Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid 1. Orchids of Nepal: Status, Threat and Conservation Keshab R. Rajbhandari G. P. O. Box 9446, Kathmandu, Nepal e-mail: krrajbhandari@yahoo.com Abstract Nepal is very rich in its orchid flora and Orchidaceae is the largest plant family in Nepal with 107 genera and 450 species. Nepalese orchids are economically very important as many species have ornamental and medicinal value. The objective of this paper is to report the present status of orchid flora of Nepal and to highlight their conservation and management need. 18 endemic species and more than 100 medicinal orchids from Nepal are reported. Introduction Orchids are one of the largest groups of the flowering plants with about 25000 species in the world (Chen et al., 2009). Nepal is very rich in orchid flora. Among the flowering plants of Nepal Orchidaceae is the largest plant family with 107 genera and 450 species, followed by Asteraceae with 111 genera and 400 species and Poaceae with 115 genera and 370 species. Due to wide climatic variation in Nepal orchid flora are very much diversified and well represented in all the climatic zones. Recently, many new species and new records of orchids have been reported from Nepal. However, detailed systematic investigation has not been carried out yet. The objective of this paper is to report the present status of orchid flora of Nepal and to highlight their conservation and management need. Status of orchid flora The British Museum, Natural History, London published „An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal‟ in 1978 where Hara et al mentioned 315 species under 90 genera of orchids in Nepal. The number increased to 323 species under 89 genera in another publication of the British Museum (Press et al, 2000). Several books on Nepalese orchids are now available (Milleville and Shrestha, 2004; Rajbhandari and Bhattarai, 2001; Raskoti, 2009; White and Sharma, 2000). In 2004 Rajbhandari and Dahal published a checklist of orchids of Nepal and reported 100 genera and 377 species. Recently, Rokaya et al (2013) reported 104 genera and 437 species of orchids from Nepal. The taxonomic researches on Nepalese orchids are continuously carried out and recently many new reports of orchid species in Nepal have come out (Gajurel et al., 2013; Rai et al., 2013; Raskoti, 2013; Raskoti and Ale, 2013, 2014; Raskoti et al., 2013; Shakya et al., 2013). By consulting these publications and after checking nomenclature the present paper reports a list of 107 genera and 450 species of orchids from Nepal (Tables 1, 2). Among them 252 species are epiphytic, 184 species are terrestrial and 14 species are saprophytic, although some epiphytic species show tendency of terrestrial nature also. There are 14 genera of Orchidaceae in Nepal, which have 10 or more than 10 species. The largest genus is Bulbophyllum which has 40 species in Nepal, followed by Dendrobium (30 species), Oberonia ( 21 species) and Peristylus (20 species) (Table 3). 1 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Table 1. Number of genera and species of Nepalese orchids reported in different publications. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Reference Year No. of genera No. of species ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hara et al 1978 90 315 Press et al 2000 89 323 Rajbhandari & Dahal 2004 100 377 Rokaya et al. 2013 104 437 Present study 2014 107 450 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 2. List of orchid genera and number of species in Nepal Genus Acampe Acanthephippium Acrochaene Aerides Agrostophyllum Androcorys Anoectochilus Anthogonium Aphyllorchis Apostasia Arundina Bhutanthera Brachycorythis Bulbophyllum Calanthe Callostylis Cephalanthera Ceratostylis Cheirostylis Chiloschista Chrysoglossum Cleisostoma Coelogyne Conchidium Corallorrhiza Cremastra Crepidium Cryptochilus Cymbidium Cypripedium Dactylorhiza Dendrobium Dendrolirium Didymoplexis Dienia Diplomeris Epigeneium Epipactis Epipogium Eria Esmeralda Eulophia Flickingeria Galearis Galeola No of Species 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 40 13 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 11 2 1 1 6 2 16 3 2 30 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 10 2 10 2 2 1 Genus Liparis Luisia Malaxis Micropera Monomeria Mycaranthes Myrmechis Neogyna Neottia Neottianthe Nervilia Oberonia Odontochilus Oreorchis Otochilus Pachystoma Panisea Paphiopedilum Papilionanthe Pecteilis Pelatantheria Peristylus Phaius Phalaeonopsis Pholidota Pinalia Platanthera Pleione Podochilus Ponerorchis Porpax Pteroceras Rhomboda Rhynchostylis Robiquetia Satyrium Schoenorchis Smitinandia Spathoglottis Spiranthes Stichorkis Sunipia Taeniophyllum Tainia Thelasis 2 No of Species 16 3 5 1 1 2 1 1 7 2 6 21 2 5 4 1 4 1 3 2 1 20 2 5 5 7 13 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 4 1 1 2 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Genus Gastrochilus Gastrodia Geodorum Goodyera Gymnadenia Habenaria Hemipilia Herminium Herpysma No of Species 9 1 2 11 2 18 1 10 1 Genus Thrixspermum Thunia Tipularia Trichotosia Uncifera Vanda Vandopsis Zeuxine No of Species 1 1 1 1 3 6 1 8 Table 3. More than ten species of genera of Orchidaceae of Nepal Genus Bulbophyllum Dendrobium Oberonia Peristylus Habenaria Cymbidium Liparis No. of species 40 30 21 20 18 16 16 Genus Calanthe Platanthera Coelogyne Goodyera Eria Eulophia Herminium No. of species 13 13 11 11 10 10 10 Ornamental orchids More than 80 species of Nepalese orchids have ornamental value belonging to the genera, Acampe, Aerides, Arundina, Bulbophyllum, Calanthe, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, Dendrobium, Epigeneium, Esmeralda, Flickingeria, Habenaria, Luisia, Otochilus, Panisea, papilionanthe, Pelatantheria, Phaius, Phalaenopsis, Pinalia, Pleione, Rhynchostylis, Satyrium, Spathoglottis, Thunia and Vanda. List of Nepalese orchids having ornamental value is given in Table 4. Table 4. Orchids of Nepal having ornamental value Species Acampe papillosa Acampe rigida Aerides multiflora Aerides odoratum Arundina graminifolia Bulbophyllum affine Bulbophyllum careyanum Bulbophyllum elatum Bulbophyllum leopardinum Bulbophyllum odoratissimum Bulbophyllum umbellatum Calanthe brevicornu Calanthe plantaginea Calanthe sylvatica Calanthe tricarinata Coelogyne corymbosa Coelogyne cristata Coelogyne fimbriata Coelogyne flaccida Coelogyne fuscescens Coelogyne nitida Coelogyne ovalis Coelogyne stricta Cymbidium aloifolium Cymbidium devonianum Cymbidium eburneum Cymbidium elegans Cymbidium hookerianum Species Dendrobium heterocarpum Dendrobium longicornu Dendrobium monticola Dendrobium moschatum Dendrobium nobile Dendrobium transparense Epigenium amplum Epigenium fuscescens Esmeralda clarkei Gastrochilus acutifolius Gastrochilus calceolaris Habenaria pectinata Luisia trichorhiza Luisia zeylanica Otochilus ablus Otochilus fuscus Otochilus porrectus Panisea demissa Panisea uniflora Papilionanthe teres Pelatantheria insectifera Phaius flavus Phaius tankervilleae Phalaenopsis deliciosa Phalaenopsis difformis Phalaenopsis mannii Phalaenopsis taenialis Pholidota articulata 3 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Species Cymbidium iridioides Cymbidium lancifolium Cypripedium cordigerum Cypripedium elegans Cypripedium himalaicum Dendrobium amoenum Dedrobium aphyllum Dendrobium crepidatum Dendrobium densiflorum Dendrobium eriaeflorum Dendrobium farmeri Dendrobium fimbriatum Dendrobium formosum Species Pholidota imbricata Pinalia spicata Pleione humilis Plione maculata Pleione praecox Rhynchostylis retusa Satyrium nepalense Spathoglottis ixioides Thunia alba Vanda ampullacea Vanda cristata Vanda tessellata Vanda testacea Medicinal orchids Pant and Raskoti (2013) have reported 89 species of orchids having medicinal value in Nepal. Now, more than 100 species of Nepalese orchids are recorded as medicinal. They belong to the genera , Acampe, Aerides, Anoectochilus, Arundina, Brachycorythis, Calanthe, Cephalanthera, Coelogyne, Conchidium, Crepidium, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, Dactylorhiza, Dendrobium, Dienia, Epipactis, Eulophia, Flickingeria, Galearis, Goodyera, Gymnadenia, Habenaria, Herminium, Liparis, Luisia, Malaxis, Neottianthe, Nervilia, Oberonia, Otochilus, Papilionanthe, Peristylus, Phaius, Pholidota, Pinalia, Platanthera, Pleione, Ponerorchis, Rhynchostylis, Satyrium, Spiranthes, Thunia, Vanda and Zeuxine. List of Nepalese orchids having medicinal value is given in Appendix 1. Endemic orchids Rajbhandari and Dhungana (2010) reported in „Endemic Flowering Plants of Nepal Part 2‟ that there are 11 endemic orchid species in Nepal. The recent taxonomic research has revealed several more orchid species as endemic to Nepal. The present study shows that there are 18 endemic orchid species in Nepal. They are Bhutanthera fimbriata, Bulbophyllum nepalense, Eria annapurnensis, Eria baniaii, Eria nepalensis, Eria pokharensis, Herminium hongdeyanii, Liparis langtangensis, Liparis olivacea, Malaxis dolpensis, Malaxis tamurensis, Neottia chandrae, Neottia nepalensis, Oberonia nepalensis ,Oreorchi porphyranthes, Panisea panchaseensis, Pleione coronaria and Sunipia nepalensis. Places of collection, collector, collection number and herbarium acronym (where the specimens have been deposited) of the endemic orchids of Nepal are given in Appendix 2. Threats to Nepalese orchids Orchids face serious continued threat to their wild populations in Nepal due to heavy collection of ornamental and medicinal orchids. Some of the medicinal purposes, especially Dactylorhiza hatagirea, species of Coelogyne, Dendrobium, Flickingeria, Otochilus, Pholidota are now highly threatened. Habitat destruction has added more to the reduction of wild populations, especially to those of the endemic species. Conservation of orchids is rapidly turning into a major need for Nepal (Rajbhandari et al., 2000). Orchids of high exportable values occur at subtropical and lower temperate zones of Nepal lying below 2000 m altitude (Shrestha et al., 1992). These zones are also very much expolited for agricultural purpose by a large number of people in Nepal. Orchids in this zone are getting scarce every year. The species listed in Table 4 (ornamental orchids) and Appendix 1 (medicinal orchids) are become rare in Nepal. There is now an urgent need for these orchids before they become extinct from Nepal. Conservation and Management need Orchids are the important natural resources of Nepal and are precious jewels of the nature. There is still need for their detailed systematic investigation and need to conserve them before they become extinct from Nepal. The systematic study of Nepalese orchids carried out at the National Herbarium, Department of Plant Resources has accumulated the herbarium specimens of only 266 species of Nepalese orchids (Rajbhandari 4 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid and Dahal, 2010). Other species are housed in different herbaria of the world. A lot of work has still to be done at the National Herbarium to make the complete collections of the species found in Nepal. Although orchids are getting scare at faster rate in Nepal, National Parks and Conservation areas have shown great hope for their conservation. Shakya and Bajracharya (2013) report that there is no major threat to the orchids of Shivapuri National Park in central Nepal as major forests are well conserved. Nepal Army strictly controls the forests of Narional Park. I also noticed the similar results during my recent visit in the Shivapuri National Park. This is a good sign for the conservation of orchids as well as other vegetation. Similarly, all the National Parks and Conservation Areas in Nepal should be managed to get good results in the forest conservation. Establishment of Orchid Reserves (inside and outside National Parks and Wild Life Reserves) is an important step towards the conservation of Nepalese orchids. Introduction of rare, endangered and endemic orchid species in Botanic Gardens and research institutions should be carried out for the conservation of their genetic resources. DNA bar coding of the important ornamental and medicinal species should be carried out in near future for the identification purpose. This will help in the identification of even a small fragment of the orchids (stem, leaf), etc., which will otherwise be very difficult to identify. Except for research purpose there should be complete control on the collection of Nepalese orchids from their natural habitat for commercial purpose. Systematic research on propagation technique especially the tissue culture for commercially valuable genera should be continued. Cultivation of commercially important wild orchid species (ornamental as well as medicinal) should be emphasized. Acknowledgements I am grateful to Mr. Yam Bahadur Thapa, Director General, Department of Plant Resources, Government of Nepal and Professor Dr. Pramod Kumar Jha, Chief, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University for encouragement. I am thankful to Dr. Bijaya Pant of Central Department of Botany (T. U.), Mr. Dipak Lamichhane, Chief, National Botanical Garden, DPR, Mr. Ganga Datt Bhatt and Ms. Rita Chhetri of National Herbarium, DPR for help in preparing this paper. 5 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid References Acharya, K. P. and Rokaya, M. B. 2010. Medicinal orchids of Nepal: Are they well protected? Our Nature 8: 82-91. Chen, X. et al. 2009. Flora of China Volume 25: Orchidaceae. Science Press, Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. Gajurel, J. P., Rai, S. K., Shrestha, K. K., Scheidegger, C. and Shakya, L. R. 2013. Bulbophyllum griffithii (Lindley) Reichenbach f. and Platanthera cumminsiana (King & Pantling) J. Renz – two new records of orchids from Nepal. Pleione (India) 7(1): 253-257. Hara, H., Stearn, W. T. and Williams, L. H. J. 1978. AnEenumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal, Vol. 1. British Museum, Natural History, London. Milleville, R. de and Shrestha, T. B. 2004. Nepal Orchids in Pictures. Malla Prakashan, Kathmandu, Nepal. Pant, B. and Raskoti, B. B. 2013. Medicinal Orchids of Nepal. Himalayan Map House (P.) Ltd., Kathmandu, Nepal, 104 pp. Press, J. R., Shrestha, K. K. and Sutton, D. A. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal. Natural History Museum, London, U. K. Rai, S. K., Gajurel, J. P., Shrestha, K. K., Scheidegger, C. and Shakya, L. R. 2013. Peristylus manii (H. G. Reichenbach) Mukerjee (Orchidaceae) – a new record for Nepal. Pleione (India) 7(1): 250-252. Rajbhandari, K. R. 2001. Ethnobotany of Nepal. Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal, Kathmandu. . Rajbhandari, K. R. and Bhattarai, S. 2001. Beautiful Orchids in Nepal. Authors, Kathmandu. Rajbhandari, K. R. and Dahal, S. 2004. Orchids of Nepal: A checklist. Botanica Orientalis (Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Nepal) 4 (1): 89-106. Rajbhandari, K. R. and Dahal, S. 2010. Orchidaceae. In: Rajbhandari, K. R. and Baral, S. R. (eds.), Catalogue of Nepalese Flowering plants – 1: Gymnomsperms and Monocotyledons. Government of Nepal, National Herbarium and Plant Labaoratories, Department of Plant Resources, Godawari, Lalitpur, Nepal, pp. 43-77. Rajbhandari, K. R. and Dhungana, S. K. 2010. Endemic Flowering Plants of Nepal Part 2. Government of Nepal, Department of Plant Resources, Kathmandu, Nepal. Rajbhandari, K. R., Bhattarai, S. and Joshi, R. 2000. Orchid diversity of Nepal and their conservation need. Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop of BIO-REFOR, Kathmandu, Nepal, November 28-December 2, 1999, Biotechnology Applications for Reforestation and Biodiversity Conservation, 2000, pp. 249-252. Raskoti, B. B. 2009. The orchids of Nepal. Authors, Kathmandu. Raskoti, B. B. 2013. A new species of Herminium (Orchidioideae, Orchidaceae) from Nepal. Phytotaxa 98(1): 23-26. Raskoti, B. B. and Ale, R. 2013. A new species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) from Nepal. Edinb. J. Bot. 70(2): 381-384. Raskoti, B. B. and Ale, R. 2014. A new species of Liparis (Orchidaceae, Malaxideae) from Nepal. Novon 23(1): 83-85. Raskoti, B. B., Bhatt, G. D. and Rajbhandari, K. R. 2013. Acrochaene punctata L. and Bhutanthera alpina (Hand.-Mazz.) Renz (Orchidaceae), new records for flora of Nepal. J. Dept. Pl. Res. (Department of Plant Resources, Nepal) 35: 67-69. Rokaya, M. B., Raskoti, B. B., Timsina, B. and Muenzbergova, Z. 2013. An annotated checklist of the orchids of Nepal. Nordic J. Bot. 31: 511-550. Shakya, L. R. and Bajracharya, D. M. 2013. Survey of the orchids of Shivapuri National Park in Kathmandu (Nepal) and their conservation. Pleione (India) 7(1): 39-45. Shakya, L. R., Jin, X.-H., Rajbhandari, K. R. and Ikeda, H. 2013. Robiquettia succisa (Orchidaceae) – a new record for Nepal. J. Jap. Bot. 88: 191-193. 6 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Shrestha, T. B., Shakya, P. R., Rajbhandari, K. R. and Joshi, R. M. 1992. The Orchids. Biodiversity report Series Part 1, No. 1, Woodlands Mountain Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal. Subedi, A., Kunwar, B., Choi, Y., Dai, Y., Andel, T. van, Chaudhary, R. P., Boer, H. J. de and Gravendeel, B. 2013. Collection and trade of wild-harvested orchids in Nepal. J. Ethnobiol. & Ethnomed. 9: 64-73. Vaidya, B., Shrestha, M. and Joshee, N. 2002. Report on Nepalese orchid species with medicinal properties. In: Watanabe, T. et al. (eds.), The Himalayan plants, can they save us? Proceedings of NepalJapan Joint Symposium on conservation and utilization of Himalayan medicinal resources. Society for the Conservation and Development of Himalayan Medicinal Resources, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 146-152. White, C. and Sharma, B. 2000. Wild Orchids of Nepal: A guide in the Himalayan Orchids of Tribhuvan Rajpath and Chitwan Jungle, White Lotus Press, Bangkok, Thailand. 7 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Appendix 1. Medicinal orchids of Nepal (Source: Acharya and Rokaya, 2010; Pant and Raskoti, 2013; Rajbhandari, 2001; Subedi et al., 2013; Vaidya et al., 2002). Species Acampe papillosa Aerides multiflora Aerides odorata Anoectochilus roxburghii Arundina graminifolia Brachycorythis obcordata Bulbophyllum careyanum Bulbophyllum leopardinum Bulbophyllum odoratissimum Bulbophyllum umbellatum Calanthe plantaginea Calanthe puberula Calanthe sylvatica Calanthe tricarinata Cephalanthera longifolia Coelogyne corymbosa Coelogyne cristata Coelogyne flaccida Coelogyne fuscescens Coelogyne nitida Coelogyne ovalis Coelogyne prolifera Coelogyne stricta Conchidium muscicola Crepidium acuminatum Cymbidium aloifolium Cymbidium devonianum Cymbidium elegans Cymbidium iridioides Cypripedium cordigerum Cypripedium elegans Cypripedium himalaicum Dactylorhiza hatagirea Dendrobium amoenum Dendrobium bicameratum Dendrobiuim chrysanthum Dendrobium crepidatum Dendrobium densiflorum Dendrobium eriaeflorum Dendrobium fimbriatum Dendrobium heterocarpum Dendrobium longicornu Dendrobium monticola Dendrobium moschatum Dendrobium nobile Dendrobium transparense Dienia cylindrostachya Epipactis helleborine Eulophia dabia Eulophia herbacea Eulophia spectabilis Flickingeria fugax Flickingeria macraei Uses Root in rheumatism Plant paste on wound Leaf paste on wound Plant for tuberculosis Root for body-ache Tuber as tonic Pasudobulb in skin burn Pseudobulb paste in skin burn Plant in fracture Plant to enhance congenity Rhizome as tonic Rhizome as antipyretic Pseudobulb to stop bleeding Leaves aphrodisiac Rhizome as tonic Pseudobulb for headache Pseudobulb on wound Pseudobulb for headache Pseudobulb for abdominal pain Pseudobulb for stomachache Pseudobulb as aphrodisiac Pseudobulb for backache Pseudobulb for headache Plant in nervous disorder Pseudobulb as tonic Rhizome in fracture Root for boils Bulb as emetic Leaf on wound Root as tonic Root as tonic Plant for kidney stone Tuber as tonic Stem as tonic Plant as tonic Plant as tonic Stem in fracture Pseudobulb in pimple Plant as tonic Plant in nervous debility Stem in fracture Plant for fever Pseudobulb in pimple Pseudobulb in fracture Stem as tonic Pseudobulb in fracture Pseudobulb as tonic Tuber for headache Rhizome as tonic Root tuber as tonic Tuber as vermifuge Plant as tonic Stem as aphrodisiac 8 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Species Galearis roborowskyi Goodyera repens Goodyera schlechtendaliana Gymnadenia orchidis Habenaria arietina Habenaria commelinifolia Habenaria furcifera Habenaria intermedia Habenaria marginata Habenaria pectinata Herminium lanceum Herminium monorchis Liparis nervosa Liparis rostrata Luisia trichorhiza Luisia zeylanica Malaxis muscifera Neottianthe cucullata Nervilia aragoana Oberonia caulescens Otochilus ablus Otochilus fuscus Otochilus porrectus Papilionanthe teres Peristylus constrictus Peristylus goodyeroides Phaius tankervilleae Pholidota articulata Pholidota imbricata Pholidota pallida Pinalia spicata Platanthera arcuata Platanthera clavigera Platanthera edgeworthii Platanthera sikkimensis Pleione humilis Plione maculata Pleione praecox Ponerorchis chusua Rhynchostylis retusa Satyrium nepalense Smitinandia micrantha Spiranthes sinensis Thunia alba Vanda cristata Vanda tessellata Vanda testacea Zeuxine strateumatica Uses Tuber as tonic Plant as blood purifier Plant as tonic Pseudobulb on wound Tuber as tonic Plant as tonic Tuber as tonic Tuber in skin disease Plant as tonic Tuber in arthritis Plant in suppressed urination Root as tonic Tuber for stomachache Pseudobulb as tonic Leaf in muscular pain Leaf on wound Stem in dysentery Rhizome as tonic Plant in diarrhoea Tuber in liver ailment Pseudobulb in fracture Pseudobulb in fracture Pseudobulb as tonic Plant for dislocated bone Tuber to reduce thirst Root powder to control fever Tuber as tonic Plant as tonic Pseudobulb as tonic Pseudobulb for rheumatic pain Stem paste on headache Root as tonic Tuber as tonic Tuber as tonic Plant as tonic Pseudobulb on wound Rhizone for stomach ailment Pseudobulb on wound Root paste on wound Root on wound Tuber as tonic Root as tonic Tuber as tonic Plant for dislocated bone Root on wound Root in rheumatism Leaf as antiviral agent Tuber as tonic 9 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Appendix 2. Endemic orchids of Nepal. Bhutanthera fimbriata Raskoti, Central Nepal, Langtang National Park, Rasuwa District, 2008.7.14, Raskoti 234 (Holotype, KATH). Bulbophyllum nepalense Raskoti & Ale, Edinb. J. Bot. 70(2): 381 (2013). Central Nepal, Sivapuri National Park, Kathmandu District, 2300 m, 2010.8.3, B. B. Raskoti 325 (Holotype, KATH). Eria annapurnensis L. R. Shakya & M. R. Shrestha, Edinb. J. Bot. 64 (1): 1 (2007). Central Nepal, Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Chhomrong, 2000 m, 2005.6.10, L. Shakya, M. Shrestha & S. Shakya 74 (Holotype, KATH). Eria baniaii Bajracharya, Shakya & Chettri, J Orchid Soc. India 16(1-2): 91 (2002). Central Nepal, Kathmandu valley, E. North facing slope Khani Gaon, Godavari, 1600 m, 1993.1.26, D. Bajracharya, L. Shakya & M. Chettri CBS 150 (Holotype, TUCH). Eria nepalensis D. M. Bajracharya & K. K. Shrestha, J. Jap. Bot. 78(3): 158 (2003). Central Nepal, Chitwan, Sauraha, Royal Chitwan National Park, 200 m, 2000.2.26, D. M. Bajracharya CN 260 (Holotype, KATH). Eria pokharensis Bajracharya, Subedi & Shrestha, J. Orchid Soc. India 17(1-2): 1 (2003). Central Nepal, Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Lumle, Pokhara, 900-1000 m, 2000.4.10, D. M. Bajracharya & A. Subedi CN220 (Holotype, KATH). Herminium hongdeyanii B. B. Raskoti, Phytotaxa 98(1): 23 (2013). Central Nepal, Chandragiri, Kathmandu District, 2200 m, 2012.9.25, Raskoti 571 (Holotype, KATH). Liparis langtangensis B. B. Raskoti & Ale, Novon 23: 83 (2014). Central Nepal, Kyangin Kharka, Langtang Natl. Park, Rasuwa District, 3700-3900 m, 2010.7.26, B. B. Raskoti 300 (Holotype, KATH). Liparis olivacea Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 1: 27 (1830). Central Nepal, Nepalia, 1821, N. Wallich 1942 (Syntype, K-W). Malaxis dolpensis M. R. Shrestha, L. R. Shakya & S. K. Ghimire, Pleione 1: 6 (2007). West Nepal, Karnali Zone, Dolpa District, Khorakchhang, 4200 m, 2003.7.19, M. R. Shrestha, S. K. Ghimire & L. Shahi 873 (Holotype, KATH). Malaxis tamurensis Tuyama, H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal.: 444, f. 29 a-b (1966). East Nepal, Dhankuta, Dhankuta District, 1964.8.19. 1200 m, 1963.10.18-22, TI 6305500 (Holotype, TI). Cult. in Univ. Tokyo, florif. Neottia chandrae B. B. Raskoti, J. J. wood & Rita Ale, Nordic J. Bot. 30: 187 (2012). Central Nepal, Lauribanayak, Langtang National Park, Rasuwa District, 3800 m, 2008.7.20, B. B. Raskoti 280 (Holotype, KATH). Neottia nepalensis (N. P. Balakrishnan) Szlach. Listera nepalensis N. P. Balakrishnan, Blumea 14: 237, t. 1 (1966). Central Nepal, Baglung, Phagune Dhuri 11000 ft., 1954.7.8, J. D. A. Stainton, W. R. Sykes & L. H. J. Williams 3431 (Holotype, CAL). Oberonia nepalensis L. R. Shakya & R. P. Chaudhary, Harvard Pap. Bot. 4 (1): 359 (1999). Central Nepal, Kaski District, Pokhara, around Annapurna Conservation area, 1100 m, 1996.5, L. R. Shakya, R. L. Singh & R. P. Chaudhary 27 (Holotype, KATH). Oreorchis porphyranthes Tuyama, J. Jap. Bot. 50: 69, 1, 2 (1975). Central Nepal, Myagdi District, S. Gurjakhani, 10300 ft., 1954.6.7, J. D. A. Stainton, W. R. Sykes & L. H. J. Williams 3048 (Holotype, BM). Panisea panchaseensis Subedi Central Nepal, Kaski District, Panchase forest, 2200-2450 m, 2007.11.12, A. Subedi 1780 (Holotype, KATH). Pleione coronaria P. J. Cribb & C. Z. Tang, Curtis‟s Bot. Mag. 184: 123 (1983). Central Nepal, Ganesh Himal, 2850 m, J. D. A. Stainton 3654 (Holotype, BM). Sunipia nepalensis B.B.Raskoti & R.Ale Central Nepal, Makawanpur District, Daman, Simbhanjyang, 2400 m, 2008.5, B.B. Raskoti 270 (Holotype KATH). 10 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Appendix 3. List of orchids of Nepal. (Source: Hara et al., 1978; Press et al., 2000; Rajbhandari & Dahal, 2004, 2010; Raskoti, 2009; Rokaya et al., 2013). (West - from western border to 83o E longitude; Central - from 83o E longitude to 86o30‟ E longitude and East - from 86o30‟ E longitude to eastern border). Acampe Lindl. Acampe papillosa (Lindl.) Lindl. Saccolabium papillosum Lindl. Saccolabium carinatum Griff. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam. Central, East, 200-1500 m. Acampe rigida (Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) P. F. Hunt Aerides rigida Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Saccolabium longifolium (Lindl.) Hook. f. Distr.: East Africa, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand. Central, East, 200-1500 m. Acanthephippium Blume Acanthephippium striatum Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. East, 500-1000 m. Acrochaene Lindl. Acrochaene punctata Lindl. Bulbophyllum kingii Hook. f. Monomeria punctata (Lindl.) Schltr. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand. East, 1700 m. Aerides Lour. Aerides multiflora Roxb. Aerides affinis Wall. ex J. Lindl. Epidendrum geniculatum Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 200-1100 m. Aerides odorata Lour. Aeridium odorum Salisb. Epidendrum odoratum (Lour.) Poir. Aerides cornuta Roxb. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines. Central, East, 200-1200 m. Agrostophyllum Blume Agrostophyllum callosum Rchb. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia. Central, East, 2100-2200 m. Agrostophyllum planicaule (Wall. ex Lindl.) Rchb. f. Eria planicaulis Wall. ex Lindl. Agrostophyllum khasianum Griff. Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar, Southeast Asia. East, 500-800 m. Androcorys Schltr. Androcorys josephii (Rchb. f.) Agrawala & H. J. Chowdhery Herminium josephii Rchb. f. Herminium grandiflorum Lindl. ex Hook. f. Distr.: Indian, Nepal, Bhutan, China. West and Central, 2700-4100 m. Androcorys pugioniformis (Lindl. ex Hook. f.) K. Y. Lang Herminium pugioniforme Lindl. ex Hook. f. Monorchis pugioniformis (Lindl. ex Hook. f.) O. Schwarz Distr.: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. West and Central, 4000-5000 m. Anoectochilus Blume Anoectochilus brevilabris Lindl. 11 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Anoectochilus griffithii Hook. f. Anoectochilus sikkimensis King & Pantl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Vietnam. Central, 900-1500 m. Anoectochilus setaceus Blume Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia. Central, 300-1500 m. Anthogonium Wall. ex Lindl. Anthogonium gracile Wall. ex Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia. Central, East, 1500-2000 m. Aphyllorchis Blume Aphyllorchis alpina King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. Central, East, 2100-2600 m. Apostasia Blume Apostasia wallichii R. Br. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Japan, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia. Central, 600-800 m. Arundina Blume Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. Bletia graminifolia D.Don Arundina bambusifolia Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Central and East, 400-2300 m. Bhutanthera Renz Bhutanthera albomarginata (King & Pantl.) Renz Habenaria albomarginata King & Pantl. Peristylus albomarginatus (King & Pantl.) K.Y.Lang Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim). East, 3400-4300 m. Bhutanthera alpina (Hand.-Mazz.) Renz Habenaria alpina Hand.-Mazz. Peristylus alpina (Hand.-Mazz.) K. Y. Lang Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China (Xizang). Central, 4200-4300 m. Bhutanthera fimbriata Raskoti Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 3800 m. Brachycorythis Lindl. Brachycorythis obcordata (Lindl.) Summerh. Platanthera obcordata Lindl. Orchis obcordata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Platanthera obcordata Lindl. ex Wall. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. West, Central, East, 1000-2600 m. Bulbophyllum Thouars Bulbophyllum affine Wall. ex Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Japan, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 600-1800 m. Bulbophyllum ambrosia (Hance) Schltr. subsp. nepalensis J. J. Wood Distr.: Nepal, China (Yunnan). Central, 1440 m. Bulbophyllum bisetum Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Thailand. 1500-2000 m. Bulbophyllum careyanum (Hook.) Spreng. Anisopetalon careyanum Hook. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 600-2100 m. Bulbophyllum cariniflorum Rchb. f. Bulbophyllum densiflorum Rolfe Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Thailand. Central, 1300-1800 m. 12 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Bulbophyllum cauliflorum Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China (Xizang). East, 800-1800 m. Bulbophyllum cylindraceum Wall. ex Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China. Central, East, 1600-2400 m. Bulbophyllum elatum (Hook. f.) J. J. Sm. Cirrhopetalum elatum Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Vietnam. Central, 900-1500 m. Bulbophyllum emarginatum (Finet) J. J. Sm. Cirrhopetalum emarginatum Finet Bulbophyllum yoksunense J. J. Sm. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam. Central, 2000-2600 m. Bulbophyllum eublepharum Rchb. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Myanmar. East, 2000-2500 m. Bulbophyllum gamblei (Hook. f.) Hook. f. Bulbophyllum leptanthum Hook. f. var. gamblei Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. East, 200-2000 m. Bulbophyllum griffithii (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Sarcopodium griffithii Lindl. Bulbophyllum calodictyon Schltr. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China, Vietnam. 1000-1700 m. Bulbophyllum guttulatum (Hook. f.) N. P. Balakr. Cirrhopetalum guttulatum Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang), Vietnam. Central, 1100-2300 m. Bulbophyllum helenae (Kuntze) J. J. Sm. Phyllorkis helenae Kuntze Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar. East, 900-1200 m. Bulbophyllum hirtum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall. Stelis hirta Sm. Distr.: India, Nepal, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Central, 1000-2600 m. Bulbophyllum leopardinum (Wall.) Lindl. ex Wall. Dendrobium leopardinum Wall. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Laos, Vietnam. Central, East, 1500-3200 m. Bulbophyllum moniliforme E. C. Parish & Rchb. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 1450 m. Bulbophyllum muscicola Rchb. f. Cirrhopetalum wallichii Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Central, 2100-2400 m. Bulbophyllum nepalense Raskoti & Ale Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 2300 m. Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall. Stelis odoratissima Sm. