A review of the genus Kuwanimyia Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae), with taxonomic remarks on related genera P. Cerretti Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale – Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via Carlo Ederle 16/a, 37100 Verona, Italy. E-mail: pierfilippocerretti@yahoo.it The genus Kuwanimyia Townsend, before known only from one East Asian species (K. conspersa Townsend) is reviewed. Three new Afrotropical species, K. afra sp. nov., K. atra sp. nov. and K. capensis sp. nov. [the last one a parasitoid of Cossus tenebroides (Lepidoptera, Cossidae)] are described and illustrated. The generic limits of Kuwanimyia are reappraised to exclude Dolichocolon Brauer & Bergenstamm and Prosopodopsis Townsend. A key to the known species of Kuwanimyia is provided. Key words: taxonomy, new species, Goniini, Dolichocolon, Kuwanimyia, Prosopodopsis, identification keys. INTRODUCTION Mesnil (1949: 100), in his taxonomic treatment and revision of the Palaearctic species of the tribe Salmaciini (= Goniini + Eryciini + Ethillini + Winthemiini of Herting 1984), subtribe Sturmiina (Eryciini [partim] + Goniini [partim] of Herting 1984), established and described the infratribe Tritaxysariae, based exclusively on the lack of lateral scutellar setae. Mesnil assigned the following genera to the new taxon: Anamastax Brauer & Bergenstamm (Australian), Calopygia Malloch [junior synonym of Eurygastropsis Townsend], Dolichocolon Brauer & Bergenstamm (Afrotropical, Palaearctic, Oriental, Australian), Goniophana Brauer & Bergenstamm [junior synonym of Tritaxys Macquart], Palesisa Villeneuve (Palaearctic), Mesnilius Özdikmen [replacement name for Paragonia Mesnil, preoccupied by Paragonia Hübner (Özdikmen 2006)] (Australian), Tritaxys Macquart (Australian, Oriental) and Zebromyia Malloch (Australian); to these, Kuwanimyia Townsend and Polychaeta Macquart [an Australian element closely related to Tritaxys, cf. Crosskey (1973)] were originally overlooked by Mesnil, and should be added for completeness. Within this group, which is probably unnatural, it is possible to delimit a likely monophyletic unit consisting of Dolichocolon and Kuwanimyia, which share the following characters: a) second aristomere elongated; b) absence of lateral scutellar setae; c) facial ridge with a row of stout, erect setae over most of its length; d) parafacial entirely bare; e) notopleuron with two strong setae plus an additional weak seta close to the base of the posterior strong seta [additional seta absent only in K. capensis sp. nov.], f) hypandrium without a bridge-like sclerite between the hypandrial arms; g) epiphallus not differentiated and h) well developed and sclerotized dorsal process of distiphallus. As stressed by Crosskey (1976: 92), Eurygastropsis, Polychaeta and Tritaxys are difficult to separate morphologically, but a clear distinction of these genera from Dolichocolon and Kuwanimyia is given by i) eye covered with long ommatrichia, ii) parafacial entirely setulose, iii) ocellar setae absent and iv) lower facial margin protruding and well visible in lateral view. Also Zebromyia has eye covered with long ommatrichia, lacks ocellar setae and has a visible facial margin when viewed in profile, but it can be distinguished from the above genera by the mainly bare parafacial (except for a few setulae below the lowest frontal seta) and the very prominent facial ridge, bearing several irregular rows of short, stout setulae (Mesnil 1949; Crosskey 1973). In Anamastax the eye is bare and the facial ridge bears a row of stout, erect setae on its lower half, but the parafacial is pubescent on its upper half and, like in the above genera, ocellar setae are missing. Finally, Mesnilius, which has bare eyes, has i) well developed and lateroclinate ocellar setae, ii) parafacial entirely covered by long setulae and iii) fronto-orbital plate with at least two rows of medioclinate setae (Mesnil 1949; Crosskey 1973). The present interpretation of Dolichocolon and Kuwanimyia does not include the species assigned by Crosskey (1976: 251) to the genus Prosopodopsis Townsend, resurrected name. The genus Prosopodopsis had been synonymized by Herting (1984: African Entomology 17(1): 51–63 (2009) 52 African Entomology Vol. 17, No. 1, 2009 Figs 1–3. Males of Prosopodopsis spp. 1, P. orbitalis (India), sternite 6 and segment 7+8 in left anterolateral view; 2, P. appendiculata (India), sternite 6, tergite 6 (dark grey hemitergites) and segment 7+8 in left anterolateral view; 3, P. appendiculata (India), hypandrium and processus longi in left dorsolateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. 77) with Kuwanimyia (see below), which was in turn informally synonymized with Dolichocolon by Tschorsnig & Richter (1998: 814, note 11). The following species are here assigned to Prosopodopsis (type species: Tachina fasciata Wiedemann, 1830 [junior homonym, preocc. fasciata Fallén, 1820 = Prosopaea appendiculata de Meijere]) following Crosskey (1976: 251; 1980: 880; 1984: 295: Prosopodopsis appendiculata (de Meijere), P. orbitalis (Baranov), P. orientalis (Wiedemann) and P. pulchricornis (Villeneuve). These four taxa share characters which unequivocally separate them from the known species of Dolichocolon and Kuwanimyia, and may form a monophyletic unit probably related to the genus Suensonomyia Mesnil: 1) fronto-orbital plate with only a few hair-like black setulae outside the frontal setae; 2) second aristomere generally not longer than wide (slightly longer only in P. orientalis); 3) males and females with two proclinate orbital setae; 4) two reclinate orbital setae; 5) two notopleural setae; 6) midtibia with several short anterodorsal setae; one seta, situated at mid-length, at least twice