Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 378–393. With 4 figures
Campos de Cima da Serra: the Brazilian Subtropical
Highland Grasslands show an unexpected level of
plant endemism
JOÃO R. V. IGANCI1*, GUSTAVO HEIDEN2, SILVIA TERESINHA S. MIOTTO1 and
R. TOBY PENNINGTON3
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
3
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Tropical Diversity Section, Edinburgh, UK
2
Received 13 May 2011; revised 8 July 2011; accepted for publication 15 August 2011
A high level of endemic flowering plant species is highlighted for the first time for the southern Brazilian flora. We
present a comprehensive list of 1020 endemic taxa and analyse their distribution in different biomes, focusing on
the Subtropical Highland Grasslands (Campos de Cima da Serra). Considering all biomes represented in southern
Brazil, c. 13% of the flowering plant species are endemic, which accounts for more than 5% of the total endemic
taxa of Brazil and c. 12% of the endemic taxa from the Atlantic Forest hotspot. Like the High Altitude Tropical
Grasslands that are found further north in the south-eastern Brazil region, the Subtropical Highland Grasslands
are home to an assemblage of tropical and temperate plant lineages. The Subtropical Highland Grasslands are
characterized by their transitional nature and by having 296 endemic plant taxa (25% of its flora). © 2011 The
Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 378–393.
ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: angiosperms – biogeography – conservation – diversity – endemic species.
INTRODUCTION
South American savannas and grasslands harbour
particular floras with a high level of endemism.
However, these open vegetations are neglected when
compared with the forests with regard to the priority
given to research and conservation (Burman, 1991;
Safford, 1999, 2007; Bilenca & Miñarro, 2004; Overbeck et al., 2007).
The Campos de Cima da Serra are the southern
Brazilian Subtropical Highland Grasslands. Studies
focusing on this biome have suggested that they are
neglected in conservation policies, and that information about their biodiversity is lacking (Giulietti et al.,
2005; Overbeck et al., 2007). A compilation by Boldrini et al. (2009) for the Subtropical Highland Grasslands, including two (Rio Grande do Sul and Santa
*Corresponding author. E-mail: joaoiganci@gmail.com
378
Catarina) of the three states comprising the southern
Brazilian Subtropical Highland Grasslands, estimated the existence of 1161 plant species, with 107
(9.21%) considered as endemic. Despite these recent
reports, other publications covering grasslands from
Brazil have considered the southern Brazilian grasslands as not satisfactorily known (Joly et al., 1999;
Alves & Kolbek, 2010). In an attempt to delineate
the campos rupestres (rocky grasslands embedded
within the tropical savannas) in comparison with
other grass-rich vegetation from South America, Alves
& Kolbek (2010) mentioned the high diversity of
endemic species that characterize the grassy vegetation in the high-altitude mountains of south-eastern
Brazil (to the north of the area of the current study).
However, the Subtropical Highland Grasslands of
southern Brazil were not included in their analysis,
because the authors considered their flora as poorly
known and interpreted it as representing a successional phase to forest vegetation.
© 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 378–393
ENDEMISM IN THE CAMPOS DE CIMA DA SERRA
The present study arises from the need to characterize and delimit the southern Brazilian Subtropical
Highland Grasslands and to recognize the distribution of the diversity of their endemic plants. We aim
to characterize the southern Brazilian flora, looking
for candidate plant taxa which could be recognized as
indicators of the Subtropical Highland Grasslands
biome, and to analyse its floristic similarity with the
other adjacent biomes. We address the following questions. How high is the diversity of endemic plants in
southern Brazil? Is it possible to characterize the
Subtropical Highland Grasslands biome by the means
of endemic taxa? Which other biomes are the Subtropical Highland Grasslands related to?
MATERIAL AND METHODS
STUDY AREA
The southern Brazilian Subtropical Highland Grasslands comprise 1 374 000 ha (Boldrini et al., 2009),
reaching to around 1800 m elevation on their eastern
edge. This vegetation lies south of the Tropic of
Capricorn, between 24°52′11″S and 29°26′40″S and
between 49°27′11″W and 53°43′51″W. The Subtropical Highland Grasslands are underlain by effusive
rocks of the Serra Geral Formation that originated
between 120 and 135 Mya (Almeida, 2009). The
climate is subtropical humid (Cfa) and temperate
humid (Cfb) (Peel, Finlayson & McMahon, 2007),
with rainfall throughout the year and an average
temperature between 12 °C (mean minimum temperature in July, 10 °C) and 18 °C (mean maximum
temperature in January, 27 °C) (Behling, 2002;
Almeida, 2009).
SPECIES
LIST AND DISTRIBUTION
Two large databases concerning South American vegetation have been published recently and cover the
study area. The Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares
del Cono Sur (Zuloaga, Morrone & Beltrano, 2008)
lists all vascular plants from southern South America,
including Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay and
the south of Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio
Grande do Sul states). The other database is the List
of Species of the Brazilian Flora (Forzza et al., 2010),
which covers all known plants and fungi from
Brazil. Information from these databases was the
source to elaborate a consensus checklist of endemic
angiosperms from southern Brazil in the study presented here. To achieve this consensus list, all names
were checked and the taxa assigned as endemic to
southern Brazil were assembled in a new checklist. To
combine the lists, an exhaustive search was carried
out, and each taxon name was checked in nomenclatural databases (International Plant Names Index
379
(IPNI), 2008; Tropicos, 2011), protologues and taxonomic revisions. In addition, the checklist Plantas da
Floresta Atlântica (Stehmann et al., 2009), monographs, herbaria records, field observations and personal communications were considered to complement
the final list and solve ambiguous and contradictory
information amongst the original sources of data. The
most recent changes in taxonomy and nomenclature
were applied to make lists comparable, according to
the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) III (2009) for
family and genus levels and recent taxonomic revisions for genus and species levels. In the same way,
data on the geographical distribution for each taxon,
including the vegetation in which they occur, were
compiled from the most representative herbaria covering the southern Brazilian flora [HBR, ICN, MBM,
PACA, RB, SPF (abbreviations from Thiers, 2010)]
and from databases of the Missouri Botanical Garden
– Brazilian records (MOBOT_BR), Smithsonian
Department of Botany – Brazilian records (NMNH_Botany_BR) and The New York Botanical Garden –
Brazilian records (NYBG_BR), accessed through
Species Link (CRIA, 2011). This review enabled the
improvement of the checklist by eliminating incongruent names from the source lists (not validly
published names, synonyms and taxa mistakenly
considered as endemics).
