Journal of Natural History
ISSN: 0022-2933 (Print) 1464-5262 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnah20
Nemertean genera and species of the world:
an annotated checklist of original names
and description citations, synonyms, current
taxonomic status, habitats and recorded
zoogeographic distribution
R. Gibson
To cite this article: R. Gibson (1995) Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated
checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status,
habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution, Journal of Natural History, 29:2, 271-561,
DOI: 10.1080/00222939500770161
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Date: 15 April 2016, At: 16:28
JOURNAL OF NATURALHISTORY, 1995, 29, 271--562
Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated checklist of
original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic
status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution
R. GIBSON
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School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores
University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
(Accepted 18 May 1994)
Names used for nemertean genera and species of the world are listed alphabetically, with their original description citations, synonymy and current taxonomic status. Though many remain inadequately described, 250 genera and 1149
species are recognized as valid; these comprise Archinemertea (3 genera, 28
species), Palaeonemertea (11, 70), Heteronemertea (79, 401), monostiliferous
Hoplonemertea (91, 500), reptantic polystiliferous Hoplonemertea (22, 45),
pelagic polystiliferous Hoplonemertea (40, 97), Bdellonemertea (1, 5) and three
monotypic genera whose higher taxonomic affinities are uncertain. In addition,
three monotypic genera of fossil Nemertea are also listed. The higher systematic
position and typical ecological habits of its species are shown for each valid
genus, type-species are indicated, and brief details of species known habitats and
distribution are noted.
KEYWORDS:Nemertea, genera, species, checklist, world.
Introduction
The identification of nemertean worms (phylum Nemertea, Nemertinea,
Nemertini or Rhynchocoela) is primarily based upon histological studies of their
anatomy yet, as Riser (1989: 534) noted, for 'almost half of the named species [their
internal anatomy] is unknown'. Many of the named genera and species were
established entirely on the basis of their external features, before histological methods
became routinely employed in research, and even for those species which have been
investigated histologically 'significant morphological features of many which have
been serially sectioned have not been recorded or have been misinterpreted as the
result of distortion resulting from contraction induced by fixation' (ibid.). A great
number of nemertean taxa have thus been described incompletely and there remain
many names in the literature that cannot with certainty be related to known forms.
The earliest reference to what is now interpreted as a nemertean is the brief
account of a long, greyish-blue marine worm, common on the Norwegian coast, given
by the Swedish archbishop and naturalist Olaus Magnus in 1555; Cedhagen and
Sundberg (1986: 8) concluded that 'From our present knowledge of the marine fauna
of Norway, the only worm species this can be is the nemertean Lineus longissimus
(Gunnerus, 1770)'. It was a further 200 years before William Borlase (1758) described
and illustrated what he called a 'Sea Long-Worm' in The Natural History of Cornwall;
0022-2933/95 $10-00 © 1995 Taylor & Francis Ltd.
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R. Gibson
like many subsequent authors, Borlase had no idea of the systematic position of the
animal. There followed a period during which, although many species of nemerteans
were established, considerable confusion existed over their phyletic relationships and
it was not until the publications of Max Schultze (1851, 1853) that some degree of
taxonomic order began to emerge.
Since Gunnerus (1770) first gave the name Ascaris longissima (now Lineus
longissimus) to a nemertean, the number of named genera and species has grown
steadily. The last attempt to list all the known taxa, including their synonymy, was
published by Biirger (1904a); he recorded 355 species and 23 subspecies from 29
genera, with a further 59 taxa listed as being of dubious validity. Nearly 50 years later
Hyman (1951) estimated that there were about 550 known species of nemerteans, but
more recently Gibson (1985a) indicated that the phylum contained some 177 genera
and 883 species. The taxonomic revisions, changes and additions that have been made
since Bfirger's article (1904a) clearly indicate the need for an updated checklist of the
nemerteans of the world; such lists have many purposes in biological studies,
especially for those who are not specialists in a particular taxon and who, for
example, in recording the fauna and flora of a zoogeographic region or habitat type,
often include obsolete nomenclature which further maintains systematic confusion.
It is not just the genera and species of nemerteans that have been subject to
taxonomic revision; the long accepted higher classification of the phylum too has been
discussed in the literature (e.g. Iwata, 1960; Gibson, 1988a, 1990a; Sundberg, 1990,
1991; Crandall, 1993a; Senz, 1993a), whilst recent papers (Moore and Gibson, 1993;
Sundberg, 1993) have argued the merits of different approaches to the fundamental
problems associated with nemertean classification and phylogeny. It is not the
purpose of the present paper to attempt to resolve these arguments and discussions;
the intention here is to provide a checklist, in alphabetical sequence, of all the names
used in original designations of genera and species, together with an indication of
their current status, synonymy, habitat and recorded distribution.
Throughout the list valid names are shown in bold, junior synonyms in standard,
italics; type-species for each currently recognized genus are indicated with an asterisk.
Where type-species have not previously been designated, the species selected as type
(by subsequent designation) is that first described for a particular genus which
remains valid. Genera and species that have at some time been included as
nemerteans, but which are now referred to other phyla, are shown in parentheses. The
entries for the individual genera and species include the following information: name
of the taxon, with naming authority and original date of usage; original description
citations with page, table and illustration references; known or probable synonyms,
including emendations and typographical errors; brief details of their habitat; and
their recorded zoogeographic distribution. No attempt is made to include all the
author references to synonymous names shown. After each current generic name its
higher taxonomic position is shown using the following classificatory scheme:
Class: ANOPLA
Order: Archinemertea
Order: Palaeonemertea
Order: Heteronemertea
Class: ENOPLA
Order: Hoplonemertea
Suborder: Monostilifera
Nemertean genera and species of the world
273
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Suborder: Polystilifera
Tribe: Reptantia
Tribe: Pelagica
Order: Bdellonemertea
Broad distributional information for members of each genus (e.g. terrestrial,
freshwater, marine pelagic) is shown under the generic names.
Family names are intentionally omitted from the checklist; many nemertean
families are urgently in need of taxonomic revision and the inclusion of particular
genera in given family groups often remains dubious. For taxa no longer considered
valid brief synopses are provided; in these annotated sections authorities referring a
genus or species to its current taxonomic position are indicated. Several described
taxa have either been identified in the literature as nomina dubia or species inquirendae
or else qualify for one or the other of these categories; these forms are retained as
valid, their taxonomic status being left for future studies to resolve. Species names
established with no description (nomina nuda) or whose genera are no longer current,
however, are rejected; these taxa are indicated clearly. The introduction of new names
for junior homonyms has been kept to the minimum; these names too are identified.
Variations in the spelling of names, whether typographical errors, misprints or
emendations, are also shown, particularly where they interfere with the alphabetical
sequence; minor emendations are not listed alphabetically but are included with the
lists of synonyms of individual species. Names established in which diacritic marks or
hyphens were employed are changed according to the International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature (1985), Articles 25 and 32c(vi). Subspecific or varietal taxa
are recorded under their appropriate species names; the validity of these lower
taxonomic categories is, for nemerteans, far from securely established, but discussion
on this matter is beyond the scope of this checklist.
The nemertean genera and species of the world
Accirinia Chernuishev, 1993
Chernuishev, 1993a: 8
Chernuishev proposed separating off some species of Ototyphlonemertes into a
new genus, Norenburgia; he established Accirinia as a subgenus of Norenburgia
with Ototyphlonemertes americana Gerner, 1969, as the designated type. No
diagnoses of the suggested new taxa were given and the proposals are not
adopted in the present paper.
Acicula Renier, 1807
Renier, 1807: table 6
Biirger (1904 a: 132) included this name with a group of genera and species which
he regarded as not certainly belonging in the phylum Nemertea.
Acicula bioculata Renier, 1847
Renier, 1847:59
Habitat: Marine, presumed benthic.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea.
A manuscript name, published posthumously under the editorship of G.
Meneghini, which Renier himself (p. 65) synonymised with Acicula macula.
Acicula macula: see Gordius macula Renier, 1804
Acrostomum: see Akrostomum Grube, 1840
Acrostomum canescens: see Polia canescens Leuckart, 1849
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R. Gibson
Acrostomum stannii: see Akrostomum stannii Grube, 1840
Acteonemertes Pantin, 1961 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Pantin, 1961 a: 153
Moore and Gibson (1981:195) provide an updated diagnosis of the genus. Upper
intertidal zone to fully terrestrial.
*Acteonemertes bathamae Pantin, 1961
Pantin, 1961a: 154-155, pl. 1, figs 1 4
Habitat: Under stones (upper intertidal) or storm wrack (supra-littoral), or
beneath small logs at the edge of scrub (terrestrial).
Distribution: New Zealand (South Is., Stewart Is.), Auckland Is., Ocean Is.
(Banaba).
Anatomical details supplementing Pantin's original brief description are given
by Moore (1973: table 1).
Adenorhagas Riser, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA
Riser, 1990:597
Marine benthic.
*Adenorhagas aurantiafrons Riser, 1990
Riser, 1990: 597-602, figs 1 10
Habitat: Among kelp holdfasts washed up on to the shore.
Distribution: New Zealand (North and South Is.).
Aegialonemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Gibson, 1990b: 115 116, table 4
Marine benthic.
*Aegialonemertes chlorophthalma Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990b: 116-123, table 1, text-figs 7, 8, pl. 6, figs A-G, pl. 7, figs A D
Habitat: Lower shore under boulders in shelly sand.
Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia).
Aetheolineus Senz, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA
Senz, 1993 a: 88
Marine benthic.
*Aetheolineus pulcherrimus Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993 a: 89-97, pl. 4, fig. 35, pl. 5, figs 36 41
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
First referred to, as a nomen nudum, by Senz (1992a: 92).
Aetheorhynchus Gibson, 1981 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1981 a: 173, table 1
Marine benthic.
*Aetheorhynchus actites Gibson, 1981
Gibson, 1981 a: 173-182, figs 1-5
Habitat: Lower shore under coral boulders in muddy grit.
Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is., off Queensland).
Africanemertes Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942:184
Marine benthic.
Africanemertes riitzleri Kirsteuer, 1965
Kirsteuer, 1965: 300-304, figs 6-8, 12C
Habitat: On corals.
Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel).
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Nemertean genera and species of the world
275
This species should be known as Africanemertes ruetzleri Kirsteuer, 1965.
*Africanemertes swakopmundi Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 184-189, fig. 17
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: South-Western Africa (Swakopmund, Namibia).
Akrostomum Grube, 1840
Grube, 1840:57
Biirger (1904a: 34) included Akrostomum as a synonym of the genus
Amphiporus, on p. 48 listing Akrostomum stannii Grube, 1840, under the name
Amphiporus stannii; this species has subsequently been transferred to the genus
Valdivianemertes by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1923 a: 643). Akrostomum, together with
its emendation Acrostomum which appears in some of the older literature, is thus
a junior synonym of Valdivianemertes. Chernuishev (1992 a: 134) has recently
argued in favour of reinstating the name Akrostomum.
Akrostomum stannii Grube, 1840
Grube, 1840:57
Synonyms: Acrostomum stannii, Amphiporus stannii, Amphiporus stanniusi
Habitat: Sublittoral, from 30 m depth.
Distribution: Italy (Gulf of Naples).
Now Valdivianemertes stannii (Grube, 1840) (Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923 a: 643);
Crandall (1993b) discusses the nomenclatural status and systematic position of
this species at some length.
Alaonemertes Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942:161
Marine benthic.
*A laonemertes michaelseni Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 161-169, figs 11, 12
Habitat: Intertidal; no further details recorded.
Distribution: South-Western Africa (Swakopmund, Namibia).
Alardus Busch, 1851
Busch, 1851:111
B/irger (1904 a: 104) listed this taxon as a junior synonym of the genus Micrura.
Alardus caudatus Busch, 1851
Busch, 1851: 111-112, pl. XI, fig. 8
Habitat: Sublittoral (?) in a harbour.
Distribution: Yugoslavia (Trieste).
McIntosh (1873-1874: 29) commented that 'This is evidently the young of a
Micrura' and Biirger (1904a: 105) included it as synonymous with Micrura
fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828.
Alaxinus Gibson, Wickham and Kuris, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Gibson et al., 1990: 186-187, table 1
Marine, ectosymbiotic (?) on decapod Crustacea.
*Alaxinus oclairi Gibson, Wickham and Kuris, 1990
Gibson et al., 1990: 187-197, figs 1-4
Habitat: On an egg mass of the anomuran Paralithodes camtschatica.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Juneau, AK).
Albanemertes Senz, 1993 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Senz, 1993 a: 125
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R. Gibson
Marine benthic.
*Albanemertes rovinjensis Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 125-127, pl. 8, figs 68, 69
Habitat: In sand.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj).
Alexandronemertes Chernuishev, 1992 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Chernuishev, 1992a: 135
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Alexandronemertes ductor Chernuishev, 1992
Chernuishev, 1992a: 135
Synonyms: Nectonemertes mollis: not Dinonemertes mollis Coe, 1926
Habitat: Obtained from depths of 975-1160m.
Distribution: North Atlantic.
Chernuishev regarded Nectonemertes mollis sensu Korotkevich (1972) and
Dinonemertes mollis Coe, 1926, as separate taxa; he renamed the former and
transferred it to a new genus.
*Alexandronemertes mollis: see Dinonemertes mollis Coe, 1926
Algonemertes Corr6a, 1954 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Corr~a, 1954:62
Marine benthic.
*Algonemertes alba Corr~a, 1954
Corr6a, 1954:63 68, pl. 13, figs 67-71, pl. 14, figs 72, 73
Habitat: Intertidal between algae.
Distribution: Brazil (Silo Sebastifio, Ilha de S~o Sebastifio and Ilha das Palmas).
(Amiskwia Walcott, 1911)
Walcott, 1911:112
Originally described as a genus of fossil chaetognaths; some authors (e.g.
Korotkevich, 1967: 140-142) considered it to be a nemertean, but Conway
Morris (1977: 273) concluded that it was not and that its phyletic position could
not be determined.
(Amiskwia sagittiformis Walcott, 1911)
Walcott, 1911: 112-113, pl. 22, figs 3, 4
Habitat: Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale.
Distribution: Canada (British Columbia).
Redescribed by Conway Morris (1977: 273-275, table 1, text-figs 1-5, pl. 25,
figs 1 7, pl. 26, figs 1-7).
Ammonemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Gibson, 1990b: 123
Marine benthic.
*Ammonemertes erseusi Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990b: 124-129, table 1, text-figs 9, 10, pl. 8, figs A E, pl. 9, figs A-F
Habitat: Lower shore interstitial in coarse sand and gravel.
Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia).
Amn&lineus Gibson and Qi, 1991 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson and Qi, 1991: 168-169, table 2
Emended to Amniclineusa in Dawson (1993).
Freshwater to low salinity brackish-water.
*Amniclineus zhujiangensis Gibson and Qi, 1991
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Nemertean genera and species of the world
277
Gibson and Qi, 1991: 169-175, figs 2 15
Habitat: In mud or sandy-mud; salinity mostly < 0"5%° but may for brief periods
reach a maximum of about 10-9%o.
Distribution: People's Republic of China (lower part of the Pearl River).
Amphinemertes Coe, 1940 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Coe, 1940:303
Marine benthic, possibly parasitic or commensal.
*Amphinemertes caeca: see Tetrastemma caecum Coe, 1901
Amphiporella Friedrich, 1940 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1940 a: 236
Marine benthic.
*Amphiporella baltiea Friedrich, 1940
Friedrich, 1940 a: 236-239, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Interstitial, sublittoral.
Distribution: Baltic Sea (east of Bornholm).
Ampl@orus Ehrenberg, 1831 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Ehrenberg, 1831:63
Marine benthic.
Amphiporus adriaticus: see Polystemma adriaticum Ehrenberg, 1828
Amphiporus africanus Wheeler, 1940
Wheeler, 1940a: 36-39, figs 9A, B, D-G
Habitat: Intertidal between algal holdfasts or under stones in channels.
Distribution: South Africa (East London).
Now Nipponnemertes africanus (Wheeler, 1940) (Berg, 1985 a: 243).
Amphiporus agilis: see Ophionemertes agilis Verrill, 1874
Amphiporus albicans Ehrenberg, 1831
Ehrenberg, 1831: 63
Synonyms: Omatoplea albicans, Polystemma albicans, Polystemma allicans
Habitat: Among corals.
Distribution: Red Sea (near Tor).
Originally named and illustrated as Polystemma albicans by Ehrenberg (1828:
pl. IV, figs IIa-e), but not described until 1831; Gibson and Crandall (1989:
455) included it as a nomen dubium.
Amphiporus algensis Biirger, 1895
B/irger, 1895a: 570, pl. 4, fig. 39, pl. 29, figs 28, 29
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, among Ulva and other algae.
Distribution: Italy (Bay of Naples region).
Berg (1976: 11-15, figs 1-4) redescribed the species and transferred it as
Zygonemertes algensis (B/irger, 1895).
Amphiporus allucens B/irger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: pl. 4, fig. 35
Synonyms: Amphiporus pulcher allucens
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Biirger (1895a: 568) distinguished Amphiporus pulcher allucens from
Amphiporus pulcher pulcher (Johnston, 1837) mainly by eye size and body
colour; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455) regarded the species as a nomen
dubium.
Amphiporus amboinensis B/irger, 1890
278
R. Gibson
Biirger, 1890:26 27, pl. VII, fig. 128
Synonyms: Amphiporus amboiensis
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Now Cratenemertes amboinensis (Biirger, 1890) (Friedrich, 1955: 145).
Amphiporus angulatus: see Fasciola angulata Mfiller, 1774
Amphiporus antifuscus Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954a: 24-25, figs 6A1-A3
Habitat: Among algae near low tide level.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) listed this form as a species inquirenda.
Amphiporus appendiculatus Friedrich, 1957
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Friedrich, 1957:133 134, fig. 1
Habitat: Sublittoral from 10-30m depth.
Distribution: Iceland.
Included in the subgenus Intestinonemertes by Friedrich, listed as
Intestinonemertes appendiculatus by Gibson (1982a: 828) and identified as a
species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus arcticus Punnett, 1901
Punnett, 1901 a: 94-95, pl. VII, fig. 9
Synonyms: Amphiporus angulatus (partim), Amphiporus marmoratus (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral, among bryozoans or coralline algae at depths of 8-163 m.
Distribution: First recorded from Davis Strait (between Greenland and Canada),
since also reported from Iceland and France.
Coe (1943: 278) tentatively referred this species to Amphiporus angulatus
(Mfiller, 1774); Friedrich (1957: 130, 1958: 8) included it in the subgenus
Intestinonemertes, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) listed it as a
species inquirenda under its original name.
Amphiporus arenarius Ushakov, 1927
Ushakov, 1927: 289-290, figs 1-3
Habitat: Sublittoral, from 50m depth on sand.
Distribution: Russia (Vladivostok).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) but
more recently recorded as Nipponnemertes arenarius (Ushakov, 1927) by
Chernuishev (1993 b: 72).
Amphiporus atypicus Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935a: 323 324, fig. 18
Habitat: Sublittoral?, in fine sand.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus bergendali Gering, 1912
Gering, 1912; 520-522
Synonyms: Cratenemertes bergendali, Nipponnemertes bergendali
Habitat: Sublittoral from 40-50m depth.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden.
Now Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837) (Berg, 1985 a: 240).
Amphiporus beringianus: see Cosmocephala beringiana Stimpson, 1857
Amphiporus b&olor Biirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895 b: 22
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Nemertean genera and species of the world
279
Habitat: Sublittoral from 680 m depth.
D&tribution: Barents Sea (west of Novaja Zeml'a).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus bicoioreus Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977 a: 105-107, fig. 18
Habitat: Intertidal in salinities down to about 18%o.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okbotsk).
Although not listed by Gibson and Crandall (1989), this form should be
regarded as a species" inquirenda.
Amphiporus bimaculatus Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 44-46, text-fig. 11, pl. I, fig. 4, pl. V, fig. 10, pl. VIII, fig. 2, pl. XII,
fig. 2
Synonyms: Nipponnemertes bimaculatus
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, among laminarian holdfasts, in rock crevices,
beneath stones or among algae, hydroids, mussels and other growths on rocks
and pier pilings.
Distribution: Uncertain; originally reported from Pacific coasts of North
America (AK, British Columbia, Puget Sound, WA), nemerteans identified as
belonging to this species have since been recorded from eastern Russia, Japan
and as far south as Ensenada in Mexico.
Transferred to the genus Nipponnemertes by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 463),
with a note added in proof that additional anatomical features discovered
required this transfer being held in abeyance; Chernuishev (1993 b: 73-74, figs
1-3) has subsequently briefly redescribed the species and named it
Collarenemertes bimaculatus (Coe, 1901). Crandall (personal communication)
indicates that 'bimaeulatus' includes more than a single taxon.
Amphiporus binarius Korotkevich, 1978
Korotkevich, 1978a: 125
Habitat: Intertidal under stones on sand and gravel and extending above the
Fucus zone.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet in the White Sea).
Also reported as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 255-256), Gibson and
Crandall (1989: 455) identify this species as a nomen nudum.
Amphiporus binocellatus Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993 a: 122-124, pl. 8, figs 65 67
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Mediterranean coast of France (Villefranche).
Amphiporus bioculatus McIntosh, 1873-1874
McIntosh, 1873-1874: 163-164, text figs 10, 11, pl. VIII, fig. 3, pl. XVII, fig. 25,
pl. XXIII, fig. 19
Synonyms: Amphiporus (Naredopsis) bioculatus, Hallezia bioculata
Habitat: Originally recorded from about 15m depth among algal holdfasts
attached to mussels.
Distribution: First described from Bressay Sound, Shetland Is., taxonomic
confusion surrounding records of the species from other locations (east coast
of North America, France and the Rumanian coast of the Black Sea) lead to
its geographic range being uncertain.
Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 457), Kirsteuer
(1967: 120) regarded Amphiporus bioculatus sensu Corr~a, 1958:450-451, pl. 3,
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280
R. Gibson
figs 19-21, pl. 4, fig. 22, found at about 6 m depth off the coast of Brazil (Silo
Paulo), as distinct from Mclntosh's taxon and described it as Correanemertes
bioculatus (Corr6a, 1958).
Amphiporus brunneus Griffin, 1898
GriffÉn, 1898: 212, fig. 24
Habitat: On pier pilings and rocks.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus biirgeri Isler, 1900
Isler, 1900a: 5-9, figs 1-3
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Chile (near Talcahuano).
Also reported as a new species by Isler (1900b: 178), Gibson and Crandall
(1989: table III) included the taxon, as Amphiporus buergeri Isler, 1900, in their
list of species inquirendae with the comment that it resembles the genus
Austroprostoma.
Amphiporus caecus Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892: 402, pl. XXXIV, figs 2-2c
Synonyms: ?Astemma collaris, Astemma resplendens, Hallezia hastata (partita)
Habitat: Dredged from 33-37m depth.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (Rhode Is. Sound, ); also recorded from
off Tierra del Fuego (Beagle Canal) by Isler (1902: 275).
Verill (p. 389) included this species in a new subgenus, Naredopsis; Coe (1943:
278) commented that the form may merely be a colour variety of Amphiporus
groenlandicus Orsted, 1843, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: 457) included it as
a nomen dubium under its original name.
Amphiporus californicus Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 264-266, pl. 23, figs 172-176
Habitat: Intertidal to depths of about 100 m, under stones, in rock crevices and
on wharf pilings.
Distribution: Coast of southern California.
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus canescens: see Polia canescens Leuckart, 1849
Amphiporus carinelloides Biirger, 1895
Btirger, 1895a: 559-560, pl. 2, fig. 23, pl. 16, figs 11-14, pl. 26, figs 44-46
Habitat: Among the rhizomes of Posidonia.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus cephalonephridialis Friedrich, 1940
Friedrich, 1940a: 241-242, fig. 4
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: Baltic Sea (west of Bornholm).
Now Communoporus eephalonephridialis (Friedrich, 1940) (Friedrich, 1955:
148).
Amphiporus cerviealis: see Polina cervicalis Stimpson, 1857
Amphiporus commensalus Kyao, 1954
Kyao, 1954: 135-139, figs 1-3
Synonyms: Amphiporus commensalis
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Habitat: Commensal in the ambulacral grooves of the solasterid starfish
Crossaster papposus.
Distribution: Russia (Okhotsk Sea).
Now Tetrastemma commensalis (Kyao, 1954) (Chernuishev, 1991 a: 34); the
specific epithet is spelt commensalis on the last page of Kyao's article.
Amphipovus cordiceps: see Cosmocephala cordiceps Jensen, 1878
Amphiporus cruciatus Biirger, 1893
Biirger, 1893: 214-215, pl. 9, figs 17, 17a
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Antarctica (South Georgia).
Synonymised with Amphiporus spinosus Biirger, 1893, by Wheeler (1934: 266)
and Dawson (1957: 4), but listed under its original name as a species inquirenda
by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus cruentatus Verrill, 1879
Verrill, 1879:184
Synonyms: ?Amphiporus leptacanthus
Habitat: Lower shore to 80m or more sublittorally, among kelp holdfasts, algae,
hydroids and other growths on pier pilings and rocks, or on shelly sediments.
Distribution: Atlantic (New England to Florida) and Pacific (Puget Sound, WA
to southern CA) coasts of the USA.
Although Coe (1943: 279) listed Amphiporus leptacanthus Coe, 1905, as
synonymous with this species, Gibson and Crandall (1989: 458) commented
that because the internal morphology of cruentatus has never been fully
described, a synonymy between the two taxa cannot be substantiated; they list
Amphiporus cruentatus as a nomen dubium but include dmphiporus
leptacanthus (table III) as a species inquirenda.
Amphiporus delta Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 194-196, text-figs 6, 7, pl. VIII, figs 5, 6
Habitat: Sublittoral from 640m depth.
Distribution: Red Sea (coast of Sudan).
An inadequately described species qualifying as a nomen dubium.
Amphiporus depressus: see Tatsnoskia depressa Stimpson, 1857
Amphiporus dissimulans Riches, 1893
Riches, 1893:10-11
Synonyms: ?Amphiporus roseus (partita)
Habitat: May be intertidal but more common sublittorally at depths of 40 m or
more on mud, shells mixed with small stones, shelly-sand, Lithothamnion and
other algae.
Distribution: British Isles to Scandinavia.
Redescribed by Berg (1972a: 24-26, figs 1B, 2, 3, 5B, 6-I0), and listed as a
species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus dorsolineatus Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 107-109, fig. 19
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk).
Well enough described to be considered a species inquirenda.
Amphiporus drepanophoroides Griffin, 1898
Griffin, 1898:214
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Synonyms: Cratenemertes drepanophoroides
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA).
Now Nipponnemertes drepanophoroides (Griffin, 1898) (Friedrich, 1968: 34).
Amphiporus dubius Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:222-223
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral.
Distribution: Uncertain; originally described from Italy (Naples), subsequent
records from France, Madeira and Chile describe specimens which differ in
several ways from Hubrecht's account and it is possible that three species have
been referred to under the same name (Gibson and Crandall, 1989: 458).
Amphiporus dubius sensu Hubrecht (1879), Langerhans (1880), Joubin (1890,
1894) and Isler (1902) are regarded as nomina dubia by Gibson and CrandaU
(ibid.), but Bfirger's description (1895a: 560-561, pl. 2, fig. 25, pl. 15, figs 1720, pl. 29, figs 16-18) of material from sand near Naples is more complete and
Amphiporus dubius sensu Biirger is listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and
Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus elongatus Stephenson, 1911
Stephenson, 1911:18 19, figs 12 14
Habitat: Mid-shore intertidal in medium sand.
Distribution:
Scotland (Clyde area) and Germany (Thiel, personal
communication).
Redescribed as Psammamphiporus elongatus (Stephenson, 1911) by Gibson
(1989:357 362, figs 1-13).
Amphiporus exilis Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 54-56, text-fig. 14, pl. III, fig. 1, pl. VII, fig. 5, pl. XI, fig. 3
Habitat: Intertidal, among barnacles and mussels or under stones in almost any
sort of location.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to British Columbia).
Coe (1904: 115) synonymised this species with Amphiporus formidabilis
Griffin, 1898, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) list it as a species
inquirenda under its original name.
Amphiporus fabricii Levinsen, 1879
Levinsen, 1879:200-201
Synonyms: ?Planaria angulata
Habitat: Intertidal among laminarians and dredged from depths to 270 m.
Distribution: Greenland, Jan Mayen Is. and the Barents Sea.
Levinsen uncertainly included Planaria angulata Fabricius, 1798, as
synonymous with this species, but this has not been accepted by later authors;
Gibson and Crandall (1989: 458) list it as a nomen dubium.
Amphiporus falklandicus Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934:257 258, fig. 36D
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of between 74-267m.
Distribution: Among and near the Falkland Is.
Now Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837) (Berg, 1985 a: 240).
Amphiporus flavens Monastero, 1930
Monastero, 1930: 56, pl. fig. 6
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
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283
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporusflavescens Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 277-279, pl. 2, fig. 22, pl. 16, figs 97, 98, pl. 23, figs 162-171
Habitat: Intertidal under stones or among algae and other growths on rock and
pier pilings between and below tides.
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Distribution: Pacific coasts of North America (CA to Mexico).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporusfolcatus Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 102-105, fig. 17
Habitat: Sublittoral from 28 m depth.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk).
Well enough described to be considered a species inquirenda.
Amphiporusformidabilis Griffin, 1898
Griffin, 1898: 211, figs 21-23
Synonyms: ?Amphiporus exilis
Habitat: Under stones, in rock crevices or among algae, mussels and other
growths on rocks and pier pilings between tidemarks.
Distribution: North Pacific (Honshu and Kyushu in Japan, Bering Is., the
Aleutian Is., and AK to CA, USA).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus frontalis Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892: 398-399, pl. XXXIV, figs 1-1b, 8
Habitat: Intertidal near low water mark.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME).
Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 458), Riser (1993:
143, 145) commented that the 'eye pattern of the living animals and the
morphology of the stylet apparatus are the only features at the present time to
distinguish the species'.
Amphiporusfulvus Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 280-281, pl. 2, fig. 23
Habitat: Among algae and other growths on rocks and pier pilings near low tide
level, or dredged sublittoraUy from depths down to about 100m.
Distribution: Pacific coasts of the USA (southern CA).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table I/I).
Amphiporusfuseosparus Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977 a: 93-97, fig. 13
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk).
This form constitutes a species inquirenda.
,4mphiporus gelatinosus Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 259-264, pl. I9, figs 119, 120, pl. 20, figs 122-127, pl. 25, fig. 204
Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from grey sand 40-450 m depth.
Distribution: North Pacific (Uraga Strait, Honshu, Japan, and AK to Puget
Sound, WA, North America).
Coe (1940: 300) commented that 'The unfortunate loss of the proboscis ...
make it doubtful whether this species belongs to the genus Amphiporus', but
subsequently (Coe, 1944 a: 30), having obtained further material, he noted that
the proboscis was typical of amphiporids; Gibson and Crandall (1989: table
III) include it as a species inquirenda.
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Amphiporus gerlachei Biirger, 1904
Bfirger, 1904b: 8, pl. I, figs 5-8, pl. II, figs 9, 10
Synonyms: ?Amphiporus lecointei
Habitat: Sublittoral between about 80-500 m depth.
Distribution: Antarctica (Charcot Is., Bellingshausen Sea) and near the Falkland
Is.
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the
comment that the taxon may be related to the genus Nipponnemertes; Berg
(1985 a: 241) suggested that Amphiporus gerlachei sensu Wheeler, 1934: 258,
text-figs 31, 36C, might be synonymous with Nipponnemertes pulcher
(Johnston, 1837).
Amphiporus giardinae Monastero, 1930
Monastero, 1930: 54-55, pl. fig. 4
Habitat: Among algae.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Gibson and Crandall (1989: 459), whilst suggesting that this taxon might be
synonymous with Zygonemertes algensis (Btirger, 1895), concluded that
Monastero's description was not adequate for the suspected conspecificity to
be confirmed and included the form as a nomen dubium under its original
name.
Amphiporus glandulosus Biirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895a: 568-569, pl. 4, fig. 34, pl. 29, fig. 21
Habitat: Sublittoral from 100-140 m depth, on detritus or corallines.
Distribution: Italy (Naples) and France (Villefranche).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the
comment that it might be related to the genus Nipponnemertes.
Amphiporus glutinosus: see Polina glutinosa Verrill, 1873
Amphiporus greenmani Montgomery, 1897
Montgomery, 1897: 6-8, pl. 1, figs 1 11, 17
Habitat: Intertidal among algae.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (NJ).
Coe (1943: 285) synonymised this species with Amphiporus ochraceus (Verrill,
1873) but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) included it as a species
inquirenda under its original name.
Amphiporus griseus: see Polia grisea Stimpson, 1855
Amphiporus groenlandicus (~rsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:581
Synonyms:
?Amphiporus caecus, Borlasia groenlandica, ?Hallezia hastata
(partita), Neesia groenlandica
Habitat: Extreme lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 450 m or more.
Distribution: Barents Sea, Greenland and Iceland.
Coe (1943: 283) noted that 'It seems possible that this species ... may extend
southward in the cold currents off Block Island, where Verrill's A. caecus w a s
dredged. Other specimens from the latter area must be obtained in order to
determine anatomically whether the two species, which differ only in color so
far as is known, are synonymous.' Orsted's original account is totally
inadequate and the species is listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall
(1989: 459); these authors (table III), however, include Amphiporus
groenlandicus sensu Biirger, 1895 b: 23, as a species inquirenda.
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Amphiporus grubei: see Omatoplea grubei Diesing, 1850
Amphiporus hagmeieri Friedrich, 1940
Friedrich, 1940 a: 239-241, fig. 3
Habitat: Not recorded, presumed sublittoral.
Distribution: Baltic Sea (east of Bornholm).
Now Communoporus hagmeieri (Friedrich, 1940) (Friedrich, 1955: 149).
Amphiporus hastatus Mclntosh, 1873-1874
McIntosh, 1873-1874: 162-163, text fig. 9, pl. VIII, fig. 2, pl. XXIII, fig. 18
Synonyms: Hallezia hastata (partita)
Habitat: Intertidal to about 14m deep sublittorally, among laminarian holdfasts
attached to mussels or in sand.
Distribution: Uncertain because of the considerable confusion surrounding the
identity of the species; originally described from Bressay Sound (Shetland Is.),
nemerteans identified as belonging to this taxon have also been reported from
Southport (west coast of England), the Barents Sea, the Mediterranean,
Scandinavia, Greenland and the Atlantic coast of North America.
Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 459); Girard (1893:
284-285) regarded McIntosh's species as synonymous with what he called
Hallezia hastata, but Biirger (1904 a: 44-45) included Girard's taxon as in part
synonymous with Amphiporus caecus Verrill, 1892, in part with McIntosh's
species.
Amphiporus heterophthalmus: see Ommatoplea heterophthalma Schmarda, 1859
Amphiporus heterosorus Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892: 393-394, pl. XXXIV, figs 7, 17
Synonyms: Amphiporus roseus (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20-400 m on sandy or muddy sediments.
Distribution: Atlantic coasts of North America (Bay of Fundy, ME).
Coe (1943: 276) included this form as synonymous with Amphiporus angulatus
(Miiller, 1774), but Gibson and Crandall (1989: 459) listed it as a nomen
dubium under its original name with the comment that 'Differences between A.
heterosorus and A. angulatus ... suggest that in the absence of supporting
anatomical data a synonymy between these two taxa cannot be confirmed.'
Amphiporus imparispinosus Griffin, 1898
Griffin, 1898: 210, figs 19, 20
Synonyms: ?Amphiporus imparispinosus var. similis, ?Amphiporus leuciodus
Habitat: Among algae, mussels and other growths on rocks, stones or wharf
pilings, often in situations exposed to the full force of the surf, or beneath
stones on rocky shores or on shelly off-shore sediments, intertidal to 50m
depth sublittorally.
Distribution: Originally described from the northwestern coasts of North
America (AK to Puget Sound, WA), Corr~a (1964: 543) lists the species' range
as extending from Siberia through the Bering Sea southwards along the Pacific
coasts of North America to Ensenada, Mexico; this distribution includes
records of Amphiporus similis Coe, 1905 (subsequently listed by Coe, 1940:
301, as Amphiporus imparispinosus var. similis) and Amphiporus leuciodus Coe,
1901.
Amphiporus imparispinosus is listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and
Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus incubator Joubin, 1914
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Joubin, 1914: 4-30, text-figs 1-13, pl. I, figs 4-6, pl. II, figs 1-10, pl. III, fig. 3
Habitat: Sublittoral to 5 m or more depth.
Distribution: Antarctica (King George, Lunde and Petermann Is.).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus inexpectatus Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934:258 259, fig. 32
Habitat: Sublittoral from 159-167 m depth.
Distribution: South Atlantic (Falkland Is. region).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and CrandaU (1989: table III).
Amphiporus insolitus Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954b: 39-41, figs 2B, 3
Habitat: Under stones near low tide level.
Distribution: Japan (Kii Peninsula on Honshu).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus islandicus Friedrich, 1957
Friedrich, 1957:140 143, figs 6-8
Habitat: Sublittoral from 15-110m depth.
Distribution: Iceland.
Friedrich included this species in the subgenus Intestinonemertes, Gibson
(1982a: 828) listing it as Intestinonemertes islandicus; Gibson and Crandall
(1989: table III) regard the taxon as a species inquirenda.
Amphiporus iwatai Friedrich, 1970
Friedrich, 1970:55 56
Habitat: Intertidal in the surf zone, under boulders on sand and clay.
Distribution: Southern Chile (Seno Reloncavi, near Puerto Montt).
Originally described as Amphiporus (Intestinonemertes) iwatai, Gibson and
Crandall (1989: table III) include the taxon as a species inquirenda without
reference to its subgeneric placing.
Amphiporusjaponicus: see Cosmocephalajaponica Stimpson, 1857
Amphiporus julii Giard, 1890
Giard, 1890:73
Habitat: Intertidal under stones on a bank of pholad molluscs.
Distribution: France (Wimereux).
Joubin (1894: 144) assumed that this species was merely a variety of
Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828), but Biirger (1904 a: 48) retained it as
a separate taxon; Giard's description is totally inadequate and Gibson and
Crandall (1989: 460) list the form as a nomen dubium.
Amphiporus korschelti Friedrich, 1940
Friedrich, 1940a: 243 247, figs 5 7
Habitat: Sublittoral
Distribution: Baltic Sea (west of Bornholm).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
*Amphiporus lactifloreus: see Planaria lactiflorea Johnston, 1828
Amphiporus lancetoformis Korotkevich, 1978
Korotkevich, 1978a: 126
Habitat: Sublittoral, on muddy bottoms from 8-20m depth.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet in the White Sea).
Also reported as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), no description
has ever been given and Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455) identify the species
as a nomen nudum.
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Amphiporus langiaegeminus Biirger, 1895
B/irger, 1895a: 558-559, pl. 2, fig. 16, pl. 16, fig. 10, pl. 29, fig. 6
Habitat: Between the roots of Posidonia.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus lecointei Btirger, 1904
B/irger, 1904b: 9, pl. II, fig. 12
Habitat: Sublittoral between 18-603 m depth.
Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (South Shetland Is., South
Georgia, Falkland Is. and Bellingshausen Sea).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the
comment that the form may be synonymous with Amphiporus gerlachei
Biirger, 1904, and/or related to the genus Nipponnemertes; Berg (1985 a: 242)
regarded Amphiporus lecointei sensu Wheeler, 1934: 259-262, text-figs 33-35,
36 B, pl. XVI, fig. 9, as synonymous with Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston,
1837).
Amphiporus leptacanthus Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 279-280, pl. 22, fig. 161
Habitat: Sublittoral from about 100m depth.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA).
Coe (1940: 299; 1943: 279) and others have regarded this taxon as synonymous
with Amphiporus cruentatus Verrill, 1879, but Gibson and Crandall (1989:
table Ill) list it as a species inquirenda under its original name.
Amphiporus leuciodus Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a, 51-53, text-fig. 13, pl. VII, fig. 6
Habitat: Beneath barnacles and other growths on wharf pilings, less commonly
under stones between tides.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to British Columbia).
Coe (1904: 115) regarded this form as synonymous with Amphiporus
imparispinosus Griffin, 1898, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) include
it as a species inquirenda under its original name.
Amphiporus littoralis: see Gurjanovella littoralis Ushakov, 1926
Amphiporus macracanthus Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 266-267, text-fig. 55, pl. 24, fig. 193, pl. 25, fig. 200
Habitat: On gravel and sandy bottoms between 4-18 m depth.
Distribution: Northern Pacific (off the coast of AK).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus maculatus Joubin, 1890
Joubin, 1890:560
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: France (Banyuls).
Listed as a nomen nudum by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455), the name was
provisionally used by Joubin for a species which he subsequently identified as
Amphiporus marmoratus Hubrecht, 1879.
Amphiporus maculosus Coe, 1944
Coe, 1944a: 30-31
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Bering Sea (St. Paul Is.).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus magnus Punnett, 1903
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Punnett, 1903 a: 30-31
Habitat: On a coral bottom from 500m depth.
Distribution: Norway.
Now Nipponnemertes magnus (Punnett, 1903) (Berg, 1985 a: 243).
Amphiporus marioni Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887: 22-23, pl. IX, fig. 3, pl. X, fig. 1, pl. XV, figs 14, 15
Habitat: In kelp holdfasts and on volcanic sand to depths of 474 m.
Distribution: Antarctica (Queen Mary Land) and Subantarctic waters (South
Georgia, Kerguelen Is. and Macquarie Is.).
Now Nipponnemertes marioni (Hubrecht, 1887) (Berg, 1985 a: 244).
Amphiporus marmoratus Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:223
Synonyms: Amphiporus maculatus
Habitat: Between the roots of Posidonia.
Distribution: Uncertain; nemerteans identified as belonging to this species have
been recorded from the English Channel and in the Mediterranean.
Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460); Amphiporus
marmoratus sensu Bfirger, 1895a: 565-566, pl. 2, figs 17, 18, 30, pl. 8, figs 10,
10 a, pl. 9, figs 4, 5, pl. 16, figs 1, 3-9, pl. 23, figs 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 25, 34, 38, pl.
24, fig. 48, pl. 25, figs 1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 15-17, 19, 23, 30, pl. 26, fig. 14, pl. 28, fig.
34, pl. 29, fig. 25, is now Duosnemertes marmoratus (Biirger, 1895) (Friedrich,
1955: 148), whilst Amphiporus marmoratus sensu Joubin, 1890: 560-565, textfig. 4, pl. X X V , figs 6-8, pl. XXX, figs 6-15, Friedrich (1958: 8) synonymised
with Amphiporus arcticus Punnett, 1901.
Amphiporus martyi Oxner, 1907
Oxner, 1907 a: LIX-LXIII, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Lower shore under stones.
Distribution: France (Roscoff).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus mathai Joubin, 1905
Joubin, 1905 a: 435-436, 2 un-numbered figs p. 435
Habitat: Lower shore among pebbles.
Distribution: Antarctica (Booth-Wandel Is.).
Included as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460).
Amphiporus matuanus Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977 a: 90-93, fig. 12
Habitat: Sublittoral from 28 m depth.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk).
This taxon should be regarded as a species inquirenda.
Amphiporus mesosorus Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892: 399, pl. XXXIV, fig. 9
Habitat: Sublittoral
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA).
Coe (1943: 287) regarded this species as synonymous with Amphiporuspulcher
(Johnston, 1837) but Berg (1985a: 242) noted that the original description,
confined to external features, 'is too vague for any useful discussion on
synonymity'; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460) list the form as a nomen dubium
under its original name.
Amphiporus michaelseni Biirger, 1895
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289
Biirger, 1895 b: 22-23
Habitat: Intertidal under pebbles to 50 m depth sublittorally.
Distribution: Southern Chile (Punta Arenas in the Magellan Straits) and
Antarctica (Booth-Wandel Is.).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus moseleyi Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887: 20-22, pl. I, figs 20, 21, pl. IX, figs 4, 7-9, 11, pl. X, fig. 3, pl. XV,
figs 11, 12, 20
Synonyms: ?Amphiporus racovitzai
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral on volcanic sand, shingle or mud.
Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (Straits of Magellan, Ross Sea,
McMurdo Sound, Macquarie Is., Kerguelen Is., South Georgia, and off Cape
Adare).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus multihastatus Joubin, 1910
Joubin, 1910: 11-12, text-figs 15, 16, pl. figs 7, 8
Habitat: Sublittoral, on shingle or mud between 82-457 m depth.
Distribution: Originally described from Cape Adare, Antarctica, uncertainty
over its synonymy with other species prevents other possible records from
being substantiated; Wheeler (1934: 266) and Dawson (1957: 4) include the
species as synonymous with Amphiporus spinosus Bfirger, 1893, but Gibson
and Crandall (1989: table III) list the form as a species inquirenda under its
original name.
Amphiporus multioculatus: see Nemertes multioculatus K611iker, 1845
Amphiporus multisorus Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892: 393, pl. XXXIII, fig. 3
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to about 25 m depth sublittorally.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME).
Coe (1943: 276) included this species as synonymous with Amphiporus
angulatus (Miiller, 1774), but Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460) list it as a
nomen dubium under its original name.
Amphiporus murmanicum Ushakov, 1928
Ushakov, 1928 a: 411-412, text-fig. 3, pl. 3, fig. 6
Habitat: On Lithothamnion.
Distribution: Russia (Kola Fjord, Barents Sea).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus musculus Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954 a: 26-27, figs 6B1-B4
Habitat: Intertidal among the holdfasts of small algae closely attached to rocks.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus nagaiensis Iwata, 1957
lwata, 1957: 23-24, pl. I, fig. 11, pl. VI, figs 7, 8
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 100-110 m.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Now Sagaminemertes nagaiensis (Iwata, 1957) (Friedrich, 1968: 34), redescribed by Iwata (1988:115-123, figs 1-7).
Amphiporus nebulosus Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 48-51, text-fig. 12, pl. IV, fig. 1, pl. VIII, fig. 6, pl. XI, fig. 1
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290
R. Gibson
Habitat: Lower shore under stones.
Distribution: North Pacific (coasts of AK and Japan).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus neesii Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:581
Synonyms: Borlasia camillea, Borlasia flaccida, Borlasia neesii, Emplectoneema
neesi, Emplectonema camillea, Emplectonema neesi, Eunemertes neesi,
Eunemertes neesii, Gordius fuscus, ?Gordius maculosus, ?Lineus maculosa,
?Lineus maculosus, Neesia neesii, Nemertes camillea, Nemertes neesi, Nemertes
neesii, ?Omatoplea maculosa, Ommatoplea purpurea, Planaria flaccida
(partim), Serpentaria fusca: not Fasciola flaccida Miiller, 1774, or Nemertes
purpurea Johnston, 1837
Habitat: Commonly mid- to lower-shore under stones or boulders, in rock
crevices, or among laminarian holdfasts or the byssus threads of mussel
colonies, less frequently higher up at or above the Pelvetia zone, it has also
been dredged from sand, silty sand, shelly gravel or shingle sediments from
depths of 30 m or more.
Distribution: Atlantic, Irish Sea and North Sea coasts of Europe to the English
Channel and Mediterranean, the species has also been reported from
Greenland and Iceland.
Now Emplectonema neesii (Orsted, 1843) (Verrill, 1895: 528); Riser (personal
communication) indicates that this species needs to be transferred to the genus
Paranemertes.
Amphiporus neisoni Sfinchez, 1973
Sfinchez, 1973: 208-212, figs 10-13
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Central Chile (Quintero).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus nigrostriatus Timofeeva, 1912
Timofeeva, 1912: 34, fig. 2
Habitat: Sublittoral from 16 18m depth.
Distribution: France (near Villefranche).
Timofeeva's description of this species is so brief that it must be regarded as a
nomen dubium.
Amphiporus novae-zealandiae, Amphiporus novaezelandiae: see Borlasia novaezelandiae Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Amphiporus obtusorostris Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 97-102, figs 14-16
Habitat: Brackish-water intertidal down to salinities of about 18%o.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk).
This taxon should be regarded as a species inquirenda.
Arnphiporus occidentalis Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 271-274, pl. 20, fig. 121
Synonyms: Cratenemertes occidentalis
Habitat: Sublittoral on pebbles or a mixture of mud and pebbles at depths of
70-190m.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (WA).
Now Nipponnemertes occidentalis (Coe, 1905) (Friedrich, 1968: 34).
Amphiporus ochraceus: see Cosmocephala ochracea Verrill, 1873
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291
Amphiporus oligommatus Biirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895a: 564-565, pl. 2, fig. 21, pl. 29, fig. 27
Habitat: Sublittoral on detritus or coralline ground at depths of about 40 m.
Distribution: France (Villefranche) and Italy (Naples and Sicily).
Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461).
Amphiporus pacificus Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 268-271, pl. 17, figs 109, 110, pl. 25, figs 202, 203
Synonyms: Cratenemertes pacificus
Habitat: Intertidal in rockpools or sublittoral on black sand, broken pebbles or
mud at depths of about 70-190m.
Distribution: Bering Sea, Pacific coasts of the USA (WA to central CA) and the
coast of central Chile (Bahia San Vincente).
Now Nipponnemertes pacificus (Coe, 1905)(Friedrich, 1968: 34).
A mphiporus parmiornatus Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957: 24-25, pl. I, fig. 12, pl. VI, fig. 6
Habitat: Sublittoral from 50-55 m depth.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus parvus Yamaoka, 1940
Yamaoka, 1940a: 243-244, text-figs 20, 21, pl. XVII, fig. 7
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus paulinus Punnett, 1901
Punnett, 1901 a: 92-94, pl. VII, fig. 11
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Bering Sea (Pribilof Is.).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus pellucidus: see Polystemma pellucidum Orsted, 1843
Amphiporus perrieri Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 196-200, text-figs 8-13, pl. VIII, figs 7, 8
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 640m.
Distribution: Red Sea (coast of Sudan).
Joubin provides sufficient anatomical detail for this taxon to be regarded as a
species inquirenda.
Amphiporus peruvianus Coe, 1940
Coe, 1940: 302, pl. 27, figs 31, 31 a
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal.
Distribution: Peru (Independencia Bay).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with
the comment that it may be related to the genus Nipponnemertes.
Amphiporus polyommatus Biirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895a: 564, pl. 4, fig. 36, pl. 29, fig. 26
Habitat: Sublittoral among detritus or on corallines.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Biirger commented that this form resembled Amphiporus lactifloreus
(Johnston, 1828) but Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461) list it as a nomen dubium
under its original name.
Amphiporus pugnax Hubrecht, 1879
292
R. Gibson
Hubrecht, 1879:224
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461).
Amphiporus pulcher: see Nemertes pulchra Johnston, 1837
Amphiporus punctatulus Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 253-259, pl. 21, figs 129-140, pl. 24, fig. 194
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Synonyms: Cratenemertes punctatulus
Habitat: Originally collected whilst it was swimming at night, other specimens
have since been found near low tide levels under stones, among algal holdfasts
or in muddy situations.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA), Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk)
and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
Now Nipponnemertespunctatulus (Coe, 1905)(Friedrich, 1968: 34).
Amphiporus punnetti Friedrich, 1957
Friedrich, 1957: 134-137, figs 2, 3
Habitat: Intertidal to 36 m depth sublittorally.
Distribution: Iceland.
Friedrich included this species in the subgenus Intestinonemertes and Gibson
(1982 a: 828) listed it as lntestinonemertespunnetti; Gibson and Crandall (1989:
table III) regard the form as a species inquirenda.
Amphiporus pusillus Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903 a: 29-30, pl. I, figs 9 12
Habitat: Sublittoral from 100m depth on a muddy bottom.
Distribution: Norway.
Now Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837) (Berg, 1985 a: 240).
Amphiporus quatrefagesi Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:116
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Not recorded.
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, in referring to this species, neither indicates that it is new nor
gives a naming authority; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455) include it as a
nomen nudum.
Amphiporus racovitzai Biirger, 1904
Bfirger, 1904b: 6-7, pl. II, figs 11, 13
Habitat: Sublittoral among the fronds of Macrocystis.
Distribution: Uncertain; originally described from southern Chile (Bay of
Asterias, Londonderry Is. and French Channel in the Magellan Straits).
Biirger (1909: 171) and later authors synonymised this species with
Amphiporus moseleyi Hubrecht, 1887, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table
III) list it as a species inquirenda under its original name.
Amphiporus reduncus Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957:22-23
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with
the comment that it may be related to the genus Nipponnemertes or some
similar taxon.
Amphiporus regius Iwata, 1954
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Iwata, 1954 a: 27-29, fig. 7
Habitat: Under stones on shore near low water level.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
AmpMporus retieulatus Bfirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895a: 569-570, pl. 2, fig. 19, pl. 7, figs 12, 17, pl. 9, figs 3, 6, pl. 29, figs
22, 23
Synonyms: Amphiporus reticulosus
Habitat: Among algae and sea grasses, between 5-60 m depth sublittorally.
Distribution: France (Villefranche), Italy (Naples) and off the Arabian coast.
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the
suggestion that it might be related to the Nipponnemertes group of genera,
Timofeeva (1912: 34) earlier incorrectly emended the name to Amphiporus
reticulosus.
Amphiporus retrotumidus Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957: 25-27, pl. I, fig. 13
Habitat: Sublittoral from 30-55 m depth.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Included by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) as a species inquirenda with
an indication that it might be related to the Nipponnemertes group of genera.
Amphiporus rhomboidalis: see Polia rhomboidalis Stimpson, 1855
Amphiporus rhynchocoelomicus Friedrich, 1940
Friedrich, 1940 a: 242-243
Habitat: Sublittoral
Distribution: Baltic Sea (south of the southern tip of Sweden).
Now Communoporus rhynchocoelomicus (Friedrich, 1940) (Friedrich, 1955:
148).
Amphiporus roseus: see Fasciola rosea Mfiller, 1774
Amphiporus rubellus Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 274-277, pl. 1, figs 11, 12
Habitat: Among mussels and other growths on rocks or wharf pilings near low
tide level, more commonly dredged from 35-200 m depth.
Distribution: Pacific coasts of the USA (CA).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with an
indication that it may belong with the Nipponnemertes group of genera.
~4mphiporus rubropunctus McCaul, 1963
McCaul, 1963: 119, fig. 9
Habitat: Shallow sublittoral among eel-grasses in the lower parts of estuaries.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (VA).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus rufostriatus Bergendal, 1903
Bergendal, 1903:113-114
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden.
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus sanguineus Girard, 1853
Girard, 1853:366
Synonyms: Borlasia sanguinea, Neesia sanguinea
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal.
294
R. Gibson
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC).
Verrill (1895: 530) commented that 'This form may, perhaps, be allied rather
to EupoIia ... The absence of cephalic slits, if real, would indicate that it is a
Paleonemertean, but it has the general form of a Cerebratulus'; Gibson and
Crandall (1989: 462) list it as a nomen dubium under its original name.
Amphiporus schollaerti Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 265, text-figs 40, 41
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Synonyms: Amphiporus schollaeti
Habitat: Sublittoral from 278-500m depth.
Distribution: Antarctica (Schollaert Channel, Antarctic Peninsula).
Now Nipponnemertes schollaerti (Wheeler, 1934) (Berg, 1985 a: 244).
Amphiporus scoresbyi Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 265-266, text-figs 42, 43
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to 121 m depth sublittorally.
Distribution: Off South Georgia and between the Sandwich Is. and Princess
Martha Coast, Antarctica.
Now Nipponnemertes scoresbyi (Wheeler, 1934) (Berg, 1985 a: 244).
Amphiporus septentrionalis Friedrich, 1957
Friedrich, 1957: 138-140, figs 4, 5
Habitat: Sublittoral between 10-30m depth.
Distribution: Iceland.
Friedrich placed this form in the subgenus Intestinonemertes; Gibson and
Crandall (1989: table III) include it as a species inquirenda.
Amphiporus similis Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 249-250, pl. 16, figs 93, 94, pl. 22, figs 152, 153
Synonyms: ?Amphiporus imparispinosus, Amphiporus imparispinosus var. similis
Habitat: Among corallines, mussels and other growths on rocks or pier pilings,
or under stones on rocky shores intertidally; also found in shelly sediments
sublittorally.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (Puget Sound, WA to Ensenada,
Mexico).
Coe (1940: 301) listed this species as a variety of Amphiporus imparispinosus
Griffin, 1898, but later authors mostly retain the two taxa as separate; Gibson
and Crandall (1989: table III) include the form as a species inquirenda under its
original name.
Amphiporus sinuosus: see Polystemma sinuosum Stimpson, 1857
Amphiporus sipunculus Saint-Loup, 1886
Saint-Loup, 1886:1577
Habitat: Sublittoral, in annelid tubes from 35 m depth.
Distribution: France (near Marseille).
Listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 462).
Amphiporus spectabilis: see Cerebratulus spectabilis Quatrefages, 1846
Amphiporus spinosissimus Bfirger, 1893
Biirger, 1893: 212-214, pl. 8, fig. 7, pl. 9, fig. 7
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: South Atlantic (South Georgia).
Wheeler (1934: 266) and Dawson (1957: 4) regarded this form as synonymous
with Amphiporus spinosus Biirger, 1893, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: table
Ill) include it as a species inquirenda under its original name.
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Amphiporus spinosus Bfirger, 1893
Bfirger, 1893: 210-212, pl. 8, figs 8, 8 a
Synonyms: ?Amphiporus eruciatus, ?Amphiporus multihastatus, ?Amphiporus
spinosissimus
Habitat: Under stones or among kelp holdfasts intertidally down to depths of
457 m sublittorally.
Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (South Georgia, McMurdo
Sound, Cape Adare, Cape Bird, Granite Harbour, Kemp Land, Heard Island
and Marguerite Bay).
Dawson (1957: 4) commented that 'further material is needed to substantiate
[the] synonymy' indicated for this species; Gibson and Crandall (1989: table
III) include it as a species inquirenda.
Amphiporus splendidus: see Borlasia splendida Keferstein, 1862
Amphiporus stannii: see Akrostomum stannii Grube, 1840
Amphiporus stanniusi Bfirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895 a: 571-572, pl. 17, figs 5, 13, 14
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Biirger, 1895 b: 21-22, pl. III, fig. 10, also used this species name, which is an
emendation of the taxon originally described as Akrostomum stannii by Grube
(1840); later Bfirger (1904 a: 48) corrected his error and the name Amphiporus
stanniusi now constitutes a junior synonym of Valdivianemertes stannii
(Grube, 1840).
Amphiporus stimpsoni: see Omatoplea stimpsonii Stimpson, 1854
Amphiporus superbus: see Nareda superba Stimpson, 1854
Amphiporus tetrasorus Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892: 394, pl. XXXIV, fig. 6
Habitat: Dredged sublittorally from mud at a depth of about 80m.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA).
Included as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 462).
Amphiporus texanus Coe, 1951
Coe, 1951 a: 329, fig. 1
Habitat: Among algae or other growths on antifouling panels, intertidal to
sublittoral.
Distribution: Gulf of Mexico (coasts of TX and FL) and Curaqao.
Additional anatomical data given by Corr6a (1961: 35-37) suggest that this
taxon may be related to A.mphiporus dissimulans Riches, 1893, and Amphiporus
lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828); Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) list it as a
species inquirenda.
Amphiporus thallius Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892:403
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (Cumberland Gulf and Arctic
Island).
Included as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 462).
Amphiporus thompsoni Punnett, 1901
Punnett, 1901 a: 91-92, text-fig. 1, pl. VI, fig. 6, pl. VII, fig. 8
Habitat: On muddy or rocky bottoms down to 200 m depth sublittorally.
Distribution: Davis Strait, Greenland and western Norway.
296
R. Gibson
Coe (1943: 276, 287) regarded this species as in part synonymous with
Amphiporus angulatus (Mfiller, 1774), in part with Amphiporus putcher, but
Berg (1985 a: 242 243) rejected any synonymy between Punnett's species and
Amphiporus (now Nipponnemertes) pulcher; Gibson and Crandall (1989: table
III) list it as a species inquirenda under its original name.
Amphiporus tigrinus Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 46-48, pl. IV, figs 5-8, pl. VIII, fig. 4, pl. X, figs 3, 4
Habitat: Intertidal under stones in muddy situations.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to Puget Sound, WA).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Amphiporus typicus: see Ditactorrhochma typicum Diesing, 1862
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Amphiporus vaillanti Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 188-193, text-figs 3 5, pl. VIII, figs 2-4
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 640m.
Distribution: Red Sea (coast of Sudan).
Joubin's description provides sufficient anatomical detail for this taxon to be
regarded as a species inquirenda.
Amphiporus validissimus Biirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895 a: 562-563, pl. 4, fig. 30, pl. 29, figs 19, 20
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: Italy (Capri),
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the
comment that it may be conspecific with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston,
1828).
