations (50%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.3 ± 0.7 SE individuals per 100m2 and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. Diadema maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 149.8 ± 16.9 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S17 (Shallow), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 104.5 ± 43.2 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S38 (Shallow), Northwest Reef area 1.8 ± 0.9 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S48 (Shallow) and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at both stations. 167 168 Banded coral shrimp Organism Biological Indicator for Banded coral shrimp Aquarium Fish Collection (Stenopus hispidus) (if Banded coral shrimp density is low) The highest density of Banded coral shrimp (1.25 ± 0.75 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S14 (Deep) in Southern Reef area. Banded coral shrimp is present at 5 stations (13.2%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.08 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 100m2, 2 stations (9.5%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.02 ± 0.15 SE individuals per 100m2, 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.10 SE individuals per 100m2, 0 station (0%) in Oceanic Reef area and in Northwest Reef area. Banded coral shrimp maximum densities for each area surveyed are Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S45 (Shallow), Northern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S24 (Shallow) and S31 (Deep), Oceanic Reef area and Northwest Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations. 169 170 Crown-of-Thorns Seastar (COTS) Organism Biological Indicator for Crown-of-Thorns Seastar Overfishing (Acanthaster planci) (if COTS density is high) The highest density of COTS (0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S51 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area. COTS is present at 3 stations (13.6%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.21 SE individuals per 100m2, 2 stations (5.3%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.09 SE individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0 individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area and in Northern Reef area. COTS maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S06 (Deep), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations, Oceanic Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations and Northern Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations. 171 172 Triton Shell Organism Triton Shell (Charonia tritonis) Biological Indicator for Overfishing & Curio Collection (if Triton Shell density is low) The highest density of Triton Shell (2.50 ± 1.50 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S31 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area. Triton Shell is present at 7 stations (33.3%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.24 ± 0.86 SE individuals per 100m2, 7 stations (26.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.09 ± 0.32 SE individuals per 100m2, 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.06 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2, 3 stations (13.6%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.21 SE individuals per 100m2 and 0 station (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. Triton Shell maximum densities for each area surveyed are Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0.75 ± 0.48 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S34 (Deep), Southern Reef area 0.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S03 (Shallow) and S07 (Deep), Northwest Reef area 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S49 (Shallow) and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations. 173 174 Sea Cucumber Organism Sea Cucumber Biological Indicator for Overfishing (if Sea Cucumber density is low) The highest density of Sea Cucumber (2.00 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S38 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Sea Cucumber is present at 15 stations (57.7%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.41 ± 0.78 SE individuals per 100m2, 17 stations (81.0%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.26 ± 0.46 SE individuals per 100m2, 15 stations (39.5%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.16 ± 0.43 SE individuals per 100m2, 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.07 ± 0.30 SE individuals per 100m2 and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. Sea Cucumber maximum densities for each area surveyed are Southern Reef area 1.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S10 (Shallow), Northern Reef area 0.75 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S32 (Shallow), Northwest Reef area 0.50 ± 0.50 SE and 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S49 (Shallow) and S47 (Deep) respectively and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations. 175 176 Collector Urchin Organism Collector Urchin (Tripneustes spp.) Biological Indicator for Curio Collection (if Collector Urchin density is low) The highest density of Collector Urchin (0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2) each is at stations S15 (Deep) in Southern Reef area and S33 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area. Collector Urchin is present at 3 stations (14.3%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.21 SE individuals per 100m2, 4 stations (10.5%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.03 ± 0.18 SE individuals per 100m2, 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.01 ± 0.01 SE individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area and in Northwest Reef area. Collector Urchin maximum densities for each area surveyed are Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S36 (Deep), Northwest Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations. 