as long as the others; 7) hindtibia with an irregular row of anterodorsal setae; 8) hind-tibia with three dorsal preapical setae; 9) scutellum with one pair of long and robust lateral marginal setae; Male terminalia 10) sternite 6 well developed and asymmetrical, articulated and partially fused to segment 7+8 on its left side, totally fused to it on its right side (Figs 1a, 2a); 11) hypandrial arms joining postero-medially and forming a bridge-like struc- ture (Fig. 3); 12) dorsal process of distiphallus not developed. The present ‘definition’ of Prosopodopsis does not include the three undescribed species mentioned by Crosskey (1984: 295), from Namibia, Uganda and Nigeria, respectively; the first two are based on two females (BMNH) probably belonging to two undescribed genera (Cerretti, unpublished data), whereas the third is based on a pair of Kuwanimyia atra sp. nov. In this paper a detailed diagnosis of Kuwanimyia is provided to distinguish it from the closely related genus Dolichocolon, as well as from the other tachinid genera. Three new Afrotropical species are described and a key to all known species of the genus is provided. MATERIAL AND METHODS Illustrations were prepared using a drawing tube mounted on a Leica MZ 12.5 stereoscopic microscope. Digital images were taken using a Nikon DS-L1 camera mounted on the same stereoscopic microscope and processed by Auto-Montage Pro, version 5.03.0096. Terminology of the external morphology follows Merz & Haenni (2000), except for the antenna (Stuckenberg 1999). Measurements and ratios of head follow Tschorsnig & Richter (1998). The data on the labels of the type material examined are listed using the following symbols: /, end of a line and beginning of the next; //, end of a label and beginning of the next (from top to bottom on Cerretti: Review of the genus Kuwanimyia (Diptera: Tachinidae) the same pin); [/], reverse side of a label. Any comments are given in square brackets. Abbreviations (and Diptera curators) for depositories cited in the text BLKU, Biosystematics Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (H. Shima); BMNH, The Natural History Museum, London, UK (N. Wyatt), CNC, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada (J.E. O’Hara); DEI, Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Munchenberg, Germany (F. Menzel); NMDA, Natal Museum, Department of Arthropoda, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa (M.B. Mostovski); NMNW, National Museum of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia (E. Marais); PC, P. Cerretti collection, Centro Nazionale Biodiversità Forestale, Verona, Italy; ZMHB, Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany (J. Ziegler). Together with the Kuwanimyia material used in this revision, the following species were examined and are cited in the text: Prosopodopsis appendiculata (de Meijere) (Figs 2, 3) Material examined. 1 ex., India, [BMNH]. 1 ex., India, Uttranchal, Dehra Dun, 20.viii.1934, ex Pyrausta coclesalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) defoliating Bamboo (specimen identified by R.W. Crosskey by direct comparison with female holotype of Tachina fasciata Wiedemann) [BMNH]. 1 ex., same data but 22.viii.1934 [BMNH]. 1 ex., India, Andhra Pradesh, Vizagapatam, 22.xii.1925 [BMNH]. 1 ex., Malaysia, 14.vi.1936 [BMNH]. 1 ex., Malaysia, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, 27.viii.1933 [BMNH]. 1 ex., same data but 5.x.1967 [BMNH]. 1 ex., Malaysia, Pahang, Lipis-Kuantan Rond, 2.vi.1926 [BMNH]. 1 ex., Malaysia, Langkawi Island, 15.iv.1928 [BMNH]. 2 exx., Singapore, 2.v.1976 [BMNH]. 1 ex., same data but, 6.v.1970 [BMNH]. 1 ex., Singapore, Wasteland, 4.iv.1976 [BMNH]. Prosopodopsis orbitalis (Baranov) (Fig. 1) Type material examined. Lectotype 8: Lectotype [round, with violet circle] // Rahatgaon, Hoshangabad, C.P. / S.;. Chatterjee. / 25. IX. 1926 [/] 79 B [tergo] // Ex pupa / Hapalia / machaeralis [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] // Press by / Imp. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1934-320 // Dolichocolon / orbitale / sp. n. / N. Baranoff // Dolichocolon / orbitale Baranov / LECTOTYPE 8 / designed by R. W. Crosskey, 1969 / et C.W. Sabrosky [BMNH]. Paralectotype : Paralectotype [round with light blue circle] // 53 Rahatgaon, Hoshangabad, C.P. / S.;. Chatterjee. / 2. X. 1926 [/] 73 A [tergo] // Ex pupa / Hapalia / machaeralis [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] // Press by / Imp. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1934-320 // TYPUS. 9. // Dolichocolon / orbitale / sp. n. / N. Baranoff // PARALECTOTYPE 9 / of Dolichocolon / orbitale Baranov / det R.W. Crosskey, 1969 [BMNH]. Other material examined. 1 ex., India, Kerala, Nilambur, v.1937, Parasitic on, Eutectona (= Hapalia) machaeralis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) [BMNH]. 2 exx., India, Madhya Pradesh, Seoni, 4.vii.1934, ex pupa Eutectona (= Hapalia) machaeralis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) [BMNH]. 1 ex., India, 17.viii.1962, Parasitic on Eutectona (= Hapalia) machaeralis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), larva defol. Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae), ex. e. 12.iii.62, ex. p. 30.vii.62 [BMNH]. Prosopodopsis orientalis (Wiedemann) Material examined. 2 exx., India, Haryane, Hissar, 24.viii.1973, ex larva of Lepidoptera [BMNH]. 1 ex., India, Kar nataka, Bengalur u, Dargapura, 15.viii.1971 [BMNH]. Prosopodopsis pulchricornis (Villeneuve) Type material examined. Holotype : Erosba Pan / Mar. 1923 // Histochaeta / pulchricornis / Typ. Villen // Brachychaetoides / pulchricornis / L.P. Mesnil det. 1969 // TYPE // EX / L.-P. MESNIL / COLLECTION 1970 [CNC]. Other material examined. 