Amphiporus virescens Verrill, 1879
Verrill, 1879:183
Synonyms: Amphiporus agilis, Nemertes verrilli, Ophionemertes agilis
Habitat: Among algae, hydroids, ascidians, mussels and other growths on rocks
and pier or wharf pilings near low tide level and sublittorally to depths of
20-120m.
Distribution: Atlantic (Bay of Fundy, ME to southern FL) and Pacific (Puget
Sound, WA to Ensenada, Mexico) coasts of North America, Gulf coast of the
USA and Curaqao.
Now Zygonemertes virescens (Verrill, 1879) (Montgomery, 1897: 2).
Amphiporus virgatus Biirger, 1895
B/Jrger, 1895 a: 566-567, pl. 4, figs 32-32b, pl. 16, figs 2, 15 17, pl. 26, figs 34-38
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to about 40 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples) and France (Villefranche).
Included as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with
the comment that it may be related to the genus Nipponnemevtes.
Amphiporus vitae Monastero, 1930
Monastero, 1930: 55-56, pl. fig. 5
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with an
indication that it may be related to the Nipponnemertes group of genera.
Amphiporus vittatus: see Oerstedia vittata Hubrecht, 1879
Annuionemertes Berg, 1985 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
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Berg, 1985 b: 201
Marine benthic.
*Annulonemertes minusculus Berg, 1985
Berg, 1985b: 201-205, figs 13.1-13.4
Habitat: Sublittoral, interstitial in coarse sand and shells at depths of 80-90 m.
Distribution: West coast of Norway.
Antarctolinens Mfiller and Scripcariu, 1964 HETERONEMERTEA
Miiller and Scripcariu, 1964:317-318
Marine benthic.
*Antarctolineus scotti: see Lineus scotti Baylis, 1915
Antarctonemertes Friedrich, 1955 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1955:168
Marine benthic.
Antarctonemertes belgica: see Tetrastemma belgicae Biirger, 1904
Antarctonemertes papilliformis: see Tetrastemma papilliformis Korotkevich, 1977
Antarctonemevtes quasioculata: see Tetrastemma quasioeulata Korotkevich, 1977
*Antarctonemertes validum, Antarctonemertes valisum: see Tetrastemma validum
Bfirger, 1893
Antiponemertes Moore and Gibson, 1 9 8 1 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Moore and Gibson, 1981:195-196
Terrestrial.
Antiponemertes allisonae: see Geonemertes allisonae Moore, 1973
*Antiponemertes novaezealandiae: see Geonemertes novae-zealandiae Dendy, 1895
Antiponemertes pantink see Geonemertes pantini Southgate, 1954
Apatronemertes Wilfert and Gibson, 1974 HETERONEMERTEA
Wilfert and Gibson, 1974: 89, table 1
Freshwater.
*Apatronemertes aibimaculosa Wilfert and Gibson, 1974
Wilfert and Gibson, 1974: 89-109, figs 1-6
Synonyms: Apatronemertes albovitatus
Habitat: In aquarium tanks among the roots of Vallisneria.
Distribution: Germany (Diisseldorf State Aquarium).
Archisymplectes Schram, 1973 FOSSIL
Schram, 1973:988
A monotypic fossil genus described from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Illinois.
Archisymplectes rhothon Schram, 1973
Schram, 1973: 988, text-fig. 1D, pl. 1, figs 5, 6, pl. 2, fig. 6
Habitat: Middle Pennsylvanian Essex fossil, Francis Creek Shale.
Distribution: USA (IL).
Arctonemertes Friedrich, 1957 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1957:143
Marine benthic.
*Arctonemertes thori Friedrich, 1957
Friedrich, 1957: 143-147, figs 9 - l l
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: Iceland.
Arenonemertes Friedrich, 1933 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
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R. Gibson
Friedrich, 1933:504
Redefined by Hylbom (1991: 1) to account for the uncertainty regarding the
generic placement of Arenonemertes minutus Friedrich, 1949.
Marine benthic.
Arenonemertes arenicolus Hylbom, 1991
Hylbom, 1991: 2-5, table I, figs 1-12
Habitat: Sublittoral interstitial, in clean sand from 4 m depth.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord region).
*Arenonemertes microps Friedrich, 1933
Friedrich, 1933: 504-508, figs 5-7
Habitat: Sublittoral interstitial in sand.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Arenonemertes minutus Friedrich, 1949
Friedrich, 1949: 71, fig. 1
Habitat: Sublittoral interstitial, in sand from 11 m depth.
Distribution: South-western Baltic Sea.
Berg (1985 b: 205-206) indicated that this species should not be retained within
the genus Arenonemertes but that its taxonomic relocation could not be
resolved until studies of its internal morphology have been made; there are
certain resemblances between this species and Annulonemertes.
Argonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1981 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Moore and Gibson, 1981:196
Terrestrial.
*Argonemertes australiensis: see Geonemertes australiensis Dendy, 1892
Argonemertes dendyi: see Geonemertes dendyi Dakin, 1915
Argonemertes hillii: see Geonemertes hillii Hett, 1924
Argonemertes stocki: see Geonemertes stocki Moore, 1975
Arhynchonemertes Riser, 1988 UNCERTAIN HIGHER TAXON
Riser, 1988 a: 367-368
Marine benthic.
*Arhynchonemertes axi Riser, 1988
Riser, 1988 a: 367 371, figs 1 8
Habitat: Uncertain; specimens were found in the holdfasts of Lessonia washed
ashore by rough seas.
Distribution: New Zealand (Kaikoura, South Is.).
An unusual hermaphroditic species, the organisation of the internal structures,
including the complete absence of a proboscis apparatus, preclude this form
from being related to any of the known higher taxonomic groups.
Armaueria
Brinkmann,
1 9 1 7 HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1917a: 16
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Armaueria pellucida: see Proarmaueria pellucida Coe, 1926
*Armaueria rubra Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917a: 16-17
Habitat: Recovered from depths of between 460-1700m.
Distribution: Northern central part of the North Atlantic in the area between
41 55°N and 25-43°W.
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More fully described by Brinkmann, 1917 b: 105-109, text-fig. 24, pl. I, fig. 6,
pl. XIII, figs 1-12.
(Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758)
Linnaeus, 1758:648
A genus of phasmid nematodes in which some species of nemerteans were
included by certain of the earlier authors.
Ascarisflustrae Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 92, pl. X, fig. 27
Synonyms: Cephalotrix? flustrae
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Coast of Scotland.
Uncertainly included in the genus Cephalotrix by Johnston (1865: 20), Btirger
(1904 a: 132) and Gibson (1982 b: 187) regarded its inclusion in the phylum
Nemertea as uncertain.
Ascaris linearis: see Planaria linearis Rathke, 1799
Ascaris longissima Gunnerus, 1770
Gunnerus, 1770: 173-174, fig. 17
Synonyms: Borlasia angliae, Borlasia longissimus, Borlasia nigra, Borlasia striata
(partim), Gordius marinus, Gordius maximus, Heterolineus longissimus, Lineus
fasciatus, Lineus gracilis (partita), Lineus lineatus, Lineus marinus, Meckelia
borlasii (partita), Nemertes borlasii, Nemertes borlassii (partim), Nemertes
quatrefagei (partim), Nemertes quatrefagi, Nemertes quatrefagii, Nemertes
striata, Sea Long-Worm: not Borlasia? longissima sensu Diesing, 1863,
Borlasia striata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833, or Nemertes quatrefagei
Rochebrune, 1881
Habitat: Lower shore beneath boulders on muddy sand, in rock pools or
entangled among laminarian holdfasts, common sublittorally on muddy,
sandy, stony or shelly sediments to depths of at least 50 m.
Distribution: Iceland and eastwards to the Atlantic, North Sea, Irish Sea and
Baltic coasts of Europe from Norway to northern Spain; not certainly
recorded from the Mediterranean, although Carus (1885: 160) questionably
reported it from Naples.
Now Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770)(Jensen, 1878: 1).
Ascaris pelagica Gunnerus, 1770
Gunnerus, 1770: 174, figs 18, 19
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Norway.
Gunnerus' figures of this species indicate that it is an anoplan nemertean;
Bfirger (1895 a: 8) suggested that it might be Lineus gesserensis (Miiller, 1780),
but the original description is too poor for any assessment of its taxonomic
position to be made beyond suggesting that it is possibly a heteronemertean.
Ascaris rubra: see Fasciola rubra Miiller, 1774
Astemma t3rsted, 1843
~rsted, 1843:574
Carus (1885: 158) and B/irger (1904a: 17) included this genus as a junior
synonym of Cephalothrix, although it has also been used for species subsequently
transferred to other genera.
Astemma collaris Girard, 1893
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Girard, 1893:279-280
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral among rocks.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (RI).
Listed by Bfirger (1904 a: 44) as possibly synonymous with Amphiporus caecus
Verrill, 1892.
Astemma dr6baehense Orsted, 1845
Orsted, 1845:418
Synonyms: Borlasia dr6bachensis
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Norway (Kristianafjord).
Biirger (1904a: 130) listed this as a species of dubious validity.
Astemma filiformis: see Planaria filiformis Johnston, 1828
Astemma gordius Parfitt, 1867
Parfitt, 1867:213
Synonyms: Planaria gordius
Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal?
Distribution: Southern coast of England (Devon).
Provisionally included in Astemma by Parfitt and referred to an unpublished
name used by Montagu, Gibson (1982b: 144) uncertainly synonymised the
form with Oevstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806).
Astemma longum Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:574-575
Synonyms: Borlasia longa
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Denmark.
Now Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 18).
Astemma resplendens Girard, 1893
Girard, 1893:279
Habitat: Sublittoral among rocks.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (Buzzard's Bay, MA and RI).
Synonymised wtih Amphiporus caecus Verrill, 1892, by Bfirger (1904a: 44).
Astemma rufifrons: see Nemertes rufifrons Johnston, 1837
Asteronemertes Chernuishev, 1991 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Chernuishev, 1991 a: 36
Marine, commensal in solasterid starfish.
*Asteronemertes gibsoni Chernuishev, 1991
Chernuishev, 1991 a: 37-39, figs 1 B, 2
Habitat: In the ambulacral grooves of Solaster pacificus.
Distribution: Pacific coast of Russia.
Atrionemertes Senz, 1993 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Senz, 1993b: 100
Marine benthic.
*A trionemertes greenlandica Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993b: 100-106, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Coastal.
Distribution: Greenland.
Atyponemertes Friedrich, 1938 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1938:22
Marine benthic.
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Atyponemertes chilensis Friedrich, 1970
Friedrich, 1970: 65-69, figs 11, 12
Habitat: Intertidal, under boulders or stones in sand on rocky shores.
Distribution: Chile (Montemar, north of Valparaiso, and Gulf of Ancud).
*Atyponemertes korscheltii Friedrich, 1938
Friedrich, 1938: 22-30, figs 1-4
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal.
Distribution: Germany (Helgoland in the North Sea).
Australineus Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1990 b: 105, table 3
Marine benthic.
*Australineus albidecus Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990b: 105-113, table 1, text-figs 4, 5, pl. 4, figs A-F, pl. 5, figs A-F
Habitat: Lower shore among encrusted coralline algae.
Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia).
Austroprostoma Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942:169
Marine benthic.
*Austroprostoma namaquaense Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 169-178, figs 13, 14
Habitat: Sublittoral from 8 m depth.
Distribution: West Africa (Namibia).
Avenardia Giard, 1878
Giard, 1878:74
Listed by Bfirger (1904 a: 108) as synonymous with the genus Cerebratulus.
Avenardia priei Giard, 1878
Giard, 1878:72-74
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: France (Pouliguen).
Synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, by Biirger (1904 a:
112).
Balaenanemertes
Bfirger,
1 9 0 9 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Biirger, 1909:204
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Balaenanemertes chavesi: see Nectonemertes chavesi Joubin, 1906
*Balaenanemertes chum Bfirger, 1909
Bfirger, 1909: 204-211, pl. XXV, figs 2-2b, pl. XXVI, figs 7, 7a, pl. XXX, figs
1-11
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes chuni
Habitat: Obtained in a vertical haul from 2500 m to the surface.
Distribution: Indian Ocean (near the angle formed between Ninety East Ridge
and Broken Ridge).
Listed as Pelagonemertes chuni by Korotkevich (1955:111).
Balaenanemertes grandis Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917b: 134-135, pl. XV, fig. 17
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes grandis
Habitat: Recovered from between 660 1200 m depth.
Distribution: North Atlantic, approximately south of Iceland.
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R. Gibson
Uncertainly listed as Pelagonemertes grandis by Korotkevich (1955:113).
Balaenanemertes hjorti Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917a: 18
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes hjorti
Habitat: Recovered from about 1000 m depth.
Distribution: North-eastern North Atlantic in the West European Basin region.
Included by Korotkevich (1955:112) as Pelagonemertes hjorti.
Balaenanemertes lata Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917a: 18
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes lata
Habitat: Obtained from a depth of about 1300m.
Distribution: Central North Atlantic, west of the Faraday Seamount Group.
Listed by Korotkevich (1955: 113) as Pelagonemertes lata.
Balaenanemertes Iobata: see Nectonemertes lobata Joubin, 1906
Balaenanemertes minor Coe, 1936
Coe, 1936:109 110, pl. I, figs 5, 6, pl. X, fig. 53
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes minor
Habitat: Trawled from a depth of 549 m.
Distribution: Atlantic (near Bermuda).
The species name was first used as a nomen nudum by Coe (1935: 315) but not
described until 1936; Korotkevich (1955:110) lists the form as Pelagonemertes
minor.
Balaenanemertes musculocaudata Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917b: 124-128, pl. I, fig. 7, pl. XV, figs 1-16
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes musculocaudata
Habitat: Recovered from depths of between 600-1000m.
Distribution: Northern North Atlantic, near the Rockall Rise and north of the
Orkney Is. in an area between 54-60°N, 7-23°W.
Coe (1945a: 164) uncertainly included this species as synonymous with
Balaenanemertes lobata (Joubin, 1906), commenting that 'at three stations the
females [of B. lobata] were associated with males of B. musculocaudata, which
are closely similar anatomically except for the gonads but differ in color.
Brinkmann himself suggests that such anatomical differences as he found
might be merely sexual distinctions ... In several species of bathypelagic
nemerteans the two sexes differ in color.' In the same article Coe (p. 165) lists
Balaenanemertes musculocaudata as a separate taxon, noting that 'it seems
advisable to retain both specific names until further evidence is available.'
Korotkevich (1955:111) includes the form as Pelagonemertes musculocaudata.
Balanocephalus Kennel, 1891
Kennel, 1891: 292
Bfirger (1904 a: 80) lists this genus as a junior synonym of the heteronernertean
taxon Baseodiscus.
Balanocephalus pellucidus Kennel, 1891
Kennel, 1891:292
Synonyms: Eupolia pellucida
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Now Baseodiscus pellucidus (Kennel, 1891) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 81).
(Balanoglossus Delle Chiaje, 1829)
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Delle Chiaje, 1829:117
A genus of ptychoderid enteropneusts, Verrill (1873a: 627) and Girard (1893:
296, 298) included two species of Balanoglossus as nemerteans.
Balanoglossus aurantiacus: see Stimpsonia aurantiaca Girard, 1853
Balanoglossus kowalevskii Agassiz, 1873
Agassiz, 1873: 431-436, pls 1-3
Habitat: Buried in clean sand at low tide level.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (RI and MA).
Verrill (1873a: 627 628) synonymised this form with Balanoglossus
aurantiacus, noting (p. 352) that Agassiz had fully described and illustrated the
worm under the name Balanoglossus kowalevskii. Girard (1893: 296, 298) listed
both species separately; Agassiz' description clearly shows that his species is
not a nemertean.
Baseodiscus Diesing, 1850 HETERONEMERTEA
Diesing, 1850:243
Marine benthic.
Baseodiscus abyssorum: see Eupolia abyssorum Joubin, 1902
Baseodiscus alpha: see Eupolia alpha Joubin, 1902
Baseodiscus anocellatus Korotkevich, 1978
Korotkevich, 1978a: 125-126
Habitat: On muddy bottoms at sublittoral depths of 8-20 m.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea).
Also referred to as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), no description
accompanies the use of this species name, and the form is thus a nomen nudum.
Baseodiscus antarcticus Baylis, 1915
Baylis, 1915: 120-121, pl. I, figs 4, 6
Habitat: Sublittoral on mud, 406-876m depth.
Distribution: Antarctica (McMurdo Sound and off the Borchgrevink Coast,
Ross Sea).
Redescribed by Gibson, 1985 b: 98-104, figs 1-3, who concluded (p. 105) that
Baseodiscus antarcticus sensu Wheeler, 1934: 247-248, figs 19, 20, and
subsequent records of the form based upon Wheeler's rather than Baylis'
description, referred to a different species which could 'only be regarded as [an
unidentified heteronemertean]'.
Baseodiscus antillensis: see Eupolia antillensis Biirger, 1895
Baseodiscus aureus: see Eupolia aurea Biirger, 1896
Baseodiscus australis: see Eupolia australis Hubrecht, 1887
Baseodiscus cingulatus: see Taeniosoma cingulatum Coe, 1906
Baseodiscus curtus: see Polia curta Hubrecht, 1879
*Baseodiscus delineatus: see Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1825
Baseodiscus discolor: see Taeniosoma discolor Coe, 1901
Baseodiscus edmondsoni Coe, 1934
Coe, 1934: 3-6, fig. 1
Habitat: On reefs.
Distribution: Hawaiian Is.
Gibson (1979 a: 146) suggested, with some reservation, that this species may be
synonymous with Baseodiscus hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1831) but that this
synonymy needed confirmation.
Baseodiscusfiiholi: see Eupoliafilholi Joubin, 1902
304
R. Gibson
Baseodiscus giardii: see Eupolia giardii Hubrecht, 1887
Baseodiscus hemprichi, Baseodiscus hemprichii: see Nemertes hemprichii Ehrenberg,
1831
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Baseodiscus indicus: see Eupolia indica Punnett, 1903
Baseodiscus insignis Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 5-6, pl. 1, figs 1 a, b
Habitat: On muddy shore at low tide.
Distribution: Indian Ocean (Zanzibar).
Gibson (1979a: 139) included this species as synonymous with Baseodiscus
delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825).
Baseodiscus lineolatus: see Eupolia lineolata Bfirger, 1895
Baseodiscus longissimus Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Punnett and Cooper, 1909:6-7
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: East Africa (Zanzibar).
Baseodiscus iumbricoides: see Nematodemus lumbricoides Graft, 1899
Baseodiscus maculosus: see Eupolia maculosa Bfirger, 1895
Baseodiscus mediolineatus: see Eupolia mediolineata Bfirger, 1893
Baseodiscus mexicanus: see Eupolia mexicana Bfirger, 1893
Baseodiscus minor: see Polia minor Hubrecht, 1879
Baseodiscus multiporatus: see Eupolia multiporata Punnett, 1900
Baseodiscus nipponensis: see Eupolia nipponensis Hubrecht, 1887
Baseodiscus ophiocephalus: see Ommatoplea ophiocephala Schmarda, 1859
Baseodiscus pallidus: see Eupolia pallida Isler, 1900
Baseodiscus pellucidus: see Balanocephalus pellucidus Kennel, 1891
Baseodiscus pholidotus: see Eupolia pholidota Punnett, 1900
Baseodiscus platei: see Eupolia platei Bfirger, 1896
Baseodiscus princeps: see Taeniosoma princeps Coe, 1901
Baseodiscus punnetti: see Taeniosoma punnetti Coe, 1904
Baseodiscus quinquelineatus: see Borlasia quinquelineata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Baseodiscus rugosus: see Eupolia rugosa Punnett, 1900
Baseodiscus septemlineatus; see Taeniosoma septemlineatum Stimpson, 1857
Baseodiscus sordidus Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 6, pl. 1, fig. 9
Habitat: From a reef.
Distribution: Indian Ocean (Praslin Is., Seychelles).
Baseodiscus sulcatus: see Eupolia sulcata Isler, 1900
Baseodiscus takakurai comb. et nom. nov.: see Eupolia antillensis Takakura, 1898
Baseodiscus unicolor Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925: 103-105, text-fig. 3, pl. V, fig. 7
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Curaqao.
Baseodiscus unistriatus: see Eupolia unistriata Islet, 1900
Baseodiscus univittatus: see Taeniosoma univittatum Coe, 1906
Bathynectes Brinkmann, 1912
Brinkmann, 1912:3
Brinkmann (1917a: 14) commented that 'The name [of this genus] has been
changed, as it was found to have been previously used for a genus of
crustaceans'; now Phallonemertes Brinkmann, 1917.
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Bathynectes hubrechti: see Bathynemertes hubrechti Brinkmann, 1917
Bathynectes murrayii Brinkmann, 1912
Brinkmann, 1912: 3-9, pl. I, figs 1-5
Synonyms: Planktonemertes murrayi
Habitat: Trawled from t~etween 1500-3750 m depth.
Distribution: Northern central North Atlantic, in an area between the Labrador
Basin, West European Basin and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge within approximately 34-59°N, 13-51°W.
Now Phallonemertes murrayi (Brinkmann, 1912)(Brinkmann, 1917a: 14),
redescribed by Brinkmann (1917 b: 55-66, text-figs 14, 15, pl. VIII, figs 1-20,
pl. IX, figs 1-20); Korotkevich (1955: 68) included the species as
Planktonemertes murrayi.
Bathynemertes Laidlaw, 1906 UNCERTAIN H I G H E R TAXON
Laidlaw, 1906:187
Laidlaw's generic diagnosis is totally inadequate, although reference to the
mouth and proboscis pore opening together suggests an affinity with the
Hoplonemertea, and his illustration of the body wall shows an arrangement
typical of many polystiliferous taxa; the absence of information on the proboscis
armature, however, does not allow for a more accurate assessment of the
taxonomic position of this genus.
Marine, benthic?
Bathynemertes Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917a: 4
In a note added in proof Brinkmann (1917 b: 178) noted that at the time he had
prepared his articles on the pelagic nemerteans he had been unaware of
Laidlaw's prior use of the name Bathynemertes in 1906: Brinkmann substituted
the name Protopelagonemertes in place of Bathynemertes sensu Brinkmann,
1917a.
*Bathynemertes alcocki Laidlaw, 1906
Laidlaw, 1906: 187-188, pl. VIII, figs 2, 3
Habitat: Sublittoral; Laidlaw commented that the species had 'the appearance
of being a bottom-living' form.
Distribution: Indian Ocean (northern part of the Andaman Sea).
An inadequately described species which must be regarded as a nomen dubium.
Bathynemertes hardyi Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 280-281, text-figs 56, 57, pl. XVI, fig. 5
Synonyms: Planktonemertes hardyi
Habitat: Recovered from depths of 570-1000 m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (near the Canary Is.) and South Atlantic (west of
the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa).
Now Calonemertes hardyi (Wheeler, 1934) (Coe, 1945a: 152), Korotkevich
(1955: 67) included the species as Planktonemertes hardyi.
Bathynemertes hubrechti Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917a: 4-5, pl. I, fig. 5
Synonyms: Bathynectes hubrechti, Planktonemertes hubrechti
Habitat: Taken in a non-closing trawl drawn from a depth of 2500 m to the
surface.
Distribution: Originally described from the north-eastern North Atlantic (West
European Basin), Wheeler (1934: 221) also recorded this form from the South
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R. Gibson
Atlantic, near the Tristan da Cunha Is., in an area between about 33-34°S and
4-16°E.
More fully described by Brinkmann (1917b: 7-11, pl. II, figs t-9), now
Pvotopelagonemertes hubrechti (Brinkmann, 1917) (Coe, 1926: 101);
Korotkevich (1955: 67) included this species as Planktonemertes hubrechti.
Bennettia Gibson, 1981
Gibson, 1981 a: 182, table 1
A homonym of the pre-occupied fish genus Bennettia Fowler, 1904, renamed
Bennettiella by Gibson (1982 c: 267).
Bennettia insularis Gibson, 1981
Gibson, 1981 a: 182-190, figs 6 10
Habitat: Intertidal, under boulder in clean coral sand.
Distribution: Australia (Heron Is. in the Capricorn Group, southern part of the
Great Barrier Reef).
Now Bennettiella insularis (Gibson, 1981) as a consequence of the generic
name being changed by Gibson (1982 c: 267).
Bennettiella Gibson, 1982 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1982c: 267
Marine benthic.
*Bennettiella insularis: see Bennettia insularis Gibson, 1981
Borlasia Oken, 1815
Oken, 1815:365
Oken established this genus for Borlasia angliae Oken, 1815, which is now
synonymised with Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770), but the generic name
has subsequently been used for species since transferred to several other genera,
including Amphiporus, Baseodiscus, Cephalothrix and Emplectonema; Johnston
(1837: 536) used the name Borlasia as a subgenus of Nemertes.
Borlasia alba Thompson, 1845
Thompson, 1845: 320, fig. p. 320
Synonyms: Omatoplea alba, Ommatoplea alba, ?Polystemma alba
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Ireland (Carrickfergus on the Irish Sea coast).
Now Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) (Biirger, 1904 a: 38).
Borlasia alileuti Anadbn, 1981
Anadbn, 1981:224
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Northern coast of Spain (Santander).
Anad6n uncertainly listed this species, giving neither a naming authority nor
indicating that it was new, as synonymous with Cerebratulus marginatus
Renier, 1804; the only known specimen of the form, in the Museo Maritimo de
Santander, has never been described and the name is therefore a nomen nudum.
Bortasia angliae Oken, 1815
Oken, 1815:365
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Coast of Scotland?
Now synonymised with Lineus Iongissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) (Vaillant, 1890:
6OO).
Borlasia annellata: see Nemertes annellata Leuckart, 1849
Borlasia annulata: see Nemertes annulatus Ehrenberg, 1831
Borlasia bilineata Schmarda, 1859
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Schmarda, 1859: 40, text-fig, p. 40, pl. IX, fig. 84
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Caribbean Sea (south coast of Jamaica).
Although Biirger (1904 a: 94) uncertainly synonymised this form with Lineus
bilineatus (Renier, 1804), Schmarda's illustrations show a very different colour
pattern and whereas Lineus bilineatus has no eyes, Borlasia bilineata has six;
apart from identifying Schmarda's taxon as possibly a heteronemertean, no
further assessment of its taxonomic affinities are feasible and the species must
be regarded as invalid.
Borlasia caerulescens, Borlasia coerulescens: see Polia caerulescens DeUe Chiaje,
1828
Borlasia camillea Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 194-196, pl. 9, fig. I, pl. 14, fig. III
Synonyms: Emplectonema camillea, Nemertes camillea
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast).
Transferred to Emplectonema by Stimpson (1857: 163), synonymised with
Emplectonema neesii (Orsted, 1843) by Verrill (1895: 528).
Borlasia cardiocephala Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 41, pl. IX, fig. 87
Habitat: In sand.
Distribution: Chile (Vinfi del Mar).
Listed by Biirger (1904a: 130) with a group of dubious taxa.
Borlasia carmellina Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:196
Synonyms: Meckelia carmellina
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Favignana Is., west of Sicily).
Synonymised with Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825) by Biirger
(1904a: 82).
Borlasia cephalothrix Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:241
Synonyms: Cephalothrix caeca, Cephalothrix coeca, Cephalotrix coeca
Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal.
Distribution: Denmark (between Copenhagen and Trekroner).
Synonymised wtih Cephalotkrix iinearis (Rathke, 1799) by B/irger (1904 a: 18).
Borlasia delineata: see Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1825
Borlasia dorycephala Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 40, pl. IX, fig. 86
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope).
Included by Bfirger (1904 a: 126) in a list of dubious heteronemertean species.
Borlasia dr6bachensis: see Astemma dr6bachense Orsted, 1845
Borlasia echinoderma Marion, 1873
Marion, 1873: 17-18, pl. 17, fig. 10
Synonyms: Emplectoneema echinoderma, Eunemertes echinoderma, Nemertes
echinoderma, Omatoplea armata, Polystemma armature, Prostoma armatum
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 1-3 m, in sand, beneath
stones, in Zostera beds or among Posidonia roots.
Distribution: Coasts of the Mediterranean, British Isles and Madeira.
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R. Gibson
Now Emplectonema echinoderma (Marion, 1873) (Verrill, 1895: 528).
Borlasia elizabethae McIntosh, 1873 1874
McIntosh, 1873-1874: 193-194, pl. VII, figs 1, 2, pl. XVII, fig. 23, pl. XIX, fig. 7,
pl. XXI, fig. 4
Synonyms: Euborlasia elisabethae, Ophiocephalus elisabethae, Ophiocephalus
elizabethae
Habitat: Under stones in rock pool near low water mark or from 4-50 m depth
sublittorally.
Distribution: British Isles to the Mediterranean.
Now Euborlasia elizabethae (McIntosh, 1873-1874) (Vaillant, 1890:616).
Borlasia filiforrnis: see Planaria filiforrnis Johnston, 1828
Borlasia flaccida: see Arnphiporus neesii Orsted, 1843
Borlasia gesserensis: see Planaria gesserensis Mfiller, 1788
Borlasia groenlandica: see Amphiporus groenlandicus (~rsted, 1843
Borlasia hernprichii: see Nernertes hernprichii Ehrenberg, 1831
Borlasia herrnaphroditica Keferstein, 1868
Keferstein, 1868: 103-105, figs 1, 2
Synonyms: Prostorna herrnaphroditicurn, Tetrasternrna herrnaphroditicurn, Tetrasternrna kefersteini, Tetrasternrna kefersteinii (partim)
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal.
Distribution: France (St. Malo).
Joubin (1890: 585) uncertainly included this species as synonymous with
Tetrastemma kefersteinii (Marion, 1869), but Biirger (1904 a: 67), listing both
species as members of the genus Prostoma, regarded Tetrasternrna kefersteinii
sensu Joubin as in part conspecific with Keferstein's taxon, in part with
Marion's species. Borlasia herrnaphroditica is now Tetrastemma
hermaphroditica (Keferstein, 1868) (Hubrecht, 1879: 232).
Borlasia incornpta Ehlers, 1871
Ehlers, 1871:86
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Spitzbergen (Svalbard).
Regarded by Bfirger (1904a: 75) as a species of dubious validity.
Borlasia inrnaculata Bfirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 165
Synonyms: Euborlasia irnrnaculata
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Now Euborlasia inmaculata (Bfirger, 1892) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 103).
Borlasia kefersteinii Marion, 1869
Marion, 1869:58
Synonyms: Prostorna kefersteinii, Tetrasternrna kefersteini
Habitat: Benthic sublittoral to 35m depth, among algae with numerous
polychaetes.
Distribution: France (Marseille) and Italy (Gulf of Genoa).
More fully described, also as a new species, by Marion (1873: 6-22, pl. 17, figs
1 9); now Tetrastemma kefersteinii (Marion, 1869) (Hubrecht, 1879: 232).
Bfirger (1904 a: 67) regarded Tetrasternrna kefersteinii sensu Joubin (1890) as
conspecific wtih Tetrastemma hermaphroditica (Keferstein, 1868).
Borlasia kurtzii Girard 1853
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Girard, 1853:366
Synonyms: Borlasia kiirtzi
Habitat: Lower shore on muddy sand flats.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC).
Bfirger (1904a: 126) regarded this species as a heteronemertean of dubious
validity.
Borlasia lactea: see Ramphogordius lacteus Rathke, 1843
Both Parfitt (1867: 214-215) and Mclntosh (1869: 372), referring to an
unpublished manuscript name used by Montagu, indicated that Borlasia lactea
was a new species; Biirger (1904a: 98) regarded both uses of the name as
referring to the same taxon.
Borlasia linearis: see Planaria linearis Rathke, 1799
Borlasia longa: see Astemma longum (~rsted, 1843
Borlasia longissimus: see Ascar& longissima Gunnerus, 1770
Borlasia mandilla: see Polia mandilla Quatrefages, 1846
Borlasia maslovskyi Czerniavsky, 1880
Czerniavsky, 1880:245-247
Synonyms: Borlasia maslovskyi aberrans, Borlasia maslovskyi forma aberrans,
Borlasia maslovskyi maslovskyi, Borlasia maslovskyi forma typica, Borlasia
maslowskyi aberrans, Borlasia maslowskyi maslowskyi, Zygonemertes
maslowskyi
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to shallow sublittoral (1-1-5 m depth).
Distribution: Black Sea (Suchumi).
Czerniavsky listed two varieties of this species in his original description,
forma typica (pp. 245-246, pl. III, fig. 2) and forma aberrans (pp. 246-247, pl.
III, figs 1A, B): Biirger (1904a: 75-76) included both the species and its
varietal forms in a list of dubious taxa, but M/iller and Scripcariu (1967: 3942, figs 1-12) redescribed the species as Zygonemertes maslowskyi and included
both varieties as synonymous. Berg (1976: 16) also mis-spelt the specific
epithet maslowskyi; the species should be known as Zygonemertes maslovskyi
(Czerniavsky, 1880).
Borlasia melanocephala: see Nemertes melanocephala Johnston, 1837
Borlasia neesii: see Amphiporus neesii Orsted, 1843
Borlasia nigra Byerley, 1854
Byerley, 1854:98
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Irish Sea (Liverpool Bay).
Byerley gave no naming authority for this species, did not indicate that it was
new, nor provided any description; strictly the species is thus a nomen nudum,
but subsequent authors (e.g. B/irger, 1904a: 93; Gibson, 1982b: 88) have
included it as a junior synonym of Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770).
Borlasia nigrofusca: see Nemertes nigrofuscus Ehrenberg, 1831
Borlasia novae-zelandiae Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 290-291, pl. 24, figs 15-19
Synonyms: Amphiporus novae-zealandiae, Borlasia novae-zealandiae, Chlamydoeephalus gaimardi, Chlamydocephalus novae-zelandiae, Drepanophorus
novae-zealandiae
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: New Zealand (Bay of Is., North Is.).
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Now Arnphiporus novaezelandiae (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) (Biirger, 1904 a:
40), although Hutton (1904:312) was uncertain whether the form belonged in
Amphiporus or Drepanophorus; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461) list it as a
nornen dubiurn.
Borlasia octoculata: see Planaria octoculata Johnston, 1828
Borlasia olivacea: see Nernertes olivacea Johnston, 1837
Borlasia purpurea: see Nernertes purpurea Johnston, 1837
Borlasia quadripunctata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 291-292, pl. 24, figs 20-22
Synonyms:
Colpocephalus quadripunctatus, Nernertopsis gracile (partita),
Nernertopsis gracilis (partita), Prostorna quadripunctata, Prostorna
quadripunctaturn, Tetrasternrna quadripunctata: not Nernertopsis gracilis Coe,
1904
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral in the mantle cavity of stalked
barnacles (Capitulurn rnitella, Lepas sp.), rarely on the outer surface of the
barnacles or on rocks adjacent to them.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon), Hong Kong and Japan.
Redescribed by Gibson (1990c: 140 146, table 6, text-figs 23, 24, pl. 26, figs
A-G, pl. 27, figs A-G) as Nemertopsis quadripunctatus (Quoy and Gaimard,
1833); Nernevtopsis gracilis recorded from the Pacific coast of the USA by Coe
(1904) and later authors is not the same species as Quoy and Gaimard's taxon.
Borlasia quinquelineata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 285, pl. 24, figs 1, 2
Synonyms: ?Baseodiscus lineolatus, ?Baseodiscus septernlineatus, Euborlasia
quinquestriata, ?Eupolia lineolata, Eupolia rnelanograrnrna, ?Eupolia
novernlineata, Eupolia quinquelineata, ?Eupolia septernlineata, ?Eupolia
trilineata, Taeniosorna aequale, Taeniosorna rnelanograrnrnurn, Taeniosoma
quinquelineaturn, ?Taeniosorna septemlineaturn, ?Taeniosorna septernlineatus
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, among or under rocks, on coral
reefs or on sandy sediments.
Distribution: Indonesia and the western Pacific (Japan, Singapore, New Guinea,
Java, Ambon, Timor, the Torres Straits, the Solomon Is., the Loyalty Is., and
the east coast of Australia including the Great Barrier Reef).
Now Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) (Bfirger, 1904 a:
83): redescribed by Gibson (1979a: 155 157, figs 7C-F, 8).
Borlasia rubra Leuckart and Pagenstecher, 1858
Leuckart and Pagenstecher, 1858:585
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Not known.
A name proposed by these authors for nemerteans which developed from
pilidia larvae which they had studied; Biirger (1895a: 26) suggested that it
might be a Micrura species but no description has ever been given and the
taxon is thus a nornen nudurn.
Borlasia tufa Rathke, 1843
Rathke, 1843:234
Synonyms: Nernertes tufa
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Norway (Kristiansund).
Synonymised with Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774) by Biirger (1904 a: 101).
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Borlasia rufescens Gay, 1849
Gay, 1849:64
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Southern Chile (Isla de Chilo6).
Regarded by Biirger (1904a: 130) as a species of dubious validity.
Borlasia rufifrons: see Nemertes rufifrons Johnston, 1837
Borlasia sanguinea: see Amphipovus sanguineus Girard, 1853
Borlasia splendida Keferstein, 1862
Keferstein, 1862: 59-60, pl. V, figs 10 18
Synonyms: Amphiporus spectabilis (partim), Amphiporus splendidus (partim),
Cerebratulus spectabilis (partim), Drepanophoris rubrostriatus, Drepanophorus
rubrostriatus (partim), Drepanophorus spectabilis (partita), Ptychodes splendida
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 35-40 m, among dredged
algae, in 'honeycombed' stones or on coarse to fine gravel mixed with some
mud or sand; occasional specimens have been found on oysters or in the
tunicate Ciona intestinalis.
Distribution: French and English coasts of the English Channel.
Reports of this species from the Mediterranean refer to a different taxon.
Borlasia splendida forma suchumica Czerniavsky, 1880: 244-245, pl. III, figs
3 A, B, from Cystosira at 0-5 m depth at Suchumi (Black Sea) is also a different
species, listed by Biirger (1904a: 76) (as Borlasia sp.) as being of dubious
validity. Borlasia splendida was redescribed by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1934: 168173, pl. 11, figs 1-5) as Punnettia splendida (Keferstein, 1862).
Borlasia striata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 286, pl. 24, figs 3, 4
Synonyms: Valencinia striata: not Borlasia striata Rathke, 1843
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: North-western Pacific (Guam).
Biirger (1904 a: 82) synonymised this species with Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle
Chiaje, 1825).
Borlasia striata Rathke, 1843
Rathke, 1843:231-234
Synonyms: Nemertes striata: not Borlasia striata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Norway (Molde and Kristiansund).
This is not the same species as that described under the same name by Quoy
and Gaimard (1833), Biirger (1904 a: 93) synonymising Borlasia striata sensu
Rathke with Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770).
Borlasia tricuspidata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 289-290, pl. 24, figs 12-14
Synonyms:
Borlasia tricuspida, Borlasia viridis (partim), Cerebratulus
albovittatus, Cerebratulus albo-vittatus, Lineus albovittatus, Lineus albovittatus, Lineus tricuspidatus, Meckelia albo-vittata, Meckelia viridis, Nemertes
viridis (partim), Ophiocephalus viridus: not Lineus albovittatus sensu Iwata
(1954c).
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, under coral boulders on reefs or on sand
banks.
Distribution: Indian Ocean (Wasini Is. [Kenya], Mauritius, the Maldive Is. and
Salomon [Chagos Archipelago]), East China Sea (Ryukyu Is.), Banda Sea
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R. Gibson
(Ambon), Timor Sea (Timor) and the Pacific (Guam, Loyalty Is. and the
eastern Australian coast from the Great Barrier Reef to New South Wales).
Redescribed as Lineus tricuspidatus by Gibson (1981 a: 207-212, figs 21-25),
now Notospermus trieuspidatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) (Riser, 1991: 435).
Borlasia trilineata Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 40, pl. IX, fig. 85
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope).
Included among a list of dubious heteronemertean species by Biirger (1904 a:
126).
Borlasia unieolor: see Planaria unicolor Johnston, 1828
Borlasia unilineata Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 41, pl. IX, fig. 88
Habitat: In sand.
Distribution: Northern Peru (Paita).
Schmarda was uncertain abouut the generic placement of this species; Biirger
(1904a: 94-95) listed it as a junior synonym of Lineus vittatus (Quoy and
Gaimard, 1833).
Borlasia vermiculus: see Polia vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846
Borlasia viridis Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 288, pl. 24, figs 9-11
Synonyms: Meckelia viridis, Ophiocephalus viridis
Habitat: Sublittoral among fucoid algae.
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales).
Blainville (1828: 574) listed this species as Ophiocephalus viridis, Biirger
(1904 a: 97) transferring it to the genus Lineus; Gibson (1981 a: 206) included it
as synonymous with Lineus tricuspidatus, which is now Notospermus
tricuspidatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833).
Borlasia viridis Grube, 1840
Grube, 1840:59-60
Habitat: On algae.
Distribution: Italy (Naples and Catania).
Although far from adequately described, Grube's species is quite clearly n o t
the same as Borlasia viridis Quoy and Gaimard, 1833; Biirger (1895a: 543)
synonymised Grube's taxon with Eunemertes gracilis (Johnston, 1837) but
subsequently (Bfirger, 1904a: 76) listed it (as Borlasia sp.) as a species of
dubious validity.
Borlasia vittata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Quoy and Gaimard, 1833: 287, pl. 24, figs 5-8
Synonyms: Borlasia unilineata, Meckelia vittata, Meckelia vittata var. violacea,
Nemertes vittata
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Australia (Tasmania).
Diesing (1850: 266), listing this species as Meckelia vittata, also recognised a
colour variety as var. violacea; the taxon is now Lineus vittatus (Quoy and
Gaimard, 1833) (Bfirger, 1904a: 94).
Borlasia vivipara Ulyanina, 1870
Ulyanina, 1870: 48-50, pl. VII, figs 7-10
Synonyms: Monopora vivipara
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Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Black Sea (Sebastopol).
Listed as Prosorhochmus viviparus (Ulyanina, 1870) by Biirger (1904 a: 30), but
now regarded as an inadequately described form whose generic affiliations are
uncertain and whose specific status cannot be validated (Gibson and Moore,
1985: 157).
(Branchiobdella Odier, 1823)
Odier, 1823:75
A genus of branchiobdellid leeches whose members live as ectocommensals or
ectoparasites on freshwater crustaceans (especially crayfishes), one supposed
species of nemertean has been referred to this taxon.
(Branchiobdella auriculae Moquin-Tandon, 1846)
Moquin-Tandon, 1846: 298, 387
Habitat: Freshwater, found living in the mantle cavity of the gastropod mollusc
Chilina dombeiana.
Distribution: Southern Chile.
Listed as Malacobdella auriculae (Moquin-Tandon, 1846) by Blanchard (1847:
143) and Gay (1849: 67), Biirger (1904 a: 74) included the species with other
Malacobdella but noted that since Moquin-Tandon's article contained no
description, the taxon was a nomen nudum; this freshwater form, probably a
leech, is almost certainly not a nemertean.
Brinkmannia Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926:134
Marine benthic.
*Brinkmannia mediterranea Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926: 134-139, pl. III, figs 14-16, pl. IV, figs 17-21
Synonyms: Drepanophorus rubrostriatus (partim), Drepanophorus spectabilis
(partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 80m.
Distribution: France (Banyuls) and Italy (Naples).
Biirgeriella
Brinkmann,
1917
HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1917 a: 7
The generic name should be known as Buergeriella (Coe, 1945 a: 156).
Marine, probably mesopelagic, possibly also bathypelagic.
Biirgeriella notabilis Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917a: 7, pl. I, figs 6, 7
Synonyms: Nectonemertes notabilis
Habitat: Uncertain, trawled from depths of 1333-2000m to the surface.
Distribution: North Atlantic, area between 41-48°N and 14-40°W.
More fully described by Brinkmann (1917 b: 30-35, text-fig. 6, pl. V, figs 4-20)
and listed by Korotkevich (1955: 71) as Nectonemertes notabilis; now
*Buergeriella notabilis Brinkmann, 1917 (Coe, 1945 a: 156).
Callinera Bergendal, 1900 PALAEONEMERTEA
Bergendal, 1900 a: 313
Also recorded as a new genus by Bergendal (1900b: 590).
Marine benthic.
Callinera biirgeri Bergendal, 1900
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R. Gibson
Bergendal, 1900a: 313 320, figs 1-3
Habitat: Sublittoral, from 30-117m depth on mud.
Distribution: Norway (Herla Fjord), west coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord) and
Denmark (Kattegat and Oresund).
Also described as a new species by Bergendal (1900b: 590-592); now
*Callinera buergeri Bergendal, 1900 (Punnett, 1903a: 12). A variety of this
species, Callinera biirgeri forma grandis Bergendal, 1903: 88, has recently been
afforded specific status.
Callinera grandis Bergendal, 1903
Bergendal, 1903:88
Synonyms: Callinera biirgeri forma grandis
Habitat: Sublittoral, on mud between 30-40m depth.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord).
Originally described as a varietal form of Callinera biirgeri but now identified
as a separate species (Rogers et al., 1992: 128).
Callinera monensis Rogers, Gibson and Thorpe, 1992
Rogers et al., 1992: 120-127, table I, figs 1-19
Habitat: Intertidal in mud or muddy sand.
Distribution: Irish Sea (Isle of Man).
Calonemertes Coe, 1945 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1945a: 152
Marine, mesopelagic.
*Calonemertes hardyi: see Bathynemertes hardyi Wheeler, 1934
Campbellonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1972 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Moore and Gibson, 1972:187
Freshwater.
*Campbellonemertesjohnsi Moore and Gibson, 1972
Moore and Gibson, 1972: 187-202, tables 1, 2, figs 1-17
Habitat: Found in a freshwater pond.
Distribution: Southern Pacific (Campbell Is.).
Carcinonemertes Coe, 1902 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Coe, 1902 a: 440-441
Marine, variously called egg predators, ectosymbionts or parasites on decapod
Crustacea.
Carcinonemertes australiensis Campbell, Gibson and Evans, 1989
Campbell et al., 1989: 261-267, figs 1, 2
Habitat: On the egg masses of the palinurid rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus.
Distribution: Australia (off Dongara, Western Australia).
*Carcinonemertes carcinophila: see Nemertes cartinophilos K611iker, 1845
Carcinonemertes coei Humes, 1942
Humes, 1942: 72-74, tables 17, 20, pl. I, fig. 4, pl. III, figs 23, 33, 35
Habitat: On the egg mass of the portunid crab Charybdis natator.
Distribution: East Africa (Zanzibar).
Carcinonemertes epialti Coe, 1902
Coe, 1902 a: 442-449, figs 1-9
Habitat: On the eggs of brachyuran crabs; recorded hosts include the cancrids
Cancer antennarius, Cancer anthonyi, Cancer jordani, Cancer oregonensis and
Cancer productus, the grapsids Hemigrapsus nudus, Hemigrapsus oregonensis
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and Pachygrapsus crassipes, the majid Pugettia producta, and the portunids
Euphylax dovii and Randallia ornata.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America.
Carcinonemertes errans Wickham, 1978
Wickham, 1978: 199-202, table 1, figs 1 3
Synonyms: Carcinonemertes errantia
Habitat: On the eggs of the cancrid crab Cancer magister.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (San Francisco region, CA).
In the caption to the figures the specific epithet is given as errantia; errans has
priority as it appears on p. 197, whereas errantia first appears on p. 198.
Carcinonemertes humesi Gibson and Jones, 1990
Gibson and Jones, 1990: 196-202, tables 1, 2, text-fig. 1, pl. 1, figs A-D
Habitat: On the egg masses of the majid crab Naxia aurita.
Distribution: Australia (Albany region, Western Australia).
Carcinonemertes mitsukurii Takakura, 1910
Takakura, 1910: 111-116, figs 1-4
Habitat: On the egg masses of the grapsid crab Eriocheir japonicus, and the
portunids Charybdis cruciata, Charybdis erythrodactyla, Charybdis miles and
Portunus pelagicus.
Distribution: Japan (Yokohama), San Andreas Is. (between Marinduque and
Luzon), Hong Kong, the Hawaiian Is., Kingsmill Is., Society Is. and
Singapore.
An English translation of Takakura's original description appears in Humes
(1942: 67-70).
Carcinonemertes pinnotheridopMla McDermott and Gibson, 1993
McDermott and Gibson, 1993: 59-65, table I, figs 1-8
Habitat:
In the branchial chambers of the pinnotherid crab Pinnixa
chaetopterana.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (NJ, NC, FL).
Carcinonemertes regicides Shields, Wickham and Kuris, 1989
Shields et al., 1989: 924-926, tables 1, 2, figs 1 16
Habitat: On the anomuran crab Paralithodes camtschatica.
Distribution: North-eastern Pacific (AK).
Carcinonemertes wickhami Shields and Kuris, 1990
Shields and Kuris, 1990: 280-284, table 1, figs 1-13
Habitat: On the egg masses of the spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (southern CA).
Carinella Johnston, 1833
Johnston, 1833:232
Bfirger (1904 a: 11) recognised this genus as synonymous with Tubulanus; the
validity of the name Tubulanus and its type-species, Tubulanus polymorphus
Renier, 1804, are discussed by Melville (1986:112 114).
Carinella albida B/irger, 1892
Biirger, 1892 a: 140
Habitat: Among the rhizomes of Posidonia.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Synonymised with Tubulanus linearis (McIntosh, 1873-1874) by Biirger
(1895 a: 519).
Carinella albocincta Coe, 1904
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R. Gibson
Coe, 1904: 136-138, pl. XVI, figs 4, 5
Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged among red algae at depths of 100-200 m.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (southern CA).
Now Tubulanus albocinctus (Coe, 1904) (Coe, 1940: 255).
Carinella ambigua Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903a: 8-11, pl. I, figs 10a, 13
Habitat: Sublittoral, 70 80 m depth on muddy ground with small stones.
Distribution: Norway (Bergen).
Friedrich (1958: 4) listed this species as Tubulanus ambiguus (Punnett, 1903)
with the comment that it was 'A somewhat hypothetical species'.
Carinella annulata: see Gordius annulatus Montagu, 1804
Carinella aragoi Joubin, 1890
Joubin, 1890: 494-501, pl. XXV, fig. 2, pl. XXVII, figs 9-14
Habitat: Sublittoral among algae to depths of about 12m.
Distribution: France (Banyuls).
Synonymised with Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804) by Biirger (1904 a:
14).
Carinella armandi: see Valencinia armandi McIntosh, 1875
Carinella aurea Joubin, 1904
Joubin, 1904a: 327
Habitat: Intertidal, in rock crevices.
Distribution: Gulf of Aden (Djibouti).
This species should now be known as Tubulanus aureus (Joubin, 1904).
Carinella banyulensis Joubin, 1890
Joubin, 1890: 488-494, pl. XXV, fig. 1, pl. XXVII, figs 2 8
Synonyms: Tubulanus baniulensis
Habitat: Sublittoral among algae at depths of 0-5-140m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples), France (Banyuls and Villefranche) and off the
north-western coast of Ireland.
Gibson (1982 b: 61) regards this species, now known as Tubulanus banyulensis
(Joubin, 1890) (Biirger, 1904a: 13), as inadequately described.
Carinella eapistrata Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 16-18, pl. I, fig. 1
Habitat: Inhabits delicate, parchment-like tubes under stones or lives among
algae and other growths near low tide level.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to CA); also reported from
Japan (Coe, 1944a: 27).
Now Tubulanus eapistratus (Coe, 1901) (Coe, 1940: 255).
Carinella cingulata Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904: 138-142, pl. XIV, figs 2-4
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 290-400m on soft
bottoms.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to CA).
Now Tubulanus eingulatus (Coe, 1904) (Coe, 1940: 255).
Carinella desiderata Kennel, 1891
Kennel, 1891:290
Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 5-35m, often between the rhizomes of
Posidonia.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
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Now Hubrechtia desiderata (Kennel, 1891)(Bfirger, 1892a: 146).
Carinella dinema Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 15-16, pl. I, figs 2, 3
Habitat: Lives in fragile, parchment-like tubes on wharf pilings or among
hydroids and other sedentary growths.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to British Columbia).
Synonymised with Tubulanus sexlineatus (Griffin, 1898) by Coe (1940: 256).
Carinella frenata Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904: 129-136, text-fig. 17, pl. XV, figs 5, 6, pl. XXII, figs 2, 3
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral among algae, mussels and other
growths on rocks and piers.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (southern CA).
Now Tubulanusfrenatus (Coe, 1904)(Coe, 1940: 256).
Carinella galatheae: see Cephalothrix galatheae Dieck, 1874
Carinella grrnlandica Bergendal, 1902
Bergendal, 1902 a: 4-6, figs 1, 2
Synonyms: Carinella linearis (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: Northern Greenland (mouth of Jakobshavns Isfjord).
Listed as Tubulanus grdnlandicus by Friedrich (1958: 3-4) with the comment
that Bergendal's description is incomplete, this species should be known as
Tubulanus groenlandieus (Bergendal, 1902).
Carinella inexpectata Hubrecht, 1880
Hubrecht, 1880:95-96
Habitat: Sublittoral, from about 90 m depth on clean, worn gravel.
Distribution: Italy (Capri) and south-western Ireland (Valencia Is.).
Regarded as inadequately described by Gibson (1982b: 62), now Tubulanus
inexpectatus (Hubrecht, 1880)(B/irger, 1904a: 14).
Carinella linearis Mclntosh, 1873-1874
Mclntosh, 1873-1874: 206-207, text-figs 13, 14
Synonyms: Carinella albida: not Carinella linearis sensu Bergendal (1891)
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 200 m, in sand,
muddy sand, or stony ground or among sand-binding algae on rocks.
Distribution: British Isles, France (Wimereux), Italy (Naples) and Norway
(Bergen).
Mclntosh (p. 206) listed Montagu's manuscript name (1808: 274-275) Lineus
linearis as synonymous with Carinella linearis, but Gibson (1982b: 187)
included Montagu's taxon in a group of dubious species with the comment
that 'although possibly a species of nemertean, its size and colour do not
permit it to be even provisionally related to any of the existing British or
European forms'. Carinella linearis sensu Bergendal (1891: 10) has been
synonymised with Tubulanus groenlandieus (Bergendal, 1902) by Friedrich
(1958: 3), whilst Mclntosh's species is now Tubulanus linearis (Mclntosh,
1873-1874) (Bfirger, 1904a: 12).
Carinella mcintoshii B~irger, 1892
Biirger, 1892a: 142-143
Synonyms: Carinella macintoshi
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
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R. Gibson
Synonymised with Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804) by Biirger (1904a:
14).
Carinelta miniata B~rger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 141
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to about 70m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples), France (Villefranche) and southern England
(Plymouth).
Gibson (1982 b: 64) regarded this species as inadequately described, noting
that differences in colour pattern between Italian and British specimens might
mean that 'the British record is possibly of a different species and thus of
questionable validity'; now Tubulanus miniatus (Biirger, 1892) (BiJrger, 1904 a:
12).
Carinella nothus Biirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 144
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 10-140m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples), France (Villefranche) and southern England
(Plymouth); the species has also been reported from the coast of Alaska by
Coe (1944a: 27) with the comment that the identification was based on
'preserved specimens only, and there remains the possibility they may actually
have represented [Tubulanus] annulatus', whilst intertidal examples from
Saldanha Bay, South Africa, identified, as Tubulanus nothus by Wheeler (1934:
225), have since been synonymised with Tubulanuspunctatus (Takakura, 1898)
by Yamaoka (1940 a: 208).
An inadequately described species (Gibson, 1982 b: 66), now Tubulanus nothus
(Bfirger, 1892)(Bfirger, 1904a: 13).
Carinella pellucida Coe, 1895
Coe, 1895:515-517
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 20m or more, in parchment-like
tubes among bryozoans, hydroids, ascidians, algae and other growths under
stones or on shelly sediments.
Distribution: Atlantic (New England to FL) and Pacific (CA) coasts of the USA.
Now Tubulanuspellucidus (Coe, 1895)(BiJrger, 1904a: 13).
Carinella polymorpha: see Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804
Carinella punctata Takakura, 1898
Takakura, 1898a: 117-119, figs A C on p. 118
Synonyms: Tubulanus nothus (partim)
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones to sublittoral depths of 18m or
more.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu) and Russia (southern Sakhalin).
Redescribed as Tubulanus punctatus (Takakura, 1898) by Yamaoka (1940 a:
208 212, text-figs 1, 2, pl. XIV, figs 1, 2).
Carinella rubicunda Biirger, 1892
Biirger, 1892a: 145
Habitat: Among the rhizomes of Posidonia at depths of 3-30 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Now Tubulanus rubicundus (Bfirger, 1892)(Bfirger, 1904a: 14).
Carinella rubra Griffin, 1898
Griffin, 1898:203
Habitat: Intertidal in sand and silt.
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Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to Puget Sound, WA).
Griffin suggested a possible synonymy between this species and Carinella
miniata which is not substantiated, and Coe (1904:115) indicated a synonymy
between this form and Carinella speciosa; Coe (1940: 256), however,
synonymised Griffin's taxon with Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804.
Carinella sexlineata Griffin, 1898
Griffin, 1898: 201-203, fig. 15
Synonyms: Carinella dinema
Habitat: In sand between tides, under the bark of wharf pilings, or in delicate
tubes among algae, mussels and other growths on rocks and pier pilings to
depths of about 8 m.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to southern CA).
Now Tubulanus sexlineatus (Griffin, 1898)(Coe, 1940: 256).
Carinella speciosa Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 11-14, pl. III, fig. 6, pl. IX, figs 1-3, pl. X, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones to shallow sublittoral.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to British Columbia).
Synonymised with Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804 by Coe (1940: 256).
Carinella superba: see Nemertes superbus K611iker, 1845
Carinella thbeli Bergendal, 1902
Bergendal, 1902 a: 6-9, fig. 3
Habitat: Sublittoral to depths of about 35 m on sand mixed with shell fragments
or stones.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord) and Denmark.
Redescribed and transferred to the genus Tubulanus by Hylbom (1957: 549551, text-fig. 1C, pl. 2, figs 7-12, pl. 3, fig. 13), now Tubulanus theeli
(Bergendal, 1902) (Senz, 1993 a: 53).
Carinella trilineata Johnston, 1833
Johnston, 1833: 232-233, fig. 24
Synonyms: Meckelia trilineata
Habitat: In coarse tubes attached to old bivalve shells.
Distribution: British Isles.
Synonymised with Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804) by B/irger (1904a:
14).
Carinella tubicola Kennel, 1891
Kennel, 1891:291
Habitat: Sublittoral, 1-2 rn depth among Ulva.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Now Tubulanus tubicola (Kennel, 1891) (Biirger, 1904a: 14).
Carinesta Punnett, 1900 PALAEONEMERTEA
Punnett, 1900 a: 569
Marine benthic.
Carinesta anglica Wijnhoff, 1912
Wijnhoff, 1912:413
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in sand or muddy sand.
Distribution: Southern England (Plymouth region).
An inadequately described species (Gibson, 1982 b: 57).
*Carinesta oriental# Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900a: 570-571, pl. LVII, figs 1-9, pl. LVIII, figs 10, 11
320
R. Gibson
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Solomon Is. (New Britain).
Carinesta tubulanoides Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 50-56, text-fig. 6, pl. 3, fig. A, pl. 4, figs A-H
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in sandy mud.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Carinesta uchidai Iwata, 1952
Iwata, 1952: 128-130, fig. 7
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Habitat: Intertidal, under stones near low water level.
Distribution: Japan (Kyushu).
Carinina Hubrecht, 1885 PALAEONEMERTEA
Hubrecht, 1885: 830, figs 300, 301
Also listed as a new genus by Hubrecht (1887: 5).
Marine benthic.
Carinina antarctica Biirger, 1904
Bfirger, 1904b: 4-5, pl. I, figs 1-4
Habitat: Sublittoral from 500 m depth.
Distribution: Antarctica (Bellingshausen Sea, west of Charcot Island).
Carinina arenaria Hylbom, 1957
Hylbom, 1957: 542-543, text-fig. 1 A, pl. 6, fig. 37, pl. 7, figs 38-41, pl. 8, fig. 44
Habitat: Shallow sublittoral, 4 m depth on very clean sand.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord).
Carinina atavia: see Procarinina atavia Bergendal, 1902
Carinina buddenbrocki: see Procarinina buddenbrocki Friedrich, 1935
Carinina burgeri Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 184-187, text-figs 1, 2, pl. VIII, fig. 1
Habitat: Sublittoral from 1353m depth.
Distribution: Bay of Biscay (Gulf of Gascogne).
Carinina coei Hylbom, 1957
Hylbom, 1957: 543-544, text-fig. 1 B, pl. 6, figs 33, 35, 36, pl. 8, figs 42, 43, 45, pl.