177 178 Pencil Urchin Organism Biological Indicator for Pencil Urchin Curio Collection (Heterocentrotus mammilatus) (If Pencil Urchin density is low) The highest density of Pencil Urchin (1.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S15 (Deep) in Southern Reef area. Pencil Urchin is present at 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.09 ± 0.34 SE individuals per 100m2, 2 stations (9.5%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.02 ± 0.15 SE individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0 individuals per 100m2, 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area and in Northwest Reef area. Pencil Urchin maximum densities for each area surveyed are Northern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S23 (Deep) and S31 (Shallow), Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations, Oceanic Reef area 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations and Northwest Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations. 179 180 Lobster Organism Lobster Malacostraca (Decapod) Biological Indicator for Overfishing (if Lobster density is low) The highest density of Lobster (0.75 ± 0.75 SE and 0.75 ± 0.48 SE individuals per 100m2) is at stations S08 (Shallow) and S14 (Shallow) respectively in Southern Reef area. Lobster is present at 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a mean density of 0.08 ± 0.39 SE individuals per 100m2, 5 stations (23.8%) in Northern Reef area with a mean density of 0.06 ± 0.24 SE individuals per 100m2, 4 stations (18.2%) in Northwest Reef area with a mean density of 0.05 ± 0.21 SE individuals per 100m2, 2 stations (7.7%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area with a mean density of 0.02 ± 0.14 SE individuals per 100m2 and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. Lobster maximum densities for each area surveyed are Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S42 (Shallow & Deep), Northwest Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S48 (Shallow), S50 (Shallow & Deep) and S51 (Shallow), Northern Reef area 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S23 (Deep), S27 (Shallow), S28 (Deep), S30 (Shallow) and S32 (Shallow) and Oceanic Reef area with 0 individuals per 100m2 at all stations. 181 182 Giant Clam size classes Organism Giant Clam (Tridacna spp.) Biological Indicator for Overfishing & Curio Collection (if Giant Clam density is low) From 109 stations in 60 sites during SMEE 2010, only two stations have all six size classes. The stations are S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and S49 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area. The best station for Giant Clam density and size classes is S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of more than 50 cm (0.75 ± 0.48 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S51 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area. This size class is present at 4 stations (18.2%) in Northwest Reef area, 4 stations (19.0%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S27 (Shallow), 3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S12 (Shallow), S15 (Deep) and S19 (Deep), 6 stations (23.1%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S43 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of 40-50 cm (1.25 ± 0.95 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. This size class is present at 7 stations (26.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 1 station (4.8%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S27 (Shallow), 3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S03 (Shallow) and S07 (Deep), 2 stations (9.1%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S47 (Shallow) and S49 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of 30-40 cm (3.25 ± 1.44 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. This size class is present at 3 stations (11.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 1.25 ± 0.95 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S11 (Shallow), 4 stations (18.2%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S48 (Shallow), 4 stations (19.0%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.25 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S23 (Deep), S26 (Shallow) and S27 (Shallow & Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. 183 The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of 20-30 cm (3.75 ± 1.49 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. This size class is present at 7 stations (26.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 6 stations (15.8%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.63 ± 0.50 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S06 (Deep), 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.50 SE & 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 respectively at station S48 (Shallow) and S49 (Shallow), 6 stations (28.6%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.50 ± 0.29 SE individuals per 100m2 each at stations S29 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow) and S33 (Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of 10-20 cm (6.00 ± 2.45 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. This size class is present at 16 stations (61.