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All Things Aquaculture
Habitat Connections
Hobnobbing Boondoggles?
Freshwater Gastropod Status Assessment
Effects of Anthropogenic Chemicals
03632415(2013)38(6)
VOL 38 NO 6
JUNE 2013
FEATURE
Conservation Status of Freshwater Gastropods of Canada
and the United States
Paul D. Johnson
Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR), 2200 Highway 175, Marion, AL
36756-5769. E-mail: paul.johnson@dcnr.alabama.gov
Arthur E. Bogan
North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC
Kenneth M. Brown
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Noel M. Burkhead
United States Geological Survey, Southeast Ecological Science Center,
Gainesville, FL
James R. Cordeiro
University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, and NatureServe, Boston, MA
Jeffrey T. Garner
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Florence, AL
Paul D. Hartfield
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson, MS
Dwayne A. W. Lepitzki
Wildlife Systems Research, Banff, Alberta, Canada
Gerry L. Mackie
University of Guelph, Water Systems Analysts, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Eva Pip
University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Thomas A. Tarpley
Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Marion, AL
Jeremy S. Tiemann
Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL
Estado de la conservación de los
gasterópodos de Canadá y los Estados
Unidos de Norteamérica
RESUMEN: esta es la primera evaluación sobre el estado
que guarda la conservación de los gasterópodos (caracoles) de Canadá y los EE.UU., realizada por el Subcomité
para los Gasterópodos (Comité de Especies Amenazadas)
de la Sociedad Americana de Pesquerías. Esta revisión
comprende 703 especies, pertenecientes a 16 familias y 93
géneros, de las cuales 67 se consideran extintas o probablemente extintas; 278 están en peligro, 102 amenazadas,
73 vulnerables, 157 cuentan con poblaciones estables y 26
especies presentan un estado taxonómico incierto. De la
totalidad de la fauna, 74% de los gasterópodos se encuentran en alguna categoría de vulnerabilidad (amenazados,
en peligro o vulnerables) o extintos, lo cual excede al nivel
de amenaza al que está sujeto el grupo de los peces (39%)
y los langostinos (48%), pero es similar al de los mejillones (72%). Comparando las tasas de extinción actuales
contra las tasas de extinción de fondo en el grupo de los
gasterópodos, se tiene que en la actualidad son las más
altas registradas: 9,539 veces la tasa de extinción de fondo.
Los gasterópodos son altamente susceptibles a la degradación y pérdida de hábitat, en particular aquellas especies endémicas cuya distribución está restringida a un solo
manantial o a arroyos pequeños. La compilación realizada
para esta revisión se dificultó por la falta de información
sobre la incertidumbre en la distribución y taxonomía del
grupo. Si bien se necesita desarrollar investigación en distintos frentes como biología básica, fisiología, estrategias
de conservación, historias de vida y ecología, se consideran como prioridades la sistemática, curación de colecciones museográficas y bases de datos acopladas con
muestreos sistemáticos integrales (para establecer límites
geográficos, identificación de amenazas).
Nathan V. Whelan
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL
Ellen E. Strong
Smithsonian Institution, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Washington, DC
ABSTRACT: This is the first American Fisheries Society conservation assessment of freshwater gastropods (snails) from
Canada and the United States by the Gastropod Subcommittee
(Endangered Species Committee). This review covers 703 species representing 16 families and 93 genera, of which 67 species
are considered extinct, or possibly extinct, 278 are endangered,
102 are threatened, 73 are vulnerable, 157 are currently stable,
and 26 species have uncertain taxonomic status. Of the entire
fauna, 74% of gastropods are imperiled (vulnerable, threatened, endangered) or extinct, which exceeds imperilment levels
in fishes (39%) and crayfishes (48%) but is similar to that of
mussels (72%). Comparison of modern to background extinction rates reveals that gastropods have the highest modern extinction rate yet observed, 9,539 times greater than background
rates. Gastropods are highly susceptible to habitat loss and degradation, particularly narrow endemics restricted to a single
spring or short stream reaches. Compilation of this review was
hampered by a paucity of current distributional information and
taxonomic uncertainties. Although research on several fronts
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247
including basic biology, physiology, conservation strategies,
life history, and ecology are needed, systematics and curation
of museum collections and databases coupled with comprehensive status surveys (geographic limits, threat identification) are
priorities.
INTRODUCTION
Freshwater gastropods (snails) are an important and diverse
component of aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Gastropods have
diversified into every conceivable aquatic habitat, including
hypogean aquifers, springs, small streams, large rivers, ponds,
lakes, and ephemeral to permanent wetlands. Most graze on
periphytic or epiphytic algae and biofilms, though some are
suspension or deposit feeders (Brown and Lydeard 2010). Unlike some of their terrestrial or marine counterparts, freshwater
gastropods are not predatory (Burch 1989; Brown and Lydeard
2010). Gastropods dominate benthic stream communities in
numbers (Hawkins and Furnish 1987; Johnson and Brown 1997)
and often exceed 50% of the invertebrate biomass (Brown et al.
2008; Brown and Lydeard 2010). Gastropods are the principal
grazers in many aquatic habitats (Huryn et al. 1995) and significantly influence algal primary productivity (e.g., Brown and
Lydeard 2010), playing a pivotal role in aquatic food webs and
nutrient cycling (Covich et al. 1999).
Gastropods were important dietary components of at least
three extinct North American fishes, the Stumptooth Minnow
Stypodon signifier (Miller et al. 1989), Harelip Sucker Moxostoma lacerum (Jenkins 1994), and Maryland Darter Etheostoma
sellare (Neely et al. 2003). At least three rare fishes are gastropod molluscivores: the Copper Redhorse Moxostoma hubbsi
(Jenkins and Burkhead 1994), Snail Darter Percina tanasi (Haag
and Warren 2006), and Pygmy Sculpin Cottus paulus (Mettee
et al. 1996). Other snail-eating fishes include diverse taxa from
the Acipenseridae, Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Ictaluridae, Centrarchidae, and Percidae (Boschung and Mayden 2004). Tetrapod molluscivores include the Stinkpot Sternotherus odoratus
(Ford and Moll 2004) and map turtles Graptemys species (Cagle
Rough Hornsnail Pleurocera foremani, a federally endangered species
from the lower Coosa River at Wetumpka, Elmore County, Alabama. A
Coosa River endemic, its historical distribution was reduced by reservoir
construction to isolated populations in lower Yellowleaf Creek and the
Coosa River at Wetumpka. Photo Credit: Thomas Tarpley, ADCNR.
248
1952; Vogt 1981), Snail Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis and Limpkin Aramus guarauna (Bourne 1993), and the Muskrat Ondatra
zibethicus (Neves and Odum 1989).
Native freshwater gastropods of Canada and the United
States belong to three main clades: Neritimorpha, Caenogastropoda, and Heterobranchia (Bouchet and Rocroi 2005), representing numerous independent colonizations by marine or
terrestrial ancestors (Strong et al. 2008). Most gastropods belong to the Caenogastropoda, which, along with the Neritimorpha, possess an operculum, respire with a gill, mature slowly,
and are long-lived dioecious species with internal fertilization,
and females generally attach eggs to firm substrates in late
spring and early summer. Many species are narrow endemics
associated with lotic habitats, often isolated in a single spring,
river reach, or geographically restricted river basin. Neritimorpha differ from Caenogastropoda in gill, radula, and male penile
morphology and are restricted to coastal river environments.
In contrast, freshwater Heterobranchia (Valvatoidea, Pulmonata) are hermaphroditic, mature quickly, and generally have
shorter generation times. Valvatoideans possess an external
gill, an operculum, and lay small eggs much of the year (Burch
1989). Pulmonates lack both an operculum and gill, respiring
with a modified mantle or “lung” (hence “pulmonate”), and lay
large, gelatinous egg masses during warm months. Pulmonates
are among the most ecologically tolerant snails and are widely
distributed in lakes, ponds, rivers, bogs, and ephemeral bodies
of water. Pulmonate endemism generally tends to be more pronounced in isolated lakes or springs in Canada and the northern
United States (Brown and Lydeard 2010).
This is the first conservation assessment of freshwater gastropods published by the American Fisheries Society (AFS).
Previous AFS conservation assessments have tracked freshwater fishes (Deacon et al. 1979; Williams et al. 1989; Jelks et
al. 2008), marine fishes (Musick et al. 2000), and crayfishes
(Taylor et al. 1996, 2007). Notably, the AFS freshwater mussel
assessment by Williams et al. (1993) was a watershed contribution to mussel conservation. Its publication inspired scientific
studies on the biology, conservation, and systematics of mussels. At this writing, second revision of mussel assessment is
nearly complete (J. D. Williams, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, personal communication). Conservation
assessments of mollusks demonstrate that they are among the
most imperiled organisms on Earth (Lydeard et al. 2004; Bogan
2006; Lysne et al. 2008; Strong et al. 2008; Vaughn 2010; this
assessment).
North America hosts the highest diversity of freshwater
crayfishes and mussels in the world, and the gastropod fauna
is among the richest (Neves et al. 1997; Bouchet and Rocroi
2005). High imperilment rates among freshwater groups have
been repeatedly linked to habitat loss and destruction and introduction of nonindigenous species (Abell 2002; Heinz Center Report 2002; Taylor et al. 2007; Jelks et al. 2008; Lysne et
al. 2008; Downing et al. 2010). Collectively, AFS assessments
provide an important, contemporary snapshot of the state of
the health of North American freshwater environments. These
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013• www.isheries.org
assessments indicate freshwater species have experienced dramatic declines. Estimated extinction rates of North American
freshwater species are extraordinarily high (Abell et al. 2000;
Master et al. 2000; Burkhead 2012b), nearing extinction rates
observed in tropical rain forests, the greatest rate on the globe
(Ricciardi and Rasmussen 1999).
PATTERNS OF IMPERILMENT
Each of the major freshwater gastropod clades evolved
unique suites of anatomical features, life history traits, physiological tolerances, and ecological specialization. The rapid
anthropogenic transformation of primarily riverine habitats
exposed gastropods to degrees of change that simply exceed
tolerances evolved over millions of years. For example, caenogastropods are slow maturing, often iteroparous, and geographically restricted, with narrow ecological tolerances; hence, many
species are highly sensitive to habitat degradation. Rapid environmental changes have resulted in significant population
reductions and a phenomenal number of extinctions. Sensitive
species with small distributions are most susceptible to extinction (Pimm et al. 2006). The loss of a single spring can result
in extinction of more than one endemic species. For example,
repeated desiccation of Big Spring in Huntsville, Alabama, resulted in the demise of the Olive Marstonia Marstonia olivacea
and the Whiteline Topminnow Fundulus albolineatus (Miller et
al. 1989; Burkhead 2012b).
In systems with exceptionally high endemism such as the
Tennessee and Mobile River basins, extensive conversion of
flowing river mainstems into impoundments resulted in extraordinary species loss. The most renowned example represents the
largest single modern extinction event in North America. From
1914 to 1964, 34 species and at least three genera were driven to
extinction by a succession of impoundments on the Coosa River
(Bogan et al. 1995; Neves et al. 1997; Lydeard et al. 2004; Ó
Foighil et al. 2011). The surviving species persist as fragmented
populations isolated by impoundments and are highly vulnerable to localized disturbances.
to large rivers caused by damming and channelization contributed to most extinctions (45 species, 67% of total), followed
by drainage or diversions of lakes (8 species, 12%), alteration
of springs (4 species, 6%), and possibly effects of exotic fish
introduction (2 species, 3%). Only five species with historical
distributions spanning multiple water bodies are extinct. Loss
of rare and localized, predominantly endemic species is the prevailing pattern of modern extinctions (Pimm et al. 1995; Burkhead 2012b).
There is a paucity of toxicological data for snails, but
recently recognized threats to freshwater mussels include
ammonia, endocrine disruptors, and herbicide surfactants
(Grabarkiewicz and Davis 2008). However, formal toxicity testing with freshwater gastropods, particularly caenogastropods,
lags behind studies for other freshwater organisms (Besser et al.
2009). Caenogastropods show increased sensitivity to copper,
ammonia, and pentachlorophenol in comparison to ubiquitous
heterobranchs (Besser et al. 2009). The near absence of basic
information on the physiological and environmental tolerances
for freshwater mollusks (e.g., respiratory adaptations to temperature and pH tolerances) limits our understanding of toxicity risks (Grabarkiewicz and Davis 2008). Toxicology research
would provide data necessary for development of specific conservation and recovery criteria (Abell 2002).
ASSESSMENT GOALS
The current knowledge of freshwater gastropods lags behind that of North American freshwater fishes and mussels and
crayfishes from Canada and the United States (e.g., Williams et
al. 1993; Taylor et al. 2007; Jelks et al. 2008). Due to a paucity
of recent survey data, it is only possible at this time to provide a current list of gastropods from Canada and the United
States, with provisional lists of species by state and provincial
boundaries. We hope that this assessment attracts students to
study freshwater gastropods: there are many species yet to be
described (Hershler and Liu 2012), and even basic biological information is lacking for most taxa. Considering strong evidence
of decline and extinction, the need for surveys and biological
THREATS
Previous AFS assessments (Williams et al. 1993; Taylor
et al. 2007; Jelks et al. 2008) and other reviews (Neves et al.
1997; Strayer and Dudgeon 2010; Downing et al. 2010) provide
thorough summaries of threats to aquatic habitats and species.
Causes of habitat degradation and gastropod species loss include
dams, impounded reaches, tailrace modifications (temperature,
dissolved oxygen [DO], discharge alterations), channelization, erosion, excessive sedimentation (of fines), groundwater
withdrawal, and associated impacts on surface streams (flows,
temperature, DO), multiple forms of pollution (salts, metals particularly Cu, Hg, Zn, untreated sewage, agricultural runoff), and
invasive species.
The vast majority of extinct freshwater gastropods (92.5%)
were narrow endemics, with highly restricted ranges, occurring
in a single river, spring, or lake. Habitat destruction in medium
Smooth Mudalia Leptoxis virgata from the Hiwassee River near Ducktown, Polk County, Tennessee. This species remains confined to a few
Tennessee River system tributaries in the vicinity of Chattanooga, Tennessee. Photo Credit: Thomas Tarpley, ADCNR.
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249
Status Definitions
The following listing criteria were adopted from previous
AFS lists (Taylor et al. 2007; Jelks et al. 2008). Status categories
were developed by the AFS Endangered Species Committee.
Marsh Ramshorn Planorbella trivolvis from hatchery ponds at the
Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center in Perry County, Alabama. This species is broadly distributed throughout Canada and the United States.
Photo Credit: Thomas Tarpley, ADCNR.
studies is exigent. Therefore, the major goals of this first assessment are to
1. update Turgeon et al. (1998) by adding newly described taxa
and taxonomic revisions;
2. compile lists of species by state and province;
3. assign a conservation status to each species;
4. compile essential references on distribution, biology, and
conservation status;
5. provide a brief description of each family;
6. identify future research and management needs;
7. provide examples of conservation success stories; and
8. create a companion online site where additional information
will be provided, including additional success stories and
images of gastropod species.
METHODS AND DEFINITIONS
This review provides an updated comprehensive list of 703
native gastropods from Canada and the United States, divided
among 16 families and 93 genera, following family classification of Bouchet and Rocroi (2005) with minor modifications
(e.g., Albrecht et al. 2007; Strong and Köhler 2009; Wilke et
al. 2001). This list was derived from Turgeon et al. (1998) and
updated with subsequently described species and systematic
revisions. Subspecies are not recognized. Species occurrences
within provincial and state boundaries were generated using primary literature, including provincial and state checklists where
available, as well as personal communications with professionals who are knowledgeable about certain groups or regions.
Although outside continental North America, Hawaiian species
are included as in previous AFS fish assessments (Deacon et al.
1979; Williams et al. 1989).
250
Endangered (E): A species that is in imminent danger of
extinction.
Threatened (T): A species that is imminently likely to become
endangered throughout all or a significant portion of its
range.
Vulnerable (V): A species that is imminently likely to become
threatened throughout all or a significant portion of its range;
equivalent to “Special Concern” as designated by Deacon et
al. (1979) and Williams et al. (1989).
Currently Stable (CS): Species populations not currently at
risk.
Extinct (X): A taxon for which no living individual has been
documented in nature for 50 or more years despite repeated
efforts to do so.
Possibly Extinct (Xp): A taxon that is suspected to be extinct as
indicated by more than 20 but less than 50 years since last
observed in nature.
Unknown (U): A taxon in which the conservation or taxonomic
status is unknown.
To facilitate direct comparisons with state natural heritage
programs and Canadian conservation data centers, G-ranks, as
developed by The Nature Conservancy and NatureServe (Master et al. 2009), were also included. This system ranks taxa on
a scale from 1 to 5 based on estimated number of population
occurrences, as follows:
G1 = critically imperiled (at very high risk of extinction or elimination due to extreme rarity, very steep declines, or other
factors)
G2 = imperiled (at high risk of extinction or elimination due to
very restricted range, very few populations or occurrences,
steep declines, or other factors)
G3 = vulnerable (at moderate risk of extinction or elimination
due to a restricted range, relatively few populations or occurrences, recent and widespread declines, or other factors)
G4 = apparently secure (uncommon but not rare; some cause for
long-term concern due to declines or other factors)
G5 = secure (common; widespread and abundant)
GX = presumed extinct (not located despite intensive searches
and virtually no likelihood of rediscovery)
GH = possibly extinct (known from historical occurrences but
still some hope of rediscovery)
GU = Unable to assign rank due to taxonomic uncertainty or
incomplete distributional information (Master et al. 2009)
Both the AFS and G-rank criteria are based on occurrence
data and status evaluation is independent of geopolitical boundaries. However, this review does not utilize the same formal
criteria required to list a species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973. A species may be rare because of a naturally
restricted range but may not qualify for protection under the
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013• www.isheries.org
Endangered Species Act if specific threats to its continued existence are not imminent. In Canada, the Committee on the Status
of Endangered Wildlife in Canada began to consider mollusks
for listing in 1995. The Species at Risk Act designated the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada as the
official assessor of conservation status in Canada. Canadian status assessment criteria were in use by November 2001 and are
based on the revised International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN) Red List categories (IUCN 2001).