19: Mozambique, Matutuine distr., Gala, S26 37 44.9 E32 50 13.7, 2.ii.2008 [PC]. Prosopodopsis sp. (near pulchricornis Villeneuve) Material examined. 18, Philippines, Mindanao, Agusan, Los Arcos, 19–23.xi.1959, Malaise trap [BMNH]. Tritaxys sp. Material examined. 18 19, Australia, Queensland, Herberton, xii.1910 [DEI]. TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT Kuwanimyia Townsend, 1916 Kuwanimyia Townsend, 1916: 319 [original description] – type species: Kuwanimyia conspersa Townsend, 1916: 319 by original designation. Resurrected name. References. Schaefer & Shima 1981: 369, 372 [new synonymy, taxonomic notes and host records], 380 [key to species parasites of Lymantriidae in Japan]; Tschorsnig & 54 African Entomology Vol. 17, No. 1, 2009 Richter 1998: 814, note 11 [Kuwanimyia as synonym of Dolichocolon]; Shima 1999: 49 [host catalogue]; Shima 2006: 106 [host catalogue]. Redescription Head (Figs 8–14) large, about as wide as thorax or slightly wider. Frons (measured in lateral view from vertex to base of scape) straight and generally shorter than height of facial ridge. Eye bare. Both sexes dichoptic. Ocellar seta proclinate, well developed. Fronto-orbital plate of male with 1–2 rows of more or less strong medioclinate setulae and few short and weak setulae outside frontal row. Usually two reclinate upper orbital setae. No or, very rarely, one proclinate orbital seta in male, 1–2 in female. Parafacial entirely bare below lowest frontal seta. Facial ridge straight or slightly convex in lateral view. Facial ridge with a row of strong and erect setae over most of its length. Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial margin or slightly above (K. afra sp. nov. and K. capensis sp. nov.). Face and lower facial margin usually not visible in lateral view (lower facial margin slightly visible only in K. afra sp. nov.). Antenna about as long as facial ridge or slightly longer. Postpedicel 3.0–8.5 times as long as pedicel. Second aristomere 2–4 times as long as wide. At least scape, pedicel and base of postpedicel orange-yellow (sometimes antenna entirely yellow). Arista thickened on its basal 2/3–4/5 or more. Frontal setae descending to level of base of arista or slightly below. Genal dilation generally well developed. Occiput flat (slightly convex in K. afra sp. nov.) without black setulae behind postocular row, with only pale hair-like setulae. Scutum with 3 + 3 acrostichal, 3 + 4 dorsocentral, 1 + 3 intra-alar, two posthumeral, one presutural, three supra-alar setae (first postsutural supra-alar seta longer than notopleural setae); notopleuron with two strong setae plus, usually, an additional weak seta close to the base of the posterior strong seta (Fig. 4), lacking in K. capensis sp. nov. (Fig. 5); postalar callus with three setae. Anatergite bare. Prosternum with at least two strong setulae laterally. Proepisternum bare. Postpronotum with 3–4 setae, the three basal ones arranged in a line. Katepimeron bare or with few setulae on anterior fourth. Usually four katepisternal setae (sometimes one or two much smaller than the others). Anterior and posterior lappets of metathoracic spiracle unequal in size (posterior lappet opercu- lum-like). Scutellum with apical setae convergent, sub-parallel or crossed and usually erect; lateral marginal setae lacking. Foretibia with regular rows of anterodorsal and posterodorsal setae, and two posterior setae; preapical anterodorsal seta of foretibia about as long as preapical dorsal seta. Midtibia with two strong and some shorter anterodorsal setae, a row of short posterodorsal setae, two posterior setae, one ventral seta. Hindtibia with a regular row of anterodorsal setae with, almost halfway, a seta about 1.3 times longer than others, an irregular row of posterodorsal setae, 2–3 anteroventral setae and two dorsal preapical setae; posteroventral preapical seta of hindtibia shorter than anteroventral preapical seta. Bend of M vein obtuse or nearly at right angle. Fourth costal sector as long as or longer than CS6. Section of M between crossveins r-m and dm-cu about as long as or longer than the section between dm-cu and bend of M. Wing cell r4+5 open, closed at wing margin or shortly petiolate. Vein R1 bare. Vein R4+5 with few setulae only at base. Wing entirely and evenly covered with microscopic setulae. Ventral edges of tergites 1+2, 3 and 4 almost entirely overlapping corresponding sternites. Mid-dorsal depression on syntergite 1+2 extending posteriorly to hind margin of that segment. Median marginal setae on tergites 1+2 and 3 present or absent. Tergites 3 and 4 without median discal setae (rarely with irregular, weak median discal setae on tergite 4). Tergite 5 with at least short, irregular discal setae. Hind margin of sternite 5 with a deep cleft; lateral lobe of tergite 5 large. Sternite 6 well developed and asymmetrical, articulated to segment 7+8 on its left side, and attached to it by a membrane on its right side (Figs 17a, 20a). Tergite 6 strongly reduced, divided in two hemitergites (Figs 17, 20), joining segment 7+8 by a membrane; tergite 6 and membrane bare. Epandrium convex, short. Hypandrium without bridge-like sclerite between hypandrial arms. Hypandrial arms sub-parallel (clearly bent anteriorly in lateral view) (Figs 15, 18, 21). Cerci unfused (Figs 16, 19, 22). Surstylus straight, very long and narrow (Figs 15, 18, 21). Epiphallus not differentiated. Distiphallus joining basiphallus by a dorsal sclerite and by a ventro-lateral membrane. Distiphallus with a well-developed and sclerotized dorsal process. Lateroventral surface of distiphallus strongly sclerotized and covered with scale-like spinules. Egg dark-brown, microtype plano-convex (Goniini groundplan). Cerretti: Review of the genus Kuwanimyia (Diptera: Tachinidae) 55 Figs 4–7. 