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 1000-2000 m. Bulbophyllum polyrrhizum Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), China (Yunnan), Myamnar, Thailand. Central, 900-2100 m. Bulbophyllum reptans (Lindl.) Lindl. ex Wall. Tribrachia reptans Lindl. Bulbophyllum reptans var. subracemosa Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. West, Central, East, 2000-2200 m. Bulbophyllum retusiusculum Rchb. f. Cirrhopetalum retusiusculum (Rchb. f.) Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia. Central, East, 2100-3000 m. Bulbophyllum rigidum King & Pantl. 13 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India. Central, 1000-1500 m. Bulbophyllum rolfei (Kuntze) Seidenf. Phyllorkis rolfei Kuntze Cirrhopetalum parvulum Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan). Central, East, 2000-2500 m. Bulbophyllum roxburghii (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Cirrhopetalum roxburghii Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India. East, 300-500 m. Bulbophyllum sarcophyllum (King & Pantl.) J. J. Sm. Cirrhopetalum sarcophyllum King & Pantl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India. East, 1000-1200 m. Bulbophyllum scabratum Rchb. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan. East, 2000-2200 m. Bulbophyllum secundum Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 2000-2200 m. Bulbophyllum sterile (Lam.) Suresh Epidendrum sterile Lam. Bulbophyllum caudatum Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, 500-2000 m. Bulbophyllum striatum (Griff.) Rchb. f. Dendrobium striatum Griff. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 2000-2300 m. Bulbophyllum triste Rchb. f. Bulbophyllum micranthum Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand. Central, East, 1200-1400 m. Bulbophyllum umbellatum Lindl. Cirrhopetalum umbellatum (Lindl.) Linden Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 300-1800 m. Bulbophyllum viridiflorum (Hook. f.) Schltr. Cirrhopetalum viridiflorum Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India. Central, East, 1500-2200 m. Bulbophyllum wallichii (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Cirrhopetalum wallichii Lindl. Cirrhopetalum refractum Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 1000-2500 m. Bulbophyllum xylophyllum E. C. Parish & Rchb. f. Distr.: Nepal, Nepal, Myanmar. East, 910 m. Bulbophyllum yunnanense Rolfe Bulbophyllum otoglossum Tuyama Distr.: Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan). East, 2400-2800 m. Calanthe R. Br. Calanthe alpina Hook. f. ex Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan. West, Central, East, 2800-3500 m. Calanthe biloba Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar. East, 1000-2800 m. Calanthe brevicornu Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China, Myanmar. Central, East, 1500-2600 m. Calanthe chloroleuca Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. East, 1500-2400 m. Calanthe davidii Franch. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Japan, Vietnam. Central, 500-2300 m. Calanthe densiflora Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Vietnam. Central, 160-1830 m. Calanthe griffithii Lindl. 14 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Calanthe anjanae Lucksom Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China (Xizang), Myanmar. East, 2200-2300 m. Calanthe mannii Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam. Central, East, 1500-2500 m. Calanthe plantaginea Lindl. Distr.: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. Central, 1500-2200 m. Calanthe puberula Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Vietnam. Central, 1800-2500 m. Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl. Centrosis sylvatica Thouars Bletia masuca D. Don Calanthe masuca (D.Don) Lindl. Distr.: Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia. West, Central, East, 1500-2800 m. Calanthe tricarinata Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan. West, Central, East, 1500-3200 m. Calanthe trulliformis King & Pantl. Distr.: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar. East, 2300-2600 m. Callostylis Blume Callostylis rigida Blume Tylostylis rigida (Blume) Blume Eria discolor Lindl. Tylostylis discolor (Lindl.) Hook. f. Callostylis rigida subsp. discolor (Lindl.) Brieger Distr.: India, Nepal, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia. Central, 150-1600 m. Cephalanthera Rich. Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch Serapias helleborine L. var. longifolia L. Cephalanthera ensifolia L. C. Rich. Distr.: Europe, North Africa, SW Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar. West, Central, 1200-3200 m. Ceratostylis Blume Ceratostylis himalaica Hook. f. Ritaia himalaica (Hook. f.) King & Pantl. Eria ramosissima Wall. ex Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia. East, 1700-1900 m. Cheirostylis Blume Cheirostylis griffithii Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand. Central, 1500-2200 m. Chiloschista Lindl. Chiloschista parishii Seidenf. Thrixspermum luniferum Rchb. f. Sarcochilus luniferus (Rchb. f.) Benth. ex Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Myanmar. East, 1000-1800 m. Chiloschista usneoides (D. Don) Lindl. Epidendrum usneoides D. Don Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan. Central, 1500-1700 m. Chiloschista viridiflora Seidenf. Distr.: Nepal, Thailand. 1600 m. Chrysoglossum Blume Chrysoglossum ornatum Blume Chrysoglossum erraticum Hook. f. 15 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia. Central, 1400-1500 m. Cleisostoma Blume Cleisostoma aspersum (Rchb. f.) Garay Sarcanthus aspersus Rchb. f. Cleisostoma bicuspidatum Hook. f. Stereochilus bicuspidatus (Hook.f.) King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar. East, 600-1800 m. Cleisostoma filiforme (Lindl.) Garay Sarcanthus filiformis Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 150-1300 m. Cleisostoma racemiferum (Lindl.) Garay Saccolabium racemiferum Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. East, 14002000 m. Cleisostoma simondii (Gagnep.) Seidenf. Vanda simondii Gagnep. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China (Yunnan), Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 500-600 m. Coelogyne Lindl. Coelogyne barbata Lindl. ex Griff. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China. Coelogyne corymbosa Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Myanmar). Central, East, 1500-2900 m. Coelogyne cristata Lindl. Cymbidium speciosissimum D. Don Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Xizang). West, Central, East, 1000-2450 m. Coelogyne fimbriata Lindl. Pleione fimbriata (Lindl.) Kuntze Broughtonia linearis Wall. ex Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Coelogyne flaccida Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 900-1100 m. Coelogyne fuscescens Lindl. Coelogyne fuscescens Lindl. var. viridiflorum Pradhan Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 12001800 m. Coelogyne longipes Lindl. Pleione longipes (Lindl.) Kuntze Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Laos, Thailand. East, 1500-2300 m. Coelogyne nitida (Wall. ex D. Don) Lindl. Cymbidium nitidum Wall. ex D. Don Coelogyne ochracea Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. West, Central, East, 1300-2400 m. Coelogyne ovalis Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam. West, Central, 1300-1700 m. Coelogyne prolifera Lindl. Coelogyne flavida Hook. f. ex Lindl. Pleione prolifera (Lindl.) Kuntze Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 10002300 m. Coelogyne punctulata Lindl. Coelogyne nitida Hook. f. 16 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar. East, 200-2000 m. Coelogyne raizadae S. K. Jain & S. Das Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Laos. Coelogyne schultesii S. K. Jain & S. Das Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Coelogyne stricta (D. Don) Schltr. Cymbidium strictum D. Don Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam. Central, East, 1400-2000 m. Conchidium Griff. Conchidium extinctorium (Lindl.) Y. P. Ng & P. J. Cribb Dendrobium extinctorium Lindl. Eria extinctoria (Lindl.) Oliv. Pinalia extinctoria (Lindl.) Kuntze Distr.: Nepal, Myanmar. Central, 500-600 m. Conchidium muscicola (Lindl.) Rauschert Dendrobium muscicola Lindl. Dendrobium parviflorum D. Don Eria muscicola (Lindl.) Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 1500-1800 m. Corallorhiza Gagnebin Corallorhiza trifida Châtel. Distr.: Europe, Central Asia, Pakistan, India, Nepal, China, North America, Greenland. West, Central, 3800-3900 m. Cremastra Lindl. Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino Cymbidium appendiculatum D. Don Cremastra wallichiana Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan. Central, 1800-2300 m. Crepidium Blume Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach. Malaxis acuminata D. Don Microstylis biloba Lindl. Malaxis acuminata f. biloba (Lindl.) Tuyama Microstylis wallichii Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines. Central, East, 450-3050 m. Crepidium biauritum (Lindl.) Szlach. Microstylis biaurita Lindl. Malaxis biaurita (Lindl.) Kuntze Distr.: Crepidium calophyllum (Rchb.f.) Szlach. Microstylis calophylla Rchb. f. Malaxis calophylla (Rchb. f.) Kuntze Microstylis scottii Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. East, 500-600 m. Crepidium josephianum (Rchb.f.) Marg. Microstylis josephiana Rchb. f. Malaxis josephiana (Rchb. f.) Kuntze Distr.: India, Nepal. East, 500-800 m. Crepidium khasianum (Hook.f.) Szlach. Microstylis khasiana Hook. f. Malaxis khasiana (Hook. f.) Kuntze Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China (Yunnan), Thailand. East, 1000-3000 m. Crepidium mackinnonii (Duthie) Szlach. 17 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Microstylis mackinnonii Duthie Malaxis mackinnonii (Duthie) Ames Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Thailand. Central, 800-1500 m. Cryptochilus Wall. Cryptochilus luteus Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Vietnam. Central, East, 1200-2300 m. Cryptochilus sanguineus Wall. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar. Central, East, 1600-2400 m. Cymbidium Sw. Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. Epidendrum aloifolium L. Cymbidium simulans Rolfe Distr.: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Central, East, 300-1600 m. Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia. West, Central, East, 100-1600 m. Cymbidium cyperifolium Wall. ex Lindl. var. szechuanicum (Y. S. Wu & S. C. Chen) S. C. Chen & Z. J. Liu Cymbidium szechuanicum Y. S. Wu & S. C. Chen Cymbidium faberi Rolfe var. szechuanicum (Y. S. Wu & S. C. Chen) Y. S. Wu & S. C. Chen Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. Central, East, 1000-2900 m. Cymbidium dayanum Rchb. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia. Central, 1400 m. Cymbidium devonianum Paxton Cymbidium sikkimense Hook. f. Cymbidium rigidum Z. J. Liu & S. C. Chen Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. East, 1500-1800 m. Cymbidium eburneum Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Myanmar. East, 300-1700 m. Cymbidium elegans Lindl. Cymbidium longifolium D. Don Cymbidium elegans var. lutescens Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar. Central, East, 1500-2500 m. Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam. Central, East, 1500-2400 m. Cymbidium faberi Rolfe Distr.: India, Nepal, China. East, 700-3000 m. Cymbidium × gammieanum King & Pantl. C. elegans × C. erythraeum. Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, East, 1800 m. Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb. f. Cymbidium giganteum Wall. ex Lindl. var. hookerianum (Rchb. f.) Desbois Cymbidium grandiflorum Griff. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Vietnam. East, 1600-2600 m. Cymbidium iridioides D. Don Cymbidium giganteum Wall. ex Lindl. Limodorum longifolium Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myabnmar, Vietnam. Central, East, 1500-2800 m. Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea. Central, 1500-2400 m. Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. 18 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Distr.: Pakistan, India, Nepal, China, Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos. Central, 800-2500 m. Cymbidium mannii Rchb. f. Cymbidium bicolor subsp. obtusum DuPuy & P. J. Cribb Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia. West, Central, East, 900-1500 m. Cymbidium micranthum Z. J. Liu & S. C. Chen Distr.: Nepal, China. Central. Cypripedium L. Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang). West, Central, 2800-3800 m. Cypripedium elegans Rchb. f. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China (Xizang). Central, East, 3300-4200 m. Cypripedium himalaicum Rolfe Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China (Xizang). West, Central, East, 3000-4800 m. Dactylorhiza Neck. ex Nevski Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soó Orchis hatagirea D. Don Distr.: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang). West, Central, East, 2800-3960 m. Dactylorhiza viridis (L.) R. M. Bateman Satyrium viride L. Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartman Distr.: Europe, SW Asia, Central Asia, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, North America. Dendrobium Sw. Dendrobium amoenum Wall. ex Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar. Central, East, 1100-2900 m. Dendrobium anceps Sw. Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand. Central, East, 1200-1400 m. Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) C. E. C. Fisch. Limodorum aphyllum Roxb. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia. Central, East, 100-1500 m. Dendrobium bicameratum Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, SE Asia. Central, 1400-2400 m. Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall. ex Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam. Central, 1300-2000 m. Dendrobium chryseum Rolfe Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Myanmar. Central, 1200-2100 m. Dendrobium crepidatum Lindl. & Paxton Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 1200-1400 m. Dendrobium cumulatum Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia. East, 150-700 m. Dendrobium darjeelingense Pradhan Distr.: Nepal, India (Darjeeling). Central, 2000 m. Dendrobium denneanum Kerr Dendrobium clavatum Wall. ex Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 600-2500 m. Dendrobium densiflorum Lindl. Dendrobium clavatum Roxb. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand. Central, East, 900-2900 m. Dendrobium denudans D. Don Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. West, Central, East, 1000-2200 m. Dendrobium eriiflorum Griff. 19 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Myanmar. Central, East, 1500-2100 m. Dendrobium farmeri Paxton Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia. East, 150-700 m. Dendrobium formosum Roxb. ex Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia. Central, East, 500-1500 m. Dendrobium gibsonii Paxton Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand. East, 900-2000 m. Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex Lindl. Dendrobium aureum Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia. Central, 1000-1600 m. Dendrobium hookerianum Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar. East, 300-2000 m. Dendrobium longicornu Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam. Central, East, 1300-2900 m. Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw. Epidendrum moniliforme L. Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Myanmar, Vietnam. Central, East, 1500-2500 m. Dendrobium monticola P. F. Hunt & Summerh. Dendrobium alpestre Royle Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 2400-2700 m. Dendrobium moschatum (Buch.-Ham.) Sw. Epidendrum moschatum Buch.-Ham. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 200-1200 m. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 400-1500 m. Dendrobium ochreatum Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. East, 1200-1600 m. Dendrobium peguanum Lindl. Dendrobium pygmaeum Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar. Central, 300-1200 m. Dendrobium plicatile Lindl. Dendrobium fimbriatum (Blume) Lindl. Flickingeria fimbriata (Blume) A. D. Hawkes Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam. Central, East, 2002100 m. Dendrobium polyanthum Wall. ex Lindl. Dendrobium primulinum Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Central, 1200-1400 m. Dendrobium porphyrochilum Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 1800-2500 m. Dendrobium pulchellum Roxb. ex Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, East, 1200-1800 m. Dendrobium transparens Wall. ex Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar. West, Central, East, 700-2000 m. Dendrolirium Blume Dendrolirium lasiopetalum (Willd.) S. C. Chen & J. J. Wood Aerides lasiopetala Willd. Eria lasiopetala (Willd.) Ormerod Eria flava Bl. Eria pubescens Hook. 20 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. East, 1300-1600 m. Didymoplexis Griff. Didymoplexis pallens Griff. Distr.: Afghanistah, Nepal, N. E. India, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia, and SW Pacific Islands. East, 150 m. Dienia Lindl. Dienia cylindrostachya Lindl. Microstylis cylindrostachya (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Malaxis cylindrostachya (Lindl.) Kuntze Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang). Central, East, 2600-3500 m. Dienia ophrydis (J. Koenig) Seidenf. Epidendrum ophrydis J. Koenig Malaxis ophrydis (J. Koenig) Ormerod Crepidium ophrydis (J. Koenig) M. A. Clem. & D. L. Jones Malaxis latifolia Sm. Microstylis latifolia (Sm.) J. J. Sm. Dienia latifolia (Sm.) M. A. Clem. & D. L. Jones Dienia congesta Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia. Central, East, 1400-2100 m. Diplomeris D. Don Diplomeris hirsuta (Lindl.) Lindl. Diplochilos hirsutus Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), China. Central, 300-1000 m. Diplomeris pulchella D. Don Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Myanmar, Vietnam. Central, East, 600-2600 m. Epigeneium Gagnep. Epigeneium amplum (Lindl.) Summerh. Dendrobium amplum Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 1300-2000 m. Epigeneium fuscescens (Griff.) Summerh. Dendrobium fuscescens Griff. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China. East, 600-1800 m. Epigeneium rotundatum (Lindl.) Summerh. Sarcopodium rotundatum Lindl. Dendrobium rotundatum (Lindl.) Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar. East, 1500-2000 m. Epipactis Zinn Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz Serapias helleborine L. Epipactis latifolia (L.) All. Epipactis consimilis D. Don Distr.: Europe, North Africa, Russia, SW Asia, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. West, Central, 1500-3300 m. Epipactis royleana Lindl. Distr.: W Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang). West, Central, 14003500 m. Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss. & Hohen. Distr.: Africa, SW Asia, C Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, China. West, Central, 1200-1300 m. Epipogium Borkh. Epipogium aphyllum Sw. Distr.: Europe, W Asia, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan. West, Central, 2500-3400 m. 21 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Epipogium roseum (D. Don) Lindl. Limodorum roseum D. Don Distr.: W Africa, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Australia. Central, 1400-2000 m. Eria Lindl. Eria alba Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. Central, East, 1500-2500 m. Eria annapurnensis L. R. Shakya & M. R. Shrestha Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 2000 m. Eria apertiflora Summerh. Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 1600 m. Eria baniae Bajracharya, L. R. Shakya & Chettri Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 1600 m. Eria bractescens Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, New Guinea. Central, East, 300-1100 m. Eria carinata Gibson Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand. Central, 1300-1500 m. Eria clausa King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam. Central, 500-2000 m. Eria coronaria (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Coelogyne coronaria Lindl. Trichosma suavis Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 1500-2300 m. Eria nepalensis Bajracharya & K. K. Shrestha Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 200 m. Eria obesa Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand. East, 500 m. Eria pokharensis Bajracharya, Subedi & K. K. Shrestha Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 900-1000 m. Esmeralda Rchb. f. Esmeralda cathcartii (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Vanda cathcartii Lindl. Arachnanthe cathcartii (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. Arachnis cathcartii (Lindl.) J. J. Sm. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan. East, 600-2000 m. Esmeralda clarkei Rchb.f. Arachnanthe clarkei (Rchb. f.) Rolfe Vanda clarkei (Rchb. f.) N. E. Br. Arachnis clarkei (Rchb. f.) J. J. Sm. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. East, 1500-1700 m. Eulophia R. Br. ex Lindl. Eulophia bicallosa (D. Don) P. F. Hunt & Summerh. Bletia bicallosa D. Don Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Australia. Central, 200-300 m. Eulophia dabia (D. Don) Hochr. Bletia dabia D. Don Eulophia hormusjii Duthie Distr.: W Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar. West, Central, 400-1300 m. Eulophia densiflora Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India. East, 1000 m. Eulophia explanata Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, 1000 m. 22 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Eulophia flava (Lindl.) Hook. f. Cyrtopera flava Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 100-400 m. Eulophia graminea Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Central, 900-1000 m. Eulophia herbacea Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Laos, Thailand. Central, 1300-1400 m. Eulophia mackinnoni Duthie Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, 800-1500 m. Eulophia obtusa (Lindl.) Hook. f. Cyrtopera obtusa Lindl. Eulophia campanulata Duthie Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, 800-1500 m. Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh Wolfia spectabilis Dennst. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga. Central, East, 400-1800 m. Flickingeria A. D. Hawkes Flickingeria fimbriata (Blume) A. D. Hawkes Desmotrichum fimbriatum Blume Ephemerantha macraei (Lindl.) P. F. Hunt & Summerh. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia. East, 500-2400 m. Flickingeria fugax (Rchb.f.) Seidenf. Dendrobium fugax Rchb. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand. Central, 800-1600 m. Galearis Raf. Galearis roborovskyi (Maxim.) S. C. Chen, P. J. Cribb & S. W. Gale Orchis roborovskyi Maxim. Chusua roborovskyi (Maxim.) P. F. Hunt Aorchis roborovskyi (Maxim.) Seidenf. Orchis stracheyi Hook. f. Galearis stracheyi (Hook. f.) P. F. Hunt Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. West, Central, 3300-4800 m. Galearis spathulata (Lindl.) P. F. Hunt Gymnadenia spathulata Lindl. Orchis spathulata (Lindl.) Rchb. f. ex Hook. f. Aorchis spathulata (Lindl.) Verm. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. West, Central, East. 3000-4500 m. Galeola Lour. Galeola lindleyana (Hook. f. & Thomson) Rchb. f. Cyrtosia lindleyana Hook. f. & Thomson Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Indonesia. East, 1800-2800 m. Gastrochilus D. Don Gastrochilus acutifolius (Lindl.) Kuntze Saccolabium acutifolium Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan. Central, 1200-2100 m. Gastrochilus affinis (King & Pantl.) Schltr. Saccolabium affine King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. Central, East, 2700-2900 m. Gastrochilus calceolaris (Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) D. Don Aerides calceolaris Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Gastrochilus calceolaris var. biflora L. R. Shakya & M. R. Shrestha 23 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia West, Central, East, 900-2300 m. Gastrochilus dasypogon (Sm.) Kuntze Aerides dasypogon Sm. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan. Central, East, 100-1000 m. Gastrochilus distichus (Lindl.) Kuntze Saccolabium distichum Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China. Central, East, 1700-2800 m. Gastrochilus inconspicuus (Hook. f.) Kuntze Saccolabium inconspicuum Hook.f. Luisia micrantha Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. Central, 1000-1500 m. Gastrochilus obliquus (Lindl.) Kuntze Saccolabium obliquum Lindl. Vanda obliqua Wall. ex Hook. f. Saccolabium bigibbum Rchb. f. ex Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 600-800 m. Gastrochilus pseudodistichus (King & Pantl.) Schltr. Saccolabium pseudodistichum King & Pantl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Malaysia, Thailand. Central, 2100-2500 m. Gastrodia R. Br. Gastrodia dyeriana King & Pantl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India. Gastrodia elata Blume Distr.: Russia, Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Korea, Japan. Gastrodia falconeri D. L. Jones & M. A. Clements Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, 2500-3000 m. Geodorum Jacks. Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. Distr.: India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia. Central, 150-1400 m. Geodorum pallidum D. Don Geodorum purpureum R.Br. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim). Central, 1000 m. Goodyera R. Br. Goodyera biflora (Lindl.) Hook. f. Georchis biflora Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, China (Xizang). West, Central, 2000-2200 m. Goodyera foliosa (Lindl.) Benth. ex C. B. Clarke Georchis foliosa Lindl. Goodyera secundiflora Griff. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Myanmar, Vietnam. Central, East, 2100-2300 m. Goodyera fusca (Lindl.) Hook. f. Hetaeria fusca Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang), Myanmar. West, Central, East, 3200-4700 m. Goodyera hemsleyana King & Pantl. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan. Central, East, 2000-2200 m. Goodyera hispida Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia. Central, East, 600-2000 m. Goodyera procera (Ker Gawl.) Hook. Neottia procera Ker Gawl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines. West, Central, 900-1000 m. Goodyera recurva Lindl. 24 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Distr.: India, Nepal, China. Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. Satyrium repens L. Distr.: Europe, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Myanmar, SE Asia, North America. West, Central, East, 1000-4200 m. Goodyera schlechtendaliana Rchb. f. Goodyera secundiflora Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia. East, 1500-2200 m. Goodyera viridiflora (Blume) Blume Neottia viridiflora Blume Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia. Central, East, 1500-1600 m. Goodyera vittata (Lindl.) Benth. ex Hook. f. Georchis vittata Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang). East, 2000-2600 m. Gymnadenia R. Br. Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. Orchis conopsea L. Distr.: Europe, Russia, Nepal, China, Korea, Japan. Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl. Distr.: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. West, Central, East, 3000-4700 m. Habenaria Willd. Habenaria aitchisonii Rchb. f. Distr.: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang). West, Central, 2400-3900 m. Habenaria arietina Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang). West, Central, East, 1400-3000 m. Habenaria commelinifolia (Roxb.) Wall. ex Lindl. Orchis commelinifolia Roxb. Distr.: India, Nepal, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand. West, Central, 300-1200 m. Habenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr. Orchis dentata Sw. Habenaria geniculata D. Don Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Japan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 5001500 m. Habenaria digitata Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos. Central, 1000-1500 m. Habenaria diphylla (Nimmo) Dalzell Liparis diphyllos Nimmo Distr.: India, Nepal, China (Yunnan). Central, East, 1000-1400 m. Habenaria furcifera Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand. Central, 150-800 m. Habenaria intermedia D. Don Distr.: Pakistan, India, Nepal, China (Xizang). West, Central, 1800-3000 m. Habenaria longifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, 100-2000 m. Habenaria malintana (Blanco) Merr. Thelymitra malintana Blanco Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines. East, 500-1300 m. Habenaria malleifera Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Vietnam. East, 1500-1850 m. Habenaria marginata Colebr. Distr.: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand. West, Central, 500-1500 m. Habenaria pantlingiana Kraenzl. 25 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Japan, Vietnam. East, 2000-2100 m. Habenaria pectinata D. Don Orchis pectinata Sm. Habenaria ensifolia Lindl. Distr.: Pakistan, India, Nepal, China (Yunnan). West, Central, East, 900-3500 m. Habenaria plantaginea Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar. West, Central, East, 450-1600 m. Habenaria pubescens Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar. Central, 600-1200 m. Habenaria reniformis (D. Don) Hook. f. Listera reniformis D. Don Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 400-1200 m. Habenaria stenopetala Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 400-1200 m. Hemipilia Lindl. Hemipilia cordifolia Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar. West, Central, 1800-2300 m. Herminium L. Herminium alaschanicum Maxim. Distr.: Nepal, China. Central, 1800-4500 m. Herminium hongdeyuanii B. B. Raskoti Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 2200 m. Herminium jaffreyanum King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal. East, 2300-3300 m. Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.) Vuijk Ophrys lancea Thunb. ex Sw. Herminium angustifolium (Lindl.) Ridl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia. West, Central, 1100-3500 m. Herminium mackinonii Duthie Monorchis mackinonii (Duthie) O.Schwarz, Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 95 (1949). Distr.: India, Nepal. West, Central, 2100-2600 m. Herminium macrophyllum (D. Don) Dandy Neottia macrophylla D. Don Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang). Central, 3800 m. Herminium monophyllum (D. Don) P. F. Hunt & Summerh. Neottia monophylla D. Don Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. West, Central, 2400-3000 m. Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Br. in W. T. Aiton Ophrys monorchis L. Distr.: Europe, Central and West Asia, Pakistan, india, Nepal, China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan. West, Central, 3400-4600 m. Herminium quinquelobum King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan). East, 1000-2900 m. Herminium souliei (Finet) Rolfe Herminium angustifolium (Lindl.) Ridley var. souliei Finet Distr.: Nepal, China. Herpysma Lindl. Herpysma longicaulis Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang), Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia. Central, 900-1700 m. Liparis Rich. Liparis campylostalix Rchb.f. Distr.: Nepal, China, Korea, Japan, Russia. Central, East. 26 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Liparis cathcartii Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China. Central, 2100-2500 m. Liparis cespitosa (Lam.) Lindl. Epidendrum cespitosum Lam. Distr.: Tropical Africa and Asia, India, Nepal, China, SE Asia. Central, East, 1000-1400 m. Liparis cordifolia Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Vietnam. Central, East, 1400-2000 m. Liparis deflexa Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar. Central, East, 1100-1400 m. Liparis ferruginea Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Central, 400 m. Liparis glossula Rchb. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China. Central, 1800-4300 m. Liparis langtangensis B. B. Raskoti & Ale Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 3700-3900 m. Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl. Ophrys nervosa Thunb. Distr.: Tropical regions of Old and New Worlds. Central, East, 1200-2800 m. Liparis odorata (Willd.) Lindl. Malaxis odorata Willd. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Guam. Central, 9002000 m. Liparis olivacea Lindl. Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 2300 m. Central. Liparis perpusilla Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China (Yunnan). East, 2500-2900 m. Liparis petiolata (D. Don) P. F. Hunt & Summerh. Acianthus petiolatus D. Don Liparis nepalensis Lindl. Malaxis cordifolia Sm. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 1800-2800 m. Liparis platyrachis Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), China (Yunnan). East, 1400-1500 m. Liparis pygmaea King & Pantl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China. West, 3200-3500 m. Liparis resupinata Ridl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. Central, East, 1500-2600 m. Liparis rostrata Rchb. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, China. West, 2000-3000 m. Luisia Gaudich. Luisia brachystachys (Lindl.) Blume Mesoclastes brachystachys Lindl. Luisia indivisa King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 1300-1900 m. Luisia trichorrhiza (Hook.) Blume Vanda trichorhiza Hook. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand. Central, East, 1000-1400 m. Luisia tristis (G. Forst.) Hook. f. Epidendrum triste G. Forst. Luisia zeylanica Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka. Central, 300-1400 m. Malaxis Sol. ex Sw. Malaxis dolpensis M. R. Shrestha, L. R. Shakya & S. K. Ghimire 27 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. West, 4200 m. Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. Ophrys monophyllos L. Distr.: Europe, Russia, Nepal, China, Japan, North America. Central, East, 2600-3600 m. Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. var. obtusa Tsukaya & H. Okada Microstylis monophyllos var. obtusa (Tsukaya & H. Okada) Marg. Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. East, 3350 m. Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze Dienia muscifera Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. West, Central, East, 2000-4100 m. Malaxis tamurensis Tuyama Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. West, 1200 m. Micropera Lindl. Micropera obtusa (Lindl.) Tang & F. T. Wang Camarotis obtusa Lindl. Sarcochilus obtusus (Lindl.) Benth. ex Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand. Central, East, 150-500 m. Monomeria Lindl. Monomeria barbata Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand. Central, 3000-3200 m. Mycaranthes Blume Mycaranthes floribunda (D. Don) S. C. Chen & J. J. Wood Dendrobium floribundum D. Don Eria paniculata Lindl. Pinalia paniculata (Lindl.) Kuntze Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 600-1800 m. Mycaranthes stricta (Lindl.) Lindl. ex Wall. Eria stricta Lindl. Eria secundiflora Griff. Pinalia stricta (Lindl.) Kuntze istr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 300-1800 m. Myrmechis Blume Myrmechis pumila (Hook. f.) Tang & F. T. Wang Odontochilus pumilus Hook.f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand. Central, 3000-3200 m. Neogyna Rchb. f. Neogyna gardneriana (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Coelogyne gardneriana Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 1500-3000 m. Neottia Guett. Neottia acuminata Schltr. Aphyllorchis parviflora King & Pantl. Distr.: Russia, Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Korea, Japan. West, Central, 3000-4000 m. Neottia chandrae B. B. Raskoti, J. J. Wood & Rita Ale Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 3800 m. Neottia listeroides Lindl. Distr.: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. West, Central, 2700-3200 m. Neottia mucronata (Panigrahi & J. J. Wood) Szlach. Listera mucronata Panigrahi & J. J. Wood Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. East, 2400 m. Neottia nepalensis (N. P. Balakr.) Szlach. Listera nepalensis N. P. Balakr. Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 3300 m. 28 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Neottia pinetorum (Lindl.) Szlach. Listera pinetorum Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China. Central, 2200-3650 m. Neottia tenuis (Lindl.) Szlach. Listera tenuis Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India. East, 3000-4000 m. Neottianthe (Rchb.) Schltr. Neottianthe cucullata (L.) Schltr. Orchis cucullata L. Gymnadenia cucullata (L.) Rich. Distr.: East Europe, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan. West, Central, 2900-3200 m. Neottianthe cucullata (L.) Schltr. var. calcicola (W. W. Sm.) Soó Gymnadenia calcicola W. W. Sm. Neottianthe calcicola (W. W. Sm.) Schltr. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China. West, Central, East, 3700-5000 m. Neottianthe secundiflora (Kraenzl.) Schltr. Peristylus secundiflorus Kraenzl. Habenaria secundiflora Hook.f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. West, Central, 2500-3200 m. Nervilia Comm. ex Gaudich. Nervilia aragoana Gaudich. Nervilia scottii (Rchb. f.) Schltr. Pogonia flabelliformis Lindl. Pogonia scottii Rchb. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia. Central, East, 500-1300 m. Nervilia crociformis (Zoll. & Moritzi) Seidenf. Bolborchis crociformis Zoll. & Moritzi Pogonia prainiana King & Pantl. Distr.: Africa, India, Nepal, China, Thailand, SE Asia, New Guinea, Australia. East, 500-1600 m. Nervilia gammieana (Hook. f.) Pfitzer Pogonia gammieana Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, East, 450-800 m. Nervilia mackinnonii (Duthie) Schltr. Pogonia mackinnonii Duthie Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Myanmar. Central, 900-1700 m. Nervilia macroglossa (Hook. f.) Schltr. Pogonia macroglossa Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Myanmar, Vietnam. East, 600-1800 m. Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. Arethusa plicata Andrews Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia. West, East, 300-1000 m. Oberonia Lindl. Oberonia acaulis Griff. Oberonia myriantha Lindl. Oberonia sikkimensis Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 600-2000 m. Oberonia brachystachys Lindl. Malaxis brachystachys (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Oberonia demissa Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia. East, 200-800 m. Oberonia caulescens Lindl. Malaxis caulescens (Lindl.) Rchb. f. 29 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Oberonia auriculata King & Pantl. Oberonia longilabris King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Vietnam. Central, 600 m. Oberonia cavaleriei Finet Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 1000-1500 m. Oberonia emarginata King & Pantl. Oberonia micrantha King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand. East, 1600-2000 m. Oberonia ensiformis (Sm.) Lindl. Malaxis ensiformis Sm. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 1400-1700 m. Oberonia falcata King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia. Central, East, 1300-2100 m. Oberonia falconeri Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, China (Yunnan), Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia. Central, 550-1000 m. Oberonia jenkinsiana Griff. ex Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Thailand. Central, 400-1200 m. Oberonia lobulata King & Pantl. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim). 300 m. Oberonia mucronata (D. Don) Ormerod & Seidenf. Stelis mucronata D. Don Oberonia denticulataWight Oberonia iridifolia Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia. East, 200-1800 m. Oberonia nepalensis L. R. Shakya & R. P. Chaudhary Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 1100 m. Oberonia obcordata Lindl. Oberonia treutleri Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China (Xizang), Thailand. Central, 1100-1600 m. Oberonia pachyphylla King & Pantl. Oberonia crassirachis Guill. Distr.: India, Nepal, Vietnam, Thailand. East, 200-800 m. Oberonia pachyrachis Rchb. f. ex Hook. f. Oberonia orbicularis Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 1000-1500 m. Oberonia prainiana King & Pantl. Oberonia brunnescens Ridl. Distr.: India, Nepal. East, 500-1500 m. Oberonia pyrulifera Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, (Yunnan), Thailand. East, 300-800 m. Oberonia recurva Lindl. Oberonia croftiana King & Pantl. Oberonia parvula King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal, China. Central, 200-1500 m. Oberonia rufilabris Lindl. Oberonia pantlingiana Shakya & R. P. Chaudhary Distr.: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia. Central, 300-1500 m. Odontochilus Blume Odontochilus crispus (Lindl.) Hook. f. Anoectochilus crispus Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. Central, 400-2400 m. Odontochilus lanceolatus (Lindl.) Blume 30 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Anoectochilus lanceolatus Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Vietnam. Central, East, 1400-1700 m. Oreorchis Lindl. Oreorchis foliosa (Lindl.) Lindl. Corallorhiza foliosa Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan. West, Central, East, 2500-4500 m. Oreorchis foliosa (Lindl.) Lindl. var. indica (Lindl.) N. Pearce & P. J. Cribb Corallorhiza indica Lindl. Oreorchis indica (Lindl.) Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar. Central, East, 2700-3800 m. Oreorchis micrantha Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar. Central, East, 2600-3000 m. Oreorchis nepalensis N. Pearce & P. J. Cribb Distr.: Nepal, China (Xizang). Central, 2700-3100 m. Oreorchis porphyranthes Tuyama Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 3100 m. Otochilus Lindl. Otochilus albus Lindl. Coelogyne alba (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China (Xizang), Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 1500-2400 m. Otochilus fuscus Lindl. Coelogyne fusca (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Otochilus lancifolius Griff. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (yunnan), Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 1100-2000 m. Otochilus lancilabius Seidenf. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan. West, Central, East, 1400-2500 m. Otochilus porrectus Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Laos, Vietnam. Central, 1400-2000 m. Pachystoma Blume Pachystoma pubescens Blume Pachychilus senilis (Lindl.) Blume Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, SE Asia, New Guinea, Australia. Central, 500-1800 m. Panisea (Lindl.) Lindl. Panisea demissa (D. Don) Pfitzer Dendrobium demissum D. Don Coelogyne parviflora Lindl. Panisea parviflora (Lindl.) Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 1500-2400 m. Panisea panchaseensis Subedi Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 2200-2450 m. Panisea tricallosa Rolfe Panisea unifolia S. C. Chen Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Panisea uniflora (Lindl.) Lindl. Coelogyne uniflora Lindl. Pleione uniflora (Lindl.) Kuntze Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Paphiopedilum Pfitzer Paphiopedilum venustum (Wall. ex Sims) Pfitzer Cypripedium venustum Wall. ex Sims Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China. East, 1100-1600 m. Papilionanthe Schltr. 31 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. Dendrobium teres Roxb. Vanda teres (Roxb.) Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 200-2100 m. Papilionanthe uniflora (Lindl.) Garay Mesoclastes uniflora Lindl. Aerides longicornu Hook. f. Aerides uniflora (Lindl.) Summerh. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan. Central, 1500-2100 m. Papilionanthe vandarum (Rchb.f.) Garay Aerides vandarum Rchb. f. Vanda vandarum (Rchb. f.) K. Karas. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar. East, 1600-1700 m. Pecteilis Raf. Pecteilis susannae (L.) Raf. Orchis susannae L. Habenaria susannae (L.) R. Br. ex Spreng. Platanthera susannae (L.) Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Central, East, 150-1800 m. Pecteilis triflora (D. Don) Tang & F. T. Wang Habenaria triflora D. Don Habenaria uniflora Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Platanthera uniflora (D. Don) Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal. West, Central, 400-1200 m. Pelatantheria Ridl. Pelatantheria insectifera (Rchb. f.) Ridl. Sarcanthus insectifer Rchb. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia. Central, 200-1000 m. Peristylus Blume Peristylus affinis (D. Don) Seidenf. Habenaria affinis D. Don Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Myanmar, Thailand. 450-900 m. Peristylus aristatus Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Sri Lanka. Central, 2000-2200 m. Peristylus constrictus (Lindl.) Lindl. Herminium constrictum Lindl. Habenaria constricta (Lindl.) Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 300-2300 m. Peristylus densus (Lindl.) Santapau & Kalipada Coeloglossum densum Lindl. Habenaria stenostachya (Lindl.) Benth. Peristylus stenostachyus (Lindl.) Kraenzlin Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India. Central, East, 2100-2700 m. Peristylus duthiei (Hook. f.) Deva & H. B. Naithani Herminium duthiei Hook. f. Monorchis duthiei (Hook. f.) O.Sch. Distr.: India, Nepal. Peristylus elisabethae (Duthie) R. K. Gupta Habenaria elisabethae Duthie Herminium elisabethae (Duthie) Tang & F. T. Wang Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang). West, East, 900-3200 m. Peristylus fallax Lindl. 32 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Herminium fallax (Lindl.) Hook. f. Habenaria fallax (Lindl.) King & Pantl. Platanthera fallax (Lindl.) Schltr. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. West, Central, East, 2700-3700 m. Peristylus goodyeroides (D. Don) Lindl. Habenaria goodyeroides D. Don Herminium goodyeroides (D. Don) Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, SE Asia, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea. Central, East, 500-1500 m. Peristylus hamiltonianus (Lindl.) Lindl. Herminium hamiltonianum Lindl. Habenaria hamiltoniana (Lindl.) Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal. East, 1500-2000 m. Peristylus intrudens (Ames) Ormerod Habenaria intrudens Ames Distr.: Nepal, Philippines. Peristylus lacertifer (Lindl.) J. J. Sm. Coeloglossum lacertiferum Lindl. Habenaria lacertifera (Lindl.) Benth. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Central, 300 m. Peristylus lawii Wight Habenaria lawii (Wight) Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, 400-1000 m. Peristylus mannii (Rchb. f.) Mukerjee Coeloglossum mannii Rchb. f. Platanthera mannii (Rchb. f.) Schltr. Herminium mannii (Rchb. f.) Tang & F. T. Wang Distr.: India, Nepal, China. Central, 1700-2900 m. Peristylus nematocaulon (Hook. f.) M. L. Banerji & P. Pradhan Habenaria nematocaulon Hook. f. Platanthera nematocaulon (Hook. f.) Kraenzl. Habenaria juncea King & Pantl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China. Central, East, 2700-3600 m. Peristylus orbicularis (Hook. f.) Agrawala Herminium orbiculare Hook. f. Monorchis orbicularis (Hook. f.) O. Schwarz Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. East, 3000 m. Peristylus parishii Rchb. f. Habenaria parishii (Rchb. f.) Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. East, 600-800 m. Peristylus prainii (Hook. f.) Kraenzl. Habenaria prainii Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. West, Central, 1000-1200 m. Peristylus richardianus Wight Habenaria bicornuta Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal. East, 2000-2500 m. Peristylus superanthus J. J. Wood Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. East, 3000-3600 m. Peristylus tentaculatus (Lindl.) J. J. Sm. Glossula tentaculata Lindl. Peristylus tipuliferus (E. C. Parish & Rchb. f.) Mukerjee Habenaria tipulifera E. C. Parish & Rchb. f. Habenaria brandisii Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, China, Vietnam, Thailand. East, 100-300 m. 33 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Phaius Lour. Phaius flavus (Blume) Lindl. Limodorum flavum Blume Phaius maculatus Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, New Guinea. Central, 200-1500 m. Phaius tankervilleae (Banks) Blume Limodorum tankervilleae Banks Phaius wallichii Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China, SE Asia, New Guinea, Australia, Pacific Islands. Central, East, 1300-2000 m. Phalaenopsis Blume Phalaenopsis deliciosa Rchb. f. Kingidium deliciosum (Rchb. f.) H. R. Sweet Doritis deliciosa (Rchb. f.) T. Yukawa & K. Kita Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia. East, 200-500 m. Phalaenopsis difformis (Wall. ex Lindl.) Kocyan & Schlt. Aerides difformis Wall. ex Lindl. Ornithochilus difformis (Wall. ex Lindl.) Schltr. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Central, East, 1400-1800 m. Phalaenopsis mannii Rchb. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Vietnam. East, 150-600 m. Phalaenopsis parishii Rchb. f. Phalaenopsis decumbens (Griff.) Holttum Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Vietnam. Phalaenopsis taenialis (Lindl.) Christenson & Pradhan Aerides taenialis Lindl. Doritis taenialis (Lindl.) Hook. f. Kingidium taeniale (Lindl.) P. F. Hunt Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand. Central, East, 1500-2300 m. Pholidota Lindl. Pholidota articulata Lindl. Pholidota griffithii Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Central, East, 500-2300 m. Pholidota imbricata Lindl. Ptilocnema bracteatum D. Don Pholidota bracteata (D. Don) Seidenf. Distr.: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, SW pacific Islands. Central, East, 600-2900 m. Pholidota pallida Lindl. Coelogyne pallida (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. 800-2700 m. Pholidota protracta Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Xizang), Myanmar. Central, East, 500-2200 m. Pholidota recurva Lindl. Coelogyne recurva (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 700-1800 m. Pinalia Lindl. Pinalia acervata (Lindl.) Kuntze Eria acervata Lindl. 34 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Dendrobium seriatum Wall. ex Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. East, 3003000 m. Pinalia amica (Rchb. f.) Kuntze Eria amica Rchb. f. Eria confusa Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central. 600-2100 m. Pinalia bipunctata (Lindl.) Kuntze Eria bipunctata Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Thailand. Central. 1100-1700 m. Pinalia concolor (E. C. Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze Eria concolor E. C. Parish & Rchb. f. Distr.: Nepal, Myanmar. East, 500 m. Pinalia excavata (Lindl.) Kuntze Eria excavata Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Xizang). Central, 500-2400 m. Pinalia graminifolia (Lindl.) Kuntze Eria graminifolia Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Myanmar. Central, East, 1500-2500 m. Pinalia spicata (D. Don) S. C. Chen & J. J. Wood Octomeria spicata D. Don Eria spicata (D. Don) Hand.-Mazz. Eria convallarioides Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 300-1800 m. Platanthera Rich. Platanthera arcuata Lindl. Habenaria arcuata (Lindl.) Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. West, Central, 2600-3100 m. Platanthera bakeriana (King & Pantl.) Kraenzl. Habenaria bakeriana King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. Central, East, 2500-2700 m. Platanthera biermanniana (King & Pantl.) Kraenzl. Habenaria biermanniana King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, East, 2100-3200 m. Platanthera clavigera Lindl. Habenaria clavigera (Lindl.) Dandy Platantheroides clavigera (Lindl.) Szlach. Habenella clavigera (Lindl.) Szlach. & Kras-Lap. Habenaria densa Wall. ex Lindl. Platanthera densa (Wall. ex Lindl.) Soó Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang). West, Central, East, 2000-4600 m. Platanthera cumminsiana (King & Pantl.) Renz Habenaria cumminsiana King & Pantl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India. Platanthera edgeworthii (Hook. f. ex Collett) R. K. Gupta Habenaria edgeworthii Hook. f. ex Collett Habenella edgeworthii (Hook. f. ex Collett) Szlach. & Kras-Lap. Distr.: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan. West, Central, 1200-3600 m. Platanthera exelliana Soó Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. Central, 4100-4200 m. Platanthera japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Orchis japonica Thunb. Distr.: Nepal, China, Korea, Japan. 35 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Platanthera latilabris Lindl. Habenaria latilabris (Lindl.) Hook.f. Habenella latilabris (Lindl.) Szlach. & Kras-Lap. Platanthera acuminata Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. West, Central, East, 1400-4000 m. Platanthera leptocaulon (Hook. f.) Soó Habenaria leptocaulon Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. Central, East, 3000-4300 m. Platanthera sikkimensis (Hook. f.) Kraenzl. Habenaria sikkimensis Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), China, Central, 1500-3100 m. Platanthera stenantha (Hook. f.) Soó Habenaria stenantha Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. Central, 1500-3100 m. Platanthera urceolata (Hook. f.) R. M. Bateman Diphylax urceolata Hook. f. Habenaria urceolata (Hook. f.) C. B. Clarke Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar. Central, East, 3000-4200 m. Pleione D. Don Pleione coronaria P. J. Cribb & C. Z. Tang Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 2850 m. Pleione hookeriana (Lindl.) Rollisson Coelogyne hookeriana Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand. Central, East, 2200-4200 m. Pleione humilis (Sm.) D. Don Epidendrum humile Sm. Coelogyne humilis (Sm.) Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Xizang), Myanmar. Central, 1800-3000 m. Pleione maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. & Paxton Coelogyne maculata Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand. Central, 1400-2700 m. Pleione praecox (Sm.) D. Don Epidendrum praecox Sm. Coelogyne praecox (Sm.) Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand. Central, East, 1500-2500 m. Podochilus Blume Podochilus cultratus Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 400-800 m. Ponerorchis Rchb. f. Ponerorchis chusua (D. Don) Soó Orchis chusua D. Don Chusua donii Nevski Chusua pauciflora (Lindl.) P. F. Hunt Distr.: Russia, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang), Korea, Japan, Myanmar. West, Central, East, 2400-4900 m. Porpax Lindl. Porpax elwesii (Rchb. f.) Rolfe Eria elwesii Rchb. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia. Central, East, 800-1800 m. Porpax meirax (E. C. Parish & Rchb. f.) King & Pantl. Cryptochilus meirax E. C. Parish & Rchb. f. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Myanmar, Malaysia. East, 1400-1800 m. Pteroceras Hasselt ex Hassk. Pteroceras teres (Blume) Holttum 36 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Dendrocolla teres Blume Distr.: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia. Central, 200-800 m. Rhomboda Lindl. Rhomboda abbreviata (Lindl.) Ormerod Hetaeria abbreviata Lindl. Odontochilus abbreviatus (Lindl.) Tang & F. T. Wang Anoectochilus abbreviatus (Lindl.) Seidenf. Distr.: Nepal, India (Assam). Central, 500-1000 m. Rhynchostylis Blume Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume Epidendrum retusum L. Aerides spicatum D. Don Epidendrium hippium Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia. Central, East, 300-1800 m. Robiquetia Gaudich. Robiquetia succisa (Lindl.) Seidenf. & Garay Sarcanthus succisus Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. East. Satyrium Sw. Satyrium nepalense D. Don Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar. West, Central, East, 600-4600 m. Satyrium nepalense D. Don var. ciliatum (Lindl.) Hook. f. Satyrium ciliatum Lindl. Distr.: india, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Xizang). West, Central, East, 1800-4300 m. Schoenorchis Reinw. ex Blume Schoenorchis gemmata (Lindl.) J. J. Sm. Saccolabium gemmatum Lindl. Cleisostoma gemmata (Lindl.) King & Pantl. Saccolabium geminatum (Lindl.) Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. East, 1400-1800 m. Smitinandia Holttum Smitinandia micrantha (Lindl.) Holttum Saccolabium micranthum Lindl. Cleiosostoma micranthum (Lindl.) King & Pantl. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 500-1400 m. Spathoglottis Blume Spathoglottis ixioides (D. Don) Lindl. Cymbidium ixioides D. Don Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China (Xizang). Central, East, 1500-4600 m. Spiranthes Rich. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames Neottia sinensis Pers. Spiranthes australis (R. Br.) Lindl. Distr.: Russia, Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Myanmar, Malaysia, Australia. West, Central, East. Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. Ophrys spiralis L. Distr.: Europe, Iran, Pakistan, India, Nepal. Central, 100-1400 m. Stickorchis Thouars Stickorchis bootanensis (Griff.) Marg., Slazch. & Kulak 37 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Liparis bootanensis Griff. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Japan, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia. Central, East, 1500-2450 m. Stickorchis elliptica (Wight) Marg., Slazch. & Kulak Liparis elliptica Wight Distr.: India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia. East, 200-1600 m. Stickorchis plantaginea (Lindl.) Marg., Slazch. & Kulak Liparis plantaginea Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 800-2000 m. Stickorchis stricklandiana (Rchb. f.) Marg., Slazch. & Kulak Liparis stricklandiana Rchb. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Vietnam. East, 1000-2400 m. Stickorchis viridiflora (Blume) Marg., Slazch. & Kulak Malaxis viridiflora Blume Liparis viridiflora (Blume) Lindl. Liparis longipes Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, pacific Islands. Central, East, 550-2500 m. Sunipia Lindl. Sunipia bicolor Lindl. Ione bicolor (Lindl.) Lindl. Bulbophyllum bicolor (Lindl.) Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Thailand. West, Central, East, 15002500 m. Sunipia cirrhata (Lindl.) P. F. Hunt Ione cirrhata Lindl. Bulbophyllum cirrhatum (Lindl.) Hook. f. Ione paleacea Lindl. Sunipia paleacea (Lindl.) P. F. Hunt Bulbophyllum mishmeense Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar. Central, 1600-2200 m. Sunipia nepalensis Raskoti & Ale Distr.: Endemic to Nepal. Central, 2400 m. Sunipia scariosa Lindl. Ione scariosa (Lindl.) King & Pantl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, East, 1200-1800 m. Taeniophyllum Blume Taeniophyllum scraberullum Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, 600-800 m. Tainia Blume Tainia minor Hook. f. Distr.: india, Nepal, China (Yunnan), Myanmar. East, 2000-2300 m. Thelasis Blume Thelasis longifolia Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, 800-1300 m. Thelasis pygmaea (Griff.) Lindl. Euproboscis pygmaea Griff. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands. Central, 800-1100 m. Thrixspermum Lour. Thrixspermum pygmaeum (King & Pantl.) Holttum Sarcochilus pygmaeus King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. Central, 1300-2000 m. 38 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Thunia Rchb. f. Thunia alba (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Phaius albus Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Central, East, 500-1800 m. Thunia alba (Lindl.) Rchb. f. var. bracteata (Roxb.) N. Pearce & P. J. Cribb Limodorum bracteatum Roxb. Thunia bracteata (Roxb.) Schltr. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. Central, 600-1600 m. Tipularia Nutt. Tipularia josephi Rchb. f. ex Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China (Xizang), Myanmar. East, 2200-3100 m. Trichotosia Blume Trichotosia dasyphylla (E. C. Parish & Rchb. f.) Kraenzl. Eria dasyphylla E. C. Parish & Rchb. f. Pinalia dasyphylla (E. C. Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze Distr.: India, Nepal, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 850-1500 m. Trichotosia pulvinata (Lindl.) Kraenzlin Eria pulvinata Lindl. Eria rufinula Rchb. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia. 12002000 m. Uncifera Lindl. Uncifera acuminata Lindl. Saccolabium acuminatum (Lindl.) Hook. f. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. india, Bhutan, China. East, 1200-1600 m. Uncifera lancifolia (King & Pantl.) Schltr. Saccolabium lancifolium King & Pantl. Distr.: India, Nepal. Central, 2000-2200 m. Uncifera obtusifolia Lindl. Saccolabium obtusifolium (Lindl.) Hook. f. Gastrochilus obtusifolius (Lindl.) Kuntze Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan. Central, 900-1100 m. Vanda Jones ex R. Br. Vanda alpina (Lindl.) Lindl. Luisia alpina Lindl. Trudelia alpina (Lindl.) Garay Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China and Vietnam. Central and East, 1100-1800 m. Vanda ampullacea (Roxb.) L. M. Gardiner Aerides ampullacea Roxb. Ascocentrum ampullaceum (Roxb.) Schltr. Saccolabium ampullaceum (Roxb.) Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand. Central and East, 150-900 m. Vanda cristata Wall. ex Lindl. Aerides cristata (Wall. ex Lindl.) Wall. ex Hook. f. Trudelia cristata (Wall. ex Lindl.) Senghas ex Roeth Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China and Vietnam. Central and East, 1200-2300 m. Vanda pumila Hook. f. Trudelia pumila (Hook. f.) Senghas Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 500-1500 m. Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Loddiges Epidendrum tessellatum Roxb. Vanda roxburghii R. Br. 39 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Distr.: India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar. Central, East, 200-600 m. Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Aerides testacea Lindl. Vanda parviflora Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand. Central, East, 200-500 m. Vandopsis Pfitz. Vandopsis undulata (Lindl.) J. J. Sm. Vanda undulata Lindl. Stauropsis undulatus (Lindl.) Benth. ex Hook. f. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China. Central, East, 300-2100 m. Zeuxine Lindl. Zeuxine affinis (Lindl.) Benth. ex Hook. f. Monochilus affinis Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia. Central. Zeuxine flava (Wall. ex Lindl.) Trimen Monochilus flavus Wall. ex Lindl. Hetaeria flava Lindl. ex Wall. Distr.: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia. Central, 12002300 m. Zeuxine goodyeroides Lindl. Monochilus galeatus Lindl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Vietnam. Central and East, 1800-3000 m. Zeuxine grandis Seidenf. Distr.: India, Nepal, China, Vietnam, Thailand. Central, 700 m. Zeuxine longilabris (Lindl.) Trimen Monochilus longilabris Lindl. Distr.: India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Central, 800-1100 m. Zeuxine nervosa (Wall. ex Lindl.) Benth. ex Trimen Monochilus nervosus Wall. ex Lindl. Hetaeria nervosa Lindl. ex Wall. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines. Central, 750-1200 m. Zeuxine reflexa King & Pantl. Distr.: Nepal, N. E. India, Bhutan, China, Thailand. East. Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr. Orchis strateumatica L. Distr.: SW Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Phillipines, New Guinea and Pacific Islands. Central, 4001200 m. [Note: Distr.: Distribution; N.E. : North East, SW: South West] 40 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid 2. Orchid Farming Potentiality and Commercialization (Aesthetic And Medicinal Orchids) in Nepal. Umed Pun Agriculture Venture Associates Email:umedpun@gmail.com Abstract This paper reveals the richness of Orchid diversity in Nepal and the history of collection and trade of orchid species from the wild. It also documents the history of commercial orchid farming in Nepal especially aesthetic orchids, and the importance of medicinal orchids for trade. While the farming of aesthetic orchids (mainly Cymbidium) is carried out by farmers, farming of medicinal orchids is new in Nepal. This paper mainly deals with how medicinal orchids can be domesticated to facilitate commercial farming meeting market demand and reducing pressure to species in the wild. It has also proposed a public private partnership (PPP) model for conservation, propagation, development of farming technology and trade. Key words: Orchid, Medicinal Orchids, Commercial Farming, Cut Flower, Dendrobium sp. Nepal is considered rich in Orchids and has been found to be home for more than 450 species of Orchids (Rokaya et al. 2013). The distribution of Orchids is from the plains of the Tarai to the snowy mountains and from the east to the west of Nepal. The Tarai has been reported to have more diversity of species as compared to the mountains and similarly the east of Nepal has been found richer in these species than the west of Nepal (Dahal and Shakya, 1988). Orchids in Nepal have been used for its beautiful flower but the use has been limited to the hilly urban areas and the rural areas of the east Nepal. In addition to its aesthetic use, orchids are also used as fodder for the animals, used in traditional medicine and in manufacturing of modern day health tonics (Gadal et al. 1996). Orchids are collected from the wild and sold for its flowers for aesthetic purpose or for its pseudo bulbs or canes for medicinal purposes (Gadal et al. 1996). Globally, orchid farming is a huge business. The main countries growing tropical orchids are Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan and South Korea whereas the main countries growing temperate orchids are New Zealand, Australia, Japan and China. It is mainly cultivated for cut flowers and potted plants. The major genus of orchids commercially grown in the tropics are Vanda, Dendrobium, Mokoras and Phalaneopsis and those in the temperate zones are mainly Cymbidium. The economic importance of orchids in Nepal can be mainly for three reasons; first, for aesthetic cut flowers and potted plants, second, for medicinal purpose and third for micro propagated plants of native ornamental orchids. The first is the main component, second is emerging where as the third is not been currently practiced in Nepal. Commercial farming of aesthetic orchids in Nepal began in 1992 with the establishment of Orchid land in Godavari. This company collected native species of Orchid from whole of South Asia, domesticated and developed propagation protocol of many important species. It exported micro propagated plant for some years but currently this segment of business in Nepal is inactive. Micro-propagated native orchids are still exported from India to many European countries. However, cultivation of Orchids mainly Cymbidium hybrids began during the year 1996-97, little over one and half decades ago (Rajendra Rai Pers. Comm. 2014). The main concentration of farming of this crop is in Godavari area of Lalitpur district. Later, community based Cymbidium farming was initiated in Tistung region of Makwanpur during 2005-06 by Love Green Nepal. This program was funded by Small Project grants of United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Cymbidium farming in Lalitpur was declared as „one village one product‟ by Government of Nepal under PPP (Public-Private Partnership) model; an initiative of Government of Nepal and Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry in 2009. This program supported subsidy for planting materials, media, pots and green houses. It was later upgraded as „one district one product‟. This Public Private Partnership model supported farmers in Lalitpur for 5 years and helped in increasing number of farmers for Orchid cultivation from about 10 to 50 today, and increased 41 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid total plant volume from few thousands to more than 40,000 today. The increase in production size resulted in the form of increased number of potted Cymbidium and cut flowers in the market. Cymbidiums are epiphytes and those being commercially grown in Nepal are cool temperate type. Thus, these orchids need cool temperature of maximum 20-25°C and minimum temperature of about 10°C and high humidity. The average duration required for flowering Cymbidiums from tissue culture to flowering ranges from 4-5 years. This is perhaps due to lack of appropriate agronomic practices and conducive environmental factors. In Japan, it takes about 2 years to flower a tissue cultured plants. Traditionally, Cymbidiums were given farm yard manure with no additional nutrients. Besides, the maximum temperature in Lalitpur especially in summer months surpasses 30°C perhaps resulting in less carbohydrate synthesis and therefore slow growth. The wholesale price of Cymbidums cut flower increased from Rs. 15 in 1998 to Rs. 100 in 2014; it is six fold increase in last 15 years (Table 1). Table 1: Average wholesale price of major cut flowers in Nepal Cut flower/Year Gladiolus Dutch rose Carnation Cymbidium 1998 (Rs) 6 10 8 15 2005 (Rs) 5 7 7 31 2009 (Rs) 5 7 7 80 2014 (Rs) 8 9 8 100 This is a quantum jump as compared with other cut flowers such as Gladiolus, Dutch rose and Carnation in which cases except for slight increase in Gladiolus in other crops it is more or less static (Table 1). Similarly, the retail price of Cymbidium has seen highest growth in last ten years (more than 100%) (Table 2). Table 2: Average retail price of major cut flowers in Nepal Cut flower/Year 2005 (Rs) 2009 (Rs) 2014 (Rs) Gladiolus 9.5 9.5 15 Dutch Rose 14 14 20 Carnation 15.5 15.5 20 Cymbidium 72 72 150 The other important cut flowers have seen less than 50% increase in Dutch rose and Carnation where as slightly more than 50% in Gladiolus. The price of potted flowering Cymbidium ranges from Rs. 1000 to 5000 depending upon the size and type of cultivar. The demand of Cymbidium cut flower is increasing but not at the rate of other cut flowers (Table 3). Table 3: Daily demand of major cut flowers in Nepal (‘000) Cut flower/Year 1992 2000 2005 2014 Gladiolus 0.1 4.5 3.5-4.5 6.0-8.0 Dutch Rose 0.1 3.0 2.5-4.0 7.0-9.0 Carnation 0.05 0.25 1.0-1.5 5.5-7.5 Cymbidium 0.0 0.0 0.1-0.3 0.3-0.5 The demand for other cut flowers is in thousand per day but for Cymbidums it is few hundreds, but is increasing steadily. Nepalese cut Cymbidiums were exported to Qatar few years ago and was accepted well. The advantage being good quality, long vase life and direct air access to market destination. However, there are challenges too such as lack of good cultivars, lack of quantity, capital intensive and long gestation period. The use of Cymbidium as medicine is known since time immemorial and in Nepal today about 100 species of Orchids are used for medicinal purpose. During sixties, seventies, eighties and early nineties of the twentieth century thousands of tonnes of epiphytic Orchids were collected from tarai and inner tarai areas and sent to India (Pun, 1994). The main species of interest during that period were Pholidata articulata and Ephemerentha macraei. Traditionally, the most important orchid species of medicinal interest could be Dactylorhiza hatagirea, it is also popularly called Paanch Aunlee in nepali. It is a terrestrial orchid and is of very high value second only to Yarsha gumba (the Himalayan Viagra). Recently, the interests in orchid species have changed and those species that are collected for medicinal purposes are from the genus Dendrobium (Pun, 2013). Nepal has 24 Dendrobium species but those used for medicinal purpose at present 42 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid are very few. Some of the Dendrobium species currently exported from Nepal are D. aphyllum, D. eriiflorum and D. transferans. In the past 5 years, Nepal has exported several tonnes of Dendrobium species that were collected from the wild but recently in 2014 trade of cultivated Dendrobium has begun (Table 4). Table 4: Medicinal Dendrobium exported to China from Nepal SN Species 2009 (MT) Wild 2013 (MT) Wild 2014 (MT) collection collection Cultivated 1 Dendrobium erriflorum * 0.35 2 D. transparens 0.65 3 D. aphyllum * 4 Dendrobium . species A * 5 Dendrobium species B * Total 10.6 10.0 1.0 These species probably are indiscriminately collected from the wild and are exported primarily to China for processing it in to herbal products. The market demand of these species has increased tremendously in Nepal in the last five years for export. Review of this product suggests that it is consumed as Dendrobium tea and has been found to be beneficial for developing immunity power in the body system. Besides, it also gives energy and helps in bowl clearance. It is drunk in the morning instead of other tea. The Department of Forest (DOF) issues CITES certificate to this product on recommendation of Department of Plant Resources (DPR). To simplify and facilitate commercial farming of these species, the DOF has developed directives. The directives include all aspects regarding commercial farming of orchids such as registering the farm at the district forest office, use of micro propagated plants, monitoring by the designated officer of district forest office and certifying cultivated status to facilitate CITES certification. This provision has encouraged setting up one farm in Dang and few research trials in Lalitpur and the demand seems to be unlimited. A new approach should be adopted where by Department of Plant Resources, universities, other research organizations and private sectors can join hands to conserve, domesticate, propagate, develop production technology and accelerate trade of aesthetic as well as medicinal orchids of Nepal. This shall not only initiate economic activity but will also create employment and conserve orchid wealth in nature. It is proposed that the government initiate commercial farming of important Dendrobium species on a PPP model and initiate following activities. a. Collection of important Dendrobium species and conserve in out-reach station of Department of Plant Resources. b. Develop micro-propagation protocol and initiate rapid multiplication of three important Dendrobium species c. Develop the best cultivation technology for best yield and quality. d. Multi-location trial to determine best growing conditions for Dendrobium species of economic value. e. Investigation of the status of active ingredient in the cultivated plants as compared with those in natural conditions. Reference Dahal, S. and P. R. Shakya. 1988. A glimpse of orchid flora of Nepal. Proceedings of the National Conference of Science and Technology, Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, pp 246-252 Gadal, B., U. K. Pun and P. K. Maharjan. 1996. Diversity of orchids in Makwanpur and Parsa districts. IAAS Research Reports (1994-95), IAAS, Tribhuvan University. pp 53-67 Pun, U. K. 1994. Orchids - Where has it gone? The Kathmandu Post 1994 Pun, U. K. 2013. Orchids. In: Biological Diversity and Conservation. eds) P.K. Jha, F.P Neupane, M. L. Shrestha and I. P. Khanal. Publ. Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, pp 427-431 Rokaya M. B., Raskoti B. B., Timsina B. and Münzbergová Z., 2013. An annotated Checklist of the Orchids of Nepal. Nordic Journal of Botany. 31: 511-550. 43 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid 3. Medicinal Orchids and their Research in Nepal Bijaya Pant Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal pant_bijaya@yahoo.com Abstract Medicinal orchids are highly prioritized plants for trade and conservation. Out of estimated 457 species of orchids in Nepal, ninety species have medicinal value. A wide range of chemical compounds like alkaloids, bibenzyl derivatives, flavonoids, phenanthrenes and terpenoids are present in different parts of medicinal orchids. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University (CDB, TU) has started germplasm storage and ex situ conservation of some threatened and commercially important medicinal orchids. Various techniques of in vitro culture have been applied for the mass propagation and germplasm conservation of more than 30 species. Success has been achieved in selected medicinal orchids such as Aerides, Coelogyne ,Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Phaius, Pholidota, Thunia, Spiranthes, Vanda and Papilionanthe species through immature seed culture, protocorm culture, using different explants and through synthetic seed production. More species of orchids are being under the research. Phyto-constituents analysis in order to justify the medicinal properties and genetic homogeneity by using different molecular tools in some selected orchids are under investigation. Key words: Medicinal Orchids, Conservation, Culture, Explant Introduction Scientists have traced orchids as far back as 120 million years ago. The human relation with orchid is mainly for its unique and beautiful flower and their medicinal properties.. The use of orchids in herbal medicine has a long history. These plants first received recognition in the herbal writings of China and Japan 3,000 to 4,000 years ago, and they were the first to describe orchids for medicinal use (Reinikka, 1995). Despite the fact that the orchid family is claimed to be the largest plant family with more than 30,000 species, very little is known about the medicinal value of its different species. Different orchids have been reported to contain important phytochemicals such as alkaloids, triterpedoids, flavonoids, stilebnoids, anthocyanins (Okamoto et al, 1966; Leander et al. 1973; Majumder et al.1996, Kizu et al, 1999; Zhao et al, 2000; Singh and Duggal, 2009). Orchids have been used in different parts of the world for therapeutic uses corresponding to particular regions, communities and ethnic groups (Hu, 1970; Tang and Cheng,1984; Khasin and Rao, 1999; Pant, 1013). Threats Orchids require a special kind of environment and habitat. Not only they are very habitat specific but within a habitat also, they require unique micro-climatic conditions to survive and perpetuate (Arditti et al 1990). Thus once they are uprooted from their natural habitat, it is difficult to propagate them. People in Nepal are using orchids as ornamental, medicinal and edible purposes. Orchids are mostly collected from the wild using non sustainable, destructive method like collecting the entire plant or part of specific part of plant. Whole plant as well as different parts, viz. roots, rhizome, stem, pseudobulb and leaves of these orchids are used in medicine, Further, low regeneration rate and loss of habitat accelerate threat to orchid population. Huge amount of medicinal orchids such as Anoectochilus roxburghii, Dactylorhiza hetagirea, Dendrobium species, Cymbidium species Coelogyne, Satyrium species and many other are harvested from their natural habitat and are exported to neighboring countries from Nepal. Many of these orchids face the extreme danger of extinction due to over-exploitation for trade, consumption and loss of habitat. In past three decades vast areas of natural forest and thicket throughout the country have been destroyed or seriously degraded by human activities. The other threat derives from the collection for local sale and export of plants of the horticulturally attractive species. 44 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Medicinal orchids of Nepal Medicinal properties and phytochemical analysis of orchids has not been fully explored in Nepal. However 90 species of orchids have been reported to have medicinal value (Vaidya et al. 2000, Manandhar, 2002, Baral and Kurmi 2006). Medicinal values of different species and their therapeutic uses have been recently reported by Pant and Raskoti, (2013). Many of these orchids have been used by the native people of Nepal for treating different diseases such as general debility like stomachache, bone fracture, cold, wound healing, general weakness and to cure various other diseases. Orchids have been used either alone or in combination with other plants. Some of the important species of medicinal value are Acampe papilliosa, Anoectochilus roxburghii, Arundina graminifolia, Bulbophyllum umbellatum, Brachycorythis obcordata, Calanthe masuca, Coelogyne species, Cymbidium aloifolium, Cyperipedium cordigerum, C. himalaicum, Dactylorhyza hatagirea, Dendrobium amoenum, D.candidum D. crepidatum, D.densiflorum, D.eriaeflorum, D.fimbriatum, D.heterocarpum D. longicornu, D. nobile D. transparens, Eulophia nuda, Epimerantha macraei, Herminium monorchis, Otochilus porrectus, Pholidota imbricate Vanda species etc (Fig. 1, a-f). Dactylorhyza hatagirea which is regarded as one of the most important medicinal plants of high altitude is used by native of high mountain areas for treating different ailments (Joshi and Joshi, 2000). It is used as a tonic and to control bleeding. Some healers use its tuber paste along with different medicinal herbs for treating general weakness of children and women. A decoction of Salep with sugar and flavored with spices is a useful drink for the sick and effective in seminal debility, chronic diarrhea and general weakness in debilitated women after delivery (Baral and Kurmi, 2006). Some orchid species are used for edible proposes and as a fodder plants as well. Continuous exploitation of several medicinal orchids from the wild and substantial loss of their habitat during the past years has resulted in the population decline of many high valued species. Most of these species have been categorized as critically endangered, rare and listed under appendix II of CITES (IUCN Nepal, 2004). There is a wide gap between the supply and demands of medicinal orchids in Nepal.. Conservation and comercialization Many orchid species that approach to extinction immediately require propagation and conservation. Conservation of orchids is an important issue that should be seriously considered by both government and private sector in participation with research institutions, non-government organization and community growers. The seed germination is erratic in orchids, therefore tissue culture technique could be the most appropriate alternative for the species restoration programme of threatened species and their mass scale propagation (Pant, 2013). Cultivation for sustainable utilization has been recommended as one of the most urgent task. Local people as well as private nurseries in Kathmandu have began domestication of orchids although to a very low level. However, propagation techniques are yet to be perfected to cultivate the potential species. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University (CDB, TU) has started germplasm storage and ex situ conservation of some threatened and commercially important medicinal orchids. Various techniques of in vitro culture have been applied for the mass scale propagation and germplasm conservation (Fig. 2: a-e). Successes have been achieved in selected medicinal orchids such as Aerides odorata, A. multiflorum, Coelogyne cristata. C.fuscesens C. ovalis, Cymbidium aloifolium C.devonianum, C. elegans., C iridioides, Dendrobium densiflorum, Phaius tancarvilleae. Pholidota articulata, Thunia alba, Spirenthes sinensis, Vanda tesselata through immature seed culture, protocorm culture, using different explants and through synthetic seed production (Pant and Shrestha 2011; Pant and Thapa 2012; Paudel and Pant 2012). We have started community education and awareness for habitat protection, ex situ conservation and commercial potential of orchids in some community forests in participation with the Community Forest Users (CFUs) of Daman and Chitlang of Makawanpur district. Conclusion In order to fully exploit the orchid species for their commercial as well as medicinal uses, extensive study in the field of orchid research is necessary. In context of Nepal, cultivation of medicinal orchids could be the effective way of income generation if the indigenous species are carefully selected. Commercial need for 45 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid orchid resources is actually the need of the people and unless alternatives provided through propagation and cultivation, wild species will not be secure. Acknowledgement My special thanks to Ms. Shreeti Pradhan, Mr. Mukti Ram Paudel and the students involved in medicinal orchid research for their cooperation in research and development. REFERENCES Arditti, J., Ernst, R. Yam, T.W. and Glabe, C 1990. The contribution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi to seed germination: a speculative review. Lindleyana, 5:249–255. Baral S.R. and Kurmi, P.P 2006. A Compendium of Medicinal Plants of Nepal. Publisher Rachana Baral, Printed in Nepal by Mass Printing Press, Kathmandu. Chemical constituents of Panchaunle, the roots of Dactylorhiza hatagirea D. Don. Chem.Pharm. Bull. 47(11): 1618-1625. Hu, S.Y. 1970. Dendrobium in Chinese medicine. 1970. Econ. Bot. 24:165–170. Joshi, K.K. and Joshi, S.D. 2000. Genetic Heritage of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Nepal Himalayas. Buddha Academy Publisher and Distributors, Pvt. Nepal. IUCN 2004. National register of medicinal and aromatic plants (Revised and updated). The World Conservation Union, Nepal. Khasin, S.M. and Mohana Rao P.R.1999. Medicinal importance of orchids. The Botanica. 49: 8691. Kizu, H., Kaneko, E.I. and Tomimori, T. 1999. Studies on Nepalese crude drugs. XXVI. Leander, K., Rosenbloom, J. and Ruusa, E.1973. Studies on Orchidaceae alkaloids. XXXII. Crepidine, crepidamine and dendrocrepine from Dendrobium crepidatum Lindl. Acta Chem Scand. 27: 1907–1913. Manandhar, N.P. 2002. Plants and People of Nepal. Timber Press, Oregon USA. Okamoto, T., Natsume, M., Onaka, T. Uchmaru, F. and Shimizu, M. 1966. The structure of dendramine (6-oxydendrobine) and 6-oxydendroxine. The fourth and fifth alkaloid from Dedrobium nobile. Chem Pharm Bull. 14:676–680. Pant, B and Thapa, D 2012. In vitro mass propagation of an epiphytic orchid, Dendrobium primulinum Lindl. through shoot tip culture. African Journal of Biotechnology 11: 9970-9974. Pant, B. 2013. Medicinal orchids and their uses: Tissue culture a potential alternative for conservation. African Journal of Plant Science, 7(10): 448-467. Pant, B. and Raskoti, B.B. 2013. Medicinal Orchids of Nepal. Himalayan Map House, Pvt. Ltd. (Publisher). Pant, B. and Shrestha, S. 2011. Mass propagationof ground orchid Phaius tancarvilleae (L‟ Her) Blume. through shoot tip culture. Plant Tissue Cult and Biotec. 21(2) 181-188. Paudel M. R. and Pant, B. 2012. In vitro micropropagation of rare orchid (Esmeralda clarkei rchb.f.) from shoot tip section. Internationa Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Allied Sciences 1(11): 15871597. Pradhan S., Paudel, Y. P. and Pant, B. 2013. Efficient regeneration of plants from shoot tip explants of Dendrobium densiflorum Lindl., a medicinal orchid African Journal of Biotechnology 12(12) : 1378-1383. Reinikka, M. A. 1995. A History of the Orchid. Portland OR,Timber Press,ISBN 0–88192–325–7. Singh A. and Duggal, S. 2009. Medicinal orchids-an overview. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 299- 412. Tang, Z. Z. and Cheng, S.J. 1984. Studies on the original plant of Chinese medicine – Dendrobium huoshanense. Plant Res. 4:141–146; 1984. Vaidhya, B., Shrestha, M. and Joshi, N. 2000. Report on Nepalese orchid species with medicinal properties. In Proceedings of Nepal-Japan joint symposium on conservation and utilization of Himalayan medicinal resources, Department of Plant Resources, Kathmandu, Nepal pp 146-152. Zhao, W., Ye, Q. Tan, X. Jiang, H. Li, X. Chen, K. and Kinghorn, A.D. 2001. Three new sesquiterpene glycosides from Dendrobium nobile with immunomodulatory activity. Journal of Natural Products 64: 1196–1200. 46 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Fig 1. Some medicinal orchids of Nepal Fig 1.a) Dendrobium crepidatum Fig 1.d) Pholidota articulata Lindl Fig 1.b) Dendrobium longicornu Fig 1.e). Satyrium nepalense Fig 1.c) Pleione humilis Fig 1.f) Vanda tesselata 47 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Fig. 2. In vitro propagation of some medicinal orchids by different explants 2. a) Regeneration from seed culture Cymbidium aloifolium 2. c) Regeneration from artificial seed culture Cymbidium aloifolium 2. b) Regeneration from shoot tip culture of Phaius tankarvilleae 2. d) Regeneration from root culture of Dendrobium densiflorum 2. e) Regeneration from protocorm culture of Aerides odorata 49 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid 4. Trade of Orchids and Conservation Efforts in Nepal Dipak Lamichhane Senior Garden Officer National Botanical Garden, Godavari dipak_lmn@yahoo.com Abstract The demand of both wild and hybrid orchids is high in Nepal and outside due to their ornamental and medicinal value. As a result, Orchids have decreased in nature in Nepal as well as globally. On account of the high degree of endangerment, all orchid species have been listed in Appendix II of CITES. Government of Nepal has introduced Sunakhari Sankalan Tatha Kheti Bikash (Karyabidhi) Nirdesika-2069. Currently, commercial farming of two species of wild orchid has been practiced in Nepal. Key words: Orchid conservation, Botanical gardens, CITES, Marketing, Business plan Introduction Theophrastus described a plant with paired roots that looked like testicles. He gave it the name orchis from the Greek word for testicles. Carol Linneus adopted the name orchid in his Species Plantarum published in 1753. The British botanist John Lindley introduced the name Orchidaceae to the family in 1836. Orchidaceae comprises 500 to 600 genera and 20000 to 35000 species (Banarji, 1982). Nepal harbors more than 440 species of orchids (Rokaya et al., 2013, Rai et al., 2013) which shares 6 percent of total flora of Nepal (Raskoti, 2009) of which 96 species are of medicinal importance (Pant and Raskoti, 2013). The National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Godavari has 266 species of orchid herbarium belonging to 79 genera (GoN, 2010). Orchids are beautiful and most of them, especially epiphytic one have very attractive flowers, and are considered the jewels of forests (Rajbhandari and Bhattarai, 2001). Orchid has ecological, socio-economical, scientific, ornamental, medicinal, educational, cultural, etc. value. Major threats to Orchids Conservation The major threats to orchids are :  Habitat loss due to deforestation,overgrazing,degradation and fragmentation.  Global demand for selected orchids for ornamental and medicinal purposes.  Illegal collection, trade and unsustainable harvesting. Conservation All species of family Orchidaceae has been included in list of protected species under Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). By ratifying it, Nepal has introduced certain policies and measures for controlling, limiting and even prohibiting international (and also intrastate) trade of endangered plants and animals. On account of the high degree of endangerment, all species of orchids, with no exception, have been listed in Appendix II in Nepal. Even more endangered and much more strictly protected are the species entered in Appendix I (Jezek, 2006). Government of Nepal has also introduced and implemented Sunakhari Sankalan Tatha Kheti Bikash (Karyabidhi) Nirdesika-2069 (GoN, 2012). Existing Practices in Orchids Conservation in Nepal A. Policy and Legal framework adapted by Nepal Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Article 8 and 9 of Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 50 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Forest Act, 1993 and Forest Regulation, 1995 Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, 2002 and 2014 NTFP/MAPs Development policy, 2004 Sunakhari Sankalan Tatha Kheti Bikash (Karyabidhi) Nirdesika – 2069 (2012) etc. B. In-situ Conservation Botanical gardens, National parks, Wildlife reserves, Conservation area, Community forests, etc. play important role for In-situ conservation of orchids. Protected areas provide suitable habitats for orchids including medicinal orchids vize : Cymbidium iridoies in Annapurna Conservation area, Cymbidium hookeriana in Makalu Barun National Park, Arundiana graminifolia in Chitwan National Park, Eulophia nuda in Parsa Wildlife Reserve, Cypripedium cordigerum in Langtang National Park, Dactylorhiza hatagirea in Khaptad National Park (Panta and Raskoti, 2013). Shakya and Bajracharya, 2013 recorded 77 species of orchids from Shivapuri National Park. C. Ex-situ Conservation Botanical gardens are the main area for Ex-situ conservation of orchids. Among 11 botanical gardens in Nepal Mountain Botanical Garden (2320m), Daman has about 40 species, main species being Bulbophyllum, Coelogyne, Dendrobium, Eria, Otochilus, Pleione, etc. Similarly, Mulpani Botanical Garden, Sallyan has conserved 28 species, Maipokhari Botanical Garden, Ilam has about 30 species .There are 83 species of orchids conserved in National Botanical Garden (1515m), Godavari (Shrestha, 2003). Among them 61 species were conserved in orchid house (Sharma, 2003). Current study shows that 42 species of orchids have been conserved in the orchid house which represents only 10.71 percent of total orchid flora of Nepal (Annex 1) and their distributional range is in between 200m-2900m. Three species(Coelogyne longipes, Dendrobium chrysanthum, Dendrobium fimbriatum) in the botanical garden at Godavari are considered rare and threatened. Similarly, out of 42 species 26 species have medicinal value and threatened in nature due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental and medicinal purposes (Panta and Raskoti, 2013) Fig. 1. Orchid house of National Botanical Garden, Godavari Ascol Orchidarium is another ex-situ conservation practice by Ascol campus, Lainchour which was Sponsored by San Diego County Orchid Society, USA. The main orchid species conserved in Ascol Orchidarium are Dendrobium sp., Cymbidium sp., Coelogyne sp., Eria sp. etc. D. In vitro Culture / Tissue Culture Plant tissue culture laboratory was established in 1976 in National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Godavari under Department of Plant Resources (DPR). The laboratory has developed the techniques for micropropagation of economically important plants. Since the establishment of plant tissue culture laboratory, DPR has developed the micropropagation protocols for Cymbidium aloifolium, C. giganteum, 51 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid C. grandiflorum, C. longiflorum, D. amoenum, Dendrobium densiflorum, D.fimbriatum, Vanda teris and Vanilla planifolia (DPR, 2014) . E. Awareness program Botanical Gardens present in different parts of Nepal, Department of Forests, Central Department of Botany, Kirtipur and Non-Governmental Organizations have been involved in creating awareness for orchid conservation . Role of National Botanical Garden in orchid conservation The National Botanical Garden of Godavari has given special attention to conservation of orchids. Following roles are performed by the garden. In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of orchids.  Provide ex- plant (capsule and any other parts of orchids) for tissue culture.  Provide field for the establishment of plantlets produced from tissue culture.  Research and Development.  Implementation of programs related to orchid conservation.  Create public awareness. Role of Department of Plant Resources Department of Resources (DPR) has mandate to conduct research, and provide technical support to concerned. The Department performs following roles related to orchids.  Identification of the samples and providing technical report.  Developing inventory of orchids.  Tissue culturing of valuable orchids and developing their protocol.  Established orchid house in different botanical gardens.  Identification of hot spots of orchids and exploration of orchids.  Identification of orchid species which are in the commercial farming.  Training for sustainable collection/harvest of orchids.  Coordination with concerned organization. Role of Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation   Preparation, approval and revision of policy and legal framework related to orchid. Declaration of orchid hot spots and orchid conservation area. Orchid trade Trade of orchids harvested from wild threatens local biodiversity. Vaidya et al. (2002) reported that around five tons of tubers of Orchis latifolia are harvested every year in Nepal to prepare „Salep‟ for export at an approximate value of USD 900 per ton. Export of valuable medicinal species Dactylorhiza hatagirea and Gastrodia elata from Nepal to China began in the late 1990s, and continues despite attempts to ban trade of these endangered species. From the total of 60 species of wild orchids recorded as traded item from Dakshinkali sites of Kathmandu, 28 species were exported both for medicinal and floricultural purposes, and 32 species for medicinal purposes only. Multiple use-values exacerbate the threat of over exploitation for these species (Subedi et al., 2013). These cases reveal that wild orchids from Nepal are popular trade items. Unsustainable harvest of orchid resources and illegal export of important species cause loss of biodiversity as well as legal revenue to Nepal (Bhattarai et al., 2002). Nepalese nurseries legally export orchid cut flowers to Qatar, Malaysia, India etc. The surveyof four private nurseries located in Godavari area in June 2014 reveal exporting of orchids from Nepal (Table 1). 