Because the approximate number of extinct gastropods is
known, we can estimate modern to background extinction rates
(M:BER) using the method described by Burkhead (2012b)
but as corrected by Stuart Pimm (S. Pimm, Duke University,
personal comunication; see corrigendum in Burkhead 2012a).
The calculation of an M:BER ratio is similar to that of extinctions per million species years (Pimm et al. 1995, 2006), except
that the mean species duration interval reported for gastropods—one extinction per 10 million years (Stanley 1985)—is
used as the background extinction rate. To estimate M:BER, the
sum of species-years—that is, the cumulative total of species
described each year multiplied by the years observed from 1758
to the present (each year a species was described)—was determined to be 70,241 (see corrigendum examples in Burkhead
2012a). The extinction rate (or extinctions/species-years) is the
number of extinct species (67) divided by the sum of speciesyears (70,241) = 0.0009539. Multiplying the latter product by
the background extinction rate (10 million) = 9,539 M:BER.
Hence, modern gastropod extinctions are estimated to be 9,539
times greater than the background extinctions.
At this time, the Mexican gastropod fauna lack comprehensive documentation and only seven hydrobiid species are
currently listed as endangered (Secretary of the Environment
and Natural Resources of Mexico 2010). Given the pervasiveness of stressors to aquatic habitats in Mexico (Alcocer et al.
2000; Contreras-Balderas et al. 2008; Alcocer and BernalBrooks 2010), high levels of aquatic endemism (Dinger et al.
2005), and the effects of human population growth on aquatic
habitats, freshwater gastropods of Mexico likely have similar
or greater extinction rates than those estimated for Canada and
the United States. When it is possible to include Mexican species in the future conservation assessments of North American
freshwater gastropods, modern to background extinction rates
will certainly be higher.
Caveats
The systematics of most North American gastropod families are poorly understood. Even at higher levels, freshwater
gastropod classification is still evolving, as illustrated, for example, by elevation of the pleurocerid subfamily Semisulcospirinae to family rank (Strong and Köhler 2009), the elevation
of three hydrobiid subfamilies (Amnicolidae, Cochliopidae, and
Lithoglyphidae) to family rank (Wilke et al. 2001), and the subsumation of Ancylidae within Planorbidae (Bouchet and Rocroi
2005; Albrecht et al. 2007). At the species level, systematics is
similarly problematic for large portions of the freshwater gas-
Olive Nerite Neritina usnea from the Blakeley River, Baldwin County, Alabama. This species is broadly distributed in creeks along the Gulf Coast
and occasionally ventures into rivers. Photo Credit: Thomas Tarpley,
ADCNR.
tropod fauna. In general, families with species that attain large
adult size occurring in eastern North America (e.g., Viviparidae,
Pleuroceridae) have historically received the most attention and
typically have the most complex taxonomic histories. For example, over 800 nominal species of Pleuroceridae (Graf 2001) have
been reduced to 162 species currently considered valid (Burch
1989; Turgeon et al. 1998; Appendix). Ecophenotypic variation
along clines or intraspecific variation has led to widespread confusion about species circumscription and the names that should
be applied to them (Minton et al. 2008). In contrast, families of
small-sized species (e.g., Assimineidae, Cochliopidae, Hydrobiidae, Lithoglyphidae) that remained largely unknown for much
of the 19th century now benefit from modern descriptions, including molecular data, detailed anatomical diagnoses, and museum vouchering of type material (e.g., Hershler et al. 2007a).
However, knowledge of actual species diversity for even wellresearched groups is still incomplete (Hershler and Liu 2012).
Modern inventories (within the last 30 years) are lacking for
most states and Canadian provinces or territories, leaving large
gaps in knowledge of current species distributions. Targeted
surveys in Alabama revealed isolated populations of several
species previously considered extinct—for example, the Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica, Teardrop Elimia Elimia lachryma,
Wicker Ancylid Rhodacmea filosa, Oblong Rocksnail Leptoxis
compacta—or critically imperiled species—for example, Cylindrical Lioplax Lioplax cyclostomaformis (Hershler et al. 1990;
Ó Foighil et al. 2011; Whelan et al. 2012b; P. D. Johnson and J.
T. Garner, unpublished data). Museum databases have not kept
pace with the rapidly evolving taxonomic landscape and often
reflect outdated information. These outdated records can perpetuate identification errors and often result in the extension of
species distributions outside known ranges (i.e., false positives).
LIST OF TAXA (APPENDIX)
This compilation includes 703 species, of which 67 are
presumed extinct (9.5%), 278 are endangered (39.5%), 102 are
threatened (14.5%), 73 are vulnerable (10.4%), 157 are currently
stable (22.3%), and another 26 (3.7%) are unknown (Figure 1).
Considering that 74% of all species are imperiled or extinct,
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251
freshwater gastropods have the highest imperilment level of any
taxonomic group evaluated by the AFS. The 74% imperilment
rate for gastropods is higher than fishes (39%; Jelks et al. 2008),
and crayfishes (48%; Taylor et al. 2007) and similar to the 72%
imperilment rate for freshwater mussels (Williams et al. 1993).
The complete taxon list is presented in the Appendix.
The Appendix is arranged alphabetically by family, genus,
and species. Data for each species include scientific name,
taxonomic authority, common name, AFS conservation status
(Extinct, Endangered, Threatened, Vulnerable, and Currently
Stable), NatureServe status (GX, G1, G2, G3, etc.), and legal
status if applicable (online version only). Distribution data are
presented in alphabetical order by the two-letter postal code for
each state, Canadian province, or territory. In several instances,
distributions include extralimital occurrences for native species introduced outside of their known historical ranges (e.g.,
Ampullariidae, Viviparidae, Lymnaeidae, Physidae). Approximately 30 species from 11 families not native to Canada or the
United States (Turgeon et al. 1998) were excluded from this
evaluation.
AQUATIC GASTROPOD FAMILIES
The following section is a brief synopsis of diagnostic
characters, size range, life history traits, distribution patterns,
and conservation summary for the 16 families recognized
herein (Table 1). Families are organized alphabetically by clade
(Caenogastropoda, Heterobranchia, Neritimorpha).
Caenogastropoda—Ampullarioidea
Ampullariidae—Applesnails
Represented in North America by a single native species,
the Florida applesnail (Pomacea paludosa; Appendix; Plate 1)
is native to southern Alabama, Georgia, and Florida, and introduced in North Carolina (Appendix). It is the largest native
Figure 1. Summary of AFS conservation statuses for freshwater gastropods from Canada and the United States based on species status reviews
in the Appendix.
North American freshwater gastropod species, often exceeding 60 mm in adult shell length. All members of the family are
capable of respiring with both gill and “lung,” enabling them
to tolerate low DO and prolonged periods of aerial exposure
(Burch 1989). Males have a modified section of mantle that
forms a penis. Females lay masses containing hundreds of eggs
on emergent vegetation and other firm surfaces above the water
line from spring to early fall; juveniles drop into the water after
hatching (Sharfstein and Steinman 2001). Individuals apparently live several years (Estoy et al. 2002). The Florida Applesnail is the predominant prey in peninsular Florida of the Snail
Kite, a federally protected bird (Beissinger 1990). The species
is currently considered stable (Appendix).
Caenogastropoda—Rissooidea
Amnicolidae—Dusky Pebblesnails
With 18 North American species in four genera, these small
gastropods (<5 mm adult shell length) are found in a wide variety of habitats. About 25% of species are restricted to subterranean streams (Appendix; Plate 2).The remaining four species
occur predominantly in rivers and creeks in the eastern United
States and southeastern Canada. Some appear to graze on algae
and biofilm on hard substrates (Kesler 1981). Males have a
highly modified penis on the side of the neck, which, as in other
Rissooidea, provides the primary diagnostic character used in
their identification (Hershler and Ponder 1998). Females typically attach eggs singly to vegetation or other firm surfaces in
the spring and early summer (Davis 1961) and generally have a
life span of less than 2 years (Servos et al. 1985). With 11 species currently classified as extinct, endangered, threatened, or
vulnerable, the family has a 61% imperilment rate.
Caenogastropoda—Rissooidea Assimineidae—Badwater
Pebblesnails
This largely marine family is represented in North America
by two inland species (<5 mm adult shell length) specifically
adapted to moderately saline springs in west Texas and California (Appendix; Plate 2). However, recent molecular work
(Hershler and Liu 2008) suggests that there may be at least three
undescribed California taxa. Males possess a distinctive penis
like other Rissooidea (Hershler et al. 2007b). Life histories of
these species are not well known, but a Japanese reed marsh
species has a lifespan of 3–5 years (Kurata and Kikuchi 1999).
Though some other pebblesnail families have species that occur
in saline springs, assimineids are exclusive to these isolated
habitats, typically occupying the spring margins and emergent
vegetation (Sada 2001). The highly restricted ranges explain the
100% imperilment rate for the family.
Caenogastropoda—Rissooidea Cochliopidae—Tryonia
Pebblesnails
Including 48 North American species in 14 genera, these
small gastropods (<5 mm adult shell length) are found in many
aquatic habitats, including caves, freshwater springs, saline
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Table 1. Taxonomic distribution, percentage imperiled, and number of
extinct Canadian and United States freshwater gastropods assessed
herein. Classification follows Bouchet and Rocroi (2005). The category
“Officially listed” lists the number of endangered, threatened, or candidate
species formally designated by COSEWIC and the USFWS.
Family
Genera
Species
Percentage Number
imperiled
extinct
Officially
listed
Ampullariidae
1
1
0
0
0
Amnicolidae
4
18
61
1
0
Assimineidae
1
2
100
0
1
Cochliopidae
14
48
91
0
6
Hydrobiidae
16
185
92
4
14
Lithoglyphidae
11
73
64
4
2
Pleuroceridae
7
162
79
33
8
Pomatiopsidae
1
6
66
1
0
Semisulcospiridae
1
11
91
1
0
Viviparidae
4
21
24
0
3
Neritidae
1
5
60
0
0
Acroloxidae
1
1
100
0
0
Lymnaeidae
9
61
60
10
3
Physidae
5
47
55
1
3
Planorbidae
16
52
44
10
1
Valvatidae
1
10
50
1
0
Total
93
703
67
23
springs, and brackish waters (Appendix; Hershler 2001; Plate
2). Most are highly localized in streams or springs and, consequently, the family has a high imperilment rate (91%). A single
widely distributed species that inhabits saline springs, the Saltmarsh Hydrobe Spurwinkia salsa, is also known from Canada.
The life histories of most species are unknown, but males
possess a distinctive penis on the side of the neck (Hershler
2001). Females of some species lay eggs singly on hard substrates (Taylor 1987), and at least one species is parthenogenic
(Hershler et al. 2005). Although formal studies are lacking, it
is likely that these species have a lifespan of less than 2 years,
similar to other hydrobiids. Most are restricted to the southern
and western United States, with a single Canadian species (Appendix).
Caenogastropoda—Rissooidea Hydrobiidae—
Pyrg Pebblesnails
This is the most diverse North American gastropod family,
with 185 species in 14 genera; the genus Pyrgulopsis alone contains 124 species (Appendix). Most are very small, <5 mm adult
shell length. Typically found in springs, creeks, and small to
medium rivers, many are restricted in range, with more than 151
species known from fewer than 10 localities (92% imperilment
rate). They reach their highest diversity in the southwestern
and southeastern United States, with only five species known
from Canada (Appendix; Plate 2). Most species are dioecious,
with males possessing a distinctive penis (Hershler and Ponder
1998). Females of several genera lay eggs singly on hard substrates, including the shells of other gastropods (Johnson and
Garner, unpublished data). Few detailed life history studies have been completed, but the maximum age of at least
one species is 2 years (Mladenka and Minshall 2001).
Caenogastropoda—Rissooidea Lithoglyphidae—
River Pebblesnails
This diverse family includes 73 North American species in 11 genera. They inhabit rivers and creeks of the
southeastern and western United States, with several species from the Midwest and three from Canada. Most species are small (adult shell length <5 mm) and endemic to
a single river system (Appendix; Plate 1). Consequently,
the family has a high rate of imperilment (64%). Males
possess a distinctive penis (Hershler and Ponder 1998)
and females usually lay eggs singly in the spring. However, the Flat Pebblesnail Lepyrium showalteri lays a
“superclutch” to which multiple females contribute (Figure 2). Many species appear to be annual species, with
most individuals dying soon after the reproductive season; for example, Somatogyrus spp. and Lepyrium showalteri (Johnson, unpublished data).
Caenogastropoda—Cerithioidea
Pleuroceridae—Freshwater Periwinkles
Recent molecular studies of pleurocerids have revealed that the current classification requires substantial
revision in order to reflect evolutionary history (e.g., Holznagel
and Lydeard 2000; Minton and Lydeard 2003; Hayes et al. 2007;
Dillon and Robinson 2009; Dillon 2011). Interim taxonomic rearrangements (e.g., Dillon 2011) are likely inadequate. Consequently, herein we retain the Turgeon et al. (1998) classification
until a synthetic and comprehensive taxonomy of pleurocerids
is constructed.
Pleurocerids are the second most diverse group of North
American freshwater gastropods and one of the most imperiled
(79%). With 162 species in seven genera, they occur east of the
continental divide primarily in rivers and creeks, attaining their
highest diversity in drainages of the southeastern United States.
Only two wide-ranging species have distributions that extend
into Canada (Appendix; Plate 1). Adult shell length ranges from
1 to 5 cm and shell morphology can be highly variable within
and among species (Burch 1989; Whelan et al. 2012a). Males
lack a penis (Strong 2005) and females attach egg capsules to
firm substrates singly, in lines, or in well-defined concentric
clutches (Whelan et al. 2012a, 2012b). Juveniles often reach
maturity in one year and the maximum life span seems to be 2–6
years for most species (Brown et al. 2008; P. D. Johnson, unpublished data). In some rivers, pleurocerids can achieve extraordinary densities, exceeding 1,500/m2 (Johnson and Brown 1997).
Slow growth, prolonged maturation, and narrow ecological
tolerances contribute to their exceptional vulnerability (Brown
and Johnson 2004); pleurocerids account for over half of the 67
gastropod extinctions reported here (Appendix; Plate 3).
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253
Plate 1. Apertural views of assorted North American freshwater gastropods. Top Row (L-R): Acella haldemani, USNM
569406, Fishtrap Lake, Wisconsin; Lioplax pilsbryi, USNM 709961, Chipola River, Florida; Juga plicifera, USNM 12135,
Oregon; Aplexa elongata, ANSP 73703, Belle Isle, Michigan. Second Row (L-R): Bulimnaea megasoma, USNM 569420,
Kashabowie Lake, Ontario; Neritina usnea, USNM 835884, Lake Seminole, Florida; Lanx alta, ANSP 345218, Trinity
River, California; Pomacea paludosa, Swamps Pompano, Florida. Third Row (L-R): Io luvialis, USNM 119349, Clinch
River, Tennessee; Pomatiopsis lapidaria, ANSP 192844, White River, Arkansas; Lymnaea stagnalis, USNM 41020,
Oneida Lake, New York: Fluminicola virens, USNM 883676, Willamette River, Oregon. Bottom Row (L-R) Gyraulus
delectus, USNM 336597, Stillwater River, Maine; Campeloma crassulum, USNM 106143, New Harmony, Indiana;
Physella hendersoni, USNM 251132, Charleston, South Carolina; Lithasia armigera, USNM 121760, Cumberland River,
Tennessee. Scale bars next to gastropods are 1, 5 or 10 mm in length (photos by Thomas Tarpley, ADCNR).
254
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Plate 2. Apertural views of assorted North American freshwater gastropods. Top Row (L-R): Stiobia nana, USNM
854934, Coldwater Spring, Alabama; Lyogyrus pupoides, USNM 336437, Stillwater River, Maine; Galba perpolita,
USNM, 473102, Agattu Island, Alaska; Leptoxis dilatata, USNM 1155170, Indian Creek, West Virginia. Second Row
(L–R): Pyrgophorus platyrachis, USNM 874863, Sulphur Spring, Florida; Valvata bicarinata, USNM 76627, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania; Tryonia clathrata, USNM 791488, Pyramid Lake, Nevada; Lepyrium showalteri, USNM 672419, Cahaba
River, Alabama. Third Row (L–R): Assiminea pecos, USNM 1155172, Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico; Acroloxus coloradensis, USNM 883768, Hudson Bay, Montana; Rhodacmea ilosa, USNM 1155171, Choccolocco
Creek, Alabama; Antroselates spiralis, USNM 854700, Valley Cave, Kentucky; Alabama. Bottom Row (L-R) Pyrgulopsis
coloradensis, USNM 854641, Blue Point Spring, Nevada; Amnicola limosus, USNM 451730, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Erinna newcombi, ANSP 162210, Hanakapiai, Kauai, Hawaii; Lithasia lima, ANSP 124850, Elk River, Tennessee.