4–5: Kuwanimyia spp., dorsal half of thorax in left lateral view showing notopleural setae; 4, K. afra, paratype female, arrow showing additional notopleural seta; scale bar = 0.5 mm; 5, K. capensis, holotype female, notopleuron without additional seta; scale bar = 1 mm. 6–7: Detail of wing cell dm in dorsal view; 6, K. afra holotype; 7, Dolichocolon paradoxum male (Italy). Distribution. Afrotropical: Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa. Oriental: China (Fujian [= Fukien]), Taiwan. Palaearctic: Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyus Islands). Key for the identification of specimens of Kuwanimyia 1. Second aristomere 2.2–10.0 times as long as wide. Ocellar setae well developed, proclinate. Parafacial entirely bare. First postsutural supra-alar seta longer than notopleural setae. Facial ridge with a row of stout, erect setae over most of its length. Notopleuron with two strong setae plus an additional weak seta close to the base of the posterior strong seta [except K. capensis sp. nov.]. Lateral scutellar setae absent. Male: no proclinate orbitale setae; abdominal tergites 3–5 without patches of appressed hair-like setulae (= Sturmia-spots); hypandrium without a bridge-like sclerite between the hypandrial arms; epiphallus not differentiated; well developed and sclerotized dorsal process of distiphallus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 — Other combination of characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . other Tachinidae 2. Second aristomere 3–9 times as long as wide. Arista thickened on its basal 2/5–1/2. One reclinate upper orbital seta. Three katepisternal setae. Scutellum with apical setae crossed and sub-horizontal. CS4 at most as long as CS6 (generally shorter). Wing cell r4+5 open. Wing cell dm with conspicuous dorsal surface entirely bare, except for a triangular area covered with microscopic setulae (Fig. 7); cell sc entirely (or almost entirely) bare. Male cerci distally well apart, with a medial preapical tooth . . . . . . . . Dolichocolon Brauer & Bergenstamm — Second aristomere 2.2–4.0 times as long as wide. Arista thickened on its basal 2/3–4/5 or more. Two reclinate upper orbital setae. Usually four katepisternal setae. Scutellum 56 African Entomology Vol. 17, No. 1, 2009 with strongly erect apical setae (convergent, sub-parallel or crossed). CS4 as long as or longer than CS6. Wing cell r4+5 open, closed at wing margin or short-petiolate. Wing cells dm and sc entirely covered with microscopic setulae (Fig. 6). Male cerci without a medial preapical tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kuwanimyia Townsend Remarks. As mentioned in the introduction, Dolichocolon and Kuwanimyia may form a monophyletic group. Within this group the monophyly of Dolichocolon is supported by the following three character states: i) one strong and isolated upper reclinate orbital seta; ii) wing cells dm and sc with conspicuous dorsal surface entirely bare; iii) male cerci with a medial preapical tooth (Cerretti, in prep.). The first state is similarly shown also by other non-related goniines, while no other Goniini genera that I am aware of share the second and the third character states. So, the monophyly of Dolichocolon seems to be well supported. Kuwanimyia has plesiomorphic states for much of the characters examined but is well characterized by having a thickened arista, four katepisternal setae and strongly erect apical scutellar setae; these states could be considered derived with respect to the states shown by Dolichocolon. At the present state of knowledge the monophyly of Kuwanimyia could be hypotized, at least until a more comprehensive study on the phylogeny of the whole Goniini is performed. Kuwanimyia afra sp. nov., Figs 4, 8, 9, 15–17 Diagnosis Arista thickened on its basal 2/3–3/4. Postpronotum entirely black. Syntergite 1+2 with a pair of median marginal setae. Tergite 3 with a pair of median marginal setae. Abdomen black, more or less reddish on sides of tergites 3 and 4. Female: Parafacial at its narrowest point about two times as wide as postpedicel. Description Male. Length: 9.5 mm. Colour. Head black except on gena, ventral surface of parafacial and medial side of fronto-orbital plate, which are fuscous red, with whitish-grey microtrichosity; scape and pedicel yellow, postpedicel yellowish only at base. Palpus yellow. Thorax (except scutellum) black; posterior 1/3–1/2 of scutellum reddish-yellow; scutum microtrichose; presutural area with four longitudinal dark vittae; legs mainly black, tibiae brown. Tegula and basicosta black. Abdomen black, more or less reddish on sides of tergites 3 and 4; tergite 3 with irregular transverse band of whitish-grey microtrichosity on anterior 1/2–3/4 dorsally, with shifting spots; tergite 4 with a transverse band of whitish-grey microtrichosity on anterior 3/4; tergite 5 practically entirely covered with whitish-grey microtrichosity. The transverse bands of microtrichosity on abdominal tergites 3 and 4 are interrupted medio-dorsally by a very narrow longitudinal black stripe. Terminalia black. Head (Fig. 8). Eye with very short and sparse ommatrichia, only just visible under ×50–60 magnification. Arista thickened on its basal 2/3–3/4. Second aristomere about three times as long wide. Postpedicel about 4.5 times as long as pedicel. Frons at its narrowest point 1.3 times as wide as eye in dorsal view. Medial vertical setae strong, reclinate, sub-parallel, about 2/3–3/4 as long as vertical height of eye. Lateral vertical seta well developed, lateroclinate. Two reclinate upper orbital setae. Seven frontal setae. Parafacial at its narrowest point about 1.7 times as wide as postpedicel. Lower facial margin only slightly visible in lateral view. Vibrissa