Taxa with narrow distributions centred in southern
Brazilian vegetation, but not endemic to southern
Brazil, were not included in the present analysis. The
vegetation in neighbouring regions (e.g. Tropical
Forest and Tropical Highland Grasslands, in southeast Brazil) was not fully sampled here, leading to the
omission of some taxa which were not exclusive to
southern Brazil. Similarly, some taxa restricted to Low
Altitude Temperate Grasslands and Temperate Shrubland, but not endemic to southern Brazil because
their distribution range crosses the political limits
with Uruguay and Argentina within the Pampean
Domain, were also not included in the analysis.
CATEGORIZATION
OF VEGETATION
To analyse the distribution of endemics at a finer
scale, the vegetation of southern Brazil was classified by a modification of the categories mapped by
Leite (2002), who recognized ten different phytoecological units and three transitional vegetation
areas in the south of Brazil on the basis of geology,
terrain, climate and soil. For the present study, nine
categories (biomes) were considered (Fig. 1): Tropical
Forest (TRF), Tropical Savanna (TRS), Tropical
Coastal Scrub (TCS), High Altitude Tropical
Grasslands (HTG, synonymous with Campos de Altitude), Subtropical Seasonal Forest (SSF), Subtropical Mixed Forest (SMF), Subtropical Highland
© 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 378–393
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J. R. V. IGANCI ET AL.
Figure 1. Vegetation in southern Brazil.
Grasslands (SHG, synonymous with Campos de
Cima da Serra), Temperate Shrubland (TES) and
Low Altitude Temperate Grasslands (LTG). The
main differences between this classification and that
of Leite (2002) is the separation of the High Altitude
Tropical Grasslands and the Subtropical Highland
Grasslands and of the Subtropical Scrub and the
Low Altitude Temperate Grasslands, and the
merging of different seasonal categories applied by
Leite (2002) into a single unit called Subtropical
Seasonal Forest. Areas defined as transitional by
Leite (2002) and areas not relevant in the context of
the current work (Subtropical/Temperate Coastal
Scrub and Temperate Savanna) were mapped, but
not included in the analysis. As the delimitation of
the study area (southern Brazil) is essentially political, some of the biomes listed above are continuous
in other Brazilian states or in adjacent countries,
such as Argentina and Uruguay. For these biomes,
only the portion included in southern Brazil was
considered and analysed. However, the Subtropical
Highland Grasslands, the main subject of this work,
are completely included within the study area and
were therefore analysed completely.
DATA
ANALYSIS
All names were organized in tables, and taxa for
which data on geographical distribution were unreliable were excluded from the analysis. The information on geographical distribution was organized into
floristic matrices, consisting of binary presence–
absence data for 965 taxa (descriptors) and nine sampling units (samples). Similarity between different
sampling units was calculated by the Sørensen coefficient, and their relationships were investigated
using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA), applied in Fitopac 2.1.2.85
(Shepherd, 2010). To test the sharpness of groups, a
method developed by Pillar (1999) was applied, using
MULTIV 2.4.2 (Pillar, 2006). The separation of floristic groups, highlighting the indicator taxa for each
sampling unit, was carried out using WinTWINS 2.3,
TWINSPAN for Windows (Hill & Šmilauer, 2005).
The taxa which occur exclusively in each sample were
considered as biome indicators. A Venn diagram
(Venn, 1981) was elaborated to visualize both
exclusive and shared endemic taxa among the
main floristic areas identified in the similarity analy-
© 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 378–393
ENDEMISM IN THE CAMPOS DE CIMA DA SERRA
sis, considering four sampling units: Forests
(TRF + SSF + SMF + TCS), Pampas (LTG + TES),
High Altitude Grasslands (HAG: HTG + SHG) and
Tropical Savanna (TRS).
RESULTS
The list of endemic taxa of angiosperms from southern Brazil, based only on the Catálogo de las Plantas
Vasculares del Cono Sur (Zuloaga et al., 2008),
resulted in a total of 1249 taxa, including species,
subspecies and varieties. However, when considering
the list of endemics based only on the List of Species
of the Brazilian Flora (Forzza et al., 2010), 981 taxa
were considered to be endemic to southern Brazil.
When compared, the two lists showed only 646 names
in common, and 48.27% (603 names) of the taxa cited
as endemic from southern Brazil in the Catálogo de
las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur were not considered as endemic in the List of Species of the Brazilian
Flora. Similarly, 34.14% (335 names) of the taxa
listed as endemic from southern Brazil in the List of
Species of the Brazilian Flora were not considered to
be endemic in the first list. Summarizing both lists
into a single database, 938 names were incongruent
and had to be checked through the review of protologues, taxonomic revisions, analysis of herbarium
specimens and personal communication with experts
on specific families.
The consensus list of endemic flowering plants from
southern Brazil recognizes 1020 taxa at species, subspecies and variety levels, corresponding to 13% of all
angiosperms from southern Brazil (7671 taxa) and
5.34% of the total (19 090 taxa) endemic flowering
plants from Brazil (Forzza et al., 2010). The complete
list of endemic flowering plants from southern Brazil
is provided as Supplementary Material (Table S1).
The most important families with regard to the
number of endemic taxa are Asteraceae (115), Orchidaceae (100) and Fabaceae (78), which are recognized
as the three richest flowering plant families in the
number of species worldwide. The genera with the
largest numbers of endemic taxa in southern Brazil
are Mimosa L. (Fabaceae) with 45 taxa, and Baccharis L. (Asteraceae) and Begonia L. (Begoniaceae) with
26 taxa each. Considering only the Subtropical Highland Grasslands, the most important families with
regard to the number of endemic taxa are Asteraceae
(56), Fabaceae (31) and Poaceae (26), and the genera
with the highest levels of endemism are Croton
L. (Euphorbiaceae) with 15 taxa, and Mimosa
(Fabaceae) and Nothoscordum Kunth (Amaryllidaceae) with 14 taxa each.