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area 10 stations (47.6%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum density of 2.00 ± 1.22 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S25 (Shallow), 9 stations (40.9%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 1.00 ± 0.41 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S48 (Deep), 9 stations (23.7%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 0.75 ± 0.25 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S18 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest density of Giant Clam with the size class of less than 10 cm (9.25 ± 3.97 SE individuals per 100m2) is at station S25 (Shallow) in Northern Reef area. This size class is present at 13 stations (61.9%) in Northern Reef area, 16 stations (61.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area with a maximum density of 5.50 ± 2.53 SE individuals per 100m2 at station S39 (Shallow), 21 stations (55.3%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum density of 3.50 ± 1.19 SE and 3.50 ± 1.71 SE individuals per 100m2 respectively at station S09 (Shallow) and S12 (Shallow), 10 stations (45.5%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum density of 1.50 ± 0.65 SE individuals per 100m2 each at station S47 (Shallow) and S49 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. 184 185 186 187 188 189 3.7 Impacts Trash (Fishnets and General) The highest impact level of Trash (Fishnets) (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S32 (Deep) in Northern Reef area, S44 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and S47 (Shallow) in Northwest Reef area. Trash (Fishnets) is present at 13 stations (61.9%) in Northern Reef area, 19 stations (73.1%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 16 stations (72.7%) in Northwest Reef area, 22 stations (57.9%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum impact level of 2.8 ± 0.3 SE at station S09 (Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest impact level of Trash (General) (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S42 (Shallow & Deep) and S43 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Trash (General) is present at 13 stations (50.0%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 21 stations (55.3%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum impact level of 2.8 ± 0.3 SE at station S17 (Deep), 17 stations (77.3%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum impact level of 2.5 ± 0.0 SE at station S58 (Shallow), 9 stations (42.9%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum impact level of 2.0 ± 0.0 SE at station S31 (Shallow) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. Both Fishnets and General Trash are present at 16 stations (42.1%) in Southern Reef area, 13 stations (59.1%) in Northwest Reef area, 11 stations (42.3%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 7 stations (33.3%) in Northern Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. There are no stations with both Fishnet and General Trash at maximum impact levels. 190 191 Coral Disease (Black Band and White Band) The highest percentage of Black Band Disease (10.0 ± 0.0 SE) is at station S39 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Black Band Disease is present at 5 stations (19.2%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum percentage of 5.0 ± 0.0 SE at station S49 (Shallow), 4 stations (10.5%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum percentage of 1.3 ± 1.3 SE at station S09 (Deep), 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area and in Oceanic Reef area. The highest percentage of White Band Disease (10.0 ± 0.0 SE) is at station S41 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. White Band Disease is present at 15 stations (57.7%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 7 stations (31.8%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum percentage of 6.3 ± 1.3 SE at station S47 (Shallow), 7 stations (18.4%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum percentage of 5.0 ± 2.9 SE at station S01 (Deep), 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area and in Oceanic Reef area. Both Black Band and White Band Diseases are present at 5 stations (22.7%) in Northwest Reef area, 5 stations (19.2%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 3 stations (7.9%) in Southern Reef area, 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area and in Oceanic Reef area. There are no stations with more than 10% disease occurrence. 192 193 Coral Bleaching The highest percentage of the coral population bleaching (33.8 ± 5.5 SE) is at station S53 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area. Coral Bleaching is present at 18 stations (81.8%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum colony bleaching percentage of 40.0 ± 0.0 SE at station S53 (Deep), 23 stations (88.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area with a maximum percentage of coral population bleaching of 10.0 ± 0.0 SE each at stations S40 (Deep) and S41 (Shallow) and a maximum colony bleaching percentage of 100.0 ± 0.0 SE at station S43 (Deep), 21 stations (55.3%) in Southern Reef area with a maximum percentage of coral population bleaching of 20.0 ± 0.0 SE and a maximum colony bleaching percentage of 17.5 ± 2.5 SE at station S01 (Deep), 9 stations (42.9%) in Northern Reef area with a maximum percentage of coral population bleaching of 10.0 ± 0.0 SE at station S32 (Deep) and maximum colony bleaching percentage of 10.0 ± 0.0 SE each at stations S26 (Deep), S30 (Deep), S31 (Shallow) and S32 (Deep) and 1 station (50.0%) in Oceanic Reef area with a maximum percentage of coral population bleaching of 1.3 ± 1.3 SE and a maximum colony bleaching percentage of 2.5 ± 2.5 SE at station S59A (Shallow). There are only 5 stations with more than 10% of its coral population bleaching and they are stations S53 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area, S01 (Deep), S06 (Deep), S07 (Deep) and S10 (Deep) in Southern Reef area. 194 195 Coral Damage There are 18 stations out of 109 stations (16.5%) that had all three coral damage criteria at maximum impact levels (3.0 ± 0.3 SE) during