well developed, arising slightly above level of lower facial margin. Facial ridge with erect setulae on lower 3/4. Gena in profile about 1/3 of vertical height of eye. Postocular setae relatively long, slightly bent forwards. Occiput very slightly convex. Prementum about twice as long as wide. Palpus cylindrical with some setulae ventrally, dorsally and apically. Thorax. Prosternum with a pair of robust setulae on its lateral margin. Postpronotum with four setae, the three basal setae arranged in a straight line. Four katepisternal setae. Scutellum with one pair of discal setae, one pair of crossed and erect apical setae, one pair of subapical and one pair of basal setae; 2–3 short and robust setulae between subapical and basal pairs. Wing. Costal spine slightly longer than costal setulae. Second costal section (CS2) ventrally bare. Base of R4+5 with 3–4 setulae. Section of M between crossveins r-m and dm-cu longer than section between dm-cu and bend of M. Section of M between dm-cu and bend of M as long as or shorter than section between bend of M and wing margin. Wing cell r4+5 open. Abdomen. Syntergite 1+2 with one pair of median marginal setae, one pair of lateral marginal setae; Cerretti: Review of the genus Kuwanimyia (Diptera: Tachinidae) general setulae decumbent. Tergite 3 with one pair of median marginal setae, one or two pairs of lateral marginal setae. Tergite 4 with a row of 10–15 marginal setae. Tergite 5 with a row of marginal setae and several discal setae. Terminalia (Figs 15–17). Lateral lobe of sternite 5 large, with only one short and weak setula. Cerci broad, with a dorso-medial suture, apically separated from each other. Surstylus straight, very long and narrow, sub-cylindrical, with scattered setulae latero-apically. Pregonite and postgonite short, more or less rounded apically. Basiphallus with a short posterior basal extension. Female. Differs from male as follows: length: 7.1–10.5 mm. Head (Fig. 9). Fronto-orbital plate with two proclinate orbital setae. Postpedicel about three times as long as pedicel. Frons at its narrowest point about 1.3–1.4 times as wide as eye in dorsal view. Parafacial at its narrowest point about two times as wide as postpedicel. Hosts. Unknown. Etymology. From the Latin ‘Afer, Afra, Afrum’ meaning African; should be treated as a Latin adjective. Distribution. Afrotropical: Namibia. Type material examined. Holotype : [Namibia] S.W. AFRICA (W49) / Rietfontein, 23 mls. / SW. Grootfontein / 3.iv.1972 // Southern / African Exp. / B.M. 1972-I [BMNH]. Paratype 9: Namibia / Popa Falls / 23.–26.xi.1993 // Zool. Mus. / Berlin. [ZMHB]. Paratype : Namibia: RUNDU DIST. / Mile 46 / 18°18’39”S 19°15’29”E / 25–27.iii.2003 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs / Malaise traps [NMNW]. Kuwanimyia atra sp. nov., Figs 10, 11, 18–20 Diagnosis Antenna entirely yellow. Abdomen entirely black; tergites 3 and 4 with a regular transverse band of whitish-grey microtrichosity on anterior 1/3–1/2, without shifting spots; tergite 5 microtrichose on anterior 1/2 or less. Abdominal tergites 1+2 and 3 without median marginal setae. Description Male (measurements in square brackets refer to the holotype) – Length: [6.0]–6.2 mm. Colour. Head (except frontal vitta) black in ground colour, with grey microtrichosity; frontal vitta yellowish; antenna entirely yellow; palpus yellow. Thorax black (except tip of scutellum which is yellowishred); scutum microtrichose; presutural area with 57 four longitudinal dark vittae; legs black. Tegula and basicosta black. Abdomen black; tergites 3 and 4 with a regular transverse band of whitish-grey microtrichosity on anterior 1/3–1/2, without shifting spots; tergite 5 microtrichose on anterior 1/2 or less. Terminalia black. Head (Fig. 10). Eye bare. Arista bare. Second aristomere 2.5–4.0 times as long as wide. Postpedicel about 6.5–7.5 times as long as pedicel. Frons at its narrowest point [1.3]–1.5 times as wide as eye in dorsal view. Medial vertical setae strong, reclinate, sub-parallel. Lateral vertical seta well differentiated from the postocular setulae. Two reclinate upper orbital setae. Six to eight frontal setae. Parafacial at its narrowest point about 1.3 times as wide as postpedicel. Facial ridge with erect setulae on lower 3/4 or more. Gena in profile about 1/4 of vertical height of eye. Postocular setae relatively long, slightly bent forwards. Occiput flat or slightly concave. Prementum about 1.0–1.5 times as long as wide. Palpus sub-cylindrical with some setulae ventrally, dorsally and apically. Thorax. Prosternum with several robust setulae on its lateral margin. Postpronotum with three setae (rarely four), the three basal setae arranged in a straight line. One strong anepimeral seta. Usually four katepisternal setae (sometimes one or two much smaller than the others). Scutellum with one pair of discal setae, one pair of sub-parallel, convergent or crossed and erect apical setae, one pair of subapical and one pair of basal setae; 2–3 short and weak setulae between subapical and basal setae. Wing. Costal spine slightly differentiated from costal setulae. Second costal section (CS2) ventrally bare. Base of R4+5 with 3–4 setulae. Bend of M vein obtuse. Wing cell r4+5 open or closed at wing margin. Abdomen. Syntergite 1+2 without marginal setae; general setulae decumbent. Tergite 3 without median marginal setae; one or two pairs of lateral marginal setae. Tergite 4 with a row of 7–10 marginal setae. Tergite 5 with a row of marginal setae and several very short and weak discal setae. Terminalia (Figs 18–20). Cerci broad, with a dorsomedial suture, apically slightly separated from each other. Surstylus straight, long and relatively narrow, with some short and robust setulae latero-apically. Pregonite