Eight genera belonging to six families were recognized as endemic to southern Brazil. All are monotypic in their current circumscription and are
381
Table 1. Species belonging to endemic monotypic genera
in southern Brazil
Family
Species
Biome
Fabaceae
Iridaceae
Sellocharis paradoxa Taub.
Kelissa brasiliensis (Baker)
Ravenna
Onira unguiculata (Baker)
Ravenna
Calyptraemalva catharinensis
Krapov.
Tropidococcus pinnatipartitus
(A.St.-Hil. & Naudin) Krapov.
Curitiba prismatica (D.Legrand)
Salywon & Landrum
Raulinoa echinata R.S.Cowan
Verbenoxylum reitzii (Moldenke)
Tronc.
TES
TES
Malvaceae
Myrtaceae
Rutaceae
Verbenaceae
LTG
TCS
TRF
SMF
TRF
SMF
TRF
TRF
LTG, Low Altitude Temperate Grasslands; SMF, Subtropical Mixed Forest; TCS, Tropical Coastal Scrub; TES, Temperate Shrubland; TRF, Tropical Forest.
distributed in different vegetation formations, as
shown in Table 1.
Among the biomes from southern Brazil, the
Subtropical Highland Grasslands is the richest in
endemic flowering plants, with 296 endemic taxa.
The second richest is the Tropical Forest with 216
endemic taxa, and the third richest is the Subtropical Mixed Forest with 70 endemic taxa. The other
endemic taxa are more or less equally distributed
amongst the remaining six biomes. Fifty-five taxa
were classified as having deficient data on their geographical distribution because of a lack of reliability
of herbarium records or missing data, and these
were not considered.
The grasslands of southern Brazil are frequently
considered to be a single vegetation unit, known
as ‘Campos Sulinos’ (Southern Grasslands), encompassing both the Subtropical Highland Grasslands
(Campos de Cima da Serra) and the Pampas (Low
Altitude Temperate Grasslands plus Subtropical
Scrub). However, considering the geographical distribution of the endemic flora emphasizes that few taxa
exclusive to southern Brazil are shared between the
Subtropical Highland Grasslands and the Pampas.
The Subtropical Highland Grasslands show a transitional pattern, sharing some taxa with the tropical
grasslands from further north in Brazil (High Altitude
Tropical Grasslands) and some taxa with the temperate grasslands from the Pampas Domain. Twentythree taxa are shared with the High Altitude Tropical
Grasslands and 12 between the Subtropical Highland
Grasslands and the Pampas. However, when the
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J. R. V. IGANCI ET AL.
Pampas is compared with the High Altitude Tropical
Grasslands from Serra do Mar, no taxa are shared,
highlighting the temperate character of the Pampas
and the tropical nature of Serra do Mar, and the
discontinuity of distribution of southern Brazilian
endemic taxa between them (Fig. 2A). In addition to
these shared taxa, the uniqueness of the Subtropical
Highland Grasslands is emphasized by the 296
endemic plant taxa, which could be considered as
indicator species for the recognition of this biome. A
complete list of endemic flowering plants from the
Subtropical Highland Grasslands is presented in
Table 2.
A comparison of taxa exclusive to southern Brazil,
shared between the biomes analysed, shows low floristic similarity, as revealed in Table 3 (maximum
Jaccard index of 0.1599 between Tropical Forest and
Subtropical Mixed Forest). The present analysis considered only endemic taxa from southern Brazil (13%
of the total flora), which probably influenced this low
degree of similarity. Although the Subtropical Highland Grasslands share endemic taxa from southern
Brazil with all other biomes within this region, there
is no one biome to which it has a high degree of
floristic similarity. Maximum similarity is with the
High Altitude Tropical Grasslands (23 shared taxa),
Tropical Forest (35 shared taxa) and Subtropical
Mixed Forest (40 shared taxa). Cluster analysis
based on UPGMA (cophenetic correlation, 0.8952) is
visualized in Figure 3. The first group (forests of
Atlantic Domain) is composed of the Tropical Forest,
Subtropical Seasonal Forest and Subtropical Mixed
Forest, the second group (grasslands of the Atlantic
Domain) of the Subtropical Highland Grasslands
(Campos de Cima da Serra) and the High Altitude
Tropical Grasslands, and the third group (grasslands
and savannas of the Pampas Domain) of the Low
Altitude Temperate Grasslands plus the Subtropical
Scrub. The Tropical Coastal Scrub (coastal vegetation of Atlantic Domain) and the Tropical Savanna
(Cerrado Domain) did not group and remained
separated.
The TWINSPAN analysis shows similar results
where, in the first partition, the Low Altitude Temperate Grasslands and the Subtropical Scrub are
separated with an eigenvalue of 0.695 and 19 taxa as
indicators. The second partition separates the Tropical Forest, Subtropical Seasonal Forest, Subtropical
Highland Grasslands, Subtropical Mixed Forest and
Tropical Coastal Scrub from the High Altitude Tropical Grasslands plus the Tropical Savanna, with an
eigenvalue of 0.652 and 165 positive preferential
species. Finally, the Subtropical Highland Grasslands
emerged from the remaining vegetation formations
with an eigenvalue of 0.525 and 97 taxa as positive
preferentials.
Figure 2B shows a Venn diagram of the four groups
clustered in the previous analysis, which are also
represented in Figure 4. No southern Brazilian
endemic taxa co-occur in all four groups and only two
species occur in three different groups: Mimosa intricata Benth. (Forests + Pampas + HAG) and Galianthe
verbenoides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Griseb. (Pampas +
HAG + TRS). The High Altitude Grasslands (HTG +
SHG) share endemic taxa from southern Brazil with
all three other groups, being weakly related to both
the Pampas and Tropical Savannas (12 and 11 shared
taxa, respectively), and sharing more exclusive species
with the Forests (76 shared taxa).