52 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Table 1: Nurseries in Godavari area and traded species of orchids S.N. Nursery name Traded species 1 Parijat Nursery, Badikhel 2 Lovely pets Cymbidium orchids, Hadegoan Silwal Gardening Cymbidium (hybrid) Services, Taukhel Evergreen Nursery , Cymbidium (hybrid) Taukhel 3 4 Cymbidium (hybrid), Oncidium, Philonopsis, Catelia, Anectochilus roxburghii (Medicinal), Paphilipedium Cymbidium (hybrid), Oncidium , Paphilipedium Peak season Business initiated After Christmas before 25 up to April years Income (NRs.) 3-4 lakh After Christmas before 5 up to April years 2-4 lakhs After Christmas up to April After Christmas up to April 50 thousands 4-5 lakhs before 6 years before 15 years Source: Parijat Nursery, Badikhel ; Lovely pets Cymbidium orchids, Hadegoan; Silwal Gardening Services, Taukhel and Evergreen Nursery , Taukhel Orchid farming According to the business plan of Dang Suyang Dendrobium eriiflorum Technology Product Pvt, Ltd. the company has started commercial farming of two species of orchids i.e. Dendrobium eriiflorum and Dendrobium transparens in 0.2 ha land in Dang district since 2011. The company has got the permit from Department of Forests to export the first product of Dendrobium eriiflorum (346.5kg) and Dendrobium transparens (650kg) to China in 3rd March 2014. The total investment of the company was Rs. 24 lakh and its income in 2014 was 2990 USD (around Rs. 2.9 lakh rupees). Conclusion The demand of wild and hybrid orchid is high in Nepal. Main market of wild orchid is China and India. Private nurseries are now involved in the trade of hybrid orchid. Commercial farming of Dendrobium eriiflorum and Dendrobium transparens also began in Nepal since 2011. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation has introduced Sunakhari Sankalan Tatha Kheti Bikash (Karyabidhi) Nirdesika-2069 which helps to promote sustainable harvesting and encourage commercial farming of wild orchids. Acknowlegment I am thankful to Mr.Yam Bahadur Thapa, Director General, Department of Plant Resources and Mr. Sanjeev K. Rai, Scientific Officer of DPR for their encouragement and support. References Banerjee, M.L.1982. Orchids of Nepal. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India. Bhattarai, S., Chaudhary, R.P. and Taylor, R.S.L.2002. Prioritization and trade of ethnomedicinal plants by the people of Manang district, central Nepal. In Vegetation and Society( Eds Chaudhary R.P., Subedi B.P., Vetaas O. : Tribhuvan University, Nepal and University of Bergen, Norway:151–169. GoN/MoFSC. 2002. Nepal Biodiversity Strategy. Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal. GoN. 2010. Catelogue of Nepalese Flowering Plants – I (Gymnosperms and Monocotyledons). Department of Plant Resources, Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu. GoN.2012. Sunakhari Sankalan Tatha Kheti Bikash (Karyabidhi) Nirdesika-2069. Department of Plant Resources, Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu. DPR.2014.Compilation (Micropropagation Research Papers 1988-2012) Bulletin No. 37. Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu. 53 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Jezek,Z. 2006. The Complete Encyclopedia of Orchids. Rebo International b.v.,Lisse, The Netherlands. Pant, B. and Raskoti ,B.B. 2013. Medicinal Orchids of Nepal.Himalayan Map House (P.) Ltd. Basantapur, Kathmandu. Rajbhandari, K.R. and Bhattarai, S. 2001. Beautiful Orchids of Nepal. Kathmandu. Rai, S., Shrestha, M.R., Maden, K.and Shakya, L.R. 2013. Didymoplexis pallens Griffith (Orchidaceae : A new record for Nepal. Pleione 1(2): 55-56 Raskoti.B.2009. The Orchids of Nepal. Bhakta Bahadur Raskoti and Rita Ale, Kathmandu. Rokaya, M. B., Raskoti, B. B., Timsina, B. and Munzbergova, Z. 2013. An Annotated Checklist of the Orchids of Nepal. Nord. J. Bot. 31: xxx–xxx. Shakya, L. and Bajracharya,D. 2013. Survey for the Orchids of Shivapuri National Park in Kathmandu (Nepal) and their conservation. Pleione 7(1): 39 - 45. Sharma, I. 2003. Royal Botanical Garden, Godavari. IUCN Shrestha, R. 2003. Role of Botanical Gardens in Orchid Conservation . Plant Resources. Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. pp 92-96 Subedi , A,, Kunwar B., Choi Y., Dai Y., Andel, T. , Chaudhary R.P., Boer H. J. , and Gravendeel, B. 2013. Collection and trade of wild-harvested orchids in Nepal. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 9:64. Vaidya, B.N., Shrestha M. Joshee N. 2002. Report on Nepalese orchids species with medicinal properties. Proceedings of Nepal-Japan joint symposium on conservation and utilization of Himalayan medicinal resources. Eds Watanabe T, Takano A, Bista MS, Saiju H. K. Japan Society for the Conservation and Development of Himalayan Medicinal Resources (SCDHMR), Japan:146–152. 54 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Annex 1: List of the Orchids Conserved in Orchid House of National Botanical Garden, Godavari S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Name of the species Acampe papailosa (Lindl.) Lindl. Arundina graminifolia (D. Don ) Hochr. Buobophyllum umbellatum Lindl. Calanthe plantaginea Lindl. Cleisostoma racemiferum (Lindl.)Garay Coelogyne cristata Lindl. Coelogyne flaccida Lindl. Coelogyne fuscescens Lindl. Coelogyne longipes Lindl. Coelogyne nitida (Wall. ex D. Don ) Lindl. Coelogyne ovalis Lindl. Coelogyne prolifera Lindl. Distribution (Raskoti,2009) 400-2300m,ECN 1000-2200m,ECN 1500-2200m,CN 1400-2000m,EN 1200-1800m,CN 1500-2300m,EN 1000-2300m, ECN 300-1600m,ECN 19 20 21 22 23 24 Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Common but gradually decreasing due to deforestation Localized and Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for medicinal and ornamental purpose Decreasing rapidly and threatened due to deforestation, overexploitation for fodder and ornamental purpose Localized and Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Localized and Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose 1300-2100m, CWN Cymbidium devonianum Paxton 18 Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose 1300-2400m, ECWN 14 17 Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Localized and Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Localized and Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Rare and threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose 900-1100m,CN 1400-2000m, ECN 16 Localized and Threatened due to deforestation 1400-2500m,ECWN Coelogyne stricta (D. Don ) Schltr. Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. Cymbidium longifolium D. Don Dendrobium amoenum Wall. ex Lindl. Dendroobium bicameratum Lindl. Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall. ex Lindl. Dendrobium chrysem Rofle Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex Lindl. Dendrobium longicornu Lindl. Dendrobium Localized and threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Threatened due to overgrazing, used for fodder and ornamental purpose Facing pressure due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Threatened due to over exploitation for ornamental purpose 200-1200m,ECN 13 15 Conservation status (Raskoti,2009) 1500-2800m,ECN 1500-2500m,ECN 600-1500m,ECN Threatened due to deforestation 1400-2400m,CN Common but facing pressure due to deforestation 1300-2000m,CN Rare and threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Localized and Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Rare and threatened due to overexploitation for ornamental purpose 1200-2100m,CN 200-2100m,ECWN Facing pressure due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose 1000-1600m,CN Facing pressure due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Localized and Threatened due to deforestation and 1300-2900m,ECN 200-1200m,CN 55 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid S.N. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Name of the species moschatum (Buch.Ham.) Sw. Epigeneium amplum (Lindl.)Summerh Eria coronaria (Lindl.) Reichenb. f. Eria graminifolia Lindl. Eria spicata (D. Don)Hand.- Mazz. Flickingeria fugax(Lindl.)Seidenfa den Gastrochilus acutifolius(Lindl.) Kuntze Liparis viridiflora (Blume) Lindl. Otochilus albus Lindl. Otochilus fuscus Lindl. Otochilus lancilabius Seidenf. Pholidota articulata Lindl. var. griffithii Hook. f. Pholidota imbricata Hook. Pholidota pallida Lindl. Pholidota protracta Hook. f. Rhyncostylis retusa (L.) Blume Phaius tankervillae(Banks) Blume Thunia alba (Lindl.) Reichenb. f. Vanda cristata Lindl. Distribution (Raskoti,2009) Conservation status (Raskoti,2009) over exploitation for ornamental purpose Localized and Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Localized and Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Localized and Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose 1300-2100m,ECN 1500-2300m,ECN 1500-2000m,ECN 900-2000m,ECN 800-1600m,CN Threatened due to used for compost fertilizer, overexploitation for medicinal and ornamental use 1200-2000m,CN Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose 2000m,CN Threatened due to habitat destruction Localized and threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Localized and threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose Localized and threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose 1500-2400m,ECWN 1100-2000m,CN 1400-2500m,CW 1500m,CN Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose 600-1600m,ECN Threatened due to deforestation Threatened due to overexploitation for medicinal use and habitat destruction Threatened due to habitat destruction and overexploitation for ornamental purpose Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose 500-2000m,CN 1800-2500m, ECN 300-1800m,ECWN Localized and threatened due to over exploitation for ornamental purpose 1300-2100m,ECN Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for fodder and ornamental purpose Threatened due to deforestation and over exploitation for ornamental purpose 500-1800m,ECW 1200-2300m,ECN E=Eastern, C=Central, W=Western, N=Nepal 56 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid 5. Resource Assessment Method for Epiphytic Orchids Dipesh Pyakurel1 & Khilendra Gurung2 Abstract Diverse geography and wide altitudinal variation endowed Nepal with about 107 genera and 450 species of orchids, making it the family with largest number of species. There are number of publications that documented the distribution of orchids in Nepal. But the resource assessment method of epiphytic orchids has not been developed yet which has created difficulty in the quantification of such orchids which are in trade and potential for trade. Thus, this paper intends to develop assessment method that enables government agencies, researchers and resource managers to quantify the epiphytic orchids which ultimately supports the conservation and management of orchids. Keywords: Orchids, Epiphytic orchids, Resource assessment, stock. Introduction Orchids (Nepali name: Sunakhari, Sungava, Chandigava, Jivanti) belonging to Orchidaceae family, are diversified in the moist habitats in which majority are epiphytes in forests. Orchidaceae is one of the largest families of flowering plants in Nepal, comprising more than 450 species. Rokaya et al. 2013 enumerated 458 orchid species in 104 genera and 437 species. However, the NTFPs / MAPs workshop 2014 decided the number to be 107 genera and 450 species (NTFPs/MAPs workshop, 2014). Orchids are mostly perennial (or rarely annual), epiphytic or terrestrial herbs with root having multi-layered spongy tissue. Most of the temperate and almost all of the alpine genera are terrestrial, while some are lithophytes (Rajbhandari and Bhattarai, 2001). Orchids are capable of absorbing and storing substantial quantity of moisture. In terrestrial species, the roots are often swollen into tubers or stems from corms or rhizomes. Stems of epiphytic species are often thickened to form a pseudo-bulb with adventitious roots. It is considered that many orchid species of Nepal are at the threatened stage now. Habitat loss, forest destruction and degradation and over exploitation for trade due to its medicinal value have posed threats to the conservation of orchids in Nepal. Paphiopedilum insigne and P. venustum falls under CITES Appendix-I while rest of the species fall under Appendix-II. It indicates that orchids are not only threatened, but could become endangered if trade is not controlled. Government of Nepal has authorized trade of orchids with its inclusion in the royalty rate. For instance, orchids can be collected from government and community managed forests by paying royalty (Rs 100/kg) to concerned District Forest Office, except Dactylorhiza hatagirea which is protected by Forest Act 1995 (amended in 2001). Studies on availability and distribution of orchids have been carried out by various researchers and are documented in several literature such as Polunin and Stainton (1985), Stainton (1988), Press et al (2000), White and Sharma (2000), Rajbhandari and Bhattarai (2001), Milleville and Shrestha (2004), Shrestha et al. (2010) etc. But the resource assessment of orchids has not been carried out to the best of our knowledge. Wild orchids of Nepal are in trade since long. Recently its trade has gone to multifold in terms of value and volume due to high demand in China. Orchids such as Gamdol (Brachycorythis obcordata), Dendrobium aphyllum, D. bicameratum, D. denudans, D. eriiflorum and few others are in trade but it is not properly documented. Furthermore, the resource inventory of these traded and tradable orchids have not been carried out. Identification of traded orchids and stock analysis are the fundamental aspects for its conservation and sustainable management. Given this background, an effort has been paid to develop the resource assessment method of epiphytic orchids (Resource assessment of terrestrial orchids is similar to the resource assessment of herbs (DOF, 2012) and therefore it is not included here). This method was tested in three previous studies 1 2 Program Director: Biodiversity Associates for Research, Development and Action Nepal (BARDAN) Manager: Himalayan Bio Trade Private Limited (HBTL) 57 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid conducted during the resource assessment of orchids at Rolpa (Pyakurel and Gurung 2008) and Jajarkot (Gurung et al. 2010), and preparation of NTFPs resource inventory guideline 2012 published by Department of Forests. The objective of this research paper is to disseminate the resource assessment method of epiphytic orchids developed and tested earlier by the authors. This method will be useful tool to carry out resource assessment of epiphytic orchids and also epiphytic lichens with minor adjustments. Proposed method Epiphytic orchids are hosts specific. Therefore, resource assessment of host species is the most essential part of assessment. The proposed methodology is to some extent adopted from A Practical Manual of Ecology (Zobel et al. 1987), Community Forest Resource Inventory Guideline 2061 (DOF, 2004), and NTFPs Resource Inventory Guideline 2069 (DOF, 2012). Delineation of the survey area The survey area has to be delineated first. In the case of Community Forests or Leasehold Forests or Conserved Forests or even Government Forests, the survey area is demarcated. In such cases, the existing maps can be referred to outline and estimate the survey area. In cases where the study area is not delineated, resource map can be prepared in a participatory way in which the community members delineate the survey area based on the ridges, gorges, roads, landmarks etc. These can be marked in a Toposheet and area can be estimated using the grid map. Sampling methods After estimating the study area, the forest has to be sampled. Depending upon the distribution pattern of hosts and epiphytic orchids, both random and systematic sampling methods can be adopted. It is suggested that random sampling can be done for homogenous distribution of host and orchids, whereas systematic sampling is recommended for heterogeneous distribution. It is further recommended that 80% sampling can be done randomly whereas remaining 20% sampling should be purposive (survey on orchids available area) to accommodate all available orchids. Type and size of sample plot Sample plot can be circular, square or rectangular but it is recommended to use square or circular plot. The size of sample plot depends on the nature of host and geography of the survey area. The size of sample plot should be 25 sq m for shrubs (as host). For tree as host, the size of the plot can be either 100 sq m (in hills) or 400 sq m (in lower flatlands). Sampling intensity Sampling intensity depends on the area of survey sites and it ranges from 0.01% to 1%. Area of survey site (ha) Less than 100 ha From 100 to 500 ha More than 500 ha Tree (%) 1 0.5 0.1 to 0.5 Shrub (%) 0.5 0.5 0.1 Determining the number of sample plots The sample number can be determined and exemplified by the given example: Area of forest= 40 ha Host = Tree in the hilly regions Sampling size = 40 x 1% = 0.4 ha = 4000 sq m Size of sample plot= 100 sq m Required number of plots = 4000/100 = 40 plots within the study area 58 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Distance between two sample plots Distance between two sample plots can be determined and exemplified by following example: Area of forest (A) = 40 ha Required number of plots (n) = 40 Using the formula: a 2 = A/(n+1) where a2 is the area to be covered by a plot = 40/(40+1) = (40x10000/ 41= 9756.1 sq m Distance between two plots a = 9756.1 a = 98.77 m Survey of Orchids The resource assessment of orchids can be exemplified as below: Let us assume that there are three host plants (for instance Shorea robusta) in a plot of 100 sq m. Number of individual bunches are counted: For example: 7 bunch of Dendrobium eriiflorum and 8 bunch of D. denudans in one tree; 3 bunch of Dendrobium eriiflorum and 5 bunch of D. denudans in one tree; and 6 bunch of Dendrobium eriiflorum and 4 bunch of D. denudans in one tree Number of individual tillers in a bunch are counted: For example: In an average, 13 tillers of D. eriiflorum & 9 tillers of D. denudans in a bunch Average weight of tiller are calculated: For example: 5 g fresh weight; 1.3 g dry weight for D. eriiflorum; 4.5 g fresh weight & 1.1 g dry weight for D. denudans Now the frequency and density to quantify the orchids in the survey area, which can be calculated using the following formula: No. of quadrats in which host tree is found 100 Frequency Total number of quadrat studied Total number of plant of any species that host orchid 10000 Total number of quadrat studied area of quadrat Finally, the above calculations can be fitted in the formulae as given below: Density of specific tree that host orchid (D) Average number of bunches per tree (B) Average number of tiller in a bunch (t) Average weight of a tiller in gram (w) Average weight of a bunch in gram (WB) = w x t Total weight of fresh orchid per hectare (TW) = D x B x WB/1000 in kg The frequency has to be multiplied by the total area of forest to find out the exact area of targeted species distribution (A). For example, if the frequency is 65% and the total area of forest is 40 ha, then the actual area of host species distribution is 65% of 40 ha, that is 26 ha Finally, total weight (current stock) of fresh orchid per hectare (TW) = TW x A (area of availability) Density (plants/ha ) Way Forward The proposed method is, to the best of our knowledge, first of its kind. Thus, few improvements can be incorporated in the method, such as considering the height and girth of host tree, aspect, status of forest etc. for the exact quantification of orchids. Series of further research is needed to develop the standard resource assessment method for epiphytic orchids. 59 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid References: DoF, 2012. NTFPs Resource Inventory Guideline 2069. Department of Forests, Kathmandu. DoF 2004. Community Forests Resource Inventory Guideline 2061 (Amended). Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu. Gurung K. Pyakurel D. and Shrestha S., 2010. Assessment of Orchids and Estimation of the Stock of Some Valuable Orchids in Jajarkot District, Nepal: Presented at International Conference on Biodiversity, Livelihoods and Climate Change in the Himalayas, Kathmandu Nepal. Milleville R. de and Shrestha T. B. 2004. Nepal Orchids in Pictures. Malla Prakashan, Kathmandu, Nepal. NTFPs/MAPs workshop, 2014. Report of National Workshop on NTFPs/ MAPs Sector Action Plan Development. 9th July 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal Polunin O. and Stainton A. 1985. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India. Press J. R., Shrestha K. K. and Sutton D. A. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal. The Natural History Museum, London, UK. Pyakurel D. and Gurung K. 2008. Enumeration of Orchids and Estimation of Current Stock of Traded Orchids in Rolpa District. A Report Submitted to District Forest Office, Rolpa, Nepal. Rajbhandari K. R. and Bhattarai S. 2001. Beautiful Orchids of Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal. Rokaya M. B., Raskoti B. B., Timsina B. and Münzbergová Z., 2013. An annotated Checklist of the Orchids of Nepal. Nordic Journal of Botany. 31: 511-550. Shrestha R., Joshi L., Dhungana S. K. and Kurmi P. P. 2010. Identification Manual of Nepalese Dendrobium Orchids. Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Stainton A. 1988. Flowers of the Himalaya: A Supplement. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India. White K. and Sharma B., 2000. Wild Orchids in Nepal: the Guide to the Himalayan Orchids of the Tribhuvan Rajpath and Chitawan Jungle. White Lotus. Zobel D. B., Jha P. K., Behan M. J. and Yadav U. K. R. 1987. A Practical Manual for Ecology. Ratna Book Distributors, Kathmandu, Nepal. 60 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid 6. Existing Legal Provisions on Orchids Management (Nepali) -;'gfv/L Joj:yfkg ;DalGw laBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf_ od axfb'/ yfkf dxflgb]{zs jg:klt ljefu jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df08f}+ Od]nM ybthapa46@hotmail.com kl/ro ;'gfv/L eGgfn] jg, h+un tyf cGoq kfOg] ?vsf xfFuf jf af]qmfdfly :jhLljsf] ?kdf x's{g] OlkkmfO6 (Epiphyte) sf ?kdf x's{g], r6\6fg jf df6f]df x's{g], jg:klt jf hGt'sf] s'lxPsf] :yfgdf x's{g :ofk/f]kmfO6 jg:kltx?nfO{ ;fdGot j'lemG5 . jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] tof/ u/L nfu' u/]sf] ;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf v]tL ljsf; -sfo{ljlw_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^( n] ;'gfv/L eGgfn] jg h+un leq xfFuf jf af]qmdf OlkkmfO6 (Epiphyte), r§fg jf df6f]df x's{g] 6]/]li6«on (Terrestrial) / jg:klt jf hGt' s'lxPsf] :yfgdf x's{g] (Saprophyte) ;fk|f]kmfO6 cGt{ut kg]{ ;'gfv/L ufd8f]n (Brachycorythis obcordata), hLjGtL (Ephemerantha macraei), Acampe spp., Coelogyne spp., Dendrobium spp. / Otochilus spp., :yfgLo efiffdf xnxn], kfFrcf}n], ;'gufef nufot tn pNn]lvt ;'gfv/L (Orchidaceae) kl/jf/sf ;Dk"0f{ jg:klt k|hfltnfO{ hgfpF5 . jg lgodfjnL–@)%! sf] cg';"lr # sf] v08 -r_ sf] g+= & df k/]sf jg k}bfj/x?nfO{ ;'gfv/L ;Demg'kb{5 egL JojfVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ :yfgLo ?kdf xnxn], kfFrcf}n], ;'gufef nufot ljleGg gfdn] lrlgG5 . g]kfnL hgdfg;df ztflAbof} b]lv ;fdflhs–;f:s[lts–cfly{s– cf}ifwLo u'0fn] ;'gfv/L, ;'gufef lr/kl/lrt /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg /+u / ?ksf cToGt ;'Gb/ / ;'ulGwt k"mnx?sf nflu ;'gfv/L k|Voft /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;+;f/df ;'gufef÷;'gfv/L ;a}eGbf a9L ljljwtfo'Qm / k|hflt ePsf kl/jf/ cGt{ut kb{5 . g]kfndf dfq} klg o;sf sl/a !)& h]g]/f / $%) k|hfltx? kfOG5g\ -/fhe08f/L, @)&!_ . s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ;'gfv/L k|hfltx?sf] a}1flgs gfdfjnL o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 . Acampe palillosa (Lindl.) Lindl Coelogyne cristata Lindl. C. flavids Hook. Fil Wall. ex Coelogyne species Dendrobium aoenum Wall. Ex Lindl. D. aphyllum (Roxb) C.E.C. Fisch D. bicameratum Lindl. D. candidum Wall. ex Lindl. D. chrysanthum Wall. ex Lindl. D. crepidiatum Lindl. D. denudans D. Don D. eriflorum Grieff. D. fimbriatum Hook. D. lancilabius Seidenf. D. longicornu Lindl. D. primulinum Lindl. D. pulchellum Roxb. Ex Lindl. D.transparens Wall. Ex Lindl. D. nobile Ostochilus lancilabius Seidenf Ostochius species 61 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid ;'gfv/L Joj:yfkg ;Gbe{df P]g tyf lgoddf ePsf] Joj:yf ;'gfv/Lsf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0fsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] nfdf] ;do b]lv ljleGg k|of;x? ub}{ cfO/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] ljleGg dxTj Pj+ :yfgLo pkof]usf sf/0fn] o;nfO{ nf]k x'gaf6 arfpg' g} g]kfn ;/sf/s]f d'Vo Wo]o /x]sf] kfOG5 . jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnosf d'Vo @ j6f ljefux? h:t} jg:klt ljefu / jg ljefu o;sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgdf lhDd]jf/L /x]sf 5g\ / ;f]xL adf]lhd lqmoflzn /x]sf] kfOG5 . d"nt jg P]g @)$( / jg lgodfjnL @)%! df ;'gfv/Lsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu lqmoflzn /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cnjf /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf cf/Ifx?leq kfOg] ;'gfv/Lsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g @)@( / ;f] ;DaGwL ljleGg lgodfjnLx? cfs{lift x'g] ub{5 . /fli6«o lgod sfg"gx?sf] ;fy;fy} g]kfn ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;GwL ;Demf}tfsf] kIf /fi6« ePsf] ;Gbe{df ;f]xL adf]lhd sfo{ ug{ sl6j4 /x]sf] 5 . h:t}M ;fOl6;df ;+/lIft jg:kltsf] cg';"lr @ df g]kfnL ;'gufef÷;'gfv/Lx? ;"lrs[t ePsf]n] ;f]xL cg';f/ Joj:yfkg tyf j}1flgs lgsfo -jg ljefu / jg:klt ljefu_ sf] :jLs[ltdf dfq o;sf] a}b]lzs Jofkf/ x'g ;S5 . ;'gfv/L Joj:yfkg ;Gbe{df g]kfndf ljwdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] af/]df ;fdGo rrf{ oxfF ul/G5 . P]g tyf lgoddf ePsf] Joj:yfdf ;'gfv/Lsf] kl/eflift e};s] kl5, o:df xfn;Dd s'g –s'g g]kfn sfg"g cg';f/ Joj:yf ePsf] 5, ;f] sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f o; k|sf/ ul/Psf] 5 . jg P]g @)!* cg';f/ tof/ ul/Psf] jg k}bfjf/ laqmL ljt/0f lgodfjnL @)@& bkmf # df h8La'6L ;+sngsf] af/]df Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;n] kxf8L jg If]qdf h8La'6L ;+sng ug{ k"hL{ lng' gkg]{ Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} kxf8L If]q eGgfn] dxfef/t / dxfef/t pQ/df kxf8L jg If]qnfO{ hgfpFb5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . jg P]g @)$( jg P]g @)$( n] ljleGg j:t'x?nfO{ kl/efiff ug]{ ;Gbe{df jg k}bfjf/nfO{ klg kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 h;cg';f/ jg k}bfjf/ eGgfn] jgdf /x]sf] jf kfOPsf] jf jgaf6 NofPsf] ljleGg kbfy{x?nfO{ pNn]v ub}{ b]xfosf] k}bfjf/ ;d]t nfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 egL eg]sf] 5 . jg P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @ -u_ kl/efiff cg';f/ ……?v, kft, kmn, km"n, af]qmf, lr/fOtf], s'6sL / ;a} k|sf/sf h+unL h8La'6L, jg:klt tyf ltgsf ljleGg efu jf c+ËÚ… nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;} cGt{ut jgdf kfOPsf] jf jgaf6 NofOPsf] ;'gfv/L jf To;sf s]xL efu, pTkfbg, pk–pTkfbg ;d]t jg P]gn] pNn]v u/]sf] jg k}bfjf/ leq ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 . ;'gfv/L jg pTkfbg ePsf] dflg;s]kl5 o;nfO{ lgodg ug{ jg P]g @)$( / jg lgodfjnL @)%! :jtxM cfs{lift x'G5 . o;/L jg P]g, lgodfjnLdf pNNf]v u/]sf k|fjwfgnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf kfng u/]/ dfq ;'gfv/Lsf] Jojf:yfkg, jg If]qaf6 ;+sng / lgsf;Lsf] ul/g'kb{5 . o;f] gu/L ;DalGwt lgsfosf] lnlvt cg'dlt a]u/ ;+sng, lgsf;L k}7f/L u/]df jg P]g cg';f/ ag ck/fw u/]sf] 7xl/g uO{ ljleGg ;hfo x'g] k|fjwfg jg P]gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . jg P]g @)$( sf] kl/R5]b —!! sf] bkmf $( / %) df jg ck/fw / ;f] sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu x'g] ljleGg ;hfox?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:t} Kf|ltaGwsf] Joj:yf bkmf &) -s_ df ePsf] 5 . 62 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid jg P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @) cg';f/ jg If]qaf6 h8La'6L tyf cGo jg k}bfjf/ ;+sng ubf{ sfo{ of]hgf agfpg' kg]{ k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . lgodfjnL @)%! sf] kl/R5]b @! cg';f/ sfo{ of]hgf agfP/ dfq ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf cg';f/ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ >f]t ;j]{If0f dfu{bz{g @)^( sf] k]h #& / #*df pNn]v ePsf] . lghL jg ljsf; lgb]{lzsf, @)^* sf] bkmf ^ ælghL hUufdf nufO{Psf] u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ pTkfbg x'g] ?v jf h8La'6L v]tLÆ ;f]xL lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b ( bkmf @@ lghL jgsf] sf7, bfp/f u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ 9'jfgL / Ohfht ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h8La'6L tyf cGo u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] xsdf lhNnf jg sfof{non] cg';"rL & adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf Ohfht kq lbg' kg]{5 . kl/R5]b @ sf] -^_ cg';f/ btf{ ePsf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ pTkfbg x'g] ?vx? tyf h8La'6L v]tLaf6 pTkflbt k}bfjf/ ;DalGw hUufwgLn] cfkm\gf] If]qsf] /]Ghkf]i6 3 jf Onfsf jg sfof{nodf hfgsf/L lbO{ s6fgd'5fg tyf a]rlavg ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;/L s6fg tyf ;+sng ul/Psf k}bfjf/x? s[ifs jf ;+:yfn] lbPsf] lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df kl/R5]b @-^_ adf]lhdsf] clen]v;+u le8fO{ lhNnf jg sfof{non] 5f]8k"hL{ lbg] Joj:yf ug]{5 . h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jgk}bfjf/ ljsf; gLlt @)^!, sfo{gLltsf] aF'bf $  lghL If]qdf v]tL ul/Psf h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] If]qkmn nufotsf ljj/0f vf]nL lhNnf jg sfof{nodf btf{ ug{ ;Sg] . ;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf v]tL ljsf; -sfo{ljlw_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^( ;'gfv/Lsf] ;+sng tyf v]tL ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/ jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnx? l;t 5nkmn / ;xsfo{df ;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf v]tL ljsf; -sfo{ljlw_ lgb]{lzsf @)^( tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;sf d'Vo a'Fbfx? O; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M ;|f]t ;j]{If0f tyf jg If]q 5gf}6 ;DjGwL Aoj:yf  ;|f]t ;j]{If0f ;DjGwL cfwf/e't tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{kg]{,  tYofÍ ljZn]if0f tyf k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kg]{,  If]q 5gf}6 tyf jftfj/0fLo cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kg]{ . ;'gfv/L ;+sngsf] nflu v08 ljefhg  ;'gfv/L ;+sngsf] nflu jg v08 ljefhg ug]{  ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ t/Lsf, 3f6u2L :yfg tf]Sg'kg]{ 3 /]~hkf]i6x? Onfsf jg sfof{nodf / Onfsf jg sfof{nox? ;]S6/ jg sfof{nox?df kl/0ft ul/Psf] 5 . 63 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid ;'gfv/L ;+sngsf] nflu jg v08 ljefhg ug]{ tl/sf -!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ kl/df0f x]/L ;s];Dd k|fs[lts l;dfgf / k|fs[lts k'g?Tkfbg ;d]tsf] cfwf/df v08 ljefhg ug'{kg]{5 . tL v08df kfFr jif{sf] rqmLo k|0ffnL cg';f/ dfq ;+sng ug'{ kg]{5 . ;f] If]qdf ePsf] ;'gfv/L kfOg] ?vsf] ;+Vof, r§fg jf hdLgsf] jf:tljs ;tx, If]qkmn lx;fj u/L pknAw x'g ;Sg] ;'gfv/Lsf] k|hftL lkR5]sf] kl/df0f olsg ug'{ kg]{5 . pk/f]Qm sfo{x? u/L;s]kl5 ;f] sf] :ki6 ljj/0f lhNnf jg sfof{non] cg';"rL—! adf]lhdsf] /lhi6/ v8f u/L clen]v /fVg' kg]{5 . nut agfOPsf] /lhi6/sf] Ps Ps k|lt ;DalGwt ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfo, /]~hkf]i6 / Onfsf jg sfof{non] /fVg' kb{5 . ;fd'bflos jg jf ;+/lIft jg If]qaf6 ;+sng ul/g] xf] eg] ;DalGwt ;d"xnfO{ ;d]t nut agfOPsf] /lhi6/sf] Ps k|lt pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 . ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ t/Lsf -!_ s'g k|hflt sxfF slt pknAw 5, osLg u/L lglZrt If]q tf]sL lgodfg';f/ ;+sng Ohfht lbg] / ;+sng sfo{ tf]lsPsf] If]qdf dfq ul/g' kg]{5 . -@_] ;+sng cg'dlt lbg' cufj} o;sf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL zt{x? tf]sL pQm zt{x? kfngf ug]{ JolQm, pBf]u of lgsfonfO{ dfq} cg'dlt lbg'kg]{ 5 . -#_ Ohfht lbg'k"j{ ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{non] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ :jLs[t ;|f]t ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg cg';f/ jg If]q tyf jg v08sf] :ki6;Fu rf/ lsNnf olsg ug'{kg]{5 . ;+sng sfo{ jg k|fljlwssf] /]vb]v jf /f]xa/df tf]lsPsf] jg If]q jf v08af6 dfq u/fpg' kg]{5 . -$_ ;+sng cg'dlt k|fKt ug]{ pBf]u jf lgsfon] ;+snsx?nfO{ ;'gfv/Lsf] xfFuf sf6\bf wfl/nf] xltof/ jf l;s]r/ k|of]u ug'{ kg]{5 . o:tf pks/0f k|of]u eP gePsf] s'/f ;DalGwt lh= a= sfof{non] cg'udg ug'{ kg]{5 . -%_ ?vdf kfOg] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ubf{ ?vnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L ?vsf] af]qmf tf5\g, ?vsf xfFuf sf6\g / ?v 9fNg kfOg] 5}g . -^_ r6\6fg jf hldgdf kfOg] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ubf{ e"–Ifo x'g] u/L ug{ kfOg] 5}g . -&_ pknAw ;|f]tsf] !)Ü ;Dd ;+sng of]Uo efu dfq ;+sng ug'{ kg]{5 . pd]/ k'lu;s]sf]] s]xL k|hgg\ efu -@)Ü gofF /;fgf lj?jfx?