Scale bars next to gastropods are 1 or 5 mm in length (photos by Thomas Tarpley, ADCNR).
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255
Caenogastropoda—Viviparoidea
Viviparidae—Mystery Snails
Figure 2. A clutch of eggs deposited by the Flat Pebblesnail Lepyrium
showalteri, a federally endangered gastropod endemic to the Cahaba
River system in central Alabama. Multiple females contribute to this
large “super clutch.” Each small, orange-colored egg is surrounded by
a large fluid-filled capsule. Females lay eggs from March through May,
after which more than 85% senesce and die. Newly hatched juveniles
must reach reproductive size within a few months, prior to cooler winter
temperatures. Photo Credit: Randall Haddock, Cahaba River Society.
Caenogastropoda—Rissooidea Pomatiopsidae—
Amphibious Walker
This family contains six North American species in the
genus Pomatiopsis that range from the St. Lawrence River basin
to Pacific drainages along the California and Oregon coast.
Only a single widely distributed species, the Slender Walker
Pomatiopsis lapidaria, is known from Canada (Appendix; Plate
1). They are generally found in seeps, along spring margins, in
flowing water, and in lakes (Burch 1989). These small gastropods (usually ≤5 mm adult shell length) live at least 2 years
(Dundee 1957) and have a curious loping mode of locomotion
(hence “walkers”). They apparently feed on detritus deposited
along channel margins (van der Schalie 1959). Males possess
a distinctive penis; females deposit egg capsules attached to
gravel or coarse sand (van der Schalie and Dundee 1956). Three
Pacific taxa are narrow endemics (66% imperilment rate) and
the single species from northern Alabama is considered extinct
(Plate 3).
Caenogastropoda—Cerithioidea Semisulcospiridae—
Pacific Slope Periwinkles
Previously a subfamily of Pleuroceridae (Strong and Köhler
2009), this family currently includes 11 species in the genus
Juga restricted to Pacific drainages north of the Sacramento
River to British Columbia (Strong and Frest 2007). Two species
are currently known from British Columbia (Appendix; Plate
1). Semisulcospirids are generally large (up to 4 cm) and graze
on periphyton in streams and rivers. In some streams, population densities can exceed 500 m2, representing over 90% of the
invertebrate grazing biomass (Hawkins and Furnish 1987). Females lay a large gelatinous clutch of eggs in the spring (Clarke
1976). All but one species are considered imperiled (91%) and
one may be extinct (Appendix; Plates 1 and 4).
256
Native to drainages east of the Continental Divide, these
large species (>3 cm adult shell length) occur predominately
in rivers, but several are associated with lentic habitats where
they may be very abundant (Brown and Lydeard 2010). Of the
21 species in four genera native to North America, five species
are imperiled (24%), including three federally protected narrow
endemics native to Alabama (Appendix; Plate 1). Only three
species are known from Canada, but one has questionable taxonomic status (Appendix). All species are ovoviviparous, with
crawling juveniles released at ≈ 3 mm in shell length. Viviparids
are detritivores or facultative suspension feeders (Richardson
and Brown 1989). Population densities are dependent on the organic content of associated sediments (Brown et al. 1989). They
live several years and densities of some species in large rivers
can be very high (see Tulotoma Recovery, p. 261). Males possess a penis formed by a modified right cephalic tentacle (Burch
1989); however, some species are parthenogenetic, which complicates genetics and confounds species boundaries (S. C. Johnson 1992; Katoh and Foltz 1994; Crummett and Wayne 2009).
Neritimorpha—Neritoidea Neritidae—Nerites
Most members of this family are marine species, but five
occur in fresh to brackish waters in estuaries and coastal southeastern rivers (two species) and Hawaii (three species). Two of
the Hawaiian species are endemic to the islands (Appendix).
They are of moderate size (≈2 cm shell length; Plate 1) and are
typically found on vegetation or firm substrates where females
attach eggs capsules (Brasher 1997). Males possess a penis adjacent to the right cephalic tentacle (Burch 1989). Veliger larvae
emerge from the egg capsules at hatching and drift downstream
before settling as crawling juveniles (Brasher 1997; Resh et al.
1992). Individuals migrate back upstream during their lifespan
of two or more years (Brasher 1997). The Hawaiian species
have a restricted range, giving the fresh to brackish members of
the family a 60% imperilment rate (Appendix).
Heterobranchia—Pulmonata—Acroloxoidea
Acroloxidae—Capshells
This family is represented in North America by one species,
the Rocky Mountain Capshell Acroloxus coloradensis, which is
restricted to isolated mountain lakes in Canada and the United
States (Appendix). Although a Canadian status review suggests
the possibility of more than one species (Lee and Ackerman
2001), relatively few populations of Rocky Mountain capshell
are known (100% imperilment rate for this family). Capshells
are small (<5 mm adult shell length), with limpet-like shells
(Plate 2). They are hermaphroditic and lay yellowish clutches
of two to three eggs on rocks, plant stems, or leaves during
summer and likely have a lifespan up to 2 years (Harrold and
Guralnick 2008).
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Plate 3. Apertural views of North American freshwater gastropods considered extinct. Top Row (L-R): Stagnicola utahensis, ANSP 187633, Lifton Bear Lake, Idaho; Pomatiopsis hinkleyi, ANSP 68449, Tennessee River, Alabama; Lithasia jayana, USNM 121760, Caney Fork, Tennessee; Elimia impressa, USNM 336364, Coosa River, Alabama. Second
Row (L-R): Amphigyra alabamensis, ANSP 100980, Coosa River, Alabama; Gyrotoma excisum, ANSP 174777, Coosa
River, Alabama; Planorbella traski, USNM 571751, Kern Lake, California; Lithasia hubrichti, USNM 636136, Big Black
River, Mississippi. Third Row (L-R): Athearnia crassa; USNM 119636, Holston River, Tennessee; Stagnicola pilsbryi,
ANSP 98545, Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge, Utah; Elimia clausa, 177083, Coosa River, Alabama; Somatogyrus
crassilabris USNM 271763, White River, Arkansas; Bottom Row (L-R): Neoplanorbis carinatus, ANSP 10112, Coosa
River, Alabama; Pyrgulopsis nevadensis, USNM 31272, Pyramid Lake, Nevada; Marstonia olivacea, USNM 528038, Big
Spring, Huntsville, Alabama; Clappia umbilicata, USNM 451821, Coosa River, Alabama. Scale bars next to gastropods
are 1 or 5 mm in length (photos by Thomas Tarpley, ADCNR).
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257
latitudes commonly live 2 years or more (DeWitt 1954; Pip and
Stewart 1976).
Heterobranchia—Pulmonata—Planorboidea
Planorbidae—Ramshorn Snails
Cylinder Campeloma Campeloma regulare from the Alabama River near
Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama. This species is broadly distributed
throughout the Mobile River Basin and is considered stable. Photo Credit:
Thomas Tarpley, ADCNR.
Heterobranchia—Pulmonata—Lymnaeoidea
Lymnaeidae—Elegant Pondsnails
With 61 North American species in nine genera, this family is most diverse in ponds and lakes of northern and western
United States and Canada (Burch 1989). Nearly half of all North
American species are found in Canada and two are endemic to
Hawaii (Appendix; Plate 2). A recent phylogeny suggests a single well-supported clade for North American taxa (Correa et al.
2010). Twenty-six species (42%) have distributions restricted to
two or fewer states/provinces, giving the family an overall 61%
imperilment rate (Appendix). Most of these hermaphroditic
species lay eggs in large gelatinous masses and juveniles grow
quickly, often with multiple generations produced in a single
year (Burch 1989). Species longevity may vary from several
months to 3 years but is generally longer at northern latitudes
(Burch 1989). Some lake species can reach substantial size, exceeding 30 mm in length; for example, the Mammoth Lymnaea
Bulimnaea megasoma, (Plate 1).
Heterobranchia—Pulmonata—Planorboidea Physidae—
Tadpole Pondsnails
This family has been the subject of several recent taxonomic revisions, not all of which agree (Taylor 2003; Dillon et
al. 2007, 2011; Wethington and Lydeard 2007; Pip and Franck
2008; Wethington et al. 2009). Given this instability, the new
species of Taylor (2003), Pip (2004), and Wethington et al.
(2009) are herein recognized, but the classification in Turgeon
et al. (1998) is retained.
These species are most commonly found in lentic environments, although some are restricted to rivers and springs. Fortyseven North American species in five genera are recognized
(Appendix; Plate 1), most occurring in northern and western
states, and 21 species in Canada (55% imperilment rate). Physids are hermaphroditic and generally lay large gelatinous egg
masses during warmer months (Burch 1989; Dillon et al. 2011;
Lepitzki 2013). Juveniles mature rapidly and multiple generations can be produced in a single year, but species from northern
258
Represented in North America by 52 species in 16 genera, most species have planispiral shells of variable size (5- to
25-mm shell width; Plates 3 and 4). Species in the subfamily
Ancylinae have secondarily adopted a limpet-like shell shape
and are now recognized as highly modified planorbids (Bouchet
and Rocroi 2005; Walther et al. 2006, 2010), although European
classifications have long recognized their planorbid affinities
(e.g., Hubendick 1978). There are 25 species distributed across
Canada (Appendix). Several genera are restricted to rivers, but
many species utilize ponds, lakes, and bogs, including some
low-DO environments (Burch 1989). Eggs from these hermaphroditic species are deposited singly or in large gelatinous
clutches on firm substrates. Many species produce multiple generations in a year, and others may take a year to reach maturity
(Burch 1989). Ten species (19%) are presumed to be extinct
(Appendix; Plate 3), and several others have highly restricted
distributions (44% imperilment rate).
Heterobranchia—Valvatoidea
Valvatidae—Gilled Flatsnails
Valvatids are Holarctic, occurring in large lakes and rivers
(Burch 1989). They are typically small (<8 mm shell width),
operculate, and possess a unique gill that protrudes outside
the mantle that allows them to tolerate low DO concentrations
(Burch 1989). They are hermaphroditic with a penis positioned
just beneath the right cephalic tentacle; some species have been
reported to lay eggs between March and October (Lysne and
Koetsier 2006). Of 10 North American species, seven have
broad distributions, four are imperiled, and one is presumed
extinct (50% imperilment rate; Appendix; Plate 2). The U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) recently delisted the only
federally protected species in the family—the Desert Valvata
Valvata utahensis—based upon new occurrence discoveries that
expanded its known range.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This assessment determined that of 703 gastropod species,
only 157 are currently stable. Of the remaining gastropods, 73
are vulnerable, 102 are threatened, 278 are endangered, 67 are
extinct or possibly extinct, and the conservation or taxonomic
status is ambiguous for 26 species (U or GU in the Appendix).
The 74% imperilment rate of freshwater gastropods exceeds all
other biota previously evaluated by AFS committees (Williams
et al. 1993; Musick et al. 2000; Taylor et al. 2007; Jelks et al.
2008), but this rate may be marginally eclipsed by the pending AFS mussel assessment (J. D. Williams, Florida Fish and
Wildlife Conservation Commission, personal communication).
This assessment agrees with earlier models and summaries for
North America (Ricciardi and Rassmussen 1999; Abell 2002).
This pattern of decline reflects the degree of freshwater habitat
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013• www.isheries.org
Plate 4. Apertural views of assorted North American freshwater gastropods. Top Row (L-R): Planorbella trivolvis,
USNM 519355, Joliet, Illinois; Viviparus subpurpureus, ANSP 157362, Wabash River, Indiana; Vorticifex effusa, USNM
742157, Klamath River, Oregon; Elimia boykiniana, Flint River, Georgia. Second Row (L-R): Juga acutiilosa, USNM
425495, Klamath River, California; Lithasia geniculata, USNM, 129026, Cumberland River, Kentucky; Pleurocera foremani, ANSP 175693, Kelly Creek, Alabama; Birgella subglobosus, ANSP 57043, Iowa River, Iowa. Third Row (L-R):
Elimia hydei, ANSP 122405, Black Warrior River, Alabama; Lithasia duttoniana, ANSP 334338, Duck River, Tennessee; Viviparus georgianus, ANSP 115729, Chicago River, Illinois; Tulotoma magniica, USNM 176002, Coosa River,
Alabama. Bottom Row (L-R): Pleurocera alveare, USNM 272182, Black River, Arkansas; Campeloma decampi, USNM
511325, Tennessee River, Alabama; Lioplax sulculosa, USNM 528050, Cedar River, Iowa; Elimia loridensis, ANSP
27526, Alexander Spring Creek, Florida. Scale bars next to gastropods are 1, 5 or 10 mm in length (photos by Thomas
Tarpley, ADCNR).
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259
Distributional surveys in Canada are more comprehensive
than comparable efforts for much of the United States (Figure
3; inset), but inventories in the United States are hampered by
high diversity, lack of state or regional guides with keys, and
unstable taxonomy for some groups. Although some states have
completed recent reviews (Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Indiana, New York, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Utah), state faunal
guides are rare. The lack of surveys results from the relatively
few biologists trained in the biology and systematics of freshwater gastropods and associated collection and preservation
techniques.
Helmet Rocksnail Lithasia duttoniana from the Duck River near Columbia, Maury County, Tennessee, is endemic to the middle and lower Duck
River; this species is usually found along channel margins. Photo Credit:
Thomas Tarpley, ADCNR.
Smooth Hornsnail Pleurocera prasinata from its type locality, the Alabama River near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama. This species is currently stable and broadly distributed throughout the Mobile River basin.
Photo Credit: Thomas Tarpley, ADCNR.
degradation and loss across the continent. In comparison to
other sensitive ecosystems, including deserts, coastal marine environments, and forests, freshwater environments are the most
threatened habitats in North America (Master et al. 2000; Heinz
Center Report 2002; Burkhead 2012b). Only caves qualify as
similarly imperiled ecosystems with moderate endemism but
low diversity (Noss 2000).
Significant progress has been made in understanding ecological roles of freshwater invertebrates; however, our current
knowledge of their distribution, systematics, biology, and ecology lags far behind our knowledge of freshwater fishes. The
inherent human bias toward terrestrial systems is even evident
in studies of freshwater fishes; for example, only about one third
of North American freshwater fishes have been the focus of detailed life history studies (Etnier and Starnes 1994; Jenkins and
Burkhead 1994; Boschung and Mayden 2004).
260
The M:BER ratio of 9,539 is the highest modern to background extinction rate reported for any group of organisms on
Earth (Pimm et al. 2006; Burkhead 2012b). Higher modern to
background extinction rates (as extinctions per million species
years) have been reported but these were based on future projections of models (Pereira et al. 2010a, 2010b; Barnosky et al.
2011). Considering the millions of years over which the fauna
evolved and that nearly a tenth of known taxa from Canada
and the United States have become extinct in only 112 years,
the modern to background extinction ratio reported here seems
intuitively low.
Mollusks have the highest numbers of documented extinctions among major taxonomic groups. The most extreme
example may be that land snails endemic to tropical Pacific
islands, which numbered in the thousands of species, have experienced even higher declines on a per island basis (Lydeard et
al. 2004). Given the current rates of anthropogenic degradation
of aquatic habitats (Vitousek et al. 1997; Ehrlich and Pringle
2008; Rockström et al. 2009) and the numbers of aquatic biota
in jeopardy of future extinctions in North America (Williams et
al. 1993; Taylor et al. 2007; Jelks et al. 2008; Burkhead 2012b;
this study) and worldwide (IUCN 2012), it is self-evident that
future rates of biodiversity loss will increase unless significant
changes are made to the way humans use natural resources and
modify landscapes.
Future priority conservation actions for freshwater gastropods include, but are not limited to (1) research on taxonomy,
distribution, and basic biology; (2) modern surveys including
detailed distributional and ecological requirements; (3) modernization mollusk collections including incorporating modern
nomenclature, verification of identifications, and georeferencing of localities; (4) protection and restoration of relict habitats and freshwater gastropod assemblages; and (5) promoting
freshwater species and ecosystem conservation and restoration
to the general public.
EXAMPLES OF CONSERVATION SUCCESS
Though the overall conservation status of freshwater gastropods from Canada and the United States is disconcerting, we
provide two examples of conservation successes that resulted
from decreased threats and habitat restoration.
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013• www.isheries.org
Figure 3. Map depicting approximate numbers of freshwater gastropod species by province and state for Canada and the United
States.
Recovery of Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica in Alabama
Once considered extinct, the Tulotoma was rediscovered in
the lower Coosa River, Alabama, in 1988 (Hershler et al. 1990).
This large viviparid was thought to have gone extinct because
of hydroelectric dam construction and water quality problems
throughout its 960-km historical distribution in the Coosa and
Alabama rivers. The Tulotoma is a sedentary filter feeder, clustering on the undersides of large boulders, forming aggregations
or “colonies” that can contain hundreds of individuals (Figure
4; USFWS 2000). Subsequent survey efforts confirmed five
extant populations in the Coosa River basin and the snail was
listed as endangered by the USFWS in 1991. Flow restoration
in the Coosa River below Jordon Dam by the Alabama Power
Company in the early 1990s dramatically improved water quality and increased downstream population levels of Tulotoma
(USFWS 2010). Subsequent surveys by Auburn University located five additional populations in Coosa tributaries (DeVries
2005). In 2006, the Alabama Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources (ADCNR) biologists found small numbers
of Tulotoma in the Alabama River and surveys completed in
2010 located four new Alabama River populations that were
more than 160 km distant from the Coosa River populations.