DISCUSSION
A previous study concerning endemic plants from
southern Brazil included an analysis of the distribution patterns by Marchioretto & Siqueira (1998) of
endemic plants from Rio Grande do Sul state, in which
they listed 65 eudicotyledons within different biomes
and five endemic taxa from the Subtropical Highland
Grasslands. Later, the total plant diversity from the
Subtropical Highland Grasslands was estimated to be
1161 plant taxa (including 107 endemic taxa; 9.21%)
(Boldrini et al., 2009). In the present study, we demonstrate a remarkably higher level of endemism in the
Subtropical Highland Grasslands (25.31%; 296 taxa).
This may even exceed the endemism in the High
Altitude Tropical Grasslands further north in Brazil,
where 11% of vascular plant species are endemic to
Itatiaia (part of the Serra da Mantiqueira range) in
south-east Brazil (Martinelli, Bandeira & Bragança,
1989) and 17–31% of species are endemic in the flora
of the High Altitude Tropical Grasslands as a whole
(Safford, 1999). Most of the genera sampled by Safford
(2007) for the south-east Brazilian High Altitude
Tropical Grasslands are the same as those found in
southern Brazil, but many exclusive species indicate
the distinction between them.
The Subtropical Highland Grasslands contain a
marked diversity of endemic flowering plants, especially at the eastern edge of the plateau of the highlands, e.g. from Campos dos Padres and Serra do
Corvo Branco in Santa Catarina state to Serra
da Rocinha and Cambará do Sul in Rio Grande do
Sul State. Although these grasslands are within the
Atlantic Forest Domain (Oliveira-Filho & Fontes,
2000), the results here suggest an endemism centre
distinct from the High Altitude Tropical Grasslands
in the Serra do Mar range, in the north-east of Santa
Catarina and the east of Paraná. The Subtropical
Highland Grasslands contain a high level of endemic
plant taxa, which should be considered as particularly
important for conservation approaches and future
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ENDEMISM IN THE CAMPOS DE CIMA DA SERRA
383
Figure 2. A, Exclusive and shared southern Brazilian endemic taxa between the grassland formations. B, Distribution
of exclusive and shared southern Brazilian endemic taxa, considering the four major vegetation clusters from southern
Brazil. Forests, Tropical Forest, Subtropical Seasonal Forest, Subtropical Mixed Forest and Tropical Coastal Scrubs; HAG,
High Altitude Grasslands (SHG plus HTG); HTG, High Altitude Tropical Grasslands; Pampas, Low Altitude Temperate
Grasslands and Temperate Shrubland; SHG, Subtropical Highland Grasslands (Campos de Cima da Serra); TRS, Tropical
Savanna.
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J. R. V. IGANCI ET AL.
Table 2. Endemic flowering plants from the Subtropical Highland Grasslands, southern Brazil
Alstroemeriaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Anacardiaceae
Apiaceae
Apocynaceae
Asteraceae
Alstroemeria malmeana Kraenzl.
Hippeastrum santacatarina (Traub) Dutilh
Nothoscordum aparadense Ravenna
Nothoscordum cambarense Ravenna
Nothoscordum capivarinum Ravenna
Nothoscordum catharinense Ravenna
Nothoscordum collinum Ravenna
Nothoscordum curvipes Ravenna
Nothoscordum exile Ravenna
Nothoscordum gracilipes Ravenna
Nothoscordum leptogynum Ravenna
Nothoscordum luteomajus Ravenna
Nothoscordum nutans Ravenna
Nothoscordum stenandrum Ravenna
Nothoscordum tibaginum Ravenna
Nothoscordum uruguaianum Ravenna
Zephyranthes lagesiana Ravenna
Zephyranthes paranaensis Ravenna
Schinus spinosus Engl.
Eryngium corallinum Mathias & Constance
Eryngium falcifolium Irgang
Eryngium ramboanum Mathias & Constance
Eryngium smithii Mathias & Constance
Eryngium urbanianum H.Wolff
Eryngium zosterifolium H.Wolff
Lilaeopsis tenuis A.W.Hill
Oxypetalum coalitum E.Fourn.
Oxypetalum malmei Hoehne
Oxypetalum morilloanum Fontella
Achyrocline luisiana Deble
Austroeupatorium rosmarinaceum (Cabrera & Vittet) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Baccharis apicifoliosa A.A.Schneid. & Boldrini
Baccharis chionolaenoides D.B.Falkenb. & Deble
Baccharis deblei A.S.Oliveira & Marchiori
Baccharis hypericifolia Baker
Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii (Baker) G.M.Barroso
Baccharis pseudovillosa Teodoro & Vidal
Baccharis scabrifolia G.Heiden
Baccharis scopulorum A.A.Schneid. & G.Heiden
Baccharis trilobata A.S.Oliveira & Marchiori
Baccharis uleana Malag.
Baccharis wagenitzii (F.H.Hellw.) Joch.Müll.
Barrosoa ramboi (Cabrera) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Calea ilienii Malme
Calea monocephala Dusén
Carelia ramboi Cabrera
Chromolaena kleinii (Cabrera) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Chromolaena oinopolepis (Malme) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Chromolaena palmaris (Sch.Bip. ex Baker) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Chromolaena umbelliformis (Dusén ex Malme) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Chrysolaena nicolackii H.Rob.
Conyza reitziana Cabrera
Dendrophorbium subnemoralis (Dusén) A.M.Teles
Gochnatia argyrea (Dusén ex Malme) Cabrera
Hatschbachiella polyclada (Dusén ex Malme) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Heterocondylus reitzii R.M.King & H.Rob.
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ENDEMISM IN THE CAMPOS DE CIMA DA SERRA
385
Table 2. Continued
Bromeliaceae
Cactaceae
Campanulaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Cyperaceae
Ericaceae
Hieracium commersonii var. megapotamicum Malme
Hieracium ignatianum Baker
Hieracium urvillei Sch.Bip.