_ ltgs} jf;:yfgdf /xg] u/L 5f]8]/ ;+sng ug'{kg]{ 5 -*_ pv]Ng' x'b}g / eF'O{ jf jf]6sf] km]bsf] ;txeGbf %;]=dL=dflyaf6 x/]s uFfhdf slDtdf @ xfFuf 5f8L ;+sng ug'{ kg]{5 . -(_ km"n km"Ng] ;do / a[l4 x'g] ;dodf ;+sng ug'{ u/fpg' xF'b}g . k|fs[lts ?kdf kfOg] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ubf{ df3 b]lv kmfu'g;Dd dfq} ;+sng ug{' u/fpg' kg]{5 . -!)_ df3 / kmfu'g b'O{ dlxgfsf] ;do eGbf cufl8 / k5fl8sf] ;dodf ;+sng u/]df ;+sng ug]{ u/fpg] JolQm jf lgsfonfO{ sfnf] ;"rLdf /fvL cg'dltkq /2 u/L k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxL x'g]5 . -!!_ Ps k6s ;'gfv/L ;+sng u/]sf] If]qaf6 sDtLdf kfFr jif{ kl5 dfq pknAwtfsf] cj:yf x]/L csf]{ k6s ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] 5 . 64 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid ;'gfv/Lsf] Jofj;flos v]tL ljsf; ;DaGwL Joj:yf -!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ -*_ -&_ -(_ pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng Pj+ k|zf]wg ug]{ lgsfo jf JolQmn] ;'gfv/Lsf] Joj;flos v]tL ug{ ;Sg]5 . v]tLug{ vf]lhPsf] k|hfltsf] klxrfg jg:klt ljefuaf6 u/fO{ ;f] sf] lj:t[t Joj;flos of]hgf tof/ u/L jg:klt ljefusf] k|fljlws l;kmfl/; ;lxt ;f] of]hgf jg ljefuaf6 :jLs[t u/fpg' kg]{5 . :jLs[t Jofj;flos of]hgfdf pNn]lvt ;'gfv/L k|hfltsf dfp la?jf lgodfjnLdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] /fh:j lt/L k|fKt ug{ / ;fOl6; dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfg k"/f u/L ljb]zjf6 cfoft ug{ ;lsg]5 . pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;'gfv/L k|hfltsf] v]tL lj:tf/ u/L j]gf{ pTkfbg ug{ Jofj;flos of]hgfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd tGt' k|hgg\ nufotsf cGo h}ljs k|ljlw ckgfO{ a]gf{ pTkfbg u/L u|Lg xfp;df x'sf{pg' kg]{5 . pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;'gfv/L k|hfltsf] v]tL u/L Joj;fo ug]{ Jofkfl/s kmd{ jf pBf]u;Fu clgjfo{ ?kdf tGt' k|hgg\ k|of]uzfnf x'g' kg]{5 . of] k|hgg\ k|of]uzfnf tTsfn :yfkgf ug{ ;Dej gePdf g]kfndf pknAw lghL tGt' k|hgg\ k|of]uzfnf;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L lj?jf pTkfbg ug'{ kg]{5 . o:tf Jofkfl/s kmd{nfO{ rflxg] ;+Vofdf a]gf{ pTkfbg x'g] Joj:yf u/]kl5 dfq} lgsf;Lsf] nflu ;fOl6; cg'dlt kq jg ljefuaf6 k|bfg ul/g]5 . pkbkmf -#_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] k|ljlw af6 pTkfbg u/]sf a]gf{ ;fd'bflos jg jf lghL jg jf sa'lnotL jgdf kfOg] ?vsf] xfFufdf /f]kL pTkfbg ug{sf] nflu To:tf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;xdltdf ;'gfv/L k|hfltsf] v]tL ug{ OR5's JolQm, kmd{ jf sDkgLn] To;af6 pTkflbt pTkfbgnfO{ lsGg] k|Tofe"lt x'g] u/L s/f/gfdf ug'{kg]{ 5 . v]tLsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ z'?d} hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 / ;+slnt pTkfbgnfO{ klg v]tL u/L pTkfbg ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 k|dfl0ft u/fpg' kg]{5 . pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf pTkfbg ul/Psf ;'gfv/Lsf] a]gf{nfO{ u|Lg xfp; jf au}+rfdf /f]kL oy]i6 dfqfdf pTkfbg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] cg'udg ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug'{kb{5 . ;fd'bflos jg jf u|Lg xfp; jf ;]8 xfp;df /f]kL pTkfbg ul/Psf] pTkfbgdf k|fs[lts :yfgaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf] ;'gfv/L ld;fpg kfOg] 5}g . o;/L ld;fOPdf ld;fpg] / ld;fpg ;xdlt lbg] clwsf/LnfO{ ;d]t k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxL x'g]5 . ;'gfv/LnfO{ k|zf]wg u/]/ dfq} lgsf;L ug{'kg]{ 5 . x/]s jif{ sxfF slt ;'gfv/Lsf] v]tL ul/Psf] 5 elg ;DalGwt kmd{ jf sDkgLn] ;DalGwt If]qsf] lhNnf jg sfof{no / jg:klt ljefunfO{ hfgsf/L lbg kg]{ ;a} ;'gfv/Lsf k|hflt ;fOl6;sf] cg';"rLdf kg]{ ePsf]n] o;sf] lbuf] ;+/If0f ;Dj4{g / Joj:yfkg kIfdf ;d]t hf]8 lbg' kg]{5 . ;'gfv/L Joj:yfkg / k|j{4gsf ;d:ofx? jg P]g / lgodfjnLx?n] ;'gfv/Lsf] af/]df 7f]z ?kdf Joj:yf gu/L jg k}bfjf/sf] kl/efiff leq dfq kfl/Psf] b]lvG5 . :ki6 ?kdf ;'gfv/L Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL k|fjwfg b]lvb}g . ;'gfv/L Joj:yfkgsf cGo sfg"gL tyf lgtLut ;d:ofx? o; k|sf/ b]lvPsf 5g\ M :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf gePsf], ;|f]t ;j]{If0f s'g lgsfon] ug]{ :ki6 gePsf], 65 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid ;+sng lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]lvt tl/sfsf] a'Fbf ^ / * yk :ki6 ug{'kg]{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox? PsLs[t ?kdf sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} o;sf] Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu v]tL (Farming) k4lt / k|ljlw ljsf; u/L :yfgLo vfnL, ktL{, lghL tyf ;d'bfosf hUufx?df o;sf] Jofks v]tLdf hf]8 lbO{ k|fs[lts cj:yfdf jg h+undf /x]sf] ;'gfv/Lx?nfO{ ;+sng sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug'{ kb{5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfo, lghL If]q / ;/sf/sf] ;xsfo{df ;'gfv/L ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg Pj+ o;sf] Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{sf ;fy} cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt ljleGg k|ljlwx?nfO{ s[ifs, Joj;foL ;dIf k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . ;'gfv/L Joj:yfkgdf k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg /xg] ;/sf/L lgsfox? h:t} jg ljefu, lhNnf jg sfof{nox?, jg:klt ljefu / o; dftxtsf lhNnf jg:klt sfof{nox? Ps cfk;df cToGt alnof] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ub}{ gLltut, sfg"gL / Jojxf/hGo ;d:ofx?nfO{ qmdzM sd ub}{ hfg' kb{5 . jg h+undf cjl:yt klxrfg ePsf / klxrfg x'g afFsL /x]sf ;'gfv/Lsf] plrt :ofxf/, ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug'{sf ;fy} lghL If]q, Joj;foLx?sf] ;xsfo{df ;'gfv/Lsf] Joj;foLs/0fsf u'?of]hgf agfO{ ;f] tkm{sf sfo{ t'?Gt ;'? ug'{ kb{5 . o:f} u/L jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] xfn;fn} nfu' ug{ u}/fv]sf jg If]qsf gLlt tyf /0fgLlt (Strategy) df ;d]t ;'gfv/L ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / Joj;foLs/0fsf d"ne"n s'/fnfO{ o;df ;dfj]z u/L ;'gfv/L Joj:yfkg sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg' kb{5 . ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L g]kfn ;/sf/÷jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, @)$( . jg P]g–@)$(, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn . >L % sf] ;/sf/÷jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, @)%@ . jg k}bfjf/ ljqmL ljt/0f lgodfjnL, @)@& . jg ;DaGwL lgodx?sf] ;+slnt ;+u|x, jg ljsf; cfof]hgf, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn jg ljefu, /fli6«o jg dxfzfvf, @)^( . u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;|f]t ;j]{If0f dfu{bz{g, @)^( . g]kfn ;/sf/, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn . g]kfn ;/sf/÷jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, @)^( . ;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf v]tL ljsf; sfo{ljlw_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^( . jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn . jg ljefu, @)&) . jg ljefu ;+u ;DalGwt lgb]{lzsfx?sf] ;+ufnf], lghL jg lgb]{lzsf– @)^(, bf];|f] ;+:s/0f, jg ljefu, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn . /fhe08f/L, s]= cf/, @)&! -O=;=_ . cls{8; ckm g]kfnM :6f6;, y|]6 / ;+/If0f . cls{8 k|f]l;l8Ë -8«fˆ6_, jg:klt ljefu, yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn. 66 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid 7. A Review and Analysis of Policies on Non-Timber Forest Products of Nepal Uday Raj Sharma1 and Rajendra K.C.2 Contacts: 1udayshar@gmail.com 2 rkc_nep@yahoo.com Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO) Kathmandu, Nepal Abstract Nepal is extraordinarily rich in biodiversity including high value non-timber forest products (NTFPs). The country is well-known for the extremely high value herbs and other NTFPs such as Yarsagumba, Morcella, BodhiChitta, Jatamansi, Orchids etc. NTFPs are very important source of the income for the rural communities and the country. It has tremendous potentialities to contribute in the nation's development. However, due to the various reasons–policies and practical; the NTFP sector is not being able to harness its potential at the fullest capacity. Various policies and legislative measures have been undertaken since long time for the conservation and promotion of the NTFPs in the country. Various governmental and nongovernmental institutions have been involved in the development of the sector. Still the NTFP sector has not been able to fulfill the aspiration of the local people, business institutions and the government. In these contexts, an endeavour has been taken to review and analyse various policies related to the sustainable management and development herbs and NTFP sector in Nepal. The participatory, broad based and indepth study undertaken with the technical and financial support of the Food and Agriculture Organization, demonstrated number of shortcomings and bottlenecks which hinders the overall promotion of the sector. The study realised the need of few amendments in the Herbs and NTFP policy 2004 and proposes the draft policy for the discussion/consultation and adoption. Keywords: Non-timber forest products (NTFP), Herbs and NTFP policy, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Sustainable management, Commercialisation Background Nepal is outstandingly rich in the availability and abundance of various herbs and NTFPs species. Department of Plant Resources (2007) reported about 701 species of medinicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and over 1600 species of NTFP plant species, including MAPs, having the use in medicinal, aromatic and spices have been listed by Medicinal & Aromatic Plant Database of Nepal (MAPDON). The availability of the variety of high value NTFPs and their diversity induces the huge economic, cultural and sociological importance in Nepal. The sector is very important for the economic development of the country and creating employment opportunities to the rural poor. The annual export value of the medicinal plants and other non-wood forest products was about Rs. 8.7 billion (11.2%) of the total export value amounting Rs. 77.4 billion in FY 2012/013 (TEPC, 2014); clearly demonstrate its economic importance for the country. By realizing the huge potentialities of the NTFP sector, the recently drafted Forest Strategy of the Government of Nepal, has aimed to increase the export of the NTFP amounting to Rs 18 billion by the end of 2025 (FSS draft, 2014). Moreover, the NTFP sector is very important for the subsistence need and rural livelihood of the millions of the poor people. There are many opportunities and challenges in the sustainable management and the development of the NTFP sector in Nepal. Since the development and promulgation of the Herbs and NTFP policy 2004, it has already completed 10 years of implementation. It has been the time for the review and analysis of the long implemented policy and proposes for any amendments needed. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, through the Technical Cooperation Project–Sustainable Management and Development of NWFPs in Terai and Siwalik Regions of Nepal, has provided technical assistance to the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC) in the NTFP policy review process. 67 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Methods We intensively consultated with various stakeholders and policy makers to record their experiences, concerns and opinions. In addition, two other workshops were organized on our request: One by the Jadibuti Association of Nepal (JABAN) in Nepalgunj and another by the Department of Plant Resources, at Sanga, Bhatkapur. It provided ample opportunities to interact with stakeholder participants from various organizations and industry sector. Relevantliterature were reviewed. A total of 55 key persons representing various important organizations and industry were interviewed or contacted during policy review. In addition, 20 key officials from the government organizations, 12 from donor/supporting organizations, 14 from NGOs/INGOs/Experts and 9 from business communities were met for intensive discussion. Following steps were taken in implementing the assessment: i. ii. Reviewed current policy and earlier relevant policies with respect to NTFP. Reviewed Act, Regulations, Guidelines, and government decisions related to NTFP. iii. Consulted key stakeholders representing government agencies, I/NGOs, CBOs, private growers, processors, pharmaceutical industries, exporters and other business communities. iv. v. Closely reviewed the work of Herbs and NTFP Coordination Committee (HNCC). Visited trade fair organized in Nepalgunj and processing factories located there to interact with traders and manufacturers. Attended two-day seminar (6-7 February, 2014) on Herbs, Herbal Products and Spices organized by Jadibuti Association of Nepal in Nepalgunj. Interact/interview with participants, who represented the categories stated above. vi. vii. Attend two-day interaction seminar (17-18 February 2014) of MAPs stakeholders, organized by Department of Plant Resources in Bhaktapur. Jointly identified issues and compiled action plans for identified issues. viii. Made presentation of interim findings to a selected audience and final policy draft to the meeting of HNCC under the chair of Honorable Minister of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC). The meeting decided to send the copies of the proposed policy to all five departments of the Ministry and other stakeholders giving the 10 days deadline and send to the ministry afterwards by incorporating the suggestions/feed back to initiate final approval process. The draft policy documents were shared to all stakeholders as per the HNCC meeting. ix. The final draft report and revised policy in both Nepali and English was submitted to the MFSC, via Department of Plant Resources/HNCC secretariat, for the approval process in June, 2014. The Ministry has initiated formal procedures on it. Findings and discussion As MAPs in Nepal tend to capture more than two thirds of NTFP, policy and legislative issues tend to hover around the conservation and management of MAPs. For the purpose of the government, NTFP is understood as has been specified in the Forest Regulations 2051 (HMGN 1995); jadibutis are listed in its Annex III and other non-wood forest products in Annex VI. Government of Nepal has identified 30 commercially important MAPs for further research and development and for development of agro-technology. Twelve of these plants are further identified for focused work. Assessment of the Herbs and NTFP Development Policy, 2004 The government adopted the Herbs and NTFP Development Policy, 2004 to address the issues of MAPs and NTFPs in Nepal. It has emphasized conservation and sustainable utilization of NTFP, and simultaneously giving importance to commercial plantations. The development of this sector requires cooperation from other related sectors also, especially industry and commerce, finance, health, and agriculture sectors. It is essential that large-scale commercial plantations of potential MAPs are done in private land, leased government land, community forests, and other public lands. This would then assure sustained supply of resources of required quality, which form the bases for any industrial growth. In this endeavour, government role would be to 68 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid launch public awareness and extension programs, assistance in market development through programs like Nepal Standards, simplification of taxation modality, and providing easy access to accredited laboratories for quality certification. The Herbs and NTFP Development Policy, 2004, has specifically focused on:          Conserve ressources (in-situ, ex-situ), Mainstream MAP program in community forests, leasehold forests, buffer zone forests, and government-managed forests, Harvest resources in sustainable manners based on resource inventory, Promote commercial cultivation of selected MAPs in private lands, Insure sustained supply to national and international markets, Emphasize participation at all levels for conservation, utilization, and marketing, Simplify certification and taxation system, Conduct suitable R&D, especially in the development of agro-technology of commercially important selected NTFPs, Raise awareness and facilitate skills development and commercialization. It is encouraging that the NTFP, specifically MAPs – a vastly un-explored, under-utilized sub-sector of forestry, is getting attention in Nepal. However, big investors are yet to take this business seriously as would have been revealed by large-scale cultivation of MAPs and growth of large industries. The prevailing industries are still mostly relying on the supply of raw materials from the government forests. This has resulted in the over-harvest of resources and has not greatly changed the age-old practice of exporting herbs in a raw form. Where were the shortcomings? The current Herbs and NTFP Development Policy (HNDP), if it were implemented properly, should have resolved the issues raised in 2004. The policy has 22 policy-statements and 28 work-policy related statements. Table 1 attempts to assess the current implementation status of HNDP; the ratings are based on the responses of various officials met during the course of this work and authors own expert-opinion. 69 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Table 1: A subjective assessment of HNDP 2004 implementation Policy Statements Policy 1 Policy 2 Policy 3 Policy 4 Policy 5 Policy 6 Policy 7 Policy 8 Policy 9 Policy 10 Policy 11 Policy 12 Policy 13 Policy 14 Policy 15 Policy 16 Policy 17 Policy 18 Policy 19 Policy 20 Policy 21 Policy 22 Short description Conduct resource inventory; employ good harvesting practices Review policy and other activities related to NTFP sector Manage NTFP resources, in-situ and ex-situ and conserve endangered plants Sustained supply of NTFP resources from the wild and from cultivation Declare “Jadibuti Area” for focused work Create environment for providing access to NTFP resources in district to benefit local people and entrepreneurs Prepare and implement short and long term master plan for NTFP Encourage NTFP cultivation in CF, LHF and other organized groups, focusing on poor women Create network of growers, collectors and traders; cooperatives to be encouraged Promote in-country processing and value-addition; related infrastructure to be developed Simplify certification and taxation of NTFP grown through private initiatives Provision unhindered export of NTFP resources grown on private land, in raw or in processed form Provide opportunity to get forest certification and organic certification Provision of well-equipped laboratory for characterization, mapping, and biotechnology Review of royalty rates of NTFP before every five year R&D for developing and disseminating farming technologies of selected NTFP species Phytochemical screening of important plants and isolation of commercially important constituents Bio-prospecting in association with international partners Promote unique Jadibuti at international level Coordinate with other agencies on technology development and transfer Raise awareness about NTFP in collection, cultivation, and other technical skills Provide subsidy to NTFP growers, processors and entrepreneurs AVERAGE OVERALL RATING Rating* 1.5 2 3 1 0 1 0 3 1 1 0.5 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0.95 *Ratings are, 0 = No action or very little action taken; 1 = Weak level of implementation; 2 = Medium level of implementation; 3 = Strong level of implementation; and 4 = Almost fully implemented. Where there are more than one element in a policy statements, an average rating is provided. The above analysis of the situation of implementation of HNDP, 2004, shows a level of “Weak” implementation. Similar analysis of work-polices (28 work-policy statements) also found similarly poor scoring (average 0.71 out of 4). Other prevailing policy and legislative environment “Medicinal and aromatic plants and other minor forest products” is one of six major programs recognized in the Forestry Sector Master Plan (1989-2010) (HMGN 1989a). The Plan itself has already been expired, and the government (Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation) has just shared the draft Forest Sector Strategy 2015-2025. The MAP program of the Master Plan had “aimed to increase the supply of medicinal and aromatic plants and other minor forest products, and to facilitate their conversion into useful commodities and their distribution to local and foreign markets” (HMGN 1989a: 12). Prior to the MPFS, there were no comprehensive policies for this sub-sector and only royalty rates were affixed to collect resources from forests. The resource remained largely “an unorganized part of the economy” in which the primary producers were at the mercy of the traders (HMGN 1989b: 100). The MAP policy (as stated in MPFS) was very advanced and forward-looking for its time. 70 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid The Forest Policy 2000, later, also uphold most of the provisions of the Master Plan for the Forestry Sector and recognized the role of the private sector (HMGN, 2000). It emphasized on making forest land available on lease for a long-term cultivation of MAPs and other NTFPs. The Herbs and NTFP Development Policy (2004) put further focus on conservation, sustainable utilization of resources giving importance to commercial plantations (for detail see above). Several Five Year Development Plans, especially the Tenth Five Year Plan (2003-2008), and interim plans since then have given emphasis to the development of MAPs as a priority program. The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy recognized that forests to be managed for multiple uses rather than focusing only on treemanagement. In industrial and trading sectors, Industrial Policy (2010) and Trade Policy (2009) have made several provisions which could be useful in promoting herbs and NTFP-based industries in the country. The requirements of sanitary and phyto-sanitary provisions are listed in Plant Protection Act 2064 (2007) and Plant Protection Regulations, 2066 are also important for the trade and other aspects in NTFP. National Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS) 2010 has been launched to expand Nepal's export. NTIS has identified 19 export potential sectors; one which is "medicinal herbs and essential oils". It has ranked MAPs and essential oils as having high socio-economic impact and medium in terms of export potential (GON MOCS 2010). Besides all these national environment laws and legislation, several international agreements, treaties and conventions are also equally important for the sustainable development, international trade and benefit sharing of the NTFP sector in Nepal. On international arena, Nepal has ratified more than 25 multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). Of these, CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) and CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) are directly relevant for international trading of herbs and NTFPs. Subsequent to joining the WTO, two agreements have become applicable for Nepal: TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights) and Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures. Government policies tend to remain incomplete as they do not contain carefully thought-out implementation mechanisms for the stated policies. In most cases they cannot be implemented without the adoption of appropriate legislation, work-procedures, coordinated action-mechanisms of the agencies, and mechanisms to involve communities at appropriate levels. A new institutional mechanism would often be required. Further, adequate budget, and skilled and motivated staffs to implement them are also basic pre-requisite. Government, in the past, more or less ignored to implement those policies in lack of one or more provisions stated above. Herbs and NTFP sub-sector operates under a complex policy and legal environment, in which at least 13 Acts 4 are directly relevant. Two important legislation such as Forest Act (1993) and Forest Regulations (1995) are very important for the management, utilization, harvesting and trade of forestry resources in Nepal. National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1973) and related regulations administer the land under various categories of protected areas. These legislations provide mechanisms to conserve biodiversity and NTFPs, sustainably harvest natural resources, and penalize those not abiding by the law. It seems, the provisions stated in HNDP 2004 and issues raised by private sector and other important stakeholders cannot be entirely addressed through the legal instruments of forestry sector alone. Developing the sub-sector of NTFP is such a complex matter involving coordination with many agencies, private sector 4 Ayurvedic Health Council Act, 1988; Company Act, 1997; Cooperative Act, 1992; Custom Act, 1962; Food Act, 1966; Forest Act, 1993; Income Tax Act, 2002; Industrial Enterprise Act, 1992, Environmental Protection Act, 1997; Local Self-Governance Act, 1999; National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973; Plant Protection Act, 2007; and Value Added Tax Act, 1996. 71 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid and as far below as the primary collectors/growers. The government should consider adopting a separate comprehensive law to manage this sub-sector with a separate institutional arrangement. Nevertheless, some of the inadequacies, which needs to be immediately addressed, in the forestry law are as follows: i. There is no clear provision in the forest law on the management and utilization of NTFPs ii. Transportation of NTFPs from one place to another destination, either in raw or semi-processed form, has been a problematic issue as the provisions in the law are either inappropriate or not clear. iii. Several MAPs are banned from export without being “processed"; but, the definition of “processed” is not clear, which has caused considerable difficulties to traders as well as officials exercising the ban. iv. Conflicting provisions over the authority of resource right between District Development Committee and the District Forest Office have made traders to pay double taxation and delays, causing increase in their transaction cost. v. Forest law has not specified how the royalty rates on the harvest of herbs and NTFPs will be fixed, and how often they would be revised vi. Forest law, including the CFUG Guidelines, does not require CFUGs to manage their forest based on multiple use concept. Most of CFUGs‟ operation plans are still tree-focused to meet the local need of firewood and timber. vii. Regulatory mechanisms through the executive orders of MFSC and CIAA, provisions in Environmental Protection Act and Small Industry Guidelines (Ministry of Industry) prohibit establishing forest-based industries within 1-55 km of the forest boundary. viii. EIA/IEE requirement mandated by Environmental Protection Act/Regulations for harvest of MAPs/NTFPs from forests has not been found effective in preventing the over-harvest of resources. The focus should have been on the sustainable management of forest. ix. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) has yet to adopt a clear policy on the use of MAPs/NTFPs found in its protected areas. Conclusions There are several challenges and shortcomings in the promotion of the NTFP sector in Nepal. There are several issues to be resolved for the overall conservation, management and promotion of the NTFP sector in Nepal. The sector can be the backbone of the nation's development if the nicely drafted policy is rightly implemented. There are lots of changes in domestic and international arena since the promulgation of Herbs and NTFP Development policy (HNDP) in 2004. All these social, cultural, political and technological changes need to be regularly updated/incorporated in the policy and other legislative measure. In this context, the draft HNDP 2014 has been prepared and submitted to the MFSC for its amendment. The policy document and other relevant legislative measures need to be timely approved and fully implemented for harnessing maximum benefits. 5 MFSC has prohibited any forest-based industries within 1 km in the hills and 2 km in terai. CIAA has specified in its Directives a provision of 2 km in the hills and 5 km in terai. Industrial Promotion Board has 2-3 km provisions. 72 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid References CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), 2014. Appendices of CITES: http://www.cites.org, accessed on 21/02/2014. Department of Plant Resources (DPR), 2006. Nepalko Aarthik Bikaska lagi Prathamikata prapta Jadibutiharu. DPR, Thapathali, Kathmandu (In Nepali). Department of Plant Resources (DPR), 2007. Medicinal Plants of Nepal (Revised). Bulletin of the Department of Plant Resources No. 28. Thapathali, Kathmandu. GoN/Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, 2014. Forestry Sector Strategy for Nepal (Draft). Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies, 2010. Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010. Executive Summary and Action Matrix. MOCS, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu. HMGN/Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation 1989. Master Plan for the Forestry Sector Nepal. Executive Summary Revised Version, MFSC, Kathmandu. HMGN/Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation 1995. Forest Regulations, 2051, as amended. Nepal Gazette, Khanda 44 Atiriktanka 54, 2051/12/20. (In Nepali) HMGN/Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, 2000. Revised forestry sector policy, MFSC, Kathmandu. HMGN/Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, 2002. Nepal Biodiversity Strategy. Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. HMGN/Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, 2004. Herbs and Non-Timber Forest Products Development Policy. Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal (in Nepali). HMGN/Ministy of Population and Environment. 1997. Environmental Protection Regulations, 2054, as amended. Nepal Gazette, Khanda 47, Atiriktanka 15 12/3/2054. TEPC. 2014. Trade Statistics. Trade and Export Promotion Centre, MOCS, Government of Nepal, http://www.tepc.gov.np/tradestatistics/ accessed on 7 March 2014. Kathmandu. 73 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid 8. First draft submitted to MoFSC with recommendation from Herbs and NTFP Coordination Committee in 2014 (Nepali) 5nkmnsf nflu k|:tfljt d:of}bf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; gLlt, @)&! k[i7e"ld ef}uf]lns Pjd\ kof{j/0fLo ljljwtfsf] kmn:j?k g]kfn t'ngfTds ?kdf k|fs[lts ;Dkbf Pjd\ ljljwtfdf wgL b]z /lx cfPsf] 5 . ljljw k|sf/sf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL -Ecosystem_ sf] pknAwtfsf] sf/0f g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cyfx e08f/sf] ?kdf ljZj;fd' kl/lrt x'g k'u]sf] 5 / o; k|fs[lts gljs/0fLo ;|f]t tyf ;Dkbfsf] ;d'lrt j}1flgs Joj:yfkg / ;b'kof]uaf6 g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg] cj;/ / r'gf}tL b'a} xfd|f] ;fd' ljBdfg 5g\ . g]kfndf xfn s/La !!* lsl;dsf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx? /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 / o; lsl;dsf] ljljwtfleq s/La %**$ k|hfltsf km"n km'Ng] / cGo km"n gkm'Ng] u/L hDdf !))