9, figs 46-48
Habitat: Sublittoral, from 20 m depth on loose mud, rather rich in detritus and
with fragments of dead Zostera.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord) and Denmark (northern
0resund).
*Carinina grata Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887: 5-10, pl. I, figs 1-3, pl. II, figs 1-12, pl. III, figs 1-8, pl. IV, figs
1-7, pl. VI, figs 1-3, pl. XI, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from blue mud at a depth of 2000-2500m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (between Bermuda and Halifax).
First mentioned by Hubrecht (1885: 830-831, figs 300, 301) but with no
specific epithet noted.
Carinina heterosoma Mfiller, 1965
M/.iller, 1965: 243-249, text-figs 1, 2, pl. I, figs 3, 4, pl. II, figs 5-7, pl. III, figs 8, 9,
pl. IV, figs 10, 11, pl. V, figs 12-15
Habitat: Sublittoral, on mud or sand at depths of 6-92 m.
Distribution: Black Sea (Rumanian coast).
Carinina littorea Korotkevich, 1982
Korotkevich, 1982: 13-15, fig. 1
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Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Russia (southern Sakhalin).
Carinina mawsoni Wheeler, 1940
Wheeler, 1940b: 239-241, fig. 1
Habitat: Sublittoral from 437 m depth.
Distribution: Antarctica (off Kemp Land and Princess Elizabeth Land).
Carinina pacifica Friedrich, 1970
Friedrich, 1970:5-7
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 300 m, on sand mixed with clay, mud
or stones.
Distribution: Southern Chile (Estero Reloncavi, Seno Reloncavi, and the
northern part of the Gulf of Ancud).
Carinina poseidoni Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935 b: 65 72, figs 1-4
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: North Sea.
Carinina remanei: see Procarinina remanei Nawitzki, 1931
Carinina wijnhoffae Kulikova, 1984
Kulikova, 1984: 1092-1095, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20 120 m.
Distribution: Russia (White Sea).
Carinoma Oudemans, 1885 PALAEONEMERTEA
Oudemans, 1885:7-8
Marine benthic.
*Carinoma armandi: see Valencinia armandi McIntosh, 1875
Carinoma caraibica Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925: 100-102, pl. V, figs 2-5, pl. VI, figs 5-7
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Curagao.
This species should be known as Carinoma caraibica Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925.
Carinoma griffini Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 20-23, text-figs 1, 2
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Pacific coast of Canada (Vancouver Is.).
Now Carinoma mutabilis Griffin, 1898 (Coe, 1904: 115).
Carinoma mutabilis Griffin, 1898
Griffin, 1898: 204-205, fig. 16I
Synonyms: Carinoma griffini, Carinoma mutabilis argillina, Carinoma mutabilis
vasculosa
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 40 m, on wharf pilings or in sand,
sandy-mud or clay.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (British Columbia to Angeles Bay,
Mexico).
The two varieties of this species, Carinoma mutabilis argillina Griffin, 1898:
205-206, fig. 16 II, from hard clay deposits, and Carinoma mutabilis vasculosa
Griffin, 1898: 206, from intertidal sand, were distinguished by their size and
degree of muscular development; such differences as were found seem to be
within the range of intraspecific variation and the separate subspecific status of
the two forms cannot be maintained.
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R. Gibson
Carinoma patagonica Bfirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895b: 19-20, pl. III, figs 1 9
Synonyms: Carinoma patagonia, Carinoma patagonicum
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Southern Chile (Punta Arenas in the Magellan Straits).
Also described as a new species, as Carinoma patagonia, by Biirger (1895 a:
537).
Carinoma patriciae Gibson, 1979
Gibson, 1979b: 307-324, table 1, figs 1-11
Habitat: In silty sand mixed with gravel and shell fragments from 14-16m
depth.
Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is., off Queensland).
Carinoma tremaphoros Thompson, 1900
Thompson, 1900a: 627-629, fig. 1
Habitat: Intertidal and sublittoral in sand, sandy mud, mud or clay, less often
under stones; typically in harbours or estuaries.
Distribution: Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the USA (Cape Cod to FL and
westwards to LA).
Carinomella Coe, 1905 P A L A E O N E M E R T E A
Coe, 1905:125 127
Marine benthic.
*Carinomella lactea Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 127-143, pl. 5, figs 45-49, pl. 6, figs 50-54, pl. 7, figs 55, 56, pl. 8, figs
57, 58, pl. 9, figs 59 61, pl. 10, figs 63-65, pl. 11, figs 66-72
Habitat: Mid-shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 20 m, burrowed in sand or
under stones.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA) and south-eastern FL on the
Atlantic seaboard.
Cephaiomastax Iwata, 1957 H E T E R O N E M E R T E A
Iwata, 1957:5
Marine benthic.
*Cephalomastax brevis Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957: 5-7, pl. I, fig. 9, pl. II, fig. 7, pl. III, figs 1-7
Habitat: Dredged sublittoraUy from 200 300 m depth.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Cephalonema Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:163
Included in a list of dubious genera and species by Biirger (1904 a: 76).
Cephalonema brunniceps Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:163
Habitat: Sublittoral under stones in mud.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Identified as a nomen dubium by Gibson (1990 c: 33), nothing is known of the
internal morphology of this species and neither its generic nor higher
taxonomic affinities can be determined; it can no longer be accepted as a valid
taxon.
Cephalothrix Orsted, 1843 A R C H I N E M E R T E A
Orsted, 1843:573
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B/irger (1904a: 17) included as junior synonyms of Cephalothrix the genera
Astemma, Carinella (partim) sensu Joubin (1894) and, also in part, the subgeneric
division Borlasia of the genus Nemertes recognised by Johnston (1837). A
frequent emendation of the name, found particularly in much of the older
literature, is Cephalotrix. The genus was redefined by Wijnhoff (1913: 296).
Cephalothrix aliena Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903b: 102-104, pl. IV, figs 15, 16
Synonyms: Procephalotrix aliena
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 40 m.
Distribution: Maldive Islands.
Now Procephalothrix aliena (Punnett, 1903) (Wijnhoff, 1913: 295).
Cephalothrix arenaria Hylbom, 1957
Hylbom, 1957: 555-557, text fig. 1 D, pl. 3, figs 14-19, pl. 4, fig. 21
Synonyms: Cephalotrix arenaria
Habitat: Sublittoral, in fine clean sand at a depth of 4 m.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmar0ord).
Cephalothrix armata Ulyanina, 1870
Ulyanina, 1870: 51-52, pl. I, fig. 22, pl. VI, fig. 10
Synonyms: Cephalotrix armata
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Black Sea (Sebastopol).
Included by Biirger (1904a: 76) as a species of dubious validity.
Cephalothrix atlantica Gerner, 1969
Gerner, 1969: 69-76, figs 1-4
Habitat: Intertidal and shallow sublittoral, in sand.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (Bay of Arcachon).
Cephalothrix bioculata Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:573-574
Synonyms:
Cephalothrix biocculata, Cephalothrix oerstedii, Cephalotrix
bioculata, Nemertes bioculata
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral in sand or under stones.
Distribution: Denmark, Ireland (Valencia Harbour) and southern England
(Plymouth region).
Now Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 18).
Cephalothrix bipunctata Bfirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 148
Habitat: Intertidal, interstitial in sand with Amphioxus.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Cephalothrix biirgeri Wijnhoff, 1913
Wijnhoff, 1913:297
Synonyms: Cephalothrix linearis (partim)
Habitat: Intertidal, interstitial in sand.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Wijnhoff considered Cephalothrix linearis sensu Biirger (1892 a: 148, 1895 a:
538, 1904 a: 18) (partim) as distinct from Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799)
and renamed the form described by Bfirger; this taxon should be known as
Cephalothrix buergeri Wijnhoff, 1913.
Cephalothrix coeca ~rsted, 1843
324
R. Gibson
Orsted, 1843:574
Synonyms: Borlasia cephalothrix, Cephatothrix caeca, Cephalotrix coeca
Habitat: In sand.
Distribution: Denmark.
Now Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799)(Biirger, 1904a: 18).
Cephalothrix filiformis, Cephalotrix filiformis: see Planariafiliformis
Johnston, 1828
Cephalothrixfilum: see Poliafilum Quatrefages, 1846
Cephalothrix fragilis Bfirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 149
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Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Synonymised with Cephalotrichella signata (Hubrecht, 1879) by Wijnhoff
(1913: 299).
Cephalothrix galatheae Dieck, 1874
Dieck, 1874: 501, pl. XX, figs 1-9, pl. XXI, figs 10 16
Synonyms: Carinella galatheae
Habitat: On the egg mass of the anomuran crab Galathea strigosa.
Distribution: Italy (Messina).
Carus (1885: 158) suggested that this species may be the same as Nemertes
carcinophila, although he listed both separately. Coe (1902a: 432-433) too
regarded galatheae as probably synonymous with Carcinonemertes
carcinophila (Krlliker, 1845), although Biirger (1897-1907: 417, 1904a: 19)
retained Dieck's species under its original name. Humes (1942: 12) concluded
that a decision regarding the conspecificity between galatheae and carcinophila
should be postponed until additional examples of Dieck's taxon could be
obtained and both the generic placement and specific status of Cephalothrix
galatheae thus remain uncertain.
Cephaiothrix germanica Gerner, 1969
Gerner, 1969: 82-87, figs 9-11
Synonyms: Cephalotrix germanica
Habitat: Intertidal, interstitial in sand.
Distribution: North Sea (Is. of Sylt).
Cephalothrix hymenaeus Biirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 148-149
Habitat: In sand.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Synonymised with Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837) by Bfirger (1904 a:
18).
Cephalothrix involuta, Cephalotrix involuta: see Polia involuta Beneden, 1861
Cephalothrix kroyeri Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:246-247
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Denmark (Oresund).
Diesing, with no justification, transferred Tetrastemma bioculatum t)rsted,
1843, to the genus Cephalothrix and renamed it; Biirger (1904a: 69) included
Diesing's kroyeri as synonymous with Prostoma bioculatum, which is now
known under its original name. Earlier Bfirger (1895a: 15) had been unsure
about the identity of this species.
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Cephalothrix lactea: see Cephalotrix lactea Senz, 1993
*Cephalothrix linearis, Cephalotrix linearis: see Planaria linearis Rathke, 1799
Cephalothrix lineata Clapar6de, 1862
Clapar6de, 1862:150
Synonyms: Borlasia linearis (partim), Cephalothrix lineatus (partim): not
Cephalothrix lineatus sensu Lankester (1866) or Cephalotrix lineatus sensu
Johnston (1865)
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: West coast of Scotland (Isle of Skye).
Clapar6de confusingly gave Orsted as the naming authority for this species,
but Orsted never used the name Cephalothrix lineata; Biirger (1904a: 18)
included the taxon as synonymous with Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799),
but Wijnhoff (1913: 295) suggested that it might be conspecific with
Procephalothrix filiformis (Johnston, 1828). Although more recently Gibson
(1982 b: 52) questionably followed Bfirger's rather than WijnhoWs synonymy,
the systematic position of Clapar+de's species remains uncertain.
Cephalothrix longissima Keferstein, 1862
Keferstein, 1862: 65-66, pl. VI, figs 6-10
Synonyms: Cephalotrix longissima
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast).
B/irger (1904a: 18) synonymised this form with Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke,
1799), but Wijnhoff (1913: 295) uncertainly listed it with the names she
regarded as conspecific with Procephalothrix filiformis (Johnston, 1828).
Cephalothrix major Coe, 1930
Coe, 1930: 97-100, figs 1-3
Synonyms: Proeephalotrix major
Habitat: Intertidal under stones in hard sand or clay exposed to the full force of
the surf.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico).
Now Procephalothrix major (Coe, 1930) (Coe, 1940: 257), although
subsequently listed under its original name by Coe (1944a: 28).
Cephalothrix mediterranea Gerner, 1969
Gerner, 1969: 87-90, figs 12, 13
Habitat: Interstitial in damp sand.
Distribution: France (Mediterranean coast at Canet Plage).
Cephalothrix notabilis Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954 a: 8-9, figs 1 C, E, F
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, under stones on a stony beach.
Distribution: Japan (Akkeshi).
Cephalothrix ocellata Keferstein, 1862
Keferstein, 1862: 63-64, pl. VI, figs ll-16
Synonyms: Cephalotrix occellata, Cephalotrix ocellata, Ommatoplea ocellata
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast).
Synonymised with Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837) by Bfirger (1904 a:
18) and Wijnhoff 0913: 297).
Cephalothrix oerstedii Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:246
326
R. Gibson
Synonyms: Cephalothrix biocuIata
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Denmark.
Diesing renamed Cephalothrix bioculata Orsted, 1843; both Biirger (1904a:
18) and Wijnhoff (1913: 297) regarded Diesing's species as synonymous with
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Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837).
Cephalothrix pacifica Gerner, 1969
Gerner, 1969: 77-82, figs 5 8
Habitat: Intertidal interstitial, under stones in coarse sand.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA).
Cephalothrix paragermanica: see Cephalotrix paragermanica Senz, 1993
Cephalothrix rufifrons, Cephalotrix rufifrons: see Nemertes rufifrons
Johnston, 1837
Cephalothrix spiralis Coe, 1930
Coe, 1930: 101-103, figs 4-8
Synonyms: Cephalothrix linearis (partim), Procephalotrix spiralis
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 20 m or more, under stones, among
mussels or other growths, or in sand, mud or clay sediments, often associated
with decaying organic matter.
Distribution: Atlantic (Nova Scotia to Long Is., NY) and Pacific (AK to
southern CA) coasts of North America.
Now Procephalothrix spiralis (Coe, 1930) (Coe, 1940: 258).
Cephalotrichella Wijnhoff, 1913 ARCHINEM ERTEA
Wijnhoff, 1913:298
Marine benthic.
Cephalotrichella alba Gibson and Sundberg, 1992
Gibson and Sundberg, 1992: 98-105, text-figs 1, 2, pl. 1, figs A-H, pl. 2, figs A-C
Habitat: Sublittoral, from 1-11 m depth in fine to coarse sand with shelly gravel
or pebbles.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
*Cephalotrichella signata: see Cephalotrix signatus Hubrecht, 1879
Cephalotrix: see Cephalothrix Orsted, 1843
Cephalotrix flustrae: see Ascaris flustrae Dalyell, 1853
Cephalotrix lactea Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 66-68, pl. 2, figs 14, 15
Habitat: In sand.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
This species should be known as Cephaiothrix lactea Senz, 1993.
Cephalotrix lineatus: see Vermiculus lineatus Dalyell, 1853
Cephalotrix paragermanica Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993 a: 65-67, pl. 2, fig. 13
Habitat: In sand.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
This species should be known as Cephaiothrix paragermanica Senz, 1993.
Cephalotrix signatus Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:207
Synonyms: Cephalothrix fragilis, Cephalothrix signata, Cephalothrix signatus
Habitat: Not recorded.
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Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Now Cephalotrichella signata (Hubrecht, 1879) (Wijnhoff, 1913: 299).
Cephalotrix unipunctata Parfitt, 1867
Parfitt, 1867:213-214
Synonyms: Planaria unipunctata
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Southern England (coast of Devon).
Parfitt regarded this species as the same as that referred to in an unpublished
manuscript by Montagu (1808) as Planaria unipunctata. McIntosh (18731874: 165) listed both names as synonymous with Tetrastemma melanocephala,
which is now Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837).
Cephalotrix viridis Chapuis, 1886
Chapuis, 1886: XXII
Synonyms: Cephalothrix viridis
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, among laminarians.
Distribution: France (Roscoff).
Although Biirger (1904a: 19) included this as a distinct species in the genus
Cephalothrix, Wijnhoff (1913: 300) commented that because the nemerteans
possess cerebral sensory organs they probably did not belong in the family
Cephalothricidae; the systematic position of the species, an inadequately
described taxon, remains unknown.
Cephalurichus Gibson, 1985 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1985 b: 119-120
Marine benthic.
*Cephalurichus antarcticus Gibso n, 1985
Gibson, 1985b: 120-130, figs 11-15
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 44-190m.
Distribution: Antarctica (South Shetland Is., and off the Antarctic Peninsula).
Cerebratula: see Cerebratulus Renier, 1804
Cerebratula oerstedii Beneden, 1861
Beneden, 1861: 16-18, pl. II, figs 1-4
Synonyms: Cerebratulus oerstedtii, Meckelia oerstedii
Habitat: Between stones or among algae.
Distribution: Belgium.
Listed by Hubrecht (1879: 213) as synonymous with Cerebratulus bilineatus,
which is now Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804).
Cerebratulides Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 HETERONEMERTEA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942:128
Marine benthic.
*Cerebratulides swakopmundi Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 128-140, figs 2 5
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Namibia.
Cerebratulina Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1990c: 56, table 2
Marine benthic.
*Cerebratulina natans: see Cerebratulus natans Punnett, 1900
Cerebratulus Renier, 1804 HETERONEMERTEA
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R. Gibson
Renier, 1804:21
In some of the older literature the generic name is incorrectly emended to
Cerebratula. Carus (1885: 160) included Micrura as synonymous with
Cerebratulus, but the two taxa have for long been recognised as separate.
Marine benthic, although several species are capable of swimming actively.
Cerebratulus acutus Nardo, 1847
Nardo, 1847:65
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (lagoon at Venice).
Despite the inadequate description of this species, both Carus (1885: 163) and
Bfirger (1904a: 123) included it as a valid taxon.
Cerebratulus acutus Bfirger, 1892
Biirger, 1892a: 175-176
Habitat: Sublittoral, from depths of 20 40m among the roots of Posidonia.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
At the time he established this species Bfirger was unaware of the prior use of
the name by Nardo (1847); Biirger (1895 a: 677) renamed acutus sensu Biirger
as Cerebratulus joubini.
Cerebratulus aerugatus Biirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 177
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of between 50-200 m.
Distribution: Italy (Gulf of Naples); a record of this species from a broken-off
kelp holdfast at Saldanha Bay, South Africa (Wheeler, 1934: 231-232, textfigs 7, 8, pl. XV, fig. 5), is of dubious validity.
Cerebratulus albifrons Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 82-83, pl. IV, figs 3, 4
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 100 m or more, beneath
stones or in muddy sediments.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to southern CA).
Cerebratulus albocinctus Bergendal, 1903
Bergendal, 1903:142-143
Synonyms: Lineus albocinctus (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral, from between 5-40m on mud or mud mixed with shell
gravel or detritus.
Distribution: Norway (Bergen area), Sweden (Gullmarfjord, Bohusl/in and the
Koster region) and Denmark (Oresund).
Redescribed, as Lineus albocinctus, by Cantell (1975: 92-94, text-fig. 8 A, pl. 1,
figs A, B), now Tenuilineus albocinctus (Bergendal, 1903) (Riser, 1993: 145).
Cerebratulus albocirculus Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957:17 18, pl. I, fig. 7, pl. V, figs 6, 7
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 10 m.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Cerebratulus albovittatus, Cerebratulus albo-vittatus: see Meckelia albo-vittata
Stimpson, 1855
Cerebratulus albulus: see Meckelia albula Stimpson, 1857
Cerebratulus alleni Wijnhoff, 1912
Wijnhoff, 1912:419-421
Habitat: Intertidal in a sandbank.
Distribution: Southern England (near Plymouth).
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Gibson (1982 b: 75) commented that this species is not well described.
Cerebratulus arias Joubin and Franqois, 1892
Joubin and Frangois, 1892: 167-168, pl. fig. 4
Synonyms: Lineus anas
Habitat: From a coral block.
Distribution: New Caledonia (Noum6a).
Synonymised with Notospermus genieulatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) by Riser
(1991: 427).
Cerebratulus anguillula Bfirger, 1892
Biirger, 1892a: 174
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 3-40m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Cerebratulus angulatus: see Fasciola angulata Miillcr, 1774
Cerebratulus angulosus Haddon, 1886
Haddon, 1886:603
Habitat: Sublittoral, from about 160m depth on sand.
Distribution: South-western Ireland.
Haddon gave no naming authority for this species, did not indicate that it was
new, nor gave any description; although the specific epithet may have been an
erroneous emendation of angulatus, and Gibson (1982b: 78) listed it as
synonymous with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, the name
Cerebratulus angulosus should strictly be considered a nomen nudum.
Cerebratulus angusticeps Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887: 44-45, pl. I, fig. 15, pl. XIV, figs 1, 6, pl. XV, fig. 4
Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from depths of 20-2200 m on mud.
Distribution: New Zealand (Queen Charlotte Sound, South Is., and south-east of
North Is.).
Although retained as a valid species by Bfirger (1904 a: 124), Gibson et al.
(1994) concluded that it was an inadequately described form whose taxonomic
affinities were uncertain.
Cerebratulus annellatus: see Nemertes annellata Leuckart, 1849
Cerebratulus antillensis Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 b: 227-228
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 320-340 m.
Distribution: Puerto Rico.
Cerebratulus arnosus Takakura, 1898
Takakura, 1898 b: 426, fig. p. 426
Habitat: Intertidal?
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Cerebratulus assimilis: see Nemertes assimilis Orsted, 1843
Cerebratulus ater: see Meckelia atra Girard, 1851
Cerebratulus aurantiacus: see Meckelia aurantiaca Grube, 1855
Cerebratulus aureolus Biirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 173
Habitat: Sublittoral from 3-10m depth.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Punnett and Cooper (1909: 13) included this form in a list of Cerebratulus
species that they regarded as insufficiently well described.
Cerebratulus aurostriatus Bfirger, 1890
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R. Gibson
Biirger, 1890:21 22, pl. I, fig. 8, pl. II, figs 18, 30
Habitat: In rock crevices.
Distribution: Singapore and New Caledonia (Noum6a).
Now Lineus aurostriatus (B/irger, 1890) (Bfirger, 1895 a: 620).
Cerebratulus australis: see Meckelia australis Stimpson, 1857
Cerebratulus barentsi Bfirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895b: 34-35
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 46-240 m.
Distribution: Barents Sea (in the straits south of Novaja Zeml'a).
Punnett and Cooper (1909: 13) regarded this as an insufficiently well described
species.
Cerebratulus bedfordii Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900b: 130-132, pl. 6, figs 17, 18, pl. 7, figs 24, 30, pl. 8, fig. 36
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Singapore.
Cerebratulus bellus Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:161
Synonyms: Lineus bellus, ?Lineus striatus, Meckelia bella, Micrura festiva; not
Micrura bella Kulikova and Kutishchev (1984)
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, under stones or among algal
holdfasts, once found on floating rotten timber.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), and possibly the Bering Straits
and AK.
Now Micrura bella (Stimpson, 1857) (Coe, 1901 a: 71), redescribed under this
name by Yamaoka (1940a: 230-232, pl. XV, figs 13-15). The synonymy
between Lineus striatus Griffin, 1898, and this species is uncertain; Yamaoka
(1940 a) and Iwata (1954 a: 14) both included Griffin's taxon as synonymous
wtih Micrura beUa, whereas Coe (1940:272 273), whilst noting a resemblance
between Cerebratulus bellus and Micrura verrilli Coe, 1901, listed Lineus
striatus as conspecific with the latter species.
Cerebratulus bicornis Joubin and Franqois, 1892
Joubin and Franqois, 1892: 166-167, pl. figs 3 a-e
Habitat: From a block of coral.
Distribution: New Caledonia (Noum6a).
Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier, 1804
Renier, 1804:21
Synonyms: Cerebratula oerstedii, Cerebratulus oerstedtii, Cerebratulus taenia,
Gordius taenia, Lineus albolineatus, Lineus bilineata, Lineus bilineatsu,
Meckelia bilineata, Meckelia oerstedii, Meckelia taenia, Siphonenteron
bilineatum: not Cerebratulus bilineatus sensu Blainville (1828), Ophyocephalus
bilineatus sensu Delle Chiaje (1841) or Polia bilineata Delle Chiaje (1841)
Habitat: Lower middle shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 60 m or more, in
shelly gravel, sand, muddy sand or mud, among coralline algae in rock pools
or in laminarian holdfasts, under stones, or boulders, or between oyster or
mussel shells.
Distribution: Madeira, the Rumanian coast of the Black Sea, the Mediterranean,
British Isles, the Channel coast of France, Scandinavia, Faroe Is., Iceland,
Pacific coast of North America (AK to CA) and South Africa; reports of the
species from Japan (Iwata, 1954 a: 9-10) refer to another taxon as the Japanese
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form has 6 eyes and a different colour pattern. Biirger (1904a: 112)
distinguished both Cerebratulus bilineatus sensu Blainville (1828: 574) and
Ophyocephalus bilineatus sensu Delle Chiaje (1841: 127) from Renier's taxon,
synonymising them with Cerebratulus mavginatus; Bfirger (1904a: 94) also
regarded Polia bilineata Delle Chiaje, 1841, as differing from Renier's species
and synonymised it with Lineus kennelii Bfirger, 1892. Renier's species is now
Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804) (McIntosh, 1873-1874: 191).
Cerebratulus bivittatus Ulyanina, 1870
Ulyanina, 1870:46-47
Synonyms: Lineus bivittatus
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Black Sea (Sebastopol).
Hubrecht (1879: 213) and Carus (1885: 161) synonymised this form with
Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier, 1804, but Bfirger (1904 a: 130) listed it under its
original name although of uncertain validity.
Cerebratulus borealis: see Meckelia borealis Diesing, 1862
Cerebratulus boutani Joubin, 1893
Joubin, 1893:66-67
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Red Sea.
Joubin's description appeared as part of Boutan (1893: 53-69); Boutan (p. 69)
referred to the illustration of the species which had appeared the previous year
(Rev. biol. Nord Ft., 4: pl. X, fig. 8) with the caption 'Cerebratulus nouveau'.
The species is now Lineus boutani (Joubin, 1893) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 91).
Cerebratulus brevis Ushakov, 1926
Ushakov, 1926:55-56
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Russia (White Sea).
Cerebratulus brunneus Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900b: 124-126, pl. 7, figs 19, 27, pl. 8, fig. 35
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Singapore.
Cerebratulus caledonicus Joubin and Francois, 1892
Joubin and Francois, 1892: 165-166, pl. figs 2a-d
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: New Caledonia (Noum6a).
Punnett and Cooper (1909: 13) included this form among the cerebratulids
that they considered to be inadequately described.
Cerebratulus californiensis Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905:201-203
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 50 m or more, in mud, sandy-mud or
sand.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (Puget Sound, WA to Mexico).
Cerebratulus cestoides Bfirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 684, pl. 6, figs 5, 5a
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 35 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Cerebratulus charcoti Joubin, 1905
Joubin, 1905b: 316-318, fig. p. 317
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R. Gibson
Habitat: Sublittoral to depths of about 25-40 m, among algae and stones.
Distribution: Antarctica (Wandel Is. off the Antarctic Peninsula).
Baylis (1915:128) suggested that this species was probably identical to Lineus
corrugatus, now Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876); Gibson (1983a:
306) confirmed this synonymy.
Cerebratulus chilensis Friedrich, 1970
Friedrich, 1970: 46-50, fig. 8
Habitat: Sublittoral between depths of 5-410 m, in sand, sand mixed with stones
and detritus, or fine mud.
Distribution: Chile (Seno Reloncavi, Estero Reloncavi and the Gulf of Ancud).
Cerebratulus cingulatus: see Meckelia cingulata Stimpson, 1855
Cerebratulus coloratus Bfirger, 1890
Biirger, 1890: 22, pl. I, fig. 9, pl. II, figs 17, 31, pl. IX, fig. 183
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Now Lineus coloratus (Biirger, 1890) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 93); Punnett and Cooper
(1909: 14) indicated that this form was not well described.
Cerebratulus communis Takakura, 1898
Takakura, 1898 b: 425, fig. p. 425
Habitat: In sandy mud near low tide level.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu) and Russia (Kuril Is.).
Cerebratulus complanatus: see Nemertes cornplanatus K611iker, 1845
Cerebratulus corrugatus: see Lineus corrugatus McIntosh, 1876
Cerebratulus crassus Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:218 219, pl. 14, fig. VI
Synonyms: Cerebratulus rnarginatus (partim), Drepanophorus crassus (partita),
Drepanophorus crassus nisidensis, Drepanophorus crassus var. nisidensis,
Drepanophorus serraticollis (partim), Nernertes crassa: not Drepanophorus
nisidensis Hubrecht (1874)
Habitat: Shallow sublittoral, under stones just below low water level to depths of
1-5 m in holes between worm tubes and rocks.
Distribution:
British Isles and Mediterranean coasts; other records, as
Drepanophorus crassus, from Puerto Rico (Coe, 1901 b), offthe Pacific coast of
North America (Coe, 1940, 1944a), from the Marshall Is. (Coe, 1947) and
from FL (Coe, 1951 b), almost certainly refer to one or more different taxa.
Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1926: 140-144, pl. IV, figs 22, 23) redescribed the species as
Paradrepanophorus crassus (Quatrefages, 1846) and discussed its synonymy.
Cerebratulus marginatus sensu Renouf (1931), found in Lough Ine, Ireland,
was synonymised with Quatrefages' species by Gibson (1982 b: 180).
Cerebratulus croceus Grube, 1864
Grube, 1864:95-96
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 37-56m.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Lussin Is.).
Hubrecht (1879: 219) and Carus (1885: 162) listed this form as synonymous
with Cerebratulus aurantiacus, but Biirger (1904a: 123) retained it as a
separate species under its original name.
Cerebratulus crosslandi: see Lineus crosslandi Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Cerebratulus cylindricus Packard, 1867
•Packard, 1867: 291, pl. VIII, fig. 11
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Habitat: Sublittoral, from about 16m depth in soft mud.
Distribution: North Atlantic coast of Canada (Labrador).
Biirger (1904a: 101) synonymised this species with Lineus ruber (Mfiller,
1774).
Cerebratulus darvelli Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 67-75, text-figs 9, 10, pl. 8, figs A-F, pl. 9, figs A-I
Habitat: Sublittoral, in coarse shelly sand at 12m depth.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Cerebratulus delleehiajei Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:213-214
Synonyms: ?Cerebratulus bilineatus (partim), Cerebratulus delle-chiajei, Meckelia
cerebratulus, Micrura dellachiajei, Micrura delle chiajei, Nemertes bilineata,
Nemertes bilineatus: not Lineus bilineatus McIntosh (1873-1874)
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 30-200 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Now Micrura dellechiajei (Hubrecht, 1879)(Bfirger, 1892a: 166).
Cerebratulus depressus Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 220, pl. 11, fig. VIII
Synonyms: Meckelia depressa
Habitat: Between worm tubes.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Carus (1885: 162) synonymised this form with Cerebratulus aurantiaeus, but
Biirger (1904a: 126) included it as a heteronemertean of uncertain validity.
Cerebratulus dohrnii Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:215
Synonyms: Cerebratulus dohrni, Lineus dohrni
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 16-18 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Now Lineus dohrnii (Hubrecht, 1879) (Biirger, 1892 a: 162). Timofeeva (1912:
39) synonymised Lineus bivittatus (Ulyanina, 1870) with this species but gave
no explanation of his reason for doing so.
Cerebratulus eisigii Hubrecht, 1880
Hubrecht, 1880:97-98
Synonyms: Cerebratulus eisigi
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Cerebratulus epsiion Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 214, pl. VIII, fig. 17
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 160m.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (Gulf of Gascogne).
Cerebratulus erythrorochma Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 216-217, pl. VIII, fig. 18
Synonyms: Meckelia erythrorochma
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 682 m.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (Gulf of Gascogne).
Joubin gave Vaillant as the naming authority of this species, but none of
Vaillant's publications refer to the form as either a Cerebratulus or a Meckelia;
Joubin commented that the species resembled Cerebratulusfuscus (McIntosh,
1873-1874) but the taxonomic position of Joubin's form remains uncertain.
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Cerebratulus erythrus Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900b: 127-129, pl. 7, figs 22, 33, pl. 8, fig. 42
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Singapore.
Cerebratulus fasciatus Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:161
Synonyms: Meckelia fasciata
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 7 m.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Punnett and Cooper (1909: 13) included this species among a group of
inadequately described forms.
Cerebratulus fasciolatus: see Micrura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828
Cerebratulus ferrugineus Bfirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 170
Habitat: Sublittoral, among the rhizomes of Posidonia down to depths of about
20m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Cerebratulusfissuralis Friedrich, 1958
Friedrich, 1958:17 18
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 90 160m on sand and clay.
Distribution: Iceland.
Cerebratulus flavifrons Grube, 1864
Grube, 1864:96
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 46 67 m.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Lussin Is.).
Carus (1885: 161) listed this form as a junior synonym of Cerebratulus
purpureus, but Bfirger (1904 a: 123) retained it as a separate species under its
original name.
Cerebratulus formosus Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957:15 17, pl. I, fig. 4, pl. V, figs 1-5
Habitat: Sublittoral from 100m depth.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Cerebratulus fragilis: see Serpentaria fragilis Goodsir, 1845
Cerebratulus fuscescens: see Planaria fuscescens Fabricius, 1798
Cerebratulus fuscoides Biirger, 1892
Biirger, 1892a: 175
Habitat: Sublittoral, from depths of 20-40 m in the rhizomes of Posidonia.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Cerebratulus fuscus; see Micrura fusca McIntosh, 1873-1874
Cerebratulus galbanus Bfirger, 1890
Bfirger, 1890: 16, pl. I, fig. 4
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Java Sea (Noordwachter Is.); a record of the species occurring in
Norway (Bergen) (Isler, 1900 a: 21-22) cannot be substantiated.
Now Lineus galbanus (Bfirger, 1890) (Btirger, 1895 a: 63).
Cerebratulus gamma Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902:215
Habitat: Sublittoral from 532m depth.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (Gulf of Gascogne).
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Cerebratulus gardineri Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903b: 108-110, pl. IV, figs 6, 9, pl. V, figs 2, 4, 8
Habitat: From lagoon sand.
Distribution: Laccadive Is.
Cerebratulus geniculatus: see Polia geniculata Delle Chiaje, 1828
Cerebratulus glaucus Biirger, 1890
Biirger, 1890: 15, pl. I, fig. 3, pl. II, figs t3, 14, pl. VIII, fig. 160
Synonyms: ?Nemertes collaris
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Java Sea (Noordwachter Is.).
In his original description Biirger suggested that Nemertes collaris Schmarda,
1859, might be identical to this form, but subsequently (Btirger, 1904 a: 97)
listed both as separate species; Cerebratulus glaucus is now Lineus glaucus
(Bfirger, 1890) (Bfirger, 1895 a: 63).
Cerebratulus gracilis Staub, 1900
Staub, 1900: 80, 90 92, pl. XLVII, figs 7, 7a, pl. L, figs 31-34, pl. LI, figs 46, 48a,
b, 50-52.
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Cerebratulus grandis Jensen, 1878
Jensen, 1878: 85, pl. VIII, figs 17-22
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in sand.
Distribution: West coast of Norway (Floro).
Synonymised wtih Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, by Hubrecht (1879:
211).
Cerebratulus greenlandicus Punnett, 1901
Punnett, 1901 a: 99-100, pl. VI, figs 1-3, pl. VII, figs 10, 12
Synonyms: ?Cerebratulus melanops
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Greenland.
Coe (1943: 257-258) suggested that this species might be the same as
Cerebratulus melanops Coe and Kunkel, 1903, noting that it 'agrees in most
respects with [Cerebratulus melanops] but is stated as being without ocelli'.
Cerebratulus grubei Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:215-216
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 30 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples); a report of the species being found in Japan
(Honshu) by Takakura (1898 c: 331-332), from a few fathoms depth on algae,
cannot be substantiated.
Now Lineus grubei (Hubrecht, 1879)(Bfirger, 1892a: 160).
Cerebratulus haddoni Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900c: 829, pl. LV, figs 7-9
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Australia (Thursday Is., north of Cape York Peninsula,
Queensland).
Cerebratulus hepaticas Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:217
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 3-40m, in the thalli of coralline algae
(Lithothamniacea and Squamariacea).
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Distribution: English Channel and the Mediterranean.
Bfirger (1904a: 117) included this species (partim) as synonymous with
Cerebratulus ventrosulcatus Bfirger, 1892; Cerebratulus hepaticus has been
redescribed by Cantelt (1988 a: 106-112, table 1, figs 1 12).
Cerebratulus herculeus Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 75, pl. I, fig. 5
Synonyms: Cerebratulus latus
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 250 m or more in soft
mud.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (Bering Sea to southern CA).
Cerebratulus hubrechti Langerhans, 1880
Langerhans, 1880: 138, pl. VI, fig. 58
Synonyms: Lineus hubrechtii, Lineus hubrecti
Habitat: Intertidal with algae to shallow sublittoral.
Distribution: Madeira and Italy (Sicily).
Now Linens hubrechti (Langerhans, 1880) (Biirger, 1895 a: 45); Punnett and
Cooper (1909: 14) indicated that this species was not well described.
Cerebratulus impressus Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:160
Synonyms: Meckelia impressa
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 35 m.
Distribution: Bering Strait.
Now Micrura impressa (Stimpson, 1857) (Coe, 1901 a: 70-71), listed by
Punnett and Cooper (1909: 14) as an insufficiently known species.
Cerebratulus insignis Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900b: 132-134, pl. 6, fig. 14, pl. 7, figs 25, 29, pl. 8, fig. 40
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Singapore.
Cerebvatulus ischurus Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903b: 110-111, pl. V, fig. 7
Habitat: From a reef.
Distribution: Maldive Is.
Cevebvatulus johnstoni Wheeler, 1940
Wheeler, 1940b; 242, fig. 3
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 62 m.
Distribution: Australia (off the south-western coast near Albany).
Cerebratulus joubini Biirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 677, pl. 6, figs 11 l l b , pl. 21, fig. II, pl. 26, fig. 6
Synonyms: Cerebratulus acutus (partita)
Habitat: Sublittoral, from depths of 20 40m among the roots of Posidonia.
Distribution: Italy (Naples); records of this species occurring in southern Chile
(Calbuco) (Isler, 1900a: 26, 1902:279 280) cannot be substantiated.
This species was originally described as Cerebratulus acutus by Biirger (1892 a)
but re-named in 1895 to distinguish it from an unrelated species previously
established under the same name by Nardo (1847).
Cerebratulus knerii: see Meckelia knerii Diesing, 1850
Cerebratulus kowalewskii Antipa, 1941
Antipa, 1941:174
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Habitat: Sublittoral, among molluscs at a depth of 72 m.
Distribution: Black Sea.
Antipa indicated that Timofeeva was the naming authority for this species, but
Timofeeva never described any taxon under this name; Antipa gave no
description and the form is thus a nomen nudum.
Cerebratulus krempfi Joubin, 1904
Joubin, 1904a: 331-332, fig. p. 331
Habitat: Intertidal from a dead coral block.
Distribution: Djibouti (Gulf of Tadjoura).
Cerebratulus lacteus: see Meekelia lactea Leidy, 1851
Cerebratulus larseni Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 256, text-fig. 28, pl. XVI, fig. 8
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 474 m.
Distribution: Antarctica (off Knox Coast, MacRobertson Coast, South Georgia,
the Kerguelen Is. and Macquarie Is.).
Gibson (1985 b: 132) commented that the specific status of this form, which is
inadequately described, could not be confirmed.
Cerebratulus iatistomachus Staub, 1900
Staub, 1900: 80, 92-94, pl. XLVII, figs 6, 6a, pl. L, figs 35, 36, pl. LI, figs, 47, 49
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Cerebratulus latus Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 203-206, pl. 4, fig. 41
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 270 m, on sand or
mud.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (Bering Sea to central CA); a
proboscis obtained from off Siberia was also provisionally identified by Coe as
belonging to this species. Synonymised with Cerebratulus hercaleus Coe, 1901,
by Coe (1940: 275).
Cerebratulus laureolus Staub, 1900
Staub, 1900: 80, 95-96, pl. XLVII, figs 10, 10 a, pl. L, figs 41-45
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Cerebratutus leidyi Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892: 436-437, pl. XXXVIII, figs 2, 2a
Synonyms: Meckelia fragilis, Meckelia rosea
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, under stones in sand or sandy-mud,
often in protected bays, harbours or estuaries.
Habitat: Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the USA (Massachusetts Bay, MA to
northern FL and as far west as TX).
Now Micrura leidyi (Verrill, 1892) (Coe, 1943: 250).
Cerebratulus leueopsis: see Micrura leucopsis Coe, 1901
Cerebratulus liguricus Blanchard, 1849
Blanchard, 1849:31-35
Synonyms: Meckelia ligurica, Nemertes ligurica
Habitat: Sublittoral, under stones at depths of 3-40 m.
Distribution: Italy (Genoa and Naples).
Cerebratulus lineolatus Coe, 1905
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Coe, 1905:196 197, pl. 4, fig. 44
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 70 m or more, in mud or
sandy-mud.
Distribution: Atlantic (FL) and Pacific (CA to Mexico) coasts of North America.
Cerebratulus lividus Bfirger, 1892
B/irger, 1892 a: 173-174
Habitat: Sublittoral, among the roots of Posidonia at depths of 3-40 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Cerebratulus longiceps Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901a: 77-79, pl. V, figs 4-7
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 250m, under stones.
Distribution: AK and Japan (Oshima).
Cerebratulus tongifissus Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887: 40-41, pl. I, fig. 16, pl. XV, figs 1, 9, 10
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 38-485 m, on mud, volcanic sand or fine clay
with polychaete tubes, or among stones.
Distribution: Southern Chile (Gulf of Ancud) and Antarctic and Subantarctic
waters (McMurdo Sound, off d'Urville Is. and Anvers Is., Antarctic
Peninsula, South Shetland Is., South Sandwich Is., Magellan Straits,
Antipodes Is., South Orkney Is., off Kemp Land, south of the Kerguelen Is.
and off Macquarie Is.).
Now Lineus longifissus (Hubrecht, 1887) (Wheeler, 1934: 255), redescribed by
Gibson (1985b: 159 167, figs 28-31): not Cerebratulus longifissus sensu
Punnett (1903 a) or Ushakov (1928 b), nor Lineus longifissus sensu Takakura
(1898c) or Iwata (1952).
Cerebratulus luridus: see Meckelia lurida Verrill, 1873
Cerebratulus luteus Biirger, 1890
Btirger, 1890: 19-20, pl. IX, fig. 178, pl. X, fig. 203
Habitat: Not recorded.
Dbtribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Cerebratulus macroren Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887: 46-47, text-fig. 4b, pl. I, figs 13, 14, 18, 19, pl. X, figs 8, 9, pl. XI,
fig. 11, pl. XII, figs 1,2, 7, 8, pl. XIII, figs 7-9, pl. XIV, figs 7, 8, 11, pl. XV, figs
2,3,19
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 690 1400m on mud.
Distribution: New Zealand (east of North Is.) and Japan (Sagami Sea, off
Honshu).
Gibson et al. (1994) noted that this is an inadequately described species which
might be synonymous with Cerebratulus parkeri Hubrecht, 1887.
Cerebratulus macrorhynchus Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Punnett and Cooper, 1909:13
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Not recorded.
Punnett and Cooper used this name in a list of Cerebratulus species; they noted
that the anatomical data they tabulated for the taxon was obtained from
Bfirger (1904 a), yet neither Bfirger, nor indeed any other author, has used the
specific epithet macrorhynchus for any species of nemertean. It is probable that
the name is an emendation of macrorrhochmus, which Bfirger (ibid.) did use,
but this must remain unconfirmed conjecture. It must be concluded that the
name Cerebratulus macrorhynchus has no taxonomic status.
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Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus: see Meckelia macrorrhochma Schmarda, 1859
Cerebratulus macrostomus: see Meckelia macrostoma Schmarda, 1859
Cerebratulus maculatus Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903b: 107-108, pl. IV, fig. 1, pl. V, figs l, 5, 10
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 90 m on mud.
Distribution: Maldive Is.
Cerebratulus maculosus Verrill, 1895
Verrill, 1895:526
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral.
Distribution: British Isles and off the coast of Portugal.
Verrill commented that 'The Micrura fusca McInt. is a distinct species of
Cerebratulus and should receive a new name. I would, therefore, propose to
call it Cerebratulus maculosus.' McIntosh described Micrurafusca in 1873-4,
Hubrecht (1879: 219) subsequently transferring it to the genus Cerebratulus.
Verrill's proposal stems from his earlier (Verrill, 1892: 438) synonymy between
Planaria fusca Fabricius, 1780, and what he called Cerebratulus fuscus;
Fabricius' taxon is now Lineus ruber (Mfiller, 1774), quite distinct from
Cerebratulus fuscus (McIntosh, 1873-4), whilst Cerebratulus fuscus sensu
Verrill, 1892, is synonymous with Cerebratulus angulatus (Mfiller, 1774)
(Verrill, 1895: 526). The name Cerebratulus maculosus thus constitutes a junior
synonym of McIntosh's species.
Cerebratulus magelhaensicus Bfirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895b: 35, pl. II, figs 3a-d
Synonyms: Lineus magelhaensicus
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 20-50 m, under stones,
in muddy-sand or in the holdfasts of Macrocystis.
Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic water (southern Chile, Straits of
Magellan, coasts of Tierra del Fuego, Graham Land and the Falkland Is.).
Biirger (1909: 177) synonymised this form with Lineus corrugatus, now
Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876); although this synonymy was
challenged by later authors such as Wheeler (1940 b: 235) and Dawson 0957:
3), Gibson (1983 a: 306) confirmed Bfirger's conclusion.
Cerebratulus magneticus Gibson, 1981
Gibson, 1981a: 191-198, figs I1-16
Habitat: Sublittoral from about 10m depth on a muddy bottom.
Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is., off Queensland).
Cerebratulus maldivensis Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903 b: 106-107, pl. IV, fig. 5, pl. V, figs 3, 6, 9
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 44m.
Distribution: Maldive Is.
Cerebratulus malvini Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 256-257, text-figs 29, 30
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 640 m, under stones or
on rocky or sandy substrata.
Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (Falkland Is., Macquarie Is.,
Kerguelen Is., off Enderby Land, King George V Land, Adelie Land and the
MacRobertson Coast).
Gibson 0985 b: 133) regarded this as a valid but insufficiently well described
species.
*Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804
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Renier, 1804:21
Synonyms: Avenardia priei, ?Borlasia alileuti, Cerebratulus angulatus (partim),
?Cerebratulus angulosus, Cerebratulus bilineatus (partim), Cerebratulus fragilis,
Cerebratulus fuscus (partim), Cerebratulus grandis, Cerebratulus lacteus
(partim), Cerebratulus olivacea, Cerebratulus olivaceus, Cerebratulus spraguei,
Gordius fragilis, Lineus beattiaei, Lineus longissimus (partim), Meckelia
beattiaei, Meckelia borlasii (partim), Meckelia olivacea (partim), Meckelia
samototomus, Meckelia serpentaria, Meckelia somatotomus, Nemertes borlassii
(partim), Nemertes somatotomus, Ophyocephalus bilineata, Ophyoeephalus
bilineatus, Serpentaria beattiei, ?Serpentaria berryi, Serpentaria fragilis; not
Asearis longissima Gunnerus (1770), Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier (1804),
Cerebratulus marginatus sensu Renouf (1931), Faseiola angulata Miiller (1774)
nor Planaria fusca Fabricius (1780)
Habitat: Rarely lower shore intertidal, more common sublittorally at depths
down to 150 m or more, in sand, mud or gravel sediments; may sometimes be
found swimming at night.
Distribution: The complicated synonymy of this species leads to its geographic
distribution not being certainly known; it appears to be widespread in the
northern hemisphere, being reported from Japan (Hokkaido), the Pacific coast
of North America (AK to CA), the western North Atlantic (Greenland,
Labrador and Cape Cod southwards under the off-shore Arctic current), the
Arctic (King Charles Land, Bremer Sound, Hinlopen Strait, Spitzbergen),
Europe (Norway, the British Isles, the Mediterranean) and south to Madeira.
Cerebratulus mcintoshii Langerhans, 1880
Langerhans, 1880: 138, pl. VI, fig. 56
Synonyms: Cerebratulus mcintoshi, Lineus m'intoshii
Habitat: Shallow water among algae.
Distribution: Madeira.
Now Lineus mcintoshii (Langerhans, 1880) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 95).
Cerebratulus meduIlatus Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887: 39-40, pl. XI, fig. 10, pl. XII, figs 9, 10
Synonyms: Cerebratulus medulatus
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 155 m on gravel and stones.
Distribution: North Atlantic (off Nova Scotia).
Originally described from a body fragment which lacked both head and tail,
Verrill (1892: 441) regarded it as of dubious validity with the comment that it
'is probably not a Cerebratulus ... but more likely belongs to Lineus or
Micrura'. The systematic position of the form remains unknown.
Cerebratulus melanops Coe and Kunkel, 1903
Coe and Kunkel, 1903: 119-124, figs 1-4
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in mud.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (Gulf of St. Lawrence).
Coe, (1943: 257-258) suggested that this species may be identical to
Cerebratulus greenlandieus Punnett, 1901, which differed only in apparently
lacking eyes.
Cerebratulus melanorhynchus B/.irger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 681 683, pl. 6, figs 21, 21a
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
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Cerebratulus modestus Chapuis, 1886
Chapuis, 1886: XXIII
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: French coast of the English Channel (Roscoff).
Cerebratulus montgomeryi Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 80-82, pl. VI, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 400 m.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to CA), the Aleutian Is.,
Bering Sea, coast of Siberia and Japan.
Cerebratulus multiporatus Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 10-11, pl. 2, fig. 18
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Tanzania (Wasin).
Cerebratulus natans Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900b: 122 124, pl. 6, figs 11 13, 15, pl. 7, figs 21, 28, pl. 8, fig. 37
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, in mud near mangrove stands or in
muddy oyster gravel between rocks and boulders.
Distribution: Hong Kong and Singapore.
Redescribed as Cerebratulina natans (Punnett, 1900) by Gibson (1990c: 5665, text figs 7, 8, pl. 5, figs A-I, pl. 6, figs A-F, pl. 7, figs A-E).
Cerebratulus niger: see Meckelia nigra Stimpson, 1855
Cerebratulus nigrofuscus Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:161
Synonyms: Meckelia nigrofusca
Habitat: Intertidal between stones.
Distribution: Japan (Ousima Is.).
Now Lineus nigrofuscus (Stimpson, 1857) (Biirger, 1904 a: 102).
Cerebratulus niveus: see Lineus niveus Punnett, 1903
Cerebratulus norvegicus Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903 a: 24-25, pl. I, fig. 6, pl. II, fig. 21
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 50m on a hard bottom with mussel shell
fragments.
Distribution: Norway (near Bergen).
Cerebratulus notabilis Biirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 170
Habitat: Sublittoral, from 20m depth among the roots of Posidonia.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Cerebratulus occidentalis Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 76-77, pl. VI, fig. 3
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 120 m or more, beneath
stones and in muddy situations.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to central CA).
Cerebratulus oerstediL Cerebratulus oerstedtff: see Cerebratula oerstedii
Beneden, 1861
Cerebratulus oleaginus Stimpson, 1857
stimpson, 1857:160
Synonyms: Meckelia oleagina, Meckelia olivacea (partim): not Meckelia olivacea
Rathke, 1843
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 27 m.
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Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope).
Punnett and Cooper (1909: 13) noted that this species was inadequately
described.
Cerebratulus olivacea, Cerebratulus olivaceus: see Meckelia olivacea
Rathke, 1843
Cerebratulus pachyrhynchus: see Nemertes pachyrhyncha Schmarda, 1859
Cerebratulus paludicolus Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:160
Synonyms: Meckelia paludicola
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: People's Republic of China (near Canton).
Included as an inadequately described species by Punnett and Cooper (1909: 13).
Cerebratulus pantherinus Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:212
Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from sandy sediments at depths of 50 m or more.
Distribution: Southern England (near Plymouth), French coast of the English
Channel (Roscoff) and Italy (Naples).
Gibson (1982 b: 80) noted that this was a poorly described species.
Cerebratulusparkeri Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887:43 44, text fig. 4a, pl. XIV, fig. 5, pl. XV, figs 5, 16
Habitat: Sublittoral from 10-20m depth on mud.
Distribution: New Zealand (Queen Charlotte Sound, South Is.).
Gibson et al. (1994) noted that this species may be synonymous with
Cerebratulus macroren Hubrecht, 1887.
Cerebratulus penniger Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957: 13-14, pl. I, fig. 3, pl. IV, figs 4-6
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 380 m.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Cerebratulus pocohontas: see Meckelia pocohontas Girard, 1853
Cerebratulus praealbescens Cantell, 1982
Cantell, 1982:12 18, table 1, figs 1 12
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 18-75 m on mud or shelly gravel.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmart]ord) and Norway (Troms6).
Now Tarrhomyospraeaibescens (Cantell, 1982)(Riser, 1993: 149).
Cerebratulus profundifissus Staub, 1900
Staub, 1900: 80, 94-95, pl. XLVII, figs 9, 9 a, pl. L, figs 37-40
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Cerebratulus psittacinus Bfirger, 1890
Bfirger, 1890:13 14, pl. I, fig. 2, pl. II, figs 10-12, pl. VI, figs 117-119
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon) and Western Samoa (Upolu).
Now Lineus psittacinus (Biirger, 1890) (Btirger, 1895 a: 620).
Cerebratulus pullus Biirger, 1890
Bfirger, 1890: 18-19, pl. II, fig. 9, pl. VI, figs 113, 116, l16a
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Cerebratulus purpureus: see Gordius purpureus spinifer Dalyell, 1853
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Cerebratulus queenslandicus Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900c: 827-828, pl. LIV, figs 2, 4, 5
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Australia (Torres Straits off northern Queensland).
Cerebratulus rigidus Isler, 1900
Isler, 1900a: 28 30
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Russia (Novaja Zeml'a).
Also described as a new species by Isler (1900 b: 180).
Cerebratulus robustus Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900b: 126-127, pl. 7, figs 20, 31, pl. 8, fig. 38
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Singapore.
Cerebratulus roseus: see Polia rosea Delle Chiaje, 1841
Cerebratulus rubellus: see Meckelia rubella Stimpson, 1855
Cerebratulus rubens Biirger, 1890
Biirger, 1890: 20-21, text-fig. XI, pl. I, fig. 7, pl. II, fig. 29, pl. IX, fig. 182
Synonyms: Lineus (Cerebratulus) rubens, Lineus rubens
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Java Sea (Noordwachter Is.); a record of the species, as Lineus
(Cerebratulus) rubens, being found in the Juan Fernandez Is., off the west coast
of Chile, cannot be substantiated.
Cerebratulus tuber, Cerebratulus rubra: see Renieria rubra Girard, 1853
Cerebratulns signatus Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 194-196, pl. 4, figs 42, 43
Habitat: Dredged from a depth of about l l 0 m from black sand mixed with
gravel and shell fragments.
Distribution: Bering Sea.
Cerebratulus simulans Biirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 176
Synonyms: Cerebratulus simulaus
Habitat: Sublittoral in detritus.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Cerebratulus sinensis: see Meekelia sinensis Stimpson, 1855
Cerebratulus sordidus Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900b: 129-130,pl. 7, figs 23, 32, pl. 8, fig. 41
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Singapore.
Cerebratulus spadix Biirger, 1890
Biirger, 1890: 17-18, pl. I, fig. 6
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Cerebratulus speetabilis Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 219-220, pl. 10, fig. v i i
Synonyms: Amphiporus speetabilis (partim), Drepanophorus spectabilis (partim),
Nemertes spectabilis, Punnettia spectabilis
Habitat: Sublittoral between polychaete tubes.
Distribution: Italy (Naples and Sicily).
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344
R. Gibson
The synonymy of this species is confused. Mclntosh (1873-1874: 161)
transferred it to the genus Amphiporus, yet Quatrefages' figure of the stylet
clearly shows that it is a polystiliferous type. Later Mclntosh (1875a: 277)
placed it in the genus Drepanophorus as probably synonymous with
Drepanophorus rubrostriatus Hubrecht, 1874. Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1926, 1934)
concluded that reports of rubrostriatus, depending upon the author concerned,
referred to Brinkmannia mediterranea Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926, Punnettia
hubrechti Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926, or Punnettia splendida (Keferstein, 1862),
whilst records of Drepanophorus spectabilis (considered a valid taxon by
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926:128) variously related to Drepanophovus rubrostriatus,
Punnettia hubrechti or Punnettia splendida. Drepanophorus spectabilis sensu
Bfirger (1895 a) (partita) is the only account of the species which StiasnyWijnhoff (1926: 128-130, pl. II, figs 5-7) regarded, with reservation, as
synonymous wtih Cerebratulus spectabilis Quatrefages, 1846. Gibson and
Crandall (1989: 462) listed Amphiporus spectabilis (Quatrefages, 1846) as a
nomen dubium with the comment that 'whatever the taxonomic value of
Quatrefages' original description, this species is clearly not an amphiporid'.
Cerebratulus spraguei Girard, 1893
Girard, 1893:262
Habitat: Subtittoral.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (off Black Is. and Gay Head).
Synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, by Biirger (1904 a:
112).
Cerebratulus steineni Biirger, 1893
Biirger, 1893: 226-228, pl. 9, figs 2, 8
Synonyms: Cerebratulus steeneni, Cerebratulus steinini
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Subantarctica (South Georgia).
Wheeler (1934: 250) synonymised this species with Lineus eorrugatus, now
Parborlasia covrugatus (McIntosh, 1876), a synonymy confirmed by Gibson
(1983 a: 304).
Cerebratulus striolenta, Cerebratulus striolentus: see Leodes striolenta Girard, 1853
Cerebratulus subacutus: see Meckelia subacuta Stimpson, 1857
Cerebratulus subtilis Bfirger, 1893
Bfirger, 1893: 228, pl. 9, fig. 1
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Subantarctica (South Georgia).
Wheeler (1934: 250) synonymised this form with Lineus corrugatus McIntosh,
1876, now included in the genus Pavborlasia; Gibson (1983 a: 304) confirmed
the conspecificity between the two taxa.
Cerebratulus superniger Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957: 14-15, pl. I, fig. 5, pl. IV, figs 7, 8
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 10 m.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Cerebratulus taenia: see Gordius taenia Dalyell, 1853
Cerebratulus tageae Corr~a, 1957
Corr6a, 1957: 252-254, pl. I, figs 1, 2, pl. II, figs 3-6
Habitat: Intertidal with Balanoglossus.
Distribution: Brazil (Caiobfi, Paranfi).
Nemertean genera and species of the world
345
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Cerebratulus theta Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 213, 191.VIII, fig. 20
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 869 m.
Distribution: Off the coast of Sudan.
Cerebratulus tigrinus Biirger, 1890
Biirger, 1890: 16-17, text-fig. 1, pl. I, fig. 5, pl. II, figs 15, 16, pl. VI, figs 114,
l14a, pl. VIII, fig. 156
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Cerebratulus torresianus Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900c: 826-827, pl. LIV, figs 1, 3, 6
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Australia (Torres Straits off the north coast of Queensland).
Cerebratulus tristis Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:216
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 18-200m.
Distribution: Mediterranean.
Now Micrura tristis (Hubrecht, 1879) (Bfirger, 1892 a: 167).
Cerebratulus truncatus Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887: 37-39, pl. I, figs 11, 12
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 137 155m on gravel, stones and mud.
Distribution: Western North Atlantic, between Nova Scotia and Bermuda.
Now Lineus truncatus (Hubrecht, 1887) (Verrill, 1892: 427), although Verrill
was doubtful about the validity of the species.
Cerebratulus ulatiformius Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900b: 134-135, pl. 7, figs 26, 34, pl. 8, fig. 39
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Singapore.
Cerebratulus urticans: see Meckelia urticans Miiller, 1854
Cerebratulus validus Bfirger, 1893
Bfirger, 1893:228-229
Habitat: In algal holdfasts.
Distribution: Subantarctica (South Georgia).
Although Wheeler (1934: 250) synonymised this form with Lineus corrugatus
McIntosh, 1876, Gibson (1983a: 305) concluded that there was some doubt
over their conspecificity, commenting that 'the taxonomic status of B/irger's
species, an inadequately described form, must therefore remain uncertain';
Gibson (1985b: 135) listed the taxon under its original name as a nomen
dubium.
Cerebratulus velatus Joubin, 1905
Joubin, 1905 c: 145-147, figs A-E
Habitat: Sublittoral in sand.
Distribution: North Vietnam (Gulf of Tonkin).
Cerebratulus ventriporis Friedrich, 1958
Friedrich, 1958: 18-19, fig. 7
Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 21-83 m.
Distribution: Iceland.
Cerebratulus ventrosulcatus Bfirger, 1892
B/irger, 1892 a: 173
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346
R. Gibson
Synonyms: Cerebratulus hepaticus (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 3-50 m, on mud mixed with shells.
Distribution: Italy (Naples) and the Rumanian coast of the Black Sea.
Biirger (1904 a: 117) included Cerebvatulus hepaticus Hubrecht, 1879, as in part
synonymous with this species.
Cerebratulus viridis Isler, 1900
Isler, 1900a: 26-28, fig. 14
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Sri Lanka.