Holocheilus monocephalus Mondin
Hysterionica pinnatiloba Matzenb. & Sobral
Hysterionica pinnatisecta Matzenb. & Sobral
Lepidaploa pseudomuricata H.Rob.
Leptostelma catharinensis (Cabrera) A.M.Teles & Sobral
Lessingianthus reitzianus (Cabrera) H.Rob.
Malmeanthus catharinensis R.M.King & H.Rob.
Mikania nana W.C.Holmes
Neocabreria catharinensis (Cabrera) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Noticastrum decumbens (Baker) Cuatrec.
Panphalea araucariophila Cabrera
Panphalea ramboi Cabrera
Panphalea smithii Cabrera
Perezia catharinensis Cabrera
Perezia eryngioides (Cabrera) Crisci & Martic.
Senecio conyzifolius Baker
Senecio promatensis Matzenb.
Senecio ramboanus Cabrera
Senecio rauchii Matzenb.
Stevia tenuis Hook. & Arn.
Vernonanthura perangusta (Malme) A.J.Veja & Dematt.
Vernonanthura rigiophylla (Kuntze) H.Rob.
Vernonia viminea Ekman ex Malme
Viguiera meridionalis Magenta
Viguiera paranensis (Malme) J.U.Santos
Viguiera santacatarinense (H.Rob. & A.J.Moore) A.A.Sáenz
Dyckia cabrerae L.B.Sm. & Reitz
Dyckia crocea L.B.Sm.
Dyckia dusenii L.B.Sm.
Dyckia fosteriana var. robustior L.B.Sm.
Dyckia frigida Hook.f.
Dyckia ibiramensis Reitz
Dyckia irmgardiae L.B.Sm.
Dyckia remotiflora var. angustior L.B.Sm.
Frailea curvispina Buining & Brederoo
Parodia carambeiensis (Buining & Brederoo) Hofacker
Parodia haselbergii subsp. graessneri (K.Schum) Hofacker & P.J.Braun
Parodia haselbergii (Haage ex Rümpler) F.H.Brandt subsp. haselbergii
Parodia rechensis (Buining) F.H.Brandt
Lobelia paranaensis R.Braga
Siphocampylus densidentatus E.Wimm.
Valeriana bornmuelleri Pilg.
Valeriana chamaedryfolia Cham. & Schltdl.
Valeriana eichleriana (Muell.) Graebn.
Valeriana glechomifolia F.G.Mey.
Valeriana muelleri Graebn.
Paronychia revoluta C.E.Carneiro & Furlan
Eleocharis kleinii Barros
Rhynchospora pseudomacrostachya Gerry Moore, Guagl. & Zartman
Rhynchospora smithii W.W.Thomas
Schoenus lymansmithii M.T.Strong
Gaultheria ulei Sleumer
Gaultheria corvensis (R.R.Silva & Cervi) G.O.Romão & Kin.-Gouv.
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J. R. V. IGANCI ET AL.
Table 2. Continued
Eriocaulaceae
Escalloniaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Eriocaulon magnificum Ruhland var. magnificum
Eriocaulon ulaei var. radiosum Ruhland
Eriocaulon ulaei Ruhland var. ulaei
Paepalanthus albovaginatus Silveira var. albovaginatus
Paepalanthus albovaginatus var. albobracteatus Tissot-Sq.
Paepalanthus albovaginatus var. fuscobracteatus Tissot-Sq.
Paepalanthus bellus Moldenke
Paepalanthus catharinae Ruhland var. catharinae
Paepalanthus leiseringii var. kleinii Moldenke & L.B.Sm.
Paepalanthus tessmannii Moldenke
Syngonanthus caulescens var. proliferus Moldenke
Escallonia ledifolia Sleumer
Acalypha apetiolata Allem & Waechter
Bernardia alarici Allem & Irgang
Bernardia flexuosa Pax & K.Hoffm.
Bernardia geniculata Allem & Waechter
Bernardia hagelundii Allem & Irgang
Chiropetalum foliosum (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
Chiropetalum molle (Baill.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
Chiropetalum phalacradenium (J.W.Ingram) L.B.Sm. & Downs
Croton calyciglandulosus Allem
Croton catharinensis L.B.Sm. & Downs
Croton confinis L.B.Sm. & Downs
Croton dusenii Croizat
Croton ericoideus Baill.
Croton helichrysum Baill.
Croton ichthygaster L.B.Sm. & Downs
Croton kleinii L.B.Sm. & Downs
Croton leptophyllus Müll.Arg.
Croton myrianthus Müll.Arg.
Croton patrum L.B.Sm. & Downs
Croton polygonoides L.B.Sm. & Downs
Croton quintasii Allem
Croton ramboi Allem
Croton thymelinus Baill.
Adesmia araujoi Burkart
Adesmia arillata Miotto
Adesmia ciliata Vogel
Adesmia paranensis Burkart
Adesmia psoraleoides Vogel
Adesmia reitziana Burkart
Adesmia rocinhensis Burkart
Adesmia sulina Miotto
Adesmia tristis Vogel
Adesmia vallsii Miotto
Crotalaria hilariana Benth.
Desmodium craspediferum A.M.G.Azevedo & Abruzzi de Oliveira
Lupinus paranensis C.P.Sm.
Lupinus reitzii Burkart ex. M.Pinheiro & Miotto
Lupinus rubriflorus Planchuelo
Mimosa bathyrrhena Barneby
Mimosa chartostegia Barneby
Mimosa dolens var. pangloea Barneby
Mimosa dryandroides var. extratropica Barneby
Mimosa eriocarpa Benth.
Mimosa glabra Benth.
© 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 378–393
ENDEMISM IN THE CAMPOS DE CIMA DA SERRA
387
Table 2. Continued
Gesneriaceae
Hypericaceae
Iridaceae
Lamiaceae
Linaceae
Lythraceae
Malvaceae
Melastomataceae
Myrtaceae
Onagraceae
Orchidaceae
Mimosa hatschbachii Barneby
Mimosa involucrata Benth.