(! k|hfltx? ;"rLs[t e};s]sf 5g\ . cf}iflwhGo jg:kltx? g]kfnsf h+un, pRr 3fF;] d}bfg, kxf8, eL/, kfvf, v]taf/L / l;d;f/ If]qdf kfO{G5g\ . oL dWo] sl/a &)! hlt k|hfltx?sf] cf}ifwLo dxQf kQf nfu]sf] 5 . cf}ifwLo dxTj /x]sf] elgPsf @#* lsl;dsf jfg:klts k|hfltx?sf] /f;folgs k/LIf0f ;d]t e};s]sf] 5 . dfgj :jf:Yodf cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] x'Fbf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/;Fu ;DalGwt jfg:klts k|hfltx?sf] dxTj cToGt} pRr /x]sf] tYo lglj{jfb 5 . To;} u/L ;f}Gbo{ k|;fwg nufotsf cGo sfo{x?df pkef]u x'g] ;'ulGwt jg:klt -Aromatic plants_ x?sf] cfly{s ;DefJotfdf klg qmlds a[l4 x'Fb} u}/x]sf] 5 . o:tf h8La'6Lx?sf] j}1flgs Pjd\ Jofj;flos 9Ën] v]tL lj:tf/ u/L s[lif k|of]hgsf] nflu ;fdfGotM cg'ko'Qm Pjd\ cg'Tkfbs 7xl/Psf] ;LdfGt e"ldsf] pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug]{, jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf d2t k'¥ofpg] / ul/j Pjd\ ;LdfGt kl/jf/x?sf] cfly{s l:yltdf jfl~5t ;'wf/ Nofpg] b[li6sf]0f cjnDag ug'{ jf~5gLo ePsf] 5 . g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ul/;s]sf]] cj:yfdf b]zdf pknAw k|r'/ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ lbuf] pkof]usf] l;nl;nfdf oxfF ;dfg ?kdf cj;/ / r'gf}tLx? pknAw 5g\ . dfgj :jf:Yosf] nflu cToGt} pkof]uL 7xl/Psf / ljZjd} b'n{e 7flgPsf jfg:klts k|hfltx? Pjd\ ltgLx?sf] pkof]u;Fu sfg'gL ?kd} xs :yflkt ug'{ kg]{ r'gf}tL Psflt/ ljBdfg 5 eg] csf]{lt/ o:tf dfWodåf/f cfly{s nfex? xfl;n ug]{ c;Lldt cj;/x? klg xfdL;Fu pknAw 5g\ . t/ g]kfndf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] v]tL, ;+sng, a]rlavg / pkof]u nufotsf sfo{x? k/Dk/fut 9+uaf6} x'g] u/]sf] x'Fbf ck]lIft nfe lng g;lsPsf] l:ylt 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df a9L dfu ePsf h8La'6Lx?sf] k|flslts tyf v]tL lj:tf/jf6 ;+slnt h8La'6Lx?nfO{ k|zf]wg u/L d"No clej[l4 -Value addition_ ug{ / v]tL lj:tf/ k|ljlwnfO{ 74 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid ;j{;fwf/0f ls;fgsf] kx'Fr;Dd k'¥ofO{ clwsf+z kmfObf g]kfnleq} /xg ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ klg plQs} jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . xfn;Dd klg g]kfndf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf]] pTkfbg Pjd\ a]rlavg h:tf sfo{x? c;+ul7t ?kd} x'g] u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf o;af6 k|fKt x'g] kmfObfnfO{ clwsflws t'Nofpg Jofks Pjd\ ;+ul7t k|of; u/L h8La'6L v]tLnfO{ pBf]us} ?kdf ljsf; u/L o;sf cu| Pjd\ k[i7;DaGw -Forward and backward linkages_ nfO{ dha't ?kdf :yflkt u/L cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/nfO{ c? bl/nf] / km/flsnf] agfpg' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] ;xof]uL Pjd\ k|a4{gsf/L e"ldsfdf ;j{;fwf/0f ls;fg, ;fgf, demf}nf / 7"nf pBdL Pjd\ Jofkf/Lx? nufotsf lghL If]q tyf ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfaf6 dfq} o; lsl;dsf] kl/sNkgfn] d"t{?k lng ;Sb5 . jg ljsf; u'?of]hgfn] h8La'6L tyf jg:kltx?sf] Joj:yfkg, ahf/ Joj:yf, pBf]u ljsf;, k|zf]wg / lgof{tdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ cjnDjg u/]sf] lyof] . h8La'6L ;'ulGwt jg:klt Pjd\ cGo jg k}bfjf/sf]] pTkfbgdf j[l¢u/L pkof]uL j:t'x? t}of/ u/L /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o ahf/df pTkfbgx? pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . ljutsf k|foM ;a} k~rjlif{o of]hgfx? / lqjif{L{o of]hgfx?n] klg h8La'6Lsf] ljsf; / Joj;foLs/0f ;DaGwLt ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;dfj]z x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . dxTjk"0f{ h8La'6L ;|f]tsf] bLuf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf nflu k/Dk/fb]lv o;sf] ;+sngaf6 hLljsf]kfh{g lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf ljkGg tyf lk5l8Psf ju{nfO{ v]tL lj:tf/ / pBd ljsf;df ;xefuL u/fO{ cfo cfh{gsf] yk cj;/ l;h{gf u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / ;dtfd"ns ljsf;df ;3fp;d]t k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] jg tyf e"– ;+/If0f dGqfnodfkm{t @)^^÷^& b]lv h8La'6L ljsf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw, @)^( cGtu{t h8La'6L ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] klg 5 . gof“ gLltsf] cfjZostf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, Pjd\ ahf/ Joj:yfkg u/L o;af6 x'g] cfodf ;dfhsf ljkGg tyf lk5l8Psf ju{x?, To;df klg dlxnfsf], kx'Fr a9fO{ ;du| ?kdf ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf jfl~5t of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{, /f]huf/L clea[l¢ ug{ / lgsf;L k|j¢{g ug{ j[xQ/ gLltut ;+/rgfsf] cefjdf ;dli6ut k|of; gk'u]sf]] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 ljleGg lgsfo Pjd\ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?lar ;dGjosf] sdL, sfd sf/jfxLdf bf]xf]/f]kg Pjd\ c;d~h:otfsf] cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . ljBdfg sfg"g / ;DalGwt If]qdf gLltx?df klg h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;+/If0f ;b'kof]u / Jofkf/ k|j¢{g ug{sf nflu :ki6 cfwf/ gePsf]n] klg 5'§} gLltsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] xf] . h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; gLlt, @)&! n] g]kfndf h8La'6L v]tLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ Pjd\ tHhGo lqmofsnfkx? dfkm{t cfly{s clej[l4sf ;Defjgfx?nfO{ phfu/ ub}{] ;/sf/L, u}}x|;/sf/L Pjd\ lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{, h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg sfo{df Joj;foLs/0f ug]{ / o; dfkm{t g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug{ 7f]; e"ldsf v]Ng] b]lvFbf o;sf] cfjZostf ckl/xfo{ 5 . 75 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid b"/b[li6, nIo tyf p2]Zox? b"/b[li6 M pRr d"Nosf h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da¢{gaf6 cy{ Joj:yfdf 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] . nIo M cfufdL ;g\ @)@) ;Dd cGt/fli6«o hutdf g]kfn /fHonfO{ h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] j[xt\ e08f/sf] ?kdf kl/lrt t'Nofpg] . p2]Zo M h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da¢{g u/L bLuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k pknAw h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] k'g?Tyfg regeneration_ Pjd\ k'g?Tkfbg -reproduction_ k|lqmofdf k|lts"n c;/ gk'¥ofOsg} ltgLx?sf] bLuf] ;+sng tyf Joj:yfkg x'g] u/L k|zf]wg, pTkfbg / laqmL ljt/0f k|lqmof dfkm{t cfly{s Pjd\ kof{j/0fLo kmfObfnfO{ clwstd t'Nofpg] . dxTjk"0f{ h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] Jofj;flos v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L jfg:klts k|hfltx?sf] k/:yfgLo ;+/If0f -ex-situ conservation_ dfkm{t /fli6«o cfo Pjd\ /f]huf/L clej[l4df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] . ;+slnt h8La'6Lx? Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] k|f/lDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd :yfgLo :t/d} u/L b'u{d tyf clt b'u{d / u|fdL0f If]qdf /f]huf/L / cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x? a9fpg] / ;+sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfl/s s]Gb|x?df k|zf]wg nufotsf d"No clej[l4sf sfo{x? u/L :yfgLo cfly{s ultljlwx?sf] clej[l4 x'g] u/L lghL If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ a9fjf lbg] . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] pTkfbgnfO{ Jofj;flos ?kdf k|lt:kwf{Tds t'Nofpg cfjZos kg]{ kF'hL, k"jf{wf/, k|fljlws 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; tyf ahf/ Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df jfl~5t ;'wf/ u/L ul/aL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] . h8La'6L Pjd\ cGo u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] ;+sng, k|zf]wg, pTkfbg / laqmL ljt/0f nufotsf sfo{x?df ;dfhsf lk5l8Psf, ljkGg / dlxnf ju{x?sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt t'NofO{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdfkm{t n}+lus Pjd\ ;fdflhs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ a9fjf lbg] . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] pTkfbgnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds ?kdf cGt/fli6«o ahf/df ljqmL ljt/0f k|lqmof dfkm{t ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{ . gLlt lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/df ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ug]{ . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;a]{If0f u/L ;+sng ug]{ pko'Qm dfkb08sf k|0ffnLx? -Good harvesting practices_ sf] cfwf/df Joj:yfkg k|lqmof ckgfOg] 5 . Joj:yfkg ubf{ jt{dfg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / ;|f]tsf] a[l4nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o;sf] pkof]u / pkef]u ug]{ k|lqmof ckgfO{g] 5 . 76 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid :j:yfgLo -In-situ_ / k/:yfgLo -Ex-situ_ b'j} k4ltåf/f h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] Joj:yfkg u/L nf]k x'g nfu]sf jg:kltsf] ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o jf b'j} ahf/sf] dfusf] l:ylt klxNofP/ dfu ePsf h8La'6Lx?sf] lg/Gt/ cfk"lt{sf] nflu v]tLaf6 jf jg hËnaf6 jf b'j}af6 cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] pknAwtfsf] cWoog u/L s'g} vf; If]qnfO{ æh8La'6L If]qÆ tf]Sg] / To:tf h8La'6Lsf] ljsf;, Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?df :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;xeflutf ;d]t h'6fO{ uxg ?kdf nfu" ul/g]5g\ . lhNnfdf pknAw h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ;|f]tsf] ;+sngdf k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f sfod ub{} To;af6 :yfgLo jfl;Gbf / :yfgLo pBdLx?nfO{ clwstd nfe k|fKt x'g] l:ylt l;h{gf ug{ hf]8 lbOg]5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;du| ljsf;sf] nflu 5'§} cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g]5 . hg;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] Joj;foLs/0fsf] nflu k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfq kof{Kt gx'g] ePsf]n] sj'lnotL jg, ;fd'bflos jg tyf cGo lghL Pjd\ ;d"xut ?kdf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] v]tLsfnflu k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . o:tf] sfo{df ul/aLsf /]vfd'gL /x]sf dlxnfx?nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfsf ;fy clwstd nfe x'g] u/L hg;xeflutf h'6fO{g]5 . o;df ;+/If0f If]q, dWojtL{ If]qsf] ;d"x ;ldltsf ;fy} s[lif ;d"xnfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL u/fOg]5 . h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu pTkfbs, ;+sngstf{ tyf laqmLstf{x?sf] ;~hfn :yfkgf ul/g]5 . laqmL ljt/0f / lgsf;Lsf] Aoj:yf ubf{ jf pBf]u :yfkgf ubf{ lghL tyf ;xsf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff ;d]tnfO{ hf]8 lbO{g]5 . :jb]zleq k|zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf xsdf :yfgLo :t/df g} d"No clej[l4 ug{{ ;/sf/L, lghL tyf ;Da4 :yfgLo lgsfo Pjd\ cGo ;+3÷;+:yfx?nfO{ ;d]t k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . pNn]lvt ;|f]tx?sf] k|zf]wgsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; ub}{ nlug]5 . k|df0fLs/0f / s/ k|0ffnL ;/nLs[t ul/g] . lghL :t/df v]tL u/L pTkfbg ePsf hl8a'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] k|df0fLs/0f / s/ k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs[t ul/g]5 . lghL:t/af6 pTkfbg ePsf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?nfO{ k|zf]wgstf{n] k|zf]wg jf k|zf]wg gul/sg} v'nf ?kdf cfkm" v';L laqmL ljt/0f, k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ;/n Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . lbuf] Joj:yfkg u/L ;+sng ul/Psf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] xsdf jg k|df0fLs/0f (Forest Certification) sf] Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . o:tf jgjf6 pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] k|dfl0fs/0fsf] ;fy} h}ljs v]tL (Organic Farming) sf] k|dfl0fs/0fsf] sfo{ klg k|f/De ul/g]5 . 77 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid jg:kltsf] ljz]iftf -Characterization), pknAwtf -Mapping) / cfg'jf+lzs leGgtfsf] klxrfg, clen]vLs/0f ug{ df}h'bf k|of]uzfnfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 / h}ljs k|ljlw Biotechnology_ ;DaGwL ;fwg ;DkGg cfw'lgs k|of]uzfnfsf] :yfkgf u/L pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . jgaf6 ;+sng x'g] h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] /fh:j lgwf{/0f ubf{ k|fylds ;+sngstf{n] :yfgLo :t/df laqmL ug]{ d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dfgL /fh:j tf]Sg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . a9Ldf %÷% jif{df /fh:j b/sf] ;dLIff ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ldnfO{g] 5 . pko'Qm k|ljlw / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn hg;d'bfo ;dIf k'¥ofpg] . Joj;foLs/0f x'g;Sg] ;+efJo h8La'6L / u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;j]{If0f tyf klxrfg u/L cg';Gwfgåf/f ltgLx?sf] v]tL k|ljlw ljsf; u/L pko'Qm k|ljlw hg;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f ul/g]5 . o:tf sfo{x? jg If]q;Fu ;Da4 ;d"xsf] cnfjf s[lif Pjd\ e"–;+/If0f sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ;d'bfodf ;d]t nlug]5 . jg:kltdf kfO{g] cf}ifwLhGo ;'ulGwt t]n / cGo pkof]uL u'0fx?sf ;lqmo tTjsf] klxrfg ug{ cg';Gwfg ul/g]5 . cg';Gwfg eO ;s]sf To:tf tTjx?sf] k|zf]wg tyf k[ysLs/0f Isolation_ u/L Joj;foLs/0fdf ;xof]u ul/g]5 . b]zdf ljBdfg jg:kltaf6 nfe lng ljb]zL ;+3;+:yfx? ;d]t;Fu ;DaGwg sfod ug{ ;Sg] u/L cGj]if0ffTds ;a]{If0f -Bio-prospecting_ ul/g]5 . o:tf] ;a]{If0faf6 g]kfnsf h}ljs ;|f]t jf jg:kltsf] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df Joj;foLs/0f x'g ;Sg] ePdf g]kfnnfO{ clwstd nfe x'g] u/L Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . g]kfndf kfO{g] ljz]if ax'd"No h8La'6Lx?sf] u'0f / pkof]lutfjf/] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df klxrfg u/fpg k|oTg ul/g]5 . hl8a'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/;Fu ;DjlGwt k|ljlw ljsf; / k/LIf0fdf ljBdfg ;+3 ;:yfx?nfO{ ;lqmo t'NofO sfo{ut bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fO{g]5 . hgr]tgf clej[l4 u/L ;Lk ljsf; / Joj;foLs/0f ;/nLs[t ug{ ;x'lnot k|bfg ug]{ h8La'6L / u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;+sng, Joj:yfkg / v]tL k|ljlwsf] af/]df pTkfbs pkef]Qmf nufot ;j{;fwf/0fdf r]tgf clej[l4 u/fO{g]5 / pko'Qm ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ cj;/x? pknAw u/fO{g]5 . s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xn] h8La'6L v]tL u/L pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / laqmL ljt/0f ug{ rfx]df To:tf JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ /fHoaf6 ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/g]5 . sfo{gLltx? lghL, ;xsf/L, kmd{ Pjd\ ;j{hlgs ;+:yfsf] dfWodåf/f h8La'6L Pjd\+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] v]tL ;+sng, pTkfbg, k|zf]wg ug]{ sfo{df g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;xof]uL -Facilitator_, pTk|]/s -Catalyst_ / lgofds -Regulator_ sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ hfg] u/L gLltut ;fd~h:o, ;dGjo / kl/dfh{g ul/Fb} nlug]5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] pTkfbg / ljsf;dfkm{t ;fd"lxs nfenfO{ pRrtd t'Nofpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn /fHoel/ ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf / ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;flxt / k|j4{g 78 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid ul/g]5 . o:tf ;+:yfx?NffO{ a}+s jf cGo ;+ul7t If]qaf6 cfjZos C0f ;x'lnot pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yfsf ;fy} lghL Pj+ ;xsfl/tfsf] dfWodaf6 Jofj;flos ?kdf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] v]tL, ;+sng, k|zf]wg, laqmL ljt/0f ug{sf]nflu s[lif ljsf; a}+s jf cGo ;+ul7t If]qdfkm{t ;'ne shf{ pknAw u/fpg]tkm{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . g]kfndf pknAw h8La'6Lx?sf] j}1flgs Pjd\ ;'/lIft 9+un] e08f/0f -Storing_, k|zf]wg Processing_, ;Da]i6g -Packaging_ / ;f/tTj lgsfNg] -Extraction_ h:tf sfo{x? u/L d"No clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . o:tf sfo{x?df :yfgLo:t/d} n3' Pjd\ dWodvfnsf pBdx?sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 / g]kfn ;/sf/n] o:tf sfo{x?sf] nflu cfjZos k|fljlws Pjd\ cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg]5 . lghL If]qdf v]tL ul/Psf h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] If]qkmn nufotsf ljj/0f vf]nL lhNnf jg sfof{nodf btf{ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . dWojtL{ If]qsf] xsdf ;DalGwt /fli6«o lgs'~h jf cf/If sfof{no tyf ;+/If0f If]qsf] xsdf ;DalGwt sfof{non] btf{ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . g]kfndf pknAw h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] cWofjlws clen]v tof/ ug{ cWoog ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{g]5 . lbuf]kgsf] klxrfg ug{ o:tf ;|f]tx?sf]] ;j]{If0f tyf tYofÍ ;+sng u/L jflif{s k|fs[lts pTkfbg kl/df0fsf] tYofÍsf] cfwf/df ;+sng / laqmL ljt/0fsf] k|lqmof ckgfO{g]5 . ;fd'bflos Pjd\ sa'lnotL jgIf]qleq h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] v]tLnfO{ a9fjf lbg jg sfo{ of]hgfdf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ljsf; u/fpg] / ;DalGwt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?nfO{ cfjZos k|fljlws 1fg, ;Lk tflnd / cfly{s ;xof]u ;d]t pknAw u/fO{g]5 . /fli6«o lgs'~h, cf/If, ;+/If0f If]q tyf dWojtL{ If]q leq kfO{g] pRr d"Nosf h8La'6Lx?sf] k|s[lts ;|f]t ;j{]If0fu/L pko'Qm dfkb08 k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLnfO{ Go"gtd c;/ kg]{ u/L :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx?åf/f ;+sng u/fO{ To;sf] :yfgLo:t/d} k|zf]wg ;d]t u/L jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]usf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbO{g]5 . ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jgIf]qleq klg ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df lghL, ;xsf/L, kmd{ Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] dfWodaf6 hl8a'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] v]tL ;+sng nufotsf sfo{x? ug{ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . jg k}bfjf/;Fu ;Da¢ pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; Pjd\ k|j¢{g ug{ xfn :yfkgf ePsf / eljiodf :yfkgf x'g] To:tf pBf]ux?nfO{ ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf / bLuf] Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/df tf]lsPsf Joj;flos dxTjsf h8La'6Lx? tf]lsPsf ;/sf/åf/f–Jojl:yt–jgjf6 lglZrt cjlwsfnflu jflif{s ?kdf sRrf kbfy{ pknAw u/fpg af]n saf]]n k|yfåf/f Joj:yf ldnfpg ;Sg]5 . o; k|of]hgsf] nflu jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] 5'§} sfo{gLlt lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug]{5 . g]kfn /fHodf k|r"/ dfqfdf ljBdfg cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t -Genetic resources_ / cfg'j+lzs kbfy{ -Genetic materials_ x?dfly sfg"gL ?kd} xs clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ / ltgLx?sf] pkof]uaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfesf] Goflos Pjd\ ;dGoflos afF8kmfF8sf] k|lqmofnfO{ Aojl:yt t'Nofpg cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t -kx'Fr, pkof]u, nfesf] afF8kmfF8_ P]g th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO{g]5 . ;fy} h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk, vf]h, 79 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid k|ljlw / cEof; pk/ ;DalGwt JolQm, ;d'bfo jf /fHosf] af}l4s clwsf/ :yflkt x'g] u/L cfjZos sfg"g th'{df u/L nfu" ul/g]5 . To:tf k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk, cEof; cflbsf] k+hLs/0f u/L g]kfnsf cfg'j+lzs ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofOg]5 . dfgj :jf:Yo /Iffsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ cf}ifwL pTkfbg :jb]zleq} ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt cfo'j]{lbs Pjd\ Pnf]k}lys cf}ifwL sf/vfgfx?sf] :yfkgf / ljsf;df hf]8 lbO{g]5 . To:tf sf/vfgfx?sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sRrf kbfy{sf] ?kdf h8La'6Lx?sf] klxrfg / kl/df0fsf] cfFsng u/L ltgLx?sf] ;+sng Pjd\ v]tL lj:tf/ sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/L lg/Gt/ ?kdf sRrfkbfy{ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . :jb]zL h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t cfw'lgs / 7"nf pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf / ljsf;df ljb]zL nufgL / k|ljlwnfO{ ;d]t k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;lsg]5 . ;fy} k/Dk/fut 1fg / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t 3/]n' pBf]ux?df :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ g} k|f]T;fxg / ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . o;/L sfo{ ubf{ pTkfbs, ;+sngstf{ :jb]zL pBf]u tyf pBdLx?sf] lxt ;+/If0fdf kof{Kt Wofg k'¥ofOg]5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t n3' pBdx?sf] :yfkgf, Joj:yfkg / lj:tf/ ug{ lhNnfl:yt 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt / 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{nox?sf] e"ldsfsf] klg :ki6 ls6fg u/L sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/g]5g\ . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] pknAwtf / ;+j]bgzLntfsf] cfwf/df s'g} vf; If]qnfO{ æh8La'6L If]qÆ tf]Sg] / To:tf If]qsf :yfgLo ;d"xx?sf] ;+nUgftfdf h8La'6Lsf] ljsf;, Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0f ug'{sf ;fy} cfo cfh{g tyf /f]huf/d"ns sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g]5 . k/Dk/fb]lv pkrf/sf] nflu k|of]u eO cfPsf h8La'6Lx?sf] :yfgLo:t/df ;lhn} pknAw u/fpg hnjfo' Pjd\ 7fp ;'xfpFbf] h8La'6Lsf] s/];f af/L (Herbal Kitchen Garden) sf] ?kdf /f]k0f ug{ ufpF, ufpFdf s[ifsx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . s/];f af/Laf6 pknAw x'g] h8La'6Lsf] k|of]u pkrf/df ug{ cfjZos tflndsf] Joj:yf ;d]t ldnfO{g] 5 . g]kfndf pTkflbt h8La'6Lx?sf] af/]df cGt/f{li6«o :t/df lrgf/L u/fpg Jofkf/ k|a4{g s]Gb|, g]kfn pBf]u afl0fHo dxf;+3, ljb]zl:yt s"6gLlts lgof]ux? ;d]tsf] ;xof]udf ;do ;dodf æh8La'6L d]nfÆ sf] cfof]hgf ul/g]5 . :jb]zleq klg k|To]s lhNnfdf o:tf d]nf cfof]hgf ug]{ / pTs[i6 sfo{ ug]{nfO{ k'/:s[t ul/g]5 . ;fy} u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] ljleGg :yfgdf gd'gf k|bz{g :ynsf] klg ljsf; ul/g]5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t e} ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;dofg's"n 9+un] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L ltgLx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ n}hfg k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . lgof{t k|a¢{gnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ljBdfg Sjf/]G6Lg lg/LIf0fsf] Ifdtfdf ;d]t a[l4 ul/g]5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg k|a¢{g Pjd\ ahf/Ls/0fdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L o;\sf] ljsf;df ;+nUg u/fO{g]5 . /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ ;"rgfx? pTkfbs, ;+sngstf{, k|zf]wgstf{ tyf lgof{tstf{x?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;+oGqsf] ljsf; u/Lg]5 . ;fy} /fli6«o tyf If]qut lx;fadf h8La'6L ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] ;d]t :yfkgf ul/g]5 . 80 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid h8La'6L pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, ahf/ Joj:yfkg h:tf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; sfo{qmd, u|fdL0f dlxnfsf nflu pBdzLn shf{ sfo{qmd, dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd h:tf sfo{qmdx?;Fu PsLs[t 9+un] ;+rfng ug]{ u/L ;+:yfut ;dGjo sfod ul/g]5 . To;}u/L :yfgLo ljsf; sf]if / ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifdfkm{t ul/a, ljkGg / lk5l8Psf ju{x?sf nflu k|jflxt x'g] shf{sf] s]xL c+z h8La'6L v]tL Pjd\ ahf/ lj:tf/ / ljljlws/0fsf] sfo{df k|jflxt x'g] u/L s[lif C0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . ;fdfGotM s[lifsf] nflu cg'ko'Qm 7xl/Psf] ;LdfGt e"ld / s;}sf] xsef]u / :jfldTjdf g/x]sf] kfvf] ktL{ hUuf / eL/ kfvfx?df pko'Qmtf cg';f/ h8La'6L / u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] v]tL ug{ ul/a, e"ldxLg / ;LdfGt kl/jf/x?nfO{ ;fd"lxs ?kdf k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 . ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfx?nfO{ h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jgk}bfjf/x?sf] ;+sng tyf v]tL lj:tf/ ;DaGwL tflnd, k|bz{g / k|rf/ k|;f/ cflbsf] dfWodåf/f hgr]tgf clej[l4 u/L v]tL ljsf; / ;+sng sfo{df clek|]l/t ul/g]5 . o;sf] nflu u|fdL0f If]qsf dlxnfx?nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . g]kfnsf vf; h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] Go"gtd u'0f:t/ emNsg] dfkb08 Standard_ sfod u/L t];|f] d'n's;Fusf] Jofkf/ k|a¢{g ug{df ;xof]u k' ¥ofOg]5 . pTkflbt h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] u'0f:t/ h:t} j:t' ;'/If0f (Material safety), pTkfbg ljZn]if0f (Product analysis), pTkfbg k|df0fLs/0f (Product certification), cflb k|dfl0ft ug{ /fli6«o :t/df ;fwg ;DkGg k|df0fLs/0f k|of]uzfnfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 / If]qLo :t/df ;d]t o:tf k|of]uzfnfx? qmdzM Joj:yf ub}{ nlug]5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] klxrfg, k/LIf0f nufot logLx?af6 pTkflbt cf}ifwL tyf cGo pTkfbgsf] k/LIf0f / u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0fsf nflu k|of]uzfnfx?sf] :t/ j[l4 ul/g]5 . d'n'sleq sRrf kbfy{sf] ?kdf cfoft x'g] h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] Go"gtd u'0f:t/ sfod u/L To:tf] u'0f:t/ k'Ug] j:t'x?nfO{ dfq d'n'sleq cfoft ug{ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] pTkfbg, ;+sng, k|zf]wg / ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ bIf Pj+ k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ;xh / e/kbf]{ cfk"lt{sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff kl/ifb, g]kfnsf ljleGg ljZjljBfnox? / cfjZostfg';f/ ljb]zL lzIf0f ;+:yfx?;Fu ;d]t ;+:yfut ;Dks{ / ;dGjo sfod u/L pko'Qm Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ;DaGWfL ljifo k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;a} pRr lzIffsf] kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf ;+rflnt sDkgLx?nfO{ qmdzM h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] v]tL lj:tf/, ;+sng, pTkfbg, k|zf]wg Pjd\ ahf/ k|a4{gsf nflu tt\ ;DaGwL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; u/L ahf/ dfusf] cfwf/df h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t ljleGg u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgx? pTkfbg u/L ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsf; u/fOg]5 . d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns Pjd\ jftfj/0fLo ljljwtfsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm ;do / :yfgdf pko'Qm hftsf h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] Jofj;flos v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 / o;sf] 81 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid nflu cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] v]tL k|ljlw ljsf; ub}{ pBdL s[ifsx?nfO{ pko'Qm v]tL k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ul/g]5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] pTkfbg, ;+sng, pkof]u Pjd\ Joj:yfkg sfo{df ljBdfg k/Dk/fut k4lt / k|ljlwdf ;d–;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{sf] ;fy} cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df hf]8 lbOg]5 . s[lif of]Uo e"lddf cGt/jfnL k|0ffnL cGt/ut s[lifafnLsf] ;fy;fy} h8La'6L v]tL ug]{ sfo{df s[ifsx?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{sf] ;fy} o;sf] nflu pgLx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws 1fg / ;Nnfx ;d]t pknAw u/fOg]5 . sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;/sf/L, lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DalGwt lgsfox?af6 x'g]5 / ;f]sf] ;dGjo Pjd\ ;xhLs/0f jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] ug]{ 5 . /fli6«o:t/df ;dGjo, ;xhLs/0f / dfu{ lgb]{zg ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ af]8{ /xg]5 . pQm af]8{sf] :yfkgf u/L o;sf] sfo{ ;+rfng ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ Ps 5'§} P]gsf] th'{df ul/g] 5 . g]kfndf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] bLuf] Joj:yfkg ;DawL sfo{nfO{ k|a¢{g ug{ pQm af]8{ Ps cljl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf ;fj{hlgs, :jzfl;t / ;+ul7t ;+:yf x'g]5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ af]8{ u7g eO{ nfu" geP;Ddsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)%(.%.$ df lg0f{o u/L u7g u/]sf] h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 ;dGjo ;ldltn] ug]{5 . pQm ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno jg:klt ljefudf /x]sf] 5 . h8Lj'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;+/rgf lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 . != dGqL, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno cWoIf @= /fHo dGqL, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno pkfWoIf #= ;b:o, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ;b:o $= ;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno ;b:o %= k|ltlglw, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno ;b:o ^= dxflgb]{zs, s[lif ljsf; ljefu ;b:o &= dxflgb]{zs, jg ljefu ;b:o *= dxflgb]{zs, cfo'j]{b ljefu ;b:o (= k|ltlglw, gfi6 ;b:o !)= g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dgf]lgt ;DalGwt ljifosf ljz]if1 dWo]Aff6 Pshgf ;b:o !!= g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dgf]lgt h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ If]qdf sfo{ut u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? dWoaf6 Pshgf ;b:o !@= g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dgf]lgt g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf ;DalGwt Joj;fodf nfu]sf pBf]uL ÷ Jofkf/L ;b:o !#= dxflgb]{zs, jg:klt ljefu ;b:o ;lrj ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf]5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] ljsf;sf] nflu bL3{sfnLg nIo to u/L /fli6«o gLlt th'{df ug]{ . 82 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] bLuf] ljsf; tyf clwstd ;b'kof]usf] nflu gLltcg'?k P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf cflb th'{df ug]{÷u/fpg] . /fli6«o nIo / gLlt;Fu ;dGjo x'g] u/L /0fgLltx? tof/ u/L k|fyldstf adf]lhd ;dGjofTds 9+uaf6 sfo{qmd ;+rfng x'g] u/L cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo ug]{ . ljleGg ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qAff6 eO{/x]sf] h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ;DaGwL sfo{x? ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;|f]t ;+/If0f, cg';Gwfg, k|ljlw ljsf;, ahf/ Joj:yfkg, tflnd tyf k|rf/ k|;f/ cflb sfo{qmdx?sf] cGt/ ;DaGw / ;dGjo sfod ug]{ . /fli6«o txdf d'Vo ;Dks{ laGb'sf] (Focal Point) sf] ?kdf /xL sfo{ ug]{ . o;n] h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] If]qdf :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf ePsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] l:yltaf/] hfgsf/L cWofjlws /fVg] tyf ljleGg ;+3, ;+:yf Pjd\ ;DAf¢ lgsfox?af6 o; ;DaGwL ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfgsf] ;dGjo ug]{ . gLltsf] d"Nofª\sg o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsf/Ltf, pko'Qmtf / pkfb]otfsf] h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ af]8{n] cfjlws ?kdf d"NofÍg u/L ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf nflu jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnodf k|:tfj ug]{5 . hf]lvd ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frdf k/Dk/fb]lv /xL cfPsf] / sltko ul/a, ljkGg kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{ gsf] d'Vo cfwf/sf] ?kdf /xL cfPsf] h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug'{ cfkmF}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf clej[l¢ u/L ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;d]t ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; geP;Dd ;+/If0fn] bLuf]kg / k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ug{ s7LgfO x'G5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ /fi6«n] k|d'v k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ / :yfgLo :t/df hgr]tgf clej[l¢ nufotsf sfo{df Wofg lbO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfu" ug'{ kg]{ cfjZos 5 . cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg k|:t't gLltsf] h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ af]8{n] cfjlws ?kdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg u/L jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnodf k]z ug]{5 . afwf, c8\sfp km'sfp o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} afwf c8\sfp k/]df jf ;d:of pTkGg ePdf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ af]8{sf] l;kmf/Lzdf jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnonfn] To:tf] afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg cfjZos lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]5 . 83 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Illustrative Chart Showing Changes and Justification for Changes on the prevailing HNDP 2004 (in Nepali) d:of}bf dfq h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; gLlt @)^! / o;nfO{ ;+;f]wg ug{ k|:tfljt u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; gLlt @)&! aLrsf] leGgtf / To;sf] cf}lrTo qm= ;= ! @ # df}h'bf k|fawfg ;+;f]wg k|:tfj ;+;f]wg x'g'kg]{ sf/0f gofF gLlt kfl/t x'g] jg h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; jif{nfO{ cfwf/ gLlt @)&! dfg]sf] k[i7e"ld != k[i7e"ld ef}uf]lns Pj+ kof{j/0fLo ef}uf]lns Pjd\ kof{j/0fLo ljljwtfsf] ljljwtfsf] kmn:j?k pknAw kmn:j?k g]kfn t'ngfTds ?kdf k|fs[lts h}ljs ljljwtf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;Dkbf Pjd\ ljljwtfdf wgL b]z /lx cfPsf] t'ngfTds nfesf] If]q /xL cfPsf] 5 . ljljw k|sf/sf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL 5 . ljljw k|sf/sf kfl/l:yltsLo (Ecosystem) sf] pknAwtfsf] sf/0f g]kfn k|0ffnL -Ecosystem_ sf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cyfx e08f/sf] ?kdf k|fs[tLs ;Dkbf / pknAwtfsf] sf/0f g]kfn h}ljs ljZj;fd' kl/lrt x'g k'u]sf] 5 / o; j}1flgs Joj:yfkg ljljwtfsf] cyfx e08f/sf] ?kdf k|fs[lts gljs/0fLo ;|f]t tyf ;Dkbfsf] nfO{ klg dxTj ljZj;fd' kl/lrt x'g k'u]sf] 5 / ;d'lrt j}1flgs Joj:yfkg / ;b'kof]uaf6 lbPsf] . o; lsl;dsf] ljljwtfsf] lbuf] / g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfly{s Pjd\ a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u u/L g]kfn / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg] cj;/ / g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfly{s Pj+ r'gf}tL b'a} xfd|f] ;fd' ljBdfg 5g\ . ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug'{ kg]{ cj;/ / r'gf}tL b'a} xfd|f] ;fd' ljBdfg 5g\ . g]kfndf h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg t/ g]kfndf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] v]tL, ;+sng, a]rlavg k}bfjf/sf] v]tL, ;+sng, a]rlavg / pkof]u / pkof]u nufotsf sfo{x? nufotsf sfo{x? k/Dk/fut 9+uaf6} x'g] k/Dk/fut 9+uaf6} x'g] u/]sf] x'Fbf u/]sf] x'Fbf ck]lIft nfe lng g;lsPsf] ck]lIft nfe lng g;lsPsf] l:ylt 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df a9L dfu l:ylt 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df ePsf h8La'6Lx?sf] k|flslts tyf v]tL a9L dfu ePsf h8La'6Lx?sf] lj:tf/jf6 ;+slnt h8La'6Lx?nfO{ k|zf]wg v]tL lj:tf/ k|ljlwnfO{ u/L d"No clej[l4 -Value addition_ ug{ / cleJoQmLdf :ki6tf ;j{;fwf/0f ls;fgsf] kx'Fr;Dd v]tL lj:tf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f ls;fgsf] ;xh 9+un] k|zf]wg-Processing_, kx'Fr;Dd k'¥ofO{ clwsf+z kmfObf g]kfnleq} lbg vf]lhPsf] ;Dj]i6g -Packaging_ h:tf /xg ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ klg plQs} sfo{x? dfkm{t d"No clej[l4 - jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . Value addition_ u/L clwsf+z kmfObf g]kfnleq} /xg ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ klg plQs} jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 k}bfjf/ ljsf; gLlt @)^! 