Also described as a new species by Isler (1900 b: 180). Cerebratulus viridis sensu
Saint-Loup (1887: 237), found sublittorally in the Mediterranean off
Marseille, is not the same species and is recorded by Biirger (1904a: 102) as
Lineus sp.
Cerebratulus zachsi Ushakov, 1926
Ushakov, 1926:58
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 44m on mud.
Distribution: Russia (White Sea).
Cerebratulus zebra Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Punnett and Cooper, 1909: ll, pl. l, fig. 11, pl. 2, fig. 19
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to 410m.
Distribution: Sri Lanka and Japan.
Cerebratulus zeta Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 215-216, pl. VIII, fig. 21
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 90 m.
Distribution: Tropical North Atlantic (Cape Verde Is.).
Chilineus Friedrich, 1970 HETERONEMERTEA
Friedrich, 1970:45
Marine benthic.
*Chilineus glandulosa: see Micrura glandulosa Biirger, 1895
Chlamydocephalus Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:255
Included as a synonym of the genus Amphiporus by Btirger (1904 a: 34).
Chlamydocephalus gaimardi Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:255 256
Synonyms: Borlasia novae-zelandiae
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: New Zealand.
Diesing, with no justification and without adding to the original description,
renamed Borlasia novae-zelandiae Quoy and Gaimard, 1833; Diesing's species
thus constitutes a junior synonym of Quoy and Gaimard's form, which is now
Amphiporus novaezelandiae.
Chlamydocephalus novae-zelandiae: see Borlasia novae-zelandiae Quoy and
Gaimard, 1833
Chloraima K611iker, 1845
K611iker, 1845:95
Included by Bfirger (1904a: 132) in a group of dubious nemertean genera and
species, in some of the older literature the name has been emended to Chloraema.
Chloraima siculum K611iker, 1845
K611iker, 1845:95-96
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347
Habitat: Marine benthic, among algae.
Distribution: Italy (Straits of Messina).
Carus (1885: 163) suggested that this species might be related to the
drepanophorids, but B/irger (1895 a: 501) expressed doubt as to whether it was
even a nemertean and later (B/irger, 1904a: 132) included it as a taxon of
dubious validity.
Chunianna Coe, 1954 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1954:256
Chernuishev (1992a: 134) proposed renaming this genus as Coeiana, stating
incorrectly (p. 136) that the original use of the name was as a nomen nudum;
Coeiana is here regarded as a junior synonym of Chunianna.
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Chunianna opaca Coe, 1954
Coe, 1954: 257, text-fig. 19
Synonyms: Planktonemertes opaca
Habitat: Taken in a net lowered to a depth of 880m.
Distribution: North Pacific (in the submarine canyon at the entrance to
Monterey Bay, CA).
Although he did not use the specific epithet in combination with the proposed
name Coeiana, Chernuishev (1992a: 134) indicated that Chunianna opaca
would constitute the type-species of the new genus, a suggestion which is
here rejected; Korotkevich (1977 b: 16) listed the species as Planktonemertes
opaca.
Chunianna pacifica Coe, 1954
Coe, 1954: 257-258, text-fig. 20, pl. 8, fig. F
Synonyms: Planktonemertes pacijqca
Habitat: Recovered from depths of between 725 3200 m.
Distribution: North Pacific (west of Baja California, Mexico, and in the canyon
at the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA).
Chernuishev (1992a: 134) suggested a new subgeneric name, Leonoviana,
within his proposed genus Coeiana, to receive Chunianna pacifica, although he
did not use the specific epithet in combination with either the generic or
subgeneric names; the validity of subgeneric taxa among nemerteans is
problematical and Chernuishev's proposal is here not accepted. Korotkevich
(1977 b: 16) included the species as Planktonemertes pacifica.
Chuniella Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1917a: 15
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Chuniella agassizK: see Planktonemertes agassizii
Chuniella elongata: see Planktonemertes elongata Joubin, 1906
*Chuniella lanceolata Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917a: 15-16, text-fig. 1
Synonyms: Nectonemertes lanceolata
Habitat: Taken from depths of about 1000-1646m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (West European Basin and near Bermuda).
More fully described by Brinkmann, 1917b: 67-69, pl. II, figs 10-16,
Korotkevich (1955: 71) listed the species as Nectonemertes lanceolata.
Chuniella pelagica: see Drepanophorus pelagicus Bfirger, 1909
Chuniella tenella Coe, 1954
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348
R. Gibson
Coe, 1954:255 256, text-fig. 18
Synonyms: Nectonemertes tenella
Habitat: Taken in nets lowered to between 760-1040m.
Distribution: North Pacific (in the deep submarine canyon at the entrance to
Monterey Bay, CA).
Korotkevich (1977 b: 17) included this species as Nectonemertes tenella.
Cnidon Mfiller, 1854
Miiller, 1854:84
This name had earlier been used for a genus of fishes and was thus a preoccupied
taxon; Bfirger (1904a: 108) synonymised Cnidon sensu Mfiller with the genus
Cerebratulus. Mfiller, whilst not actually using the named Cnidon in combination
with a specific epithet, referred it to a form he provisionally named Meckelia
urticans with the comment that 'Er scheint aber einer besondern Gattung
anzugeh6ren, die den Namen Cnidon erhalten k6nnte'.
Cnidon urticans: see Meckelia urticans Mfiller, 1854
Coeia Takakura, 1922 PALAEONEMERTEA
Takakura, 1922:422
Marine benthic.
*Coeia ijimai Takakura, 1922
Takakura, 1922: 419-422, figs p. 420
Habitat: In coastal gravel.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Coeiana Chernuishev, 1992
Chernuishev, 1992 a: 134
Chernuishev proposed this name to replace Chunianna Coe, 1954, which he
incorrectly considered a nomen nudum; the two species he suggested including in
the genus were Chunianna opaca Coe, 1954, and Chunianna pacifica Coe, 1954,
whilst for the latter form he proposed establishing a new subgenus, Leonoviana.
None of these proposals is here considered to be acceptable.
Coella
Stiasny-Wijnhoff,
1936
HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:72-73
Marine benthic.
*Coella tiurensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 73-77, text-figs 27, 28, pl. I, fig. 7, pl. XV, figs 1-9
Habitat: On a reef.
Distribution: Tiur Is.
Coenemertes Corr~a, 1966 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Corr~a, 1966:365
Marine, possibly ectosymbiotic on decapod Crustacea.
*Coenemertes caravela CorrSa, 1966
Corrfia, 1966: 366-369, text-figs 1, 2, pls I, II
Habitat: On the thoracic limbs of a mud shrimp, Callianassa sp.
Distribution: Brazil (mouth of the Caravelas River, Bahia State).
Colemania Gibson, 198 t
Gibson, 1981 a: 198-199, table 1
Now Colemaniella Gibson, 1982, as a consequence of the original name being
found to be a homonym of Colemania Bolivar, 1910 (Insecta, Orthoptera).
Colemania albulus Gibson, 1981
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349
Gibson, 1981 a: 199-204, figs 17-20
Habitat: Sublittoral, from 5-6m depth on silty-sand mixed with some shell
gravel.
Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is., off Queensland).
Now Coleman&lla albulus (Gibson, 1981) as a consequence of the change in
the original generic name.
Colemaniella Gibson, 1982 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1982 c: 267
Marine benthic.
*Coleman&Ua albulus: see Colemania albulus Gibson, 1981
CoUarenemertes Chernuishev, 1993 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Chernuishev, 1993 b: 72
Marine benthic.
*Collarenemertes bimaculatus: see Amphiporus bimaculatus Coe, 1901
Colpocephalus Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:255
Biirger (1904a: 53) included this name as a junior synonym of the
hoplonemertean genus Prostoma, which for marine and estuarine species is now
Tetrastemma.
Colpocephalus quadripunctatus: see Borlasia quadripunctata Quoy and Gaimard,
1833
Communoporus Friedrich, 1955 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1955:149
Marine benthic.
Communoporus cephalonephridialis: see Amphiporus cephalonephridialis Friedrich,
1940
*Communoporus hagmeieri: see Amphiporus hagmeieri Friedrich, 1940
Communoporus rhynchocoelomicus: see Amphiporus rhynchocoelomicus Friedrich,
1940
Correanemertes Kirsteuer, 1967 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Kirsteuer, 1967:120
An amended diagnosis of the genus was given by Kirsteuer (1974: 159).
Marine benthic.
*Correanemertes bioculatus: see Amphiporus bioculatus
Corsoua Corr~a, 1963 HETERONEMERTEA
Corr~a, 1963:48
Marine benthic.
*Corsoua kristenseni Corr~a, 1963
Corr~a, 1963: 49-51, figs 25-27
Habitat: Intertidal under rocks in muddy mangrove regions.
Distribution: Curagao (Piscadera Baai).
Cosmocephala Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:165
Listed as a junior synonym of the hoplonemertean genus Amphiporus by Biirger
(1904a: 34); Verrill (1892: 389) used the name as a subgenus of Amphiporus for
two species, Amphiporus frontalis and Amphiporus mesosorus.
Cosmocephala beringiana Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:165
Habitat: Shallow sublittoral.
350
R. Gibson
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Distribution: Bering Strait.
Listed as a subspecies of Amphiporus angulatus (Miiller, 1774), as Amphiporus
angulatus beringianus, by BiJrger (1904a: 47), but recorded under the name
Amphiporus beringianus (Stimpson, 1857) as a nomen dubium by Gibson and
Crandall (1989:456 457).
Cosmocephala cordiceps Jensen, 1878
Jensen, 1878:82 83, pl. VIII, figs 13 16
Habitat: In sand near extreme low tide level.
Distribution: West coast of Norway and Greenland.
Jensen only provisionally included this species in the genus Cosmocephala and
mis-spelt the generic name Kosmocephala in the caption to the figures. Bfirger
(1904 a: 45) included the species as a junior synonym of Amphiporus hastatus
Mclntosh, 1873-1874, but Gibson and Crandall (1989: 457) listed it as a
nomen dubium under the name Amphiporus cordiceps (Jensen, 1878).
Norenburg (1986: 291) regarded Amphiporus cordiceps sensu Friedrich, 1933:
496-504, figs 1, 2 b, c, 3, 4, as sufficiently well described for it to be relocated as
Cyanophthalma cordiceps (Friedrich, 1933).
Cosmocephala japonica Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:165
Habitat: Intertidal, under stones, and in rock crevices.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Btirger (1904a: 48) listed this form, under the name Amphiporus angulatus
japonicus, as a subspecies of Amphiporus angulatus (Mfiller, 1774), but it was
included as a nomen dubium as Amphiporus japon&us (Stimpson, 1857) by
Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460) with the comment that it 'is such a poorly
characterised form that neither its specific status nor synonymy with A.
angulatus can be justified'. Iwata (1952: 144) noted that the cephalic markings
of the form resembled those of Amphiporus punctatulus Coe, 1905, which is
now a member of the genus Nipponnemertes.
Cosmocephala ochracea Verrill, 1873
Verrill, 1873a: 325, 630-631, pl. XIX, figs 95, 95a
Synonyms: Amphiporus greenmant?.
Habitat: Intertidal and sublittoral to depths of about 36 m, under stones, among
algae, bryozoans, hydroids, mussels and other growths on rocks, piers or
antifouling panels, or on muddy, sandy, gravelly or rocky bottoms; often in
protected bays, the species may extend into brackish water.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA to FL).
Now Amphiporus ochraceus (Verrill, 1873) (Verrill, 1892: 396), included as a
species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III).
Cosmocephala stimpsoni, Cosmocephala stimpsonii: see Omatoplea stimpsonii
Stimpson, 1854
Crassonemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1917a: 6
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Crassonemertes rhomboidalis: see PIanktonemertes rhomboidalis Joubin, 1906
*Crassonemertes robusta Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917a: 6, pl. I, fig. 8
Synonyms: Planktonemertes robusta
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351
Habitat: Some individuals from uncertain depths, others taken at between
1000-1800 m deep.
Distribution: Atlantic (south-east of Iceland, near Bermuda, and off West Africa
above the Sierra Leone Basin) and Pacific (above the Gilbert Seamount and
above and north-west of Germaine Bank).
More fully described by Brinkmann (1917 b: 25-28, pl. III, figs 1-9), listed as
Planktonemertes robusta by Korotkevich (1955: 66).
Cratenemertes
Friedrich,
1955
HOPLONEMERTEA
MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1955:145
Marine benthic.
*Cratenemertes amboinensis: see Amphiporus amboinensis Bfirger, 1890
Cratenemertes bergendali: see Amphiporus bergendali Gering, 1912
Cratenemertes danae Friedrich, 1957
Friedrich, 1957:150
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Arctic.
Now Nipponnemertes danae (Friedrich, 1957) (Friedrich, 1968: 34).
Cratenemertes drepanophoroides: see Amphiporus drepanophoroides Griffin, 1898
Cratenemertes madagascarensis Kirsteuer, 1965
Kirsteuer, 1965:290 294, figs l, 2, 3C
Habitat: From dead encrusting bryozoans covering branches of a coral.
Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel).
Now Nipponnemertes madagascarensis (Kirsteuer, 1965) (Friedrich, 1968: 34).
Cratenemertes occidentalis: see Amphiporus occidentalis Coe, 1905
Cratenemertes pacificus: see Amphiporus pac~cus Coe, 1905
Cratenemertes pelagicus Korotkevich, 1961
Korotkevich, 1961:1417 1420, figs 1, 2A, B
Habitat: Collected by net within 200 m of the surface, pelagic.
Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (western end of the South Indian Basin just
north of the Antarctic Circle).
Now Korotkevitschia pelagicus (Korotkevich, 1961) (Friedrich, 1968: 34).
Cratenemertes punctatulus: see Amphiporus punctatulus Coe, 1905
Cratenemertes variabilis Korotkevich, 1983
Korotkevich, 1983:140 143, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 64 295 m.
Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (off the south-eastern coast of
South America near Patagonia, north-west of the Falkland Is., off South
Africa, and near South Georgia and the Kerguelen Is.).
Now Nipponnemertes variabilis (Korotkevich, 1983) (Chernuishev, 1993b:
72).
Craticulineus Gibson, 1984 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1984:77-78
Marine benthic.
*Crat&ulineus novaezealandiae Gibson, 1984
Gibson, 1984: 78-87, figs 1-20
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 95 m .
Distribution: New Zealand (about 225 km east of Christchurch, South Is.).
Cryptonemertes Gibson, 1986 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
352
R. Gibson
Gibson, 1986a: 56
Marine, living commensally beneath the pedal disc of anemones.
*Cryptonemertes actinophila: see Nemertopsis actinophila Biirger, 1904
Cuneonemertes Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1926:193
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Cuneonemertes elongata Coe, 1954
Coe, 1954:265 267, text-fig. 25
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Synonyms: Pelagonemertes elongata
Habitat: Taken in a net lowered to a depth of 1000m.
Distribution: North Pacific (in submarina canyon at entrance to Monterey Bay,
CA).
Korotkevich (1977 b: 18) included this species as Pelagonemertes elongata.
*Cuneonemertes gracilis Coe, 1926
Coe, 1926: 192-199, figs If, 7A, 9E, 10B, 15D, 29D, 32, 33
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes gracilis
Habitat: Obtained from depths not exceeding 600 m.
Distribution: Tropical Pacific (off the coast of Peru).
Listed as Pelagonemertes gracilis by Korotkevich (1955:110).
Cuneonemertes nigra: see Parabalaenanemertes nigra Coe, 1945
Cuneonemertes obesa Coe, 1954
Coe, 1954: 269-271, text-fig. 28
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes obesa
Habitat: Recovered from depths of 780 990 m.
Distribution: North Pacific (in the submarine canyon at the entrance to
Monterey Bay, CA).
Included by Korotkevich (1977 b: 18) as Pelagonemertes obesa.
Curranemertes
Kirsteuer,
1973
HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Kirsteuer, 1973:138
Marine benthic.
*Curranemertes natans Kirsteuer, 1973
Kirsteuer, 1973: 126-138, figs 1-28
Habitat: Shallow sublittoral, about 1 m depth on the basal portion of a coral; the
species swims with undulating movements for short periods of time.
Distribution: Venezuela (Isla Santa Ana, near the southern end of Bahia de
Mochima).
Cyanophthalma Norenburg, 1986 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Norenburg, 1986:285-286
Marine or brackish-water benthic.
Cyanophthalma cordiceps: see Cosmocephala cordiceps Jensen, 1878
*Cyanophthalma obscura: see Tetrastemma obscurum Schultze, 1851
Dananemertes Friedrich, 1957 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1957:147
Marine benthic.
*Dananemertes saemundssoni Friedrich, 1957
Friedrich, 1957: 147-150, fig. 12
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Iceland (Hollinn, north of Grimsey).
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Dendrorhynchus Yin and Zeng, 1985 HETERONEMERTEA
Yin and Zeng, 1985:324
Although the use of the generic name Dendrorhynchus first appeared in their
1984 article (Yin and Zeng, 1984: 51), a formal diagnosis of the taxon was not
given until their 1985 paper; the second of these two articles was the first written
but was evidently delayed in publication.
*Dendrorhynchus sinensis Yin and Zeng, 1984
Yin and Zeng, 1984: 51, 56
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: People's Republic of China (Zhanjiang City) and Hong Kong.
A brief comparative account of the anatomy of this species was given in their
second paper, which was the first published in 1984; their original description
(Yin and Zeng, 1985: 324-331, table 1, text figs 1-6, pl. I, figs 1-11) was
delayed in publication. The species was redescribed by Gibson (1990 c: 132138, table 4, text-fig. 22, pl. 24, figs A-D, pl. 25, figs A-E).
Dendrorhynchus zhanfiangensis Yin and Zeng, 1984
Yin and Zeng, 1984: 51-56, table 1, text-figs 1-5, pl. I, figs 1-12
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: People's Republic of China (Zhanjiang City).
Dicelis Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:164
Regarded by B~rger (1904 a: 76) as a genus of dubious validity.
Dicelis rubra Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:164
Synonyms: Diplomma rubra
Habitat: Sublittoral, between barnacles and sponges at a depth of about 7-8 m.
Distribution: Japan (Tanega Is. in the Ryuku Is.).
Listed by B/irger (1904a: 76) as a species of dubious validity.
Dichilus Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:163
B/irger (1904a: 76) included this taxon in a list of dubious genera and species;
Verrill (1892: 389) used the name as a subgenus of Amphiporus for a single
species, Amphiporus bioculatus. Subsequently Verrill (1895: 529) stated that
Dichilus was synonymous with Hallezia, and Biirger (1904a: 34) stated that
Dichilus sensu Verrill was a junior synonym of Ampbiporus.
Dichilus obscurus Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:163
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Japan (Ousima Is.).
Biirger (1904a: 76-77) included this as a species of doubtful validity.
Dichonemertes Coe, 1938 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Coe, 1938:221
Marine benthic.
Dichonemertes coensis Friedrich, 1970
Friedrich, 1970: 62-65, figs 9, 10
Habitat: Intertidal, under boulders and stones on sand or mixed sand and clay.
Distribution: Chile (Gulf of Ancud, Insel Quenu and Seno Reloncavi).
*Dichonemertes hartmanae Coe, 1938
Coe, 1938: 221-224, figs. 1, 2
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R. Gibson
Habitat: Intertidal, in mud or below dead vegetation, often associated with
burrows of the mud shrimp Upogebia.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA).
Digononemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Gibson, 1990b: 129-130, table 7
Marine benthic.
*Digononemertes australiensis Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990 b: 130-136, tables 1, 5, text-figs 11, 12, pl. 10, figs A-G, pl. 11, figs
A-H
Habitat: Intertidal, under boulders in fairly clean sand with some shell
fragments.
Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia).
Dinonemertes
Laidlaw,
1906
HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Laidlaw, 1906:186
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Dinonemertes alberti: see Planktonemertes alberti Joubin, 1906
Dinonemertes arctica Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977c: 128 133, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Taken from depths of 1000m and more.
Distribution: Arctic Ocean (north-east of Greenland).
Dinonemertes constricta: see Piionemertes constricta Coe, 1954
Dinonemertes grimaldii: see Planktonemertes grirnaldii Joubin, 1906
*Dinonemertes investigatoris Laidlaw, 1906
Laidlaw, 1906: 186-187, pl. VIII, fig. 1
Habitat: Recovered from depths of about 2000 m.
Distribution: Originally found in the Indian Ocean, east of the Laccadives, later
also recorded from the North Atlantic and redescribed by Brinkmann (1917 b:
37 47, text-figs 9-11, pl. III, fig. 11, pl. VI, figs 1 20, pl. VII, figs 1-3); Coe
(1926: 139) commented that this 'great geographical divergence leads to the
suspicion that in spite of the close similarity of the females examined, two
distinct species may actually be involved' and later (Coe, 1945a: 158)
expressed doubt over the identification of this form from the Atlantic.
Dinonemertes labiata: see Planoneraertes labiata Coe, 1936
Dinonemertes lobata: see Planonernertes lobata Coe, 1926
Dinonemertes mollis Coe, 1926
Coe, 1926: 141-142, text-fig. 9C, pl. 13, figs 86, 87
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul between 600 m depth and the surface.
Distribution: Equatorial Pacific (south-west of the Mexican coast).
Korotkevich (1977 b: 17) distinguished between this species and Dinonemertes
mollis sensu Coe (1954), listing the latter as synonymous with what she had
earlier (Korotkevich, 1972) called Nectonemertes mollis. Coe's original species
is now Alexandronemertes mollis (Coe, 1926) (Chernuishev, 1992a: 135).
Dinonemertes plana: see Plionemertes plana Coe, 1926
(Dinophilus Schmidt, 1848)
Schmidt, 1848:3
A genus of archiannelids, one species of 'nemertean' has been placed in this
taxon.
(Dinophilus simplex Verrill, 1892)
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Verrill, 1892: pl. XXXVI, figs 6, 6a
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (RI).
Listed as a new species in the figure caption but with no description given in
the text, Verrill included this form in an article otherwise devoted to the marine
nemerteans of New England and adjacent waters; his illustrations show what
could be a pseudosegrnented interstitial type of nemertean or, more probably,
an archiannelid, but the identity of the species, which is a nomen nudum,
remains uncertain.
Diplomma Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:164
Included in a list of dubious nemertean genera and species by Bfirger (1904a:
130).
Diplomma rubra: see Dicelis rubra Stimpson, 1857
Diplomma serpentina: see Nareda serpentina Stimpson, 1855
Diplopleura Stimpson, 1857 HETERONEMERTEA
Stimpson, 1857:162
Marine benthic.
Diplopleura cara?bica Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925: pl. I, figs 16a 17c, pl. IV, figs 16-20
Stiasny-Wijnhoff used the specific epithet cara~bica in the captions for the
illustrations of a species described in the text as Diplopleura cura~aoensis; as
the description appears before the figures, Diplopleura caraibica constitutes a
junior synonym of curagaoensis.
Diplopleura curagaoensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925:109-110
Synonyms: Diplopleura cara~bica
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Curagao.
In accordance with the ICZN (1985) regulations governing the use of diacritic
marks this species should be known as Diplopleura curacaoensis StiasnyWijnhoff, 1925.
Diplopleura formosa: see Langia formosa Hubrecht, 1879
*Diplopleurajapon&a Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:162
Habitat: Shallow sublittoral, from a depth of about 3 m.
Distribution: Japan (Kyushu).
Diplopleura obockiana: see Langia obockiana Joubin, 1887
Diplopleura vivesi: see Langia vivesi Joubin, 1905
Ditactorrhochma Diesing, 1862
Diesing, 1862:294-295
Included, together with its emended forms Ditactorrhochmate and
Ditactorrhochmus, as a junior synonym of the genus Amphiporus by Bfirger
(1904 a: 34).
Ditactorrhochma mandilla: see Polia mandilla Quatrefages, 1846
Ditactorrhochma typicum Diesing, 1862
Diesing, 1862:295
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Northern Polar Sea.
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R. Gibson
Vaillant (1890: 602) listed this as an indeterminate species, but Biirger (1904 a:
47) included it as Amphiporus typicus (Diesing, 1862) which Gibson and
Crandall (1989: 462) identify as a nomen dubium with the comment that 'the
brevity and inadequacy of Diesing's (1862) description are of no value as a
species diagnosis'.
Divanella Gibson, 1973 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Gibson, 1973:794
Marine benthic.
*Divanella evelinae Gibson, 1973
Gibson, 1973: 795-808, figs l-7
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under a boulder.
Distribution: Brazil (Isla de Silo SebastiSo).
Dokonemertes Gibson, 1985 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1985b: 137-138
Marine benthic.
Dokonemertes macquariensis Gibson, 1985
Gibson, 1985b: 152-155, figs 23-25
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 112 124m.
Distribution: Subantarctica (near Macquarie Is.).
*Dokonemertes mageilanensis Gibson, 1985
Gibson, 1985b: 138-152, figs 18 23
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Southern Chile (Peninsula de Brunswick).
Drepanobanda Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:77
Marine benthic.
*Drepanobanda trilineata Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 77-80, pl. I, figs 18-21, pl. XVI, figs 1-7
Habitat: Sublittoral, from 27-54m depth on bottoms of sand, coral and
Lithothamnion.
Distribution: Timor Sea (Timor Is.).
Drepanogigas Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926:152
Marine benthic.
*Drepanogigas albolineatus: see Drepanophorus albolineatus Biirger, 1895
Drepanophorella Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnboff, 1936:17
Marine benthic.
*DrepanophoreUa sebae Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 18-23, text-fig. 75a, pl. I, figs 14-16, pl. IV, figs 1-7, pl.
VI, fig. 1
Habitat: On a reef.
Distribution: Savu Sea (Savu).
Drepanophorella tasmani Wheeler, 1940
Wheeler, 1940 b: 249-250, fig. 12
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 122m.
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Distribution: Bass Strait (between south-eastern Australia and Tasmania).
Drepanopkoresta Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:23
Marine benthic.
Drepanophoresta iifuensis: see Drepanophorus lifuensis Punnett, 1900
*Drepanophoresta rosea: see Drepanophorus roseus Punnett, 1903
Drepanophoria Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:32
Marine benthic.
*Drepanophoria pajungae Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 32-36, text-fig. 75 e, pl. I, fig. 6, pl. V[, figs 2-5, pl. VII,
figs a-o
Habitat: On a reef.
Distribution: North Celebes (Pajunga).
Drepanophoriella
Senz,
1993 HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Senz, 1993a: 115-116
Marine benthic.
*Drepanophoriella histriana Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 116-120, pl. 7, figs 60-63
Habitat: Not recorded.
D&tribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
Drepanophorina Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:60
Marine benthic.
Drepanophorina argus Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 68-70, pl. I, figs 1-5, pl. XIII, figs 1 4
Habitat: On a reef among Lithothamnion.
Distribution: Timor Sea (Timor Is.).
Drepanophorina guineensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 70-72, pl. I, figs 26 28, pl. XIV, figs 1-7
Habitat: On a reef.
Distribution: West coast of New Guinea.
In the caption to pl. XIV, figs 1 7, the specific epithet is incorrectly spelt
guinensis.
Drepanophorina lata: see Drepanophorus latus BiJrger, 1890
*Drepanophorina savuensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 60-63, text-fig. 75 c, pl. I, fig. 17, pl. XII, figs 1-18, pl.
XIII, figs 5, 6
Habitat: On a reef.
Distribution: Savu Sea (Savu).
Drepanophoringia
Stiasny-Wijnhoff,
1 9 3 6 HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:37
Marine benthic.
*Drepanophoringia waingapuensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
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R. Gibson
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 37-40, text fig. 75b, pl. I, figs 12, 13, pl. VIII, figs 1-7
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Savu Sea (Sumba Is.).
Drepanophorus Hubrecht,
1874 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Hubrecht, 1874:42-44
Emended to Drepanophoris in some of the older literature.
Marine benthic.
Drepanophorus albolineatus B/irger, 1895
B/irger, 1895 a: 576, pl. 3, fig. 31, pl. 9, figs l a, b, pl. 17, figs 2-4, 9-12, pl. 23, fig.
40, pl. 24, fig. 32, pl. 27, figs 51, 52
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Redescribed as Drepanogigas albolineatus (Biirger, 1895) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff
(1926: 152-158, pl. V, figs 31-33).
Drepanophorus borealis Punnett, 1901
Punnett, 190l a: 95-99, text-figs 2, 3, pl. VI, figs 4, 5, 7, pl. VII, figs 13-17
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to 200-250m.
Distribution: Davis Strait, between Greenland and Canada, and Norway
(Lyngenfjord and near Bergen).
Now Uniporus borealis (Punnett, 1901) (Brinkmann, 1914-1915: 13),
redescribed under this name by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1934:173-179, pl. 12, figs 611); Drepanophorus borealis sensu Punnett (1903a) (partim) Brinkmann
(1914-1915) described as a new species, Uniporus acutocaudatus.
Drepanophorus cerinus Bfirger, 1890
Bfirger, 1890: 28-29, text fig. XII, pl. VI, figs 98, 98a, 104, 122, pl. VII, fig. 141,
pl. VIII, fig. 155, pl. X, fig. 197
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Redescribed as Punnettia cerina (B/irger, 1890) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1936: 5557, text figs 17-20); Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1936: 50) regarded Drepanophorus
cerinus sensu Punnett, 1903 b: 113-114, pl. IV, figs 10, 11, as a different species
and renamed it Punnettia maldivensis.
Drepanophorus crassus: see Cerebratulus crassus Quatrefages, 1846
Two subspecies of this form were listed by Bfirger (1904a: 51-52),
Drepanophorus crassus crassus and Drepanophorus crassus nisidensis; StiasnyWijnhoff (1926: 140, 144) regarded the former as in part synonymous with
Paradrepanophorus crassus (Quatrefages, 1846), in part with Paradrepanophorus
coraUinicola Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926, whilst BiJrger's subspecies nisidensis she
considered to be distinct from Drepanophorus nisidensis Hubrecht, 1874, and
synonymised with Paradrepanophorus crassus.
Drepanophorus edwardsi Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 200-204, text-figs 14, 15, pl. VIII, figs 9, 10
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 618-760 m.
Distribution: Cape Verde Is.
Drepanophorus gravieri Joubin, 1904
Joubin, 1904a: 328, fig. p. 328
Habitat: In a cavity in the coral Porites.
Distribution: Gulf of Aden (Djibouti).
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Drepanophorus igneus Bfirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 574, pl. 3, fig. 26, pl. 25, figs 9, 13
Habitat: Sublittoral from 1-5 m depth.
Distribution: Italy (Gulf of Naples).
Synonymised with Paradrepanophorus nisidensis (Hubrecht, 1874) by StiasnyWijnhoff (1926: 150).
Drepanophorus indicus Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 5, pl. 2, figs 13 a-c
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Indian Ocean (Salomon, Chagos Archipelago).
Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1936: 52) synonymised this form with Punnettia willeyana
(Punnett, 1900).
Drepanophorus lankesteri Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887: 18-20, pl. I, fig. 22, pl. IX, figs 1, 2, 10, pl. X, figs 2, 4, pl. XII,
fig. 5, pl. XIV, figs 9, 10, pl. XV, fig. 13
Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from a depth of about 80 m on a bottom of gravel
and stones.
Distribution: North-western Atlantic (off the coast of Nova Scotia).
Now Hubrechtonemertes lankesteri (Hubrecht, 1887)(Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1934:
179); Coe (1943: 303) listed the species under its original name.
Drepanophorus latus Bfirger, 1890
Bfirger, 1890: 27-28, pl. I, figs 12-13a, pl. V, figs 95, 95a, pl. VI, figs 99-100b,
103, 120, 121, pl. VIII, figs 147-150, 162, 166-168, pl. IX, fig. 173
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Now Drepanophorina lata (B/irger, 1890) (Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 63).
Drepanophorus lifuensis Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900a: 573-574, pl. LIX, figs 21-27
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: South Pacific (Lifu Is., New Caledonia).
Redescribed under the name Drepanophoresta lifuensis (Punnett, 1900) by
Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1936:27 32, text-figs 1013, 36).
Drepanophorus longiceps Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957: 27-30, pl. I, fig. 15, pl. VI, figs 9, 10, pl. VII, figs 1 8
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 50m.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Drepanophorus massiliensis Joubin, 1894
Joubin, 1894: 151-152, pl. IV, fig. 88
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: France (Marseille).
Drepanophorus modestus Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923b: fig. 12
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 73 m.
Distribution: Savu Sea (south of Flores).
Stiasny-Wijnhoff's reference to this as a new species is restricted to a drawing
of a transverse section through the cerebral region; she later described the
form more completely (Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 42-46, text-figs 14, 15, pl. I,
figs 8, 9, pl. IX, figs 1-9).
Drepanophorus nisidensis Hubrecht, 1874
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R. Gibson
Hubrecht, 1874:47-48
Synonyms:
Drepanophorus crassus (partim), Drepanophorus igneus,
Drepanophorus serraticollis (partim)
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral among rocks.
Distribution: Italy (Naples) and France (Banyuls).
Redescribed by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1926: 149-152, pl. V, figs 28-30) as
Paradrepanophorus nisidensis (Hubrecht, 1874).
Drepanophorus novae-zealandie: see Borlasia novae-zelandiae Quoy and Gaimard,
1833
Drepanophorus pelagicus Biirger, 1909
Biirger, 1909:179 183, pl. XXV, figs 1, 4, pl. XXVI, figs 5, 5a, pl. XXIX, figs
1-10
Synonyms: Nectonemertes biirgeri
Habitat: Taken in a non-closing net hauled from a depth of 2500m to the
surface, pelagic.
Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (near the angle formed between Ninety
East Ridge and Broken Ridge).
Briefly redescribed by Brinkmann (1917b: 69-71) as Chuniella pelagica
(Bfirger, 1909) and referred to under this name by Coe (1926, 1945a).
Korotkevich (1955: 71), however, recognised far fewer pelagic genera than
other authors and transferred Chuniellapelagica to the genus Nectonemertes,
changing the species name to Nectonemertes biirgeri to distinguish it from the
preoccupied taxon Nectonemertes pelagica Cravens and Heath, 1906. B/irger's
species is currently known as Chuniella pelagica and Nectonemertes biirgeri
Korotkevich, 1955, thus becomes a junior synonym of Btirger's taxon.
Drepanophorus quatrefagei Hubrecht, 1874
Hubrecht, 1874:44
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Not recorded.
No description accompanies Hubrecht's use of this name, which is thus a
nomen nudum; Biirger (1904 a: 51) listed it as synonymous with Drepanophorus
spectabilis (Quatrefages, 1846).
Drepanophorus ritteri Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 283-287, text-fig. 22, pl. 17, fig. 106, pl. 20, fig. 128, pl. 24, figs 179-181
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 50-300m.
Distribution: North Pacific (off southern CA between San Pedro and Santa
Catalina Is., CA).
Drepanophorus roseus Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903b: 112-113, pl. IV, fig. 7
Habitat: Intertidal from the boulder zone on a reef and sublittoral from a depth
of about 30 m among a colony of Mussa.
Distribution: Tropical Indian Ocean (Chagos Archipelago and the Maldive Is.).
Redescribed as Drepanophoresta rosea (Punnett, 1903) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff
(1936: 23-27, text-figs 7-9, 89, pl. V, figs 1 7).
*Drepanophorus rubrostriatus Hubrecht, 1874
Hubrecht, 1874: 45-46, pl. I, figs 1-6, pl. II, figs 1, 2
Synonyms: Drepanophoris rubrostriatus, Drepanophorus spectabilis (partita)
Habitat: On muddy sediments between tides.
Distribution: Italy (Naples); other records are uncertain.
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Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1926: 120-121) concluded that Hubrecht's original
description and figures related to two different species; she redescribed
Drepanophorus rubrostriatus (1926: 124-127, pl. II, figs 1-4), elsewhere in the
same article synonymising rubrostriatus sensu Hubrecht, 1879 (partita) with
Punnettia hubrechti Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926, and rubrostriatus sensu Hubrecht,
1874 (partita), 1879 (partim) and Joubin, 1890, with Brinkmannia
mediterranea Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926.
Drepanophorus serraticollis Hubrecht, 1874
Hubrecht, 1874: 46-47, pl. II, figs 3-5
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Synonymised with Paradrepanophorus crassus (Quatrefages, 1846) by StiasnyWijnhoff (1926: 140); serraticollis sensu Hubrecht, 1879 (partim) StiasnyWijnhoff regarded as conspecific with Paradrepanophorus nisidensis
(Hubrecht, 1874), whilst serraticollis sensu Joubin, 1890, she partly
synonymised with nisidensis and partly with Paradrepanophorus corallinicola
Stiasny-Wijnhoff 1926.
Drepanophorus spectabilis: see Cerebratulus spectabilis Quatrefages, 1846
Drepanophorus valdiviae Bfirger, 1909
Biirger, 1909:174 176, pl. XXV, fig. 3, pl. XXXI, figs 1-8
Habitat: Sublittoral from depth of about 155 m.
Distribution: Off the southern coast of South Africa.
Now Valdivianemertes valdiviae (Bfirger, 1909)(Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 120)
although Friedrich (1955:146) expressed uncertainty about its inclusion in this
genus because the nature of its proboscis stylet apparatus is unknown.
Drepanophorus willeyanus Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900a: 571-573, pl. LVIII, figs 12-17, pl. LIX, figs 18-20
Synonyms: Drepanophorus indicus
Habitat: Mostly not recorded but it has been found on a reef.
Distribution: Ceram Sea (north coast of Ceram), South Pacific and tropical
Indian Ocean (Chagos Archipelago).
Redescribed as Punnettia willeyana (Punnett, 1900) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff
(1936: 52-54, pl. I, figs 10, 11, pl. XI, figs 1-3).
Duosnemertes Friedrich, 1955 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1955:148
Marine benthic.
*Duosnemertes marmoratus: see Amphiporus marmoratus
Dushia Corr~a, 1963 HETERONEMERTEA
Corr~a, 1963:42-43
Marine benthic.
*Dushia atra: see Meckelia atra Girard, 1851
Elcania Moretto, 1970 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Moretto, 1970:17
Marine benthic.
*Elcania patagonica Moretto, 1970
Moretto, 1970: 19-33, figs 1-46
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Argentina (Bahia de San Julifin, Patagonia).
Emea Leidy, 1850
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Leidy, 1850:125
Synonymised with the genus Prostoma by Bfirger (1904a: 53) when this name
was used for marine, estuarine and freshwater species; Prostoma is now
exclusively a freshwater genus.
Emea dugesii: see Polia dugesii Quatrefages, 1849
Emea lacustris: see Tetrastemma lacustre Plessis, 1892
Emea lumbricoides: see Prostoma lombricoideum du Dug~s, 1830
Emea rubra Leidy, t850
Leidy, 1850:125
Synonyms: Prostoma rubrum, Stichostemma rubrum, Tetrastemma rubrum
Habitat: Freshwater, in pools, rivers or marshes on bottom sediments, under
stones or among dead vegetation.
Distribution: Widespread in the USA.
Listed by Biirger (1904a: 68) as possibly synonymous with Prostoma
clepsinoides Dug6s, 1828, recorded as Tetrastemma rubrum by Coe (1901 a: 58)
and included by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 224) in a group of inadequately
described freshwater species, Coe (1940: 308) subsequently retained the form
as Prostoma rubrum (Leidy, 1850) and listed Stichostemma asensoriatum
Montgomery, 1896, as one of its synonyms; Gibson and Moore (1976: 194)
invalidated Prostoma rubrum as insufficiently characterised, commenting (p.
197) that 'asensoriatum and rubrum cannot be regarded as synonymous'.
Emea sillimani Girard, 1893
Girard, 1893:242-243
Synonyms: Tetrastemma aquarium dulcium, Tetrastemma aquarum dulcium
Habitat: Freshwater, in streams.
Distribution: USA (Munro County, NY).
Uncertainly synonymised with Prostoma clepsinoides Dug~s, 1828, by Bfirger
(1904a: 68), Girard renamed Tetrastemma aquarum dulcium Silliman, 1885,
with no justification for doing so; Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) included Emea
sillimani with a group of species which can no longer be regarded as valid.
Emplectonema Stimpson, 1857 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Stimpson, 1857:163
Occasionally emended in the literature to Emplectoneema.
Marine benthic.
Emplectonema antonina: see Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846
Emplectonema bocki Brunberg, 1957
Brunberg, 1957: 60-63, table p. 65, figs 1 4
Habitat:
Sublittoral from depths of 20-50m, epizoic on Funiculina
quadrangularis.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord and Esviken).
Emplectonema bonhourei: see Eunemertes bonhourei Joubin, 1904
Emplectonema biirgeri Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 25 28, text-fig. 4, pl. II, figs 1, 2, pl. VIII, fig. 1, pl. XII, fig. 3
Synonyms: Emplectonema violaceum (partita)
Habitat: Intertidal on or under rocks or among mussels and other growths; also
dredged from sublittoral depths down to 500 m.
Distribution: North Pacific (Japan, Pribilof Is., Bering Sea and the coasts of
North America from AK to CA).
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This species should be known as Emplectonema buergeri Coe, 1901, although
Riser (personal communication) indicates that it should be transferred to the
genus earaneraertes.
Emplectonema camillea: see Borlasia camillea Quatrefages, 1846
Emplectonema carcinophila, Ernplectonema carcinophilon: see Nemertes
cartinophilos K611iker, 1845
Emplectonema derjugini Ushakov, 1928
Ushakov, 1928 a: 408-411, text-figs 1, 2, pl. 3, figs 1-5
Habitat: On Lithothamnion or among Ectocarpus.
Distribution: Russia (Ostrov Is., Chukchi Sea, and the Barents Sea coasts).
Emplectonema duoni: see Nemertes duoni Joubin, 1890
Emplectoneerna echinoderma, Emplectonema echinoderma: see Borlasia
echinoderma Marion, 1873
Emplectonemaflavens: see Eunemertesflavens Bfirger, 1896
Emplectonema francisca: see Eunemertes francisca Joubin and Frangois, 1892
Emplectonema friederichi Sfinchez, 1973
S~nchez, 1973: 203-206, figs 6-9
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Central Chile (Quintero).
Emplectonema giganteum: see Macronemertes gigantea Verrill, 1873
Emplectoneema gracile, *Eraplectonema gracile, Emplectonema gracilis: see
Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837
Emplectonema intestinalis Friedrich, 1958
Friedrich, 1958: 6, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 10-18 m.
Distribution: Iceland.
Emplectonema kandai Kato, 1939
Kato, 1939: 251-253, text-figs 1, 2, pl. XXXII, figs 1 6
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 30-40 m on sand, mud or ascidians.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Emplectonema marioni: see Nemertes marioni Hubrecht, 1879
Emplectoneema neesi, Emplectonema neesi, Emplectonema neesii: see Amphiporus
neesii Orsted, 1843
Emplectonema nordgaardi: see Eunernertes nordgaardi Punnett, 1903
Emplectonema ophiocephala, Emplectonema ophiocephalum: see Ommatoplea
ophiocephala Schmarda, 1859
Emplectonema osceolai Corr~a, 1961
Corr6a, 1961: 15-18, figs 15, 16
Habitat: Intertidal and shallow sublittoral, among algae or on antifouling
panels.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL).
Riser (personal communication) notes that this species needs to be transferred
to the genus Paranemertes.
Emp&ctonema purpuratum Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 210-212, pl. 17, figs 107, 108, pl. 22, figs 159, 160
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: North Pacific (Adakh Is. in the Aleutian Is.).
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Emplectonema quatrefagei: see Nemertes quatrefagei Rochebrune, 1881
Emplectonema rubea Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977 a: 64-68, fig. 3
Habitat: Intertidal among algae (Fucus evanescens).
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is., Sea of Okhotsk).
Emplectonema spongicola: see Eunemertes spongicola Bergendal, 1903
Emplectonema violaceum: see Eunemertes violacea Biirger, 1896
Emplectonema viride Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:163
Synonyms: Emplectonema viridis
Habitat: Intertidal among stones.
Distribution: Pacific coasts of the USA (northern CA).
Synonymised with Emplectonema gracile (Johnston, 1837) by Coe (1901 a: 23).
Eonemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Gibson, 1990c: 155, table 7
Marine benthic.
Eonemertes emmyakos Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990b: 138-145, table 1, text-figs 13, 14, pl. 12, figs A-G, pl. 13, figs
AH
Habitat: Intertidal, in clumps of mussels on muddy sand flats.
Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia).
*Eonemertes macrophthalma Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 158-165, text-figs 28, 29, pl. 29, figs A-I
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, under stones in sand.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Eousia Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1990c: 98-99, table 3
Marine benthic.
*Eousia verticivarius Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 99-108, text-figs 14, 15, pl. 16, figs A G, pl. 17, figs A - G
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 12 m, in medium
to coarse sand, muddy sand or silty sand with shell fragments, or on and under
boulders covered with bivalve shells.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Euborlasia Vaillant, 1890 HETERONEMERTEA
Vaillant, 1890:616
Marine benthic.
Euborlasia elisabethae, *Euborlasia elizabethae: see Borlasia elizabethae Mclntosh,
1873-1874
Euborlasia giardii: see Eupolia giardii Hubrecht, 1887
Euborlasia gotoensis Iwata, 1952
Iwata, 1952:133 134, figs 3, 9, 10
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Euborlasia hancocki Coe, 1940
Coe, 1940: 264, pl. 26, figs 27, 28
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 17 100m.
Distribution: Pacific coasts of Central and northern South America (Mexico,
Panama and Peru).
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Euborlasia immaculata, Euborlasia inmaculata: see Borlasia inmaculata
Biirger, 1892
Euborlasia maxima Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 175-177, pl. 4, fig. 40
Habitat: Sublittoral from about 60m on fine sand mixed with shells.
Distribution: Mexico (east of Isla Carmen in the Gulf of Mexico).
Euborlasia nigrocincta Coe, 1940
Coe, 1940: 264-265, pl. 24, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Intertidal to 30m sublittoral, under stones or in clay/sand.
Distribution: Pacific coasts of North, Central and South America (CA, Mexico
and Chile).
Redescribed by Friedrich (1970: 18-21, table 1).
Euborlasia obscura: see Micrura obscura Friedrich, 1958
Euborlasia proteres Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957: 8-9, pl. I, fig. 2, pl. IV, figs 1-3
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 380 m.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Euborlasia quinquestriata Bennett, 1971
Bennett, 1971: 116, fig. p. 121
Habitat: Among dead coral boulders or rubble on reef flats, or among clumps of
algae such as Halimeda.
Distribution: Australia (Great Barrier Reef).
An erroneous name with the incorrect generic placement and wrong specific
epithet; this species is in fact Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard,
1833) (Gibson, 1979a: 154).
Euborlasia thori Friedrich, 1958
Friedrich, 1958:12
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 40 m on stony coral bottoms.
Distribution: Iceland.
The anatomy of this species was described more fully by Friedrich (1960a:
264-267, fig. 3).
Euborlasia variegata Coe, 1944
Coe, 1944a: 28
Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from a depth of about 30 m.
Distribution: North Pacific (off AK).
Eunemertes Vaillant, 1890
Vaillant, 1890:612 613
Synonymised with Emplectonema by Biirger (1904a: 21).
Eunemertes antonina: see Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846
Eunemertes bonhourei Joubin, 1904
Joubin, 1904a: 329-330, fig. p. 329
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Djibouti (Gulf of Tadjoura).
An inadequately described species which should now be known as
Emplectonema bonhourei (Joubin, 1904).
Eunemertes carcinophila: see Nemertes cartinophilos K611iker, 1845
Eunemertes duoni: see Nemertes duoni Joubin, 1890
Eunemertes echinoderma: see Borlasia echinoderma Marion, 1873
Eunemertesflavens Biirger, 1896
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Bfirger, 1896:272
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Central Chile (Punta Tumbes, near Talcahuano).
Now Emplectonema flavens (Biirger, 1896) (Biirger, 1904a: 24); Gibson
(1982a: 829) commented that the species is inadequately described.
Eunemertesfrancisca Joubin and Frangois, 1892
Joubin and Frangois, 1892: 170-171, pl. figs 6a c
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: South Pacific (Noum6a, New Caledonia).
An inadequately described form which should now be known as
Empleetonemafraneisca (Joubin and Francois, 1892).
Eunemertes gigantea: see Macronemertes gigantea Verrill, 1873
Eunemertes gracile, Eunemertes gracilis: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837
Eunemertes heterophthalma: see Ommatoplea heterophthalma Schmarda, 1859
Eunemertes marioni: see Nemertes marioni Hubrecht, 1879
Eunemertes neesi, Eunemertes neesii: see Amphiporus neesii Orsted, 1843
Eunemertes nordgaardi Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903 a: 27-29, pl. I, figs 1, 3
Habitat: Sublittoral, from muddy sediments at a depth of 200 m.
Distribution: Norway (Saltenfjord and Balstad).
Now Emplectonema nordgaardi (Punnett, 1903) (Friedrich, 1955:172).
Eunemertes peronea: see Nemertes peronea Quatrefages, 1846
Eunemertes spongicola Bergendal, 1903
Bergendal, 1903:96-99
Habitat: In the sponge Esperia lingua.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Kosterfjord).
Uncertainly included in this genus by Bergendal, Friedrich (1955: 172), with
some doubt, listed it as Emplectonema spongieola (Bergendal, 1903).
Eunemertes violacea Bfirger, 1896
Biirger, 1896:272
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Southern Chile (Tabon Is., near Calbuco).
Now Emplectonema violaceum (Biirger, 1896) (Bfirger, 1904a: 25);
Emplectonerna viotaceum sensu Griffin, 1898: 209, Coe (1904: 115)
synonymised with what is now Emplectonema buergeri Coe, 1901.
Eunemertes xanthophila: see Polia xanthophila Giard, 1888
Eupolia Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887:10-11
Synonymised with Baseodiscus by Bfirger (1904a: 80).
Eupolia abyssorum Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 206-208, text fig. 17, pl. VIII, figs 12, 13
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 1353m.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (Gulf of Gascogne).
This form should be known as Baseodiscus abyssorum (Joubin, 1902).
Eupolia alpha Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902:205-206
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 640 m.
Distribution: Sudan.
This species should now be known as Baseodiscus alpha (Joubin, 1902).
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Eupolia amboinensis Staub, 1900
Staub, 1900: 78, 81-83, pl. XLVII, figs 1-1 b, pl. XLVIII, figs 1-5
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Synonymised with Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825) by Gibson
(1979 a: 139) with the comment that this synonymy requires confirmation.
Eupolia antillensis Bfirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895 a: 604
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Barbados.
Also listed as a new species by Biirger, 1895b: 29-39; now Baseodiscus
antillensis (Biirger, 1895)(Biirger, 1904a: 82).
Eupolia antillensis Takakura, 1898
Takakura, 1898d: 186, fig. p. 186
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Eupolia antillensis sensu Takakura, judged from the account of its external
features, is clearly not the same species as that previously described under the
same name by Biirger (1895a, b); Takakura's taxon is accordingly here
transferred to the genus Baseodiscus as Baseodiscus takakurai nom. nov.
Eupolia ascophora Bfirger, 1890
Bfirger, 1890: 24-25, pl. II, fig. 27, pl. IX, fig. 184
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Bfirger (1904 a: 82) uncertainly synonymised this form with Baseodiscus curtus
(Hubrecht, 1879), which Gibson (1979 a: 146) concluded was almost certainly
the same as Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825); Eupolia ascophora is
therefore here regarded as a junior synonym of Baseodiscus delineatus.
Eupolia aurea Biirger, 1896
Bfirger, 1896:274-275
Habitat: Originally not recorded, the species has since been found sublittorally
at depths of 40 300 m on sand or clay sediments mixed with small stones.
Distribution: Central and southern Chile (Punta Tumbes near Talcahuano, the
Gulf of Ancud and Canal Chacao).
Now Baseodiscus aureus (Bfirger, 1896) (Biirger, 1904a: 84), redescribed by
Friedrich, 1970: 9-10.
Eupolia australis Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887:13 14, pl. I, fig. 6, pl. VII, figs 1-3, 7
Habitat: Sublittoral, from 1280 m depth from blue mud.
Distribution: New Zealand (east of central North Is.).
Now Baseodiscus australis (Hubrecht, 1887) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 84), Gibson et al.
(1994) note that the species is poorly described.
Eupolia brockii Bfirger, 1890
Bfirger, 1890:22 23, pl. I, fig. 10, pl. II, figs 19-25, 32, pl. VII, figs 126, 132
Synonyms: Eupolia brocki
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Synonymised wtih Baseodiscus hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1831) by Bfirger
(1904 a: 83).
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Eupolia curia: see Polia curta Hubrecht, 1879
Eupolia delineata: see Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1825
Eupolia filholi Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 208-210, text-figs 18-20, pl. VIII, figs 14, 15
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 120 m.
Distribution: Morocco (Cap Blanc).
This should now be known as Baseodiscusfilholi (Joubin, 1902).
Eupolia giardii Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887:11-13, pl. I, figs 7-9, pl. V, figs 1-9, pl. VI, figs 4-11, pl. VII, figs
4, 5, 8, pl. X, fig. 6, pl. XI, fig. 12
Synonyms: Euborlasia giardii
Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from depths of 548-1280m on muddy or rocky
sediments.
Distribution: New Zealand (east of central North Is. and off Three Kings Is.).
Now Baseodiscus giardii (Hubrecht, 1887) (Biirger, 1904 a: 85).
Eupolia hemprichi: see Nemertes hemprichii Ehrenberg, 1831
Eupolia indica Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903 b: 104-106, pl. IV, figs 8, 12-14
Habitat: From a reef.
Distribution: Maldive Is. (Hulule).
Now Baseodiscus indicus (Punnett, 1903)(Gibson, 1974a: 262).
Eupolia lineolata Bfirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895a: 604, pl. 31
Synonyms: Baseodiscus lineolatus
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Tropical Pacific (Samoa and Paumotu Is.).
Also described as a new species by Bfirger, 1895b: 28-29, pl. II, figs 4, 8,
subsequently recorded as Baseodiscus lineolatus by Biirger (1904a: 82) and
uncertainly synonymised with Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and
Gaimard, 1833) by Gibson (1979 a: 154).
Eupolia maculosa Biirger, 1895
B/irger, 1895a: 604, pl. 31
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Tropical Pacific (Ponape).
Also described as a new species by Btirger, 1895b: 28, pl. II, fig. 2, now
Baseodiscus macuiosus (Bfirger, 1895)(Bfirger, 1904a: 84).
Eupolia marmorata Bfirger, 1890
Biirger, 1890: 24, pl. I, fig. 11, pl. II, fig. 26, pl. V, fig. 73
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Synonymised with Baseodiscus curtus (Hubrecht, 1879) by Biirger (1904 a: 82),
but here regarded as a junior synonym of Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje,
1825) with which Baseodiscus curtus is itself almost certainly conspecific
(Gibson, 1979a: 146).
Eupolia mediolineata B/irger, 1893
Biirger, 1893: 230-234, pl. 8, figs 1-1 b
Synonyms: Baseodiscus mediolineatus
Habitat: Shallow sublittoral.
Distribution: Indian Ocean (Mauritius).
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Synonymised with Baseodiscus hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1831) by Gibson
(1979 a: 146).
Eupolia melanogramma Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900b: 113-117, pl. 5, figs 1-5
Synonyms: Taeniosoma melanogrammum
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Singapore.
Synonymised with Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) by
Gibson (1979 a: 154).
Eupolia mexicana Biirger, 1893
B/irger, 1893: 236-238, pl. 8, figs 6a, b, pl. 9, figs 3-6
Synonyms: Taeniosoma mexicana
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 100 m or more, in tough
mucous tubes under stones and among shells and corals.
Distribution: Eastern Pacific (Gulf of California, west coasts of Mexico,
Panama, Colombia and Chile, and the Galapagos Is.).
Now Baseodiscus mexicanus (Bfirger, 1893) (Biirger, 1904 a: 84).
Eupolia minor: see Polia minor Hubrecht, 1879
Eupolia multiporata Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900 a: 576-577, pl. LX, figs 34-39, pl. LXI, fig. 40
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: South Pacific (New Britain).
This species should be known as Baseodiscus multiporatus (Punnett, 1900).
Eupolia nipponensis Hubrecht, 1887
Hubrecht, 1887: 14-15, pl. I, figs 4, 5, 10, pl. VII, figs 6, 11, 12
Habitat: Sublittoral from about 630 m depth on green mud.
Distribution: Japan.
Now Baseodiscus nipponensis (Hubrecht, 1887) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 84).
Eupolia novemlineata Biirger, 1893
Bfirger, 1893: 236, pl. 8, fig. 5
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Pacific.
Synonymised with Baseodiscus septemlineatus (Biirger, 1895) by Biirger
(1904 a: 83), Gibson (1979 a: 154) regarded it as probably conspecific with
Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833).
EupoIia pallida Isler, 1900
Isler, 1900a: 15 16
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: South Pacific (Juan Fernandez Is.).
Also described as a new species by Isler (1900 b: 179), now Baseodiscuspallidus
(Isler, 1900) (Corr~a, 1954: 5).
Eupolia pellucida: see Balanoeephalus pellucidus Kennel, 1891
Eupolia pholidota Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900b: 117-121, pl. 5, figs 6-9, pl. 6, fig. 10
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Singapore.
This species should now be known as Baseodiscus pholidotus (Punnett, 1900).
Eupolia platei Bfirger, 1896
B/irger, 1896:274
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Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Central Chile (Punta Tumbes and Talcahuano).
Now Baseodiscus platei (Bfirger, 1896) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 84).
Eupolia punnetti Joubin, 1910
Joubin, 1910:9 10, text-figs 13, 14, pl. fig. 6
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 82 m.
Distribution: Antarctica.
Baylis (1915:122) listed this species as a junior synonym of Lineus corrugatus,
now Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876); Gibson (1983 a: 308) confirmed
their conspecificity.
Eupolia quinquelineata: see Borlasia quinquelineata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Eupolia reticulata Staub, 1900
Staub, 1900:78 79, 83 85, pl. XLVII, figs 3 4a, pl. XLVIII, figs 6-9
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Regarded as synonymous with Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825) by
Gibson (1979 a: 139), although the synonymy requires confirmation.
Eupolia rugosa Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900a: 574-575, pl. LIX, fig. 28, pl. LX, figs 29 31
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: South Pacific (New Britain).
This form should now be known as Baseodiscus rugosus (Punnett, 1900).
Eupolia septemlineata: see Taeniosoma septemlineatum Stimpson, 1857
Eupolia sulcata Isler, 1900
Isler, 1900a: 14-15, figs 8, 9
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Chile (Bay of Guajacan near Coquimbo).
Also described as a new species by Isler, 1900 b: 179, now Baseodiscus sulcatus
(Isler, 1900) (Corr~a, 1954: 5).
Eupolia trilineata Staub, 1900
Staub, 1900: 79, 85-86, pl. XLVII, figs 2, 2a, pl. XLVIII, figs 10-13
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Uncertainly synonymised with Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and
Gaimard, 1833) by Gibson (1979a: 154).
Eupolia unistriata Isler, 1900
Isler, 1900a: 10 14, figs 4-7
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral.
Distribution: Indian Ocean (Sri Lanka, Maldive Is., Aldabra Is.) and the Red
Sea (Jidda).
Also described as a new species by Isler, 1900b: 178; redescribed as
Baseodiscus unistriatus (Islet, 1900) by Gibson (1974a: 257-262, figs 2-5).
Eupolia unistriata Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903 b: 106, pl. IV, fig. 4
Habitat: From a reef.
Distribution: Indian Ocean (Maldive Is.).
Punnett was evidently unaware of Isler's prior use of this species name; Gibson
(1974 a: 262) concluded that the descriptions of both authors in fact refer to
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the same species and Punnett's form is therefore now Baseodiscus unistriatus
(Isler, 1900).
Evelineus Corr~a, 1954 HETERONEMERTEA
Corr~a, 1954:25
Marine benthic.
*Evelineus tigrillus Corr~a, 1954
Corr6a, 1954: 27-32, pl. 5, figs 19-24, pl. 5, figs 25-29
Habitat: Intertidal among algae or under stones.
Distribution: Brazil (Ilha Palmas, Ilha Porchat, Fortaleza de Itaipfi and Prfiia
Grande).
Fasciculonemertes Sfinchez
and
Cancino,
1980
HOPLONEMERTEA
MONOSTILIFERA
Sfinchez and Cancino, 1980:150-151
Marine benthic.
*Fasciculonemertes arenicola Sfinchez and Cancino, 1980
Sfinchez and Cancino, 1980: 151-165, table I, figs. 1-17
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: Central Chile (Los Molles).
(Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758)
Linnaeus, 1758:648
A genus of trematode platyhelminth, originally established for two species (one
of which combined a trematode and a turbellarian) (Kenk, 1974: 30), MOiler
(1774) and other authors described several nemertean species under the generic
name Fasciola.