and postgonite short, more or less rounded apically. Basiphallus with a short basal extension. Female. Differs from male as follows: Head (Fig. 11). Fronto-orbital plate with two proclinate 58 African Entomology Vol. 17, No. 1, 2009 Figs 8–11. Heads in lateral view of Kuwanimyia spp. 8, K. afra, holotype male; 9, K. afra, paratype female; 10, K. atra, holotype male; 11, K. atra, paratype female. orbital setae. Postpedicel 4.4–5.4 times as long as pedicel. Legs: hind tibia with an irregular row of anterodorsal setae. Hosts. Unknown Etymology. From the Latin ‘ater’ meaning dark and should be treated as a Latin adjective. Distribution. Afrotropical: Nigeria, Namibia. Type material examined. Holotype : Mercury vapour / light trap. // NIGERIA: / Samaru. / 2–8.ix.1970. / P. H. Ward. / B. M. 1970-604 [BMNH]. Paratype : Mercury vapour / light trap. // NIGERIA: / Samaru. / 2–8.ix.1970. / P. H. Ward. / B. M. 1970-604 // Prosopodopsis / sp. / det. R. W. Crosskey 1983 [BMNH]. Paratype : Namibia: TSUMEB DIST. / Variante 771/2 / 19°23’00”S 17°43’57”E / 30.iii.2003 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs / Malaise traps // Namibian National / Insect Collection / National Museum / P.O. Box 1203 / Windhoek, Namibia [NMNW]. Paratype : Namibia: TSUMEB DIST. / Variante 771/2 / 19°23’00”S 17°43’57”E / 30.iii.2003 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs / Malaise traps // Namibian National / Insect Collection / National Museum / P.O. Box 1203 / Windhoek, Namibia [NMNW]. Kuwanimyia capensis sp. nov., Figs 5, 12 Diagnosis Female. Arista thickened on basal 3/4. Postpedicel about two times as long as pedicel. Medial vertical seta about 1/2 as long as vertical height of eye. Parafacial at its narrowest point about three times Cerretti: Review of the genus Kuwanimyia (Diptera: Tachinidae) 59 as wide as postpedicel. Gena in profile 2/5–1/2 of vertical height of eye. Postpronotum yellow-red in ground colour. Notopleuron with only two strong setae. Syntergite 1+2 with a pair of median marginal setae. Tergite 3 with a pair of median marginal setae. Abdomen black, more or less reddish on sides of tergites 3 and 4. Female: Parafacial at its narrowest point about 2.9 times as wide as postpedicel. Description Male. Unknown. Female. Length: 11.8 mm. Colour. Head reddish; scape and pedicel yellow, postpedicel yellowish only at base. Palpus yellow. Thorax mainly reddish; except scutum and basal fourth of scutellum black in ground colour; scutum microtrichose; presutural area with four longitudinal dark vittae; legs mainly black-brown, coxae reddish. Tegula and basicosta black, veins yellowish-brown. Abdomen black, more or less reddish on sides of tergites 3 and 4, entirely covered with microtrichosity with shifting spots. Head (Fig. 12). Eye bare. Arista thickened on basal 3/4. Second aristomere about 3 times as long as wide. Postpedicel about 2 times as long as pedicel (slightly more). Frons at its narrowest point 1.4 times as wide as eye in dorsal view. Medial vertical setae reclinate, sub-parallel, about 1/2 as long as vertical height of eye. Lateral vertical seta well developed, lateroclinate. Two reclinate upper orbital setae. Nine frontal setae. Parafacial at its narrowest point about 3 times as wide as postpedicel. Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Vibrissa only slightly differentiated from the adjacent setae, arising above level of lower facial margin. Facial ridge with erect setulae on lower 2/3–3/4. Gena in profile 2/5–1/2 of vertical height of eye. Postocular setae relatively short. Occiput flat. Prementum about twice as long as wide. Palpus sub-cylindrical slightly widening apically with some setulae ventrally, dorsally and apically. Thorax. Prosternum with several robust setulae laterally. Postpronotum with three setae arranged in straight line. Two notopleural setae. Four katepisternal setae. Scutellum with one pair of discal setae, one pair of crossed and erect apical setae, one pair of subapical and one pair of basal setae; 2–3 short and robust setulae between subapical and basal pairs. Wing. Costal spine not differentiated from costal setulae. Second costal section (CS2) ventrally bare. Base of R4+5 with 3–5 setulae. Figs 12–14. Heads in lateral view of Kuwanimyia spp. 12, K. capensis, holotype female; 13, K. conspersa, male (Japan); 14, K. conspersa, lectotype female of Dolichocolon quadrisetosum. 60 African Entomology Vol. 17, No. 1, 2009 Section of M between crossveins r-m and dm-cu longer than section between dm-cu and bend of M. Section of M between dm-cu and bend of M about as long as section between bend of M and wing margin. Wing cell r4+5 open. Abdomen. Syntergite 1+2 with one pair of median marginal setae, 0–1 pair of lateral marginal setae; general setulae decumbent. Tergite 3 with one pair of median marginal setae, one or two pairs of lateral marginal setae. Tergite 4 with a row of 11 short marginal setae. Tergite 5 without distinctly differentiated marginal and discal setae. Hosts. Cossus tenebroides Felder (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) (see Crosskey 1984: 307 as Dolichocolon). Etymology. The name refers to the province of the type locality (Cape Prov.) and should be treated as a Latin adjective. Distribution. Afrotropical: South Africa (Eastern Cape). Type material examined. Holotype : [South Africa, Eastern Cape] Fort Beaufort / Cape Province / 17.XI.1953 / J.S. Taylor // Ex larva / Cossus terebroides Feld. [sic!] / C.I.E. COLL / NO 15866A // Dolichocolon / paradoxum B.B. / F. Van Emden det. 1958 [NMDA]. Note. The specimen is in good condition but somewhat ‘greasy’. Kuwanimyia conspersa Townsend, 1916, Figs 13, 14, 21, 22 Kuwanimyia conspersa Townsend, 1916: 319. Type locality: Japan, Honshu, Tokyo. Dolichocolon