SMEE 2010. They are found in two reef areas surveyed which included 11 stations in Northern Reef area which are stations S28 (Shallow & Deep), S29 (Shallow & Deep), S30 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow & Deep), S32 (Shallow & Deep), S33 (Shallow & Deep) and 7 stations in Southern Reef area which are stations S01 (Shallow & Deep), S13 (Shallow & Deep), S14 (Deep), S15 (Shallow) and S16 (Shallow). All three coral damage criteria are documented at 26 stations (68.4%) in Southern Reef area, 11 stations (52.4%) in Northern Reef area, 11 stations (42.3%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 9 stations (40.9%) in Northwest Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in the Oceanic Reef area. The highest impact level of Coral Damage by Dynamite (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S01 (Shallow & Deep), S13 (Shallow & Deep), S14 (Deep), S15 (Shallow & Deep), S16 (Shallow) in Southern Reef area, S25 (Shallow), S28 (Shallow & Deep), S29 (Shallow & Deep), S30 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow & Deep), S32 (Shallow & Deep), S33 (Shallow & Deep) in Northern Reef area, S35 (Shallow), S36 (Deep), S38 (Deep) and S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Coral Damage by Dynamite is present at 28 stations (73.7%) in Southern Reef area, 19 stations (73.1%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 15 stations (71.4%) in Northern Reef area, 9 stations (40.9%) in Northwest Reef area with a maximum impact level of 2.8 ± 0.3 SE at station S54 (Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest impact level of Coral Damage by Boat/Anchor (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S01 (Shallow & Deep), S13 (Shallow & Deep), S14 (Deep), S15 (Shallow & Deep), S16 (Shallow) in Southern Reef area, S25 (Shallow), S28 (Shallow & Deep), S29 (Shallow & Deep), S30 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow & Deep), S32 (Shallow & Deep), S33 (Shallow & Deep) in Northern Reef area, S35 (Shallow), S36 (Deep), S38 (Deep), S39 (Shallow) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and S54 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area. Coral Damage by Boat/Anchor is present at 31 stations (81.6%) in Southern Reef area, 17 stations (81.0%) in Northern Reef area, 16 stations (61.5%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area, 13 stations (59.1%) in Northwest Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. The highest impact level of Coral Damage by Other (3.0 ± 0.0 SE) are at stations S01 (Shallow & Deep), S08 (Deep), S09 (Shallow & Deep), S09A (Shallow), S10 (Deep), S12 (Deep), S13 (Shallow & Deep), S14 (Deep), S15 (Shallow & Deep), S16 (Shallow & Deep), S17 (Shallow & Deep), S20 (Deep), S21 (Shallow) in Southern Reef area, S25 (Shallow & Deep), S28 (Shallow & Deep), S29 (Shallow & Deep), S30 (Shallow), S31 (Shallow & Deep), S32 (Shallow & Deep), S33 (Shallow & Deep) in Northern Reef area, S37 (Shallow & Deep), S38 (Shallow & Deep), S39 (Shallow), S41 (Shallow), S43 (Shallow), S44 (Deep) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and S54 (Deep) in Northwest Reef area. 196 Coral Damage by Other is present at 21 stations (100.0%) in Northern Reef area, 37 stations (97.4%) in Southern Reef area, 18 stations (81.8%) in Northwest Reef area, 20 stations (76.9%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area and 0 stations (0%) in Oceanic Reef area. No Coral Damage is documented at 2 stations (100%) in Oceanic Reef area at stations S59A (Shallow) and S60 (Shallow), 3 stations (13.6%) in Northwest Reef area at stations S50 (Shallow), S53 (Deep) and S54 (Shallow), 1 station (3.8%) in Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area at station S39 (Deep), 1 station (2.6%) in Southern Reef area at station S03 (Deep) and 0 stations (0%) in Northern Reef area. 197 198 199 200 201 202 3.8 Conclusion and recommendations Substrate cover Signs of high damage from destructive fishing practices such as blast fishing/dynamite fishing could be seen via the high Rubble (RB) percentage at many sites even in Tun Sakaran Marine Park area. Rubble percentage is lower at Northwest and Oceanic Reef areas. This is an issue for concern as habitat loss for reef organisms. Fish density Signs of overfishing and blast fishing could be seen via: • Snapper low densities especially in Northern Reef area where blast fishing could be the main cause as the area has high Rubble (RB) percentage • Parrotfish low densities at all sites • Bumphead parrotfish very low densities except in Oceanic Reef area • Humphead Wrasse absence except in Oceanic Reef area • Barramundi Cod absence except in Northwest Reef area • Sweetlips (Haemulidae) low densities at all sites • Of particular concern is the Grouper where it is found to be in low densities and in sizes of not more than 60 cm. • Moray eel has low densities and in Northwest Reef area is absent at all stations surveyed. • Even though Butterflyfish has low densities but this group is still present at most sites. Invertebrate density Signs of over exploitation i.e. overfishing, curio and aquarium collection could be seen especially for: • Banded coral shrimp low densities especially its absence at survey sites in Northwest and Oceanic Reef areas • Triton shell low densities at all sites • Sea cucumber low densities at all sites except Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area • Collector urchin low densities except at some stations in Northern and Southern Reef areas • Pencil urchin low densities especially its absence in Tun Sakaran Marine Park stations surveyed • Lobster low densities at all sites except but some stations in Southern Reef area • Giant clam low densities at all sites except Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area Signs of nutrient pollution could be seen especially for: Northern, Tun Sakaran Marine Park and Southern Reef areas due to high densities of Diadema sea urchins COTs do not seem to be an issue for concern during the survey as it was at low density in all areas. 