Fasciola angulata Miiller, 1774
Mfiller, 1774:58-59
Synonyms:
?Amphiporus stimpsoni, Cerebratulus angulatus (partita),
?Cosmocephala stimpsoni, ?Cosmocephala stimpsonii, Meckelia angulata,
?Omatoplea stimpsonii, ?Ommatoplea stimpsoni, ?Ommatoplea stimpsonii,
?Ophionemertes stimpsoni, Planaria angulata
Habitat: Not recorded by Mfiller, the species has since been found intertidally
under stones on sand and sublittorally to depths of 150 m or more.
Distribution: Uncertain; originally recorded from Greenland, nemerteans
identified as belonging to this species have since been reported from the North
Pacific (Japan, the shores of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Aleutian Is., Bering
Strait and along the west coast of North America from AK to CA) and the
North Atlantic (Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, Labrador, Nova Scotia, the east
coast of the USA from New England to Cape Cod, and further south offshore
beneath the Arctic current).
Disagreement exists as to whether Miiller (1774) or Fabricius, cited by Miiller,
should be credited as the naming authority for this species; Fabricius (1780,
1798) himself refers the form to Miiller. Verrill (1892: 388) listed the species in
the subgenus Ommatoplea as Amphiporus angulatus, but Gibson and Crandall
(1989: 456) commented that 'The inadequacy of Mfiller's (1774) description,
and consequent uncertainty over Verrill's (1892) identification of A. angulatus,
leave no option but to declare it a nomen dubium'. Riser (1993: 142), however,
said that he agreed with Verrill that 'the description of specimens from
Greenland furnished to Miiller by Fabricius is readily identifiable as this very
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R. Gibson
common species in the Gulf of Maine and that the figure of the head, which
Stimpson furnished to Girard for the description of Omatoplea stimpsonii
Girard (1855), is an excellent depiction of the head ofA. angulatus as seen with
the naked eye or with the aid of a hand lens'. Later on the same page Riser
noted that the species 'does not belong to the genus Amphiporus, and while it
could be readily transferred to the genus Cyanophthalma ... such a transfer
should not be made until the morphology o f . . . other species of the "hastatus"
group ... is known'. Amphiporus angulatus sensu Coe, 1901 a: 41-44, text-fig.
10, pl. VI, fig. 4, pl. VII, figs 2, 2a, pl. XI, fig. 2, pl. XIII, fig. 3, was listed as a
species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III), but in view of
Riser's comments it seems advisable to retain this species for the time being as
Amphiporus angulatus (Miiller, 1774). Earlier McIntosh (1873-1874:195) had
given Fasciola angulata as a synonym of Cerebratulus angulatus but Hubrecht
(1879: 211), who regarded Cerebratulus angulatus as conspecific with
Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, questioned the inclusion of Fasciola
angulata as a synonym. Bfirger (1904 a: 47-48) recognised three subspecies of
Amphiporus angulatus; he listed Fasciola angulata as synonymous with
Amphiporus angulatus angulatus, distinguishing the other two as Amphiporus
angulatus beringianus and Amphiporus angulatus japonicus. Gibson and
Crandall (1989: 456, 460) included these last two subspecies as nomina dubia
under the names Amphiporus beringianus (Stimpson, 1857) and Amphiporus
japonicus (Stimpson, 1857) respectively.
Fasciola candida M/iller, 1774
Mfiller, 1774:71
Synonyms: Hecate candida, Hecate serpentina, Nemertes ehrenbergii, Nemertes
quadrioculata, Planaria algae, Planaria candida, Planaria quadrioculata, Polia
capitata, Polia obscurum (partim), Polia quadrioculata, Prostoma biancestro,
Prostoma candidum, Prostoma quadrioculata, Tetrastemma algae, Tetrastemma
candida, Tetrastemma ehrenbergii, Tetrastemma groenlandicum, Tetrastemma
serpentina, Tetrastemma varicolor (partim), Tetrastemma versicolor,
? Vermiculus coluber var.
Habitat: Mid-shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 55 m or more, among rock
pool algae (Cladophora, Corallina, Ulva) or Zostera, in colonies of hydroids, in
old polychaete tubes, under rocks or in sediments such as shelly gravel and
sand.
Distribution: Circumpolar in the northern hemisphere (British Isles, coasts of
Scandinavia, the North Sea, Mediterranean, Madeira, the Faroe Is., Iceland,
Greenland, the Caribbean, Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America, and
Japan); nemerteans identified as belonging to this species have also been
reported from the southern hemisphere (Brazil, South Africa).
Descriptions of the species, which lacks distinctive external features, are far
from being in agreement and many records relating to the taxon are of
uncertain validity (Gibson, 1982 b: 159). Now Tetrastemma candidum (Miiller,
1774) (Orsted, 1844: 88), redescribed by Kirsteuer (1963: 576-579, figs 15, 32).
Fasciolaflaccida Mfiller, 1774
Mtiller, 1774:57-58
Synonyms: Nemertes flaccida, Planaria flaccida (partita): not Borlasia flaccida
sensu Johnston (1846) or Planaria flaccida sensu Johnston (1828 a)
Habitat: Marine benthic.
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Distribution: North Sea coast of Norway and the Oresund.
Johnston (1846: 435) noted that neither Planaria flaccida sensu Johnston
(1828a: 488) nor Borlasiaflaecida sensu Johnston (1846) was the same as
Miiller's species. Bfirger (1904 a: 22, 126) synonymised Johnston's taxon with
Emplectonema neesii (Orsted, 1843) and listed Mfiller's species as a dubious
heteronemertean.
Fasciola rosea Mfiller, 1774
Mfiller, 1774:58
Synonyms: Omatoplea rosea, Ommatoplea rosea, Planaria rosea, Polystemma
roseum (all partim)
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Norway.
Since Miiller's original naming of this species, later (Mfiller, 1776, 1788)
recorded as Planaria rosea, much confusion has surrounded the identity of the
taxon. McIntosh (1873-1874:158) and Hubrecht (1879: 221) listed both names
as synonymous with Amphiporus pulcher, now Nipponnemertes pulcher,
whereas Verrill (1879: 183) included Planaria rosea under the name
Amphiporus roseus. Biirger (1904a: 77) regarded both Fasciola rosea and
Planaria rosea as conspecific but of dubious taxonomic status, but
synonymised Amphiporus roseus sensu Verrill (1879) with Amphiporus
heterosorus Verrill, 1892, and Amphiporus roseus sensu Verrill (1892) with
Amphiporus pulcher pulcher. Earlier, Orsted (1843: 579) had listed Fasciola
rosea as synonymous with Polystemma roseum, which Bfirger (1904 a: 38, 77)
in part synonymised with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828), in part
with Mfiller's original Fasciola rosea. Beaumont (1900 a: 819) further added to
the confusion by listing Amphiporus roseus sensu Joubin (1894) as conspecific
with Amphiporus &'ssimulans Riches, 1893. Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461462) commented that 'A fundamental problem is that differences in reported
eye patterns suggest that Fasciola rosea sensu Miiller (1774) and [Amphiporus]
roseus sensu Verrill (1879, 1892) are probably different species; neither is
adequately described, and their synonymy or specific separation cannot be
reliably determined'; they included Amphiporus roseus (Mfiller, 1774) as a
nomen dubium.
Fasciola rubra Mfiller, 1774
Miiller, 1774:59
Synonyms: Ascaris rubra, Borlasia gesserensis (partim), ?Borlasia octoculata
(partim), Borlasia olivacea (partim), Borlasia purpurea (partita), Borlasia rufa,
?Borlasia unicolor, Cerebratulus cylindricus, Cerebratulus fuscescens, Gordius
gesserensis (partim), Gordius minor viridis (partim), ?Gordius oculatus, Lineus
gesserensis (partim), Lineus obscurus (partim), ?Lineus oculatus, Lineus
purpureus (partim), ?Lineus rufus (partim), L ineus sanguineus (partim), Lineus
viridis (partim), ?Meckelia carnea, ?Meckelia fusca, Meckelia olivacea (partim),
Nemertes communis (partim), ?Nemertes fusca, Nemertes fuscescens, Nemertes
gesserensis (partim), Nemertes obscura (partim), ?Nemertes octoculata
(partim), Nemertes olivacea (partim), Nemertes opaca, Nemertes purpurea
(partim), Nemertes rufa, Nemertes sanguinea (partim), Nemertes viridis
(partim), Notospermus gesserensis (partim), ?Planaria bioculata (partim),
?Planaria carnea, ?Planaria fusca, Planaria fuscescens, Planaria gesserensis
(partim), ?Planaria octoculata (partim), Planaria rubra, ?Planaria rufa,
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R. Gibson
Planaria sanguinea (partim), ?Planaria unicolor, Polia gracilis, Polia obscura
(partim), Polia opaca, ?Polystemma carneum, Poseidon colei, Trieelis
gesserensis (partim)
Habitat: Upper shore intertidal to sublittoral, on muddy sand under stones and
boulders, in mussel beds, among barnacles, on rock pool and other algae, in
estuarine muds and on almost any sediment with a muddy component; not
uncommonly found in brackish waters, the lower salinity limit of the species
appears to be about 8~o (Remane, 1958).
Distribution: Circumpolar in the northern hemisphere (Atlantic, Mediterranean,
Black Sea and North Sea coasts of Europe, Pacific and Atlantic coasts of
North America, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Is., Madeira and the coast of
Siberia); the species has also been reported from South Africa.
Mfiller's original description is totally inadequate as a species diagnosis and,
as a consequence, considerable confusion surrounds both the identity and
synonymy of this taxon; although one of the most commonly mentioned
nemerteans in the literature, many reports cannot be substantiated and, as
Gibson (1982 b: 90) noted, 'the specific names bioculata, gesserensis, obscurus,
olivacea and purpurea have been more widely applied to Lineus ruber or Lineus
viridis, whereas the name octoculata is more typically associated with Lineus
sanguineus'. There is even uncertainty over which of the two species named by
Miiller was the original for what is now known as Lineus ruber (Mtiller, 1774).
McIntosh (1873-1874: 185) and Biirger (1895a: 622) give Ascaris rubra
Mfiller, 1774: 36, as the original name of what they called Lineus gesserensis
(Mfiller, 1780), Bfirger (1904 a: 101) subsequently listing Lineus gesserensis as a
junior synonym of Lineus tuber. Their inclusion of Ascaris, rather than
Fasciola, rubra appears to rest on Fabricius' earlier conclusion (1780) that
Ascaris rubra was identical with what Miiller (1771) had called 'Der
Str6mische R6d-Aat'. Mfiller (1774), however, used the generic name Faseiola
for several nemertean taxa and more recent authors have tended to regard
Fasciola rubra as the original name for Lineus ruber. To add to the confusion
Bfirger (1904 a: 41) uncertainly synonymised both Fasciola rubra and Planaria
rubra with Amphiporus pulcher pulcher. The inadequacy of Mfiller's
descriptions may mean that this problem can never be satisfactorily resolved.
Fasciola viridis Mfiller, 1774
Mfiller, 1774:59-60
Synonyms: Borlasia gesserensis (partim), Borlasia octoculata (partim), Borlasia
olivacea (partim), Borlasia purpurea (partim), Gordius gesserensis (partim),
Gordius minor viridis (partim), ?Lineus desori, Lineus gesserensis (partim),
Lineus obscurus (partim), Lineus ruber (partim), Lineus viridis var. fuseus,
Lineus viridis var. obscurus, Lineus viridis var. olivaeeus, Lineus viridis var.
rufus, Meckelia olivacea (partim), Nemertes obscura (partim), Nemertes
octoculata (partim), Nemertes olivacea (partim), Nemertes viridis (partim),
Notospermus gesserensis (partim), Notospermus viridis (partim), Planaria
gesserensis (partim), Planaria octoculata (partim), Planaria viridis, Polia
obscura (partim), Tetrastemma? viride, Tricelis gesserensis (partim)
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, most commonly found on muddy sediments
under boulders and stones from mid-shore level downwards, but may occur
higher on more coarse substrata; it is sometimes found in brackish waters.
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Distribution: Circumpolar in the northern hemisphere; although not apparently
as common as Lineus tuber, it has a very similar geographic range except that
it has not been reported from the southern hemisphere.
The identity and synonymy of this species is nearly as confused as that of
Fasciola rubra. Some authors credit Fabriciuis (1780) as the naming authority,
but Fabricius listed Fasciola viridis Mfiller, 1774, as synonymous with what he
called Planaria viridis and Mfiller's name should therefore be linked with the
taxon. Now Lineus viridis (Miiller, 1774) (Verrill, 1879:185), this species, most
commonly under the name Lineus gesserensis, was for long considered to be a
colour variety of Lineus ruber; studies by Gontcharoff (1951, 1959, 1960),
however, showed that the two taxa have very different forms of larval
development and Lineus viridis has since been regarded as a separate species.
Recent genetic studies by Rogers (1992) have confirmed the separation of these
two taxa.
Fluminga Corr~a, 1958 HETERONEMERTEA
Corr~a, 1958:446
Marine benthic.
*Flaminga xama Corr6a, 1958
Corr~a, 1958: 447-449, pl. 2, figs 10, 11, pl. 3, figs 12-16
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 6 m on fine sand.
Distribution: Brazil (near the Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute, 140 km from
Santos).
Friedriehiu Kirsteuer, 1965 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Kirsteuer, 1965:319-320
Marine benthic.
*Friedriehiu eoralli¢ola Kirsteuer, 1965
Kirsteuer, 1965: 320-323, figs 3B, 18, 19
Habitat: On corals.
Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel).
Friedrichia leopardina Chernuishev, 1993
Chernuishev, 1993 c: 18, figs 1 (6, 8, 9)
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 45 m.
Distribution: Antarctica (Davis Sea).
Gelanemertes Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1926:229
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Gelanemertes richardi: see Pelagonemertes richardi Joubin, 1906
Geonemertes Semper, 1863 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Semper, 1863:559
All land nemerteans, which are typically found under or in rotting logs, less
commonly under stones, in shady damp situations, were for long united in this
genus. Following a revision of the taxonomy of the group, the genus
Geonemertes was redefined by Moore and Gibson (1981: 196).
Terrestrial.
Geonemertes agricola: see Tetrastemma agricola Willemoes-Suhm, 1874
Geonemertes allisonae Moore, 1973
Moore, 1973: 301-305, table 1, figs 1, 5-11
Habitat: Under logs in open bushland.
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R. Gibson
Distribution: New Zealand (Banks Peninsula, South Is.).
Now Antiponemertes aUisonae (Moore, 1973) (Moore and Gibson, 1981:199).
Geonemertes arboricola Punnett, 1907
Punnett, 1907: 57-62, text-fig. 24, pl. 11, figs I-7
Habitat: Typical for geonemerteans and in leaf bases of Pandanus.
Distribution: Seychelle Is. (Mah6).
Synonymised with Geonemertes pelaensis Semper, 1863, by Moore and Moore
(1982: 46).
Geonemertes australiensis Dendy, 1892
Dendy, 1892: 86-116, pl. VII, figs 1-5, pl. VIII, figs 6-11 A, pl. IX, figs 12-18, pl.
X, figs 19-26
Habitat: Typical of most land nemerteans.
Distribution: South-eastern Australia and Tasmania.
Now Argonemertes australiensis (Dendy, 1892) (Moore and Gibson, 1981:
199).
Geonemertes caeca Darbishire, 1909
Darbishire, 1909:675
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Enderby Is. (Auckland Is.).
Pantin (1969: 294) concluded that this species is inadequately described.
Geonemertes chalicophora Graft, 1879
Graft, 1879: 431-446, pl. XXV, figs 1-6, pl. XXVI, figs 7-11, pl. XXVII, figs
12-15
Habitat: Typical of most land nemerteans.
Distribution: First found in the Palm House at Frankfurt but since discovered in
Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Is.; also in European greenhouses and in
the wild in Germany and the USA.
Redescribed by Moore and Moore, 1972: 37-40, table I, figs 4-6. Girard (1893:
237) established the genus Leptonemertes for this species but most authors
have referred to it under its original name; recently Moore and Gibson (1981:
199) reinstated the generic name proposed by Girard and the species is now
Leptonemertes chalicophora (Graft, 1879).
Geonemertes clepsinoidea: see Prostoma clepsinoides Dug6s, 1828
Geonemertes dendyi Dakin, 1915
Dakin, 1915: 567-570, fig. 1
Habitat: Typical of most land nemerteans, sometimes in decaying leaves or
moss.
Distribution: A native of south-western Australia, but also recorded as an
immigrant in the British Isles, European greenhouses, the Azores, Canary Is.,
USA, Hawaii and New Zealand.
Now Argonemertes dendyi (Dakin, 1915) (Moore and Gibson, 1981: 199).
Geonemertes graffi Biirger, 1896
Biirger, 1896: 272-274, pl. 4, figs 1-4
Synonyms: Geonemertes micholitzi, Geonemertes stamarai
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Papua New Guinea.
An inadequately described species (Pantin, 1969: 294) which is no longer
recognised, Moore (in Pantin, 1969: 308) commenting that 'There are no
certain differences [between this species and] G. pelaensis'.
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Geonemertes hillii Hett, 1924
Hett, 1924: 775-787, figs 15-22
Habitat: Under logs in dry sclerophyll forest.
Distribution: South-eastern Australia.
Now Argonemertes hillii (Hett, 1924) (Moore and Gibson, 1981: 199).
Geonemertes micholitzi Biirger, 1896
Biirger, 1896: 274, pl. 4, figs 5, 6
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Papua New Guinea.
Moore (in Pantin, 1969: 308) indicated that this species is conspecific with
Geonemertes graffi, for which it is thus a junior synonym.
Geonemertes nightingaleensis Brinkmann, 1943
Brinkmann, 1943:253
Habitat: On the underside of boulders near decaying tussocks, well above high
tide level but within reach of storm spray.
Distribution: Nightingale Is. (Tristan da Cunha group).
Originally only very briefly described, a more complete account, also as a new
taxon, was given by Brinkmann (1947: 2-12, figs 2-6); now Katechonemertes
nightingaleensis (Brinkmann, 1943) (Moore and Gibson, 1981: 199).
Geonemertes novae-zealandiae Dendy, 1895
Dendy, 1895:192-194
Synonyms: Antipodonemertes novaezealandiae, Geonemertes novaezealandiae
Habitat: Typical of most land nemerteans.
Distribution: New Zealand (North and South Is.), Ocean Is. (off Auckland Is.)
and possibly D'Urville Is.
Now Antiponemertes novaezealandiae (Dendy, 1895) (Moore and Gibson,
1981: 199).
Geonemertes pantini Southgate, 1954
Southgate, 1954: 157-160, figs 1 4
Habitat: Typical of most land nemerteans.
Distribution: New Zealand (North and South Is.) and Stewart Is.
Now Antiponemertes pantini (Southgate, 1954) (Moore and Gibson, 1981:
199).
*Geonemertes pelaensis Semper, 1863
Semper, 1863: 559, pl. XXXVIII, fig. 5
Synonyms: Geonemertes arboricola, Geonemertes palaensis, Geonemertes vinsoni
Habitat: Under rotting logs or coconut husks, occasionally in soil associated
with imported plants; once found in a split reed.
Distribution: Indopacific (Papua New Guinea, Japan [Chichijima Is.], Seychelles
[Mahr], Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Pelew [Palau] Is., Caroline Is., Samoan Is., Kei
Is., Mauritius, Samarai, the Philippines [Luzon]), the West Indies (Dominica,
Jamaica), Hawaii and the USA (FL).
Geonemertes peradeniya Pantin, 1961
Pantin, 1961 b: fig. 2
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Sri Lanka.
Moore (in Pantin, 1969: 308) noted that 'There is also a fragment of a
geonemertine in the Cambridge Zoology Museum marked "Peradeniya". (It is
included as such on the world map in Pantin ... with no explanation) ... Dr
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R. Gibson
Pantin records [that it is] unquestionably closely related to G. pelaensis'; the
only description relating to this form is the brief reference to certain features,
abstracted by Moore (ibid.) from a letter written by Pantin in 1952. Moore
(personal communication) comments that the name peradeniya was never
certainly intended as a species name but more to indicate its origin. On the
figure given by Pantin (1961 b), however, the name looks like a specific epithet
(along with others shown which are valid names); it is now evident that it was
never intended as such.
Geonemertes rodericana: see Tetrastemma rodericanum Gulliver, 1879
Geonemertes spirospermia Darbishire, 1909
Darbishire, 1909: 674-675, fig. 1
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Auckland Is. (New Zealand).
An inadequately described species (Pantin, 1969: 294) which is no longer
recognised.
Geonemertes stamarai Moore, in Pantin, 1969
Moore, in Pantin, 1969:308
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Papua New Guinea.
Moore noted that 'G. graffi (Biirger, 1896) [is] also referred to as G. micholitzi,
or G. stamarai'. The origin of the name stamarai lies in longhand notes left by
Pantin, referring to Biirger's paper of 1896, where the name 'Suamarai' has the
letter 'u' inserted superior and was inadvertently read as 'Stamarai' during the
preparation of Pantin's posthumous article; Moore (personal communication)
comments that the name Geonemertes stamarai was 'listed in error' and the
species is thus a nomen nudum.
Geonemertes stocki Moore, 1975
Moore, 1975 a: 35-41, tables 1, 2, figs 1, 5, 6, 7 A, 8
Habitat: Under logs in dry sclerophyll forest.
Distribution: South-eastern Australia.
Now Argonemertes stoeki (Moore, 1975) (Moore and Gibson, 1981: 199).
Geonemertes vinsoni Moore, in Pantin, 1969
Moore, in Pantin, 1969:308
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Mauritius.
Moore cited a letter from Pantin, dated 27 August 1963, to the late Dr Vinson,
then Director of the Mauritius Institute, in which he said 'It would take me a
little time to get round to sectioning the worms and describing them, but when
I do, I should like to call this species Geonemertes vinsoni'; Moore (1975 b: 30)
concluded that the species from Mauritius is in fact Geonemevtes pelaensis
Semper, 1863.
Gononemertes Bergendal, 1900 H O P L O N E M E R T E A M O N O S T I L I F E R A
Bergendal, 1900 a: 321
Also described as a new genus by Bergendal (1900 b: 596).
Marine, commensals in ascidians.
aononemertes australiensis Gibson, 1974
Gibson, 1974b: 249-264, table 1, text-figs 1, 2, pl. 1, figs A-K, pl. 2, figs A-J
Habitat: In the atrium under the pharynx of Pyura pachydermatina var.
in termedia.
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Distribution: South-eastern Australia (Sydney Harbour).
*Gononemertes parasita Bergendal, 1900
Bergendal, 1900 a: 321-328, figs 4-6
Synonyms: Gononemertes parasitica
Habitat: Living in Phallusia sp.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Kosterl]ord).
Also described as a new species by Bergendal, 1900b: 596-602.
(Gordius Linnaeus, 1758)
Linnaeus, 1758:647
Currently a genus of Nematomorpha, class Gordioida, several of the earlier
authors included nemertean species in this taxon.
Gordius albicans Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 73-74, pl. X, figs 5a, 6
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: British Isles.
Synonymised with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) by Mclntosh
(1873-1874: 156).
Gordius albus Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 75-76, pl. IX, figs 12, 13
Synonyms: Gordius minor albus, Lineus albus
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: British Isles (coasts of Scotland and Cornwall).
Dalyell used the name Gordius (minor) albus in the captions to his figures;
Biirger (1904 a: 130) included the species in a list of dubious taxa but Gibson
(1982 b: 87) suggested that it might be synonymous with Lineus lacteus, now
Myoisophagos lacteus (Rathke, 1843).
Gordius anguis Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 85-87, pl. X, figs 7 10, pl. XIII
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral.
Distribution: British Isles.
Diesing (1863: 178) synonymised this form with Valencinia ornata
Quatrefages, now considered the same as Tubulanus superbus (K611iker, 1845),
whereas Bfirger (1904a: 13-14) regarded Dalyell's taxon as partly identical
with Tubulanus superbus, partly with Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804);
Gibson (1982b: 69) included Gordius anguis as a junior synonym only of
Tubulanus superbus.
Gordius annulatus Montagu, 1804
Montagu, 1804:74
Synonyms: Carinella annulata (partim), Carinella aragoL Carinella linearis,
Carinella macintoshi, Carinella mcintoshii, Carinella trilineata, Lineus
annulatus, Meckelia annulata (partim), Meckelia trilineata, Polia crucigera,
Valencinia annulata, Valencinia elegans: not Meckelia annulata Grube, 1840
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones, on sand, mud or coralline ground,
or among the holdfasts of Laminaria, commoner sublittorally to depths of
40 m or more on a wide variety of substrata (stones, gravel, fine sand, mud,
sand mixed with shell fragments, or scallop beds).
Distribution: Atlantic, Irish Sea, North Sea and Mediterranean coasts of
Europe; possible records from AK, USA (Coe, 1944a) and South Africa
(Stimpson, 1857) are of uncertain validity.
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Now Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804)(Biirger, 1904a: 14); Svensson
(1993: 240-245, figs 1-6) has recently investigated intraspecific variation of
certain anatomical characters of this species.
Gordius fasciatus spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 80-82, pl. XI, figs 6-15
Synonyms: Gordius spinifer fasciatus, Stylus fasciatus
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: British Isles.
Synonymised with Micrura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828, by Mclntosh (18731874: 198).
Gordius fragilis Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 55-61, pl. VI, figs 1, 2, pl. VII, figs 1 19, pl. VII*, figs 1-3
Synonyms: Cerebratulus fragilis, Meckelia serpentaria, Serpentaria fragilis
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal.
Distribution: Coasts of Scotland and western Norway.
Synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1904, by Biirger (1904 a:
112).
Gordius fragilis spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 79-80, pl. XI, fig. 5
Synonyms: Gordius spinifer fragilis, Stylus fragilis
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: British Isles.
Regarded as synonymous with Micrura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828, by
Mclntosh (1873-1874:198).
Gordius fuscus Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 83-84, pl. IX, figs 15 17, pl. XII
Synonyms: Serpentaria fusca
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: British Isles.
Bfirger (1904 a: 22) included this form as a junior synonym of Emplectonema
neesii (Orsted, 1843).
Gordius gesserensis: see Planaria gesserensis Miiller, 1780
Gordius gracilis Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 74-75, pl. IX, figs 8-11
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Coast of Scotland.
Biirger (1904a: 18) regarded this form as synonymous with Cephalotttrix
linearis (Rathke, 1799), but Wijnhoff (1913: 295) uncertainly listed it as
conspecific with Procephalothrix filiformis (Johnston, 1828) whilst Gibson
(1982b: 54) included it among a number of species synonymised with
Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837).
Gordius linearis: see Lineus linearis Montagu, 1808
Gordius macula Renier, 1804
Renier, 1804:20
Synonyms: Acicula bioculata, Acicula macula
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea.
Renier (1807: 6) transferred this form to the genus A cicula. B/irger (1904 a:
132) concluded that it was far from certain that this species was even a
nemertean.
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Gordius maculosus Montagu, 1808
Montagu, 1808:274
Synonyms: Lineus maculosa, Lineus maculosus, Omatoplea maculosa
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: British Isles (coast of Devon).
A manuscript name used by Montagu for a species described as resembling
Gordius marinus; Parfitt (1867:215) uncertainly included the form, as a species
inquirenda, in the genus Omatoplea, but Gibson (1982 b: 134) suggested that it
might be synonymous with Empleetonema neesii (0rsted, 1843).
Gordius marinus Montagu, 1804
Montagu, 1804:72-74
Synonyms: Lineus marinus, Lineus (Gordius) marinus
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, under stones or in old bivalve
shells.
Distribution: British Isles (coasts of Cornwall and Devon).
Montagu identified this species with what Borlase (1758) had earlier called a
'Sea Long-Worm'; now Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) (Johnston, 1865:
25).
Gordius maximus Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 63-69, pl. VIII, figs 1-10, pl. IX, fig. 1
Habitat: Marine benthic, sublittoral.
Distribution: British Isles (coasts of Scotland and the Orkney Islands).
Dalyell also referred to this species as the Sea Long Worm, a name first used by
Borlase (1758) for what is now Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770); DalyeU
made no reference to Borlase's book, but Johnston (1865: 25) synonymised the
form with Lineus longissimus. Earlier Diesing (1863: 180) listed Gordius
maximus as a junior synonym of Meckelia borlasii, which has also been
synonymised with longissimus.
Gordius minor Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853:71
Synonyms: Gordius minor viridis
Habitat: Intertidal, under stones.
Distribution: British Isles.
Dalyell, having introduced the name Gordius minor, then goes on to describe
and illustrate the species (p. 72, pl. IX, figs 2-7) as Gordius minor viridis, a
name which has since been used in part for what is now Lineus tuber (Miiller,
1774), in part for Lineus vividis (Mfiller, 1774).
Gordius minor albus: see Gordius albus Dalyell, 1853
Gordius oculatus Montagu, 1808
Montagu, 1808:153
Synonyms: Lineus oculatus
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: British Isles (coast of Devon).
A manuscript name, with the generic name Lineus added alongside, Gibson
(1982b: 90) uncertainly included it as synonymous with the Lineus tuber
(Miiller, 1774), Lineus sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) and Lineus viridis (Miiller,
1774) group of taxa.
Gordius pallidus Mfiller, 1771
M/filler, 1771:111
Habitat: Marine benthic.
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Distribution: Denmark (0resund).
Diesing (1850: 268) listed this species as Meckelia pallida, which Biirger
(1904 a: 132) included among a group of dubious nemertean taxa.
Gordius purpureus spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 78-79, pl. XI, figs 2 4
Synonyms: Cerebratulus purpureus, Gordius spinifer purpureus, Micrura (Stylus)
purpurea, Stylus purpureus
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 140 m or more, in rocky clefts, under
stones and boulders, between bivalve molluscs, in laminarian holdfasts or on
muddy, sandy, shelly or gravelly sediments.
Distribution: Coasts of Scandinavia, British Isles, the Mediterranean and the
Adriatic.
Now Micrura purpurea (Dalyell, 1853) (Mfiller, 1858: 300).
Gordius pusillus Delle Chiaje, 1829
Delle Chiaje, 1829: 177, pl. LXIV, figs 8, 9
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Listed as Tubulanus pusillus by Diesing (1850: 263) but included among a
group of dubious nemertean taxa by Biirger (1904 a: 130).
Gordius spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 77-78, pl. XI
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: British Isles.
Dalyell used this name in a group sense for four taxa which he described and
illustrated under the names Gordius fasciatus spinifer, Gordius fragilis spinifer,
Gordius purpureus spinifer and Gordius viridis spinifer, although the main
caption heading to pl. XI (p. 82) and the bottom of the plate itself only bear the
name Gordius spinifer.
Gordius spinifer fasciatus: see Gordius fasciatus spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Gordius spinifer fragilis: see Gordius fragilis spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Gordius spinifer purpureus: see Gordius purpureus spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Gordius spinifer viridis: see Gordius viridis spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Gordius taenia Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 70-71, pl. X, figs 1-4
Synonyms: Cerebratulus taenia, Meckelia taenia
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, in old bivalve shells or in polychaete tubes.
Distribution: Coast of Scotland.
Johnston (1865: 28) included this species under the name Meckelia taenia,
Mclntosh (1873-1874: 191) later synonymising both names with Lineus
bUineatus but giving Delle Chiaje, 1841, rather than Renier, 1804, as the
naming authority. Delle Chiaje's species, Polia bilineata, Bfirger (1904 a: 94)
transferred to the genus Lineus as Lineus kennelii Bfirger, 1892, although in his
monograph (Bfirger, 1895 a: 633) he uncertainly listed Cerebratulus bilineatus
Renier, 1804, as a junior synonym of Lineus kenneli. Bfirger (1904a: 94)
included both Lineus bilineatus sensu Mclntosh and Gordius taenia Dalyell as
synonymous with Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804).
Gordius viridis spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 78, pl. XI, fig. 1
Synonyms: Gordius spinifer viridis, Gordius viridis, Micrura viridis, Stylus viridis
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Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Coast of Scotland.
Bfirger (1904a: 126) included this as a dubious species of heteronemertean,
Gibson (1982 b: 187) doing likewise with the comment that 'As illustrated by
Dalyell (1853) [the species] superficially resembles a micrurid, but it cannot be
related to any of the British Micrura species or those of other European
waters'.
Gorgonorhynchus Dakin and Fordham, 1931 HETERONEMERTEA
Dakin and Fordham, 1931:796
Also described as a new genus by Dakin and Fordham (1936: 461).
Marine benthic.
Gorgonorhynchus bermudensis Wheeler, 1940
Wheeler, 1940c: 433 438, figs 1-3
Synonyms: Gorgonorhynchus bermudiensis
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, under stones.
Distribution: Bermuda and the Atlantic coast of the USA (FL).
Redescribed by Gibson (1974c: 475 488, figs 1-13).
*Gorgonorhynchus repens Dakin and Fordham, 1931
Dakin and Fordham, 1931: 796, fig. 1
Habitat: Mid- to lower-shore intertidal, under stones or dead coral boulders on
clean sand.
Distribution: Eastern coastline of Australia (Great Barrier Reef and New South
Wales) and the Indopacific (Namu Is., Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Is., and
Krusadai Is. in the Gulf of Manaar, India).
The 1931 description of this species was only provisional; a full account, also
as a new species, was given by Dakin and Fordham (1936: 461-480, text-figs
1-6, pl. I, figs 1, 2, pl. II, figs 3-9, pl. III, figs 10-12a, pl. IV, figs 13 17, pl. V,
figs 18-23).
Gurjanovella Ushakov, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Ushakov, 1926:60
Marine benthic.
*Gurjanoveila littoralis Ushakov, 1926
Ushakov, 1926:60 62
Synonyms:
Amphiporus littoralis, Gurjanovella littoralis var. maris-albi,
Gurjanovella littoralis var. murmanicum
Habitat: Intertidal from loamy sand.
Distribution: Northern coasts of Russia (Barents Sea, White Sea).
Ushakov described two varieties of this species, Gurjanovella littoralis var.
maris-albi (p. 61, pl. lI, figs 11, 12) from Kordenskaja Bay on the White Sea
coast of Russia, and GurjanovelIa littoralis var. murmanicum (p. 61) from the
Kola and Motka Fjords on the Barents Sea coasts; whether or not the varietal
status of these forms should be retained must be determined from future
investigations.
(Gyrator Ehrenberg, 1837)
Ehrenberg, 1837:178
Diesing (1862: 246-247, 1863:177) included this genus in the family Gyratricinea
as a member of the tribe Rhynchocoela (Nemertea); he listed a total of eleven
species, none of which is a nemertean.
Halimanemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
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R. Gibson
Gibson, 1990b: 145-146, table 7
Marine benthic.
*Halimanemertes slacksmithae Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990b: 146-152, table 1, text-figs 15, 16, pl. 14, figs A-F, pl. 15, figs AG, pl. 16, figs A-D
Habitat: Intertidal among coralline algae.
Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia).
Hallezia Girard, 1893
Girard, 1893:284
Included as a junior synonym of the genus Amphiporus by Bfirger (1904 a: 34).
Hallezia bioculata: see Amphiporus bioculatus Mclntosh, 1873-1874
Hallezia hastata: see Amphiporus hastatus Mclntosh, 1873-1874
Hecate Girard, 1852
Girard, 1852:185-186
Listed among the synonyms of the genus Prostoma by Biirger (1904 a: 53) when
this taxon included both marine and freshwater species.
Hecate arenicola: see Tetrastemma arenicola Verrill, 1873
Hecate candida: see Fasciola candida Mfiller, 1774
Hecate dorsalis: see Planaria dorsalis Abildgaard, 1806
Hecate elegans Girard, 1852
Girard, 1852:186
Synonyms: ?Hecate kelleri, Prostoma elegans
Habitat: Among bryozoans, algae and other growths near low tide level and
below to depths of about 15 m on rocks and pier pilings, dredged from shelly
sediments, or among eelgrasses.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (southern coast of Cape Cod, MA and
southward at least as far as Chesapeake Bay, VA).
Now Tetrastemma elegans (Girard, 1852) (Diesing, 1862: 294).
Hecate kelleri Girard, 1893
Girard, 1893:257-258
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (Fischer Is., MA).
Girard gave Tetrastemma elegans sensu Verrill (1875: 40) as synonymous with
this form, but indicated that it was not the same as Hecate elegans; Biirger
(1904 a: 60), however, included Hecate kelleri as conspecific with Tetrastemma
elegans (Girard, 1852).
Hecate serpentina: see Tetrastemma serpentina Girard, 1851
Hemicyclia Ehrenberg, 1831
Ehrenberg, 1831: 62
Bfirger (1904a: 127) included this genus in a list of dubious heteronemertean
taxa.
Hemicyclia albicans Ehrenberg, 1831
Ehrenberg, 1831:62
Synonyms: Hemicyclia albiceps, Nemertes albicans
Habitat: Among corals.
Distribution: Gulf of Suez.
Regarded as a species of doubtful validity by Bfirger (1904 a: 127).
Hemicyclia albiceps Ehrenberg, 1831
Ehrenberg, 1831: 62
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Habitat: Among corals.
Distribution: Gulf of Suez.
Synonymised with Hemicyclia albicans by Biirger (1904 a: 127) and considered
to be of dubious validity.
Heterolineus Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935 a: 310
Friedrich established this genus for Heterolineus Iongissimus (Gnnerus, 1770)
but, as Corr6a (1963: 43) correctly pointed out, 'This is the oldest species of
Lineus ... Consequently, L. longissimus is the type species of Lineus and must
keep this generic name. Heterolineus Friedrich (1935, p. 310) becomes a synonym
of Lineus.'
Heterolineus longissimus: see Ascaris longissima Gunnerus, 1770
Heter olineus pseudoruber Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935a: 314-318, figs 13-15
Habitat: Among Zostera.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Since the generic name is now a junior synonym of the genus Lineus, this
species should be known as Lineus pseudoruber (Friedrich, 1935).
Hinumanemertes Iwata, 1970 HETERONEMERTEA
Iwata, 1970:134
Brackish-water benthic.
*Hinumanemertes kikuchii Iwata, 1970
Iwata, 1970: 136-142, text-figs 1 A-C, pl. 1, figs 1-8, pl. 2, figs 9-17
Habitat: Sublittoral in mud.
Distribution: Japan (Lake Hinuma, Honshu).
Hipponemertes: A printing error for Nipponnemertes appearing in Chernuishev
(1993 a: 75).
(Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758)
Linnaeus, 1758:649
A currently valid genus of leeches, the generic name was used by a number of the
earlier authors for species of bdellonemerteans, which bear a superficial
resemblance to leeches through their possession of a posterior ventral sucker.
Hirudo anceps Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853:11-12
Synonyms: Malacobdella anceps
Habitat: Presumed to have emerged from a specimen of Cyprina (now Arctica)
islandica which was in the same container as the nemertean.
Distribution: The bivalve host was collected on the coast of Scotland.
Dalyell headed his description of this animal with the name Hirudo anceps, but
otherwise referred to it as Hirudo grossa; Johnston (1865: 35) listed it as
Malacobdella anceps, which has been synonymised with Malacobdella grossa
(Mtiller, 1776).
Hirudo grossa Miiller, 1776
Mfiller, 1776:220
Synonyms:
Hirudo anceps, Malacobdella anceps, Malacobdella cardii,
Malacobdella mercenaria, Malacobdella mercenariae, Malacobdella myae,
Malacobdella obesa, Malacobdella valenciennaei, Phylline grossa, Xenistum
valenciennaei
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Habitat: Marine, entocommensal in the mantle cavity of bivalve molluscs; at
least 23 host species have been recorded (Gibson, 1967; Jones et al., 1979).
Distribution: Widespread on the northern coasts of Europe, it has also been
recorded from the Mediterranean, Iceland, and the Atlantic and Pacific coasts
of North America.
Now Malacobdellagrossa (Miiller, 1776)(Blainville, 1828: 566).
Hubrechtella Bergendal, 1902 PALAEONEMERTEA
Bergendal, 1902a: 9
Marine benthic.
Hubrechtella atypica Senz, 1992
Senz, 1992b: 186-188, figs 1 3
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Norway (coast near Bergen).
Hubrechtella combinata Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 69-70, pl. 3, fig. 17
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
*Hubrechtella dubia Bergendal, 1902
Bergendal, 1902 a: 9-12
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20-119 m, in mud or loose sand mixed with
mud and shell fragments.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden, Norway and Denmark.
Redescribed by Hylbom (1957: 557-562, text-fig. 1 E, pl. 4, figs 22-26, pl. 5,
figs 27 32, pl. 6, fig. 34).
Hubrechtella globocystica Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 71-73, pl. 3, figs 18-21
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
Hubrechtella indica Kirsteuer, 1967
Kirsteuer, 1967: 114-116, figs 1 B, 3
Habitat: Sublittoral from 20m depth in mud mixed with sand.
Distribution: Madagascar (Ambanoro Bay).
Hubrechtella malabarensis Gibson, 1979
Gibson, 1979c: 120-130, table 1, figs 1 15
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 66-84 m on gravel with medium to mediumfine sand.
Distribution: Australia (Malabar, Sydney).
Hubrechtella queenslandica Gibson, 1979
Gibson, 1979b: 324-335, table 2, figs 12-17
Habitat: Lower middle shore intertidal, under coral boulder in muddy sand with
rock and coral debris.
Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is., off Queensland).
Hubrechtella sarodravayensis Kirsteuer, 1967
Kirsteuer, 1967:111-114, figs 1 A, 2
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 20 m in mud mixed with sand.
Distribution: Madagascar (Ambanoro Bay).
Hubrechtia Biirger, 1892 PALAEONEMERTEA
Biirger, 1892a: 146
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Marine benthic.
*Hubrechtia desiderata: see Carinella desiderata Kennel, 1891
Hubrechtonemertes Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1934
HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1934:168
Marine benthic.
*Hubrechtonemertes lankesteri: see Drepanophorus lankesteri Hubrecht, 1887
Huilkalineas Senz, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA
Senz, 1993a: 107
Marine benthic.
*Huilkalineus inexpectatus Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 107-111, pl. 6, figs 52-54, pl. 7, fig. 55
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
First referred to, as a nomen nudum, by Senz (1992a: 92).
Huilkia Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968 HETERONEMERTEA
Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968:177
Marine benthic.
*Haiikia ushuaiensis Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968
Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968: 178-180, figs 4-7
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Southern Argentina (Ushuaia Bay, Tierra del Fuego).
Hyalonemertes Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892:451
Listed as synonymous wtih Nectonemertes by Coe (1926: 162).
Hyalonemertes atlantica Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892:451-452
Habitat: Bathypelagic, recovered from depths of about 1650-3280m.
Distribution:
Northern and north-western North Atlantic (near the
Newfoundland Ridge and off the coast of the USA approximately east of
Cape Hatteras, NC).
Synonymised with Nectonemertes mirabilis Verrill, 1892, by Brinkmann
(1917 a: 9); Hyalonemertes atlantica sensu Biirger (1909) is not the same species
and was listed as conspecific with Neetonemertes minima Brinkmann, 19151916, by Coe (1945a: 159).
Intestinonemertes Friedrich, 1957
Friedrich, 1957:130
A subgenus established for species of Amphiporus in which the foregut possesses
one or more caecal pouches; the six species which have been included in this
subgenus are Amphiporus appendiculatus Friedrich, 1957, Amphiporus arcticus
Punnett, 1901, Amphiporus islandicus Friedrich, 1957, Ampln'porus iwatai
Friedrich, 1970, Amphiporus punnetti Friedrich, 1957, and Amplu'porus
septentrionalis Friedrich, 1957, all of which were listed as species inquirendae by
Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with no reference to their subgeneric
placement.
Ischyronemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Gibson, 1990b: 153-154, table 7
Marine benthic.
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*Ischyronemertes albanyensis Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990b: 154-159, tables 1, 8, text figs 17, 18, pl. 17, figs A-G, pl. 18, figs
A-H
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under rocks partially embedded in coarse sand
mixed with seagrass debris.
Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia).
Ischyronemertes erythrophleps Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990b: 161-165, tables 1, 8, text-figs 19, 20, pl. 19, figs A-F, pl. 20, figs
AD
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, under boulder in shelly sand.
Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia).
Ischyronemertes tetrophthalma Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990b: 165-171, tables 1, 8, text-figs 21, 22, pl. 21, figs A-H, pl. 22, figs
A-D
Habitat: Mid-shore intertidal, under boulder in shelly sand.
Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia).
Itanemertes Corr6a, 1957 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Corr~a, 1957:255
Marine benthic.
*Itanemertes nonatoi Corr~a, 1957
Corr~a, 1957: 255-257, pl. II, figs 7-12, pl. III, figs 13-15
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Brazil (Ubatuba, near the Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute, and
the island of S~o Sebastifio).
lwatanemertes Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1990c: 75, table 2
Marine benthic.
*lwatanemertes piperatus: see Meckelia piperata Stimpson, 1855
Joubinia Bfirger, 1904
Biirger, 1904a: 85
Biirger renamed the genus Valencinia Quatrefages, 1846, and its emendation
Valenciennesia sensu Joubin (1894), regarding both names as in part synonymous
with Tubulanus; the name Joubinia is no longer valid, Friedrich (1960b: 56)
reinstating Valeneinia in its place.
Joubinia blanca: see Valencinia blanca Bfirger, 1892
Joubinia longirostris, Joubinia longirostris longirostris, Joubinia longirostris rava: see
Valencinia longirostris Quatrefages, 1846
Joubinia rubens: see Valencinia rubens Coe, 1895
Katechonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1981 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Moore and Gibson, 1981:196-197
Terrestrial.
*Katechonemertes nightingaleensis: see Geonemertes nightingaleensis
Brinkmann, 1943
Kirsteueria Gibson, 1978 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1978:6
Marine benthic.
*Kirsteueria aboceUus Gibson, 1978
Gibson, 1978:6 20, text figs 1-8, pl. 1, figs A-F, pl. 2, figs A-C
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Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 29 m.
Distribution: South-eastern Australia (Malabar, Sydney).
Koinoporus S~nchez and Moretto, 1988 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
S/tnchez and Moretto, 1988:194-195
Freshwater.
*Koinoporus mapochi S~nchez and Moretto, 1988
Sfinchez and Moretto, 1988: 195-202, table 1, figs 1-4
Habitat: Under stones in slow-running water.
Distribution: Chile (River Mapocho and streams at Talagante, Melipilla,
Angostura de Paine, Pelarco, San Javier and Concepci6n).
Korotkevitschia Friedrich, 1968 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1968:34
Marine pelagic.
*Korotkevitschia pelagicu: see Cratenemertes pelagicus Korotkevich, 1961
Kurilonemertes Chernuishev, 1993
Chernuishev, 1993 b: 19
A subgenus of the genus Antarctonemertes established for Antarctonemertes
papilliformis (Korotkevich, 1977), which is designated as the type.
Langia Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:220
Listed as synonymous wtih Diplopleura by Verrill (1895: 528).
Langiaformosa Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:220-221
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: France (Banyuls) and Italy (Naples).
Now Diplopleura formosa (Hubrecht, 1879) (Verrill, 1895: 528).
Langia obockiana Joubin, 1887
Joubin, 1887: 62-88, pl. I, figs 1 8, pl. II, figs 1-7
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, under stones covered with red algae at
depths of 1-1.5m.
Distribution: Gulf of Aden (Obock).
Now Diplopleura obockiana (Joubin, 1887) (Verrill, 1895: 528).
Langia vivesi Joubin, 1905
Joubin, 1905d: 313-315, figs 2 5
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in fine sand.
Distribution: Mexico (Gulf of California coast of Baja California at La Paz).
Now Diplopleura vivesi (Joubin, 1905) (Coe, 1940: 277).
Legnodesmus Ehlers, 1869 FOSSIL
Ehlers, 1869: 174, pl. 36, figs 6-8, pl. 37, figs 1, 2, 4, 5
A genus of trace fossils.
Legnodesmus ehlersi Howell, 1958
Howell, 1958:247
Habitat: Mesozoic Solenhofen limestone.
Distribution: Germany (Bavaria).
When Ehlers established and illustrated this fossil taxon he did not name the
species; Howell subsequently established the type species on the basis of
Ehler's description.
Leodes Girard, 1853
Girard, 1853:366
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Listed as synonymous wtih Cerebratulus by Stimpson (1857: 159).
Leodes striolenta Girard, 1853
Girard, 1853:366
Synonyms: Cerebratulus striolenta, Meckelia striolenta
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, under stones on hard clay.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC).
Now Cerebratulus striolentus (Girard, 1853) (Verrill, 1892: 436).
Leonoviana Chernuishev, 1992
Chernuishev, 1992a: 134
Chernuishev proposed renaming Chunianna pacifica Coe, 1954, as Coeiana
pacifica (Coe, 1954) and placing it in the subgenus Leonoviana; this proposal is
not accepted in the present paper.
Leptonemertes Girard, 1893 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOST1LIFERA
Girard, 1893:237
The generic diagnosis was redefined by Moore and Gibson (1981: 197).
Terrestrial.
*Leptonemertes chalicophora: see Geonemertes chalicophora Graft, 1879
Lineopsella Friedrich, 1970 HETERONEMERTEA
Friedrich, 1970:42
When Friedrich (1958: 19) established as new the genus Lineopsis, he was
unaware that this name had previously been used by Staub (1900: 79);
Lineopsella replaces Lineopsis sensu Friedrich (1958).
Marine benthic.
*LineopseUa islandicus: see Lineopsis islandicus Friedrich, 1958
Lineopsella pacifica Friedrich, 1970
Friedrich, 1970:42
Habitat: Sublittoral, from coarse sand at a depth of 35 m.
Distribution: Southern Chile (Seno Reloncavi, Puerto Montt Bay).
Lineopselloides Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1990c: 108-109, table 3
Marine benthic.
*Lineopselloides albilineus Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 109-117, text figs 16, 17, pl. 18, figs A-G, pl. 19, figs A-H, pl. 20,
figs A D
Habitat: Sublittoral, on a coral boulder at a depth of 5-10m.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Lineopsis Staub, 1900 HETERONEMERTEA
Staub, 1900:79
Not Lineopsis sensu Friedrich, 1958.
Marine benthic.
Lineopsis Friedrich, 1958
Friedrich, 1958:19
Established as a new genus by Friedrich when he was unaware of Staub's prior
use of the name; now Lineopsella Friedrich, 1970: 42.
Lineopsis islandicus Friedrich, 1958
Friedrich, 1958: 19-21, fig. 8
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal.
Distribution: Iceland.
Now LineopseUa islandicus (Friedrich, 1958) (Friedrich, 1970: 42).
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*Lineopsis semonii Staub, 1900
Staub, 1900: 79, 88-89, pl. XLVII, figs 5 5d, pl. XLIX, figs 23-30
Synonyms: Lineopsis semoni
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
The specific epithet is spelt semoni in the heading to the full description and in
the figure captions.
Lineus Sowerby, 1806 HETERONEMERTEA
Sowerby, 1806:15
Marine benthic.
Lineus acutifvons Southern, 1913
Southern, 1913: 7-9, pl. I, figs 1A-D
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in sand.
Distribution: Western Ireland and the Isle of Man.
Gibson (1982 b: 84) commented that this species is inadequately described.
Lineus albifrons Coe, 1934
Coe, 1934: 8-9, fig. 4
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Hawaiian Is.
Lineus albocinctus Verrill, 1900
Verrill, 1900: 598, pl. LXX, figs 1-1 b
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, among coralline and other algae under rocks.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL), Bermuda, Porto Rico and the
Virgin Is.
This is not the same species as that recorded from Norway, Sweden and
Denmark as Lineus albocinctus (Bergendal, 1903) by Brunberg (1964) and
Cantell (1975); Bergendal originally described his form as Cerebratulus
albocinctus, which is now Tenuilineus albocinctus (Bergendal, 1903) (Riser,
1993: 145). Verrill's species, which is not well described, is currently known by
its original name.
Lineus albolineatus Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904: 193-195, pl. XVII, fig. 2
Habitat:
Sublittoral, dredged from depths of 40-60m, living in strong,
parchment-like tubes among broken shells.
Distribution: Pacific coasts of the USA (CA).
Synonymised with Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804) by Coe (1940: 267).
Lineus albonasus Verrill, 1900
Verrill, 1900: 598, pl. LXX, fig. 2
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal.
Distribution: Bermuda.
An inadequately described species known only from its external features.
Lineus aiborostratus Takakura, 1898
Takakura, 1898c: 332, fig. 12
Synonyms: Lineus alborostlatus
Habitat: Intertidal, under or between stones.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu).
Redescribed by Yamaoka (1940 a: 220-222, text-fig. 8, pl. XV, figs 1-5).
Lineus albovittatus, Lineus albo-vittatus: see Meckelia albo-vittata
Stimpson, 1855
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Lineus albus: see Gordius albus Dalyell, 1853
Lineus alienus Biirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895a: 626, pl. 5, fig. 3, pl. 26, figs 42, 42a, pl. 28, fig. 40
Habitat: Intertidal among Ulva.
Distribution: France (Dieppe) and Italy (Naples).
Lineus anas: see Cerebratulus anas Joubin and Frangois, 1892
Lineus angulosus Korotkevich, 1978
Korotkevich, 1978a: 125
Habitat: Under stones or on sand or gravel sediments.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea).
Also referred to as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 255), no description
accompanied the use of the name and the form is thus a nomen nudum.
Lineus anellatus Monastero, 1930
Monastero, 1930: 65-66, pl. fig. 14
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
The illustration of this species indicates a colour pattern virtually identical
with that of Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828), with which it is here
provisionally synonymised.
Lineus annulatus: see Gordius annulatus Montagu, 1804
Lineus arenicola (not Lineus arenicola sensu Senz, 1992a, nor Lineus arenicolus
sensu Senz, 1993a): see Tetrastemma arenicola Verrill, 1873
Lineus arenicolus Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993 a: 75-78, pl. 3, figs 22-26
Synonyms: Lineus arenicola sensu Senz (1992 a): not Lineus arenicola (Verrill,
1873)
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
When he established this as a new species, first referring to it as a nomen nudum
under the name Lineus arenicola (Senz, 1992 a: 92), Senz was not aware that he
was using a preoccupied name; the species is to be renamed Lineus rovinjensis
(Senz, personal communication).
Lineus ater: see Meckelia atra Girard, 1851
Lineus atradentis Korotkevich, 1978
Korotkevich, 1978 a: 126
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 8-20 m on muddy sediments.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea).
Also listed as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), the form has never
been described and is thus a nomen nudum.
Lineus atrocaeruleus: see Meckelia atrocaerulea Schmarda, 1859
Lineus auripunctatus: see Ophiocephalus auripunctatus Grube, 1855
Lineus aurostriatus: see Cerebratulus aurostriatus Biirger, 1890
Lineus australis Punnett, 1900
Punnett, 1900a: 577-578, pl. LXI, figs 41-44
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: South Pacific (Lifu).
Riser (1991: 435) noted that this form 'might belong in the genus Notospermus
as [a] valid species [but is] inadequately described and could fit either N.
geniculatus, or N. tricuspidatus among recognisable species. Hence, [it is]
considered to be [a nomen dubium], although the description of the excretory
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system of L. australis by Punnett (1900) indicates that the species is
[Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828)].' Punnett's species is here
provisionally synonymised with Notospermus genicnlatus, although this
synonymy requires confirmation.
Lineus autrani Joubin, 1905
Joubin, 1905a: 433, fig. p. 433
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 40m.
Distribution: Antarctica (vicinity of Booth-Wandel Is.).
Wheeler (1934: 250) synonymised this form with Lineus corrugatus Mclntosh,
t876, but Gibson (1983 a: 307) disagreed with this, commenting that 'both the
generic and specific status of [Lineus autranO must be regarded as uncertain';
Gibson (1985 b: 158) subsequently noted that all that can be determined for
this species is 'that it is probably a lineid heteronemertean but of unknown
taxonomic affinities'.
Lineus beattiaei Gray, 1857
Gray, 1857:210
Synonyms: Meckelia beattiaei, Serpentaria beattiei
Habitat: Not recorded beyond 'off the coast'.
Distribution: Scotland.
Synonymised wtih Cerebratulus marginatns Renier, 1804, by Hubrecht (1879:
211).
Lineus bellus: see Cerebratulus bellus Stimpson, 1857
Lineus bicolor Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892: 426-427, pl. XXXVIII, figs 8 8 b
Habitat: Rarely found intertidally, sublittoral at depths of 2-40 m or more on
shelly or stony sediments among hydroids, algae and ascidians.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (Cape Cod, MA and southwards).
Now Tennilinens bicolor (Verrill, 1892) (Riser, 1993: 145).
Lineus bilineata, Lineus bilineatsu, Linens bilineatns: see Cerebratulus bilineatus
Renier, 1804
Linens binigrilinearis Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 117-123, text figs 18, 19, pl. 21, figs A - H
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 10 m, on rocks covered
with bivalves, in coral boulders or among coral rubble.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Lineus bipunctatns Takakura, 1898
Takakura, 1898c: 335-336, fig. 18
Habitat: Shallow sublittoral among sea grasses.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Lineus bivittatus: see Cevebratnlns bivittatns Ulyanina, 1870
Lineus bonaerensis Moretto, 1971
Moretto, 1971: 5-11, figs 1-10
Habitat: Intertidal, among algae on rocks.
Distribution: Argentina (Quequen, Buenos Aires Province).
Lineus bontani: see Cerebratulus boutani Joubin, 1893
Lineus callaris Korotkevich, 1978
Korotkevich, 1978a: 125
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 8m, under stones or on mixed
gravelly-sandy bottoms with some broken shells or mud.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea).
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Also reported as a new species by Korotkevich (1978b: 256), this form has
never been described and is thus a nomen nudum.
Lineus eaneelli Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954b: 34-35, fig. 1
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Lineus eapensis Wheeler, 1940
Wheeler, 1940a: 22-24, fig. 1
Habitat: Intertidal, under stones in a channel.
Distribution: South Africa (Port Elizabeth).
Lineus caputornatus Takakura, 1898
Takakura, 1898c: 334 335, fig. 15
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 4 6 m on stones.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Lineus cinereus Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903 a: 17-19, pl. II, fig. 19
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 500 m on a coral bottom.
Distribution: Norway (Pysf]ord).
Lineus cingulatus: see Meckelia cingulata Stimpson, 1855
Lineus coccinus Biirger, 1892
Biirger, 1892a: 163-164
Synonyms: Lineus coccineus
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20-30 m on mud.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Lineus coecus Timofeeva, 1912
Timofeeva, 1912: 40, fig. 10
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: France (Villefranche).
Both Timofeeva and Schlitz (1911: 449) indicated that this species is identical
with Paralineus elisabethae Schlitz, 1911, Timofeeva incorrectly spelling the
name Paralinens elisabetae; Schfitz' taxon has priority and Lineus coecus
should thus be regarded as a junior synonym of Paralineus elisabethae.
Lineus collaris: see Nemertes collaris Schmarda, 1859
Lineus coloratus: see Cerebratulus coloratus Biirger, 1890
Lineus communis Verrill, 1879
Verrill, 1879:185
Habitat: Intertidal, under stones and among mussels on muddy shores.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME to Long Island Sound).
Verrill credits Beneden as the naming authority for this form, although he
makes no reference to Nemertes communis Beneden, 1861; Verrill's comment
that 'It is probable that L. socialis (Leidy sp.) is not distinct from this' may
account for Bfirger (1904 a: 90) distinguishing between Beneden's and Verrill's
taxa and including Lineus communis as a junior synonym of Lineus socialis
(Leidy, 1855), now synonymised with Myoisophagos sanguineus (Rathke,
1799) (Riser, 1994: in press).
Lineus eopus Corr~a, 1958
Corr~a, 1958, 444-445, pl. 1, figs 3 5
Habitat: Intertidal among algae.
Distribution: Brazil (near Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute).
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Lineus corrugatus McIntosh, 1876
McIntosh, 1876:322-323
Synonyms:
Cerebratulus charcoti, Cerebratulus corrugatus, Cerebratulus
magelhaensicus, Cerebratulus steeneni, Cerebratulus steineni, Cerebratulus
steinini, Cerebratulus subtilis, ?Cerebratulus validus, Eupolia punnetti, Lineus
hanseni, Lineus magelhaensieus, Parborlasia corrugatus var. unicolor: not
Lineus corrugatus sensu Stephenson et al. (1937) (= Lineus ornatus Wheeler,
1940)
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 3477-3590m under
stones and boulders on sand, among small stones or pebbles covered with
calcareous algae, on mud, volcanic ash, gravel, cinder or shelly sediments,
between the holdfasts of larger brown algae such as Macrocystis, or on plant
or animal remains.