Mimosa kuhnisteroides Barneby
Mimosa macrocalyx var. pectinata Burkart
Mimosa oblonga var. pinetorum Barneby
Mimosa pseudolepidota (Burkart) Barneby
Mimosa regnellii var. exuta Barneby
Mimosa regnellii var. grossiseta Barneby
Vicia graminea var. nigricarpa N.R.Bastos & Miotto
Vicia hatschbachii Burkart ex Vanni & D.B.Kurtz
Sinningia leopoldii (Scheidw. ex Planch.) Chautems
Hypericum cordatum subsp. kleinii N.Robson
Calydorea basaltica Ravenna
Calydorea crocoides Ravenna
Cypella aquatilis Ravenna
Sisyrinchium bromelioides R.C.Foster subsp. bromelioides
Sisyrinchium coalitum Ravenna
Sisyrinchium decumbens Ravenna
Sisyrinchium densiflorum Ravenna
Sisyrinchium rambonis R.C.Foster
Cunila fasciculata Benth.
Cunila platyphylla Epling
Cunila tenuifolia Epling
Glechon elliptica C.Pereira & Hatschbach
Hedeoma polygalifolia Benth.
Hesperozygis kleinii Epling & Játiva
Hesperozygis rhododon Epling
Hesperozygis spathulata Epling
Hyptis apertiflora Epling
Peltodon rugosus Tolm.
Rhabdocaulon erythrostachys Epling
Salvia congestiflora Epling
Salvia cordata Benth.
Salvia scoparia Epling
Linum smithii Mildner
Cuphea hatschbachii Lourteig
Cuphea iguazuensis Lourteig
Modiolastrum palustre (Ekman) Krapov.
Pavonia commutata Garcke
Pavonia ramboi Krapov. & Cristóbal
Pavonia reitzii Krapov. & Cristóbal
Pavonia renifolia Krapov.
Leandra camporum Brade
Leandra dusenii Cogn.
Leandra luctatoris Wurdack
Tibouchina kleinii Wurdack
Psidium reptans (D.Legrand) Soares-Silva & Proença
Fuchsia hatschbachii P.E.Berry
Brachystele bicrinita Szlach.
Cyclopogon vittatus Dutra ex Pabst
Cyrtopodium brandonianum subsp. lageanum J.A.N.Bat. & Bianch.
Cyrtopodium kleinii J.A.N.Bat. & Bianch.
Habenaria dutraei Schltr.
Habenaria schnittmeyeri Schltr.
Habenaria ulaei Cogn.
Pelexia burgeri Schltr.
© 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 378–393
388
J. R. V. IGANCI ET AL.
Table 2. Continued
Oxalidaceae
Plantaginaceae
Poaceae
Polygalaceae
Polygonaceae
Portulacaceae
Rubiaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Pelexia robusta (Kraenzl.) Schltr.
Pelexia tenuior Schltr.
Sarcoglottis glaucescens Schltr.
Sarcoglottis juergensii Schltr.
Stigmatosema garayana Szlach.
Stigmatosema hatschbachii (Pabst) Garay
Veyretia undulata Szlach.
Oxalis bisecta Norlind
Oxalis praetexta Progel
Mecardonia pubescens Rossow
Plantago turficola Rahn
Scoparia pinnatifida Cham.
Agrostis ramboi Parodi
Aulonemia ulei (Hack.) McClure & L.B.Sm.
Bothriochloa velutina M.Marchi & Longhi-Wagner
Briza brachychaete Ekman
Briza scabra (Nees ex Steud.) Ekman
Calamagrostis longiaristata var. minor Kämpf
Calamagrostis reitzii Swallen
Chusquea hatschbachii L.G.Clark & Blong
Chusquea windischii L.G.Clark
Digitaria purpurea Swallen
Eustachys paranensis A.M.Molina
Melica spartinoides L.B.Sm.
Panicum magnispicula Zuloaga, Morrone & Valls
Paspalum barretoi Canto-Dorow, Valls & Longhi-Wagner
Paspalum ramboi I.L.Barreto
Paspalum redondense Swallen
Piptochaetium alpinum L.B.Sm.
Piptochaetium palustre Muj.-Sall. & Longhi-Wagner
Poa reitzii Swallen
Poa umbrosa Trin.
Stipa brasiliensis A.Zanin & Longhi-Wagner
Stipa planaltina A.Zanin & Longhi-Wagner
Stipa rhizomata A.Zanin & Longhi-Wagner
Stipa vallsii A.Zanin & Longhi-Wagner
Thrasyopsis juergensii (Hack.) Soderstr. & A.G. Burm.
Trisetum juergensii Hack.
Polygala altomontana Lüdtke, Boldrini & Miotto
Polygala densiracemosa Lüdtke & Miotto
Rumex sellowianus Rech.f.
Portulaca diegoi Mattos
Portulaca hatschbachii D.Legrand
Galianthe elegans E.L.Cabral
Galianthe latistipula E.L.Cabral
Galianthe reitzii E.L.Cabral
Galium hatschbachii Dempster
Galium ramboi Dempster
Galium rubidiflorum Dempster
Galium smithreitzii Dempster
Oldenlandia dusenii Standl.
Buddleja cestriflora Cham.
Buddleja cuneata Cham.
Buddleja hatschbachii E.M.Norman & L.B.Sm.
Buddleja kleinii E.M.Norman & L.B.Sm.
Buddleja ramboi L.B.Sm.
© 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 378–393
ENDEMISM IN THE CAMPOS DE CIMA DA SERRA
389
Table 2. Continued
Solanaceae
Calibrachoa cordifolia Stehmann & L.W.Aguiar
Calibrachoa dusenii (R.E.Fr.) Stehmann & Semir
Calibrachoa sellowiana (Sendtn.) Wijsman
Calibrachoa sendtneriana (R.E.Fr.) Stehmann & Semir
Calibrachoa serrulata (L.B.Sm. & Downs) Stehmann & Semir
Calibrachoa spathulata (L.B.Sm. & Downs) Stehmann & Semir
Nierembergia hatschbachii A.A.Cocucci & Hunz.