203 Impacts Trash Impact levels are an issue for concern as they were high at most sites even within Tun Sakaran Marine Park Reef area. Solid wastes (i.e plastics) were found to be at most sites except in Oceanic Reef area. Coral disease and Coral bleaching percentages are found to be at low percentages. Coral damage impacts are high in many sites, mainly from destructive fishing practices such as blast fishing/dynamite fishing except in Oceanic Reef area. The results above are only a snapshot and surveys at each site need to be repeated at regular intervals to document any changes to the reef. Any negative or positive changes need to be documented and further managed properly. Recommendation It is reminded that the methods used in this survey are designed for monitoring and annual surveys need to be done. Only when changes are detected for the biological indicators (and water quality) would the data be more precisely interpreted. At present we can only speculate when comparing stations, sites and reef areas. Long term monitoring data is essential. Nevertheless the criteria needed to be documented can be changed as needed though time. From the results of SMEE 2010, it is imperative to find ways to minimise coral physical damage, trash and over exploitation of marine organisms in the area. Even though conventional ways such as marine awareness, alternative livelihood for locals, tourism based economies run by locals, environmentally sound practices, proper solid waste disposal and low impact land development plans are always good to be used, novel ways which is suited and agreed upon by relevant stakeholders in the area has to be found. This can only be achieved through open and honest discussions between the stakeholders of Semporna PCA. 204 3.9 References Bruno, J. F., & Selig, E. R. (2007). Regional decline of coral cover in the IndoPacific: timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PloS one, 2(1), e711. Chou, L. M., Wilkinson, C. R., Licuanan, W. R. Y., Alino, P., Cheshire, A. C., Loo, M. G. K., Tangjaitrong, S., et al. (1994). Status of coral reefs in the ASEAN region. In C. R. Wilkinson, S. Suraphol, & L. M. Chou (Eds.), Proceedings, Third ASEAN-Australia Symposium on Living Coastal Resources, Vol 1 Status reviews (pp. 1-10). English, S., Wilkinson, C., & Baker, V. (1997). Survey manual for tropical marine resources. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science (2nd ed., p. 390). Townsville, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science. Retrieved Harborne, A., Fenner, D., Barnes, A., Beger, M., Harding, S., & Roxburgh, T. (2000). Status Report on the Coral Reefs of the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Report for the Department of Marine Parks, Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment, Malaysia. London, SW19 2JG, UK: Coral Cay Conservation Ltd. Hodgson, G., Hill, J., Kiene, W., Maun, L., Mihaly, J., Liebeler, J., Shuman, C., et al. (2006). Reef Check Instruction Manual: A Guide to Reef Check Coral Reef Monitoring (2006th ed., pp. 1-95). Pacific Palisades, California: Reef Check Foundation. Veron, J. E. N., & Stafford-Smith, M. (2000). Corals of the World; Volumes 1-3 (p. 1382). Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science. 205 4. Communications One of the objectives of the expedition was for communications and outreach: Establish the value of the Semporna area for diving tourism in combination with coral reef conservation, based on its reef status, which includes information on species richness and the occurrence of rare and endemic species. The Semporna Priority Conservation Area is listed as globally-outstanding for its biodiversity in the Tri-national Conservation Plan of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion (SSME). In addition, the SSME is one of the priority seascapes of the Coral Triangle Initiative which was signed by the Heads of State of the 6 Coral Triangle counties in 2009. A joint communications plan was established with NCB Naturalis for outreach in Netherlands and Malaysia. This included: • • • • • • • • • • Press releases • 1st: Before REA, • 2nd: Launch of REA by Semporna District Officer as the liveaboard departs Press conference post REA: in Kota Kinabalu morning of 20th December T-shirts for expedition team E-newsletters WWF, NCB Naturalis, partners Social media: Twitter,Weblog, Flickr, Facebook Lectures in 2011 – in NL and UMS, at Sabah Society talks Blog - hosted on NCB Naturalis (http://blog.ncbnaturalis.nl/), use Flickr and Twitter to alert new blog posts 22 blog videos of various topics produced by Treasure Images WWF-Malaysia & WWF Coral Triangle Homepages & Facebook to generate publicity to follow blog site Publication: Final Semporna REA Report The main thrusts included the YouTube site with 22 videos, Facebook updates during the expedition, the press releases and the news coverage from the post-expedition press conference. Results include: YouTube site: http://www.youtube.com/user/2010SMEE o 10,575 video views (as of 14 March 2012) o 22 videos News hits: • Results from 1st press release announcing smee: o 1) wildsingapore news: Malaysia: 20-day marine expedition to assess biodiversity level in Semporna http://wildsingaporenews.blogspot.com/2010/11/malaysia-20-daymarine-expedition-to.html 206 o 2) e-borneo.com - Travel Borneo Blog: International team to study marine biodiversity in Semporna - http://eborneo.blogspot.com/2010/11/international-team-to-study-marine.html o 3) Expedition on Semporna's coral reef http://www.sabahtourism.com/sabah-malaysian-borneo/en/news/8201expedition-on-sempornas-coral-reef/ • • Results from 2nd press release launching of smee: o 1) 20101130 Fish New Expedition to assess richness of Malaysian coral reefs - http://www.fishnewseu.com/latest-news/world/4813expedition-to-assess-richness-of-malaysian-coral-reefs.html o 2) 20101130_pA12_BorneoPost_Marine biologists begin expedition in Semporna o 3) 20101202_p11_DailyExpress_Expedition on Semporna's coral reef o 4) 20101206_p5_DailyExpress_Expedition to explore coral reefs of Semporna underway o 5) 20101206_N60_STR_MT_7_FC_THREE-WEEK MARINE EXPEDITION Results from press conference o 1) Sabah rules in sea life http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/12/21/nation/7656858 &sec=nation o 2) Rich Marine Life Found in Reef Expedition Near Borneo http://www.ouramazingplanet.com/rich-marine-life-found-in-reefexpedition-near-borneo-0875/ o 3) Rich marine life found in expedition near Borneo http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40755513/ns/technology_and_sciencescience/ o 4) World’s Highest Marine Biodiversity Found in Semporna http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsgeneral.php?id=551332 o 5) World's Highest Marine Biodiversity Found In Semporna http://www.dailymail.com.my/v2/index.php?option=com_content&vie w=article&id=2216:worlds-highest-marine-biodiversity-found-insemporna&catid=44:general&Itemid=128 o 6) World’s highest marine biodiversity found in Semporna http://www.mysinchew.com/node/49994 o 7) Semporna Expedition Yields Rich Biodiversity http://komuniti.malaysiakini.com/news/semporna-expedition-yieldsrich-biodiversity o 8) Semporna Expedition Yields Rich Biodiversity http://wildsingaporenews.blogspot.com/2010/12/semporna-expeditionyields-rich.html o 9) Malaysia expedition yields rich marine gift basket http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?198256/Malaysia-expedition-yieldsrich-marine-gift-basket o 10) Malaysia expedition yields rich marine gift basket http://www.sciencecentric.com/news/11010201-malaysia-expeditionyields-rich-marine-gift-basket.html o 11) Kerajaan diminta warta lebih banyak pulau di Semporna http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=1222&pub=u 207 o o o o o o o o tusan_malaysia&sec=Sabah_%26_Sarawak&pg=wb_02.htm&arc=hiv e 12) New fame brings more danger to Semporna – by Joe Fernandez http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/news/general/14702new-fame-brings-more-danger-to-semporna 13) New fame brings more danger to Semporna http://malaysiansmustknowthetruth.blogspot.com/2010/12/new-famebrings-more-danger-to-semporna.html 14) Semporna is world’s No.1 http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=76363 15) Kudos to Sabah govt for protecting Sipadan http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/12/31/focus/7712147 &sec=focus 16) Borneo Megadiverse Reef Set To Entice Further Eco-Tourism http://www.prweb.com/printer/4929544.htm 17) Places Available for Young Adventurers in Sabah Conservation Project (2nd Borneo Pangaea Project mentions SMEE) http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsindex.php?id=555376 18) EurekAlert! Semporna may have richest marine biodiversity in the world - http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/nnsmh022311.php 19) Scientists find new marine biodiversity hotspot (25 Feb 2011) http://summitcountyvoice.com/2011/02/25/scientists-find-new-marinebiodiversity-hotspot/ 208 Appendix (Substrate Profile and Coral growth-forms for each study site) Note: Site 19: Cust Reef 2 N Substrate Profile and Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) could not be done due to underwater logistical problems. Site 60: Sipadan Island Hanging Gdns Substrate Profile and Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) was not done. 209 Site 01: Mid Rock Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Mid Rock, Roach Reef 100% Silt 90% Sand Rubble 80% Rock 70% Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips 50% Gorgonian Sea Fans Seagrass 40% Coralline Algae 30% Algae 20% Dead Coral Soft Coral 10% Hard Coral 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-forms of Mid Rock, Roach Reef 100% Others Percentage (%) 90% 80% Encrusting 70% Free Living 60% Foliaceous 50% Laminar 40% 30% Table 20% Massive 10% Branching 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 210 10-5m 5-0m Site 02: Second Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Second Reef, Roach Reef 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Second Reef, Roach Reef 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 211 10-5m 5-0m Site 03: Hand Rock Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Hand Rock 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Hand Rock 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 212 10-5m 5-0m Site 04: Darby Bank Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Darby Bank 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Darby Bank 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 213 10-5m 5-0m Site 05: Alert Patches 2 Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Alert Patches 2 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Alert Patches 2 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 214 10-5m 5-0m Site 06: Alert Patches 3 Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Alert Patches 3 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Alert Patches 3 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 215 10-5m 5-0m Site 07: Erzherzog Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Erzherzog Reef 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Erzherzog Reef 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 216 10-5m 5-0m Site 08: Horn Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Horn Reef 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Horn Reef 