Distribution: Circumpolar in Antarctic and Subantarctic waters, mostly south of
latitude 50°S (southern South America, Falkland Is., South Georgia, South
Sandwich Is., South Orkney Is., South Shetland Is., Antarctic Peninsula,
Kerguelen Is. and the Ross Sea).
Now Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876) (Serna de Esteban and Moretto,
1968: 171), redescribed by Gibson (1983 a: 298-303, figs 2-4).
Lineus crosslandi Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 9-10, pl. 1, fig. 5, pl. 2, fig. 16
Synonyms: Cerebratulus crosslandi
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: East coast of Africa (Zanzibar).
In the caption to pl. 1 the generic name Cerebratulus is used in error for this
species. Riser (1991: 435) concluded that the taxon is inadequately described
and thus a nomen dubium, but indicated that it might belong in the genus
Notospermas as a valid species.
Lineus desori Schmidt, 1946
Schmidt, 1946:406
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of Europe.
Schmidt proposed the name Lineus desori for the green coloured variety of
what he had in earlier publications referred to as Lineus gesserensis ruber,
regarding Lineus desori as the 'initial' species and Lineas ruber (Mfiller, 1774)
as a 'derivative' form; he distinguished between the two taxa primarily on the
basis of colour and differences in embryological development. From Schmidt's
accounts of the green variety of Lineus gesserensis ruber it seems very likely
that he was dealing with what is more widely known as Lineus viridis (Miiller,
1774), a name which has nomenclatural priority; although redescribed as
Lineus desori by Korotkevich (1977d: 25-29, figs 1, 2), the form is here
provisionally identified as synonymous with Linens viridis.
Lineus digueti Joubin, 1905
Joubin, 1905d: 312-313, fig. 1
Habitat: With madreporarians.
Distribution: Mexico (Gulf of California coast of Baja California at La Paz).
Coe (1944 a: 28) synonymised this form with Lineus geniculatus, which is now
Notospermas geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) (Riser, 1991: 427).
Lineus dohrni, Linens dohrnii: see Cerebratulus dohrnii Hubrecht, 1879
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Lineus dubius Verrill, 1879
Verrill, 1879:186
Habitat: Intertidal under stones, in clean coarse sand or in mobile eulittoral sand
dunes, less often dredged sublittorally to a depth of 16 m.
Distribution: Atlantic coasts of North America (New Brunswick, Canada, and
MA and ME, USA).
According to Coe (1943: 241) Verrill's illustration (1892: pl. XXXVII, fig. 9)
which is captioned Lineus pallidus actually referred to Lineus dubius; the
species is now Parvicirrus dubius (Verrill, 1879) (Riser, 1993: 146).
Lineusfasciatus, Johnston, 1865
Johnston, 1865:26-27
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: British Isles (Falmouth).
Synonymised with Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) by Biirger (1904a:
93).
Lineusflammeus Monastero, 1930
Monastero, 1930: 63-64, pl. fig. 12
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Monastero's illustration of this species depicts a form which is very similar to
Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828), and the form should most
probably be regarded as a junior synonym of this taxon.
Lineusflavescens Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904: 184-188, pl. XVII, figs 3, 4
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 100 m or more, in rock
crevices, sand or old annelid tubes, or among red algae or kelp holdfasts.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (Gulf of California and CA); Coe
(1940: 267) commented that 'The same or a very similar species has been
collected at La Paz, Mexico'.
Lineusfulvus Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954a: 13, fig. 2C
Habitat: Lower shore among laminarian roots.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Lineus fuscoviridis Takakura, 1898
Takakura, 1898c: 332-333, fig. 13
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of a few m, under stones or
broken rocks or in mud or sand.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Redescribed by Iwata, 1952: 134-136.
Lineus galbanus: see Cerebratulus galbanus Bfirger, 1890
Lineus geniculatus: see Polia geniculata Delle Chiaje, 1828
Lineus gesserensis: see Planaria gesserensis Miiller, 1780
Lineus gilbus Biirger, 1892
Btirger, 1892a: 160
Synonyms: Lineus gilvus
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 200 m.
Distribution: Italy (off the island of Capri).
Lineus glandulosa: see Micrura glandulosa B~rger, 1895
Lineus glaucus: see Cerebratulus glaucus B/.irger, 1890
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Lineus gracilis: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837
Lineus grubei: see Cerebratulus grubei Hubrecht, 1879
Lineus gurjanovae Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977 d: 29-33, fig. 3
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 8 m, under stones or in mud or
mixed sand and mud.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea).
Also referred to as a new species, with no description, by Korotkevich (1978 a:
125; 1978b: 256).
Lineus hancocki Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 8, pl. 1, figs 6 a, 6 b
Habitat: On a reef.
Distribution:
Tropical Indian Ocean (Cargados Carajos Shoals, east of
Madagascar).
Lineus hanseni Joubin, 1910
Joubin, 1910: 8-9, figs 11, 12
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 15-50 m.
Distribution: Antarctica (Cape Adare).
Baylis (1915: 122) synonymised this species with Lineus corrugatus, now
Parborlasia corrugatus (Mclntosh, 1876); Gibson (1983 a: 308) confirmed this
synonymy.
Lineus hiatti Coe, 1947
Coe, 1947:103-104
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal beneath stones and matted algae.
Distribution: Hawaiian Is.
Lineus hubrechti, Lineus hubrechtii, Lineus hubrecti: see Cerebratulus hubrechti
Langerhans, 1880
Lineus indicus Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 9, pl. 1, fig. 2
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 38 40 m.
Distribution: Tropical Indian Ocean (Amirante Is., south-west of the Seychelles).
Lineus insignis Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993 a: 79-82, pl. 4, figs 27-29
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
The name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Senz (1992 a: 92).
Lineus iota Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 210-211, pl. VIII, fig. 16
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 1160 m.
Distribution: Mediterranean.
Lineus islandicus Friedrich, 1958
Friedrich, 1958:12-13
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 4-20 m.
Distribution: Iceland.
Friedrich only provisionally included this species in the genus Lineus,
commenting (p. 13) that 'a revision of this genus may necessitate the
introduction of a new genus [for it]'.
Lineus kennelii B/irger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 161-162
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Synonyms: ?Cerebratulus bilineatus sensu Hubrecht, 1879, Lineus kenneli, ?Polia
bilineata sensu Delle Chiaje, 1841
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 30 m in detritus.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Lineus kolaensis Ushakov, 1928
Ushakov, 1928 b: 57-58, pl. I, figs 1, 4
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 258 m.
Distribution: Russia (Barents Sea).
Lineus kristinebergensis Gering, 1912
Gering, 1912:522 523
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 40 50 m.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord).
Lineus laetea, Lineus lacteus: see Ramphogordius lacteus Rathke, 1843
Lineus lacticapitatus Wheeler, 1940
Wheeler, 1940 a: 24-25, fig. 2
Habitat: Mid-shore intertidal, buried in sand under stones.
Distribution: South Africa (False Bay, St. James).
Lineus lancearius Korotkevich, 1978
Korotkevich, 1978 a: 125
Habitat: Sublittoral on mixed gravel-sand with some mud and broken shells.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea).
Also referred to as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), no description
is given and the species is thus a nomen nudum.
Lineus levinensis Korotkevich, 1978
Korotkevich, 1978 a: 125
Habitat: Sublittoral on mixed gravel-sand bottoms with small amounts of mud
or broken shells.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea).
No description accompanies the use of this name and the species is thus a
nomen nudum.
Lineus linearis Montagu, 1808
Montagu, 1808:156
Synonyms: Gordius linearis
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in sand.
Distribution: British Isles (Devon).
A manuscript name which Montagu indicated was somewhat similar to
Gordius marinus; Gibson (1982 b: 187) commented that 'although possibly a
species of nemertean, its size and colour do not permit it to be even
provisionally related to any of the existing British or European forms'.
Lineus lineatus Johnston, 1865
Johnston, 1865:26
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: British Isles (Berwick Bay and south Devon).
Synonymised wtih Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) by Biirger (1904a:
93).
Lineus lobianki Biirger, 1892
Biirger, 1892 a: 160
Habitat: Sublittoral, from about 30 m depth in the rhizomes of Posidonia.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
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Lineus longifissus: see Cerebratulus longifissus Hubrecht, 1887
*Lineus longissimus: see Ascaris longissima Gunnerus, 1770
Lineus maculosa, Lineus maculosus: see Gordius maculosus Montagu, 1808
Lineus magelhaensicus: see Cerebratulus magelhaensicus Biirger, 1895
Lineus marinus: see Gordius marinus Montagu, 1804
Lineus maris-albi Ushakov, 1926
Ushakov, 1926: 52-53, pl. I, fig. 2
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Russia (White Sea).
This species should be known as Lineus marisalbi Ushakov, 1926.
Lineus mascarensis Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 7-8, pl. 2, fig. 15
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: East coast of Africa (Zanzibar).
Riser (1991: 435) commented that this species is a nomen dubium but might
belong in the genus Notospermus.
Lineus mcintoshii, Lineus m'intoshii: see Cerebratulus mcintoshii Langerhans, 1880
Lineus mitellatus Takakura, 1898
Takakura, 1898 c: 333-334, fig. 14
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal and sublittoral to a few metres depth, under
stones on mud or sand.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Synonymised with Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) by Riser
(1991: 427).
Lineus molochinus Biirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 155-156
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 30 m on mud.
Distribution: Italy (Naples); Isler's report (1902: 278) of this species occurring in
Chile is of doubtful validity.
Lineus monolineatus Staub, 1900
Staub, 1900: 79, 86-88, pl. XLVII, figs 8 8b, pl. XLIX, figs 18 22
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Lineus murenoides: see Ophyocephalus murenoides Delle Chiaje, 1829
Lineus nigricans Biirger, 1892
Biirger, 1892a: 159
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral (1-2m depth) among algae.
Distribution: Italy (Naples and Sicily) and France (Villefranche); Isler's record
(1900 a, b, 1902) of the species being found in southern Chile (Punta Arenas) is
of doubtful validity (Gibson, 1985 b: 170).
Redescribed by Corr~a (1956: 204-207, pl. 3, figs 12-17, pl. 4, figs 18-20), now
synonymised with Myoisophagos sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) by Riser (1994: in
press). A variety of Lineus nigricans, var. striatus Oxner, 1907 b: LXXXVIIILXXXIX, fig. 9 left, should also be synonymised with Myoisophagos
sanguineus.
Lineus nigrobrunneus Bergendal, 1903
Bergendal, 1903:132
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Kosterl]ord).
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R. Gibson
Lineus nigrofuscus: see Cerebratulus nigrofuscus Stimpson, 1857
Lineus nigrostriatus Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954c: 30, fig. 1 B
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Japan (Tokara Is.).
Lineus niveus Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903a: 13-16, pl. I, figs 4, 7
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 100-140m on mud.
Distribution: Norway (Barents Sea coast and near Bergen).
Redescribed as Cerebratulus niveus (Punnett, 1903) by Senz (1993 a: 97-100,
pl. 5, figs 42-44).
Lineus obscurus: see Nemertes obscura Desor, 1848
Lineus oculatus: see Gordius oculatus Montagu, 1808
Lineus olivaceus: see Meckelia olivacea Stimpson, 1855
Lineus orientalis Punnett and Cooper, 1909
Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 10, pl. 1, fig. 3, pl. 2, fig. 17
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Tropical Indian Ocean (Coetivy Is., south of the Seychelles).
Lineus ornatus Wheeler, 1940
Wheeler, 1940a: 29 31, fig. 4
Synonyms: Lineus corrugatus sensu Stephenson et al. (1937)
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: South Africa (Reef Bay, Lambert's Bay).
Lineus oxneri Schmidt, 1946
Schmidt, 1946:407
Synonyms: Lineus ruber /~-form
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of Europe.
First proposed as a new species name, but as a nomen nudum, by Schmidt
(1941), a brief description was not made until his 1946 article. The form occurs
in both red and green varieties, but his reference to them curling into a
corkscrew shape when disturbed suggests that Lineus oxneri may be the same
as what is now known as Myoisophagos sanguineus (Rathke, 1799); this
suggested synonymy needs to be confirmed.
Lineus pallidus Verrill, 1879
Verrill, 1879:186
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 80 m in mud.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA).
Coe (1943: 241) commented that Verrill's figure of this species (1892: pl.
XXXVII, fig. 4) is erroneously captioned with the name Lineus dubius; he also
noted that 'The status of this species will remain in doubt until additional
specimens are available'.
Lineus parvulus Biirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 159
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 1-2 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Lineus patulus Isler, 1900
Isler, 1900 a: 20-21
Habitat: Not recorded.
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401
Distribution: Not known.
Also referred to as a new species by Isler (1900 b: 179-180).
Lineus pietifrons Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904: 188-192, pl. XVII, figs 5, 6
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 40 m, in rock crevices, in kelp
holdfasts, beneath stones or among algae, tunicates, worm tubes or other
growths on rocks or pier pilings exposed to surf; also in muddy sediments in
bays and harbours.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to the Gulf of Mexico).
Lineus picus Corr~a, 1958
Corr~a, 1958: 446, pl. 1, figs 6-9
Habitat: Intertidal, between algae on stones and boulders.
Distribution: Brazil (Ubatuba and Silo SebastiSo Is.).
Lineus piperatus: see Meckelia piperata Stimpson, 1855
Lineus polyophthalmus: see Nemertes polyophthalma Schmarda, 1859
Lineus pseudo-lacteus Gontcharoff, 1951
Gontcharoff, 1951: 157-158, pl. II bottom, pl. III, fig. 2, pl. V, fig. 8
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: France (Roscoff).
Now Myoisophagos pseudolacteus (Gontcharoff, 1951) (Riser, 1994: in press).
Lineus pseudoruber: see Heterolineus pseudoruber Friedrich, 1935
Lineus psittacinus: see Cerebratulus psittacinus Bfirger, 1890
Lineus purpureus: see Nemertes purpurea Johnston, 1837
Lineus quadratus Korotkevich, 1978
Korotkevich, 1978 a: t25
Habitat: Sublittoral on sand or gravel bottoms.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea).
Also recorded as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), the species has
never been described and is therefore a nomen nudum.
Lineus ramosus Isler, 1900
Isler, 1900a: 22-25, figs 12, 13
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: South Pacific (Samoa).
Friedrich (1960 b: 55) suggested establishing the new genus Pseudolineus for
this species, but Riser (1991: 435), noting that Isler's taxon was a nomen
dubium, commented that it might belong in the genus Notospermus; Isler
(1900 b: 180) also reported the species as a new form.
Lineus roseocephalus Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 255-256, pl. XVI, fig. 24
Synonyms: Lineus reseocephalus
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 91-640 m, under stones.
Distribution: Falkland Is. and Kerguelen.
Synonymised with Antaretolineus scotti (Baylis, 1915) by Gibson (1985 b: 97).
Lineus rubens: see Cerebratulus rubens Biirger, 1890
Lineus tuber: see Fasciola rubra Miiller, 1774
Lineus rubescens Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904: 179-183, pl. XIV, fig. 1, pl. XV, figs 3, 4, pl. XXII, fig. 1
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, under stones, in kelp holdfasts or
among algae and other growths on rocks and pier pilings.
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R. Gibson
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA).
Riser (1993: 145) commented that 'The description of L. rubescens by Coe
(1905) and an examination of the type slides indicate that i t . . . may belong [in
the genus] Tenuilineus'.
Lineus rufocaudatus Biirger, 1892
Biirger, 1892a: 162-163
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 30m in the rhizomes of Posidonia.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Lineus rufus: see Planaria rufa Montagu, 1808
Lineus saint-hilairi Ushakov, 1926
Ushakov, 1926:53-54
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Russia (White Sea).
This species should be known as Lineus sainthilairi Ushakov, 1926.
Lineus sanguineus: see Planaria sanguinea Rathke, 1799
Lineus scandinaviensis Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903 a: 16-17, pl. II, fig. 20
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 100 m on black mud.
Distribution: Norway (Jokelfjord).
Lineus schmardai Biirger, 1904
Bfirger, 1904a: 93-94
Synonyms: Meekelia striata
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Sri Lanka.
Bfirger renamed Meckelia striata sensu Schmarda, 1859, and Diesing, 1862, to
avoid confusion with Borlasia striata Rathke, 1843.
Lineus schmidti Korotkevich, 1978
Korotkevich, 1978a: 125
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, under stones or on sandy bottoms with some
mud.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea).
Also recorded as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 255-256), the form has
never been described and is thus a nomen nudum.
Lineus scotti Baylis, 1915
Baylis, 1915: 129-132, pl. II, figs 1 6
Synonyms: Lineus reseocephalus, Lineus roseocephalus
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 82-640m, on mud, shingle or
undecomposed animal remains, in rock crevices, under stones or among lower
shore red algae.
Distribution: Widespread on the Antarctic coasts, also found in the Falkland Is.,
Kerguelen Is. and Macquarie Is.
Now Antarctolineus scotti (Baylis, 1915) (M/iller and Scripcariu, 1964: 318)
and redescribed under this name by Gibson (1985 b: 109-117, figs 6-9).
Lineus soeialis: see Nemertes socialis Leidy, 1855
Lineus spatiosus Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954a: 11-12, fig. 2B
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Lineus spirales: see Omatoplea spirales Parfitt, 1867
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403
Lineus stigmatus Coe, 1951
Coe, 1951 a: 330, fig. 2
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (southern FL).
Lineus striatus Griffin, 1898
Griffin, 1898:214-215
Habitat: Intertidal under stones and in sand.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (WA).
Now synonymised with Micrura verriUi Coe, 1901, by Coe (1940: 272),
although Yamaoka (1940 a: 230) believed it was conspecific with Micrura bella
(Stimpson, 1857).
Lineus snbcingnlatns Takakura, 1898
Takakura, 1898c: 335, fig. 16
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 4-6 m on stones.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Linens torqnatns Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 66-68, pl. V, figs 8, 9
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 24m or more, among
laminarian holdfasts or under stones in mud.
Distribution: North Pacific (Japan, Kuril Is., Russia and the coasts of North
America from AK to northern CA).
Lineus tricuspidatus: see Borlasia tricuspidata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Lineus trilobulatus Korotkevich, 1978
Korotkevich, 1978a: 125
Habitat: Intertidal on sand and gravel.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea).
Also recorded as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), the taxon has
never been described and is thus a nomen nudum.
Linens trnncatns: see Cerebratulus truncatus Hubrecht, 1887
Linens turqueti Joubin, 1905
Joubin, 1905 a: 434, fig. p. 434
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 75 m on grey mud mixed with pebbles.
Distribution: Antarctica (Booth-Wandel Is. and King George Is.).
Gibson (1985 b: 171) commented that although almost certainly a species of
lineid heteronemertean, this form is inadequately described and of dubious
validity.
Linens nschakovi Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977d: 33-37, figs 4, 5
Synonyms: Lineus uschacovi
Habitat: Intertidal on sand or gravel.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea).
Also reported as a new species, but with the specific epithet incorrectly spelt
uschacovi, by Korotkevich (1978 a: 125, 1978 b: 256).
Linens variegatus Chapuis, 1886
Chapuis, 1886: XXIII
Habitat: Lower shore laminarian zone.
Distribution: France (Roscoff).
Lineus vegetus Coe, 1931
Coe, 1931: 55-59, figs 1-7
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R. Gibson
Habitat: Intertidal, under stones, in rock crevices, beneath decaying vegetation
or among corallines and other growths exposed to the full force of the surf;
also in bays and occasionally in estuarine brackish-water.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico).
Coe's original reference to this form as a new species (1928: 66) gave no
description; Riser (1994: in press) synonymises the form with Myoisophagos
sanguinens (Rathke, 1799).
Linens versicolor Bfirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 163
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 5 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Lineus viridis: see Fasciola viridis Mfiller, 1774
Lineus viridis Saint-Loup, 1886
Saint-Loup, 1886:1577
Habitat: Sublittoral from about 40 na depth in sand.
Distribution: France (Marseille).
Saint-Loup, apart from referring to the size and colour of this form, which he
listed as new, merely noted that it possessed the characters of a Lineus species;
it is impossible to determine from his description whether or not there might
be any synonymy between his form and Linens viridis (Mfiller, 1774) and
Saint-Loup's taxon cannot be accepted as a valid species.
Lineus vittatus: see Borlasia vittata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Lineus viviparus Isler, 1900
Isler, 1900a: 17-19, figs 10, 11
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: South Pacific (Juan Fernandez Is., off Chile).
Also referred to as a new species by Isler (1900b: 179).
Lineus wilsoni Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904:195 198, pl. XVI, figs 10, 11
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 40m or more, under
stones and rocks in sand or sandy-mud, in rock crevices or between kelp
holdfasts.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to the Gulf of California).
Now Micrura wilsoni (Coe, 1904) (Coe, 1940: 273).
Lobitabrum Blainville, 1828
Blainville, 1828:576-577
Bfirger (1904a: 127) included this genus in a list of dubious heteronemertean
taxa.
Lobilabrum ostreariurn Blainville, 1828
Blainville, 1828:577
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: English Channel.
Orsted (1844: 95) included this form as a species inquirenda, and Vaillant
(1890: 600) suggested that it could belong in either Cerebratalus or Linens, but
Bfirger (1904a: 127) regarded it as a heteronemertean of doubtful validity.
Loranemertes Chernuishev, 1 9 9 2 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYST1LIFERA
PELAGICA
Chernuishev, 1992 a: 134
Marine bathypelagic.
Nemertean genera and species of the world
405
* Loranemertes nana: see Obnemertes nana Korotkevich, 1964
Loxorrhochma Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859:39
Schmarda established this genus for Polia coronata, which is now Tetrastemma
coronatum (Quatrefages, 1846); the name Loxorrhochma, emended to
Loxorhochma or Loxorrochma in some articles, is thus a junior synonym of
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Tetrastemma.
Loxorrhochma coronata: see Polia coronata Quatrefages, 1846
Loxorrhochma obscurum: s e e Tetrastemma flavidam Ehrenberg, 1828
(Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758)
Linnaeus, 1758:647
A genus of oligochaete annelids, Pallas (1766) used this generic name for a
species which has been regarded by some authors as a nemertean.
Lumbricus oxyurus Pallas, 1766
Pallas, 1766: 146-147, pl. XI, figs 7, 8
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Belgium.
Mclntosh (1873-1874: 156) listed this form as synonymous with Amphiporus
lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828), but Biirger (1904 a: 38) was doubtful about their
conspecificity; reference to Pallas' description and illustrations indicate that
although this taxon might be a nemertean, there is no justification for
synonymising it with any other known species and its taxonomic status thus
remains unknown.
Macronemertes Verrill, 1873
Verrill, 1873 b: 439
Listed as a junior synonym of Emplectonema by Verrill (1892: 412).
Macronemertes gigantea Verrill, 1873
Verrill, 1873 b: 439
Synonyms: Eunemertes gigantea
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 120-I 500 m or more on sandy or muddy
sediments in cold, off-shore waters.
Distribution: North-western Atlantic (off the coasts of Nova Scotia, ME and
MA).
Now Emplectonema giganteum (Verrill, 1873)(Verrill, 1892: 413).
Malacobdella Blainville, 1827 BDELLONEMERTEA
Blainville, 1827:270
Marine, commensal in the mantle cavity of bivalve molluscs.
Malacobdella anceps: see Hirudo anceps Dalyell, 1853
Malacobdella auriculae: see Branchiobdella auriculae Moquin-Tandon, 1846
Malacobdella cardii Beneden and Hesse, 1865
Beneden and Hesse, 1865: 4-9, pl. I, figs 1-13
Habitat: Commensal in the bivalve mollusc Acanthocardia aculeata.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (Brest).
Synonymised with Malacobdella grossa (Mfiller, 1776) by Biirger (1904 a: 74),
although Kozloff (1991: t 617) commented that additional material needed to
be re-examined to determine whether the synonymy was justified.
*Malacobdella grossa: see Hirudo grossa M/iller, 1776
Malacobdella japonica Takakura, 1897
Takakura, 1897: 105-111, pl. VII, figs 1-6
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R. Gibson
Habitat: Commensal in the mantle cavity of Spisula sachalinensis.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu).
Redescribed by Yamaoka (1940a: 253 258, text-figs 32, 33, pl. XVII, figs
14-16).
Malacobdella maeomae Kozloff, 1991
Kozloff, 1991: 1613-1614, figs 10-18
Habitat: Commensal in the mantle chamber of the bivalve molluscs Macoma
secta and macoma nasuta.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (OR and CA).
Malacobdella mercenaria Verrill, 1873
Verrill, 1873 a: 625-626
Synonyms: Malacobdella mercenariae
Habitat: Living in the mantle chamber of Mercenaria mercenaria.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (CT and NJ).
Biirger (1904a: 74) synonymised this species with Malaeobdella grossa
(Mfiller, 1776), although Kozloff (1991: 1617) noted that this synonymy
needed to be supported by further studies on additional specimens.
Malaeobdeila minuta Coe, 1945
Coe, 1945 b: 65-67, figs 1-3
Habitat: Found in the mantle chamber of Yoldia cooperi collected sublittorally
from a depth of 40 m.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA).
Malacobdella myae Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:445
Habitat: Commensal in the bivalve mollusc Mya truncata.
Distribution: France.
Diesing attributed this species name to Blainville (1828: 566) and listed it as
synonymous with Malacobdella valenciennaei (Blanchard, 1845), but Blainville
did not use the name, merely stating under the genus Malacobdella 'Esp+ce. La
M. des Myes: M. grossa, Linn.'; Malacobdella myae is thus a junior synonym
of Malacobdeila grossa (Miiller, 1776).
Malacobdella obesa Verrill, 1873
Verrill, 1873a: 625, pl. XVIII, fig. 90
Habitat: In the mantle chamber of Mya arenaria.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA and Long Is. Sound, NY).
Synonymised wtih Malacobdella grossa (Miiller, 1776) by Bfirger (1904 a: 74),
further studies are needed to verify this synonymy (Kozloff, 1991: 1617).
Malacobdella siliquae Kozloff, 1991
Kozloff, 1991: 1613, figs 1-9
Habitat: Commensal in the mantle chamber of Siliqua patula.
Distribution: Pacific coasts of the USA (OR and WA).
Malacobdella valenciennaei: see Xenistum valenciennaei Blanchard, 1845
Meckelia Leuckart, 1828
Leuckart, 1828:17
Leuckart established this genus for Meckelia somatotomus, which Hubrecht
(1879:211) synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804; Meckelia
thus constitutes a junior synonym of the genus Cerebratulus, as previously noted
by Stimpson (1857: 159). Verrill (1892: 417) regarded Meckelia sensu Diesing
(1850) as in part synonymous with Lineus.
Meckelia albo-vittata Stimpson, 1855
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407
Stimpson, 1855 a: 382
Synonyms:
Cerebratulus albovittatus, Cerebratulus albo-vittatus, Lineus
albovittatus, Lineus albo-vittatus
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: China Sea.
Synonymised with Notospermus tricuspidatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) by
Riser (1991: 435).
Meckelia albula Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:161
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 45 m.
Distribution: South China Sea (east of Hong Kong).
Now Cerebratulus albulus (Stimpson, 1857) (Biirger, 1904 a: 120).
Meckelia angulata: see Fasciola angulata Mfiller, 1774
Meckelia annulata: see Gordius annulatus Montagu, 1804
Meckelia annulata Grube, 1840
Grube, 1840: 58-59, figs 7, 7a
Synonyms: Borlasia annulata, Nemertes annulata, Nemertes annulatus: not
Meckelia annulata sensu Johnston (1865)
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Diesing (1850: 260) indicated that this species was the same as Notospermus
drepanensis Huschke, 1830, and Bfirger (1904 a: 92) synonymised the latter
with Lineus geniculatus, now Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828);
Meckelia annulata sensu Grube is thus a junior synonym of Notospermus
geniculatus.
Meckelia asulcata McIntosh, 1873-1874
Mclntosh, 1873-1874: 202-203, pl. XX, fig. 5
Habitat: Intertidal and sublittoral.
Distribution: British Isles (Shetland Is., Channel Is.).
Biirger (1904a: 127) included this species among a group of dubious
heteronemertean taxa, Gibson (1982 b: 188) commenting that 'Apart from the
absence of lateral horizontal cephalic furrows, which excludes the form from
any of the lineid heteronemertean genera, itis not possible to further identify
Mclntosh's species'.
Meckelia atra Girard, 1851
Girard, 1851 a: 137
Synonyms: Cerebratulus ater, Lineus ater: not Micrura atra Punnett, 1903
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, in coralline sand under blocks of dead coral or
on reef.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL) and Curagao.
Redescribed as Dushia atra (Girard, 1851) by Corr6a (1963: 44-48, figs 18-24).
Meckelia atrocaerulea Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 42, text-fig, p. 42, pl. X, fig. 91
Synonyms: Meckelia atrocaeruleus
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, under boulders or stones in mud, sandy-mud
or sand, or among mussels, barnacles or the holdfasts of brown algae.
Distribution: Pacific coast of South America (Peru and Chile).
Now Lineus atrocaeruleus (Schmarda, 1859) (Bfirger, 1896: 275), redescribed
by Sfinchez and Moretto (1984: 183-187, figs 2-17).
Meckelia aurantiaca Grube, 1855
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Grube, 1855: 148-149, pl. VII, fig. 1
Synonyms: Cerebratulus aurantiacus
Habitat: Intertidal beneath stones in rock pools, more common sublittorally at
depths of 50-140 m on mud or coralline ground.
Distribution: British Isles, Atlantic coast of France, English Channel and the
Mediterranean and Black Sea.
Now Micrura aurantiaca (Grube, 1855) (McIntosh, 1873-1874:201).
Meckelia australis Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:161
Habitat: Under stones in sand.
Distribution: Australia (Jackson Bay, New South Wales).
Now Cerebratulus australis (Stimpson, 1857) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 122).
Meckelia beattiaei: see Lineus beattiaei Gray, 1857
Meckalia bella: see Cerebratulus bellus Stimpson, 1857
Meckelia bilineata: see Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier, 1804
Meckelia borealis Diesing, 1862
Diesing, 1862:284
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Arctic Ocean.
Now Cerebratulus borealis (Diesing, 1862) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 115).
Meckelia borlasii: see Nemertes borlasii Cuvier, 1817
Meckelia capensis Diesing, 1862
Diesing, 1862:280
Synonyms: Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus capensis, Meckelia macrorrhochma
var. capensis
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope).
Diesing included both this form and its variety as synonyms of Meckelia
macrorrhochma Schmarda, 1859, whilst B/irger (1904a: 122) divided
Schmarda's taxon into two subspecies of what he called Cerebratulus
macrorrhochmus, macrorrhochmus and capensis; Gibson et al. (1994) comment
that 'Whether the South African record by Diesing (1862) refers to the same
species [Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus (Schmarda, 1859)] is uncertain'.
Meckelia carmellina: see Borlasia carmellina Quatrefages, 1846
Meckelia carnea: see Planaria carnea Rathke, 1799
Meckelia cerebratulus Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:269
Synonyms: Cerebratulus bilineatus (partim), Nemertes bilineatus (partim)
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Diesing renamed Cerebratulus bilineatus sensu Delle Chiaje, 1829, and
Nemertes bilineatus sensu Orsted, 1844, as Meckelia cerebratulus but gave no
reason for doing so; Biirger (1904a: 104) uncertainly synonymised all three
with Micrura dellechiajei (Hubrecht, 1879).
Meckelia ceylanica Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 42, pl. XI, fig. 93
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Sri Lanka.
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Now Micrura ceylanica (Schmarda, 1859)(Bfirger, 1904a: 108).
Meckelia cingulata Stimpson, 1855
Stimpson, 1855 a: 381
Synonyms: Cerebratulus cingulatus
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 46 m on stones.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Now Lineus cingulatus (Stimpson, 1855) (Bfirger, 1904 a: 91); Gibson (1990 c:
33) noted that the species was a nomen dubium.
Meckelia coeca: see Nemertes coeca Orsted, 1845
Meckelia depressa: see Cerebratulus depressus Quatrefages, 1846
Meckelia ehrenbergii Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:267-268
Synonyms: Borlasia annulata (partim), Nemertes annulatus (partim)
Habitat: Marine benthic, among corals.
Distribution: Italy (Naples) and the Gulf of Suez (Tor).
Diesing renamed Nemertes annulatus Ehrenberg, 1831, and Borlasia annulata
sensu Grube (1840) as Meckelia ehrenbergii, but gave no explanation for doing
so; Biirger (1904a: 127) included all three names, as Nemertes annulata, in a
list of dubious heteronemertean taxa, but distinguished Meckelia ehrenbergii
sensu Hubrecht (1874, 1875) as a different, but also dubiously valid,
heteronemertean under the name Meckelia sp. Carus (1885: 162) had earlier
suggested that Diesing's species was synonymous with Cerebratulus fuscus
(Mclntosh, 1873-1874).
Meckelia erythrorochma: see Cerebratulus erythrorochma Joubin, 1902
Meckelia fasciata: see Cerebratulus fasciatus Stimpson, 1857
Meckeliafragilis Girard, 1851
Girard, 1851 b: 4-5
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME).
Vertill (1892: 433) regarded this species as synonymous with Cerebratulus
lacteus (Leidy, 1851), but Bi~rger (1904 a: 114) included it as conspecific with
Cerebratulus leidyi, which is now Micrura leidyi (Verrill, 1892).
Meckeliafusca: see Planariafusca Fabricius, 1780
Meckelia gracilis: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837
Meckelia impressa: see Cerebratulus impressus Stimpson, 1857
Meckelia ingens Leidy, 1855
Leidy, 1855:143
Habitat: Intertidal in oyster beds.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (N J).
Now Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy, 1851) (Verrill, 1892: 433).
Meckelia knerii Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:265
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea.
Hubrecht (1879: 220) and Carus (1885: 162) regarded this form as identical to
Cerebratulusfasciolatus, but B~irger (1904 a: 123) rejected this synonymy and
listed it as Cerebratulus knerii (Diesing, 1850).
Meckelia lactea Leidy, 1851
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Leidy, 1851 a: 243 244
Synonyms:
Cerebratulus pocohontas, Meckelia ingens, ?Meckelia lizziae,
Meckelia pocohontas, Micrura lactea
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, under stones or burrowed in mud, sandy mud,
sand or among empty shells; it is sometimes found in sheltered bays, harbours
and estuaries and swims freely for short periods of time.
Distribution: Atlantic (ME to FL) and Gulf of Mexico (TX) coasts of the USA
Now Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy, 1851) (Verrill, 1892: 433).
Meckelia leuckarti Diesing, 1862
Diesing, 1862:277
Synonyms: Nemertes annellata
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Iceland.
Diesing renamed Nemertes annellata Leuckart, 1849, with no justification for
doing so; Biirger (1904 a: 123) included Meckelia leuekarti as a junior synonym
of Cerebratulus anneilatus (Leuckart, 1849).
Meckelia liguriea: see Cerebratulus liguricus Blanchard, 1849
Meckelia lizziae Girard, 1853
Girard, 1853:367
Habitat: Intertidal in sand flats.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC).
Uncertainly synonymised with Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy, 1851) by Verrill
(1892: 433) and Bfirger (1904a: 113).
Meckelia lurida Verrill, 1873
Verrill, 1873 a: 630
Synonyms: Cerebratulus luridus, Micrura inornata
Habitat: Sublittoral in muddy, sandy or gravelly sediments at depths of
20-350 m.
Distribution: Atlantic coasts of North America (Nova Scotia to SC).
Now Tarrhomyos luridus (Verrill, 1873) (Riser, 1993: 147).
Meckelia macrorrhochma Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 43, text-fig, p. 43, pl. XI, fig. 96
Synonyms:
Cerebratulus macrorhochmus, ?Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus
capensis, Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus macrorrhochmus, ?Meckelia capensis,
Meckelia macrorrhochma var. capensis
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: New Zealand and possibly South Africa.
Biirger (1904 a: 122) listed two subspecies of this form, capensis from South
Africa and macrorrhochmus from New Zealand; whether capensis, recorded by
Diesing (1862), is the same as Schmarda's original form from New Zealand is
uncertain (Gibson et al., 1994), but Meckelia maerorrhochma is now
Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus (Schmarda, 1859) (Bfirger, ibid.).
Meckelia macrostoma Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 42, text-fig, p. 42, pl. XI, fig. 92
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: New Zealand (Auckland).
Now Cerebratulus macrostomus (Schmarda, 1859) (Diesing, 1862: 274).
Meckelia nigra Stimpson, 1855
Stimpson, 1855 a: 382
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Habitat: Sublittoral among bivalves at a depth of about 18 m.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Now Cerebratulus niger (Stimpson, 1855) (Stimpson, 1857: 161); listed as a
nomen dubium by Gibson (1990c: 33).
Meckelia nigrofusca: see Cerebratulus nigrofuscus Stimpson, 1857
Meckelia oerstedii: see Cerebratula oerstedii Beneden, 1861
Meckelia oleagina: see Cerebratulus oleaginus Stimpson, 1857
Meckelia olivacea Rathke, 1843
Rathke, 1843:234-237
Synonyms: Borlasia olivacea (partim), Cerebratulus olivacea, Cerebratulus
olivaceus, Nemertes olivacea (partim): not Nemertes olivacea Johnston, 1837,
or Meckelia olivacea Stimpson 1855 b
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Norway.
Uncertainly established as a new species by Rathke, Hubrecht (1879: 211)
synonymised this form with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, but Biirger
(1904 a: 101) regarded it as related to the Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774)/Lineus
viridis (Mtiller, 1774) group of taxa; Meckelia olivacea sensu Diesing (1850,
1863) was synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus by Biirger (1904 a: 112),
whereas Meckelia olivacea sensu Stimpson (1855b) had already been
synonymised with Cerebratulus oleaginus Stimpson, 1857, by Stimpson (1857:
160).
Meckelia olivacea Stimpson, 1855
Stimpson, 1855 b: 390
Synonyms: Lineus olivaceus: not Meckelia olivacea Rathke, 1843
Habitat: Mid- to lower-shore intertidal, between polychaete tubes, among
sponges, compound ascidians or the holdfasts of Ecklonia, or under stones in
channels.
Distribution: South Africa.
Stimpson was evidently unaware of Rathke's prior use of this name when he
used it for a new species from South Africa; Stimpson (1857: 160) renamed the
taxon Cerebratulus oleaginus, although giving no reason for doing so. Wheeler
(1904 a: 28) suggested reinstating the original specific name by calling it Lineus
olivaceus (Stimpson, 1855), but to avoid possible confusion with Rathke's
species Wheeler's proposal is not accepted.
Meckelia pallida: see Gordius pallidus Miiller, 1771
Meckelia paludicola: see Cerebratulus paludicolus Stimpson, 1857
Meckelia piperata Stimpson, 1855
Stimpson, 1855 a: 381
Synonyms: Lineus piperatus
Habitat: Mid-shore intertidal to shallow sublittoral, on rocks covered with
oysters and red algae, between mussels or under stones in coarse silty sand.
Distribution: Japan (Ryukyu Is. and Honshu) and Hong Kong.
Redescribed as lwatanemertes piperatus (Stimpson, 1855) by Gibson (1990 c:
75-82, text-fig. 11, pl. 3, figs B, C, pl. 10, figs A-J, pl. 11, figs A-G).
Meckelia pocohontas Girard, 1853
Girard, 1853:366-367
Synonyms: Cerebratulus pocohontas
Habitat: Intertidal on the lower half of the shore.
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Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (NC and SC).
Verrill (1892: 436) commented that this form 'appears to be very similar to
[Cerebratulus laeteus (Leidy, 1851)]'; Bfirger (1904a: 114), although listing
Girard's taxon as Cerebratulus pocohontas (Girard, 1853), also drew attention
to the similarity between the two species. Girard's description of the external
features shows no significant differences between the two taxa and Meckelia
pocohontas is here regarded as synonymous with Cerebratulus lacteus.
Meekelia rosea Leidy, 1851
Leidy, 1851 a: 244
Synonyms: Cerebratulus roseus (partita)
Habitat: Intertidal under stones in mud, sand or shell fragments; sometimes in
estuaries.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA to FL).
Synonymised with Micrura leidyi (Verrill, 1892) by Coe (1943: 250).
Meckelia rubella Stimpson, 1855
Simpson, 1855 a: 382
Synonyms: Serpentaria rubella
Habitat: Sublittoral from about 18 m depth on mud.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Now Cerebratulus rubellus (Stimpson, 1855) (B/irger, 1904 a: 121); listed as a
nomen dubium by Gibson (1990 c: 33).
Meckelia serpentaria Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:266
Synonyms: Cerebratulus fragilis, Gordius fragilis, Serpentaria fragilis
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Scotland.
Diesing's renaming of Serpentariafragilis Goodsir, 1845, was neither justified
nor added further to the original description; Biirger (1904 a: 112) synonymised Meckelia serpentaria with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804.
Meckelia sinensis Stimpson, 1855
Stimpson, 1855a: 382
Habitat: Sublittoral among bivalves at a depth of about 18 m.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Now Cerebratulus sinensis (Stimpson, 1855) (Biirger, 1904a: 120); listed as
nomen dubium by Gibson (1990 c: 33).
Meckelia siphuneulus: see Polia siphunculus Delle Chiaje, 1825
Meckelia somatotomus Leuckart, 1828
Leuckart, 1828:17
Synonyms: Meekelia samototomus, Nemertes somatotomus
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Mediterranean.
Synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, by Hubrecht (1879:
211).
Meekelia striata Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 43, text-fig, p. 43, pl. XI, fig. 95
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Sri Lanka.
Now Lineus sehmardod Biirger, 1904, renamed by Biirger (1904 a: 93) to avoid
confusion with Borlasia striata Rathke, 1843.
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Meckelia striolenta: see Leodes striolenta Girard, 1853
Meckelia subacuta Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:161
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: North Pacific (Liukiu Is.).
Now Cerebratulus subacutus (Stimpson, 1857) (Biirger, 1904 a: 120).
Meckelia taenia: see Gordius taenia Dalyell, 1853
Meckelia trigonocephala Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 43, pl. XI, fig. 94
Habitat: On a coral reef.
Distribution: Sri Lanka.
Now Micrura trigonocephala (Schmarda, 1859) (Biirger, 1904 a: 108).
Meckelia trilineata: see Carinella trilineata Johnston, 1833
Meckelia urticans M/iller, 1854
M/iller, 1854:84
Synonyms: Cnidon urticans
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 3-10m.
Distribution: Mediterranean.
Mfiller provisionally gave this name to a species, recorded only as Meckelia,
whose proboscis urticating elements were described and illustrated by Mueller
(1852: 28, pl. III, fig. 13). Diesing (1862: 274) uncertainly included the form as
Cerebratulus urticans (Miiller, 1854), but Hubrecht (1879: 217) and later
authors gave no indication of doubt over the inclusion of Mfiller's species as a
cerebratulid.
Meckelia viridis: see Borlasia viridis Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Meckelia vittata: see Borlasia vittata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Meionemertes Gibson, 1986 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Gibson, 1986 b: 280
Marine benthic.
*Meionemertes polygonimos Gibson, 1986
Gibson, 1986 b: 280-287, figs 1-9
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 95 m.
Distribution: New Zealand (east of South Is.).
Mergonemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1917 b: 28
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Mergonemertes woodwortln'i: see Planktonemertes woodworthii Biirger, 1909
Mesarmaueria Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 86-87
Chernuishev (1992 b: 10) synonymised this genus with Proarmaueria Coe, 1926,
an apparent printing error giving the name as Mesoarmaueria.
Mesarmaueria acoeca Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 91-94, figs 29, 47-49
Habitat: Mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Distribution: Bering Sea (off the north-eastern end of Kamchatka Peninsula).
Now Xenoarmaueria acoeca (Korotkevich, 1955) (Chernuishev, 1992 b: 7).
Mesarmaueria angusta Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 98-100, figs 29, 53-55
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Habitat: Mesopelagic to bathypelagic at depths of 500-1500m.
Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea.
Now Neoarmaueria angusta (Korotkevich, 1955) (Chernuishev, 1992 b: 6).
Mesarmaueria caudata Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 103-104, figs 27, 29, 58-62
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul from 3000 m depth to the surface.
Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk.
Now Proarmaueriella eaudata (Korotkevich, 1955) (Chernuishev, 1992 b: 7).
Mesarmaueria crassa Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 87, figs 29, 44
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul between 3330 m depth and the surface.
Distribution: Bering Sea.
Now Neoarmaueria crassa (Korotkevich, 1955) (Chernuishev, 1992 b: 6).
Mesarmaueria divaricata Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 105, 107-108, figs 29, 63
Habitat: Mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk.
Korotkevich was uncertain about the inclusion of this form in the genus
Mesarmaueria but later (Korotkevich, 1977 b: 17) listed it in the taxon without
question; Chernuishev (1992b: 6) uncertainly included the form as
Neoarmaueria divaricata (Korotkevich, 1955).
Mesarmaueria laticeps Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 87 91, figs 22B, 29, 45, 46
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul between 2100m depth and the surface.
Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk.
Now Neoarmaueria laticeps (Korotkevich, 1955) (Chernuishev, 1992 b: 6).
Mesarmaueria pellucida Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 100-101, figs 8, 23, 29, 56, 57
Habitat: Mesopelagic to bathypelagic at depths of 512-1500 m.
Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk.
As a consequence of the genus Mesarmaueria becoming a junior synonym of
Proarmaueria, the type species of which is Proarmaueria pellucida Coe, 1926,
Chernuishev (1992b: 4) renamed Korotkevich's taxon Proarmaueria
korotkevitschae Chernuishev, 1992.
Mesarmaueria tenuicauda Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 84, 94-98, figs 20 B, 29, 50-52
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul from 3330 m depth to the surface.
Distribution: Bering Sea.
Now Neoarmaueria tenuicauda (Korotkevich, 1955) (Chernuishev, 1992 b: 6).
Micrella Punnett, 1901 HETERONEMERTEA
Punnett, 1901 b: 547-548
Marine benthic.
*Micrella tufa Punnett, 1901
Punnett, 1901 b: 548-555, pl. 39, figs 1-11
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in mud.
Distribution: British Isles (near the mouth of the River Yealm, Plymouth).
Micrellides Gibson, 1985 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1985b: 171
Marine benthic.
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*Mierellides multiperula Gibson, 1985
Gibson, 1985b: 171-181, figs 32-37
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 302 375 m.
Distribution: Subantarctica (South Sandwich Is.).
Micrura Ehrenberg, 1828 HETERONEMERTEA
Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. IV, figs 4a-i
The illustrations of the type-species for this genus were published in 1828, although a description did not appear until Ehrenberg (1831: 57).
Marine benthic.
Micrura ajOinis: see Poseidon affinis Stimpson, 1854
Micrura akkeshiensis Yamaoka, 1940
Yamaoka, 1940a: 227-228, text-fig. 11, pl. XV, figs 11, 12, pl. XVI, fig. 1
Habitat: Intertidal, under stones on sand.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Micrura alaskensis Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 71-74, pl. IV, fig. 2, pl. XIII, fig. 1
Synonyms: Micrura griffini
Habitat: Intertidal under stones, in rock crevices or in sand, sandy-mud or mud.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to Ensenada, Mexico) and
Japan (Hokkaido).
Redescribed by Yamaoka, 1940 a: 225-226, text-fig. 10, pl. XV, figs 9, 10.
Micrura aibida Verrill, 1879
Verrill, 1879:186-187
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 60-280 m on mud.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME and MA).
Micrura albifrons Timofeeva, 1912
Timofeeva, 1912:41
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 16-40m.
Distribution: France (Villefranche Bay).
An inadequately described species.
Micrura ambigua Friedrich, 1958
Friedrich, 1958: 13-15, figs 3-5
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 170 m.
Distribution: Iceland.
Micrura ancistroentis Korotkevich, 1978
Korotkevich, 1978a: 125-126
Habitat: Sublittoral, under stones on muddy bottoms at depths of 8-20 m.
Distribution: Russia (Chupa Inlet, White Sea).
Also recorded as a new species by Korotkevich (1978 b: 256), no description
has been given of this form which is thus a nomen nudum.
Micrura atra Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903a: 21-22, pl. II, fig. 17
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 80 m on shelly sand.
Distribution: Norway (near Bergen).
Micrura attrantiaca: see Meckelia aurantiaca Grube, 1855
Micrura baltica Cantell, 1975
Cantell, 1975: 106-108, table 5, text-figs 2F, 6B, 7, pl. 3, figs B-E
Habitat: Sublittoral on mud.
Distribution: Baltic coast of Sweden.
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Micrura bella: see Cerebratulus bellus Stimpson, 1857
Micrura bergenicola Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903 a: 22-23, pl. I, figs 8, 14, pl. II, fig. 18
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 10-25 m on a bottom of mixed shell, mud
and rock.
Distribution: Norway (near Bergen).
Micrura caeca Verrill, 1895
Verrill, 1895:531-532
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones or in sand.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA and Long Is. Sound, NY).
Micrura cundida B/irger, 1892
B/irger, 1892a: 169
Synonyms: Cerebratulus lacteus (partim), Micrura lactea (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 30-200 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples and Capri) and the English Channel.
Biirger renamed Cerebratulus lacteus sensu Hubrecht, 1879: 219-220, which,
although Hubrecht himself listed Nemertes lactea Grube as synonymous with
Cerebratulus lacteus, Bfirger regarded as two distinct taxa.
Micrura ceylanica: see Meckelia ceylanica Schmarda, 1859
Micrura coei nom. nov.: see Micrura pardalis Coe, 1905
Micrura corallifila Cantell, 1975
Cantell, 1975: 102-105, tables 3, 5, text-figs 2D, 6A, 8D, pl. 2, figs E, F, pl. 3,
fig.
A
Habitat: Sublittoral on a bottom of mixed living and dead Amphelia at depths
down to 70 m.
Distribution: Norway (Hjeltefjorden and Trondheimsfjorden).
Micrura cura~aoensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925: 107-108, pl. V, fig. 12, pl. VII, figs 11, 12
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Curagao (Spanish Water).
This species should be known as Micrura curacaoensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925.
Micrura dellachiajei, Micrura deUechiajei, Micrura delle chiajei: see Cerebratulus
dellechiajei Hubrecht, 1879
Micrura dorsalis Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892: 429-430, pl. XXXVIII, figs 4, 4a
Habitat: Intertidal, under a stone at extreme low water level.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME).
Coe, (1943: 250) noted that the anatomy of this species is completely
unknown.
Micrura dorsovittata Takakura, 1898
Takakura, 1898c: 337, fig. 21
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Micrura elegans Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993c: 153-156, pl. 1, fig. 3
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: British Isles (Scilly Is.).
Micrura fasciculata Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:579
Nemertean genera and species of the world
417
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Not recorded.
The name fasciculata was evidently an emendation of fasciolata, and this
'species' was synonymised with Micruvafasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828, by Biirger
(1904 a: 105).
*Micrurafasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828
Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. IV, figs 4 a-i
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Synonyms: Alardus caudatus, Cerebratulus fasciolatus, Gordius fasciatus spinifer,
Gordius fragilis spinifer, Gordius spinifer fasciatus, Gordius spinifer fragilis,
Micrura fasciculata, Micrura fasiolata, Nemertes fasciolata, Planaria lineata,
Stylus fasciatus, Stylus fragilis
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 140m or more, in sandy,
gravelly, shelly or muddy sediments, among polychaete tubes and laminarian
holdfasts, in Zostera beds and rock crevices, or beneath stones and boulders.
Distribution: Scandinavia, the British Isles, Mediterranean and Black Sea.
The illustrations of this species, published under the caption Micrura
fasciolata, appeared before Ehrenberg's description (1831: 58); although 1831
is widely cited as the year when the form was established, under the ICZN
(1985) regulations (Article 12[b]) the 1828 illustrations are a valid indication of
the species and Ehrenberg, 1828, is thus the correct citation.
Micrura festiva Takakura, 1898
Takakura, 1898c: 336, fig. 20
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 4-6 m.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Synonymised with Micrura bella (Stimpson, 1857) by Yamaoka (1940 a: 230).
Micrurafilaris: see Planariafilaris Miiller, 1780
Micrura foUini Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 212-213, pl. VIII, fig. 19
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 698 m.
Distribution: Coast of Sudan.
Micrura formosana Yamaoka, 1939
Yamaoka, 1939: 286-288, figs 3, 4
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: North-eastern coast of Taiwan (Suao).
Micrura fusca McIntosh, 1873-1874
McIntosh, 1873-1874: 196-197, pl. VI, fig. 4, pl. XIX, fig. 8, pl. XX, fig. 4
Synonyms: Cerebratulus maculosus
Habitat: Occasionally intertidal under stones or in pools or laminarian
holdfasts, more commonly obtained by dredging sand, shelly gravel or mud
sediments at depths down to about 50-100 m; it has been found sublittorally as
deep as 1590 m.
Distribution: European waters, including the Mediterranean; North American
and Greenland reports of the species now relate to Cerebratulus marginatus
Renier, 1804 (Coe, 1940: 276, 1943: 255), whilst Wheeler's records (1934: 232,
1940 a: 32) from South Africa are regarded as being of dubious validity.
Now Cerebratulus fuscus (McIntosh, 1873-1874) (Hubrecht, 1879:219).
Micrura glandulosa BiJrger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895 b: 33-34
Synonyms: Lineus glandulosa
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Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 15 m, under rocks or in rock
pools.
Distribution: Argentina (Patagonia) and Chile (Iquique, Cavancha and Canal
Smyth).
Bfirger was uncertain as to which genus this species belonged and headed his
description Micrura (Lineus?) glandulosa; Friedrich (1970: 42-45, figs 6, 7)
redescribed it as Chilineus glandulosa (Bfirger, 1895).
Micrura griffini Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905:188-190
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA).
Synonymised with Micrura alaskensis Coe, 1901, by Coe (1940: 271).
Micrura impressa: see Cerebratulus impressus Stimpson, 1857
Micrura inornata Verrill, 1879
Verrill, 1879:186
Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 90-220 m on mud.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (ME and MA).
Verrill commented that this species 'Resembles the young of Cerebratulus
luridus ... which occur with it' and Coe (1943: 255) indicated that Verrill's
taxon did in fact represent young individuals of Cerebratulus luridus, which is
now Tarrhomyos luridus (VerritI, 1873).
Micrurajaponica Iwata, 1952
Iwata, 1952: 139-140, figs 4, 11, 12
Habitat: Intertidal, under stones in sand or rock pools.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Micrura kulikovae Chernuishev, 1992
Chernuishev, 1992a: 135
Synonyms: Micrura bella (partim)
Habitat: In mussel aggregations.
Distribution: Russia (Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan).
Chernuishev regarded Micrura bella sensu Kulikova and Kutishchev (1984:
617) as distinct from Micrura bella (Stimpson, 1857) and accordingly renamed it.
Micrura lactea: see Meckelia laetea Leidy, 1851
Micrura leidyi: see Cerebratulus leidyi Verrill, 1892
Micrura leucopsis Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 b: 227
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 20m or more, among algae,
polychaete tubes and sea grasses.
Distribution: Atlantic southern coast of the USA (FL), Puerto Rico and
Curaqao.
Now Cerebratulus leucopsis (Coe, 1901) (Coe, 1951 b: 183).
Micrura lithotamnii Ushakov, 1928
Ushakov, 1928a: 419-420, pl. 4, fig. 15
Habitat: Sublittoral, between inner cavities of Lithothamnion at depths of
8-10m.
Distribution: Russia (Kola Fjord, Barents Sea).
Micrura magna Yamaoka, 1940
Yamaoka, 1940a: 229-230, pl. XVI, figs 2-4
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones.
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Distribution: Japan (Akkeshi).
Micrura multinotarum Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957: 19-20, pl. I, fig. 8, pl. V, figs 8, 9
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 30-40 m.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Micrura nebulosa Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905:190-191
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 120 900m on sand or green mud.
Distribution: North Pacific (off the coasts of AK and CA).
Micrura nigrirostris Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904" 198-200, pl. XVII, figs 7, 8
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 4 m, among algal
and other growths on rocks or in kelp holdfasts.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (southern CA).
Micrura obscura Friedrich, 1958
Friedrich, 1958: 16-17, fig. 6
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 27-110 m.
Distribution: Iceland.
Additional anatomical detail was given for this species by Friedrich (1960 a:
267-270) when he listed it as Euborlasia obscura (Friedrich, 1958).
Micrura olivaris Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905:184-187
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in rock crevices to sublittoral depths of 120m on
grey sand and mud.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA).
Coe (1940: 272) commented that 'A single specimen of the same or of a similar
species was dredged off San Francisco', later (Coe, 1944 a: 29) indicating that
this latter record does refer to the same taxon.
Micrura paciflca Friedrich, 1970
Friedrich, 1970:30-31
Habitat: Intertidal, under boulders on exposed shores, in sand, gravel or muddy
clay.
Distribution: Southern Chile (Straits of Magellan).
Micrura pardalis Haddon, 1886
Haddon, 1886:621
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: South-western Ireland.
Haddon commented that 'If this species should prove to be new, the specific
name ofpardalis would be appropriate for it'; Gibson (1982 b: 188) noted that
the 'shape described by Haddon [is] more typically associated with species of
Cerebratulus, and the colour pattern somewhat resembles that of Cerebratulus
fuscus ... No subsequent description was ever published, however, and the
identity of this form must remain uncertain.'
Micrura pardalis Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 183-184, pl. 3, fig. 31, pl. 24, fig. 189
Synonyms: Micrura pardalis var. lineata: not Micrura pardalis Haddon, 1886
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, among corallines and other growths on rocks or
pier pilings, in rock crevices and rock pools, and under stones.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico).
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R. Gibson
Coe (1940: pl. 25, fig. 15) illustrated a colour variety of this form which he
called var. lineata. Coe was evidently unaware of Haddon's prior use of this
species name and it is clear from a comparison between the two descriptions
that different taxa are involved; Micrura pardalis sensu Coe, 1905, is a
preoccupied name and Coe's species, together with its variety, is here renamed
nicrura coei nom. nov.
Micrura pleuropolia Cantell, 1994
Cantell, 1994: 24-31, figs 1-11
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 8-11.5 m on shell gravel.
Distribution: New Zealand (near Leigh Marine Biological Station, North Is.,
and mouth of Otago Harbour, South Is.).
Micrura pseudovaricolor Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993c: 149-152, pl. l, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: British Isles (Scilly Is.).
Micrura purpurea, Micrura (Stylus) purpurea: see Gordius purpureus spinifer
Dalyell, 1853
Micrura rockalliensis Dollfus, 1924
Dollfus, 1924: 19-20, figs 1-3
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 175 m among algae.
Distribution: North-eastern Atlantic (near Rockall).
Gibson (1982 b: 106) commented that this is an inadequately described species.
Micrura rovinjensis Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993 a: 84-88, pl. 4, figs 32-34
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
The species name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Senz (1992 a: 92).
Micrura rubra Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892: 430-431, pl. XXXVIII, figs 3, 3 a, 9, 9a
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 70 m on mud.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (Bay of Fundy, Canada and ME).
Coe (1943: 251) noted that 'The specific validity of this species cannot be
determined until additional specimens become available for study'.
Micrura scotica Stephenson, 1911
Stephenson, 1911: 27-28, figs 17, 18
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 30m.
Distribution: Scotland (Firth of Clyde).
Gibson (1982 b: 107) commented that this species is inadequately described.
Micrura tridacnae Gibson, 1981
Gibson, 1981 a: 215-223, figs 26-31
Habitat: Emerged in the laboratory from a clam (Tridacna maxima) which had
been collected sublittorally.
Distribution: Eastern Australia (Palm Is., off Queensland).
Synonymised with Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) by Riser
(1991: 427).
Micrura trigonocephala: see Meckelia trigonocephala Schmarda, 1859
Micrura tristis: see Cerebratulus tristis Hubrecht, 1879
Micrura uchidai Yamaoka, 1940
Yamaoka, 1940 a: 232-234, text-fig. 12, pl. XVI, figs 5-7
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Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Micrura vanderhorsti Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925: 105-107, pl. V, fig. 11, pl. VII, figs 9, 10
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Curacao (Spanish Water).
Micrura varicolor Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903 a: 19-21
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 50-100 m on rocky or pebbly bottoms.
Distribution: Northern (Barents Sea) and western (Bergen) Norway.
Micrura verrilli Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901 a: 68-71, pl. V, figs 1-3
Synonyms: Lineus striatus
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, in sand and mud under stones, among
eel-grasses and algae or other growths on rocks, in tide pools or kelp holdfasts,
or in the parchment-like tubes of tubulanid palaeonemerteans.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to CA).
Coe (1940: 273) commented that Cerebratulus bellus from Japan, reported by
Stimpson (1857), was somewhat similar to this species.
Micrura viridis: see Gordius viridis spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Micrura wUsoni: see Lineus wilsoni Coe, 1904
Micrurides Friedrich, 1960 HETERONEMERTEA
Friedrich, 1960 a: 257
Also referred to as a new genus by Friedrich (1960 b: 57).