The abundances observed in new populations are attributed to
moderate water quality improvements in the Alabama River,
which increased populations to detectable thresholds. Because
all but one of the known populations have been stable or increasing for over a decade, along with the newly discovered
populations in the Alabama River, the USFWS formally downlisted the species from endangered to threatened in June 2011.
This represents the first successful down-listing of a freshwater
mollusk under the Endangered Species Act. If Tulotoma populations continue to improve over the next decade, it may be possible to delist the species. An adult female Tulotoma is shown
in Figure 5.
Habitat Recovery in the Cahaba River, Alabama
Located in central Alabama, the 304-km-long Cahaba
River is the second largest tributary in the Alabama River system. The Cahaba River harbors one of the most species-rich
faunas of mollusks and fishes in North America, although decades of poor land management and point and nonpoint source
pollution have severely degraded the river (O’Neil and Shepard
2000). Cahaba River headwaters located in Birmingham receive
more than 40 million gallons of discharge from 26 wastewater
treatment plants daily (Shepard et al. 1994). With nutrient levels
exceeding legal limits, the Environmental Protection Agency
forced Birmingham to upgrade and construct new wastewater
treatment facilities. Most of this work was completed by 2001.
Although problems remain, water quality improved dramatically, and in 2004 the USFWS established the Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge. Recent fish and mollusk inventories by
the Geological Survey of Alabama, University of Alabama, and
ADCNR documented 131 fish, 39 mussel, and 32 snail species
extant in the system. The Cahaba River basin hosts 11 federally
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261
Figure 4. A colony of the federally threatened Tulotoma attached to the
underside of a small boulder from lower Choccolocco Creek, Talladega
County, Alabama. Inset shows a large colony on the underside of a boulder from the lower Coosa River, Elmore County, Alabama. Photo Credit:
Paul Johnson.
Figure 5. A female Tulotoma from Choccolocco Creek, Talladega County,
Alabama. Photo Credit: Thomas Tarpley, ADCNR.
listed species, including three snails. All listed fish and mollusks
have shown range expansions and increasing numbers in recent
years, presumably due to improving water quality.
The Nature Conservancy of Alabama recently led efforts
to restore habitat by removing a large low-head concrete bridge
(slab) just upstream of the new Cahaba River National Wildlife
Refuge (Figure 6). Located in a section of river with exceptional
fish and mollusk diversity, the 64-m-long × 7-m-wide × 2-mhigh concrete bridge was an intermittent barrier to fish passage
and disrupted flows above and below the structure (Figure 6).
Pooled water behind the slab extended over 150 m upstream,
and water passing through the 47 culverts scoured the channel
bottom to bedrock downstream. With assistance from dozens
of individuals representing various government and private
conservation groups, mollusks were collected and removed in
a large area above and below the concrete slab and translocated
upstream. The slab was removed over a 3-day period in October
2004.
262
Figure 6. (A) Former Marvel Bridge located in the Cahaba River north of
the Cahaba National Wildlife Refuge. The bridge (slab) was constructed
by a mining company in the 1970s to move coal across the river and
remained after the mine closed. (B) Efforts by the Nature Conservancy of
Alabama culminated in its removal in late 2004, which improved habitat
conditions over a kilometer of river and eliminated a barrier to fish passage. Photo Credit: Paul Freeman, the Nature Conservancy of Alabama.
Slab removal initiated dramatic increases in snail densities, not only in the slab footprint and pool but downstream as
well (Figure 7). Snail recovery was rapid and over the next few
years, densities grew nearly exponentially. Importantly, densities of two federally listed snails increased more than 50-fold at
the site. Subsequent monitoring of the fish community showed
considerable expansion of the federally threatened Goldline
Darter Percina aurolineata (B. Kuhadja, Tennessee Aquarium
Conservation Institute, personal communication).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
The species database is available at the joint U.S. Geological
Survey/AFS website (Johnson et al. 2013), along with extensive
supplementary bibliographic information for North American
freshwater gastropods and additional examples of recovery successes. The gastropod database and forthcoming AFS mussel
conservation assessment will also be hosted by the Freshwater
Mollusk Conservation Society (FMCS 2013), along with other
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013• www.isheries.org
general information about freshwater
mollusks. Updated G-ranks, heritage
conservation status, and global, national, and subnational distributions
can be found at the NatureServe website (NatureServe 2013).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Jamie Smith, North
Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, for generating Figure 3. We
are grateful to the numerous museum
curators who provided access to the
collections under their care during
the preparation of this database. We
also thank AFS Fisheries staff and
especially Endangered Species Chair
Howard Jelks for their assistance in
publication. We thank Paul Callo- Figure 7. Gastropod densities in the Cahaba River above and below the Marvel Slab, from before slab
mon, Academy of Natural Sciences removal in 2004 and after its removal (2005, 2006, and 2007); data courtesy of the the Nature Conservancy of Alabama. Bars indicate mean gastropod densities compiled from 10 Surber samples collected
Philadelphia, for his technical as- at each monitoring location.
sistance in photographing the micro
planorbids. We thank Steve Ahlstedt
for his assistance with the review process and his innumerable contributions to freshwater mollusk conservation over the
years. Randall Haddock of the Cahaba River Society and Paul
Freeman of the Nature Conservancy of Alabama contributed
photographs. Thanks are extended to Buck Albert (Cherokee
Nation Technology Solutions) and Howard Jelks (U.S. Geological Survey), Gainesville, Florida, for development of the website. We also gratefully acknowledge the contributions of two
anonymous reviewers. Finally, a special thanks to Jim Williams,
whose invaluable assistance facilitated completion of this assessment. This work was supported in part from various funding
sources including the Alabama Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources, the Smithsonian Institution, North Carolina
Furrowed Lioplax Lioplax sulculosa from the Tennessee River near
Museum of Natural Sciences, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Florence, Lauderdale County, Alabama. This species is broadly distributed
Service. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descripthroughout the Mississippi River basin. Photo Credit: Thomas Tarpley,
tive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.
ADCNR.
Government.
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From the Archives
The art of practical trout culture has,
however, a very brief history. It is
true that fish culture has been practiced,
from time immemorial, by the southern
Asiatics; that it was common among the
Romans before the Christian era; that
fish eggs were artificially impregnated
and hatched by a monk in the middle ages.
It is also true that a German army officer hatched salmon and trout about the
middle of the eighteenth century, that
experiments of a similar character were
made in Great Britain and Norway and
the United States, and that the French
organized and kept in operation a large
government fish-breeding establishment,
till their late disastrous war with the
Germans; but it was not--and I say it
with pride--it was not till the persevering and far-seeing efforts of Stephen
H. Ainsworth, and the wonderful genius
of Seth Green, had been directed to the
subject, that trout culture passed from
the stage of experiment to that of a popular and practical branch of industry.
Livingston Stone (1872): Trout Culture,
Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society, 1:1, 46-56.
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013 • www.isheries.org
267
APPENDIX. The 2012 AFS list of freshwater gastropods from Canada and the United States. Column headings are taxon (binomen) and species author(s), AFS common names [uncertain classification is denoted within brackets], AFS status and NatureServe G-ranks, and inferred distribution (alphabetic listing of states and
provinces in which species are believed to occur); bold family names are followed by number of genera and species (or monotypic). Status abbreviations are provided
in the text.
Taxon
AFS common name
Family Acroloxidae
1 Genus,
1 species
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Acroloxus coloradensis (Henderson, 1930)
Rocky Mountain Capshell
Family Lymnaeidae
9 Genera,
61 species
V
G3
CO, MT; Canada: AB, BC, ON, QC
Acella haldemani (Binney, 1867)
Bulimnaea megasoma (Say, 1824)
Spindle Lymnaea
V
G3
IL, MI, MN, NY, OH, VT, WI; Canada: ON, QC
Mammoth Lymnaea
CS
G4G5
IA, MI, MN, NY, OH, VT, WI; Canada: MB, ON, QC
Erinna aulacospira (Ancey, 1899)
Hawaiian Bugle
Xp
GH
HI
Erinna newcombi Adams and Adams, 1855
Newcomb's Bugle
E
G1
HI
Fisherola nuttalli (Haldeman, 1841)
Shortface Lanx
T
G2
ID, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY; Canada: BC
Galba alberta Baker, 1919
Alberta Fossaria
E
G1Q
Canada: AB
Galba bulimoides (Lea, 1841)
Prairie Fossaria
CS
G5
AR, CA, CO, ID, KS, MN, MO, MT, NE, OR, SD, TX, UT, WA; Canada: AB, BC, MB, SK
Galba cockerelli Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906
[uncertain classification]
V
G3G4Q
AZ, ID, NE, NM, SD, TX, WA; Canada: AB, BC
Galba cubensis (Pfeiffer, 1839)
Carib Fossaria
CS
G5
AL, CA, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, NM, SC, TX
Galba cyclostoma (Walker, 1808)
Bugle Fossaria
Xp
GH
MI, NY
Galba dalli (Baker, 1907)
Dusky Fossaria
CS
G5
AZ, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NY, OH, PA, SD, TX, VA, WI, WV, WY; Canada: AB,
BC, MB, ON, SK
Galba exigua (Lea, 1841)
Graceful Fossaria
CS
G5Q
AL, CT, IA, ID, IL, IN, KY, MA, ME, MI, MN, MO, NY, OH, OR, PA, TN, VA, WA, WI, WV;
Canada: MB, ON, QC
Galba galbana (Say, 1825)
Boreal Fossaria
CS
G5
CT, ME, MI; Canada: , AB, BC, MB, NT, NU, ON, QC, SK
Galba humilis (Say, 1822)
Marsh Fossaria
CS
G5
KY, MD, ME, MO, NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SC, VA; Canada: ON, QC, PE
Galba modicella (Say, 1825)
Rock Fossaria
CS
G5
AK, AL, AZ, CA, CT, FL, IA, ID, IL, IN, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, ND, NE, NH,
NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB,
NB, NS, NT, NU, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT
Galba obrussa (Say, 1825)
Golden Fossaria
CS
G5
AK, AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO,
MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT,
WA, WI, WV, WY; Canada: AB, MB, NF, NS, NT, SK
Galba parva (Lea, 1841)
Pygmy Fossaria
CS
G5
AZ, CO, CT, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OH,
OK, PA, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, WI, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NT, NU, ON, QC, SK
Galba peninsulae (Walker, 1908)
[uncertain classification]
CS
G5Q
ME, MI, WI
Galba perplexa Baker and Henderson, 1929
[uncertain classification]
E
G1G2Q
CA, WA
Galba perpolita (Dall, 1905)
Glossy Fossaria
Xp
GH
AK
Galba rustica (Lea, 1841)
Rusty Fossaria
CS
G5Q
CO, CT, IL, IN, KS, MA, ME, MI, MO, NE, NM, NY, PA, UT, VT, WV; Canada: AB, MB, NS, NT,
NU, ON, SK
Galba sonomaensis Hemphill, 1906
Sonoma Fossaria
T
G2Q
CA
Galba tazewelliana (Wolf, 1870)
Tazwell Fossaria
Xp
GH
IA, IL
Galba techella Haldeman, 1867
[uncertain classification]
V
G3G4Q
AR, AZ, CA, KS, LA, MO, NE, NM, NV, OK, TX, UT; Canada: AB, BC
Galba truncatula (Muller, 1774)
Attenuate Fossaria
CS
G5
AK; Canada: BC, YT
Galba vancouverensis Baker, 1939
[uncertain classification]
Xp
GHQ
WA; Canada: BC
Lanx alta (Tryon, 1865)
Highcap Lanx
T
G2
CA, OR
Lanx klamathensis Hannibal, 1912
Scale Lanx
E
G1
CA, OR
Lanx patelloides (Lea, 1856)
Kneecap Lanx
E
G1
CA
Lanx subrotunda (Tryon, 1865)
Rotund Lanx
T
G2
OR
Lanx sp
Banbury Springs Limpet
E
G1
ID
Lymnaea atkaensis Dall, 1884
Frigid Lymnaea
CS
G4G5
AK; Canada: BC, NT, YT
Lymnaea producta (Mighels, 1845)
[uncertain classification]
V
G3
HI
Lymnaea rubella Lea, 1841
Aloha Lymnea
Xp
GH
HI
Pseudosuccinea columella (Say, 1817)
Mimic Lymnaea
CS
G5
AL, AR, AZ, CA, CT, FL, GA, HI, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS,
NC, NH, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY; Canada: AB,
BC, MB, NB, NS, ON, QC
Stagnicola apicina (Lea, 1838)
Abbreviate Pondsnail
CS
G5
ID, MI, MN, MT, ND, OR, SD, WA, WI, WY; Canada: BC, ON
Stagnicola arctica (Lea, 1864)
Arctic Pondsnail
CS
G5
AK; Canada: AB, BC, LB, MB, NF, NT, NU, ON, QC, SK, YT
Stagnicola bonnevillensis (Call, 1884)
Fat-Whorled Pondsnail
E
G1
UT, WY
Stagnicola caperata (Say, 1829)
Wrinkled Marshsnail
CS
G5
AK, AL, CA, CO, IA, ID, IL, IN, MA, MD, ME, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OH, OR, PA,
SD, TX, UT, WA, WI, WV, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, ON, SK, YT
268
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013• www.isheries.org
Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Stagnicola catascopium (Say, 1817)
Woodland Pondsnail
CS
G5
CT, IA, IL, IN, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MT, ND, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, SD, VT, WA, WI,
WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NB, NT, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK
Stagnicola contracta (Currier, 1881)
Deepwater Pondsnail
E
G1
MI
Stagnicola elodes (Say, 1821)
Marsh Pondsnail
CS
G5
AK, CA, CO, CT, IA ID, IL, IN, KY, KS, MA, ME, MI, MN, MO, MT, NE, ND, NH, NJ, NM, NY,
OH, OR, PA, RI, SD, UT, VT, WA, WI, WY; Canada: AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, NS, NT, NU, ON,
PE, QC, SK, YT
Stagnicola elrodi (Baker and Henderson,
1933)
Flathead Pondsnail
E
G1Q
MT
Stagnicola elrodiana Baker, 1935
Longmouth Pondsnail
E
G1Q
MT
Stagnicola emarginata (Say, 1821)
St Lawrence Pondsnail
CS
G5
IA, ME, MI, MN, NH, NY, NT, OH, PA, VT, WI; Canada: NB, ON, QC
Stagnicola exilis (Lea, 1834)
Flat-Whorled Pondsnail
CS
G5
IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, OH, WI; Canada: AB, MB, ON, QC, SK
Stagnicola gabbi (Tryon, 1865)
Striate Pondsnail
E
G1
CA
Stagnicola hinkleyi (Baker, 1906)
Rustic Pondsnail
T
G2
ID
Stagnicola idahoensis (Henderson, 1931)
Shortspire Pondsnail
E
G1
ID
Stagnicola kennicotti Baker, 1933
Western Arctic Pondsnail
T
G2
Canada: NT, NU
Stagnicola mighelsi (Binney, 1865)
Bigmouth Pondsnail
E
G1G2
ME
Stagnicola montanensis (Baker, 1913)
Mountain Marshsnail
V
G3
ID, MT, NV, UT, WY; Canada: AB, BC
VA
Stagnicola neopalustris (Baker, 1911)
Piedmont Pondsnail
Xp
GH
Stagnicola oronoensis (Baker, 1904)
Obese Pondsnail
T
G2G3
ME; Canada: ON
Stagnicola petoskeyensis (Walker, 1908)
Petosky Pondsnail
Xp
GH
MI
Stagnicola pilsbryi (Hemphill, 1890)
Fish Springs Marshsnail
X
GX
UT
Stagnicola traski (Tryon, 1863)
Widelip Pondsnail
V
G3
CA, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY; Canada: AB, BC
Stagnicola utahensis (Call, 1884)
Thickshell Pondsnail
X
GX
UT
Stagnicola walkeriana Baker, 1926
Calabash Pondsnail
CS
G4
IL, IN, MI, MN, WI; Canada: ON
Stagnicola woodruffi (Baker, 1901)
Coldwater Pondsnail
T
G2G3
IL, IN, MI, MN, NY, WI; Canada: MB, ON
Family Physidae
5 Genera,
47 species
Aplexa elongata (Say, 1821)
Lance Aplexa
CS
G5
AK, CO, CT, DC, IA, ID, IL, IN, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, NH, NV, NY, OH, OR, PA,
SD, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NB, NS, NT, NU, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT
Archiphysa ashmuni Taylor, 2003
San Rafael Physa
E
G1
NM
Archiphysa sonomae Taylor, 2003
Sonoma Physa
E
G1
CA
Laurentiphysa chippuvarum Taylor, 2003
Chippewa Physa
E
G1
WI
Physa carolinae Wethington, Dillon, Wise,
2009
Carolina Physa
CS
G4
GA, NC, SC, VA
Physa jennessi Dall, 1919
Obtuse Physa
CS
G5
AK, ID, MN, MT, ND, WY; Canada: BC, MB, NT, NU, ON, QC, SK, YT
Physa megalochlamys Taylor, 1988
Cloaked Physa
V
G3
CO, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY; Canada: AB, BC, SK
Physa natricina Taylor, 1988
Snake River Physa
E
G1
ID
Physa sibirica Westerlund, 1876
Frigid Physa
CS
G4G5
AK; Canada: NT, YT
Physa skinneri Taylor, 1954
Glass Physa
CS
G5
AK, CO, CT, IA, ID, IL, MA, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, NV, NY, OH, PA, RI, SD, UT, WA, WI, WY;
Canada: AB, BC, MB, NT, ON, QC, SK, YT
Physa vernalis Taylor and Jokinen, 1984
Vernal Physa
V
G3
CT, MA, MI, NY, OH, PA, RI; Canada: ON, NF
Physella ancillaria (Say, 1825)
Pumpkin Physa
CS
G5Q
CT, MA, ME, MI, MN, NH, NJ, NY,OH, PA, RI, VA, VT, WI, WY; Canada: NB, NF, QC
Physella bermudezi (Aguayo, 1935)
Lowdome Physa
CS
G4Q
FL
Physella bottimeri (Clench, 1924)
Comanche Physa
V
G3Q
NM, OK, TX
Physella boucardi (Cross and Fischer, 1881)
Desert Physa
CS
G5Q
CA, NV
Physella columbiana (Hemphill, 1890)
Rotund Physa
T
G2
MT, OR, WA, WY; Canada: BC
Physella conoidea (Fischer and Crosse, 1886)
Texas Physa
V
G3Q
TX
Physella cooperi (Tryon, 1865)
Olive Physa
V
G3
CA, ID, NV, OR, WA, WY
Physella costata (Newcomb, 1861)
Ornate Physa
E
G1
CA
Physella cubensis (Pfeiffer, 1839)
Carib Physa
CS
G5Q
AL, FL, GA
Physella globosa (Haldeman, 1841)
Globose Physa
V
G3Q
KY, OH, TN
Physella gyrina (Say, 1821)
Tadpole Physa
CS
G5
AK, AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO,
MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT,
WA, WI, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NT, NU, ON, QC, SK, YT
Physella hemphilli Taylor, 2003
Idaho Physa
E
G1
ID
Physella hendersoni (Clench, 1925)
Bayou Physa
CS
G5Q
AL, FL, GA, MO, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV
Physella heterostropha (Say, 1817)
Pewter Physa
CS
G5Q
AL, AR, CO, CT, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, MD, ME, MO, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, SC,
TN, TX, VA, VT, WI, WV, WY; Canada: BC, NB, NF, NS, PE, QC
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269
Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Physella hordacea (Lea, 1864)
Grain Physa
E
G1Q
OR, WA; Canada: BC
Physella humerosa (Gould, 1855)
Corkscrew Physa
V
G3Q
AZ, CA
Physella integra (Haldeman, 1841)
Ashy Physa
CS
G5Q
CO, IA, IL, IN, KY, MI, MN, ND, NY, OH, PA, SD, TN, TX, VT, WI, WV, WY; Canada: BC, MB,
ON, QC
Physella johnsoni (Clench, 1926)
Banff Springs Physa
E
G1
Canada, AB
Physella lordi (Baird, 1863)
Twisted Physa
CS
G5Q
CA, ID, MI, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WI; Canada: BC
Physella magnalacustris (Walker, 1901)
Great Lakes Physa
T
G2Q
ME, MI, WI; Canada: ON
Physella mexicana (Philippi, 1841)
Polished Physa
CS
G4Q
AZ, ID, NM, OR, TX, UT
Physella microstriata (Chamberlain and
Berry, 1930)
Fish Lake Physa
X
GX
UT
Physella osculans (Haldeman, 1841)
Cayuse Physa
V
G3Q
AZ, CA, NV
Physella parkeri (Currier, 1881)
Broadshoulder Physa
T
G2Q
ME, MI, WI; Canada: ON, QC
Physella pomilia Conrad, 1834
Claiborne Physa
CS
G5
AL, FL, GA, KS, KY, LA, MO, MS, NC, NE, SC, TN, VA, WV
Physella propinqua (Tryon, 1865)
Rocky Mountain Physa
CS
G5Q
CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY; Canada: BC
Physella spelunca (Turner and Clench, 1974)
Cave Physa
E
G1
WY
Physella squalida (Morelet, 1851)
Squalid Physa
CS
G5Q
TX
Physella traski (Lea, 1864)
Sculpted Physa
T
G2G3Q
CA, OR
Physella utahensis (Clench, 1925)
Utah Physa
T
G2Q
CO, UT, WY
Physella vinosa (Gould, 1847)
Banded Physa
CS
G5Q
MI, MN, MT, NY, WI; Canada: ON
Physella virgata (Gould, 1855)
Protean Physa
CS
G5Q
AR, AZ, CA, HI, IA, IL, KS, KY, LA, MN, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OK, SD, TX, UT, WI, WY
Physella virginea (Gould, 1847)
Sunset Physa
CS
G4Q
CA, ID, OR, WA; Canada: BC
Physella winnipegensis Pip, 2004
Lake Winnipeg Physa
E
G1
Canada, MB
Physella wrighti Te and Clarke, 1985
Hotwater Physa
E
G1
Canada, BC
Physella zionis (Pilsbry, 1926)
Wet-rock Physa
E
G1
UT
Family Planorbidae
16 Genera,
52 species
Amphigyra alabamensis Pilsbry, 1906
Shoal Sprite
X
GX
AL
Biomphalaria havanensis (Pfeiffer, 1839)
Ghost Ramshorn
CS
G5
AZ, CA, FL, ID, LA, SC, TX
Ferrissia fragilis (Tryon, 1863)
Fragile Ancylid
CS
G5
AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MO, MS, MT,
NC, NE, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, SC, SD, TN, TX, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY; Canada:
AB, BC, ON, QC
Ferrissia rivularis (Say, 1817)
Creeping Ancylid
CS
G5
AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS,
MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WA,
WI, WV, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NB, NF, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK
Gyraulus circumstriatus (Tryon, 1866)
Disc Gyro
CS
G5
AZ, CA, CO, CT, ID, IN, KS, MA, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, NH, NM, NY, OH, OR, PA, SD, UT, VT,
WA, WI, WV, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NB, NS, NT, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT
Gyraulus crista (Linnaeus, 1758)
Star Gyro
CS
G5
AK, CA, ID, ME, MI, MN, MT, ND, NM, NY, OR, VT, WA, WI, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NT,
ON, QC, SK
Gyraulus deflectus (Say, 1824)
Flexed Gyro
CS
G5
AK, CT, IA, ID, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NY, OH, PA, SC,
SD, VA, WA, WI, WY; Canada: AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, NS, NT, NU, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT
Gyraulus hornensis Baker, 1934
Tuba Gyro
CS
G4Q
ND, WI; Canada: ON, QC, NT, SK
Gyraulus parvus (Say, 1817)
Ash Gyro
CS
G5
AK, AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO,
MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WA,
WI, WV, WY; Canada: AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, NT, NS, NU, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT
Gyraulus vermicularis (Gould, 1847)
Pacific Coast Gyro
CS
G4Q
CA, ID, OR, WA; Canada: BC, YT
Hebetancylus excentricus (Morelet, 1851)
Excentric Ancylid
CS
G5
AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TX, VA
Helisoma anceps (Menke, 1830)
Two-ridge Ramshorn
CS
G5
AK, AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO,
MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VA, VT, WA,
WI, WV, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NB, NT, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK, NU
CA
Helisoma minus (Cooper, 1870)
[uncertain classification]
E
G1Q
Helisoma newberryi (Lea, 1858)
Great Basin Ramshorn
E
G1Q
CA, ID, NV, OR, UT, WY
Laevapex fuscus (Adams, 1841)
Dusky Acylid
CS
G5
AL, AR, CT, DE, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, MN, MO, MS, NC, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA,
RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, VT, WI, WV; Canada: ON, QC
Menetus opercularis (Gould, 1847)
Button Sprite
CS
G5
AK, CA, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA; Canada: AB, BC
Micromenetus brogniartianus (Lea, 1842)
Disc Sprite
CS
G5Q
AL, FL, MO, OH, VA
Micromenetus dilatatus (Gould, 1841)
Bugle Sprite
CS
G5
AL, AR, CA, CT, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MO, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA,
RI, SC, TN, TX, VA WV; Canada: NS, ON
Micromenetus floridensis (Baker, 1945)
Penny Sprite
CS
G5
FL
Micromenetus sampsoni (Ancey, 1885)
Sampson Sprite
T
G2G3Q
AR, KY, MO, IL
Neoplanorbis carinatus Walker, 1908
Carinate Flat-top Snail
X
GX
AL
270
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Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Neoplanorbis smithi Walker, 1908
Angled Flat-top Snail
X
GX
AL
Neoplanorbis tantillus Pilsbry, 1906
Little Flat-top Snail
X
GX
AL
Neoplanorbis umbilicatus Walker, 1908
Umbilicate Flat-top Snail
X
GX
AL
Pecosorbis kansasensis (Berry, 1966)
New Mexico Ramshorn
V
G3
KS, NM
Planorbella ammon (Gould, 1855)
Jupiter Ramshorn
U
GU
CA, CO
Planorbella binneyi (Tryon, 1867)
Coarse Ramshorn
CS
G4G5Q
CA, OR, UT, WA; Canada: AB, BC
Planorbella campanulata (Say, 1821)
Bellmouth Ramshorn
CS
G5
CT, IA, IL, IN, MA, ME, MI, MN, ND, NY, OH, PA, VT, WI; Canada: MB, NB, NF, NS, ON, PE,
QC, SK
Planorbella columbiensis (Baker, 1945)
Caribou Ramshorn
Xp
GH
Canada: BC
Planorbella corpulenta (Say, 1824)
Corpulent Ramshorn
T
G2
MN Canada, MB, ON
Planorbella duryi (Wetherby, 1879)
Seminole Ramshorn
CS
G5
CA, FL, HI, ID, NC, NM, WY
Planorbella magnifica (Pilsbry, 1903)
Magnificent Ramshorn
E
G1
NC
Planorbella multivolvis (Case, 1847)
Acorn Ramshorn
X
GX
MI
Planorbella occidentalis (Cooper, 1870)
Fine-lined Ramshorn
V
G3
CA, OR, WA; Canada: BC
Planorbella oregonensis (Tryon, 1865)
Lamb Ramshorn
E
G1
OR, UT
Planorbella pilsbryi (Baker, 1926)
File Ramshorn
CS
G4G5
MA, MI, MN, MT, ND, NY, OH, PA, WI; Canada: AB, MB, ON, NB, QC, SK
Planorbella scalaris (Jay, 1839)
Mesa Ramshorn
CS
G5
CO, FL, WY
Planorbella subcrenata (Carpenter, 1857)
Rough Ramshorn
CS
G5
AK, CA, CO, ID, MN, MO, MT, ND, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NT,
NU, ON, SK, YT
Planorbella tenuis (Dunker, 1850)
Mexican Ramshorn
CS
G5
AZ, CA, ID, NM, TX
Planorbella traski (Lea, 1856)
Keeled Ramshorn
X
GX
CA
Planorbella trivolvis (Say, 1817)
Marsh Ramshorn
CS
G5
AK, AL, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS,
MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WI, WV, WY; Canada:
MB, NB, NF, NS, NU, ON, PE, QC, SK
Planorbella truncata (Miles, 1861)
Druid Ramshorn
V
G3G4
IA, IL, MI, WI
Planorbula armigera (Say, 1821)
Thicklip Ramshorn
CS
G5
AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH,
NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, VA, VT, WI; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NB, NT, NS, NU, ON, PE,
QC, SK, YT
Planorbula campestris (Dawson, 1875)
Meadow Ramshorn
CS
G5
MT, ND, NM, SD, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NT, ON, SK, YT
Promenetus exacuous (Say, 1821)
Sharp Sprite
CS
G5
AK, AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, ME, MI, MN, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH,
NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NB,
NT, NS, NU, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT
Promenetus umbilicatellus (Cockerell, 1887)
Umbilicate Sprite
CS
G4
AK, CA, CO, ID, IL, IN, KS, MN, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, SD, UT, WA, WI,
WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, ON, SK
Rhodacmea cahawbensis (Walker, 1917)
Cahaba Ancylid
E
G1
AL
Rhodacmea elatior (Anthony, 1855)
Domed Ancylid
E
G1
KY, TN
Rhodacmea filosa (Conrad, 1834)
Wicker Ancylid
E
G1
AL
Rhodacmea hinkleyi (Walker, 1908)
Knobby Ancylid
Xp
GHQ
AL, AR, IL, IN, KY, TN
Vorticifex effusa (Lea, 1856)
Artemesian Ramshorn
V
G3
CA, ID, WA, OR
Vorticifex solida (Dall, 1870)
[uncertain classification]
Xp
GHQ
CA, NV
Family Neritidae
1 Genus,
5 species
Nertina cariosa (Wood, 1828)
Pip'wai
T
G1G3
HI
Neritina clenchi Russel, 1940
[uncertain classification]
CS
G5Q
FL
Nertina granosa Sowerby, 1825
Hihiwai
E
G1
HI
Neritina usnea (Roding, 1798)
Olive Nerite
CS
G5
AL, FL, MS, LA, TX
Neritina vespertina Sowerby, 1849
Hapawai
E
G1G2
HI
Family Viviparidae
4 Genera,
21 species
Campeloma brevispirum Baker, 1928