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 217 10-5m 5-0m Site 09: Ligitan Reef 1 S Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Ligitan Reef 1 S 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Reef 1 S 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 218 10-5m 5-0m Site 09A: Ligitan Reef 2 N Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Ligitan Reef 2 N 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Reef 2 N 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 219 10-5m 5-0m Site 10: Kapalai Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Kapalai Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Kapalai Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 220 10-5m 5-0m Site 11: Cust Reef 1 S Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Cust Reef 1 S 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Cust Reef 1 S 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 221 10-5m 5-0m Site 12: Mabul Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Mabul Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Mabul Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 222 10-5m 5-0m Site 13: Ligitan Island 1 SW Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Ligitan Island 1 SW 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Island 1 SW 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 223 10-5m 5-0m Site 14: Ligitan Island 2 SE Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Ligitan Island 2 SE 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Island 2 SE 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 224 10-5m 5-0m Site 15: Ligitan Island 3 E Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Ligitan Island 3 E 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Island 3 E 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 225 10-5m 5-0m Site 16: Si Amil Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Si Amil Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Si Amil Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 226 10-5m 5-0m Site 17: Denawan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Denawan Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Denawan Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 227 10-5m 5-0m Site 18: Ligitan Island 4 W Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Ligitan Island 4 W 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Ligitan Island 4 W 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 228 10-5m 5-0m Site 20: Creach Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Creach Reef 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Creach Reef 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 229 10-5m 5-0m Site 21: Sipanggau Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Sipanggau Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Sipanggau Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 230 10-5m 5-0m Site 23: Pasalat Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Pasalat Reef 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Pasalat Reef 100% 90% 80% Others Percentage (%) 70% Encrusting Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 231 10-5m 5-0m Site 24: Bumbun Island E Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Bumbun Island E 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Bumbun Island E 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 232 10-5m 5-0m Site 25: Batura Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Batura Reef 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Batura Reef 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 233 10-5m 5-0m Site 26: Boheyan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Bohayen Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Bohayen Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 234 10-5m 5-0m Site 27: Timba timba Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Timba-timba Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Timba-timba Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 235 10-5m 5-0m Site 28: Pandanan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Pandanan Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Pandanan Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 236 10-5m 5-0m Site 29: Mataking Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Mataking Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Mataking Island 100% 90% 80% Others Percentage (%) 70% Encrusting Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 237 10-5m 5-0m Site 30: Kulapuan Island 1 S Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Kulapuan Island 1 S 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Kulapuan Island 1 S 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 238 10-5m 5-0m Site 31: Kulapuan Island 2 N Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Kulapuan Island 2 N 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Kulapuan Island 2 N 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 239 10-5m 5-0m Site 32: Pom pom Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Pom pom Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Pom pom Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 240 10-5m 5-0m Site 33: Kapikan Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Kapikan Reef 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Kapikan Reef 100% 90% 80% Others Percentage (%) 70% Encrusting Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 241 10-5m 5-0m Site 34: Mantabuan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Mantabuan Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Mantabuan Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 242 10-5m 5-0m Site 35: Gaya Island 1 SE Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Gaya Island 1 SE 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Gaya Island 1 SE 