Marine benthic.
Micrurides albopunctatus Cantell, 1988
Cantell, 1988b: 125-130, figs 1-12
Habitat: Sublittoral from 50 m depth among gravel and boulders.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarl]ord).
*Micrurides islandicus Friedrich, 1960
Friedrich, 1960 a: 261-262, fig. 2
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 15 m.
Distribution: Iceland.
Micrurimorpha Korotkevich, 1980 HETERONEMERTEA
Korotkevich, 1980:30-31
Marine benthic.
*Micrurimorpha rhynchocoelomaperta Korotkevich, 1980
Korotkevich, 1980: 31-40, figs 1 28
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: Russia (Sea of Okhotsk).
Micrurina Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 HETERONEMERTEA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942:140
Marine benthic.
*Micrurina michaelseni Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 140-148, figs 6, 7
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 10 m.
Distribution: Namibia (Liideritz Bay).
Micrurinella Friedrich, 1960 HETERONEMERTEA
Friedrich, 1960 a: 257
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R. Gibson
Also referred to as a new genus by Friedrich (1960b: 57).
Marine benthic.
Micrurinella anton dohrni Friedrich, 1960
Friedrich, 1960a: 258-261, fig. 1
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 20-30m.
Distribution: Iceland.
Now *Micrurinella antondohrni Friedrich, 1960 (Cantell, 1988 b: 125).
Minutanemertes Senz, 1993 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Senz, 1993a: 127-128
Marine benthic.
*Minutanemertes adiverticulata Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 128-129, pl. 8, figs 70, 71
Habitat: In sand.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
Minutanemertes alba Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 130 131, pl. 8, figs 72, 73
Habitat: In sand.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
Mixolineus Mtiller and Scripcariu, 1971 HETERONEMERTEA
Miiller and Scripcariu, 1971:14
Marine benthic.
Mixolineus levitrontosus Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 103-105, pl. 6, figs 48-51
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Norway (Bergen).
The species name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Senz (1992 a: 92).
*Mixolineus tauricus Mfiller and Scripcariu, 1971
Miiller and Scripcariu, 1971: 14-21, figs 4-9
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 25 m on shell-rich sand.
Distribution: Black Sea.
Mononemertes Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1926:118
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Mononemertes sargassicola: see Planktonemertes sargassicola Joubin, 1906
Mononemertes scavlata Coe, 1945
Coe, 1945a: 154-155, pl. I, figs 1 8
Synonyms: Planktonemertes scarlata
Habitat: Taken from a depth of about 1500m.
Distribution: Atlantic (Bermuda region).
Korotkevich (1955: 66, 1977b: 16) included this species as Planktonemertes
scarlata.
Monopora Salensky, 1884
Salensky, 1884:517
Salensky established this genus for Borlasia vivipara Ulyanina, 1870; Biirger
(1895a: 502) listed Monopora as a junior synonym of Prosorhochmus.
Monopora lacustris: see Tetrastemma lacustre du Plessis, 1892
Monopora vivipara: see Borlasia vivipara Ulyanina, 1870
Myoisophagos Riser, 1994 HETERONEMERTEA
Riser, 1994: in press
Nemertean genera and species of the world
423
Marine benthic.
Myoisophagos lacteus: see Ramphogordius lacteus Rathke, 1843
Myoisophagos pseudolacteus: see Lineus pseudo-lacteus Gontcharoff, 1951
*Myoisophagos sanguineus: see Planaria sanguinea Rathke, 1799
Nannonemertes Wheeler,
1937
HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Wheeler, 1937:82
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Nannonemevtes indica Wheeler, 1937
Wheeler, 1937: 82-86, fig. 2
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Synonyms: Pelagonemertes indica
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul from a depth of 1500 m to the surface.
Distribution: Tropical Indian Ocean (about midway between Zanzibar and
Colombo).
Korotkevich (1955: 112, 1977b: 18) listed this species as Pelagonemertes indica.
Nareda Stimpson, 1854
Stimpson, 1854, 28
Used by Verrill, 1892: 389, as a subgenus of Amphipovus for the single species,
Amphiporus supevbus, Bfirger (1904a: 34) listed Nareda as a junior synonym of
Amphiporus.
Nareda pulchella Girard, 1893
Girard, 1893:251
Synonyms: Polygorclius pulchellus
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Not recorded.
A name given by Girard to what Agassiz (1866: 309) had earlier referred to as
the 'adult of Loven's annelid larva'; Verrill (1895: 524-525) noted that this was
in fact the annelid Polygordius pulchellus, whilst Biirger (1904a: 130) included
the species among a group of dubious nemertean taxa.
Nareda serpentina Stimpson, 1855
Stimpson, 1855a: 381
Synonyms: Diplomma serpentina
Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal.
Distribution: North Pacific (Liukiu Is.).
Included by Biirger (1904a: 130-131) with a group of dubious nemertean taxa.
Nareda superba Stimpson, 1854
Stimpson, 1854: 28, pl. II, fig. 17
Synonyms: ?Tetrastemma albicollis
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 45 63 m on Lithothamnion or soft bottoms
with shell fragments.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of Canada (Bay of Fundy), Norway (Troms6) and
Russia (Kola Fjord).
Uncertainly transferred to the genus Amphiporus as Amphiporus superbus
(Stimpson, 1854) by Verrill (1892: 403), Coe (1943: 276) regarded this species
as the same as Amphiporus angulatus (Miiller, 1774); Amphiporus superbus has
been redescribed by Berg (1973: 63-65, figs 1-3) and is listed as a species
inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: Table III).
Naredopsis Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892:389
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Verrill divided the genus Amphiporus into several subgeneric groups, mainly
according to the arrangement of the eyes and nerves; he established the subgenus
Naredopsis for two species, Amphiporus caecus Verrill, 1892, and Amphiporus
thallius Verrill, 1892.
Natonemertes Brinkmann,
1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1917a: 17
Marine, bathypelagic.
*Natonemertes acutocaudata Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917a: 17, pl. II, fig. 26
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes acutocaudata
Habitat: Trawled from depths of 1200-1400m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (in an area approximately between 58-61°N,
12-17°W).
More fully described by Brinkmann (1917b: 110-112, text-fig. 25, pl. XIII, figs
13-21); Korotkevich (1955: 110, 1977b: 18) listed this species as
Pelagonemertes acutocaudata.
Nectonemertes Verrill, 1892 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Verrill, 1892:447
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Nectonemertes acanthocephala Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 82-83, figs 29, 42
Habitat: Taken from depths of between 850-4000 m.
Distribution: Bering Sea (east of the Kamchatka Peninsula).
Nectonemertes acutilobata Korotkevich, 1964
Korotkevich, 1964: 138, 147-150, figs 1, 6
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul from 2000m depth to the surface.
Distribution: South Pacific (off the coast of central Chile).
The species name was first used as a nomen nudum by Korotkevich (1963: 275276, fig. 1).
Nectonomertes biirgeri Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955:71
Synonyms: Drepanophorus pelagicus
Habitat: Taken in an open net hauled from a depth of 2500m to the surface.
Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (near the angle formed between Ninety
East Ridge and Broken Ridge).
Drepanophorus pelagicus Biirger, 1909, was transferred to the genus Chuniella
by Brinkmann (1917b: 69), but Korotkevich regarded ChanieUa as a junior
synonym of Nectonemertes; since the name Nectonemertes pelagica was
preoccupied by a species established by Cravens and Heath (1906),
Korotkevich renamed Bfirger's form Nectonemertes biirgeri. Biirger's species,
however, is currently known as Chuniella pelagica (Biirger, 1909) and
Korotkevich's taxon thus constitutes a junior synonym of this form.
Nectonemertes chavesi Joubin, 1906
Joubin, 1906: 16-19, figs 13, 14
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes chavesi
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul from a depth of 3000m to the surface.
Distribution: North Atlantic (south of the Azores).
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Korotkevich (1955: 113; 1977b: 18) listed this species as Pelagonemertes
chavesi, but it is currently known as Balaenanemertes chavesi (Joubin, 1906),
transferred to this genus by Brinkmann (1917b: 134).
Nectonemertes compacta Korotkevich, 1964
Korotkevich, 1964: 138, 143-144, figs 1, 4
Synonyms: Nectonemertes compacta
Habitat: Taken in a net between the surface and a depth of 540m.
Distribution: South Pacific (off the coast of southern Chile).
This name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Korotkevich (1963: 275-276,
fig. 1).
Nectonemertes grimaldii Joubin, 1904
Joubin, 1904b: 2-6, fig. 2
Habitat: Taken in a net hauled vertically from a depth of 3000 m to the surface.
Distribution: North Atlantic (southwest of the Azores).
Synonymised with Nectonemertes mirabilis Verrill, 1892, by Brinkmann
(1917b: 73), although Korotkevich (1955: 72; 1977b: 17) included it under its
original name.
Nectonemertesjaponica Foshay, 1912
Foshay, 1912: 50-53, fig. 1
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Japan (off the coast of Misaki).
Brinkmann (1917a: 9) synonymised this species with Nectonemertes mirabilis
Verrill, 1892, but Coe (1926: 174) commented that 'further anatomical study,
including both sexes, is necessary before assuming a specific identity of forms
which may prove to show marked differences in the female sex, especially since
they appear to be so widely separated geographically'. Despite this caution,
Coe (1954: 259) subsequently listed japonica as synonymous with mirabilis
with no further discussion, but Korotkevich (1955: 72, 81-82; 1977b: 17)
retained it under its original name, by which it is still known.
Nectonemertes kempi Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 284-285, fig. 62
Habitat: Obtained between the surface and a depth of 800 m.
Distribution: Equatorial Atlantic (6°55'N, 15°54'W).
Coe (1945a: 160) uncertainly included this form as a junior synonym of
Nectonemertes mirabilis Verrill, 1892, with the comment that 'There is nothing
in [Wheeler's] description, however, which does not apply equally well to
young individuals of N. mirabilis. Therefore there seems to be no good reason
for considering N. kempi to be a valid species.' Coe's conclusion has been
generally accepted since, although Korotkevich (1977b: 17) included
Wheeler's species under its original name.
Nectonemertes lanceolata: see Chuniella lanceolata Brinkmann, 1917
Nectonemertes lobata Joubin, 1906
Joubin, 1906: 20, fig. 16
Synonyms: ?Balaenanemertes musculocaudata, Pelagonemertes lobata
Habitat: Obtained from depths of 400-2000 m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (in the area encompassed by 48-59°N, 7-32°W).
Now Balaenanemertes lobata (Joubin, 1906) (Brinkmann, 1917a: 17); Coe
(1945a: 164) noted that 'Brinkmann himself suggests that such anatomical
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differences as he found [between Nectonemertes lobata and Balaenanemertes
musculocaudata] might be merely sexual distinctions. If this supposition is
correct, the name B. musculocaudata is a synonym of B. lobata." Korotkevich
(1955:111, 1977b: 18) listed this species as Pelagonemertes lobata.
Nectonemertes major Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 72, 75-81, figs 2E, 3K, 4A, C, 6D, 10C, 17, 18, 22A, 29,
36-39
Synonyms: Neetonemertes maijor
Habitat: Taken from depths of 850-3000 m.
Distribution: Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and the North Pacific (east of Cape
Lopatka).
Neetonemertes minima Brinkmann, 1915 1916
Brinkmann, 1915-1916: 6-8, figs 4, 5
Synonyms: Hyalonemertes atlantica (partim)
Habitat: Taken in various depths between 3500 m and the surface.
Distribution: North, tropical and South Atlantic (between latitudes 57°N-35°S).
Brinkmann renamed Hyalonemertes atlantica sensu Biirger (1909), which he
regarded as distinct from Verrill's species of 1892 described under the same
name.
*Neetonemertes mirabilis Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892: 447-451, pl. XXXVIII, fig. 1
Synonyms:
Hyalonemertes atlantica (partim), Nectonemertes grimaldii,
?Nectonemertes kempi, ?Nectonemertes pelagica
Habitat: Obtained at all depths down to 3000m or more; Van der Spoel (1985:
23) stated that the species 'lives at rather shallow depth (300 m) in winter ...
while it descends to 500 m [or more] in the other seasons... The shallow night
samples from 45°N [less than 100m depth] with only few specimens may
illustrate vertical migration.'
Distribution: Widespread in the North, equatorial and South Atlantic and North
Pacific, this species has the widest distribution recorded for any pelagic
nemertean.
Nectonemertes mollis: see Alexandronemertes ductor Chernuishev, 1992
Nectonemertes notabilis: see Biirgeriella notabilis Brinkmann, 1917
Nectonemertes pelagica Cravens and Heath, 1906
Cravens and Heath, 1906: 338-354, pl. 21, figs 1 11, pl. 22, figs 12-20
Habitat: Typically found at depths of 50-500 m or more, Coe (1940: 310) noted
that '(probably the same species) [occurred] at depths of nearly 4000 m off the
west coast of South America'.
Distribution: North Pacific (off the coast of CA) and possibly the South Pacific.
Brinkmann (1917a: 9) included this form as synonymous with Nectonemertes
mirabilis Verrill, 1892, but Coe (1926: 174, 1940: 310) retained the species
under its original name, commenting that although the two taxa appeared to
be closely related, Nectonemertespelagica was quite different in colour and the
females possessed 'several minor anatomical peculiarities ... which would
seem to warrant its retention as a valid species'. Subsequently, and with no
further comment, Coe (1954: 259) included pelagica as synonymous with
mirabilis; Korotkevich (1955: 72; 1977b: 17) listed the form under its original
name.
Nectonemertes pellucida: see Tononemertes pellucida Coe, 1954
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427
Nectonemertes primitiva Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917a: 13, pl. II, figs 11-13
Synonyms: Nectonemertes mirabilis (partita)
Habitat: Obtained from depths of 200-1000 m, also taken in vertical hauls from
3000 m depth to the surface.
Distribution: North Atlantic (near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge), Equatorial Atlantic
(off the west coast of the French Congo) and North Pacific (off the coast of CA
and Baja California).
Nectonemertes tenella: see Chuniella tenella Coe, 1954
Nectonemertes tenuis Korotkevich, 1964
Korotkevich, 1964: 138, 144, 146-147, figs 1, 5
Habitat: Taken in a net between the surface and 500 m depth.
Distribution: South Pacific (off the coast of southern Chile).
The species was first used as a nomen nuclum by Korotkevich (1963: 275-276,
fig. 1).
Neesia Girard, 1893
Girard, 1893:286
Girard established this genus for Amphiporus neesii, which is now Emplectonema
neesii (0rsted, 1843); Neesia is thus a junior synonym of Emplectonema.
Neesia groenlandica: see Amphiporus groenlandicus ()rsted, 1843
Neesia neesii: see Amphiporus neesii 0rsted, 1843
Neesia sanguinea: see Amphiporus sanguineus Girard, 1853
Nematodemus Graft, 1896
Graft, 1896:72
A monotypic genus originally placed in the Planaria, the only known species has
been transferred to the heteronemertean genus Baseodiscus, for which
Nematodemus thus becomes a junior synonym (Gibson and Ogren, 1990: 183).
Nematodemus lumbricoides Graft, 1899
Graft, 1899: 513, pl. XIV, figs 12, 13
Habitat: Marine, presumed intertidal.
Distribution: Sri Lanka.
First recorded as a new species of terrestrial flatworm, but as a nomen nudum,
by Graft (1896: 72), recently redescribed as Baseodiscus lumbricoides (Graft,
1899) by Gibson and Ogren (1990: 183-190, figs 1-20).
Nemertellina Friedrich, 1935 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1935c: 10
Marine benthic.
Nemertellina canea Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935c: 12, fig. lc
Habitat: Among Zostera.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Nemertellina minuta Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935a: 320-323, figs 16, 17
Habitat: In sand among sea grasses.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay); Yamaoka (1940a: 239-240, text-figs 15, 16)
also recorded this species, found in the canals of a sponge recovered from
several metres depth, from Japan (Hokkaido) but the validity of this
occurrence is uncertain.
*Nemertellina oculata Friedrich, 1935
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R. Gibson
Friedrich, 1935c: 10-12, fig. la
Habitat: In the Zostera region.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Nemertellina tropica Kirsteuer, 1965
Kirsteuer, 1965: 305-308, figs 9-11, 12B
Habitat: On a coral.
Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel).
Nemertellina typica: see Nemerteilopsis typica Friedrich, 1936
Nemertellopsis Friedrich, 1935 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1935c: 12-13
Marine benthic.
*Nemertellopsis cephalotrichiformis Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935c: 13-14
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 22 m in mud.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Nemerteliopsis macrodasys Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935c: 14
Habitat: In the Zostera region.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Nemertellopsis minutus Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935c: 14-15, fig. lb
Synonyms: Tetrastemma (Nemertellopsis) minuta
Habitat: In a bed of Ulva and Zostera.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Now Paraminutanemertes minutus (Friedrich, 1935) (Senz, 1993a: 130).
Nemertellopsis pacificus Friedrich, 1970
Friedrich, 1970:54-55
Habitat: Intertidal on an exposed rocky shore.
Distribution: Central Chile (near Valparaiso).
Nemerteilopsis typica Friedrich, 1936
Friedrich, 1936a: 39, figs 10, 11
Synonyms: Nemertellina typica
Habitat: In the Zostera region.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Friedrich's description of this species is given under the name Nemertellopsis
typica, but the captions to figures illustrating the cerebral organs and
precerebral septum (figs 10, 11) are erroneously headed Nemertellina typica,
which thus constitutes a junior synonym. Friedrich (1955: 165) confirms the
inclusion of the species in the genus Nemertellopsis.
Nemertes Cuvier, 1817
Cuvier, 1817:65
Cuvier established the genus Nemertes for Nemertes borlasii, which has
subsequently been synonymised with Lineus longissiumus (Gunnerus, 1770),
although illustrating other species which have since been transferred to the
genera Amphiporus or Emplectonema. Johnston (I837: 534-538) employed the
name Nemertes as both a genus and a subgenus for several species, B/irger
(1904a: 21, 34, 53) later synonymising Nemertes sensu Johnston as applying to
three genera (Amphiporus, Emplectonema, Prostoma) but listing Nemertes sensu
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Nemertean genera and species of the world
429
Cuvier as a junior synonym of Lineus. The genus Nemertes was used for many
different taxa between 1837 and 1904 but then largely fell into disuse until
Friedrich (1955: 171) proposed restoring Nemertes sensu Johnston to receive
Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846. The genus Nemertes Johnston, 1837, was
redefined by Kirsteuer (1974: 164) but, as Chernuishev (1992a: 134) recently
pointed out, according to the ICZN (1985) regulations the name Nemertes is not
available; Chernuishev proposed substituting the name Tetranemertes, with
Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846, as the designated type.
Nemertes affinis: see Poseidon affinis Stimpson, 1854
Nemertes albicans: see Hemicyclia albicans Ehrenberg, 1831
Nemertes annellata Leuckart, 1849
Leuckart, 1849:153-154
Synonyms: Borlasia annellata, Meckelia leuckarti
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Iceland.
Now Cerebratulus annellatus (Leuckart, 1849) (Biirger, 1904a: 123).
Nemertes annulatus Ehrenberg, 1831
Ehrenberg, 1831: 65
Synonyms: Borlasia annulata (partim), Meckelia ehrenbergii, Nemertes annulata
(partim): not Meckelia annulata Grube, 1840, or Nemertes ehrenbergii
K611iker, 1845
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Gulf of Suez (Tor).
Biirger (1904a: 127) listed this form, as Nemertes annulata, among a group of
dubious heteronemertean taxa, but (p. 92) synonymised Nemertes annulata
sensu Orsted (1844) and Nemertes annulatus sensu K611iker (1845) with Lineus
geniculatus, which is now Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828).
Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 199-200, pl. 14, fig. II
Synonyms: Emplectonema antonina, Eunemertes antonina, Polia antonina
Habitat: Sublittoral between rocks at depths of 70-100 m.
Distribution: Mediterranean (Banyuls, Trieste, Naples and Sicily).
Now Tetranemertes antonina (Quatrefages, 1846)(Chernuishev, 1992a: 134).
Nemertes assimilis Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:578
Synonyms: Cerebratulus assimilis (partim)
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Denmark (0resund) and the North Sea (near Bass Rock).
Included as a dubious species by Btirger (1904a: 131), Gibson (1982b: 188)
commented that the generic affiliations of this form are unknown; Langerhans
(1880:138) reported Cerebratulus assimilis from Madeira, but Btirger (ibid.:
52) synonymised this form with what he called Drepanophorus crassus crassus.
Nemertes badia: see Planaria badia Rathke, 1799
Nemertes balmea Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 197-199, pl. 9, fig. VI, pl. 11, figs II, IV, pl. 12, fig. II
Synonyms: Omatoplea balmea, Ommatoplea balmea
Habitat: Intertidal in rock crevices.
Distribution: France (English Channel coast).
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R. Gibson
Quatrefages uncertainly included Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837, as
synonymous with this form, Btirger (1904a: 22) including Quatrefages' taxon
as a junior synonym of Empleetonema gracile (Johnston, 1837).
Nemertes benedeneana Diesing, 1862
Diesing, 1862:299
Synonyms: Nemertes flaccida (partim)
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Belgium.
Bfirger (1904: 127) included this species in a list of dubious heteronemertean
taxa, indicating that it was the same as Nemertesflaccida sensu Beneden (1861)
but different from Nemertesflaccida (Mfiller, 1774).
Nemertes bilineata, Nemertes bilineatus: see Cerebratulus dellechiajei Hubrecht,
1879
Nemertes bioculata Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:577
Synonyms: Cephalothrix biocculata, Cephalothrix bioculata, Cephalotrix bioculata
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Denmark (Copenhagen).
Synonymised with Cephalothrix vufifrons (Johnston, 1837) by Bfirger (1904a:
18).
Nemertes borlasii Cuvier, 1817
Cuvier, 1817: 65, pl. 33
Synonyms: Meckelia borlasii, Nemertes borlassii (partita)
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: British Isles (Cornwall).
Cuvier gave this name to Borlase's 'Sea Long-Worm' (1758), which is now
Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770); Nemertes borlassii sensu Beattie (1858:
307) was synonymised with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, by Bfirger
(1904a: 112).
Nemertes camillea: see Borlasia camillea Quatrefages, 1846
Nemertes cartinophilos Ktlliker, 1845
Ktlliker, 1845:93
Synonyms: Carcinonemertes carcinophilon, ?Carinella galatheae, ?Cephalothrix
galatheae, Cephalothrix involuta, Cephalotrix involuta, Emplectonema
carcinophita,
Emplectonema carcinophilon,
Eunemertes earcinophila,
Eunemertes xanthophila, Nemertes carcinophila, Nemertes carcinophilos,
Nemertes carcinophilus, Polia carcinophila, Polia involuta, Polia xanthophila
Habitat: Variously described as an ectoparasite, ectosymbiont or specialised egg
predator, the species lives on decapod Crustacea, particularly on and among
the eggs of berried females or on the gills; Wickham and Kuris (1985: table 1)
list 28 species of crabs which have been reported as hosts to this nemertean.
Distribution: Widespread in the northern hemisphere from European waters to
the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America. Now Carcinonemertes
carcinophila (K611iker, 1845) (Coe, 1902b: 411); Humes (1942) recognised two
varieties of this species, Carcinonemertes carcinophila var. careinophila
(Ktlliker, 1845) (Humes, 1942: 16-20, tables 1-3, 7, 19, 20, pl. I, fig. 11, pl. III,
fig. 27) and a new form, Carcinonemertes carcinophila var. imminuta Humes,
1942 (Humes, 1942: 20-51, tables 4-14, 19, 20, pl. I, figs 5-8, 10, 12, 13, pl. II,
figs 14 19, pl. III, figs 20-22, 25, 26, 30-32, 34, pl. IV, figs 36-40, 42-52).
Nemertean genera and species of the world
431
Humes' variety imminuta is reported from the Gulf of Mexico, Puerto Rico,
the West Indies, Panama and as far south as Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Nemertes coeca (~rsted, 1845
Orsted, 1845:419
Synonyms: Meckelia coeca
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Norway (Kristianafjord).
Included as a dubious species of heteronemertean by Biirger (1904a: 127).
Nemertes collaris Schmarda, 1859
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Schmarda, 1859: 44, text-fig, p. 44, pl. XI, fig. 98
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Sri Lanka.
Now Lineus coUaris (Schmarda, 1859) (Biirger, 1904a: 97).
Nemertes communis Beneden, 1861
Beneden, 1861: 7-14, pl. I, figs 1-13
Habitat: Intertidal under stones in sand.
Distribution: Belgium.
Verrill (1879: 185) listed this form as Lineus communis with the comment that
'It is probable that L. socialis (Leidy sp.) is not distinct from this', and
subsequently Girard (1893: 271) synonymised Lineus communis sensu Verrill
with Nemertes socialis Leidy; B/irger (1904a: 101), however, regarded
Nemertes communis Beneden as different to VerriU's taxon and included it as a
junior synonym of Lineus ruber (M/iller, 1774).
Nemertes complanatus K611iker, 1845
K611iker, 1845:94
Synonyms: Nemertes complanata
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Now Cerebratulus complanatus (K611iker, 1845) (B/irger, 1904a: 123).
Nemertes coronata: see Polia coronata Quatrefages, 1846
Nemertes crassa: see Cerebratulus crassus Quatrefages, 1846
Nemertes delineatus: see Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1825
Nemertes drepanensb: see Notospermus drepanensis Huschke, 1830
Nemertes duoni Joubin, 1890
Joubin, 1890: 587-588, pl. XXV, fig. 10, pl. XXXI, fig. 18
Synonyms: Eunemertes duoni
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under a stone.
Distribution: France (Duon Is., near Roscoff).
Now Emplectonema duoni (Joubin, 1890) (Verrill, 1895: 528); Gibson (1982a:
829) commented that this is an inadequately described species.
Nemertes echinoderma: see Borlasia echinoderma Marion, 1873
Nemertes ehrenbergii K611iker, 1845
K611iker, 1845:92
Synonyms: Tetrastemma ehrenbergii
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Italy (Straits of Messina).
B/irger (1904a: 64) synonymised this inadequately described form with
Prostoma candidum, now Tetrastemma candidum (M/iller, 1774).
Nemertes elegans: see Tubulanus elegans Blainville, 1828
432
R. Gibson
Nemertes fasciolata: see Micrura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828
Nemertesflaccida: see Fasciolaflaccida Mfiller, 1774
Nemertes fumosa: see Polia fumosa Quatrefages, 1846
Nemertesfusca: see Planariafusca Fabricius, 1780
Nemertes fuscescens: see Planariafuscescens Fabricius, 1798
Nemertes geniculata, Nemertes geniculata forma pontica: see Polia geniculata Delle
Chiaje, 1828
Nemertes gesserensis: see Planaria gesserensis Mfiller, 1788
Nemertes glaucus K611iker, 1845
K611iker, 1845:95
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Synonyms: Nemertes glauca, Omatoplea glauca, Ommatoplea glauca
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Carus (1885: 167) suggested that this species might be the same as Nemertes
echinoderma, but Biirger (1904a: 22) synonymised it with Emplectonema
gracile (Johnston, 1837).
Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837
Johnston, 1837: 534-535, pl. XVII, fig. 1
Synonyms: ?Borlasia viridis (partim), Emplectoneema gracile, Emplectonema
gracilis, Emplectonema viride, Emplectonema viridis, Eunemertes gracile,
Eunemertes gracilis, Lineus gracilis (partita), Meckelia gracilis, Nemertes
balmea, Nernertes glauca, Nemertes glaucus, Omatoplea balmea, Omatoplea
glauca, Omatoplea gracilis, Ommatoplea balmea, Ommatoplea glauca,
Ommatoplea gracilis, Polystemma gracile, Prostoma gracilis
Habitat: Upper shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 10-15 m or more, under
stones or boulders on coarse muddy silt, shelly gravel or silty sand, in crevices
or cavities of rocks, between algae, in barnacle or mussel colonies, and in
laminarian holdfasts.
Distribution: Widespread in the northern hemisphere (Japan [Hokkaido], Russia
[Kamchatka Peninsula], the Aleutian Is., the Pacific coast of North America,
northern coasts of Europe, Mediterranean, Rumanian coast of the Black Sea,
and Madeira); Isler's record of the species from Chile (1902) is of doubtful
validity.
Now Emplectonema gracile (Johnston, 1837) (Verrill, 1895: 528), the species
was redescribed by Corr~a (1955: 68-70, pl. 1, figs 1-3, pl. 2, figs 4-6).
Nemertes haematodes Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:270-271
Synonyms: Polia sanguirubra, Tetrastemma sanguirubrum
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast, St. Malo and Br6hat).
With no justification for doing so, Diesing renamed Polia sanguirubra
Quatrefages, 1846; Bfirger (1904a: 64) listed Nemertes haematodes as a junior
synonym of Prostoma flavidum, which is now Tetrastemma flavidum
Ehrenberg, 1828.
Nemertes hemprichii Ehrenberg, 1831
Ehrenberg, 1831: 64-65
Synonyms: ?Baseodiscus edmondsoni, Baseodiscus hemprichi, Baseodiscus
mediolineatus, Borlasia hemprichii, Eupolia brocki, Eupolia brockii, Eupolia
hemprichi, Eupolia mediolineata, Nemertes hemprichi, Taeniosoma hemprichi
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433
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 10 m or more, under stones on sand
or silty sand, or associated with rubble and boulders on coral reefs.
Distribution: The Red Sea, India, Pakistan, East Africa (off Mozambique and
Zanzibar), Maldive Is., Laccadive Is., Coetivy Is., Mauritius, the Malay
Peninsula, Java, Ambon, Taiwan, Japan, Australia (Great Barrier Reef),
Papua New Guinea, New Britain (Solomon Is.), the Loyalty Is., Caroline Is.,
Wake Is., West Samoa Is. and the Hawaiian Is.
Redescribed by Gibson (1979a: 146-152, figs 4-6, 7A, B), now Baseodiscus
hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1831) (Biirger, 1904a: 83).
Nemertes hermaphroditicus Gibson, 1982
Gibson, 1982d: 277-285, table 3, figs 5-8
Habitat: Intertidal, under dead coral fragments in clean sand, mid reef fiat.
Distribution: Australia (Heron Is., Great Barrier Reef).
In consequence of Chernuishev (1992a: 134) replacing the genus Nemertes
sensu Johnston, 1837, this species should now be known as Tetranemertes
hermaphroditicus (Gibson, 1982).
Nemertes humilis: see Polia humilis Quatrefages, 1846
Nemertes knochii Krlliker, 1845
K611iker, 1845:91-92
Synonyms: Nemertes krohnii, Prostoma knochii, Tetrastemma knochi
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Straits of Messina).
Now Tetrastemma knochii (Krlliker, 1845)(Carus, 1885: 166).
Nemertes krohnii Siebold, 1850
Siebold, 1850:382
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Straits of Messina).
Carus (1885: 166) indicated that this name was used in error for Nemertes
knochii; Biirger (1904a: 70) listed it as a junior synonym of Prostoma knochii,
now Tetrastemma knochii (Krlliker, 1845).
Nemertes lactea: see Ramphogordius lacteus Rathke, 1843
Nemertes lactiflora, Nemertes lactiflorea: see Planaria lactiflorea Johnston, 1828
Nemertes lateritia: see Planaria lateritia Rathke, 1799
Nemertes ligurica: see Cerebratulus ligur&us Blanchard, 1849
Nemertes maculata Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:579
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Denmark (Oresund).
Included by Biirger (1904a: 128) among a group of dubious heteronemertean
taxa.
Nemertes maculosa Ehlers, 1871
Ehlers, 1871:85
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Arctic Ocean (Svalbard).
Included by Biirger (1904a: 128) among a group of dubious heteronemertean
taxa.
Nemertes mandilla: see Polia mandilla Quatrefages, 1846
Nemertes marioni Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:231
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R. Gibson
Synonyms: Eunemertes marioni
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 5-30m among the rhizomes of Posidonia.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Now Emplectonema marioni (Hubrecht, 1879) (Verrill, 1895: 528); Gibson
(1982a: 829) noted that the species is inadequately described.
Nemertes melanocephala Johnston, 1837
Johnston, 1837: 535-536, pl. XVII, figs 5, 5*
Synonyms: Borlasia melanocephala, Borlasia melanocephala forma britannica,
Borlasia melanocephala forma suchumica, Cephalotrix unipunctata, Oerstedia
pulchella (partim), Omatoplea melanocephala, Ommatoplea melanocephala,
?Planaria ascaridea, Planaria unipunctata, Polia coronata (partim), Polia
pulchella (partim), Prostoma melanocephala, Prostoma melanocephalum,
Prostoma melanocephalum melanocephalum, Prostoma melanocephalum
suchumicum, Tetrastemma melanocephala
Habitat: Intertidal on rock pool algae (especially species of Ceramium, Corallina
and Cladophora), in crevices of rocks, between laminarian holdfasts or in
sandy beds of salt-marsh creeks, or sublittorally to depths of 45-65 m or more
on submerged ship hulks or muddy, shelly, stony or gravelly sediments;
sometimes in reduced salinities or in Zostera beds.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden, Baltic Sea coasts of Germany, Denmark,
British Isles, Mediterranean, Adriatic and Black Sea coasts, northern Spain,
Madeira and the Canary Is. Johnston originally placed this species in the
subgenus Nemertes as Nemertes Nemertes melanocephala. Czerniavsky (1880),
who included it in the genus Borlasia, recognised two forms, Borlasia
melanocephala forma britannica (Czerniavsky, 1880: 243-244) and Borlasia
melanocephala forma suchumica (Czerniavsky, 1880: 242-243), Bfirger (1904a:
57) listing these respectively as Prostoma melanocephalum melanocephalum and
Prostoma melanocephalum suchumicum. The separate status of these varieties
or subspecies is regarded as dubious, and Johnston's taxon is now known as
Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837) (Diesing, 1862: 291); the
species was redescribed by Kirsteuer, 1963: 569-572, figs 11, 32. Two other
varieties, recorded as Tetrastemma melanocephalum var. diadema (Gamble,
1896: 132) and Tetrastemma melanocephalum var. coronatum (Beaumont,
1900a: 821), have been synonymised with Tetrastemma coronatum
(Quatrefages, 1846).
Nemertes microcephala Orsted, 1845
Orsted, 1845:418
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 75 m.
Distribution: Norway (Kristianat~ord).
Uncertainly included in the genus Nemertes by Orsted, Biirger (1904a: 131)
regarded it as only possibly being a nemertean.
Nemertes microphthalma Orsted, 1845
Orsted, 1845:419
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Norway (Kristianafjord).
Included by Biirger (1904a: 131) among a group of dubious species of
nemerteans.
Nemertes multioculatus K611iker, 1845
K611iker, 1845:92-93
Nemertean genera and species of the world
435
Synonyms: Nemertes multioculata
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Straits of Messina).
Carus (1885: 164) regarded this form as synonymous with Amphiporus
lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828), but Bfirger (1904a: 49) included it as Amphiporus
muitioculatus (K611iker, 1845), which Gibson and Crandall (1989: 460) listed as
a nomen dubium.
Nemertes neesi, Nemertes neesii: see Amphiporus neesii Orsted, 1843
Nemertes nigrofuscus Ehrenberg, 1831
Ehrenberg, 1831:65
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Synonyms: Borlasia nigrofusca, Nemertes nigrofusca
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Gulf of Suez.
Included by B/irger (1904a: 128) among a group of dubiously valid
heteronemertean taxa.
Nemertes obscura Desor, 1848
Desor, 1848a: 2-12, pl. I, figs 1-21, pl. II, figs 22-31
Synonyms: Lineus obscurus, Polia obscura (partim), Polia obscurum (partim): not
Tetrastemma obscurum Schultze, 1851
Habitat: Intertidal, under stones and among sea grasses.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA and NJ) and the British Isles
(Plymouth region).
Also referred to as a new species by Desor (1848b: 512), B/irger (1904a: 101)
synonymised this form with Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774). Gibson (1982b: 90)
commented that the specific name obscurus has 'been more widely applied to
Lineus ruber or Lineus viridis'.
Nemertes octoculata Keferstein, 1862
Keferstein, 1862: 63, pl. VII, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast).
Although Keferstein described this as a new species, the name Nemertes
octoculata (in some cases with the subgenus Borlasia included) had previously
been employed by Johnston (1837), Orsted (1844), Diesing (1850)and Byerley
(1854) for a species originally described as Planaria octoculata by Johnston
(1828b); Mclntosh (1873-1874: 190) synonymised Keferstein's form with
Lineus sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) 'after some doubt, since there is little in his
description to distinguish it from a pale variety of L. gesserensis', but Bfirger
(1904a: 101) included Nemertes octoculata sensu Keferstein (1862) as a junior
synonym of Lineus ruber (Miiller, 1774).
Nemertes olivacea Johnston, 1837
Johnston, 1837: 536-537, pl. XVIII, fig. 1
Synonyms: Borlasia olivacea (partim), Meckelia olivacea (partim): not Meckelia
olivacea Rathke, 1843, or Stimpson, 1855
Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal.
Distribution: British Isles.
Johnston included this species in the subgenus Borlasia as Nemertes Borlasia
olivacea; Diesing (1863:186) included Gordius minor viridis Dalyell, 1853, as
synonymous with this form, whilst B/irger (1904a: 101) synonymised
Johnston's taxon with Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774). Gibson (1982b: 90),
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436
R. Gibson
however, noted that the name olivacea had been applied both to Lineus tuber
and Lineus viridis; Johnston originally described the species as being of a dark
olive colour with four eyes, often tinted purple in front. Among the species
complex with which this form has been associated this account seems closer to
Lineus viridis (Miiller, 1774) than any of the other species.
Nemertes opaca: see Polia opaca Quatrefages, 1846
Nemertes ophiocephala: see Ommatoplea ophiocephala Schmarda, 1859
Nemertes pachyrhyncha Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 44, text-fig, p. 44, pl. XI, fig. 99
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: South Africa (Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope).
Now Cerebratulus pachyrhynchus (Schmarda, 1859) (Biirger, 1904a: 122).
Nemertes peronea Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 200-201, pl. 14, fig. V
Synonyms: Eunemertes peronea, Nemertopsis peronea, Omatoplea peronea,
Ommatoplea peronea
Habitat: Marine benthic, between worm tubes.
Distribution:
Italy (Isola d'Ischia and Sicily) and France (Marseille).
Quatrefages uncertainly listed Polia bivittata Delle Chiaje, 1841, as conspecific
with Nemertes peronea; Biirger (1895a: 549) transferred the species to the
genus Nemertopsis as Nemertopsis peronea but later (Biirger, 1904a: 26)
included it as a junior synonym of Nemertopsis bivittata. Friedrich (1955:173174) regarded Nemertopsis peronea as the type species of the genus
Nemertopsis, and with reservation gave Polia bivittata as a junior synonym of
peronea. Delle Chiaje's species, however, pre-dates Quatrefages' and Nemertes
peronea is thus more correctly now known as Nemertopsis bivittata (Delle
Chiaje, 1841). Corr6a (1955: 76) confirmed that Delle Chiaje's species was the
type for the genus Nemertopsis.
Nemertes polyhopla Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 44-45, text-fig, p. 45, pl. XI, fig. 100
Synonyms: Polyhopla nemertes
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: Nicaragua (Lake Nicaragua).
Included by Bfirger (1904a: 77) as only dubiously a species of nemertean,
Gibson and Moore (1976: 178) commented that this species is so poorly
described that its taxonomic placing cannot be ascertained and that it might be
either a heteronemertean or a hoplonemertean.
Nemertes polymorpha: see Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804
Nemertes polyophthalma Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 44, pl. XI, fig. 97
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Peru (Paita Bay).
Now Lineuspolyophthalmus (Schmarda, 1859)(Biirger, 1904a: 100).
Nemertes pulchra Johnston, 1837
Johnston, 1837: 536, pl. XVII, figs 6, 6*
Synonyms: Amphiporus bergendali, Amphiporus falklandicus, ?Amphiporus
gerlachei (partim), Amphiporus lecointei (partim), Amphiporus pulcher,
Amphiporus pulcher pulcher, Amphiporus pusillus, ?Amphiporus roseus
(partita), Cratenemertes bergendali, Nipponnemertes bergendali, Omatoplea
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bembix, Omatoplea pulchra, Ommatoplea pulchra, Polia bembix, Polystemma
pulchrum, Prostoma pulchra, Vermiculus rubens
Habitat: Occasionally lower shore intertidal, more frequently sublittoral to
depths of 569 m, under stones or among corallines, or on sand, gravel, mud,
shell debris or stony sediments.
Distribution: In the northern hemisphere from the east coast of North America,
Greenland, the Faroe Is., the White Sea and northern Europe from the
Atlantic coast of France to Scandinavia; also reported from the southern
hemisphere in Chile, South Africa and many parts of Antarctica and
Subantarctica. Records of this species from the Mediterranean are of
uncertain validity. Johnston included this species in the subgenus Nemertes as
Nemertes Nemertes pulchra; B/irger (1904a: 41) distinguished two subspecies
which he listed as Amphiporus pulcher pulcher and Amphiporus pulcher
allucens. The latter subspecies was included under the name Amphiporus
allucens B/irger, 1895, as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455),
but Amphiporus pulcher pulcher, synonymous with Nemertes pulchra, is now
Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837), redescribed by Berg (1972b: 211224, figs 1-30). Berg (1985a) discussed the taxonomy and synonymy of the
species.
Nemertes punctata: see Polia punctata Delle Chiaje, 1828
Nemertes purpurea Johnston, 1837
Johnston, 1837: 537, pl. XVIII, figs 3, 3*
Synonyms: Borlasia purpurea, Lineus purpureus
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: British Isles (Berwick Bay) and France (Dieppe).
Johnston included this form in the subgenus Borlasia as Nemertes Borlasia
purpurea; Biirger (1904a: 100) regarded it as a distinct species, Lineus
purpureus, but Gibson (1982b: 90) indicated that it was synonymous with
Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774) and/or Lineus viridis (Mi.iller, 1774).
Nemertes pusilla Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:578-579
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Denmark (Oresund).
Included by Btirger (1904a: 131) with a group of dubious nemertean taxa.
Nemertes quadrioculata: see Planaria quadrioculata Johnston, 1828
Nemertes quatrefagei Rochebrune, 1881
Rochebrune, 1881:24
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Tropical eastern Atlantic (Cape Verde Is.).
Rochebrune was evidently unaware of Beneden's earlier use (1861) of the
name Nemertes quatrefagii when he described this form as a new species;
Rochebrune's taxon is now Emplectonema quatrefagei (Rochebrune, 1881)
(B/irger, 1904a: 24), whereas Nemertes quatrefagii Beneden, 1861, and
Nemertes quatrefagei sensu Diesing (1862) Biirger (1940a: 93) synonymised
with Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770).
Nemertes quatrefagff Beneden, 1861
Beneden, 1861: 15-16, pl. II, figs 5-9
Synonyms: Nemertes quatrefagei (partim), Nemertes quatrefagi: not Nemertes
quatrefagei Rochebrune, 1881
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R. Gibson
Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal among Ulva on rocks.
Distribution: Belgium (Ostend).
Synonymised with Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) by Biirger (1895a:
631).
Nemertes roseus K611iker, 1845
K611iker, 1845:92
Synonyms: Tetrastemma roseum (partim): not Tetrastemma roseum Verrill, 1892
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 60 80 m.
Distribution: Italy (Straits of Messina).
Btirger (1904a: 65) uncertainly synonymised this species with Prostoma
helvolum, now Tetrastemma heivolum Bfirger, 1895; K611iker's original
description is so inadequate that Btirger's suggested synonymy cannot be
substantiated, and nor can any conclusion be drawn about its likely systematic
position.
Nemertes rubrolineata Kirsteuer, 1965
Kirsteuer, 1965: 316-319, figs 12D, 15-17
Habitat: On corals.
Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel).
In consequence of Chernuishev (1992a: 134) substituting the name
Tetranemertes in place of Nemertes sensu Johnston, 1837, this species should
now be known as Tetranemertes rubrolineata (Kirsteuer, 1965).
Nemertes rufa: see Borlasia rufa Rathke, 1843
Nemertes rufifrons Johnston, 1837
Johnston, 1837: 538, pl. XVIII, figs 4, 5
Synonyms: Astemma rufifrons, Borlasia rufifrons, Cephalothrix biocculata,
Cephalothrix bioculata, Cephalothrix filiformis (partim), ?Cephalothrix filum,
Cephalothrix hymenaeus, Cephalothrix linearis (partim), Cephalothrix ocellata,
Cephalothrix oerstedii, Cephalotrix bioculata, Cephalotrix occellata,
Cephalotrix ocellata, Cephalotrix rufifrons, Gordius gracilis (partim), Nemertes
bioculata, Ommatoplea ocellata, ?Polia filum
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 30 m, under stones or boulders
in clean coarse or shelly sand, less frequently in black mud, or among algae
(particularly Corallina) in rock pools or in Zostera beds; occasionally found in
conditions of reduced salinity, often gregarious.
Distribution: Coasts of northern Europe and the Mediterranean.
Now Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837)(Biirger, 1904a: 18); redescribed
by Corr~a (t956: 196-198, pl. 1, figs 1 4).
Nemertes sanguinea, Nemertes sangvinea: see Planaria sanguinea Rathke, 1799
Nemertes socialis Leidy, 1855
Leidy, 1855:143
Synonyms: Lineus communis, Lineus socialis, Lineus socialis var. capistratus
Habitat: Intertidal, under stones, in rock crevices or among mussels, the
holdfasts of coralline and other algae and various encrusting organisms.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (Bay of Fundy to northern FL)
and the Gulf coast of the USA westwards to TX; Coe (1943: 245) noted that
the same or a very similar species had also been found in Bermuda.
Synonymised with Myoisophagos sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) by Riser (1994: in
press).
Nemertes somatotomus: see Meckelia somatotomus Leuckart, 1828
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Nemertes spectabilis: see Cerebratulus spectabilis Quatrefages, 1846
Nemertes striata: see Borlasia striata Rathke, 1843
Nemertes superbus K611iker, 1845
K611iker, 1845:94
Synonyms: Carinella annulata (partim), Carinella superba, Gordius anguis,
Gordius annulatus (partim), Meckelia annulata (partim), Meckelia annulata
var., Nemertes supera, Nemertes superba, Valencinia ornata
Habitat: Occasionally intertidal, more frequent sublittorally to depths of about
40 80 m, under stones, in sand or gravel sediments or among Zostera or the
rhizomes of Posidonia.
Distribution: The Mediterranean, English Channel, British Isles and northwards
to Scandinavia.
Now Tubulanus superbus (K6Uiker, 1845)(Biirger, 1904a: 13).
Nemertes teres Ehlers, 1871
Ehlers, 1871:86
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Arctic Ocean (Svalbard).
Included by Biirger (1904a: 128) with a group of dubiously valid
heteronemertean taxa.
Nemertes vermiculus: see Polia vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846
Nemertes verrilli Girard, 1893
Girard, 1893:274
Habitat: Shallow sublittoral on pier pilings.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (CT).
Listed by Bfirger (1904a: 43) as synonymous with A mphiporus virescens, which
is now Zygonemertes virescens (Verrill, 1879).
Nemertes viridis: see Fasciola viridis Mfiller, 1774
Nemertes vittata: see Borlasia vittata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Nemertites MacLeay, 1839 FOSSIL
MacLeay, 1839:701
A trace fossil genus from Cambrian rocks in Wales.
Nemertites ollivantii MacLeay, 1839
MacLeay, 1839: 701, pl. 27, fig. 4
Habitat: Cambrian rocks of Llampeter.
Distribution: Wales.
MacLeay noted that 'If the long vermiform impression ... [belongs] to organic
substances, it can only be referred to some animal between Gordius and
Nemertes ... As yet, however, Gordii are only known to occur in fresh water,
whereas this fossil ... was evidently like Nemertes, a native of the sea.' Later
authors have questioned the taxonomic placement of Nemertites and whether
or not it was a nemertean remains unknown.
Nemertobus Chernuishev, 1 9 9 2 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Chernuishev, 1992a: 134
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Nemertobus maximovi: see Obnemertes maximovi Korotkevich, 1960
NemertopseUa Wheeler, 1940 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Wheeler, 1940b: 251
Marine benthic.
440
R. Gibson
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Nemertopsella Friedrich, 1958
Friedrich, 1958:7
Friedrich, who was evidently not aware of Wheeler's prior use of the name
Nemertopsella, established the genus as new for Nemertopsis actinophila
Biirger, 1904, which has since been transferred to the genus Cryptonemertes by
Gibson (1986a); Nemertopsella sensu Friedrich thus becomes a junior synonym
of Cryptonemertes.
Nemertopsella actinophila: see Nemertopsis actinophila Biirger, 1904
*Nemertopsella marri Wheeler, 1940
Wheeler, 1940b: 251-253, figs 13, 14
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Kerguelen Is.
Nemertopsis Bfirger, 1895 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Bfirger, 1895a: 548-549
Marine benthic.
Nemertopsis actinophila Biirger, 1904
Btirger, 1904b: 58-59, pl. III, figs 1, 5-8
Synonyms: Nemertopsella actinophila
Habitat: Lives commensally beneath the pedal disc of actiniarian anthozoans at
depths of 0-240 m.
Pacific coast of North America (Puget Sound, WA, and off
Vancouver Island), Greenland, Iceland and the Arctic Ocean (Svalbard).
Redescribed as Cryptonemertes actinophila (Biirger, 1904) by Gibson, 1986a:
43 54, figs 1-29.
*Nemertopsis bivittata: see Polia bivittata Delle Chiaje, 1841
Nemertopsis capitulata Timofeeva, 1912
Timofeeva, 1912: 33, fig. 1
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: France (Villefranche).
This species is inadequately described.
Nemertopsis exilis Coe, 1947
Coe, 1947:104
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Hawaiian Is.
Nemertopsis flavida: see Tetrastemma flavidum
Nemertopsis gracilis Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904: 142-144, pl. XV, fig. 1, pl. XX, figs 10, 11
Synonyms: Nemertopsis gracile (partim), Nemertopsis gracilis vat. bullocki
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, often abundant among mussels,
coralline algae and other growths on rocks and pier pilings exposed to the full
force of the surf, in rock crevices filled with fine mud and detritus, or under
stones in sand or sandy clay.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (Puget Sound, WA to Mexico);
records of this species from Japan and Hong Kong now refer to Nemertopsis
quadripunctatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833).
Coe (1940: 284, pl. 24, fig. 3b) established a new variety of this form which he
called Nemertopsis gracilis var. bullocki; Corr~a (1961: 20) commented that the
separate taxonomic status of this variety was uncertain.
Nemertopsis peronea: see Nemertes peronea Quatrefages, 1846
Distribution:
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Nemertopsis quadripunctatus: see Borlasia quadripunctata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Nemertopsis tenuis B/irger, 1895
B~rger, 1895a: 550, pl. 2, fig. 15, pl. 29, figs 7, 8
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to 40 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples); other records of this species, from South Africa, the
Atlantic coast of France and the British Isles, are of uncertain validity because
of the taxonomic confusion surrounding the taxon.
B/irger (1904a: 26, 64) listed Nemertopsis tenuis and Mclntosh's (1873-1874)
Tetrastemma flavida as separate species, including Mclntosh's taxon as a
junior synonym of Prostomaflavidum (Ehrenberg, 1831). Beaumont (1900a:
818), however, had transferred Mclntosh's Tetrastemmaflavida to the genus
Nemertopsis, although retaining it with some reservation as distinct from
Nemertopsis tenuis. Wijnhoff (1912: 425-426) noted that 'the nameNemertopsis tenuis ... has to be dropped; it must be replaced by Nemertopsis
flavida (Mclntosh) ... which species is not to be regarded as synonymous with
Tetrastemma flavida, Biirger'. Gibson (1982b: 138) concluded that 'future
studies must determine whether Nemertopsis tenuis should be recognised as a
separate species'.
Nemertopsis tetraclitophUa Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 149-155, table 6, text-figs 25-27, pl. 28, figs A-J
Habitat: Lives in the mantle cavity of the balanomorph barnacle
Tetraclita squarnosa squamosa in intertidal locations.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Neoarmaueria Chernuishev, 1992 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Chernuishev, 1992b: 4
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Neoarmaueria angusta: see Mesarmaueria angusta Korotkevich, 1955
Neoarmaueria crassa: see Mesarmaueria crassa Korotkevich, 1955
Neoarmaueria divaricata: see Mesarmaueria divaricata Korotkevich, 1955
Neoarraaueria laticeps: see Mesarmaueria laticeps Korotkevich, 1955
*Neoarmaueria tenuicauda: see Mesarmaueria tenuicauda Korotkevich, 1955
Neoemplectonema Korotkevich, 1977 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Korotkevich, 1977a: 75
Marine benthic.
*Neoemplectonema campanoides Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 76-78, fig. 6
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.).
Neoemplectonema strabo Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 78-82, fig. 7
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.).
Neolineus Santos, 1974 HETERONEMERTEA
Santos, 1974:17
Marine benthic.
*Neolineus divae Santos, 1974
Santos, 1974: 21-27, figs 1-9
Habitat: Intertidal between mussels or under stones.
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R. Gibson
Distribution: Brazil (Santos Bay and S~o Sebasti~o).
Neolineus narchii Santos, 1974
Santos, 1974: 28-34, figs 10-22
Habitat: Intertidal between algae.
Distribution: Brazil (Santos Bay).
Neolineus sergioi Santos, 1974
Santos, 1974: 35-41, figs 23 26
Habitat: Intertidal between algae.
Distribution: Brazil (Itanhaen and Santos Bay).
Neonemertes Girard, 1893
Girard, 1893:238
Girard established this genus for Tetrastemma agricola, which is now
Pantinonemertes agricola (WiUemoes-Suhm, 1874); Neonemertes is thus a junior
synonym of Pantinonemertes.
Neonemertes agricola: see Tetrastemma agricola Willemoes-Suhm, 1874
Neuronemertes Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1926:122
Marine, mesopelagic.
*Neuronemertes aurantiaca Coe, 1926
Coe, 1926: 123-131, text-figs ld, 2B, 3 7D, 9D, 15C, 27, pl. 1, fig. 2, pl. 4, fig. 33,
pl. 9, figs 61-65, pl. 10, figs 66-72, pl. 11, figs 73-79, pl. 12, figs 80-85, pl. 13,
fig. 89
Synonyms: Planktonemertes aurantiaca
Habitat: Taken within 600 m of the surface, possibly deeper.
Distribution: Equatorial Pacific (off the coast of Ecuador); Van der Spoel (1985:
17) recorded a species identified as 'cf. Neuronemertes aurantiaca' from the
North Atlantic.
Korotkevich (1955: 67) included this species as Planktonemertes aurantiaca.
Nipponnemertes Friedrich, 1968 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1968:34
Marine benthic.
Nipponnemertes africanus: see Amphiporus africanus Wheeler, 1940
Nipponnemertes arenarius: see Amphiporus arenarius Ushakov, 1927
Nipponnemertes bergendali: see Amphiporus bergendali Gering, 1912
Nipponnemertes bimaculatus: see Amphiporus bimaculatus Coe, 1901
Nipponnemertes danae: see Cratenemertes danae Friedrich, 1957
Nipponnemertes drepanophoroides: see Amphiporus drepanophoroides Griffin, 1898
Nipponnemertes madagascarensis: see Cratenemertes madagascarensis Kirsteuer,
1965
Nipponnemertes magnus: see Amphiporus magnus Punnett, 1903
Nipponnemertes marioni: see Amphiporus marioni Hubrecht, 1887
Nipponnemertes occidentalis: see Amphiporus occidentalis Coe, 1905
Nipponnemertes pacificus: see Amphiporus pacificus Coe, 1905
*Niptwnnemertes pulcher: see Nemertes pulchra Johnston, 1837
Nipponnemertes punctatulus: see Amphiporus punctatulus Coe, 1905
Nipponnemertes schollaerti: see Amphiporus schollaerti Wheeler, 1934
Nipponnemertes scoresbyi: see Amphiporus scoresbyi Wheeler, 1934
Nipponnemertes variabilis: see Cratenemertes variabilis Korotkevich, 1983
Norenburgia Chernuishev, 1993
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Chernuishev, 1993a: 8
Chernuishev proposed separating off four species of Ototyphlonemertes into a
new genus, Norenburgia, designating Ototyphlonemertes lactea Corr~a, 1954, as
the type species. He also used the name Norenburgia as a subgenus of the new
taxon. No formal diagnosis of the genus was given and the proposals are not
adopted in the present paper.
Norenburgia brevis: see Ototyphlonemertes brevis Corr~a, 1948
Norenburgia lactea: see Ototyphlonemertes lactea Corr~a, 1954
Norenburgia macintoshi: see Ototyphlonemertes macintoshi Biirger, 1895
Notogaeanemertes Riser, 1988 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Riser, 1988b: 126
Supralittoral, transitional between marine and terrestrial.
*Notogaeanemertesfolzae Riser, 1988
Riser, 1988b: 126-130, figs 1-3, 5-12
Habitat: Beneath storm wrack above high tide level.
Distribution: New Zealand (South Is.).
Notogymnus Ehrenberg, 1831
Ehrenberg, ! 831: 66
An emended version of the generic name Notospermus, regarded by B/irger
(1904a: 88) as synonymous with Lineus; the name Notospermus has recently been
reinstated by Riser (1991).
Notogymnus drepanensis: see Notospermus drepanensis Huschke, 1830
Notospermus Huschke, 1830 HETERONEMERTEA
Huschke, 1830:682
Verrill (1892: 417) and Bfirger (1904a: 88), among others, have listed this name as
a junior synonym of Lineus, but the genus has recently been reinstated as a
separate taxon by Riser (1991: 427).
Marine benthic.
Notospermus drepanensis Huschke, 1830
Huschke, 1830: 681-683, pl. VII, figs 1-3
Synonyms: Nemertes drepanensis, Notogymnus drepanensis
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Synonymised with Notospermus genkulatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) by Riser
(1991: 427).
*Notospermus geniculatus: see Polia geniculata Delle Chiaje, 1828
Notospermus gesserensis: see Planaria gesserensis Miiller, 1780
Notospermus tricuspidatus: see Borlasia tricuspidata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Notospermus viridis: see Fasciola viridis Miiller, 1774
Obnemertes Korotkevich, 1960 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Korotkevich, 1960:838
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Obnemertes latilobata Korotkevich, 1960
Korotkevich, 1960: 839, fig. 1
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul between 5000-5400 m depth and the surface.
Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (in vicinity of the South Indian Basin).
Obnemertes maximovi Korotkevich, 1960
Korotkevich, 1960: 839-840, fig. 2
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R. Gibson
Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 2300 m.
Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (in the South Indian Basin) and the South
Pacific (east of the Macquarie Ridge).
Now Nemertobus maximovi (Korotkevich, 1960) (Chernuishev, 1992a: 134).
Obnemertes nana Korotkevich, 1964
Korotkevich, 1964: 139, 167, fig. 21
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul to the surface from a depth of 1100m.
Distribution: Southern Pacific (Southeast Pacific Basin).
Now Loranemevtes nana (Korotkevich, 1964) (Chernuishev, 1992a: 134).
Obnemertes ramosa Korotkevich, 1960
Korotkevich, 1960: 840-841, fig. 3
Habitat: Obtained in a ring-trawl hauled from 5000 m depth to the surface.
Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (near the Crozet Is.).
Obnemertes solida Korotkevich, 1964
Korotkevich, 1964: 139, 160, 163-166, figs 17-20
Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 5000 m.
Distribution: Southern Indian Ocean (South Indian Basin).
Obiirgeria Corr~a, 1954 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Corrfia, 1954:37
This generic name is correctly known as Obuergeria (Chernuishev, 1993b: 18).
Marine benthic.
Obiirgeria palma Corr~a, 1954
Corr~a, 1954: 39-42, pl. 7, figs 33-38, pl. 8, figs 39-42
Habitat: Intertidal among algae.
Distribution: Brazil (Santos Bay).
This species should be known as *Obuergeria palma Corr~a, 1954
(Chernuishev, 1993b: 19).
Oerstedia Quatrefages, 1846 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Quatrefages, 1846:221-222
The synonymy and redefinition of this genus have recently been discussed by
Envall and Sundberg (1993).
Marine benthic.
Oerstedia armata: see Polia armata Quatrefages, 1846
Oerstedia aurantiaca du Plessis, 1891
du Plessis, 1891:415
Synonyms: Typhlonemertes aurantiaca
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral in medium to coarse sand.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast and Banyuls).
Now OtotypMonemertes aurantiaca (du Plessis, 1891) (Biirger, 1904a: 27),
redescribed by Gerner, 1969:99 106, figs 18-22.