[uncertain classification]
CS
G5Q
WI
Campeloma crassulum Rafinesque, 1819
Ponderous Campeloma
CS
G5
AR, IA, IL, IN, KY, KS, MN, MO, NC, OH, TN, WI
Campeloma decampi (Binney, 1865)
Slender Campeloma
E
G1
AL
Campeloma decisum (Say, 1817)
Pointed Campeloma
CS
G5
AL, AR, CT, GA, IA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MS, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OH,
OK, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, VT, WI, WV; Canada: MB, NB, NS, ON, QC
Campeloma floridense Call, 1886
Purple-throat Campeloma
CS
G5
FL
Campeloma geniculum (Conrad, 1834)
Ovate Campeloma
CS
G5
AL, FL, GA
Campeloma limum (Anthony, 1860)
File Campeloma
CS
G5
FL, GA, NC, SC
Campeloma milesi (Lea, 1863)
[uncertain classification]
CS
G5Q
WI; Canada: ON
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013 • www.isheries.org
271
Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Campeloma parthenum Vail, 1979
Maiden Campeloma
CS
G5
AL, FL
Campeloma regulare (Lea, 1841)
Cylinder Campeloma
CS
G4
AL, GA, MS, TN
Campeloma rufum (Haldeman, 1841)
[uncertain classification]
CS
G5Q
CT, IA, IL, IN, KY, MA, ME, MI, MN, NY, OH, PA, VT, WI
Lioplax cyclostomaformis (Lea, 1841)
Cylindrical Lioplax
E
G1
AL, GA
Lioplax pilsbryi Walker, 1905
Choctaw Lioplax
CS
G5
AL, FL, GA
Lioplax subcarinata (Say, 1817)
Ridgid Lioplax
CS
G4G5
MD, NC, NJ, NY, PA, SC, VA, WV
Lioplax sulculosa (Menke, 1827)
Furrowed Lioplax
CS
G5
AL, AR, IA, IL, IN, KY, MN, MO, OH, TN, WI
Tulotoma magnifica (Conrad, 1834)
Tulotoma
T
G2
AL
Viviparus georgianus (Lea, 1834)
Banded Mysterysnail
CS
G5
AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN,
VA, VT, WI; Canada: ON, QC
Viviparus goodrichi Archer, 1933
Globose Mysterysnail
V
G3G4
FL, GA
Viviparus intertextus (Say, 1829)
Rotund Mysterysnail
CS
G4
AL, AR, FL, GA, IA, IL, KY, LA, MN, MO, MS, NC, SC, TN, TX, WI
Viviparus limi Pilsbry, 1918
Ochlockonee Mysterysnail
V
G3G4
FL, GA
Viviparus subpurpureus (Say, 1829)
Olive Mysterysnail
CS
G5
AL, AR, IA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MO, MS, SC, TN, TX, WI
Family Ampullaridae
1 Genus,
2 species
Pomacea paludosa (Say, 1829)
Florida Applesnail
CS
G5
AL, FL, GA, NC
Family Assiminidae
1 Genus,
2 species
Assiminea infima Berry, 1947
Badwater Snail
E
G1
CA
Assiminea pecos Taylor, 1987
Pecos Assiminea
E
G1
NM, TX
Family Amnicolidae
4 Genera,
18 species
Amnicola cora Hubricht, 1979
Foushee Cavesnail
E
G1
AR
Amnicola dalli (Pilsbry and Beecher, 1892)
Peninsula Amnicola
CS
G5
FL
Amnicola decisus Haldeman, 1845
[uncertain classification]
E
G1Q
ME, NY, PA
Amnicola limosus (Say, 1817)
Mud Amnicola
CS
G5
AL, AR, CO, CT, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH,
NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, UT, VA, VT, WI, WY; Canada: AB, MB, NB, NS, ON,
PE, QC, SK, LB, NF
Amnicola rhombostoma Thompson, 1968
Squaremouth Amnicola
Xp
GH
FL
Amnicola stygius Hubricht, 1971
Stygian Amnicola
E
G1
MO
Colligyrus convexus Hershler, Frest, Liu, and
Johannes, 2003
Canary Duskysnail
E
G1G2
CA
Colligyrus depressus Hershler, 1999
Harney Basin Duskysnail
E
G1
OR
Colligyrus greggi (Pilsbry, 1935)
Rocky Mountain Duskysnail
CS
G4
ID, MT, UT, WY; Canada: BC
Dasyscias franzi Thompson and Hershler,
1991
Shaggy Ghostsnail
E
G1
FL
Lyogyrus bakerianus (Pilsbry, 1917)
Baker's Springsnail
Xp
GH
NY
Lyogyrus browni (Carpenter, 1872)
Slender Duskysnail
T
G1G3Q
MA, RI
Lyogyrus granum (Say, 1822)
Squat Duskysnail
CS
G5
AL, CT, GA, MA, MD, MS, NC, NJ, NY, PA, SC, VA, VT; Canada: NB, NS
Lyogyrus latus Thompson and Hershler, 1991
Cobble Sprite
T
G2
GA
Lyogyrus pilsbryi (Walker, 1906)
Lake Duskysnail
CS
G4
IL, IN, OH, WI
Lyogyrus pupoideus (Gould, 1841)
Pupa Duskysnail
CS
G5
CT, MA, ME, NY, PA, VT
Lyogyrus retromargo (Thompson, 1968)
Indented Duskysnail
CS
G4
FL, GA, SC
Lyogyrus walkeri (Pilsbry, 1898)
Canadian Duskysnail
V
G3G4
MI, MN, NY, OH, PA, VT, WI; Canada: QC, MB, ON
Family Cochliopidae
14 Genera,
48 species
Antrobia culveri Hubricht, 1971
Tumbling Creek Cavesnail
E
G1
MO
Antroselates spiralis Hubricht, 1963
Shaggy Cavesnail
V
G3
IN, KY
Aphaostracon asthenes Thompson, 1968
Blue Spring Hydrobe
E
G1
FL
Aphaostracon chalarogyrus Thompson, 1968
Freemouth Hydrobe
E
G1
FL
Aphaostracon hypohyalinum Thompson,
1968
Suwanee Hydrobe
T
G2
FL
Aphaostracon monas (Pilsbry, 1899)
Wekiwa Hydrobe
E
G1
FL
Aphaostracon pachynotum Thompson, 1968
Thick-shelled Hydrobe
V
G3
FL
Aphaostracon pycnus Thompson, 1968
Dense Hydrobe
E
G1
FL
Aphaostracon rhadinum Thompson, 1968
Slough Hydrobe
T
G2
FL
272
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013• www.isheries.org
Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Aphaostracon theiocrenetum Thompson,
1968
Clifton Spring Hydrobe
E
G1
FL
Aphaostracon xynoelictum Thompson, 1968
Fenney Spring Hydrobe
E
G1
FL
Balconorbis uvaldensis Hershler and Longley,
1986
Balcones Ghostsnail
E
G1G2
TX
Cochliopina riograndensis Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906
Spiral Pebblesnail
T
G2G3
TX
Eremopyrgus eganensis Hershler, 1999
Steptoe Hydrobe
E
G1
NV
Ipnobius robustus (Hershler, 1989)
Robust Tryonia
E
G1G2
CA
Juturnia kosteri (Taylor, 1987)
Koster Springsnail
T
G2
NM
Juturnia tularosae Hershler, Liu, and Stockwell, 2002
Tularosa Springsnail
E
G1
NM
Littoridinops monroensis (Frauenfeld, 1863)
Cockscomb Hydrobe
CS
G5
AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, TX
Littoridinops palustris Thompson, 1968
Bantam Hydrobe
V
G3
AL, FL, MS
Littoridinops tenuipes (Couper, 1844)
Henscomb Hydrobe
CS
G5
CT, FL, GA, MA, MD, NC, NJ, NY, SC, VA
Pseudotryonia adamantina (Taylor, 1987)
Diamond Tryonia
E
G1
NM, TX
Pseudotryonia alamosae (Taylor, 1987)
Caliente Tryonia
E
G1
NM, NV
Pseudotryonia brevissima (Pilsbry, 1890)
Regal Hydrobe
E
G1
FL
Pseudotryonia grahamae Thompson, 2001
Salt Spring Hydrobe
E
G1
AL
Pyrgophorus platyrachis Thompson, 1968
Serrate Crownsnail
CS
G5
FL
Pyrgophorus spinosus (Call and Pilsbry,
1886)
Spiny Crownsnail
V
G3
TX
Spurwinkia salsa (Pilsbry, 1905)
Saltmarsh Hydrobe
CS
G4G5
CT, FL, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ; Canada: NB
Stygopyrgus bartonensis Hershler and Longley, 1986
Barton Cavesnail
E
G1
TX
Tryonia aequicostata (Pilsbry, 1889)
Smooth-ribbed Hydrobe
V
G3
FL
Tryonia angulata Hershler and Sada, 1987
Sportingoods Tryonia
E
G1
NV
Tryonia brunei Taylor, 1987
Brune's Springsnail
E
G1
TX
Tryonia cheatumi (Pilsbry, 1935)
Phantom Tryonia
E
G1
TX
Tryonia circumstriata (Leonard and Ho, 1960)
Gonzales Springsnail
E
G1
TX
Tryonia clathrata Stimpson, 1865
Grated Tryonia
T
G2
NV
Tryonia diaboli (Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906)
Devil Tryonia
E
G1
TX
Tryonia elata Hershler and Sada, 1987
Point of Rocks Tryonia
E
G1
NV
Tryonia ericae Hershler and Sada, 1987
Minute Tryonia
E
G1
NV
Tryonia gilae Taylor, 1987
Gila Tryonia
E
G1
AZ, NM
Tryonia imitator (Pilsbry, 1899)
Mimic Tryonia
T
G2G3
CA
Tryonia margae Hershler, 1989
Grapevine Springs
Elongate Springsnail
E
G1
CA
Tryonia metcalfi Hershler, Liu, and Landye,
2011
Metcalf's Tryonia
E
G1
TX
Tryonia monitorae Hershler, 1999
Monitor Tryonia
E
G1
NV
Tryonia oasiensis Hershler, Liu, and Landye,
2011
Carolinae Tryonia
E
G1
TX
Tryonia porrecta (Mighels, 1845)
Desert Tryonia
V
G3
CA, NV, UT
Tryonia quitobaquitae Hershler, 1988
Quintobaquito Tryonia
E
G1
AZ, NM
Tryonia rowlandsi Hershler, 1989
Grapevine Springs Squat
Tryonia
E
G1
CA
Tryonia salina Hershler, 1989
Cottonball Marsh Tryonia
E
G1
CA
Tryonia variegata Hershler and Sada, 1987
Amargosa Tryonia
T
G2
CA, NV
Family Hydrobiidae
15 Genera,
185 species
Birgella subglobosus (Say, 1825)
Globe Siltsnail
CS
G4
AL, AR, IA, IL, IN, GA, KY, MI, MN, MO, MS, NY, OH, PA, TN, VT, WI, WV; Canada: MB, ON, QC
Cincinnatia integra (Say, 1821)
Midland Siltsnail
CS
G5
AL, AR, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MI, MN, MO, MS, ND, NE, NY, OH, OK, PA, SD, TN, TX,
VA, VT, WI; Canada: MB, ON, SK
Floridobia alexander (Thompson, 2000)
Alexander Siltsnail
E
G1
FL
Floridobia floridana (Frauenfeld, 1863)
Hyacinth Siltsnail
CS
G5
GA, FL
Floridobia fraterna (Thompson, 1968)
Creek Siltsnail
T
G2
FL
Floridobia helicogyra (Thompson, 1968)
Crystal Siltsnail
E
G1
FL
Floridobia leptospira (Thompson, 2000)
Flatwood Siltsnail
E
G1G2
FL
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013 • www.isheries.org
273
Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Floridobia mica (Thompson, 1968)
Ichetucknee Siltsnail
E
G1
FL
Floridobia monroensis (Dall, 1885)
Enterprise Siltsnail
E
G1
FL
Floridobia parva (Thompson, 1968)
Pygmy Siltsnail
E
G1
FL
Floridobia petrifons (Thompson, 1968)
Rock Springs Siltsnail
E
G1
FL
Floridobia ponderosa (Thompson, 1968)
Ponderous Siltsnail
E
G1
FL
Floridobia porterae (Thompson, 2000)
Green Cove Springsnail
E
G1
FL
Floridobia vanhyningi (Vanatta, 1934)
Seminole Siltsnail
E
G1
FL
Floridobia wekiwae (Thompson, 1968)
Wekiva Siltsnail
E
G1
FL
Floridobia winkleyi (Pilsbry, 1912)
New England Siltsnail
V
G3
CT, MA, ME
Fontigens aldrichi (Call and Beecher, 1886)
Hoosier Springsnail
CS
G4
IL, MO
Fontigens antroecetes (Hubricht, 1940)
Missouri Cavesnail
T
G2
IL, MO
Fontigens bottimeri (Walker, 1925)
Potomac Springsnail
T
G2
MD, VA
Fontigens cryptica Hubricht, 1963
Hidden Springsnail
E
G1
IN
Fontigens morrisoni Hershler, Holsinger, and
Hubricht, 1990
Morrison's Springsnail
E
G1
VA
Fontigens nickliniana (Lea, 1838)
Watercress Snail
CS
G5
AL, IL, IN, KY, MD, MI, NC, NY, OH, PA, TN, VA, WI, WV
Fontigens orolibas Hubricht, 1957
Blue Ridge Springsnail
V
G3
MD, PA, VA
Fontigens proserpina Hubricht, 1940
Proserpine Cavesnail
E
G1
MO
Fontigens tartarea Hubricht, 1963
Organ Cavesnail
T
G2
WV
Fontigens turritella Hubricht, 1976
Greenbrier Cavesnail
E
G1
WV
Hoyia sheldoni (Pilsbry, 1890)
Storm Ghostsnail
E
G1
WI
Marstonia agarhecta Thompson, 1969
Ocmulgee Marstonia
E
G1
GA
Marstonia angulobasis Thompson, 2005
Angled Marstonia
E
G1
AL, TN
Marstonia arga Thompson, 1977
Ghost Marstonia
CS
G5
AL, TN
Marstonia castor Thompson, 1977
Beaverpond Marstonia
E
G1
GA
Marstonia comalensis (Pilsbry and Ferriss,
1906)
Comal Marstonia
E
G1
TX
Marstonia gaddisorum Thompson, 2005
Emily's Marstonia
E
G1
GA
Marstonia halcyon Thompson, 1977
Halcyon Marstonia
T
G2
GA
Marstonia hershleri (Thompson, 1995)
Coosa Pyrg
E
G1
AL
Marstonia letsoni (Walker, 1901)
Gravel Pyrg
CS
G5
MI, NY, OH, PA; Canada: ON
Marstonia lustrica (Pilsbry, 1890)
Boreal Marstonia
CS
G5
IA, IL, IN, MA, ME, MI, MN, NY, OH, PA, VT, WI; Canada: MB, ON, NT, QC, NB
Marstonia ogmorhaphe Thompson, 1977
Royal Marstonia
E
G1
TN
Marstonia olivacea (Pilsbry, 1895)
Olive Marstonia
X
GX
AL
Marstonia ozarkensis (Hinkley, 1915)
Ozark Pyrg
E
G1
AR, MO
Marstonia pachyta Thompson, 1977
Armored Marstonia
E
G1
AL
Marstonia scalariformis (Wolf, 1870)
Moss Pyrg
V
G3
AL, IA, IL, MO
Notogillia sathon Thompson, 1969
Satyr Siltsnail
V
G3
GA
Notogillia wetherbyi (Dall, 1885)
Alligator Siltsnail
CS
G5
AL, FL, GA
Phreatodrobia coronae Hershler and Longley,
1987
Crowned Cavesnail
E
G1G2
TX
Phreatodrobia imitata Hershler and Longley,
1986
Mimic Cavesnail
E
G1
TX
Phreatodrobia micra (Pilsbry and Ferriss,
1906)
Flattened Cavesnail
T
G2
TX
Phreatodrobia nugax (Pilsbry and Ferriss,
1906)
Domed Cavesnail
V
G3G4
TX
Phreatodrobia plana Hershler and Longley,
1986
Disc Cavesnail
T
G2
TX
Phreatodrobia punctata Hershler and Longley, 1986
High-hat Cavesnail
T
G2
TX
Phreatodrobia rotunda Hershler and Longley,
1986
Beaked Cavesnail
E
G1G2
TX
Probythinella emarginata (Kuster, 1852)
Delta Hydrobe
CS
G5
AL, AR, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, NY, OH, OK, PA, SD,
TN, TX, WI; Canada: AB, MB, NT, NU, ON, QC, SK
Pyrgulopsis aardahli Hershler, 1989
Benton Valley Springsnail
E
G1
CA
Pyrgulopsis aloba Hershler, 1998
Duckwater Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis amargosae Hershler, 1989
Amargosa Springsnail
E
G1
CA
274
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Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Pyrgulopsis anatina Hershler, 1998
Southern Duckwater Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis anguina Hershler, 1998
Longitudinal Gland Pyrg
E
G1
NV, UT
Pyrgulopsis archimedis Berry, 1947
Archimedes Pyrg
E
G1
CA, OR
Pyrgulopsis arizonae (Taylor, 1987)
Apache Springsnail
E
G1
AZ
Pyrgulopsis augustae Hershler, 1998
Elongate Cane Spring Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis aurata Hershler, 1998
Pleasant Valley Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis avernalis (Pilsbry, 1935)
Moapa Pebblesnail
E
G1G2
NV
Pyrgulopsis bacchus Heshler, 1988
Grand Wash Springsnail
E
G1
AZ
Pyrgulopsis basiglans Hershler, 1998
Large Gland Carico Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis bedfordensis Hershler and Gustafson, 2001
Bedford Pyrg
E
G1
MT
Pyrgulopsis bernardina (Taylor, 1987)
San Bernardino
Springsnail
E
G1
AZ
Pyrgulopsis bifurcata Hershler, 1998
Small Gland Carico Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis blainica Hershler, Liu, Gustafson,
2008
Blane Pyrg
E
G1
MT
Pyrgulopsis breviloba Hershler, 1998
Flat Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis bruesi Hershler and Sada, 2000
Fy Ranch Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Hershler, 1990
Bruneau Hot Springsnail
E
G1
ID
Pyrgulopsis bryantwalkeri Hershler, 1994
Cortez Hills Pebblesnail
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis californiensis (Gregg and Taylor,
1965)
Languna Mountain Springsnail
V
G3G4
CA
Pyrgulopsis carinata Hershler, 1998
Carinate Duckwater Pyrg
X
GX
NV
Pyrgulopsis carinifera (Pilsbry, 1935)
Moapa Valley Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis castaicensis Hershler and Liu,
2010
Middle Canyon Spring
Pyrg
E
G1
CA
Pyrgulopsis chamberlini Hershler, 1998
Smooth Glenwood Pyrg
E
G1
UT
Pyrgulopsis chupaderae Taylor, 1987
Chupadera Springsnail
E
G1
NM
Pyrgulopsis cinerana Hershler, Frest, Liu, and
Johannes, 2003