Petunia saxicola L.B.Sm. & Downs
Glandularia catharinae (Moldenke) N.O’Leary & P.Peralta
Glandularia dusenii (Moldenke) N.O’Leary & P.Peralta
Glandularia hatschbachii (Moldenke) N.O’Leary & P.Peralta
Lippia paranensis (Moldenke) T.R.S. Silva & Salimena
Verbena caniuensis Moldenke
Verbena subpetiolata N.O’Leary
Xyris dissitifolia Kral & Wand.
Xyris hatschbachii L.B.Sm. & Downs
Verbenaceae
Xyridaceae
Table 3. Comparison between the endemic flora from nine different vegetation formations in southern Brazil
Vegetation
formation
TRF
SSF
SHG
HTG
SMF
TCS
LTG
TES
TRS
TRF
SSF
SHG
HTG
SMF
TCS
LTG
TES
TRS
217
25
35
1
71
25
0
0
2
0.0638
39
11
0
21
7
0
2
1
0.0488
0.0229
296
23
40
15
3
10
11
0.0026
0
0.0529
22
0
0
0
0
0
0.1599
0.0901
0.0729
0
70
5
0
1
2
0.0667
0.0530
0.0327
0
0.0216
25
2
0
0
0
0
0.0068
0
0
0.0215
25
5
0
0
0.0152
0.0218
0
0.0043
0
0.0588
39
2
0.0055
0.0096
0.0256
0
0.0100
0
0
0.0247
13
Bold type, number of endemic taxa from southern Brazil by vegetation formation; roman type, number of exclusive taxa
from southern Brazil shared by pairs of vegetation formations; italic type, indices of similarity (Sørensen coefficient). HTG,
High Altitude Tropical Grasslands; LTG, Low Altitude Temperate Grasslands; SHG, Subtropical Highland Grasslands
(Campos de Cima da Serra); SMF, Subtropical Mixed Forest; SSF, Subtropical Seasonal Forest; TCS, Tropical Coastal
Scrub; TES, Temperate Shrubland; TRF, Tropical Forest; TRS, Tropical Savanna.
studies concerning patterns of diversification in a
subtropical transitional environment.
Safford (2007) listed 928 species of vascular plant
for the High Altitude Tropical Grasslands from southeast Brazil, about 21% of which belong to temperate
genera. These High Altitude Tropical Grasslands
show a genus-level similarity of 41.4% (195 genera
shared) with the Subtropical Highland Grasslands,
but a species-level similarity of only 9.1% (149 species
shared). Overall, the Subtropical Highland Grasslands present a larger number of temperate taxa,
probably reflecting their more southerly latitude and
subtropical nature, as well as their more proximal
position to the probable migration path of temperate
taxa into Brazil (Safford, 1999, 2007).
The main groups are the same in the cluster and
TWINSPAN analyses. The forest biomes group
together in both analyses, as do the two formations
that comprise the Pampas. The main differences are
related to the Subtropical Highland Grasslands
(Campos de Cima da Serra) which remain isolated
in the TWINSPAN analysis and not related to the
High Altitude Tropical Grasslands, which are grouped
with the Tropical Savanna. The exclusive and shared
taxa between clustered biomes can be observed in
Figure 2B.
The Atlantic Forest Domain has a total of 885
endemic taxa in southern Brazil, corresponding to
11.72% of the total endemic plants of the Atlantic
Forest hotspot, whereas the Subtropical Highland
Grasslands have a total of 296 endemic taxa, corresponding to 4% of the total endemic plants of the
Atlantic Forest hotspot. This calls into question policies for conservation that reflect a single, widely
© 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 378–393
390
J. R. V. IGANCI ET AL.
Figure 3. Groups formed in the similarity analysis using Jaccard coefficient and Unweighted Pair Group Method with
Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) as a cluster analysis. The broken line indicates the groups formed in the analysis of
sharpness. HTG, High Altitude Tropical Grasslands; LTG, Low Altitude Temperate Grasslands; SHG, Subtropical
Highland Grasslands (Campos de Cima da Serra); SMF, Subtropical Mixed Forest; SSF, Subtropical Seasonal Forest; TCS,
Tropical Coastal Scrub; TES, Temperate Shrubland; TRF, Tropical Forest; TRS, Tropical Savanna.
defined Atlantic Forest Domain (e.g. following the
definition of Oliveira-Filho & Fontes, 2000), and suggests that it might be better to consider High Altitude
Tropical Grasslands, Subtropical Highland Grasslands, Tropical Forest, Subtropical Seasonal Forest,
Subtropical Mixed Forest and Tropical Coastal Scrub
separately. In addition, the Subtropical Highland
Grasslands are frequently considered together with
grasslands from the Pampas (LTG + TES), being collectively termed the ‘Campos Sulinos’. Beyond the
physiognomic distinctiveness between the Subtropical
Highland Grasslands and Pampas, our results show a
strong floristic distinction between them, and they
share only 12 taxa. It is clear that, in southern Brazil,
different lineages containing endemic taxa are narrowly distributed in different vegetation formations,
which are threatened by both human land uses
and the increasing predominance of invasive species
because of climate change. It is vital, therefore,
that conservation policies directed at preserving full
plant diversity take these floristic differences into
account.
According to the biogeographical classification of
South America by Cabrera & Willink (1980), the latitude 30°S is the approximate border between the
northern biogeographical provinces Atlántica and
Paranense, part of the Amazonian Domain, essentially tropical and dominated by forest, and the
southern provinces Pampeana and Espiñal, which
represent an extension of the more continental and
xerophytic open vegetations of the Chaco Domain.