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 243 10-5m 5-0m Site 36: Gaya Island 2 N Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Gaya Island 2 N 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Gaya Island 2 N 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 244 10-5m 5-0m Site 37: Boheydulang Island 1 S Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Boheydulang 1 S 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Boheydulang 1 S 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 245 10-5m 5-0m Site 38: Boheydulang Island 2 outer reef Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Boheydulang Island 2 Outer Reef 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Boheydulang Island 2 Outer Reef 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 246 10-5m 5-0m Site 39: Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Tetagan Island Inner Lagoon 100% 90% 80% Others Percentage (%) 70% Encrusting Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 247 10-5m 5-0m Site 40: Ribbon Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Ribbon Reef 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Ribbon Reef 100% 90% 80% Others Percentage (%) 70% Encrusting Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 248 10-5m 5-0m Site 41: Maiga Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Maiga Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Maiga Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 249 10-5m 5-0m Site 42: Selakan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Selakan Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Selakan Island 100% 90% 80% Others Percentage (%) 70% Encrusting Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 250 10-5m 5-0m Site 43: Sebangkat Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Sebangkat Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Sebangkat Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 251 10-5m 5-0m Site 44: Sibuan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Sibuan Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Sibuan Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 252 10-5m 5-0m Site 45: Church Reef 1 Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Church Reef 1 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Church Reef 1 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 253 10-5m 5-0m Site 46: Church Reef 2 Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Church Reef 2 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Church Reef 2 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 254 10-5m 5-0m Site 47: Larapan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Larapan Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Larapan Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 255 10-5m 5-0m Site 48: Timbun Mata Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Timbun Mata Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Timbun Mata Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 256 10-5m 5-0m Site 49: Balusuan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Balusuan Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Balusuan Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 257 10-5m 5-0m Site 50: Batik Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Batik Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Batik Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 258 10-5m 5-0m Site 51: Tabawan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Tabawan Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Tabawan Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 259 10-5m 5-0m Site 52: Silumpat Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Silumpat Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Silumpat Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 260 10-5m 5-0m Site 53: Batik Kulambu Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Batik Kulambu Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Batik Kulambu Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 261 10-5m 5-0m Site 54: Bakungan Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Bakungan Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Bakungan Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 262 10-5m 5-0m Site 55: Silawa Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Silawa Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Silawa Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 263 10-5m 5-0m Site 56: Mata Pahi Island Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Mata Pahi Island 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Mata Pahi Island 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 264 10-5m 5-0m Site 57: Larapan Island 2 S Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Larapan Island 2 S 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Larapan Island 2 S 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 265 10-5m 5-0m Site 58: Semporna Mangrove Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Semporna Mangrove 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Semporna Mangrove 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 266 10-5m 5-0m Site 59A: Sipadan Island Mid Reef Substrate Profile with depth (m) Substrate Profile of Sipadan Island Mid Reef 100% 90% Silt 80% Sand Rubble 70% Rock Percentage (%) Others 60% Sea Whips Gorgonian Sea Fans 50% Seagrass Coralline Algae 40% Algae Dead Coral 30% Soft Coral Hard Coral 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m 10-5m 5-0m Depth Range (m) Coral Growth-forms with depth (m) Coral Growth-form of Sipadan Island Mid Reef 100% 90% 80% Others 70% Encrusting Percentage (%) Free Living 60% Foliaceous Laminar 50% Table Massive 40% Branching 30% 20% 10% 0% 25-20m 20-15m 15-10m Depth Range (m) 267 10-5m 5-0m

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