Ash Valley Pyrg
E
G1G2
CA
Pyrgulopsis coloradensis Hershler, 1998
Blue Point Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis conica Hershler, 1988
Kingman Springsnail
E
G1
AZ
Pyrgulopsis cruciglans Hershler, 1998
Transverse Gland Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis crystalis Hershler and Sada,
1987
Crystal Springsnail
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis cybele Hershler and Liu, 2012
Nature Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis davisi (Taylor, 1987)
Limpia Creek Springsnail
E
G1
TX
Pyrgulopsis deaconi Hershler, 1998
Spring Mountains Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis deserta (Pilsbry, 1916)
Desert Springsnail
T
G2
AZ, UT
Pyrgulopsis diablensis Hershler, 1995
Diablo Range Pyrg
E
G1
CA
Pyrgulopsis dixiensis Hershler, 1998
Dixie Valley Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis eremica Hershler, 1995
Smoke Creek Pyrg
T
G2
CA
Pyrgulopsis erythropoma (Pilsbry, 1899)
Ash Meadows Pebblesnail
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis Hershler and
Sada, 1987
Fairbanks Springsnail
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis falciglans Hershler, Frest, Liu,
and Johannes, 2003
Likely Pyrg
E
G1G2
CA
Pyrgulopsis fausta Hershler, 1998
Corn Creek Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis fresti Hershler and Liu, 2009
Owyhee Hot Springsnail
E
G1
OR
Pyrgulopsis fusca Hershler, 1998
Otter Creek Pyrg
E
G1
UT
Pyrgulopsis gibba Hershler, 1995
Surprise Valley Pyrg
V
G3
CA, NV
Pyrgulopsis gilae (Taylor, 1987)
Gila Springsnail
T
G2
NM
Pyrgulopsis giuliani Hershler and Pratt, 1990
Southern Sierra Nevada
Springsnail
E
G1G2
CA
Pyrgulopsis glandulosa Hershler, 1988
Verde Rim Springsnail
E
G1
AZ
Pyrgulopsis gracilis Hershler, 1998
Emigrant Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis greggi Hershler, 1995
Kern River Springsnail
E
G1
CA
Pyrgulopsis hamlinensis Hershler, 1998
Hamlin Valley Pyrg
E
G1
UT
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013 • www.isheries.org
275
Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Pyrgulopsis hovinghi Hershler, 1998
Upper Thousand Spring
Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis hubbsi Hershler, 1998
Hubbs Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis humboldtensis Hershler, 1998
Humbolt Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis ignota Hershler, Liu, and Lang,
2010
Caroline Springs Pyrg
E
G1
TX
Pyrgulopsis imperialis Hershler, 1998
Kings River Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis inopinata Hershler, 1998
Carinate Glenwood Pyrg
E
G1
UT
Pyrgulopsis intermedia (Tryon, 1865)
Crooked Creek Springsnail
E
G1G2
OR
Pyrgulopsis isolata Hershler and Sada, 1987
Elongate-gland Springsnail
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis kolobensis (Taylor, 1987)
Toquerville Springsnail
CS
G5
ID, NV, UT
Pyrgulopsis landyei Hershler, 1998
Landyes Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis lasseni Hershler, Frest, Liu, and
Johannes, 2003
Willow Creek Pyrg
E
G1G2
CA
Pyrgulopsis lata Hershler, 1998
Butterfield Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis lentiglans Hershler, 1998
Critteden Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis leporina Hershler, 1998
Elko Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis limaria Hershler, 1998
Squat Mud Meadows Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis lockensis Hershler, 1998
Lockes Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis longae Hershler, 1995
Long Valley Pyrg
E
G1
CA
Pyrgulopsis longiglans Hershler, 1998
Western Lahontan Pyrg
T
G2G3
NV
Pyrgulopsis longinqua (Gould, 1855)
Salton Sea Springsnail
E
G1
CA
Pyrgulopsis marcida Hershler, 1998
Hardy Pyrg
T
G2
NV
Pyrgulopsis merriami (Pilsbry and Beecher,
1892)
Pahrangagat Pebblesnail
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis metcalfi (Taylor, 1987)
Naegele Springsnail
E
G1
NM, TX
Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Pilsbry, 1893)
Oasis Valley Springsnail
V
G3
CA, NV
Pyrgulopsis militaris Hershler, 1998
Northern Soldier Meadow
Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis millenaria Hershler, 1998
Twentyone Mile Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis milleri Hershler and Liu, 2010
Pierpoint Spring Pyrg
E
G1
CA
Pyrgulopsis montana Hershler, 1998
Camp Valley Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis montezumensis Hershler, 1988
Montezuma Well Springsnail
E
G1
AZ
Pyrgulopsis morrisoni Hershler, 1988
Page Springsnail
E
G1
AZ
Pyrgulopsis nanus Hershler and Sada, 1987
Distal-gland Springsnail
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis neomexicana (Pilsbry, 1916)
Socorro Springsnail
E
G1
NM
Pyrgulopsis neritella Hershler, 1998
Neritiform Steptoe Ranch
Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis nevadensis (Stearns, 1883)
Corded Pyrg
X
GX
NV
Pyrgulopsis nonaria Hershler, 1998
Ninemile Pyrg
E
G1
UT
Pyrgulopsis notidicola Hershler, 1998
Elongate Mud Meadows
Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis orbiculata Hershler, 1998
Sub-globose
Ranch Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Steptoe
Pyrgulopsis owensensis Hershler, 1989
Owens Valley Springsnail
E
G1G2
CA, NV
Pyrgulopsis owyheensis Hershler and Liu,
2009
Owyhee Upland Pyrg
E
G1G2
OR
Pyrgulopsis papillata Hershler, 1998
Big Warm Spring Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis pecosensis (Taylor, 1987)
Pecos Springsnail
E
G1
NM
Pyrgulopsis peculiaris Hershler, 1998
Bifid Duct Pyrg
T
G2
NV, UT
Pyrgulopsis pellita Hershler, 1998
Antelope Valley Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis perturbata Hershler, 1989
Fish Slough Springsnail
E
G1G2
CA
Pyrgulopsis pictilis Hershler, 1998
Ovate Cain Spring Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis pilsbryana (Bailey and Bailey,
1952)
Bear Lake Springsnail
T
G2
ID, UT, WY
Pyrgulopsis pisteri Hershler and Sada, 1987
Median-gland Springsnail
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis planulata Hershler, 1998
Flat-topped Steptoe Pyrg
E
G1
NV
276
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013• www.isheries.org
Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Pyrgulopsis plicata Hershler, 1998
Black Canyon Pyrg
E
G1
UT
Pyrgulopsis robusta (Walker, 1908)
Jackson Lake Springsnail
CS
G5
ID, OR, WA, WY
Pyrgulopsis roswellensis (Taylor, 1987)
Roswell Springsnail
E
G1
NM
Pyrgulopsis ruinosa Hershler, 1998
Fish Lake Pyrg
X
GX
NV
Pyrgulopsis rupinicola Hershler, Frest, Liu,
and Johannes, 2003
Sucker Spring Pyrg
E
G1G2
CA
Pyrgulopsis sadai Hershler, 1998
Sada's Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis sathos Hershler, 1998
White River Valley Pyrg
T
G2
NV
Pyrgulopsis saxatilis Hershler, 1998
Sub-globose Snake Pyrg
E
G1
UT
Pyrgulopsis serrata Hershler, 1998
Northern Steptoe Pyrg
V
G3
NV
Pyrgulopsis simplex Hershler, 1988
Fossil Springsnail
E
G1G2
AZ
Pyrgulopsis sola Hershler, 1988
Brown Springsnail
E
G1
AZ
Pyrgulopsis stearnsiana (Pilsbry, 1899)
Yaqui Springsnail
T
G2
CA
Pyrgulopsis sterilis Hershler, 1998
Sterile Basin Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis sublata Hershler, 1998
Lake Valley Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis sulcata Hershler, 1998
Southern Steptoe Pyrg
E
G1
NV
CA
Pyrgulopsis taylori Hershler, 1995
San Luis Obispo Pyrg
E
G1
Pyrgulopsis texana (Pilsbry, 1935)
Phantom Cavesnail
E
G1
TX
Pyrgulopsis thermalis (Taylor, 1987)
New Mexico Hot Springsnail
E
G1
NM
Pyrgulopsis thompsoni Hershler, 1988
Huachuca Springsnail
T
G2
AZ
Pyrgulopsis transversa Hershler, 1998
Southern Bonneville Pyrg
T
G2
UT
Pyrgulopsis trivialis (Taylor, 1987)
Black River Springsnail
E
G1
AZ, NM
Pyrgulopsis turbatrix Hershler, 1998
Southeast Nevada Pyrg
T
G2
NV
Pyrgulopsis umbilicata Hershler, 1998
Southern Soldier Meadow
Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis variegata Hershler, 1998
Northwest Bonneville Pyrg
T
G2
NV, UT
Pyrgulopsis varneri Heshler, Liu, and Sada,
2007
Varner's Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis ventricosa Hershler, 1995
Clear Lake Pyrg
E
G1
CA
Pyrgulopsis villacampae Hershler, 1998
Duckwater Warm Springs
Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis vinyardi Hershler, 1998
Vinyards Pyrg
E
G1
NV
Pyrgulopsis wongi Hershler, 1989
Wong's Pyrg
T
G2G3
CA, NV
Rhapinema dacryon Thompson, 1969
Teardrop Snail
CS
G5
AL, FL, GA
Spilochlamys conica Thompson, 1968
Conical Siltsnail
V
G3G4
FL, GA
Spilochlamys gravis Thompson, 1968
Armored Siltsnail
V
G3G4
FL
GA
Spilochlamys turgida Thompson, 1969
Pumpkin Siltsnail
T
G2
Stiobia nana Thompson, 1978
Sculpin Snail
E
G1
AL
Texapyrgus longleyi Thompson and Hershler,
1991
Striated Hydrobe
E
G1
TX
Lithoglyphidae
11 Genera,
72 species
Antrorbis breweri Hershler and Thompson,
1990
Conical Siltsnail
E
G1
AL
Clappia cahabensis Clench, 1965
Armored Siltsnail
E
G1
AL
Clappia umbilicata (Walker, 1904)
Pumpkin Siltsnail
X
GX
AL
Fluminicola ahjumawi Hershler, Liu, Frest and
Johannes, 2007
Sculpin Snail
V
G3
OR
Fluminicola anserinus Hershler, Liu, Frest and
Johannes, 2007
Striated Hydrobe
E
G1
OR
Fluminicola caballensis Hershler, Liu, Frest
and Johannes, 2007
Horse Creek pebblesnail
E
G1
OR
Fluminicola coloradoensis Morrison, 1940
Green River pebblesnail
T
G2G3
ID, UT, WY
Fluminicola dalli (Call, 1884)
Pyramid Lake pebblesnail
E
G1
NV
Fluminicola erosus Hershler, Liu, Frest and
Johannes, 2007
Smokey Charley
pebblesnail
E
G1
OR
Fluminicola favillaceus Hershler, Liu, Frest
and Johannes, 2007
Ash Valley pebblesnail
E
G1
OR
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013 • www.isheries.org
277
Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Flumincola fremonti Hershler, Liu, Frest and
Johannes, 2007
Fremont pebblesnail
E
G1
OR
Fluminicola fuscus (Haldeman, 1847)
Ashy pebblesnail
T
G2
ID, MT, OR, WA, WY; Canada: BC
Fluminicola gustafsoni Hershler and Liu,
2012
Salmon River pebblesnail
V
G3
ID, WA
Fluminicola insolitus Hershler, 1999
Strange pebblesnail
E
G1
OR
Fluminicola lunsfordensis Hershler, Liu, Frest
and Johannes, 2007
Lunsford Pebblesnail
E
G1
CA
Fluminicola minutissimus Pilsbry, 1907
Pixie Pebblesnail
Xp
GH
ID
Fluminicola modoci Hannibal, 1912
Modoc Pebblesnail
E
G1
CA, OR
Fluminicola multifarius Hershler, Liu, Frest
and Johannes, 2007
Shasta Pebblesnail
T
G2
OR
Fluminicola neritoides Hershler, Liu, Frest and
Johannes, 2007
Willow Creek Pebblesnail
E
G1
OR
Fluminicola nuttallianus (Lea, 1838)
Dusky Pebblesnail
Xp
GH
OR
Fluminicola potemicus Hershler, Liu, Frest
and Johannes, 2007
Potem Creek Pebblesnail
E
G1
OR
Fluminicola scopulinus Hershler, Liu, Frest
and Johannes, 2007
Castle Creek Pebblesnail
E
G1
OR
Fluminicola seminalis (Hinds, 1842)
Nugget Pebblesnail
T
G2
CA
Fluminicola turbiniformis (Tryon, 1865)
Turban Pebblesnail
V
G3
CA, NV, OR
Flumincola umbilicatus Hershler, Liu, Frest
and Johannes, 2007
Goose Valley Pebblesnail
E
G1
OR
Fluminicola virens (Lea, 1838)
Olympia Pebblesnail
T
G2
OR, WA
Fluminicola virginius Hershler, 1999
Virginia Mountains
Pebblesnail
E
G1
NV
Fluminicola warnerensis Hershler, Liu, Frest
and Johannes, 2007
Topaz Pebblesnail
T
G2
OR
Gillia altilis (Lea, 1841)
Buffalo Pebblesnail
CS
G5
MD, NC, NJ, NY, PA, SC, VA, VT, WV; Canada: ON
Holsingeria unthanksensis Hershler, 1989
Thankless Ghostsnail
T
G2
VA
Lepyrium showalteri (Lea, 1861)
Flat Pebblesnail
E
G1
AL
Phreatoceras taylori (Hershler and Longley,
1986)
Nymph Trumpet
E
G1G2
TX
Phreatodrobia conica Hershler and Longley,
1986
Hueco Cavesnail
E
G1
TX
Pristinicola hemphilli (Pilsbry, 1890)
Pristine Pyrg
V
G3
CA, ID, OR, WA
Somatogyrus alcoviensis Krieger, 1972
Reverse Pebblesnail
E
G1
GA
Somatogyrus amnicoloides Walker, 1915
Ouachita Pebblesnail
U
GU
AR
Somatogyrus aureus Tryon, 1865
Golden Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL, TN
Somatogyrus biangulatus Walker, 1906
Angular Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus constrictus Walker, 1904
Knotty Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus coosaensis Walker, 1904
Coosa Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus crassilabris Walker, 1915
Thick-lip Pebblesnail
Xp
GH
AR
Somatogyrus crassus Walker, 1904
Stocky Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus currierianus (Lea, 1863)
Tennessee Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus decipiens Walker, 1909
Hidden Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus depressus (Tryon, 1862)
Sandbar Pebblesnail
T
G2
IA, IL, MO, WI
Somatogyrus excavatus Walker, 1906
Ovate Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus georgianus Walker, 1904
Cherokee Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL, GA, TN
Somatogyrus hendersoni Walker, 1909
Fluted Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus hinkleyi Walker, 1904
Granite Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus humerosus Walker, 1906
Atlas Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus integra (Say, 1829)
Ohio Pebblesnail
V
G3
IL, IN, KY, OH, PA
Somatogyrus nanus Walker, 1904
Dwarf Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus obtusus Walker, 1904
Moon Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus parvulus Tryon, 1865
Sparrow Pebblesnail
E
G1G2Q
TN
Somatogyrus pennsylvanicus Walker, 1904
Shale Pebblesnail
V
G3
PA, VA, WV
Somatogyrus pilsbryanus Walker, 1904
Tallapoosa Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus pumilus (Conrad, 1834)
Compact Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
278
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013• www.isheries.org
Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Somatogyrus pygmaeus Walker, 1909
Pygmy Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus quadratus Walker, 1906
Quadrate Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus rheophilus Thompson, 1984
Flint Pebblesnail
E
G1
GA
Somatogyrus rosewateri Gordon, 1986