Although the flora of the high-altitude grasslands
contains a large number of endemic taxa, phytogeographical connections with similar habitats in
the Andes (Rambo, 1951, 1953, 1956; Smith, 1962;
Safford, 1999, 2007) and central Brazil (Smith, 1962)
are evident. More than one-third of the flora from
southern Brazil clearly belong to temperate AustralAntarctic and Andean lineages (e.g. Adesmia DC.,
Araucaria Juss., Gunnera L.), which could be evidence that these groups constitute the major focus of
secondary radiation of Andean and Austral-Antarctic
taxa into eastern South America (Rambo, 1953;
Safford, 1999, 2007; Waechter, 2002). At the same
time, between one-half and two-thirds of the genera
in the Subtropical Highland Grasslands, and in the
high-altitude grasslands in south-east Brazil, may
have tropical ancestry as congeneric species grow in
tropical regions (Safford, 2007).
Phylogenetic studies of biogeography could help to
elucidate these deeper phytogeographical connections. Possible candidate genera are Lupinus L.,
© 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 378–393
ENDEMISM IN THE CAMPOS DE CIMA DA SERRA
391
Figure 4. Vegetation in southern Brazil grouping the most similar biomes recognized by the cluster analysis of endemic
flowering plants.
Mimosa and Baccharis. In Lupinus (Fabaceae), many
species have a wide distribution in southern Brazil,
occurring from the Pampas to the central Brazilian
Cerrado (Hughes & Eastwood, 2006), and some
species are endemic to the Subtropical Highland
Grasslands. In Mimosa, many species from southern
Brazil are part of lineages which spread from temperate grasslands in lowlands of Argentina and
Uruguay to the Cerrado (Simon et al., 2009). Baccharis has numerous endemic taxa from southern Brazil,
showing distribution patterns related to both temperate and tropical grasslands from the Pampas, Subtropical Highland Grasslands and High Altitude
Tropical Grasslands (Heiden et al., 2007).
Urtubey et al. (2010) analysed the diversity patterns of Asteraceae from South America by a panbio-
geographical approach and recognized two main
nodes that were interpreted as biotic convergence
zones. One is located exactly on the transition
tropical/temperate area in the subtropics of Brazil,
within the Subtropical Highland Grasslands. In this
transitional zone, Safford (1999) suggested that
climate fluctuations in the Late Tertiary and Quaternary caused floristic changes in the regions now
occupied by the high-altitude grasslands. In cool dry
periods, such as Pleistocene glacial times, they were
colonized by both cool-temperate Andean and AustralAntarctic taxa, and xerophilous vegetation from the
Brazilian Plateau. In warmer, wetter periods, such as
Pleistocene interglacials, more humid-adapted forests
would have spread. This picture of alternate dominance of the landscape by forests or grasslands is
© 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 378–393
392
J. R. V. IGANCI ET AL.
supported by palaeobotanical evidence (Smith, 1962;
Behling, 2002; Safford, 2007).
According to Safford (1999), the presence of shared
genera of highly dispersive groups, such as Asteraceae and Poaceae, between similar habitats can be
explained by the ecological compatibility of the available habitat. However, Safford (1999, 2007) agreed
with Rambo (1951, 1953) that the presence in southern Brazil of Andean and Austral-Antarctic genera
that lack efficient long-distance dispersal mechanisms
is best explained by the existence of direct terrestrial
connections during past periods of favourable climate
at different periods of both the early and late Cenozoic, and probable multiple times within the Pleistocene. This hypothesis could also be tested by
phylogenetic analyses of key exemplar taxa.
The diversification of lineages in the Subtropical
Highland Grasslands could have been caused by geographical isolation of vegetation in times of varying
climate. In warm, wet conditions favouring the expansion of rain forests, representing barriers to the
dispersal of grassland species, allopatry in the grasslands could have been a primary mechanism for
species differentiation, producing the large numbers
of endemic species demonstrated in this study. This
hypothesis could be tested by phylogenetic and population genetic studies of genera with numerous
endemic species in the Subtropical Highland Grasslands, such as Adesmia series Psoraleoides Burkart
(Miotto & Waechter, 1996).
CONCLUSIONS
An unexpected diversity of endemic plants is listed for
the transitional tropical/temperate vegetation zone in
southern Brazil. The Subtropical Highland Grasslands are a distinct vegetation type defined by numerous endemic taxa, and are restricted to isolated
patches surrounded by ecologically and floristically
distinct formations.
Collectively, the main vegetation types in southern
Brazil that are covered in this article harbour 1020
endemic flowering plants, which are distributed
within nine biomes. Considering all plant taxa
endemic to southern Brazil, few taxa are shared
between biomes, but cluster analysis grouped forest
biomes (TRF + SSF + SMF + TCS) separate from the
High Altitude Grasslands (SHG + HTG) and from the
Pampas and Tropical Savanna.
Although the Subtropical Highland Grasslands
share taxa with other grasslands and forests, such as
the High Altitude Tropical Grasslands and the Low
Altitude Temperate Grasslands, they support at least
296 endemic taxa, which is much higher than previous estimates. The transitional character and singularity of the Subtropical Highland Grasslands are
indicated by the fact that they harbour both tropical
and temperate plant lineages and show surprisingly
low species-level similarities with other southern and
south-eastern Brazilian grassland systems. Overall,
the large number of endemic taxa in the Subtropical
Highland Grasslands suggests that this grassland
system has been extant for some time in southern
Brazil, and does not simply represent a successional
stage of disturbed forest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Coordenação de
Aperfeiçãoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior –
CAPES, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado
de São Paulo – FAPESP (2010/00519-8) and Conselho
Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
– CNPq, for the provision of grants and post-graduate
scholarship support, N. D. dos Santos, J. R. Lima and
J. Durigon for comments and suggestions on statistical analysis, and the anonymous referees for their
valuable suggestions.
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article:
Table S1. List of endemic flowering plants from southern Brazil and their distribution in different vegetation
formations. HTG, High Altitude Tropical Grasslands; LTG, Low Altitude Temperate Grasslands; SHG, Subtropical
Highland Grasslands (Campos de Cima da Serra); SMF, Subtropical Mixed Forest; SSF, Subtropical Seasonal
Forest; TCS, Tropical Coastal Scrub; TES, Temperate Shrubland; TRF, Tropical Forest; TRS, Tropical Savanna.
Please note: Wiley-Blackwell are not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials
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© 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 378–393
Gustavo Heiden