84 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid qm= ;= $ % df}h'bf k|fawfg xfn;Dd klg g]kfndf h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf]] pTkfbg Pj+ a]rlavg h:tf sfo{x? c;+ul7t ?kd} x'g] u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf o;af6 k|fKt x'g] kmfObfnfO{ clwsflws t'Nofpg Jofks Pj+ ;+ul7t k|of; u/L h8La'6L v]tLnfO{ pBf]us} ?kdf ljsf; u/L o;sf cu| Pj+ k[i7;DaGw -Forward and backward linkages_ nfO{ dha't ?kdf :yflkt u/L cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/nfO{ c? bl/nf] / km/flsnf] agfpg' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] ;xof]uL Pj+ k|a4{gsf/L e"ldsfdf ;j{;fwf/0f ls;fg, ;fgf, demf}nf / 7"nf pBdL Pj+ Jofkf/Lx? nufotsf lghL If]q tyf ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfaf6 dfq} o; lsl;dsf] kl/sNkgfn] d"t{?k lng ;Sb5 . rfn' bzf}+ k+rjifL{o of]hgfn] lglb{i6 u/] cg'?k g]kfn clw/fHosf ljleGg If]qx?df /f]huf/L clej[l4, lgsf;L k|a4{g Pj+ cfo cfh{gsf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf] ?kdf h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, Pj+ ahf/ Aoj:yfkg u/L o;af6 x'g] cfodf ;dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf / lk5l8Psf ju{x?sf] kx'Fr a9fO{ ;du| ?kdf ul/jL Go"gLs/0fdf jfl~5t of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ klg pko'Qm gLltut ;+/rgfsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L ljBdfg sfg"g / jg gLltdf klg h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]usf nflu :ki6 cfwf/ gePsfn] 5'§} gLltsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] xf] . ;+;f]wg k|:tfj ;+;f]wg x'g'kg]{ sf/0f xfn;Dd klg g]kfndf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf]] pTkfbg Pjd\ a]rlavg h:tf sfo{x? c;+ul7t ?kd} x'g] u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf o;af6 k|fKt x'g] kmfObfnfO{ clwsflws t'Nofpg Jofks Pjd\ ;+ul7t k|of; u/L h8La'6L v]tLnfO{ pBf]us} ?kdf ljsf; u/L o;sf cu| Pjd\ k[i7;DaGw Nf]vfO{sf] k|efj Forward and backward linkages_ nfO{ ldnfpg bf];|f] k[i7af6 dha't ?kdf :yflkt u/L cfly{s ;d[l4sf] klxnf] k[i7df ;fl/Psf] cfwf/nfO{ c? bl/nf] / km/flsnf] agfpg' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] ;xof]uL Pjd\ k|a4{gsf/L e"ldsfdf ;j{;fwf/0f ls;fg, ;fgf, demf}nf / 7"nf pBdL Pjd\ Jofkf/Lx? nufotsf lghL If]q tyf ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfaf6 dfq} o; lsl;dsf] kl/sNkgfn] d"t{?k lng ;Sb5 . jg ljsf; u'?of]hgfn] h8La'6L tyf jg:kltx?sf] Joj:yfkg, ahf/ Joj:yf, pBf]u ljsf;, k|zf]wg / lgof{tdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] gLlt Pjd\ sfo{gLltnfO{ cjnDjg u/]sf] lyof] . h8La'6L ;'ulGwt jg:klt Pjd\ cGo jg k}bfjf/sf]] pTkfbgdf j[l¢u/L pkof]uL j:t'x? t}of/ u/L /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o ahf/df pTkfbgx? pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . ljutsf k|foM ;a} k~rjlif{o of]hgfx? / lqjif{L{o of]hgfx?n] klg h8La'6Lsf] ljsf; / Joj;foLs/0f ;DaGwLt ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;dfj]z x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . dxTjk"0f{ h8La'6L ;|f]tsf] bLuf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf nflu k/Dk/fb]lv o;sf] ;+sngaf6 hLljsf]kfh{g lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf ljkGg tyf lk5l8Psf ju{nfO{ v]tL lj:tf/ / pBd ljsf;df ;xefuL u/fO{ cfo cfh{gsf] yk cj;/ l;h{gf u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / ;dtfd"ns ljsf;df ;3fp;d]t k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnodfkm{t @)^^÷^& b]lv h8La'6L ljsf; sfo{qmd 85 cGo ;fGble{s of]hgf / jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] @)^( af6 nfu' u/]sf] sfo{jLwL klg ;fGble{s ePsf]n] pNn]v ul/Psf] Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid qm= ;= df}h'bf k|fawfg ;+;f]wg k|:tfj ;+;f]wg x'g'kg]{ sf/0f sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw, @)^( cGtu{t h8La'6L ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] klg 5 . ^ & h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;du| ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df lgdf{0f x'g nfu]sf] gLltut Aoj:yf / cfufdL lbgx?df x'g] lqmofsnfkdf g]kfnsf] jg:klt ;|f]tsf] cGj]if0f, klxrfg, cg';Gwfg / k|ljlw ljsf; sfo{df ;DjGwLt lgsfosf] e"ldsf ljz]if lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ /xg]5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] xfn cjnDag u/]sf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f Pj+ v'nfkgsf] gLltsf] ;fk]Iftfdf lemlsPsf] . h8La'6L Pj+ cGo u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] pTkfbg, ;+sng, k|zf]wg, laqmL ljt/0f nufotsf ;d:t lqmofsnfkx?df klg pbf/jfbL / k|lt:kwf{Tds Aofj;flos bIftfsf ;+efjgfx? d'vl/t x'g ;Sg] oyfy{nfO{ Åbo+ud ub}{ o; lbzfdf Aofj;flos pBdlzntfsf] clej[l4 ug{ pko'Qm gLltut Aoj:yf ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . @= gofF gLltsf] cfjZostf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, Pjd\ ahf/ Joj:yfkg u/L o;af6 x'g] cfodf ;dfhsf ljkGg tyf lk5l8Psf ju{x?, To;df klg dlxnfsf], kx'Fr a9fO{ ;du| ?kdf ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf jfl~5t of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{, /f]huf/L clea[l¢ ug{ / lgsf;L k|j¢{g g/x]sf] ug{ j[xQ/ gLltut ;+/rgfsf] cefjdf ;dli6ut k|of; gk'u]sf]] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 ljleGg lgsfo Pjd\ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?lar ;dGjosf] sdL, sfd sf/jfxLdf bf]xf]/f]kg Pjd\ c;d~h:otfsf] cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . ljBdfg sfg"g / ;DalGwt If]qdf gLltx?df klg h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;+/If0f ;b'kof]u / Jofkf/ k|j¢{g ug{sf nflu :ki6 cfwf/ 86 k[i7e"ldnfO{ 5f]6f] / ;/n kfg{ / ;fGble{stf klg Tolt gb]lvPsf] k[i7e"lddf cfj:ostfsf] ?kdf JoQm jfSofz+ nfO{ o; gofF lzif{s cGtu{t pNn]v ul/Psf] Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid qm= ;= df}h'bf k|fawfg ;+;f]wg k|:tfj ;+;f]wg x'g'kg]{ sf/0f gePsf]n] klg 5'§} gLltsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] xf] . h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; gLlt, @)&! n] g]kfndf h8La'6L v]tLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ Pjd\ tHhGo lqmofsnfkx? dfkm{t cfly{s clej[l4sf ;Defjgfx?nfO{ phfu/ ub}{] ;/sf/L, u}}x|;/sf/L Pjd\ lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{, h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg sfo{df Joj;foLs/0f ug]{ / o; dfkm{t g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug{ 7f]; e"ldsf v]Ng] b]lvFbf o;sf] cfjZostf ckl/xfo{ 5 . bL3{sfnLg ;f]r -Long Term Vision_ * ( !) !! pRr d"Nosf h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] ;+/If0f / ;Djw{gjf6 cy{Joj:yfdf 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofO{ cfufdL ;g\ @)@) ;Dd cGt/fli6«o hutdf g]kfn clw/fHonfO{ h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] j[xt e08f/sf] ?kdf kl/lrt t'Nofpg' k|:t't gLltsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r x'g]5 . @= h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] If]qdf ePsf gLlt tyf ultljlwx?sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] sfo{df h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ;dGjo ;ldltsf] k|d'v e"ldsf /xg] 5 . ^= lhNnfdf pknAw h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ;|f]tsf] ;+sngdf k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f sfod u/L To;af6 :yfgLo jfl;Gbf / pBdLx?nfO{ clwstd nfe k|fKt x'g] l:ylt >[hgf ug{ hf]8 lbOg]5 . !@= lghL:t/af6 pTkfbg ePsf h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?nfO{ k|zf]wgstf{n] k|zf]wg jf k|zf]wg gul/sg} v'nf ?kdf laqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;Sg] Aoj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . #= b"/b[li6, nIo tyf p2]Zox? #=! b"/b[li6 pRr d"Nosf h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da¢{gaf6 cy{ Joj:yfdf 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] . #=@ nIo cfufdL ;g\ @)@) ;Dd cGt/fli6«o hutdf g]kfn /fHonfO{ h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] j[xt\ e08f/sf] ?kdf kl/lrt t'Nofpg] . :ki6tf j9fpg / gLltsf] 9fFrfdf ;dfofgs'n kl/jt{g ul/Psf] lemlsPsf] . o;nfO{ ;+oGq /flvPsf] ;+/rgfsf] cGtu{t h8La'6L Pjd\ cGo u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] ;+sng, k|zf]wg, pTkfbg / laqmL ljt/0f nufotsf sfo{x?df ;dfhsf lk5l8Psf, ljkGg / dlxnf ju{x?sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ :ki6tf j9fPsf] ;'lglZrt t'NofO{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdfkm{t n}+lus Pjd\ ;fdflhs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ a9fjf lbg] . lghL :t/df v]tL u/L pTkfbg ePsf hl8a'6L Pj+ u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] k|df0fLs/0f / s/ k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs[t :ki6tf j9fPsf ul/g]5 . 87 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid qm= ;= !@ !# !$ !% !^ !& df}h'bf k|fawfg ;+;f]wg k|:tfj ;+;f]wg x'g'kg]{ sf/0f != lghL Pj+ ;xsfl/tfsf] dfWodåf/f h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] v]tL ;+sng, pTkfbg, k|zf]wg ug]{ sfo{df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;xof]uL Facilitator_, pTk|]/s -Catalyst_ / lgofds -Regulator_ sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ hfg] u/L gLltut ;fdGh:o, ;dGjo / kl/dfh{g ul/b} nlug]5 . @= h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] pTkfbg / ljsf; dfkm{t ;fd"lxs nfenfO{ pRrtd t'Nofpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn clw/fHoe/L=== $= lghL If]qdf v]tL ul/Psf h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] If]qkmn nufotsf ljj/0f vf]nL lhNnf jg sfof{nodf btf{ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . != lghL, ;xsf/L, kmd{ Pjd\ ;j{hlgs ;+:yfsf] dfWodåf/f h8La'6L Pjd\+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] v]tL ;+sng, pTkfbg, k|zf]wg ug]{ sfo{df g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;xof]uL pBf]u, kmd{ / Facilitator_, pTk|]/s -Catalyst_ / lgofds ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ -Regulator_ sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ hfg] u/L klg ;dfj]; u/]sf] gLltut ;fd~h:o, ;dGjo / kl/dfh{g ul/Fb} nlug]5 . $= lghL If]qdf v]tL ul/Psf h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] If]qkmn nufotsf ljj/0f vf]nL lhNnf jg sfof{nodf btf{ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . dWojtL{ If]qsf] xsdf ;DalGwt /fli6«o lgs'~h jf cf/If sfof{no tyf ;+/If0f If]qsf] xsdf ;DalGwt sfof{non] btf{ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . dWojtL{ If]q / ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg klg yk ul/Psf] %= g]kfn clw/fHodf ==== g]kfndf === clw/fHo x6fPsf] gofF gofF @=h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] pTkfbg / ljsf;dfkm{t ;fd"lxs nfenfO{ clw/fHo pRrtd t'Nofpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn /fHoel/ === x6fPsf] &= /fli6«o lgs'~h, cf/If, ;+/If0f If]q tyf dWojtL{ If]q leq kfO{g] pRr d"Nosf h8La'6Lx?sf] k|s[lts ;|f]t ;j{]If0fu/L pko'Qm dfkb08 k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLnfO{ Go"gtd c;/ kg]{ u/L :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx?åf/f ;+sng u/fO{ To;sf] :yfgLo:t/d} k|zf]wg ;d]t u/L jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]usf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbO{g]5 . (= jg k}bfjf/;Fu ;Da¢ pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; Pjd\ k|j¢{g ug{ xfn :yfkgf ePsf / eljiodf :yfkgf x'g] To:tf pBf]ux?nfO{ ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf / bLuf] Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/df tf]lsPsf Joj;flos dxTjsf h8La'6Lx? tf]lsPsf ;/sf/åf/f–Jojl:yt– jgjf6 lglZrt cjlwsfnflu jflif{s ?kdf sRrf kbfy{ pknAw u/fpg af]n saf]]n k|yfåf/f Joj:yf ldnfpg ;Sg]5 . o; k|of]hgsf] nflu jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] 5'§} sfo{gLlt lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug]{5 . 88 zAb zAb /fli6«o lgs'~h, cf/If, ;+/If0f If]q tyf dWojtL{ If]qsf h8La'6Lsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ / ToxfF ePsf u}/sfg'gL ;ÍngnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ gofF e}/x]sf] h8La'6L tyf cGo jg k}bfjf/nfO{ af]n saf]n k|yfåf/f pBf]ux?nfO{ pknAw u/fO{g] Joj:yf ldnfpg / ;/sf/nfO{ jl9 /fh:j pknAw u/fpg Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid qm= ;= df}h'bf k|fawfg ;+;f]wg k|:tfj !* &= ;/sf/åf/f Aojl:yt jgIf]qleq klg ;+efJotfsf] cfwf/df lghL Pj+ ;xsfl/tfsf] dfWodaf6 hl8a'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] v]tL ;+sng nufotsf sfo{x? ug{ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . !( !# h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 ag k}bfjf/sf] Jofj;flos ljsf;sf lgldQ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g tyf lemlsPsf] lgodfjnLn] tf]s]sf k|fjwfgx?sf] Jojxfl/stf ;d]t ljrf/ u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g]5 . @) @! gofF gofF @@ gofF @# gofF ;+;f]wg x'g'kg]{ sf/0f *= ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jgIf]qleq klg ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df lghL, ;xsf/L, kmd{ pBf]u, kmd{ / Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] dfWodaf6 hl8a'6L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] v]tL ;+sng klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] nufotsf sfo{x? ug{ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 ag k}bfjf/ af]8{ ePkl5 cGo P]g lgodx? ;d]tsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'kg]{ x'bfF 5'§} n]lv/xg' cfjZos g/x]sf] !%= k/Dk/fb]lv pkrf/sf] nflu k|of]u eO cfPsf h8La'6Lx?sf] :yfgLo:t/df ;lhn} pknAw u/fpg hnjfo' Pjd\ 7fp ;'xfpFbf] h8La'6Lsf] s/];f af/L (Herbal Kitchen Garden) sf] ?kdf /f]k0f ug{ ufpF, ufpFdf s[ifsx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . s/];f af/Laf6 pknAw x'g] h8La'6Lsf] k|of]u pkrf/df ug{ cfjZos tflndsf] Joj:yf ;d]t ldnfO{g] 5 . ufpF ufpFdf h8La'6L s/];fjf/LnfO{ cleofgsf] ?kdf nlu :jf:Yo pkrf/nfO{ 6]jf lbg ^= sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf k|:t't gLlt nfu' ug{ ;xof]u x'g] x'bfF /flvPsf] &= gLltsf] d"NofÍg o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsf/Ltf, pko'Qmtf / pkfb]otfsf] h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ af]8{n] cfjlws ?kdf d"NofÍg u/L ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf nflu jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnodf k|:tfj ug]{5 . *= hf]lvd ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frdf k/Dk/fb]lv /xL cfPsf] / sltko ul/a, ljkGg kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] d'Vo cfwf/sf] ?kdf /xL cfPsf] h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug'{ cfkmF}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf clej[l¢ u/L ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;d]t ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; geP;Dd ;+/If0fn] bLuf]kg / k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ug{ s7LgfO x'G5 . h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ /fi6«n] k|d'v k|fyldstf 89 cfjlws d"NofÍg Pjd\ ;'wf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] hf]lvdsf] rrf{ ug'{ pkof]uL x'g] b]lvPsf] Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid qm= ;= @$ @% df}h'bf k|fawfg gofF gofF ;+;f]wg k|:tfj lbg'kg]{ / :yfgLo :t/df hgr]tgf clej[l¢ nufotsf sfo{df Wofg lbO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfu" ug'{ kg]{ cfjZos 5 . (= cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|:t't gLltsf] h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ af]8{n] cfjlws ?kdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg u/L jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnodf k]z ug]{5 . !)= afwf, c8\sfp km'sfp o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} afwf c8\sfp k/]df jf ;d:of pTkGg ePdf h8La'6L Pjd\ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ af]8{sf] l;kmf/Lzdf jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnonfn] To:tf] afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg cfjZos lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] 5 . 90 ;+;f]wg x'g'kg]{ sf/0f gLltsf] sfof{Gogsf] cj:yf a'em\g Joj:yf ul/Psf] o:tf] ;d:of kg{ uPdf ;dfwfg ug{;Sg] ;+:yfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid 10. Workshop Report in Brief The workshop opened with a welcome remark from Mr. Yam Bahadur Thapa, Director General, Department of Plant Resources. He in his welcome speech also highlighted the importance of the workshop. The workshop had three sessions. The first session was chaired by Dr. Ganesh Raj Joshi, Secretary, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation. Four papers presented in this session were; policy of NTFP, resource assessment of epiphytic orchids, potentialities of commercial farming of orchids (aesthetic and medicinal) and research status of orchids for conservation and management. The chairman advised the participants to come out with a definite plan of action and submit to the ministry. The second session was chaired by Prof. Dr. Pramod Kumar Jha, Head of Department, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University. In this session three papers were presented on policy for medicinal orchids especially of genus Dendrobium, orchid conservation and marketing and orchid management. The presentation was followed by few questions to presenters and conclusion by the chairman. The third session was group discussion and was facilitated by Dr. Umed Pun and Dr. Bijaya Pant. Two groups of participants were formed to discuss following issues and were given two topics each to work out. The two topics were; Group 1: a. Review NTFP and MAPs policy and suggest specific changes if needed. b. Status of orchids in general and medicinal orchids in particular (total species, important areas, population density, hot spots and conservation initiatives). Group 2: a. Review orchid directive and suggest changes if needed. b. Current status of commercial farming of orchids (aesthetic, medicinal and others), trade and market, propagation, development of cultivation technology and research and development in orchids. The groups came out with following suggestions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The total number of orchid species in Nepal is 450 species under 107 genera. The distribution of orchids has been reported in 40 districts of Nepal. The hotspot districts of orchids in Nepal are Ilam, Taplejung, Morang, Sankhusabha, Makwanpur, Rasua, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Kaski, Rolpa, Jajarkot, Doti and Darchula. The conservation initiatives of orchids are mainly undertaken by Department of Plant Resources (DPR) and orchids are conserved at National Botanical Garden, Godavari, Daman Botanical garden, Daman, and Botanical garden, Surkhet. The other initiatives of DPR are Panchase Protected Forest for conservation of wild orchids, orchid collection procedural directive 2069, NTFP inventory guideline 2069, world biodiversity conservation garden, Pokhara and ACAP NTFP harvesting guideline. NTFP and MAPs policies have no legal frame work, no clear guidelines of resource inventory, over exploitation. These, needs to be more effectively regulated. The policy allowing establishment of enterprises in Buffer Zones, National Parks and National Forest needs to be revoked. The coordination committee on HNTFP policy 2071 should include representative from different universities. Amendment needed in HNTFP policy 2071; point number 11: the word allopathic should be omitted and refinement meeting should be added. National database on orchids needs to be set up. 91 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid 10. Conservation problem of wild orchids due to illegal and unscientific collection of orchids for trade should be addressed. Immediate conservation of orchids in general and economically important species in particular such as Arundina graminifolia, Ascocentrum ampullaceum, Aerides odorata. Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne nitida, Cymbidium aloifolium, Cymbidium devonianum, Dendrobium amoenum, Dendrobium candidum, Dendrobium densiflorum, Dendrobium formosum, Dendrobium fimbriatum, Dendrobium moschatum, Dendrobium officinale, Otochilus porrecta, Papiolanthe teres, Pleione humilis and Rhyncostylis retusa should be conserved. 11. Collection of important species for trade has resulted in depletion of population of important orchid species. Production technology needs to be developed for commercial cultivation of economically important species such as Dendrobium erriflorum, D. nobile, D. denudans, Dactylorihiza hatagirea, Branchycortic cordata, Satyrium nepalensis. 12. Research on medicinal orchids should be encouraged. Collaborations should be done among research institutions. 13. Research should be carried out in areas such as biodiversity, population biology, phyto chemistry, propagation, production technology, molecular, DNA bar coding, value chain analysis, eco tourism, etc 92 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid 11. National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development Purpose and Program Introduction Medicinal and aromatic plants and other minor forest products are among six primary programmes formulated in the Master Plan for Forestry Sector 1989. Recognizing the potential of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) in the national economy of Nepal, the Government of Nepal has formulated Herbs and NTFP Development Policy-2004. The policy has addressed the five main issues namely conservation and sustainable harvest, public participation, NTFP certification, R & D with technology transfer and public awareness along with trade promotion and value addition. But the implementation action plan was not clear cut. The government of Nepal has prioritized 30 medicinal plants for research & development management and 12 among them are recommended for domestication and cultivation. However, There are lots of issues about marketing simplification and value chain development, enterprise development, farming practices, simplification of royalty fixation that hindered to achieve expected outcome. Keeping this situation in the fore-front, Herbs and NTFPs Development Policy (2004) needs to be revised in the context of present scenario. A pragmatic and workable action plan is needed for its better implementation. The government has become aware about the value of orchids in the socio-economic upliftment of pro-poor and marginalized communities of Nepal while revising the Herbs and NTFP policy2004. Henceforth, we propose to include orchids as one of the NTFP commodities to be prioritized and developed its action plan. Nepal harbors a more than 460 species of orchids (Rokaya et al., 2013, Rai et al., 2013, Gajurel et al., 2013). The diversity of orchids shares more than 7 percent of total flowering plants of Nepal. There are 96 species which are reported as medicinal (Pant and Raskoti, 2013). Extensive research on the diversity and their usage are part of ongoing process. Whole plant as well as different parts, viz. tubers, roots, rhizome, stem, pseudobulb and leaves of orchids are used in medicine. Huge amounts of medicinal orchids such as Dactylorhiza hetagirea, Dendrobium species, Coelogyne species and many other are harvested from the wild and are exported to neighboring countries of Nepal. Many of these orchids face the danger of extinction due to over-exploitation for trade, consumption and loss of habitat. Most of these species has been categorized as critically endangered, rare and listed in CITES Appendix II. There is a wide gap between the demand and supply of medicinal orchids in Nepal. Therefore, an urgent step is needed to develop effective strategies for their in situ & ex situ conservation. New in vitro techniques (tissue culture) have developed for the propagation and cultivation of many orchids which are superior to the conventional breeding methods. Conventional methods demand more time and resources. We also need to document the traditional knowledge systems and medicinal use. Digging out illegal trades of wild orchids will guide us towards a more sustainable approach to improve orchid conservation and management in Nepal. Mass scale propagation of these species can be done by tissue culture techniques which could be one of the best tools for sustainable utilization, conservation and economic benefit. Objective: The general objective of the workshop is to provide a common floor for the stakeholders for understanding the policy of NTFP/MAPs especially orchid. The workshop intends to find out the following specified objectives. To identify the highly threatened and potential NTFP/MAPs including orchids of Nepal To explore the current status, trade and market potentials of the ornamental and medicinal orchids of Nepal To identify the orchid hot-spot and pilot site for commercial orchid cultivation and possible marketing of cultivated species To formulate an action plan for their conservation, propagation, cultivation and wise utilization. To identify the institutional /organizational/community/ entrepreneur collaboration for Research and Development and commercialization of orchids for economic growth. 93 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Review the shortcoming in the existing policy and recommend amendments. Expected outcome: NTFPs/MAPs sector action plan related to economically important orchid species will be developed. A practical solution is expected which will devise a sustainable demand and supply system of orchid trade in Nepal and abroad. Policy workers, government and institutional partners, researcher, farmers and traders will get awareness regarding medicinal orchids, their cultivation, and management. It is possible to improve the livelihood of rural and marginalized farmers by creating a conducive environment for commercial cultivation of orchids. Promotion of orchid wealth as a source of income generation by legal trade could be done. Review and reform the orchid policy published by ministry of forests and soil conservation is expected. Compliance of the existing laws could be more effective once we are aware of the status and management of orchids. Priority species may be declared Collaborative efforts from all sector could be achieved as the ultimate goal Date : 2071-03-25 Wednesday (9th July 2014) Venue : Hotel Himalaya, Kupandole, Lalitpur Time : 8:30 am – 4:30 pm Expected participants: S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Organization Government Officials ( MoFSC) Academicians (Researcher + Student) Trader (FNCCI, NEPHHA, JABAN) Farmer/ Nursery Journalist INGOs/NGOs ( ANSAB, BARDAN, PSPL, ICIMOD, WWF, RECAST, NTNC, NAST) Freelance Experts Total Participants number 20 12 1 1 3 9 4 50 Paper presentation: Total 6 paper S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Topics Herbs and NTFPs Development policy, 2071 Resource Assessment Technique of Epiphytic Orchids of Nepal Orchid Farming potentiality & commercialization ( Medicinal + Asthetic ) Research Status for orchids conservation & management Orchid conservation & marketing Existing legal provision on orchids management 94 Resource Person Dr. Rajendra K.C. Deepesh Pyakurel Umed Pun, PhD Bijaya Pant, PhD Dipak Lamichhane Y.B. Thapa Remarks DPR Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Program schedule S.N. Particulars Time Paper Resource Person 8:30 -9:00 Registration and Breakfast Technical Session I (Chaired by Dr. G.R.Joshi, Secretary) 1 Paper I 9:00-9:20 Herbs and NTFPs Dr. Rajendra K.C. Development policy, 2071 2 Paper II 9:20-9:40 Resource Assessment Deepesh Pyakurel Technique of Epiphytic Orchids 3 Paper III 9:40-10:00 Orchid Farming Umed Pun, PhD potentiality & its commercialization 4 Paper IV Discussion & 10.00-10.30 Chairperson Sum up Tea Break 10.30-10.45 Technical Session II (Chaired by Dr. P. K. Jha, Head, CDB, TU) 4 Paper IV 10:45-11.05 Research Status for orchids Bijaya Pant, PhD conservation &management 5 Paper V 11:05-11:25 Orchid farming and Dipak Lamichhane practice 6 Paper VI 11.25-11.45 Existing legal provision on Y.B. Thapa orchids management 7 Discussion & 11.45- 12.15 Sum up Lunch Break 12.15-1.10 Closing Session III (Chaired by Dr. P. K. Jha, Head, CDB,TU) Dr. Umed Pun E Group 1:10-1:20 Formation Dr. Umed Pun F Group Work 1:20-2:40 Group I and Group II 1 Tea Break 2:40-3:00 2 Presentation of 3:00-3:20 Group I Group work 3 Presentation of 3:30-3.50 Group II Group work 4 Discussion and 3.50-4.00 Chairperson Remarks Closing Session : Chaired by Dr. P.K. Jha, Head ,CDB,TU 1 Consolidate 4:30-4:40 Dr Umed Pun findings of the Dr. Bijaya Pant workshop 2 Vote of Thanks 4:50-4:55 DG, DPR 3 Concluding 4:55-5:00 Chairperson Remarks 95 Remarks FAO Nepal Vardhan Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid Tentative estimates S.N Particulars 1 Workshop kit ( Diary+Pen) 2 Stationery (Marker, Masking tape, Photocopy, glue, brownpaper, cardboard paper, envelope etc) 3 Banner 4 Resource person Allowance 5 Transportation fare for Participants 6 Breakfast/ Lunch 7 Proceeding (writing, editing, Pritning) 8 Coordination/Reporting Total Unit person Quantity Rate Total NRs) Remarks 50 40 2,000 Lumpsum 5,000 No No 1 6 1350 3,000 Department of Plant Resources 1,350 (DPR) 18,000 No 50 1,000 50,000 50 500 2373 No Copies 118,650 150,000 TU*, MSFP*, FAO* 5,000 350,000 *TU: Tribhuvan University, MSFP: Multi stakeholders Forestry Program, FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization. Budget Source (Funding) S.N. 1 2 3 4 Source Department of Plant Resources, DPR Central Department of Botany, TU WWF FAO Total Amount (NRs.) 2,00,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 3,50,000 Prepared By: Dr. Bijaya Panta, CDB, TU Rose Shrestha, Under secretary, DPR Checked By: Sushma upadhyaya. DDG, DPR Bed Nidhi Sharma, DDGs, DPR Approved By: Yam B Thapa, DG, DPR/ Prof. Dr. P.K. Jha, Chief, CDB, TU 96 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid 12. List of participants SN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Name Dr. Ganesh Raj Joshi Designation Secretary Organization Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Nepal Mr. Krishna Prasad Joint Secretary Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Acharya Nepal Mr. Yam Bahadur Thapa Director General Department of Plant Resources Mr. Bishwa Nath Oli Director General Department of Forests Mr. Tika Ram Adhikari D. Director General Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Mr. Ramesh Shakya Officiating Director Department of Forest Research and Survey General Prof. Dr. P.K. Jha Professor Central Department of Botany, TU Prof. Dr. Mohan Shiwakoti Professor Central Department of Botany, TU Dr. Keshav Raj Botanist Rajbhandari Dr. Umed Pun Director Himalayan Flora Dr. Bijaya Pant Associate Professor Central Department of Botany, TU Dr. Rajendra K.C. Team Leader FAO-Nepal (TCP/NEP/3403 Project) Dr. Manish Raj Pandey NTNC Dr. Nirmal Bhattarai TGG-N Dr. Anjana Giri Senior scientist NAST Dr. Balai Meeta Singh PMC Ms. Madhu Ghimire Under Secretary Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Nepal Dr. Lokesh Ratna Shakya Professor Amrit Science Campus, TU Mr. Bhagirath Sharma Orchid Resort Mr. Mukti Ram Paudel Central Department of Botany, TU Mr. Mukesh Babu Chand Central Department of Botany, TU Mr. Bharat Babu Shrestha Central Department of Botany, TU Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Rai Department of Plant Resources Mr. Dipak Lamichhane National Botanical Garden Mr. Ram C. Poudel NAST Mr. Maan Rokaya IBOST, CZ Republic Mr. Ramesh Basnet Under Secretary Department of Plant Resources Ms. Shreeti Pradhan Central Department of Botany, TU Mr. Amit Poudyal IUCN Mr. Mohan Koirala Free lancer/Former Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Joint Secretary Nepal Mr. Ganga D. Bhatta NHPL, Godawari Mr. Bijay Subedi RECAST Mr. Dipesh Pyakurel BARDAN Mr. Rajendra Gyawali Kathmandu University Mr. Sudarshan Khanal ANSAB Ms. Jyoti Joshi Department of Plant Resources Mr. Madan Kumar Khadka Department of Plant Resources Ms. Anju Poudel Member Jadibuti Association Nepal 97 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid SN 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Name Mr. Shisir Panthi Mr. Laxmi Prasad Upadhaya Ms. Asha Kiran Devkota Ms. Savita Dhungana Mr. Arjun Neupane Rajendra Rai Ms. Stuty Maskey Mr. Sagar Pandit Mr. Arjun Prajuli Mr. Buddha Ratna Manandhar Mr. Ashok Maharjan Mr. Ratna Tamang Designation Organization Department of Plant Resources Gorkhapatra Daily Journalist Central Department of Botany, TU Central Department of Botany, TU Department of Plant Resources Parijat Nursery MSFP-SSU Nayapatarika Daily Department of Plant Resources Garjudhara CFUG, president MD Journalist Department of Plant Resources Department of Plant Resources 98 Proceedings of National Workshop on NTFP/MAPs Sector Action Plan Development: Orchid