Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution

R. Gibson

A literature-based taxonomic catalogue of nemerteans (phylum Nemertea) from Spain and Portugal is provided, listing 75 species (12 Palaeonemertea, 24 Pilidiophora, and 39 Hoplonemertea) belonging to 34 genera. This is a low species number compared with the approximately 400 species listed in Europe. This lack of knowledge is mainly due to the low number of researchers interested in the phylum and the well-known taxonomic difficulties of its study. Geographic records are indicated for each species, and for some, comments are included on certain biological and taxonomic aspects.

Of 45 species of nemerteans reported for the Brazilian coast, only two were recorded from Brazil’s Northeast coast. Here we report seven new records for the state of Ceará, in Northeast Brazil: Tubulanus rhabdotus Côrrea, 1954, Carinomella cf. lactea Coe, 1905, Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle-Chiaje 1825), Cerebratulus cf. lineolatus Coe, 1905, Cerebratulus sp. 1, Cerebratulus sp. 2 and Lineidae sp. 1. Specimens were collected at the following beaches: Praia dos Dois Coqueiros, Praia do Pacheco, Pecém harbor, Praia da Pedra Rachada and Praia do Guajiru. T. rhabdotus is a new record for Northeast Brazil, Carinomella cf. lactea and Cerebratulus cf. lineolatus are new records for the South Atlantic Ocean and both genera are new records for Brazil.

The under-rock guild of nemerteans from Lough Hyne, southwest Ireland was recorded during a long-term benthic survey of the marine reserve. From 2004 to 2014, common nemerteans were recorded annually in late summer for ten historical monitoring sites (each 10 m of shoreline); more comprehensive surveys were completed in 2012 (4126 low-intertidal to shallow-subtidal rocks were turned) and 2014 (1289 rocks turned) with supplementary information in 2015. The bootlace worm, Lineus longissimus, was the most abundant nemertean species. It was significantly more abundant at the extremely shallow East Castle site than the other nine sites; peak populations (across all ten sites) occurred in 2012. The Lusitanian nemertean Paradrepanophorus crassus was abundant after 2007. To date, 13 nemertean species were recorded with numerous new records for the lough, including Tubulanus annulatus, Micrura purpurea, Ramphogordius sanguineus, Micrella rufa and Emplectonema gracile. Three additional nemertean species were previously recorded, indicating that at least 16 species occur in the lough. Given the low densities and paucity of comprehensive earlier records, we are not able to ascertain definitely whether these species are new incursions or if sparsely distributed residents have increased.

Journal of Natural History ISSN: 0022-2933 (Print) 1464-5262 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnah20 Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution R. Gibson To cite this article: R. Gibson (1995) Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution, Journal of Natural History, 29:2, 271-561, DOI: 10.1080/00222939500770161 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939500770161 Published online: 13 Feb 2007. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 146 View related articles Citing articles: 69 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnah20 Download by: [Seoul National University] Date: 15 April 2016, At: 16:28 JOURNAL OF NATURALHISTORY, 1995, 29, 271--562 Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution R. GIBSON Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK (Accepted 18 May 1994) Names used for nemertean genera and species of the world are listed alphabetically, with their original description citations, synonymy and current taxonomic status. Though many remain inadequately described, 250 genera and 1149 species are recognized as valid; these comprise Archinemertea (3 genera, 28 species), Palaeonemertea (11, 70), Heteronemertea (79, 401), monostiliferous Hoplonemertea (91, 500), reptantic polystiliferous Hoplonemertea (22, 45), pelagic polystiliferous Hoplonemertea (40, 97), Bdellonemertea (1, 5) and three monotypic genera whose higher taxonomic affinities are uncertain. In addition, three monotypic genera of fossil Nemertea are also listed. The higher systematic position and typical ecological habits of its species are shown for each valid genus, type-species are indicated, and brief details of species known habitats and distribution are noted. KEYWORDS:Nemertea, genera, species, checklist, world. Introduction The identification of nemertean worms (phylum Nemertea, Nemertinea, Nemertini or Rhynchocoela) is primarily based upon histological studies of their anatomy yet, as Riser (1989: 534) noted, for 'almost half of the named species [their internal anatomy] is unknown'. Many of the named genera and species were established entirely on the basis of their external features, before histological methods became routinely employed in research, and even for those species which have been investigated histologically 'significant morphological features of many which have been serially sectioned have not been recorded or have been misinterpreted as the result of distortion resulting from contraction induced by fixation' (ibid.). A great number of nemertean taxa have thus been described incompletely and there remain many names in the literature that cannot with certainty be related to known forms. The earliest reference to what is now interpreted as a nemertean is the brief account of a long, greyish-blue marine worm, common on the Norwegian coast, given by the Swedish archbishop and naturalist Olaus Magnus in 1555; Cedhagen and Sundberg (1986: 8) concluded that 'From our present knowledge of the marine fauna of Norway, the only worm species this can be is the nemertean Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770)'. It was a further 200 years before William Borlase (1758) described and illustrated what he called a 'Sea Long-Worm' in The Natural History of Cornwall; 0022-2933/95 $10-00 © 1995 Taylor & Francis Ltd. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 272 R. Gibson like many subsequent authors, Borlase had no idea of the systematic position of the animal. There followed a period during which, although many species of nemerteans were established, considerable confusion existed over their phyletic relationships and it was not until the publications of Max Schultze (1851, 1853) that some degree of taxonomic order began to emerge. Since Gunnerus (1770) first gave the name Ascaris longissima (now Lineus longissimus) to a nemertean, the number of named genera and species has grown steadily. The last attempt to list all the known taxa, including their synonymy, was published by Biirger (1904a); he recorded 355 species and 23 subspecies from 29 genera, with a further 59 taxa listed as being of dubious validity. Nearly 50 years later Hyman (1951) estimated that there were about 550 known species of nemerteans, but more recently Gibson (1985a) indicated that the phylum contained some 177 genera and 883 species. The taxonomic revisions, changes and additions that have been made since Bfirger's article (1904a) clearly indicate the need for an updated checklist of the nemerteans of the world; such lists have many purposes in biological studies, especially for those who are not specialists in a particular taxon and who, for example, in recording the fauna and flora of a zoogeographic region or habitat type, often include obsolete nomenclature which further maintains systematic confusion. It is not just the genera and species of nemerteans that have been subject to taxonomic revision; the long accepted higher classification of the phylum too has been discussed in the literature (e.g. Iwata, 1960; Gibson, 1988a, 1990a; Sundberg, 1990, 1991; Crandall, 1993a; Senz, 1993a), whilst recent papers (Moore and Gibson, 1993; Sundberg, 1993) have argued the merits of different approaches to the fundamental problems associated with nemertean classification and phylogeny. It is not the purpose of the present paper to attempt to resolve these arguments and discussions; the intention here is to provide a checklist, in alphabetical sequence, of all the names used in original designations of genera and species, together with an indication of their current status, synonymy, habitat and recorded distribution. Throughout the list valid names are shown in bold, junior synonyms in standard, italics; type-species for each currently recognized genus are indicated with an asterisk. Where type-species have not previously been designated, the species selected as type (by subsequent designation) is that first described for a particular genus which remains valid. Genera and species that have at some time been included as nemerteans, but which are now referred to other phyla, are shown in parentheses. The entries for the individual genera and species include the following information: name of the taxon, with naming authority and original date of usage; original description citations with page, table and illustration references; known or probable synonyms, including emendations and typographical errors; brief details of their habitat; and their recorded zoogeographic distribution. No attempt is made to include all the author references to synonymous names shown. After each current generic name its higher taxonomic position is shown using the following classificatory scheme: Class: ANOPLA Order: Archinemertea Order: Palaeonemertea Order: Heteronemertea Class: ENOPLA Order: Hoplonemertea Suborder: Monostilifera Nemertean genera and species of the world 273 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Suborder: Polystilifera Tribe: Reptantia Tribe: Pelagica Order: Bdellonemertea Broad distributional information for members of each genus (e.g. terrestrial, freshwater, marine pelagic) is shown under the generic names. Family names are intentionally omitted from the checklist; many nemertean families are urgently in need of taxonomic revision and the inclusion of particular genera in given family groups often remains dubious. For taxa no longer considered valid brief synopses are provided; in these annotated sections authorities referring a genus or species to its current taxonomic position are indicated. Several described taxa have either been identified in the literature as nomina dubia or species inquirendae or else qualify for one or the other of these categories; these forms are retained as valid, their taxonomic status being left for future studies to resolve. Species names established with no description (nomina nuda) or whose genera are no longer current, however, are rejected; these taxa are indicated clearly. The introduction of new names for junior homonyms has been kept to the minimum; these names too are identified. Variations in the spelling of names, whether typographical errors, misprints or emendations, are also shown, particularly where they interfere with the alphabetical sequence; minor emendations are not listed alphabetically but are included with the lists of synonyms of individual species. Names established in which diacritic marks or hyphens were employed are changed according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1985), Articles 25 and 32c(vi). Subspecific or varietal taxa are recorded under their appropriate species names; the validity of these lower taxonomic categories is, for nemerteans, far from securely established, but discussion on this matter is beyond the scope of this checklist. The nemertean genera and species of the world Accirinia Chernuishev, 1993 Chernuishev, 1993a: 8 Chernuishev proposed separating off some species of Ototyphlonemertes into a new genus, Norenburgia; he established Accirinia as a subgenus of Norenburgia with Ototyphlonemertes americana Gerner, 1969, as the designated type. No diagnoses of the suggested new taxa were given and the proposals are not adopted in the present paper. Acicula Renier, 1807 Renier, 1807: table 6 Biirger (1904 a: 132) included this name with a group of genera and species which he regarded as not certainly belonging in the phylum Nemertea. Acicula bioculata Renier, 1847 Renier, 1847:59 Habitat: Marine, presumed benthic. Distribution: Adriatic Sea. A manuscript name, published posthumously under the editorship of G. Meneghini, which Renier himself (p. 65) synonymised with Acicula macula. Acicula macula: see Gordius macula Renier, 1804 Acrostomum: see Akrostomum Grube, 1840 Acrostomum canescens: see Polia canescens Leuckart, 1849 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 274 R. Gibson Acrostomum stannii: see Akrostomum stannii Grube, 1840 Acteonemertes Pantin, 1961 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Pantin, 1961 a: 153 Moore and Gibson (1981:195) provide an updated diagnosis of the genus. Upper intertidal zone to fully terrestrial. *Acteonemertes bathamae Pantin, 1961 Pantin, 1961a: 154-155, pl. 1, figs 1 4 Habitat: Under stones (upper intertidal) or storm wrack (supra-littoral), or beneath small logs at the edge of scrub (terrestrial). Distribution: New Zealand (South Is., Stewart Is.), Auckland Is., Ocean Is. (Banaba). Anatomical details supplementing Pantin's original brief description are given by Moore (1973: table 1). Adenorhagas Riser, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA Riser, 1990:597 Marine benthic. *Adenorhagas aurantiafrons Riser, 1990 Riser, 1990: 597-602, figs 1 10 Habitat: Among kelp holdfasts washed up on to the shore. Distribution: New Zealand (North and South Is.). Aegialonemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Gibson, 1990b: 115 116, table 4 Marine benthic. *Aegialonemertes chlorophthalma Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990b: 116-123, table 1, text-figs 7, 8, pl. 6, figs A-G, pl. 7, figs A D Habitat: Lower shore under boulders in shelly sand. Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia). Aetheolineus Senz, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA Senz, 1993 a: 88 Marine benthic. *Aetheolineus pulcherrimus Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993 a: 89-97, pl. 4, fig. 35, pl. 5, figs 36 41 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). First referred to, as a nomen nudum, by Senz (1992a: 92). Aetheorhynchus Gibson, 1981 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1981 a: 173, table 1 Marine benthic. *Aetheorhynchus actites Gibson, 1981 Gibson, 1981 a: 173-182, figs 1-5 Habitat: Lower shore under coral boulders in muddy grit. Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is., off Queensland). Africanemertes Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942:184 Marine benthic. Africanemertes riitzleri Kirsteuer, 1965 Kirsteuer, 1965: 300-304, figs 6-8, 12C Habitat: On corals. Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 275 This species should be known as Africanemertes ruetzleri Kirsteuer, 1965. *Africanemertes swakopmundi Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 184-189, fig. 17 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: South-Western Africa (Swakopmund, Namibia). Akrostomum Grube, 1840 Grube, 1840:57 Biirger (1904a: 34) included Akrostomum as a synonym of the genus Amphiporus, on p. 48 listing Akrostomum stannii Grube, 1840, under the name Amphiporus stannii; this species has subsequently been transferred to the genus Valdivianemertes by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1923 a: 643). Akrostomum, together with its emendation Acrostomum which appears in some of the older literature, is thus a junior synonym of Valdivianemertes. Chernuishev (1992 a: 134) has recently argued in favour of reinstating the name Akrostomum. Akrostomum stannii Grube, 1840 Grube, 1840:57 Synonyms: Acrostomum stannii, Amphiporus stannii, Amphiporus stanniusi Habitat: Sublittoral, from 30 m depth. Distribution: Italy (Gulf of Naples). Now Valdivianemertes stannii (Grube, 1840) (Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923 a: 643); Crandall (1993b) discusses the nomenclatural status and systematic position of this species at some length. Alaonemertes Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942:161 Marine benthic. *A laonemertes michaelseni Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 161-169, figs 11, 12 Habitat: Intertidal; no further details recorded. Distribution: South-Western Africa (Swakopmund, Namibia). Alardus Busch, 1851 Busch, 1851:111 B/irger (1904 a: 104) listed this taxon as a junior synonym of the genus Micrura. Alardus caudatus Busch, 1851 Busch, 1851: 111-112, pl. XI, fig. 8 Habitat: Sublittoral (?) in a harbour. Distribution: Yugoslavia (Trieste). McIntosh (1873-1874: 29) commented that 'This is evidently the young of a Micrura' and Biirger (1904a: 105) included it as synonymous with Micrura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828. Alaxinus Gibson, Wickham and Kuris, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Gibson et al., 1990: 186-187, table 1 Marine, ectosymbiotic (?) on decapod Crustacea. *Alaxinus oclairi Gibson, Wickham and Kuris, 1990 Gibson et al., 1990: 187-197, figs 1-4 Habitat: On an egg mass of the anomuran Paralithodes camtschatica. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Juneau, AK). Albanemertes Senz, 1993 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Senz, 1993 a: 125 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 276 R. Gibson Marine benthic. *Albanemertes rovinjensis Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 125-127, pl. 8, figs 68, 69 Habitat: In sand. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj). Alexandronemertes Chernuishev, 1992 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Chernuishev, 1992a: 135 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Alexandronemertes ductor Chernuishev, 1992 Chernuishev, 1992a: 135 Synonyms: Nectonemertes mollis: not Dinonemertes mollis Coe, 1926 Habitat: Obtained from depths of 975-1160m. Distribution: North Atlantic. Chernuishev regarded Nectonemertes mollis sensu Korotkevich (1972) and Dinonemertes mollis Coe, 1926, as separate taxa; he renamed the former and transferred it to a new genus. *Alexandronemertes mollis: see Dinonemertes mollis Coe, 1926 Algonemertes Corr6a, 1954 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Corr~a, 1954:62 Marine benthic. *Algonemertes alba Corr~a, 1954 Corr6a, 1954:63 68, pl. 13, figs 67-71, pl. 14, figs 72, 73 Habitat: Intertidal between algae. Distribution: Brazil (Silo Sebastifio, Ilha de S~o Sebastifio and Ilha das Palmas). (Amiskwia Walcott, 1911) Walcott, 1911:112 Originally described as a genus of fossil chaetognaths; some authors (e.g. Korotkevich, 1967: 140-142) considered it to be a nemertean, but Conway Morris (1977: 273) concluded that it was not and that its phyletic position could not be determined. (Amiskwia sagittiformis Walcott, 1911) Walcott, 1911: 112-113, pl. 22, figs 3, 4 Habitat: Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. Distribution: Canada (British Columbia). Redescribed by Conway Morris (1977: 273-275, table 1, text-figs 1-5, pl. 25, figs 1 7, pl. 26, figs 1-7). Ammonemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Gibson, 1990b: 123 Marine benthic. *Ammonemertes erseusi Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990b: 124-129, table 1, text-figs 9, 10, pl. 8, figs A E, pl. 9, figs A-F Habitat: Lower shore interstitial in coarse sand and gravel. Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia). Amn&lineus Gibson and Qi, 1991 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson and Qi, 1991: 168-169, table 2 Emended to Amniclineusa in Dawson (1993). Freshwater to low salinity brackish-water. *Amniclineus zhujiangensis Gibson and Qi, 1991 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 277 Gibson and Qi, 1991: 169-175, figs 2 15 Habitat: In mud or sandy-mud; salinity mostly < 0"5%° but may for brief periods reach a maximum of about 10-9%o. Distribution: People's Republic of China (lower part of the Pearl River). Amphinemertes Coe, 1940 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Coe, 1940:303 Marine benthic, possibly parasitic or commensal. *Amphinemertes caeca: see Tetrastemma caecum Coe, 1901 Amphiporella Friedrich, 1940 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1940 a: 236 Marine benthic. *Amphiporella baltiea Friedrich, 1940 Friedrich, 1940 a: 236-239, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Interstitial, sublittoral. Distribution: Baltic Sea (east of Bornholm). Ampl@orus Ehrenberg, 1831 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Ehrenberg, 1831:63 Marine benthic. Amphiporus adriaticus: see Polystemma adriaticum Ehrenberg, 1828 Amphiporus africanus Wheeler, 1940 Wheeler, 1940a: 36-39, figs 9A, B, D-G Habitat: Intertidal between algal holdfasts or under stones in channels. Distribution: South Africa (East London). Now Nipponnemertes africanus (Wheeler, 1940) (Berg, 1985 a: 243). Amphiporus agilis: see Ophionemertes agilis Verrill, 1874 Amphiporus albicans Ehrenberg, 1831 Ehrenberg, 1831: 63 Synonyms: Omatoplea albicans, Polystemma albicans, Polystemma allicans Habitat: Among corals. Distribution: Red Sea (near Tor). Originally named and illustrated as Polystemma albicans by Ehrenberg (1828: pl. IV, figs IIa-e), but not described until 1831; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455) included it as a nomen dubium. Amphiporus algensis Biirger, 1895 B/irger, 1895a: 570, pl. 4, fig. 39, pl. 29, figs 28, 29 Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, among Ulva and other algae. Distribution: Italy (Bay of Naples region). Berg (1976: 11-15, figs 1-4) redescribed the species and transferred it as Zygonemertes algensis (B/irger, 1895). Amphiporus allucens B/irger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: pl. 4, fig. 35 Synonyms: Amphiporus pulcher allucens Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Biirger (1895a: 568) distinguished Amphiporus pulcher allucens from Amphiporus pulcher pulcher (Johnston, 1837) mainly by eye size and body colour; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455) regarded the species as a nomen dubium. Amphiporus amboinensis B/irger, 1890 278 R. Gibson Biirger, 1890:26 27, pl. VII, fig. 128 Synonyms: Amphiporus amboiensis Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Now Cratenemertes amboinensis (Biirger, 1890) (Friedrich, 1955: 145). Amphiporus angulatus: see Fasciola angulata Mfiller, 1774 Amphiporus antifuscus Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954a: 24-25, figs 6A1-A3 Habitat: Among algae near low tide level. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) listed this form as a species inquirenda. Amphiporus appendiculatus Friedrich, 1957 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Friedrich, 1957:133 134, fig. 1 Habitat: Sublittoral from 10-30m depth. Distribution: Iceland. Included in the subgenus Intestinonemertes by Friedrich, listed as Intestinonemertes appendiculatus by Gibson (1982a: 828) and identified as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus arcticus Punnett, 1901 Punnett, 1901 a: 94-95, pl. VII, fig. 9 Synonyms: Amphiporus angulatus (partim), Amphiporus marmoratus (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral, among bryozoans or coralline algae at depths of 8-163 m. Distribution: First recorded from Davis Strait (between Greenland and Canada), since also reported from Iceland and France. Coe (1943: 278) tentatively referred this species to Amphiporus angulatus (Mfiller, 1774); Friedrich (1957: 130, 1958: 8) included it in the subgenus Intestinonemertes, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) listed it as a species inquirenda under its original name. Amphiporus arenarius Ushakov, 1927 Ushakov, 1927: 289-290, figs 1-3 Habitat: Sublittoral, from 50m depth on sand. Distribution: Russia (Vladivostok). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) but more recently recorded as Nipponnemertes arenarius (Ushakov, 1927) by Chernuishev (1993 b: 72). Amphiporus atypicus Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935a: 323 324, fig. 18 Habitat: Sublittoral?, in fine sand. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus bergendali Gering, 1912 Gering, 1912; 520-522 Synonyms: Cratenemertes bergendali, Nipponnemertes bergendali Habitat: Sublittoral from 40-50m depth. Distribution: West coast of Sweden. Now Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837) (Berg, 1985 a: 240). Amphiporus beringianus: see Cosmocephala beringiana Stimpson, 1857 Amphiporus b&olor Biirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895 b: 22 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 279 Habitat: Sublittoral from 680 m depth. D&tribution: Barents Sea (west of Novaja Zeml'a). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus bicoioreus Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977 a: 105-107, fig. 18 Habitat: Intertidal in salinities down to about 18%o. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okbotsk). Although not listed by Gibson and Crandall (1989), this form should be regarded as a species" inquirenda. Amphiporus bimaculatus Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 44-46, text-fig. 11, pl. I, fig. 4, pl. V, fig. 10, pl. VIII, fig. 2, pl. XII, fig. 2 Synonyms: Nipponnemertes bimaculatus Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, among laminarian holdfasts, in rock crevices, beneath stones or among algae, hydroids, mussels and other growths on rocks and pier pilings. Distribution: Uncertain; originally reported from Pacific coasts of North America (AK, British Columbia, Puget Sound, WA), nemerteans identified as belonging to this species have since been recorded from eastern Russia, Japan and as far south as Ensenada in Mexico. Transferred to the genus Nipponnemertes by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 463), with a note added in proof that additional anatomical features discovered required this transfer being held in abeyance; Chernuishev (1993 b: 73-74, figs 1-3) has subsequently briefly redescribed the species and named it Collarenemertes bimaculatus (Coe, 1901). Crandall (personal communication) indicates that 'bimaeulatus' includes more than a single taxon. Amphiporus binarius Korotkevich, 1978 Korotkevich, 1978a: 125 Habitat: Intertidal under stones on sand and gravel and extending above the Fucus zone. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet in the White Sea). Also reported as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 255-256), Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455) identify this species as a nomen nudum. Amphiporus binocellatus Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993 a: 122-124, pl. 8, figs 65 67 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Mediterranean coast of France (Villefranche). Amphiporus bioculatus McIntosh, 1873-1874 McIntosh, 1873-1874: 163-164, text figs 10, 11, pl. VIII, fig. 3, pl. XVII, fig. 25, pl. XXIII, fig. 19 Synonyms: Amphiporus (Naredopsis) bioculatus, Hallezia bioculata Habitat: Originally recorded from about 15m depth among algal holdfasts attached to mussels. Distribution: First described from Bressay Sound, Shetland Is., taxonomic confusion surrounding records of the species from other locations (east coast of North America, France and the Rumanian coast of the Black Sea) lead to its geographic range being uncertain. Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 457), Kirsteuer (1967: 120) regarded Amphiporus bioculatus sensu Corr~a, 1958:450-451, pl. 3, Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 280 R. Gibson figs 19-21, pl. 4, fig. 22, found at about 6 m depth off the coast of Brazil (Silo Paulo), as distinct from Mclntosh's taxon and described it as Correanemertes bioculatus (Corr6a, 1958). Amphiporus brunneus Griffin, 1898 GriffÉn, 1898: 212, fig. 24 Habitat: On pier pilings and rocks. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus biirgeri Isler, 1900 Isler, 1900a: 5-9, figs 1-3 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Chile (near Talcahuano). Also reported as a new species by Isler (1900b: 178), Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) included the taxon, as Amphiporus buergeri Isler, 1900, in their list of species inquirendae with the comment that it resembles the genus Austroprostoma. Amphiporus caecus Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892: 402, pl. XXXIV, figs 2-2c Synonyms: ?Astemma collaris, Astemma resplendens, Hallezia hastata (partita) Habitat: Dredged from 33-37m depth. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (Rhode Is. Sound, ); also recorded from off Tierra del Fuego (Beagle Canal) by Isler (1902: 275). Verill (p. 389) included this species in a new subgenus, Naredopsis; Coe (1943: 278) commented that the form may merely be a colour variety of Amphiporus groenlandicus Orsted, 1843, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: 457) included it as a nomen dubium under its original name. Amphiporus californicus Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 264-266, pl. 23, figs 172-176 Habitat: Intertidal to depths of about 100 m, under stones, in rock crevices and on wharf pilings. Distribution: Coast of southern California. Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus canescens: see Polia canescens Leuckart, 1849 Amphiporus carinelloides Biirger, 1895 Btirger, 1895a: 559-560, pl. 2, fig. 23, pl. 16, figs 11-14, pl. 26, figs 44-46 Habitat: Among the rhizomes of Posidonia. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus cephalonephridialis Friedrich, 1940 Friedrich, 1940a: 241-242, fig. 4 Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: Baltic Sea (west of Bornholm). Now Communoporus eephalonephridialis (Friedrich, 1940) (Friedrich, 1955: 148). Amphiporus cerviealis: see Polina cervicalis Stimpson, 1857 Amphiporus commensalus Kyao, 1954 Kyao, 1954: 135-139, figs 1-3 Synonyms: Amphiporus commensalis Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 281 Habitat: Commensal in the ambulacral grooves of the solasterid starfish Crossaster papposus. Distribution: Russia (Okhotsk Sea). Now Tetrastemma commensalis (Kyao, 1954) (Chernuishev, 1991 a: 34); the specific epithet is spelt commensalis on the last page of Kyao's article. Amphipovus cordiceps: see Cosmocephala cordiceps Jensen, 1878 Amphiporus cruciatus Biirger, 1893 Biirger, 1893: 214-215, pl. 9, figs 17, 17a Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Antarctica (South Georgia). Synonymised with Amphiporus spinosus Biirger, 1893, by Wheeler (1934: 266) and Dawson (1957: 4), but listed under its original name as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus cruentatus Verrill, 1879 Verrill, 1879:184 Synonyms: ?Amphiporus leptacanthus Habitat: Lower shore to 80m or more sublittorally, among kelp holdfasts, algae, hydroids and other growths on pier pilings and rocks, or on shelly sediments. Distribution: Atlantic (New England to Florida) and Pacific (Puget Sound, WA to southern CA) coasts of the USA. Although Coe (1943: 279) listed Amphiporus leptacanthus Coe, 1905, as synonymous with this species, Gibson and Crandall (1989: 458) commented that because the internal morphology of cruentatus has never been fully described, a synonymy between the two taxa cannot be substantiated; they list Amphiporus cruentatus as a nomen dubium but include dmphiporus leptacanthus (table III) as a species inquirenda. Amphiporus delta Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 194-196, text-figs 6, 7, pl. VIII, figs 5, 6 Habitat: Sublittoral from 640m depth. Distribution: Red Sea (coast of Sudan). An inadequately described species qualifying as a nomen dubium. Amphiporus depressus: see Tatsnoskia depressa Stimpson, 1857 Amphiporus dissimulans Riches, 1893 Riches, 1893:10-11 Synonyms: ?Amphiporus roseus (partita) Habitat: May be intertidal but more common sublittorally at depths of 40 m or more on mud, shells mixed with small stones, shelly-sand, Lithothamnion and other algae. Distribution: British Isles to Scandinavia. Redescribed by Berg (1972a: 24-26, figs 1B, 2, 3, 5B, 6-I0), and listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus dorsolineatus Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 107-109, fig. 19 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk). Well enough described to be considered a species inquirenda. Amphiporus drepanophoroides Griffin, 1898 Griffin, 1898:214 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 282 R. Gibson Synonyms: Cratenemertes drepanophoroides Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA). Now Nipponnemertes drepanophoroides (Griffin, 1898) (Friedrich, 1968: 34). Amphiporus dubius Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:222-223 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral. Distribution: Uncertain; originally described from Italy (Naples), subsequent records from France, Madeira and Chile describe specimens which differ in several ways from Hubrecht's account and it is possible that three species have been referred to under the same name (Gibson and Crandall, 1989: 458). Amphiporus dubius sensu Hubrecht (1879), Langerhans (1880), Joubin (1890, 1894) and Isler (1902) are regarded as nomina dubia by Gibson and CrandaU (ibid.), but Bfirger's description (1895a: 560-561, pl. 2, fig. 25, pl. 15, figs 1720, pl. 29, figs 16-18) of material from sand near Naples is more complete and Amphiporus dubius sensu Biirger is listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus elongatus Stephenson, 1911 Stephenson, 1911:18 19, figs 12 14 Habitat: Mid-shore intertidal in medium sand. Distribution: Scotland (Clyde area) and Germany (Thiel, personal communication). Redescribed as Psammamphiporus elongatus (Stephenson, 1911) by Gibson (1989:357 362, figs 1-13). Amphiporus exilis Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 54-56, text-fig. 14, pl. III, fig. 1, pl. VII, fig. 5, pl. XI, fig. 3 Habitat: Intertidal, among barnacles and mussels or under stones in almost any sort of location. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to British Columbia). Coe (1904: 115) synonymised this species with Amphiporus formidabilis Griffin, 1898, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) list it as a species inquirenda under its original name. Amphiporus fabricii Levinsen, 1879 Levinsen, 1879:200-201 Synonyms: ?Planaria angulata Habitat: Intertidal among laminarians and dredged from depths to 270 m. Distribution: Greenland, Jan Mayen Is. and the Barents Sea. Levinsen uncertainly included Planaria angulata Fabricius, 1798, as synonymous with this species, but this has not been accepted by later authors; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 458) list it as a nomen dubium. Amphiporus falklandicus Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934:257 258, fig. 36D Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of between 74-267m. Distribution: Among and near the Falkland Is. Now Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837) (Berg, 1985 a: 240). Amphiporus flavens Monastero, 1930 Monastero, 1930: 56, pl. fig. 6 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Nemertean genera and species of the world 283 Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporusflavescens Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 277-279, pl. 2, fig. 22, pl. 16, figs 97, 98, pl. 23, figs 162-171 Habitat: Intertidal under stones or among algae and other growths on rock and pier pilings between and below tides. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Distribution: Pacific coasts of North America (CA to Mexico). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporusfolcatus Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 102-105, fig. 17 Habitat: Sublittoral from 28 m depth. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk). Well enough described to be considered a species inquirenda. Amphiporusformidabilis Griffin, 1898 Griffin, 1898: 211, figs 21-23 Synonyms: ?Amphiporus exilis Habitat: Under stones, in rock crevices or among algae, mussels and other growths on rocks and pier pilings between tidemarks. Distribution: North Pacific (Honshu and Kyushu in Japan, Bering Is., the Aleutian Is., and AK to CA, USA). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus frontalis Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892: 398-399, pl. XXXIV, figs 1-1b, 8 Habitat: Intertidal near low water mark. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME). Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 458), Riser (1993: 143, 145) commented that the 'eye pattern of the living animals and the morphology of the stylet apparatus are the only features at the present time to distinguish the species'. Amphiporusfulvus Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 280-281, pl. 2, fig. 23 Habitat: Among algae and other growths on rocks and pier pilings near low tide level, or dredged sublittoraUy from depths down to about 100m. Distribution: Pacific coasts of the USA (southern CA). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table I/I). Amphiporusfuseosparus Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977 a: 93-97, fig. 13 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk). This form constitutes a species inquirenda. ,4mphiporus gelatinosus Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 259-264, pl. I9, figs 119, 120, pl. 20, figs 122-127, pl. 25, fig. 204 Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from grey sand 40-450 m depth. Distribution: North Pacific (Uraga Strait, Honshu, Japan, and AK to Puget Sound, WA, North America). Coe (1940: 300) commented that 'The unfortunate loss of the proboscis ... make it doubtful whether this species belongs to the genus Amphiporus', but subsequently (Coe, 1944 a: 30), having obtained further material, he noted that the proboscis was typical of amphiporids; Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) include it as a species inquirenda. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 284 R. Gibson Amphiporus gerlachei Biirger, 1904 Bfirger, 1904b: 8, pl. I, figs 5-8, pl. II, figs 9, 10 Synonyms: ?Amphiporus lecointei Habitat: Sublittoral between about 80-500 m depth. Distribution: Antarctica (Charcot Is., Bellingshausen Sea) and near the Falkland Is. Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the comment that the taxon may be related to the genus Nipponnemertes; Berg (1985 a: 241) suggested that Amphiporus gerlachei sensu Wheeler, 1934: 258, text-figs 31, 36C, might be synonymous with Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837). Amphiporus giardinae Monastero, 1930 Monastero, 1930: 54-55, pl. fig. 4 Habitat: Among algae. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Gibson and Crandall (1989: 459), whilst suggesting that this taxon might be synonymous with Zygonemertes algensis (Btirger, 1895), concluded that Monastero's description was not adequate for the suspected conspecificity to be confirmed and included the form as a nomen dubium under its original name. Amphiporus glandulosus Biirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895a: 568-569, pl. 4, fig. 34, pl. 29, fig. 21 Habitat: Sublittoral from 100-140 m depth, on detritus or corallines. Distribution: Italy (Naples) and France (Villefranche). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the comment that it might be related to the genus Nipponnemertes. Amphiporus glutinosus: see Polina glutinosa Verrill, 1873 Amphiporus greenmani Montgomery, 1897 Montgomery, 1897: 6-8, pl. 1, figs 1 11, 17 Habitat: Intertidal among algae. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (NJ). Coe (1943: 285) synonymised this species with Amphiporus ochraceus (Verrill, 1873) but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) included it as a species inquirenda under its original name. Amphiporus griseus: see Polia grisea Stimpson, 1855 Amphiporus groenlandicus (~rsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:581 Synonyms: ?Amphiporus caecus, Borlasia groenlandica, ?Hallezia hastata (partita), Neesia groenlandica Habitat: Extreme lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 450 m or more. Distribution: Barents Sea, Greenland and Iceland. Coe (1943: 283) noted that 'It seems possible that this species ... may extend southward in the cold currents off Block Island, where Verrill's A. caecus w a s dredged. Other specimens from the latter area must be obtained in order to determine anatomically whether the two species, which differ only in color so far as is known, are synonymous.' Orsted's original account is totally inadequate and the species is listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 459); these authors (table III), however, include Amphiporus groenlandicus sensu Biirger, 1895 b: 23, as a species inquirenda. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 285 Amphiporus grubei: see Omatoplea grubei Diesing, 1850 Amphiporus hagmeieri Friedrich, 1940 Friedrich, 1940 a: 239-241, fig. 3 Habitat: Not recorded, presumed sublittoral. Distribution: Baltic Sea (east of Bornholm). Now Communoporus hagmeieri (Friedrich, 1940) (Friedrich, 1955: 149). Amphiporus hastatus Mclntosh, 1873-1874 McIntosh, 1873-1874: 162-163, text fig. 9, pl. VIII, fig. 2, pl. XXIII, fig. 18 Synonyms: Hallezia hastata (partita) Habitat: Intertidal to about 14m deep sublittorally, among laminarian holdfasts attached to mussels or in sand. Distribution: Uncertain because of the considerable confusion surrounding the identity of the species; originally described from Bressay Sound (Shetland Is.), nemerteans identified as belonging to this taxon have also been reported from Southport (west coast of England), the Barents Sea, the Mediterranean, Scandinavia, Greenland and the Atlantic coast of North America. Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 459); Girard (1893: 284-285) regarded McIntosh's species as synonymous with what he called Hallezia hastata, but Biirger (1904 a: 44-45) included Girard's taxon as in part synonymous with Amphiporus caecus Verrill, 1892, in part with McIntosh's species. Amphiporus heterophthalmus: see Ommatoplea heterophthalma Schmarda, 1859 Amphiporus heterosorus Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892: 393-394, pl. XXXIV, figs 7, 17 Synonyms: Amphiporus roseus (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20-400 m on sandy or muddy sediments. Distribution: Atlantic coasts of North America (Bay of Fundy, ME). Coe (1943: 276) included this form as synonymous with Amphiporus angulatus (Miiller, 1774), but Gibson and Crandall (1989: 459) listed it as a nomen dubium under its original name with the comment that 'Differences between A. heterosorus and A. angulatus ... suggest that in the absence of supporting anatomical data a synonymy between these two taxa cannot be confirmed.' Amphiporus imparispinosus Griffin, 1898 Griffin, 1898: 210, figs 19, 20 Synonyms: ?Amphiporus imparispinosus var. similis, ?Amphiporus leuciodus Habitat: Among algae, mussels and other growths on rocks, stones or wharf pilings, often in situations exposed to the full force of the surf, or beneath stones on rocky shores or on shelly off-shore sediments, intertidal to 50m depth sublittorally. Distribution: Originally described from the northwestern coasts of North America (AK to Puget Sound, WA), Corr~a (1964: 543) lists the species' range as extending from Siberia through the Bering Sea southwards along the Pacific coasts of North America to Ensenada, Mexico; this distribution includes records of Amphiporus similis Coe, 1905 (subsequently listed by Coe, 1940: 301, as Amphiporus imparispinosus var. similis) and Amphiporus leuciodus Coe, 1901. Amphiporus imparispinosus is listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus incubator Joubin, 1914 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 286 R. Gibson Joubin, 1914: 4-30, text-figs 1-13, pl. I, figs 4-6, pl. II, figs 1-10, pl. III, fig. 3 Habitat: Sublittoral to 5 m or more depth. Distribution: Antarctica (King George, Lunde and Petermann Is.). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus inexpectatus Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934:258 259, fig. 32 Habitat: Sublittoral from 159-167 m depth. Distribution: South Atlantic (Falkland Is. region). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and CrandaU (1989: table III). Amphiporus insolitus Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954b: 39-41, figs 2B, 3 Habitat: Under stones near low tide level. Distribution: Japan (Kii Peninsula on Honshu). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus islandicus Friedrich, 1957 Friedrich, 1957:140 143, figs 6-8 Habitat: Sublittoral from 15-110m depth. Distribution: Iceland. Friedrich included this species in the subgenus Intestinonemertes, Gibson (1982a: 828) listing it as Intestinonemertes islandicus; Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) regard the taxon as a species inquirenda. Amphiporus iwatai Friedrich, 1970 Friedrich, 1970:55 56 Habitat: Intertidal in the surf zone, under boulders on sand and clay. Distribution: Southern Chile (Seno Reloncavi, near Puerto Montt). Originally described as Amphiporus (Intestinonemertes) iwatai, Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) include the taxon as a species inquirenda without reference to its subgeneric placing. Amphiporusjaponicus: see Cosmocephalajaponica Stimpson, 1857 Amphiporus julii Giard, 1890 Giard, 1890:73 Habitat: Intertidal under stones on a bank of pholad molluscs. Distribution: France (Wimereux). Joubin (1894: 144) assumed that this species was merely a variety of Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828), but Biirger (1904 a: 48) retained it as a separate taxon; Giard's description is totally inadequate and Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460) list the form as a nomen dubium. Amphiporus korschelti Friedrich, 1940 Friedrich, 1940a: 243 247, figs 5 7 Habitat: Sublittoral Distribution: Baltic Sea (west of Bornholm). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). *Amphiporus lactifloreus: see Planaria lactiflorea Johnston, 1828 Amphiporus lancetoformis Korotkevich, 1978 Korotkevich, 1978a: 126 Habitat: Sublittoral, on muddy bottoms from 8-20m depth. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet in the White Sea). Also reported as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), no description has ever been given and Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455) identify the species as a nomen nudum. Nemertean genera and species of the world 287 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Amphiporus langiaegeminus Biirger, 1895 B/irger, 1895a: 558-559, pl. 2, fig. 16, pl. 16, fig. 10, pl. 29, fig. 6 Habitat: Between the roots of Posidonia. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus lecointei Btirger, 1904 B/irger, 1904b: 9, pl. II, fig. 12 Habitat: Sublittoral between 18-603 m depth. Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (South Shetland Is., South Georgia, Falkland Is. and Bellingshausen Sea). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the comment that the form may be synonymous with Amphiporus gerlachei Biirger, 1904, and/or related to the genus Nipponnemertes; Berg (1985 a: 242) regarded Amphiporus lecointei sensu Wheeler, 1934: 259-262, text-figs 33-35, 36 B, pl. XVI, fig. 9, as synonymous with Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837). Amphiporus leptacanthus Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 279-280, pl. 22, fig. 161 Habitat: Sublittoral from about 100m depth. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA). Coe (1940: 299; 1943: 279) and others have regarded this taxon as synonymous with Amphiporus cruentatus Verrill, 1879, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table Ill) list it as a species inquirenda under its original name. Amphiporus leuciodus Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a, 51-53, text-fig. 13, pl. VII, fig. 6 Habitat: Beneath barnacles and other growths on wharf pilings, less commonly under stones between tides. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to British Columbia). Coe (1904: 115) regarded this form as synonymous with Amphiporus imparispinosus Griffin, 1898, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) include it as a species inquirenda under its original name. Amphiporus littoralis: see Gurjanovella littoralis Ushakov, 1926 Amphiporus macracanthus Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 266-267, text-fig. 55, pl. 24, fig. 193, pl. 25, fig. 200 Habitat: On gravel and sandy bottoms between 4-18 m depth. Distribution: Northern Pacific (off the coast of AK). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus maculatus Joubin, 1890 Joubin, 1890:560 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: France (Banyuls). Listed as a nomen nudum by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455), the name was provisionally used by Joubin for a species which he subsequently identified as Amphiporus marmoratus Hubrecht, 1879. Amphiporus maculosus Coe, 1944 Coe, 1944a: 30-31 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Bering Sea (St. Paul Is.). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus magnus Punnett, 1903 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 288 R. Gibson Punnett, 1903 a: 30-31 Habitat: On a coral bottom from 500m depth. Distribution: Norway. Now Nipponnemertes magnus (Punnett, 1903) (Berg, 1985 a: 243). Amphiporus marioni Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887: 22-23, pl. IX, fig. 3, pl. X, fig. 1, pl. XV, figs 14, 15 Habitat: In kelp holdfasts and on volcanic sand to depths of 474 m. Distribution: Antarctica (Queen Mary Land) and Subantarctic waters (South Georgia, Kerguelen Is. and Macquarie Is.). Now Nipponnemertes marioni (Hubrecht, 1887) (Berg, 1985 a: 244). Amphiporus marmoratus Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:223 Synonyms: Amphiporus maculatus Habitat: Between the roots of Posidonia. Distribution: Uncertain; nemerteans identified as belonging to this species have been recorded from the English Channel and in the Mediterranean. Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460); Amphiporus marmoratus sensu Bfirger, 1895a: 565-566, pl. 2, figs 17, 18, 30, pl. 8, figs 10, 10 a, pl. 9, figs 4, 5, pl. 16, figs 1, 3-9, pl. 23, figs 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 25, 34, 38, pl. 24, fig. 48, pl. 25, figs 1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 15-17, 19, 23, 30, pl. 26, fig. 14, pl. 28, fig. 34, pl. 29, fig. 25, is now Duosnemertes marmoratus (Biirger, 1895) (Friedrich, 1955: 148), whilst Amphiporus marmoratus sensu Joubin, 1890: 560-565, textfig. 4, pl. X X V , figs 6-8, pl. XXX, figs 6-15, Friedrich (1958: 8) synonymised with Amphiporus arcticus Punnett, 1901. Amphiporus martyi Oxner, 1907 Oxner, 1907 a: LIX-LXIII, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Lower shore under stones. Distribution: France (Roscoff). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus mathai Joubin, 1905 Joubin, 1905 a: 435-436, 2 un-numbered figs p. 435 Habitat: Lower shore among pebbles. Distribution: Antarctica (Booth-Wandel Is.). Included as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460). Amphiporus matuanus Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977 a: 90-93, fig. 12 Habitat: Sublittoral from 28 m depth. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk). This taxon should be regarded as a species inquirenda. Amphiporus mesosorus Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892: 399, pl. XXXIV, fig. 9 Habitat: Sublittoral Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA). Coe (1943: 287) regarded this species as synonymous with Amphiporuspulcher (Johnston, 1837) but Berg (1985a: 242) noted that the original description, confined to external features, 'is too vague for any useful discussion on synonymity'; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460) list the form as a nomen dubium under its original name. Amphiporus michaelseni Biirger, 1895 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 289 Biirger, 1895 b: 22-23 Habitat: Intertidal under pebbles to 50 m depth sublittorally. Distribution: Southern Chile (Punta Arenas in the Magellan Straits) and Antarctica (Booth-Wandel Is.). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus moseleyi Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887: 20-22, pl. I, figs 20, 21, pl. IX, figs 4, 7-9, 11, pl. X, fig. 3, pl. XV, figs 11, 12, 20 Synonyms: ?Amphiporus racovitzai Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral on volcanic sand, shingle or mud. Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (Straits of Magellan, Ross Sea, McMurdo Sound, Macquarie Is., Kerguelen Is., South Georgia, and off Cape Adare). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus multihastatus Joubin, 1910 Joubin, 1910: 11-12, text-figs 15, 16, pl. figs 7, 8 Habitat: Sublittoral, on shingle or mud between 82-457 m depth. Distribution: Originally described from Cape Adare, Antarctica, uncertainty over its synonymy with other species prevents other possible records from being substantiated; Wheeler (1934: 266) and Dawson (1957: 4) include the species as synonymous with Amphiporus spinosus Bfirger, 1893, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) list the form as a species inquirenda under its original name. Amphiporus multioculatus: see Nemertes multioculatus K611iker, 1845 Amphiporus multisorus Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892: 393, pl. XXXIII, fig. 3 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to about 25 m depth sublittorally. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME). Coe (1943: 276) included this species as synonymous with Amphiporus angulatus (Miiller, 1774), but Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460) list it as a nomen dubium under its original name. Amphiporus murmanicum Ushakov, 1928 Ushakov, 1928 a: 411-412, text-fig. 3, pl. 3, fig. 6 Habitat: On Lithothamnion. Distribution: Russia (Kola Fjord, Barents Sea). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus musculus Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954 a: 26-27, figs 6B1-B4 Habitat: Intertidal among the holdfasts of small algae closely attached to rocks. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus nagaiensis Iwata, 1957 lwata, 1957: 23-24, pl. I, fig. 11, pl. VI, figs 7, 8 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 100-110 m. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Now Sagaminemertes nagaiensis (Iwata, 1957) (Friedrich, 1968: 34), redescribed by Iwata (1988:115-123, figs 1-7). Amphiporus nebulosus Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 48-51, text-fig. 12, pl. IV, fig. 1, pl. VIII, fig. 6, pl. XI, fig. 1 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 290 R. Gibson Habitat: Lower shore under stones. Distribution: North Pacific (coasts of AK and Japan). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus neesii Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:581 Synonyms: Borlasia camillea, Borlasia flaccida, Borlasia neesii, Emplectoneema neesi, Emplectonema camillea, Emplectonema neesi, Eunemertes neesi, Eunemertes neesii, Gordius fuscus, ?Gordius maculosus, ?Lineus maculosa, ?Lineus maculosus, Neesia neesii, Nemertes camillea, Nemertes neesi, Nemertes neesii, ?Omatoplea maculosa, Ommatoplea purpurea, Planaria flaccida (partim), Serpentaria fusca: not Fasciola flaccida Miiller, 1774, or Nemertes purpurea Johnston, 1837 Habitat: Commonly mid- to lower-shore under stones or boulders, in rock crevices, or among laminarian holdfasts or the byssus threads of mussel colonies, less frequently higher up at or above the Pelvetia zone, it has also been dredged from sand, silty sand, shelly gravel or shingle sediments from depths of 30 m or more. Distribution: Atlantic, Irish Sea and North Sea coasts of Europe to the English Channel and Mediterranean, the species has also been reported from Greenland and Iceland. Now Emplectonema neesii (Orsted, 1843) (Verrill, 1895: 528); Riser (personal communication) indicates that this species needs to be transferred to the genus Paranemertes. Amphiporus neisoni Sfinchez, 1973 Sfinchez, 1973: 208-212, figs 10-13 Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Central Chile (Quintero). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus nigrostriatus Timofeeva, 1912 Timofeeva, 1912: 34, fig. 2 Habitat: Sublittoral from 16 18m depth. Distribution: France (near Villefranche). Timofeeva's description of this species is so brief that it must be regarded as a nomen dubium. Amphiporus novae-zealandiae, Amphiporus novaezelandiae: see Borlasia novaezelandiae Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Amphiporus obtusorostris Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 97-102, figs 14-16 Habitat: Brackish-water intertidal down to salinities of about 18%o. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk). This taxon should be regarded as a species inquirenda. Arnphiporus occidentalis Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 271-274, pl. 20, fig. 121 Synonyms: Cratenemertes occidentalis Habitat: Sublittoral on pebbles or a mixture of mud and pebbles at depths of 70-190m. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (WA). Now Nipponnemertes occidentalis (Coe, 1905) (Friedrich, 1968: 34). Amphiporus ochraceus: see Cosmocephala ochracea Verrill, 1873 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 291 Amphiporus oligommatus Biirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895a: 564-565, pl. 2, fig. 21, pl. 29, fig. 27 Habitat: Sublittoral on detritus or coralline ground at depths of about 40 m. Distribution: France (Villefranche) and Italy (Naples and Sicily). Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461). Amphiporus pacificus Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 268-271, pl. 17, figs 109, 110, pl. 25, figs 202, 203 Synonyms: Cratenemertes pacificus Habitat: Intertidal in rockpools or sublittoral on black sand, broken pebbles or mud at depths of about 70-190m. Distribution: Bering Sea, Pacific coasts of the USA (WA to central CA) and the coast of central Chile (Bahia San Vincente). Now Nipponnemertes pacificus (Coe, 1905)(Friedrich, 1968: 34). A mphiporus parmiornatus Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957: 24-25, pl. I, fig. 12, pl. VI, fig. 6 Habitat: Sublittoral from 50-55 m depth. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus parvus Yamaoka, 1940 Yamaoka, 1940a: 243-244, text-figs 20, 21, pl. XVII, fig. 7 Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus paulinus Punnett, 1901 Punnett, 1901 a: 92-94, pl. VII, fig. 11 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Bering Sea (Pribilof Is.). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus pellucidus: see Polystemma pellucidum Orsted, 1843 Amphiporus perrieri Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 196-200, text-figs 8-13, pl. VIII, figs 7, 8 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 640m. Distribution: Red Sea (coast of Sudan). Joubin provides sufficient anatomical detail for this taxon to be regarded as a species inquirenda. Amphiporus peruvianus Coe, 1940 Coe, 1940: 302, pl. 27, figs 31, 31 a Habitat: Lower shore intertidal. Distribution: Peru (Independencia Bay). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the comment that it may be related to the genus Nipponnemertes. Amphiporus polyommatus Biirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895a: 564, pl. 4, fig. 36, pl. 29, fig. 26 Habitat: Sublittoral among detritus or on corallines. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Biirger commented that this form resembled Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) but Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461) list it as a nomen dubium under its original name. Amphiporus pugnax Hubrecht, 1879 292 R. Gibson Hubrecht, 1879:224 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461). Amphiporus pulcher: see Nemertes pulchra Johnston, 1837 Amphiporus punctatulus Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 253-259, pl. 21, figs 129-140, pl. 24, fig. 194 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Synonyms: Cratenemertes punctatulus Habitat: Originally collected whilst it was swimming at night, other specimens have since been found near low tide levels under stones, among algal holdfasts or in muddy situations. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA), Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk) and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). Now Nipponnemertespunctatulus (Coe, 1905)(Friedrich, 1968: 34). Amphiporus punnetti Friedrich, 1957 Friedrich, 1957: 134-137, figs 2, 3 Habitat: Intertidal to 36 m depth sublittorally. Distribution: Iceland. Friedrich included this species in the subgenus Intestinonemertes and Gibson (1982 a: 828) listed it as lntestinonemertespunnetti; Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) regard the form as a species inquirenda. Amphiporus pusillus Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903 a: 29-30, pl. I, figs 9 12 Habitat: Sublittoral from 100m depth on a muddy bottom. Distribution: Norway. Now Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837) (Berg, 1985 a: 240). Amphiporus quatrefagesi Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:116 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Not recorded. Stiasny-Wijnhoff, in referring to this species, neither indicates that it is new nor gives a naming authority; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455) include it as a nomen nudum. Amphiporus racovitzai Biirger, 1904 Bfirger, 1904b: 6-7, pl. II, figs 11, 13 Habitat: Sublittoral among the fronds of Macrocystis. Distribution: Uncertain; originally described from southern Chile (Bay of Asterias, Londonderry Is. and French Channel in the Magellan Straits). Biirger (1909: 171) and later authors synonymised this species with Amphiporus moseleyi Hubrecht, 1887, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) list it as a species inquirenda under its original name. Amphiporus reduncus Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957:22-23 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the comment that it may be related to the genus Nipponnemertes or some similar taxon. Amphiporus regius Iwata, 1954 Nemertean genera and species of the world 293 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Iwata, 1954 a: 27-29, fig. 7 Habitat: Under stones on shore near low water level. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). AmpMporus retieulatus Bfirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895a: 569-570, pl. 2, fig. 19, pl. 7, figs 12, 17, pl. 9, figs 3, 6, pl. 29, figs 22, 23 Synonyms: Amphiporus reticulosus Habitat: Among algae and sea grasses, between 5-60 m depth sublittorally. Distribution: France (Villefranche), Italy (Naples) and off the Arabian coast. Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the suggestion that it might be related to the Nipponnemertes group of genera, Timofeeva (1912: 34) earlier incorrectly emended the name to Amphiporus reticulosus. Amphiporus retrotumidus Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957: 25-27, pl. I, fig. 13 Habitat: Sublittoral from 30-55 m depth. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Included by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) as a species inquirenda with an indication that it might be related to the Nipponnemertes group of genera. Amphiporus rhomboidalis: see Polia rhomboidalis Stimpson, 1855 Amphiporus rhynchocoelomicus Friedrich, 1940 Friedrich, 1940 a: 242-243 Habitat: Sublittoral Distribution: Baltic Sea (south of the southern tip of Sweden). Now Communoporus rhynchocoelomicus (Friedrich, 1940) (Friedrich, 1955: 148). Amphiporus roseus: see Fasciola rosea Mfiller, 1774 Amphiporus rubellus Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 274-277, pl. 1, figs 11, 12 Habitat: Among mussels and other growths on rocks or wharf pilings near low tide level, more commonly dredged from 35-200 m depth. Distribution: Pacific coasts of the USA (CA). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with an indication that it may belong with the Nipponnemertes group of genera. ~4mphiporus rubropunctus McCaul, 1963 McCaul, 1963: 119, fig. 9 Habitat: Shallow sublittoral among eel-grasses in the lower parts of estuaries. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (VA). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus rufostriatus Bergendal, 1903 Bergendal, 1903:113-114 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: West coast of Sweden. Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus sanguineus Girard, 1853 Girard, 1853:366 Synonyms: Borlasia sanguinea, Neesia sanguinea Habitat: Lower shore intertidal. 294 R. Gibson Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC). Verrill (1895: 530) commented that 'This form may, perhaps, be allied rather to EupoIia ... The absence of cephalic slits, if real, would indicate that it is a Paleonemertean, but it has the general form of a Cerebratulus'; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 462) list it as a nomen dubium under its original name. Amphiporus schollaerti Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 265, text-figs 40, 41 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Synonyms: Amphiporus schollaeti Habitat: Sublittoral from 278-500m depth. Distribution: Antarctica (Schollaert Channel, Antarctic Peninsula). Now Nipponnemertes schollaerti (Wheeler, 1934) (Berg, 1985 a: 244). Amphiporus scoresbyi Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 265-266, text-figs 42, 43 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to 121 m depth sublittorally. Distribution: Off South Georgia and between the Sandwich Is. and Princess Martha Coast, Antarctica. Now Nipponnemertes scoresbyi (Wheeler, 1934) (Berg, 1985 a: 244). Amphiporus septentrionalis Friedrich, 1957 Friedrich, 1957: 138-140, figs 4, 5 Habitat: Sublittoral between 10-30m depth. Distribution: Iceland. Friedrich placed this form in the subgenus Intestinonemertes; Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) include it as a species inquirenda. Amphiporus similis Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 249-250, pl. 16, figs 93, 94, pl. 22, figs 152, 153 Synonyms: ?Amphiporus imparispinosus, Amphiporus imparispinosus var. similis Habitat: Among corallines, mussels and other growths on rocks or pier pilings, or under stones on rocky shores intertidally; also found in shelly sediments sublittorally. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (Puget Sound, WA to Ensenada, Mexico). Coe (1940: 301) listed this species as a variety of Amphiporus imparispinosus Griffin, 1898, but later authors mostly retain the two taxa as separate; Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) include the form as a species inquirenda under its original name. Amphiporus sinuosus: see Polystemma sinuosum Stimpson, 1857 Amphiporus sipunculus Saint-Loup, 1886 Saint-Loup, 1886:1577 Habitat: Sublittoral, in annelid tubes from 35 m depth. Distribution: France (near Marseille). Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 462). Amphiporus spectabilis: see Cerebratulus spectabilis Quatrefages, 1846 Amphiporus spinosissimus Bfirger, 1893 Biirger, 1893: 212-214, pl. 8, fig. 7, pl. 9, fig. 7 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: South Atlantic (South Georgia). Wheeler (1934: 266) and Dawson (1957: 4) regarded this form as synonymous with Amphiporus spinosus Biirger, 1893, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table Ill) include it as a species inquirenda under its original name. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 295 Amphiporus spinosus Bfirger, 1893 Bfirger, 1893: 210-212, pl. 8, figs 8, 8 a Synonyms: ?Amphiporus eruciatus, ?Amphiporus multihastatus, ?Amphiporus spinosissimus Habitat: Under stones or among kelp holdfasts intertidally down to depths of 457 m sublittorally. Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (South Georgia, McMurdo Sound, Cape Adare, Cape Bird, Granite Harbour, Kemp Land, Heard Island and Marguerite Bay). Dawson (1957: 4) commented that 'further material is needed to substantiate [the] synonymy' indicated for this species; Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) include it as a species inquirenda. Amphiporus splendidus: see Borlasia splendida Keferstein, 1862 Amphiporus stannii: see Akrostomum stannii Grube, 1840 Amphiporus stanniusi Bfirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895 a: 571-572, pl. 17, figs 5, 13, 14 Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Biirger, 1895 b: 21-22, pl. III, fig. 10, also used this species name, which is an emendation of the taxon originally described as Akrostomum stannii by Grube (1840); later Bfirger (1904 a: 48) corrected his error and the name Amphiporus stanniusi now constitutes a junior synonym of Valdivianemertes stannii (Grube, 1840). Amphiporus stimpsoni: see Omatoplea stimpsonii Stimpson, 1854 Amphiporus superbus: see Nareda superba Stimpson, 1854 Amphiporus tetrasorus Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892: 394, pl. XXXIV, fig. 6 Habitat: Dredged sublittorally from mud at a depth of about 80m. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA). Included as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 462). Amphiporus texanus Coe, 1951 Coe, 1951 a: 329, fig. 1 Habitat: Among algae or other growths on antifouling panels, intertidal to sublittoral. Distribution: Gulf of Mexico (coasts of TX and FL) and Curaqao. Additional anatomical data given by Corr6a (1961: 35-37) suggest that this taxon may be related to A.mphiporus dissimulans Riches, 1893, and Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828); Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) list it as a species inquirenda. Amphiporus thallius Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892:403 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal. Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (Cumberland Gulf and Arctic Island). Included as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 462). Amphiporus thompsoni Punnett, 1901 Punnett, 1901 a: 91-92, text-fig. 1, pl. VI, fig. 6, pl. VII, fig. 8 Habitat: On muddy or rocky bottoms down to 200 m depth sublittorally. Distribution: Davis Strait, Greenland and western Norway. 296 R. Gibson Coe (1943: 276, 287) regarded this species as in part synonymous with Amphiporus angulatus (Mfiller, 1774), in part with Amphiporus putcher, but Berg (1985 a: 242 243) rejected any synonymy between Punnett's species and Amphiporus (now Nipponnemertes) pulcher; Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) list it as a species inquirenda under its original name. Amphiporus tigrinus Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 46-48, pl. IV, figs 5-8, pl. VIII, fig. 4, pl. X, figs 3, 4 Habitat: Intertidal under stones in muddy situations. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to Puget Sound, WA). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Amphiporus typicus: see Ditactorrhochma typicum Diesing, 1862 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Amphiporus vaillanti Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 188-193, text-figs 3 5, pl. VIII, figs 2-4 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 640m. Distribution: Red Sea (coast of Sudan). Joubin's description provides sufficient anatomical detail for this taxon to be regarded as a species inquirenda. Amphiporus validissimus Biirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895 a: 562-563, pl. 4, fig. 30, pl. 29, figs 19, 20 Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: Italy (Capri), Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the comment that it may be conspecific with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828). Amphiporus virescens Verrill, 1879 Verrill, 1879:183 Synonyms: Amphiporus agilis, Nemertes verrilli, Ophionemertes agilis Habitat: Among algae, hydroids, ascidians, mussels and other growths on rocks and pier or wharf pilings near low tide level and sublittorally to depths of 20-120m. Distribution: Atlantic (Bay of Fundy, ME to southern FL) and Pacific (Puget Sound, WA to Ensenada, Mexico) coasts of North America, Gulf coast of the USA and Curaqao. Now Zygonemertes virescens (Verrill, 1879) (Montgomery, 1897: 2). Amphiporus virgatus Biirger, 1895 B/Jrger, 1895 a: 566-567, pl. 4, figs 32-32b, pl. 16, figs 2, 15 17, pl. 26, figs 34-38 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to about 40 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples) and France (Villefranche). Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the comment that it may be related to the genus Nipponnemevtes. Amphiporus vitae Monastero, 1930 Monastero, 1930: 55-56, pl. fig. 5 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with an indication that it may be related to the Nipponnemertes group of genera. Amphiporus vittatus: see Oerstedia vittata Hubrecht, 1879 Annuionemertes Berg, 1985 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 297 Berg, 1985 b: 201 Marine benthic. *Annulonemertes minusculus Berg, 1985 Berg, 1985b: 201-205, figs 13.1-13.4 Habitat: Sublittoral, interstitial in coarse sand and shells at depths of 80-90 m. Distribution: West coast of Norway. Antarctolinens Mfiller and Scripcariu, 1964 HETERONEMERTEA Miiller and Scripcariu, 1964:317-318 Marine benthic. *Antarctolineus scotti: see Lineus scotti Baylis, 1915 Antarctonemertes Friedrich, 1955 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1955:168 Marine benthic. Antarctonemertes belgica: see Tetrastemma belgicae Biirger, 1904 Antarctonemertes papilliformis: see Tetrastemma papilliformis Korotkevich, 1977 Antarctonemevtes quasioculata: see Tetrastemma quasioeulata Korotkevich, 1977 *Antarctonemertes validum, Antarctonemertes valisum: see Tetrastemma validum Bfirger, 1893 Antiponemertes Moore and Gibson, 1 9 8 1 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Moore and Gibson, 1981:195-196 Terrestrial. Antiponemertes allisonae: see Geonemertes allisonae Moore, 1973 *Antiponemertes novaezealandiae: see Geonemertes novae-zealandiae Dendy, 1895 Antiponemertes pantink see Geonemertes pantini Southgate, 1954 Apatronemertes Wilfert and Gibson, 1974 HETERONEMERTEA Wilfert and Gibson, 1974: 89, table 1 Freshwater. *Apatronemertes aibimaculosa Wilfert and Gibson, 1974 Wilfert and Gibson, 1974: 89-109, figs 1-6 Synonyms: Apatronemertes albovitatus Habitat: In aquarium tanks among the roots of Vallisneria. Distribution: Germany (Diisseldorf State Aquarium). Archisymplectes Schram, 1973 FOSSIL Schram, 1973:988 A monotypic fossil genus described from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Archisymplectes rhothon Schram, 1973 Schram, 1973: 988, text-fig. 1D, pl. 1, figs 5, 6, pl. 2, fig. 6 Habitat: Middle Pennsylvanian Essex fossil, Francis Creek Shale. Distribution: USA (IL). Arctonemertes Friedrich, 1957 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1957:143 Marine benthic. *Arctonemertes thori Friedrich, 1957 Friedrich, 1957: 143-147, figs 9 - l l Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: Iceland. Arenonemertes Friedrich, 1933 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 298 R. Gibson Friedrich, 1933:504 Redefined by Hylbom (1991: 1) to account for the uncertainty regarding the generic placement of Arenonemertes minutus Friedrich, 1949. Marine benthic. Arenonemertes arenicolus Hylbom, 1991 Hylbom, 1991: 2-5, table I, figs 1-12 Habitat: Sublittoral interstitial, in clean sand from 4 m depth. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord region). *Arenonemertes microps Friedrich, 1933 Friedrich, 1933: 504-508, figs 5-7 Habitat: Sublittoral interstitial in sand. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Arenonemertes minutus Friedrich, 1949 Friedrich, 1949: 71, fig. 1 Habitat: Sublittoral interstitial, in sand from 11 m depth. Distribution: South-western Baltic Sea. Berg (1985 b: 205-206) indicated that this species should not be retained within the genus Arenonemertes but that its taxonomic relocation could not be resolved until studies of its internal morphology have been made; there are certain resemblances between this species and Annulonemertes. Argonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1981 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Moore and Gibson, 1981:196 Terrestrial. *Argonemertes australiensis: see Geonemertes australiensis Dendy, 1892 Argonemertes dendyi: see Geonemertes dendyi Dakin, 1915 Argonemertes hillii: see Geonemertes hillii Hett, 1924 Argonemertes stocki: see Geonemertes stocki Moore, 1975 Arhynchonemertes Riser, 1988 UNCERTAIN HIGHER TAXON Riser, 1988 a: 367-368 Marine benthic. *Arhynchonemertes axi Riser, 1988 Riser, 1988 a: 367 371, figs 1 8 Habitat: Uncertain; specimens were found in the holdfasts of Lessonia washed ashore by rough seas. Distribution: New Zealand (Kaikoura, South Is.). An unusual hermaphroditic species, the organisation of the internal structures, including the complete absence of a proboscis apparatus, preclude this form from being related to any of the known higher taxonomic groups. Armaueria Brinkmann, 1 9 1 7 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917a: 16 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Armaueria pellucida: see Proarmaueria pellucida Coe, 1926 *Armaueria rubra Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917a: 16-17 Habitat: Recovered from depths of between 460-1700m. Distribution: Northern central part of the North Atlantic in the area between 41 55°N and 25-43°W. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 299 More fully described by Brinkmann, 1917 b: 105-109, text-fig. 24, pl. I, fig. 6, pl. XIII, figs 1-12. (Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1758:648 A genus of phasmid nematodes in which some species of nemerteans were included by certain of the earlier authors. Ascarisflustrae Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 92, pl. X, fig. 27 Synonyms: Cephalotrix? flustrae Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Coast of Scotland. Uncertainly included in the genus Cephalotrix by Johnston (1865: 20), Btirger (1904 a: 132) and Gibson (1982 b: 187) regarded its inclusion in the phylum Nemertea as uncertain. Ascaris linearis: see Planaria linearis Rathke, 1799 Ascaris longissima Gunnerus, 1770 Gunnerus, 1770: 173-174, fig. 17 Synonyms: Borlasia angliae, Borlasia longissimus, Borlasia nigra, Borlasia striata (partim), Gordius marinus, Gordius maximus, Heterolineus longissimus, Lineus fasciatus, Lineus gracilis (partita), Lineus lineatus, Lineus marinus, Meckelia borlasii (partita), Nemertes borlasii, Nemertes borlassii (partim), Nemertes quatrefagei (partim), Nemertes quatrefagi, Nemertes quatrefagii, Nemertes striata, Sea Long-Worm: not Borlasia? longissima sensu Diesing, 1863, Borlasia striata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833, or Nemertes quatrefagei Rochebrune, 1881 Habitat: Lower shore beneath boulders on muddy sand, in rock pools or entangled among laminarian holdfasts, common sublittorally on muddy, sandy, stony or shelly sediments to depths of at least 50 m. Distribution: Iceland and eastwards to the Atlantic, North Sea, Irish Sea and Baltic coasts of Europe from Norway to northern Spain; not certainly recorded from the Mediterranean, although Carus (1885: 160) questionably reported it from Naples. Now Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770)(Jensen, 1878: 1). Ascaris pelagica Gunnerus, 1770 Gunnerus, 1770: 174, figs 18, 19 Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Norway. Gunnerus' figures of this species indicate that it is an anoplan nemertean; Bfirger (1895 a: 8) suggested that it might be Lineus gesserensis (Miiller, 1780), but the original description is too poor for any assessment of its taxonomic position to be made beyond suggesting that it is possibly a heteronemertean. Ascaris rubra: see Fasciola rubra Miiller, 1774 Astemma t3rsted, 1843 ~rsted, 1843:574 Carus (1885: 158) and B/irger (1904a: 17) included this genus as a junior synonym of Cephalothrix, although it has also been used for species subsequently transferred to other genera. Astemma collaris Girard, 1893 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 300 R. Gibson Girard, 1893:279-280 Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral among rocks. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (RI). Listed by Bfirger (1904 a: 44) as possibly synonymous with Amphiporus caecus Verrill, 1892. Astemma dr6baehense Orsted, 1845 Orsted, 1845:418 Synonyms: Borlasia dr6bachensis Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Norway (Kristianafjord). Biirger (1904a: 130) listed this as a species of dubious validity. Astemma filiformis: see Planaria filiformis Johnston, 1828 Astemma gordius Parfitt, 1867 Parfitt, 1867:213 Synonyms: Planaria gordius Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal? Distribution: Southern coast of England (Devon). Provisionally included in Astemma by Parfitt and referred to an unpublished name used by Montagu, Gibson (1982b: 144) uncertainly synonymised the form with Oevstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806). Astemma longum Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:574-575 Synonyms: Borlasia longa Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Denmark. Now Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 18). Astemma resplendens Girard, 1893 Girard, 1893:279 Habitat: Sublittoral among rocks. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (Buzzard's Bay, MA and RI). Synonymised wtih Amphiporus caecus Verrill, 1892, by Bfirger (1904a: 44). Astemma rufifrons: see Nemertes rufifrons Johnston, 1837 Asteronemertes Chernuishev, 1991 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Chernuishev, 1991 a: 36 Marine, commensal in solasterid starfish. *Asteronemertes gibsoni Chernuishev, 1991 Chernuishev, 1991 a: 37-39, figs 1 B, 2 Habitat: In the ambulacral grooves of Solaster pacificus. Distribution: Pacific coast of Russia. Atrionemertes Senz, 1993 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Senz, 1993b: 100 Marine benthic. *A trionemertes greenlandica Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993b: 100-106, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Coastal. Distribution: Greenland. Atyponemertes Friedrich, 1938 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1938:22 Marine benthic. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 301 Atyponemertes chilensis Friedrich, 1970 Friedrich, 1970: 65-69, figs 11, 12 Habitat: Intertidal, under boulders or stones in sand on rocky shores. Distribution: Chile (Montemar, north of Valparaiso, and Gulf of Ancud). *Atyponemertes korscheltii Friedrich, 1938 Friedrich, 1938: 22-30, figs 1-4 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal. Distribution: Germany (Helgoland in the North Sea). Australineus Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1990 b: 105, table 3 Marine benthic. *Australineus albidecus Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990b: 105-113, table 1, text-figs 4, 5, pl. 4, figs A-F, pl. 5, figs A-F Habitat: Lower shore among encrusted coralline algae. Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia). Austroprostoma Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942:169 Marine benthic. *Austroprostoma namaquaense Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 169-178, figs 13, 14 Habitat: Sublittoral from 8 m depth. Distribution: West Africa (Namibia). Avenardia Giard, 1878 Giard, 1878:74 Listed by Bfirger (1904 a: 108) as synonymous with the genus Cerebratulus. Avenardia priei Giard, 1878 Giard, 1878:72-74 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: France (Pouliguen). Synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, by Biirger (1904 a: 112). Balaenanemertes Bfirger, 1 9 0 9 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Biirger, 1909:204 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Balaenanemertes chavesi: see Nectonemertes chavesi Joubin, 1906 *Balaenanemertes chum Bfirger, 1909 Bfirger, 1909: 204-211, pl. XXV, figs 2-2b, pl. XXVI, figs 7, 7a, pl. XXX, figs 1-11 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes chuni Habitat: Obtained in a vertical haul from 2500 m to the surface. Distribution: Indian Ocean (near the angle formed between Ninety East Ridge and Broken Ridge). Listed as Pelagonemertes chuni by Korotkevich (1955:111). Balaenanemertes grandis Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917b: 134-135, pl. XV, fig. 17 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes grandis Habitat: Recovered from between 660 1200 m depth. Distribution: North Atlantic, approximately south of Iceland. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 302 R. Gibson Uncertainly listed as Pelagonemertes grandis by Korotkevich (1955:113). Balaenanemertes hjorti Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917a: 18 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes hjorti Habitat: Recovered from about 1000 m depth. Distribution: North-eastern North Atlantic in the West European Basin region. Included by Korotkevich (1955:112) as Pelagonemertes hjorti. Balaenanemertes lata Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917a: 18 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes lata Habitat: Obtained from a depth of about 1300m. Distribution: Central North Atlantic, west of the Faraday Seamount Group. Listed by Korotkevich (1955: 113) as Pelagonemertes lata. Balaenanemertes Iobata: see Nectonemertes lobata Joubin, 1906 Balaenanemertes minor Coe, 1936 Coe, 1936:109 110, pl. I, figs 5, 6, pl. X, fig. 53 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes minor Habitat: Trawled from a depth of 549 m. Distribution: Atlantic (near Bermuda). The species name was first used as a nomen nudum by Coe (1935: 315) but not described until 1936; Korotkevich (1955:110) lists the form as Pelagonemertes minor. Balaenanemertes musculocaudata Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917b: 124-128, pl. I, fig. 7, pl. XV, figs 1-16 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes musculocaudata Habitat: Recovered from depths of between 600-1000m. Distribution: Northern North Atlantic, near the Rockall Rise and north of the Orkney Is. in an area between 54-60°N, 7-23°W. Coe (1945a: 164) uncertainly included this species as synonymous with Balaenanemertes lobata (Joubin, 1906), commenting that 'at three stations the females [of B. lobata] were associated with males of B. musculocaudata, which are closely similar anatomically except for the gonads but differ in color. Brinkmann himself suggests that such anatomical differences as he found might be merely sexual distinctions ... In several species of bathypelagic nemerteans the two sexes differ in color.' In the same article Coe (p. 165) lists Balaenanemertes musculocaudata as a separate taxon, noting that 'it seems advisable to retain both specific names until further evidence is available.' Korotkevich (1955:111) includes the form as Pelagonemertes musculocaudata. Balanocephalus Kennel, 1891 Kennel, 1891: 292 Bfirger (1904 a: 80) lists this genus as a junior synonym of the heteronernertean taxon Baseodiscus. Balanocephalus pellucidus Kennel, 1891 Kennel, 1891:292 Synonyms: Eupolia pellucida Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Now Baseodiscus pellucidus (Kennel, 1891) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 81). (Balanoglossus Delle Chiaje, 1829) Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 303 Delle Chiaje, 1829:117 A genus of ptychoderid enteropneusts, Verrill (1873a: 627) and Girard (1893: 296, 298) included two species of Balanoglossus as nemerteans. Balanoglossus aurantiacus: see Stimpsonia aurantiaca Girard, 1853 Balanoglossus kowalevskii Agassiz, 1873 Agassiz, 1873: 431-436, pls 1-3 Habitat: Buried in clean sand at low tide level. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (RI and MA). Verrill (1873a: 627 628) synonymised this form with Balanoglossus aurantiacus, noting (p. 352) that Agassiz had fully described and illustrated the worm under the name Balanoglossus kowalevskii. Girard (1893: 296, 298) listed both species separately; Agassiz' description clearly shows that his species is not a nemertean. Baseodiscus Diesing, 1850 HETERONEMERTEA Diesing, 1850:243 Marine benthic. Baseodiscus abyssorum: see Eupolia abyssorum Joubin, 1902 Baseodiscus alpha: see Eupolia alpha Joubin, 1902 Baseodiscus anocellatus Korotkevich, 1978 Korotkevich, 1978a: 125-126 Habitat: On muddy bottoms at sublittoral depths of 8-20 m. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea). Also referred to as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), no description accompanies the use of this species name, and the form is thus a nomen nudum. Baseodiscus antarcticus Baylis, 1915 Baylis, 1915: 120-121, pl. I, figs 4, 6 Habitat: Sublittoral on mud, 406-876m depth. Distribution: Antarctica (McMurdo Sound and off the Borchgrevink Coast, Ross Sea). Redescribed by Gibson, 1985 b: 98-104, figs 1-3, who concluded (p. 105) that Baseodiscus antarcticus sensu Wheeler, 1934: 247-248, figs 19, 20, and subsequent records of the form based upon Wheeler's rather than Baylis' description, referred to a different species which could 'only be regarded as [an unidentified heteronemertean]'. Baseodiscus antillensis: see Eupolia antillensis Biirger, 1895 Baseodiscus aureus: see Eupolia aurea Biirger, 1896 Baseodiscus australis: see Eupolia australis Hubrecht, 1887 Baseodiscus cingulatus: see Taeniosoma cingulatum Coe, 1906 Baseodiscus curtus: see Polia curta Hubrecht, 1879 *Baseodiscus delineatus: see Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1825 Baseodiscus discolor: see Taeniosoma discolor Coe, 1901 Baseodiscus edmondsoni Coe, 1934 Coe, 1934: 3-6, fig. 1 Habitat: On reefs. Distribution: Hawaiian Is. Gibson (1979 a: 146) suggested, with some reservation, that this species may be synonymous with Baseodiscus hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1831) but that this synonymy needed confirmation. Baseodiscusfiiholi: see Eupoliafilholi Joubin, 1902 304 R. Gibson Baseodiscus giardii: see Eupolia giardii Hubrecht, 1887 Baseodiscus hemprichi, Baseodiscus hemprichii: see Nemertes hemprichii Ehrenberg, 1831 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Baseodiscus indicus: see Eupolia indica Punnett, 1903 Baseodiscus insignis Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 5-6, pl. 1, figs 1 a, b Habitat: On muddy shore at low tide. Distribution: Indian Ocean (Zanzibar). Gibson (1979a: 139) included this species as synonymous with Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825). Baseodiscus lineolatus: see Eupolia lineolata Bfirger, 1895 Baseodiscus longissimus Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Punnett and Cooper, 1909:6-7 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: East Africa (Zanzibar). Baseodiscus iumbricoides: see Nematodemus lumbricoides Graft, 1899 Baseodiscus maculosus: see Eupolia maculosa Bfirger, 1895 Baseodiscus mediolineatus: see Eupolia mediolineata Bfirger, 1893 Baseodiscus mexicanus: see Eupolia mexicana Bfirger, 1893 Baseodiscus minor: see Polia minor Hubrecht, 1879 Baseodiscus multiporatus: see Eupolia multiporata Punnett, 1900 Baseodiscus nipponensis: see Eupolia nipponensis Hubrecht, 1887 Baseodiscus ophiocephalus: see Ommatoplea ophiocephala Schmarda, 1859 Baseodiscus pallidus: see Eupolia pallida Isler, 1900 Baseodiscus pellucidus: see Balanocephalus pellucidus Kennel, 1891 Baseodiscus pholidotus: see Eupolia pholidota Punnett, 1900 Baseodiscus platei: see Eupolia platei Bfirger, 1896 Baseodiscus princeps: see Taeniosoma princeps Coe, 1901 Baseodiscus punnetti: see Taeniosoma punnetti Coe, 1904 Baseodiscus quinquelineatus: see Borlasia quinquelineata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Baseodiscus rugosus: see Eupolia rugosa Punnett, 1900 Baseodiscus septemlineatus; see Taeniosoma septemlineatum Stimpson, 1857 Baseodiscus sordidus Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 6, pl. 1, fig. 9 Habitat: From a reef. Distribution: Indian Ocean (Praslin Is., Seychelles). Baseodiscus sulcatus: see Eupolia sulcata Isler, 1900 Baseodiscus takakurai comb. et nom. nov.: see Eupolia antillensis Takakura, 1898 Baseodiscus unicolor Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925: 103-105, text-fig. 3, pl. V, fig. 7 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Curaqao. Baseodiscus unistriatus: see Eupolia unistriata Islet, 1900 Baseodiscus univittatus: see Taeniosoma univittatum Coe, 1906 Bathynectes Brinkmann, 1912 Brinkmann, 1912:3 Brinkmann (1917a: 14) commented that 'The name [of this genus] has been changed, as it was found to have been previously used for a genus of crustaceans'; now Phallonemertes Brinkmann, 1917. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 305 Bathynectes hubrechti: see Bathynemertes hubrechti Brinkmann, 1917 Bathynectes murrayii Brinkmann, 1912 Brinkmann, 1912: 3-9, pl. I, figs 1-5 Synonyms: Planktonemertes murrayi Habitat: Trawled from t~etween 1500-3750 m depth. Distribution: Northern central North Atlantic, in an area between the Labrador Basin, West European Basin and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge within approximately 34-59°N, 13-51°W. Now Phallonemertes murrayi (Brinkmann, 1912)(Brinkmann, 1917a: 14), redescribed by Brinkmann (1917 b: 55-66, text-figs 14, 15, pl. VIII, figs 1-20, pl. IX, figs 1-20); Korotkevich (1955: 68) included the species as Planktonemertes murrayi. Bathynemertes Laidlaw, 1906 UNCERTAIN H I G H E R TAXON Laidlaw, 1906:187 Laidlaw's generic diagnosis is totally inadequate, although reference to the mouth and proboscis pore opening together suggests an affinity with the Hoplonemertea, and his illustration of the body wall shows an arrangement typical of many polystiliferous taxa; the absence of information on the proboscis armature, however, does not allow for a more accurate assessment of the taxonomic position of this genus. Marine, benthic? Bathynemertes Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917a: 4 In a note added in proof Brinkmann (1917 b: 178) noted that at the time he had prepared his articles on the pelagic nemerteans he had been unaware of Laidlaw's prior use of the name Bathynemertes in 1906: Brinkmann substituted the name Protopelagonemertes in place of Bathynemertes sensu Brinkmann, 1917a. *Bathynemertes alcocki Laidlaw, 1906 Laidlaw, 1906: 187-188, pl. VIII, figs 2, 3 Habitat: Sublittoral; Laidlaw commented that the species had 'the appearance of being a bottom-living' form. Distribution: Indian Ocean (northern part of the Andaman Sea). An inadequately described species which must be regarded as a nomen dubium. Bathynemertes hardyi Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 280-281, text-figs 56, 57, pl. XVI, fig. 5 Synonyms: Planktonemertes hardyi Habitat: Recovered from depths of 570-1000 m. Distribution: North Atlantic (near the Canary Is.) and South Atlantic (west of the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa). Now Calonemertes hardyi (Wheeler, 1934) (Coe, 1945a: 152), Korotkevich (1955: 67) included the species as Planktonemertes hardyi. Bathynemertes hubrechti Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917a: 4-5, pl. I, fig. 5 Synonyms: Bathynectes hubrechti, Planktonemertes hubrechti Habitat: Taken in a non-closing trawl drawn from a depth of 2500 m to the surface. Distribution: Originally described from the north-eastern North Atlantic (West European Basin), Wheeler (1934: 221) also recorded this form from the South Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 306 R. Gibson Atlantic, near the Tristan da Cunha Is., in an area between about 33-34°S and 4-16°E. More fully described by Brinkmann (1917b: 7-11, pl. II, figs t-9), now Pvotopelagonemertes hubrechti (Brinkmann, 1917) (Coe, 1926: 101); Korotkevich (1955: 67) included this species as Planktonemertes hubrechti. Bennettia Gibson, 1981 Gibson, 1981 a: 182, table 1 A homonym of the pre-occupied fish genus Bennettia Fowler, 1904, renamed Bennettiella by Gibson (1982 c: 267). Bennettia insularis Gibson, 1981 Gibson, 1981 a: 182-190, figs 6 10 Habitat: Intertidal, under boulder in clean coral sand. Distribution: Australia (Heron Is. in the Capricorn Group, southern part of the Great Barrier Reef). Now Bennettiella insularis (Gibson, 1981) as a consequence of the generic name being changed by Gibson (1982 c: 267). Bennettiella Gibson, 1982 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1982c: 267 Marine benthic. *Bennettiella insularis: see Bennettia insularis Gibson, 1981 Borlasia Oken, 1815 Oken, 1815:365 Oken established this genus for Borlasia angliae Oken, 1815, which is now synonymised with Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770), but the generic name has subsequently been used for species since transferred to several other genera, including Amphiporus, Baseodiscus, Cephalothrix and Emplectonema; Johnston (1837: 536) used the name Borlasia as a subgenus of Nemertes. Borlasia alba Thompson, 1845 Thompson, 1845: 320, fig. p. 320 Synonyms: Omatoplea alba, Ommatoplea alba, ?Polystemma alba Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Ireland (Carrickfergus on the Irish Sea coast). Now Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) (Biirger, 1904 a: 38). Borlasia alileuti Anadbn, 1981 Anadbn, 1981:224 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Northern coast of Spain (Santander). Anad6n uncertainly listed this species, giving neither a naming authority nor indicating that it was new, as synonymous with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804; the only known specimen of the form, in the Museo Maritimo de Santander, has never been described and the name is therefore a nomen nudum. Bortasia angliae Oken, 1815 Oken, 1815:365 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Coast of Scotland? Now synonymised with Lineus Iongissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) (Vaillant, 1890: 6OO). Borlasia annellata: see Nemertes annellata Leuckart, 1849 Borlasia annulata: see Nemertes annulatus Ehrenberg, 1831 Borlasia bilineata Schmarda, 1859 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 307 Schmarda, 1859: 40, text-fig, p. 40, pl. IX, fig. 84 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Caribbean Sea (south coast of Jamaica). Although Biirger (1904 a: 94) uncertainly synonymised this form with Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804), Schmarda's illustrations show a very different colour pattern and whereas Lineus bilineatus has no eyes, Borlasia bilineata has six; apart from identifying Schmarda's taxon as possibly a heteronemertean, no further assessment of its taxonomic affinities are feasible and the species must be regarded as invalid. Borlasia caerulescens, Borlasia coerulescens: see Polia caerulescens DeUe Chiaje, 1828 Borlasia camillea Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 194-196, pl. 9, fig. I, pl. 14, fig. III Synonyms: Emplectonema camillea, Nemertes camillea Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: France (St. Vaast). Transferred to Emplectonema by Stimpson (1857: 163), synonymised with Emplectonema neesii (Orsted, 1843) by Verrill (1895: 528). Borlasia cardiocephala Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 41, pl. IX, fig. 87 Habitat: In sand. Distribution: Chile (Vinfi del Mar). Listed by Biirger (1904a: 130) with a group of dubious taxa. Borlasia carmellina Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:196 Synonyms: Meckelia carmellina Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Favignana Is., west of Sicily). Synonymised with Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825) by Biirger (1904a: 82). Borlasia cephalothrix Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:241 Synonyms: Cephalothrix caeca, Cephalothrix coeca, Cephalotrix coeca Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal. Distribution: Denmark (between Copenhagen and Trekroner). Synonymised wtih Cephalotkrix iinearis (Rathke, 1799) by B/irger (1904 a: 18). Borlasia delineata: see Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1825 Borlasia dorycephala Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 40, pl. IX, fig. 86 Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope). Included by Bfirger (1904 a: 126) in a list of dubious heteronemertean species. Borlasia dr6bachensis: see Astemma dr6bachense Orsted, 1845 Borlasia echinoderma Marion, 1873 Marion, 1873: 17-18, pl. 17, fig. 10 Synonyms: Emplectoneema echinoderma, Eunemertes echinoderma, Nemertes echinoderma, Omatoplea armata, Polystemma armature, Prostoma armatum Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 1-3 m, in sand, beneath stones, in Zostera beds or among Posidonia roots. Distribution: Coasts of the Mediterranean, British Isles and Madeira. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 308 R. Gibson Now Emplectonema echinoderma (Marion, 1873) (Verrill, 1895: 528). Borlasia elizabethae McIntosh, 1873 1874 McIntosh, 1873-1874: 193-194, pl. VII, figs 1, 2, pl. XVII, fig. 23, pl. XIX, fig. 7, pl. XXI, fig. 4 Synonyms: Euborlasia elisabethae, Ophiocephalus elisabethae, Ophiocephalus elizabethae Habitat: Under stones in rock pool near low water mark or from 4-50 m depth sublittorally. Distribution: British Isles to the Mediterranean. Now Euborlasia elizabethae (McIntosh, 1873-1874) (Vaillant, 1890:616). Borlasia filiforrnis: see Planaria filiforrnis Johnston, 1828 Borlasia flaccida: see Arnphiporus neesii Orsted, 1843 Borlasia gesserensis: see Planaria gesserensis Mfiller, 1788 Borlasia groenlandica: see Amphiporus groenlandicus (~rsted, 1843 Borlasia hernprichii: see Nernertes hernprichii Ehrenberg, 1831 Borlasia herrnaphroditica Keferstein, 1868 Keferstein, 1868: 103-105, figs 1, 2 Synonyms: Prostorna herrnaphroditicurn, Tetrasternrna herrnaphroditicurn, Tetrasternrna kefersteini, Tetrasternrna kefersteinii (partim) Habitat: Lower shore intertidal. Distribution: France (St. Malo). Joubin (1890: 585) uncertainly included this species as synonymous with Tetrastemma kefersteinii (Marion, 1869), but Biirger (1904 a: 67), listing both species as members of the genus Prostoma, regarded Tetrasternrna kefersteinii sensu Joubin as in part conspecific with Keferstein's taxon, in part with Marion's species. Borlasia herrnaphroditica is now Tetrastemma hermaphroditica (Keferstein, 1868) (Hubrecht, 1879: 232). Borlasia incornpta Ehlers, 1871 Ehlers, 1871:86 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Spitzbergen (Svalbard). Regarded by Bfirger (1904a: 75) as a species of dubious validity. Borlasia inrnaculata Bfirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 165 Synonyms: Euborlasia irnrnaculata Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Now Euborlasia inmaculata (Bfirger, 1892) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 103). Borlasia kefersteinii Marion, 1869 Marion, 1869:58 Synonyms: Prostorna kefersteinii, Tetrasternrna kefersteini Habitat: Benthic sublittoral to 35m depth, among algae with numerous polychaetes. Distribution: France (Marseille) and Italy (Gulf of Genoa). More fully described, also as a new species, by Marion (1873: 6-22, pl. 17, figs 1 9); now Tetrastemma kefersteinii (Marion, 1869) (Hubrecht, 1879: 232). Bfirger (1904 a: 67) regarded Tetrasternrna kefersteinii sensu Joubin (1890) as conspecific wtih Tetrastemma hermaphroditica (Keferstein, 1868). Borlasia kurtzii Girard 1853 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 309 Girard, 1853:366 Synonyms: Borlasia kiirtzi Habitat: Lower shore on muddy sand flats. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC). Bfirger (1904a: 126) regarded this species as a heteronemertean of dubious validity. Borlasia lactea: see Ramphogordius lacteus Rathke, 1843 Both Parfitt (1867: 214-215) and Mclntosh (1869: 372), referring to an unpublished manuscript name used by Montagu, indicated that Borlasia lactea was a new species; Biirger (1904a: 98) regarded both uses of the name as referring to the same taxon. Borlasia linearis: see Planaria linearis Rathke, 1799 Borlasia longa: see Astemma longum (~rsted, 1843 Borlasia longissimus: see Ascar& longissima Gunnerus, 1770 Borlasia mandilla: see Polia mandilla Quatrefages, 1846 Borlasia maslovskyi Czerniavsky, 1880 Czerniavsky, 1880:245-247 Synonyms: Borlasia maslovskyi aberrans, Borlasia maslovskyi forma aberrans, Borlasia maslovskyi maslovskyi, Borlasia maslovskyi forma typica, Borlasia maslowskyi aberrans, Borlasia maslowskyi maslowskyi, Zygonemertes maslowskyi Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to shallow sublittoral (1-1-5 m depth). Distribution: Black Sea (Suchumi). Czerniavsky listed two varieties of this species in his original description, forma typica (pp. 245-246, pl. III, fig. 2) and forma aberrans (pp. 246-247, pl. III, figs 1A, B): Biirger (1904a: 75-76) included both the species and its varietal forms in a list of dubious taxa, but M/iller and Scripcariu (1967: 3942, figs 1-12) redescribed the species as Zygonemertes maslowskyi and included both varieties as synonymous. Berg (1976: 16) also mis-spelt the specific epithet maslowskyi; the species should be known as Zygonemertes maslovskyi (Czerniavsky, 1880). Borlasia melanocephala: see Nemertes melanocephala Johnston, 1837 Borlasia neesii: see Amphiporus neesii Orsted, 1843 Borlasia nigra Byerley, 1854 Byerley, 1854:98 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Irish Sea (Liverpool Bay). Byerley gave no naming authority for this species, did not indicate that it was new, nor provided any description; strictly the species is thus a nomen nudum, but subsequent authors (e.g. B/irger, 1904a: 93; Gibson, 1982b: 88) have included it as a junior synonym of Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770). Borlasia nigrofusca: see Nemertes nigrofuscus Ehrenberg, 1831 Borlasia novae-zelandiae Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 290-291, pl. 24, figs 15-19 Synonyms: Amphiporus novae-zealandiae, Borlasia novae-zealandiae, Chlamydoeephalus gaimardi, Chlamydocephalus novae-zelandiae, Drepanophorus novae-zealandiae Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: New Zealand (Bay of Is., North Is.). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 310 R. Gibson Now Arnphiporus novaezelandiae (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) (Biirger, 1904 a: 40), although Hutton (1904:312) was uncertain whether the form belonged in Amphiporus or Drepanophorus; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461) list it as a nornen dubiurn. Borlasia octoculata: see Planaria octoculata Johnston, 1828 Borlasia olivacea: see Nernertes olivacea Johnston, 1837 Borlasia purpurea: see Nernertes purpurea Johnston, 1837 Borlasia quadripunctata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 291-292, pl. 24, figs 20-22 Synonyms: Colpocephalus quadripunctatus, Nernertopsis gracile (partita), Nernertopsis gracilis (partita), Prostorna quadripunctata, Prostorna quadripunctaturn, Tetrasternrna quadripunctata: not Nernertopsis gracilis Coe, 1904 Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral in the mantle cavity of stalked barnacles (Capitulurn rnitella, Lepas sp.), rarely on the outer surface of the barnacles or on rocks adjacent to them. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon), Hong Kong and Japan. Redescribed by Gibson (1990c: 140 146, table 6, text-figs 23, 24, pl. 26, figs A-G, pl. 27, figs A-G) as Nemertopsis quadripunctatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833); Nernevtopsis gracilis recorded from the Pacific coast of the USA by Coe (1904) and later authors is not the same species as Quoy and Gaimard's taxon. Borlasia quinquelineata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 285, pl. 24, figs 1, 2 Synonyms: ?Baseodiscus lineolatus, ?Baseodiscus septernlineatus, Euborlasia quinquestriata, ?Eupolia lineolata, Eupolia rnelanograrnrna, ?Eupolia novernlineata, Eupolia quinquelineata, ?Eupolia septernlineata, ?Eupolia trilineata, Taeniosorna aequale, Taeniosorna rnelanograrnrnurn, Taeniosoma quinquelineaturn, ?Taeniosorna septemlineaturn, ?Taeniosorna septernlineatus Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, among or under rocks, on coral reefs or on sandy sediments. Distribution: Indonesia and the western Pacific (Japan, Singapore, New Guinea, Java, Ambon, Timor, the Torres Straits, the Solomon Is., the Loyalty Is., and the east coast of Australia including the Great Barrier Reef). Now Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 83): redescribed by Gibson (1979a: 155 157, figs 7C-F, 8). Borlasia rubra Leuckart and Pagenstecher, 1858 Leuckart and Pagenstecher, 1858:585 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Not known. A name proposed by these authors for nemerteans which developed from pilidia larvae which they had studied; Biirger (1895a: 26) suggested that it might be a Micrura species but no description has ever been given and the taxon is thus a nornen nudurn. Borlasia tufa Rathke, 1843 Rathke, 1843:234 Synonyms: Nernertes tufa Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Norway (Kristiansund). Synonymised with Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774) by Biirger (1904 a: 101). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 311 Borlasia rufescens Gay, 1849 Gay, 1849:64 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Southern Chile (Isla de Chilo6). Regarded by Biirger (1904a: 130) as a species of dubious validity. Borlasia rufifrons: see Nemertes rufifrons Johnston, 1837 Borlasia sanguinea: see Amphipovus sanguineus Girard, 1853 Borlasia splendida Keferstein, 1862 Keferstein, 1862: 59-60, pl. V, figs 10 18 Synonyms: Amphiporus spectabilis (partim), Amphiporus splendidus (partim), Cerebratulus spectabilis (partim), Drepanophoris rubrostriatus, Drepanophorus rubrostriatus (partim), Drepanophorus spectabilis (partita), Ptychodes splendida Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 35-40 m, among dredged algae, in 'honeycombed' stones or on coarse to fine gravel mixed with some mud or sand; occasional specimens have been found on oysters or in the tunicate Ciona intestinalis. Distribution: French and English coasts of the English Channel. Reports of this species from the Mediterranean refer to a different taxon. Borlasia splendida forma suchumica Czerniavsky, 1880: 244-245, pl. III, figs 3 A, B, from Cystosira at 0-5 m depth at Suchumi (Black Sea) is also a different species, listed by Biirger (1904a: 76) (as Borlasia sp.) as being of dubious validity. Borlasia splendida was redescribed by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1934: 168173, pl. 11, figs 1-5) as Punnettia splendida (Keferstein, 1862). Borlasia striata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 286, pl. 24, figs 3, 4 Synonyms: Valencinia striata: not Borlasia striata Rathke, 1843 Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: North-western Pacific (Guam). Biirger (1904 a: 82) synonymised this species with Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825). Borlasia striata Rathke, 1843 Rathke, 1843:231-234 Synonyms: Nemertes striata: not Borlasia striata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Norway (Molde and Kristiansund). This is not the same species as that described under the same name by Quoy and Gaimard (1833), Biirger (1904 a: 93) synonymising Borlasia striata sensu Rathke with Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770). Borlasia tricuspidata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 289-290, pl. 24, figs 12-14 Synonyms: Borlasia tricuspida, Borlasia viridis (partim), Cerebratulus albovittatus, Cerebratulus albo-vittatus, Lineus albovittatus, Lineus albovittatus, Lineus tricuspidatus, Meckelia albo-vittata, Meckelia viridis, Nemertes viridis (partim), Ophiocephalus viridus: not Lineus albovittatus sensu Iwata (1954c). Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, under coral boulders on reefs or on sand banks. Distribution: Indian Ocean (Wasini Is. [Kenya], Mauritius, the Maldive Is. and Salomon [Chagos Archipelago]), East China Sea (Ryukyu Is.), Banda Sea Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 312 R. Gibson (Ambon), Timor Sea (Timor) and the Pacific (Guam, Loyalty Is. and the eastern Australian coast from the Great Barrier Reef to New South Wales). Redescribed as Lineus tricuspidatus by Gibson (1981 a: 207-212, figs 21-25), now Notospermus trieuspidatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) (Riser, 1991: 435). Borlasia trilineata Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 40, pl. IX, fig. 85 Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope). Included among a list of dubious heteronemertean species by Biirger (1904 a: 126). Borlasia unieolor: see Planaria unicolor Johnston, 1828 Borlasia unilineata Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 41, pl. IX, fig. 88 Habitat: In sand. Distribution: Northern Peru (Paita). Schmarda was uncertain abouut the generic placement of this species; Biirger (1904a: 94-95) listed it as a junior synonym of Lineus vittatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833). Borlasia vermiculus: see Polia vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846 Borlasia viridis Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 288, pl. 24, figs 9-11 Synonyms: Meckelia viridis, Ophiocephalus viridis Habitat: Sublittoral among fucoid algae. Distribution: Australia (New South Wales). Blainville (1828: 574) listed this species as Ophiocephalus viridis, Biirger (1904 a: 97) transferring it to the genus Lineus; Gibson (1981 a: 206) included it as synonymous with Lineus tricuspidatus, which is now Notospermus tricuspidatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833). Borlasia viridis Grube, 1840 Grube, 1840:59-60 Habitat: On algae. Distribution: Italy (Naples and Catania). Although far from adequately described, Grube's species is quite clearly n o t the same as Borlasia viridis Quoy and Gaimard, 1833; Biirger (1895a: 543) synonymised Grube's taxon with Eunemertes gracilis (Johnston, 1837) but subsequently (Bfirger, 1904a: 76) listed it (as Borlasia sp.) as a species of dubious validity. Borlasia vittata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 287, pl. 24, figs 5-8 Synonyms: Borlasia unilineata, Meckelia vittata, Meckelia vittata var. violacea, Nemertes vittata Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Australia (Tasmania). Diesing (1850: 266), listing this species as Meckelia vittata, also recognised a colour variety as var. violacea; the taxon is now Lineus vittatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) (Bfirger, 1904a: 94). Borlasia vivipara Ulyanina, 1870 Ulyanina, 1870: 48-50, pl. VII, figs 7-10 Synonyms: Monopora vivipara Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 313 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Black Sea (Sebastopol). Listed as Prosorhochmus viviparus (Ulyanina, 1870) by Biirger (1904 a: 30), but now regarded as an inadequately described form whose generic affiliations are uncertain and whose specific status cannot be validated (Gibson and Moore, 1985: 157). (Branchiobdella Odier, 1823) Odier, 1823:75 A genus of branchiobdellid leeches whose members live as ectocommensals or ectoparasites on freshwater crustaceans (especially crayfishes), one supposed species of nemertean has been referred to this taxon. (Branchiobdella auriculae Moquin-Tandon, 1846) Moquin-Tandon, 1846: 298, 387 Habitat: Freshwater, found living in the mantle cavity of the gastropod mollusc Chilina dombeiana. Distribution: Southern Chile. Listed as Malacobdella auriculae (Moquin-Tandon, 1846) by Blanchard (1847: 143) and Gay (1849: 67), Biirger (1904 a: 74) included the species with other Malacobdella but noted that since Moquin-Tandon's article contained no description, the taxon was a nomen nudum; this freshwater form, probably a leech, is almost certainly not a nemertean. Brinkmannia Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926:134 Marine benthic. *Brinkmannia mediterranea Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926: 134-139, pl. III, figs 14-16, pl. IV, figs 17-21 Synonyms: Drepanophorus rubrostriatus (partim), Drepanophorus spectabilis (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 80m. Distribution: France (Banyuls) and Italy (Naples). Biirgeriella Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917 a: 7 The generic name should be known as Buergeriella (Coe, 1945 a: 156). Marine, probably mesopelagic, possibly also bathypelagic. Biirgeriella notabilis Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917a: 7, pl. I, figs 6, 7 Synonyms: Nectonemertes notabilis Habitat: Uncertain, trawled from depths of 1333-2000m to the surface. Distribution: North Atlantic, area between 41-48°N and 14-40°W. More fully described by Brinkmann (1917 b: 30-35, text-fig. 6, pl. V, figs 4-20) and listed by Korotkevich (1955: 71) as Nectonemertes notabilis; now *Buergeriella notabilis Brinkmann, 1917 (Coe, 1945 a: 156). Callinera Bergendal, 1900 PALAEONEMERTEA Bergendal, 1900 a: 313 Also recorded as a new genus by Bergendal (1900b: 590). Marine benthic. Callinera biirgeri Bergendal, 1900 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 314 R. Gibson Bergendal, 1900a: 313 320, figs 1-3 Habitat: Sublittoral, from 30-117m depth on mud. Distribution: Norway (Herla Fjord), west coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord) and Denmark (Kattegat and Oresund). Also described as a new species by Bergendal (1900b: 590-592); now *Callinera buergeri Bergendal, 1900 (Punnett, 1903a: 12). A variety of this species, Callinera biirgeri forma grandis Bergendal, 1903: 88, has recently been afforded specific status. Callinera grandis Bergendal, 1903 Bergendal, 1903:88 Synonyms: Callinera biirgeri forma grandis Habitat: Sublittoral, on mud between 30-40m depth. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord). Originally described as a varietal form of Callinera biirgeri but now identified as a separate species (Rogers et al., 1992: 128). Callinera monensis Rogers, Gibson and Thorpe, 1992 Rogers et al., 1992: 120-127, table I, figs 1-19 Habitat: Intertidal in mud or muddy sand. Distribution: Irish Sea (Isle of Man). Calonemertes Coe, 1945 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1945a: 152 Marine, mesopelagic. *Calonemertes hardyi: see Bathynemertes hardyi Wheeler, 1934 Campbellonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1972 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Moore and Gibson, 1972:187 Freshwater. *Campbellonemertesjohnsi Moore and Gibson, 1972 Moore and Gibson, 1972: 187-202, tables 1, 2, figs 1-17 Habitat: Found in a freshwater pond. Distribution: Southern Pacific (Campbell Is.). Carcinonemertes Coe, 1902 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Coe, 1902 a: 440-441 Marine, variously called egg predators, ectosymbionts or parasites on decapod Crustacea. Carcinonemertes australiensis Campbell, Gibson and Evans, 1989 Campbell et al., 1989: 261-267, figs 1, 2 Habitat: On the egg masses of the palinurid rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus. Distribution: Australia (off Dongara, Western Australia). *Carcinonemertes carcinophila: see Nemertes cartinophilos K611iker, 1845 Carcinonemertes coei Humes, 1942 Humes, 1942: 72-74, tables 17, 20, pl. I, fig. 4, pl. III, figs 23, 33, 35 Habitat: On the egg mass of the portunid crab Charybdis natator. Distribution: East Africa (Zanzibar). Carcinonemertes epialti Coe, 1902 Coe, 1902 a: 442-449, figs 1-9 Habitat: On the eggs of brachyuran crabs; recorded hosts include the cancrids Cancer antennarius, Cancer anthonyi, Cancer jordani, Cancer oregonensis and Cancer productus, the grapsids Hemigrapsus nudus, Hemigrapsus oregonensis Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 315 and Pachygrapsus crassipes, the majid Pugettia producta, and the portunids Euphylax dovii and Randallia ornata. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America. Carcinonemertes errans Wickham, 1978 Wickham, 1978: 199-202, table 1, figs 1 3 Synonyms: Carcinonemertes errantia Habitat: On the eggs of the cancrid crab Cancer magister. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (San Francisco region, CA). In the caption to the figures the specific epithet is given as errantia; errans has priority as it appears on p. 197, whereas errantia first appears on p. 198. Carcinonemertes humesi Gibson and Jones, 1990 Gibson and Jones, 1990: 196-202, tables 1, 2, text-fig. 1, pl. 1, figs A-D Habitat: On the egg masses of the majid crab Naxia aurita. Distribution: Australia (Albany region, Western Australia). Carcinonemertes mitsukurii Takakura, 1910 Takakura, 1910: 111-116, figs 1-4 Habitat: On the egg masses of the grapsid crab Eriocheir japonicus, and the portunids Charybdis cruciata, Charybdis erythrodactyla, Charybdis miles and Portunus pelagicus. Distribution: Japan (Yokohama), San Andreas Is. (between Marinduque and Luzon), Hong Kong, the Hawaiian Is., Kingsmill Is., Society Is. and Singapore. An English translation of Takakura's original description appears in Humes (1942: 67-70). Carcinonemertes pinnotheridopMla McDermott and Gibson, 1993 McDermott and Gibson, 1993: 59-65, table I, figs 1-8 Habitat: In the branchial chambers of the pinnotherid crab Pinnixa chaetopterana. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (NJ, NC, FL). Carcinonemertes regicides Shields, Wickham and Kuris, 1989 Shields et al., 1989: 924-926, tables 1, 2, figs 1 16 Habitat: On the anomuran crab Paralithodes camtschatica. Distribution: North-eastern Pacific (AK). Carcinonemertes wickhami Shields and Kuris, 1990 Shields and Kuris, 1990: 280-284, table 1, figs 1-13 Habitat: On the egg masses of the spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (southern CA). Carinella Johnston, 1833 Johnston, 1833:232 Bfirger (1904 a: 11) recognised this genus as synonymous with Tubulanus; the validity of the name Tubulanus and its type-species, Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804, are discussed by Melville (1986:112 114). Carinella albida B/irger, 1892 Biirger, 1892 a: 140 Habitat: Among the rhizomes of Posidonia. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Synonymised with Tubulanus linearis (McIntosh, 1873-1874) by Biirger (1895 a: 519). Carinella albocincta Coe, 1904 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 316 R. Gibson Coe, 1904: 136-138, pl. XVI, figs 4, 5 Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged among red algae at depths of 100-200 m. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (southern CA). Now Tubulanus albocinctus (Coe, 1904) (Coe, 1940: 255). Carinella ambigua Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903a: 8-11, pl. I, figs 10a, 13 Habitat: Sublittoral, 70 80 m depth on muddy ground with small stones. Distribution: Norway (Bergen). Friedrich (1958: 4) listed this species as Tubulanus ambiguus (Punnett, 1903) with the comment that it was 'A somewhat hypothetical species'. Carinella annulata: see Gordius annulatus Montagu, 1804 Carinella aragoi Joubin, 1890 Joubin, 1890: 494-501, pl. XXV, fig. 2, pl. XXVII, figs 9-14 Habitat: Sublittoral among algae to depths of about 12m. Distribution: France (Banyuls). Synonymised with Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804) by Biirger (1904 a: 14). Carinella armandi: see Valencinia armandi McIntosh, 1875 Carinella aurea Joubin, 1904 Joubin, 1904a: 327 Habitat: Intertidal, in rock crevices. Distribution: Gulf of Aden (Djibouti). This species should now be known as Tubulanus aureus (Joubin, 1904). Carinella banyulensis Joubin, 1890 Joubin, 1890: 488-494, pl. XXV, fig. 1, pl. XXVII, figs 2 8 Synonyms: Tubulanus baniulensis Habitat: Sublittoral among algae at depths of 0-5-140m. Distribution: Italy (Naples), France (Banyuls and Villefranche) and off the north-western coast of Ireland. Gibson (1982 b: 61) regards this species, now known as Tubulanus banyulensis (Joubin, 1890) (Biirger, 1904a: 13), as inadequately described. Carinella eapistrata Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 16-18, pl. I, fig. 1 Habitat: Inhabits delicate, parchment-like tubes under stones or lives among algae and other growths near low tide level. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to CA); also reported from Japan (Coe, 1944a: 27). Now Tubulanus eapistratus (Coe, 1901) (Coe, 1940: 255). Carinella cingulata Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904: 138-142, pl. XIV, figs 2-4 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 290-400m on soft bottoms. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to CA). Now Tubulanus eingulatus (Coe, 1904) (Coe, 1940: 255). Carinella desiderata Kennel, 1891 Kennel, 1891:290 Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 5-35m, often between the rhizomes of Posidonia. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 317 Now Hubrechtia desiderata (Kennel, 1891)(Bfirger, 1892a: 146). Carinella dinema Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 15-16, pl. I, figs 2, 3 Habitat: Lives in fragile, parchment-like tubes on wharf pilings or among hydroids and other sedentary growths. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to British Columbia). Synonymised with Tubulanus sexlineatus (Griffin, 1898) by Coe (1940: 256). Carinella frenata Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904: 129-136, text-fig. 17, pl. XV, figs 5, 6, pl. XXII, figs 2, 3 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral among algae, mussels and other growths on rocks and piers. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (southern CA). Now Tubulanusfrenatus (Coe, 1904)(Coe, 1940: 256). Carinella galatheae: see Cephalothrix galatheae Dieck, 1874 Carinella grrnlandica Bergendal, 1902 Bergendal, 1902 a: 4-6, figs 1, 2 Synonyms: Carinella linearis (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: Northern Greenland (mouth of Jakobshavns Isfjord). Listed as Tubulanus grdnlandicus by Friedrich (1958: 3-4) with the comment that Bergendal's description is incomplete, this species should be known as Tubulanus groenlandieus (Bergendal, 1902). Carinella inexpectata Hubrecht, 1880 Hubrecht, 1880:95-96 Habitat: Sublittoral, from about 90 m depth on clean, worn gravel. Distribution: Italy (Capri) and south-western Ireland (Valencia Is.). Regarded as inadequately described by Gibson (1982b: 62), now Tubulanus inexpectatus (Hubrecht, 1880)(B/irger, 1904a: 14). Carinella linearis Mclntosh, 1873-1874 Mclntosh, 1873-1874: 206-207, text-figs 13, 14 Synonyms: Carinella albida: not Carinella linearis sensu Bergendal (1891) Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 200 m, in sand, muddy sand, or stony ground or among sand-binding algae on rocks. Distribution: British Isles, France (Wimereux), Italy (Naples) and Norway (Bergen). Mclntosh (p. 206) listed Montagu's manuscript name (1808: 274-275) Lineus linearis as synonymous with Carinella linearis, but Gibson (1982b: 187) included Montagu's taxon in a group of dubious species with the comment that 'although possibly a species of nemertean, its size and colour do not permit it to be even provisionally related to any of the existing British or European forms'. Carinella linearis sensu Bergendal (1891: 10) has been synonymised with Tubulanus groenlandieus (Bergendal, 1902) by Friedrich (1958: 3), whilst Mclntosh's species is now Tubulanus linearis (Mclntosh, 1873-1874) (Bfirger, 1904a: 12). Carinella mcintoshii B~irger, 1892 Biirger, 1892a: 142-143 Synonyms: Carinella macintoshi Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 318 R. Gibson Synonymised with Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804) by Biirger (1904a: 14). Carinelta miniata B~rger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 141 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to about 70m. Distribution: Italy (Naples), France (Villefranche) and southern England (Plymouth). Gibson (1982 b: 64) regarded this species as inadequately described, noting that differences in colour pattern between Italian and British specimens might mean that 'the British record is possibly of a different species and thus of questionable validity'; now Tubulanus miniatus (Biirger, 1892) (BiJrger, 1904 a: 12). Carinella nothus Biirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 144 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 10-140m. Distribution: Italy (Naples), France (Villefranche) and southern England (Plymouth); the species has also been reported from the coast of Alaska by Coe (1944a: 27) with the comment that the identification was based on 'preserved specimens only, and there remains the possibility they may actually have represented [Tubulanus] annulatus', whilst intertidal examples from Saldanha Bay, South Africa, identified, as Tubulanus nothus by Wheeler (1934: 225), have since been synonymised with Tubulanuspunctatus (Takakura, 1898) by Yamaoka (1940 a: 208). An inadequately described species (Gibson, 1982 b: 66), now Tubulanus nothus (Bfirger, 1892)(Bfirger, 1904a: 13). Carinella pellucida Coe, 1895 Coe, 1895:515-517 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 20m or more, in parchment-like tubes among bryozoans, hydroids, ascidians, algae and other growths under stones or on shelly sediments. Distribution: Atlantic (New England to FL) and Pacific (CA) coasts of the USA. Now Tubulanuspellucidus (Coe, 1895)(BiJrger, 1904a: 13). Carinella polymorpha: see Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804 Carinella punctata Takakura, 1898 Takakura, 1898a: 117-119, figs A C on p. 118 Synonyms: Tubulanus nothus (partim) Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones to sublittoral depths of 18m or more. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu) and Russia (southern Sakhalin). Redescribed as Tubulanus punctatus (Takakura, 1898) by Yamaoka (1940 a: 208 212, text-figs 1, 2, pl. XIV, figs 1, 2). Carinella rubicunda Biirger, 1892 Biirger, 1892a: 145 Habitat: Among the rhizomes of Posidonia at depths of 3-30 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Now Tubulanus rubicundus (Bfirger, 1892)(Bfirger, 1904a: 14). Carinella rubra Griffin, 1898 Griffin, 1898:203 Habitat: Intertidal in sand and silt. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 319 Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to Puget Sound, WA). Griffin suggested a possible synonymy between this species and Carinella miniata which is not substantiated, and Coe (1904:115) indicated a synonymy between this form and Carinella speciosa; Coe (1940: 256), however, synonymised Griffin's taxon with Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804. Carinella sexlineata Griffin, 1898 Griffin, 1898: 201-203, fig. 15 Synonyms: Carinella dinema Habitat: In sand between tides, under the bark of wharf pilings, or in delicate tubes among algae, mussels and other growths on rocks and pier pilings to depths of about 8 m. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to southern CA). Now Tubulanus sexlineatus (Griffin, 1898)(Coe, 1940: 256). Carinella speciosa Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 11-14, pl. III, fig. 6, pl. IX, figs 1-3, pl. X, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones to shallow sublittoral. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to British Columbia). Synonymised with Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804 by Coe (1940: 256). Carinella superba: see Nemertes superbus K611iker, 1845 Carinella thbeli Bergendal, 1902 Bergendal, 1902 a: 6-9, fig. 3 Habitat: Sublittoral to depths of about 35 m on sand mixed with shell fragments or stones. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord) and Denmark. Redescribed and transferred to the genus Tubulanus by Hylbom (1957: 549551, text-fig. 1C, pl. 2, figs 7-12, pl. 3, fig. 13), now Tubulanus theeli (Bergendal, 1902) (Senz, 1993 a: 53). Carinella trilineata Johnston, 1833 Johnston, 1833: 232-233, fig. 24 Synonyms: Meckelia trilineata Habitat: In coarse tubes attached to old bivalve shells. Distribution: British Isles. Synonymised with Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804) by B/irger (1904a: 14). Carinella tubicola Kennel, 1891 Kennel, 1891:291 Habitat: Sublittoral, 1-2 rn depth among Ulva. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Now Tubulanus tubicola (Kennel, 1891) (Biirger, 1904a: 14). Carinesta Punnett, 1900 PALAEONEMERTEA Punnett, 1900 a: 569 Marine benthic. Carinesta anglica Wijnhoff, 1912 Wijnhoff, 1912:413 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in sand or muddy sand. Distribution: Southern England (Plymouth region). An inadequately described species (Gibson, 1982 b: 57). *Carinesta oriental# Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900a: 570-571, pl. LVII, figs 1-9, pl. LVIII, figs 10, 11 320 R. Gibson Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Solomon Is. (New Britain). Carinesta tubulanoides Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 50-56, text-fig. 6, pl. 3, fig. A, pl. 4, figs A-H Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in sandy mud. Distribution: Hong Kong. Carinesta uchidai Iwata, 1952 Iwata, 1952: 128-130, fig. 7 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Habitat: Intertidal, under stones near low water level. Distribution: Japan (Kyushu). Carinina Hubrecht, 1885 PALAEONEMERTEA Hubrecht, 1885: 830, figs 300, 301 Also listed as a new genus by Hubrecht (1887: 5). Marine benthic. Carinina antarctica Biirger, 1904 Bfirger, 1904b: 4-5, pl. I, figs 1-4 Habitat: Sublittoral from 500 m depth. Distribution: Antarctica (Bellingshausen Sea, west of Charcot Island). Carinina arenaria Hylbom, 1957 Hylbom, 1957: 542-543, text-fig. 1 A, pl. 6, fig. 37, pl. 7, figs 38-41, pl. 8, fig. 44 Habitat: Shallow sublittoral, 4 m depth on very clean sand. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord). Carinina atavia: see Procarinina atavia Bergendal, 1902 Carinina buddenbrocki: see Procarinina buddenbrocki Friedrich, 1935 Carinina burgeri Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 184-187, text-figs 1, 2, pl. VIII, fig. 1 Habitat: Sublittoral from 1353m depth. Distribution: Bay of Biscay (Gulf of Gascogne). Carinina coei Hylbom, 1957 Hylbom, 1957: 543-544, text-fig. 1 B, pl. 6, figs 33, 35, 36, pl. 8, figs 42, 43, 45, pl. 9, figs 46-48 Habitat: Sublittoral, from 20 m depth on loose mud, rather rich in detritus and with fragments of dead Zostera. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord) and Denmark (northern 0resund). *Carinina grata Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887: 5-10, pl. I, figs 1-3, pl. II, figs 1-12, pl. III, figs 1-8, pl. IV, figs 1-7, pl. VI, figs 1-3, pl. XI, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from blue mud at a depth of 2000-2500m. Distribution: North Atlantic (between Bermuda and Halifax). First mentioned by Hubrecht (1885: 830-831, figs 300, 301) but with no specific epithet noted. Carinina heterosoma Mfiller, 1965 M/.iller, 1965: 243-249, text-figs 1, 2, pl. I, figs 3, 4, pl. II, figs 5-7, pl. III, figs 8, 9, pl. IV, figs 10, 11, pl. V, figs 12-15 Habitat: Sublittoral, on mud or sand at depths of 6-92 m. Distribution: Black Sea (Rumanian coast). Carinina littorea Korotkevich, 1982 Korotkevich, 1982: 13-15, fig. 1 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 321 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Russia (southern Sakhalin). Carinina mawsoni Wheeler, 1940 Wheeler, 1940b: 239-241, fig. 1 Habitat: Sublittoral from 437 m depth. Distribution: Antarctica (off Kemp Land and Princess Elizabeth Land). Carinina pacifica Friedrich, 1970 Friedrich, 1970:5-7 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 300 m, on sand mixed with clay, mud or stones. Distribution: Southern Chile (Estero Reloncavi, Seno Reloncavi, and the northern part of the Gulf of Ancud). Carinina poseidoni Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935 b: 65 72, figs 1-4 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: North Sea. Carinina remanei: see Procarinina remanei Nawitzki, 1931 Carinina wijnhoffae Kulikova, 1984 Kulikova, 1984: 1092-1095, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20 120 m. Distribution: Russia (White Sea). Carinoma Oudemans, 1885 PALAEONEMERTEA Oudemans, 1885:7-8 Marine benthic. *Carinoma armandi: see Valencinia armandi McIntosh, 1875 Carinoma caraibica Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925: 100-102, pl. V, figs 2-5, pl. VI, figs 5-7 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Curagao. This species should be known as Carinoma caraibica Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925. Carinoma griffini Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 20-23, text-figs 1, 2 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Pacific coast of Canada (Vancouver Is.). Now Carinoma mutabilis Griffin, 1898 (Coe, 1904: 115). Carinoma mutabilis Griffin, 1898 Griffin, 1898: 204-205, fig. 16I Synonyms: Carinoma griffini, Carinoma mutabilis argillina, Carinoma mutabilis vasculosa Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 40 m, on wharf pilings or in sand, sandy-mud or clay. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (British Columbia to Angeles Bay, Mexico). The two varieties of this species, Carinoma mutabilis argillina Griffin, 1898: 205-206, fig. 16 II, from hard clay deposits, and Carinoma mutabilis vasculosa Griffin, 1898: 206, from intertidal sand, were distinguished by their size and degree of muscular development; such differences as were found seem to be within the range of intraspecific variation and the separate subspecific status of the two forms cannot be maintained. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 322 R. Gibson Carinoma patagonica Bfirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895b: 19-20, pl. III, figs 1 9 Synonyms: Carinoma patagonia, Carinoma patagonicum Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Southern Chile (Punta Arenas in the Magellan Straits). Also described as a new species, as Carinoma patagonia, by Biirger (1895 a: 537). Carinoma patriciae Gibson, 1979 Gibson, 1979b: 307-324, table 1, figs 1-11 Habitat: In silty sand mixed with gravel and shell fragments from 14-16m depth. Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is., off Queensland). Carinoma tremaphoros Thompson, 1900 Thompson, 1900a: 627-629, fig. 1 Habitat: Intertidal and sublittoral in sand, sandy mud, mud or clay, less often under stones; typically in harbours or estuaries. Distribution: Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the USA (Cape Cod to FL and westwards to LA). Carinomella Coe, 1905 P A L A E O N E M E R T E A Coe, 1905:125 127 Marine benthic. *Carinomella lactea Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 127-143, pl. 5, figs 45-49, pl. 6, figs 50-54, pl. 7, figs 55, 56, pl. 8, figs 57, 58, pl. 9, figs 59 61, pl. 10, figs 63-65, pl. 11, figs 66-72 Habitat: Mid-shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 20 m, burrowed in sand or under stones. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA) and south-eastern FL on the Atlantic seaboard. Cephaiomastax Iwata, 1957 H E T E R O N E M E R T E A Iwata, 1957:5 Marine benthic. *Cephalomastax brevis Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957: 5-7, pl. I, fig. 9, pl. II, fig. 7, pl. III, figs 1-7 Habitat: Dredged sublittoraUy from 200 300 m depth. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Cephalonema Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:163 Included in a list of dubious genera and species by Biirger (1904 a: 76). Cephalonema brunniceps Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:163 Habitat: Sublittoral under stones in mud. Distribution: Hong Kong. Identified as a nomen dubium by Gibson (1990 c: 33), nothing is known of the internal morphology of this species and neither its generic nor higher taxonomic affinities can be determined; it can no longer be accepted as a valid taxon. Cephalothrix Orsted, 1843 A R C H I N E M E R T E A Orsted, 1843:573 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 323 B/irger (1904a: 17) included as junior synonyms of Cephalothrix the genera Astemma, Carinella (partim) sensu Joubin (1894) and, also in part, the subgeneric division Borlasia of the genus Nemertes recognised by Johnston (1837). A frequent emendation of the name, found particularly in much of the older literature, is Cephalotrix. The genus was redefined by Wijnhoff (1913: 296). Cephalothrix aliena Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903b: 102-104, pl. IV, figs 15, 16 Synonyms: Procephalotrix aliena Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 40 m. Distribution: Maldive Islands. Now Procephalothrix aliena (Punnett, 1903) (Wijnhoff, 1913: 295). Cephalothrix arenaria Hylbom, 1957 Hylbom, 1957: 555-557, text fig. 1 D, pl. 3, figs 14-19, pl. 4, fig. 21 Synonyms: Cephalotrix arenaria Habitat: Sublittoral, in fine clean sand at a depth of 4 m. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmar0ord). Cephalothrix armata Ulyanina, 1870 Ulyanina, 1870: 51-52, pl. I, fig. 22, pl. VI, fig. 10 Synonyms: Cephalotrix armata Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Black Sea (Sebastopol). Included by Biirger (1904a: 76) as a species of dubious validity. Cephalothrix atlantica Gerner, 1969 Gerner, 1969: 69-76, figs 1-4 Habitat: Intertidal and shallow sublittoral, in sand. Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (Bay of Arcachon). Cephalothrix bioculata Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:573-574 Synonyms: Cephalothrix biocculata, Cephalothrix oerstedii, Cephalotrix bioculata, Nemertes bioculata Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral in sand or under stones. Distribution: Denmark, Ireland (Valencia Harbour) and southern England (Plymouth region). Now Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 18). Cephalothrix bipunctata Bfirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 148 Habitat: Intertidal, interstitial in sand with Amphioxus. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Cephalothrix biirgeri Wijnhoff, 1913 Wijnhoff, 1913:297 Synonyms: Cephalothrix linearis (partim) Habitat: Intertidal, interstitial in sand. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Wijnhoff considered Cephalothrix linearis sensu Biirger (1892 a: 148, 1895 a: 538, 1904 a: 18) (partim) as distinct from Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799) and renamed the form described by Bfirger; this taxon should be known as Cephalothrix buergeri Wijnhoff, 1913. Cephalothrix coeca ~rsted, 1843 324 R. Gibson Orsted, 1843:574 Synonyms: Borlasia cephalothrix, Cephatothrix caeca, Cephalotrix coeca Habitat: In sand. Distribution: Denmark. Now Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799)(Biirger, 1904a: 18). Cephalothrix filiformis, Cephalotrix filiformis: see Planariafiliformis Johnston, 1828 Cephalothrixfilum: see Poliafilum Quatrefages, 1846 Cephalothrix fragilis Bfirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 149 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Synonymised with Cephalotrichella signata (Hubrecht, 1879) by Wijnhoff (1913: 299). Cephalothrix galatheae Dieck, 1874 Dieck, 1874: 501, pl. XX, figs 1-9, pl. XXI, figs 10 16 Synonyms: Carinella galatheae Habitat: On the egg mass of the anomuran crab Galathea strigosa. Distribution: Italy (Messina). Carus (1885: 158) suggested that this species may be the same as Nemertes carcinophila, although he listed both separately. Coe (1902a: 432-433) too regarded galatheae as probably synonymous with Carcinonemertes carcinophila (Krlliker, 1845), although Biirger (1897-1907: 417, 1904a: 19) retained Dieck's species under its original name. Humes (1942: 12) concluded that a decision regarding the conspecificity between galatheae and carcinophila should be postponed until additional examples of Dieck's taxon could be obtained and both the generic placement and specific status of Cephalothrix galatheae thus remain uncertain. Cephaiothrix germanica Gerner, 1969 Gerner, 1969: 82-87, figs 9-11 Synonyms: Cephalotrix germanica Habitat: Intertidal, interstitial in sand. Distribution: North Sea (Is. of Sylt). Cephalothrix hymenaeus Biirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 148-149 Habitat: In sand. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Synonymised with Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837) by Bfirger (1904 a: 18). Cephalothrix involuta, Cephalotrix involuta: see Polia involuta Beneden, 1861 Cephalothrix kroyeri Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:246-247 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Denmark (Oresund). Diesing, with no justification, transferred Tetrastemma bioculatum t)rsted, 1843, to the genus Cephalothrix and renamed it; Biirger (1904a: 69) included Diesing's kroyeri as synonymous with Prostoma bioculatum, which is now known under its original name. Earlier Bfirger (1895a: 15) had been unsure about the identity of this species. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 325 Cephalothrix lactea: see Cephalotrix lactea Senz, 1993 *Cephalothrix linearis, Cephalotrix linearis: see Planaria linearis Rathke, 1799 Cephalothrix lineata Clapar6de, 1862 Clapar6de, 1862:150 Synonyms: Borlasia linearis (partim), Cephalothrix lineatus (partim): not Cephalothrix lineatus sensu Lankester (1866) or Cephalotrix lineatus sensu Johnston (1865) Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: West coast of Scotland (Isle of Skye). Clapar6de confusingly gave Orsted as the naming authority for this species, but Orsted never used the name Cephalothrix lineata; Biirger (1904a: 18) included the taxon as synonymous with Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799), but Wijnhoff (1913: 295) suggested that it might be conspecific with Procephalothrix filiformis (Johnston, 1828). Although more recently Gibson (1982 b: 52) questionably followed Bfirger's rather than WijnhoWs synonymy, the systematic position of Clapar+de's species remains uncertain. Cephalothrix longissima Keferstein, 1862 Keferstein, 1862: 65-66, pl. VI, figs 6-10 Synonyms: Cephalotrix longissima Habitat: Lower shore intertidal. Distribution: France (St. Vaast). B/irger (1904a: 18) synonymised this form with Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799), but Wijnhoff (1913: 295) uncertainly listed it with the names she regarded as conspecific with Procephalothrix filiformis (Johnston, 1828). Cephalothrix major Coe, 1930 Coe, 1930: 97-100, figs 1-3 Synonyms: Proeephalotrix major Habitat: Intertidal under stones in hard sand or clay exposed to the full force of the surf. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico). Now Procephalothrix major (Coe, 1930) (Coe, 1940: 257), although subsequently listed under its original name by Coe (1944a: 28). Cephalothrix mediterranea Gerner, 1969 Gerner, 1969: 87-90, figs 12, 13 Habitat: Interstitial in damp sand. Distribution: France (Mediterranean coast at Canet Plage). Cephalothrix notabilis Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954 a: 8-9, figs 1 C, E, F Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, under stones on a stony beach. Distribution: Japan (Akkeshi). Cephalothrix ocellata Keferstein, 1862 Keferstein, 1862: 63-64, pl. VI, figs ll-16 Synonyms: Cephalotrix occellata, Cephalotrix ocellata, Ommatoplea ocellata Habitat: Lower shore intertidal. Distribution: France (St. Vaast). Synonymised with Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837) by Bfirger (1904 a: 18) and Wijnhoff 0913: 297). Cephalothrix oerstedii Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:246 326 R. Gibson Synonyms: Cephalothrix biocuIata Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Denmark. Diesing renamed Cephalothrix bioculata Orsted, 1843; both Biirger (1904a: 18) and Wijnhoff (1913: 297) regarded Diesing's species as synonymous with Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837). Cephalothrix pacifica Gerner, 1969 Gerner, 1969: 77-82, figs 5 8 Habitat: Intertidal interstitial, under stones in coarse sand. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA). Cephalothrix paragermanica: see Cephalotrix paragermanica Senz, 1993 Cephalothrix rufifrons, Cephalotrix rufifrons: see Nemertes rufifrons Johnston, 1837 Cephalothrix spiralis Coe, 1930 Coe, 1930: 101-103, figs 4-8 Synonyms: Cephalothrix linearis (partim), Procephalotrix spiralis Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 20 m or more, under stones, among mussels or other growths, or in sand, mud or clay sediments, often associated with decaying organic matter. Distribution: Atlantic (Nova Scotia to Long Is., NY) and Pacific (AK to southern CA) coasts of North America. Now Procephalothrix spiralis (Coe, 1930) (Coe, 1940: 258). Cephalotrichella Wijnhoff, 1913 ARCHINEM ERTEA Wijnhoff, 1913:298 Marine benthic. Cephalotrichella alba Gibson and Sundberg, 1992 Gibson and Sundberg, 1992: 98-105, text-figs 1, 2, pl. 1, figs A-H, pl. 2, figs A-C Habitat: Sublittoral, from 1-11 m depth in fine to coarse sand with shelly gravel or pebbles. Distribution: Hong Kong. *Cephalotrichella signata: see Cephalotrix signatus Hubrecht, 1879 Cephalotrix: see Cephalothrix Orsted, 1843 Cephalotrix flustrae: see Ascaris flustrae Dalyell, 1853 Cephalotrix lactea Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 66-68, pl. 2, figs 14, 15 Habitat: In sand. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). This species should be known as Cephaiothrix lactea Senz, 1993. Cephalotrix lineatus: see Vermiculus lineatus Dalyell, 1853 Cephalotrix paragermanica Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993 a: 65-67, pl. 2, fig. 13 Habitat: In sand. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). This species should be known as Cephaiothrix paragermanica Senz, 1993. Cephalotrix signatus Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:207 Synonyms: Cephalothrix fragilis, Cephalothrix signata, Cephalothrix signatus Habitat: Not recorded. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 327 Distribution: Italy (Naples). Now Cephalotrichella signata (Hubrecht, 1879) (Wijnhoff, 1913: 299). Cephalotrix unipunctata Parfitt, 1867 Parfitt, 1867:213-214 Synonyms: Planaria unipunctata Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Southern England (coast of Devon). Parfitt regarded this species as the same as that referred to in an unpublished manuscript by Montagu (1808) as Planaria unipunctata. McIntosh (18731874: 165) listed both names as synonymous with Tetrastemma melanocephala, which is now Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837). Cephalotrix viridis Chapuis, 1886 Chapuis, 1886: XXII Synonyms: Cephalothrix viridis Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, among laminarians. Distribution: France (Roscoff). Although Biirger (1904a: 19) included this as a distinct species in the genus Cephalothrix, Wijnhoff (1913: 300) commented that because the nemerteans possess cerebral sensory organs they probably did not belong in the family Cephalothricidae; the systematic position of the species, an inadequately described taxon, remains unknown. Cephalurichus Gibson, 1985 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1985 b: 119-120 Marine benthic. *Cephalurichus antarcticus Gibso n, 1985 Gibson, 1985b: 120-130, figs 11-15 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 44-190m. Distribution: Antarctica (South Shetland Is., and off the Antarctic Peninsula). Cerebratula: see Cerebratulus Renier, 1804 Cerebratula oerstedii Beneden, 1861 Beneden, 1861: 16-18, pl. II, figs 1-4 Synonyms: Cerebratulus oerstedtii, Meckelia oerstedii Habitat: Between stones or among algae. Distribution: Belgium. Listed by Hubrecht (1879: 213) as synonymous with Cerebratulus bilineatus, which is now Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804). Cerebratulides Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 HETERONEMERTEA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942:128 Marine benthic. *Cerebratulides swakopmundi Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 128-140, figs 2 5 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Namibia. Cerebratulina Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1990c: 56, table 2 Marine benthic. *Cerebratulina natans: see Cerebratulus natans Punnett, 1900 Cerebratulus Renier, 1804 HETERONEMERTEA Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 328 R. Gibson Renier, 1804:21 In some of the older literature the generic name is incorrectly emended to Cerebratula. Carus (1885: 160) included Micrura as synonymous with Cerebratulus, but the two taxa have for long been recognised as separate. Marine benthic, although several species are capable of swimming actively. Cerebratulus acutus Nardo, 1847 Nardo, 1847:65 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (lagoon at Venice). Despite the inadequate description of this species, both Carus (1885: 163) and Bfirger (1904a: 123) included it as a valid taxon. Cerebratulus acutus Bfirger, 1892 Biirger, 1892a: 175-176 Habitat: Sublittoral, from depths of 20 40m among the roots of Posidonia. Distribution: Italy (Naples). At the time he established this species Bfirger was unaware of the prior use of the name by Nardo (1847); Biirger (1895 a: 677) renamed acutus sensu Biirger as Cerebratulus joubini. Cerebratulus aerugatus Biirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 177 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of between 50-200 m. Distribution: Italy (Gulf of Naples); a record of this species from a broken-off kelp holdfast at Saldanha Bay, South Africa (Wheeler, 1934: 231-232, textfigs 7, 8, pl. XV, fig. 5), is of dubious validity. Cerebratulus albifrons Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 82-83, pl. IV, figs 3, 4 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 100 m or more, beneath stones or in muddy sediments. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to southern CA). Cerebratulus albocinctus Bergendal, 1903 Bergendal, 1903:142-143 Synonyms: Lineus albocinctus (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral, from between 5-40m on mud or mud mixed with shell gravel or detritus. Distribution: Norway (Bergen area), Sweden (Gullmarfjord, Bohusl/in and the Koster region) and Denmark (Oresund). Redescribed, as Lineus albocinctus, by Cantell (1975: 92-94, text-fig. 8 A, pl. 1, figs A, B), now Tenuilineus albocinctus (Bergendal, 1903) (Riser, 1993: 145). Cerebratulus albocirculus Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957:17 18, pl. I, fig. 7, pl. V, figs 6, 7 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 10 m. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Cerebratulus albovittatus, Cerebratulus albo-vittatus: see Meckelia albo-vittata Stimpson, 1855 Cerebratulus albulus: see Meckelia albula Stimpson, 1857 Cerebratulus alleni Wijnhoff, 1912 Wijnhoff, 1912:419-421 Habitat: Intertidal in a sandbank. Distribution: Southern England (near Plymouth). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 329 Gibson (1982 b: 75) commented that this species is not well described. Cerebratulus arias Joubin and Franqois, 1892 Joubin and Frangois, 1892: 167-168, pl. fig. 4 Synonyms: Lineus anas Habitat: From a coral block. Distribution: New Caledonia (Noum6a). Synonymised with Notospermus genieulatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) by Riser (1991: 427). Cerebratulus anguillula Bfirger, 1892 Biirger, 1892a: 174 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 3-40m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Cerebratulus angulatus: see Fasciola angulata Miillcr, 1774 Cerebratulus angulosus Haddon, 1886 Haddon, 1886:603 Habitat: Sublittoral, from about 160m depth on sand. Distribution: South-western Ireland. Haddon gave no naming authority for this species, did not indicate that it was new, nor gave any description; although the specific epithet may have been an erroneous emendation of angulatus, and Gibson (1982b: 78) listed it as synonymous with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, the name Cerebratulus angulosus should strictly be considered a nomen nudum. Cerebratulus angusticeps Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887: 44-45, pl. I, fig. 15, pl. XIV, figs 1, 6, pl. XV, fig. 4 Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from depths of 20-2200 m on mud. Distribution: New Zealand (Queen Charlotte Sound, South Is., and south-east of North Is.). Although retained as a valid species by Bfirger (1904 a: 124), Gibson et al. (1994) concluded that it was an inadequately described form whose taxonomic affinities were uncertain. Cerebratulus annellatus: see Nemertes annellata Leuckart, 1849 Cerebratulus antillensis Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 b: 227-228 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 320-340 m. Distribution: Puerto Rico. Cerebratulus arnosus Takakura, 1898 Takakura, 1898 b: 426, fig. p. 426 Habitat: Intertidal? Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Cerebratulus assimilis: see Nemertes assimilis Orsted, 1843 Cerebratulus ater: see Meckelia atra Girard, 1851 Cerebratulus aurantiacus: see Meckelia aurantiaca Grube, 1855 Cerebratulus aureolus Biirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 173 Habitat: Sublittoral from 3-10m depth. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Punnett and Cooper (1909: 13) included this form in a list of Cerebratulus species that they regarded as insufficiently well described. Cerebratulus aurostriatus Bfirger, 1890 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 330 R. Gibson Biirger, 1890:21 22, pl. I, fig. 8, pl. II, figs 18, 30 Habitat: In rock crevices. Distribution: Singapore and New Caledonia (Noum6a). Now Lineus aurostriatus (B/irger, 1890) (Bfirger, 1895 a: 620). Cerebratulus australis: see Meckelia australis Stimpson, 1857 Cerebratulus barentsi Bfirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895b: 34-35 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 46-240 m. Distribution: Barents Sea (in the straits south of Novaja Zeml'a). Punnett and Cooper (1909: 13) regarded this as an insufficiently well described species. Cerebratulus bedfordii Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900b: 130-132, pl. 6, figs 17, 18, pl. 7, figs 24, 30, pl. 8, fig. 36 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Singapore. Cerebratulus bellus Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:161 Synonyms: Lineus bellus, ?Lineus striatus, Meckelia bella, Micrura festiva; not Micrura bella Kulikova and Kutishchev (1984) Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, under stones or among algal holdfasts, once found on floating rotten timber. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), and possibly the Bering Straits and AK. Now Micrura bella (Stimpson, 1857) (Coe, 1901 a: 71), redescribed under this name by Yamaoka (1940a: 230-232, pl. XV, figs 13-15). The synonymy between Lineus striatus Griffin, 1898, and this species is uncertain; Yamaoka (1940 a) and Iwata (1954 a: 14) both included Griffin's taxon as synonymous wtih Micrura beUa, whereas Coe (1940:272 273), whilst noting a resemblance between Cerebratulus bellus and Micrura verrilli Coe, 1901, listed Lineus striatus as conspecific with the latter species. Cerebratulus bicornis Joubin and Franqois, 1892 Joubin and Franqois, 1892: 166-167, pl. figs 3 a-e Habitat: From a block of coral. Distribution: New Caledonia (Noum6a). Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier, 1804 Renier, 1804:21 Synonyms: Cerebratula oerstedii, Cerebratulus oerstedtii, Cerebratulus taenia, Gordius taenia, Lineus albolineatus, Lineus bilineata, Lineus bilineatsu, Meckelia bilineata, Meckelia oerstedii, Meckelia taenia, Siphonenteron bilineatum: not Cerebratulus bilineatus sensu Blainville (1828), Ophyocephalus bilineatus sensu Delle Chiaje (1841) or Polia bilineata Delle Chiaje (1841) Habitat: Lower middle shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 60 m or more, in shelly gravel, sand, muddy sand or mud, among coralline algae in rock pools or in laminarian holdfasts, under stones, or boulders, or between oyster or mussel shells. Distribution: Madeira, the Rumanian coast of the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, British Isles, the Channel coast of France, Scandinavia, Faroe Is., Iceland, Pacific coast of North America (AK to CA) and South Africa; reports of the species from Japan (Iwata, 1954 a: 9-10) refer to another taxon as the Japanese Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 331 form has 6 eyes and a different colour pattern. Biirger (1904a: 112) distinguished both Cerebratulus bilineatus sensu Blainville (1828: 574) and Ophyocephalus bilineatus sensu Delle Chiaje (1841: 127) from Renier's taxon, synonymising them with Cerebratulus mavginatus; Bfirger (1904a: 94) also regarded Polia bilineata Delle Chiaje, 1841, as differing from Renier's species and synonymised it with Lineus kennelii Bfirger, 1892. Renier's species is now Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804) (McIntosh, 1873-1874: 191). Cerebratulus bivittatus Ulyanina, 1870 Ulyanina, 1870:46-47 Synonyms: Lineus bivittatus Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Black Sea (Sebastopol). Hubrecht (1879: 213) and Carus (1885: 161) synonymised this form with Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier, 1804, but Bfirger (1904 a: 130) listed it under its original name although of uncertain validity. Cerebratulus borealis: see Meckelia borealis Diesing, 1862 Cerebratulus boutani Joubin, 1893 Joubin, 1893:66-67 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Red Sea. Joubin's description appeared as part of Boutan (1893: 53-69); Boutan (p. 69) referred to the illustration of the species which had appeared the previous year (Rev. biol. Nord Ft., 4: pl. X, fig. 8) with the caption 'Cerebratulus nouveau'. The species is now Lineus boutani (Joubin, 1893) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 91). Cerebratulus brevis Ushakov, 1926 Ushakov, 1926:55-56 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Russia (White Sea). Cerebratulus brunneus Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900b: 124-126, pl. 7, figs 19, 27, pl. 8, fig. 35 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Singapore. Cerebratulus caledonicus Joubin and Francois, 1892 Joubin and Francois, 1892: 165-166, pl. figs 2a-d Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: New Caledonia (Noum6a). Punnett and Cooper (1909: 13) included this form among the cerebratulids that they considered to be inadequately described. Cerebratulus californiensis Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905:201-203 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 50 m or more, in mud, sandy-mud or sand. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (Puget Sound, WA to Mexico). Cerebratulus cestoides Bfirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 684, pl. 6, figs 5, 5a Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 35 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Cerebratulus charcoti Joubin, 1905 Joubin, 1905b: 316-318, fig. p. 317 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 332 R. Gibson Habitat: Sublittoral to depths of about 25-40 m, among algae and stones. Distribution: Antarctica (Wandel Is. off the Antarctic Peninsula). Baylis (1915:128) suggested that this species was probably identical to Lineus corrugatus, now Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876); Gibson (1983a: 306) confirmed this synonymy. Cerebratulus chilensis Friedrich, 1970 Friedrich, 1970: 46-50, fig. 8 Habitat: Sublittoral between depths of 5-410 m, in sand, sand mixed with stones and detritus, or fine mud. Distribution: Chile (Seno Reloncavi, Estero Reloncavi and the Gulf of Ancud). Cerebratulus cingulatus: see Meckelia cingulata Stimpson, 1855 Cerebratulus coloratus Bfirger, 1890 Biirger, 1890: 22, pl. I, fig. 9, pl. II, figs 17, 31, pl. IX, fig. 183 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Now Lineus coloratus (Biirger, 1890) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 93); Punnett and Cooper (1909: 14) indicated that this form was not well described. Cerebratulus communis Takakura, 1898 Takakura, 1898 b: 425, fig. p. 425 Habitat: In sandy mud near low tide level. Distribution: Japan (Honshu) and Russia (Kuril Is.). Cerebratulus complanatus: see Nemertes cornplanatus K611iker, 1845 Cerebratulus corrugatus: see Lineus corrugatus McIntosh, 1876 Cerebratulus crassus Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:218 219, pl. 14, fig. VI Synonyms: Cerebratulus rnarginatus (partim), Drepanophorus crassus (partita), Drepanophorus crassus nisidensis, Drepanophorus crassus var. nisidensis, Drepanophorus serraticollis (partim), Nernertes crassa: not Drepanophorus nisidensis Hubrecht (1874) Habitat: Shallow sublittoral, under stones just below low water level to depths of 1-5 m in holes between worm tubes and rocks. Distribution: British Isles and Mediterranean coasts; other records, as Drepanophorus crassus, from Puerto Rico (Coe, 1901 b), offthe Pacific coast of North America (Coe, 1940, 1944a), from the Marshall Is. (Coe, 1947) and from FL (Coe, 1951 b), almost certainly refer to one or more different taxa. Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1926: 140-144, pl. IV, figs 22, 23) redescribed the species as Paradrepanophorus crassus (Quatrefages, 1846) and discussed its synonymy. Cerebratulus marginatus sensu Renouf (1931), found in Lough Ine, Ireland, was synonymised with Quatrefages' species by Gibson (1982 b: 180). Cerebratulus croceus Grube, 1864 Grube, 1864:95-96 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 37-56m. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Lussin Is.). Hubrecht (1879: 219) and Carus (1885: 162) listed this form as synonymous with Cerebratulus aurantiacus, but Biirger (1904a: 123) retained it as a separate species under its original name. Cerebratulus crosslandi: see Lineus crosslandi Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Cerebratulus cylindricus Packard, 1867 •Packard, 1867: 291, pl. VIII, fig. 11 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 333 Habitat: Sublittoral, from about 16m depth in soft mud. Distribution: North Atlantic coast of Canada (Labrador). Biirger (1904a: 101) synonymised this species with Lineus ruber (Mfiller, 1774). Cerebratulus darvelli Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 67-75, text-figs 9, 10, pl. 8, figs A-F, pl. 9, figs A-I Habitat: Sublittoral, in coarse shelly sand at 12m depth. Distribution: Hong Kong. Cerebratulus delleehiajei Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:213-214 Synonyms: ?Cerebratulus bilineatus (partim), Cerebratulus delle-chiajei, Meckelia cerebratulus, Micrura dellachiajei, Micrura delle chiajei, Nemertes bilineata, Nemertes bilineatus: not Lineus bilineatus McIntosh (1873-1874) Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 30-200 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Now Micrura dellechiajei (Hubrecht, 1879)(Bfirger, 1892a: 166). Cerebratulus depressus Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 220, pl. 11, fig. VIII Synonyms: Meckelia depressa Habitat: Between worm tubes. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Carus (1885: 162) synonymised this form with Cerebratulus aurantiaeus, but Biirger (1904a: 126) included it as a heteronemertean of uncertain validity. Cerebratulus dohrnii Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:215 Synonyms: Cerebratulus dohrni, Lineus dohrni Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 16-18 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Now Lineus dohrnii (Hubrecht, 1879) (Biirger, 1892 a: 162). Timofeeva (1912: 39) synonymised Lineus bivittatus (Ulyanina, 1870) with this species but gave no explanation of his reason for doing so. Cerebratulus eisigii Hubrecht, 1880 Hubrecht, 1880:97-98 Synonyms: Cerebratulus eisigi Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Cerebratulus epsiion Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 214, pl. VIII, fig. 17 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 160m. Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (Gulf of Gascogne). Cerebratulus erythrorochma Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 216-217, pl. VIII, fig. 18 Synonyms: Meckelia erythrorochma Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 682 m. Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (Gulf of Gascogne). Joubin gave Vaillant as the naming authority of this species, but none of Vaillant's publications refer to the form as either a Cerebratulus or a Meckelia; Joubin commented that the species resembled Cerebratulusfuscus (McIntosh, 1873-1874) but the taxonomic position of Joubin's form remains uncertain. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 334 R. Gibson Cerebratulus erythrus Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900b: 127-129, pl. 7, figs 22, 33, pl. 8, fig. 42 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Singapore. Cerebratulus fasciatus Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:161 Synonyms: Meckelia fasciata Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 7 m. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Punnett and Cooper (1909: 13) included this species among a group of inadequately described forms. Cerebratulus fasciolatus: see Micrura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828 Cerebratulus ferrugineus Bfirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 170 Habitat: Sublittoral, among the rhizomes of Posidonia down to depths of about 20m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Cerebratulusfissuralis Friedrich, 1958 Friedrich, 1958:17 18 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 90 160m on sand and clay. Distribution: Iceland. Cerebratulus flavifrons Grube, 1864 Grube, 1864:96 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 46 67 m. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Lussin Is.). Carus (1885: 161) listed this form as a junior synonym of Cerebratulus purpureus, but Bfirger (1904 a: 123) retained it as a separate species under its original name. Cerebratulus formosus Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957:15 17, pl. I, fig. 4, pl. V, figs 1-5 Habitat: Sublittoral from 100m depth. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Cerebratulus fragilis: see Serpentaria fragilis Goodsir, 1845 Cerebratulus fuscescens: see Planaria fuscescens Fabricius, 1798 Cerebratulus fuscoides Biirger, 1892 Biirger, 1892a: 175 Habitat: Sublittoral, from depths of 20-40 m in the rhizomes of Posidonia. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Cerebratulus fuscus; see Micrura fusca McIntosh, 1873-1874 Cerebratulus galbanus Bfirger, 1890 Bfirger, 1890: 16, pl. I, fig. 4 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Java Sea (Noordwachter Is.); a record of the species occurring in Norway (Bergen) (Isler, 1900 a: 21-22) cannot be substantiated. Now Lineus galbanus (Bfirger, 1890) (Btirger, 1895 a: 63). Cerebratulus gamma Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902:215 Habitat: Sublittoral from 532m depth. Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (Gulf of Gascogne). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 335 Cerebratulus gardineri Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903b: 108-110, pl. IV, figs 6, 9, pl. V, figs 2, 4, 8 Habitat: From lagoon sand. Distribution: Laccadive Is. Cerebratulus geniculatus: see Polia geniculata Delle Chiaje, 1828 Cerebratulus glaucus Biirger, 1890 Biirger, 1890: 15, pl. I, fig. 3, pl. II, figs t3, 14, pl. VIII, fig. 160 Synonyms: ?Nemertes collaris Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Java Sea (Noordwachter Is.). In his original description Biirger suggested that Nemertes collaris Schmarda, 1859, might be identical to this form, but subsequently (Btirger, 1904 a: 97) listed both as separate species; Cerebratulus glaucus is now Lineus glaucus (Bfirger, 1890) (Bfirger, 1895 a: 63). Cerebratulus gracilis Staub, 1900 Staub, 1900: 80, 90 92, pl. XLVII, figs 7, 7a, pl. L, figs 31-34, pl. LI, figs 46, 48a, b, 50-52. Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Cerebratulus grandis Jensen, 1878 Jensen, 1878: 85, pl. VIII, figs 17-22 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in sand. Distribution: West coast of Norway (Floro). Synonymised wtih Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, by Hubrecht (1879: 211). Cerebratulus greenlandicus Punnett, 1901 Punnett, 1901 a: 99-100, pl. VI, figs 1-3, pl. VII, figs 10, 12 Synonyms: ?Cerebratulus melanops Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Greenland. Coe (1943: 257-258) suggested that this species might be the same as Cerebratulus melanops Coe and Kunkel, 1903, noting that it 'agrees in most respects with [Cerebratulus melanops] but is stated as being without ocelli'. Cerebratulus grubei Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:215-216 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 30 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples); a report of the species being found in Japan (Honshu) by Takakura (1898 c: 331-332), from a few fathoms depth on algae, cannot be substantiated. Now Lineus grubei (Hubrecht, 1879)(Bfirger, 1892a: 160). Cerebratulus haddoni Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900c: 829, pl. LV, figs 7-9 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Australia (Thursday Is., north of Cape York Peninsula, Queensland). Cerebratulus hepaticas Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:217 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 3-40m, in the thalli of coralline algae (Lithothamniacea and Squamariacea). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 336 R. Gibson Distribution: English Channel and the Mediterranean. Bfirger (1904a: 117) included this species (partim) as synonymous with Cerebratulus ventrosulcatus Bfirger, 1892; Cerebratulus hepaticus has been redescribed by Cantelt (1988 a: 106-112, table 1, figs 1 12). Cerebratulus herculeus Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 75, pl. I, fig. 5 Synonyms: Cerebratulus latus Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 250 m or more in soft mud. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (Bering Sea to southern CA). Cerebratulus hubrechti Langerhans, 1880 Langerhans, 1880: 138, pl. VI, fig. 58 Synonyms: Lineus hubrechtii, Lineus hubrecti Habitat: Intertidal with algae to shallow sublittoral. Distribution: Madeira and Italy (Sicily). Now Linens hubrechti (Langerhans, 1880) (Biirger, 1895 a: 45); Punnett and Cooper (1909: 14) indicated that this species was not well described. Cerebratulus impressus Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:160 Synonyms: Meckelia impressa Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 35 m. Distribution: Bering Strait. Now Micrura impressa (Stimpson, 1857) (Coe, 1901 a: 70-71), listed by Punnett and Cooper (1909: 14) as an insufficiently known species. Cerebratulus insignis Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900b: 132-134, pl. 6, fig. 14, pl. 7, figs 25, 29, pl. 8, fig. 40 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Singapore. Cerebvatulus ischurus Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903b: 110-111, pl. V, fig. 7 Habitat: From a reef. Distribution: Maldive Is. Cevebvatulus johnstoni Wheeler, 1940 Wheeler, 1940b; 242, fig. 3 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 62 m. Distribution: Australia (off the south-western coast near Albany). Cerebratulus joubini Biirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 677, pl. 6, figs 11 l l b , pl. 21, fig. II, pl. 26, fig. 6 Synonyms: Cerebratulus acutus (partita) Habitat: Sublittoral, from depths of 20 40m among the roots of Posidonia. Distribution: Italy (Naples); records of this species occurring in southern Chile (Calbuco) (Isler, 1900a: 26, 1902:279 280) cannot be substantiated. This species was originally described as Cerebratulus acutus by Biirger (1892 a) but re-named in 1895 to distinguish it from an unrelated species previously established under the same name by Nardo (1847). Cerebratulus knerii: see Meckelia knerii Diesing, 1850 Cerebratulus kowalewskii Antipa, 1941 Antipa, 1941:174 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 337 Habitat: Sublittoral, among molluscs at a depth of 72 m. Distribution: Black Sea. Antipa indicated that Timofeeva was the naming authority for this species, but Timofeeva never described any taxon under this name; Antipa gave no description and the form is thus a nomen nudum. Cerebratulus krempfi Joubin, 1904 Joubin, 1904a: 331-332, fig. p. 331 Habitat: Intertidal from a dead coral block. Distribution: Djibouti (Gulf of Tadjoura). Cerebratulus lacteus: see Meekelia lactea Leidy, 1851 Cerebratulus larseni Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 256, text-fig. 28, pl. XVI, fig. 8 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 474 m. Distribution: Antarctica (off Knox Coast, MacRobertson Coast, South Georgia, the Kerguelen Is. and Macquarie Is.). Gibson (1985 b: 132) commented that the specific status of this form, which is inadequately described, could not be confirmed. Cerebratulus iatistomachus Staub, 1900 Staub, 1900: 80, 92-94, pl. XLVII, figs 6, 6a, pl. L, figs 35, 36, pl. LI, figs, 47, 49 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Cerebratulus latus Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 203-206, pl. 4, fig. 41 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 270 m, on sand or mud. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (Bering Sea to central CA); a proboscis obtained from off Siberia was also provisionally identified by Coe as belonging to this species. Synonymised with Cerebratulus hercaleus Coe, 1901, by Coe (1940: 275). Cerebratulus laureolus Staub, 1900 Staub, 1900: 80, 95-96, pl. XLVII, figs 10, 10 a, pl. L, figs 41-45 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Cerebratutus leidyi Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892: 436-437, pl. XXXVIII, figs 2, 2a Synonyms: Meckelia fragilis, Meckelia rosea Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, under stones in sand or sandy-mud, often in protected bays, harbours or estuaries. Habitat: Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the USA (Massachusetts Bay, MA to northern FL and as far west as TX). Now Micrura leidyi (Verrill, 1892) (Coe, 1943: 250). Cerebratulus leueopsis: see Micrura leucopsis Coe, 1901 Cerebratulus liguricus Blanchard, 1849 Blanchard, 1849:31-35 Synonyms: Meckelia ligurica, Nemertes ligurica Habitat: Sublittoral, under stones at depths of 3-40 m. Distribution: Italy (Genoa and Naples). Cerebratulus lineolatus Coe, 1905 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 338 R. Gibson Coe, 1905:196 197, pl. 4, fig. 44 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 70 m or more, in mud or sandy-mud. Distribution: Atlantic (FL) and Pacific (CA to Mexico) coasts of North America. Cerebratulus lividus Bfirger, 1892 B/irger, 1892 a: 173-174 Habitat: Sublittoral, among the roots of Posidonia at depths of 3-40 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Cerebratulus longiceps Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901a: 77-79, pl. V, figs 4-7 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 250m, under stones. Distribution: AK and Japan (Oshima). Cerebratulus tongifissus Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887: 40-41, pl. I, fig. 16, pl. XV, figs 1, 9, 10 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 38-485 m, on mud, volcanic sand or fine clay with polychaete tubes, or among stones. Distribution: Southern Chile (Gulf of Ancud) and Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (McMurdo Sound, off d'Urville Is. and Anvers Is., Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Is., South Sandwich Is., Magellan Straits, Antipodes Is., South Orkney Is., off Kemp Land, south of the Kerguelen Is. and off Macquarie Is.). Now Lineus longifissus (Hubrecht, 1887) (Wheeler, 1934: 255), redescribed by Gibson (1985b: 159 167, figs 28-31): not Cerebratulus longifissus sensu Punnett (1903 a) or Ushakov (1928 b), nor Lineus longifissus sensu Takakura (1898c) or Iwata (1952). Cerebratulus luridus: see Meckelia lurida Verrill, 1873 Cerebratulus luteus Biirger, 1890 Btirger, 1890: 19-20, pl. IX, fig. 178, pl. X, fig. 203 Habitat: Not recorded. Dbtribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Cerebratulus macroren Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887: 46-47, text-fig. 4b, pl. I, figs 13, 14, 18, 19, pl. X, figs 8, 9, pl. XI, fig. 11, pl. XII, figs 1,2, 7, 8, pl. XIII, figs 7-9, pl. XIV, figs 7, 8, 11, pl. XV, figs 2,3,19 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 690 1400m on mud. Distribution: New Zealand (east of North Is.) and Japan (Sagami Sea, off Honshu). Gibson et al. (1994) noted that this is an inadequately described species which might be synonymous with Cerebratulus parkeri Hubrecht, 1887. Cerebratulus macrorhynchus Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Punnett and Cooper, 1909:13 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Not recorded. Punnett and Cooper used this name in a list of Cerebratulus species; they noted that the anatomical data they tabulated for the taxon was obtained from Bfirger (1904 a), yet neither Bfirger, nor indeed any other author, has used the specific epithet macrorhynchus for any species of nemertean. It is probable that the name is an emendation of macrorrhochmus, which Bfirger (ibid.) did use, but this must remain unconfirmed conjecture. It must be concluded that the name Cerebratulus macrorhynchus has no taxonomic status. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 339 Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus: see Meckelia macrorrhochma Schmarda, 1859 Cerebratulus macrostomus: see Meckelia macrostoma Schmarda, 1859 Cerebratulus maculatus Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903b: 107-108, pl. IV, fig. 1, pl. V, figs l, 5, 10 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 90 m on mud. Distribution: Maldive Is. Cerebratulus maculosus Verrill, 1895 Verrill, 1895:526 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral. Distribution: British Isles and off the coast of Portugal. Verrill commented that 'The Micrura fusca McInt. is a distinct species of Cerebratulus and should receive a new name. I would, therefore, propose to call it Cerebratulus maculosus.' McIntosh described Micrurafusca in 1873-4, Hubrecht (1879: 219) subsequently transferring it to the genus Cerebratulus. Verrill's proposal stems from his earlier (Verrill, 1892: 438) synonymy between Planaria fusca Fabricius, 1780, and what he called Cerebratulus fuscus; Fabricius' taxon is now Lineus ruber (Mfiller, 1774), quite distinct from Cerebratulus fuscus (McIntosh, 1873-4), whilst Cerebratulus fuscus sensu Verrill, 1892, is synonymous with Cerebratulus angulatus (Mfiller, 1774) (Verrill, 1895: 526). The name Cerebratulus maculosus thus constitutes a junior synonym of McIntosh's species. Cerebratulus magelhaensicus Bfirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895b: 35, pl. II, figs 3a-d Synonyms: Lineus magelhaensicus Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 20-50 m, under stones, in muddy-sand or in the holdfasts of Macrocystis. Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic water (southern Chile, Straits of Magellan, coasts of Tierra del Fuego, Graham Land and the Falkland Is.). Biirger (1909: 177) synonymised this form with Lineus corrugatus, now Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876); although this synonymy was challenged by later authors such as Wheeler (1940 b: 235) and Dawson 0957: 3), Gibson (1983 a: 306) confirmed Bfirger's conclusion. Cerebratulus magneticus Gibson, 1981 Gibson, 1981a: 191-198, figs I1-16 Habitat: Sublittoral from about 10m depth on a muddy bottom. Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is., off Queensland). Cerebratulus maldivensis Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903 b: 106-107, pl. IV, fig. 5, pl. V, figs 3, 6, 9 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 44m. Distribution: Maldive Is. Cerebratulus malvini Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 256-257, text-figs 29, 30 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 640 m, under stones or on rocky or sandy substrata. Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (Falkland Is., Macquarie Is., Kerguelen Is., off Enderby Land, King George V Land, Adelie Land and the MacRobertson Coast). Gibson 0985 b: 133) regarded this as a valid but insufficiently well described species. *Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 340 R. Gibson Renier, 1804:21 Synonyms: Avenardia priei, ?Borlasia alileuti, Cerebratulus angulatus (partim), ?Cerebratulus angulosus, Cerebratulus bilineatus (partim), Cerebratulus fragilis, Cerebratulus fuscus (partim), Cerebratulus grandis, Cerebratulus lacteus (partim), Cerebratulus olivacea, Cerebratulus olivaceus, Cerebratulus spraguei, Gordius fragilis, Lineus beattiaei, Lineus longissimus (partim), Meckelia beattiaei, Meckelia borlasii (partim), Meckelia olivacea (partim), Meckelia samototomus, Meckelia serpentaria, Meckelia somatotomus, Nemertes borlassii (partim), Nemertes somatotomus, Ophyocephalus bilineata, Ophyoeephalus bilineatus, Serpentaria beattiei, ?Serpentaria berryi, Serpentaria fragilis; not Asearis longissima Gunnerus (1770), Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier (1804), Cerebratulus marginatus sensu Renouf (1931), Faseiola angulata Miiller (1774) nor Planaria fusca Fabricius (1780) Habitat: Rarely lower shore intertidal, more common sublittorally at depths down to 150 m or more, in sand, mud or gravel sediments; may sometimes be found swimming at night. Distribution: The complicated synonymy of this species leads to its geographic distribution not being certainly known; it appears to be widespread in the northern hemisphere, being reported from Japan (Hokkaido), the Pacific coast of North America (AK to CA), the western North Atlantic (Greenland, Labrador and Cape Cod southwards under the off-shore Arctic current), the Arctic (King Charles Land, Bremer Sound, Hinlopen Strait, Spitzbergen), Europe (Norway, the British Isles, the Mediterranean) and south to Madeira. Cerebratulus mcintoshii Langerhans, 1880 Langerhans, 1880: 138, pl. VI, fig. 56 Synonyms: Cerebratulus mcintoshi, Lineus m'intoshii Habitat: Shallow water among algae. Distribution: Madeira. Now Lineus mcintoshii (Langerhans, 1880) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 95). Cerebratulus meduIlatus Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887: 39-40, pl. XI, fig. 10, pl. XII, figs 9, 10 Synonyms: Cerebratulus medulatus Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 155 m on gravel and stones. Distribution: North Atlantic (off Nova Scotia). Originally described from a body fragment which lacked both head and tail, Verrill (1892: 441) regarded it as of dubious validity with the comment that it 'is probably not a Cerebratulus ... but more likely belongs to Lineus or Micrura'. The systematic position of the form remains unknown. Cerebratulus melanops Coe and Kunkel, 1903 Coe and Kunkel, 1903: 119-124, figs 1-4 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in mud. Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (Gulf of St. Lawrence). Coe, (1943: 257-258) suggested that this species may be identical to Cerebratulus greenlandieus Punnett, 1901, which differed only in apparently lacking eyes. Cerebratulus melanorhynchus B/.irger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 681 683, pl. 6, figs 21, 21a Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 341 Cerebratulus modestus Chapuis, 1886 Chapuis, 1886: XXIII Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: French coast of the English Channel (Roscoff). Cerebratulus montgomeryi Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 80-82, pl. VI, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 400 m. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to CA), the Aleutian Is., Bering Sea, coast of Siberia and Japan. Cerebratulus multiporatus Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 10-11, pl. 2, fig. 18 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Tanzania (Wasin). Cerebratulus natans Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900b: 122 124, pl. 6, figs 11 13, 15, pl. 7, figs 21, 28, pl. 8, fig. 37 Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, in mud near mangrove stands or in muddy oyster gravel between rocks and boulders. Distribution: Hong Kong and Singapore. Redescribed as Cerebratulina natans (Punnett, 1900) by Gibson (1990c: 5665, text figs 7, 8, pl. 5, figs A-I, pl. 6, figs A-F, pl. 7, figs A-E). Cerebratulus niger: see Meckelia nigra Stimpson, 1855 Cerebratulus nigrofuscus Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:161 Synonyms: Meckelia nigrofusca Habitat: Intertidal between stones. Distribution: Japan (Ousima Is.). Now Lineus nigrofuscus (Stimpson, 1857) (Biirger, 1904 a: 102). Cerebratulus niveus: see Lineus niveus Punnett, 1903 Cerebratulus norvegicus Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903 a: 24-25, pl. I, fig. 6, pl. II, fig. 21 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 50m on a hard bottom with mussel shell fragments. Distribution: Norway (near Bergen). Cerebratulus notabilis Biirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 170 Habitat: Sublittoral, from 20m depth among the roots of Posidonia. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Cerebratulus occidentalis Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 76-77, pl. VI, fig. 3 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 120 m or more, beneath stones and in muddy situations. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to central CA). Cerebratulus oerstediL Cerebratulus oerstedtff: see Cerebratula oerstedii Beneden, 1861 Cerebratulus oleaginus Stimpson, 1857 stimpson, 1857:160 Synonyms: Meckelia oleagina, Meckelia olivacea (partim): not Meckelia olivacea Rathke, 1843 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 27 m. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 342 R. Gibson Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope). Punnett and Cooper (1909: 13) noted that this species was inadequately described. Cerebratulus olivacea, Cerebratulus olivaceus: see Meckelia olivacea Rathke, 1843 Cerebratulus pachyrhynchus: see Nemertes pachyrhyncha Schmarda, 1859 Cerebratulus paludicolus Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:160 Synonyms: Meckelia paludicola Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: People's Republic of China (near Canton). Included as an inadequately described species by Punnett and Cooper (1909: 13). Cerebratulus pantherinus Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:212 Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from sandy sediments at depths of 50 m or more. Distribution: Southern England (near Plymouth), French coast of the English Channel (Roscoff) and Italy (Naples). Gibson (1982 b: 80) noted that this was a poorly described species. Cerebratulusparkeri Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887:43 44, text fig. 4a, pl. XIV, fig. 5, pl. XV, figs 5, 16 Habitat: Sublittoral from 10-20m depth on mud. Distribution: New Zealand (Queen Charlotte Sound, South Is.). Gibson et al. (1994) noted that this species may be synonymous with Cerebratulus macroren Hubrecht, 1887. Cerebratulus penniger Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957: 13-14, pl. I, fig. 3, pl. IV, figs 4-6 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 380 m. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Cerebratulus pocohontas: see Meckelia pocohontas Girard, 1853 Cerebratulus praealbescens Cantell, 1982 Cantell, 1982:12 18, table 1, figs 1 12 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 18-75 m on mud or shelly gravel. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmart]ord) and Norway (Troms6). Now Tarrhomyospraeaibescens (Cantell, 1982)(Riser, 1993: 149). Cerebratulus profundifissus Staub, 1900 Staub, 1900: 80, 94-95, pl. XLVII, figs 9, 9 a, pl. L, figs 37-40 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Cerebratulus psittacinus Bfirger, 1890 Bfirger, 1890:13 14, pl. I, fig. 2, pl. II, figs 10-12, pl. VI, figs 117-119 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon) and Western Samoa (Upolu). Now Lineus psittacinus (Biirger, 1890) (Btirger, 1895 a: 620). Cerebratulus pullus Biirger, 1890 Bfirger, 1890: 18-19, pl. II, fig. 9, pl. VI, figs 113, 116, l16a Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Cerebratulus purpureus: see Gordius purpureus spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 343 Cerebratulus queenslandicus Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900c: 827-828, pl. LIV, figs 2, 4, 5 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Australia (Torres Straits off northern Queensland). Cerebratulus rigidus Isler, 1900 Isler, 1900a: 28 30 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Russia (Novaja Zeml'a). Also described as a new species by Isler (1900 b: 180). Cerebratulus robustus Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900b: 126-127, pl. 7, figs 20, 31, pl. 8, fig. 38 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Singapore. Cerebratulus roseus: see Polia rosea Delle Chiaje, 1841 Cerebratulus rubellus: see Meckelia rubella Stimpson, 1855 Cerebratulus rubens Biirger, 1890 Biirger, 1890: 20-21, text-fig. XI, pl. I, fig. 7, pl. II, fig. 29, pl. IX, fig. 182 Synonyms: Lineus (Cerebratulus) rubens, Lineus rubens Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Java Sea (Noordwachter Is.); a record of the species, as Lineus (Cerebratulus) rubens, being found in the Juan Fernandez Is., off the west coast of Chile, cannot be substantiated. Cerebratulus tuber, Cerebratulus rubra: see Renieria rubra Girard, 1853 Cerebratulns signatus Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 194-196, pl. 4, figs 42, 43 Habitat: Dredged from a depth of about l l 0 m from black sand mixed with gravel and shell fragments. Distribution: Bering Sea. Cerebratulus simulans Biirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 176 Synonyms: Cerebratulus simulaus Habitat: Sublittoral in detritus. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Cerebratulus sinensis: see Meekelia sinensis Stimpson, 1855 Cerebratulus sordidus Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900b: 129-130,pl. 7, figs 23, 32, pl. 8, fig. 41 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Singapore. Cerebratulus spadix Biirger, 1890 Biirger, 1890: 17-18, pl. I, fig. 6 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Cerebratulus speetabilis Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 219-220, pl. 10, fig. v i i Synonyms: Amphiporus speetabilis (partim), Drepanophorus spectabilis (partim), Nemertes spectabilis, Punnettia spectabilis Habitat: Sublittoral between polychaete tubes. Distribution: Italy (Naples and Sicily). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 344 R. Gibson The synonymy of this species is confused. Mclntosh (1873-1874: 161) transferred it to the genus Amphiporus, yet Quatrefages' figure of the stylet clearly shows that it is a polystiliferous type. Later Mclntosh (1875a: 277) placed it in the genus Drepanophorus as probably synonymous with Drepanophorus rubrostriatus Hubrecht, 1874. Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1926, 1934) concluded that reports of rubrostriatus, depending upon the author concerned, referred to Brinkmannia mediterranea Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926, Punnettia hubrechti Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926, or Punnettia splendida (Keferstein, 1862), whilst records of Drepanophorus spectabilis (considered a valid taxon by Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926:128) variously related to Drepanophovus rubrostriatus, Punnettia hubrechti or Punnettia splendida. Drepanophorus spectabilis sensu Bfirger (1895 a) (partita) is the only account of the species which StiasnyWijnhoff (1926: 128-130, pl. II, figs 5-7) regarded, with reservation, as synonymous wtih Cerebratulus spectabilis Quatrefages, 1846. Gibson and Crandall (1989: 462) listed Amphiporus spectabilis (Quatrefages, 1846) as a nomen dubium with the comment that 'whatever the taxonomic value of Quatrefages' original description, this species is clearly not an amphiporid'. Cerebratulus spraguei Girard, 1893 Girard, 1893:262 Habitat: Subtittoral. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (off Black Is. and Gay Head). Synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, by Biirger (1904 a: 112). Cerebratulus steineni Biirger, 1893 Biirger, 1893: 226-228, pl. 9, figs 2, 8 Synonyms: Cerebratulus steeneni, Cerebratulus steinini Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Subantarctica (South Georgia). Wheeler (1934: 250) synonymised this species with Lineus eorrugatus, now Parborlasia covrugatus (McIntosh, 1876), a synonymy confirmed by Gibson (1983 a: 304). Cerebratulus striolenta, Cerebratulus striolentus: see Leodes striolenta Girard, 1853 Cerebratulus subacutus: see Meckelia subacuta Stimpson, 1857 Cerebratulus subtilis Bfirger, 1893 Bfirger, 1893: 228, pl. 9, fig. 1 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Subantarctica (South Georgia). Wheeler (1934: 250) synonymised this form with Lineus corrugatus McIntosh, 1876, now included in the genus Pavborlasia; Gibson (1983 a: 304) confirmed the conspecificity between the two taxa. Cerebratulus superniger Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957: 14-15, pl. I, fig. 5, pl. IV, figs 7, 8 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 10 m. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Cerebratulus taenia: see Gordius taenia Dalyell, 1853 Cerebratulus tageae Corr~a, 1957 Corr6a, 1957: 252-254, pl. I, figs 1, 2, pl. II, figs 3-6 Habitat: Intertidal with Balanoglossus. Distribution: Brazil (Caiobfi, Paranfi). Nemertean genera and species of the world 345 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Cerebratulus theta Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 213, 191.VIII, fig. 20 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 869 m. Distribution: Off the coast of Sudan. Cerebratulus tigrinus Biirger, 1890 Biirger, 1890: 16-17, text-fig. 1, pl. I, fig. 5, pl. II, figs 15, 16, pl. VI, figs 114, l14a, pl. VIII, fig. 156 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Cerebratulus torresianus Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900c: 826-827, pl. LIV, figs 1, 3, 6 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Australia (Torres Straits off the north coast of Queensland). Cerebratulus tristis Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:216 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 18-200m. Distribution: Mediterranean. Now Micrura tristis (Hubrecht, 1879) (Bfirger, 1892 a: 167). Cerebratulus truncatus Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887: 37-39, pl. I, figs 11, 12 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 137 155m on gravel, stones and mud. Distribution: Western North Atlantic, between Nova Scotia and Bermuda. Now Lineus truncatus (Hubrecht, 1887) (Verrill, 1892: 427), although Verrill was doubtful about the validity of the species. Cerebratulus ulatiformius Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900b: 134-135, pl. 7, figs 26, 34, pl. 8, fig. 39 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Singapore. Cerebratulus urticans: see Meckelia urticans Miiller, 1854 Cerebratulus validus Bfirger, 1893 Bfirger, 1893:228-229 Habitat: In algal holdfasts. Distribution: Subantarctica (South Georgia). Although Wheeler (1934: 250) synonymised this form with Lineus corrugatus McIntosh, 1876, Gibson (1983a: 305) concluded that there was some doubt over their conspecificity, commenting that 'the taxonomic status of B/irger's species, an inadequately described form, must therefore remain uncertain'; Gibson (1985b: 135) listed the taxon under its original name as a nomen dubium. Cerebratulus velatus Joubin, 1905 Joubin, 1905 c: 145-147, figs A-E Habitat: Sublittoral in sand. Distribution: North Vietnam (Gulf of Tonkin). Cerebratulus ventriporis Friedrich, 1958 Friedrich, 1958: 18-19, fig. 7 Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 21-83 m. Distribution: Iceland. Cerebratulus ventrosulcatus Bfirger, 1892 B/irger, 1892 a: 173 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 346 R. Gibson Synonyms: Cerebratulus hepaticus (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 3-50 m, on mud mixed with shells. Distribution: Italy (Naples) and the Rumanian coast of the Black Sea. Biirger (1904 a: 117) included Cerebvatulus hepaticus Hubrecht, 1879, as in part synonymous with this species. Cerebratulus viridis Isler, 1900 Isler, 1900a: 26-28, fig. 14 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Also described as a new species by Isler (1900 b: 180). Cerebratulus viridis sensu Saint-Loup (1887: 237), found sublittorally in the Mediterranean off Marseille, is not the same species and is recorded by Biirger (1904a: 102) as Lineus sp. Cerebratulus zachsi Ushakov, 1926 Ushakov, 1926:58 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 44m on mud. Distribution: Russia (White Sea). Cerebratulus zebra Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Punnett and Cooper, 1909: ll, pl. l, fig. 11, pl. 2, fig. 19 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to 410m. Distribution: Sri Lanka and Japan. Cerebratulus zeta Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 215-216, pl. VIII, fig. 21 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 90 m. Distribution: Tropical North Atlantic (Cape Verde Is.). Chilineus Friedrich, 1970 HETERONEMERTEA Friedrich, 1970:45 Marine benthic. *Chilineus glandulosa: see Micrura glandulosa Biirger, 1895 Chlamydocephalus Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:255 Included as a synonym of the genus Amphiporus by Btirger (1904 a: 34). Chlamydocephalus gaimardi Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:255 256 Synonyms: Borlasia novae-zelandiae Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: New Zealand. Diesing, with no justification and without adding to the original description, renamed Borlasia novae-zelandiae Quoy and Gaimard, 1833; Diesing's species thus constitutes a junior synonym of Quoy and Gaimard's form, which is now Amphiporus novaezelandiae. Chlamydocephalus novae-zelandiae: see Borlasia novae-zelandiae Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Chloraima K611iker, 1845 K611iker, 1845:95 Included by Bfirger (1904a: 132) in a group of dubious nemertean genera and species, in some of the older literature the name has been emended to Chloraema. Chloraima siculum K611iker, 1845 K611iker, 1845:95-96 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 347 Habitat: Marine benthic, among algae. Distribution: Italy (Straits of Messina). Carus (1885: 163) suggested that this species might be related to the drepanophorids, but B/irger (1895 a: 501) expressed doubt as to whether it was even a nemertean and later (B/irger, 1904a: 132) included it as a taxon of dubious validity. Chunianna Coe, 1954 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1954:256 Chernuishev (1992a: 134) proposed renaming this genus as Coeiana, stating incorrectly (p. 136) that the original use of the name was as a nomen nudum; Coeiana is here regarded as a junior synonym of Chunianna. Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Chunianna opaca Coe, 1954 Coe, 1954: 257, text-fig. 19 Synonyms: Planktonemertes opaca Habitat: Taken in a net lowered to a depth of 880m. Distribution: North Pacific (in the submarine canyon at the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA). Although he did not use the specific epithet in combination with the proposed name Coeiana, Chernuishev (1992a: 134) indicated that Chunianna opaca would constitute the type-species of the new genus, a suggestion which is here rejected; Korotkevich (1977 b: 16) listed the species as Planktonemertes opaca. Chunianna pacifica Coe, 1954 Coe, 1954: 257-258, text-fig. 20, pl. 8, fig. F Synonyms: Planktonemertes pacijqca Habitat: Recovered from depths of between 725 3200 m. Distribution: North Pacific (west of Baja California, Mexico, and in the canyon at the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA). Chernuishev (1992a: 134) suggested a new subgeneric name, Leonoviana, within his proposed genus Coeiana, to receive Chunianna pacifica, although he did not use the specific epithet in combination with either the generic or subgeneric names; the validity of subgeneric taxa among nemerteans is problematical and Chernuishev's proposal is here not accepted. Korotkevich (1977 b: 16) included the species as Planktonemertes pacifica. Chuniella Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917a: 15 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Chuniella agassizK: see Planktonemertes agassizii Chuniella elongata: see Planktonemertes elongata Joubin, 1906 *Chuniella lanceolata Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917a: 15-16, text-fig. 1 Synonyms: Nectonemertes lanceolata Habitat: Taken from depths of about 1000-1646m. Distribution: North Atlantic (West European Basin and near Bermuda). More fully described by Brinkmann, 1917b: 67-69, pl. II, figs 10-16, Korotkevich (1955: 71) listed the species as Nectonemertes lanceolata. Chuniella pelagica: see Drepanophorus pelagicus Bfirger, 1909 Chuniella tenella Coe, 1954 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 348 R. Gibson Coe, 1954:255 256, text-fig. 18 Synonyms: Nectonemertes tenella Habitat: Taken in nets lowered to between 760-1040m. Distribution: North Pacific (in the deep submarine canyon at the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA). Korotkevich (1977 b: 17) included this species as Nectonemertes tenella. Cnidon Mfiller, 1854 Miiller, 1854:84 This name had earlier been used for a genus of fishes and was thus a preoccupied taxon; Bfirger (1904a: 108) synonymised Cnidon sensu Mfiller with the genus Cerebratulus. Mfiller, whilst not actually using the named Cnidon in combination with a specific epithet, referred it to a form he provisionally named Meckelia urticans with the comment that 'Er scheint aber einer besondern Gattung anzugeh6ren, die den Namen Cnidon erhalten k6nnte'. Cnidon urticans: see Meckelia urticans Mfiller, 1854 Coeia Takakura, 1922 PALAEONEMERTEA Takakura, 1922:422 Marine benthic. *Coeia ijimai Takakura, 1922 Takakura, 1922: 419-422, figs p. 420 Habitat: In coastal gravel. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Coeiana Chernuishev, 1992 Chernuishev, 1992 a: 134 Chernuishev proposed this name to replace Chunianna Coe, 1954, which he incorrectly considered a nomen nudum; the two species he suggested including in the genus were Chunianna opaca Coe, 1954, and Chunianna pacifica Coe, 1954, whilst for the latter form he proposed establishing a new subgenus, Leonoviana. None of these proposals is here considered to be acceptable. Coella Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:72-73 Marine benthic. *Coella tiurensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 73-77, text-figs 27, 28, pl. I, fig. 7, pl. XV, figs 1-9 Habitat: On a reef. Distribution: Tiur Is. Coenemertes Corr~a, 1966 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Corr~a, 1966:365 Marine, possibly ectosymbiotic on decapod Crustacea. *Coenemertes caravela CorrSa, 1966 Corrfia, 1966: 366-369, text-figs 1, 2, pls I, II Habitat: On the thoracic limbs of a mud shrimp, Callianassa sp. Distribution: Brazil (mouth of the Caravelas River, Bahia State). Colemania Gibson, 198 t Gibson, 1981 a: 198-199, table 1 Now Colemaniella Gibson, 1982, as a consequence of the original name being found to be a homonym of Colemania Bolivar, 1910 (Insecta, Orthoptera). Colemania albulus Gibson, 1981 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 349 Gibson, 1981 a: 199-204, figs 17-20 Habitat: Sublittoral, from 5-6m depth on silty-sand mixed with some shell gravel. Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is., off Queensland). Now Coleman&lla albulus (Gibson, 1981) as a consequence of the change in the original generic name. Colemaniella Gibson, 1982 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1982 c: 267 Marine benthic. *Coleman&Ua albulus: see Colemania albulus Gibson, 1981 CoUarenemertes Chernuishev, 1993 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Chernuishev, 1993 b: 72 Marine benthic. *Collarenemertes bimaculatus: see Amphiporus bimaculatus Coe, 1901 Colpocephalus Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:255 Biirger (1904a: 53) included this name as a junior synonym of the hoplonemertean genus Prostoma, which for marine and estuarine species is now Tetrastemma. Colpocephalus quadripunctatus: see Borlasia quadripunctata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Communoporus Friedrich, 1955 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1955:149 Marine benthic. Communoporus cephalonephridialis: see Amphiporus cephalonephridialis Friedrich, 1940 *Communoporus hagmeieri: see Amphiporus hagmeieri Friedrich, 1940 Communoporus rhynchocoelomicus: see Amphiporus rhynchocoelomicus Friedrich, 1940 Correanemertes Kirsteuer, 1967 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Kirsteuer, 1967:120 An amended diagnosis of the genus was given by Kirsteuer (1974: 159). Marine benthic. *Correanemertes bioculatus: see Amphiporus bioculatus Corsoua Corr~a, 1963 HETERONEMERTEA Corr~a, 1963:48 Marine benthic. *Corsoua kristenseni Corr~a, 1963 Corr~a, 1963: 49-51, figs 25-27 Habitat: Intertidal under rocks in muddy mangrove regions. Distribution: Curagao (Piscadera Baai). Cosmocephala Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:165 Listed as a junior synonym of the hoplonemertean genus Amphiporus by Biirger (1904a: 34); Verrill (1892: 389) used the name as a subgenus of Amphiporus for two species, Amphiporus frontalis and Amphiporus mesosorus. Cosmocephala beringiana Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:165 Habitat: Shallow sublittoral. 350 R. Gibson Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Distribution: Bering Strait. Listed as a subspecies of Amphiporus angulatus (Miiller, 1774), as Amphiporus angulatus beringianus, by BiJrger (1904a: 47), but recorded under the name Amphiporus beringianus (Stimpson, 1857) as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989:456 457). Cosmocephala cordiceps Jensen, 1878 Jensen, 1878:82 83, pl. VIII, figs 13 16 Habitat: In sand near extreme low tide level. Distribution: West coast of Norway and Greenland. Jensen only provisionally included this species in the genus Cosmocephala and mis-spelt the generic name Kosmocephala in the caption to the figures. Bfirger (1904 a: 45) included the species as a junior synonym of Amphiporus hastatus Mclntosh, 1873-1874, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: 457) listed it as a nomen dubium under the name Amphiporus cordiceps (Jensen, 1878). Norenburg (1986: 291) regarded Amphiporus cordiceps sensu Friedrich, 1933: 496-504, figs 1, 2 b, c, 3, 4, as sufficiently well described for it to be relocated as Cyanophthalma cordiceps (Friedrich, 1933). Cosmocephala japonica Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:165 Habitat: Intertidal, under stones, and in rock crevices. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Btirger (1904a: 48) listed this form, under the name Amphiporus angulatus japonicus, as a subspecies of Amphiporus angulatus (Mfiller, 1774), but it was included as a nomen dubium as Amphiporus japon&us (Stimpson, 1857) by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460) with the comment that it 'is such a poorly characterised form that neither its specific status nor synonymy with A. angulatus can be justified'. Iwata (1952: 144) noted that the cephalic markings of the form resembled those of Amphiporus punctatulus Coe, 1905, which is now a member of the genus Nipponnemertes. Cosmocephala ochracea Verrill, 1873 Verrill, 1873a: 325, 630-631, pl. XIX, figs 95, 95a Synonyms: Amphiporus greenmant?. Habitat: Intertidal and sublittoral to depths of about 36 m, under stones, among algae, bryozoans, hydroids, mussels and other growths on rocks, piers or antifouling panels, or on muddy, sandy, gravelly or rocky bottoms; often in protected bays, the species may extend into brackish water. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA to FL). Now Amphiporus ochraceus (Verrill, 1873) (Verrill, 1892: 396), included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III). Cosmocephala stimpsoni, Cosmocephala stimpsonii: see Omatoplea stimpsonii Stimpson, 1854 Crassonemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917a: 6 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Crassonemertes rhomboidalis: see PIanktonemertes rhomboidalis Joubin, 1906 *Crassonemertes robusta Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917a: 6, pl. I, fig. 8 Synonyms: Planktonemertes robusta Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 351 Habitat: Some individuals from uncertain depths, others taken at between 1000-1800 m deep. Distribution: Atlantic (south-east of Iceland, near Bermuda, and off West Africa above the Sierra Leone Basin) and Pacific (above the Gilbert Seamount and above and north-west of Germaine Bank). More fully described by Brinkmann (1917 b: 25-28, pl. III, figs 1-9), listed as Planktonemertes robusta by Korotkevich (1955: 66). Cratenemertes Friedrich, 1955 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1955:145 Marine benthic. *Cratenemertes amboinensis: see Amphiporus amboinensis Bfirger, 1890 Cratenemertes bergendali: see Amphiporus bergendali Gering, 1912 Cratenemertes danae Friedrich, 1957 Friedrich, 1957:150 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Arctic. Now Nipponnemertes danae (Friedrich, 1957) (Friedrich, 1968: 34). Cratenemertes drepanophoroides: see Amphiporus drepanophoroides Griffin, 1898 Cratenemertes madagascarensis Kirsteuer, 1965 Kirsteuer, 1965:290 294, figs l, 2, 3C Habitat: From dead encrusting bryozoans covering branches of a coral. Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel). Now Nipponnemertes madagascarensis (Kirsteuer, 1965) (Friedrich, 1968: 34). Cratenemertes occidentalis: see Amphiporus occidentalis Coe, 1905 Cratenemertes pacificus: see Amphiporus pac~cus Coe, 1905 Cratenemertes pelagicus Korotkevich, 1961 Korotkevich, 1961:1417 1420, figs 1, 2A, B Habitat: Collected by net within 200 m of the surface, pelagic. Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (western end of the South Indian Basin just north of the Antarctic Circle). Now Korotkevitschia pelagicus (Korotkevich, 1961) (Friedrich, 1968: 34). Cratenemertes punctatulus: see Amphiporus punctatulus Coe, 1905 Cratenemertes variabilis Korotkevich, 1983 Korotkevich, 1983:140 143, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 64 295 m. Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (off the south-eastern coast of South America near Patagonia, north-west of the Falkland Is., off South Africa, and near South Georgia and the Kerguelen Is.). Now Nipponnemertes variabilis (Korotkevich, 1983) (Chernuishev, 1993b: 72). Craticulineus Gibson, 1984 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1984:77-78 Marine benthic. *Crat&ulineus novaezealandiae Gibson, 1984 Gibson, 1984: 78-87, figs 1-20 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 95 m . Distribution: New Zealand (about 225 km east of Christchurch, South Is.). Cryptonemertes Gibson, 1986 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA 352 R. Gibson Gibson, 1986a: 56 Marine, living commensally beneath the pedal disc of anemones. *Cryptonemertes actinophila: see Nemertopsis actinophila Biirger, 1904 Cuneonemertes Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1926:193 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Cuneonemertes elongata Coe, 1954 Coe, 1954:265 267, text-fig. 25 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes elongata Habitat: Taken in a net lowered to a depth of 1000m. Distribution: North Pacific (in submarina canyon at entrance to Monterey Bay, CA). Korotkevich (1977 b: 18) included this species as Pelagonemertes elongata. *Cuneonemertes gracilis Coe, 1926 Coe, 1926: 192-199, figs If, 7A, 9E, 10B, 15D, 29D, 32, 33 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes gracilis Habitat: Obtained from depths not exceeding 600 m. Distribution: Tropical Pacific (off the coast of Peru). Listed as Pelagonemertes gracilis by Korotkevich (1955:110). Cuneonemertes nigra: see Parabalaenanemertes nigra Coe, 1945 Cuneonemertes obesa Coe, 1954 Coe, 1954: 269-271, text-fig. 28 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes obesa Habitat: Recovered from depths of 780 990 m. Distribution: North Pacific (in the submarine canyon at the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA). Included by Korotkevich (1977 b: 18) as Pelagonemertes obesa. Curranemertes Kirsteuer, 1973 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Kirsteuer, 1973:138 Marine benthic. *Curranemertes natans Kirsteuer, 1973 Kirsteuer, 1973: 126-138, figs 1-28 Habitat: Shallow sublittoral, about 1 m depth on the basal portion of a coral; the species swims with undulating movements for short periods of time. Distribution: Venezuela (Isla Santa Ana, near the southern end of Bahia de Mochima). Cyanophthalma Norenburg, 1986 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Norenburg, 1986:285-286 Marine or brackish-water benthic. Cyanophthalma cordiceps: see Cosmocephala cordiceps Jensen, 1878 *Cyanophthalma obscura: see Tetrastemma obscurum Schultze, 1851 Dananemertes Friedrich, 1957 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1957:147 Marine benthic. *Dananemertes saemundssoni Friedrich, 1957 Friedrich, 1957: 147-150, fig. 12 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Iceland (Hollinn, north of Grimsey). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 353 Dendrorhynchus Yin and Zeng, 1985 HETERONEMERTEA Yin and Zeng, 1985:324 Although the use of the generic name Dendrorhynchus first appeared in their 1984 article (Yin and Zeng, 1984: 51), a formal diagnosis of the taxon was not given until their 1985 paper; the second of these two articles was the first written but was evidently delayed in publication. *Dendrorhynchus sinensis Yin and Zeng, 1984 Yin and Zeng, 1984: 51, 56 Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: People's Republic of China (Zhanjiang City) and Hong Kong. A brief comparative account of the anatomy of this species was given in their second paper, which was the first published in 1984; their original description (Yin and Zeng, 1985: 324-331, table 1, text figs 1-6, pl. I, figs 1-11) was delayed in publication. The species was redescribed by Gibson (1990 c: 132138, table 4, text-fig. 22, pl. 24, figs A-D, pl. 25, figs A-E). Dendrorhynchus zhanfiangensis Yin and Zeng, 1984 Yin and Zeng, 1984: 51-56, table 1, text-figs 1-5, pl. I, figs 1-12 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: People's Republic of China (Zhanjiang City). Dicelis Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:164 Regarded by B~rger (1904 a: 76) as a genus of dubious validity. Dicelis rubra Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:164 Synonyms: Diplomma rubra Habitat: Sublittoral, between barnacles and sponges at a depth of about 7-8 m. Distribution: Japan (Tanega Is. in the Ryuku Is.). Listed by B/irger (1904a: 76) as a species of dubious validity. Dichilus Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:163 B/irger (1904a: 76) included this taxon in a list of dubious genera and species; Verrill (1892: 389) used the name as a subgenus of Amphiporus for a single species, Amphiporus bioculatus. Subsequently Verrill (1895: 529) stated that Dichilus was synonymous with Hallezia, and Biirger (1904a: 34) stated that Dichilus sensu Verrill was a junior synonym of Ampbiporus. Dichilus obscurus Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:163 Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Japan (Ousima Is.). Biirger (1904a: 76-77) included this as a species of doubtful validity. Dichonemertes Coe, 1938 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Coe, 1938:221 Marine benthic. Dichonemertes coensis Friedrich, 1970 Friedrich, 1970: 62-65, figs 9, 10 Habitat: Intertidal, under boulders and stones on sand or mixed sand and clay. Distribution: Chile (Gulf of Ancud, Insel Quenu and Seno Reloncavi). *Dichonemertes hartmanae Coe, 1938 Coe, 1938: 221-224, figs. 1, 2 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 354 R. Gibson Habitat: Intertidal, in mud or below dead vegetation, often associated with burrows of the mud shrimp Upogebia. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA). Digononemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Gibson, 1990b: 129-130, table 7 Marine benthic. *Digononemertes australiensis Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990 b: 130-136, tables 1, 5, text-figs 11, 12, pl. 10, figs A-G, pl. 11, figs A-H Habitat: Intertidal, under boulders in fairly clean sand with some shell fragments. Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia). Dinonemertes Laidlaw, 1906 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Laidlaw, 1906:186 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Dinonemertes alberti: see Planktonemertes alberti Joubin, 1906 Dinonemertes arctica Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977c: 128 133, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Taken from depths of 1000m and more. Distribution: Arctic Ocean (north-east of Greenland). Dinonemertes constricta: see Piionemertes constricta Coe, 1954 Dinonemertes grimaldii: see Planktonemertes grirnaldii Joubin, 1906 *Dinonemertes investigatoris Laidlaw, 1906 Laidlaw, 1906: 186-187, pl. VIII, fig. 1 Habitat: Recovered from depths of about 2000 m. Distribution: Originally found in the Indian Ocean, east of the Laccadives, later also recorded from the North Atlantic and redescribed by Brinkmann (1917 b: 37 47, text-figs 9-11, pl. III, fig. 11, pl. VI, figs 1 20, pl. VII, figs 1-3); Coe (1926: 139) commented that this 'great geographical divergence leads to the suspicion that in spite of the close similarity of the females examined, two distinct species may actually be involved' and later (Coe, 1945a: 158) expressed doubt over the identification of this form from the Atlantic. Dinonemertes labiata: see Planoneraertes labiata Coe, 1936 Dinonemertes lobata: see Planonernertes lobata Coe, 1926 Dinonemertes mollis Coe, 1926 Coe, 1926: 141-142, text-fig. 9C, pl. 13, figs 86, 87 Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul between 600 m depth and the surface. Distribution: Equatorial Pacific (south-west of the Mexican coast). Korotkevich (1977 b: 17) distinguished between this species and Dinonemertes mollis sensu Coe (1954), listing the latter as synonymous with what she had earlier (Korotkevich, 1972) called Nectonemertes mollis. Coe's original species is now Alexandronemertes mollis (Coe, 1926) (Chernuishev, 1992a: 135). Dinonemertes plana: see Plionemertes plana Coe, 1926 (Dinophilus Schmidt, 1848) Schmidt, 1848:3 A genus of archiannelids, one species of 'nemertean' has been placed in this taxon. (Dinophilus simplex Verrill, 1892) Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 355 Verrill, 1892: pl. XXXVI, figs 6, 6a Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (RI). Listed as a new species in the figure caption but with no description given in the text, Verrill included this form in an article otherwise devoted to the marine nemerteans of New England and adjacent waters; his illustrations show what could be a pseudosegrnented interstitial type of nemertean or, more probably, an archiannelid, but the identity of the species, which is a nomen nudum, remains uncertain. Diplomma Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:164 Included in a list of dubious nemertean genera and species by Bfirger (1904a: 130). Diplomma rubra: see Dicelis rubra Stimpson, 1857 Diplomma serpentina: see Nareda serpentina Stimpson, 1855 Diplopleura Stimpson, 1857 HETERONEMERTEA Stimpson, 1857:162 Marine benthic. Diplopleura cara?bica Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925: pl. I, figs 16a 17c, pl. IV, figs 16-20 Stiasny-Wijnhoff used the specific epithet cara~bica in the captions for the illustrations of a species described in the text as Diplopleura cura~aoensis; as the description appears before the figures, Diplopleura caraibica constitutes a junior synonym of curagaoensis. Diplopleura curagaoensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925:109-110 Synonyms: Diplopleura cara~bica Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Curagao. In accordance with the ICZN (1985) regulations governing the use of diacritic marks this species should be known as Diplopleura curacaoensis StiasnyWijnhoff, 1925. Diplopleura formosa: see Langia formosa Hubrecht, 1879 *Diplopleurajapon&a Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:162 Habitat: Shallow sublittoral, from a depth of about 3 m. Distribution: Japan (Kyushu). Diplopleura obockiana: see Langia obockiana Joubin, 1887 Diplopleura vivesi: see Langia vivesi Joubin, 1905 Ditactorrhochma Diesing, 1862 Diesing, 1862:294-295 Included, together with its emended forms Ditactorrhochmate and Ditactorrhochmus, as a junior synonym of the genus Amphiporus by Bfirger (1904 a: 34). Ditactorrhochma mandilla: see Polia mandilla Quatrefages, 1846 Ditactorrhochma typicum Diesing, 1862 Diesing, 1862:295 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Northern Polar Sea. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 356 R. Gibson Vaillant (1890: 602) listed this as an indeterminate species, but Biirger (1904 a: 47) included it as Amphiporus typicus (Diesing, 1862) which Gibson and Crandall (1989: 462) identify as a nomen dubium with the comment that 'the brevity and inadequacy of Diesing's (1862) description are of no value as a species diagnosis'. Divanella Gibson, 1973 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Gibson, 1973:794 Marine benthic. *Divanella evelinae Gibson, 1973 Gibson, 1973: 795-808, figs l-7 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under a boulder. Distribution: Brazil (Isla de Silo SebastiSo). Dokonemertes Gibson, 1985 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1985b: 137-138 Marine benthic. Dokonemertes macquariensis Gibson, 1985 Gibson, 1985b: 152-155, figs 23-25 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 112 124m. Distribution: Subantarctica (near Macquarie Is.). *Dokonemertes mageilanensis Gibson, 1985 Gibson, 1985b: 138-152, figs 18 23 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Southern Chile (Peninsula de Brunswick). Drepanobanda Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:77 Marine benthic. *Drepanobanda trilineata Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 77-80, pl. I, figs 18-21, pl. XVI, figs 1-7 Habitat: Sublittoral, from 27-54m depth on bottoms of sand, coral and Lithothamnion. Distribution: Timor Sea (Timor Is.). Drepanogigas Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926:152 Marine benthic. *Drepanogigas albolineatus: see Drepanophorus albolineatus Biirger, 1895 Drepanophorella Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnboff, 1936:17 Marine benthic. *DrepanophoreUa sebae Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 18-23, text-fig. 75a, pl. I, figs 14-16, pl. IV, figs 1-7, pl. VI, fig. 1 Habitat: On a reef. Distribution: Savu Sea (Savu). Drepanophorella tasmani Wheeler, 1940 Wheeler, 1940 b: 249-250, fig. 12 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 122m. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 357 Distribution: Bass Strait (between south-eastern Australia and Tasmania). Drepanopkoresta Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:23 Marine benthic. Drepanophoresta iifuensis: see Drepanophorus lifuensis Punnett, 1900 *Drepanophoresta rosea: see Drepanophorus roseus Punnett, 1903 Drepanophoria Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:32 Marine benthic. *Drepanophoria pajungae Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 32-36, text-fig. 75 e, pl. I, fig. 6, pl. V[, figs 2-5, pl. VII, figs a-o Habitat: On a reef. Distribution: North Celebes (Pajunga). Drepanophoriella Senz, 1993 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Senz, 1993a: 115-116 Marine benthic. *Drepanophoriella histriana Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 116-120, pl. 7, figs 60-63 Habitat: Not recorded. D&tribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). Drepanophorina Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:60 Marine benthic. Drepanophorina argus Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 68-70, pl. I, figs 1-5, pl. XIII, figs 1 4 Habitat: On a reef among Lithothamnion. Distribution: Timor Sea (Timor Is.). Drepanophorina guineensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 70-72, pl. I, figs 26 28, pl. XIV, figs 1-7 Habitat: On a reef. Distribution: West coast of New Guinea. In the caption to pl. XIV, figs 1 7, the specific epithet is incorrectly spelt guinensis. Drepanophorina lata: see Drepanophorus latus BiJrger, 1890 *Drepanophorina savuensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 60-63, text-fig. 75 c, pl. I, fig. 17, pl. XII, figs 1-18, pl. XIII, figs 5, 6 Habitat: On a reef. Distribution: Savu Sea (Savu). Drepanophoringia Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1 9 3 6 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:37 Marine benthic. *Drepanophoringia waingapuensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 358 R. Gibson Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 37-40, text fig. 75b, pl. I, figs 12, 13, pl. VIII, figs 1-7 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Savu Sea (Sumba Is.). Drepanophorus Hubrecht, 1874 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Hubrecht, 1874:42-44 Emended to Drepanophoris in some of the older literature. Marine benthic. Drepanophorus albolineatus B/irger, 1895 B/irger, 1895 a: 576, pl. 3, fig. 31, pl. 9, figs l a, b, pl. 17, figs 2-4, 9-12, pl. 23, fig. 40, pl. 24, fig. 32, pl. 27, figs 51, 52 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Redescribed as Drepanogigas albolineatus (Biirger, 1895) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1926: 152-158, pl. V, figs 31-33). Drepanophorus borealis Punnett, 1901 Punnett, 190l a: 95-99, text-figs 2, 3, pl. VI, figs 4, 5, 7, pl. VII, figs 13-17 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to 200-250m. Distribution: Davis Strait, between Greenland and Canada, and Norway (Lyngenfjord and near Bergen). Now Uniporus borealis (Punnett, 1901) (Brinkmann, 1914-1915: 13), redescribed under this name by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1934:173-179, pl. 12, figs 611); Drepanophorus borealis sensu Punnett (1903a) (partim) Brinkmann (1914-1915) described as a new species, Uniporus acutocaudatus. Drepanophorus cerinus Bfirger, 1890 Bfirger, 1890: 28-29, text fig. XII, pl. VI, figs 98, 98a, 104, 122, pl. VII, fig. 141, pl. VIII, fig. 155, pl. X, fig. 197 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Redescribed as Punnettia cerina (B/irger, 1890) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1936: 5557, text figs 17-20); Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1936: 50) regarded Drepanophorus cerinus sensu Punnett, 1903 b: 113-114, pl. IV, figs 10, 11, as a different species and renamed it Punnettia maldivensis. Drepanophorus crassus: see Cerebratulus crassus Quatrefages, 1846 Two subspecies of this form were listed by Bfirger (1904a: 51-52), Drepanophorus crassus crassus and Drepanophorus crassus nisidensis; StiasnyWijnhoff (1926: 140, 144) regarded the former as in part synonymous with Paradrepanophorus crassus (Quatrefages, 1846), in part with Paradrepanophorus coraUinicola Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926, whilst BiJrger's subspecies nisidensis she considered to be distinct from Drepanophorus nisidensis Hubrecht, 1874, and synonymised with Paradrepanophorus crassus. Drepanophorus edwardsi Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 200-204, text-figs 14, 15, pl. VIII, figs 9, 10 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 618-760 m. Distribution: Cape Verde Is. Drepanophorus gravieri Joubin, 1904 Joubin, 1904a: 328, fig. p. 328 Habitat: In a cavity in the coral Porites. Distribution: Gulf of Aden (Djibouti). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 359 Drepanophorus igneus Bfirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 574, pl. 3, fig. 26, pl. 25, figs 9, 13 Habitat: Sublittoral from 1-5 m depth. Distribution: Italy (Gulf of Naples). Synonymised with Paradrepanophorus nisidensis (Hubrecht, 1874) by StiasnyWijnhoff (1926: 150). Drepanophorus indicus Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 5, pl. 2, figs 13 a-c Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Indian Ocean (Salomon, Chagos Archipelago). Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1936: 52) synonymised this form with Punnettia willeyana (Punnett, 1900). Drepanophorus lankesteri Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887: 18-20, pl. I, fig. 22, pl. IX, figs 1, 2, 10, pl. X, figs 2, 4, pl. XII, fig. 5, pl. XIV, figs 9, 10, pl. XV, fig. 13 Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from a depth of about 80 m on a bottom of gravel and stones. Distribution: North-western Atlantic (off the coast of Nova Scotia). Now Hubrechtonemertes lankesteri (Hubrecht, 1887)(Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1934: 179); Coe (1943: 303) listed the species under its original name. Drepanophorus latus Bfirger, 1890 Bfirger, 1890: 27-28, pl. I, figs 12-13a, pl. V, figs 95, 95a, pl. VI, figs 99-100b, 103, 120, 121, pl. VIII, figs 147-150, 162, 166-168, pl. IX, fig. 173 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Now Drepanophorina lata (B/irger, 1890) (Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 63). Drepanophorus lifuensis Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900a: 573-574, pl. LIX, figs 21-27 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: South Pacific (Lifu Is., New Caledonia). Redescribed under the name Drepanophoresta lifuensis (Punnett, 1900) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1936:27 32, text-figs 1013, 36). Drepanophorus longiceps Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957: 27-30, pl. I, fig. 15, pl. VI, figs 9, 10, pl. VII, figs 1 8 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 50m. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Drepanophorus massiliensis Joubin, 1894 Joubin, 1894: 151-152, pl. IV, fig. 88 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: France (Marseille). Drepanophorus modestus Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923b: fig. 12 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 73 m. Distribution: Savu Sea (south of Flores). Stiasny-Wijnhoff's reference to this as a new species is restricted to a drawing of a transverse section through the cerebral region; she later described the form more completely (Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 42-46, text-figs 14, 15, pl. I, figs 8, 9, pl. IX, figs 1-9). Drepanophorus nisidensis Hubrecht, 1874 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 360 R. Gibson Hubrecht, 1874:47-48 Synonyms: Drepanophorus crassus (partim), Drepanophorus igneus, Drepanophorus serraticollis (partim) Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral among rocks. Distribution: Italy (Naples) and France (Banyuls). Redescribed by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1926: 149-152, pl. V, figs 28-30) as Paradrepanophorus nisidensis (Hubrecht, 1874). Drepanophorus novae-zealandie: see Borlasia novae-zelandiae Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Drepanophorus pelagicus Biirger, 1909 Biirger, 1909:179 183, pl. XXV, figs 1, 4, pl. XXVI, figs 5, 5a, pl. XXIX, figs 1-10 Synonyms: Nectonemertes biirgeri Habitat: Taken in a non-closing net hauled from a depth of 2500m to the surface, pelagic. Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (near the angle formed between Ninety East Ridge and Broken Ridge). Briefly redescribed by Brinkmann (1917b: 69-71) as Chuniella pelagica (Bfirger, 1909) and referred to under this name by Coe (1926, 1945a). Korotkevich (1955: 71), however, recognised far fewer pelagic genera than other authors and transferred Chuniellapelagica to the genus Nectonemertes, changing the species name to Nectonemertes biirgeri to distinguish it from the preoccupied taxon Nectonemertes pelagica Cravens and Heath, 1906. B/irger's species is currently known as Chuniella pelagica and Nectonemertes biirgeri Korotkevich, 1955, thus becomes a junior synonym of Btirger's taxon. Drepanophorus quatrefagei Hubrecht, 1874 Hubrecht, 1874:44 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Not recorded. No description accompanies Hubrecht's use of this name, which is thus a nomen nudum; Biirger (1904 a: 51) listed it as synonymous with Drepanophorus spectabilis (Quatrefages, 1846). Drepanophorus ritteri Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 283-287, text-fig. 22, pl. 17, fig. 106, pl. 20, fig. 128, pl. 24, figs 179-181 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 50-300m. Distribution: North Pacific (off southern CA between San Pedro and Santa Catalina Is., CA). Drepanophorus roseus Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903b: 112-113, pl. IV, fig. 7 Habitat: Intertidal from the boulder zone on a reef and sublittoral from a depth of about 30 m among a colony of Mussa. Distribution: Tropical Indian Ocean (Chagos Archipelago and the Maldive Is.). Redescribed as Drepanophoresta rosea (Punnett, 1903) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1936: 23-27, text-figs 7-9, 89, pl. V, figs 1 7). *Drepanophorus rubrostriatus Hubrecht, 1874 Hubrecht, 1874: 45-46, pl. I, figs 1-6, pl. II, figs 1, 2 Synonyms: Drepanophoris rubrostriatus, Drepanophorus spectabilis (partita) Habitat: On muddy sediments between tides. Distribution: Italy (Naples); other records are uncertain. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 361 Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1926: 120-121) concluded that Hubrecht's original description and figures related to two different species; she redescribed Drepanophorus rubrostriatus (1926: 124-127, pl. II, figs 1-4), elsewhere in the same article synonymising rubrostriatus sensu Hubrecht, 1879 (partita) with Punnettia hubrechti Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926, and rubrostriatus sensu Hubrecht, 1874 (partita), 1879 (partim) and Joubin, 1890, with Brinkmannia mediterranea Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926. Drepanophorus serraticollis Hubrecht, 1874 Hubrecht, 1874: 46-47, pl. II, figs 3-5 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Synonymised with Paradrepanophorus crassus (Quatrefages, 1846) by StiasnyWijnhoff (1926: 140); serraticollis sensu Hubrecht, 1879 (partim) StiasnyWijnhoff regarded as conspecific with Paradrepanophorus nisidensis (Hubrecht, 1874), whilst serraticollis sensu Joubin, 1890, she partly synonymised with nisidensis and partly with Paradrepanophorus corallinicola Stiasny-Wijnhoff 1926. Drepanophorus spectabilis: see Cerebratulus spectabilis Quatrefages, 1846 Drepanophorus valdiviae Bfirger, 1909 Biirger, 1909:174 176, pl. XXV, fig. 3, pl. XXXI, figs 1-8 Habitat: Sublittoral from depth of about 155 m. Distribution: Off the southern coast of South Africa. Now Valdivianemertes valdiviae (Bfirger, 1909)(Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 120) although Friedrich (1955:146) expressed uncertainty about its inclusion in this genus because the nature of its proboscis stylet apparatus is unknown. Drepanophorus willeyanus Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900a: 571-573, pl. LVIII, figs 12-17, pl. LIX, figs 18-20 Synonyms: Drepanophorus indicus Habitat: Mostly not recorded but it has been found on a reef. Distribution: Ceram Sea (north coast of Ceram), South Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean (Chagos Archipelago). Redescribed as Punnettia willeyana (Punnett, 1900) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1936: 52-54, pl. I, figs 10, 11, pl. XI, figs 1-3). Duosnemertes Friedrich, 1955 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1955:148 Marine benthic. *Duosnemertes marmoratus: see Amphiporus marmoratus Dushia Corr~a, 1963 HETERONEMERTEA Corr~a, 1963:42-43 Marine benthic. *Dushia atra: see Meckelia atra Girard, 1851 Elcania Moretto, 1970 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Moretto, 1970:17 Marine benthic. *Elcania patagonica Moretto, 1970 Moretto, 1970: 19-33, figs 1-46 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Argentina (Bahia de San Julifin, Patagonia). Emea Leidy, 1850 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 362 R. Gibson Leidy, 1850:125 Synonymised with the genus Prostoma by Bfirger (1904a: 53) when this name was used for marine, estuarine and freshwater species; Prostoma is now exclusively a freshwater genus. Emea dugesii: see Polia dugesii Quatrefages, 1849 Emea lacustris: see Tetrastemma lacustre Plessis, 1892 Emea lumbricoides: see Prostoma lombricoideum du Dug~s, 1830 Emea rubra Leidy, t850 Leidy, 1850:125 Synonyms: Prostoma rubrum, Stichostemma rubrum, Tetrastemma rubrum Habitat: Freshwater, in pools, rivers or marshes on bottom sediments, under stones or among dead vegetation. Distribution: Widespread in the USA. Listed by Biirger (1904a: 68) as possibly synonymous with Prostoma clepsinoides Dug6s, 1828, recorded as Tetrastemma rubrum by Coe (1901 a: 58) and included by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 224) in a group of inadequately described freshwater species, Coe (1940: 308) subsequently retained the form as Prostoma rubrum (Leidy, 1850) and listed Stichostemma asensoriatum Montgomery, 1896, as one of its synonyms; Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) invalidated Prostoma rubrum as insufficiently characterised, commenting (p. 197) that 'asensoriatum and rubrum cannot be regarded as synonymous'. Emea sillimani Girard, 1893 Girard, 1893:242-243 Synonyms: Tetrastemma aquarium dulcium, Tetrastemma aquarum dulcium Habitat: Freshwater, in streams. Distribution: USA (Munro County, NY). Uncertainly synonymised with Prostoma clepsinoides Dug~s, 1828, by Bfirger (1904a: 68), Girard renamed Tetrastemma aquarum dulcium Silliman, 1885, with no justification for doing so; Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) included Emea sillimani with a group of species which can no longer be regarded as valid. Emplectonema Stimpson, 1857 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Stimpson, 1857:163 Occasionally emended in the literature to Emplectoneema. Marine benthic. Emplectonema antonina: see Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846 Emplectonema bocki Brunberg, 1957 Brunberg, 1957: 60-63, table p. 65, figs 1 4 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20-50m, epizoic on Funiculina quadrangularis. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord and Esviken). Emplectonema bonhourei: see Eunemertes bonhourei Joubin, 1904 Emplectonema biirgeri Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 25 28, text-fig. 4, pl. II, figs 1, 2, pl. VIII, fig. 1, pl. XII, fig. 3 Synonyms: Emplectonema violaceum (partita) Habitat: Intertidal on or under rocks or among mussels and other growths; also dredged from sublittoral depths down to 500 m. Distribution: North Pacific (Japan, Pribilof Is., Bering Sea and the coasts of North America from AK to CA). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 363 This species should be known as Emplectonema buergeri Coe, 1901, although Riser (personal communication) indicates that it should be transferred to the genus earaneraertes. Emplectonema camillea: see Borlasia camillea Quatrefages, 1846 Emplectonema carcinophila, Ernplectonema carcinophilon: see Nemertes cartinophilos K611iker, 1845 Emplectonema derjugini Ushakov, 1928 Ushakov, 1928 a: 408-411, text-figs 1, 2, pl. 3, figs 1-5 Habitat: On Lithothamnion or among Ectocarpus. Distribution: Russia (Ostrov Is., Chukchi Sea, and the Barents Sea coasts). Emplectonema duoni: see Nemertes duoni Joubin, 1890 Emplectoneerna echinoderma, Emplectonema echinoderma: see Borlasia echinoderma Marion, 1873 Emplectonemaflavens: see Eunemertesflavens Bfirger, 1896 Emplectonema francisca: see Eunemertes francisca Joubin and Frangois, 1892 Emplectonema friederichi Sfinchez, 1973 S~nchez, 1973: 203-206, figs 6-9 Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Central Chile (Quintero). Emplectonema giganteum: see Macronemertes gigantea Verrill, 1873 Emplectoneema gracile, *Eraplectonema gracile, Emplectonema gracilis: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837 Emplectonema intestinalis Friedrich, 1958 Friedrich, 1958: 6, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 10-18 m. Distribution: Iceland. Emplectonema kandai Kato, 1939 Kato, 1939: 251-253, text-figs 1, 2, pl. XXXII, figs 1 6 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 30-40 m on sand, mud or ascidians. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Emplectonema marioni: see Nemertes marioni Hubrecht, 1879 Emplectoneema neesi, Emplectonema neesi, Emplectonema neesii: see Amphiporus neesii Orsted, 1843 Emplectonema nordgaardi: see Eunernertes nordgaardi Punnett, 1903 Emplectonema ophiocephala, Emplectonema ophiocephalum: see Ommatoplea ophiocephala Schmarda, 1859 Emplectonema osceolai Corr~a, 1961 Corr6a, 1961: 15-18, figs 15, 16 Habitat: Intertidal and shallow sublittoral, among algae or on antifouling panels. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL). Riser (personal communication) notes that this species needs to be transferred to the genus Paranemertes. Emp&ctonema purpuratum Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 210-212, pl. 17, figs 107, 108, pl. 22, figs 159, 160 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: North Pacific (Adakh Is. in the Aleutian Is.). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 364 R. Gibson Emplectonema quatrefagei: see Nemertes quatrefagei Rochebrune, 1881 Emplectonema rubea Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977 a: 64-68, fig. 3 Habitat: Intertidal among algae (Fucus evanescens). Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk). Emplectonema spongicola: see Eunemertes spongicola Bergendal, 1903 Emplectonema violaceum: see Eunemertes violacea Biirger, 1896 Emplectonema viride Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:163 Synonyms: Emplectonema viridis Habitat: Intertidal among stones. Distribution: Pacific coasts of the USA (northern CA). Synonymised with Emplectonema gracile (Johnston, 1837) by Coe (1901 a: 23). Eonemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Gibson, 1990c: 155, table 7 Marine benthic. Eonemertes emmyakos Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990b: 138-145, table 1, text-figs 13, 14, pl. 12, figs A-G, pl. 13, figs AH Habitat: Intertidal, in clumps of mussels on muddy sand flats. Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia). *Eonemertes macrophthalma Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 158-165, text-figs 28, 29, pl. 29, figs A-I Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, under stones in sand. Distribution: Hong Kong. Eousia Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1990c: 98-99, table 3 Marine benthic. *Eousia verticivarius Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 99-108, text-figs 14, 15, pl. 16, figs A G, pl. 17, figs A - G Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 12 m, in medium to coarse sand, muddy sand or silty sand with shell fragments, or on and under boulders covered with bivalve shells. Distribution: Hong Kong. Euborlasia Vaillant, 1890 HETERONEMERTEA Vaillant, 1890:616 Marine benthic. Euborlasia elisabethae, *Euborlasia elizabethae: see Borlasia elizabethae Mclntosh, 1873-1874 Euborlasia giardii: see Eupolia giardii Hubrecht, 1887 Euborlasia gotoensis Iwata, 1952 Iwata, 1952:133 134, figs 3, 9, 10 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Euborlasia hancocki Coe, 1940 Coe, 1940: 264, pl. 26, figs 27, 28 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 17 100m. Distribution: Pacific coasts of Central and northern South America (Mexico, Panama and Peru). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 365 Euborlasia immaculata, Euborlasia inmaculata: see Borlasia inmaculata Biirger, 1892 Euborlasia maxima Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 175-177, pl. 4, fig. 40 Habitat: Sublittoral from about 60m on fine sand mixed with shells. Distribution: Mexico (east of Isla Carmen in the Gulf of Mexico). Euborlasia nigrocincta Coe, 1940 Coe, 1940: 264-265, pl. 24, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Intertidal to 30m sublittoral, under stones or in clay/sand. Distribution: Pacific coasts of North, Central and South America (CA, Mexico and Chile). Redescribed by Friedrich (1970: 18-21, table 1). Euborlasia obscura: see Micrura obscura Friedrich, 1958 Euborlasia proteres Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957: 8-9, pl. I, fig. 2, pl. IV, figs 1-3 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 380 m. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Euborlasia quinquestriata Bennett, 1971 Bennett, 1971: 116, fig. p. 121 Habitat: Among dead coral boulders or rubble on reef flats, or among clumps of algae such as Halimeda. Distribution: Australia (Great Barrier Reef). An erroneous name with the incorrect generic placement and wrong specific epithet; this species is in fact Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) (Gibson, 1979a: 154). Euborlasia thori Friedrich, 1958 Friedrich, 1958:12 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 40 m on stony coral bottoms. Distribution: Iceland. The anatomy of this species was described more fully by Friedrich (1960a: 264-267, fig. 3). Euborlasia variegata Coe, 1944 Coe, 1944a: 28 Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from a depth of about 30 m. Distribution: North Pacific (off AK). Eunemertes Vaillant, 1890 Vaillant, 1890:612 613 Synonymised with Emplectonema by Biirger (1904a: 21). Eunemertes antonina: see Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846 Eunemertes bonhourei Joubin, 1904 Joubin, 1904a: 329-330, fig. p. 329 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Djibouti (Gulf of Tadjoura). An inadequately described species which should now be known as Emplectonema bonhourei (Joubin, 1904). Eunemertes carcinophila: see Nemertes cartinophilos K611iker, 1845 Eunemertes duoni: see Nemertes duoni Joubin, 1890 Eunemertes echinoderma: see Borlasia echinoderma Marion, 1873 Eunemertesflavens Biirger, 1896 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 366 R. Gibson Bfirger, 1896:272 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Central Chile (Punta Tumbes, near Talcahuano). Now Emplectonema flavens (Biirger, 1896) (Biirger, 1904a: 24); Gibson (1982a: 829) commented that the species is inadequately described. Eunemertesfrancisca Joubin and Frangois, 1892 Joubin and Frangois, 1892: 170-171, pl. figs 6a c Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: South Pacific (Noum6a, New Caledonia). An inadequately described form which should now be known as Empleetonemafraneisca (Joubin and Francois, 1892). Eunemertes gigantea: see Macronemertes gigantea Verrill, 1873 Eunemertes gracile, Eunemertes gracilis: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837 Eunemertes heterophthalma: see Ommatoplea heterophthalma Schmarda, 1859 Eunemertes marioni: see Nemertes marioni Hubrecht, 1879 Eunemertes neesi, Eunemertes neesii: see Amphiporus neesii Orsted, 1843 Eunemertes nordgaardi Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903 a: 27-29, pl. I, figs 1, 3 Habitat: Sublittoral, from muddy sediments at a depth of 200 m. Distribution: Norway (Saltenfjord and Balstad). Now Emplectonema nordgaardi (Punnett, 1903) (Friedrich, 1955:172). Eunemertes peronea: see Nemertes peronea Quatrefages, 1846 Eunemertes spongicola Bergendal, 1903 Bergendal, 1903:96-99 Habitat: In the sponge Esperia lingua. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Kosterfjord). Uncertainly included in this genus by Bergendal, Friedrich (1955: 172), with some doubt, listed it as Emplectonema spongieola (Bergendal, 1903). Eunemertes violacea Bfirger, 1896 Biirger, 1896:272 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Southern Chile (Tabon Is., near Calbuco). Now Emplectonema violaceum (Biirger, 1896) (Bfirger, 1904a: 25); Emplectonerna viotaceum sensu Griffin, 1898: 209, Coe (1904: 115) synonymised with what is now Emplectonema buergeri Coe, 1901. Eunemertes xanthophila: see Polia xanthophila Giard, 1888 Eupolia Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887:10-11 Synonymised with Baseodiscus by Bfirger (1904a: 80). Eupolia abyssorum Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 206-208, text fig. 17, pl. VIII, figs 12, 13 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 1353m. Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (Gulf of Gascogne). This form should be known as Baseodiscus abyssorum (Joubin, 1902). Eupolia alpha Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902:205-206 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 640 m. Distribution: Sudan. This species should now be known as Baseodiscus alpha (Joubin, 1902). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 367 Eupolia amboinensis Staub, 1900 Staub, 1900: 78, 81-83, pl. XLVII, figs 1-1 b, pl. XLVIII, figs 1-5 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Synonymised with Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825) by Gibson (1979 a: 139) with the comment that this synonymy requires confirmation. Eupolia antillensis Bfirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895 a: 604 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Barbados. Also listed as a new species by Biirger, 1895b: 29-39; now Baseodiscus antillensis (Biirger, 1895)(Biirger, 1904a: 82). Eupolia antillensis Takakura, 1898 Takakura, 1898d: 186, fig. p. 186 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Eupolia antillensis sensu Takakura, judged from the account of its external features, is clearly not the same species as that previously described under the same name by Biirger (1895a, b); Takakura's taxon is accordingly here transferred to the genus Baseodiscus as Baseodiscus takakurai nom. nov. Eupolia ascophora Bfirger, 1890 Bfirger, 1890: 24-25, pl. II, fig. 27, pl. IX, fig. 184 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Bfirger (1904 a: 82) uncertainly synonymised this form with Baseodiscus curtus (Hubrecht, 1879), which Gibson (1979 a: 146) concluded was almost certainly the same as Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825); Eupolia ascophora is therefore here regarded as a junior synonym of Baseodiscus delineatus. Eupolia aurea Biirger, 1896 Bfirger, 1896:274-275 Habitat: Originally not recorded, the species has since been found sublittorally at depths of 40 300 m on sand or clay sediments mixed with small stones. Distribution: Central and southern Chile (Punta Tumbes near Talcahuano, the Gulf of Ancud and Canal Chacao). Now Baseodiscus aureus (Bfirger, 1896) (Biirger, 1904a: 84), redescribed by Friedrich, 1970: 9-10. Eupolia australis Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887:13 14, pl. I, fig. 6, pl. VII, figs 1-3, 7 Habitat: Sublittoral, from 1280 m depth from blue mud. Distribution: New Zealand (east of central North Is.). Now Baseodiscus australis (Hubrecht, 1887) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 84), Gibson et al. (1994) note that the species is poorly described. Eupolia brockii Bfirger, 1890 Bfirger, 1890:22 23, pl. I, fig. 10, pl. II, figs 19-25, 32, pl. VII, figs 126, 132 Synonyms: Eupolia brocki Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Synonymised wtih Baseodiscus hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1831) by Bfirger (1904 a: 83). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 368 R. Gibson Eupolia curia: see Polia curta Hubrecht, 1879 Eupolia delineata: see Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1825 Eupolia filholi Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 208-210, text-figs 18-20, pl. VIII, figs 14, 15 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 120 m. Distribution: Morocco (Cap Blanc). This should now be known as Baseodiscusfilholi (Joubin, 1902). Eupolia giardii Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887:11-13, pl. I, figs 7-9, pl. V, figs 1-9, pl. VI, figs 4-11, pl. VII, figs 4, 5, 8, pl. X, fig. 6, pl. XI, fig. 12 Synonyms: Euborlasia giardii Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from depths of 548-1280m on muddy or rocky sediments. Distribution: New Zealand (east of central North Is. and off Three Kings Is.). Now Baseodiscus giardii (Hubrecht, 1887) (Biirger, 1904 a: 85). Eupolia hemprichi: see Nemertes hemprichii Ehrenberg, 1831 Eupolia indica Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903 b: 104-106, pl. IV, figs 8, 12-14 Habitat: From a reef. Distribution: Maldive Is. (Hulule). Now Baseodiscus indicus (Punnett, 1903)(Gibson, 1974a: 262). Eupolia lineolata Bfirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895a: 604, pl. 31 Synonyms: Baseodiscus lineolatus Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Tropical Pacific (Samoa and Paumotu Is.). Also described as a new species by Bfirger, 1895b: 28-29, pl. II, figs 4, 8, subsequently recorded as Baseodiscus lineolatus by Biirger (1904a: 82) and uncertainly synonymised with Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) by Gibson (1979 a: 154). Eupolia maculosa Biirger, 1895 B/irger, 1895a: 604, pl. 31 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Tropical Pacific (Ponape). Also described as a new species by Btirger, 1895b: 28, pl. II, fig. 2, now Baseodiscus macuiosus (Bfirger, 1895)(Bfirger, 1904a: 84). Eupolia marmorata Bfirger, 1890 Biirger, 1890: 24, pl. I, fig. 11, pl. II, fig. 26, pl. V, fig. 73 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Synonymised with Baseodiscus curtus (Hubrecht, 1879) by Biirger (1904 a: 82), but here regarded as a junior synonym of Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825) with which Baseodiscus curtus is itself almost certainly conspecific (Gibson, 1979a: 146). Eupolia mediolineata B/irger, 1893 Biirger, 1893: 230-234, pl. 8, figs 1-1 b Synonyms: Baseodiscus mediolineatus Habitat: Shallow sublittoral. Distribution: Indian Ocean (Mauritius). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 369 Synonymised with Baseodiscus hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1831) by Gibson (1979 a: 146). Eupolia melanogramma Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900b: 113-117, pl. 5, figs 1-5 Synonyms: Taeniosoma melanogrammum Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Singapore. Synonymised with Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) by Gibson (1979 a: 154). Eupolia mexicana Biirger, 1893 B/irger, 1893: 236-238, pl. 8, figs 6a, b, pl. 9, figs 3-6 Synonyms: Taeniosoma mexicana Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 100 m or more, in tough mucous tubes under stones and among shells and corals. Distribution: Eastern Pacific (Gulf of California, west coasts of Mexico, Panama, Colombia and Chile, and the Galapagos Is.). Now Baseodiscus mexicanus (Bfirger, 1893) (Biirger, 1904 a: 84). Eupolia minor: see Polia minor Hubrecht, 1879 Eupolia multiporata Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900 a: 576-577, pl. LX, figs 34-39, pl. LXI, fig. 40 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: South Pacific (New Britain). This species should be known as Baseodiscus multiporatus (Punnett, 1900). Eupolia nipponensis Hubrecht, 1887 Hubrecht, 1887: 14-15, pl. I, figs 4, 5, 10, pl. VII, figs 6, 11, 12 Habitat: Sublittoral from about 630 m depth on green mud. Distribution: Japan. Now Baseodiscus nipponensis (Hubrecht, 1887) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 84). Eupolia novemlineata Biirger, 1893 Bfirger, 1893: 236, pl. 8, fig. 5 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Pacific. Synonymised with Baseodiscus septemlineatus (Biirger, 1895) by Biirger (1904 a: 83), Gibson (1979 a: 154) regarded it as probably conspecific with Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833). EupoIia pallida Isler, 1900 Isler, 1900a: 15 16 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: South Pacific (Juan Fernandez Is.). Also described as a new species by Isler (1900 b: 179), now Baseodiscuspallidus (Isler, 1900) (Corr~a, 1954: 5). Eupolia pellucida: see Balanoeephalus pellucidus Kennel, 1891 Eupolia pholidota Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900b: 117-121, pl. 5, figs 6-9, pl. 6, fig. 10 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Singapore. This species should now be known as Baseodiscus pholidotus (Punnett, 1900). Eupolia platei Bfirger, 1896 B/irger, 1896:274 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 370 R. Gibson Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Central Chile (Punta Tumbes and Talcahuano). Now Baseodiscus platei (Bfirger, 1896) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 84). Eupolia punnetti Joubin, 1910 Joubin, 1910:9 10, text-figs 13, 14, pl. fig. 6 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 82 m. Distribution: Antarctica. Baylis (1915:122) listed this species as a junior synonym of Lineus corrugatus, now Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876); Gibson (1983 a: 308) confirmed their conspecificity. Eupolia quinquelineata: see Borlasia quinquelineata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Eupolia reticulata Staub, 1900 Staub, 1900:78 79, 83 85, pl. XLVII, figs 3 4a, pl. XLVIII, figs 6-9 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Regarded as synonymous with Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825) by Gibson (1979 a: 139), although the synonymy requires confirmation. Eupolia rugosa Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900a: 574-575, pl. LIX, fig. 28, pl. LX, figs 29 31 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: South Pacific (New Britain). This form should now be known as Baseodiscus rugosus (Punnett, 1900). Eupolia septemlineata: see Taeniosoma septemlineatum Stimpson, 1857 Eupolia sulcata Isler, 1900 Isler, 1900a: 14-15, figs 8, 9 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Chile (Bay of Guajacan near Coquimbo). Also described as a new species by Isler, 1900 b: 179, now Baseodiscus sulcatus (Isler, 1900) (Corr~a, 1954: 5). Eupolia trilineata Staub, 1900 Staub, 1900: 79, 85-86, pl. XLVII, figs 2, 2a, pl. XLVIII, figs 10-13 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Uncertainly synonymised with Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) by Gibson (1979a: 154). Eupolia unistriata Isler, 1900 Isler, 1900a: 10 14, figs 4-7 Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral. Distribution: Indian Ocean (Sri Lanka, Maldive Is., Aldabra Is.) and the Red Sea (Jidda). Also described as a new species by Isler, 1900b: 178; redescribed as Baseodiscus unistriatus (Islet, 1900) by Gibson (1974a: 257-262, figs 2-5). Eupolia unistriata Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903 b: 106, pl. IV, fig. 4 Habitat: From a reef. Distribution: Indian Ocean (Maldive Is.). Punnett was evidently unaware of Isler's prior use of this species name; Gibson (1974 a: 262) concluded that the descriptions of both authors in fact refer to Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 371 the same species and Punnett's form is therefore now Baseodiscus unistriatus (Isler, 1900). Evelineus Corr~a, 1954 HETERONEMERTEA Corr~a, 1954:25 Marine benthic. *Evelineus tigrillus Corr~a, 1954 Corr6a, 1954: 27-32, pl. 5, figs 19-24, pl. 5, figs 25-29 Habitat: Intertidal among algae or under stones. Distribution: Brazil (Ilha Palmas, Ilha Porchat, Fortaleza de Itaipfi and Prfiia Grande). Fasciculonemertes Sfinchez and Cancino, 1980 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Sfinchez and Cancino, 1980:150-151 Marine benthic. *Fasciculonemertes arenicola Sfinchez and Cancino, 1980 Sfinchez and Cancino, 1980: 151-165, table I, figs. 1-17 Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: Central Chile (Los Molles). (Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1758:648 A genus of trematode platyhelminth, originally established for two species (one of which combined a trematode and a turbellarian) (Kenk, 1974: 30), MOiler (1774) and other authors described several nemertean species under the generic name Fasciola. Fasciola angulata Miiller, 1774 Mfiller, 1774:58-59 Synonyms: ?Amphiporus stimpsoni, Cerebratulus angulatus (partita), ?Cosmocephala stimpsoni, ?Cosmocephala stimpsonii, Meckelia angulata, ?Omatoplea stimpsonii, ?Ommatoplea stimpsoni, ?Ommatoplea stimpsonii, ?Ophionemertes stimpsoni, Planaria angulata Habitat: Not recorded by Mfiller, the species has since been found intertidally under stones on sand and sublittorally to depths of 150 m or more. Distribution: Uncertain; originally recorded from Greenland, nemerteans identified as belonging to this species have since been reported from the North Pacific (Japan, the shores of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Aleutian Is., Bering Strait and along the west coast of North America from AK to CA) and the North Atlantic (Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, Labrador, Nova Scotia, the east coast of the USA from New England to Cape Cod, and further south offshore beneath the Arctic current). Disagreement exists as to whether Miiller (1774) or Fabricius, cited by Miiller, should be credited as the naming authority for this species; Fabricius (1780, 1798) himself refers the form to Miiller. Verrill (1892: 388) listed the species in the subgenus Ommatoplea as Amphiporus angulatus, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: 456) commented that 'The inadequacy of Mfiller's (1774) description, and consequent uncertainty over Verrill's (1892) identification of A. angulatus, leave no option but to declare it a nomen dubium'. Riser (1993: 142), however, said that he agreed with Verrill that 'the description of specimens from Greenland furnished to Miiller by Fabricius is readily identifiable as this very Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 372 R. Gibson common species in the Gulf of Maine and that the figure of the head, which Stimpson furnished to Girard for the description of Omatoplea stimpsonii Girard (1855), is an excellent depiction of the head ofA. angulatus as seen with the naked eye or with the aid of a hand lens'. Later on the same page Riser noted that the species 'does not belong to the genus Amphiporus, and while it could be readily transferred to the genus Cyanophthalma ... such a transfer should not be made until the morphology o f . . . other species of the "hastatus" group ... is known'. Amphiporus angulatus sensu Coe, 1901 a: 41-44, text-fig. 10, pl. VI, fig. 4, pl. VII, figs 2, 2a, pl. XI, fig. 2, pl. XIII, fig. 3, was listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III), but in view of Riser's comments it seems advisable to retain this species for the time being as Amphiporus angulatus (Miiller, 1774). Earlier McIntosh (1873-1874:195) had given Fasciola angulata as a synonym of Cerebratulus angulatus but Hubrecht (1879: 211), who regarded Cerebratulus angulatus as conspecific with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, questioned the inclusion of Fasciola angulata as a synonym. Bfirger (1904 a: 47-48) recognised three subspecies of Amphiporus angulatus; he listed Fasciola angulata as synonymous with Amphiporus angulatus angulatus, distinguishing the other two as Amphiporus angulatus beringianus and Amphiporus angulatus japonicus. Gibson and Crandall (1989: 456, 460) included these last two subspecies as nomina dubia under the names Amphiporus beringianus (Stimpson, 1857) and Amphiporus japonicus (Stimpson, 1857) respectively. Fasciola candida M/iller, 1774 Mfiller, 1774:71 Synonyms: Hecate candida, Hecate serpentina, Nemertes ehrenbergii, Nemertes quadrioculata, Planaria algae, Planaria candida, Planaria quadrioculata, Polia capitata, Polia obscurum (partim), Polia quadrioculata, Prostoma biancestro, Prostoma candidum, Prostoma quadrioculata, Tetrastemma algae, Tetrastemma candida, Tetrastemma ehrenbergii, Tetrastemma groenlandicum, Tetrastemma serpentina, Tetrastemma varicolor (partim), Tetrastemma versicolor, ? Vermiculus coluber var. Habitat: Mid-shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 55 m or more, among rock pool algae (Cladophora, Corallina, Ulva) or Zostera, in colonies of hydroids, in old polychaete tubes, under rocks or in sediments such as shelly gravel and sand. Distribution: Circumpolar in the northern hemisphere (British Isles, coasts of Scandinavia, the North Sea, Mediterranean, Madeira, the Faroe Is., Iceland, Greenland, the Caribbean, Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America, and Japan); nemerteans identified as belonging to this species have also been reported from the southern hemisphere (Brazil, South Africa). Descriptions of the species, which lacks distinctive external features, are far from being in agreement and many records relating to the taxon are of uncertain validity (Gibson, 1982 b: 159). Now Tetrastemma candidum (Miiller, 1774) (Orsted, 1844: 88), redescribed by Kirsteuer (1963: 576-579, figs 15, 32). Fasciolaflaccida Mfiller, 1774 Mtiller, 1774:57-58 Synonyms: Nemertes flaccida, Planaria flaccida (partita): not Borlasia flaccida sensu Johnston (1846) or Planaria flaccida sensu Johnston (1828 a) Habitat: Marine benthic. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 373 Distribution: North Sea coast of Norway and the Oresund. Johnston (1846: 435) noted that neither Planaria flaccida sensu Johnston (1828a: 488) nor Borlasiaflaecida sensu Johnston (1846) was the same as Miiller's species. Bfirger (1904 a: 22, 126) synonymised Johnston's taxon with Emplectonema neesii (Orsted, 1843) and listed Mfiller's species as a dubious heteronemertean. Fasciola rosea Mfiller, 1774 Mfiller, 1774:58 Synonyms: Omatoplea rosea, Ommatoplea rosea, Planaria rosea, Polystemma roseum (all partim) Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Norway. Since Miiller's original naming of this species, later (Mfiller, 1776, 1788) recorded as Planaria rosea, much confusion has surrounded the identity of the taxon. McIntosh (1873-1874:158) and Hubrecht (1879: 221) listed both names as synonymous with Amphiporus pulcher, now Nipponnemertes pulcher, whereas Verrill (1879: 183) included Planaria rosea under the name Amphiporus roseus. Biirger (1904a: 77) regarded both Fasciola rosea and Planaria rosea as conspecific but of dubious taxonomic status, but synonymised Amphiporus roseus sensu Verrill (1879) with Amphiporus heterosorus Verrill, 1892, and Amphiporus roseus sensu Verrill (1892) with Amphiporus pulcher pulcher. Earlier, Orsted (1843: 579) had listed Fasciola rosea as synonymous with Polystemma roseum, which Bfirger (1904 a: 38, 77) in part synonymised with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828), in part with Mfiller's original Fasciola rosea. Beaumont (1900 a: 819) further added to the confusion by listing Amphiporus roseus sensu Joubin (1894) as conspecific with Amphiporus &'ssimulans Riches, 1893. Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461462) commented that 'A fundamental problem is that differences in reported eye patterns suggest that Fasciola rosea sensu Miiller (1774) and [Amphiporus] roseus sensu Verrill (1879, 1892) are probably different species; neither is adequately described, and their synonymy or specific separation cannot be reliably determined'; they included Amphiporus roseus (Mfiller, 1774) as a nomen dubium. Fasciola rubra Mfiller, 1774 Miiller, 1774:59 Synonyms: Ascaris rubra, Borlasia gesserensis (partim), ?Borlasia octoculata (partim), Borlasia olivacea (partim), Borlasia purpurea (partita), Borlasia rufa, ?Borlasia unicolor, Cerebratulus cylindricus, Cerebratulus fuscescens, Gordius gesserensis (partim), Gordius minor viridis (partim), ?Gordius oculatus, Lineus gesserensis (partim), Lineus obscurus (partim), ?Lineus oculatus, Lineus purpureus (partim), ?Lineus rufus (partim), L ineus sanguineus (partim), Lineus viridis (partim), ?Meckelia carnea, ?Meckelia fusca, Meckelia olivacea (partim), Nemertes communis (partim), ?Nemertes fusca, Nemertes fuscescens, Nemertes gesserensis (partim), Nemertes obscura (partim), ?Nemertes octoculata (partim), Nemertes olivacea (partim), Nemertes opaca, Nemertes purpurea (partim), Nemertes rufa, Nemertes sanguinea (partim), Nemertes viridis (partim), Notospermus gesserensis (partim), ?Planaria bioculata (partim), ?Planaria carnea, ?Planaria fusca, Planaria fuscescens, Planaria gesserensis (partim), ?Planaria octoculata (partim), Planaria rubra, ?Planaria rufa, Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 374 R. Gibson Planaria sanguinea (partim), ?Planaria unicolor, Polia gracilis, Polia obscura (partim), Polia opaca, ?Polystemma carneum, Poseidon colei, Trieelis gesserensis (partim) Habitat: Upper shore intertidal to sublittoral, on muddy sand under stones and boulders, in mussel beds, among barnacles, on rock pool and other algae, in estuarine muds and on almost any sediment with a muddy component; not uncommonly found in brackish waters, the lower salinity limit of the species appears to be about 8~o (Remane, 1958). Distribution: Circumpolar in the northern hemisphere (Atlantic, Mediterranean, Black Sea and North Sea coasts of Europe, Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Is., Madeira and the coast of Siberia); the species has also been reported from South Africa. Mfiller's original description is totally inadequate as a species diagnosis and, as a consequence, considerable confusion surrounds both the identity and synonymy of this taxon; although one of the most commonly mentioned nemerteans in the literature, many reports cannot be substantiated and, as Gibson (1982 b: 90) noted, 'the specific names bioculata, gesserensis, obscurus, olivacea and purpurea have been more widely applied to Lineus ruber or Lineus viridis, whereas the name octoculata is more typically associated with Lineus sanguineus'. There is even uncertainty over which of the two species named by Miiller was the original for what is now known as Lineus ruber (Mtiller, 1774). McIntosh (1873-1874: 185) and Biirger (1895a: 622) give Ascaris rubra Mfiller, 1774: 36, as the original name of what they called Lineus gesserensis (Mfiller, 1780), Bfirger (1904 a: 101) subsequently listing Lineus gesserensis as a junior synonym of Lineus tuber. Their inclusion of Ascaris, rather than Fasciola, rubra appears to rest on Fabricius' earlier conclusion (1780) that Ascaris rubra was identical with what Miiller (1771) had called 'Der Str6mische R6d-Aat'. Mfiller (1774), however, used the generic name Faseiola for several nemertean taxa and more recent authors have tended to regard Fasciola rubra as the original name for Lineus ruber. To add to the confusion Bfirger (1904 a: 41) uncertainly synonymised both Fasciola rubra and Planaria rubra with Amphiporus pulcher pulcher. The inadequacy of Mfiller's descriptions may mean that this problem can never be satisfactorily resolved. Fasciola viridis Mfiller, 1774 Mfiller, 1774:59-60 Synonyms: Borlasia gesserensis (partim), Borlasia octoculata (partim), Borlasia olivacea (partim), Borlasia purpurea (partim), Gordius gesserensis (partim), Gordius minor viridis (partim), ?Lineus desori, Lineus gesserensis (partim), Lineus obscurus (partim), Lineus ruber (partim), Lineus viridis var. fuseus, Lineus viridis var. obscurus, Lineus viridis var. olivaeeus, Lineus viridis var. rufus, Meckelia olivacea (partim), Nemertes obscura (partim), Nemertes octoculata (partim), Nemertes olivacea (partim), Nemertes viridis (partim), Notospermus gesserensis (partim), Notospermus viridis (partim), Planaria gesserensis (partim), Planaria octoculata (partim), Planaria viridis, Polia obscura (partim), Tetrastemma? viride, Tricelis gesserensis (partim) Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, most commonly found on muddy sediments under boulders and stones from mid-shore level downwards, but may occur higher on more coarse substrata; it is sometimes found in brackish waters. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 375 Distribution: Circumpolar in the northern hemisphere; although not apparently as common as Lineus tuber, it has a very similar geographic range except that it has not been reported from the southern hemisphere. The identity and synonymy of this species is nearly as confused as that of Fasciola rubra. Some authors credit Fabriciuis (1780) as the naming authority, but Fabricius listed Fasciola viridis Mfiller, 1774, as synonymous with what he called Planaria viridis and Mfiller's name should therefore be linked with the taxon. Now Lineus viridis (Miiller, 1774) (Verrill, 1879:185), this species, most commonly under the name Lineus gesserensis, was for long considered to be a colour variety of Lineus ruber; studies by Gontcharoff (1951, 1959, 1960), however, showed that the two taxa have very different forms of larval development and Lineus viridis has since been regarded as a separate species. Recent genetic studies by Rogers (1992) have confirmed the separation of these two taxa. Fluminga Corr~a, 1958 HETERONEMERTEA Corr~a, 1958:446 Marine benthic. *Flaminga xama Corr6a, 1958 Corr~a, 1958: 447-449, pl. 2, figs 10, 11, pl. 3, figs 12-16 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 6 m on fine sand. Distribution: Brazil (near the Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute, 140 km from Santos). Friedriehiu Kirsteuer, 1965 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Kirsteuer, 1965:319-320 Marine benthic. *Friedriehiu eoralli¢ola Kirsteuer, 1965 Kirsteuer, 1965: 320-323, figs 3B, 18, 19 Habitat: On corals. Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel). Friedrichia leopardina Chernuishev, 1993 Chernuishev, 1993 c: 18, figs 1 (6, 8, 9) Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 45 m. Distribution: Antarctica (Davis Sea). Gelanemertes Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1926:229 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Gelanemertes richardi: see Pelagonemertes richardi Joubin, 1906 Geonemertes Semper, 1863 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Semper, 1863:559 All land nemerteans, which are typically found under or in rotting logs, less commonly under stones, in shady damp situations, were for long united in this genus. Following a revision of the taxonomy of the group, the genus Geonemertes was redefined by Moore and Gibson (1981: 196). Terrestrial. Geonemertes agricola: see Tetrastemma agricola Willemoes-Suhm, 1874 Geonemertes allisonae Moore, 1973 Moore, 1973: 301-305, table 1, figs 1, 5-11 Habitat: Under logs in open bushland. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 376 R. Gibson Distribution: New Zealand (Banks Peninsula, South Is.). Now Antiponemertes aUisonae (Moore, 1973) (Moore and Gibson, 1981:199). Geonemertes arboricola Punnett, 1907 Punnett, 1907: 57-62, text-fig. 24, pl. 11, figs I-7 Habitat: Typical for geonemerteans and in leaf bases of Pandanus. Distribution: Seychelle Is. (Mah6). Synonymised with Geonemertes pelaensis Semper, 1863, by Moore and Moore (1982: 46). Geonemertes australiensis Dendy, 1892 Dendy, 1892: 86-116, pl. VII, figs 1-5, pl. VIII, figs 6-11 A, pl. IX, figs 12-18, pl. X, figs 19-26 Habitat: Typical of most land nemerteans. Distribution: South-eastern Australia and Tasmania. Now Argonemertes australiensis (Dendy, 1892) (Moore and Gibson, 1981: 199). Geonemertes caeca Darbishire, 1909 Darbishire, 1909:675 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Enderby Is. (Auckland Is.). Pantin (1969: 294) concluded that this species is inadequately described. Geonemertes chalicophora Graft, 1879 Graft, 1879: 431-446, pl. XXV, figs 1-6, pl. XXVI, figs 7-11, pl. XXVII, figs 12-15 Habitat: Typical of most land nemerteans. Distribution: First found in the Palm House at Frankfurt but since discovered in Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Is.; also in European greenhouses and in the wild in Germany and the USA. Redescribed by Moore and Moore, 1972: 37-40, table I, figs 4-6. Girard (1893: 237) established the genus Leptonemertes for this species but most authors have referred to it under its original name; recently Moore and Gibson (1981: 199) reinstated the generic name proposed by Girard and the species is now Leptonemertes chalicophora (Graft, 1879). Geonemertes clepsinoidea: see Prostoma clepsinoides Dug6s, 1828 Geonemertes dendyi Dakin, 1915 Dakin, 1915: 567-570, fig. 1 Habitat: Typical of most land nemerteans, sometimes in decaying leaves or moss. Distribution: A native of south-western Australia, but also recorded as an immigrant in the British Isles, European greenhouses, the Azores, Canary Is., USA, Hawaii and New Zealand. Now Argonemertes dendyi (Dakin, 1915) (Moore and Gibson, 1981: 199). Geonemertes graffi Biirger, 1896 Biirger, 1896: 272-274, pl. 4, figs 1-4 Synonyms: Geonemertes micholitzi, Geonemertes stamarai Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Papua New Guinea. An inadequately described species (Pantin, 1969: 294) which is no longer recognised, Moore (in Pantin, 1969: 308) commenting that 'There are no certain differences [between this species and] G. pelaensis'. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 377 Geonemertes hillii Hett, 1924 Hett, 1924: 775-787, figs 15-22 Habitat: Under logs in dry sclerophyll forest. Distribution: South-eastern Australia. Now Argonemertes hillii (Hett, 1924) (Moore and Gibson, 1981: 199). Geonemertes micholitzi Biirger, 1896 Biirger, 1896: 274, pl. 4, figs 5, 6 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Papua New Guinea. Moore (in Pantin, 1969: 308) indicated that this species is conspecific with Geonemertes graffi, for which it is thus a junior synonym. Geonemertes nightingaleensis Brinkmann, 1943 Brinkmann, 1943:253 Habitat: On the underside of boulders near decaying tussocks, well above high tide level but within reach of storm spray. Distribution: Nightingale Is. (Tristan da Cunha group). Originally only very briefly described, a more complete account, also as a new taxon, was given by Brinkmann (1947: 2-12, figs 2-6); now Katechonemertes nightingaleensis (Brinkmann, 1943) (Moore and Gibson, 1981: 199). Geonemertes novae-zealandiae Dendy, 1895 Dendy, 1895:192-194 Synonyms: Antipodonemertes novaezealandiae, Geonemertes novaezealandiae Habitat: Typical of most land nemerteans. Distribution: New Zealand (North and South Is.), Ocean Is. (off Auckland Is.) and possibly D'Urville Is. Now Antiponemertes novaezealandiae (Dendy, 1895) (Moore and Gibson, 1981: 199). Geonemertes pantini Southgate, 1954 Southgate, 1954: 157-160, figs 1 4 Habitat: Typical of most land nemerteans. Distribution: New Zealand (North and South Is.) and Stewart Is. Now Antiponemertes pantini (Southgate, 1954) (Moore and Gibson, 1981: 199). *Geonemertes pelaensis Semper, 1863 Semper, 1863: 559, pl. XXXVIII, fig. 5 Synonyms: Geonemertes arboricola, Geonemertes palaensis, Geonemertes vinsoni Habitat: Under rotting logs or coconut husks, occasionally in soil associated with imported plants; once found in a split reed. Distribution: Indopacific (Papua New Guinea, Japan [Chichijima Is.], Seychelles [Mahr], Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Pelew [Palau] Is., Caroline Is., Samoan Is., Kei Is., Mauritius, Samarai, the Philippines [Luzon]), the West Indies (Dominica, Jamaica), Hawaii and the USA (FL). Geonemertes peradeniya Pantin, 1961 Pantin, 1961 b: fig. 2 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Moore (in Pantin, 1969: 308) noted that 'There is also a fragment of a geonemertine in the Cambridge Zoology Museum marked "Peradeniya". (It is included as such on the world map in Pantin ... with no explanation) ... Dr Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 378 R. Gibson Pantin records [that it is] unquestionably closely related to G. pelaensis'; the only description relating to this form is the brief reference to certain features, abstracted by Moore (ibid.) from a letter written by Pantin in 1952. Moore (personal communication) comments that the name peradeniya was never certainly intended as a species name but more to indicate its origin. On the figure given by Pantin (1961 b), however, the name looks like a specific epithet (along with others shown which are valid names); it is now evident that it was never intended as such. Geonemertes rodericana: see Tetrastemma rodericanum Gulliver, 1879 Geonemertes spirospermia Darbishire, 1909 Darbishire, 1909: 674-675, fig. 1 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Auckland Is. (New Zealand). An inadequately described species (Pantin, 1969: 294) which is no longer recognised. Geonemertes stamarai Moore, in Pantin, 1969 Moore, in Pantin, 1969:308 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Papua New Guinea. Moore noted that 'G. graffi (Biirger, 1896) [is] also referred to as G. micholitzi, or G. stamarai'. The origin of the name stamarai lies in longhand notes left by Pantin, referring to Biirger's paper of 1896, where the name 'Suamarai' has the letter 'u' inserted superior and was inadvertently read as 'Stamarai' during the preparation of Pantin's posthumous article; Moore (personal communication) comments that the name Geonemertes stamarai was 'listed in error' and the species is thus a nomen nudum. Geonemertes stocki Moore, 1975 Moore, 1975 a: 35-41, tables 1, 2, figs 1, 5, 6, 7 A, 8 Habitat: Under logs in dry sclerophyll forest. Distribution: South-eastern Australia. Now Argonemertes stoeki (Moore, 1975) (Moore and Gibson, 1981: 199). Geonemertes vinsoni Moore, in Pantin, 1969 Moore, in Pantin, 1969:308 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Mauritius. Moore cited a letter from Pantin, dated 27 August 1963, to the late Dr Vinson, then Director of the Mauritius Institute, in which he said 'It would take me a little time to get round to sectioning the worms and describing them, but when I do, I should like to call this species Geonemertes vinsoni'; Moore (1975 b: 30) concluded that the species from Mauritius is in fact Geonemevtes pelaensis Semper, 1863. Gononemertes Bergendal, 1900 H O P L O N E M E R T E A M O N O S T I L I F E R A Bergendal, 1900 a: 321 Also described as a new genus by Bergendal (1900 b: 596). Marine, commensals in ascidians. aononemertes australiensis Gibson, 1974 Gibson, 1974b: 249-264, table 1, text-figs 1, 2, pl. 1, figs A-K, pl. 2, figs A-J Habitat: In the atrium under the pharynx of Pyura pachydermatina var. in termedia. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 379 Distribution: South-eastern Australia (Sydney Harbour). *Gononemertes parasita Bergendal, 1900 Bergendal, 1900 a: 321-328, figs 4-6 Synonyms: Gononemertes parasitica Habitat: Living in Phallusia sp. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Kosterl]ord). Also described as a new species by Bergendal, 1900b: 596-602. (Gordius Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1758:647 Currently a genus of Nematomorpha, class Gordioida, several of the earlier authors included nemertean species in this taxon. Gordius albicans Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 73-74, pl. X, figs 5a, 6 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: British Isles. Synonymised with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) by Mclntosh (1873-1874: 156). Gordius albus Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 75-76, pl. IX, figs 12, 13 Synonyms: Gordius minor albus, Lineus albus Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: British Isles (coasts of Scotland and Cornwall). Dalyell used the name Gordius (minor) albus in the captions to his figures; Biirger (1904 a: 130) included the species in a list of dubious taxa but Gibson (1982 b: 87) suggested that it might be synonymous with Lineus lacteus, now Myoisophagos lacteus (Rathke, 1843). Gordius anguis Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 85-87, pl. X, figs 7 10, pl. XIII Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral. Distribution: British Isles. Diesing (1863: 178) synonymised this form with Valencinia ornata Quatrefages, now considered the same as Tubulanus superbus (K611iker, 1845), whereas Bfirger (1904a: 13-14) regarded Dalyell's taxon as partly identical with Tubulanus superbus, partly with Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804); Gibson (1982b: 69) included Gordius anguis as a junior synonym only of Tubulanus superbus. Gordius annulatus Montagu, 1804 Montagu, 1804:74 Synonyms: Carinella annulata (partim), Carinella aragoL Carinella linearis, Carinella macintoshi, Carinella mcintoshii, Carinella trilineata, Lineus annulatus, Meckelia annulata (partim), Meckelia trilineata, Polia crucigera, Valencinia annulata, Valencinia elegans: not Meckelia annulata Grube, 1840 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones, on sand, mud or coralline ground, or among the holdfasts of Laminaria, commoner sublittorally to depths of 40 m or more on a wide variety of substrata (stones, gravel, fine sand, mud, sand mixed with shell fragments, or scallop beds). Distribution: Atlantic, Irish Sea, North Sea and Mediterranean coasts of Europe; possible records from AK, USA (Coe, 1944a) and South Africa (Stimpson, 1857) are of uncertain validity. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 380 R. Gibson Now Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804)(Biirger, 1904a: 14); Svensson (1993: 240-245, figs 1-6) has recently investigated intraspecific variation of certain anatomical characters of this species. Gordius fasciatus spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 80-82, pl. XI, figs 6-15 Synonyms: Gordius spinifer fasciatus, Stylus fasciatus Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: British Isles. Synonymised with Micrura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828, by Mclntosh (18731874: 198). Gordius fragilis Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 55-61, pl. VI, figs 1, 2, pl. VII, figs 1 19, pl. VII*, figs 1-3 Synonyms: Cerebratulus fragilis, Meckelia serpentaria, Serpentaria fragilis Habitat: Lower shore intertidal. Distribution: Coasts of Scotland and western Norway. Synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1904, by Biirger (1904 a: 112). Gordius fragilis spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 79-80, pl. XI, fig. 5 Synonyms: Gordius spinifer fragilis, Stylus fragilis Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: British Isles. Regarded as synonymous with Micrura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828, by Mclntosh (1873-1874:198). Gordius fuscus Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 83-84, pl. IX, figs 15 17, pl. XII Synonyms: Serpentaria fusca Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: British Isles. Bfirger (1904 a: 22) included this form as a junior synonym of Emplectonema neesii (Orsted, 1843). Gordius gesserensis: see Planaria gesserensis Miiller, 1780 Gordius gracilis Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 74-75, pl. IX, figs 8-11 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Coast of Scotland. Biirger (1904a: 18) regarded this form as synonymous with Cephalotttrix linearis (Rathke, 1799), but Wijnhoff (1913: 295) uncertainly listed it as conspecific with Procephalothrix filiformis (Johnston, 1828) whilst Gibson (1982b: 54) included it among a number of species synonymised with Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837). Gordius linearis: see Lineus linearis Montagu, 1808 Gordius macula Renier, 1804 Renier, 1804:20 Synonyms: Acicula bioculata, Acicula macula Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Adriatic Sea. Renier (1807: 6) transferred this form to the genus A cicula. B/irger (1904 a: 132) concluded that it was far from certain that this species was even a nemertean. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 381 Gordius maculosus Montagu, 1808 Montagu, 1808:274 Synonyms: Lineus maculosa, Lineus maculosus, Omatoplea maculosa Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: British Isles (coast of Devon). A manuscript name used by Montagu for a species described as resembling Gordius marinus; Parfitt (1867:215) uncertainly included the form, as a species inquirenda, in the genus Omatoplea, but Gibson (1982 b: 134) suggested that it might be synonymous with Empleetonema neesii (0rsted, 1843). Gordius marinus Montagu, 1804 Montagu, 1804:72-74 Synonyms: Lineus marinus, Lineus (Gordius) marinus Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, under stones or in old bivalve shells. Distribution: British Isles (coasts of Cornwall and Devon). Montagu identified this species with what Borlase (1758) had earlier called a 'Sea Long-Worm'; now Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) (Johnston, 1865: 25). Gordius maximus Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 63-69, pl. VIII, figs 1-10, pl. IX, fig. 1 Habitat: Marine benthic, sublittoral. Distribution: British Isles (coasts of Scotland and the Orkney Islands). Dalyell also referred to this species as the Sea Long Worm, a name first used by Borlase (1758) for what is now Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770); DalyeU made no reference to Borlase's book, but Johnston (1865: 25) synonymised the form with Lineus longissimus. Earlier Diesing (1863: 180) listed Gordius maximus as a junior synonym of Meckelia borlasii, which has also been synonymised with longissimus. Gordius minor Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853:71 Synonyms: Gordius minor viridis Habitat: Intertidal, under stones. Distribution: British Isles. Dalyell, having introduced the name Gordius minor, then goes on to describe and illustrate the species (p. 72, pl. IX, figs 2-7) as Gordius minor viridis, a name which has since been used in part for what is now Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774), in part for Lineus vividis (Mfiller, 1774). Gordius minor albus: see Gordius albus Dalyell, 1853 Gordius oculatus Montagu, 1808 Montagu, 1808:153 Synonyms: Lineus oculatus Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: British Isles (coast of Devon). A manuscript name, with the generic name Lineus added alongside, Gibson (1982b: 90) uncertainly included it as synonymous with the Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774), Lineus sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) and Lineus viridis (Miiller, 1774) group of taxa. Gordius pallidus Mfiller, 1771 M/filler, 1771:111 Habitat: Marine benthic. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 382 R. Gibson Distribution: Denmark (0resund). Diesing (1850: 268) listed this species as Meckelia pallida, which Biirger (1904 a: 132) included among a group of dubious nemertean taxa. Gordius purpureus spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 78-79, pl. XI, figs 2 4 Synonyms: Cerebratulus purpureus, Gordius spinifer purpureus, Micrura (Stylus) purpurea, Stylus purpureus Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 140 m or more, in rocky clefts, under stones and boulders, between bivalve molluscs, in laminarian holdfasts or on muddy, sandy, shelly or gravelly sediments. Distribution: Coasts of Scandinavia, British Isles, the Mediterranean and the Adriatic. Now Micrura purpurea (Dalyell, 1853) (Mfiller, 1858: 300). Gordius pusillus Delle Chiaje, 1829 Delle Chiaje, 1829: 177, pl. LXIV, figs 8, 9 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Listed as Tubulanus pusillus by Diesing (1850: 263) but included among a group of dubious nemertean taxa by Biirger (1904 a: 130). Gordius spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 77-78, pl. XI Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: British Isles. Dalyell used this name in a group sense for four taxa which he described and illustrated under the names Gordius fasciatus spinifer, Gordius fragilis spinifer, Gordius purpureus spinifer and Gordius viridis spinifer, although the main caption heading to pl. XI (p. 82) and the bottom of the plate itself only bear the name Gordius spinifer. Gordius spinifer fasciatus: see Gordius fasciatus spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Gordius spinifer fragilis: see Gordius fragilis spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Gordius spinifer purpureus: see Gordius purpureus spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Gordius spinifer viridis: see Gordius viridis spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Gordius taenia Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 70-71, pl. X, figs 1-4 Synonyms: Cerebratulus taenia, Meckelia taenia Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, in old bivalve shells or in polychaete tubes. Distribution: Coast of Scotland. Johnston (1865: 28) included this species under the name Meckelia taenia, Mclntosh (1873-1874: 191) later synonymising both names with Lineus bUineatus but giving Delle Chiaje, 1841, rather than Renier, 1804, as the naming authority. Delle Chiaje's species, Polia bilineata, Bfirger (1904 a: 94) transferred to the genus Lineus as Lineus kennelii Bfirger, 1892, although in his monograph (Bfirger, 1895 a: 633) he uncertainly listed Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier, 1804, as a junior synonym of Lineus kenneli. Bfirger (1904a: 94) included both Lineus bilineatus sensu Mclntosh and Gordius taenia Dalyell as synonymous with Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804). Gordius viridis spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 78, pl. XI, fig. 1 Synonyms: Gordius spinifer viridis, Gordius viridis, Micrura viridis, Stylus viridis Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 383 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Coast of Scotland. Bfirger (1904a: 126) included this as a dubious species of heteronemertean, Gibson (1982 b: 187) doing likewise with the comment that 'As illustrated by Dalyell (1853) [the species] superficially resembles a micrurid, but it cannot be related to any of the British Micrura species or those of other European waters'. Gorgonorhynchus Dakin and Fordham, 1931 HETERONEMERTEA Dakin and Fordham, 1931:796 Also described as a new genus by Dakin and Fordham (1936: 461). Marine benthic. Gorgonorhynchus bermudensis Wheeler, 1940 Wheeler, 1940c: 433 438, figs 1-3 Synonyms: Gorgonorhynchus bermudiensis Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, under stones. Distribution: Bermuda and the Atlantic coast of the USA (FL). Redescribed by Gibson (1974c: 475 488, figs 1-13). *Gorgonorhynchus repens Dakin and Fordham, 1931 Dakin and Fordham, 1931: 796, fig. 1 Habitat: Mid- to lower-shore intertidal, under stones or dead coral boulders on clean sand. Distribution: Eastern coastline of Australia (Great Barrier Reef and New South Wales) and the Indopacific (Namu Is., Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Is., and Krusadai Is. in the Gulf of Manaar, India). The 1931 description of this species was only provisional; a full account, also as a new species, was given by Dakin and Fordham (1936: 461-480, text-figs 1-6, pl. I, figs 1, 2, pl. II, figs 3-9, pl. III, figs 10-12a, pl. IV, figs 13 17, pl. V, figs 18-23). Gurjanovella Ushakov, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Ushakov, 1926:60 Marine benthic. *Gurjanoveila littoralis Ushakov, 1926 Ushakov, 1926:60 62 Synonyms: Amphiporus littoralis, Gurjanovella littoralis var. maris-albi, Gurjanovella littoralis var. murmanicum Habitat: Intertidal from loamy sand. Distribution: Northern coasts of Russia (Barents Sea, White Sea). Ushakov described two varieties of this species, Gurjanovella littoralis var. maris-albi (p. 61, pl. lI, figs 11, 12) from Kordenskaja Bay on the White Sea coast of Russia, and GurjanovelIa littoralis var. murmanicum (p. 61) from the Kola and Motka Fjords on the Barents Sea coasts; whether or not the varietal status of these forms should be retained must be determined from future investigations. (Gyrator Ehrenberg, 1837) Ehrenberg, 1837:178 Diesing (1862: 246-247, 1863:177) included this genus in the family Gyratricinea as a member of the tribe Rhynchocoela (Nemertea); he listed a total of eleven species, none of which is a nemertean. Halimanemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 384 R. Gibson Gibson, 1990b: 145-146, table 7 Marine benthic. *Halimanemertes slacksmithae Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990b: 146-152, table 1, text-figs 15, 16, pl. 14, figs A-F, pl. 15, figs AG, pl. 16, figs A-D Habitat: Intertidal among coralline algae. Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia). Hallezia Girard, 1893 Girard, 1893:284 Included as a junior synonym of the genus Amphiporus by Bfirger (1904 a: 34). Hallezia bioculata: see Amphiporus bioculatus Mclntosh, 1873-1874 Hallezia hastata: see Amphiporus hastatus Mclntosh, 1873-1874 Hecate Girard, 1852 Girard, 1852:185-186 Listed among the synonyms of the genus Prostoma by Biirger (1904 a: 53) when this taxon included both marine and freshwater species. Hecate arenicola: see Tetrastemma arenicola Verrill, 1873 Hecate candida: see Fasciola candida Mfiller, 1774 Hecate dorsalis: see Planaria dorsalis Abildgaard, 1806 Hecate elegans Girard, 1852 Girard, 1852:186 Synonyms: ?Hecate kelleri, Prostoma elegans Habitat: Among bryozoans, algae and other growths near low tide level and below to depths of about 15 m on rocks and pier pilings, dredged from shelly sediments, or among eelgrasses. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (southern coast of Cape Cod, MA and southward at least as far as Chesapeake Bay, VA). Now Tetrastemma elegans (Girard, 1852) (Diesing, 1862: 294). Hecate kelleri Girard, 1893 Girard, 1893:257-258 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (Fischer Is., MA). Girard gave Tetrastemma elegans sensu Verrill (1875: 40) as synonymous with this form, but indicated that it was not the same as Hecate elegans; Biirger (1904 a: 60), however, included Hecate kelleri as conspecific with Tetrastemma elegans (Girard, 1852). Hecate serpentina: see Tetrastemma serpentina Girard, 1851 Hemicyclia Ehrenberg, 1831 Ehrenberg, 1831: 62 Bfirger (1904a: 127) included this genus in a list of dubious heteronemertean taxa. Hemicyclia albicans Ehrenberg, 1831 Ehrenberg, 1831:62 Synonyms: Hemicyclia albiceps, Nemertes albicans Habitat: Among corals. Distribution: Gulf of Suez. Regarded as a species of doubtful validity by Bfirger (1904 a: 127). Hemicyclia albiceps Ehrenberg, 1831 Ehrenberg, 1831: 62 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 385 Habitat: Among corals. Distribution: Gulf of Suez. Synonymised with Hemicyclia albicans by Biirger (1904 a: 127) and considered to be of dubious validity. Heterolineus Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935 a: 310 Friedrich established this genus for Heterolineus Iongissimus (Gnnerus, 1770) but, as Corr6a (1963: 43) correctly pointed out, 'This is the oldest species of Lineus ... Consequently, L. longissimus is the type species of Lineus and must keep this generic name. Heterolineus Friedrich (1935, p. 310) becomes a synonym of Lineus.' Heterolineus longissimus: see Ascaris longissima Gunnerus, 1770 Heter olineus pseudoruber Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935a: 314-318, figs 13-15 Habitat: Among Zostera. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Since the generic name is now a junior synonym of the genus Lineus, this species should be known as Lineus pseudoruber (Friedrich, 1935). Hinumanemertes Iwata, 1970 HETERONEMERTEA Iwata, 1970:134 Brackish-water benthic. *Hinumanemertes kikuchii Iwata, 1970 Iwata, 1970: 136-142, text-figs 1 A-C, pl. 1, figs 1-8, pl. 2, figs 9-17 Habitat: Sublittoral in mud. Distribution: Japan (Lake Hinuma, Honshu). Hipponemertes: A printing error for Nipponnemertes appearing in Chernuishev (1993 a: 75). (Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1758:649 A currently valid genus of leeches, the generic name was used by a number of the earlier authors for species of bdellonemerteans, which bear a superficial resemblance to leeches through their possession of a posterior ventral sucker. Hirudo anceps Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853:11-12 Synonyms: Malacobdella anceps Habitat: Presumed to have emerged from a specimen of Cyprina (now Arctica) islandica which was in the same container as the nemertean. Distribution: The bivalve host was collected on the coast of Scotland. Dalyell headed his description of this animal with the name Hirudo anceps, but otherwise referred to it as Hirudo grossa; Johnston (1865: 35) listed it as Malacobdella anceps, which has been synonymised with Malacobdella grossa (Mtiller, 1776). Hirudo grossa Miiller, 1776 Mfiller, 1776:220 Synonyms: Hirudo anceps, Malacobdella anceps, Malacobdella cardii, Malacobdella mercenaria, Malacobdella mercenariae, Malacobdella myae, Malacobdella obesa, Malacobdella valenciennaei, Phylline grossa, Xenistum valenciennaei Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 386 R. Gibson Habitat: Marine, entocommensal in the mantle cavity of bivalve molluscs; at least 23 host species have been recorded (Gibson, 1967; Jones et al., 1979). Distribution: Widespread on the northern coasts of Europe, it has also been recorded from the Mediterranean, Iceland, and the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America. Now Malacobdellagrossa (Miiller, 1776)(Blainville, 1828: 566). Hubrechtella Bergendal, 1902 PALAEONEMERTEA Bergendal, 1902a: 9 Marine benthic. Hubrechtella atypica Senz, 1992 Senz, 1992b: 186-188, figs 1 3 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Norway (coast near Bergen). Hubrechtella combinata Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 69-70, pl. 3, fig. 17 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). *Hubrechtella dubia Bergendal, 1902 Bergendal, 1902 a: 9-12 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20-119 m, in mud or loose sand mixed with mud and shell fragments. Distribution: West coast of Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Redescribed by Hylbom (1957: 557-562, text-fig. 1 E, pl. 4, figs 22-26, pl. 5, figs 27 32, pl. 6, fig. 34). Hubrechtella globocystica Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 71-73, pl. 3, figs 18-21 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). Hubrechtella indica Kirsteuer, 1967 Kirsteuer, 1967: 114-116, figs 1 B, 3 Habitat: Sublittoral from 20m depth in mud mixed with sand. Distribution: Madagascar (Ambanoro Bay). Hubrechtella malabarensis Gibson, 1979 Gibson, 1979c: 120-130, table 1, figs 1 15 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 66-84 m on gravel with medium to mediumfine sand. Distribution: Australia (Malabar, Sydney). Hubrechtella queenslandica Gibson, 1979 Gibson, 1979b: 324-335, table 2, figs 12-17 Habitat: Lower middle shore intertidal, under coral boulder in muddy sand with rock and coral debris. Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is., off Queensland). Hubrechtella sarodravayensis Kirsteuer, 1967 Kirsteuer, 1967:111-114, figs 1 A, 2 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 20 m in mud mixed with sand. Distribution: Madagascar (Ambanoro Bay). Hubrechtia Biirger, 1892 PALAEONEMERTEA Biirger, 1892a: 146 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 387 Marine benthic. *Hubrechtia desiderata: see Carinella desiderata Kennel, 1891 Hubrechtonemertes Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1934 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1934:168 Marine benthic. *Hubrechtonemertes lankesteri: see Drepanophorus lankesteri Hubrecht, 1887 Huilkalineas Senz, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA Senz, 1993a: 107 Marine benthic. *Huilkalineus inexpectatus Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 107-111, pl. 6, figs 52-54, pl. 7, fig. 55 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). First referred to, as a nomen nudum, by Senz (1992a: 92). Huilkia Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968 HETERONEMERTEA Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968:177 Marine benthic. *Haiikia ushuaiensis Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968 Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968: 178-180, figs 4-7 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Southern Argentina (Ushuaia Bay, Tierra del Fuego). Hyalonemertes Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892:451 Listed as synonymous wtih Nectonemertes by Coe (1926: 162). Hyalonemertes atlantica Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892:451-452 Habitat: Bathypelagic, recovered from depths of about 1650-3280m. Distribution: Northern and north-western North Atlantic (near the Newfoundland Ridge and off the coast of the USA approximately east of Cape Hatteras, NC). Synonymised with Nectonemertes mirabilis Verrill, 1892, by Brinkmann (1917 a: 9); Hyalonemertes atlantica sensu Biirger (1909) is not the same species and was listed as conspecific with Neetonemertes minima Brinkmann, 19151916, by Coe (1945a: 159). Intestinonemertes Friedrich, 1957 Friedrich, 1957:130 A subgenus established for species of Amphiporus in which the foregut possesses one or more caecal pouches; the six species which have been included in this subgenus are Amphiporus appendiculatus Friedrich, 1957, Amphiporus arcticus Punnett, 1901, Amphiporus islandicus Friedrich, 1957, Ampln'porus iwatai Friedrich, 1970, Amphiporus punnetti Friedrich, 1957, and Amplu'porus septentrionalis Friedrich, 1957, all of which were listed as species inquirendae by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with no reference to their subgeneric placement. Ischyronemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Gibson, 1990b: 153-154, table 7 Marine benthic. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 388 R. Gibson *Ischyronemertes albanyensis Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990b: 154-159, tables 1, 8, text figs 17, 18, pl. 17, figs A-G, pl. 18, figs A-H Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under rocks partially embedded in coarse sand mixed with seagrass debris. Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia). Ischyronemertes erythrophleps Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990b: 161-165, tables 1, 8, text-figs 19, 20, pl. 19, figs A-F, pl. 20, figs AD Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, under boulder in shelly sand. Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia). Ischyronemertes tetrophthalma Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990b: 165-171, tables 1, 8, text-figs 21, 22, pl. 21, figs A-H, pl. 22, figs A-D Habitat: Mid-shore intertidal, under boulder in shelly sand. Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia). Itanemertes Corr6a, 1957 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Corr~a, 1957:255 Marine benthic. *Itanemertes nonatoi Corr~a, 1957 Corr~a, 1957: 255-257, pl. II, figs 7-12, pl. III, figs 13-15 Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Brazil (Ubatuba, near the Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute, and the island of S~o Sebastifio). lwatanemertes Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1990c: 75, table 2 Marine benthic. *lwatanemertes piperatus: see Meckelia piperata Stimpson, 1855 Joubinia Bfirger, 1904 Biirger, 1904a: 85 Biirger renamed the genus Valencinia Quatrefages, 1846, and its emendation Valenciennesia sensu Joubin (1894), regarding both names as in part synonymous with Tubulanus; the name Joubinia is no longer valid, Friedrich (1960b: 56) reinstating Valeneinia in its place. Joubinia blanca: see Valencinia blanca Bfirger, 1892 Joubinia longirostris, Joubinia longirostris longirostris, Joubinia longirostris rava: see Valencinia longirostris Quatrefages, 1846 Joubinia rubens: see Valencinia rubens Coe, 1895 Katechonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1981 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Moore and Gibson, 1981:196-197 Terrestrial. *Katechonemertes nightingaleensis: see Geonemertes nightingaleensis Brinkmann, 1943 Kirsteueria Gibson, 1978 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1978:6 Marine benthic. *Kirsteueria aboceUus Gibson, 1978 Gibson, 1978:6 20, text figs 1-8, pl. 1, figs A-F, pl. 2, figs A-C Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 389 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 29 m. Distribution: South-eastern Australia (Malabar, Sydney). Koinoporus S~nchez and Moretto, 1988 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA S/tnchez and Moretto, 1988:194-195 Freshwater. *Koinoporus mapochi S~nchez and Moretto, 1988 Sfinchez and Moretto, 1988: 195-202, table 1, figs 1-4 Habitat: Under stones in slow-running water. Distribution: Chile (River Mapocho and streams at Talagante, Melipilla, Angostura de Paine, Pelarco, San Javier and Concepci6n). Korotkevitschia Friedrich, 1968 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1968:34 Marine pelagic. *Korotkevitschia pelagicu: see Cratenemertes pelagicus Korotkevich, 1961 Kurilonemertes Chernuishev, 1993 Chernuishev, 1993 b: 19 A subgenus of the genus Antarctonemertes established for Antarctonemertes papilliformis (Korotkevich, 1977), which is designated as the type. Langia Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:220 Listed as synonymous wtih Diplopleura by Verrill (1895: 528). Langiaformosa Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:220-221 Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: France (Banyuls) and Italy (Naples). Now Diplopleura formosa (Hubrecht, 1879) (Verrill, 1895: 528). Langia obockiana Joubin, 1887 Joubin, 1887: 62-88, pl. I, figs 1 8, pl. II, figs 1-7 Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, under stones covered with red algae at depths of 1-1.5m. Distribution: Gulf of Aden (Obock). Now Diplopleura obockiana (Joubin, 1887) (Verrill, 1895: 528). Langia vivesi Joubin, 1905 Joubin, 1905d: 313-315, figs 2 5 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in fine sand. Distribution: Mexico (Gulf of California coast of Baja California at La Paz). Now Diplopleura vivesi (Joubin, 1905) (Coe, 1940: 277). Legnodesmus Ehlers, 1869 FOSSIL Ehlers, 1869: 174, pl. 36, figs 6-8, pl. 37, figs 1, 2, 4, 5 A genus of trace fossils. Legnodesmus ehlersi Howell, 1958 Howell, 1958:247 Habitat: Mesozoic Solenhofen limestone. Distribution: Germany (Bavaria). When Ehlers established and illustrated this fossil taxon he did not name the species; Howell subsequently established the type species on the basis of Ehler's description. Leodes Girard, 1853 Girard, 1853:366 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 390 R. Gibson Listed as synonymous wtih Cerebratulus by Stimpson (1857: 159). Leodes striolenta Girard, 1853 Girard, 1853:366 Synonyms: Cerebratulus striolenta, Meckelia striolenta Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, under stones on hard clay. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC). Now Cerebratulus striolentus (Girard, 1853) (Verrill, 1892: 436). Leonoviana Chernuishev, 1992 Chernuishev, 1992a: 134 Chernuishev proposed renaming Chunianna pacifica Coe, 1954, as Coeiana pacifica (Coe, 1954) and placing it in the subgenus Leonoviana; this proposal is not accepted in the present paper. Leptonemertes Girard, 1893 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOST1LIFERA Girard, 1893:237 The generic diagnosis was redefined by Moore and Gibson (1981: 197). Terrestrial. *Leptonemertes chalicophora: see Geonemertes chalicophora Graft, 1879 Lineopsella Friedrich, 1970 HETERONEMERTEA Friedrich, 1970:42 When Friedrich (1958: 19) established as new the genus Lineopsis, he was unaware that this name had previously been used by Staub (1900: 79); Lineopsella replaces Lineopsis sensu Friedrich (1958). Marine benthic. *LineopseUa islandicus: see Lineopsis islandicus Friedrich, 1958 Lineopsella pacifica Friedrich, 1970 Friedrich, 1970:42 Habitat: Sublittoral, from coarse sand at a depth of 35 m. Distribution: Southern Chile (Seno Reloncavi, Puerto Montt Bay). Lineopselloides Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1990c: 108-109, table 3 Marine benthic. *Lineopselloides albilineus Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 109-117, text figs 16, 17, pl. 18, figs A-G, pl. 19, figs A-H, pl. 20, figs A D Habitat: Sublittoral, on a coral boulder at a depth of 5-10m. Distribution: Hong Kong. Lineopsis Staub, 1900 HETERONEMERTEA Staub, 1900:79 Not Lineopsis sensu Friedrich, 1958. Marine benthic. Lineopsis Friedrich, 1958 Friedrich, 1958:19 Established as a new genus by Friedrich when he was unaware of Staub's prior use of the name; now Lineopsella Friedrich, 1970: 42. Lineopsis islandicus Friedrich, 1958 Friedrich, 1958: 19-21, fig. 8 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal. Distribution: Iceland. Now LineopseUa islandicus (Friedrich, 1958) (Friedrich, 1970: 42). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 391 *Lineopsis semonii Staub, 1900 Staub, 1900: 79, 88-89, pl. XLVII, figs 5 5d, pl. XLIX, figs 23-30 Synonyms: Lineopsis semoni Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). The specific epithet is spelt semoni in the heading to the full description and in the figure captions. Lineus Sowerby, 1806 HETERONEMERTEA Sowerby, 1806:15 Marine benthic. Lineus acutifvons Southern, 1913 Southern, 1913: 7-9, pl. I, figs 1A-D Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in sand. Distribution: Western Ireland and the Isle of Man. Gibson (1982 b: 84) commented that this species is inadequately described. Lineus albifrons Coe, 1934 Coe, 1934: 8-9, fig. 4 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Hawaiian Is. Lineus albocinctus Verrill, 1900 Verrill, 1900: 598, pl. LXX, figs 1-1 b Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, among coralline and other algae under rocks. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL), Bermuda, Porto Rico and the Virgin Is. This is not the same species as that recorded from Norway, Sweden and Denmark as Lineus albocinctus (Bergendal, 1903) by Brunberg (1964) and Cantell (1975); Bergendal originally described his form as Cerebratulus albocinctus, which is now Tenuilineus albocinctus (Bergendal, 1903) (Riser, 1993: 145). Verrill's species, which is not well described, is currently known by its original name. Lineus albolineatus Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904: 193-195, pl. XVII, fig. 2 Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from depths of 40-60m, living in strong, parchment-like tubes among broken shells. Distribution: Pacific coasts of the USA (CA). Synonymised with Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804) by Coe (1940: 267). Lineus albonasus Verrill, 1900 Verrill, 1900: 598, pl. LXX, fig. 2 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal. Distribution: Bermuda. An inadequately described species known only from its external features. Lineus aiborostratus Takakura, 1898 Takakura, 1898c: 332, fig. 12 Synonyms: Lineus alborostlatus Habitat: Intertidal, under or between stones. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu). Redescribed by Yamaoka (1940 a: 220-222, text-fig. 8, pl. XV, figs 1-5). Lineus albovittatus, Lineus albo-vittatus: see Meckelia albo-vittata Stimpson, 1855 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 392 R. Gibson Lineus albus: see Gordius albus Dalyell, 1853 Lineus alienus Biirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895a: 626, pl. 5, fig. 3, pl. 26, figs 42, 42a, pl. 28, fig. 40 Habitat: Intertidal among Ulva. Distribution: France (Dieppe) and Italy (Naples). Lineus anas: see Cerebratulus anas Joubin and Frangois, 1892 Lineus angulosus Korotkevich, 1978 Korotkevich, 1978a: 125 Habitat: Under stones or on sand or gravel sediments. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea). Also referred to as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 255), no description accompanied the use of the name and the form is thus a nomen nudum. Lineus anellatus Monastero, 1930 Monastero, 1930: 65-66, pl. fig. 14 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). The illustration of this species indicates a colour pattern virtually identical with that of Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828), with which it is here provisionally synonymised. Lineus annulatus: see Gordius annulatus Montagu, 1804 Lineus arenicola (not Lineus arenicola sensu Senz, 1992a, nor Lineus arenicolus sensu Senz, 1993a): see Tetrastemma arenicola Verrill, 1873 Lineus arenicolus Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993 a: 75-78, pl. 3, figs 22-26 Synonyms: Lineus arenicola sensu Senz (1992 a): not Lineus arenicola (Verrill, 1873) Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). When he established this as a new species, first referring to it as a nomen nudum under the name Lineus arenicola (Senz, 1992 a: 92), Senz was not aware that he was using a preoccupied name; the species is to be renamed Lineus rovinjensis (Senz, personal communication). Lineus ater: see Meckelia atra Girard, 1851 Lineus atradentis Korotkevich, 1978 Korotkevich, 1978 a: 126 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 8-20 m on muddy sediments. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea). Also listed as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), the form has never been described and is thus a nomen nudum. Lineus atrocaeruleus: see Meckelia atrocaerulea Schmarda, 1859 Lineus auripunctatus: see Ophiocephalus auripunctatus Grube, 1855 Lineus aurostriatus: see Cerebratulus aurostriatus Biirger, 1890 Lineus australis Punnett, 1900 Punnett, 1900a: 577-578, pl. LXI, figs 41-44 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: South Pacific (Lifu). Riser (1991: 435) noted that this form 'might belong in the genus Notospermus as [a] valid species [but is] inadequately described and could fit either N. geniculatus, or N. tricuspidatus among recognisable species. Hence, [it is] considered to be [a nomen dubium], although the description of the excretory Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 393 system of L. australis by Punnett (1900) indicates that the species is [Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828)].' Punnett's species is here provisionally synonymised with Notospermus genicnlatus, although this synonymy requires confirmation. Lineus autrani Joubin, 1905 Joubin, 1905a: 433, fig. p. 433 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 40m. Distribution: Antarctica (vicinity of Booth-Wandel Is.). Wheeler (1934: 250) synonymised this form with Lineus corrugatus Mclntosh, t876, but Gibson (1983 a: 307) disagreed with this, commenting that 'both the generic and specific status of [Lineus autranO must be regarded as uncertain'; Gibson (1985 b: 158) subsequently noted that all that can be determined for this species is 'that it is probably a lineid heteronemertean but of unknown taxonomic affinities'. Lineus beattiaei Gray, 1857 Gray, 1857:210 Synonyms: Meckelia beattiaei, Serpentaria beattiei Habitat: Not recorded beyond 'off the coast'. Distribution: Scotland. Synonymised wtih Cerebratulus marginatns Renier, 1804, by Hubrecht (1879: 211). Lineus bellus: see Cerebratulus bellus Stimpson, 1857 Lineus bicolor Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892: 426-427, pl. XXXVIII, figs 8 8 b Habitat: Rarely found intertidally, sublittoral at depths of 2-40 m or more on shelly or stony sediments among hydroids, algae and ascidians. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (Cape Cod, MA and southwards). Now Tennilinens bicolor (Verrill, 1892) (Riser, 1993: 145). Lineus bilineata, Lineus bilineatsu, Linens bilineatns: see Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier, 1804 Linens binigrilinearis Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 117-123, text figs 18, 19, pl. 21, figs A - H Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 10 m, on rocks covered with bivalves, in coral boulders or among coral rubble. Distribution: Hong Kong. Lineus bipunctatns Takakura, 1898 Takakura, 1898c: 335-336, fig. 18 Habitat: Shallow sublittoral among sea grasses. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Lineus bivittatus: see Cevebratnlns bivittatns Ulyanina, 1870 Lineus bonaerensis Moretto, 1971 Moretto, 1971: 5-11, figs 1-10 Habitat: Intertidal, among algae on rocks. Distribution: Argentina (Quequen, Buenos Aires Province). Lineus bontani: see Cerebratulus boutani Joubin, 1893 Lineus callaris Korotkevich, 1978 Korotkevich, 1978a: 125 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 8m, under stones or on mixed gravelly-sandy bottoms with some broken shells or mud. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 394 R. Gibson Also reported as a new species by Korotkevich (1978b: 256), this form has never been described and is thus a nomen nudum. Lineus eaneelli Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954b: 34-35, fig. 1 Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Lineus eapensis Wheeler, 1940 Wheeler, 1940a: 22-24, fig. 1 Habitat: Intertidal, under stones in a channel. Distribution: South Africa (Port Elizabeth). Lineus caputornatus Takakura, 1898 Takakura, 1898c: 334 335, fig. 15 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 4 6 m on stones. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Lineus cinereus Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903 a: 17-19, pl. II, fig. 19 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 500 m on a coral bottom. Distribution: Norway (Pysf]ord). Lineus cingulatus: see Meckelia cingulata Stimpson, 1855 Lineus coccinus Biirger, 1892 Biirger, 1892a: 163-164 Synonyms: Lineus coccineus Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20-30 m on mud. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Lineus coecus Timofeeva, 1912 Timofeeva, 1912: 40, fig. 10 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: France (Villefranche). Both Timofeeva and Schlitz (1911: 449) indicated that this species is identical with Paralineus elisabethae Schlitz, 1911, Timofeeva incorrectly spelling the name Paralinens elisabetae; Schfitz' taxon has priority and Lineus coecus should thus be regarded as a junior synonym of Paralineus elisabethae. Lineus collaris: see Nemertes collaris Schmarda, 1859 Lineus coloratus: see Cerebratulus coloratus Biirger, 1890 Lineus communis Verrill, 1879 Verrill, 1879:185 Habitat: Intertidal, under stones and among mussels on muddy shores. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME to Long Island Sound). Verrill credits Beneden as the naming authority for this form, although he makes no reference to Nemertes communis Beneden, 1861; Verrill's comment that 'It is probable that L. socialis (Leidy sp.) is not distinct from this' may account for Bfirger (1904 a: 90) distinguishing between Beneden's and Verrill's taxa and including Lineus communis as a junior synonym of Lineus socialis (Leidy, 1855), now synonymised with Myoisophagos sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) (Riser, 1994: in press). Lineus eopus Corr~a, 1958 Corr~a, 1958, 444-445, pl. 1, figs 3 5 Habitat: Intertidal among algae. Distribution: Brazil (near Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 395 Lineus corrugatus McIntosh, 1876 McIntosh, 1876:322-323 Synonyms: Cerebratulus charcoti, Cerebratulus corrugatus, Cerebratulus magelhaensicus, Cerebratulus steeneni, Cerebratulus steineni, Cerebratulus steinini, Cerebratulus subtilis, ?Cerebratulus validus, Eupolia punnetti, Lineus hanseni, Lineus magelhaensieus, Parborlasia corrugatus var. unicolor: not Lineus corrugatus sensu Stephenson et al. (1937) (= Lineus ornatus Wheeler, 1940) Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 3477-3590m under stones and boulders on sand, among small stones or pebbles covered with calcareous algae, on mud, volcanic ash, gravel, cinder or shelly sediments, between the holdfasts of larger brown algae such as Macrocystis, or on plant or animal remains. Distribution: Circumpolar in Antarctic and Subantarctic waters, mostly south of latitude 50°S (southern South America, Falkland Is., South Georgia, South Sandwich Is., South Orkney Is., South Shetland Is., Antarctic Peninsula, Kerguelen Is. and the Ross Sea). Now Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876) (Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968: 171), redescribed by Gibson (1983 a: 298-303, figs 2-4). Lineus crosslandi Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 9-10, pl. 1, fig. 5, pl. 2, fig. 16 Synonyms: Cerebratulus crosslandi Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: East coast of Africa (Zanzibar). In the caption to pl. 1 the generic name Cerebratulus is used in error for this species. Riser (1991: 435) concluded that the taxon is inadequately described and thus a nomen dubium, but indicated that it might belong in the genus Notospermas as a valid species. Lineus desori Schmidt, 1946 Schmidt, 1946:406 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral. Distribution: Atlantic coast of Europe. Schmidt proposed the name Lineus desori for the green coloured variety of what he had in earlier publications referred to as Lineus gesserensis ruber, regarding Lineus desori as the 'initial' species and Lineas ruber (Mfiller, 1774) as a 'derivative' form; he distinguished between the two taxa primarily on the basis of colour and differences in embryological development. From Schmidt's accounts of the green variety of Lineus gesserensis ruber it seems very likely that he was dealing with what is more widely known as Lineus viridis (Miiller, 1774), a name which has nomenclatural priority; although redescribed as Lineus desori by Korotkevich (1977d: 25-29, figs 1, 2), the form is here provisionally identified as synonymous with Linens viridis. Lineus digueti Joubin, 1905 Joubin, 1905d: 312-313, fig. 1 Habitat: With madreporarians. Distribution: Mexico (Gulf of California coast of Baja California at La Paz). Coe (1944 a: 28) synonymised this form with Lineus geniculatus, which is now Notospermas geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) (Riser, 1991: 427). Lineus dohrni, Linens dohrnii: see Cerebratulus dohrnii Hubrecht, 1879 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 396 R. Gibson Lineus dubius Verrill, 1879 Verrill, 1879:186 Habitat: Intertidal under stones, in clean coarse sand or in mobile eulittoral sand dunes, less often dredged sublittorally to a depth of 16 m. Distribution: Atlantic coasts of North America (New Brunswick, Canada, and MA and ME, USA). According to Coe (1943: 241) Verrill's illustration (1892: pl. XXXVII, fig. 9) which is captioned Lineus pallidus actually referred to Lineus dubius; the species is now Parvicirrus dubius (Verrill, 1879) (Riser, 1993: 146). Lineusfasciatus, Johnston, 1865 Johnston, 1865:26-27 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: British Isles (Falmouth). Synonymised with Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) by Biirger (1904a: 93). Lineusflammeus Monastero, 1930 Monastero, 1930: 63-64, pl. fig. 12 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Monastero's illustration of this species depicts a form which is very similar to Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828), and the form should most probably be regarded as a junior synonym of this taxon. Lineusflavescens Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904: 184-188, pl. XVII, figs 3, 4 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 100 m or more, in rock crevices, sand or old annelid tubes, or among red algae or kelp holdfasts. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (Gulf of California and CA); Coe (1940: 267) commented that 'The same or a very similar species has been collected at La Paz, Mexico'. Lineusfulvus Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954a: 13, fig. 2C Habitat: Lower shore among laminarian roots. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Lineus fuscoviridis Takakura, 1898 Takakura, 1898c: 332-333, fig. 13 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of a few m, under stones or broken rocks or in mud or sand. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Redescribed by Iwata, 1952: 134-136. Lineus galbanus: see Cerebratulus galbanus Bfirger, 1890 Lineus geniculatus: see Polia geniculata Delle Chiaje, 1828 Lineus gesserensis: see Planaria gesserensis Miiller, 1780 Lineus gilbus Biirger, 1892 Btirger, 1892a: 160 Synonyms: Lineus gilvus Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 200 m. Distribution: Italy (off the island of Capri). Lineus glandulosa: see Micrura glandulosa B~rger, 1895 Lineus glaucus: see Cerebratulus glaucus B/.irger, 1890 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 397 Lineus gracilis: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837 Lineus grubei: see Cerebratulus grubei Hubrecht, 1879 Lineus gurjanovae Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977 d: 29-33, fig. 3 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 8 m, under stones or in mud or mixed sand and mud. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea). Also referred to as a new species, with no description, by Korotkevich (1978 a: 125; 1978b: 256). Lineus hancocki Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 8, pl. 1, figs 6 a, 6 b Habitat: On a reef. Distribution: Tropical Indian Ocean (Cargados Carajos Shoals, east of Madagascar). Lineus hanseni Joubin, 1910 Joubin, 1910: 8-9, figs 11, 12 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 15-50 m. Distribution: Antarctica (Cape Adare). Baylis (1915: 122) synonymised this species with Lineus corrugatus, now Parborlasia corrugatus (Mclntosh, 1876); Gibson (1983 a: 308) confirmed this synonymy. Lineus hiatti Coe, 1947 Coe, 1947:103-104 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal beneath stones and matted algae. Distribution: Hawaiian Is. Lineus hubrechti, Lineus hubrechtii, Lineus hubrecti: see Cerebratulus hubrechti Langerhans, 1880 Lineus indicus Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 9, pl. 1, fig. 2 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 38 40 m. Distribution: Tropical Indian Ocean (Amirante Is., south-west of the Seychelles). Lineus insignis Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993 a: 79-82, pl. 4, figs 27-29 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). The name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Senz (1992 a: 92). Lineus iota Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 210-211, pl. VIII, fig. 16 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 1160 m. Distribution: Mediterranean. Lineus islandicus Friedrich, 1958 Friedrich, 1958:12-13 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 4-20 m. Distribution: Iceland. Friedrich only provisionally included this species in the genus Lineus, commenting (p. 13) that 'a revision of this genus may necessitate the introduction of a new genus [for it]'. Lineus kennelii B/irger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 161-162 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 398 R. Gibson Synonyms: ?Cerebratulus bilineatus sensu Hubrecht, 1879, Lineus kenneli, ?Polia bilineata sensu Delle Chiaje, 1841 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 30 m in detritus. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Lineus kolaensis Ushakov, 1928 Ushakov, 1928 b: 57-58, pl. I, figs 1, 4 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 258 m. Distribution: Russia (Barents Sea). Lineus kristinebergensis Gering, 1912 Gering, 1912:522 523 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 40 50 m. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord). Lineus laetea, Lineus lacteus: see Ramphogordius lacteus Rathke, 1843 Lineus lacticapitatus Wheeler, 1940 Wheeler, 1940 a: 24-25, fig. 2 Habitat: Mid-shore intertidal, buried in sand under stones. Distribution: South Africa (False Bay, St. James). Lineus lancearius Korotkevich, 1978 Korotkevich, 1978 a: 125 Habitat: Sublittoral on mixed gravel-sand with some mud and broken shells. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea). Also referred to as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), no description is given and the species is thus a nomen nudum. Lineus levinensis Korotkevich, 1978 Korotkevich, 1978 a: 125 Habitat: Sublittoral on mixed gravel-sand bottoms with small amounts of mud or broken shells. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea). No description accompanies the use of this name and the species is thus a nomen nudum. Lineus linearis Montagu, 1808 Montagu, 1808:156 Synonyms: Gordius linearis Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in sand. Distribution: British Isles (Devon). A manuscript name which Montagu indicated was somewhat similar to Gordius marinus; Gibson (1982 b: 187) commented that 'although possibly a species of nemertean, its size and colour do not permit it to be even provisionally related to any of the existing British or European forms'. Lineus lineatus Johnston, 1865 Johnston, 1865:26 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: British Isles (Berwick Bay and south Devon). Synonymised wtih Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) by Biirger (1904a: 93). Lineus lobianki Biirger, 1892 Biirger, 1892 a: 160 Habitat: Sublittoral, from about 30 m depth in the rhizomes of Posidonia. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 399 Lineus longifissus: see Cerebratulus longifissus Hubrecht, 1887 *Lineus longissimus: see Ascaris longissima Gunnerus, 1770 Lineus maculosa, Lineus maculosus: see Gordius maculosus Montagu, 1808 Lineus magelhaensicus: see Cerebratulus magelhaensicus Biirger, 1895 Lineus marinus: see Gordius marinus Montagu, 1804 Lineus maris-albi Ushakov, 1926 Ushakov, 1926: 52-53, pl. I, fig. 2 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Russia (White Sea). This species should be known as Lineus marisalbi Ushakov, 1926. Lineus mascarensis Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 7-8, pl. 2, fig. 15 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: East coast of Africa (Zanzibar). Riser (1991: 435) commented that this species is a nomen dubium but might belong in the genus Notospermus. Lineus mcintoshii, Lineus m'intoshii: see Cerebratulus mcintoshii Langerhans, 1880 Lineus mitellatus Takakura, 1898 Takakura, 1898 c: 333-334, fig. 14 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal and sublittoral to a few metres depth, under stones on mud or sand. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Synonymised with Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) by Riser (1991: 427). Lineus molochinus Biirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 155-156 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 30 m on mud. Distribution: Italy (Naples); Isler's report (1902: 278) of this species occurring in Chile is of doubtful validity. Lineus monolineatus Staub, 1900 Staub, 1900: 79, 86-88, pl. XLVII, figs 8 8b, pl. XLIX, figs 18 22 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Lineus murenoides: see Ophyocephalus murenoides Delle Chiaje, 1829 Lineus nigricans Biirger, 1892 Biirger, 1892a: 159 Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral (1-2m depth) among algae. Distribution: Italy (Naples and Sicily) and France (Villefranche); Isler's record (1900 a, b, 1902) of the species being found in southern Chile (Punta Arenas) is of doubtful validity (Gibson, 1985 b: 170). Redescribed by Corr~a (1956: 204-207, pl. 3, figs 12-17, pl. 4, figs 18-20), now synonymised with Myoisophagos sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) by Riser (1994: in press). A variety of Lineus nigricans, var. striatus Oxner, 1907 b: LXXXVIIILXXXIX, fig. 9 left, should also be synonymised with Myoisophagos sanguineus. Lineus nigrobrunneus Bergendal, 1903 Bergendal, 1903:132 Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Kosterl]ord). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 400 R. Gibson Lineus nigrofuscus: see Cerebratulus nigrofuscus Stimpson, 1857 Lineus nigrostriatus Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954c: 30, fig. 1 B Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Japan (Tokara Is.). Lineus niveus Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903a: 13-16, pl. I, figs 4, 7 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 100-140m on mud. Distribution: Norway (Barents Sea coast and near Bergen). Redescribed as Cerebratulus niveus (Punnett, 1903) by Senz (1993 a: 97-100, pl. 5, figs 42-44). Lineus obscurus: see Nemertes obscura Desor, 1848 Lineus oculatus: see Gordius oculatus Montagu, 1808 Lineus olivaceus: see Meckelia olivacea Stimpson, 1855 Lineus orientalis Punnett and Cooper, 1909 Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 10, pl. 1, fig. 3, pl. 2, fig. 17 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Tropical Indian Ocean (Coetivy Is., south of the Seychelles). Lineus ornatus Wheeler, 1940 Wheeler, 1940a: 29 31, fig. 4 Synonyms: Lineus corrugatus sensu Stephenson et al. (1937) Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: South Africa (Reef Bay, Lambert's Bay). Lineus oxneri Schmidt, 1946 Schmidt, 1946:407 Synonyms: Lineus ruber /~-form Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Atlantic coast of Europe. First proposed as a new species name, but as a nomen nudum, by Schmidt (1941), a brief description was not made until his 1946 article. The form occurs in both red and green varieties, but his reference to them curling into a corkscrew shape when disturbed suggests that Lineus oxneri may be the same as what is now known as Myoisophagos sanguineus (Rathke, 1799); this suggested synonymy needs to be confirmed. Lineus pallidus Verrill, 1879 Verrill, 1879:186 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 80 m in mud. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA). Coe (1943: 241) commented that Verrill's figure of this species (1892: pl. XXXVII, fig. 4) is erroneously captioned with the name Lineus dubius; he also noted that 'The status of this species will remain in doubt until additional specimens are available'. Lineus parvulus Biirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 159 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 1-2 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Lineus patulus Isler, 1900 Isler, 1900 a: 20-21 Habitat: Not recorded. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 401 Distribution: Not known. Also referred to as a new species by Isler (1900 b: 179-180). Lineus pietifrons Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904: 188-192, pl. XVII, figs 5, 6 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 40 m, in rock crevices, in kelp holdfasts, beneath stones or among algae, tunicates, worm tubes or other growths on rocks or pier pilings exposed to surf; also in muddy sediments in bays and harbours. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to the Gulf of Mexico). Lineus picus Corr~a, 1958 Corr~a, 1958: 446, pl. 1, figs 6-9 Habitat: Intertidal, between algae on stones and boulders. Distribution: Brazil (Ubatuba and Silo SebastiSo Is.). Lineus piperatus: see Meckelia piperata Stimpson, 1855 Lineus polyophthalmus: see Nemertes polyophthalma Schmarda, 1859 Lineus pseudo-lacteus Gontcharoff, 1951 Gontcharoff, 1951: 157-158, pl. II bottom, pl. III, fig. 2, pl. V, fig. 8 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: France (Roscoff). Now Myoisophagos pseudolacteus (Gontcharoff, 1951) (Riser, 1994: in press). Lineus pseudoruber: see Heterolineus pseudoruber Friedrich, 1935 Lineus psittacinus: see Cerebratulus psittacinus Bfirger, 1890 Lineus purpureus: see Nemertes purpurea Johnston, 1837 Lineus quadratus Korotkevich, 1978 Korotkevich, 1978 a: t25 Habitat: Sublittoral on sand or gravel bottoms. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea). Also recorded as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), the species has never been described and is therefore a nomen nudum. Lineus ramosus Isler, 1900 Isler, 1900a: 22-25, figs 12, 13 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: South Pacific (Samoa). Friedrich (1960 b: 55) suggested establishing the new genus Pseudolineus for this species, but Riser (1991: 435), noting that Isler's taxon was a nomen dubium, commented that it might belong in the genus Notospermus; Isler (1900 b: 180) also reported the species as a new form. Lineus roseocephalus Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 255-256, pl. XVI, fig. 24 Synonyms: Lineus reseocephalus Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 91-640 m, under stones. Distribution: Falkland Is. and Kerguelen. Synonymised with Antaretolineus scotti (Baylis, 1915) by Gibson (1985 b: 97). Lineus rubens: see Cerebratulus rubens Biirger, 1890 Lineus tuber: see Fasciola rubra Miiller, 1774 Lineus rubescens Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904: 179-183, pl. XIV, fig. 1, pl. XV, figs 3, 4, pl. XXII, fig. 1 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, under stones, in kelp holdfasts or among algae and other growths on rocks and pier pilings. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 402 R. Gibson Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA). Riser (1993: 145) commented that 'The description of L. rubescens by Coe (1905) and an examination of the type slides indicate that i t . . . may belong [in the genus] Tenuilineus'. Lineus rufocaudatus Biirger, 1892 Biirger, 1892a: 162-163 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 30m in the rhizomes of Posidonia. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Lineus rufus: see Planaria rufa Montagu, 1808 Lineus saint-hilairi Ushakov, 1926 Ushakov, 1926:53-54 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Russia (White Sea). This species should be known as Lineus sainthilairi Ushakov, 1926. Lineus sanguineus: see Planaria sanguinea Rathke, 1799 Lineus scandinaviensis Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903 a: 16-17, pl. II, fig. 20 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 100 m on black mud. Distribution: Norway (Jokelfjord). Lineus schmardai Biirger, 1904 Bfirger, 1904a: 93-94 Synonyms: Meekelia striata Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Bfirger renamed Meckelia striata sensu Schmarda, 1859, and Diesing, 1862, to avoid confusion with Borlasia striata Rathke, 1843. Lineus schmidti Korotkevich, 1978 Korotkevich, 1978a: 125 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, under stones or on sandy bottoms with some mud. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea). Also recorded as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 255-256), the form has never been described and is thus a nomen nudum. Lineus scotti Baylis, 1915 Baylis, 1915: 129-132, pl. II, figs 1 6 Synonyms: Lineus reseocephalus, Lineus roseocephalus Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 82-640m, on mud, shingle or undecomposed animal remains, in rock crevices, under stones or among lower shore red algae. Distribution: Widespread on the Antarctic coasts, also found in the Falkland Is., Kerguelen Is. and Macquarie Is. Now Antarctolineus scotti (Baylis, 1915) (M/iller and Scripcariu, 1964: 318) and redescribed under this name by Gibson (1985 b: 109-117, figs 6-9). Lineus soeialis: see Nemertes socialis Leidy, 1855 Lineus spatiosus Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954a: 11-12, fig. 2B Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Lineus spirales: see Omatoplea spirales Parfitt, 1867 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 403 Lineus stigmatus Coe, 1951 Coe, 1951 a: 330, fig. 2 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (southern FL). Lineus striatus Griffin, 1898 Griffin, 1898:214-215 Habitat: Intertidal under stones and in sand. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (WA). Now synonymised with Micrura verriUi Coe, 1901, by Coe (1940: 272), although Yamaoka (1940 a: 230) believed it was conspecific with Micrura bella (Stimpson, 1857). Lineus snbcingnlatns Takakura, 1898 Takakura, 1898c: 335, fig. 16 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 4-6 m on stones. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Linens torqnatns Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 66-68, pl. V, figs 8, 9 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 24m or more, among laminarian holdfasts or under stones in mud. Distribution: North Pacific (Japan, Kuril Is., Russia and the coasts of North America from AK to northern CA). Lineus tricuspidatus: see Borlasia tricuspidata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Lineus trilobulatus Korotkevich, 1978 Korotkevich, 1978a: 125 Habitat: Intertidal on sand and gravel. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea). Also recorded as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), the taxon has never been described and is thus a nomen nudum. Linens trnncatns: see Cerebratulus truncatus Hubrecht, 1887 Linens turqueti Joubin, 1905 Joubin, 1905 a: 434, fig. p. 434 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 75 m on grey mud mixed with pebbles. Distribution: Antarctica (Booth-Wandel Is. and King George Is.). Gibson (1985 b: 171) commented that although almost certainly a species of lineid heteronemertean, this form is inadequately described and of dubious validity. Linens nschakovi Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977d: 33-37, figs 4, 5 Synonyms: Lineus uschacovi Habitat: Intertidal on sand or gravel. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea). Also reported as a new species, but with the specific epithet incorrectly spelt uschacovi, by Korotkevich (1978 a: 125, 1978 b: 256). Linens variegatus Chapuis, 1886 Chapuis, 1886: XXIII Habitat: Lower shore laminarian zone. Distribution: France (Roscoff). Lineus vegetus Coe, 1931 Coe, 1931: 55-59, figs 1-7 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 404 R. Gibson Habitat: Intertidal, under stones, in rock crevices, beneath decaying vegetation or among corallines and other growths exposed to the full force of the surf; also in bays and occasionally in estuarine brackish-water. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico). Coe's original reference to this form as a new species (1928: 66) gave no description; Riser (1994: in press) synonymises the form with Myoisophagos sanguinens (Rathke, 1799). Linens versicolor Bfirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 163 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 5 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Lineus viridis: see Fasciola viridis Mfiller, 1774 Lineus viridis Saint-Loup, 1886 Saint-Loup, 1886:1577 Habitat: Sublittoral from about 40 na depth in sand. Distribution: France (Marseille). Saint-Loup, apart from referring to the size and colour of this form, which he listed as new, merely noted that it possessed the characters of a Lineus species; it is impossible to determine from his description whether or not there might be any synonymy between his form and Linens viridis (Mfiller, 1774) and Saint-Loup's taxon cannot be accepted as a valid species. Lineus vittatus: see Borlasia vittata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Lineus viviparus Isler, 1900 Isler, 1900a: 17-19, figs 10, 11 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: South Pacific (Juan Fernandez Is., off Chile). Also referred to as a new species by Isler (1900b: 179). Lineus wilsoni Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904:195 198, pl. XVI, figs 10, 11 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 40m or more, under stones and rocks in sand or sandy-mud, in rock crevices or between kelp holdfasts. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to the Gulf of California). Now Micrura wilsoni (Coe, 1904) (Coe, 1940: 273). Lobitabrum Blainville, 1828 Blainville, 1828:576-577 Bfirger (1904a: 127) included this genus in a list of dubious heteronemertean taxa. Lobilabrum ostreariurn Blainville, 1828 Blainville, 1828:577 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: English Channel. Orsted (1844: 95) included this form as a species inquirenda, and Vaillant (1890: 600) suggested that it could belong in either Cerebratalus or Linens, but Bfirger (1904a: 127) regarded it as a heteronemertean of doubtful validity. Loranemertes Chernuishev, 1 9 9 2 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYST1LIFERA PELAGICA Chernuishev, 1992 a: 134 Marine bathypelagic. Nemertean genera and species of the world 405 * Loranemertes nana: see Obnemertes nana Korotkevich, 1964 Loxorrhochma Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859:39 Schmarda established this genus for Polia coronata, which is now Tetrastemma coronatum (Quatrefages, 1846); the name Loxorrhochma, emended to Loxorhochma or Loxorrochma in some articles, is thus a junior synonym of Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Tetrastemma. Loxorrhochma coronata: see Polia coronata Quatrefages, 1846 Loxorrhochma obscurum: s e e Tetrastemma flavidam Ehrenberg, 1828 (Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1758:647 A genus of oligochaete annelids, Pallas (1766) used this generic name for a species which has been regarded by some authors as a nemertean. Lumbricus oxyurus Pallas, 1766 Pallas, 1766: 146-147, pl. XI, figs 7, 8 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Belgium. Mclntosh (1873-1874: 156) listed this form as synonymous with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828), but Biirger (1904 a: 38) was doubtful about their conspecificity; reference to Pallas' description and illustrations indicate that although this taxon might be a nemertean, there is no justification for synonymising it with any other known species and its taxonomic status thus remains unknown. Macronemertes Verrill, 1873 Verrill, 1873 b: 439 Listed as a junior synonym of Emplectonema by Verrill (1892: 412). Macronemertes gigantea Verrill, 1873 Verrill, 1873 b: 439 Synonyms: Eunemertes gigantea Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 120-I 500 m or more on sandy or muddy sediments in cold, off-shore waters. Distribution: North-western Atlantic (off the coasts of Nova Scotia, ME and MA). Now Emplectonema giganteum (Verrill, 1873)(Verrill, 1892: 413). Malacobdella Blainville, 1827 BDELLONEMERTEA Blainville, 1827:270 Marine, commensal in the mantle cavity of bivalve molluscs. Malacobdella anceps: see Hirudo anceps Dalyell, 1853 Malacobdella auriculae: see Branchiobdella auriculae Moquin-Tandon, 1846 Malacobdella cardii Beneden and Hesse, 1865 Beneden and Hesse, 1865: 4-9, pl. I, figs 1-13 Habitat: Commensal in the bivalve mollusc Acanthocardia aculeata. Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (Brest). Synonymised with Malacobdella grossa (Mfiller, 1776) by Biirger (1904 a: 74), although Kozloff (1991: t 617) commented that additional material needed to be re-examined to determine whether the synonymy was justified. *Malacobdella grossa: see Hirudo grossa M/iller, 1776 Malacobdella japonica Takakura, 1897 Takakura, 1897: 105-111, pl. VII, figs 1-6 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 406 R. Gibson Habitat: Commensal in the mantle cavity of Spisula sachalinensis. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu). Redescribed by Yamaoka (1940a: 253 258, text-figs 32, 33, pl. XVII, figs 14-16). Malacobdella maeomae Kozloff, 1991 Kozloff, 1991: 1613-1614, figs 10-18 Habitat: Commensal in the mantle chamber of the bivalve molluscs Macoma secta and macoma nasuta. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (OR and CA). Malacobdella mercenaria Verrill, 1873 Verrill, 1873 a: 625-626 Synonyms: Malacobdella mercenariae Habitat: Living in the mantle chamber of Mercenaria mercenaria. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (CT and NJ). Biirger (1904a: 74) synonymised this species with Malaeobdella grossa (Mfiller, 1776), although Kozloff (1991: 1617) noted that this synonymy needed to be supported by further studies on additional specimens. Malaeobdeila minuta Coe, 1945 Coe, 1945 b: 65-67, figs 1-3 Habitat: Found in the mantle chamber of Yoldia cooperi collected sublittorally from a depth of 40 m. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA). Malacobdella myae Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:445 Habitat: Commensal in the bivalve mollusc Mya truncata. Distribution: France. Diesing attributed this species name to Blainville (1828: 566) and listed it as synonymous with Malacobdella valenciennaei (Blanchard, 1845), but Blainville did not use the name, merely stating under the genus Malacobdella 'Esp+ce. La M. des Myes: M. grossa, Linn.'; Malacobdella myae is thus a junior synonym of Malacobdeila grossa (Miiller, 1776). Malacobdella obesa Verrill, 1873 Verrill, 1873a: 625, pl. XVIII, fig. 90 Habitat: In the mantle chamber of Mya arenaria. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA and Long Is. Sound, NY). Synonymised wtih Malacobdella grossa (Miiller, 1776) by Bfirger (1904 a: 74), further studies are needed to verify this synonymy (Kozloff, 1991: 1617). Malacobdella siliquae Kozloff, 1991 Kozloff, 1991: 1613, figs 1-9 Habitat: Commensal in the mantle chamber of Siliqua patula. Distribution: Pacific coasts of the USA (OR and WA). Malacobdella valenciennaei: see Xenistum valenciennaei Blanchard, 1845 Meckelia Leuckart, 1828 Leuckart, 1828:17 Leuckart established this genus for Meckelia somatotomus, which Hubrecht (1879:211) synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804; Meckelia thus constitutes a junior synonym of the genus Cerebratulus, as previously noted by Stimpson (1857: 159). Verrill (1892: 417) regarded Meckelia sensu Diesing (1850) as in part synonymous with Lineus. Meckelia albo-vittata Stimpson, 1855 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 407 Stimpson, 1855 a: 382 Synonyms: Cerebratulus albovittatus, Cerebratulus albo-vittatus, Lineus albovittatus, Lineus albo-vittatus Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: China Sea. Synonymised with Notospermus tricuspidatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) by Riser (1991: 435). Meckelia albula Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:161 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 45 m. Distribution: South China Sea (east of Hong Kong). Now Cerebratulus albulus (Stimpson, 1857) (Biirger, 1904 a: 120). Meckelia angulata: see Fasciola angulata Mfiller, 1774 Meckelia annulata: see Gordius annulatus Montagu, 1804 Meckelia annulata Grube, 1840 Grube, 1840: 58-59, figs 7, 7a Synonyms: Borlasia annulata, Nemertes annulata, Nemertes annulatus: not Meckelia annulata sensu Johnston (1865) Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Diesing (1850: 260) indicated that this species was the same as Notospermus drepanensis Huschke, 1830, and Bfirger (1904 a: 92) synonymised the latter with Lineus geniculatus, now Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828); Meckelia annulata sensu Grube is thus a junior synonym of Notospermus geniculatus. Meckelia asulcata McIntosh, 1873-1874 Mclntosh, 1873-1874: 202-203, pl. XX, fig. 5 Habitat: Intertidal and sublittoral. Distribution: British Isles (Shetland Is., Channel Is.). Biirger (1904a: 127) included this species among a group of dubious heteronemertean taxa, Gibson (1982 b: 188) commenting that 'Apart from the absence of lateral horizontal cephalic furrows, which excludes the form from any of the lineid heteronemertean genera, itis not possible to further identify Mclntosh's species'. Meckelia atra Girard, 1851 Girard, 1851 a: 137 Synonyms: Cerebratulus ater, Lineus ater: not Micrura atra Punnett, 1903 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, in coralline sand under blocks of dead coral or on reef. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL) and Curagao. Redescribed as Dushia atra (Girard, 1851) by Corr6a (1963: 44-48, figs 18-24). Meckelia atrocaerulea Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 42, text-fig, p. 42, pl. X, fig. 91 Synonyms: Meckelia atrocaeruleus Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, under boulders or stones in mud, sandy-mud or sand, or among mussels, barnacles or the holdfasts of brown algae. Distribution: Pacific coast of South America (Peru and Chile). Now Lineus atrocaeruleus (Schmarda, 1859) (Bfirger, 1896: 275), redescribed by Sfinchez and Moretto (1984: 183-187, figs 2-17). Meckelia aurantiaca Grube, 1855 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 408 R. Gibson Grube, 1855: 148-149, pl. VII, fig. 1 Synonyms: Cerebratulus aurantiacus Habitat: Intertidal beneath stones in rock pools, more common sublittorally at depths of 50-140 m on mud or coralline ground. Distribution: British Isles, Atlantic coast of France, English Channel and the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Now Micrura aurantiaca (Grube, 1855) (McIntosh, 1873-1874:201). Meckelia australis Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:161 Habitat: Under stones in sand. Distribution: Australia (Jackson Bay, New South Wales). Now Cerebratulus australis (Stimpson, 1857) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 122). Meckelia beattiaei: see Lineus beattiaei Gray, 1857 Meckalia bella: see Cerebratulus bellus Stimpson, 1857 Meckelia bilineata: see Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier, 1804 Meckelia borealis Diesing, 1862 Diesing, 1862:284 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Arctic Ocean. Now Cerebratulus borealis (Diesing, 1862) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 115). Meckelia borlasii: see Nemertes borlasii Cuvier, 1817 Meckelia capensis Diesing, 1862 Diesing, 1862:280 Synonyms: Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus capensis, Meckelia macrorrhochma var. capensis Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope). Diesing included both this form and its variety as synonyms of Meckelia macrorrhochma Schmarda, 1859, whilst B/irger (1904a: 122) divided Schmarda's taxon into two subspecies of what he called Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus, macrorrhochmus and capensis; Gibson et al. (1994) comment that 'Whether the South African record by Diesing (1862) refers to the same species [Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus (Schmarda, 1859)] is uncertain'. Meckelia carmellina: see Borlasia carmellina Quatrefages, 1846 Meckelia carnea: see Planaria carnea Rathke, 1799 Meckelia cerebratulus Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:269 Synonyms: Cerebratulus bilineatus (partim), Nemertes bilineatus (partim) Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Diesing renamed Cerebratulus bilineatus sensu Delle Chiaje, 1829, and Nemertes bilineatus sensu Orsted, 1844, as Meckelia cerebratulus but gave no reason for doing so; Biirger (1904a: 104) uncertainly synonymised all three with Micrura dellechiajei (Hubrecht, 1879). Meckelia ceylanica Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 42, pl. XI, fig. 93 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 409 Now Micrura ceylanica (Schmarda, 1859)(Bfirger, 1904a: 108). Meckelia cingulata Stimpson, 1855 Stimpson, 1855 a: 381 Synonyms: Cerebratulus cingulatus Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 46 m on stones. Distribution: Hong Kong. Now Lineus cingulatus (Stimpson, 1855) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 91); Gibson (1990 c: 33) noted that the species was a nomen dubium. Meckelia coeca: see Nemertes coeca Orsted, 1845 Meckelia depressa: see Cerebratulus depressus Quatrefages, 1846 Meckelia ehrenbergii Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:267-268 Synonyms: Borlasia annulata (partim), Nemertes annulatus (partim) Habitat: Marine benthic, among corals. Distribution: Italy (Naples) and the Gulf of Suez (Tor). Diesing renamed Nemertes annulatus Ehrenberg, 1831, and Borlasia annulata sensu Grube (1840) as Meckelia ehrenbergii, but gave no explanation for doing so; Biirger (1904a: 127) included all three names, as Nemertes annulata, in a list of dubious heteronemertean taxa, but distinguished Meckelia ehrenbergii sensu Hubrecht (1874, 1875) as a different, but also dubiously valid, heteronemertean under the name Meckelia sp. Carus (1885: 162) had earlier suggested that Diesing's species was synonymous with Cerebratulus fuscus (Mclntosh, 1873-1874). Meckelia erythrorochma: see Cerebratulus erythrorochma Joubin, 1902 Meckelia fasciata: see Cerebratulus fasciatus Stimpson, 1857 Meckeliafragilis Girard, 1851 Girard, 1851 b: 4-5 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME). Vertill (1892: 433) regarded this species as synonymous with Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy, 1851), but Bi~rger (1904 a: 114) included it as conspecific with Cerebratulus leidyi, which is now Micrura leidyi (Verrill, 1892). Meckeliafusca: see Planariafusca Fabricius, 1780 Meckelia gracilis: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837 Meckelia impressa: see Cerebratulus impressus Stimpson, 1857 Meckelia ingens Leidy, 1855 Leidy, 1855:143 Habitat: Intertidal in oyster beds. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (N J). Now Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy, 1851) (Verrill, 1892: 433). Meckelia knerii Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:265 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Adriatic Sea. Hubrecht (1879: 220) and Carus (1885: 162) regarded this form as identical to Cerebratulusfasciolatus, but B~irger (1904 a: 123) rejected this synonymy and listed it as Cerebratulus knerii (Diesing, 1850). Meckelia lactea Leidy, 1851 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 410 R. Gibson Leidy, 1851 a: 243 244 Synonyms: Cerebratulus pocohontas, Meckelia ingens, ?Meckelia lizziae, Meckelia pocohontas, Micrura lactea Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, under stones or burrowed in mud, sandy mud, sand or among empty shells; it is sometimes found in sheltered bays, harbours and estuaries and swims freely for short periods of time. Distribution: Atlantic (ME to FL) and Gulf of Mexico (TX) coasts of the USA Now Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy, 1851) (Verrill, 1892: 433). Meckelia leuckarti Diesing, 1862 Diesing, 1862:277 Synonyms: Nemertes annellata Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Iceland. Diesing renamed Nemertes annellata Leuckart, 1849, with no justification for doing so; Biirger (1904 a: 123) included Meckelia leuekarti as a junior synonym of Cerebratulus anneilatus (Leuckart, 1849). Meckelia liguriea: see Cerebratulus liguricus Blanchard, 1849 Meckelia lizziae Girard, 1853 Girard, 1853:367 Habitat: Intertidal in sand flats. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC). Uncertainly synonymised with Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy, 1851) by Verrill (1892: 433) and Bfirger (1904a: 113). Meckelia lurida Verrill, 1873 Verrill, 1873 a: 630 Synonyms: Cerebratulus luridus, Micrura inornata Habitat: Sublittoral in muddy, sandy or gravelly sediments at depths of 20-350 m. Distribution: Atlantic coasts of North America (Nova Scotia to SC). Now Tarrhomyos luridus (Verrill, 1873) (Riser, 1993: 147). Meckelia macrorrhochma Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 43, text-fig, p. 43, pl. XI, fig. 96 Synonyms: Cerebratulus macrorhochmus, ?Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus capensis, Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus macrorrhochmus, ?Meckelia capensis, Meckelia macrorrhochma var. capensis Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: New Zealand and possibly South Africa. Biirger (1904 a: 122) listed two subspecies of this form, capensis from South Africa and macrorrhochmus from New Zealand; whether capensis, recorded by Diesing (1862), is the same as Schmarda's original form from New Zealand is uncertain (Gibson et al., 1994), but Meckelia maerorrhochma is now Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus (Schmarda, 1859) (Bfirger, ibid.). Meckelia macrostoma Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 42, text-fig, p. 42, pl. XI, fig. 92 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: New Zealand (Auckland). Now Cerebratulus macrostomus (Schmarda, 1859) (Diesing, 1862: 274). Meckelia nigra Stimpson, 1855 Stimpson, 1855 a: 382 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 411 Habitat: Sublittoral among bivalves at a depth of about 18 m. Distribution: Hong Kong. Now Cerebratulus niger (Stimpson, 1855) (Stimpson, 1857: 161); listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson (1990c: 33). Meckelia nigrofusca: see Cerebratulus nigrofuscus Stimpson, 1857 Meckelia oerstedii: see Cerebratula oerstedii Beneden, 1861 Meckelia oleagina: see Cerebratulus oleaginus Stimpson, 1857 Meckelia olivacea Rathke, 1843 Rathke, 1843:234-237 Synonyms: Borlasia olivacea (partim), Cerebratulus olivacea, Cerebratulus olivaceus, Nemertes olivacea (partim): not Nemertes olivacea Johnston, 1837, or Meckelia olivacea Stimpson 1855 b Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Norway. Uncertainly established as a new species by Rathke, Hubrecht (1879: 211) synonymised this form with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, but Biirger (1904 a: 101) regarded it as related to the Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774)/Lineus viridis (Mtiller, 1774) group of taxa; Meckelia olivacea sensu Diesing (1850, 1863) was synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus by Biirger (1904 a: 112), whereas Meckelia olivacea sensu Stimpson (1855b) had already been synonymised with Cerebratulus oleaginus Stimpson, 1857, by Stimpson (1857: 160). Meckelia olivacea Stimpson, 1855 Stimpson, 1855 b: 390 Synonyms: Lineus olivaceus: not Meckelia olivacea Rathke, 1843 Habitat: Mid- to lower-shore intertidal, between polychaete tubes, among sponges, compound ascidians or the holdfasts of Ecklonia, or under stones in channels. Distribution: South Africa. Stimpson was evidently unaware of Rathke's prior use of this name when he used it for a new species from South Africa; Stimpson (1857: 160) renamed the taxon Cerebratulus oleaginus, although giving no reason for doing so. Wheeler (1904 a: 28) suggested reinstating the original specific name by calling it Lineus olivaceus (Stimpson, 1855), but to avoid possible confusion with Rathke's species Wheeler's proposal is not accepted. Meckelia pallida: see Gordius pallidus Miiller, 1771 Meckelia paludicola: see Cerebratulus paludicolus Stimpson, 1857 Meckelia piperata Stimpson, 1855 Stimpson, 1855 a: 381 Synonyms: Lineus piperatus Habitat: Mid-shore intertidal to shallow sublittoral, on rocks covered with oysters and red algae, between mussels or under stones in coarse silty sand. Distribution: Japan (Ryukyu Is. and Honshu) and Hong Kong. Redescribed as lwatanemertes piperatus (Stimpson, 1855) by Gibson (1990 c: 75-82, text-fig. 11, pl. 3, figs B, C, pl. 10, figs A-J, pl. 11, figs A-G). Meckelia pocohontas Girard, 1853 Girard, 1853:366-367 Synonyms: Cerebratulus pocohontas Habitat: Intertidal on the lower half of the shore. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 412 R. Gibson Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (NC and SC). Verrill (1892: 436) commented that this form 'appears to be very similar to [Cerebratulus laeteus (Leidy, 1851)]'; Bfirger (1904a: 114), although listing Girard's taxon as Cerebratulus pocohontas (Girard, 1853), also drew attention to the similarity between the two species. Girard's description of the external features shows no significant differences between the two taxa and Meckelia pocohontas is here regarded as synonymous with Cerebratulus lacteus. Meekelia rosea Leidy, 1851 Leidy, 1851 a: 244 Synonyms: Cerebratulus roseus (partita) Habitat: Intertidal under stones in mud, sand or shell fragments; sometimes in estuaries. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA to FL). Synonymised with Micrura leidyi (Verrill, 1892) by Coe (1943: 250). Meckelia rubella Stimpson, 1855 Simpson, 1855 a: 382 Synonyms: Serpentaria rubella Habitat: Sublittoral from about 18 m depth on mud. Distribution: Hong Kong. Now Cerebratulus rubellus (Stimpson, 1855) (B/irger, 1904 a: 121); listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson (1990 c: 33). Meckelia serpentaria Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:266 Synonyms: Cerebratulus fragilis, Gordius fragilis, Serpentaria fragilis Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Scotland. Diesing's renaming of Serpentariafragilis Goodsir, 1845, was neither justified nor added further to the original description; Biirger (1904 a: 112) synonymised Meckelia serpentaria with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804. Meckelia sinensis Stimpson, 1855 Stimpson, 1855a: 382 Habitat: Sublittoral among bivalves at a depth of about 18 m. Distribution: Hong Kong. Now Cerebratulus sinensis (Stimpson, 1855) (Biirger, 1904a: 120); listed as nomen dubium by Gibson (1990 c: 33). Meckelia siphuneulus: see Polia siphunculus Delle Chiaje, 1825 Meckelia somatotomus Leuckart, 1828 Leuckart, 1828:17 Synonyms: Meekelia samototomus, Nemertes somatotomus Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Mediterranean. Synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, by Hubrecht (1879: 211). Meekelia striata Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 43, text-fig, p. 43, pl. XI, fig. 95 Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Now Lineus sehmardod Biirger, 1904, renamed by Biirger (1904 a: 93) to avoid confusion with Borlasia striata Rathke, 1843. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 413 Meckelia striolenta: see Leodes striolenta Girard, 1853 Meckelia subacuta Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:161 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: North Pacific (Liukiu Is.). Now Cerebratulus subacutus (Stimpson, 1857) (Biirger, 1904 a: 120). Meckelia taenia: see Gordius taenia Dalyell, 1853 Meckelia trigonocephala Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 43, pl. XI, fig. 94 Habitat: On a coral reef. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Now Micrura trigonocephala (Schmarda, 1859) (Biirger, 1904 a: 108). Meckelia trilineata: see Carinella trilineata Johnston, 1833 Meckelia urticans M/iller, 1854 M/iller, 1854:84 Synonyms: Cnidon urticans Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 3-10m. Distribution: Mediterranean. Mfiller provisionally gave this name to a species, recorded only as Meckelia, whose proboscis urticating elements were described and illustrated by Mueller (1852: 28, pl. III, fig. 13). Diesing (1862: 274) uncertainly included the form as Cerebratulus urticans (Miiller, 1854), but Hubrecht (1879: 217) and later authors gave no indication of doubt over the inclusion of Mfiller's species as a cerebratulid. Meckelia viridis: see Borlasia viridis Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Meckelia vittata: see Borlasia vittata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Meionemertes Gibson, 1986 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Gibson, 1986 b: 280 Marine benthic. *Meionemertes polygonimos Gibson, 1986 Gibson, 1986 b: 280-287, figs 1-9 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 95 m. Distribution: New Zealand (east of South Is.). Mergonemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917 b: 28 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Mergonemertes woodwortln'i: see Planktonemertes woodworthii Biirger, 1909 Mesarmaueria Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 86-87 Chernuishev (1992 b: 10) synonymised this genus with Proarmaueria Coe, 1926, an apparent printing error giving the name as Mesoarmaueria. Mesarmaueria acoeca Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 91-94, figs 29, 47-49 Habitat: Mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Distribution: Bering Sea (off the north-eastern end of Kamchatka Peninsula). Now Xenoarmaueria acoeca (Korotkevich, 1955) (Chernuishev, 1992 b: 7). Mesarmaueria angusta Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 98-100, figs 29, 53-55 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 414 R. Gibson Habitat: Mesopelagic to bathypelagic at depths of 500-1500m. Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea. Now Neoarmaueria angusta (Korotkevich, 1955) (Chernuishev, 1992 b: 6). Mesarmaueria caudata Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 103-104, figs 27, 29, 58-62 Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul from 3000 m depth to the surface. Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk. Now Proarmaueriella eaudata (Korotkevich, 1955) (Chernuishev, 1992 b: 7). Mesarmaueria crassa Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 87, figs 29, 44 Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul between 3330 m depth and the surface. Distribution: Bering Sea. Now Neoarmaueria crassa (Korotkevich, 1955) (Chernuishev, 1992 b: 6). Mesarmaueria divaricata Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 105, 107-108, figs 29, 63 Habitat: Mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk. Korotkevich was uncertain about the inclusion of this form in the genus Mesarmaueria but later (Korotkevich, 1977 b: 17) listed it in the taxon without question; Chernuishev (1992b: 6) uncertainly included the form as Neoarmaueria divaricata (Korotkevich, 1955). Mesarmaueria laticeps Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 87 91, figs 22B, 29, 45, 46 Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul between 2100m depth and the surface. Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk. Now Neoarmaueria laticeps (Korotkevich, 1955) (Chernuishev, 1992 b: 6). Mesarmaueria pellucida Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 100-101, figs 8, 23, 29, 56, 57 Habitat: Mesopelagic to bathypelagic at depths of 512-1500 m. Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk. As a consequence of the genus Mesarmaueria becoming a junior synonym of Proarmaueria, the type species of which is Proarmaueria pellucida Coe, 1926, Chernuishev (1992b: 4) renamed Korotkevich's taxon Proarmaueria korotkevitschae Chernuishev, 1992. Mesarmaueria tenuicauda Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 94-98, figs 20 B, 29, 50-52 Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul from 3330 m depth to the surface. Distribution: Bering Sea. Now Neoarmaueria tenuicauda (Korotkevich, 1955) (Chernuishev, 1992 b: 6). Micrella Punnett, 1901 HETERONEMERTEA Punnett, 1901 b: 547-548 Marine benthic. *Micrella tufa Punnett, 1901 Punnett, 1901 b: 548-555, pl. 39, figs 1-11 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in mud. Distribution: British Isles (near the mouth of the River Yealm, Plymouth). Micrellides Gibson, 1985 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1985b: 171 Marine benthic. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 415 *Mierellides multiperula Gibson, 1985 Gibson, 1985b: 171-181, figs 32-37 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 302 375 m. Distribution: Subantarctica (South Sandwich Is.). Micrura Ehrenberg, 1828 HETERONEMERTEA Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. IV, figs 4a-i The illustrations of the type-species for this genus were published in 1828, although a description did not appear until Ehrenberg (1831: 57). Marine benthic. Micrura ajOinis: see Poseidon affinis Stimpson, 1854 Micrura akkeshiensis Yamaoka, 1940 Yamaoka, 1940a: 227-228, text-fig. 11, pl. XV, figs 11, 12, pl. XVI, fig. 1 Habitat: Intertidal, under stones on sand. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Micrura alaskensis Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 71-74, pl. IV, fig. 2, pl. XIII, fig. 1 Synonyms: Micrura griffini Habitat: Intertidal under stones, in rock crevices or in sand, sandy-mud or mud. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to Ensenada, Mexico) and Japan (Hokkaido). Redescribed by Yamaoka, 1940 a: 225-226, text-fig. 10, pl. XV, figs 9, 10. Micrura aibida Verrill, 1879 Verrill, 1879:186-187 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 60-280 m on mud. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME and MA). Micrura albifrons Timofeeva, 1912 Timofeeva, 1912:41 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 16-40m. Distribution: France (Villefranche Bay). An inadequately described species. Micrura ambigua Friedrich, 1958 Friedrich, 1958: 13-15, figs 3-5 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 170 m. Distribution: Iceland. Micrura ancistroentis Korotkevich, 1978 Korotkevich, 1978a: 125-126 Habitat: Sublittoral, under stones on muddy bottoms at depths of 8-20 m. Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea). Also recorded as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), no description has been given of this form which is thus a nomen nudum. Micrura atra Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903a: 21-22, pl. II, fig. 17 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 80 m on shelly sand. Distribution: Norway (near Bergen). Micrura attrantiaca: see Meckelia aurantiaca Grube, 1855 Micrura baltica Cantell, 1975 Cantell, 1975: 106-108, table 5, text-figs 2F, 6B, 7, pl. 3, figs B-E Habitat: Sublittoral on mud. Distribution: Baltic coast of Sweden. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 416 R. Gibson Micrura bella: see Cerebratulus bellus Stimpson, 1857 Micrura bergenicola Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903 a: 22-23, pl. I, figs 8, 14, pl. II, fig. 18 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 10-25 m on a bottom of mixed shell, mud and rock. Distribution: Norway (near Bergen). Micrura caeca Verrill, 1895 Verrill, 1895:531-532 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones or in sand. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA and Long Is. Sound, NY). Micrura cundida B/irger, 1892 B/irger, 1892a: 169 Synonyms: Cerebratulus lacteus (partim), Micrura lactea (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 30-200 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples and Capri) and the English Channel. Biirger renamed Cerebratulus lacteus sensu Hubrecht, 1879: 219-220, which, although Hubrecht himself listed Nemertes lactea Grube as synonymous with Cerebratulus lacteus, Bfirger regarded as two distinct taxa. Micrura ceylanica: see Meckelia ceylanica Schmarda, 1859 Micrura coei nom. nov.: see Micrura pardalis Coe, 1905 Micrura corallifila Cantell, 1975 Cantell, 1975: 102-105, tables 3, 5, text-figs 2D, 6A, 8D, pl. 2, figs E, F, pl. 3, fig. A Habitat: Sublittoral on a bottom of mixed living and dead Amphelia at depths down to 70 m. Distribution: Norway (Hjeltefjorden and Trondheimsfjorden). Micrura cura~aoensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925: 107-108, pl. V, fig. 12, pl. VII, figs 11, 12 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Curagao (Spanish Water). This species should be known as Micrura curacaoensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925. Micrura dellachiajei, Micrura deUechiajei, Micrura delle chiajei: see Cerebratulus dellechiajei Hubrecht, 1879 Micrura dorsalis Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892: 429-430, pl. XXXVIII, figs 4, 4a Habitat: Intertidal, under a stone at extreme low water level. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME). Coe, (1943: 250) noted that the anatomy of this species is completely unknown. Micrura dorsovittata Takakura, 1898 Takakura, 1898c: 337, fig. 21 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Micrura elegans Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993c: 153-156, pl. 1, fig. 3 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: British Isles (Scilly Is.). Micrura fasciculata Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:579 Nemertean genera and species of the world 417 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Not recorded. The name fasciculata was evidently an emendation of fasciolata, and this 'species' was synonymised with Micruvafasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828, by Biirger (1904 a: 105). *Micrurafasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828 Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. IV, figs 4 a-i Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Synonyms: Alardus caudatus, Cerebratulus fasciolatus, Gordius fasciatus spinifer, Gordius fragilis spinifer, Gordius spinifer fasciatus, Gordius spinifer fragilis, Micrura fasciculata, Micrura fasiolata, Nemertes fasciolata, Planaria lineata, Stylus fasciatus, Stylus fragilis Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 140m or more, in sandy, gravelly, shelly or muddy sediments, among polychaete tubes and laminarian holdfasts, in Zostera beds and rock crevices, or beneath stones and boulders. Distribution: Scandinavia, the British Isles, Mediterranean and Black Sea. The illustrations of this species, published under the caption Micrura fasciolata, appeared before Ehrenberg's description (1831: 58); although 1831 is widely cited as the year when the form was established, under the ICZN (1985) regulations (Article 12[b]) the 1828 illustrations are a valid indication of the species and Ehrenberg, 1828, is thus the correct citation. Micrura festiva Takakura, 1898 Takakura, 1898c: 336, fig. 20 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 4-6 m. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Synonymised with Micrura bella (Stimpson, 1857) by Yamaoka (1940 a: 230). Micrurafilaris: see Planariafilaris Miiller, 1780 Micrura foUini Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 212-213, pl. VIII, fig. 19 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 698 m. Distribution: Coast of Sudan. Micrura formosana Yamaoka, 1939 Yamaoka, 1939: 286-288, figs 3, 4 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: North-eastern coast of Taiwan (Suao). Micrura fusca McIntosh, 1873-1874 McIntosh, 1873-1874: 196-197, pl. VI, fig. 4, pl. XIX, fig. 8, pl. XX, fig. 4 Synonyms: Cerebratulus maculosus Habitat: Occasionally intertidal under stones or in pools or laminarian holdfasts, more commonly obtained by dredging sand, shelly gravel or mud sediments at depths down to about 50-100 m; it has been found sublittorally as deep as 1590 m. Distribution: European waters, including the Mediterranean; North American and Greenland reports of the species now relate to Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804 (Coe, 1940: 276, 1943: 255), whilst Wheeler's records (1934: 232, 1940 a: 32) from South Africa are regarded as being of dubious validity. Now Cerebratulus fuscus (McIntosh, 1873-1874) (Hubrecht, 1879:219). Micrura glandulosa BiJrger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895 b: 33-34 Synonyms: Lineus glandulosa Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 418 R. Gibson Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 15 m, under rocks or in rock pools. Distribution: Argentina (Patagonia) and Chile (Iquique, Cavancha and Canal Smyth). Bfirger was uncertain as to which genus this species belonged and headed his description Micrura (Lineus?) glandulosa; Friedrich (1970: 42-45, figs 6, 7) redescribed it as Chilineus glandulosa (Bfirger, 1895). Micrura griffini Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905:188-190 Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA). Synonymised with Micrura alaskensis Coe, 1901, by Coe (1940: 271). Micrura impressa: see Cerebratulus impressus Stimpson, 1857 Micrura inornata Verrill, 1879 Verrill, 1879:186 Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 90-220 m on mud. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME and MA). Verrill commented that this species 'Resembles the young of Cerebratulus luridus ... which occur with it' and Coe (1943: 255) indicated that Verrill's taxon did in fact represent young individuals of Cerebratulus luridus, which is now Tarrhomyos luridus (VerritI, 1873). Micrurajaponica Iwata, 1952 Iwata, 1952: 139-140, figs 4, 11, 12 Habitat: Intertidal, under stones in sand or rock pools. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Micrura kulikovae Chernuishev, 1992 Chernuishev, 1992a: 135 Synonyms: Micrura bella (partim) Habitat: In mussel aggregations. Distribution: Russia (Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan). Chernuishev regarded Micrura bella sensu Kulikova and Kutishchev (1984: 617) as distinct from Micrura bella (Stimpson, 1857) and accordingly renamed it. Micrura lactea: see Meckelia laetea Leidy, 1851 Micrura leidyi: see Cerebratulus leidyi Verrill, 1892 Micrura leucopsis Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 b: 227 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 20m or more, among algae, polychaete tubes and sea grasses. Distribution: Atlantic southern coast of the USA (FL), Puerto Rico and Curaqao. Now Cerebratulus leucopsis (Coe, 1901) (Coe, 1951 b: 183). Micrura lithotamnii Ushakov, 1928 Ushakov, 1928a: 419-420, pl. 4, fig. 15 Habitat: Sublittoral, between inner cavities of Lithothamnion at depths of 8-10m. Distribution: Russia (Kola Fjord, Barents Sea). Micrura magna Yamaoka, 1940 Yamaoka, 1940a: 229-230, pl. XVI, figs 2-4 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 419 Distribution: Japan (Akkeshi). Micrura multinotarum Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957: 19-20, pl. I, fig. 8, pl. V, figs 8, 9 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 30-40 m. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Micrura nebulosa Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905:190-191 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 120 900m on sand or green mud. Distribution: North Pacific (off the coasts of AK and CA). Micrura nigrirostris Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904" 198-200, pl. XVII, figs 7, 8 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 4 m, among algal and other growths on rocks or in kelp holdfasts. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (southern CA). Micrura obscura Friedrich, 1958 Friedrich, 1958: 16-17, fig. 6 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 27-110 m. Distribution: Iceland. Additional anatomical detail was given for this species by Friedrich (1960 a: 267-270) when he listed it as Euborlasia obscura (Friedrich, 1958). Micrura olivaris Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905:184-187 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in rock crevices to sublittoral depths of 120m on grey sand and mud. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA). Coe (1940: 272) commented that 'A single specimen of the same or of a similar species was dredged off San Francisco', later (Coe, 1944 a: 29) indicating that this latter record does refer to the same taxon. Micrura paciflca Friedrich, 1970 Friedrich, 1970:30-31 Habitat: Intertidal, under boulders on exposed shores, in sand, gravel or muddy clay. Distribution: Southern Chile (Straits of Magellan). Micrura pardalis Haddon, 1886 Haddon, 1886:621 Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: South-western Ireland. Haddon commented that 'If this species should prove to be new, the specific name ofpardalis would be appropriate for it'; Gibson (1982 b: 188) noted that the 'shape described by Haddon [is] more typically associated with species of Cerebratulus, and the colour pattern somewhat resembles that of Cerebratulus fuscus ... No subsequent description was ever published, however, and the identity of this form must remain uncertain.' Micrura pardalis Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 183-184, pl. 3, fig. 31, pl. 24, fig. 189 Synonyms: Micrura pardalis var. lineata: not Micrura pardalis Haddon, 1886 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, among corallines and other growths on rocks or pier pilings, in rock crevices and rock pools, and under stones. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 420 R. Gibson Coe (1940: pl. 25, fig. 15) illustrated a colour variety of this form which he called var. lineata. Coe was evidently unaware of Haddon's prior use of this species name and it is clear from a comparison between the two descriptions that different taxa are involved; Micrura pardalis sensu Coe, 1905, is a preoccupied name and Coe's species, together with its variety, is here renamed nicrura coei nom. nov. Micrura pleuropolia Cantell, 1994 Cantell, 1994: 24-31, figs 1-11 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 8-11.5 m on shell gravel. Distribution: New Zealand (near Leigh Marine Biological Station, North Is., and mouth of Otago Harbour, South Is.). Micrura pseudovaricolor Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993c: 149-152, pl. l, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: British Isles (Scilly Is.). Micrura purpurea, Micrura (Stylus) purpurea: see Gordius purpureus spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Micrura rockalliensis Dollfus, 1924 Dollfus, 1924: 19-20, figs 1-3 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 175 m among algae. Distribution: North-eastern Atlantic (near Rockall). Gibson (1982 b: 106) commented that this is an inadequately described species. Micrura rovinjensis Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993 a: 84-88, pl. 4, figs 32-34 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). The species name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Senz (1992 a: 92). Micrura rubra Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892: 430-431, pl. XXXVIII, figs 3, 3 a, 9, 9a Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 70 m on mud. Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (Bay of Fundy, Canada and ME). Coe (1943: 251) noted that 'The specific validity of this species cannot be determined until additional specimens become available for study'. Micrura scotica Stephenson, 1911 Stephenson, 1911: 27-28, figs 17, 18 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 30m. Distribution: Scotland (Firth of Clyde). Gibson (1982 b: 107) commented that this species is inadequately described. Micrura tridacnae Gibson, 1981 Gibson, 1981 a: 215-223, figs 26-31 Habitat: Emerged in the laboratory from a clam (Tridacna maxima) which had been collected sublittorally. Distribution: Eastern Australia (Palm Is., off Queensland). Synonymised with Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) by Riser (1991: 427). Micrura trigonocephala: see Meckelia trigonocephala Schmarda, 1859 Micrura tristis: see Cerebratulus tristis Hubrecht, 1879 Micrura uchidai Yamaoka, 1940 Yamaoka, 1940 a: 232-234, text-fig. 12, pl. XVI, figs 5-7 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 421 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Micrura vanderhorsti Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925: 105-107, pl. V, fig. 11, pl. VII, figs 9, 10 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Curacao (Spanish Water). Micrura varicolor Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903 a: 19-21 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 50-100 m on rocky or pebbly bottoms. Distribution: Northern (Barents Sea) and western (Bergen) Norway. Micrura verrilli Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901 a: 68-71, pl. V, figs 1-3 Synonyms: Lineus striatus Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, in sand and mud under stones, among eel-grasses and algae or other growths on rocks, in tide pools or kelp holdfasts, or in the parchment-like tubes of tubulanid palaeonemerteans. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to CA). Coe (1940: 273) commented that Cerebratulus bellus from Japan, reported by Stimpson (1857), was somewhat similar to this species. Micrura viridis: see Gordius viridis spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Micrura wUsoni: see Lineus wilsoni Coe, 1904 Micrurides Friedrich, 1960 HETERONEMERTEA Friedrich, 1960 a: 257 Also referred to as a new genus by Friedrich (1960 b: 57). Marine benthic. Micrurides albopunctatus Cantell, 1988 Cantell, 1988b: 125-130, figs 1-12 Habitat: Sublittoral from 50 m depth among gravel and boulders. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarl]ord). *Micrurides islandicus Friedrich, 1960 Friedrich, 1960 a: 261-262, fig. 2 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 15 m. Distribution: Iceland. Micrurimorpha Korotkevich, 1980 HETERONEMERTEA Korotkevich, 1980:30-31 Marine benthic. *Micrurimorpha rhynchocoelomaperta Korotkevich, 1980 Korotkevich, 1980: 31-40, figs 1 28 Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: Russia (Sea of Okhotsk). Micrurina Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 HETERONEMERTEA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942:140 Marine benthic. *Micrurina michaelseni Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 140-148, figs 6, 7 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 10 m. Distribution: Namibia (Liideritz Bay). Micrurinella Friedrich, 1960 HETERONEMERTEA Friedrich, 1960 a: 257 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 422 R. Gibson Also referred to as a new genus by Friedrich (1960b: 57). Marine benthic. Micrurinella anton dohrni Friedrich, 1960 Friedrich, 1960a: 258-261, fig. 1 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 20-30m. Distribution: Iceland. Now *Micrurinella antondohrni Friedrich, 1960 (Cantell, 1988 b: 125). Minutanemertes Senz, 1993 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Senz, 1993a: 127-128 Marine benthic. *Minutanemertes adiverticulata Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 128-129, pl. 8, figs 70, 71 Habitat: In sand. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). Minutanemertes alba Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 130 131, pl. 8, figs 72, 73 Habitat: In sand. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). Mixolineus Mtiller and Scripcariu, 1971 HETERONEMERTEA Miiller and Scripcariu, 1971:14 Marine benthic. Mixolineus levitrontosus Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 103-105, pl. 6, figs 48-51 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Norway (Bergen). The species name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Senz (1992 a: 92). *Mixolineus tauricus Mfiller and Scripcariu, 1971 Miiller and Scripcariu, 1971: 14-21, figs 4-9 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 25 m on shell-rich sand. Distribution: Black Sea. Mononemertes Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1926:118 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Mononemertes sargassicola: see Planktonemertes sargassicola Joubin, 1906 Mononemertes scavlata Coe, 1945 Coe, 1945a: 154-155, pl. I, figs 1 8 Synonyms: Planktonemertes scarlata Habitat: Taken from a depth of about 1500m. Distribution: Atlantic (Bermuda region). Korotkevich (1955: 66, 1977b: 16) included this species as Planktonemertes scarlata. Monopora Salensky, 1884 Salensky, 1884:517 Salensky established this genus for Borlasia vivipara Ulyanina, 1870; Biirger (1895a: 502) listed Monopora as a junior synonym of Prosorhochmus. Monopora lacustris: see Tetrastemma lacustre du Plessis, 1892 Monopora vivipara: see Borlasia vivipara Ulyanina, 1870 Myoisophagos Riser, 1994 HETERONEMERTEA Riser, 1994: in press Nemertean genera and species of the world 423 Marine benthic. Myoisophagos lacteus: see Ramphogordius lacteus Rathke, 1843 Myoisophagos pseudolacteus: see Lineus pseudo-lacteus Gontcharoff, 1951 *Myoisophagos sanguineus: see Planaria sanguinea Rathke, 1799 Nannonemertes Wheeler, 1937 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Wheeler, 1937:82 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Nannonemevtes indica Wheeler, 1937 Wheeler, 1937: 82-86, fig. 2 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes indica Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul from a depth of 1500 m to the surface. Distribution: Tropical Indian Ocean (about midway between Zanzibar and Colombo). Korotkevich (1955: 112, 1977b: 18) listed this species as Pelagonemertes indica. Nareda Stimpson, 1854 Stimpson, 1854, 28 Used by Verrill, 1892: 389, as a subgenus of Amphipovus for the single species, Amphiporus supevbus, Bfirger (1904a: 34) listed Nareda as a junior synonym of Amphiporus. Nareda pulchella Girard, 1893 Girard, 1893:251 Synonyms: Polygorclius pulchellus Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Not recorded. A name given by Girard to what Agassiz (1866: 309) had earlier referred to as the 'adult of Loven's annelid larva'; Verrill (1895: 524-525) noted that this was in fact the annelid Polygordius pulchellus, whilst Biirger (1904a: 130) included the species among a group of dubious nemertean taxa. Nareda serpentina Stimpson, 1855 Stimpson, 1855a: 381 Synonyms: Diplomma serpentina Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal. Distribution: North Pacific (Liukiu Is.). Included by Biirger (1904a: 130-131) with a group of dubious nemertean taxa. Nareda superba Stimpson, 1854 Stimpson, 1854: 28, pl. II, fig. 17 Synonyms: ?Tetrastemma albicollis Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 45 63 m on Lithothamnion or soft bottoms with shell fragments. Distribution: Atlantic coast of Canada (Bay of Fundy), Norway (Troms6) and Russia (Kola Fjord). Uncertainly transferred to the genus Amphiporus as Amphiporus superbus (Stimpson, 1854) by Verrill (1892: 403), Coe (1943: 276) regarded this species as the same as Amphiporus angulatus (Miiller, 1774); Amphiporus superbus has been redescribed by Berg (1973: 63-65, figs 1-3) and is listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: Table III). Naredopsis Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892:389 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 424 R. Gibson Verrill divided the genus Amphiporus into several subgeneric groups, mainly according to the arrangement of the eyes and nerves; he established the subgenus Naredopsis for two species, Amphiporus caecus Verrill, 1892, and Amphiporus thallius Verrill, 1892. Natonemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917a: 17 Marine, bathypelagic. *Natonemertes acutocaudata Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917a: 17, pl. II, fig. 26 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes acutocaudata Habitat: Trawled from depths of 1200-1400m. Distribution: North Atlantic (in an area approximately between 58-61°N, 12-17°W). More fully described by Brinkmann (1917b: 110-112, text-fig. 25, pl. XIII, figs 13-21); Korotkevich (1955: 110, 1977b: 18) listed this species as Pelagonemertes acutocaudata. Nectonemertes Verrill, 1892 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Verrill, 1892:447 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Nectonemertes acanthocephala Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 82-83, figs 29, 42 Habitat: Taken from depths of between 850-4000 m. Distribution: Bering Sea (east of the Kamchatka Peninsula). Nectonemertes acutilobata Korotkevich, 1964 Korotkevich, 1964: 138, 147-150, figs 1, 6 Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul from 2000m depth to the surface. Distribution: South Pacific (off the coast of central Chile). The species name was first used as a nomen nudum by Korotkevich (1963: 275276, fig. 1). Nectonomertes biirgeri Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955:71 Synonyms: Drepanophorus pelagicus Habitat: Taken in an open net hauled from a depth of 2500m to the surface. Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (near the angle formed between Ninety East Ridge and Broken Ridge). Drepanophorus pelagicus Biirger, 1909, was transferred to the genus Chuniella by Brinkmann (1917b: 69), but Korotkevich regarded ChanieUa as a junior synonym of Nectonemertes; since the name Nectonemertes pelagica was preoccupied by a species established by Cravens and Heath (1906), Korotkevich renamed Bfirger's form Nectonemertes biirgeri. Biirger's species, however, is currently known as Chuniella pelagica (Biirger, 1909) and Korotkevich's taxon thus constitutes a junior synonym of this form. Nectonemertes chavesi Joubin, 1906 Joubin, 1906: 16-19, figs 13, 14 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes chavesi Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul from a depth of 3000m to the surface. Distribution: North Atlantic (south of the Azores). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 425 Korotkevich (1955: 113; 1977b: 18) listed this species as Pelagonemertes chavesi, but it is currently known as Balaenanemertes chavesi (Joubin, 1906), transferred to this genus by Brinkmann (1917b: 134). Nectonemertes compacta Korotkevich, 1964 Korotkevich, 1964: 138, 143-144, figs 1, 4 Synonyms: Nectonemertes compacta Habitat: Taken in a net between the surface and a depth of 540m. Distribution: South Pacific (off the coast of southern Chile). This name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Korotkevich (1963: 275-276, fig. 1). Nectonemertes grimaldii Joubin, 1904 Joubin, 1904b: 2-6, fig. 2 Habitat: Taken in a net hauled vertically from a depth of 3000 m to the surface. Distribution: North Atlantic (southwest of the Azores). Synonymised with Nectonemertes mirabilis Verrill, 1892, by Brinkmann (1917b: 73), although Korotkevich (1955: 72; 1977b: 17) included it under its original name. Nectonemertesjaponica Foshay, 1912 Foshay, 1912: 50-53, fig. 1 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Japan (off the coast of Misaki). Brinkmann (1917a: 9) synonymised this species with Nectonemertes mirabilis Verrill, 1892, but Coe (1926: 174) commented that 'further anatomical study, including both sexes, is necessary before assuming a specific identity of forms which may prove to show marked differences in the female sex, especially since they appear to be so widely separated geographically'. Despite this caution, Coe (1954: 259) subsequently listed japonica as synonymous with mirabilis with no further discussion, but Korotkevich (1955: 72, 81-82; 1977b: 17) retained it under its original name, by which it is still known. Nectonemertes kempi Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 284-285, fig. 62 Habitat: Obtained between the surface and a depth of 800 m. Distribution: Equatorial Atlantic (6°55'N, 15°54'W). Coe (1945a: 160) uncertainly included this form as a junior synonym of Nectonemertes mirabilis Verrill, 1892, with the comment that 'There is nothing in [Wheeler's] description, however, which does not apply equally well to young individuals of N. mirabilis. Therefore there seems to be no good reason for considering N. kempi to be a valid species.' Coe's conclusion has been generally accepted since, although Korotkevich (1977b: 17) included Wheeler's species under its original name. Nectonemertes lanceolata: see Chuniella lanceolata Brinkmann, 1917 Nectonemertes lobata Joubin, 1906 Joubin, 1906: 20, fig. 16 Synonyms: ?Balaenanemertes musculocaudata, Pelagonemertes lobata Habitat: Obtained from depths of 400-2000 m. Distribution: North Atlantic (in the area encompassed by 48-59°N, 7-32°W). Now Balaenanemertes lobata (Joubin, 1906) (Brinkmann, 1917a: 17); Coe (1945a: 164) noted that 'Brinkmann himself suggests that such anatomical 426 R. Gibson Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 differences as he found [between Nectonemertes lobata and Balaenanemertes musculocaudata] might be merely sexual distinctions. If this supposition is correct, the name B. musculocaudata is a synonym of B. lobata." Korotkevich (1955:111, 1977b: 18) listed this species as Pelagonemertes lobata. Nectonemertes major Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 72, 75-81, figs 2E, 3K, 4A, C, 6D, 10C, 17, 18, 22A, 29, 36-39 Synonyms: Neetonemertes maijor Habitat: Taken from depths of 850-3000 m. Distribution: Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and the North Pacific (east of Cape Lopatka). Neetonemertes minima Brinkmann, 1915 1916 Brinkmann, 1915-1916: 6-8, figs 4, 5 Synonyms: Hyalonemertes atlantica (partim) Habitat: Taken in various depths between 3500 m and the surface. Distribution: North, tropical and South Atlantic (between latitudes 57°N-35°S). Brinkmann renamed Hyalonemertes atlantica sensu Biirger (1909), which he regarded as distinct from Verrill's species of 1892 described under the same name. *Neetonemertes mirabilis Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892: 447-451, pl. XXXVIII, fig. 1 Synonyms: Hyalonemertes atlantica (partim), Nectonemertes grimaldii, ?Nectonemertes kempi, ?Nectonemertes pelagica Habitat: Obtained at all depths down to 3000m or more; Van der Spoel (1985: 23) stated that the species 'lives at rather shallow depth (300 m) in winter ... while it descends to 500 m [or more] in the other seasons... The shallow night samples from 45°N [less than 100m depth] with only few specimens may illustrate vertical migration.' Distribution: Widespread in the North, equatorial and South Atlantic and North Pacific, this species has the widest distribution recorded for any pelagic nemertean. Nectonemertes mollis: see Alexandronemertes ductor Chernuishev, 1992 Nectonemertes notabilis: see Biirgeriella notabilis Brinkmann, 1917 Nectonemertes pelagica Cravens and Heath, 1906 Cravens and Heath, 1906: 338-354, pl. 21, figs 1 11, pl. 22, figs 12-20 Habitat: Typically found at depths of 50-500 m or more, Coe (1940: 310) noted that '(probably the same species) [occurred] at depths of nearly 4000 m off the west coast of South America'. Distribution: North Pacific (off the coast of CA) and possibly the South Pacific. Brinkmann (1917a: 9) included this form as synonymous with Nectonemertes mirabilis Verrill, 1892, but Coe (1926: 174, 1940: 310) retained the species under its original name, commenting that although the two taxa appeared to be closely related, Nectonemertespelagica was quite different in colour and the females possessed 'several minor anatomical peculiarities ... which would seem to warrant its retention as a valid species'. Subsequently, and with no further comment, Coe (1954: 259) included pelagica as synonymous with mirabilis; Korotkevich (1955: 72; 1977b: 17) listed the form under its original name. Nectonemertes pellucida: see Tononemertes pellucida Coe, 1954 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 427 Nectonemertes primitiva Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917a: 13, pl. II, figs 11-13 Synonyms: Nectonemertes mirabilis (partita) Habitat: Obtained from depths of 200-1000 m, also taken in vertical hauls from 3000 m depth to the surface. Distribution: North Atlantic (near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge), Equatorial Atlantic (off the west coast of the French Congo) and North Pacific (off the coast of CA and Baja California). Nectonemertes tenella: see Chuniella tenella Coe, 1954 Nectonemertes tenuis Korotkevich, 1964 Korotkevich, 1964: 138, 144, 146-147, figs 1, 5 Habitat: Taken in a net between the surface and 500 m depth. Distribution: South Pacific (off the coast of southern Chile). The species was first used as a nomen nuclum by Korotkevich (1963: 275-276, fig. 1). Neesia Girard, 1893 Girard, 1893:286 Girard established this genus for Amphiporus neesii, which is now Emplectonema neesii (0rsted, 1843); Neesia is thus a junior synonym of Emplectonema. Neesia groenlandica: see Amphiporus groenlandicus ()rsted, 1843 Neesia neesii: see Amphiporus neesii 0rsted, 1843 Neesia sanguinea: see Amphiporus sanguineus Girard, 1853 Nematodemus Graft, 1896 Graft, 1896:72 A monotypic genus originally placed in the Planaria, the only known species has been transferred to the heteronemertean genus Baseodiscus, for which Nematodemus thus becomes a junior synonym (Gibson and Ogren, 1990: 183). Nematodemus lumbricoides Graft, 1899 Graft, 1899: 513, pl. XIV, figs 12, 13 Habitat: Marine, presumed intertidal. Distribution: Sri Lanka. First recorded as a new species of terrestrial flatworm, but as a nomen nudum, by Graft (1896: 72), recently redescribed as Baseodiscus lumbricoides (Graft, 1899) by Gibson and Ogren (1990: 183-190, figs 1-20). Nemertellina Friedrich, 1935 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1935c: 10 Marine benthic. Nemertellina canea Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935c: 12, fig. lc Habitat: Among Zostera. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Nemertellina minuta Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935a: 320-323, figs 16, 17 Habitat: In sand among sea grasses. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay); Yamaoka (1940a: 239-240, text-figs 15, 16) also recorded this species, found in the canals of a sponge recovered from several metres depth, from Japan (Hokkaido) but the validity of this occurrence is uncertain. *Nemertellina oculata Friedrich, 1935 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 428 R. Gibson Friedrich, 1935c: 10-12, fig. la Habitat: In the Zostera region. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Nemertellina tropica Kirsteuer, 1965 Kirsteuer, 1965: 305-308, figs 9-11, 12B Habitat: On a coral. Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel). Nemertellina typica: see Nemerteilopsis typica Friedrich, 1936 Nemertellopsis Friedrich, 1935 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1935c: 12-13 Marine benthic. *Nemertellopsis cephalotrichiformis Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935c: 13-14 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 22 m in mud. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Nemerteliopsis macrodasys Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935c: 14 Habitat: In the Zostera region. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Nemertellopsis minutus Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935c: 14-15, fig. lb Synonyms: Tetrastemma (Nemertellopsis) minuta Habitat: In a bed of Ulva and Zostera. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Now Paraminutanemertes minutus (Friedrich, 1935) (Senz, 1993a: 130). Nemertellopsis pacificus Friedrich, 1970 Friedrich, 1970:54-55 Habitat: Intertidal on an exposed rocky shore. Distribution: Central Chile (near Valparaiso). Nemerteilopsis typica Friedrich, 1936 Friedrich, 1936a: 39, figs 10, 11 Synonyms: Nemertellina typica Habitat: In the Zostera region. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Friedrich's description of this species is given under the name Nemertellopsis typica, but the captions to figures illustrating the cerebral organs and precerebral septum (figs 10, 11) are erroneously headed Nemertellina typica, which thus constitutes a junior synonym. Friedrich (1955: 165) confirms the inclusion of the species in the genus Nemertellopsis. Nemertes Cuvier, 1817 Cuvier, 1817:65 Cuvier established the genus Nemertes for Nemertes borlasii, which has subsequently been synonymised with Lineus longissiumus (Gunnerus, 1770), although illustrating other species which have since been transferred to the genera Amphiporus or Emplectonema. Johnston (I837: 534-538) employed the name Nemertes as both a genus and a subgenus for several species, B/irger (1904a: 21, 34, 53) later synonymising Nemertes sensu Johnston as applying to three genera (Amphiporus, Emplectonema, Prostoma) but listing Nemertes sensu Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 429 Cuvier as a junior synonym of Lineus. The genus Nemertes was used for many different taxa between 1837 and 1904 but then largely fell into disuse until Friedrich (1955: 171) proposed restoring Nemertes sensu Johnston to receive Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846. The genus Nemertes Johnston, 1837, was redefined by Kirsteuer (1974: 164) but, as Chernuishev (1992a: 134) recently pointed out, according to the ICZN (1985) regulations the name Nemertes is not available; Chernuishev proposed substituting the name Tetranemertes, with Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846, as the designated type. Nemertes affinis: see Poseidon affinis Stimpson, 1854 Nemertes albicans: see Hemicyclia albicans Ehrenberg, 1831 Nemertes annellata Leuckart, 1849 Leuckart, 1849:153-154 Synonyms: Borlasia annellata, Meckelia leuckarti Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Iceland. Now Cerebratulus annellatus (Leuckart, 1849) (Biirger, 1904a: 123). Nemertes annulatus Ehrenberg, 1831 Ehrenberg, 1831: 65 Synonyms: Borlasia annulata (partim), Meckelia ehrenbergii, Nemertes annulata (partim): not Meckelia annulata Grube, 1840, or Nemertes ehrenbergii K611iker, 1845 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Gulf of Suez (Tor). Biirger (1904a: 127) listed this form, as Nemertes annulata, among a group of dubious heteronemertean taxa, but (p. 92) synonymised Nemertes annulata sensu Orsted (1844) and Nemertes annulatus sensu K611iker (1845) with Lineus geniculatus, which is now Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828). Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 199-200, pl. 14, fig. II Synonyms: Emplectonema antonina, Eunemertes antonina, Polia antonina Habitat: Sublittoral between rocks at depths of 70-100 m. Distribution: Mediterranean (Banyuls, Trieste, Naples and Sicily). Now Tetranemertes antonina (Quatrefages, 1846)(Chernuishev, 1992a: 134). Nemertes assimilis Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:578 Synonyms: Cerebratulus assimilis (partim) Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Denmark (0resund) and the North Sea (near Bass Rock). Included as a dubious species by Btirger (1904a: 131), Gibson (1982b: 188) commented that the generic affiliations of this form are unknown; Langerhans (1880:138) reported Cerebratulus assimilis from Madeira, but Btirger (ibid.: 52) synonymised this form with what he called Drepanophorus crassus crassus. Nemertes badia: see Planaria badia Rathke, 1799 Nemertes balmea Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 197-199, pl. 9, fig. VI, pl. 11, figs II, IV, pl. 12, fig. II Synonyms: Omatoplea balmea, Ommatoplea balmea Habitat: Intertidal in rock crevices. Distribution: France (English Channel coast). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 430 R. Gibson Quatrefages uncertainly included Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837, as synonymous with this form, Btirger (1904a: 22) including Quatrefages' taxon as a junior synonym of Empleetonema gracile (Johnston, 1837). Nemertes benedeneana Diesing, 1862 Diesing, 1862:299 Synonyms: Nemertes flaccida (partim) Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Belgium. Bfirger (1904: 127) included this species in a list of dubious heteronemertean taxa, indicating that it was the same as Nemertesflaccida sensu Beneden (1861) but different from Nemertesflaccida (Mfiller, 1774). Nemertes bilineata, Nemertes bilineatus: see Cerebratulus dellechiajei Hubrecht, 1879 Nemertes bioculata Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:577 Synonyms: Cephalothrix biocculata, Cephalothrix bioculata, Cephalotrix bioculata Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Denmark (Copenhagen). Synonymised with Cephalothrix vufifrons (Johnston, 1837) by Bfirger (1904a: 18). Nemertes borlasii Cuvier, 1817 Cuvier, 1817: 65, pl. 33 Synonyms: Meckelia borlasii, Nemertes borlassii (partita) Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: British Isles (Cornwall). Cuvier gave this name to Borlase's 'Sea Long-Worm' (1758), which is now Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770); Nemertes borlassii sensu Beattie (1858: 307) was synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, by Bfirger (1904a: 112). Nemertes camillea: see Borlasia camillea Quatrefages, 1846 Nemertes cartinophilos Ktlliker, 1845 Ktlliker, 1845:93 Synonyms: Carcinonemertes carcinophilon, ?Carinella galatheae, ?Cephalothrix galatheae, Cephalothrix involuta, Cephalotrix involuta, Emplectonema carcinophita, Emplectonema carcinophilon, Eunemertes earcinophila, Eunemertes xanthophila, Nemertes carcinophila, Nemertes carcinophilos, Nemertes carcinophilus, Polia carcinophila, Polia involuta, Polia xanthophila Habitat: Variously described as an ectoparasite, ectosymbiont or specialised egg predator, the species lives on decapod Crustacea, particularly on and among the eggs of berried females or on the gills; Wickham and Kuris (1985: table 1) list 28 species of crabs which have been reported as hosts to this nemertean. Distribution: Widespread in the northern hemisphere from European waters to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America. Now Carcinonemertes carcinophila (K611iker, 1845) (Coe, 1902b: 411); Humes (1942) recognised two varieties of this species, Carcinonemertes carcinophila var. careinophila (Ktlliker, 1845) (Humes, 1942: 16-20, tables 1-3, 7, 19, 20, pl. I, fig. 11, pl. III, fig. 27) and a new form, Carcinonemertes carcinophila var. imminuta Humes, 1942 (Humes, 1942: 20-51, tables 4-14, 19, 20, pl. I, figs 5-8, 10, 12, 13, pl. II, figs 14 19, pl. III, figs 20-22, 25, 26, 30-32, 34, pl. IV, figs 36-40, 42-52). Nemertean genera and species of the world 431 Humes' variety imminuta is reported from the Gulf of Mexico, Puerto Rico, the West Indies, Panama and as far south as Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Nemertes coeca (~rsted, 1845 Orsted, 1845:419 Synonyms: Meckelia coeca Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Norway (Kristianafjord). Included as a dubious species of heteronemertean by Biirger (1904a: 127). Nemertes collaris Schmarda, 1859 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Schmarda, 1859: 44, text-fig, p. 44, pl. XI, fig. 98 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Now Lineus coUaris (Schmarda, 1859) (Biirger, 1904a: 97). Nemertes communis Beneden, 1861 Beneden, 1861: 7-14, pl. I, figs 1-13 Habitat: Intertidal under stones in sand. Distribution: Belgium. Verrill (1879: 185) listed this form as Lineus communis with the comment that 'It is probable that L. socialis (Leidy sp.) is not distinct from this', and subsequently Girard (1893: 271) synonymised Lineus communis sensu Verrill with Nemertes socialis Leidy; B/irger (1904a: 101), however, regarded Nemertes communis Beneden as different to VerriU's taxon and included it as a junior synonym of Lineus ruber (M/iller, 1774). Nemertes complanatus K611iker, 1845 K611iker, 1845:94 Synonyms: Nemertes complanata Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Now Cerebratulus complanatus (K611iker, 1845) (B/irger, 1904a: 123). Nemertes coronata: see Polia coronata Quatrefages, 1846 Nemertes crassa: see Cerebratulus crassus Quatrefages, 1846 Nemertes delineatus: see Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1825 Nemertes drepanensb: see Notospermus drepanensis Huschke, 1830 Nemertes duoni Joubin, 1890 Joubin, 1890: 587-588, pl. XXV, fig. 10, pl. XXXI, fig. 18 Synonyms: Eunemertes duoni Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under a stone. Distribution: France (Duon Is., near Roscoff). Now Emplectonema duoni (Joubin, 1890) (Verrill, 1895: 528); Gibson (1982a: 829) commented that this is an inadequately described species. Nemertes echinoderma: see Borlasia echinoderma Marion, 1873 Nemertes ehrenbergii K611iker, 1845 K611iker, 1845:92 Synonyms: Tetrastemma ehrenbergii Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Italy (Straits of Messina). B/irger (1904a: 64) synonymised this inadequately described form with Prostoma candidum, now Tetrastemma candidum (M/iller, 1774). Nemertes elegans: see Tubulanus elegans Blainville, 1828 432 R. Gibson Nemertes fasciolata: see Micrura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828 Nemertesflaccida: see Fasciolaflaccida Mfiller, 1774 Nemertes fumosa: see Polia fumosa Quatrefages, 1846 Nemertesfusca: see Planariafusca Fabricius, 1780 Nemertes fuscescens: see Planariafuscescens Fabricius, 1798 Nemertes geniculata, Nemertes geniculata forma pontica: see Polia geniculata Delle Chiaje, 1828 Nemertes gesserensis: see Planaria gesserensis Mfiller, 1788 Nemertes glaucus K611iker, 1845 K611iker, 1845:95 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Synonyms: Nemertes glauca, Omatoplea glauca, Ommatoplea glauca Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Carus (1885: 167) suggested that this species might be the same as Nemertes echinoderma, but Biirger (1904a: 22) synonymised it with Emplectonema gracile (Johnston, 1837). Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837 Johnston, 1837: 534-535, pl. XVII, fig. 1 Synonyms: ?Borlasia viridis (partim), Emplectoneema gracile, Emplectonema gracilis, Emplectonema viride, Emplectonema viridis, Eunemertes gracile, Eunemertes gracilis, Lineus gracilis (partita), Meckelia gracilis, Nemertes balmea, Nernertes glauca, Nemertes glaucus, Omatoplea balmea, Omatoplea glauca, Omatoplea gracilis, Ommatoplea balmea, Ommatoplea glauca, Ommatoplea gracilis, Polystemma gracile, Prostoma gracilis Habitat: Upper shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 10-15 m or more, under stones or boulders on coarse muddy silt, shelly gravel or silty sand, in crevices or cavities of rocks, between algae, in barnacle or mussel colonies, and in laminarian holdfasts. Distribution: Widespread in the northern hemisphere (Japan [Hokkaido], Russia [Kamchatka Peninsula], the Aleutian Is., the Pacific coast of North America, northern coasts of Europe, Mediterranean, Rumanian coast of the Black Sea, and Madeira); Isler's record of the species from Chile (1902) is of doubtful validity. Now Emplectonema gracile (Johnston, 1837) (Verrill, 1895: 528), the species was redescribed by Corr~a (1955: 68-70, pl. 1, figs 1-3, pl. 2, figs 4-6). Nemertes haematodes Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:270-271 Synonyms: Polia sanguirubra, Tetrastemma sanguirubrum Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: France (St. Vaast, St. Malo and Br6hat). With no justification for doing so, Diesing renamed Polia sanguirubra Quatrefages, 1846; Bfirger (1904a: 64) listed Nemertes haematodes as a junior synonym of Prostoma flavidum, which is now Tetrastemma flavidum Ehrenberg, 1828. Nemertes hemprichii Ehrenberg, 1831 Ehrenberg, 1831: 64-65 Synonyms: ?Baseodiscus edmondsoni, Baseodiscus hemprichi, Baseodiscus mediolineatus, Borlasia hemprichii, Eupolia brocki, Eupolia brockii, Eupolia hemprichi, Eupolia mediolineata, Nemertes hemprichi, Taeniosoma hemprichi Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 433 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 10 m or more, under stones on sand or silty sand, or associated with rubble and boulders on coral reefs. Distribution: The Red Sea, India, Pakistan, East Africa (off Mozambique and Zanzibar), Maldive Is., Laccadive Is., Coetivy Is., Mauritius, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Ambon, Taiwan, Japan, Australia (Great Barrier Reef), Papua New Guinea, New Britain (Solomon Is.), the Loyalty Is., Caroline Is., Wake Is., West Samoa Is. and the Hawaiian Is. Redescribed by Gibson (1979a: 146-152, figs 4-6, 7A, B), now Baseodiscus hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1831) (Biirger, 1904a: 83). Nemertes hermaphroditicus Gibson, 1982 Gibson, 1982d: 277-285, table 3, figs 5-8 Habitat: Intertidal, under dead coral fragments in clean sand, mid reef fiat. Distribution: Australia (Heron Is., Great Barrier Reef). In consequence of Chernuishev (1992a: 134) replacing the genus Nemertes sensu Johnston, 1837, this species should now be known as Tetranemertes hermaphroditicus (Gibson, 1982). Nemertes humilis: see Polia humilis Quatrefages, 1846 Nemertes knochii Krlliker, 1845 K611iker, 1845:91-92 Synonyms: Nemertes krohnii, Prostoma knochii, Tetrastemma knochi Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Straits of Messina). Now Tetrastemma knochii (Krlliker, 1845)(Carus, 1885: 166). Nemertes krohnii Siebold, 1850 Siebold, 1850:382 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Straits of Messina). Carus (1885: 166) indicated that this name was used in error for Nemertes knochii; Biirger (1904a: 70) listed it as a junior synonym of Prostoma knochii, now Tetrastemma knochii (Krlliker, 1845). Nemertes lactea: see Ramphogordius lacteus Rathke, 1843 Nemertes lactiflora, Nemertes lactiflorea: see Planaria lactiflorea Johnston, 1828 Nemertes lateritia: see Planaria lateritia Rathke, 1799 Nemertes ligurica: see Cerebratulus ligur&us Blanchard, 1849 Nemertes maculata Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:579 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Denmark (Oresund). Included by Biirger (1904a: 128) among a group of dubious heteronemertean taxa. Nemertes maculosa Ehlers, 1871 Ehlers, 1871:85 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Arctic Ocean (Svalbard). Included by Biirger (1904a: 128) among a group of dubious heteronemertean taxa. Nemertes mandilla: see Polia mandilla Quatrefages, 1846 Nemertes marioni Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:231 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 434 R. Gibson Synonyms: Eunemertes marioni Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 5-30m among the rhizomes of Posidonia. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Now Emplectonema marioni (Hubrecht, 1879) (Verrill, 1895: 528); Gibson (1982a: 829) noted that the species is inadequately described. Nemertes melanocephala Johnston, 1837 Johnston, 1837: 535-536, pl. XVII, figs 5, 5* Synonyms: Borlasia melanocephala, Borlasia melanocephala forma britannica, Borlasia melanocephala forma suchumica, Cephalotrix unipunctata, Oerstedia pulchella (partim), Omatoplea melanocephala, Ommatoplea melanocephala, ?Planaria ascaridea, Planaria unipunctata, Polia coronata (partim), Polia pulchella (partim), Prostoma melanocephala, Prostoma melanocephalum, Prostoma melanocephalum melanocephalum, Prostoma melanocephalum suchumicum, Tetrastemma melanocephala Habitat: Intertidal on rock pool algae (especially species of Ceramium, Corallina and Cladophora), in crevices of rocks, between laminarian holdfasts or in sandy beds of salt-marsh creeks, or sublittorally to depths of 45-65 m or more on submerged ship hulks or muddy, shelly, stony or gravelly sediments; sometimes in reduced salinities or in Zostera beds. Distribution: West coast of Sweden, Baltic Sea coasts of Germany, Denmark, British Isles, Mediterranean, Adriatic and Black Sea coasts, northern Spain, Madeira and the Canary Is. Johnston originally placed this species in the subgenus Nemertes as Nemertes Nemertes melanocephala. Czerniavsky (1880), who included it in the genus Borlasia, recognised two forms, Borlasia melanocephala forma britannica (Czerniavsky, 1880: 243-244) and Borlasia melanocephala forma suchumica (Czerniavsky, 1880: 242-243), Bfirger (1904a: 57) listing these respectively as Prostoma melanocephalum melanocephalum and Prostoma melanocephalum suchumicum. The separate status of these varieties or subspecies is regarded as dubious, and Johnston's taxon is now known as Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837) (Diesing, 1862: 291); the species was redescribed by Kirsteuer, 1963: 569-572, figs 11, 32. Two other varieties, recorded as Tetrastemma melanocephalum var. diadema (Gamble, 1896: 132) and Tetrastemma melanocephalum var. coronatum (Beaumont, 1900a: 821), have been synonymised with Tetrastemma coronatum (Quatrefages, 1846). Nemertes microcephala Orsted, 1845 Orsted, 1845:418 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 75 m. Distribution: Norway (Kristianat~ord). Uncertainly included in the genus Nemertes by Orsted, Biirger (1904a: 131) regarded it as only possibly being a nemertean. Nemertes microphthalma Orsted, 1845 Orsted, 1845:419 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Norway (Kristianafjord). Included by Biirger (1904a: 131) among a group of dubious species of nemerteans. Nemertes multioculatus K611iker, 1845 K611iker, 1845:92-93 Nemertean genera and species of the world 435 Synonyms: Nemertes multioculata Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Straits of Messina). Carus (1885: 164) regarded this form as synonymous with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828), but Bfirger (1904a: 49) included it as Amphiporus muitioculatus (K611iker, 1845), which Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460) listed as a nomen dubium. Nemertes neesi, Nemertes neesii: see Amphiporus neesii Orsted, 1843 Nemertes nigrofuscus Ehrenberg, 1831 Ehrenberg, 1831:65 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Synonyms: Borlasia nigrofusca, Nemertes nigrofusca Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Gulf of Suez. Included by B/irger (1904a: 128) among a group of dubiously valid heteronemertean taxa. Nemertes obscura Desor, 1848 Desor, 1848a: 2-12, pl. I, figs 1-21, pl. II, figs 22-31 Synonyms: Lineus obscurus, Polia obscura (partim), Polia obscurum (partim): not Tetrastemma obscurum Schultze, 1851 Habitat: Intertidal, under stones and among sea grasses. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA and NJ) and the British Isles (Plymouth region). Also referred to as a new species by Desor (1848b: 512), B/irger (1904a: 101) synonymised this form with Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774). Gibson (1982b: 90) commented that the specific name obscurus has 'been more widely applied to Lineus ruber or Lineus viridis'. Nemertes octoculata Keferstein, 1862 Keferstein, 1862: 63, pl. VII, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal. Distribution: France (St. Vaast). Although Keferstein described this as a new species, the name Nemertes octoculata (in some cases with the subgenus Borlasia included) had previously been employed by Johnston (1837), Orsted (1844), Diesing (1850)and Byerley (1854) for a species originally described as Planaria octoculata by Johnston (1828b); Mclntosh (1873-1874: 190) synonymised Keferstein's form with Lineus sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) 'after some doubt, since there is little in his description to distinguish it from a pale variety of L. gesserensis', but Bfirger (1904a: 101) included Nemertes octoculata sensu Keferstein (1862) as a junior synonym of Lineus ruber (Miiller, 1774). Nemertes olivacea Johnston, 1837 Johnston, 1837: 536-537, pl. XVIII, fig. 1 Synonyms: Borlasia olivacea (partim), Meckelia olivacea (partim): not Meckelia olivacea Rathke, 1843, or Stimpson, 1855 Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal. Distribution: British Isles. Johnston included this species in the subgenus Borlasia as Nemertes Borlasia olivacea; Diesing (1863:186) included Gordius minor viridis Dalyell, 1853, as synonymous with this form, whilst B/irger (1904a: 101) synonymised Johnston's taxon with Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774). Gibson (1982b: 90), Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 436 R. Gibson however, noted that the name olivacea had been applied both to Lineus tuber and Lineus viridis; Johnston originally described the species as being of a dark olive colour with four eyes, often tinted purple in front. Among the species complex with which this form has been associated this account seems closer to Lineus viridis (Miiller, 1774) than any of the other species. Nemertes opaca: see Polia opaca Quatrefages, 1846 Nemertes ophiocephala: see Ommatoplea ophiocephala Schmarda, 1859 Nemertes pachyrhyncha Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 44, text-fig, p. 44, pl. XI, fig. 99 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: South Africa (Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope). Now Cerebratulus pachyrhynchus (Schmarda, 1859) (Biirger, 1904a: 122). Nemertes peronea Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 200-201, pl. 14, fig. V Synonyms: Eunemertes peronea, Nemertopsis peronea, Omatoplea peronea, Ommatoplea peronea Habitat: Marine benthic, between worm tubes. Distribution: Italy (Isola d'Ischia and Sicily) and France (Marseille). Quatrefages uncertainly listed Polia bivittata Delle Chiaje, 1841, as conspecific with Nemertes peronea; Biirger (1895a: 549) transferred the species to the genus Nemertopsis as Nemertopsis peronea but later (Biirger, 1904a: 26) included it as a junior synonym of Nemertopsis bivittata. Friedrich (1955:173174) regarded Nemertopsis peronea as the type species of the genus Nemertopsis, and with reservation gave Polia bivittata as a junior synonym of peronea. Delle Chiaje's species, however, pre-dates Quatrefages' and Nemertes peronea is thus more correctly now known as Nemertopsis bivittata (Delle Chiaje, 1841). Corr6a (1955: 76) confirmed that Delle Chiaje's species was the type for the genus Nemertopsis. Nemertes polyhopla Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 44-45, text-fig, p. 45, pl. XI, fig. 100 Synonyms: Polyhopla nemertes Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: Nicaragua (Lake Nicaragua). Included by Bfirger (1904a: 77) as only dubiously a species of nemertean, Gibson and Moore (1976: 178) commented that this species is so poorly described that its taxonomic placing cannot be ascertained and that it might be either a heteronemertean or a hoplonemertean. Nemertes polymorpha: see Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804 Nemertes polyophthalma Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 44, pl. XI, fig. 97 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Peru (Paita Bay). Now Lineuspolyophthalmus (Schmarda, 1859)(Biirger, 1904a: 100). Nemertes pulchra Johnston, 1837 Johnston, 1837: 536, pl. XVII, figs 6, 6* Synonyms: Amphiporus bergendali, Amphiporus falklandicus, ?Amphiporus gerlachei (partim), Amphiporus lecointei (partim), Amphiporus pulcher, Amphiporus pulcher pulcher, Amphiporus pusillus, ?Amphiporus roseus (partita), Cratenemertes bergendali, Nipponnemertes bergendali, Omatoplea Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 437 bembix, Omatoplea pulchra, Ommatoplea pulchra, Polia bembix, Polystemma pulchrum, Prostoma pulchra, Vermiculus rubens Habitat: Occasionally lower shore intertidal, more frequently sublittoral to depths of 569 m, under stones or among corallines, or on sand, gravel, mud, shell debris or stony sediments. Distribution: In the northern hemisphere from the east coast of North America, Greenland, the Faroe Is., the White Sea and northern Europe from the Atlantic coast of France to Scandinavia; also reported from the southern hemisphere in Chile, South Africa and many parts of Antarctica and Subantarctica. Records of this species from the Mediterranean are of uncertain validity. Johnston included this species in the subgenus Nemertes as Nemertes Nemertes pulchra; B/irger (1904a: 41) distinguished two subspecies which he listed as Amphiporus pulcher pulcher and Amphiporus pulcher allucens. The latter subspecies was included under the name Amphiporus allucens B/irger, 1895, as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455), but Amphiporus pulcher pulcher, synonymous with Nemertes pulchra, is now Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837), redescribed by Berg (1972b: 211224, figs 1-30). Berg (1985a) discussed the taxonomy and synonymy of the species. Nemertes punctata: see Polia punctata Delle Chiaje, 1828 Nemertes purpurea Johnston, 1837 Johnston, 1837: 537, pl. XVIII, figs 3, 3* Synonyms: Borlasia purpurea, Lineus purpureus Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: British Isles (Berwick Bay) and France (Dieppe). Johnston included this form in the subgenus Borlasia as Nemertes Borlasia purpurea; Biirger (1904a: 100) regarded it as a distinct species, Lineus purpureus, but Gibson (1982b: 90) indicated that it was synonymous with Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774) and/or Lineus viridis (Mi.iller, 1774). Nemertes pusilla Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:578-579 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Denmark (Oresund). Included by Btirger (1904a: 131) with a group of dubious nemertean taxa. Nemertes quadrioculata: see Planaria quadrioculata Johnston, 1828 Nemertes quatrefagei Rochebrune, 1881 Rochebrune, 1881:24 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Tropical eastern Atlantic (Cape Verde Is.). Rochebrune was evidently unaware of Beneden's earlier use (1861) of the name Nemertes quatrefagii when he described this form as a new species; Rochebrune's taxon is now Emplectonema quatrefagei (Rochebrune, 1881) (B/irger, 1904a: 24), whereas Nemertes quatrefagii Beneden, 1861, and Nemertes quatrefagei sensu Diesing (1862) Biirger (1940a: 93) synonymised with Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770). Nemertes quatrefagff Beneden, 1861 Beneden, 1861: 15-16, pl. II, figs 5-9 Synonyms: Nemertes quatrefagei (partim), Nemertes quatrefagi: not Nemertes quatrefagei Rochebrune, 1881 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 438 R. Gibson Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal among Ulva on rocks. Distribution: Belgium (Ostend). Synonymised with Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) by Biirger (1895a: 631). Nemertes roseus K611iker, 1845 K611iker, 1845:92 Synonyms: Tetrastemma roseum (partim): not Tetrastemma roseum Verrill, 1892 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 60 80 m. Distribution: Italy (Straits of Messina). Btirger (1904a: 65) uncertainly synonymised this species with Prostoma helvolum, now Tetrastemma heivolum Bfirger, 1895; K611iker's original description is so inadequate that Btirger's suggested synonymy cannot be substantiated, and nor can any conclusion be drawn about its likely systematic position. Nemertes rubrolineata Kirsteuer, 1965 Kirsteuer, 1965: 316-319, figs 12D, 15-17 Habitat: On corals. Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel). In consequence of Chernuishev (1992a: 134) substituting the name Tetranemertes in place of Nemertes sensu Johnston, 1837, this species should now be known as Tetranemertes rubrolineata (Kirsteuer, 1965). Nemertes rufa: see Borlasia rufa Rathke, 1843 Nemertes rufifrons Johnston, 1837 Johnston, 1837: 538, pl. XVIII, figs 4, 5 Synonyms: Astemma rufifrons, Borlasia rufifrons, Cephalothrix biocculata, Cephalothrix bioculata, Cephalothrix filiformis (partim), ?Cephalothrix filum, Cephalothrix hymenaeus, Cephalothrix linearis (partim), Cephalothrix ocellata, Cephalothrix oerstedii, Cephalotrix bioculata, Cephalotrix occellata, Cephalotrix ocellata, Cephalotrix rufifrons, Gordius gracilis (partim), Nemertes bioculata, Ommatoplea ocellata, ?Polia filum Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 30 m, under stones or boulders in clean coarse or shelly sand, less frequently in black mud, or among algae (particularly Corallina) in rock pools or in Zostera beds; occasionally found in conditions of reduced salinity, often gregarious. Distribution: Coasts of northern Europe and the Mediterranean. Now Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837)(Biirger, 1904a: 18); redescribed by Corr~a (t956: 196-198, pl. 1, figs 1 4). Nemertes sanguinea, Nemertes sangvinea: see Planaria sanguinea Rathke, 1799 Nemertes socialis Leidy, 1855 Leidy, 1855:143 Synonyms: Lineus communis, Lineus socialis, Lineus socialis var. capistratus Habitat: Intertidal, under stones, in rock crevices or among mussels, the holdfasts of coralline and other algae and various encrusting organisms. Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (Bay of Fundy to northern FL) and the Gulf coast of the USA westwards to TX; Coe (1943: 245) noted that the same or a very similar species had also been found in Bermuda. Synonymised with Myoisophagos sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) by Riser (1994: in press). Nemertes somatotomus: see Meckelia somatotomus Leuckart, 1828 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 439 Nemertes spectabilis: see Cerebratulus spectabilis Quatrefages, 1846 Nemertes striata: see Borlasia striata Rathke, 1843 Nemertes superbus K611iker, 1845 K611iker, 1845:94 Synonyms: Carinella annulata (partim), Carinella superba, Gordius anguis, Gordius annulatus (partim), Meckelia annulata (partim), Meckelia annulata var., Nemertes supera, Nemertes superba, Valencinia ornata Habitat: Occasionally intertidal, more frequent sublittorally to depths of about 40 80 m, under stones, in sand or gravel sediments or among Zostera or the rhizomes of Posidonia. Distribution: The Mediterranean, English Channel, British Isles and northwards to Scandinavia. Now Tubulanus superbus (K6Uiker, 1845)(Biirger, 1904a: 13). Nemertes teres Ehlers, 1871 Ehlers, 1871:86 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Arctic Ocean (Svalbard). Included by Biirger (1904a: 128) with a group of dubiously valid heteronemertean taxa. Nemertes vermiculus: see Polia vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846 Nemertes verrilli Girard, 1893 Girard, 1893:274 Habitat: Shallow sublittoral on pier pilings. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (CT). Listed by Bfirger (1904a: 43) as synonymous with A mphiporus virescens, which is now Zygonemertes virescens (Verrill, 1879). Nemertes viridis: see Fasciola viridis Mfiller, 1774 Nemertes vittata: see Borlasia vittata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Nemertites MacLeay, 1839 FOSSIL MacLeay, 1839:701 A trace fossil genus from Cambrian rocks in Wales. Nemertites ollivantii MacLeay, 1839 MacLeay, 1839: 701, pl. 27, fig. 4 Habitat: Cambrian rocks of Llampeter. Distribution: Wales. MacLeay noted that 'If the long vermiform impression ... [belongs] to organic substances, it can only be referred to some animal between Gordius and Nemertes ... As yet, however, Gordii are only known to occur in fresh water, whereas this fossil ... was evidently like Nemertes, a native of the sea.' Later authors have questioned the taxonomic placement of Nemertites and whether or not it was a nemertean remains unknown. Nemertobus Chernuishev, 1 9 9 2 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Chernuishev, 1992a: 134 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Nemertobus maximovi: see Obnemertes maximovi Korotkevich, 1960 NemertopseUa Wheeler, 1940 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Wheeler, 1940b: 251 Marine benthic. 440 R. Gibson Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertopsella Friedrich, 1958 Friedrich, 1958:7 Friedrich, who was evidently not aware of Wheeler's prior use of the name Nemertopsella, established the genus as new for Nemertopsis actinophila Biirger, 1904, which has since been transferred to the genus Cryptonemertes by Gibson (1986a); Nemertopsella sensu Friedrich thus becomes a junior synonym of Cryptonemertes. Nemertopsella actinophila: see Nemertopsis actinophila Biirger, 1904 *Nemertopsella marri Wheeler, 1940 Wheeler, 1940b: 251-253, figs 13, 14 Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Kerguelen Is. Nemertopsis Bfirger, 1895 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Bfirger, 1895a: 548-549 Marine benthic. Nemertopsis actinophila Biirger, 1904 Btirger, 1904b: 58-59, pl. III, figs 1, 5-8 Synonyms: Nemertopsella actinophila Habitat: Lives commensally beneath the pedal disc of actiniarian anthozoans at depths of 0-240 m. Pacific coast of North America (Puget Sound, WA, and off Vancouver Island), Greenland, Iceland and the Arctic Ocean (Svalbard). Redescribed as Cryptonemertes actinophila (Biirger, 1904) by Gibson, 1986a: 43 54, figs 1-29. *Nemertopsis bivittata: see Polia bivittata Delle Chiaje, 1841 Nemertopsis capitulata Timofeeva, 1912 Timofeeva, 1912: 33, fig. 1 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: France (Villefranche). This species is inadequately described. Nemertopsis exilis Coe, 1947 Coe, 1947:104 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones. Distribution: Hawaiian Is. Nemertopsis flavida: see Tetrastemma flavidum Nemertopsis gracilis Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904: 142-144, pl. XV, fig. 1, pl. XX, figs 10, 11 Synonyms: Nemertopsis gracile (partim), Nemertopsis gracilis vat. bullocki Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, often abundant among mussels, coralline algae and other growths on rocks and pier pilings exposed to the full force of the surf, in rock crevices filled with fine mud and detritus, or under stones in sand or sandy clay. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (Puget Sound, WA to Mexico); records of this species from Japan and Hong Kong now refer to Nemertopsis quadripunctatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833). Coe (1940: 284, pl. 24, fig. 3b) established a new variety of this form which he called Nemertopsis gracilis var. bullocki; Corr~a (1961: 20) commented that the separate taxonomic status of this variety was uncertain. Nemertopsis peronea: see Nemertes peronea Quatrefages, 1846 Distribution: Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 441 Nemertopsis quadripunctatus: see Borlasia quadripunctata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Nemertopsis tenuis B/irger, 1895 B~rger, 1895a: 550, pl. 2, fig. 15, pl. 29, figs 7, 8 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to 40 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples); other records of this species, from South Africa, the Atlantic coast of France and the British Isles, are of uncertain validity because of the taxonomic confusion surrounding the taxon. B/irger (1904a: 26, 64) listed Nemertopsis tenuis and Mclntosh's (1873-1874) Tetrastemma flavida as separate species, including Mclntosh's taxon as a junior synonym of Prostomaflavidum (Ehrenberg, 1831). Beaumont (1900a: 818), however, had transferred Mclntosh's Tetrastemmaflavida to the genus Nemertopsis, although retaining it with some reservation as distinct from Nemertopsis tenuis. Wijnhoff (1912: 425-426) noted that 'the nameNemertopsis tenuis ... has to be dropped; it must be replaced by Nemertopsis flavida (Mclntosh) ... which species is not to be regarded as synonymous with Tetrastemma flavida, Biirger'. Gibson (1982b: 138) concluded that 'future studies must determine whether Nemertopsis tenuis should be recognised as a separate species'. Nemertopsis tetraclitophUa Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 149-155, table 6, text-figs 25-27, pl. 28, figs A-J Habitat: Lives in the mantle cavity of the balanomorph barnacle Tetraclita squarnosa squamosa in intertidal locations. Distribution: Hong Kong. Neoarmaueria Chernuishev, 1992 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Chernuishev, 1992b: 4 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Neoarmaueria angusta: see Mesarmaueria angusta Korotkevich, 1955 Neoarmaueria crassa: see Mesarmaueria crassa Korotkevich, 1955 Neoarmaueria divaricata: see Mesarmaueria divaricata Korotkevich, 1955 Neoarraaueria laticeps: see Mesarmaueria laticeps Korotkevich, 1955 *Neoarmaueria tenuicauda: see Mesarmaueria tenuicauda Korotkevich, 1955 Neoemplectonema Korotkevich, 1977 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Korotkevich, 1977a: 75 Marine benthic. *Neoemplectonema campanoides Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 76-78, fig. 6 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.). Neoemplectonema strabo Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 78-82, fig. 7 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.). Neolineus Santos, 1974 HETERONEMERTEA Santos, 1974:17 Marine benthic. *Neolineus divae Santos, 1974 Santos, 1974: 21-27, figs 1-9 Habitat: Intertidal between mussels or under stones. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 442 R. Gibson Distribution: Brazil (Santos Bay and S~o Sebasti~o). Neolineus narchii Santos, 1974 Santos, 1974: 28-34, figs 10-22 Habitat: Intertidal between algae. Distribution: Brazil (Santos Bay). Neolineus sergioi Santos, 1974 Santos, 1974: 35-41, figs 23 26 Habitat: Intertidal between algae. Distribution: Brazil (Itanhaen and Santos Bay). Neonemertes Girard, 1893 Girard, 1893:238 Girard established this genus for Tetrastemma agricola, which is now Pantinonemertes agricola (WiUemoes-Suhm, 1874); Neonemertes is thus a junior synonym of Pantinonemertes. Neonemertes agricola: see Tetrastemma agricola Willemoes-Suhm, 1874 Neuronemertes Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1926:122 Marine, mesopelagic. *Neuronemertes aurantiaca Coe, 1926 Coe, 1926: 123-131, text-figs ld, 2B, 3 7D, 9D, 15C, 27, pl. 1, fig. 2, pl. 4, fig. 33, pl. 9, figs 61-65, pl. 10, figs 66-72, pl. 11, figs 73-79, pl. 12, figs 80-85, pl. 13, fig. 89 Synonyms: Planktonemertes aurantiaca Habitat: Taken within 600 m of the surface, possibly deeper. Distribution: Equatorial Pacific (off the coast of Ecuador); Van der Spoel (1985: 17) recorded a species identified as 'cf. Neuronemertes aurantiaca' from the North Atlantic. Korotkevich (1955: 67) included this species as Planktonemertes aurantiaca. Nipponnemertes Friedrich, 1968 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1968:34 Marine benthic. Nipponnemertes africanus: see Amphiporus africanus Wheeler, 1940 Nipponnemertes arenarius: see Amphiporus arenarius Ushakov, 1927 Nipponnemertes bergendali: see Amphiporus bergendali Gering, 1912 Nipponnemertes bimaculatus: see Amphiporus bimaculatus Coe, 1901 Nipponnemertes danae: see Cratenemertes danae Friedrich, 1957 Nipponnemertes drepanophoroides: see Amphiporus drepanophoroides Griffin, 1898 Nipponnemertes madagascarensis: see Cratenemertes madagascarensis Kirsteuer, 1965 Nipponnemertes magnus: see Amphiporus magnus Punnett, 1903 Nipponnemertes marioni: see Amphiporus marioni Hubrecht, 1887 Nipponnemertes occidentalis: see Amphiporus occidentalis Coe, 1905 Nipponnemertes pacificus: see Amphiporus pacificus Coe, 1905 *Niptwnnemertes pulcher: see Nemertes pulchra Johnston, 1837 Nipponnemertes punctatulus: see Amphiporus punctatulus Coe, 1905 Nipponnemertes schollaerti: see Amphiporus schollaerti Wheeler, 1934 Nipponnemertes scoresbyi: see Amphiporus scoresbyi Wheeler, 1934 Nipponnemertes variabilis: see Cratenemertes variabilis Korotkevich, 1983 Norenburgia Chernuishev, 1993 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 443 Chernuishev, 1993a: 8 Chernuishev proposed separating off four species of Ototyphlonemertes into a new genus, Norenburgia, designating Ototyphlonemertes lactea Corr~a, 1954, as the type species. He also used the name Norenburgia as a subgenus of the new taxon. No formal diagnosis of the genus was given and the proposals are not adopted in the present paper. Norenburgia brevis: see Ototyphlonemertes brevis Corr~a, 1948 Norenburgia lactea: see Ototyphlonemertes lactea Corr~a, 1954 Norenburgia macintoshi: see Ototyphlonemertes macintoshi Biirger, 1895 Notogaeanemertes Riser, 1988 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Riser, 1988b: 126 Supralittoral, transitional between marine and terrestrial. *Notogaeanemertesfolzae Riser, 1988 Riser, 1988b: 126-130, figs 1-3, 5-12 Habitat: Beneath storm wrack above high tide level. Distribution: New Zealand (South Is.). Notogymnus Ehrenberg, 1831 Ehrenberg, ! 831: 66 An emended version of the generic name Notospermus, regarded by B/irger (1904a: 88) as synonymous with Lineus; the name Notospermus has recently been reinstated by Riser (1991). Notogymnus drepanensis: see Notospermus drepanensis Huschke, 1830 Notospermus Huschke, 1830 HETERONEMERTEA Huschke, 1830:682 Verrill (1892: 417) and Bfirger (1904a: 88), among others, have listed this name as a junior synonym of Lineus, but the genus has recently been reinstated as a separate taxon by Riser (1991: 427). Marine benthic. Notospermus drepanensis Huschke, 1830 Huschke, 1830: 681-683, pl. VII, figs 1-3 Synonyms: Nemertes drepanensis, Notogymnus drepanensis Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Synonymised with Notospermus genkulatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) by Riser (1991: 427). *Notospermus geniculatus: see Polia geniculata Delle Chiaje, 1828 Notospermus gesserensis: see Planaria gesserensis Miiller, 1780 Notospermus tricuspidatus: see Borlasia tricuspidata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Notospermus viridis: see Fasciola viridis Miiller, 1774 Obnemertes Korotkevich, 1960 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Korotkevich, 1960:838 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Obnemertes latilobata Korotkevich, 1960 Korotkevich, 1960: 839, fig. 1 Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul between 5000-5400 m depth and the surface. Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (in vicinity of the South Indian Basin). Obnemertes maximovi Korotkevich, 1960 Korotkevich, 1960: 839-840, fig. 2 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 444 R. Gibson Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 2300 m. Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (in the South Indian Basin) and the South Pacific (east of the Macquarie Ridge). Now Nemertobus maximovi (Korotkevich, 1960) (Chernuishev, 1992a: 134). Obnemertes nana Korotkevich, 1964 Korotkevich, 1964: 139, 167, fig. 21 Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul to the surface from a depth of 1100m. Distribution: Southern Pacific (Southeast Pacific Basin). Now Loranemevtes nana (Korotkevich, 1964) (Chernuishev, 1992a: 134). Obnemertes ramosa Korotkevich, 1960 Korotkevich, 1960: 840-841, fig. 3 Habitat: Obtained in a ring-trawl hauled from 5000 m depth to the surface. Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (near the Crozet Is.). Obnemertes solida Korotkevich, 1964 Korotkevich, 1964: 139, 160, 163-166, figs 17-20 Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 5000 m. Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (South Indian Basin). Obiirgeria Corr~a, 1954 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Corrfia, 1954:37 This generic name is correctly known as Obuergeria (Chernuishev, 1993b: 18). Marine benthic. Obiirgeria palma Corr~a, 1954 Corr~a, 1954: 39-42, pl. 7, figs 33-38, pl. 8, figs 39-42 Habitat: Intertidal among algae. Distribution: Brazil (Santos Bay). This species should be known as *Obuergeria palma Corr~a, 1954 (Chernuishev, 1993b: 19). Oerstedia Quatrefages, 1846 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Quatrefages, 1846:221-222 The synonymy and redefinition of this genus have recently been discussed by Envall and Sundberg (1993). Marine benthic. Oerstedia armata: see Polia armata Quatrefages, 1846 Oerstedia aurantiaca du Plessis, 1891 du Plessis, 1891:415 Synonyms: Typhlonemertes aurantiaca Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral in medium to coarse sand. Distribution: France (St. Vaast and Banyuls). Now OtotypMonemertes aurantiaca (du Plessis, 1891) (Biirger, 1904a: 27), redescribed by Gerner, 1969:99 106, figs 18-22. Oerstedia baculus: see Polia baculus Quatrefages, 1846 Oerstedia cassidens Marenzeller, 1886 Marenzeller, 1886: 9-10, pl. I, fig. 6 Synonyms: Prostoma cassidens Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Northern Arctic Ocean (Jan Mayen Is.). Listed as Prostoma cassidens by Bfirger (1904a: 59), this poorly described species should be known as Tetrastemma cassidens (Marenzeller, 1886). Oerstedia claparedii du Plessis, 1891 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 445 du Plessis, 1891:414-415 Synonyms: Oerstedia pallida (partim), Ototyphlonemertes claparedei, Typhlonemertes claparedii: not Oerstedia pallida Keferstein, 1862 Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: France (St. Vaast). Now Ototyphlonemertes claparedii (du Plessis, 1891) (BiJrger, 1904a: 28). Oerstedia crassus: see Oerstediella crassus Senz, 1993 *Oerstedia dorsalis: see Planaria dorsalis Abildgaard, 1806 Oerstedia esbenseni: see Tetrastemma esbenseni Wheeler, 1934 Oerstedia gulliveri: see Tetrastemma gulliveri Biirger, 1893 Oerstedia immutabilis: see Tetrastemma immutabile Riches, 1893 Oerstedia laminariae Friedrich, 1936 Friedrich, 1936a: 35-36, figs 8, 9 Synonyms: Paroerstedia laminariae Habitat: Lower shore intertidal among laminarians. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Transferred to the genus Paroerstedia by Friedrich (1955: 167), which is now synonymised with Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308), Friedrich's species should be known under its original name. Oerstedia maculata Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 222-223, pl. 8, fig. II Habitat: Among algae. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by Biirger (1904a: 71). Oerstedia maculata Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 245-246, text-fig. 18, pl. XV, fig. 11 Habitat: Intertidal among kelp holdfasts. Distribution: South Africa (Saldanha Bay). Wheeler evidently overlooked Quatrefages' prior use of this species name. Friedrich (1955:177) suggested that it might belong in the genus Paroerstedia, but Chernuishev (1992a: 135) has recently renamed it Oerstedia wheeleri Chernuishev, 1992. Oerstedia nigra, Oerstedia nigrum: see Tetrastemma nigrum Riches, 1893 Oerstedia nigrimaculata: s e e Paroerstedia nigrimaculata Gibson, 1988 Oerstedia oculata: see Oerstediella oculata Kulikova, 1987 Oerstedia pallida Keferstein, 1862 Keferstein, 1862: 60-61, pl. V, figs 8, 9 Synonyms: Oerstedia pallida forrna suchumica, Ototyphlonemertes kefersteinii, Ototyphlonemertes pallida czerniavskyi, Ototyphlonemertes pallida pallida, Typhlonemertes patlida: not Oerstedia pallida Clapar~de (1863) Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 10m in coarse sand. Distribution: Black Sea, Atlantic coasts of France and the North Sea (Is. of Sylt). Now Ototyphlonemertes pallida (Keferstein, 1862) (Biirger, 1904a: 28). Czerniavsky (1880: 254-255) listed as distinct a variety he called Oerstedia pallida forma suchumica, which BiJrger (ibid.) included as Ototyphlonemertes pallida czerniavskyi to distinguish it from Keferstein's form; the subspecific status of these two taxa is no longer recognised. Ototyphlonemertes pallida was redescribed by Mock (1978: 561-567, figs 1-4). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 446 R. Gibson Oerstedia patriciae Oxner, 1907 Oxner, 1907c: 5 Habitat: Intertidal among algae. Distribution: France (Roscoff). Oxner indicated that a description of this species would follow; none was ever published. Envall and Sundberg (1993: 312) identify this species as a nomen nudum. Oerstedia phoresiae: see Oerstediella phoresiae Kulikova, 1987 Oerstedia polyorbis Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954a: 18-19, fig. 4B Synonyms: Oerstediella polyorbis Habitat: Lower shore intertidal among hydroids. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Chernuishev (1993b: 13) listed this form as Oerstediella polyorbis in the subgenus Paroerstediella, but Oerstediella has been synonymised with Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308) and Iwata's species is retained under its original name. Oerstedia pulchella: see Polia pulchella Quatrefages, 1846 Oerstedia roscoviensis Oxner, 1907 Oxner, 1907c: 5 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: France (Roscof0. Oxner indicated that a description of this species would follow, but none has ever been published; Envall and Sundberg (1993: 313) identify the form as a nomen nudum. Oerstedia russica, Oerstedia rustica: see Tetrastemma rustica Joubin, 1890 Oerstedia similiformis: see Oerstediella similiformis Friedrich, 1935 Oerstedia striata Sundberg, 1988 Sundberg, 1988: 135-139, tables I, II, figs 1-9 Synonyms: Oerstedia dorsalis form A Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 5 m, in sand and mud among dead and partly decomposed algae. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Tjfirn6 region). Sundberg (1984: 5, fig. 2A) distinguished three forms of Oerstedia dorsalis, identified merely as forms A, B or C for his multivariate analysis of polymorphism in this species; Sundberg and Janson (1988: 98), who investigated polymorphism by means of electrophoresis, stated 'that form A (striata) must be considered a separate, valid species'. Oerstedia tenuicollis: see Oerstediella tenuicollis Kirsteuer, 1963 Oerstedia tubicola Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:223 Habitat: Among algae. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by Bfirger (1904a: 71). Oerstedia unicolor Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:230 Synonyms: Amphiporus vittatus (partim), Prostoma unicolor Habitat: Not recorded. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 447 Distribution: Italy (Naples) and Madeira. Now Tetrastemma uni¢olor (Hubrecht, 1879) (Biirger, 1895a: 578), although Biirger (1904a: 57) subsequently listed it as Prostoma unicolor. Oerstedia valentinae: see Oerstediella valentinae Chernuishev, 1993 Oerstedia venusta Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954a: 15-16, fig. 3 Synonyms: Oerstediella venuste Habitat: Intertidal among algal holdfasts. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Chernuishev (1993b: 13) listed this form as Oerstediella venuste in the subgenus Paroerstediella, but since Oerstediella is now regarded as a junior synonym of Oerstedia the species should be retained under its original name. Envall and Sundberg (1993: 313) commented that 'It is not possible from the brief description of this species to identify it to the genus Oerstedia'; Iwata's taxon is thus a nomen dubium. Oerstedia verae: see Oerstediella verae Chernuishev, 1993 Oerstedia vittata Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:229-230 Synonyms: Amphiporus vittatus (partim), Tetrastemma vittata (partim), Tetrastemma vittatum: not Tetrastemma vittata Verrill, 1874 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Listed as Amphiporus vittatus by Joubin (1890: 570-571) and as Tetrastemma vittatum by Bfirger (1895a: 577), Bfirger (1904a: 59) renamed the species as Prostoma vittigerum to distinguish it from Tetrastemma vittata Verrill, 1874: 45; Biirger (1904a: 57, 59) in part synonymised Amphiporus vittatus sensu Joubin (1890, 1894) with Prostoma unicolor, in part with Prostoma vittigerum. The latter form is now known as Tetrastemma vittigerum (Biirger, 1904). Oerstedia wheeleri Chernuishev, 1992 Chernuishev, 1992a: 135 Synonyms: Oerstedia maculata (partim) Habitat: Intertidal among kelp holdfasts. Distribution: South Africa (Saldanha Bay). Chernuishev renamed Oerstedia maculata Wheeler, 1934, as this name was preoccupied by Oerstedia maculata Quatrefages, 1846, and thus not available. Oerstedia wijnhoffi Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935a: 330-332, figs 24-26a Synonyms: Paroerstedia wijnhoffi Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 5 m among Zostera fronds. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Listed as Paroerstedia wijnhoffi by Friedrich (1955: 177), the genus Paroerstedia is now a junior synonym of Oersteth'a (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308); the correct name for this species, since it was name0 after Gerarda Wijnhoff, is Oerstedia wijnhoffae Friedrich, 1935 (Friedrich, 1936a: 35). Oerstedia zebra: see Oerstediella zebra Chernuishev, 1993 Oerstediella Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935a: 333 Recently listed as a synonym of Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308). Oerstediella crassus Senz, 1993 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 448 R. Gibson Senz, 1993c: 162-164, pl. 1, figs 7, 8 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: British Isles (Scilly Is.). As a consequence of the name Oerstediella being synonymised with Oerstedia, this species should now be known as Oerstedia crassus (Senz, 1993). Oerstediella oculata Kulikova, 1987 Kulikova, 1987a: 829-832, table p. 831, figs 1, 2, 5A, B Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral at depths of 2-3 m. Distribution: Russia (Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan). Included in the subgenus Paroerstediella by Chernuishev (1993c: 13), now Oerstedia oculata (Kulikova, 1987) (Envall and Sundberg, 1993:312). Oerstediella phoresiae Kulikova, 1987 Kulikova, 1987a: 832-834, table p. 831, figs 3, 4, 5C Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral at depths down to 3 m. Distribution: Russia (Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan). Included in the subgenus Paroerstediella by Chernuishev (1993c: 13), now Oerstedia phoresiae (Kulikova, 1987) (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 312). Oerstediella polyorbis: see Oerstedia polyorbis Iwata, 1954 Oerstediella similiformis Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935a: 333-335, fig. 27 Habitat: Among the fronds of Zostera. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Now Oerstedia similiformis (Friedrich, 1935) (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 313). Oerstediella tenuicollis Kirsteuer, 1963 Kirsteuer, 1963: 600-603, figs 26A, 30, 31 Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral from depths of 1-4 m in Zostera ground or with Cystosira. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). Now Oerstedia tenuicollis (Kirsteuer, 1963) (Envall and Sundberg, 1993:313). Oerstediella valentinae Chernuishev, 1993 Chernuishev, 1993c: 16-17, figs 1 (2, 5), 2 (2) Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, on Ulvafenestrata at a depth of about 3 m. Distribution: Russia (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). Chernuishev included this form in the subgenus Paroerstediella; in consequence of the genus Oerstediella being synonymised with Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308), this species should now be known as Oerstedia valentinae (Chernuishev, 1993). Oerstediella venuste: see Oerstedia venusta Iwata, 1954 Oerstediella verae Chernuishev, 1993 Chernuishev, 1993c: 17-18, figs 1 (3, 7), 2 (3) Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, with Alaria and Ptilota at a depth of about 2.5m. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.). Included by Chernuishev in the subgenus Paroerstediella; with the genus Oerstediella now forming a junior synonym of Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308), this species should be known as Oerstedia verae (Chernuishev, 1993). Nemertean genera and species of the world 449 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Oerstediella zebra Chernuishev, 1993 Chernuishev, 1993c: 13-16, figs 1 (1, 4), 2 (1) Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, on Neorhodomela larix at a depth of about 0.7m. Distribution: Russia (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). Chernuishev included this form in the subgenus Paroerstediella; since Envall and Sundberg (1993: 308) synonymised the genus Oerstediella with Oerstedia, this species should now be known as Oerstedia zebra (Chernuishev, 1993). Ommatoplea Ehrenberg, 1831 Ehrenberg, 1831:62 Biirger (1904a: 77) regarded this genus as being of dubious validity. A frequent emendation of the name, Omatoplea, is found in much of the older literature. Verrill (1892: 388) used Ommatoplea as a subgenus of Amphiporus for Amphiporus angulatus, Amphiporus heterosorus, Amphiporus multisorus and Amphiporus tetrasorus, but also (p. 387) listed it as a junior synonym of Amphiporus. Omatoplea alba, Ommatoplea alba: see Borlasia alba Thompson, 1845 Omatoplea albicans: see Amphiporus albicans Ehrenberg, 1831 Omatoplea armata: see Prostoma armatum Dug6s, 1830 Omatoplea balmea, Ommatoplea balmea: see Nemertes balmea Quatrefages, 1846 Omatoplea bembix: see Polia bembix Quatrefages, 1846 Omatoplea berea, Ommatoplea berea: see Polia berea Quatrefages, 1846 Omatoplea glauca, Ommatoplea glauca: see Nemertes glaucus K611iker, 1845, and Polia glauca Quatrefages, 1846 Omatoplea gracilis, Ommatoplea gracilis: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837 Omatoplea grubei Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:251-252 Synonyms: Ommatoplea grubei, Polia grubei Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Now Amphiporus grubei (Diesing, 1850) (Biirger, 1904a: 49); listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 459). Ommatoplea heterophthalma Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 41, pl. X, figs 90-90b Synonyms: Amphiporus heterophthalma, Eunemertes heterophthalma Habitat: Under stones. Distribution: New Zealand (Auckland, North Is.). Now Amphiporus heterophthalmus (Schmarda, 1859)(B/irger, 1904a: 39), although Hutton (1904:312) was uncertain whether it belonged in this genus or with Eunemertes; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 459) listed Amphiporus heterophthaimus as a nomen dubium. Omatoplea maculosa: see Gordius maculosus Montagu, 1808 Ommatoplea mandilla: see Polia mandilla Quatrefages, 1846 Omatoplea melanocephala, Ommatoplea melanocephala: see Nemertes melanocephala Johnston, 1837 Omatoplea mutabilis, Ommatoplea mutabilis: see Polia mutabilis Quatrefages, 1846 Ommatoplea ocellata: see Cephalothrix ocellata Keferstein, 1862 Ommatoplea ophiocephala Schmarda, 1859 450 R. Gibson Schmarda, 1859: 41, text-fig, p. 41, pl. X, fig. 89 Synonyms: Baseodiscus ophiocephalus, Emplectonema ophiocephalum, Nemertes ophiocephala Habitat: Intertidal, under stones in pools or in sand. Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope, Table Bay and Saldanha Bay). Listed as Baseodiscus ophiocephalus by Biirger (1904a: 84), but briefly redescribed as Emplectonema ophiocephala (Schmarda, 1859) by Wheeler (1934: 234). Omatoplea pellucida: see Polystemma pellucidum Orsted, 1843 Omatoplea peronea, Ommatoplea peronea: see Nemertes peronea Quatrefages, 1846 Omatoplea polii Diesing, 1850 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Diesing, 1850:249 Synonyms: Polia oculata Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Diesing unjustifiably renamed Polia oculata Delle Chiaje, 1828, without adding to the original brief description; Bfirger (1904a: 77) included Polia oculata with a group of dubious nemertean taxa. Omatoplea pulchra, Ommatoplea pulchra: see Nemertes pulchra Johnston, 1837 Omatoplea punctata: see Polia punctata Delle Chiaje, 1828 Ommatoplea purpurea McIntosh, 1868 McIntosh, 1868a: 293 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 12-16m. Distribution: British Isles (Shetland Is.). Also referred to under this name by McIntosh (1868b: 340), neither of McIntosh's articles provide any description of the species, and it was not until his 1869: 336, pl. V, figs 12, 13, pl. VII, fig. 2, pl. IX, fig. 16, publication that any account of the form appeared. McIntosh (1873-1874: 178) listed Ommatoplea purpurea as synonymous with Nemertes neesii, which is now Emplectonema neesii (Orsted, 1843). Omatoplea rosea, Ommatoplea rosea: see Fasciola rosea Miiller, 1774 Omatoplea spirales Parfitt, 1867 Parfitt, 1867:215 Synonyms: Lineus spirales Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: British Isles (coast of Devon). Parfitt included a manuscript name of Montagu, Lineus spirales, as a species inquirenda, uncertainly placed in the genus Omatoplea. The brief description given suggests that this was not a nemertean but more probably an annelid. Omatoplea stimpsonii Stimpson, 1854 Stimpson, 1854: 28, pl. II, fig. 18 Synonyms: Cosmocephala stimpsoni, Cosmocephala stimpsonii, Ommatoplea stimpsoni, Ommatoplea stimpsonii, Ophionemertes stimpsoni Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones. Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (Bay of Fundy, ME). Now Amphiporus stimpsoni (Stimpson, 1854) (Verrill, 1879: 184); Verrill, in transferring this taxon to the genus Amphiporus, commented that 'The Planaria angulata of Otho Fabricius was probably based on this species; but his description is insufficient to determine this with certainty'. Despite this Nemertean genera and species of the world 451 observation, Verrill (1892: 390) subsequently included Amphiporus stimpsoni as a junior synonym of Amphiporus angulatus (Miiller, 1774), whereas Gibson and Crandall (1989: 462) retained Amphiporus stimpsoni as a nomen dubium with the comment that 'Stimpson's (1854) illustration of the head of A. stimpsoni ... is very different from that depicted by Coe (1943: text fig. 65A) for A. angulatus and, with no morphological information contained in Stimpson's original description, a certain synonymy between these taxa cannot be established'. Ommatoplea taeniata Ehrenberg, 1831 Ehrenberg, 1831:63 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Synonyms: Omatoplea taeniata, Polystemma taeniatum Habitat: Among corals. Distribution: Red Sea (Tor). Biirger (1904a: 77) included this species with a list of dubious nemertean taxa. Omatoplea violacea, Ommatoplea violacea: see Polia violacea Quatrefages, 1846 Ophiocephalus Blainville, 1828 Blainville, 1828:574 Blainville attributed this name to a manuscript of Quoy and Gaimard, commenting that it contained only a single species, Ophiocephalus viridis; Biirger (1904a: 88) included the name as a junior synonym of the heteronemertean genus Lineus. The spelling used by Blainville has in some of the older literature been emended to Ophyocephalus. Ophiocephalus auripunctatus Grube, 1855 Grube, 1855: 149, pl. VII, fig. 2 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk (Aztk). Now Lineus auripunctatus (Grube, 1855) (Biirger, 1904a: 98). Ophiocephalus elisabethae, Ophiocephalus elizabethae: see Borlasia elizabethae Mclntosh, 1873-1874 Ophiocephalus heterorrhochmus Schmarda, 1859 Schmarda, 1859: 45-46, pl. XI, fig. 101 Habitat: Intertidal in mud mixed with sand under stones. Distribution: South Pacific. Btirger (1904a: 128) listed this species among a number of dubious nemertean taxa. Ophiocephalus muraenoides, Ophiocephalus murenoides: see Ophyocephalus murenoides Delle Chiaje, 1829 Ophiocephalus viridis: see Borlasia viridis Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Ophionemertes Verrill, 1874 Verrill, 1874:45 Included by Biirger (1904a: 34) as a junior synonym of Amphiporus, Verrill (1892: 389) used the name as a subgenus of Amphiporus for three species, Amphiporus agilis, Amphiporus cruentatus and Amphiporus virescens. Ophionemertes agilis Verrill, 1874 Verrill, 1874:45 Synonyms: Amphiporus agilis Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 40-180 m. Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (Casco Bay, ME and the Bay of Fundy, ME). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 452 R. Gibson Synonymised with Zygonemertes virescens (Verrill, 1879) by Coe (1943: 270). Ophionemertes stimpsoni: see Omatoplea stimpsonii Stimpson, 1854 Ophyocephalus: see Ophiocephalus Blainville, 1828 Ophyocephalus bilineata, Ophyocephalus bilineatus: see CerebratMus marginams Renier, 1804 Ophyocephalus murenoides Delle Chiaje, 1829 Delle Chiaje, 1829:204 Synonyms: Lineus murenoides, Ophiocephalus muraenoides, Ophiocephalus murenoides Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Carus (1885: 160) suggested that this form might be the same as Borlasia elizabethae McIntosh, 1873-1874, but Bfirger (1904a: 77) included it with a group of dubious nemertean taxa. Ophyocephalus polymorphus: see Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804 Otoloxorrhochma Diesing, 1863 Diesing, 1863:185 Bfirger (1904a: 53) included this as a junior synonym of the genus Prostoma at a time when this taxon contained both marine and freshwater species. Otoloxorrhochma graeffei Diesing, 1863 Diesing, 1863:185-186 Synonyms: Prostoma graeffei Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Nice). Listed as Prostoma graeffei by Bfirger (1904a: 70), this poorly described species should now be known as Tetrastemma graeffei (Diesing, 1863). Otonemertes Dawydoff, 1937 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Dawydoff, 1937:804 Benthic, one species marine, one freshwater. *Otonemertes denisi Dawydoff, 1937 Dawydoff, 1937:804-806 Habitat: Freshwater, from a depth of 6 m on unionid molluscs. Distribution: Cambodia (Great Lake of Cambodia). Otonemertes marcusi Corr6a, 1958 Corr6a, 1958: 449, pl. 3, figs 17, 18 Habitat: Marine, shallow water sublittoral from a depth of about 1 m among shell fragments. Distribution: Brazil (near the Sgo Paulo Oceanographic Institute). Ototyphlonemertes Diesing, 1863 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Diesing, 1863:180 Marine benthic, interstitial. Ototyphlonemertes americana Gerner, 1969 Gerner, 1969: 92-99, figs 14-17 Habitat: Intertidal in coarse sand. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA) and the Galapagos Is. Supplementary anatomical data on this species was given by Mock and Schmidt (1975: 21-23, fig. 11). Chernuishev (1993a: 8) designated this species as the type for a proposed subgenus, Accirinia, of the genus Norenburgia; this proposal is not adopted in the present paper. Nemertean genera and species of the world 453 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Ototyphlonemertes antipai Miiller, 1968 Miiller, 1968: 343-347, fig. 1 Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: Rumanian and Bulgarian coasts of the Black Sea. Ototyphlonemertes aurantiaca: see Oerstedia aurantiaca du Plessis, 1891 Ototyphlonemertes aurita, Ototyphlonemertes aurita aurita, Ototyphlonemertes aurita suchumica: see Polia aurita Ulyanina, 1870 Ototyphionemertes brevis Corr~a, 1948 Corr~a, 1948: 5-8, pl. II, figs 8-13 Synonyms: Norenburgia brevis Habitat: Intertidal in medium-fine to coarse sand. Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Silo Sebastifio). Chernuishev (1993a) included this form as Norenburgia brevis in the subgenus Norenburgia. Ototyphlonemertes brunnea Biirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 552, pl. 2, fig. 9, pl. 29, fig. 15 Synonyms: Ototyphlonemertes brunnea brunnea, Ototyphlonemertes brunnea davidoffi, Ototyphlonemertes brunnea var. davidoffi, Ototyphlonemertes brunnea var. typica Habitat: Intertidal in sand, often associated with Amphioxus. Distribution: France (Villefranche) and Italy (Naples). Two varieties of this species were recorded by Oxner (1907b) as var. davidoffi Oxner, 1907b: XC-XCI, figs 13, 14 right, and var. typica Oxner, 1907b: LXXXIX-XCI, figs 12, 14 left; Corr~a (1950) listed these respectively as Ototyphlonemertes brunnea davidoJjq and Ototyphlonemertes brunnea brunnea. The separate taxonomic status of these subspecies remains uncertain. Ototyphlonemertes eirrula Mock and Schmidt, 1975 Mock and Schmidt, 1975:24 27, figs 12, 13 Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: Galapagos Is. (Santa Cruz). Ototyphlonemertes elaparedei, Ototyphlonemertes claparedii: see Oerstedia claparedii du Plessis, 1891 Ototyphlonemertes duplex Biirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 551, pl. 2, fig. 6, pl. 18, figs 17-20, pl. 29, fig. 9 Synonyms: Osotyphlonemertes duplex Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral in sand. Distribution: Italy (Naples) and France (Villefranche). Redescribed by Corr~a (1953: 551-553). Ototyphlonemertes erneba Corr~a, 1950 Corr~a, 1950: 211-212, pl. 4, fig. 18, pl. 5, figs 21-27, pl. 6, fig. 34 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral in sand. Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de S~o Sebasti~o), Colombia (Peninsula de la Guajira) and the Galapagos Is. Redescribed by Mock and Schmidt (1975:15 21, figs 8, 9). Ototyphlonemertes esulcata Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 131 132, pl. 9, fig. 74 Habitat: In sand. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). Ototyphlonemertes evelinae Corr~a, 1948 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 454 R. Gibson Corr6a, 1948: 2-5, pl. I, figs 1 7 Habitat: Intertidal in medium-fine or coarse sand. Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Sio Sebastiio), Gulf of Mexico (Marco Is.) and the Atlantic coast of the USA (FL). Ototyphlonemertesfila Corraa, 1953 Corraa, 1953: 549-551, figs 1, 3, 5-7 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral in sand. Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Silo Sebastiio), the Atlantic coast of the USA (FL) and the Galapagos Is. Redescribed by Mock and Schmidt (1975: 7-13, figs 2-4). Ototyphlonemertes kefersteinii Diesing, 1863 Diesing, 1863:181 Synonyms: Oerstedia paIlida (partim): not Oerstedia pallida Clapar+de (1863) Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: France (St. Vaast). Diesing renamed Oerstedia pallida Keferstein, 1862, with no justification for doing so; synonymised with Ototyphlonemertes pallida pallida by Biirger (1904a: 28), now Ototyphlonemertes pallida (Keferstein, 1862). Ototyphlonemertes lactea Corr~a, 1954 Corr~a, 1954:34 36, pl. 7, figs 30-32 Synonyms: Norenburgia lactea Habitat: Intertidal in fine to coarse sand. Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Paquetfi, Baia de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro and Ilha de Sio Sebastiio), Colombia (Peninsula de la Guajira), Belize, Jamaica, Dominica, Barbados and the Atlantic coast of the USA (FL). Chernuishev (1993a) suggested using this taxon as the type species for a proposed new genus, Norenburgia. Ototyphionemertes macintoshi Biirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 551-552, pl. 2, fig. 12, pl. 8, figs 8, 24, 27, pl. 18, figs 14-16, pl. 29, figs 13, 14 Synonyms: Norenburgia macintoshi Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral in sand, often with Amphioxus. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Chernuishev (1993a) suggested transferring this species to a proposed new genus, Norenburgia, within the subgenus Accirinia. Ototyphlonemertes martynovi Chernuishev, 1993 Chernuishev, 1993a: 5-7, figs A-C Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: Russia (Peter the Great Bay). *Ototyphlonemertes pallida: see Oerstedia pallida Keferstein, 1862 Ototyphlonemertes parmula Corr~a, 1950 Corr~a, 1950: 211-212, pl. 6, figs 28, 30-33 Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de S~o Sebastiio). Ototyphionemertes peilucida Coe, 1943 Coe, 1943: 266-268, text-fig. 62 Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, in coarse sand or among algae. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (New England south of Cape Cod, MA, to FL). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 455 Ototyphlonemertes santacruzensis Mock and Schmidt, 1975 Mock and Schmidt, 1975: 29-30, fig. 14 Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: Galapagos Is. (Santa Cruz). Ototyphionemertes spiralis Coe, 1940 Coe, 1940: 288-289, pl. 31, fig. 41 Habitat: Intertidal, in sand under coralline algae and other growths on rocks and in tidal pools on open coasts. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA). Ototyphlonemertes victoriae Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 122-127, fig. 1 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: West Africa (Victoria, Guinea). Stiasny-Wijnhoff included this species in the genus with some reservation. Oxypolella Bergendal, 1902 HETERONEMERTEA Bergendal, 1902a: 12 Marine benthic. Oxypolella alba Bergendal, 1903 Bergendal, 1903:144-146 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: West coast of Sweden. Oxypolella bergendali Cantell, 1972 Cantell, 1972:79 83, table I, figs 1-12 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20-40 m on shelly bottoms or in mud mixed with shell fragments. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord region). Oxypolella histriana Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 100-102, pl. 6, figs 45-47 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). * OxypoleUa punnetti Bergendal, 1902 Bergendal, 1902a: 12-14 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: West coast of Sweden. Oxypolia Punnett, 1901 HETERONEMERTEA Punnett, 1901b: 555 Marine benthic. *Oxypolia beaumontiana Punnett, 1901 Punnett, 1901b: 555-561, pl. 40, figs 12-22 Habitat: Intertidal and to sublittoral depths of 30-50m, associated with soft rocks free from algal growth but covered with polyzoans, hydroids, sponges and other colonial invertebrates. Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region). Pachynemertes Coe, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1936:104-105 Marine, bathypelagic. *Pachynemertes obesa Coe, 1936 Coe, 1936: 105, pl. IX, figs 50, 51 Synonyms: Pachinemertes obesa, Planktonemertes obesa Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 456 R. Gibson Habitat: Obtained from a depth of about 1600 m. Distribution: North Atlantic (Bermuda region). Coe first referred to this form as a new genus and species in his 1935 paper (p. 315) but gave no description; Korotkevich (1955: 65) listed it as Planktonemertes obesa. Panorhynchus Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969 HETERONEMERTEA Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969a: 166 Marine benthic. *Panorhynchus argentinensis Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969 Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969a: 167-171, figs 1-9 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Argentina (Mar Chiquita lagoon, Buenos Aires province). Pantinonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1981 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Moore and Gibson, 1981: 176-177, table I Different species live in marine benthic, brackish-water or terrestrial habitats. Pantinonemertes agricola: see Tetrastemma agricola Willemoes-Suhm, 1874 Pantinonemertes californiensis Gibson, Moore and Crandall, 1982 Gibson et al., 1982: 465-473, table I, text-figs 1-4, pl. II, figs a-f Habitat: Upper littoral to semi-terrestrial, under rotting logs in Salicornia or Spartina marshes, or under rocks embedded in sand or gravel associated with the beach wrack line. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA to CA). Crandall and Norenburg (personal communication) suggest that this species may be more closely related to the genus Notogaeanemertes than to Pantinonemertes. Pantinonemertes daguilarensis Gibson and Sundberg, 1992 Gibson and Sundberg, 1992:115-123, tables 2, 3, text-figs 5, 6, pl. 5, figs A-F, pl. 6, figs A-G, pl. 7, figs A G Habitat: Intertidal to just sublittoral in rock crevices or in coralline algal turf. Distribution: Hong Kong. Pantinonemertes enalios Moore and Gibson, 1981 Moore and Gibson, 1981: 186-188, table I, text-figs 5 7, pl. III, figs c, d Habitat: Intertidal in silty mud beneath rocks or coral boulders. Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is. and Pelorus Is., off Queensland). Pantinonemertes mooreae Gibson, 1982 Gibson, 1982d: 288-295, table 4, figs 9-11 Habitat: Intertidal in sandy mud under coral boulders. Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is., off Queensland). Pantinonemertes mortoni Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 166-173, table 8, text figs 30, 31, pl. 30, figs A-I Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under rock on sand. Distribution: Hong Kong. Pantinonemertes spectaculum: see Prostoma spectaculum Yamaoka, 1940 *Pantinonemertes winsori Moore and Gibson, 1981 Moore and Gibson, 1981: 177-186, table I, text-figs 1-4, pl. I, figs a-f, pl. II, pl. III, figs a, b Habitat: In brackish-water mangrove swamps, beneath the bark or in cavities in rotting fallen mangrove timber. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 457 Distribution: Australia (Ross River and Three Mile Creek, near Townsville, Queensland). Parabalaenanemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917b: 118 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Parabalaenanemertes fusca Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917b: 118-122, pl. XIV, figs 1-17 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes fusca Habitat: Recovered from depths of between 650-1800 m. Distribution: North Atlantic (east of the West European Basin and north of the Faraday Seamount Group in an area between about 46-55°N, 7-28°W). Korotkevich (1955: 112; 1977b: 18) listed this form as Pelagonemertesfusca. Parabalaenanemertes nigra Coe, 1945 Coe, 1945a: 162-164, pl. II, figs 1-5 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes nigra Habitat: Taken in nets drawn vertically to the surface from depths of 1120-1526m. Distribution: North Atlantic (near Bermuda), North Pacific (near the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA) and Equatorial Pacific (Guatemala Basin). Now Cuneonemertes nigra (Coe, 1945) (Coe, 1954: 269), but listed as Pelagonemertes nigra by Korotkevich (1955: 109; 1977b: 18). Parabalaenanemertes zonata: see Planktonemertes zonata Joubin, 1906 Paradinonemertes Brinkmann, 1915 1916 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1915-1916:4 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Paradinonemertes drygalskii Brinkmann, 1915-1916 Brinkmann, 1915-1916: 4-6, text-figs 2, 3, pl. figs 3, 4 Synonyms: Paradinonemertes drygalski, Planktonemertes drygalskii Habitat: Taken in a vertical trawl between 3000 m depth and the surface. Distribution: Tropical Atlantic (west of the Cape Verde Is.). Korotkevich (1955: 68; 1977b: 16) included this species as Planktonemertes drygalskii. Paradinonemertes macrostomum Coe, 1954 Coe, 1954: 254, text-fig. 17 Synonyms: Planktonemertes macrostomum Habitat: Collected between depths of 690-1526 m. Distribution: North Pacific (near the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA) and Equatorial Pacific (Guatemala Basin). Included as Planktonemertes macrostomum by Korotkevich (1977b: l 6). Paradinonemertes wheeleri Coe, 1936 Coe, 1936: 105-106, pl. I, figs 2, 3, 9-11, pl. II, fig. 23, pl. VIII, figs 45-47, pl. IX, figs 48, 49 Synonyms: Planktonemertes wheeleri Habitat: Obtained from depths of between 1020-1830 m. Distribution: North Atlantic (Bermuda region) and North Pacific (in the deep canyon at the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA). First referred to as a new species by Coe (1935:315) but with no description; Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 458 R. Gibson Korotkevich (1955: 68, 1977b: 16) included the form as Planktonemertes wheeleri. The taxon is now known as Tubonemertes wheeleri (Coe, 1936) (Coe, 1954: 248). Paradrepanophorus Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1 9 2 6 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926:139-140 Marine benthic. Paradrepanophorus corallinicola Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926: 144-149, pl. V, figs 24-27 Synonyms: Drepanophorus crassus (partim), Drepanophorus crassus crassus (partim), Drepanophorus serraticollis (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 30-100m on coralline grounds. Distribution: Italy (Naples) and France (Banyuls). *Paradrepanophorus crassus: see Cerebratulus crassus Quatrefages, 1846 Paradrepanophorus nisidensis: see Drepanophorus nisidensis Hubrecht, 1874 Paradrepanophorus obiensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 14-17, pl. I, fig. 31, pl. III, figs 1-5 Habitat: On a reef. Distribution: Banda Sea (Obi). Paradrepanophorus stephensoni Wheeler, 1940 Wheeler, 1940a: 40-47, figs 11-13 Habitat: Intertidal under stones in pools. Distribution: South Africa (Oudekraal). Paralineopsis Iwata, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA Iwata, 1993:186 Marine benthic. *Paralineopsis tam Iwata, 1993 Iwata, 1993: 186-199, figs 1-6 Synonyms: Zygeupolia littoralis (partim) Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under rocks on sand. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Iwata synonymised Zygeupolia littoralis sensu Iwata (1951) with this species. Paralineus Schiitz, 1911 HETERONEMERTEA Schiitz, 1911: 449 Also recorded as a new genus by Schfitz, 1912:111. Marine benthic. *Paralineus elisabethae Schfitz, 1911 Schfitz, 1911:449 456, figs 1 7 Synonyms: Lineus coecus, Paralinens etisabetae Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: France (Villefranche). More fully described, also as a new species, by Schfitz (1912:111-132, text-figs 1-6, pl. VII, figs 1-17, pl. VIII, figs 18-34, 35b). Paramicrura Gibson and Sundberg, 1992 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson and Sundberg, 1992: 105-106, table 1 Marine benthic. *Paramicrura borborophila Gibson and Sundberg, 1992 Gibson and Sundberg, 1992:106-112, text-figs 3, 4, pl. 3, figs A-F, pl. 4, figs A-G Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 459 Habitat: Intertidal in mud near and among mangrove fringes or under stones in mud. Distribution: Hong Kong. Paramicrurinella Gibson, 1985 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1985b: 182-183 Marine benthic. *Paramicrurinella falklandica Gibson, 1985 Gibson, 1985b: 183-191, figs 39-42 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 646-845 m. Distribution: East of the Falkland Islands. Paraminutanemertes Senz, 1993 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Senz, 1993a: 130 Marine benthic. * Paraminutanemertes minutus: see Nemertellopsis minutus Friedrich, 1935 Paramphiporus Kirsteuer, 1965 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Kirsteuer, 1965:294-296 An amended diagnosis of the genus was given by Kirsteuer (1974: 164). Marine benthic. *Paramphiporus albimarginatus Kirsteuer, 1965 Kirsteuer, 1965: 296-299, figs 4, 5, 12A Synonyms: Paramphiporus albomarginatus Habitat: Among corals. Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel). Paranemertes Coe, 1901 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Coe, 1901a: 32-33 Kirsteuer (1974: 161,163) discussed this genus and concluded that at present no secure diagnosis can be given; he commented that 'The species contained in Paranemertes apparently differ considerably in morphological features, but as long as a definition of the genus can not be based on data verified in the type species it seems futile to speculate which of the taxa should be assigned to other genera'. Marine benthic. Paranemertes biocellatus Coe, 1944 Coe, 1944b: 407-409, figs 1-4 Synonyms: Paranemertes biocellata Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, burrowed in sand. Distribution: Gulf coast of the USA (MO). Paranemertes brattstroemi Friedrich, 1970 Friedrich, 1970:52-53 Habitat: Intertidal, under boulders in gravel, mud or clay. Distribution: Central and southern Chile (Magellan Straits and Quintero). Redescribed by Sfinchez, 1973: 196-199, figs 1-3. Paranemertes californica Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904: 144-150, pl. XV, fig. 2, pl. XVIII, figs 1-5, pl. XXI, figs l-9 Habitat: Intertidal, in bays and harbours burrowed in sand or sandy mud or on wharf pilings. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico). Paranemertes carnea Coe, 1901 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 460 R. Gibson Coe, 1901a: 37-40, text-figs 8, 9, pl. III, figs 3, 4, pl. VII, fig. 4, pl. VIII, fig. 7 Habitat: Intertidal in bays and harbours, burrowed in mud or sand. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to Puget Sound, WA). Paranemertes cylindracea Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 71 74, fig. 5 Habitat: Intertidal among fucoid algae. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.). Paranemertes incola Iwata, 1952 Iwata, 1952:142-143 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones. Distribution: Japan (Kyushu). Paranemertes incongruens Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 68-71, fig. 4 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.). Chernuishev (personal communciation) suggests that this species should be transferred to the genus Amphiporus. Paranemertes pallida Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901a: 36-37, pl. VII, fig. 3, pt. XII, fig. l Habitat: Intertidal under stones covered with algae. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (AK). *Paranemertes peregrina Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901a: 33-36, text-fig. 7, pl. II, fig. 6, pl. III, fig. 5, pl. VII, fig. 7 Synonyms: Paranemertes peregrina var. alaskensis, Paranemertes peregrina var. californiensis Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, in a wide range of situations from under stones and among algae and other growths on rocks and pier pilings to muddy bays. Distribution: North Pacific (Commander Is., Kamchatka Peninsula, Aleutian Is., Japan and the coast of North America from AK to Ensenada, Mexico). Coe (1940: 286) listed two varieties of this species as Paranemertes peregrina var. alaskensis, common and of large size northward, and Paranemertes peregrina var. californiensis, as less abundant and smaller southward; the taxonomic status of these varieties must be determined from future studies. Paranemertes plana Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957: 20-21, pl. I, fig. 10, pl. VI, figs 1-5 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 250-300 m. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Paranemertes sanjuanensis Stricker, 1982 Stricker, 1982: 107-115, table I, figs 1-26 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 1 m on mud and sand. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA). Paranemertopsis Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Gibson, 1990b: 171 Marine benthic. *Paranemertopsis wellsi Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990b: 172-177, table 1, text figs 23, 24, pl. 23, figs A-G, pl. 24, figs A-G Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 461 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under boulders embedded in coarse sand mixed with sea grass debris. Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia). Parapolia Coe, 1895 HETERONEMERTEA Coe, 1895:517-518 Marine benthic. *Parapolia aurantiaca Coe, 1895 Coe, 1895:518-521 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, burrowed in sand or mud. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA). Parapolia grytvikenensis Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 248-250, text-figs 21, 22, pl. XVI, fig. 14 Synonyms: Parapolia grytvikensis Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 230-437 m Distribution: Antarctica (off South Georgia and Princess Elizabeth Land) and southern Chile (Golfo Corcovado). Redescribed by Friedrich (1970:16 18). (Pararhynchoscolex Czerniavsky, 1880) Czerniavsky, 1880:259 Although Czerniavsky established this genus as belonging in the Nemertinea (as an order of the Platyhelminthes), Gibson and Moore (1976: 195) concluded that from his description 'there is some doubt as to whether the animals were nemerteans or turbellarians'; Biirger (1904a) made no reference to the genus, which is no longer recognised as belonging with the Nemertea. Pararhynchoscolex lacustris Czerniavsky, 1880 Czerniavsky, 1880:259-260 Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: Russia (Lake Palaeostom). Gibson and Moore (1976: 195) concluded that this species was probably not a nemertean. Parborlasia Friedrich, 1960 HETERONEMERTEA Friedrich, 1960b: 58-59 Marine benthic. *Parborlasia corrugatus: see Lineus corrugatus Mclntosh, 1876 Parborlasia dahli Friedrich, 1970 Friedrich, 1970:27-28 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 50 60m on coarse sand with mud or on stony grounds. Distribution: Southern Chile (Gulf of Ancud). Included in this genus with some reservation by Friedrich. Parborlasia fueguina Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968 Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968: 172-177, figs 1-3 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of between 7 845 m. Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (Falkland Is., southern South America [Tierra del Fuego], Anvers Is. [off the Antarctic Peninsula], South Shetland Is., South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is.). Redescribed by Gibson (1985b: 195-203, figs 44-48). Parborlasia hutchingsi Gibson, 1978 Gibson, 1978: 20-35, text-figs 9-16, pl. 2, fig. D, pl. 3, figs A - F Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 462 R. Gibson Habitat: Intertidal on reef crest to sublittoral depths of about 8 m under stones. Distribution: Australia (northern Queensland to New South Wales). In the original description the incorrect gender was used for the specific epithet; this species should be known as Parborlasia hutchingsae Gibson, 1978. Parborlasia landrumae Gibson, 1985 Gibson, 1985b: 204-210, figs 49-52 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 183 237m. Distribution: Antarctica (off Wilkes Land). Paroerstedia Friedrich, 1955 Friedrich, 1955:177 Now regarded as a junior synonym of Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308). Paroerstedia gulliveri: see Tetrastemma gulliveri Bfirger, 1893 Paroerstedia laminariae: see Oerstedia laminariae Friedrich, 1936 Paroerstedia nigrimaculata Gibson, 1988 Gibson, 1988b: 734-744, figs 1-15 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, in rock pools among coralline algae. Distribution: British Isles (Anglesey, North Wales). Now Oerstedia nigrimaculata (Gibson, 1988) (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 311-312). Paroerstedia wijnhoffi: see Oerstedia wijnhoffi Friedrich, 1935 Paroerstediella Chernuishev, 1993 Chernuishev, 1993b: 13 A subgenus of Oerstediella proposed by Chernuishev to accommodate the seven species Oerstediella oeulata, Oerstediella phoresiae (the designated type), Oerstediella polyorbis, Oerstediella valentinae, Oerstediella venusta, Oerstediella verae and Oerstedielta zebra. The genus Oerstediella is now considered synonymous with Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308). Parvicirrus Riser, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA Riser, 1993:146 Marine benthic. *Parvieirrus dubius: see Lineus dubius Verrill, 1879 Pelagonemertes Moseley, 1875 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Moseley, 1875a: 168 Emended to Pelagonomertes in some of the older literature. Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Pelagonemertes acutocaudata: see Natonemertes acutocaudata Brinkmann, 1917 Pelagonemertes brinkmanni Coe, 1926 Coe, 1926:210 229, table p. 67, text-figs lg, 2C, 7F, 14, 22, 25D, 44, 103, 104, pl. 2, figs 9-15, pl. 3, figs 16, 17, pl. 4, figs 29-31, pl. 26, figs 162-166, pl. 27, figs 167-173, pl. 28, figs 174-177a, pl. 29, figs 179-188 Habitat: Taken from depths down to about 600m. Distribution: North Pacific and Bering Sea in the area encompassed by latitudes 52°37 , 54°33'N and longitudes 158°50'E-138°31'W (off the Queen Charlotte Is., the Aleutian Is., the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Is.). Pelagonemertes ehavesi: see Neetonemertes chavesi Joubin, 1906 Pelagonemertes chuni: see Balaenanemertes chuni Bfirger, 1909 Pelagonemertes elongata: see Cuneonemertes elongata Coe, 1954 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 463 Pelagonemertes excisa Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 111, 124-126, figs 3P, 14, 16, 29, 73, 74 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Bering Sea (north of the Komandorskie Is.). Pelagonemertes fusca: see Parabalaenanemertes fusca Brinkmann, 1917 Pelagonemertes gracilis: see Cuneonemertes gracilis Coe, 1926 Pelagonemertes grandis: see Balaenanemertes grandis Brinkmann, 1917 Pelagonemertes hjorti: see Balaenanemertes hjorti Brinkmann, 1917 Pelagonemertes indica: see Nannonemertes indica Wheeler, 1937 Pelagonemertes irenae: see Probalaenanemertes ivenae Wheeler, 1934 Pelagonemertes joubini Coe, 1926 Coe, 1926: 204-209, table p. 67, text-figs 6, 15A, pl. 4, fig. 32, pl. 25, figs 152-161 Habitat: Taken between depths of about 600-1750 m, although nets raised to the surface from as deep as 4800 m have contained specimens. Distribution: North Pacific (south of the Aleutian Trench, in the submarine canyon at the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA, and in the Coronado Trough off southern CA), South Pacific (south of the East Pacific Ridge), North Atlantic (between 45-50°N and 29-30°W) and the South Atlantic (Angola Basin). Pelagonemertes korotkevitschi Friedrich, 1969 Friedrich, 1969: 26, fig. 6 Habitat: Taken from a depth of 1000 m. Distribution: Tropical Atlantic (off the coast of Gabon, West Africa). This species, named after Vera Korotkevich, should be known as Pelagonemertes korotkevitschae Friedrich, 1969. Pelagonemertes lata: see Balaenanemertes lata Brinkmann, 1917 Pelagonemertes laticauda Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 111, 121-123, figs 13, 25, 29, 71, 72 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Bering Sea. Pelagonemertes lobata: see Nectonemertes lobata Joubin, 1906 Pelagonemertes minor: see Balaenanemertes minor Coe, 1936 Pelagonemertes moseleyi Biirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895a: 596, pl. 28, figs 10, 21 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes rollestoni (partita) Habitat: Taken from depths of between about 800-1500 m Distribution: North Atlantic (approximately 45°N, 30°W), Tropical Atlantic (off the coast of Gabon, West Africa) and the North Pacific (off the southern coast of Japan). The young specimen of Pelagonemertes rollestoni described by Moseley (1875b: 377-381, pl. XI, figs 1-5) was regarded as a different species and renamed by Biirger; this distinction has been maintained by subsequent authors. Pelagonemertes musculocaudata: see Balaenanemertes musculocaudata Brinkmann, 1917 Pelagonemertes nigra: see Parabalaenanemertes nigra Coe, 1945 Pelagonemertes obesa: see Cuneonemertes obesa Coe, 1954 Pelagonemertes oviporus Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 112, 115-119, figs 28, 29, 67, 68 Habitat: Obtained from depths of between 100-600 m. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 464 R. Gibson Distribution: Bering Sea (north of the Komandorskie Is.). Pelagonemertes parvula Korotkevich, 1964 Korotkevich, 1964: 139, 167, 169-171, fig. 22 Synonyms: Pelagonomertes parvula Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 540 m. Distribution: South Pacific (off the coast of Chile). First used as a nomen nudum by Korotkevich (1963: 275-276). Pelagonemertes richardi Joubin, 1906 Joubin, 1906: 21-23, figs 17, 18 Habitat: Taken in an open haul from 2500 m depth to the surface. Distribution: North Atlantic (near the Azores). Now Gelanemertes richardi (Joubin, 1906) (Coe, 1926: 229), although Korotkevich (1955:113, 1977b: 18) listed it under its original name. Pelagonemertes robusta Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 109, 119-121, figs 30, 7A, 29, 69, 70 Habitat: Obtained in an open haul taken from a depth of 8500 m to the surface. Distribution: North Pacific (east of the Kuril Is.). *Pelagonemertes rollestoni Moseley, 1875 Moseley, 1875a: 165-168, pl. XV.B, figs A-D Habitat: Mostly taken at depths between about 350-1500m, some specimens have been obtained in non-closing nets drawn from 3500-3600m to the surface. Distribution: Widespread: Atlantic (off the west coast of Africa between the Gulf of Guinea and the Cape of Good Hope), Pacific (off Japan, east of the Kuril Is., east of the Emperor Seamount Chain, in the deep submarine canyon at the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA, and near the Galapagos Is.), Indian Ocean (near Sri Lanka) and south of Australia where the Pacific, Indian and Antarctic oceans meet. Moseley (1875b: 377-380, pl. XI, figs 1 5) described a young specimen of this species which Biirger (1895a) regarded as a different taxon and renamed Pelagonemertes moseleyi. Pelagonemertes rollestoni was redescribed by Biirger (1909:183-200, pl. XXIV, figs 1-6, pl. XXVI, fig. 6, pl. XXVII, figs 1-8, pl. XXVIII, figs 1-9). Pelagonemertes wijnhoffi: see Probalaenanemertes wijnhoffi Brinkmann, 1917 Pelagonemertes zonata: see Planktonemertes zonata Joubin, 1906 Pendonemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917a: 5 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Pendonemertes levinseni Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917a: 5-6, pl. I, fig. 4 Synonyms: Pendonemertes levensini, Planktonemertes levinseni Habitat: Obtained from depths of between 490-2260 m. Distribution: North Atlantic (near entrance to the Straits of Gibraltar, southwest of Ireland, east of the Newfoundland Basin, west of the Canary Is., and between about 35-48°N near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge). More fully described by Brinkmann (1917b: 17-21, text-figs 2 4, pl. IV, figs 15 22, pl. V, figs 1-3); Korotkevich (1955: 64, 1977b: 16) listed this form as Planktonemertes levinseni. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 465 Perissonemertes Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1990c: 83, table 2 Marine benthic. *Perissonemertes pyrrhocephalus Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 84-91, text-fig. 12, pl. 3, figs D, E, pl. 12, figs A-I, pl. 13, figs A-G Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 5-6 m. Distribution: Hong Kong. Phallonemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917a: 14 Brinkmann renamed the genus Bathynectes, which he had established in 1912, after discovering that this name had earlier been used for a genus of crustaceans. Marine bathypelagic. *Phallonemertes murrayi: see Bathynectes murrayi Brinkmann, 1912 Pheroneonemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Gibson, 1990b: 178 Marine benthic. *Pheroneonemertes dianae Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990b: 178-186, table 1, text-figs 25, 26, pl. 25, figs A-F, pl. 26, figs AG, pl. 27, figs A-K Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under rocks embedded in shelly sand mixed with sea grass debris. Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia). (Phylline Oken, 1815) Oken, 1815: 182, 370 Biirger (1904a: 73) noted that the name Phylline had previously been used in 1790 for a genus of cestodes, but synonymised Phylline sensu Oken with the bdellonemertean taxon Malacobdella. Phylline grossa: see Hirudo grossa Mfiller, 1776 (Planaria Mfiller, 1776) Miiller, 1776:221 Originally established by Mfiller to accommodate all free-living lower worms, Planaria is a currently valid genus of freshwater triclad Turbellaria (Kenk, 1974: 1); several species originally included as members of the genus have subsequently been identified as nemerteans, particularly taxa transferred to the genera Amphiporus and Tetrastemma. Planaria alba Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 116, pl. 16, figs 21, 22 Synonyms: Tetrastemma album Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Atlantic coast of Scotland. Diesing (1863: 183) listed this species as Tetrastemma album, but Biirger (1904a: 132) included Dalyell's form among a group of dubious nemertean taxa; the name Planaria alba was in fact preoccupied, having previously been used for a species of turbellarian by Turton (1807: 129). Planaria algae Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 117, pl. 16, figs 24, 25 Synonyms: Tetrastemma algae Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 466 R. Gibson Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Scotland. Synonymised with Tetrastemma candidum (Mfiller, 1774) by Biirger (1904a: 64). Planaria angulata: see Fasciola angulata Mfiller, 1774 Planaria ascaridea Montagu, 1808 Montagu, 1808:231 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: British Isles (south coast of Devonshire). An unpublished manuscript name which Gibson (1982b: 168) uncertainly listed as a junior synonym of Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837). Planaria atropurpurea Rathke, 1799 Rathke, 1799:84 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Denmark (?). Although regarded by some authors as a nemertean, Kenk (1974: 45) commented that it is not recognisable; the taxonomic position of this species remains unknown. Ptanaria badia Rathke, 1799 Rathke, 1799: 83, pl. III, figs 9a, b Synonyms: Nemertes badia Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Denmark (?). Bfirger (1904a: 51) uncertainly included this species as a junior synonym of Drepanophorus spectabilis (Quatrefages, 1846), but the systematic confusion surrounding the identity of Quatrefages' form and the inadequate description provided by Rathke do not allow the suggested synonymy to be accepted. Planaria bioculata Johnston, 1828 Johnston, 1828b: 56 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: British Isles. Bfirger (1904a: 101) included this form as synonymous with Lineus ruber (Miiller, 1774), but Gibson (1982b: 90) indicated that it had also been used for what is now known as Lineus viridis (Miiller, 1774) and Johnston's brief description of the external features suggest that Planaria bioculata is closer to viridis than to ruber. Planaria candida: see Fasciola candida Mfiller, 1774 Planaria carnea Rathke, 1799 Rathke, 1799: 83, pl. III, figs 10a, b Synonyms: Meckelia carnea, Polystemma carneum Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Denmark. Bfirger (1904a: 101) uncertainly synonymised this form with Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774). Planaria dorsalis Abildgaard, 1806 Abildgaard, 1806: 25, pl. CXLII, figs 1-3 Synonyms: ?Astemma gordius, Hecate dorsalis, Oerstedia dorsalis var. aequalis, Oerstedia dorsalis var. albolineata, Oerstedia dorsalis var. cincta, Oerstedia dorsalis vat. marmorata, Oerstedia dorsalis var. rubra, Oerstedia dorsalis Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 467 forma striata, Oerstedia dorsalis var. viridis, Oerstedia maculata (partim), Oerstedia tubicola, ?Planaria gordius, Polia farinosa, Tetrastemma dorsale, Tetrastemma dorsale vat. marmoratum, Tetrastemma dorsale var. unicolor, Tetrastemma dorsalis, Tetrastemma farinosum, Tetrastemma fuscum, ?Tetrastemma maculatum, Tetrastemma marmoratum, Tetrastemma octopunctatum, Tetrastemma varicolor (partim), Tetrastemma varicolor fuscogrisescens, Tetrastemma varicolor var. fusco-grisescens, Tetrastemma varicolor lacteoflavescens, Tetrastemma varicolor var. lacteoflavescens, Tetrastemma varicolor lineata, Tetrastemma varicolor vat. lineata, Tetrastemma varicolor nigropunctata, Tetrastemma varicolor var. nigropunctata, Tetrastemma variegatum, Vermiculus variegatus Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 80 m or more, on small algae in rock pools (especially Ceramium, Chondrus, Cladophora, Corallina and Ulva), under stones or among fucoid or laminarian holdfasts, on a wide range of substrata below low tide level (mud, sand, gravel, stones or shelly sediments), occasionally amongst ascidians or on the hulls of sunken vessels; a single record exists of a specimen being found under a log in a poikilohaline lagoon. Distribution: Widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, extending from the Pacific (Japan, the coast of North America from Puget Sound, WA to Mexico), the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic coast of North America (Nova Scotia to FL), the western Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean, Black Sea, north-western Spain and Madeira. Now Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) (Bfirger, 1895a: 592). This species is evidently either highly polymorphic or comprises a complex of taxa. Numerous varieties have been established: these are var. aequalis Iwata, 1954a: 17, fig. 4A4, var. albolineata Biirger, 1895a: 593, pl. 3, figs 29, 35, pl. 29, figs 34, 35, var. cincta Biirger, 1895a: 593, pl. 3, fig. 27, var. marmorata Biirger, 1895a: 592, pl. 3, figs 30, 36, var. rubra Bfirger, 1895a: 593, forma striata Bergendal, 1903: 125, and var. viridis Biirger, 1895a: 592-593, pl. 3, figs 34, 34a, pl. 29, fig. 33. Envall and Sundberg (1993: 309) noted that in Swedish waters ten forms of the species are commonly encountered. Until such time as future studies determine which of these varieties, if any, warrants separate taxonomic status, all are regarded as synonymous with Oerstedia dorsalis. Planariafilaris Miiller, 1788 Mfiller, 1788: 38, pl. LXVIII, figs 18-20 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: North Sea coast of Denmark. Now Micrurafilaris (Mfiller, 1788) (Mfiller, 1858: 300). Planaria filiformis Johnston, 1828 Johnston, 1828b: 56-57 Synonyms: Astemma filiformis, Borlasia filiformis, ?Borlasia linearis (partim), Cephalothrix filiformis, Cephalothrix linearis (partita), ?Cephalothrix lineata, ?Cephalothrix longissima, Cephalotrix filiformis, Cephalotrix linearis (partim), ?Cephalotrix longissima, ?Gordius gracilis Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 40 m or more, under stones on mud or buried in muddy gravel. Distribution: British Isles and the coast of France. Now Procephalothrixfiliformis (Johnston, 1828) (Wijnhoff, 1913: 295). Planaria flaccida: see FascioIa flaccida Miiller, 1774 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 468 R. Gibson Planariaflava Montagu, 1808 Montagu, 1808: 237, pl. 35, fig. 2 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: British Isles. An unpublished manuscript name which McIntosh (1873-1874: 174) synonymised with Prosorhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862. Planariafusca Fabricius, 1780 Fabricius, 1780:324 Synonyms: Meckelia fusca, Nemertes fusca Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Greenland, Iceland and Norway. Verrill (1892: 438) listed this species as Cerebratulusfuscus but Biirger (1904a: 101) regarded Planaria fusca as conspecific with Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774) whilst including (ibid.: 112) Cerebratulus fuscus sensu Verrill as a junior synonym of Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804. Planariafuscescens Fabricius, 1798 Fabricius, 1798:58-62 Synonyms: Cerebratulus fuscescens, Nemertes fuscescens Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 130 200m. Distribution: Greenland and the Arctic Ocean (Jan Mayen Is.). Levinsen (1879: 202) included Planaria fusca as synonymous with what he called Cerebratulusfuscescens, and Bfirger (1904a: 101) included both taxa as conspecific with Lineus ruber (M/iller, 1774). Planaria gesserensis Mfiller, 1788 Miiller, 1788: 32, pl. LXIIII, figs 5-8 Synonyms: Borlasia gesserensis, Gordius gesserensis, Lineus gesserensis, Nemertes gesserensis, Notospermus gesserensis, Tricelis gesserensis Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal to sublittoral. Distribution: Originally described from Denmark, subsequent records are uncertain because of the confusion surrounding the identity of this species. Synonymised with Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774) by Biirger (1904a: 101), Gibson (1982b: 90) noted that the specific epithet gesserensis has also been applied to what is now known as Lineus viridis (Mfiller, 1774). Planaria gordius: see Astemma gordius Parfitt, 1867 Planaria lactiflorea Johnston, 1828 Johnston, 1828a: 489 Synonyms: ?Amphiporus validissimus, Borlasia alba, Borlasia mandilla, Ditactorrhochma mandilla, ?Fasciola rosea, Gordius albicans, ?Lumbricus oxyurus, Nemertes lactiflora, Nemertes lactiflorea, Nemertes mandilla, Omatoplea alba, Omatoplea berea, Omatoplea glauca (partita), Omatoplea mutabilis, ?Omatoplea rosea, Omatoplea violacea, Ommatoplea alba, ?Ommatoplea alba var. rosea, Ommatoplea berea, Ommatoplea glauca, Ommatoplea mandilla, Ommatoplea mutabilis, ?Ommatoplea rosea, Ommatoplea violacea, ?Planaria rosea, Polia berea, Polia glauca, Polia mandilla, Polia mutabilis, Polia violacea, ?Polystemma alba, ?Polystemma roseum, Prostoma lactiflorea Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 250 m or more, under stones on fairly clean sand or gravelly sand, amongst shell debris, on brown algae or, less commonly, in silt or mud; the species is to some extent tolerant of fluctuating salinities. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 469 Distribution: Mediterranean and northern coasts of Europe to the Atlantic and Arctic coasts of North America north of Cape Cod; Iwata's record of this species (1954a: 23-24) occurring in Japan (Hokkaido), well outside its otherwise known range, is regarded as being of dubious validity. Now Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) (McIntosh, 1873-1874:156); redescribed by Berg (1972a: 23-24, figs 1A, 4, 5A, 6-8), following a proposal by Gibson and Crandall (199 l) this species has recently been designated as the type for the genus Amphiporus (Opinion 1675, 1992). Planaria lacteritia Rathke, 1799 Rathke, 1799:83 Synonyms: Nemertes lateritia Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: North Sea coast of Denmark. Included by Biirger (1904a: 131) in a list of dubious nemertean taxa. Planaria linearis Rathke, 1799 Rathke, 1799: 84, pl. III, fig. ll Synonyms: Ascaris linearis, Astemma longum, Borlasia cephalothrix, Borlasia linearis, Borlasia longa, Cephalothrix caeca, Cephalothrix coeca, Cephalothrix filiformis (partim), ?Cephalothrix lineata, ?Cephalothrix lineatus, ?Cephalothrix longissima, Cephalotrix coeca, Cephalotrix linearis, ?Cephalotrix longissima, ?Gordius gracilis: not Cephalothrix linearis sensu Oudemans (1885), Biirger (1892a), Verrill (1892), Riches (1893) or Coe (1905) Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 16-18 m or more, in clean coarse sand, muddy sand or mud, among laminarian holdfasts, in Zostera beds, under stones and boulders, or between mussels and other colonial organisms. Distribution: The Mediterranean, western coasts of northern Europe, Greenland and the Atlantic coast of North America north of Cape Cod; Yamaoka (1940a) also recorded the form from Japan. Now Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799) (McIntosh, 1873-1874: 208); Cephalothrix linearis sensu Oudemans (1885) and Riches (1893) was included as synonymous with Procephalothrix filiformis (Johnston, 1828) by Wijnhoff (1913:295), sensu Biirger (1892a) is now Cephaiothrix buergeri Wijnhoff, 1913, and sensu Verrill (1892) and Coe (1905) was listed as identical with Procephalothrix spiralis (Coe, 1930) by Coe (1940: 258). Planaria lineata Montagu, 1808 Montagu, 1808: pl. 56, fig. 5 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: British Isles. An unpublished manuscript name which McIntosh (1873-1874: 198) listed as synonymous with Mierura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828. Planaria octoculata Johnston, 1828 Johnston, 1828b: 56 Synonyms: Borlasia octoculata, Nemertes octoculata Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: British Isles. Biirger (1904a: 101) synonymised this form with Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774), but Gibson (1982b: 90) commented that 'the name octoculata is more typically associated with Lineus sanguineus', which is now Myoisophagos sanguineus (Rathke, 1799). Planaria quadrioculata Johnston, 1828 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 470 R. Gibson Johnston, 1828b: 56 Synonyms: Nemertes quadrioculata, Potia quadrioculata, Prostoma quadrioculata Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: British Isles. Btirger (1904a: 64) included this species as synonymous with Prostoma candidum, now Tetrastemma candidum (M/iller, 1774); earlier Quatrefages (1846: 216) had uncertainly listed Polia quadrioculata as the same as Tetrastemma varicolor Orsted, 1843, but Hubrecht (1879: 227) regarded Quatrefages' species as also conspecific with Tetrastemma candidum. Planaria rosea: see Fasciola rosea Miiller, 1774 Planaria rubra: see Fasciola rubra Mfiller, 1774 Planaria rufa Montagu, 1808 Montagu, 1808:231 (v) Synonyms: Lineus rufus Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: British Isles (south coast of Devonshire). Unpublished manuscript names which Gibson (1982b: 90) suggested might be synonymous with the Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774), Lineus sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) and Lineus viridis (Miiller, 1774) group of species. Planaria sanguinea Rathke, 1799 Rathke, 1799:83 Synonyms: ?Borlasia octoculata, ?Gordius oculatus, Lineus communis, Lineus nigricans, Lineus nigricans var. striatus, ?Lineus oculatus, ?Lineus oxneri, Lineus sanguineus, Lineus socialis, Lineus socialis var. capistratus, Lineus vegetus, ?Nemertes octoculata, Nemertes sanguinea, Nemertes sangvinea, Nemertes socialis, ?Planaria octoculata Habitat: Intertidal, under rocks and stones embedded in muddy sediments, often in muds blackened by decaying organic matter, or among algae; Riser (1994) comments that this species is a temperate water form tolerant of gradual salinity and thermal changes. Distribution: Widespread in temperate waters; coasts of Italy, France, Belgium, Sweden and the British Isles in Europe, the Atlantic coast of North America (Bay of Fundy, ME to northern FL), the Gulf coast of the USA westwards to TX, the Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico) and New Zealand: possible records from Bermuda and southern Chile cannot be substantiated. Now Myoisophagos sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) (Riser, 1994: in press). Planaria siphunculus Delle Chiaje, 1828 Delle Chiaje, 1828: 120, pl. XXXV, figs 26, 27 Synonyms: Planaria sipunculus, Tetrastemma siphunculus, Tetrastemma sipuneulus: not Polia siphunculus Delle Chiaje, 1825 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Bfirger (1904a: 132) included this form among a group of dubious nemertean taxa, whilst Kenk (1974:51) concluded that it could be either a nemertean or a polyclad flatworm. Planaria unicolor Johnston, 1828 Johnston, 1828a: 488-489 Synonyms: Borlasia unicolor Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 471 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: British Isles. Synonymised with Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774) by Biirger (1904a: 101), Gibson (1982b: 90) uncertainly included it in a list of names which have been applied to the Lineus tuber, Lineus sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) and Lineus viridis (Miiller, 1774) group of species. Planaria unipunetata: see CephaIotrix unipunctata Parfitt, 1867 Planaria viridis: see Fasciola viridis Mfiller, 1774 Planktonemertes Woodworth, 1899 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Woodworth, 1899:2 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Planktonemertes adhaerens: see Plotonemertes adhaerens Brinkmann, 1917 *Planktonemertes agassizii Woodworth, 1899 Woodworth, 1899:2 3, pl. figs 1-4 Synonyms: Planktonemertes agassizi: not Planktonemertes agassizii sensu Biirger (1909) Habitat: Taken in non-closing trawls from depths of approximately 1100-3700 m. Distribution: Tropical Pacific (north of San Salvador Is., and off the coasts of Colombia and Panama). Biirger (1909:200 202, pl. X, fig. 2, pl. XI, figs 7, 8) recorded this species from the tropical Atlantic (off the coast of Sierra Leone), but Brinkmann (1917b: 71-73) concluded that Bfirger's species was not the same as that described by Woodworth and accordingly renamed it ChunieUa agassizii (Bfirger, 1909). Coe (1926: 106-116, text figs 1, 13, 18, 23, 48, pl. 1, figs l, la, pl. 5, figs 34-43, pl. 6, figs 44-49, pl. 7, figs 50 54, pl. 8, figs 55-60, pl. 13, figs 90, 91) redescribed Woodworth's species, listing (ibid.: 159-160) Chunieila agassizii as a separate taxon. Korotkevich (1955: 69), however, regarded Chuniella as a junior synonym of Planktonemertes and accordingly renamed Planktonemertes agassizii sensu Bfirger as Planktonemertes biirgeri, subsequently (Korotkevich, 1977b: 16) listing agassizii Woodworth, 1899, and biirgeri Korotkevich, 1955, as separate species. Biirger's taxon of 1909 is, however, currently known as Chuniella agassizii and Planktonemertes biirgeri thus constitutes a junior synonym of Bfirger's species. Planktonemertes alberti Joubin, 1906 Joubin, 1906: 9-10, figs 6, 7 Habitat: Taken in nets drawn from depths of 1310-3320m to the surface. Distribution: Northern North Atlantic (between Iceland and Norway in the area encompassed by 63-71°N, I°E-11°W). Redescribed as Dinonemertes alberti (Joubin, 1906) by Brinkmann (1917b: 4753, texWfigs 12 13a, pl. VII, figs 4 15). Planktonemertes aurantiaca: see Neuronemertes aurantiaca Coe, 1926 Planktonemertes aureola: see Tubonemertes aureola Coe, 1954 Planktonemertes beebei: see Protopelagonemertes beebei Coe, 1936 Planktonemertes biirgeri Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955:69 Synonyms: Planktonemertes agassizii (partim): not Planktonemertes agassizii Woodworth, 1899 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 472 R. Gibson Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 1300m. Distribution: Tropical Atlantic (off the coast of Sierra Leone). This species should be regarded as a junior synonym of Chuniella agassizii (Bfirger, 1909). Planktonemertes coei Korotkevich, 1955 Korotkevich, 1955: 65, fig. 3E Habitat: Taken from a depth of 1463 m. Distribution: Atlantic (Bermuda region). As a consequence of synonymising the genera Neuronemertes and Plotonemertes with Planktonemertes, Korotkevich pointed out that Plotonemertes aurantiaca Coe, 1936, became a preoccupied name (by Neuronemertes aurantiaca Coe, 1926) and accordingly renamed Coe's 1936 form as Planktonemertes coei. Plotonemertes aurantiaca is, however, currently recognised as a valid species, for which Planktonemertes coei Korotkevich, 1955, thus constitutes a junior synonym. Planktonemertes curvicephala Korotkevich, 1964 Korotkevich, 1964: 137, 141-143, fig. 3 Synonyms: Planktonenertes curvicephala Habitat: Taken in a net drawn from a depth of 2000 m to the surface. Distribution: South Pacific (off the coast of Chile). This species name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Korotkevich (1963: 275-276, fig. 1). Planktonemertes drygalskii: see Paradinonemertes drygalskii Brinkmann, 1915-1916 Planktonemertes elongata Joubin, 1906 Joubin, 1906: 13-14, fig. 10 Habitat: Taken in a net drawn to the surface from a depth of 4000 m. Distribution: North Atlantic (east of the Azores-Gibraltar Ridge). Uncertainly transferred to the genus Chuniella as ChunieUa elongata (Joubin, 1906) by Coe (1926: 161), Coe (1945a: 159) commented that 'As only the type specimen is known and this has been described only superficially, the status of this species still remains in doubt'. Korotkevich (1955: 68, 1977b: 16) retained the form under its original name. Planktonemertes grimaldii Joubin, 1906 Joubin, 1906: 4-9, figs 1-5 Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 3000 m. Distribution: North Atlantic (near the Azores and in the Sargasso Sea). Now Dinonemertes grimaldii (Joubin, 1906) (Brinkmann, 1917b: 53), although Korotkevich (1955: 69, 1977b: 16) listed it under its original name. Planktonemertes hardyi: see Bathynemertes hardyi Wheeler, 1934 Planktonemertes hubrechti: see Bathynemertes hubrechti Brinkmann, 1917 Planktonemertes levinseni: see Pendonemertes levinseni Brinkmann, 1917 Planktonemertes macrostomum: see Paradinonemertes macrostomum Coe, 1954 Planktonemertes murrayi: see Bathynectes murrayii Brinkmann, 1912 Planktonemertes obesa: see Pachynemertes obesa Coe, 1936 Planktonemertes opaca: see Chunianna opaca Coe, 1954 Planktonemertes pacifica: see Chunianna paciflca Coe, 1954 Planktonemertes rhomboidalis Joubin, 1906 Joubin, 1906: 14-16, figs 11, 12 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 473 Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 2000 m. Distribution: North Atlantic (Sargasso Sea). Uncertainly transferred to the genus Crassonemertes as Crassonemertes rhomboidalis (Joubin, 1906) by Coe (1926: 120), Coe (1945a: 155) commented that 'This species was described from the external appearance of the body only, and nothing is as yet known as to the internal morphology. Consequently the status of the species must remain doubtful until a more complete study of the type specimen is made.' Korotkevich (1955: 68, 1977b: 16) retained it under its original name. Planktonemertes robusta: see Crassonemertes robusta Brinkmann, 1917 Planktonemertes rubella: see Plenanemertes rubella Coe, 1954 Planktonemertes sargassicola Joubin, 1906 Joubin, 1906: 13, fig. 9 Habitat: Netted between a depth of 2225 m and the surface. Distribution: North Atlantic (Sargasso Sea). Now Mononemertes sargassicola (Joubin, 1906) (Coe, 1926: 118); Coe noted that 'The systematic position of this specimen must remain in doubt until a further study is made of its internal organization'. Korotkevich (1955: 68, 1977b: 16) retained the form under its original name. Planktonemertes scarlata: see Mononemertes scarlata Coe, 1945 Planktonemertes vanh6ffeni Brinkmann, 1915-1916 Brinkmann, 1915-1916: 3-4, text-fig. 1, pl. figs 1, 2 Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul between a depth of 3000 m and the surface; one specimen between 515-995 m (van der Spoel, 1985) Distribution: South Atlantic (west of the Cape of Good Hope) and the North Atlantic (about mid-way between the Canary Islands and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Now Planktonemertes vanhoeffeni Brinkmann, 1915-1916 (Coe, 1926:116). Planktonemertes wheeleri: see Paradinonemertes wheeleri Coe, 1936 Planktonemertes woodworthii Bfirger, 1909 Bfirger 1909: 202-204, pl. XXXIII, fig. 4, pl. XXXIV, figs 1-6 Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul between a depth of 2400m and the surface. Distribution: Tropical Indian Ocean (southwest of Java). Now Mergonemertes woodworthii (Bfirger, 1909)(Brinkmann, 1917b: 28), although Korotkevich (1955: 65, 1977b: 16) retained it under its original name. Planktonemertes zonata Joubin, 1906 Joubin, 1906: 11-12, fig. 8 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes zonata Habitat: Taken between a depth of 3000 m and the surface. Distribution: North Atlantic (near the Azores). Uncertainly listed as Parabalaenanemertes zonata (Joubin, 1906) by Coe (1926: 232), Coe (1945a: 164) commented that the only two specimens of this species known have been only superficially studied; Korotkevich (1955:113, 1977b: 18) included the taxon as Pelagonemertes zonata. Planolineus Beauchamp, 1928 HETERONEMERTEA Beauchamp, 1928:63 Freshwater *Planolineus exsul Beauchamp, 1928 Beauchamp, 1928: 63-67, figs 1-4 474 R. Gibson Habitat: In a freshwater pond. Distribution: Java (in the Botanical Gardens at Buitenzorg). Planonemertes Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1926:142-143 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Planonemertes labiata Coe, 1936 Coe, 1936: 106-107, pl. X, fig. 52 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Synonyms: Dinonemertes labiata Habitat: Obtained from a depth of about 1800m. Distribution: North Atlantic (Bermuda region). This species name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Coe (1935: 315); Korotkevich (1955: 70; 1977b: 17) listed it as Dinonemertes labiata. *Planonemertes lobata Coe, 1926 Coe, 1926: 143-150, text-figs 15B, 26, 29C, 34, 41, 76, 77, pl. 3, fig. 20, pl. 13, fig. 88, pl. 14, figs 92-97 Synonyms: Dinonemertes lobata Habitat: Taken in an open net within 600 m of the surface. Distribution: Tropical Pacific (off the coast of Ecuador). Korotkevich (1955: 70; 1977b: 17) included this form as Dinonemertes lobata. Plectonemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Gibson, 1990c: 193 Marine benthic. *Pleetonemertes sinensis Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 193-202, text fig. 35, pl. 3, figs H, I, pl. 35, figs A-F, pl. 36, figs A-H, pl. 37, figs A - G Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 21 m, among debris on an oyster shell on a bottom of mixed shell debris, silt and clay. Distribution: Hong Kong. Plenanemertes Coe, 1954 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1954:240 Marine, abyssopelagic. * Plenanemertes rubella Coe, 1954 Coe, 1954:240-241 Synonyms: Planktonemertes rubella Habitat: Caught in a closing net between 4000-6000 m; the net was closed below 4000 m depth. Distribution: North Pacific (west of the Emperor Seamount Chain). Korotkevich (1977b: 16) included this species as Planktonemertes rubella. Plionemertes Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1926:151 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Plionemertes constricta Coe, 1954 Coe, 1954: 251-252, text fig. 15 Synonyms: Dinonemertes constricta Habitat: Obtained from a depth of about 1800m. Distribution: Tropical Pacific (west of Costa Rica). Korotkevich (1977b: 16-17) included this species as Dinonemertes constricta. * Plionemertes plana Coe, 1926 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 475 Coe, 1926:151 155, text-figs 9F, 10C, 19, 20, 29A, 78, pl. 15, figs 98-102 Synonyms: Dinonemertes plana Habitat: Although taken in a trawl drawn from a depth of about 5200m to the surface, Coe suggested that it was probably caught at a depth of no more than 600 m. Distribution: Tropical Pacific (off the coast of Peru). Korotkevich (1955: 69; 1977b: 17) included this form as Dinonemertes plana. Plotonemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917a: 5 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Plotonemertes adhaerens Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917a: 5, pl. I, figs 9, 10 Synonyms: Planktonemertes adhaerens Habitat: Taken between depths of 535-2000 m. Distribution: North Atlantic (Bermuda region, near Reykjanes Ridge and east of Newfoundland ) , North Pacific (off the coasts of OR and CA), tropical Pacific (Guatemala Basin) and the South Pacific (southwest of Samoa); van der Spoel (1985: 22) recorded a specimen of 'Plotonemertes cf. adhaerens' from a depth of 480-1010 m near 55°N, 30°W, in the North Atlantic. More fully described by Brinkmann (1917b: 12-17, text-fig. 1, pl. IV, figs 114); Korotkevich (1955: 67, 1977b: 16) listed this species as Planktonemertes adhaerens. Plotonemertes aurantiaca Coe, 1936 Coe, 1936:103 104, pl. II, figs 19, 20, pl. IV, fig. 33, pl. VII, fig. 43 Synonyms: Planktonemertes coei Habitat: Taken from a depth of 1463 m. Distribution: North Atlantic (Bermuda region). First referred to as a new species by Coe (1935: 315) but with no description given; Korotkevich (1955: 65, fig. 3E) listed the form as Planktonemertes coei. Poikilonemertes Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942:178 Marine benthic. * Poikilonemertes vivipara Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 178-184, figs 15, 16 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Namibia (Liideritz Bay). Polia Delle Chiaje, 1825 Delle Chiaje, 1825: 406, 427 The generic name Polia had previously been used for a group of Lepidoptera and was therefore unavailable; Polia sensu Delle Chiaje is a junior synonym of the heteronemertean genus Baseodiscus (Diesing, 1850: 243), although it has also been used for some species which have subsequently been transferred to other genera such as Amphiporus or Tetrastemma. Polia affinis: see Poseidon affinis Stimpson, 1854 Polia antonina: see Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846 Polia armata Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:216 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 476 R. Gibson Synonyms: Oerstedia armata, Prostoma quatrefagesi, Tetrastemma armature: not Prostoma armature Dug~s, 1830 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Sicily) and the English Channel. When he transferred this form to the genus Prostoma, Bfirger (1904a: 67) renamed it Prostoma quatrefagesi, now Tetrastemma quatrefagesi (Biirger, 1904), to distinguish it from Prostoma armatum Dugrs, 1830, which he uncertainly synonymised with Emplectonema echinoderma (Marion, 1873). Polia aurita Ulyanina, 1870 Ulyanina, 1870: 47-48, pl. II, fig. 10, pl. VI, fig. 11 Synonyms: Ototyphlonemertes aurita aurita, Ototyphlonemertes aurita suchumica, Polia aurita forma suchumica Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of less than 1 m, under stones or in the holdfasts of algae. Distribution: Black Sea (Sebastopol and Suchum). Now Ototyphlonemertes aurita (Ulyanina, 1870) (Biirger, 1895a: 48); Czerniavsky, 1880: 241-242, pl. III, figs 4A-E, 5F, G, established a separate form of this species which he called Polia aurita forma suchumica; Biirger (1904a: 28) listed Ulyanina's original taxon as O totyphlonemertes aurita aurita and Czerniavsky's variety as Ototyphtonemertes aurita suchumica, but the separate taxonomic status of these two subspecies is no longer recognised. Polia baculus Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 215, pl. 11, fig. VI Synonyms: Oerstedia baculus, Prostoma baculus Habitat: Among algae. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Carus (1885: 165) regarded this form as synonymous with Tetrastemma flavidum Ehrenberg, 1828, but Bfirger (1904a: 70) listed it as a separate species under the name Prostoma baculus; an inadequately described taxon, which should now be known as Tetrastemma baculus (Quatrefages, 1846). Polia bembix Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 209, pl. 11, fig. IX, pl. 14, fig. IV Synonyms: Omatoplea bembix Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral among algae. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Biirger (1904a: 41) synonymised this form with Amphiporus pulcher pulcher, which is now Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837). Polia berea Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:211-212 Synonyms: Omatoplea berea, Ommatoplea berea Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: France (Br~hat). Synonymised with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) by Hubrecht (1879: 222). Polia bilineata Delle Chiaje, 1841 Delle Chiaje, 1841:126 Synonyms: ?Cerebratulus bilineatus (partim), Lineus kenneli: not Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier, 1804 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 477 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 30 m in detritus. Distribution: Italy (Naples). McIntosh (1873-1874: 191) listed this species as Lineus bilineatus, but Biirger (1904a: 94) regarded Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804) and Lineus bilineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1841) as different species; Delle Chiaje's taxon B/irger (1892a: 161) had previously renamed Lineus kennelii. Polia bivittata Delle Chiaje, 1841 Delle Chiaje, 1841:130 Synonyms: Eunemertes peronea, Nemertes peronea, Nemertopsis peronea, Omatoplea peronea, Ommatoplea peronea, Prosorhochmus bistriatus, Prosorochmus bistriatus Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, under and among calcareous and other algae on jetties, antifouling panels and boulders. Distribution: Originally described from the Mediterranean (Naples, Sicily and Marseille), since recorded from as wide a range as FL, USA, Brazil and Chile. Now Nemertopsis bivittata (Delle Chiaje, 1841) (Bfirger, 1904a: 26), redescribed under this name by Corr6a (1955: 72-75, pl. 3, figs 7-9, pl. 4, figs 10-12). Polia caeca Chapuis, 1886 Chapuis, 1886: XXII Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: France (near Roscoff). Included in a list of dubious nemertean taxa by Bfirger (1904a: 131). Polia caerulescens Delle Chiaje, 1828 Delle Chiaje, 1828:172 Synonyms: Borlasia caerulescens, Borlasia coerulescens, Polia coerulea, Polia coerulescens Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Regarded as a dubiously valid heteronemertean species by Bfirger (1904a: 128). Polia caneseens Leuckart, 1849 Leuckart, 1849:154 Synonyms: Acrostomum canescens Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Iceland. Now Amphiporus canescens (Leuckart, 1849) (Biirger, 1904a: 39), listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 457). Polia capitata Beneden, 1861 Beneden, 1861: 28, pl. IV, figs 12-16 Habitat: Among sertularian tubes. Distribution: Coast of Belgium. Synonymised with Prostoma candidum, now Tetrastemma candidum (Miiller, 1774), by Biirger (1904a: 64). Polia carcinophila: see Nemertes eartinophilos K611iker, 1845 Polia coerulea Delle Chiaje, 1841 Delle Chiaje, 1841:126 Habitat: Marine benthic. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 478 R. Gibson Distribution: Italy (Naples). Listed by Bfirger (1904a: 128) as synonymous with Polia caerulescens Delle Chiaje, 1828, which he regarded as a dubious species of heteronemertean. Polia coronata Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:213 Synonyms: Loxorrhochma coronata, Nemertes coronata, Oerstedia pulchella (partim), Polia pulchella (partim), Prostoma coronatum, Tetrastemma melanocephalum (partim), Tetrastemma melanocephalum var. diadema, ?Tetrastemma rufescens, Vermiculus coluber Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 40m, among algae and in laminarian holdfasts, with Zostera, on bryozoans, with tubicolous polychaetes, under stones, in rock crevices or in sandy detritus. Distribution: Uncertain because of the confusion surrounding the identity of this species; it has been reported from the British Isles, Scandinavia, the Atlantic coast of France, the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Black Seas and Madeira, but records from Japan by Yamaoka (1940a) and Iwata (1954a) must be regarded as of uncertain validity. Biirger (1904a: 56) in part synonymised this species with Prostoma melanocephalum melanocephalum, now Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837), in part (ibid.: 61) listing it as Prostoma coronatum, now Tetrastemma coronatum (Quatrefages, 1846). Several authors have considered Tetrastemma coronatum merely as a colour variety of Tetrastemma melanocephalum, but Kirsteuer (1963: 564-569, figs 7-10, 32) redescribed Quatrefages' species and confirmed its specific distinctness. Polia crucigera Delle Chiaje, 1844 Delle Chiaje, 1844: pl. 174, figs 15-18 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Not recorded. Hubrecht (1879: 207) synonymised this form with Carinella annulata, now Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804). Polia curta Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:209 Synonyms: Baseodiscus curtus, Baseodiscus delineatus var. curta, Baseodiscus delineatus var. curtus, Eupolia ascophora, Eupolia curia, Eupolia marmorata, Taeniosoma curtum Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, between or under stones, on sand or corals or entwined among algae. Distribution: Circumglobal (Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, western North Atlantic, Red Sea, North and South Pacific); Coe (1944a: 28) noted that the range of this species was virtually identical to that recorded for Baseodiseus delineatus. Transferred to the genus Baseodiscus as Baseodiscus curtus (Hubrecht, 1879) by Biirger (1904a: 82) and widely recorded by many authors subsequently either as a distinct species or as a variety of Baseodiscus delineatus, Gibson (1979a: 145-146) commented that 'Among the various characters which have been used to distinguish between Baseodiscus delineatus and Baseodiscus curtus the only one which might be of taxonomic value is the number of pairs of excretory tubules ... There appears to be no other feature which can be reliably used to differentiate between the two species and their remarkable Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 479 similarity to each other, noted by several authors, is possibly indicative of them being conspecific.' Indeed, there now seems to be no justification for retaining these two forms as separate and Hubrecht's species is here synonymised with Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825). Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1825 Dele Chiaje, 1825: 427-428, 444, pl. XXVIII, fig. 4 Synonyms: Baseodiscus curtus, Baseodiscus delineatus var. curta, Baseodiscus delineatus var. curtus, Baseodiscus insignis, Borlasia carmellina, Borlasia delineata, Borlasia striata (partim), ?Eupolia amboinensis, Eupolia ascophora, Eupolia curta, Eupolia delineata, Eupolia marmorata, ?Eupolia reticulata, Meckelia carmellina, Nemertes delineatus, Polia curta, Polia lineata, Taeniosoma curtum, Taeniosoma delineatum, Valencinia striata: not Borlasia striata Rathke, 1843 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 50m or more, in a wide range of situations (under stones and boulders on coarse clean to shelly or muddy sand, in rock crevices, entwined between sea grass roots or algal holdfasts, among sponges and other encrusting or colonial organisms, and on corals). Distribution: One of the most widespread nemertean species known, recorded from both northern and southern hemispheres and evidently circumglobal in tropical and subtropical waters as well as extending into temperate latitudes (Mediterranean, Adriatic and Atlantic coasts of Europe, Cape Verde Is., Bermuda, Barbados, southern FL, USA, Puerto Rico, Gulf of California, Fiji Is., Mariana Is., Japan, Java, the Torres Straits, Australia [the Great Barrier Reef and southern coast of Western Australia], Mauritius, Zanzibar, Brazil and Chile). Now Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825) (Diesing, 1850: 243), redescribed by Gibson (1979a: 140-145, figs 1-3). Polia dugesii Quatrefages, 1849 Quatrefages, 1849: 211, pl. 13, figs 11-13 Synonyms: Emea dugesii, Polia dugesi Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: France (Saint Martin Canal, Paris). Transferred to the genus Emea by Leidy (1851b: 288), Bfirger (1904a: 68) listed it as a junior synonym of Prostoma clepsinoides Dug6s, 1828; Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 224) included clepsinoides in a group of inadequately described freshwater nemerteans whose specific placement was uncertain, but Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) stated that the taxon should be invalidated. Polia farinosa Beneden, 1861 Beneden, 1861: 29, pl. IV, fig. 17 Synonyms: Tetrastemma farinosum Habitat: Amongst sertutarian tubes. Distribution: Coast of Belgium. Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by Biirger (1904a: 71). Poliafilum Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 207-208, pl. 13, fig. IV Synonyms: Cephalothrix filum Habitat: Under rocks. Distribution: France (St. Vaast, St. Malo and Br6hat). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 480 R. Gibson Although Biirger (1904a: 18) included this species as a junior synonym of Cephalothrix rufifrons, Wijnhoff (1913: 300) rejected this synonymy and listed Cephalothrix filum (Quatrefages, 1846) among a group of uncertain cephalothricid taxa. Polia fumosa Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:206-207 Synonyms: Nemertes fumosa, Tetrastemma fumosum Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: France (St. Vaast and Brrhat). Uncertainly synonymised with Prosorhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862, by B~rger (1904a: 30) and Gibson and Moore (1985: 147). Polia geniculata Delle Chiaje, 1828 Delle Chiaje, 1828: 177, pl. 43, fig. 10 Synonyms: Borlasia annulata (partim), Cerebratulus anas, Cerebratulus geniculatus, Lineus anas, ?Lineus annelatus, ?Lineus australis, Lineus digueti, ?Lineus flammeus, Lineus geniculatus, Lineus mitellatus, Meckelia annulata (partim), Micrura tridacnae, Nemertes annulata (partim), Nemertes annulatus (partim), Nemertes drepanensis, Nemertes geniculata, Nemertes geniculata forma pontica, Notogymnus drepanensis, Notospermus drepanensis Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 30m or more, in kelp holdfasts, under stones and boulders on sand or muddy sand, or in crevices in rocks and corals. Distribution: Black Sea, Mediterranean (France, Italy, Greece, Malta), the Canary Is., Gulf of Guinea (West Africa), Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the western coasts of tropical America (Gulf of California, Panama and Peru); Wheeler's record of the species (1934) from South Africa is of uncertain validity. Redescribed as Notospermus geniculatus (DeUe Chiaje, 1828) by Riser (1991: 428-434, figs 1-t2). Polia glauca Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 206, pl. 10, fig. III Synonyms: Omatoplea glauca (partim), Ommatoplea glauca Habitat: In rock crevices. Distribution: France (St. Vaast and Brrhat). Synonymised with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) by Hubrecht (1879: 222). Polia gracilis Girard, 1851 Girard, 1851b: 4 Synonyms: Nemertes obscura Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA). Girard regarded Nemertes obscura Desor, 1848, as conspecific with this species, Biirger (1904a: 101) listing both as synonymous with Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774). Polia grisea Stimpson, 1855 Stimpson, 1855b: 390 Synonyms: Polina grisea Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to subtittoral, on sand flats, among bryozoans and hydroids, often with eel grasses and algae, sometimes under stones. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 481 Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (New England, southwards to FL). Verrill (1892: 398) recorded this species as Amphiporus griseus (Stimpson, 1855), which was listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 458459); Amphiporus griseus sensu Coe (1943: 282-283, text-fig. 68) was included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the observation that it might be synonymous with Amphiporus glutinosus sensu Montgomery, 1897. Polia grubei: see Omatoplea grubei Diesing, 1850 Polia humilis Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 212-213, pl. 11, fig. V, pl. 14, fig. VII Synonyms: Nemertes humilis, Prostoma humile, Tetrastemma humile Habitat: In banks with tubicolous polychaetes. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Now Tetrastemma humilis (Quatrefages, 1846) (Diesing, 1862: 290). Polia involuta Beneden, 1861 Beneden, 1861: 18-23, pl. III, figs 1-30 Synonyms: Cephalothrix involuta, Cephalotrix involuta Habitat: Found on the abdomen of the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Distribution: Coast of Belgium. Beneden (1876: 46) synonymised this form with Nemertes carcinophilus, which is now Carcinonemertes carcinophila (K611iker, 1845). Polia lineata: evidently an emendation of Polia delineata which appeared in Delle Chiaje (1825) Polia mandilla Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 203-204, pl. 8, figs I, Ia, pl. 9, fig. II Synonyms: Borlasia mandilla, Ditactorrhochma mandilla, Nemertes mandilla, Ommatoplea mandilla Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: France (St. Vaast). Synonymised with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) by Hubrecht (1879: 222). Polia minor Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:209-210 Synonyms: Eupolia minor Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Now Baseodiscus minor (Hubrecht, 1879) (B/irger (1904a: 81). Polia mutabilis Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 205, pl. 10, fig. II Synonyms: Omatoplea mutabilis, Ommatoplea mutabilis Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: France (St. Vaast). Now Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) (Hubrecht, 1879: 222). Polia obscura, Polia obscurum: see Nemertes obscura Desor, 1848, and Tetrastemma obscurum Schultze, 1851 Polia oculata Delle Chiaje, 1828 Delle Chiaje, 1828: 172, 177, 181, pl. 43, fig. 8, pl. 44, fig. 1 Synonyms: Omatoplea polii Habitat: Marine benthic. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 482 R. Gibson Distribution: Italy (Naples). Carus (1885: 167) suggested that this form might be the same as Nemertes antonina, but Bfirger (1904a: 77) included it with a group of dubious nemertean taxa under its original name. Polia opaca Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:202-203 Synonyms: Nemertes opaca Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: France (near St. Vaast). Included by Bfirger (1904a: 101) as a junior synonym of Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774). Polia pulchella Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:214-215 Synonyms: Oerstedia pulchella Habitat: Intertidal among coralline and other small algae. Distribution: Italy (Sicily and Naples). Bfirger (1904a: 57) in part synonymised this species with Prostoma melanocephalum melanocephalum, now Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837), in part (ibid.: 61) with Prostoma coronatum, now Tetrastemma coronatum (Quatrefages, 1846). Polia punctata Delle Chiaje, 1828 Delle Chiaje, 1828: 172, 177, 181, pl. 43, figs 7, 11 Synonyms: Nemertes punctata, Omatoplea punctata Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Listed with a group of dubious nemertean taxa by Biirger (1904a: 77). Polia purpurea Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:210-211 Habitat: Intertidal in rock crevices. Distribution: France (Br6hat). Quatrefages uncertainly listed Borlasia purpurea sensu Johnston and Nemertes purpurea sensu ~rsted as possibly synonymous with his species, but Bfirger (1904a: 131) concluded that Quatrefages' taxon differed from the other two and included it, as Polia sp., among a group of dubious nemertean taxa. Polia pusilla Delle Chiaje, 1841 Delle Chiaje, 1841:126 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Carus (1885: 164) suggested that this form might be synonymous with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828), but Bfirger (1904a: 78) included it with a group of dubious nemertean taxa. Polia quadrioculata: see Planaria quadrioculata Johnston, 1828 Polia rhomboidalis Stimpson, 1855 Stimpson, 1855b: 390 Synonyms: Polina rhomboidal& Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Australia (Port Jackson, New South Wales). Now Amphiporus rhomboidalis (Stimpson, 1855) (Bfirger (1904a: 45), identified as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461); Whitelegge Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 483 (1889: 44) included Polia rhomboidalis in the palaeonemertean family Carinellidae (now Tubulanidae), whilst Gibson (1978: table 1), based on Bfirger's inclusion (1895a: 503) of Polia as synonymous with Eupolia (now Baseodiscus), erroneously included Stimpson's taxon in the Anopla. Polia rosea Delle Chiaje, 1841 Delle Chiaje, 1841: 126 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 15 30 m. Distribution: English Channel and the Mediterranean. Now Cerebratulus roseus (Delle Chiaje, 1841) (Hubrecht, 1879:218). Polia sanguirubra Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 208-209, pl. 11, figs III, vii, pl. 12, fig. I Synonyms: Nemertes haematodes, Tetrastemma sanguirubrum Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: France (St. Vaast, St. Malo and Br6hat). Synonymised with Tetrastemmaflavidum Ehrenberg, 1828, by Hubrecht (1879: 227). Polia siphunculus Delle Chiaje, 1825 Delle Chiaje, 1825: 406, 427, pl. 28, figs 1-3 Synonyms: Meckelia siphunculus, Polia sipunculus: not Planaria siphunculus Delle Chiaje, 1828 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Hubrecht (1879:211), Carus (1885:160) and Vaillant (1890: 600) regarded this form as synonymous with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, but Biirger (1904a: 128) rejected this synonymy and included it with a group of dubious heteronemertean taxa. Polia tetrophthalma DeUe Chiaje, 1841 Delle Chiaje, 1841:110 Synonyms: Tetrastemma tetrophthalma Habitat: In the mantle cavity of Ascidea mammellata. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Carus (1885: 166) uncertainly included this species as synonymous with Tetrastemma kefersteinii (Marion, 1869), but Biirger (1904a: 64) listed it under Prostoma flavidum, now Tetrastemma flavidum Ehrenberg, 1828. Polia vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:214 Synonyms: Borlasia vermiculus, Nemertes vermiculus, Polia vermiculata, ?Prostoma flagellatum, Prostoma vermiculus, Prostoma vermiculus catenulatum, Prostoma vermiculus solium, Prostoma vermiculus vermiculus, Prostomatella vermicula, Prostomatella vermiculus, Tetrastemma catenulatum, ?Tetrastemma flagellatum, Tetrastemma vermicula, Tetrastemma vermiculatum, Tetrastemma vermiculum, Tetrastemma vermiculum catenulatum, Tetrastemma vermiculus var. catenulatum, Tetrastemma vermiculus var. solium Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 40-50m, under rocks and stones, among bryozoans, ascidians, hydroids and algae on rocks or pier pilings, or in laminarian holdfasts. Distribution: The Mediterranean, Madeira, British Isles, Scandinavia, the Atlantic coast of North America (Bay of Fundy, ME to FL) and the Gulf coast of the USA. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 484 R. Gibson Now Tetrastemma vermiculus (Quatrefages, 1846) (Diesing, 1862: 290); two varieties of the form have been described, var. catenulatum by Verrill, 1892: 408, pl. XXXIV, fig. 12, pl. XXXV, fig. 11, and var. solium by Bfirger, 1895a: 590, pl. 3, fig. 18, pl. 8, figs 6a, b, pl. 29, figs 57-59. Montgomery (1897: ll) included Verrill's variety as a distinct species, Tetrastemma catenulatum, but Bfirger (1904a: 62-63) listed three subspecies, catenulatum, solium and vermiculus, under the species Prostoma vermiculus. Transferred to the genus Prostomatella by Friedrich (1935a: 340) but later uncertainly returned to Tetrastemma by Friedrich (1955: 169), Kirsteuer (1963: 590-591, fig. 32) briefly redescribed it as a distinct species. Polia violacea Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:210 Synonyms: Omatoplea violacea, Ommatoplea violacea Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: France (St. Vaast). Synonymised with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) by Hubrecht (1879: 222). Polia xanthopila Giard, 1888 Giard, 1888:496 Synonyms: Eunemertes xanthophila Habitat: Marine, found living on the crab Xanthoflorida. Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (near Concarneau). Synonymised with Carcinonemertes carcinophila (K611iker, 1845) by Humes (1942: 16). Polina Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:164 Occasionally emended to Polinia, Verrill (1892: 387) used Polina as a subgenus of Amphiporus, with which it was synonymised by Biirger (1904a: 34). Polina cervicalis Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:165 Habitat: Intertidal, under stones or among mussels. Distribution: North Pacific (coast of AK, Aleutian Is. and Japan [Hokkaido and Honshu]). Now Amphiporus cervicalis (Stimpson, 1857) (Bfirger (1904a: 39), listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 457). Polina glutinosa Verrill, 1873 Verrill, 1873a: 324, 631, pl. XIX, fig. 97 Synonyms: Polinia glutinosa Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 12m, in pools, creeping among algae or hydroids, on pilings and timbers of wharves or bridges, on buoys or on muddy, sandy, shelly or gravelly sediments; also found in brackish water in oyster or eel grass beds. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (CT and MA). Verrill (1892: 397) transferred the taxon to the genus Ampldporus, whilst Coe (1943: 282) included Amphiporus glutinosus as a junior synonym of Amphiporus griseus (Stimpson, 1855). Gibson and Crandall (1989: 458-459), however, listed Amphiporus glutinosns (Verrill, 1873) as a nomen dubium with the comment that 'The synonymy between these taxa established by Coe ... ultimately depends upon, first, whether or not Montgomery's (1897) Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 485 identification of A. glutinosus was correct and, second, the similarities in external appearance between the two species noted by Verrill (1892). Montgomery's (1897: pl. 1, fig. 13) illustration of the eye pattern, however, is sufficiently different from that depicted by Verrill (1892: fig. 3) that some doubt must exist as to whether these figures are of the same taxon ... This doubt, coupled with the inadequacy of Stimpson's (1855) and Verrill's (1873) original descriptions, suggests that both taxa should be regarded as of dubious validity. Amphiporus glutinosus sensu Montgomery (1897) and A. griseus sensu Coe (1943), however, do appear to be conspecific.' Polina grisea: see Polia grisea Stimpson, 1855 Polina rhomboidalis: see Polia rhomboidalis Stimpson, 1855 Poliopsis Joubin, 1890 HETERONEMERTEA Joubin, 1890:521 Marine benthic. *Poliopsis lacazei Joubin, 1890 Joubin, 1890: 521-532, pl. XXV, figs 3, 4, pl. XXIX, figs 1 12 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 45-200 m, under boulders in the surf zone or dredged from sand, clay or shell sediments. Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region), France (near Calais), the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean (Mauritius) and the Pacific coast of Chile. In the caption to pl. XXV the generic name is incorrectly spelt Polyopsis; the species name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Joubin (1889: 232). Polybrachiorhynchus Gibson, 1977 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1977:553 Marine benthic. *Polybrachiorhynchus dayi Gibson, 1977 Gibson, 1977: 554-570, table 1, figs 1-11 Habitat: Intertidal, burrowed in sand banks or in mud of Zostera beds. Distribution: South Africa (Durban Bay and near the mouth of the Breede River). Polydendrorhynchus Yin and Zeng, 1988 H E T E R O N E M E R T E A Yin and Zeng, 1988:177-178 Marine benthic. *Polydendrorhynchus papillaris Yin and Zeng, 1988 Yin and Zeng, 1988: 178-186, table 1, text-figs 1-5, pl. I, figs 1-9, pl. II, figs 1-8 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: People's Republic of China (Zhanjiang). (Polygordius Schneider, 1868) Schneider, 1868:51 A valid genus of annelids, one species was erroneously included as a nemertean but subsequently correctly relocated. Polygordius pulchellus: see Nareda pulchella Girard, 1893 Polyhopla Diesing, 1862 Diesing, 1862:296-297 A genus of dubious validity, according to Bfirger (1904a: 78). Polyhopla nemertes Diesing, 1862 Diesing, 1862:297 Synonyms: Nemertes polyhopla Habitat: Freshwater. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 486 R. Gibson Distribution: Nicaragua (Lake Nicaragua). Diesing, with no explanation, changed about the name Nemertes polyhopla originally given to this species by Schmarda (1859); Biirger (1904a: 77-78) regarded it as being of dubious validity. Polyschista Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925:97 Marine benthic. Polyschista curafaoensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925: 97-100, text-fig. 1, pl. V, fig. 1, pl. VI, figs 1-4 Habitat: Between growths of the coral Poritesfurcata. Distribution: Curagao (Spanish Water). This species should be known as *Polyschista curacaoensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925. Polystemma Ehrenberg, 1828 Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. IV, figs I, II Verrill (1892: 388) both synonymised this name with Amphiporus and used it as a subgenus to include five species, Amphiporus glutinosus, Amphiporus griseus, Amphiporus iactifloreus, Amphiporus ochraceus and Amphiporus roseus. Polystemma adriaticum Ehrenberg, 1828 Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. IV, figs Ia-g Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Trieste). Ehrenberg's description of this species was given in 1831 (p. 58). Hubrecht (1879: 222) synonymised it with Amphiporus lactifloreus, but Biirger (1904a: 49) listed it as Amphiporus adriaticus (Ehrenberg, 1828), identified as a nomen clubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455). Potystemma alba: see Borlasia atba Thompson, 1845 Polystemma albicans, Polystemma allicans: see Amphiporus albicans Ehrenberg, 1831 Polystemma armature: see Prostoma armatum Dug6s, 1830 Polystemma carneum: see Planaria carnea Rathke, 1799 Polystemma gracile: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837 Polystemma pellucidum Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:580 Synonyms: Omatoplea pellucida Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: In the Sound between Denmark and Sweden (near Helleboek). Now Amphiporus pellucidus (Orsted, 1843) (Bfirger, 1904a: 48), listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461). Polystemma pulchrum: see Nemertes pulchra Johnston, 1837 Polystemma pusillum Orsted, 1845 Orsted, 1845:418 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Norway (Kristianafjord). Included by Bfirger (1904a: 132) with a group of dubious nemertean taxa. Polystemma roseum: see Fasciola rosea Mfiller, 1774 Polystemma sinuosum Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:164 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 487 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 18 m among bivalve shells. Distribution: Hong Kong. Now Amphiporus sinuosus (Stimpson, 1857) (Biirger, 1904a: 43), identified as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 462). Polystemma taeniatum: see Ommatoplea taeniata Ehrenberg, 1831 Pontolineus Miiller and Scripcariu, 1964 HETERONEMERTEA Mfiller and Scripcariu, 1964:314 Marine benthic. *Pontolineus arenarius Mfiller and Scripcariu, 1964 Mfiller and Scripcariu, 1964:314-317, text-fig. 1, pl. I, figs l-4, pl. II, figs 5-8, pl. III, figs 9-11 Habitat: Intertidal in sand. Distribution: Black Sea (Rumanian coast). Poseidon Girard, 1852 Girard, 1852:186 Listed as a junior synonym of the heteronemertean genus Lineus by Verrill (1892: 417). Poseidon affinis Stimpson, 1854 Stimpson, 1854:28 Synonyms: Nemertes affinis, Polia affinis Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 10-300 m or more, under stones. Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (off Nova Scotia to Massachusetts Bay, MA and Cape Cod, MA); sublittoral in the southern part of its range. Now Micrura affinis (Stimpson, 1854) (Verrill, 1879: 186). Poseidon colei Girard, 1852 Girard, 1852:186 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA). Synonymised with Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774) by Bfirger (1904a: 101). Poseidonemertes Kirsteuer, 1967 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Kirsteuer, 1967:121 An amended diagnosis was given by Kirsteuer (1974: 164-165). Marine benthic. Poseidonemertes bothwellae Gibson, 1982 Gibson, 1982d: 270 277, table 2, figs 1-4 Habitat: Intertidal from coral boulder covered with small algae and hydroids. Distribution: Australia (Heron Is., off Queensland). Poseidonemertes caribensis Kirsteuer, 1974 Kirsteuer, 1974: 153-159, 165, tables I, II, figs 1-34 Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral depths of not more than 2m, from Thalassia on rocks and dead corals covered with algal epigrowth. Distribution: Caribbean (Jamaica, Bahamas, Barbados, Panama and British Honduras). Poseidonemertes collaris Roe and Wickham, 1984 Roe and Wickham, 1984:60 68, table 1, figs 1 12 Habitat: Intertidal in muddy sand. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 488 R. Gibson *Poseidonemertes gondwanae Kirsteuer, 1967 Kirsteuer, 1967: 116-121, figs 1C-E, 4 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 20m in mud mixed with sand. Distribution: Madagascar (Bay of Ambanoro). Potamonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1973 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Moore and Gibson, 1973: 142, tables 1, 2 Freshwater. Potamonemertes gibsoni Hickman and Moore, 1990 Hickman and Moore, 1990: 51-55, table 2, pl. 1, figs A, B, pl. 2, figs A, B, pl. 3, figs A. B., pl. 4, figs A, B, pl. 5, figs A, B Habitat: In sandy gravel. Distribution: Tasmania (Great Lake, Arthurs Lake, Lake Sorell, Lake Pedder and Giblin River). *Potamonemertes percivali Moore and Gibson, 1973 Moore and Gibson, 1973: 142-156, figs 1-10 Habitat: In gravel beds or mixed gravel and clay. Distribution: New Zealand (Selwyn River, South Is.). Praealbonemertes Cantell, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA Cantell, 1993:63-64 Marine benthic. *Praealbonemertes whangateaunienses Cantell, 1993 Cantell, 1993: 63-69, figs 1-11 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones or in sand mixed with mud. Distribution: New Zealand (North and South Is.). Proarmaueria Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1926:184-185 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Proarmaueria korotkevitschae Chernuishev, 1992 Chernuishev, 1992b: 4 Synonyms: Mesarmaueria pellucida: not Proarmaueria pellucida Coe, 1926 Habitat: Recovered from depths of 512-1500 m. Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk. Coe (1954: 263) transferred Proarmaueria pellucida Coe, 1926, to the genus Armaueria, but Chernuishev (1992b: 4) included it under its original name as the type-species for Proarmaueria; Chernuishev also listed Korotkevich's Mesarmaueria pellucida (1955) as a member of the genus Proarmaueria, in consequence having to change its name to Proarmaueria korotkevitschae. *Proarmaueria pellucida Coe, 1926 Coe, 1926: 185-192, text-figs lh, 7E, 9B, 24, 25C, 29B, pl. 20, figs 120-124, pl. 21, figs 125-132, pl. 22, figs 133 138, pl. 23, figs 139-143 Synonyms: Armaueria pellucida Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 600 m. Distribution: North Pacific (between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kuril Is.). Proarmaueriella Chernuishev, 1992 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Chernuishev, 1992b: 6 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Proarmaueriella caudata: see Mesarmaueria cauclata Korotkevich, 1955 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 489 Probalaenanemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917b: 122 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Probalaenanemertes irenae Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 287-288, text-figs 64, 65 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes irenae Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul from a depth of 1000m to the surface. Distribution: South Atlantic (west of the Cape of Good Hope). Korotkevich (1955:113, 1977b: 18) listed this form as Pelagonemertes irenae. Probalaenanemertes wijnhoffi Brinkmann, 1917 Brinkmann, 1917b: 122-124, pl. XII, figs 16 21 Synonyms: Pelagonemertes wijnhoffi Habitat: Obtained from a depth of about 800 m. Distribution: North Atlantic (near the Reykjanes Ridge). Korotkevich (1955: 110, 1977b: 18) included this species as Pelagonemertes wijnhoffi; named after Dr Gerarda Wijnhoff, this form should correctly be known as *Probalaenanemertes wijnhoffae Brinkmann, 1917. Procarinina Bergendal, 1902 Bergendal, 1902b: 422 Hylbom (1957: 565) included this taxon as a junior synonym of the genus Carinina. Procarinina atavia Bergendal, 1902 Bergendal, 1902b: 422-432, figs 1-5 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 55-65 m on muddy clay. Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord). Now Carinina atavia (Bergendal, 1902) (Hylbom, 1954: 541). Procarmina buddenbrocki Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935a: 295-300, fig. 1 Habitat: Intertidal in yellow muddy clay. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Now Carinina buddenbrocki (Friedrich, 1935) (Hylbom, 1957: 541). Procarinina remanei Nawitzki, 1931 Nawitzki, 1931: 162-231, figs 1-29 Habitat: Subtittoral from depths of 7 -12 m with sea grasses or in yellow muddy clay, Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Now Carinina remanei (Nawitzki, 1931) (Hylbom, 1957: 541). Procephalothrix Wijnhoff, 1913 ARCHINEMERTEA Wijnhoff, 1913:294-295 An amended diagnosis of the genus was given by Junoy and Gibson (1991:186). The generic name has been emended to Procephalotrix in isolated instances. Marine benthic. Procephalotrix adriatica Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 61-63, pl. 2, fig. 12 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). This species should be known as Procephalothrix adriatica Senz, 1993. Procephalothrix aliena, Procephalotrix aliena: see Cephalothrix aliena Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 490 R. Gibson Punnett, 1903 Procephaiothrix arenarius Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 38 44, text-figs 2, 3, pl. 1, figs A-I Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 12 m, in medium to coarse shelly sand or under stones buried in Crassostrea debris. Distribution: Hong Kong. Procephalothrixfasciculus Iwata, 1952 Iwata, 1952: 130-131, figs 2, 8 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stone on a stony beach. Distribution: Japan (Kyushu). *Procephalothrix filiformis: see Planaria filiformis Johnston, 1828 Procephaiothrix hermaphroditicus Gibson, S~nchez and M~ndez, 1990 Gibson et al., 1990: 279-287, table 1, figs 1-15 Habitat: Intertidal, crawling among mussel communities or under boulders on coarse sand or sand enriched with organic detritus. Distribution: Southern Chile (Cocholgue and near Metri). Procephalothrix kiliensis Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935a: 301-305, figs 3-6 Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 2 15 m, between Zostera roots or in sand or mud. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Procephalothrix major, Procephalotrix major: see Cephalothrix major Coe, 1930 Procephalothrix mokievskii Korotkevich, 1982 Korotkevich, 1982: 21-25, figs 8-15 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Russia (southern Sakhalin). Procephalothrix oestrymnicus Junoy and Gibson, 1991 Junoy and Gibson, 1991: 186-190, table 1, figs 1-10 Habitat: Intertidal under boulders in coarse sand. Distribution: Northwestern Spain (Galicia). Procephalothrix orientalis Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 44-49, text-figs 4, 5, pl. 2, figs A - G Habitat: Intertidal in mud at the margins of mangrove stands. Distribution: Hong Kong. Procephalothrix quequenensis Moretto, 1974 Moretto, 1974a: 9-12, figs 1-6 Habitat: On the fronds or between the holdfasts of Ceramium. Distribution: Argentina (Quequ6n). Procephalothrix simulus Iwata, 1952 Iwata, 1952:132 Synonyms: Cephalothrix linearis (in part) Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, under stones or among laminarian holdfasts. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido and Kyushu). Procephaiothrix spiralis: see Cephalothrix spiralis Coe, 1930 Proneurotes Montgomery, 1897 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Montgomery, 1897:4-6 Marine benthic. Proneurotes baltica Friedrich, 1940 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 491 Friedrich, 1940a: 247-251 Habitat: Among polychaetes. Distribution: Baltic Sea. *Proneurotes multioculatus Montgomery, 1897 Montgomery, 1897: 4-6, pl. 1, figs 12, 20, 27 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal among hydroids growing on pier pilings. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (N J). (Prorhynchus Schultze, 1851) Schultze, 1851:60 Originally established as a genus of freshwater nemerteans and regarded as such by some earlier authors, the two species included in the taxon as nemerteans (Prorhynchus stagnalis Schultze, 1851; Prorhynchus tenuis Girard, 1893) are in fact turbellarians. Prosadenoporus Bfirger, 1890 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Biirger, 1890:29 Emended to Prosadenophorus in some of the older literature, the genus was recently redefined by Moore and Gibson (1988: 82) with the comment that for the present it must be regarded as a monotypic taxon. Marine benthic. *Prosadenoporus arenarius Biirger, 1890 Biirger, 1890: 30-31, pl. VI, fig. 106, pl. VIII, fig. 145 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Java Sea (Noordwachter Is. off Sulawesi) and Pulau Bidan (off the Malay Peninsula). Redescribed by Moore and Gibson (1988: 76-82, figs 1-18). Prosadenoporus badio-vagatus Biirger, 1890 B/.irger, 1890: 31, pl. I, fig. 14, pl. V, figs 96, 97, pl. VI, fig. 102, pl. VIII, fig. 146, pl. IX, fig. 171 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon). Now Prosadenoporus badiovagatus B/Jrger, 1890 (B/irger, 1904a: 31), identified as a nomen dubium by Moore and Gibson (1988: 83) with the comment that 'Apart from size and colour, no distinctive difference from the type-species was reported'. Prosadenoporus buergeri Punnett, 1903 Punnett, 1903b: l l l - l l 2 Synonyms: Prosadenophorus buergeri Habitat: Intertidal, under stones in the boulder zone of a coral reef. Distribution: Laccadive Is. and Wasin (East Africa). Identified as a nomen dubium by Moore and Gibson 0988: 83) with the comment that further studies provided 'no ... evidence to support the recognition of P. buergeri as a valid species'. Prosadenoporusjanthinus Biirger, 1890 Biirger, 1890: 31-32, pl. I, figs 15, 15a, pl. VI, fig. 101, pl. VII, fig. 142, pl. X, fig. 186 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Java Sea (Noordwachter Is. off Sulawesi). Listed as a nomen dubium by Moore and Gibson (1988: 83). Prosadenoporus oleaginus Bfirger, 1890 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 492 R. Gibson Bfirger, 1890:32 Habitat: Burrowed in sand. Distribution: Java Sea (Noordwachter Is. off Sulawesi). Identified as a nomen dubium by Moore and Gibson (1988: 83). Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Keferstein, 1862:55 In much of the older literature the name is emended to Phrosorochmus or Prosorochmus; the genus was redefined by Gibson and Moore (1985: 146-147). Marine benthic. Prosorhochmus adriatica Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 132-135, pl. 9, figs 75 78 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (near Venice on the coast of Italy). Prosorhochmus albidus: see Tetrastemma albidum Coe, 1905 Prosorhochmus americanus Gibson, Moore, Ruppert and Turbeville, 1986 Gibson et al., 1986: 328-335, text-fig. 1, pl. I, figs a-g, pl. II, figs a-e Habitat: Intertidal on isolated boulders embedded in sand or under Crassostrea valves. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC). Prosorochmus bistriatus Bfirger, 1892 Biirger, 1892b: 325-326, pl. XVI, fig. 3 Synonyms: Prosorhochmus bistriatus Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral. Distribution: The Mediterranean Sea. Synonymised with Nemertopsis bivittata (Delle Chiaje, 1841) by BiJrger (1904a: 26). Prosorhochmus claparkdii Keferstein, 1862 Keferstein, 1862: 61-63, pl. VI, figs 1-5 Synonyms: ?Nemertes fumosa, Phrosorochmus claparedii, Planaria flava, ?Polia fumosa, Prosorhochmus claparedei, Prosorhochmus claparedi, Prosorhochmus delagei, Prosorhochmus korotneffi, Prosorochmus claparedei, Prosorochmus claparedii, Prosorochmus delagei, Prosorochmus korotneffi, ?Tetrastemma fumosum Habitat: Predominantly intertidal and extending almost to the supralittoral fringe, occasionally shallow water sublittoral, under stones in sand or in rock crevices. Distribution: Mediterranean (France and Italy), Atlantic coasts of France and the British Isles; possibly also the Black Sea. Correctly known as *Prosorhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862, the species was redescribed by Gibson and Moore (1985: 147-156, text-figs 1, 2, pl. I, figs a i, pl. II, figs a-h, pl. III, figs a f). Prosorochmus delagei Oxner, 1907 Oxner, 1907a: LXIII-LXIX, table I, figs 3 6 Synonyms: Prosorhochmus delagei Habitat: Under stones. Distribution: French coast of the English Channel (near Roscoff). Synonymised with Prosorhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862, by Gibson and Moore (1985: 159). Prosorhochmus korotneffi Bfirger, 1895 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 493 Bfirger, 1895a: 554-555, pl. 2, fig. 8, pl. 9, fig. 9, pl. 23, fig. 14, pl. 27, figs 43, 46, 50, 54 Synonyms: Prosorochmus korotneffi Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral. Distribution: Mediterranean coast of France (Villefranche). Synonymised with Prosovhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862, by Gibson and Moore (1985: 158). Prosorhochmus obscurus: see Tetrastemma obscurum Schultze, 1851 Prosorhochmus subterraneus Friedrich, 1949 Friedrich, 1949:69 Habitat: Burrowed in sand. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Gibson and Moore (1985: 159) excluded this form from the genus Prosorhochmus with the comment that 'future studies are needed to determine which genus the form should be placed in'. Prosorhochmus viviparus: see Borlasia vivipara Ulyanina, 1870 Prostoma Dug6s, 1828 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Dug6s, 1828:140 For long the generic names Prostoma and Tetrastemma were regarded as synonymous, but since Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 219) restricted the use of the name Prostoma for freshwater species, marine and brackish-water taxa have either been included in the genus Tetrastemma or transferred to other genera; Diesing (1850: 236) emended the name to Prostomum. Freshwater. Prostoma albolineatum Timofeeva, 1912 Timofeeva, 1912: 37-38, fig. 6 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 5-50 m with hydroids and bryozoans. Distribution: Mediterranean coast of France (Villefranche). This inadequately described species should be known as Tetrastemma albolineatum (Timofeeva, 1912). Prostoma ambigua, Prostoma ambiguum: see Tetrastemma ambiguum Riches, 1893 Prostoma amphiporoides: see Tetrastemma amphiporoides Bfirger, 1893 Prostoma antarcticum: see Tetrastemma antarcticum Bfirger, 1893 Prostoma armatum Dug6s, 1830 Dug6s, 1830:74 Synonyms: Omatoplea armata, Polystemma armatum: not Polia armata Quatrefages, 1846 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Mediterranean. Synonymised with Emplectonema echinoderma (Marion, 1873), with some reservation, by Biirger (1904a: 23). Prostoma asensoriatum: see Stichostemma asensoriatum Montgomery, 1896 Prostoma aseptata Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935c: 17-18, fig. 3c Habitat: In Zostera beds. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Now Tetrastemma aseptata (Friedrich, 1935) (Friedrich, 1955: 169). Prostoma assimile: see Tetrastemma assimile Orsted, 1844 Prostoma baculus: see Polia baculus Quatrefages, 1846 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 494 R. Gibson Prostoma beaumonti Southern, 1913 Southern, 1913:17 18, pl. I, figs 3A E Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from gravel and sand sediments at depths of 3-20 m. Distribution: Atlantic coast of Ireland. Now Tetrastemma beaumonti (Southern, 1913) (Gibson, 1982b: 158); Southern suggested that Beaumont's records (1895a,b) of Tetrastemma eandidum (Mtiller, I774) from the Isle of Man may refer to this species. Prostoma biancestro Delle Chiaje, 1841 Delle Chiaje, 1841:111 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Not recorded. Listed by Bfirger (1904a: 64) as a junior synonym of Prostoma candidum, now Tetrastemma candidum (Mi~ller, 1774). Prostoma bioculatum: see Tetrastemma bioculatum Orsted, 1843 Prostoma bipeltatum Timofeeva, 1912 Timofeeva, 1912: 38-39, fig. 8 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 50 m among bryozoans. Distribution: Mediterranean coast of France (Villefranche). This poorly described species should now be known as Tetrastemma bipeltatum (Timofeeva, 1912). Prostoma bistriatum Timofeeva, 1912 Timofeeva, 1912: 36, fig. 3 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 16-18 m. Distribution: Mediterranean coast of France (Villefranche). Inadequately described, this species should now be known as Tetrastemma bistriatum (Timofeeva, 1912). Prostoma brunnea Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935c: 16-17, fig. 3b Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Now Tetrastemma brunnea (Friedrich, 1935) (Friedrich, 1955: 168). Prostoma buxeum: see Tetrastemma buxeum Biirger, 1895 Prostoma canadiensis Gibson and Moore, 1978 Gibson and Moore, 1978: 80-84, figs 1-6 Habitat: Freshwater, from depths of 3 20m on rock, mud, sand or gravel sediments. Distribution: Canada (Lake Huron). Prostoma candidum: see Fasciola candida Miiller, 1774 Prostoma cassidens: see Oerstedia cassidens Marenzeller, 1886 Prostoma cephalophorum: see Tetrastemma cephalophorum Bfirger, 1895 Prostoma cerasinum: see Tetrastemma cerasinum Bfirger, 1895 Prostoma cisalpinum Vialli, 1926 Vialli, 1926:185-189 Habitat: In stagnant water or on the fronds of Ceratophillum. Distribution: Italy (Brescia, Cremona and Lombardia). Although Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 226) regarded this species as identical to Prostoma eilhardi (Montgomery, 1894), Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) concluded that the form was inadequately described and could neither be synonymised with Montgomery's species nor be accepted as a valid taxon. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 495 Prostoma clepsinoides Dug+s, 1828 Dug6s, 1828: 140-141, pl. IV, fig. 1 Synonyms: Geonemertes clepsinoidea, Prostoma clepsinoideum, Prostomum clepsinoideum, Tetrastemma clepsinoides Habitat: Freshwater, under stones. Distribution: France (Montpellier). Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 226) included this form among a group of freshwater nemerteans whose specific identity could not be confirmed and it was invalidated by Gibson and Moore (1976: 194). A variety, Prostoma clepsinoides var.putealis Beauchamp, 1932, is now known as Prostomaputeale. Prostoma coronatum: see Polia coronata Quatrefages, 1846 Prostoma cruciatum: see Tetrastemma cruciatum Bfirger, 1895 Prostoma diadema: see Tetrastemma diadema Hubrecht, 1879 Prostoma dubium: see Tetrastemma dubium Orsted, 1845 Prostoma duboisi: see Tetrastemma duboisi Biirger, 1893 Prostoma dutoiti Wheeler, 1940 Wheeler, 1940a: 39-40, fig. 10 Habitat: Intertidal in a hole in soft limestone. Distribution: South Africa (East London). Now Tetrastemma dutoiti (Wheeler, 1940) (Wheeler, 1940b: 236). Prostoma eilhardi: see Stichostemma eilhardi Montgomery, 1894 Prostoma elegans: see Hecate elegans Girard, 1852 Prostomafalsum: see Tetrastemmafalsum Bfirger, 1895 Prostomaflagellatum: see Tetrastemmaflagellatum Montgomery, 1897 Prostoma flavidum: see Tetrastemma flavidum Ehrenberg, 1828 Prostomafusum: see Tetrastemmafuscum Orsted, 1843 Prostoma georgianum: see Tetrastemma georgianum Bfirger, 1893 Prostoma glanduliferum: see Tetrastemma glanduliferum Biirger, 1895 Prostoma gracense, *Prostoma graecense, Prostoma grecense: see Tetrastemma graecensis B6hmig, 1892 Prostoma gracilis: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837 Prostoma graeffei: see Otoloxorrhochma graeffei Diesing, 1863 Prostoma grande, Prostoma grandis: see Stichostemma grandis Ikeda, 1913 Prostoma gulliveri: see Tetrastemma gulliveri Biirger, 1893 Prostoma hansi: see Tetrastemma hansi Bfirger, 1893 Prostoma helvolum: see Tetrastemma helvolum Bfirger, 1895 Prostoma hercegovinense Tarman, 1961 Tarman, 1961:183-184 Habitat: Freshwater, in caves. Distribution: Bosnia (near Zavala and Bileca). Prostoma hermaphroditicum: see Borlasia hermaphroditica Keferstein, 1868 Prostoma herouardi Oxner, 1908 Oxner, 1908: 1-10, text-figs 1-3, pl. I, figs 1-4 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal on brown algae or the tunicate Dendrodoa grossularia; found once on a ship hulk. Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region) and the Channel coast of France (Roscoff). Now Tetrastemma herouardi (Oxner, 1908) (Marine Biological Association, 1957: 107). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 496 R. Gibson Prostoma hokkaidoensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1938 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1938:222 Synonyms: Prostoma hokkaidoense Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) noted that 'This species was attributed to Ishizuka (1933) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938) ... yet Ishizuka, who had neither suggested that his form was new nor used the name, stated quite clearly (p. 218) that " . . . the nemertean of Sapporo is probably referable to the European species, P. gracense ..." Stiasny-Wijnhoff was totally unjustified both in establishing a new specific name and in stating that it was referable to Ishizuka and, under these circumstances, hokkaidoense is clearly not taxonomically allowable'. Prostoma humile: see Polia humilis Quatrefages, 1846 Prostoma incisum: see Tetrastemma incisum Stimpson, 1855 Prostoma interruptum: see Tetrastemma interruptum Biirger, 1895 Prostomajenningsi Gibson and Young, 1971 Gibson and Young, 1971: 122-126, table 1, text-fig. 1, pl. 1, figs a d Habitat: Freshwater in marginal pond vegetation or in mud between plant roots and basal leaves. Distribution: England (Croston, Lancashire). Prostoma kefersteinii: see Borlasia kefersteinii Marion, 1873 Prostoma knochii: see Nemertes knochii K611iker, 1845 Prostoma kolasai Gibson and Moore, 1976 Gibson and Moore, 1976: 204-207, figs 2, 3 Habitat: In freshwater lakes or greenhouse aquaria. Distribution: Poland (Konin Lakes and a Poznan greenhouse). Prostoma lactiflorea: see Planaria lactiflorea Johnston, 1828 Prostoma lacstre, Prostoma lacustre: see Tetrastemma lacustre du Plessis, 1892 Prostoma leonillae Oxner, 1908 Oxner, 1908: 10-16, table I, text-figs 4-8, pl. I, figs 5, 5A E Habitat: Lower shore intertidal on algae. Distribution: French coast of the English Channel (Roscoff). This species should now be known as Tetrastemma leoniilae (Oxner, 1908). Prostoma lombricoideum Dug6s, 1830 Dug+s, 1830:74 Synonyms: Emea lumbricoides, Prostoma lumbricoideum, Tetrastemma lumbricoides, Tetrastemma lumbricoideum Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: France (Lille and Montpellier) and Italy (Pavia). Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 226) listed this form as a valid species; Gibson and Moore (1976: 194), however, concluded that it was an inadequately described taxon which could no longer be accepted. Prostoma longissimum: see Tetrastemma longissimum Biirger, 1895 Prostoma maculatum Timofeeva, 1912 Timofeeva, 1912: 38, fig. 7 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 16 50m among Posidonia and bryozoans. Distribution: Mediterranean coast of France (Villefranche). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 497 Although the generic name Prostoma is now replaced by Tetrastemma for marine species, the name Tetrastemma maculaturn has previously been used by Sumner (1894: 114) for a species which has since been uncertainly synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806); Timofeeva's species appears to be very different from that described by Sumner and also has a colour pattern unlike any described for Oerstedia dorsalis. Prostoma maculatum is accordingly here renamed Tetrastemma timofeevai comb. et nom. nov. Prostorna marionis: see Tetrastemma marionis Joubin, 1890 Prostorna melanocephala, Prostoma melanocephalurn, Prostoma melanocephalurn rnelanocephalurn, Prostorna rnelanocephalurn suchurnicurn: see Nemertes rnelanocephala Johnston, 1837 Prostorna mixture Timofeeva, 1912 Timofeeva, 1912: 36, fig. 4 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 5-18 m. Distribution: France (Villefranche). This species should now be known as Tetrastemma mixtum (Timofeeva, 1912). Prostoma nigrifrons: see Tetrastemma nigrifrons Coe, 1904 Prostorna nirnbaturn: see Tetrastemma nimbatum Biirger, 1895 Prostoma obscura, Prostorna obscururn: see Tetrasternrna obscururn Schultze, 1851 Prostoma padanurn Pierantoni, 1926 Pierantoni, 1926: 436-440, figs 1-3 Synonyms: Prostorna padanus, Prostorna (Stichosternrna) padanus Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: Italy (branch of the River Po near Turin). Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 227) retained this species as distinct but Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) invalidated it as too poorly described. Prostorna peltaturn: see Tetrastemrna peltatum Bfirger, 1895 Prostorna portus: see Tetrastemma portus Bfirger, 1895 Prostorna pulchra: see Nernertes pulchra Johnston, 1837 Prostoma pttteale Beauchamp, 1932 Beauchamp, 1932: 269-273, fig. 1 Synonyms: Prostorna clepsinoides var. putealis, Prostorna putealis Habitat: Freshwater in rivers. Distribution: France and Switzerland. Originally described as a variety of Prostoma clepsinoides, Gibson and Moore (1976:211) included it as a valid species under the name Prostoma puteale. Prostoma quadrioculata: see Planaria quadrioculata Johnston, 1828 Prostorna quadripunctata, Prostoma quadripunctatum: see Borlasia quadripunctata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Prostorna quadristriaturn: see Tetrastemma quadristriaturn Langerhans, 1880 Prostorna quatrefagesi Bfirger, 1904 Btirger, 1904a: 67 Synonyms: Oerstedia arrnaturn, Polia armata, Tetrastemrna armaturn Habitat: Marine benthic, sublittoral from shelly gravel. Distribution: Italy (Sicily) and the British Isles (Plymouth). B/.irger renamed Polia arrnata Quatrefages, 1846, as distinct from Prostorna armaturn Dug6s, 1830, including Polia armata sensu Quatrefages (1849), Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 498 R. Gibson Oerstedia armata sensu Diesing (1850) and Tetrastemma armatum sensu Joubin (1894) as synonyms; Prostoma quatrefagesi is now Tetrastemma quatrefagesi (Bfirger, 1904) (Marine Biological Association, 1957: 107). Prostoma robertianae: see Tetrastemma robertianae Mclntosh, 1873 1874 Prostoma rubrum: see Emea rubra Leidy, 1850 Prostoma schultzei: see Tetrastemma schultzei Czerniavsky, 1880 Prostoma scutelliferum: see Tetrastemma scutelliferum Bfirger, 1895 Prostoma sebethis Monticelli, 1910 Monticelli, 1910a: 33 Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: Italy (Sebeto). Briefly referred to as a new species in both his 1910a and 1910b: 367, articles, Monticelli did not describe the form until 1916: 401-410, pl. 16, figs 1-8; Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 222) included it in a table of Prostoma records, but Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) concluded that it was too poorly characterised to be accepted as a valid species. Prostoma simplex Timofeeva, 1912 Timofeeva, 1912: 39, fig. 9 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 35-40m. Distribution: France (Villefranche). This species should be known as Tetrastemma simplex (Timofeeva, 1912). Prostoma spectaeutum Yamaoka, 1940 Yamaoka, 1940b: 16-17, fig. 3 Habitat: Intertidal in rock crevices or in dry clay-sand sediments. Distribution: Russia (Ryukyu Is.) and Hong Kong. Redescribed as Pantinonemertes spectaculum (Yamaoka, 1940) by Gibson (1990c: 173-183, table 8, text fig. 32, pl. 3, fig. G, pl. 31, figs A-F, pl. 32, figs A H). Prostoma stigmatum: see Tetrastemma stigmatum Stimpson, 1857 Prostoma subpellucidum: see Tetvastemma subpellucidum (}rsted, 1843 Prostoma suhmi B/irger, 1904 Bfirger, 1904a: 66 Synonyms: Tetrastemma fuscum (partita) Habitat: Found on the abdomen of a crab, Nautilograpsus minutus. Distribution: North Atlantic (Sargasso Sea). To distinguish between Tetrastemmafitscum Orsted, 1843, and Tetrastemma fuscum sensu Willemoes-Suhm, 1874, Biirger renamed the latter Prostoma suhmi; comments about this form by Humes (1942) suggest that it must be regarded as a nomen dubium although, as a marine taxon, under the name Tetrastemma suhmi (Biirger, 1904). Prostoma turanicum: see Tetrastemma turanicum Fedchenko, 1872 Prostoma tutus Monastero, 1930 Monastero, 1930: 59-60, text-fig. 8, pl. fig. 8 Habitat: Marine intertidal. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). This form should be known as Tetrastemma tutus (Monastero, 1930). Prostoma unicolor: see Oerstedia unicolor Hubrecht, 1879 Prostoma unilineatum: see Tetrastemma unilineatum Joubin, 1910 Prostoma validum: see Tetrastemma validum B/irger, 1893 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 499 Prostoma vastum: see Tetrastemma vastum Bfirger, 1895 Prostoma vermiculus, Prostoma vermiculus catenulatum, Prostoma vermiculus solium, Prostoma vermiculus vermiculus: see Polia vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846 Prostoma verrilli Bfirger, 1904 Bfirger, 1904a: 58 Synonyms: Tetrastemma roseum Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 40 m Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (off Rhode Is., RI). Biirger renamed Tetrastemma roseum Verrill, 1892, as distinct from Nemertes roseus K611iker, 1845, which he provisionally synonymised with Prostoma helvolum; Coe (1943: 291) confusingly used the name Tetrastemma roseum in his key to North American Atlantic coast tetrastemmids, but briefly described it (pp. 294-295) under its current name Tetrastemma verrilli (Biirger, 1904) with Tetrastemma roseum listed as a junior synonym. Prostoma viera Timofeeva, 1912 Timofeeva, 1912: 37, fig. 5 Itabitat: Subtittoral from a depth of 150 m. Distribution: France (Villefranche). This species should be known as Tetrastemma viera (Timofeeva, 1912). Prostoma viperula Timofeeva, 1912 Timofeeva, 1912:38 Habitat: Intertidal among Posidonia. Distribution: France (Villefranche). This form should be known as Tetrastemma viperula (Timofeeva, 1912). Prostoma vittatum: see Tetrastemma vittata Verrill, 1874 Prostoma vittigerum Bfirger, 1904 Biirger, 1904a: 59-60 Synonyms: Amphiporus vittatus (partim), Oerstedia vittata, Prostoma vittigerum filosum, Prostoma vittigerum granulatum, Prostoma vittigerum granulosum, Tetrastemma vittatum (partita) Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 30-40 m, with Cystosira barbata or in sandy detritus with Vidalia volubilis and Udotea desfontainii. Distribution: France (Roscoff, Banyuls, Port Vendres and Villefranche), Italy (Naples) and Croatia (Rovinj). In order to distinguish between Oerstedia vittata Hubrecht, 1879, and Tetrastemma vittata Verrill, 1874, which he regarded as different species, Bfirger renamed Hubrecht's taxon, which has since been redescribed as Tetrastemma vittigerum (Bfirger, 1904) by Kirsteuer (1963: 591-595, figs 25, 26B, 32). Oxner (1907b) distinguished two varieties of the species, which he called Prostoma vittigerum granulatum Oxner, 1907b: LXXXIV-LXXXV (giving the subspecific name as granulosum on p. LXXXVI and in the caption to fig. 5) and Prostoma vittigerumfilosum Oxner, 1907b: LXXXV-LXXXVI, fig. 6; neither of these subspecies can now be justifiably recognised as distinct. Prostomatella Friedrich, 1935 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1935a: 340 Marine benthic. *Prostomatella arenicola Friedrich, 1935 Friedrich, 1935a: 340 Habitat: Intertidal in fine sand. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 500 R. Gibson Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay) and the North Sea (Is. of Sylt). Redescribed by Mock (1981:493 496, figs 1-3) and rediagnosed by Norenburg (1986: 286). Prostomatella enteroplecta Corr~a, 1954 Corr~a, 1954: 54-58, pl. 1l, figs 57-61, pl. 12, fig. 62 Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, among algae and on antifouling panels. Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de S~,o Sebastiao and Ubatuba), Curacao and FL, USA. Redescribed as Tetvastemma enteroplecta (Corr~a, 1954) by Norenburg, 1986: 286-287. Prostomatella merula Corr~a, 1954 Corr~a, 1954:59 62, pl. 12, figs 63-66 Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, among algae and on antifouling panels. Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Sgo Sebasti~o) and FL, USA. Redescribed as Tetrastemma merula (Corrfia, 1954) by Norenburg, 1986: 287. Prostomatella obscura, Prostomatella obscurum: see Tetrastemma obscurum Schultze, 1851 Prostomatella vermicula, Prostomatella vermiculus: see Polia vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846 Prostomiopsis Friedrich, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Friedrich, 1936a: 39-40 Marine benthic. *Prostomiopsis alba Friedrich, 1936 Friedrich, 1936a: 40, figs 12, 13 Habitat: Among sea grasses. Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay). Protopelagonemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917b: 178 Marine, mesopelagic to abyssopelagic. Protopelagonemertes beebei Coe, 1936 Coe, 1936: 101-102, pl. II, fig. 25, pl. V, fig. 34 Synonyms: Planktonemertes beebei Habitat: Obtained from depths of between 1646-7200m. Distribution: North Atlantic (Bermuda area) and North Pacific (east of the Kuril Is. and near Isla de Guadaloupe). Coe (1935: 315) first used this species name as a nomen nudum; Korotkevich (1955: 65, 1977b: 16) listed it as Planktonemertes beebei. *Protopelagonemertes hubrechti: see Bathynemertes hubrechti Brinkmann, 1917 Prot,'~pelagonemertesjoculatori Van der Spoel, 1988 Van der Spoel, 1988:147 151, figs 1 5 Habitat: Collected by trawl between depths of 400 500m. Distribution: Banda Sea. Psammamphiporus Gibson, 1989 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Gibson, 1989:357 Marine benthic. *Psammamphiporus elongatus: see Amphiporus elongatus Stephenson, 1911 Nemertean genera and species of the world 501 Pseudobaseodiscus Senz, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA Senz, 1993a: 111-112 Marine benthic. *Pseudobaseodiscus nonsuleatus Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 112-115, pl. 7, figs 56-59 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Synonyms: Pseudobasedodiscus nonsulcatus Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). First referred to, as a nomen nudum, under the name Pseudobasedodiscus nonsulcatus by Senz (1992a: 92). Pseudocarcinonemertes Fleming and Gibson, 1 9 8 1 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Fleming and Gibson, 1981: 80-81, table II Marine, ectosymbiont on lobsters. *Pseudocarcinonemertes homari Fleming and Gibson, 1981 Fleming and Gibson, 1981: 81-87, table I, figs 1-16 Habitat: On the gills and egg masses of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Distribution: Atlantic coast of Canada (Grand Manan, New Brunswick). Pseudolineus Friedrich, 1960 Friedrich, 1960b: 55, 58 Friedrich proposed this genus for Lineus ramosus Islet, 1900, without referring to the species under its new generic name. Since Riser (1991: 435) both noted that Isler's taxon was a nomen dubium and suggested that it might belong in the genus Notospermus, any reassignment of Lineus ramosus to another genus would be premature until such time as additional material can be investigated; Pseudolineus is accordingly here regarded as a junior synonym of Lineus. Pseudonematon Hubrecht, 1883 Hubrecht, 1883:1 Listed by Bfirger (1904a: 129) among a group of dubious heteronemertean taxa. Pseudonematon nervosum Hubrecht, 1883 Hubrecht, 1883: 1-17, pl. I, figs 1-7, pl. II, figs 8-11 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Arctic Ocean. Biirger (1904a: 129) includes this taxon as a heteronemertean of dubious validity. Pterosoma Lesson, 1830 Lesson, 1830:254 Originally described as a mollusc, Moseley (1875b: 382) commented that 'there seems little doubt that the animal seen and figured by Lesson was a Nemertine and not a mollusk'. Pterosoma plana Lesson, 1830 Lesson, 1830: 254, pl. III, figs 3, 3bis Habitat: Marine pelagic. Distribution: Found between the Moluccas and Papua New Guinea. Moseley's conclusion (1875b: 382) that this was probably a species of pelagic nemertean was accepted by Hubrecht (1887: 33-34), who (pl. VIII, figs 1, 2) reproduced Lesson's original illustrations; if this form is a nemertean, as appears probable, its taxonomic affiliations remain unknown. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 502 R. Gibson Ptychodes Diesing, 1863 Diesing, 1863:184 Bfirger (1904a: 50) pointed out that this generic name had previously (1835) been used for a group of Coleoptera and listed Ptychodes sensu Diesing as a junior synonym of Dvepanophorus. Ptychodes splendida: see Borlasia splendida Keferstein, 1862 Punnettia Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926 H O P L O N E M E R T E A POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926:131 Marine benthic. Punnettia eerina: see Drepanophorus cerinus Bfirger, 1890 *Punnettia hubreehti Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926:131 134, pl. II, figs 8, 9, pl. III, figs 10 13 Synonyms: Drepanophorus rubrostriatus (partim), Drepanophorus spectabilis (partim) Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Punnettia maldivensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:50 52, pl. I, figs 24, 25, pl. X, figs 5, 6 Synonyms: Drepanophorus cerinus (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 34m at a boundary between mud and corals. Distribution: Off the south coast of Timor. Stiasny-Wijnhoff renamed Drepanophorus cerinus sensu Punnett (1903b) to distinguish it from Drepanophorus cerinus Bi2rger, 1890, regarding the two species as quite distinct. Punnettia micrommata Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 57-59, text-fig. 21, pl. I, figs 29, 30, pl. XI, figs 4-7 Habitat: On a coral reef. Distribution: West coast of Papua New Guinea. Punnettia spectabilis: see Cerebratulus spectabilis Quatrefages, 1846 Punnettia splendida: see Borlasia splendida Keferstein, 1862 Punnettia timorensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 46-50, text-fig. 16, pl. I, figs 22, 23, pl. X, figs 1-4 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 34 m. Distribution: South coast of Timor. Punnettia willeyana: see Drepanophorus willeyanus Punnett, 1900 Pussylineus Corr6a, 1956 H E T E R O N E M E R T E A Corr~a, 1956:209 Marine benthic. * Pussylineus gabriellae Corr~a, 1956 Corrfia, 1956:210 211, pl. 5, figs 21-24, pl. 6, figs 25-27 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to 10 m in coarse sand. Distribution: Italy (Naples) and the Rumanian coast of the Black Sea. Quasilineus Gibson, 1981 H E T E R O N E M E R T E A Gibson, 1981a: 223 224, table 1 Marine benthic. Quasilineus iucidoculatus Gibson, 1990 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 503 Gibson, 1990b: 92, 96-105, table 1, text-figs 2, 3, pl. 1, figs A-G, pl. 2, figs A-G, pl. 3, figs A - H Habitat: Intertidal under boulder partially embedded in coarse sand. Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia). *Quasilineus pulcherrimus Gibson, 1981 Gibson, 1981a: 224-231, figs 32-36 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, creeping among Sargassum on coral boulders. Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is. off Queensland). Quasilineus sin&us Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 91 98, text-fig. 13, pl. 3, fig. F, pl. 14, figs A-H, pl. 15, figs A-D Habitat: Intertidal in shelly gravel, muddy sand or coarse silty sand under rocks. Distribution: Hong Kong. Quatrefagea Diesing, 1862 Diesing, 1862:296 Bfirger (1904a: 78) regarded this as a genus of dubious validity. Quatrefagea dubia: see Valencinia dubia Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefagea insignis Diesing, 1862 Diesing, 1862:296 Synonyms: Valencinia dubia Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: France (Gulf of St. Malo). Diesing unjustifiably renamed Valencinia dubia Quatrefages, 1846, which Bfirger (1904a: 78) included with a group of dubious nemertean taxa. Quequenia Moretto, 1974 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Moretto, 1974b: 352 Marine benthic. *Quequenia gracilis Moretto, 1974 Moretto, 1974b: 353-360, figs 1-12 Habitat: Intertidal on the fronds of Ceramium. Distribution: Argentina (Quequ6n, province of Buenos Aires). Ramphogordius Rathke, 1843 Rathke, 1843:237-238 Incorrectly emended to Rhamphogordius by some authors, Rathke established this genus for a species he called Ramphogordius lacteus; Riser (1994: in press) has recently transferred this species to the genus Myoisophagos, for which Ramphogordius thus now constitutes a junior synonym. Ramphogordius lacteus Rathke, 1843 Rathke, 1843:238 Synonyms: Borlasia lactea, ?Gordius albus, ?Gordius minor albus, ?Lineus albus, Lineus lactea, Lineus lacteus, Nemertes lactea, Rhamphogordius lacteus Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 40m or more, under stones or on gravel or sand. Distribution: Atlantic coasts of the British Isles and France, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; the occurrence of the species in Sweden was questioned by Wijnhoff (1912: 416). Now Myoisophagos lacteus (Rathke, 1843) (Riser, 1994: in press). Renieria Girard, 1853 Girard, 1853:366 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 504 R. Gibson Bfirger (1895a: 501) incorrectly emended the genetic name to Reniera, in 1904a: 108, including the taxon as a junior synonym of Cerebratulus. Renieria rubra Girard, 1853 Girard, 1853:366 Synonyms: Cerebratulus rubra Habitat: Dredged from sublittoral sand flats. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC). Now Cerebratulus ruber (Girard, 1853) (Diesing, 1862: 274), although Verrill (1892: 436) uncertainly synonymised it with Cerebratulus leidyi. (Rhynchoscolex Leidy, 1850) Leidy, 1850:125 Included in the Rhynchocoela by Diesing (1862: 198), Biirger (1895a: 23) commented that this might be a nemertean genus but subsequently (Biirger, 1904a) excluded it from his list of genera and species. Rhynchoscolex simplex Leidy, 1850 Leidy, 1850:125 Habitat: Freshwater, among plant remains at the bottom of brooks. Distribution: Vicinity of Philadelphia, PA, USA. Biirger (1895a: 23) noted that this might be a nemertean but Leidy's description is so brief that the systematic position of the species cannot be determined. Riseriellus Rogers, Junoy, Gibson and Thorpe, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA Rogers et al., 1993: 227, table 4 Marine benthic. *Riseriellus oceultus Rogers, Junoy, Gibson and Thorpe, 1993 Rogers et al., 1993: 227-235, figs 1C, 2-5 Habitat: Upper shore intertidal, in mud among Zostera or Spartina, or under stones and rocks on damp fine mud, silt and sandy mud; the species also occurs in estuaries. Distribution: North-western Spain (Foz) and North Wales (Anglesey and Llandudno). Riserius Norenburg, 1993 UNCERTAIN H I G H E R TAXON Norenburg, 1993:204 Norenburg commented that this was probably a heteronemertean but noted that 'one may legitimately ask, is it in fact.., and, if so, is it a relict species of a largely extinct clade or is its simplicity a derived function of its specialized habitat?' Marine benthic. *Riserius pugetensis Norenburg, 1993 Norenburg, 1993: 204-211, figs 1-12 Habitat: Extreme lower shore to sublittoral depths of 10-15 m, mesopsammic in moderately coarse sand. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA). Sacconemertella Iwata, 1970 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Iwata, 1970:147 Brackish water benthic. *Sacconemertella iutulenta Iwata, 1970 Iwata, 1970: 148-151, text-figs 1G I, pl. 4, figs 26-33 Habitat: Sublittoral in mud. Distribution: Japan (Lake Hinuma, Honshu). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 505 Sacconemertes Karling, 1933 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Karling, 1933: 77, table p. 85 Marine benthic. *Sacconemertes arenosa Karling, 1933 Karling, 1933:77 83, 88-90, figs 11 15, 18 24 Habitat: In coarse sand at sublittoral depths of 1-5 m. Distribution: Finland (near Tv/irminne Zoological Station). Sacconemertopsis Iwata, 1970 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Iwata, 1970:142-143 Brackish water benthic. Sacconemertopsis belogurovi Chernuishev, 1991 Chernuishev, 1991b: 46-49, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Upper estuarine at salinities of 1-3%o. Distribution: Russia (River Gladkaya). *Sacconemertopsis olivifera Iwata, 1970 Iwata, 1970: 143-147, text-figs 1D F, pl. 3, figs 18 25 Habitat: Sublittoral in mud. Distribution: Japan (Lake Hinuma, Honshu). Sagaminemertes Friedrich, 1968 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Friedrich, 1968:34 Marine benthic. *Sagaminemertes nagaiensis: see Arnphiporus nagaiensis Iwata, 1957 Scotia Leuckart, 1849 Leuckart, 1849:154 Included among a group of dubious nemertean taxa by Biirger (1904a: 132). Scotia rugosa Leuckart, 1849 Leuckart, 1849:154-155 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Iceland. Neither Vaillant (1890: 601) nor Bfirger (1904a: 132) considered this to be a valid species, and Biirger was not even certain it was a nemertean. Serpentaria Goodsir, 1845 Goodsir, 1845:377 Listed as a junior synonym of the genus Cerebratulus by Verrill (1892: 432). Serpentaria beattiei: see Lineus beattiaei Gray, 1857 Serpentaria berryi Baird, 1866 Baird, 1866:101-102 Habitat: Marine benthic but capable of swimming actively. Distribution: Singapore. Biirger (1904a: 112) listed this species as a junior synonym of Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, but this taxon has not otherwise been recorded further east than the Mediterranean and the occurrence of Serpentaria berryi off Singapore is well outside the geographic range of marginatus; the taxonomic status of Baird's species must remain uncertain, although his report of its swimming behaviour suggests that it might belong in the genus Cerebratulus. Serpentaria fragilis Goodsir, 1845 Goodsir, 1845: 377-378, pl. XX, figs 1, 2 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 506 R. Gibson Synonyms: Cerebratulus fragilis, Gordius fragilis, Meckelia serpentaria Habitat: Intertidal but able to swim. Distribution: Scotland (Firth of Forth). Synonymised with Cevebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, by Hubrecht (1879: 211). Serpentaria fusca: see Gordius fuscus Dalyell, 1853 Serpentaria rubella: see Meckelia rubella Stimpson, 1855 Siboganemevtes Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923a: 627, 636 Also recorded as a new genus by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1924: LXV-LXVII). Marine benthic. *Siboganemertes weberi Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923a: 636-667, figs 9, 11, 12b, 14a, 23b Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 883 m. Distribution: South of Tirnor. Also recorded as a new species by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1924: LXV-LXVII), more fully described by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1936:8 14, text-fig. 6, pl. II, figs 1-7). Siolineus Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1948 HETERONEMERTEA Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1948:93 Freshwater. *Siolineus turbidus Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1948 Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1948:93 98, pl. I, figs 1-5, pl. II, figs 6-9, pl. III, figs 10, 11 Habitat: From a depth of 28 m. Distribution: Brazil (River Tapajoz near Santarbm). Siphonenteron Renier, 1847 Renier, 1847:63 A generic name published posthumously under the editorship of G. Meneghini, in part synonymised with the palaeonemertean genus Tubulanus (Biirger, 1904a: 11), in part with the heteronemertean genus Lineus (Bfirger, 1904a: 88). Siphonenteron bilineatum: see Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier, 1804 Siphonenteron elegans: see Tubulanus elegans Blainville, 1828 Statolitonemertes Korotkevich, 1982 PALAEONEMERTEA Korotkevich, 1982:17 Marine benthic. *Statolitonemertes sachalinica Korotkevich, 1982 Korotkevich, 1982: 17-21, figs 3 7 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 12-33 m. Distribution: Russia (coastal waters of southern Sakhalin). Stichostemma Montgomery, 1894 Montgomery, 1894: 8, 17 A name established for a species of freshwater nemertean and also recorded as new by Montgomery (1895: 83), Bfirger (1904a: 53) listed the taxon as a junior synonym of Prostoma. Stichostemma amphiporoides: see Tetrastemma amphiporoides Bfirger, 1893 Stichostemma antarcticum: see Tetrastemma antarcticum Biirger, 1893 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 507 Stichostemma asensoriatum Montgomery, 1896 Montgomery, 1896:436-438 Habitat: In a freshwater stream. Distribution: USA (PA). Listed as Prostoma asensoriatum (Montgomery, 1896) by Btirger (1904a: 69), Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 226) included the species as a junior synonym of Prostoma graecense (B6hmig, 1892); Gibson and Moore (1976: 212) regarded it as a nomen dubium under the name Prostoma asensoriatum. Stichostemma duboisi: see Tetrastemma duboisi Biirger, 1893 Stichostemma eilhardi Montgomery, 1894 Montgomery, 1894: 8, 19-69 Synonyms: Tetrastemma eilhardi Habitat: Freshwater in ponds, lakes and streams. Distribution: Apparently circumglobal but sporadic, this species has been recorded from Europe, Kenya, southern Africa, South America and Australasia. Also described as a new species by Montgomery, 1895: 91, 97 137, pl. VIII, figs 1-32, pl. IX, figs 33-48, now Prostoma eilhardi (Montgomery, 1894) (Biirger, 1904a: 69). Stichostemma georgianum: see Tetrastemma georgianum Biirger, 1893 Stichostemma graecense: see Tetrastemma graecensis B6hmig, 1892 Stichostemma grandis Ikeda, 1913 Ikeda, 1913: 240-245, table p. 248, pl. IV, figs 1 5 Synonyms: Prostoma grande Habitat: In soft mud planted with the freshwater aquatic plant Lisichiton kamtschatense. Distribution: Japan (Botanical Gardens, Hiroshima, Honshu). Although included under the name Prostoma grandis (Ikeda, 1913) as a valid species by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 226) (previously transferred to Prostoma by Miyashita, 1932: 328), Gibson and Moore (1976: 195) concluded that this species 'cannot be separated from other Prostoma species [and] can not be accepted as valid'. Stichostemma gulliveri: see Tetrastemma gulliveri Biirger, 1893 Stichostemma hansi: see Tetrastemma hansi Bfirger, 1893 Stichostemma lacustris: see Tetrastemma lacustre du Plessis, 1892 Stichostemma rubrum: see Emea rubra Leidy, 1850 Stichostemma validum: see Tetrastemma validum Bfirger, 1893 Stimpsonia Girard, 1853 Girard, 1853:367 Included by Biirger (1904a: 129) as a dubious genus of heteronemerteans. Stimpsonia aurantiaca Girard, 1853 Girard, 1853:367 Synonyms: Balanoglossus aurantiacus, Balanoglossus kowalevskii Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in holes in the sand. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC). Regarded by Biirger (1904a: 129) as a dubiously valid species of heteronemertean. Stylus Johnston, 1865 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 508 R. Gibson Johnston, 1865:24 Johnston established this genus for four species originally described by Dalyell (1853), Vaillant (1890: 603) listing all as Micrura; Biirger (1904a: 104) included Stylus as only in part synonymous with Micrura. Stylus fasciatus: see Gordius fasciatus spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Stylus fragilis: see Gordius fragilis spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Stylus purpureus: see Gordius purpureus spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Stylus viridis: see Gordius viridis spinifer Dalyell, 1853 Taeniosoma Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:162 Included by Bfirger (1904a: 80) as synonymous with the heteronemertean genus Baseodiscus, although the latter name did not come into common use until after Coe (1934). Taeniosoma aequale Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:162 Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Japan. Synonymised with Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) by Bfirger (1904a: 83). Taeniosoma cingulatum Coe, 1906 Coe, 1906: 981-986, text-figs 3-7, pl. I, figs 4 6 Habitat: Dredged from depths of 40-80 m from gravel, sand, pebbles and shells. Distribution: Hawaiian Is. Now Baseodiscus cingulatus (Coe, 1906) (Coe, 1934: 6). Taeniosoma curtum: see Polia curta Hubrecht, 1879 Taeniosoma delineatum: see Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1825 Taeniosoma discolor Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901b: 226-227 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Puerto Rico. Now Baseodiscus discolor (Coe, 1901) (Corr~a, 1954: 5). Taeniosoma hemprichi: see Nemertes hemprichii Ehrenberg, 1831 Taeniosoma melanogrammum: see Eupolia melanogramma Punnett, 1900 Taeniosoma mexicana: see Eupolia mexicana Biirger, 1893 Taeniosoma princeps Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901a: 62-64, pl. II, figs 3, 4 Synonyms: Baseodiscus curtus (partim) Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 340 m, in mud or under stones. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (AK to Puget Sound, WA) and Japan (Hokkaido). Now Baseodiscus princeps (Coe, 1901) (Coe, 1940: 262); Iwata (1954a: 18) included Baseodiscus curtus sensu Yamaoka (1940a) as synonymous with this species. Taeniosoma punnetti Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904: 173-177, pl. XVI, figs 1-3, pl. XVIII, fig. 6 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 380 m, in sand or among coralline and other red algae, corals and other growths. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to the Gulf of California, Mexico). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 509 Now Baseodiscus punnetti (Coe, 1904) (Coe, 1940: 262). Taeniosoma quinquelineatum: see Borlasia quinquelineata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Taeniosoma septemlineatum Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:I62 Synonyms: Baseodiscus septemlineatus, Eupolia novemlineata, Eupolia septemlineata, Taeniosoma septemlineatus Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: Indian Ocean (Sunda Is.) and Australia. Synonymised with Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) by Gibson (1979a: 154), although this synonymy requires confirmation. Taeniosoma univittatum Coe, 1906 Coe, 1906: 978-981, text-figs 1, 2, pl. I, figs 1-3 Habitat: Sublittoral to depths of 250-260 m, on sand, gravel or grey sand mixed with foraminiferans. Distribution: Hawaiian Is. Now Baseodiseus univittatus (Coe, 1906) (Coe, 1934: 6). Tagonemertes Corr~a, 1957 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Corr~a, 1957:257 Marine benthic. * Tagonemevtes tuba Corr~a, 1957 Corr~a, 1957: 258-259, pl. III, figs 16-18 Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Brazil (Ubatuba and near the Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute). Tarrhomyos Riser, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA Riser, 1993:147 Marine benthic. * Tarrhomyos iuridus: see Meckelia lurida Verrill, 1873 Tarrhomyos pvaealbescens: see Cerebratulus praealbescens Cantell, 1982 Tatsnoskia Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:165 Listed as a junior synonym of Amphiporus by Btirger (1904a: 34); in a few articles the name is emended to Tatanoskia or Tatsnokia. Tatsnoskia depressa Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:165 Synonyms: Tatanoskia depressa Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 3-5 m, under stones. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido and the Tsugar Straits between Honshu and Hokkaido). Now Amphiporus depressus (Stimpson, 1857) (Bfirger, 1904a: 44), included as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 458); Amphiporus depressus sensu Iwata, 1954a: 19-21, fig. 5C, cannot be confirmed as conspecific with Stimpson's taxon and is listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table HI). Tenuilineus Riser, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA Riser, 1993:145 Marine benthic. Tenuilineus albocinctus: see Cerebratulus albocinctus Bergendal, 1903 * Tenuilineus bicolor: see Lineus bicolor Verrill, 1892 510 R. Gibson Tetramys Iwata, 1957 PALAEONEMERTEA Iwata, 1957:2-3 Marine benthic. * Tetramys ramicerebrum Iwata, 1957 Iwata, 1957: 3-5, pl. I, fig. l, pl. II, figs 1 6 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 20 m. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Tetranemertes Chernuishev, 1992 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Chernuishev, 1992a: 134 Chernuishev pointed out that the generic name Nemertes sensu Johnston (1837), used by Friedrich (1955: 171) for a single species, Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846, was a name preoccupied by Nemertes Cuvier, 1817, and therefore not available under ICZN (1985) regulations; he proposed the new name Tetranemertes to replace Nemertes sensu Friedrich (1955). Marine benthic. * Tetranemertes antonina: see Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846 Tetranemertes hermaphroditicus: see Nemertes hermaphroditicus Gibson, 1982 Tetranemertes rubrolineata: see Nemertes rubrolineata Kirsteuer, 1965 Tetrastemma Ehrenberg, 1828 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. V, figs IIIa-d, a*-c* The illustrations of the type-species for this genus were published in 1828, although a description did not appear until three years later (Ehrenberg, 1831: 61). Marine or estuarine, benthic. Tetrastemma aberrans Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901a: 58-59, text-fig. 15 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 8 m, among hydroids or algae. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (AK). Tetrastemma agricola Willemoes-Suhm, 1874 Willemoes-Suhm, 1874: 409-411, pl. XVII, figs 1-3 Synonyms: Geonemertes agricola, Neonemertes agricola Habitat: Terrestrial, in moist earth under stones at the drier margins of mangrove swamps. Distribution: Bermuda. Now Pantinonemertes agricola (WiUemoes-Suhm, 1874) (Moore and Gibson, 1981: 188). Tetrastemma albicollis Ushakov, 1928 Ushakov, 1928a: 418-419, text-fig. 10, pl. 4, fig. 12 Habitat: On Lithothamnion. Distribution: Russia (Kola Fjord). Berg (1973: 64) noted that 'strong evidence indicates a synonymity between Tetrastemma albicollis and Amphiporus superbus'. Tetrastemma albidum Coe, 1905 Coe, 1905: 294-296, pl. 9, fig. 62, pl. 17, figs 104, 105, pl. 22, figs 145-149 Habitat: Intertidal among algae (particularly corallines) and other growths on pier pilings and rocks exposed to surf. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico). Now Prosorhochmus albidus (Coe, 1905) (Coe, 1940: 294), although Gibson and Moore (1985: 158) commented that it was not possible to be sure of the species' generic affiliations 'until further specimens have been examined'. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 511 Tetrastemma albolineaturn: see Prostoma albolineatum Timofeeva, 1912 Tetrastemma album: see Planaria alba Dalyell, 1853 Tetrastemma algae: see Planaria algae Dalyell, 1853 Tetrastemma ambiguum Riches, 1893 Riches, 1893:19-20 Synonyms: Prostoma ambigua, Prostoma ambiguum Habitat: Sublittoral at depths to about 60 m on sand, mud, limestone fragments and stones. Distribution: British Isles. Gibson (1982b: 156) noted that this species is inadequately described. Tetrastemma amphiporoides Biirger, 1893 Biirger, 1893: 215-217, pl 8, fig. 9, pl. 9, figs 10, 11 Synonyms: Prostoma amphiporoides, Stichostemma amphiporoides Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 60 m. Distribution: South Georgia and Marguerite Bay (Antarctic Peninsula). Friedrich (1955: 169) commented that certain anatomical features of this species are atypical for a tetrastemmid, but Dawson (1957: 5) retained the taxon in this genus. Tetrastemma angulatus Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993c: 157-159, pl. 1, figs 4, 5 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: British Isles (Scilly Is.). Tetrastemma antarcticum Bfirger, 1893 Biirger, 1893:219 Synonyms: Prostoma antarcticum, Stichostemma antarcticum Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: South Georgia. Tetrastemma aquarum dulcium Silliman, 1885 Silliman, 1885: 70-74, pl. III, figs 19-24 Synonyms: Emea sillimani, Tetrastemma aquarium dulcium Habitat: Freshwater under stones. Distribution: USA (NY, Monroe County). Uncertainly listed as synonymous with Prostoma clepsinoides Duges, 1828, by Bfirger (1904a: 68) but regarded as conspecific with Prostoma graecense (B6hmig, 1892) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 226), Gibson and Moore (1976: 197) concluded that 'Since the form cannot be clearly distinguished from most of the remaining Prostoma species, the name aquarum dulcium must be invalidated'. Tetrastemma arctica Ushakov, 1926 Ushakov, 1926: 63-66, tables I, II, figs 2-6 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 5-25 m in muddy sand. Distribution: Russia (White Sea). Tetrastemma arenicola Verrill, 1873 Verrill, 1873a: 629-630, pl. XIX, fig. 98 Synonyms: Hecate arenicola Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in mud or sand. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (CT to Chesapeake Bay, VA). Now Lineus arenlcola (Verrill, 1873) (Verrill, 1892: 425). Tetrastemma armatum: see Polia armata Quatrefages, 1846 Tetvastemma aseptata: see Prostoma aseptata Friedrich, 1935 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 512 R. Gibson Tetrastemma assimile Orsted, 1844 Orsted, 1844:86 Synonyms: Prostoma assimile Habitat: Sandy sediments. Distribution: Denmark (Oresund). Tetrastemma bacescui Mfiller, 1962 Mfiller, 1962: 377-379, fig. 4 Habitat: Intertidal among mussels. Distribution: Rumanian coast of the Black Sea. Tetrastemma baculus: see Polia baculus Quatrefages, 1846 Tetrastemma basinum Corr~a, 1957 Corr~a, 1957: 265-266, pl. VI, figs 37-40 Habitat: Intertidal among algae. Distribution: Brazil (Canan6ia and near the S~o Paulo Oceanographic Institute). Tetrastemma beaumonti: see Prostoma beaumonti Southern, 1913 Tetrastemma belgicae Bfirger, 1904 Biirger, 1904b: 10 Synonyms: Tetrastemma belgica Habitat: Intertidal among green algae. Distribution: Antarctica (Antarctic Peninsula). Now Antarctonemertes belgica (Bfirger, 1904) (Friedrich, 1955: 168); Dawson (1957: 5), with no explanation, listed Tetrastemma belgica as synonymous with Antarctonemertes validum, referring the latter taxon back to the genus Tetrastemma. Tetrastemma benedeni Czerniavsky, 1880 Czerniavsky, 1880:251 Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, among mussels at depths of 1-3 m. Distribution: China Sea. Tetrastemma bicolor Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901a: 57-58, pl. I, fig. 6 Habitat: Dredged from a depth of about 6m. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Kodiak Is., AK). Tetrastemma bilineatum Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904: 164-166, pl. XIV, fig. 6, pl. XXI, figs 13, 14, pl. XXII, fig. 4 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, among bryozoans, tunicates, algae and other growths on rocks and pier pilings. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA). Tetrastemma bioculatum Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:576 Synonyms: Cephalothrix kroyeri, Prostoma bioculatum Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Denmark (0resund). Tetrastemma bipeltatum: see Prostoma bipeItatum Timofeeva, 1912 Tetrastemma bistriatum: see Prostoma bistriatum Timofeeva, 1912 Tetrastemma bobi: see Tetrastemma worm Corr6a, 1961 Tetrastemma brunnea: see Prostoma brunnea Friedrich, 1935 Tetrastemma buxeum Biirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 582, pl. 3, fig. 9, pl. 29, figs 38, 39 Nemertean genera and species of the world 513 Synonyms: Prostoma buxeum Habitat: Intertidal among the green alga Ulva. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Tetrastemma caecum Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901a: 59-60 Habitat: Dredged from a depth of about 5 m with tunicates, with which Coe presumed it lived either as a parasite or as a commensal. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Kodiak Is., AK). Now Amphinemertes caeca (Coe, 1901) (Coe, 1940: 304). Tetrastemma candida, Tetrastemma candidum: see Fasciola candida Mfiller, 1774 Tetrastemma cassidens: see Oerstedia cassidens Marenzeller, 1886 Tetrastemma catenulatum: see Polia vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846 Tetrastemma cephalophorum Bfirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895a: 583, pl. 3, fig. 22, pl. 8, figs 16-19, 28, pl. 29, figs 42, 43 Synonyms: Prosorhochmus claparedi (partim), Prosorhochmus claparedii (partim), Prostoma cephalophorum Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from coarse shelly gravel or stony sediments at depths of 10-15 m. Distribution: British Isles and the Mediterranean. Gibson (1982b: 161) commented that this species is inadequately described. Tetrastemma cerasinum Bfirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 579, pl. 3, fig. 23, pl. 7, fig. 3 Synonyms: Prostoma cerasinum Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 40 m. Distribution: France (Villefranche) and Italy (Naples). Tetrastemma cincum Corr~a, 1957 Corrra, 1957: 267-268, pl. VI, figs 41-43 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Brazil (near the Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute). Tetrastemma clepsinoides: see Prostoma clepsinoides Dugrs, 1828 Tetrastemma coluber: see Vermiculus coluber Dalyell, 1853 Tetrastemma commensalis: see Amphiporus commensalus Kyao, 1954 Tetrastemma coronatum: see Polia coronata Quatrefages, 1846 Tetrastemma cruciatum B/irger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 587-588, pl. 3, fig. 12, pl. 18, figs 6, 11, pl. 26, figs 47-50 Synonyms: Prostoma cruciatum: not Tetrastemma cruciatus Senz, 1993 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 60 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Tetrastemma cruciatus Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993c: 159-161, pl. 1, fig. 6 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: British Isles (Scilly Is.). This is not the same species as that originally described under the name Tetrastemma cruciatum by Biirger (1895a) and, under ICZN (1985) regulations, Tetrastemma cruciatus is not available and will have to be changed. Tetrastemma diadema Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:228-229 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 514 R. Gibson Synonyms: Prostoma diadema, Tetrastemma coronatum (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 2 60 m, in mussel or Zostera beds, among algae (especially corallines) or in mud or detritus. Distribution: Mediterranean (Banyuls, Villefranche, Port Vendres, Naples) and the Adriatic (Rovinj) Seas. Bfirger (1904a: 62) listed Tetrastemma coronatum sensu Joubin, 1894:165-167, pl. III, figs 66, 67, as in part synonymous with this species, whilst other authors have tended to regard Tetrastemma diadema merely as a colour variety of Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837), e.g. Gamble (1896) as Tetrastemma melanocephalum var. diadema. Kirsteuer (1963: 561-564, figs 46, 32) redescribed the species as a distinct form. Tetrastemma dilutebasisae Kulikova, 1987 Kulikova, 1987b: 392-395, table 2, figs 3, 4, 5C, D Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral on the leaves of Phyllospadix iwatensis. Distribution: Russia (Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan). Tetrastemma dissimulans Beaumont, 1900 Beaumont, 1900a: 827 Synonyms: Prosorhochmus claparedi (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 8-14m on shelly sediments. Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region, Isle of Man and Valencia, Ireland). Beaumont (p. 825) commented of a species found at Valencia that 'The Nemertine here, with some hesitation, referred to the Tetrastemma cephalophorum of Bfirger [see also Beaumont, 1900b], is identical with that described from Plymouth by Riches (1893), and by myself from Port Erin (1895) as Prosorhochmus Claparedi. I now believe the determination of this form as Prosorhochmus to have been an error.' Having found certain anatomical differences between his material and that described by Bfirger, Beaumont later noted (1900a: 827) 'Should future investigation prove these differences to be constant, I would suggest the name Tetrastemma dissimulans for the British form'. Subsequent authors (e.g. Wijnhoff, 1912; Gibson, 1982b) have listed Tetrastemma cephalophorum with no reference to Tetrastemma dissimulans and Beaumont's proposed name has never been validated. Tetrastemma dorsale, Tetrastemma dorsale var. marmoratum, Tetrastemma dorsale var. unicolor, Tetrastemma dorsalis: see Planaria dorsalis Abildgaard, 1806 Tetrastemma dubium C)rsted, 1845 Orsted, 1845:418 Synonyms: Prostoma dubium Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: Norway (KristianaI]ord). Tetrastemma duboisi Bfirger, 1893 Biirger, 1893: 217-219, pl. 9, fig. 9 Synonyms: Prostoma duboisi, Stichostemma duboisi Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: South Georgia. Tetrastemma dutoiti: see Prostoma dutoiti Wheeler, 1940 Tetrastemma ehrenbergii: see Nemertes ehrenbergii K611iker, 1845 Tetrastemma eilhardi: see Stichostemma eilhardi Montgomery, 1894 Tetrastemma elegans: see Hecate elegans Girard, 1852 Tetrastemma enteroplecta: see Prostomatella enteroplecta Corr~a, 1954 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 515 Tetrastemma esbenseni Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 270-271, text-figs 46, 47, pl. XVI, figs 4, 23 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 250 m, under stones. Distribution: South Georgia. Friedrich (1955: 167) transferred this form to the genus Paroerstedia, but Envall and Sundberg (1993: 308) have recently shown that a distinction between Oerstedia and Paroerstedia is no longer tenable and listed Paroerstedia as a junior synonym of Oerstedia; Wheeler's species should thus now be known as Oerstedia esbenseni (Wheeler, 1934). Tetrastemmafalsum Biirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895a: 580-581, pl. 3, fig. 14, pl. 29, fig. 32 Synonyms: Prostoma falsum Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 5 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Tetrastemma farinosum: see Polia farinosa Beneden, 1861 Tetrastemma flagellatum Montgomery, 1897 Montgomery, 1897:11-12 Synonyms: Prostoma flagellatum Habitat: Intertidal among algae. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (NJ). Uncertainly synonymised with Tetrastemma vermiculus (Quatrefages, 1846) by Coe (1943: 294). * Tetrastemmaflavidum Ehrenberg, 1828 Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. V, figs IIIa-d, a* c* Synonyms: Loxorrhochma obscurum, Nemertes haematodes, Polia obscura (partim), Polia sanguirubra, Polia tetrophthalma, Prostoma flavidum (partim), Tetrastemma candidum (partim), Tetrastemma flavida (partim), Tetrastemma flavida var. longissima, Tetrastemma flavidum var. longissimum, Tetrastemma longecapitatum, Tetrastemma longicapitatum, Tetrastemma sanguirubrum, Tetrastemma tetrophthalma, Tetrastemma varicolor (partita): not Tetrastemma flavida sensu McIntosh, 1873-1874 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 100 200m, between laminarian holdfasts, on algae such as Cystosira barbata, on mud, fine sand, gravel or coralline ground, and in submarine caves; the species is also reported as sometimes living in the branchial cavity of ascidians such as Ascidia mentula, but there is no evidence to suggest a commensal or parasitic relationship. Distribution: The Baltic coast of Germany, British Isles (North Sea, Irish Sea, Channel and Atlantic coasts), Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of France, Madeira, Tyrrhenian Sea coasts of Italy, the Adriatic (Rovinj) and the Red Sea (Tot). The description of this species appeared in Ehrenberg (1831: 61-62). Gibson (1982b: 163) noted that the form has been subject to much taxonomic confusion and is not well described; Wijnhoff (1912: 432) regarded Tetrastemmaflavidum sensu Biirger, 1895a: 585, pl. 3, figs 3, 20, pt. 29, figs 36, 37, as conspecific with Ehrenberg's species, whereas Tetrastemmaflavida sensu McIntosh, 1873-1874: 170-172, pl. IV, fig. 1, pl. X, fig. 11, pl. XII, fig. 9, pl. XIII, figs 9a-c, pl. XIV, figs 14, 16, she listed as Nemertopsis flavida. The distinction between McIntosh's and Ehrenberg's taxa was supported by Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 516 R. Gibson Kirsteuer's redescription (1963:579-581, figs 16, 32) of Tetrastemmaflavidum Ehrenberg, 1828. Tetrastemma fozensis Gibson and Junoy, 1991 Gibson and Junoy, 1991: 227-235, tables 1-3, figs 1-4 Habitat: In the mantle cavity of the bivalve mollusc Scrobicularia plana dug from intertidal mud flats. Distribution: North-western Spain (Ria de Foz); also provisionally identified from the same host species on the south coast of England (Poole Harbour). Tetrastemmafuivum Kirsteuer, 1963 Kirsteuer, 1963: 581-584, figs 17 19, 32 Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, with the alga Cystosira barbata at depths of 1-2m. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). Tetrastemmafumosum: see Poliafumosa Quatrefages, 1846 Tetrastemmafuscum Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:575-576 Synonyms: Prostoma fusum: not Tetrastemma fuscum sensu Willemoes-Suhm, 1885 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Denmark. Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by Bergendal (1900b: 587). Tetrastemma fuscum sensu Willemoes-Suhm, 1874, found on a crab, Nautilograpsus minutus, was regarded by Bfirger (1904a: 66) as a different species and renamed Prostoma suhmi. Tetrastemma georgiannm Biirger, 1893 Bfirger, 1893:223-224 Synonyms: Prostoma georgianum, Stichostemma georgianum Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 250m. Distribution: South Georgia, off East Falkland Is., Kerguelen Is., Macquarie Is. and off the Antarctic coast (Kemp Land). Tetrastemma glanduliferum Biirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 587, pl. 9, fig. 12 Synonyms: Prostoma glanduliferum Habitat: Sublittoral to depths of about 40 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples and Sicily) and France (Villefranche). Tetrastemma graecensis B6hmig, 1892 B6hmig, 1892: LXXXII-LXXXIII Synonyms: ?Emea lacustris, ?Monopora lacustris, Prostoma gracense, Prostoma greeense, ?Prostoma laestre, ?Prostoma lacustre, Stichostemma graecense, ?Stichostemma lacustris, Tetrastema graecense, Tetrastemma graeeense, ?Tetrastemma lacustre, ?Tetrastemma lacustris Habitat: Freshwater, in ponds, streams and rivers. Distribution: Sporadic but circumglobal (Australia, Austria, British Isles, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, New Zealand, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Sweden and Switzerland); records from Argentina and Uruguay may be of this species or of Prostoma eilhardi (Montgomery, 1894). Now Prostoma graecense (B6hmig, 1892) (Bfirger, 1904a: 69). Tetrastemma graeffei: see Otoloxorrhochma graeffei Diesing, 1863 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 517 Tetrastemma groenlandicum Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1850:259 Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Greenland. Bfirger (1904a: 64) included this form as a junior synonym of Prostoma candidum, which is now Tetrastemma candidum (Mfiller, 1774). Tetrastemma gulliveri Biirger, 1893 Biirger, 1893: 224-226, pl. 9, figs 12-14 Synonyms: Paroerstedia gulliveri, Prostoma gulliveri, Stichostemma gulliveri Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 38-178 m, on small red algae. Distribution: South Georgia. Friedrich (1955: 167) transferred this form to the genus Paroerstedia, which has recently been listed as a junior synonym of the genus Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308); this species should thus now be known as Oerstedia guiliveri (Biirger, 1893). Tetrastemma hansi Bfirger, 1893 Bfirgcr, 1893: 221-222, pl. 9, figs 15, 16 Synonyms: Prostoma hansi, Stichostemma hansi Habitat: In kelp holdfasts between low water mark and a depth of 2m. Distribution: South Georgia and the Falkland Is. Friedrich (1955: 169-170) noted certain resemblances between this form and members of the genus Nemertellina but retained the species under its original name. Tetrastemma helvolum Bfirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 586-587, pl. 3, fig. 16, pl. 29, figs 44-46 Synonyms: ?Nemertes roseus, Prostoma coronatum var. (partim), Prostoma helvolum, Tetrastemma candidum (partita), ?Tetrastemma roseum (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 4-50 m, on muddy, sandy or shelly sediments, or on coralline and other algae. Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region), English Channel coast of France (Wimereux), Italy (Gulf of Naples) and the Adriatic (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia). Some authors have regarded this species merely as a colour variety of Tetrastemma candidum (Mfiller, 1774) but Kirsteuer (1963: 587-590, figs 2224, 32) redescribed it as a distinct form; Gibson (1982b: 164) considered it as an inadequately described taxon. Tetrastemma hermaphroditica, Tetrastemma hermaphroditicum: see Borlasia hermaphroditica Keferstein, 1868 Tetrastemma herouardi: see Prostoma herouardi Oxner, 1908 Tetrastemma herthae Corr~a, 1963 Corr~a, 1963:53 54, figs 28, 29 Habitat: Intertidal among algae (Jania and Padina) with coralline sand. Distribution: Cura9ao. Tetrastemma humile, Tetrastemma humilis: see Polia humilis Quatrefages, 1846 Tetrastemma immutabile Riches, 1893 Riches, 1893:14-15 Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, on coralline algae in rock pools, among laminarian holdfasts or on the fronds of smaller algae. Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 518 R. Gibson Now Oerstedia immutabilis (Riches, 1893) (Biirger, 1904a: 72), an inadequately described form which may be conspecific with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) with which it is usually associated (Gibson, 1982b: 147); Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1930: 238) earlier concluded that the taxon could not with certainty be placed in the genus Oerstedia because of the lack of data on its internal morphology, but Envall and Sundberg (1993:311) listed it as a species inquirenda under the name Oerstedia irnmutabilis. Tetrastemma incisum Stimpson, 1855 Stimpson, 1855b: 390 Synonyms: Prostoma incisum, Tetrastemma insicum Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope). In his original description Stimpson inadvertently mis-spelt the specific epithet as insicum, correcting this error in a later article (Stimpson 1857:613). Wheeler (1934: 243) suggested that it might be synonymous with Tetrastemma candidum (Mfiller, 1774) but this synonymy has not been accepted by subsequent authors. Tetrastemma insolens Iwata, 1952 Iwata, 1952:146 147, figs 17, 18 Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Japan (Honshu and Kyushu); a record from Bahia San Vincente, Chile, by Friedrich (1970) is regarded as being of uncertain validity. Tetrastemma interruptum BiJrger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 590, pl. 3, fig. 21 Synonyms: Prostoma interruptum Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 40-60 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples) and France (Villefranche). Tetrastemma jeani McCaul, 1963 McCaul, 1963: 121-122, fig. 13 Habitat: Estuarine, among eel grasses at sublittoral depths of about 1-2 m. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (York River, VA). Tetrastemma kefersteini, Tetrastemma kefersteinii: see Borlasia kefersteinii Marion, 1869 Tetrastemma knochi, Tetrastemma knochff: see Nemertes knochii K611iker, 1845 Tetrastemma krohnii: see Nemertes krohnii Siebold, 1850 Tetrastemma kulikovae nora. nov.: see Tetrastemma viridis Kulikova, 1989 Tetrastemma lacustre du Plessis, 1892 du Plessis, 1892:64-66 Synonyms: Emea lacustris, Monopora lacustris, Prostoma lacstre, Prostoma lacustre, Stichostemma lacustris, Tetrastemma lacustris Habitat: Freshwater, in lakes. Distribution: Switzerland and France. Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 225) synonymised this form with Prostoma lumbricoides Dug6s, 1830, which she listed (p. 226) as a valid species; Gibson and Moore (1976: 194-195), however, concluded that Dug6s' taxon could no longer be accepted and suggested that Tetrastemma lacustre may be conspecific with Prostoma graecense (B6hmig, 1892). Tetrastemma laminariae Ushakov, 1928 Ushakov, 1928a: 416, fig. 8 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 519 Habitat: Intertidal on laminarians. Distribution: Russia (Kola Fjord, Novaja Zeml'a and Puchowaja Bay), the Faroe Is. and Iceland. Redescribed by Sundberg (1979:41 54, table I, text figs 1-6, pl. I, figs a d). Tetrastemma leonillae: see Prostoma leonillae Oxner, 1908 Tetrastemma iilianae Corr6a, 1958 Corr~a, 1958: 452-453, pl. 4, figs 23-26 Habitat: Intertidal among oysters. Distribution: Brazil (Cananeia). Tetrastemma longicapitatum Orsted, 1845 Orsted, 1845:418 Synonyms: Tetrastemma longecapitatum Habitat: Sublittoral. Distribution: Denmark (Christianafjord). Listed by Biirger (1904a: 64) as synonymous with Prostomaflavidum, now Tetrastemma flavidum Ehrenberg, 1828. Tetrastemma longissimum Bfirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 584, pl. 3, fig. 5, pl. 18, figs 7, 21, pl. 22, fig. 17, pl. 29, fig. 52 Synonyms: Prostoma longissimum Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 20-40 m, among smaller algae or on shell and sand detritus sediments. Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region), France (Villefranche), Italy (Naples) and the Adriatic (Rovinj). Redescribed by Kirsteuer (1963: 572-576, figs 12-14, 32) although Gibson (1982b: 167) still regarded it as inadequately described. Tetrastemma longistriatum Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934:275 276, text-fig. 51, pl. XVI, fig. 7 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 200 m or more, in kelp hold fasts. Distribution: South Georgia. Tetrastemma lophoheliae Bergendal, 1903 Bergendal, 1903:116 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 80 120 m, on a Lophohelia reef or bottom of dead Lophohelia and shell gravel. Distribution: West coasts of Sweden (near V/iderrarna) and Norway (near Bergen). Redescribed by Berg, 1973i 65-67, figs 4 6. Tetrastemma lumbricoides, Tetrastemma lumbricoideum: see Prostoma lombricoideum Dugrs, 1830 Tetrastemma maculatum Sumner, 1894 Sumner, 1894:114 Habitat: Intertidal on the alga Codium. Distribution: British Isles (Cornwall). Listed by Bfirger (1904a: 72) as synonymous with Oerstedia nigra (Riches, 1893), Sumner's form should not be confused with Oerstedia maculata Quatrefages, 1846, or Oerstedia maculata Wheeler, 1934. Tetrastemma maivikenensis Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 276, pl. XVI, fig. 10 Habitat: Intertidal. 520 R. Gibson Distribution: South Georgia. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Tetrastemma marionis Joubin, 1890 Joubin, 1890: 581-583, pl. XXXI, fig. 14 Synonyms: Prostoma marionis, Tetrastemma marioni Habitat: Supposedly parasitic in the mantle cavity of ascidians. Distribution: Mediterranean (Banyuls and Marseille) and English Channel (Roscoff) coasts of France. Tetrastemma marmoratum Clapar6de, 1863 Clapar~de, 1863: 24, pl. V, fig. 14 Synonyms: Oerstedia dorsalis vat. marmorata, Tetrastemma dorsale var. marmoratum Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittorat. Distribution: Normandy coast of France and the Atlantic coast of the USA (ME). Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by Bfirger (1904a: 71). Tetrastemma melanocephala, Tetrastemma melanocephalum: see Nemertes melanocephala Johnston, 1837 Tetrastemma merula: see Prostomatella merula Corr~a, 1954 Tetrastemma mixture: see Prostoma mixtum Timofeeva, 1912 Tetrastemma nanum Corr~a, 1957 Corr~a, 1957: 262-264, pl. IV, figs 24-28, pl. V, figs 29-31 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Brazil (near the Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute). Tetrastemma nigrifrons Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904: 159-164, pl. XVI, figs 6, 7, pl. XX, fig. 16, pl. XXI, figs 15-23 Synonyms: Prostoma nigrifrons, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. bicolor, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. bitineatum, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. bilineatus, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. pallidum, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. punctata, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. purpuratum, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. purpureum, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. spadix, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. zonatum Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 4-6 m or more, under stones, among kelp holdfasts or among algae, bryozoans and other growths on rocks and pier pilings. Distribution: Pacific coasts of North and Central America (Puget Sound, WA to Salinas Bay, Costa Rica) and Japan (Hokkaido). Coe (1940: 305-306) emphasised the highly variable colour pattern shown by this species, which has had the following named varieties designated: var. bicolor Coe, 1904: 160, pl. XVI, figs 8, 9; var. bilineatum Iwata, 1954a: 30, figs 8B4-B7 (the varietal name is incorrectly spelt bilineatus in the figure caption); var. pallidum Coe, 1904: 160, pl. XV, fig. 7; var. punctata Iwata, 1954a: 30-31, fig. 8B8; var. purpureum Coe, 1904:159 160, pl. XVII, fig. 1 (Coe, 1940: 306, pl. 31, fig. 42e, incorrectly listed this form as var. purpuratum); var. spadix Iwata, 1954a: 30, figs 8B1 B3; and var. zonatum Coe, 1940: 306, pl. 31, fig. 42c. Which, if any, of these varieties should be afforded subspecific status is uncertain as many intergraded colour variations have also been reported. Tetrastemma nigrolineatum Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 244-245, text-fig. 17, pl. XV, fig. 9 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 521 Habitat: Lower shore in kelp holdfasts. Distribution: South Africa (Saldanha Bay). Tetrastemma nigrum Riches, 1893 Riches, 1893:14 Synonyms: Oerstedia nigrum, Tetrastemma maculatum Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, among smaller algae or beneath stones or boulders. Distribution: British Isles. Now Oerstedia nigra (Riches, 1893) (B/irger, 1904a: 72); Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1930: 238) commented that the lack of data on the species' internal anatomy prevents it from being certainly placed in the genus Oerstedia, whilst Gibson (1982b: 148), although listing the taxon separately, noted that it may merely be a colour variety of Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806). Envall and Sundberg (1993:311) included Oerstedia nigra as a species inquirenda. Tetrastemma nimbatum B~rger, 1895 Biirger, 1895a: 579, pl. 3, fig. 7 Synonyms: Prostoma nimbatum Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral from a depth of about 1 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Tetrastemma obscurum Schultze, 1851 Schultze, 1851: 62-66, pl. VI, figs 2 10 Synonyms: Polia obscura (partim), Polia obscurum (partim), Prosorhochmus obscurus, Prostoma obscura, Prostoma obscurum, Prostomatella obscura, Prostomatella obscurum: not Loxorrhochma obscurum Diesing, 1862, nor Nemertes obscura Desor, 1848a, b Habitat: Brackish water intertidal, in salt marshes or salt marsh pools. Distribution: Baltic and Black Seas and the Atlantic coast of North America (Nova Scotia to New England, ME). Redescribed as Cyanophthalma obscura (Schultze, 1851) by Norenburg (1986: 276 285, table I, figs 1-48). Tetrastemma octopunctatum Hubrecht, 1879 Hubrecht, 1879:229 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by B/irger (1904a: 71). Tetrastemma omicron Joubin, 1902 Joubin, 1902: 204-205, text-fig. 16, pl. VIII, fig. 11 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 90 m. Distribution: Cape Verde Is. Tetrastemma papilliformis Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 115-118, fig. 22 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 28 m. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.). Now Antarctonemertes papilliformis (Korotkevich, 1977) (Chernuishev, 1993c: 19); Chernuishev (ibid.) proposed establishing a new subgenus, Kurilonemertes, for this species. Tetrastemma peltatum Bfirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 580, pl. 3, fig. 6, pl. 18, figs 8-10, pl. 24, fig. 52 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 522 R. Gibson Synonyms: Prostoma peltatum Habitat: Sublittoral, under stones covered with algae in Zostera beds. Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region), Mediterranean (Naples and Rovinj); intertidal records of the species from southern Chile by Isler (1900a, 1902) and Friedrich (1970) are considered to be of uncertain validity. Redescribed by Kirsteuer (1963:558 560, figs 2, 3, 32) but still regarded as an insufficiently well characterised species by Gibson (1982b: 170). Tetrastemma phaeobasisae Kulikova, 1987 Kulikova, 1987b: 390 392, table 1, figs 1, 2, 5A, B Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral on the leaves of Phyllospadix iwatensis. Distribution: Russia (Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan). Tetrastemma phyllospadicola Stricker, 1985 Stricker, 1985:682 689, tables 1, 2, figs 1-28 Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, at depths of 0-6m on the surfgrass Phyllospadix scouleri. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA). Tetrastemma pinnatum Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954a: 34-35, figs 9C1-C7 Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, among algae collected from a depth of about 4m. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Tetrastemma piolinum Corr~a, 1957 Corr6a, 1957: 260-262, pl. IV, figs 19-23 Habitat: Intertidal between algae (Padina). Distribution: Brazil (near the S~o Paulo Oceanographic Institute and Ilhabela, Ilha de Silo Sebasti~o). Tetrastemma portus Bfirger, 1895 Biirger, 1895a: 585, pl. 3, fig. 15, pl. 29, figs 50, 51 Synonyms: Prostoma portus Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to about 50m. Distribution: France (Villefranche) and Italy (Naples). Tetrastemma primum Corr~a, 1954 Corr6a, 1954:69 71, pl. 14, figs 74-78 Habitat: Intertidal between algae growing on rocks and boulders. Distribution: Brazil (Ubatuba and Ilha de S~o Sebasti~o). Tetrastemma quadrilineatum Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904:166 169, pl XIV, fig. 5, pl. XX, figs 12, 13 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, among algae, ascidians and other growths on rocks and pier pilings or in rock pools. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico). Tetrastemma quadripunctata: see Borlasia quadripunctata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Tetrastemma quadristriatum Langerhans, 1880 Langerhans, 1880: 139, pl. VI, fig. 67 Synonyms: Prostoma quadristriatum Habitat: Intertidal among algae. Distribution: Madeira and Italy (Palermo). Tetrastemma quasioculata Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 118-121, figs 23 Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, from a depth of about 28 m. Nemertean genera and species of the world 523 Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.). Now Antarctonemertes quasioculata (Korotkevich, 1977) (Chernuishev, 1993b: 19). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Tetrastemma quatrefagesi: see Prostoma quatrefagesi B/irger, 1904 Tetrastemma reticulatum Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904:170 -173, text-fig. 21, pl. XIV, figs 7, 8, pl. XX, figs 7-9 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal among algae and other growths on rocks and pier pilings. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA). The heading to the text description and caption to pl. XIV, fig. 7, give the species name as Tetrastemma (Oerstedia) reticulatum, whereas the name Oerstedia is omitted from all other figure captions; Coe (1940: 306) and Corr~a (1964: 547) record the form as Tetrastemma reticulatttm. Tetrastemma robertianae McIntosh, 1873-1874 McIntosh, 1873-1874: 166-167, text-fig. 12, pl. III, fig. 1, pl. XIV, figs 10a, b, pl. XVII, fig. 26 Synonyms: Prostoma robertianae Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 1-70 m on mud, shelly gravel and stones, with Zostera and ascidians, or among laminarian holdfasts. Distribution: Northern Oresund, west coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord and Kosterfjord), west coast of Norway (near Bergen) and the British Isles. Redescribed by Berg (1973: 67-69, figs 7-10). Tetrastemma rodericanum Gulliver, 1879 Gulliver, 1879: 557-561, pl. LV, figs 2-8 Habitat: Terrestrial, on rotten wood and under decaying leaves. Distribution: Indian Ocean (Rodriguez Is.). Now Geonemertes rodericana (Gulliver, 1879) (Bfirger, 1895a: 557). Tetrastemma rollandi Joubin, 1905 Joubin, 1905a: 435 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Antarctica (Wandel Is.). Tetrastemma roseum Verrill, 1892 Verrill, 1892:412 Synonyms: Prostoma verrilli: not Nemertes roseus K611iker, 1845 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 40 m. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (RI). Btirger (1904a: 58) regarded this species and Nemertes roseus K611iker, 1845, as different and renamed Verrill's form as Prostoma verrilli; Coe (1943: 294-295) listed the taxon as Tetrastemma verrilli (B/irger, 1904) with the comment that 'Additional material must be obtained before the status of this species can be determined'. Tetrastemma rubrum: see Emea rubra Leidy, 1850 Tetrastemma rufescens Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:576 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Denmark. Uncertainly synonymised with Prostoma coronatum, now Tetrastemma coronatum (Quatrefages, 1846), by Biirger (1904a: 61). Tetrastemma rustica Joubin, 1890 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 524 R. Gibson Joubin, 1890: 583-585, pl. XXV, figs 11, 12 Synonyms: Oerstedia russica, Tetrastemma rusticum Habitat: Sublittoral to depths of about 100 m, with ascidians. Distribution: France (Roscoff, Gulf of St. Malo and Villefranche). Now Oerstedia rustica (Joubin, 1890) (Bfirger, 1895a: 594). Tetrastemma sanguirubrum: see Polia sanguirubra Quatrefages, 1846 Tetrastemma schultzei Czerniavsky, 1880 Czerniavsky, 1880:249-253 Synonyms: Prostoma schultzei, Prostoma schultzei jaltense, Prostoma schultzei schultzei, Prostoma schultzei truncatum, Tetrastemma schultzei forma jaltensis, Tetrastemma schultzei var. truncata, Tetrastemma schultzei forma typica Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 2 3m, under stones or between mussels or red algae. Distribution: Black Sea (Suchum and Jalta). Three varieties of this species were listed by Czerniavsky as formajaltensis (pp. 252 253), var. truncata (pp. 251-252) and forma typica (pp. 249-251); Biirger (1904a: 67) listed these as subspecies, respectively Prostoma schultzeijaltense, Prostoma schultzei truncatum and Prostoma schultzei schultzei, but their separation purely on the basis of colour variation is insufficient to justify subspecific status. Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) invalidated Prostoma schultzei as an inadequately described form, erroneously including it as a freshwater taxon. Tetrastemma scutelliferum Bfirger, 1895 Bfirger, 1895a: 581, pl. 3, fig. 33, pl. 7, figs 1 lb Synonyms: Prostoma scutelliferum Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Tetrastemma serpentina Girard, 1851 Girard, 1851b: 4 Synonyms: Hecate serpentina Habitat: Intertidal under stones. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA). Included by Bfirger (1904a: 64) as a junior synonym of Prostoma candidum, now Tetrastemma candidum (Miiller, 1774). Tetrastemma sexlineatum Coe, 1940 Coe, 1940: 306-307, pl. 24, figs 5, 6 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 35 m. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (southern CA). Tetrastemma signifer Coe, 1904 Coe, 1904:156 158, text-fig. 20, pl. XIV, figs 9-11, pl. XXI, figs 10-12 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 6-10m, among algae and other growths on pier pilings or rocks, or in kelp holdfasts. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA). Tetrastemma simplex: see Prostoma simplex Timofeeva, 1912 Tetrastemma siphunculus, Tetrastemma sipunculus: see Planaria siphunculus Delle Chiaje, 1828 Tetrastemma stanleyi Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934: 276-277, pl. XVI, fig. 12 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 525 Distribution: East Falkland Is. Tetrastemma stigmatum Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:163 Synonyms: Prostoma stigmatum (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral, under stones or among algae at a depth of about 11 m. Distribution: Japan. Chernuishev (1992a: 135) regarded Prostoma stigmatum sensu Yamaoka (1940a) as not being the same as Stimpson's species and renamed it Tetrastemma stimpsoni Chernuishev, ! 992 Tetrastemma stimpsoni Chernuishev, 1992 Chernuishev, 1992a: 135 Synonyms: Prostoma stigmatum (partita) Habitat: Intertidal under stones or among algae. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Chernuishev distinguished between Tetrastemma stigmatum Stimpson, 1857, and Prostoma stigmatum sensu Yamaoka, 1940a: 251-253, text-figs 30, 31, pl. XVII, fig. 13, and renamed Yamaoka's taxon as Tetrastemma stimpsoni. Tetrastemma subpellucidum C)rsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:576 Synonyms: Prostoma subpellucidum Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Denmark ((~resund). Tetrastemma suhmi: see Prostoma suhmi Bfirger, 1904 Tetrastemma tanikelyensis Kirsteuer, 1965 Kirsteuer, 1965: 310-315, figs 3F, G, 14 Habitat: Sublittoral on coral. Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel). Tetrastemma tetrophthalma: see Polia tetrophthalma Delle Chiaje, 1841 Tetrastemma timofeevai comb. et nom. nov.: see Prostoma maculatum Timofeeva, 1912 Tetrastemma tridentata Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 121-123, fig. 24 Habitat: Intertidal in brackish-waters with salinities down to about 18%o. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.). Tetrastemma turanicum Fedchenko, 1872 Fedchenko, 1872: 101, pl. XIV, figs 1-4 Synonyms: Prostoma turanicum Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: Uzbekistan (Tashkent). Listed as Prostoma turanicum by Bfirger (1904a: 68) and included by StiasnyWijnhoff (1938: 222) in her table of recorded freshwater taxa, Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) invalidated this species as an inadequately described form. Tetrastemma turdum Corr6a, 1957 Corrfia, 1957: 264-265, pl. V, figs 32 34, pl. VI, figs 35, 36 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Brazil (near the Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute). Tetrastemma tutus: see Prostoma tutus Monastero, 1930 Tetrastemma unicoior: see Oerstedia unicolor Hubrecht, 1879 Tetrastemma unilineatum Joubin, 1910 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 526 R. Gibson Joubin, 1910: 12, pl. fig. 9 Synonyms: Prostoma unilineatum Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 379 m, on mud or shingle, or with clumps of the brown alga Desmarestia menziesii. Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (Cape Adare, Robertson's Bay, McMurdo Sound, Cape Denison, offshore from Casey Research Station, Possession Is. and Kerguelen Is.). Redescribed by Gibson and Tait (1984: 139-148, table 1, figs 1-13). Tetrastemma validum Biirger, 1893 Bfirger, 1893:219-221 Synonyms: Antarctonemertes valisum, Prostoma validum, Stichostemma validum Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 200 m, on rocky shores, among kelp holdfasts or with red algae. Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (South Georgia, South Shetland Is., off Enderby Land and the Antarctic Peninsula). Now Antarctonemertes validum (Bfirger, 1893) (Friedrich, 1955:168); Dawson (1957: 5) listed Tetrastemma belgica as synonymous with this form but other authors regard them as separate taxa. Tetrastemma varicolor Orsted, 1843 Orsted, 1843:575 Synonyms: Tetrastemma varicolor fuscogrisescens, Tetrastemma varicolor vat. fitsco-grisescens, Tetrastemma varicolor lacteoflavescens, Tetrastemma varicolor var. lacteoflavescens, Tetrastemma vari¢olor lineata, Tetrastemma varicolor var. lineata, Tetrastemma varicolor nigropunctata, Tetrastemma varicolor var. nigro-punetata Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral. Distribution: Denmark and Scotland (Isle of Skye and the Hebrides). Listed by Biirger (1904a: 71) as synonymous with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1804); Beneden, 1861: 23-28, pl. IV, figs 1-11, included his Polia obscura as conspecific with Orsted's taxon, but Bfirger (ibid.: 64) regarded Beneden's species as in part synonymous with Prostomaflavidum, in part with Prostoma candidum. Tetrastemma varicolor sensu McIntosh (1869) was considered by Hubrecht (1879: 227), Carus (1885: 165) and Biirger (ibid.: 64) as distinct from Orsted's species and synonymised with Tetrastemma or Prostoma flavidum, whereas Tetrastemma varicolor sensu Diesing (1850) Bfirger listed as partly identical with Prostoma candidum, partly with Oerstedia dorsalis. ~3rsted recognised several varieties of his species, which he named var. fusco-grisescens (p. 575), var. lacteoflavescens (p. 575), var lineata Orsted, 1844: 85, and var. nigro-punctata (p. 575); Bfirger (1904a: 71) included all of these as subspecies of Tetrastemma varicolor, which are now synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis and have no subspecific status. Tetrastemma variegatum: see Vermiculus variegatus Dalyell, 1853 Tetrastemma vastum Biirger, 1895 Btirger, 1895a: 583, pl. 3, fig. 11 Synonyms: Prostoma vastum Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, on algae (Cystosira barbata) from depths of 1-4m. Distribution: Italy (Naples) and the Adriatic (Rovinj). Redescribed by Kirsteuer (1963:584 587, figs 20, 21, 32). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 527 Tetrastemma verinigrum Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954a: 32-33, fig. 9A Synonyms: Tetrastemma verinigrum vat. meridialis, Tetrastemma verinigrum var. meridianum Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 1.5m, under stones, on mussels, among algal holdfasts or on coral debris or a mixture of coarse sand, gravel, shell fragments and stones. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido) and Hong Kong. Iwata (1954b: 41, fig. 2C) established a variety of this species, meridianum (incorrectly given as meridialis in the figure caption), on the basis of colour differences and minor internal features, but a distinct status is considered no longer tenable. The species was redescribed by Gibson (1990c: 184-19 l, texW figs 33, 34, pl. 33, figs A-G, pl. 34, figs A G). Tetrastemma vermicula, Tetrastemma vermiculatum, Tetrastemma vermiculum, Tetrastemma vermiculum catenulatum, Tetrastemma vermiculus, Tetrastemma vermiculus var. catenulatum, Tetrastemma vermiculus var. solium: see Polia vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846 Tetrastemma verrilli: see Prostoma verrilli B/irger, 1904 Tetrastemma versicolor Beneden, 1883 Beneden, 1883:467 Habitat: Marine benthic. Distribution: Belgium (Ostende). Listed by Biirger (1904a: 64) as a junior synonym of Prostoma candidum, now Tetrastemma candidum (Mfiller, 1774). Tetrastemma viera: see Prostoma viera Timofeeva, 1912 Tetrastemma viperula: see Prostoma viperula Timofeeva, 1912 Tetrastemma virgatum Kirsteuer, 1963 Kirsteuer, 1963: 595-598, figs 26C, 27 29, 32 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 18 31 m, in mud mixed with detritus and some sand. Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj). Tetrastemma viride: see Fasciola viridis Mfiller, 1774 Tetrastemma viridis Kulikova, 1989 Kulikova, 1989: 628-630, figs l, 2 Habitat: On the leaves of Phyllospadix iwatensis. Distribution: Russia (Sea of Japan). A preoccupied name, Originally used by Orsted, 1844: 87, as Tetrastemma viride (Mfiller, 1774), Kulikova's species is not the same taxon and is here renamed Tetrastemma kulikovae nom. nov. Tetrastemma vittata Verrill, 1874 Verrill, 1874:45-46 Synonyms: Prostoma vittatum, Tetrastemma vittatum (partim): not Oerstedia vittata Hubrecht, 1879 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 45m, in muddy situations or among eelgrasses, shells and other objects, usually in protected harbours. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (New England, ME, MA and CT). Synonymised with Cyanophthalma cordiceps (Friedrich, 1933) by Norenburg (1986: 291). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 528 R. Gibson Tetrastemma vittigerum: see Prostoma vittigerum Biirger, 1904 Tetrastemma weddelli Wheeler, 1934 Wheeler, 1934:278 279, figs 54, 55 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 177 m. Distribution: Near Shag Rocks between South Georgia and the South Orkney Is. Tetrastemma wilsoni Coe, 1943 Coe, 1943: 295-297, text-fig. 74 Habitat: Sublittoral, among bryozoans, sponges and other growths on pier pilings. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA). Tetrastemma worm Corr~a, 1961 Corr6a, 1961:40-42 Synonyms: Tetrastemma bobi Distribution: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, among algae on old mangrove roots or antifouling panels, or under logs in pools. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL) and Curacao. The illustrations of this species, figs 32-34, are captioned with the name Tetrastemma bobi; although the figures appear on p. 34, before the textual description, the name Tetrastemma worm is first used in Corr6a's article on p. 2 and thus has priority. The name Tetrastemma bobi, which has not been used subsequently, is thus designated as a junior synonym of Tetrastemma worki. Tetrastemma yamaokai Iwata, 1954 Iwata, 1954a: 33, figs 9B1, 9B2 Habitat: Intertidal among algal holdfasts. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu). Tononemertes Coe, 1954 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1954:241 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. * Tononemertes peUucida Coe, 1954 Coe, 1954: 241-242, text-fig. 8 Synonyms: Nectonemertes pellucida Habitat: Obtained from depths of 996-2000m. Distribution: North Pacific (Monterey Canyon, off CA) and the tropical Pacific (southwest of the Marshall Is.). Korotkevich (1977b: 17) included this species as Nectonemertes pellucida. Tortus Korotkevich, 1971 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Korotkevich, 1971:118 Marine benthic. * Tortus curilensis Korotkevich, 1971 Korotkevich, 1971: 118-121, figs 4, 5 Habitat: Intertidal among algae and barnacles. Distribution: Russia (Possjet Bay, Sea of Japan, and the Kuril Is.). Chernuishev (personal communciation) indicates that this species probably belongs in the genus Amphiporus. Tortus iturupensis Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 82-85, fig. 8 Habitat: Intertidal among algae (Fucus, Pelvetia and Rhodomela). Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 529 Chernuishev (personal communication) indicates that this species probably belongs in the genus Amphiporus. Tortus paramusirensis Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 85-88, fig. 9 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.). Chernuishev (personal communciation) indicates that this species should be transferred to the genus Neoemplectonema. Tortus tokmakovae Chernuishev, 1991 Chernuishev, 1991c: 129-132, figs 1, 2 Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: Russia (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). Tricelis Ehrenberg, 1831 Ehrenberg, 1831:54 Included as a junior synonym of the heteronemertean genus Lineus by Biirger (1904a: 88). Tricelis gesserensis: see Planaria gesserensis Mi~ller, 1780 Tubonemertes Coe, 1954 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Coe, 1954:247 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Tubonemertes aureola Coe, 1954 Coe, 1954: 247-248, text-fig. 12, pl. 8, fig. B Synonyms: Planktonemertes aureola Habitat: Taken in nets between depths of 950-2000m. Distribution: North Pacific (Monterey Canyon, off CA, and in the San Diego Trough) and South Pacific (southwest of Samoa). Korotkevich (1977b: 16) listed this species as Planktonemertes aureola. * Tubonemertes wheeleri: see Paradinonemertes wheeleri Coe, 1936 Tubulanus Renier, 1804 PALAEONEMERTEA Renier, 1804:20 Marine benthic. Tubulanus albocapitatus Wijnhoff, 1912 Wijnhoff, 1912: 412-413, fig. 1 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 50-60 m, from muddy gravel or fine muddy sand. Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region). An inadequately described species (Gibson, 1982b: 59). Tubulanus albocinctus: see Carinella albocincta Coe, 1904 Tubulanus ambiguus: see Carinella ambigua Punnett, 1903 Tubulanus annulatus: see Gordius annulatus Montagu, 1804 Tubulanus aureus: see Carinella aurea Joubin, 1904 Tubulanus baniulensis; Tubulanus banyulensis: see Carinella banyulensis Joubin, 1890 Tubulanus borealis Friedrich, 1936 Friedrich, 1936b: 101-108, figs l-5 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 100m. Distribution: North-eastern part of the North Sea (near the approach to the Skagerrak). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 530 R. Gibson Tubulanus capistratus: see Carinella capistrata Coe, 1901 Tubulanus cingulatus: see Carinella cingulata Coe, 1904 Tubulanus defractus Renier, 1847 Renier, 1847:63 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea. Biirger (1904a: 132) included this form among a number of dubious nemertean genera and species. Tubulanus elegans Blainville, 1828 Blainville, 1828:574 Synonyms: ?Nemertes elegans, ?Siphonenteron elegans Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Adriatic Sea. Blainville attributed this species to Renier as the naming authority but, as noted in Renier (1847: 62), he had never published this name although he had referred to a 'Sifonentero elegante'. Biirger (1904a: 12) synonymised Blainville's taxon with Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804. Tubulanus ezoensis Yamaoka, 1940 Yamaoka, 1940a: 212-215, text-figs 3, 4, pl. XIV, figs 3, 4 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, under stones in white mucous tubes attached to the stones. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Tubulanusfloridanus Coe, 1951 Coe, 1951a: 330 Habitat: Among algae on dock pilings. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL). An illustration of this species appeared in Coe (1951b: fig. 23). Tubulanus frenatus: see Carinella frenata Coe, 1904 Tubulanus groenlandicus, Tubulanus gr6nlandicus: see Carinella gr#nlandica Bergendal, 1902 Tubulanus holorhynchocoelomicus Friedrich, 1958 Friedrich, 1958:3 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 37 m. Distribution: Iceland. Tubulanus inexpectatus: see Carinella inexpectata Hubrecht, 1880 Tubulanus linearis: see Carinella linearis Mclntosh, 1873-1874 Tubulanus lucidus Iwata, 1952 Iwata, 1952: 126-128, figs 1, 6 Synonyms: Tubulanus lucida Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, under stones. Distribution: Japan (Kyushu). Tubulanus miniatus: see Carinella miniata Btirger, 1892 Tubulanus norvegicus Senz, 1993 Senz, 1993a: 56-59, pl. 2, figs 10, 11 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Norway (near Bergen). Tubulanus nothus: see Carinella nothus Bfirger, 1892 Tubulanus panormitanus Monastero, 1930 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 531 Monastero, 1930: 50, pl. fig. 1 Habitat: Intertidal among calcareous algae. Distribution: Italy (Sicily). Tubulanus pellucidus: see Carinella pellucida Coe, 1895 * Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804 Renier, 1804:20 Synonyms: Carinella polymorpha, Carinella rubra, Carinella speciosa, ?Nemertes elegans, Nemertes polymorpha, Ophyocephalus polymorphus, ?Siphonenteron elegans, Tubulanus elegans, Valencia splendida, Valencinia splendida Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 45-50m or more, on mud, sandy mud, sand or gravel bottoms, beneath stones, in laminarian holdfasts or among mussels and other growths. Distribution: This species has a wide range in the northern hemisphere, extending from the Pacific coast of North America to the Mediterranean, Atlantic, North Sea, Channel and Irish Sea coasts of Europe; a record from East Africa (Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 4) is of doubtful validity. Melville (1986: 112-114) proposed reinstating this species after the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature had earlier rejected Renier's Prospetto della classe dei Vermi (1804) as not having been duly published. Tubulanus punctatus: see Carinella punctata Takakura, 1898 Tubulanus pusillus: see Gordius pusillus Delle Chiaje, 1829 Tubulanus rhabdotus Corr~a, 1954 Corr~a, 1954: 12-20, pl. 1, figs 1-6, pl. 2, figs 7-9, pl. 3, figs 10, 11, pl. 4, figs 12-18 Habitat: Intertidal, among algae growing on rocks, antifouling panels or old mangrove roots, under logs in tidal pools or in sea grass beds. Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Silo Sebastiio), Curacao and the Atlantic coast of the USA (FL). Tubulanus rubicundus: see Carinella rubicunda Biirger, 1892 Tubulanus sexlineatus: see Carinella sexlineata Griffin, 1898 Tubulanus superbus: see Nemertes superbus Krlliker, 1845 Tubulanus theeli: see Carinella thbeli Bergendal, 1902 Tubulanus tubieola: see Carinella tubicola Kennel, 1891 Typhlonemertes du Plessis, 1891 du Plessis, 1891:416 Although clearly referring to the genus Ototyphlonemertes Diesing, 1863, du Plessis unjustifiably emended the generic name; Typhlonemertes is thus a junior synonym of Ototyphlonemertes (Bfirger, 1904a: 26). Typhlonemertes aurantiaca: see Oerstedia aurantiaca du Plessis, 1891 Typhlonemertes claparedii: see Oerstedia claparedii du Plessis, 1891 Typhlonemertes pallida: see Oerstedia pallida Keferstein, 1862 Uehidana Iwata, 1967 HETERONEMERTEA Iwata, 1967:123 The generic name is spelt Uchidaia in the title of the article, an evident printing error. Marine parasitic. * Uehidana parasita Iwata, 1967 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 532 R. Gibson Iwata, 1967: 124-136, text-fig. 1, pl. 1, figs 1-8, pl. 2, figs 9-16, pl. 3, figs 17-24 Habitat: Ectoparasitic in the mantle cavity and between the shell and mantle of the bivalve mollusc Mactra sulcataria collected from muddy sand. Distribution: Japan (Honshu). Uniporus Brinkmann, 1914-1915 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Brinkmann, 1914-1915:23 Marine benthic. Uniporus acutocaudatus Brinkmann, 1914-1915 Brinkmann, 1914-1915: 18-23, text-fig. 3, pl. I, figs 10, 11, pl. II, figs 14-17 Synonyms: Drepanophorus borealis (partim) Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 2-600 m, on mud. Distribution: Northern part of the North Sea and off the west coast of Norway (Lofoten Is. and near Bergen). Drepanophorus borealis sensu Punnett (1903a: 32) was in part synonymised with this species by Brinkmann. Uniporus borealis: gee Drepanophorus borealis Punnett, 1901 *Uniporus hyalinus Brinkmann, 1914 1915 Brinkmann, 1914-1915: 3-13, text fig. 2, pl. l, figs 1-9, pl. II, figs 12, 13 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 1000 1200 m. Distribution: Norwegian Sea between Norway and the Faroe Is. Urichonemertes Gibson, 1 9 8 3 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Gibson, 1983b: 75, table 1, fig. 12C Marine benthic. * Urichonemertes pilorhynchus Gibson, 1983 Gibson, 1983b: 75-91, figs 1-11 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, under rocks or coral boulders on reefs. Distribution: Australia (Great Barrier Reef). Utolineus Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1990c: 123-124, table 3 Marine benthic. * Utolineus uberis Gibson, 1990 Gibson, 1990c: 124-132, text figs 20, 21, pl. 22, figs A-I, pl. 23, figs A-I Habitat: Intertidal in muddy silty sand near mangroves. Distribution: Hong Kong. Valdivianemertes Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1 9 2 3 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923a: 643 The nomenclatural status and systematic position of the genus has recently been discussed by Crandall (1993b). Marine benthic. * Valdivianemertes stannii: see Akrostomum stannii Grube, 1840 Valdivianemertes valdiviae: see Drepanophorus valdiviae Biirger, 1909 Valencia: see Valencinia Quatrefages, 1846 Valenciennesia Joubin, 1894 Joubin, 1894:75-76 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertea:l genera and species of the world 533 An emendation of the generic name Valencinia. Valenciennesia longirostris: see Valencinia longirostris Quatrefages, 1846 Valencinia Quatrefages, 1846 HETERONEMERTEA Quatrefages, 1846:185-186 Bfirger (1904a: 11) regarded this name as in part synonymous with the palaeonemertean genus Tubulanus; Koehler (1885: 77, 115) emended the name to Valencia, whilst Joubin (1894: 75-76) changed it to Valenciennesia. Marine benthic. Valencinia annulata Stimpson, 1855 Stimpson, 1855b: 389-390 Habitat: Intertidal on weedy sand. Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope). Although the title of Stimpson's article indicates that he was describing this form as a new species, the name Valencinia annulata had previously been used by Diesing (1850: 244-245) for Gordius annulatus Montagu, 1804; Bfirger (1904a: 14) listed both Diesing's and Stimpson's references as synonymous with Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804). Valencinia armandi McIntosh, 1875 McIntosh, 1875b: 73-80, pl. XVI, figs 1-9 Synonyms: Carinella armandi Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in sand among tubes of the polychaete Lanice conehilega. Distribution: British Isles (Southport and St. Andrews). Now Carinoma armandi (McIntosh, 1875)(Oudemans, 1885: 8). Valencinia blanca Biirger, 1892 Bfirger, 1892a: 155 Synonyms: Joubinia blanca Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 60 m. Distribution: Italy (Naples). Valencinia dubia Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:190-191 Synonyms: Quatrefagea dubia, Quatrefagea insignis Habitat: Intertidal in sand with Arenicola. Distribution: France (Gulf of St. Malo). Included in a list of dubious nemertean taxa by Bfirger (1904a: 78). Valencinia elegans Stimpson, 1857 Stimpson, 1857:162 Synonyms: Valencinia annulata Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 7-8 m among algae. Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope). Stimpson listed his 1855 species, Valencinia annulata, as synonymous with this form, whilst Bfirger (1904a: 14) regarded Valencinia elegans as conspecific with Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804) and quite different from Tubulanus elegans Blainville, 1828. Valeneinia lineformis McIntosh, 1873-1874 McIntosh, 1873-1874:207-208 Synonyms: Valeneinia lineiformis Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 10m on Corallina or shelly gravel. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 534 R. Gibson Distribution: British Isles (Shetland Is.). Hubrecht (1879: 208) and Carus (1885: 159) included this species as synonymous with Valencinia longirostris Quatrefages, 1846, but Gibson (1982b: 189) rejected this synonymy on the grounds that whereas Mclntosh's taxon possessed eyes, longirostris did not, and concluded that the taxonomic status of Valencinia lineformis remained uncertain. * Valencinia longirostris Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846:189-190 Synonyms: Joubinia longirostris, Joubinia longirostris longirostris, Joubinia longirostris rava, Valencia longirostris, Valenciennesia longirostris, Valencinia longirostris vat. rava Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 1-10m among the roots of Zostera and Posidonia or on sand. Distribution: British Isles (Channel Is.), France (Chausey Is. and Brbhat) and Italy (Naples). Bfirger (1895a: 609, pl. 4, fig. 38) recognised a colour variety of this species which he called Valencinia longirostris var. rava, later (BiJrger, 1904a: 86) listing it as a subspecies under the name Joubinia longirostris rava. Corrfia (1956: 201-203, pl. 2, figs 5, 10) redescribed Valencinia Iongb'ostris from material collected at Naples. Valencinia ornata Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 187-189, pl. 10, fig. IV Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral. Distribution: France (Brbhat). Synonymised with Tubulanus superbus (Kblliker, 1845) by Biirger (1904a: 13). Valencinia phalaerata Gay, 1849 Gay, 1849:63 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Chile. Regarded as a dubious species of heteronemertean by Bi~rger (1904a: 129). Valencinia rubens Coe, 1895 Coe, 1895:521-522 Synonyms: Joubinia rubens, Zygeupolia litoralis, Zygeupolia littoralis Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 50 m, burrowed in sand or under stones on sand in bays, harbours and estuaries. Distribution: Atlantic (southern New England, ME and southwards) and Pacific (CA to Ensenada, Mexico) coasts of North America. Now Zygeupolia rubens (Coe, 1895) (Coe, 1940: 263). Valencinia splendida Quatrefages, 1846 Quatrefages, 1846: 186-187, pl. 8, fig. III Synonyms: Valencia splendida Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: France (Br+hat). Synonymised with Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804, by Biirger (1895a: 517-518). Valencinia striata: see Borlasia striata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 Valencinina Gibson, 1981 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1981b: 166 Marine benthic. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 535 * Valencinina albula Gibson, 1981 Gibson, 1981b: 166-173, figs 1-5 Habitat: Intertidal beneath a coral boulder on a reef fiat. Distribution: Australia (Pelorus Is. in the Great Barrier Reef). Valencinura Bergendal, 1902 HETERONEMERTEA Bergendal, 1902a: 14 Marine benthic. * Valeneinura bahusiensis Bergendal, 1902 Bergendal, 1902a: 14-18, figs 4-6 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: West coast of Sweden. Vermiculus Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853:88 Biirger (1904a: 34, 53, 70) included species listed in this genus as synonymous with the hoplonemertean genera Amphiporus, Prostoma and Oerstedia. Vermiculus coluber Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 91, pl. X, figs 22, 23 Synonyms: Tetrastemma coluber: not Vermiculus coluber var. Habitat: Intertidal. Distribution: British Isles. Listed as a junior synonym of Prostoma coronatum, now Tetrastemma coronatum (Quatrefages, 1846) by Biirger (1904a: 61) but as synonymous with Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837) by Gibson (1982b: 168); the cephalic colour pattern illustrated by Dalyell's fig. 23 appears to resemble that of coronatum more than melanocephalum. A possible variety of Vermiculus coluber illustrated by Dalyell, pl. X, fig. 24, was uncertainly included as conspecific with Tetrastemma candidum (Miiller, 1774) by Gibson (1982b: 159). Vermiculus crassus Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 88-89, pl. X, figs 11, 12 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Scotland. Included among a group of dubious nemertean taxa by Bfirger (1904a: 78). Vermiculus lineatus Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 90, pl. X, figs 19, 20 Synonyms: Cephalotrix lineatus Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Scotland. Although Mclntosh (1873-1874:186) included this form as a junior synonym of Lineus gesserensis (Mfiller, 1780), Bfirger (1904a: 78) regarded it as a dubious taxon; Gibson (1982b: 189) commented that 'Whilst neither the generic nor specific identity of Vermiculus lineatus can be determined, its colour resembles varieties described for both Amphiporus lactifloreus and Oerstedia dorsalis. The number of eyes, conversely, is at variance with both of these forms.' Vermiculus rubens Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 89-90, pl. X, figs 13-18 Habitat: In shells and other cavities. Distribution: Scotland. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 536 R. Gibson Diesing (1863: 178) listed this form as synonymous with Polystemma roseum, but Hubrecht (1879: 221) and subsequent authors synonymised it with Amphiporus pulcher, now Nipponnemertes puicher (Johnston, 1837). Vermiculus variegatus Dalyell, 1853 Dalyell, 1853: 91-92, pl. X, figs 25, 26 Synonyms: Tetrastemma variegatum Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Scotland. Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by Biirger (1904a: 71). Wijnhoffella Friedrich, 1 9 4 0 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Friedrich, 1940b: 1 Marine benthic. * Wijnhoffella alexandrinensis Friedrich, 1940 Friedrich, 1940b: 1-5, fig. 1 Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 100m on mud. Distribution: Egypt (fishery grounds near Alexandria). Wiotkenia Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969 HETERONEMERTEA Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969b: 371-372 Marine benthic. * Wiotkeniafriedrichi Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969 Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969b: 372-379, figs 1-12 Habitat: Not recorded. Distribution: Southern Argentina (Tierra del Fuego). Xenistum Blanchard, 1845 Blanchard, 1845:1344 Listed as a junior synonym of the bdellonemertean genus MalacobdeUa by Btirger (1904a: 73). Xenistum valenciennaei Blanchard, 1845 Blanchard, 1845:1344 Synonyms: Malacobdella valenciennaei Habitat: Commensal in the mantle cavity of the bivalve mollusc Mya truncata. Distribution: Not recorded. Synonymised with Malacobdella grossa (Miiller, 1776) by Bfirger (1904a: 74). Xenoarmaueria Chernuishev, 1992 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Chernuishev, 1992b: 7 Marine bathypelagic. *Xenoarmaueria acoeca: see Mesarmaueria acoeca Korotkevich, 1955 Xenonemertes Gibson, 1983 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA Gibson, 1983b: 91-93, table 1, fig. 12B Marine benthic. *Xenonemertes rhamphocephalus Gibson, 1983 Gibson, 1983b: 93-102, figs 13-19 Habitat: Under a rock on a reef platform. Distribution: Australia (Pickersgill Reef, Great Barrier Reef). Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 537 Zinarmaueria Chernuishev, 1 9 9 2 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA Chernuishev, 1992b: 7 Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic. *Zinarmaueria platonovae Chernuishev, 1992 Chernuishev, 1992b: 7-8, figs 4, 6, 9 Habitat: Taken in depths of between 512-1500m. Distribution: Russia (Sea of Okhotsk). Zodionemertes Gibson, 1985 HETERONEMERTEA Gibson, 1985b: 211-212 Marine benthic. *Zodionemertes chilensis Gibson, 1985 Gibson, 1985b: 212-222, figs 54-58 Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral to a depth of about 1 m. Distribution: Chile (Straits of Magellan). Zygeupolia Thompson, 1900 HETERONEMERTEA Thompson, 1900b: 151 Marine benthic. Zygeupolia litoralis Thompson, 1900 Thompson, 1900b: 151-153 Synonyms: Zygeupolia littoralis: not Zygeupolia littoralis sensu Iwata (1951) Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to shallow sublittoral, in sand. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA). Fully described, also as a new species, by Thompson (1901: 659-719, text-figs 1, 2E, 5-7, pl. XL, figs 1-17, pl. XLI, figs 18-28, pl. XLII, figs 29-44, pl. XLII1, figs 45-61, pl. XLIV, fig. 62); synonymised with Zygeupolia rubens (Coe, 1895) by Coe (1940: 263). Zygeupolia littoralis sensu Iwata (1951) has recently been redescribed as Paralineopsis tam by Iwata (1993). *Zygeupolia rubens: see Valencinia rubens Coe, 1895 Zygonemertes Montgomery, 1897 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA Montgomery, 1897:2-4 Marine benthic. Zygonemertes africana Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1916 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1916: 15-17, fig. p. 16 Habitat: Sublittoral to a depth of 10m. Distribution: Namibia (Liideritz Bay). Additional data on the species was given by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1942). Zygonemertes albida Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901a: 31-33, text-fig. 6, pl. III, fig. 2, pl. VIII, fig. 5 Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, among algae and other growths on rocks and pier pilings. Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (BC to Ensenada, Mexico). Zygonemertes algensis: see Amphiporus algensis Bfirger, 1895 Zygonemertes caUainus Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 110-114, fig. 21 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal among laminarians. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.). Zygonemertes capensis Wheeler, 1934 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 538 R. Gibson Wheeler, 1934: 239-243, texWfigs 13 16, pl. XV, figs 3, 6, 12 Habitat: Intertidal, in pools, under stones in channels or among the holdfast branches of Ecklonia. Distribution: South Africa (Saldanha Bay to East London). Zygonemertes cocacola Corr~a, 1961 Corr~a, 1961:31 33, figs 27, 28 Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, among algae. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL). Zygonemertes fragariae Corr~a, 1954 Corr6a, 1954: 44-49, pl. 8, fig. 43, pl. 9, figs 44 51, pl. 10, fig. 52 Habitat: Intertidal on algae growing on stones. Distribution: Brazil (Ubatuba, Ilha de $5.o Sebasti~o, Ilha das Palmas and Itanh~ten). Zygonemertes glandulosa Yamaoka, 1940 Yamaoka, 1940a: 244-247, text-figs 22-24, pl. XVII, fig. 8 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones. Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido). Zygonemertes isabellae Corr~a, 1954 Corr~a, 1954:51 53, pl. 10, figs 53-56 Habitat: Intertidal between algae. Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Silo SebastiSo). Zygonemertes liideritzi Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1916 Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1916:15-17 Habitat: Sublittoral to depths of 10m. Distribution: Namibia (Lfideritz Bay). Additional anatomical information on this species was given by StiasnyWijnhoff (1942: 148-154, figs 8, 9) which should now be known as Zygonemertes luederitzi Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1916. Zygonemertes maslovskyi, Zygonemertes maslowskyi: see Borlasia maslovskyi Czerniavsky, 1880 Zygonemertes simoneae Corr~a, 1961 Corr~a, 1961: 28-31, figs 23-26 Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral among algae. Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL). Zygonemertes tenuirostris Korotkevich, 1977 Korotkevich, 1977a: 109 110, fig. 20 Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20-50m. Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.). Zygonemertes thalassina Coe, 1901 Coe, 1901a: 29-31, text fig. 5, pl. II, fig. 5, pl. VII, fig. 1, pl. XIII, fig. 2 Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, among hydroids, algae and other growths on rocks or among broken shells. Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (AK). *Zygonemertes virescens: see Amphiporus virescens Verrill, 1879 Zygonemertes zhenylebedevi Chernuishev, 1991 Chernuishev, 1991d: 46-49, figs p. 47 Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, from a depth of 0-5m on the leaves of Phyllospadix iwatensis. Distribution: Russia (Sea of Japan). Nemertean genera and species of the world 539 Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Acknowledgements Invaluable help in tracing much of the literature used during the preparation of this checklist has been willingly given by m a n y library staff and I wish to thank them for their patience and assistance; particular appreciation is due to Gina Douglas (Linnean Society Library), Clare Osbourn (Balfour Library, University of Cambridge) and Zo~ Clarke, Sharon Clayton-Spencer, Paul Edwards, Sue Faulkner, Gwen Lloyd, Janet McCormick, David Ovenden, Ann Pugh, Janet Wilde, Pat Williams and Elaine Willis of the Liverpool John Moores University Library, Byrom Street. Thanks are also due to Alexei Chernuishev, Frank Crandall, Jon Norenburg, N a t h a n Riser and Martin Thiel for information on recent taxonomic changes or unpublished data on the distribution of certain species. Finally, special thanks are due to Janet M o o r e who, despite her normal hectic schedule, managed to read through a complete copy of the draft manuscript within a remarkably short time; her suggestions for improving the arrangement were, as always, of immense value. References ABILGAARD,P. C., 1806, Planaria dorsalis, in O. F. Mfiller (ed.) Zoologia Danica seu animalium Daniae et Norvegiae rariorum ac minus notorum descriptiones et historia (Havniae: N. Christensen), 4, 25. AGASSIZ, A., 1866, On the young stages of a few annelids, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, 8, 303-343. AGASSIZ, A., 1873, The history of Balanoglossus and Tornaria, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 9, 421-436. ANAD6N, N., 1981, Nuevos datos sobre la fauna de nemertinos del norte de Espafia (Asturias y Santander), Boletin de Ciencias de la Naturaleza LD.E.A. No. 28, 219 225. ANTIPA, G., 1941, Marea NeagrS_ Vol. I. Oceanografia, bionomia ~i biologia general~ a M~rii Negre, Publica]iunile Fondului Vasile Adamachi, 10, 1 313. BAIRD, W., 1866, Description of a new species of monoecious worm, belonging to the Class Turbellaria and genus Serpentaria, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 101-102. BAYLIS, H. A., 1915, Nemertinea, British Antarctic Terra Nova Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 2, 113-134. BEATT1E, W., 1858, On the reproduction of Nemertes borlassii, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, p. 307. BEAUCHAMP,P. DE, 1928, Une H&6ron6merte d'eau douce fi Buitenzorg, Bulletin de la Sociktb zoologique de France, 53, 62 67. BEAUCHAMP, P. DE, 1932, Sur une N6merte obscuricole, Bulletin de la Sociktk zoologique de France, 57, 268-273. BEAUMONT,W. I., 1985a, Report on nemertines observed at Port Erin in 1894 and 1895, Report of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, 4, 449-468. BEAUMONT, W. I., 1985b, Report on nemertines observed at Port Erin in 1894 and 1895, Proceedings and Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society, 9, 354-373. BEAUMONT,W. I., 1900a, The fauna and flora of Valencia Harbour on the west coast of Ireland. XI. Report on the Nemertea, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Series 3, 5, 815-831. BEAUMONT,W. I., 1900b, The fauna and flora of Valencia Harbour on the west coast of Ireland. Part I I ~ h e benthos (dredging and shore-collecting). VII. Report on the results of dredging and shore-collecting, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Series 3, 5, 754 798. B~NEDEN, E. VAN, 1883, Compte rendu sommaire des recherches entreprises /t la Station biologique d'Ostende pendant les mois d'6t6 1883, Bulletins de l'AcadOmie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, SOrie 3, 6, 458-483. BENEDEN, P.-J. VAN, 1861, Recherches sur la faune littorale de Belgique. 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Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles (Paris: Normant). 57, 1 628. BLANCHARD, E., 1845, Sur l'organisation d'un animal nouveau appartenant au sousembranchement des vers ou animaux annelSs, Compte rendu hebdomadaire des Skances de l'Acad~mie des sciences, Paris', 20, 1342 1345. BLANCHARD,E., 1847, Recherches sur l'organisation des vers, Annales des sciences naturelles, SOrie 3, 8, 119 149. BLANCHARD,E., 1849, Recherches sur l'organisation des vers, Annales des sciences naturelles, S~rie 3, 12, 5-68. BOHMIG, L., 1892, fJber eine von ihm entdeckte Sfi/3wasser-Nemertine, in A. yon Mojsisovics (ed.) Bericht der II Section, ffir Zoologic, Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins fiir Steiermark, LXXXII-LXXXIV. BOLIVAR, I., 1910, Nuevo locfistido de la India, perjudicial fi la Agricultura (Colemania sphenarioides Bol.), Boletln de la Real Sociedad Espa~ola, 10, 318 321. BORLASE,W., 1758, The Natural History of Cornwall (Oxford: Jackson), 326 pp. BOUTAN,L., 1893, Voyage dans la Mer Rouge, Revue biologique du Nordde la France, 5, 53-69. BRINKMANN,A., 1912, Bathynectes murrayii n. gen, n. sp. Eine neue bathypelagische Nemertine mit fiusseren mfinnlichen Genitalien, Bergens museums hrbog, No. 9, 1-9. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 541 BRINKMANN,A., 1914-1915, Uniporus, ein neues Genus der Fatal lie Drepanophoridae Verrill, Bergens museums hrbog, No. 6, 1 29. BRINKMANN,A., 1915-1916, Die pelagischen Nemertinen der deutschen Sfidpolar-expedition 1901-1903 (Vorlfiufige Mittheilung), Bergens museums hrbog, No, 1, 1-9. BRINKMANN,A., 1917a, Pelagic nemerteans from the 'Michael Sars' North Atlantic deep-sea Expedition 1910, Report on the Scientific Results of the 'Michael Sars' North Atlantic Deep Sea Expedition, 1910, 3, l 18. 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B~3RGER,O., 1892a, Zur Systematik der Nemertinenfauna des Golfs von Neapel, Nachrichten yon der Kdniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg-A ugusts-Universitgit zu G6ttingen, No. 5, 137-178. B~)RGER, O., 1982b, Die Enden des exkretorischen Apparates bei den Nemertinen, Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 53, 322-333. Bf2RGER, O., 1893, Sfidgeorgische und andere exotische Nemertinen, Zoologische Jahrbiicher, Abteilungen Systematik, Okologie und Geographic der Tiere, 7, 207-240. B/2RGER, O., 1985a, Die Nemertinen des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden MeeresAbschnitte, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 22, 1-743. B/3RGER, O., 1985b, Beitr~ige zur Anatomic, Systematik und geographischen Verbreitung der Nemertinen, Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 61, 16-37. BORGER, O., 1986, Meeres- und Land-Nemertinen, gesammelt von den Herren Dr. Plate und Micholitz, Zoologisehe Jahrbiieher, Abteilungen Systematik, Okologie und Geographic der Tiere. 9, 271-276. B/2RGER, O., 1897 1907, Nemertini (Schnurwfirmer), in H. G. Bronn (ed.) Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs (Leipzig: C. F. Winter), 4 (Suppl.), 1-542. BORGER, O., 1904a, Nemertini, Das Tierreich 20, 1-151. B/2RGER, O., 1904b, Nemertinen, Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897-1899, Zoologic, 1-10. BORGER, O., 1909, Die Nemertinen, Deutsche Tiefsee Expedition 1898-1899, 16, 170-221. BUSCH,W., 1851, Beobachtungen iiber Anatomie und Entwickelung einiger wirbellosen Seethiere (Berlin: A. Hirsehwald), 143 pp. BYERLEY, I., 1854, The fauna of Liverpool, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, 8, (Appendix), 1-I25. CAMPBELL, A., GIBSON, R. and EVANS, L. H., 1989, A new species of Carcinonemertes (Nemertea: Carcinonemertidae) ectohabitant on Panulirus cygnus (Crustacea: Palinuridae) from Western Australia, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 95, 257-268. CANTELL,C.-E., 1972, The anatomy of Oxypolella bergendali sp. n., a new nemertine from the west coast of Sweden, Zoologica Seripta, 1, 79-84. CANTELL, C.-E., 1975, Anatomy, taxonomy, and biology of some Scandinavian heteronemertines of the genera Linens, Micrura, and Cerebratulus, Sarsia, 58, 89-122. CANTELL, C.-E., 1982, The anatomy and taxonomy of Cerebratulus praealbescens sp. n. (Nemertini) from the west coast of Sweden and Norway, Sarsia, 67, 11-20. CANTELL, C.-E., 1988a, On the anatomy and taxonomy of Cerebratulus hepaticus Hubrecht, 1879 (Nemertini) from the Mediterranean (Banynls-sur-Mer), Hydrobiologia, 156, 105-113. CANTELL, C.-E., 1988b, Mierurides albopunctatus sp. n., a new heteronemertine from the Swedish west coast (Nemertini), Sarsia, 73, 125 130. CANTELL, C.-E., 1993, Praealbonemertes whangateaunienses n. gen. and n. sp., a new Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 542 R. Gibson heteronemertean from New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 20, 63-70. CANTELL, C.-E., 1994, The anatomy and taxonomy of Micrura pleuropolia n. sp. (Nemertini) from New Zealand, Ophelia, 39, 23-33. CARUS, J. V., 1885, Prodromus faunae Mediterraneae sive descriptio animalium maris Mediterranei incolarum quam eomparata silva rerum quatenus innotuit adiectis locis et nominibus vulgaribus eorumque auctoribus in commodum Zoologorum. Vol. L Coelenterata, Echinodermata, Vermes, Arthropoda (Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche verlagshandlung [E. Koch]), 524 pp. CEDHAGEN,T. and SUNDBERG,P., 1986, A previously unrecognized report o f a nemertean in the literature, Archives of Natural History, 13, 7 8. CHAPUIS, F., 1886, Note sur quelques N6mertes r6coltbes a Roscoff dans le courant du mois d'Aout 1885, Archives de zoologic exp&imentale et gdn~rale, Sdrie 2, 4, xxi xxiv. CHERNUISHEV,A. V., 1991a, Tetrastemma commensalis comb. n. i Asteronemertes gibsoni gen. et sp. n. (Hoplonemertini, Tetrastemmidae)--kommensalui morskikh zvezd, Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 70, 34 39. CHERNUISEV, A. V., 1991b, Sacconemertopsis belogurovi sp. nov. (Hoplonemertini, Tetrastemmatidae)--novaya solonovatovodnaya nemertina iz yuzhnogo primorya, Biologicheskie nauki, No. 5, 45-49. CnERNUISHEV,A. V., 1991c, Tortus tokmakovae sp. n. (Hoplonemertini, Emplectonematidae) iz yaponskogo morya, Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 70, 129 132. CnERNUISHEV, A. V., 1991d, Novuii vid nemertin roda Zygonemertes (Hoplonemertini, Amphiporidae) iz zaliva petra velikogo, Biologicheskie nauki, No. 1, 46-49. CnERNUISEV, A. V., 1992a, O nazvanoyakh nekotoruikh nemertin, Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 71, 134-136. CnERNUISHEV,A. V., 1992b, Sistematika i proiskhozhdenie pelagicheskikh nemertin semeistva Armaueriidae (Nemertini, Polystilifera), Vestnik zoologii, No. 2, 3-10. CnERNUISHEV, A. V., 1993a, Ototyphlonemertes martynovi sp. n. (Enopla, Ototyphlonemertidae) novaya interstitsialnaya nemertina iz yaponskogo morya, Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 72, 5-8. CHERNUISHEV, A. V., 1993b, Novuie svedeniya o sistematike nemertin semeistva Cratenemertidae (Enopla, Monostilifera), Vestnik zoologii, No. l, 72-75. CHERNUISHEV, A. V., 1993c, Obzor rodov nemertin, blizkikh k Oerstedia (Monostilifera, Tetrastemmatidae), s opisaniem chetuirekh novuikh vidov, Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 72, 11-20. CLAPAR~DE, E., 1862, l~tude anatomiques sur les Ann61ides, Turbellari6s, Opalines et Gr6garines observ& dans les Hbbrides, Mdmoires de la Socidtb de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genkve, 16, 71 164. 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GERNER, L., 1969, Nemertinen der Gattungen Cephalothrix und Ototyphlonemertes aus dem marinen Mesopsammal, Helgoliinder wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 19, 68-110. GIARD, A., 1878, Sur l'Avenardia priei, NGmertien gGant de la cGte occidentale de France, Compte rendu hebdomadaire des Skances de l'Acadkmie des sciences, Paris, 87, 72-75. GIARD, A., 1888, Le laboratoire de Wimereux en 1888 (recherches fauniques), Bulletin scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 19, 492-513. GIARD, A., 1890, Le laboratoire de Wimereux en 1889 (recherches fauniques), Bulletin scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 22, 60-87. GIBSON, R., 1967, Occurrence of the entocommensal rhynchocoelan, Malaeobdella grossa, in the oval piddock, Zirfaea crispata, on the Yorkshire coast, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 47, 301-317. GIBSON, R., 1973, A new littoral hoplonemertean (Divanella evelinae gen. et sp. nov.) from the coast of Brazil, Bulletin of Marine Science, 23, 793-810. GIBSON, R., 1974a, Two species of Baseodiscus (Heteronemertea) from Jidda in the Red Sea, Zoologischer Anzeiger, 192, 255 270. GIBSON, R., 1974b, A new species of commensal hoplonemertean from Australia, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 55, 247-266. GIBSON,R., 1974c, Occurrence of the heteronemertean Gorgonorhynchus bermudensis Wheeler, 1940, in Floridan waters, Bulletin of Marine Science, 24, 473 492. GIBSON, R., 1977, A new genus and species of lineid heteronemertean from South Africa, Polybraehiorhynchus dayi (Nemertea: Anopla), possessing a multi-branched proboscis, Bulletin of Marine Science, 27, 552-571. GIBSON, R., 1978, Two new lineid heteronemerteans from Australia, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 62, 1-37. GIBSON, R., 1979a, Nemerteans of the Great Barrier Reef. 2. Anopla Heteronemertea (Baseodiscidae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 66, 137-160. Downloaded by [Seoul National University] at 16:28 15 April 2016 Nemertean genera and species of the world 547 GIBSON, R., 1979b, Nemerteans of the Great Barrier Reef. 1. Anopla Palaeonemertea, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 65, 305-337. GIBSON, R., 1979c, Hubrechtella malabarensis sp. nov. (Palaeonemertea: Hubrechtidae), a new nemertean from Australia, Zoologischer Anzeiger, 202, 119-131. GIBSON, R., 1981a, Nemerteans of the Great Barrier Reef. 3. Anopla Heteronemertea (Lineidae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 71, 171-235. GIBSON, R., 1981b, Nemerteans of the Great Barrier Reef. 4. Anopla Heteronemertea (Valenciniidae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 72, 165-174. GIBSON, R., 1982a, Nemertea, in S. P. Parker (ed.) Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms (New York: McGraw-Hill), 1, 823-846. 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Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution

Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution

Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution

Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution

Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution

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