Elk Pebblesnail
E
G1
MO
Somatogyrus sargenti Pilsbry, 1895
Mud Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus strengi Pilsbry and Walker, 1906
Rolling Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL
Somatogyrus substriatus Walker, 1906
Choctaw Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL, MS
Somatogyrus tenax Thompson, 1969
Savannah Pebblesnail
T
G2G3
GA
Somatogyrus tennesseensis Walker, 1906
Opaque Pebblesnail
U
GU
AL, MS, TN
Somatogyrus trothis Doherty, 1878
[uncertain classification]
U
GU
KY
Somatogyrus tryoni Pilsbry and Baker, 1927
Coldwater Pebblesnail
T
G2G3
IL, MN, WI
Somatogyrus virginicus Walker, 1904
Panhandle Pebblesnail
T
G2G3
NC, SC, VA
Somatogyrus walkerianus Aldrich, 1905
Gulf Coast Pebblesnail
T
G2G3
AL, FL
Somatogyrus wheeleri Walker, 1915
Channelled Pebblesnail
Xp
GH
AR
Taylorconcha insperata Hershler, Liu, Frest,
Johannes, and Clark, 2006
Unexpected Pebblesnail
E
G1
ID, OR
Taylorconcha serpenticola Hershler, Frest,
Johannes, Bowler, and Thompson, 1994
Bliss Rapids Snail
E
G1
ID
Family Pleuroceridae
7 Genera,
162 species
Athearnia anthonyi (Redfield, 1854)
Anthony's Riversnail
E
G1
AL, GA, TN
Athearnia crassa (Haldeman, 1841)
Boulder Snail
X
GX
TN
Elimia acuta (Lea, 1831)
Acute Elimia
T
G2
AL, TN
Elimia alabamensis (Lea, 1861)
Mud Elimia
T
G2
AL
Elimia albanyensis (Lea, 1864)
Black-crest Elimia
V
G3
AL, FL, GA
Elimia ampla (Anthony, 1854)
Ample Elimia
E
G1
AL
Elimia annae Mihalcik and Thompson, 2002
Rainbow Elimia
V
G3
AL
Elimia annettae (Goodrich, 1941)
Lilyshoals Elimia
T
G2
AL
Elimia arachnoidea (Anthony, 1854)
Spider Elimia
T
G2
TN, VA
Elimia aterina (Lea, 1863)
Coal Elimia
T
G2
TN, VA
Elimia athearni (Clench and Turner, 1956)
Knobby Elimia
V
G3Q
FL
Elimia bellacrenata (Haldeman, 1841)
Princess Elimia
E
G1Q
AL
Elimia bellula (Lea, 1861)
Walnut Elimia
E
G1
AL
Elimia boykiniana (Lea, 1840)
Flaxen Elimia
T
G2
AL, GA
Elimia brevis (Reeve, 1860)
Short Spire Elimia
X
GX
AL
Elimia broccata Thompson, 2000
Brooch Elimia
E
G1
AL
Elimia buffyae Mihalcik and Thompson, 2002
Iris Elimia
CS
G4
AL, FL
Elimia bullula (Lea, 1861)
Yellowleaf Elimia
E
G1G2Q
AL
Elimia caelatura (Reeve, 1860)
Savannah Elimia
V
G3
GA
Elimia cahawbensis (Lea, 1841)
Cahaba Elimia
CS
G4
AL
Elimia capillaris (Lea, 1861)
Spindle Elimia
X
GX
AL, GA
Elimia carinifera (Lamarck, 1822)
Sharp-crest Elimia
CS
G5
AL, GA, TN
Elimia carinocostata (Lea, 1854)
Fluted Elimia
CS
G4Q
AL, GA
Elimia catenaria (Say, 1822)
Gravel Elimia
CS
G4
GA, NC, SC, VA
Elimia catenoides (Lea, 1842)
Lirate Elimia
U
GU
AL, GA
Elimia chiltonensis (Goodrich, 1941)
Prune Elimia
E
G1G2
AL
Elimia christyi (Lea, 1862)
Knotty Elimia
T
G2
NC, TN
Elimia clara (Anthony, 1854)
Riffle Elimia
V
G3
AL
Elimia clausa (Lea, 1861)
Closed Elimia
X
GX
AL
Elimia clavaeformis (Lea, 1841)
Club Elimia
CS
G4
NC, TN, VA
Elimia clenchi (Goodrich, 1924)
Slackwater Elimia
V
G3
AL, FL
Elimia cochliaris (Lea, 1868)
Cockle Elimia
E
G1
AL
Elimia comalensis (Pilsbry, 1890)
Balcones Elimia
T
G2
TX
Elimia comma (Conrad, 1834)
Hispid Elimia
T
G2
AL
Elimia costifera (Reeve, 1861)
Corded Elimia
V
G2G4
IL, KY
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279
Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Elimia crenatella (Lea, 1860)
Lacey Elimia
E
G1
AL
Elimia curreyana (Lea, 1841)
Amber Elimia
V
G3
KY, TN
Elimia cylindracea (Conrad, 1834)
Cylinder Elimia
T
G2
AL, MS
Elimia darwini Mihalcik and Thompson, 2002
Pup Elimia
E
G1
GA
Elimia dickinsoni (Clench and Turner, 1956)
Stately Elimia
V
G3
AL, FL
Elimia dislocata (Reeve, 1861)
Lapped Elimia
CS
G4Q
NC, SC, VA
Elimia dooleyensis (Lea, 1862)
Graphite Elimia
CS
G5
AL, FL, GA
Elimia ebenum (Lea, 1841)
Ebony Elimia
CS
G5
KY, TN
Elimia edgariana (Lea, 1841)
Cumberland Elimia
V
G3
KY, TN
Elimia exusta Mihalcik and Thompson, 2002
Fire Elimia
T
G2
AL
Elimia fascinans (Lea, 1861)
Banded Elimia
V
G3
AL
Elimia flava (Lea, 1862)
Yellow Elimia
CS
G4
AL
Elimia floridensis (Reeve, 1860)
Rasp Elimia
CS
G5
FL, GA
Elimia fusiformis (Lea, 1861)
Fusiform Elimia
X
GX
AL
Elimia gibbera (Goodrich, 1922)
Shouldered Elimia
X
GX
AL
Elimia glarea Mihalcik and Thompson, 2002
Gravel Elimia
V
G3
AL
Elimia godwini Thompson, 2000
Rusty Elimia
T
G2
AL
Elimia hartmaniana (Lea, 1861)
High-spired Elimia
X
GX
AL
Elimia haysiana (Lea, 1843)
Silt Elimia
V
G3
AL
Elimia hydeii (Conrad, 1834)
Gladiator Elimia
T
G2
AL
Elimia impressa (Lea, 1841)
Constricted Elimia
X
Elimia inclinans (Lea, 1862)
Slanted Elimia
E
G1G2Q
GA
Elimia interveniens (Lea, 1862)
Slowwater Elimia
T
G2
AL, TN
Elimia induta (Lea, 1862)
Gem Elimia
T
G2
GA
Elimia jonesi (Goodrich, 1936)
Hearty Elimia
X
GX
AL
Elimia lachryma (Reeve, 1861)
Teardrop Elimia
E
G1
AL
Elimia laeta (Jay, 1839)
Ribbed Elimia
X
GX
AL
Elimia laqueata (Say, 1829)
Panel Elimia
CS
G5
AL, KY, TN
Elimia lecontiana (Lea, 1841)
Rippled Elimia
V
G3
AL, GA
Elimia livescens (Menke, 1830)
Liver Elimia
CS
G5
IA, IL, IN, KY, MI, NY, OH, PA, VT, WI; Canada: ON, QC
GX
AL
Elimia macglameriana (Goodrich, 1936)
Wrinkled Elimia
X
GX
AL, GA
Elimia melanoides (Conrad, 1834)
Black Mudalia
T
G2
AL
Elimia mihalcikae Thompson, 2000
Latticed Elimia
E
G1
AL
Elimia modesta (Lea, 1845)
Coldwater Elimia
CS
G5
AL, GA
Elimia mutabilis (Lea, 1862)
Oak Elimia
T
G2Q
GA
Elimia nassula (Conrad, 1834)
Round-ribed Elimia
E
G1
AL
Elimia olivula (Conrad, 1834)
Caper Elimia
E
G1
AL
Elimia ornata (Lea, 1868)
Ornate Elimia
E
G1
GA
Elimia paupercula (Lea, 1862)
Sooty Elimia
CS
G4Q
AL
Elimia perstriata (Lea, 1852)
Engraved Elimia
E
G1
AL
Elimia pilsbryi (Goodrich, 1927)
Rough-lined Elimia
X
GX
AL
Elimia plicatastriata (Wetherby, 1876)
Carved Elimia
T
G2G3
KY, TN
Elimia porrecta (Lea, 1863)
Nymph Elimia
T
G2
TN
Elimia potosiensis (Lea, 1841)
Pyramid Elimia
CS
G5
AR, KS, MO, OK
Elimia proxima (Say, 1825)
Sprite Elimia
CS
G5
GA, NC, SC, VA, WV
Elimia pupaeformis (Lea, 1864)
Pupa Elimia
X
GX
AL
Elimia pupoidea (Anthony, 1854)
Bot Elimia
X
GX
AL
Elimia pybasii (Lea, 1862)
Spring Elimia
T
G2Q
AL
Elimia pygmaea (Smith, 1936)
Pygmy Elimia
X
GX
AL
Elimia semicarinata (Say, 1829)
Fine-ridged Elimia
CS
G5
IN, KY, OH
Elimia showalterii (Lea, 1860)
Compact Elimia
E
G1
AL
Elimia simplex (Say, 1825)
Smooth Elimia
CS
G5
NC, TN, VA, WV
Elimia striatula (Lea, 1842)
File Elimia
T
G2
GA, TN
Elimia strigosa (Lea, 1841)
Brook Elimia
T
G2
TN
280
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013• www.isheries.org
Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Elimia symmetrica (Haldeman, 1841)
Symmetrical Elimia
CS
G4Q
NC, VA
Elimia taitiana (Lea, 1841)
Dented Elimia
V
G3Q
AL, FL
Elimia teres (Lea, 1841)
Elegant Elimia
E
G1
TN
Elimia teretria Thompson, 2000
Auger Elimia
E
G1
AL
Elimia timida (Goodrich, 1942)
Timid Elimia
E
G1
GA
Elimia troostiana (Lea, 1838)
Mossy Elimia
E
G1
TN
Elimia ucheensis (Lea, 1862)
Creek Elimia
V
G3
AL
Elimia vanhyningiana (Goodrich, 1921)
Goblin Elimia
CS
G5
FL
Elimia vanuxemiana (Lea, 1843)
Cobble Elimia
E
G1Q
AL
Elimia varians (Lea, 1861)
Puzzle Elimia
T
G2Q
AL
Elimia variata (Lea, 1861)
Squat Elimia
T
G2Q
AL
Elimia viennaensis (Lea, 1862)
Slough Elimia
CS
G4
AL, GA
Elimia virginica (Say, 1817)
Piedmont Elimia
CS
G5
CT, MA, MD, NC, NJ, NY, PA, VA, WV
Gyrotoma excisa (Lea, 1843)
Excised Slitshell
X
GX
AL
Gyrotoma lewisii (Lea, 1869)
Striate Slitshell
X
GX
AL
Gyrotoma pagoda (Lea, 1845)
Pagoda Slitshell
X
GX
AL
Gyrotoma pumila (Lea, 1860)
Ribbed Slitshell
X
GX
AL
Gyrotoma pyramidata (Shuttleworth, 1845)
Pyramid Slitshell
X
GX
AL
Gyrotoma walkeri (Smith, 1924)
Round Slitshell
X
GX
AL
Io fluvialis (Say, 1825)
Spiny Riversnail
T
G2
AL, GA, TN, VA
Leptoxis ampla (Anthony, 1855)
Round Rocksnail
T
G2
AL
Leptoxis arkansensis (Hinkley, 1915)
Arkansas Mudalia
E
G1
AR, MO
Leptoxis carinata (Bruquiere, 1792)
Crested Mudalia
CS
G5
MD, NC, NJ, NY, PA, VA, WV
Leptoxis clipeata (Smith, 1922)
Agate Rocksnail
X
GX
AL
Leptoxis compacta (Anthony, 1854)
Oblong Rocksnail
E
G1
AL
Leptoxis dilatata (Conrad, 1835)
Seep Mudalia
V
G3
NC, PA, VA, WV
Leptoxis foremani (Lea, 1843)
Interrupted Rocksnail
E
G1
AL, GA
Leptoxis formosa (Lea, 1860)
Maiden Rocksnail
X
GX
AL, GA
Leptoxis ligata (Anthony, 1860)
Rotund Rocksnail
X
GX
AL
Leptoxis lirata (Smith, 1922)
Lirate Rocksnail
X
GX
AL
Leptoxis minor (Hinkley, 1912)
Knob Mudalia
X
GX
AL
Leptoxis occultata (Smith, 1922)
Bigmouth Rocksnail
X
GX
AL
Leptoxis picta (Conrad, 1834)
Spotted Rocksnail
E
G1
AL
Leptoxis plicata (Conrad, 1834)
Plicate Rocksnail
E
G1
AL
Leptoxis praerosa (Say, 1821)
Onyx Rocksnail
CS
G5
AL, GA, IL, IN, KY, OH, TN, VA
Leptoxis showalterii (Lea, 1860)
Coosa Rocksnail
X
GX
AL
Leptoxis taeniata (Conrad, 1834)
Painted Rocksnail
E
G1
AL
Leptoxis torrefacta (Goodrich, 1922)
Squat Rocksnail
X
GX
AL
Leptoxis trilineata (Say, 1829)
Broad Mudalia
X
GX
IN, KY, OH
Leptoxis umbilicata (Wetherby, 1876)
Umbilicate Rocksnail
E
G1Q
TN
Leptoxis virgata (Lea, 1841)
Smooth Mudalia
T
G2
AL, NC, TN, VA
Leptoxis vittata (Lea, 1860)
Stripped Rocksnail
X
GX
AL
Lithasia armigera (Say, 1821)
Armored Rocksnail
V
G3G4
AL, IL, IN, KY, OH, TN, WV
Lithasia curta (Lea, 1868)
Knobby Rocksnail
E
G1
AL, KY, TN
Lithasia duttoniana (Lea, 1841)
Helmet Rocksnail
T
G2
TN
Lithasia geniculata Haldeman, 1840
Ornate Rocksnail
V
G3
AL, IL, KY, TN
Lithasia hubrichti Clench, 1956
Big Black Rocksnail
X
GX
MS
Lithasia jayana (Lea, 1841)
Rugose Rocksnail
X
GX
TN
Lithasia lima (Conrad, 1834)
Warty Rocksnail
T
G2
AL, MS, TN
Lithasia obovata (Say, 1829)
Shawnee Rocksnail
CS
G4
IL, IN, KY, OH, PA, TN
Lithasia salebrosa (Conrad, 1834)
Muddy Rocksnail
V
G3
AL, KY, TN
Lithasia spicula Minton, Savarese, and
Campbell, 2005
Harpeth Rocksnail
E
G1
TN
Lithasia verrucosa (Rafinesque, 1820)
Varicose Rocksnail
CS
G4
AL, AR, IN, IL, KY, NC, OH, PA, TN, WV
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013 • www.isheries.org
281
Taxon
AFS common name
AFS status
G-rank
Inferred distribution
Pleurocera acuta Rafinesque, 1831
Sharp Hornsnail
CS
G5
AR, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MI, MN, MO, MS, NE, NY, OH, PA, TN, VT, WI, WV; Canada: ON, QC
Pleurocera alveare (Conrad, 1834)
Rugged Hornsnail
CS
G4
AL, AR, IL, IN, KY, MO, TN
Pleurocera annulifera (Conrad, 1834)
Ringed Hornsnail
V
G3
AL
Pleurocera brumbyi (Lea, 1852)
Spiral Hornsnail
T
G2
AL
Pleurocera canaliculata (Say, 1821)
Silty Hornsnail
CS
G5
AL, AR, IL, IN, KY, LA, MS, OH, PA, TN, VA, WV
Pleurocera corpulenta Anthony, 1854
Corpulent Hornsnail
E
G1
AL, TN
Pleurocera curta (Haldeman, 1841)
Shortspire Hornsnail
T
G2
AL, KY, TN
Pleurocera foremani (Lea, 1843)
Rough Hornsnail
E
G1
AL
Pleurocera gradata (Anthony, 1854)
Bottle Hornsnail
V
G3
TN, VA
Pleurocera nobilis (Lea, 1845)
Noble Hornsnail
T
G2Q
AL, TN
Pleurocera parva (Lea, 1862)
Dainty Hornsnail
V
G3
NC, TN
Pleurocera postelli (Lea, 1862)
Broken Hornsnail
T
G2
AL
Pleurocera prasinata (Conrad, 1834)
Smooth Hornsnail
CS
G4
AL
Pleurocera pyrenella (Conrad, 1834)
Skirted Hornsnail
T
G2
AL, GA
Pleurocera showalteri (Lea, 1862)
Upland Hornsnail
T
G2Q
AL, GA
Pleurocera striatum (Lea, 1863)
Striate Hornsnail
T
G2Q
AL, GA
Pleurocera trochiformis (Conrad, 1834)
Sulcate Hornsnail
T
G2Q
AL, GA, TN
Pleurocera uncialis (Reeve, 1861)
Pagoda Hornsnail
CS
G4
NC, TN, VA
Pleurocera vestita (Conrad, 1834)
Brook Hornsnail
V
G3
AL, GA
Pleurocera walkeri Goodrich, 1928
Telescope Hornsnail
V
G3
AL, GA, KY, TN
Family Semisulcospiridae
1 Genus,
11 species
Juga acutifilosa (Stearns, 1890)
Topaz Juga
T
G2
CA, OR
Juga bulbosa (Gould, 1847)
Bulb Juga
E
G1
OR
Juga chacei (Henderson, 1935)
Chace Juga
E
G1
CA, OR
Juga hemphilli (Henderson, 1935)
Barrren Juga
T
G2
OR, WA; Canada: BC
Juga interioris (Goodrich, 1944)
Smooth Juga
E
G1
NV
Juga laurae (Goodrich, 1944)
Oasis Juga
E
G1
CA, NV
Juga newberryi (Lea, 1860)
Banded Juga
E
G1
OR
Juga nigrina (Lea, 1856)
Black Juga
V
G3
CA, NV, OR
Juga occata (Hinds, 1844)
Scalloped Juga
E
G1
CA
Juga plicifera (Lea, 1838)
Pleated Juga
V
G3
CA, OR, WA; Canada: BC
Juga silicula (Gould, 1847)
Glassy Juga
CS
G4
WA; Canada: BC
Family Pomatiopsidae
1 Genus,
6 species
Pomatiopsis binneyi Tryon, 1863
Robust Walker
E
G1
CA, OR
Pomatiopsis californica Pilsbry, 1899
Pacific Walker
E
G1
CA, OR
Pomatiopsis chacei Pilsbry, 1937
Marsh Walker
E
G1
CA, OR
Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis (Lea, 1840)
Brown Walker
CS
G4
IA, IL, IN, KY, MI, OH, TN, VA
Pomatiopsis hinkleyi Pilsbry, 1896
Tennessee River Walker
X
GXQ
AL, TN
Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say, 1817)
Slender Walker
CS
G5
AL, AR, CT, DE, GA, FL, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NJ, NM, NY,
OH, OK, PA, SC, SD, TN, TX, VA, WI, WV; Canada: ON, QC
Family Valvatidae
1 Genus,
10 species
Valvata bicarinata Lea, 1841
Two-ridge Valvata
CS
G5
AL, AR, GA, IA, IL, IN, KY, MI, NC, NJ, NY, PA, TN, VA, WI
Valvata humeralis Say, 1829
Glossy Valvata
CS
G5Q
AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY; Canada: BC
Valvata lewisi Currier, 1868
Fringed Valvata
CS
G5
AK, IA, IN, ME, MI, MN, MT, NY, VT, WA, WI; Canada: AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, NS, NT, ON,
PE, QC, SK, YT
Valvata mergella Westerlund, 1883
Rams-horn Valvata
T
G2
AK, WA; Canada: BC
Valvata perdepressa Walker, 1906
Purplecap Valvata
V
G3
IL, IN, MI, NY, OH, PA, WI; Canada: ON
Valvata sincera Say, 1824
Mossy Valvata
CS
G5
AK, CO, CT, IA, ID, IL, IN, MA, ME, MI, MN, MT, NC, ND, NH, NY, PA, SD, VT, WI, WY; Canada:
AB, BC, LB, MB, NT, NU, ON, QC, SK, YT
Valvata tricarinata (Say, 1817)
Threeridge Valvata
CS
G5
AR, CT, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, SD,
VA, VT, WA, WI, WY; Canada: AB, BC, MB, NB, NT, ON, QC, SK
Valvata utahensis Call, 1884
Desert Valvata
E
G1
ID, UT
Valvata virens Tryon, 1863
Emerald Valvata
Xp
GH
CA
Valvata winnebagoensis Baker, 1928
Flanged Valvata
T
G2
MI, MN, WI; Canada: ON
282
Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013• www.isheries.org
Gerry Mackie