quadrisetosum Baranov, 1935: 555. Lectotype female designated by Sabrosky & Crosskey 1969: 40. Type locality: Taiwan, Koshun, Kankau. Diagnosis Arista thickened on about basal 6/7 of its length or more. Syntergite 1+2 usually without median marginal setae (if present, very weak). Female: Parafacial at its narrowest point about 1.0–1.3 times as wide as postpedicel. Redescription Male. Length: 5.9–8.2 mm. Colour. Head (except frontal vitta) black in ground colour, with grey microtrichosity; frontal vitta reddish; scape and pedicel yellowish-red, postpedicel from mainly blackish-brown to entirely yellow. Palpus yellow. Thorax black (except scutellum which is yellowish-red on posterior 1/4–1/2); scutum microtrichose; presutural area with four longitudinal dark vittae; legs black. Tegula and basicosta black. Abdomen black; tergites 3 and 4 with a transverse band of whitish-grey microtrichosity on anterior 1/3–1/2, with shifting spots; tergite 5 microtrichose on anterior 1/2–2/3. Terminalia black. Head (Fig. 13). Eye bare. Arista bare. First aristomere as long as wide. Postpedicel about 7 times as long as pedicel. Frons at its narrowest point 1.3–1.5 times as wide as eye in dorsal view. Medial vertical setae strong, reclinate, sub-parallel. Lateral vertical seta well differentiated from the postocular setulae. Two reclinate upper orbital setae. Six to eight frontal setae. Parafacial at its narrowest point about 0.8–0.9 times as wide as postpedicel. Facial ridge with erect setulae on lower 4/5 or more. Gena in profile 1/5–1/4 of vertical height of eye. Postocular setae relatively long, slightly bent forwards. Occiput flat or slightly concave. Prementum about 1.0–1.5 times as long as wide. Palpus sub-cylindrical with some setulae ventrally, dorsally and apically. Thorax. Prosternum with several robust setulae on lateral margin. Postpronotum with three setae arranged in straight line. Usually four katepisternal setae (sometimes one smaller than the others). Scutellum with one pair of discal setae, one pair of sub-parallel, convergent or crossed and erect apical setae, one pair of subapical and one pair of basal setae; 2–3 short and weak setulae between subapical and basal setae. Wing. Costal spine slightly differentiated from costal setulae. Second costal section (CS2) ventrally bare. Base of R4+5 with 3–4 setulae. Bend of M vein obtuse. Wing cell r4+5 slightly open, closed at wing margin or shortly petiolate. Abdomen. Syntergite 1+2 without marginal setae; general setulae decumbent. Tergite 3 with a pair of median marginal setae; one or two pairs of lateral marginal setae. Tergite 4 with a row of 7–10 marginal setae. Tergite 5 with a row of marginal setae and several discal setae. Terminalia (Figs 21, 22). Cerci broad, with a dorso-medial suture, apically slightly separated from each other. Surstylus straight, long and relatively narrow, with some short and robust setulae latero-apically. Pregonite and postgonite short, more or less rounded apically. Basiphallus with a short basal extension. Female. Differs from male as follows: Head (Fig. 14). Fronto-orbital plate with two proclinate orbital setae. Postpedicel 4.4–5.0 times as long as pedicel. Cerretti: Review of the genus Kuwanimyia (Diptera: Tachinidae) 61 Figs 15–22. Kuwanimyia spp., male terminalia. 15, K. afra, holotype male, epandrial complex in left lateral view; 16, K. afra, holotype male, cerci and surstyli in posterior view; 17, K. afra holotype male, sternite 6, tergite 6 (dark grey hemitergites) and segment 7+8 in left anterolateral view; 18, K. atra, holotype male, epandrial complex in left lateral view; 19, K. atra, holotype male, cerci and surstyli in posterior view, 20, K. atra, holotype male, sternite 5, sternite 6, tergite 6 (dark grey hemitergites) and segment 7+8 in left anterolateral view; 21, K. conspersa, male (Japan), epandrial complex in left lateral view; 22, K. conspersa, male (Japan), cerci and surstyli in posterior view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. 62 African Entomology Vol. 17, No. 1, 2009 Hosts. Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae); Euproctis pseudoconspersa (Strand) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae); Hypena trigonalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); Herpetogramma rudis (Warren) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Shima 2006). Distribution. Oriental: China (Fujian); Taiwan. Palaearctic: Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyus Islands). Type material examined. Lectotype of Dolichocolon quadrisetosum Baranov: Lecto – / type [round paper] // Kankau (Formosa) / H. Sauter VII.1912 // Dolichocolon / 4-setosum / n.sp. / N. Baranoff // Lectotypus // Typus // Dolichocolon / quadrisetosum Bar. / LECTOTYPE. 9 / designated by / R.W. Crosskey, 1969 / & C.W. Sabrosky // Kuwanimyia / conspersa Tws. / B. Herting det. [DEI]. Paralectotypes of Dolichocolon quadrisetosum Baranov: 29, Para – / lecto – / type [round paper] // Kankau (Koshun) / Formosa / H. Sauter IV.1912 // 7.VIII. // Dolichocolon / 4-setosum / n.sp. / N. Baranoff // Paralectotypus // Typus // PARALECTOTYPE 9 / of Dolichocolon / quadrisetosum Bar. / det. R.W. Crosskey. 1969 [DEI]. Other material examined. 19: China, Fujian, Fuzhou (= Foochow) [BMNH]. 18, 79, Japan, Ryukyus, Nakanoshima, (Takara Isl.), vii.1973, Ex. Hypena (= Dicromia) trigonalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [BLKU]. 19, Japan, Minato -Ku, 21.vii.1999 [BLKU]. 29, Japan, Kagoshima-city, 16.x.1962, ex pupa Euproctis pseudoconspersa (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) [BLKU]. 18, same data but 24.x.1962 [BLKU]. 19, Japan, IshigakiJima, 22-viii.1965 [BMNH]. 18, Japan, Hanyu Saitama, 8.vi.1974 [BLKU]. 1 8 , Japan, Tanba, Kusayama, host: Herpetogramma rudis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) [BLKU]. 19, Japan, Yoshikawa, 23.ix.1973 [BLKU]. 18, Japan, Kyushu, Aoshima, 10.x.1969 [BLKU]. 18, Japan, Kurokawa, 28.vii.1967 [BLKU]. 19, Taiwan, Chihpen, 10.vi.1973 [BLKU]. Key to the species of Kuwanimyia 1. Abdominal tergites 1+2 and 3 without median marginal setae. Antenna entirely yellow. Abdomen entirely black in ground colour; tergites 3 and 4 with a regular transverse band of whitish-grey microtrichosity on anterior 1/3–1/2, without shifting spots; tergite 5 microtrichose on anterior 1/2 or less. Afrotropical Region . . . . . . . . atra sp. nov. — At least tergite 3 with a pair of median marginal setae. At least distal 1/3 of postpedicel brownish. Abdomen black in 2. — 3. — ground colour except more or less reddish on sides of tergites 3 and 4. Microtrichosity variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Arista thickened on about basal 6/7–1/1 of its length. Syntergite 1+2 usually without median marginal setae (if present, very weak). Female: Parafacial at its narrowest point about 1.0–1.3 times as wide as postpedicel. Male terminalia as in Figs 21, 22. Oriental and Palaearctic Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . conspersa Townsend Arista thickened on its basal 2/3–3/4. Syntergite 1+2 with a pair of median marginal setae. Female: Parafacial at its narrowest point at least 1.9 times as wide as postpedicel. Terminalia not as above [unknown for K. capensis]. Afrotropical Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Lower facial margin slightly visible in lateral view. Gena in profile about 1/3 of vertical height of eye (Figs 8, 9). Medial vertical seta 2/3–3/4 as long as vertical height of eye (Figs 8, 9). Occiput very slightly convex. Postpronotum entirely black. Notopleuron with two strong setae plus an additional weak seta close to base of posterior notopleural seta (Fig. 4). Male: terminalia as in Figs 15–17. Female: Parafacial at its narrowest point about two times as wide as the postpedicel. . . . . . . afra sp. nov. Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Gena in profile about 1/2 of vertical height of eye (Fig. 12). Medial vertical seta about 1/2 as long as vertical height of eye (Fig. 12). Occiput flat. Postpronotum yellowish-red. Notopleuron with only two strong setae (Fig. 5). Male: unknown. Female: Parafacial at its narrowest point about three times as wide as postpedicel. . capensis sp. nov. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to A. Kirk-Spriggs (Department of Entomology, Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa, former curator of Diptera at National Museum of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia), F. Menzel (Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Munchenberg, Germany), M. Mostovski (Natal Museum, Department of Arthropoda, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa), J. E. O’Hara (Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada), H. Shima (Biosystematics Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan), N. Wyatt (Natural History Museum, London, U.K.), J. Ziegler (Mu- Cerretti: Review of the genus Kuwanimyia (Diptera: Tachinidae) seum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany) who enabled me to study the valuable material preserved in their institutions. M. Mei (Dip. di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy) and M. Tisato (Centro Nazionale Biodiversità Forestale, Verona, 63 Italy) for critical revision of the manuscript; to D. Whitmore (Centro Nazionale Biodiversità Forestale, Mantova, Italy) for revision of the English language; to D. Avesani (Centro Nazionale Biodiversità Forestale, Verona, Italy) for helping me compose the plates. REFERENCES BARANOV, N. 1935. Neue paläarktische und orientalische Raupenfliegen (Dipt., Tachinidae). Veterinaryski Arhiv 5: 550–560. CROSSKEY, R.W. 1973. A conspectus of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of Australia, including keys to the supraspecific taxa and taxonomic and host catalogues. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, Supplement 21: 1–221. CROSSKEY, R.W. 1976. A taxonomic conspectus of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of the Oriental Region. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, Supplement 26: 1–357. CROSSKEY, R.W. 1984. Annotated keys to the genera of Tachinidae (Diptera) found in tropical and southern Africa. Annals of the Natal Museum 26(1): 189–237. HERTING, B. 1984. Catalogue of Paleartic Tachinidae (Diptera). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde (A) 369: 1–228. MEIJERE, J.C.H. de 1910. Studien über südostasiatische Dipteren. IV. Die neue Dipterenfauna von Krakatau. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 53: 58–195. MERZ, B. & HAENNI, J-P. 2000. 1.1. Morphology and terminology of adult Diptera (other than terminalia). In: Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (Eds) Contribution to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Vol. 1. General and Applied Dipterology. 21–51. Science Herald, Budapest. MESNIL, L.P. 1949. 64g. Larvaevorinae (Tachininae). Teil 1: Salmaciini. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.) Die Fliegen der paläarktischen Region, 8. 49–104. E. Schweizerbart’che Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart. ÖZDIKMEN, H. 2006. 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Proceedings of the United States National Museum 49(2128): 617– 633. TSCHORSNIG, H.-P. & RICHTER, V.A. 1998. 3.54. Family Tachinidae. In: Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (Eds) Contribution to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Vol. 3. Higher Brachycera. 691–827. Science Herald, Budapest. Accepted 22 October 2008