Oerstedia baculus: see Polia baculus Quatrefages, 1846
Oerstedia cassidens Marenzeller, 1886
Marenzeller, 1886: 9-10, pl. I, fig. 6
Synonyms: Prostoma cassidens
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Northern Arctic Ocean (Jan Mayen Is.).
Listed as Prostoma cassidens by Bfirger (1904a: 59), this poorly described
species should be known as Tetrastemma cassidens (Marenzeller, 1886).
Oerstedia claparedii du Plessis, 1891
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445
du Plessis, 1891:414-415
Synonyms:
Oerstedia pallida (partim), Ototyphlonemertes claparedei,
Typhlonemertes claparedii: not Oerstedia pallida Keferstein, 1862
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast).
Now Ototyphlonemertes claparedii (du Plessis, 1891) (BiJrger, 1904a: 28).
Oerstedia crassus: see Oerstediella crassus Senz, 1993
*Oerstedia dorsalis: see Planaria dorsalis Abildgaard, 1806
Oerstedia esbenseni: see Tetrastemma esbenseni Wheeler, 1934
Oerstedia gulliveri: see Tetrastemma gulliveri Biirger, 1893
Oerstedia immutabilis: see Tetrastemma immutabile Riches, 1893
Oerstedia laminariae Friedrich, 1936
Friedrich, 1936a: 35-36, figs 8, 9
Synonyms: Paroerstedia laminariae
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal among laminarians.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Transferred to the genus Paroerstedia by Friedrich (1955: 167), which is now
synonymised with Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308), Friedrich's
species should be known under its original name.
Oerstedia maculata Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 222-223, pl. 8, fig. II
Habitat: Among algae.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by Biirger (1904a:
71).
Oerstedia maculata Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 245-246, text-fig. 18, pl. XV, fig. 11
Habitat: Intertidal among kelp holdfasts.
Distribution: South Africa (Saldanha Bay).
Wheeler evidently overlooked Quatrefages' prior use of this species name.
Friedrich (1955:177) suggested that it might belong in the genus Paroerstedia,
but Chernuishev (1992a: 135) has recently renamed it Oerstedia wheeleri
Chernuishev, 1992.
Oerstedia nigra, Oerstedia nigrum: see Tetrastemma nigrum Riches, 1893
Oerstedia nigrimaculata: s e e Paroerstedia nigrimaculata Gibson, 1988
Oerstedia oculata: see Oerstediella oculata Kulikova, 1987
Oerstedia pallida Keferstein, 1862
Keferstein, 1862: 60-61, pl. V, figs 8, 9
Synonyms: Oerstedia pallida forrna suchumica, Ototyphlonemertes kefersteinii,
Ototyphlonemertes pallida czerniavskyi, Ototyphlonemertes pallida pallida,
Typhlonemertes patlida: not Oerstedia pallida Clapar~de (1863)
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 10m in coarse sand.
Distribution: Black Sea, Atlantic coasts of France and the North Sea (Is. of Sylt).
Now Ototyphlonemertes pallida (Keferstein, 1862) (Biirger, 1904a: 28).
Czerniavsky (1880: 254-255) listed as distinct a variety he called Oerstedia
pallida forma suchumica, which BiJrger (ibid.) included as Ototyphlonemertes
pallida czerniavskyi to distinguish it from Keferstein's form; the subspecific
status of these two taxa is no longer recognised. Ototyphlonemertes pallida was
redescribed by Mock (1978: 561-567, figs 1-4).
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R. Gibson
Oerstedia patriciae Oxner, 1907
Oxner, 1907c: 5
Habitat: Intertidal among algae.
Distribution: France (Roscoff).
Oxner indicated that a description of this species would follow; none was ever
published. Envall and Sundberg (1993: 312) identify this species as a nomen
nudum.
Oerstedia phoresiae: see Oerstediella phoresiae Kulikova, 1987
Oerstedia polyorbis Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954a: 18-19, fig. 4B
Synonyms: Oerstediella polyorbis
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal among hydroids.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Chernuishev (1993b: 13) listed this form as Oerstediella polyorbis in the
subgenus Paroerstediella, but Oerstediella has been synonymised with
Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308) and Iwata's species is retained
under its original name.
Oerstedia pulchella: see Polia pulchella Quatrefages, 1846
Oerstedia roscoviensis Oxner, 1907
Oxner, 1907c: 5
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: France (Roscof0.
Oxner indicated that a description of this species would follow, but none has
ever been published; Envall and Sundberg (1993: 313) identify the form as a
nomen nudum.
Oerstedia russica, Oerstedia rustica: see Tetrastemma rustica Joubin, 1890
Oerstedia similiformis: see Oerstediella similiformis Friedrich, 1935
Oerstedia striata Sundberg, 1988
Sundberg, 1988: 135-139, tables I, II, figs 1-9
Synonyms: Oerstedia dorsalis form A
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 5 m, in sand and mud among dead
and partly decomposed algae.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Tjfirn6 region).
Sundberg (1984: 5, fig. 2A) distinguished three forms of Oerstedia dorsalis,
identified merely as forms A, B or C for his multivariate analysis of
polymorphism in this species; Sundberg and Janson (1988: 98), who
investigated polymorphism by means of electrophoresis, stated 'that form A
(striata) must be considered a separate, valid species'.
Oerstedia tenuicollis: see Oerstediella tenuicollis Kirsteuer, 1963
Oerstedia tubicola Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:223
Habitat: Among algae.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by Bfirger (1904a:
71).
Oerstedia unicolor Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:230
Synonyms: Amphiporus vittatus (partim), Prostoma unicolor
Habitat: Not recorded.
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447
Distribution: Italy (Naples) and Madeira.
Now Tetrastemma uni¢olor (Hubrecht, 1879) (Biirger, 1895a: 578), although
Biirger (1904a: 57) subsequently listed it as Prostoma unicolor.
Oerstedia valentinae: see Oerstediella valentinae Chernuishev, 1993
Oerstedia venusta Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954a: 15-16, fig. 3
Synonyms: Oerstediella venuste
Habitat: Intertidal among algal holdfasts.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Chernuishev (1993b: 13) listed this form as Oerstediella venuste in the subgenus
Paroerstediella, but since Oerstediella is now regarded as a junior synonym of
Oerstedia the species should be retained under its original name. Envall and
Sundberg (1993: 313) commented that 'It is not possible from the brief
description of this species to identify it to the genus Oerstedia'; Iwata's taxon is
thus a nomen dubium.
Oerstedia verae: see Oerstediella verae Chernuishev, 1993
Oerstedia vittata Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:229-230
Synonyms:
Amphiporus vittatus (partim), Tetrastemma vittata (partim),
Tetrastemma vittatum: not Tetrastemma vittata Verrill, 1874
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Listed as Amphiporus vittatus by Joubin (1890: 570-571) and as Tetrastemma
vittatum by Bfirger (1895a: 577), Bfirger (1904a: 59) renamed the species as
Prostoma vittigerum to distinguish it from Tetrastemma vittata Verrill, 1874:
45; Biirger (1904a: 57, 59) in part synonymised Amphiporus vittatus sensu
Joubin (1890, 1894) with Prostoma unicolor, in part with Prostoma vittigerum.
The latter form is now known as Tetrastemma vittigerum (Biirger, 1904).
Oerstedia wheeleri Chernuishev, 1992
Chernuishev, 1992a: 135
Synonyms: Oerstedia maculata (partim)
Habitat: Intertidal among kelp holdfasts.
Distribution: South Africa (Saldanha Bay).
Chernuishev renamed Oerstedia maculata Wheeler, 1934, as this name was
preoccupied by Oerstedia maculata Quatrefages, 1846, and thus not available.
Oerstedia wijnhoffi Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935a: 330-332, figs 24-26a
Synonyms: Paroerstedia wijnhoffi
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 5 m among Zostera fronds.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Listed as Paroerstedia wijnhoffi by Friedrich (1955: 177), the genus
Paroerstedia is now a junior synonym of Oersteth'a (Envall and Sundberg,
1993: 308); the correct name for this species, since it was name0 after Gerarda
Wijnhoff, is Oerstedia wijnhoffae Friedrich, 1935 (Friedrich, 1936a: 35).
Oerstedia zebra: see Oerstediella zebra Chernuishev, 1993
Oerstediella Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935a: 333
Recently listed as a synonym of Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308).
Oerstediella crassus Senz, 1993
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448
R. Gibson
Senz, 1993c: 162-164, pl. 1, figs 7, 8
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: British Isles (Scilly Is.).
As a consequence of the name Oerstediella being synonymised with Oerstedia,
this species should now be known as Oerstedia crassus (Senz, 1993).
Oerstediella oculata Kulikova, 1987
Kulikova, 1987a: 829-832, table p. 831, figs 1, 2, 5A, B
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral at depths of 2-3 m.
Distribution: Russia (Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan).
Included in the subgenus Paroerstediella by Chernuishev (1993c: 13), now
Oerstedia oculata (Kulikova, 1987) (Envall and Sundberg, 1993:312).
Oerstediella phoresiae Kulikova, 1987
Kulikova, 1987a: 832-834, table p. 831, figs 3, 4, 5C
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral at depths down to 3 m.
Distribution: Russia (Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan).
Included in the subgenus Paroerstediella by Chernuishev (1993c: 13), now
Oerstedia phoresiae (Kulikova, 1987) (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 312).
Oerstediella polyorbis: see Oerstedia polyorbis Iwata, 1954
Oerstediella similiformis Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935a: 333-335, fig. 27
Habitat: Among the fronds of Zostera.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Now Oerstedia similiformis (Friedrich, 1935) (Envall and Sundberg, 1993:
313).
Oerstediella tenuicollis Kirsteuer, 1963
Kirsteuer, 1963: 600-603, figs 26A, 30, 31
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral from depths of 1-4 m in Zostera ground or
with Cystosira.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
Now Oerstedia tenuicollis (Kirsteuer, 1963) (Envall and Sundberg, 1993:313).
Oerstediella valentinae Chernuishev, 1993
Chernuishev, 1993c: 16-17, figs 1 (2, 5), 2 (2)
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, on Ulvafenestrata at a depth of about 3 m.
Distribution: Russia (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan).
Chernuishev included this form in the subgenus Paroerstediella; in
consequence of the genus Oerstediella being synonymised with Oerstedia
(Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308), this species should now be known as
Oerstedia valentinae (Chernuishev, 1993).
Oerstediella venuste: see Oerstedia venusta Iwata, 1954
Oerstediella verae Chernuishev, 1993
Chernuishev, 1993c: 17-18, figs 1 (3, 7), 2 (3)
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, with Alaria and Ptilota at a depth of about
2.5m.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.).
Included by Chernuishev in the subgenus Paroerstediella; with the genus
Oerstediella now forming a junior synonym of Oerstedia (Envall and
Sundberg, 1993: 308), this species should be known as Oerstedia verae
(Chernuishev, 1993).
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449
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Oerstediella zebra Chernuishev, 1993
Chernuishev, 1993c: 13-16, figs 1 (1, 4), 2 (1)
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, on Neorhodomela larix at a depth of about
0.7m.
Distribution: Russia (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan).
Chernuishev included this form in the subgenus Paroerstediella; since Envall
and Sundberg (1993: 308) synonymised the genus Oerstediella with Oerstedia,
this species should now be known as Oerstedia zebra (Chernuishev, 1993).
Ommatoplea Ehrenberg, 1831
Ehrenberg, 1831:62
Biirger (1904a: 77) regarded this genus as being of dubious validity. A frequent
emendation of the name, Omatoplea, is found in much of the older literature.
Verrill (1892: 388) used Ommatoplea as a subgenus of Amphiporus for
Amphiporus angulatus, Amphiporus heterosorus, Amphiporus multisorus and
Amphiporus tetrasorus, but also (p. 387) listed it as a junior synonym of
Amphiporus.
Omatoplea alba, Ommatoplea alba: see Borlasia alba Thompson, 1845
Omatoplea albicans: see Amphiporus albicans Ehrenberg, 1831
Omatoplea armata: see Prostoma armatum Dug6s, 1830
Omatoplea balmea, Ommatoplea balmea: see Nemertes balmea Quatrefages, 1846
Omatoplea bembix: see Polia bembix Quatrefages, 1846
Omatoplea berea, Ommatoplea berea: see Polia berea Quatrefages, 1846
Omatoplea glauca, Ommatoplea glauca: see Nemertes glaucus K611iker, 1845, and
Polia glauca Quatrefages, 1846
Omatoplea gracilis, Ommatoplea gracilis: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837
Omatoplea grubei Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:251-252
Synonyms: Ommatoplea grubei, Polia grubei
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Now Amphiporus grubei (Diesing, 1850) (Biirger, 1904a: 49); listed as a nomen
dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 459).
Ommatoplea heterophthalma Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 41, pl. X, figs 90-90b
Synonyms: Amphiporus heterophthalma, Eunemertes heterophthalma
Habitat: Under stones.
Distribution: New Zealand (Auckland, North Is.).
Now Amphiporus heterophthalmus (Schmarda, 1859)(B/irger, 1904a: 39),
although Hutton (1904:312) was uncertain whether it belonged in this genus
or with Eunemertes; Gibson and Crandall (1989: 459) listed Amphiporus
heterophthaimus as a nomen dubium.
Omatoplea maculosa: see Gordius maculosus Montagu, 1808
Ommatoplea mandilla: see Polia mandilla Quatrefages, 1846
Omatoplea melanocephala, Ommatoplea melanocephala: see Nemertes
melanocephala Johnston, 1837
Omatoplea mutabilis, Ommatoplea mutabilis: see Polia mutabilis Quatrefages, 1846
Ommatoplea ocellata: see Cephalothrix ocellata Keferstein, 1862
Ommatoplea ophiocephala Schmarda, 1859
450
R. Gibson
Schmarda, 1859: 41, text-fig, p. 41, pl. X, fig. 89
Synonyms: Baseodiscus ophiocephalus, Emplectonema ophiocephalum, Nemertes
ophiocephala
Habitat: Intertidal, under stones in pools or in sand.
Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope, Table Bay and Saldanha Bay).
Listed as Baseodiscus ophiocephalus by Biirger (1904a: 84), but briefly
redescribed as Emplectonema ophiocephala (Schmarda, 1859) by Wheeler
(1934: 234).
Omatoplea pellucida: see Polystemma pellucidum Orsted, 1843
Omatoplea peronea, Ommatoplea peronea: see Nemertes peronea Quatrefages, 1846
Omatoplea polii Diesing, 1850
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Diesing, 1850:249
Synonyms: Polia oculata
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Diesing unjustifiably renamed Polia oculata Delle Chiaje, 1828, without
adding to the original brief description; Bfirger (1904a: 77) included Polia
oculata with a group of dubious nemertean taxa.
Omatoplea pulchra, Ommatoplea pulchra: see Nemertes pulchra Johnston, 1837
Omatoplea punctata: see Polia punctata Delle Chiaje, 1828
Ommatoplea purpurea McIntosh, 1868
McIntosh, 1868a: 293
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 12-16m.
Distribution: British Isles (Shetland Is.).
Also referred to under this name by McIntosh (1868b: 340), neither of
McIntosh's articles provide any description of the species, and it was not until
his 1869: 336, pl. V, figs 12, 13, pl. VII, fig. 2, pl. IX, fig. 16, publication that
any account of the form appeared. McIntosh (1873-1874: 178) listed
Ommatoplea purpurea as synonymous with Nemertes neesii, which is now
Emplectonema neesii (Orsted, 1843).
Omatoplea rosea, Ommatoplea rosea: see Fasciola rosea Miiller, 1774
Omatoplea spirales Parfitt, 1867
Parfitt, 1867:215
Synonyms: Lineus spirales
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: British Isles (coast of Devon).
Parfitt included a manuscript name of Montagu, Lineus spirales, as a species
inquirenda, uncertainly placed in the genus Omatoplea. The brief description
given suggests that this was not a nemertean but more probably an annelid.
Omatoplea stimpsonii Stimpson, 1854
Stimpson, 1854: 28, pl. II, fig. 18
Synonyms: Cosmocephala stimpsoni, Cosmocephala stimpsonii, Ommatoplea
stimpsoni, Ommatoplea stimpsonii, Ophionemertes stimpsoni
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (Bay of Fundy, ME).
Now Amphiporus stimpsoni (Stimpson, 1854) (Verrill, 1879: 184); Verrill, in
transferring this taxon to the genus Amphiporus, commented that 'The
Planaria angulata of Otho Fabricius was probably based on this species; but
his description is insufficient to determine this with certainty'. Despite this
Nemertean genera and species of the world
451
observation, Verrill (1892: 390) subsequently included Amphiporus stimpsoni
as a junior synonym of Amphiporus angulatus (Miiller, 1774), whereas Gibson
and Crandall (1989: 462) retained Amphiporus stimpsoni as a nomen dubium
with the comment that 'Stimpson's (1854) illustration of the head of A.
stimpsoni ... is very different from that depicted by Coe (1943: text fig. 65A)
for A. angulatus and, with no morphological information contained in
Stimpson's original description, a certain synonymy between these taxa
cannot be established'.
Ommatoplea taeniata Ehrenberg, 1831
Ehrenberg, 1831:63
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Synonyms: Omatoplea taeniata, Polystemma taeniatum
Habitat: Among corals.
Distribution: Red Sea (Tor).
Biirger (1904a: 77) included this species with a list of dubious nemertean taxa.
Omatoplea violacea, Ommatoplea violacea: see Polia violacea Quatrefages, 1846
Ophiocephalus Blainville, 1828
Blainville, 1828:574
Blainville attributed this name to a manuscript of Quoy and Gaimard,
commenting that it contained only a single species, Ophiocephalus viridis; Biirger
(1904a: 88) included the name as a junior synonym of the heteronemertean genus
Lineus. The spelling used by Blainville has in some of the older literature been
emended to Ophyocephalus.
Ophiocephalus auripunctatus Grube, 1855
Grube, 1855: 149, pl. VII, fig. 2
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk (Aztk).
Now Lineus auripunctatus (Grube, 1855) (Biirger, 1904a: 98).
Ophiocephalus elisabethae, Ophiocephalus elizabethae: see Borlasia elizabethae
Mclntosh, 1873-1874
Ophiocephalus heterorrhochmus Schmarda, 1859
Schmarda, 1859: 45-46, pl. XI, fig. 101
Habitat: Intertidal in mud mixed with sand under stones.
Distribution: South Pacific.
Btirger (1904a: 128) listed this species among a number of dubious nemertean
taxa.
Ophiocephalus muraenoides, Ophiocephalus murenoides: see Ophyocephalus
murenoides Delle Chiaje, 1829
Ophiocephalus viridis: see Borlasia viridis Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Ophionemertes Verrill, 1874
Verrill, 1874:45
Included by Biirger (1904a: 34) as a junior synonym of Amphiporus, Verrill (1892:
389) used the name as a subgenus of Amphiporus for three species, Amphiporus
agilis, Amphiporus cruentatus and Amphiporus virescens.
Ophionemertes agilis Verrill, 1874
Verrill, 1874:45
Synonyms: Amphiporus agilis
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 40-180 m.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of North America (Casco Bay, ME and the Bay of
Fundy, ME).
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R. Gibson
Synonymised with Zygonemertes virescens (Verrill, 1879) by Coe (1943: 270).
Ophionemertes stimpsoni: see Omatoplea stimpsonii Stimpson, 1854
Ophyocephalus: see Ophiocephalus Blainville, 1828
Ophyocephalus bilineata, Ophyocephalus bilineatus: see CerebratMus marginams
Renier, 1804
Ophyocephalus murenoides Delle Chiaje, 1829
Delle Chiaje, 1829:204
Synonyms:
Lineus murenoides, Ophiocephalus muraenoides, Ophiocephalus
murenoides
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Carus (1885: 160) suggested that this form might be the same as Borlasia
elizabethae McIntosh, 1873-1874, but Bfirger (1904a: 77) included it with a
group of dubious nemertean taxa.
Ophyocephalus polymorphus: see Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804
Otoloxorrhochma Diesing, 1863
Diesing, 1863:185
Bfirger (1904a: 53) included this as a junior synonym of the genus Prostoma at a
time when this taxon contained both marine and freshwater species.
Otoloxorrhochma graeffei Diesing, 1863
Diesing, 1863:185-186
Synonyms: Prostoma graeffei
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Nice).
Listed as Prostoma graeffei by Bfirger (1904a: 70), this poorly described species
should now be known as Tetrastemma graeffei (Diesing, 1863).
Otonemertes Dawydoff, 1937 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Dawydoff, 1937:804
Benthic, one species marine, one freshwater.
*Otonemertes denisi Dawydoff, 1937
Dawydoff, 1937:804-806
Habitat: Freshwater, from a depth of 6 m on unionid molluscs.
Distribution: Cambodia (Great Lake of Cambodia).
Otonemertes marcusi Corr6a, 1958
Corr6a, 1958: 449, pl. 3, figs 17, 18
Habitat: Marine, shallow water sublittoral from a depth of about 1 m among
shell fragments.
Distribution: Brazil (near the Sgo Paulo Oceanographic Institute).
Ototyphlonemertes Diesing, 1863 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Diesing, 1863:180
Marine benthic, interstitial.
Ototyphlonemertes americana Gerner, 1969
Gerner, 1969: 92-99, figs 14-17
Habitat: Intertidal in coarse sand.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA) and the Galapagos Is.
Supplementary anatomical data on this species was given by Mock and
Schmidt (1975: 21-23, fig. 11). Chernuishev (1993a: 8) designated this species
as the type for a proposed subgenus, Accirinia, of the genus Norenburgia; this
proposal is not adopted in the present paper.
Nemertean genera and species of the world
453
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Ototyphlonemertes antipai Miiller, 1968
Miiller, 1968: 343-347, fig. 1
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: Rumanian and Bulgarian coasts of the Black Sea.
Ototyphlonemertes aurantiaca: see Oerstedia aurantiaca du Plessis, 1891
Ototyphlonemertes aurita, Ototyphlonemertes aurita aurita, Ototyphlonemertes
aurita suchumica: see Polia aurita Ulyanina, 1870
Ototyphionemertes brevis Corr~a, 1948
Corr~a, 1948: 5-8, pl. II, figs 8-13
Synonyms: Norenburgia brevis
Habitat: Intertidal in medium-fine to coarse sand.
Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Silo Sebastifio).
Chernuishev (1993a) included this form as Norenburgia brevis in the subgenus
Norenburgia.
Ototyphlonemertes brunnea Biirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 552, pl. 2, fig. 9, pl. 29, fig. 15
Synonyms: Ototyphlonemertes brunnea brunnea, Ototyphlonemertes brunnea
davidoffi, Ototyphlonemertes brunnea var. davidoffi, Ototyphlonemertes brunnea
var. typica
Habitat: Intertidal in sand, often associated with Amphioxus.
Distribution: France (Villefranche) and Italy (Naples).
Two varieties of this species were recorded by Oxner (1907b) as var. davidoffi
Oxner, 1907b: XC-XCI, figs 13, 14 right, and var. typica Oxner, 1907b:
LXXXIX-XCI, figs 12, 14 left; Corr~a (1950) listed these respectively as
Ototyphlonemertes brunnea davidoJjq and Ototyphlonemertes brunnea brunnea.
The separate taxonomic status of these subspecies remains uncertain.
Ototyphlonemertes eirrula Mock and Schmidt, 1975
Mock and Schmidt, 1975:24 27, figs 12, 13
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: Galapagos Is. (Santa Cruz).
Ototyphlonemertes elaparedei, Ototyphlonemertes claparedii: see Oerstedia
claparedii du Plessis, 1891
Ototyphlonemertes duplex Biirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 551, pl. 2, fig. 6, pl. 18, figs 17-20, pl. 29, fig. 9
Synonyms: Osotyphlonemertes duplex
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral in sand.
Distribution: Italy (Naples) and France (Villefranche).
Redescribed by Corr~a (1953: 551-553).
Ototyphlonemertes erneba Corr~a, 1950
Corr~a, 1950: 211-212, pl. 4, fig. 18, pl. 5, figs 21-27, pl. 6, fig. 34
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral in sand.
Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de S~o Sebasti~o), Colombia (Peninsula de la Guajira)
and the Galapagos Is.
Redescribed by Mock and Schmidt (1975:15 21, figs 8, 9).
Ototyphlonemertes esulcata Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 131 132, pl. 9, fig. 74
Habitat: In sand.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
Ototyphlonemertes evelinae Corr~a, 1948
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R. Gibson
Corr6a, 1948: 2-5, pl. I, figs 1 7
Habitat: Intertidal in medium-fine or coarse sand.
Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Sio Sebastiio), Gulf of Mexico (Marco Is.) and the
Atlantic coast of the USA (FL).
Ototyphlonemertesfila Corraa, 1953
Corraa, 1953: 549-551, figs 1, 3, 5-7
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral in sand.
Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Silo Sebastiio), the Atlantic coast of the USA (FL)
and the Galapagos Is.
Redescribed by Mock and Schmidt (1975: 7-13, figs 2-4).
Ototyphlonemertes kefersteinii Diesing, 1863
Diesing, 1863:181
Synonyms: Oerstedia paIlida (partim): not Oerstedia pallida Clapar+de (1863)
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast).
Diesing renamed Oerstedia pallida Keferstein, 1862, with no justification for
doing so; synonymised with Ototyphlonemertes pallida pallida by Biirger
(1904a: 28), now Ototyphlonemertes pallida (Keferstein, 1862).
Ototyphlonemertes lactea Corr~a, 1954
Corr~a, 1954:34 36, pl. 7, figs 30-32
Synonyms: Norenburgia lactea
Habitat: Intertidal in fine to coarse sand.
Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Paquetfi, Baia de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro and
Ilha de Sio Sebastiio), Colombia (Peninsula de la Guajira), Belize, Jamaica,
Dominica, Barbados and the Atlantic coast of the USA (FL).
Chernuishev (1993a) suggested using this taxon as the type species for a
proposed new genus, Norenburgia.
Ototyphionemertes macintoshi Biirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 551-552, pl. 2, fig. 12, pl. 8, figs 8, 24, 27, pl. 18, figs 14-16, pl. 29,
figs 13, 14
Synonyms: Norenburgia macintoshi
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral in sand, often with Amphioxus.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Chernuishev (1993a) suggested transferring this species to a proposed new
genus, Norenburgia, within the subgenus Accirinia.
Ototyphlonemertes martynovi Chernuishev, 1993
Chernuishev, 1993a: 5-7, figs A-C
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: Russia (Peter the Great Bay).
*Ototyphlonemertes pallida: see Oerstedia pallida Keferstein, 1862
Ototyphlonemertes parmula Corr~a, 1950
Corr~a, 1950: 211-212, pl. 6, figs 28, 30-33
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de S~o Sebastiio).
Ototyphionemertes peilucida Coe, 1943
Coe, 1943: 266-268, text-fig. 62
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, in coarse sand or among algae.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (New England south of Cape Cod, MA,
to FL).
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Ototyphlonemertes santacruzensis Mock and Schmidt, 1975
Mock and Schmidt, 1975: 29-30, fig. 14
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: Galapagos Is. (Santa Cruz).
Ototyphionemertes spiralis Coe, 1940
Coe, 1940: 288-289, pl. 31, fig. 41
Habitat: Intertidal, in sand under coralline algae and other growths on rocks
and in tidal pools on open coasts.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA).
Ototyphlonemertes victoriae Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 122-127, fig. 1
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: West Africa (Victoria, Guinea).
Stiasny-Wijnhoff included this species in the genus with some reservation.
Oxypolella Bergendal, 1902 HETERONEMERTEA
Bergendal, 1902a: 12
Marine benthic.
Oxypolella alba Bergendal, 1903
Bergendal, 1903:144-146
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden.
Oxypolella bergendali Cantell, 1972
Cantell, 1972:79 83, table I, figs 1-12
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20-40 m on shelly bottoms or in mud mixed
with shell fragments.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord region).
Oxypolella histriana Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 100-102, pl. 6, figs 45-47
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
* OxypoleUa punnetti Bergendal, 1902
Bergendal, 1902a: 12-14
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden.
Oxypolia Punnett, 1901 HETERONEMERTEA
Punnett, 1901b: 555
Marine benthic.
*Oxypolia beaumontiana Punnett, 1901
Punnett, 1901b: 555-561, pl. 40, figs 12-22
Habitat: Intertidal and to sublittoral depths of 30-50m, associated with soft
rocks free from algal growth but covered with polyzoans, hydroids, sponges
and other colonial invertebrates.
Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region).
Pachynemertes Coe, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1936:104-105
Marine, bathypelagic.
*Pachynemertes obesa Coe, 1936
Coe, 1936: 105, pl. IX, figs 50, 51
Synonyms: Pachinemertes obesa, Planktonemertes obesa
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R. Gibson
Habitat: Obtained from a depth of about 1600 m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (Bermuda region).
Coe first referred to this form as a new genus and species in his 1935 paper
(p. 315) but gave no description; Korotkevich (1955: 65) listed it as
Planktonemertes obesa.
Panorhynchus Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969 HETERONEMERTEA
Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969a: 166
Marine benthic.
*Panorhynchus argentinensis Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969
Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969a: 167-171, figs 1-9
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Argentina (Mar Chiquita lagoon, Buenos Aires province).
Pantinonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1981 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Moore and Gibson, 1981: 176-177, table I
Different species live in marine benthic, brackish-water or terrestrial habitats.
Pantinonemertes agricola: see Tetrastemma agricola Willemoes-Suhm, 1874
Pantinonemertes californiensis Gibson, Moore and Crandall, 1982
Gibson et al., 1982: 465-473, table I, text-figs 1-4, pl. II, figs a-f
Habitat: Upper littoral to semi-terrestrial, under rotting logs in Salicornia or
Spartina marshes, or under rocks embedded in sand or gravel associated with
the beach wrack line.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA to CA).
Crandall and Norenburg (personal communication) suggest that this species
may be more closely related to the genus Notogaeanemertes than to
Pantinonemertes.
Pantinonemertes daguilarensis Gibson and Sundberg, 1992
Gibson and Sundberg, 1992:115-123, tables 2, 3, text-figs 5, 6, pl. 5, figs A-F, pl.
6, figs A-G, pl. 7, figs A G
Habitat: Intertidal to just sublittoral in rock crevices or in coralline algal turf.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Pantinonemertes enalios Moore and Gibson, 1981
Moore and Gibson, 1981: 186-188, table I, text-figs 5 7, pl. III, figs c, d
Habitat: Intertidal in silty mud beneath rocks or coral boulders.
Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is. and Pelorus Is., off Queensland).
Pantinonemertes mooreae Gibson, 1982
Gibson, 1982d: 288-295, table 4, figs 9-11
Habitat: Intertidal in sandy mud under coral boulders.
Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is., off Queensland).
Pantinonemertes mortoni Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 166-173, table 8, text figs 30, 31, pl. 30, figs A-I
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under rock on sand.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Pantinonemertes spectaculum: see Prostoma spectaculum Yamaoka, 1940
*Pantinonemertes winsori Moore and Gibson, 1981
Moore and Gibson, 1981: 177-186, table I, text-figs 1-4, pl. I, figs a-f, pl. II, pl.
III, figs a, b
Habitat: In brackish-water mangrove swamps, beneath the bark or in cavities in
rotting fallen mangrove timber.
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Distribution: Australia (Ross River and Three Mile Creek, near Townsville,
Queensland).
Parabalaenanemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1917b: 118
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Parabalaenanemertes fusca Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917b: 118-122, pl. XIV, figs 1-17
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes fusca
Habitat: Recovered from depths of between 650-1800 m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (east of the West European Basin and north of the
Faraday Seamount Group in an area between about 46-55°N, 7-28°W).
Korotkevich (1955: 112; 1977b: 18) listed this form as Pelagonemertesfusca.
Parabalaenanemertes nigra Coe, 1945
Coe, 1945a: 162-164, pl. II, figs 1-5
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes nigra
Habitat: Taken in nets drawn vertically to the surface from depths of
1120-1526m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (near Bermuda), North Pacific (near the entrance to
Monterey Bay, CA) and Equatorial Pacific (Guatemala Basin).
Now Cuneonemertes nigra (Coe, 1945) (Coe, 1954: 269), but listed as
Pelagonemertes nigra by Korotkevich (1955: 109; 1977b: 18).
Parabalaenanemertes zonata: see Planktonemertes zonata Joubin, 1906
Paradinonemertes
Brinkmann,
1915 1916 HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1915-1916:4
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Paradinonemertes drygalskii Brinkmann, 1915-1916
Brinkmann, 1915-1916: 4-6, text-figs 2, 3, pl. figs 3, 4
Synonyms: Paradinonemertes drygalski, Planktonemertes drygalskii
Habitat: Taken in a vertical trawl between 3000 m depth and the surface.
Distribution: Tropical Atlantic (west of the Cape Verde Is.).
Korotkevich (1955: 68; 1977b: 16) included this species as Planktonemertes
drygalskii.
Paradinonemertes macrostomum Coe, 1954
Coe, 1954: 254, text-fig. 17
Synonyms: Planktonemertes macrostomum
Habitat: Collected between depths of 690-1526 m.
Distribution: North Pacific (near the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA) and
Equatorial Pacific (Guatemala Basin).
Included as Planktonemertes macrostomum by Korotkevich (1977b: l 6).
Paradinonemertes wheeleri Coe, 1936
Coe, 1936: 105-106, pl. I, figs 2, 3, 9-11, pl. II, fig. 23, pl. VIII, figs 45-47, pl. IX,
figs 48, 49
Synonyms: Planktonemertes wheeleri
Habitat: Obtained from depths of between 1020-1830 m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (Bermuda region) and North Pacific (in the deep
canyon at the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA).
First referred to as a new species by Coe (1935:315) but with no description;
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Korotkevich (1955: 68, 1977b: 16) included the form as Planktonemertes
wheeleri. The taxon is now known as Tubonemertes wheeleri (Coe, 1936) (Coe,
1954: 248).
Paradrepanophorus Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1 9 2 6 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926:139-140
Marine benthic.
Paradrepanophorus corallinicola Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926: 144-149, pl. V, figs 24-27
Synonyms: Drepanophorus crassus (partim), Drepanophorus crassus crassus
(partim), Drepanophorus serraticollis (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 30-100m on coralline grounds.
Distribution: Italy (Naples) and France (Banyuls).
*Paradrepanophorus crassus: see Cerebratulus crassus Quatrefages, 1846
Paradrepanophorus nisidensis: see Drepanophorus nisidensis Hubrecht, 1874
Paradrepanophorus obiensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 14-17, pl. I, fig. 31, pl. III, figs 1-5
Habitat: On a reef.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Obi).
Paradrepanophorus stephensoni Wheeler, 1940
Wheeler, 1940a: 40-47, figs 11-13
Habitat: Intertidal under stones in pools.
Distribution: South Africa (Oudekraal).
Paralineopsis Iwata, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA
Iwata, 1993:186
Marine benthic.
*Paralineopsis tam Iwata, 1993
Iwata, 1993: 186-199, figs 1-6
Synonyms: Zygeupolia littoralis (partim)
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under rocks on sand.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Iwata synonymised Zygeupolia littoralis sensu Iwata (1951) with this species.
Paralineus Schiitz, 1911 HETERONEMERTEA
Schiitz, 1911: 449
Also recorded as a new genus by Schfitz, 1912:111.
Marine benthic.
*Paralineus elisabethae Schfitz, 1911
Schfitz, 1911:449 456, figs 1 7
Synonyms: Lineus coecus, Paralinens etisabetae
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: France (Villefranche).
More fully described, also as a new species, by Schfitz (1912:111-132, text-figs
1-6, pl. VII, figs 1-17, pl. VIII, figs 18-34, 35b).
Paramicrura Gibson and Sundberg, 1992 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson and Sundberg, 1992: 105-106, table 1
Marine benthic.
*Paramicrura borborophila Gibson and Sundberg, 1992
Gibson and Sundberg, 1992:106-112, text-figs 3, 4, pl. 3, figs A-F, pl. 4, figs A-G
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Habitat: Intertidal in mud near and among mangrove fringes or under stones in
mud.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Paramicrurinella Gibson, 1985 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1985b: 182-183
Marine benthic.
*Paramicrurinella falklandica Gibson, 1985
Gibson, 1985b: 183-191, figs 39-42
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 646-845 m.
Distribution: East of the Falkland Islands.
Paraminutanemertes Senz, 1993 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Senz, 1993a: 130
Marine benthic.
* Paraminutanemertes minutus: see Nemertellopsis minutus Friedrich, 1935
Paramphiporus Kirsteuer, 1965 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Kirsteuer, 1965:294-296
An amended diagnosis of the genus was given by Kirsteuer (1974: 164).
Marine benthic.
*Paramphiporus albimarginatus Kirsteuer, 1965
Kirsteuer, 1965: 296-299, figs 4, 5, 12A
Synonyms: Paramphiporus albomarginatus
Habitat: Among corals.
Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel).
Paranemertes Coe, 1901 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Coe, 1901a: 32-33
Kirsteuer (1974: 161,163) discussed this genus and concluded that at present no
secure diagnosis can be given; he commented that 'The species contained in
Paranemertes apparently differ considerably in morphological features, but as
long as a definition of the genus can not be based on data verified in the type
species it seems futile to speculate which of the taxa should be assigned to other
genera'.
Marine benthic.
Paranemertes biocellatus Coe, 1944
Coe, 1944b: 407-409, figs 1-4
Synonyms: Paranemertes biocellata
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, burrowed in sand.
Distribution: Gulf coast of the USA (MO).
Paranemertes brattstroemi Friedrich, 1970
Friedrich, 1970:52-53
Habitat: Intertidal, under boulders in gravel, mud or clay.
Distribution: Central and southern Chile (Magellan Straits and Quintero).
Redescribed by Sfinchez, 1973: 196-199, figs 1-3.
Paranemertes californica Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904: 144-150, pl. XV, fig. 2, pl. XVIII, figs 1-5, pl. XXI, figs l-9
Habitat: Intertidal, in bays and harbours burrowed in sand or sandy mud or on
wharf pilings.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico).
Paranemertes carnea Coe, 1901
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Coe, 1901a: 37-40, text-figs 8, 9, pl. III, figs 3, 4, pl. VII, fig. 4, pl. VIII, fig. 7
Habitat: Intertidal in bays and harbours, burrowed in mud or sand.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (AK to Puget Sound, WA).
Paranemertes cylindracea Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 71 74, fig. 5
Habitat: Intertidal among fucoid algae.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.).
Paranemertes incola Iwata, 1952
Iwata, 1952:142-143
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Japan (Kyushu).
Paranemertes incongruens Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 68-71, fig. 4
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.).
Chernuishev (personal communciation) suggests that this species should be
transferred to the genus Amphiporus.
Paranemertes pallida Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901a: 36-37, pl. VII, fig. 3, pt. XII, fig. l
Habitat: Intertidal under stones covered with algae.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (AK).
*Paranemertes peregrina Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901a: 33-36, text-fig. 7, pl. II, fig. 6, pl. III, fig. 5, pl. VII, fig. 7
Synonyms: Paranemertes peregrina var. alaskensis, Paranemertes peregrina var.
californiensis
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, in a wide range of situations
from under stones and among algae and other growths on rocks and pier
pilings to muddy bays.
Distribution: North Pacific (Commander Is., Kamchatka Peninsula, Aleutian
Is., Japan and the coast of North America from AK to Ensenada, Mexico).
Coe (1940: 286) listed two varieties of this species as Paranemertes peregrina
var. alaskensis, common and of large size northward, and Paranemertes
peregrina var. californiensis, as less abundant and smaller southward; the
taxonomic status of these varieties must be determined from future studies.
Paranemertes plana Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957: 20-21, pl. I, fig. 10, pl. VI, figs 1-5
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 250-300 m.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Paranemertes sanjuanensis Stricker, 1982
Stricker, 1982: 107-115, table I, figs 1-26
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 1 m on mud and
sand.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA).
Paranemertopsis Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Gibson, 1990b: 171
Marine benthic.
*Paranemertopsis wellsi Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990b: 172-177, table 1, text figs 23, 24, pl. 23, figs A-G, pl. 24, figs
A-G
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Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under boulders embedded in coarse sand mixed
with sea grass debris.
Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia).
Parapolia Coe, 1895 HETERONEMERTEA
Coe, 1895:517-518
Marine benthic.
*Parapolia aurantiaca Coe, 1895
Coe, 1895:518-521
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, burrowed in sand or mud.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA).
Parapolia grytvikenensis Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 248-250, text-figs 21, 22, pl. XVI, fig. 14
Synonyms: Parapolia grytvikensis
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 230-437 m
Distribution: Antarctica (off South Georgia and Princess Elizabeth Land) and
southern Chile (Golfo Corcovado).
Redescribed by Friedrich (1970:16 18).
(Pararhynchoscolex Czerniavsky, 1880)
Czerniavsky, 1880:259
Although Czerniavsky established this genus as belonging in the Nemertinea (as
an order of the Platyhelminthes), Gibson and Moore (1976: 195) concluded that
from his description 'there is some doubt as to whether the animals were
nemerteans or turbellarians'; Biirger (1904a) made no reference to the genus,
which is no longer recognised as belonging with the Nemertea.
Pararhynchoscolex lacustris Czerniavsky, 1880
Czerniavsky, 1880:259-260
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: Russia (Lake Palaeostom).
Gibson and Moore (1976: 195) concluded that this species was probably not a
nemertean.
Parborlasia Friedrich, 1960 HETERONEMERTEA
Friedrich, 1960b: 58-59
Marine benthic.
*Parborlasia corrugatus: see Lineus corrugatus Mclntosh, 1876
Parborlasia dahli Friedrich, 1970
Friedrich, 1970:27-28
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 50 60m on coarse sand with mud or on
stony grounds.
Distribution: Southern Chile (Gulf of Ancud).
Included in this genus with some reservation by Friedrich.
Parborlasia fueguina Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968
Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1968: 172-177, figs 1-3
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of between 7 845 m.
Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (Falkland Is., southern South
America [Tierra del Fuego], Anvers Is. [off the Antarctic Peninsula], South
Shetland Is., South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is.).
Redescribed by Gibson (1985b: 195-203, figs 44-48).
Parborlasia hutchingsi Gibson, 1978
Gibson, 1978: 20-35, text-figs 9-16, pl. 2, fig. D, pl. 3, figs A - F
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Habitat: Intertidal on reef crest to sublittoral depths of about 8 m under stones.
Distribution: Australia (northern Queensland to New South Wales).
In the original description the incorrect gender was used for the specific
epithet; this species should be known as Parborlasia hutchingsae Gibson, 1978.
Parborlasia landrumae Gibson, 1985
Gibson, 1985b: 204-210, figs 49-52
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 183 237m.
Distribution: Antarctica (off Wilkes Land).
Paroerstedia Friedrich, 1955
Friedrich, 1955:177
Now regarded as a junior synonym of Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993:
308).
Paroerstedia gulliveri: see Tetrastemma gulliveri Bfirger, 1893
Paroerstedia laminariae: see Oerstedia laminariae Friedrich, 1936
Paroerstedia nigrimaculata Gibson, 1988
Gibson, 1988b: 734-744, figs 1-15
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, in rock pools among coralline algae.
Distribution: British Isles (Anglesey, North Wales).
Now Oerstedia nigrimaculata (Gibson, 1988) (Envall and Sundberg, 1993:
311-312).
Paroerstedia wijnhoffi: see Oerstedia wijnhoffi Friedrich, 1935
Paroerstediella Chernuishev, 1993
Chernuishev, 1993b: 13
A subgenus of Oerstediella proposed by Chernuishev to accommodate the seven
species Oerstediella oeulata, Oerstediella phoresiae (the designated type),
Oerstediella polyorbis, Oerstediella valentinae, Oerstediella venusta, Oerstediella
verae and Oerstedielta zebra. The genus Oerstediella is now considered
synonymous with Oerstedia (Envall and Sundberg, 1993: 308).
Parvicirrus Riser, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA
Riser, 1993:146
Marine benthic.
*Parvieirrus dubius: see Lineus dubius Verrill, 1879
Pelagonemertes Moseley, 1875
HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Moseley, 1875a: 168
Emended to Pelagonomertes in some of the older literature.
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Pelagonemertes acutocaudata: see Natonemertes acutocaudata Brinkmann, 1917
Pelagonemertes brinkmanni Coe, 1926
Coe, 1926:210 229, table p. 67, text-figs lg, 2C, 7F, 14, 22, 25D, 44, 103, 104, pl.
2, figs 9-15, pl. 3, figs 16, 17, pl. 4, figs 29-31, pl. 26, figs 162-166, pl. 27, figs
167-173, pl. 28, figs 174-177a, pl. 29, figs 179-188
Habitat: Taken from depths down to about 600m.
Distribution: North Pacific and Bering Sea in the area encompassed by latitudes
52°37 , 54°33'N and longitudes 158°50'E-138°31'W (off the Queen Charlotte
Is., the Aleutian Is., the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Is.).
Pelagonemertes ehavesi: see Neetonemertes chavesi Joubin, 1906
Pelagonemertes chuni: see Balaenanemertes chuni Bfirger, 1909
Pelagonemertes elongata: see Cuneonemertes elongata Coe, 1954
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Pelagonemertes excisa Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 111, 124-126, figs 3P, 14, 16, 29, 73, 74
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Bering Sea (north of the Komandorskie Is.).
Pelagonemertes fusca: see Parabalaenanemertes fusca Brinkmann, 1917
Pelagonemertes gracilis: see Cuneonemertes gracilis Coe, 1926
Pelagonemertes grandis: see Balaenanemertes grandis Brinkmann, 1917
Pelagonemertes hjorti: see Balaenanemertes hjorti Brinkmann, 1917
Pelagonemertes indica: see Nannonemertes indica Wheeler, 1937
Pelagonemertes irenae: see Probalaenanemertes ivenae Wheeler, 1934
Pelagonemertes joubini Coe, 1926
Coe, 1926: 204-209, table p. 67, text-figs 6, 15A, pl. 4, fig. 32, pl. 25, figs 152-161
Habitat: Taken between depths of about 600-1750 m, although nets raised to the
surface from as deep as 4800 m have contained specimens.
Distribution: North Pacific (south of the Aleutian Trench, in the submarine
canyon at the entrance to Monterey Bay, CA, and in the Coronado Trough off
southern CA), South Pacific (south of the East Pacific Ridge), North Atlantic
(between 45-50°N and 29-30°W) and the South Atlantic (Angola Basin).
Pelagonemertes korotkevitschi Friedrich, 1969
Friedrich, 1969: 26, fig. 6
Habitat: Taken from a depth of 1000 m.
Distribution: Tropical Atlantic (off the coast of Gabon, West Africa).
This species, named after Vera Korotkevich, should be known as
Pelagonemertes korotkevitschae Friedrich, 1969.
Pelagonemertes lata: see Balaenanemertes lata Brinkmann, 1917
Pelagonemertes laticauda Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 111, 121-123, figs 13, 25, 29, 71, 72
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Bering Sea.
Pelagonemertes lobata: see Nectonemertes lobata Joubin, 1906
Pelagonemertes minor: see Balaenanemertes minor Coe, 1936
Pelagonemertes moseleyi Biirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895a: 596, pl. 28, figs 10, 21
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes rollestoni (partita)
Habitat: Taken from depths of between about 800-1500 m
Distribution: North Atlantic (approximately 45°N, 30°W), Tropical Atlantic (off
the coast of Gabon, West Africa) and the North Pacific (off the southern coast
of Japan).
The young specimen of Pelagonemertes rollestoni described by Moseley
(1875b: 377-381, pl. XI, figs 1-5) was regarded as a different species and
renamed by Biirger; this distinction has been maintained by subsequent
authors.
Pelagonemertes musculocaudata: see Balaenanemertes musculocaudata Brinkmann,
1917
Pelagonemertes nigra: see Parabalaenanemertes nigra Coe, 1945
Pelagonemertes obesa: see Cuneonemertes obesa Coe, 1954
Pelagonemertes oviporus Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 112, 115-119, figs 28, 29, 67, 68
Habitat: Obtained from depths of between 100-600 m.
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Distribution: Bering Sea (north of the Komandorskie Is.).
Pelagonemertes parvula Korotkevich, 1964
Korotkevich, 1964: 139, 167, 169-171, fig. 22
Synonyms: Pelagonomertes parvula
Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 540 m.
Distribution: South Pacific (off the coast of Chile).
First used as a nomen nudum by Korotkevich (1963: 275-276).
Pelagonemertes richardi Joubin, 1906
Joubin, 1906: 21-23, figs 17, 18
Habitat: Taken in an open haul from 2500 m depth to the surface.
Distribution: North Atlantic (near the Azores).
Now Gelanemertes richardi (Joubin, 1906) (Coe, 1926: 229), although
Korotkevich (1955:113, 1977b: 18) listed it under its original name.
Pelagonemertes robusta Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 109, 119-121, figs 30, 7A, 29, 69, 70
Habitat: Obtained in an open haul taken from a depth of 8500 m to the surface.
Distribution: North Pacific (east of the Kuril Is.).
*Pelagonemertes rollestoni Moseley, 1875
Moseley, 1875a: 165-168, pl. XV.B, figs A-D
Habitat: Mostly taken at depths between about 350-1500m, some specimens
have been obtained in non-closing nets drawn from 3500-3600m to the
surface.
Distribution: Widespread: Atlantic (off the west coast of Africa between the Gulf
of Guinea and the Cape of Good Hope), Pacific (off Japan, east of the Kuril
Is., east of the Emperor Seamount Chain, in the deep submarine canyon at the
entrance to Monterey Bay, CA, and near the Galapagos Is.), Indian Ocean
(near Sri Lanka) and south of Australia where the Pacific, Indian and
Antarctic oceans meet.
Moseley (1875b: 377-380, pl. XI, figs 1 5) described a young specimen of this
species which Biirger (1895a) regarded as a different taxon and renamed
Pelagonemertes moseleyi.
Pelagonemertes rollestoni was redescribed by Biirger (1909:183-200, pl. XXIV, figs
1-6, pl. XXVI, fig. 6, pl. XXVII, figs 1-8, pl. XXVIII, figs 1-9).
Pelagonemertes wijnhoffi: see Probalaenanemertes wijnhoffi Brinkmann, 1917
Pelagonemertes zonata: see Planktonemertes zonata Joubin, 1906
Pendonemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1917a: 5
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Pendonemertes levinseni Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917a: 5-6, pl. I, fig. 4
Synonyms: Pendonemertes levensini, Planktonemertes levinseni
Habitat: Obtained from depths of between 490-2260 m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (near entrance to the Straits of Gibraltar, southwest of Ireland, east of the Newfoundland Basin, west of the Canary Is., and
between about 35-48°N near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
More fully described by Brinkmann (1917b: 17-21, text-figs 2 4, pl. IV, figs
15 22, pl. V, figs 1-3); Korotkevich (1955: 64, 1977b: 16) listed this form as
Planktonemertes levinseni.
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Perissonemertes Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1990c: 83, table 2
Marine benthic.
*Perissonemertes pyrrhocephalus Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 84-91, text-fig. 12, pl. 3, figs D, E, pl. 12, figs A-I, pl. 13, figs
A-G
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 5-6 m.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Phallonemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1917a: 14
Brinkmann renamed the genus Bathynectes, which he had established in 1912,
after discovering that this name had earlier been used for a genus of crustaceans.
Marine bathypelagic.
*Phallonemertes murrayi: see Bathynectes murrayi Brinkmann, 1912
Pheroneonemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Gibson, 1990b: 178
Marine benthic.
*Pheroneonemertes dianae Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990b: 178-186, table 1, text-figs 25, 26, pl. 25, figs A-F, pl. 26, figs AG, pl. 27, figs A-K
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under rocks embedded in shelly sand mixed with
sea grass debris.
Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia).
(Phylline Oken, 1815)
Oken, 1815: 182, 370
Biirger (1904a: 73) noted that the name Phylline had previously been used in
1790 for a genus of cestodes, but synonymised Phylline sensu Oken with the
bdellonemertean taxon Malacobdella.
Phylline grossa: see Hirudo grossa Mfiller, 1776
(Planaria Mfiller, 1776)
Miiller, 1776:221
Originally established by Mfiller to accommodate all free-living lower worms,
Planaria is a currently valid genus of freshwater triclad Turbellaria (Kenk, 1974:
1); several species originally included as members of the genus have subsequently
been identified as nemerteans, particularly taxa transferred to the genera
Amphiporus and Tetrastemma.
Planaria alba Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 116, pl. 16, figs 21, 22
Synonyms: Tetrastemma album
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of Scotland.
Diesing (1863: 183) listed this species as Tetrastemma album, but Biirger
(1904a: 132) included Dalyell's form among a group of dubious nemertean
taxa; the name Planaria alba was in fact preoccupied, having previously been
used for a species of turbellarian by Turton (1807: 129).
Planaria algae Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 117, pl. 16, figs 24, 25
Synonyms: Tetrastemma algae
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Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Scotland.
Synonymised with Tetrastemma candidum (Mfiller, 1774) by Biirger (1904a:
64).
Planaria angulata: see Fasciola angulata Mfiller, 1774
Planaria ascaridea Montagu, 1808
Montagu, 1808:231
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: British Isles (south coast of Devonshire).
An unpublished manuscript name which Gibson (1982b: 168) uncertainly
listed as a junior synonym of Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837).
Planaria atropurpurea Rathke, 1799
Rathke, 1799:84
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Denmark (?).
Although regarded by some authors as a nemertean, Kenk (1974: 45)
commented that it is not recognisable; the taxonomic position of this species
remains unknown.
Ptanaria badia Rathke, 1799
Rathke, 1799: 83, pl. III, figs 9a, b
Synonyms: Nemertes badia
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Denmark (?).
Bfirger (1904a: 51) uncertainly included this species as a junior synonym of
Drepanophorus spectabilis (Quatrefages, 1846), but the systematic confusion
surrounding the identity of Quatrefages' form and the inadequate description
provided by Rathke do not allow the suggested synonymy to be accepted.
Planaria bioculata Johnston, 1828
Johnston, 1828b: 56
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: British Isles.
Bfirger (1904a: 101) included this form as synonymous with Lineus ruber
(Miiller, 1774), but Gibson (1982b: 90) indicated that it had also been used for
what is now known as Lineus viridis (Miiller, 1774) and Johnston's brief
description of the external features suggest that Planaria bioculata is closer to
viridis than to ruber.
Planaria candida: see Fasciola candida Mfiller, 1774
Planaria carnea Rathke, 1799
Rathke, 1799: 83, pl. III, figs 10a, b
Synonyms: Meckelia carnea, Polystemma carneum
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Denmark.
Bfirger (1904a: 101) uncertainly synonymised this form with Lineus tuber
(Mfiller, 1774).
Planaria dorsalis Abildgaard, 1806
Abildgaard, 1806: 25, pl. CXLII, figs 1-3
Synonyms: ?Astemma gordius, Hecate dorsalis, Oerstedia dorsalis var. aequalis,
Oerstedia dorsalis var. albolineata, Oerstedia dorsalis var. cincta, Oerstedia
dorsalis vat. marmorata, Oerstedia dorsalis var. rubra, Oerstedia dorsalis
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forma striata, Oerstedia dorsalis var. viridis, Oerstedia maculata (partim),
Oerstedia tubicola, ?Planaria gordius, Polia farinosa, Tetrastemma dorsale,
Tetrastemma dorsale vat. marmoratum, Tetrastemma dorsale var. unicolor,
Tetrastemma dorsalis, Tetrastemma farinosum, Tetrastemma fuscum,
?Tetrastemma
maculatum,
Tetrastemma marmoratum,
Tetrastemma
octopunctatum, Tetrastemma varicolor (partim), Tetrastemma varicolor
fuscogrisescens, Tetrastemma varicolor var. fusco-grisescens, Tetrastemma
varicolor lacteoflavescens, Tetrastemma varicolor var. lacteoflavescens,
Tetrastemma varicolor lineata, Tetrastemma varicolor vat. lineata,
Tetrastemma varicolor nigropunctata, Tetrastemma varicolor var. nigropunctata, Tetrastemma variegatum, Vermiculus variegatus
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 80 m or more, on small algae in rock
pools (especially Ceramium, Chondrus, Cladophora, Corallina and Ulva), under
stones or among fucoid or laminarian holdfasts, on a wide range of substrata
below low tide level (mud, sand, gravel, stones or shelly sediments),
occasionally amongst ascidians or on the hulls of sunken vessels; a single
record exists of a specimen being found under a log in a poikilohaline lagoon.
Distribution: Widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, extending from the
Pacific (Japan, the coast of North America from Puget Sound, WA to Mexico),
the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic coast of North America (Nova Scotia to FL),
the western Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean, Black Sea, north-western
Spain and Madeira.
Now Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) (Bfirger, 1895a: 592). This species
is evidently either highly polymorphic or comprises a complex of taxa.
Numerous varieties have been established: these are var. aequalis Iwata, 1954a:
17, fig. 4A4, var. albolineata Biirger, 1895a: 593, pl. 3, figs 29, 35, pl. 29, figs 34,
35, var. cincta Biirger, 1895a: 593, pl. 3, fig. 27, var. marmorata Biirger, 1895a:
592, pl. 3, figs 30, 36, var. rubra Bfirger, 1895a: 593, forma striata Bergendal,
1903: 125, and var. viridis Biirger, 1895a: 592-593, pl. 3, figs 34, 34a, pl. 29, fig.
33. Envall and Sundberg (1993: 309) noted that in Swedish waters ten forms of
the species are commonly encountered. Until such time as future studies
determine which of these varieties, if any, warrants separate taxonomic status,
all are regarded as synonymous with Oerstedia dorsalis.
Planariafilaris Miiller, 1788
Mfiller, 1788: 38, pl. LXVIII, figs 18-20
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: North Sea coast of Denmark.
Now Micrurafilaris (Mfiller, 1788) (Mfiller, 1858: 300).
Planaria filiformis Johnston, 1828
Johnston, 1828b: 56-57
Synonyms: Astemma filiformis, Borlasia filiformis, ?Borlasia linearis (partim),
Cephalothrix filiformis, Cephalothrix linearis (partita), ?Cephalothrix lineata,
?Cephalothrix longissima, Cephalotrix filiformis, Cephalotrix linearis (partim),
?Cephalotrix longissima, ?Gordius gracilis
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 40 m or more, under stones on mud or
buried in muddy gravel.
Distribution: British Isles and the coast of France.
Now Procephalothrixfiliformis (Johnston, 1828) (Wijnhoff, 1913: 295).
Planaria flaccida: see FascioIa flaccida Miiller, 1774
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Planariaflava Montagu, 1808
Montagu, 1808: 237, pl. 35, fig. 2
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: British Isles.
An unpublished manuscript name which McIntosh (1873-1874: 174)
synonymised with Prosorhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862.
Planariafusca Fabricius, 1780
Fabricius, 1780:324
Synonyms: Meckelia fusca, Nemertes fusca
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Greenland, Iceland and Norway.
Verrill (1892: 438) listed this species as Cerebratulusfuscus but Biirger (1904a:
101) regarded Planaria fusca as conspecific with Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774)
whilst including (ibid.: 112) Cerebratulus fuscus sensu Verrill as a junior
synonym of Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804.
Planariafuscescens Fabricius, 1798
Fabricius, 1798:58-62
Synonyms: Cerebratulus fuscescens, Nemertes fuscescens
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 130 200m.
Distribution: Greenland and the Arctic Ocean (Jan Mayen Is.).
Levinsen (1879: 202) included Planaria fusca as synonymous with what he
called Cerebratulusfuscescens, and Bfirger (1904a: 101) included both taxa as
conspecific with Lineus ruber (M/iller, 1774).
Planaria gesserensis Mfiller, 1788
Miiller, 1788: 32, pl. LXIIII, figs 5-8
Synonyms:
Borlasia gesserensis, Gordius gesserensis, Lineus gesserensis,
Nemertes gesserensis, Notospermus gesserensis, Tricelis gesserensis
Habitat: Marine benthic, intertidal to sublittoral.
Distribution: Originally described from Denmark, subsequent records are
uncertain because of the confusion surrounding the identity of this species.
Synonymised with Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774) by Biirger (1904a: 101), Gibson
(1982b: 90) noted that the specific epithet gesserensis has also been applied to
what is now known as Lineus viridis (Mfiller, 1774).
Planaria gordius: see Astemma gordius Parfitt, 1867
Planaria lactiflorea Johnston, 1828
Johnston, 1828a: 489
Synonyms:
?Amphiporus validissimus, Borlasia alba, Borlasia mandilla,
Ditactorrhochma mandilla, ?Fasciola rosea, Gordius albicans, ?Lumbricus
oxyurus, Nemertes lactiflora, Nemertes lactiflorea, Nemertes mandilla,
Omatoplea alba, Omatoplea berea, Omatoplea glauca (partita), Omatoplea
mutabilis, ?Omatoplea rosea, Omatoplea violacea, Ommatoplea alba,
?Ommatoplea alba var. rosea, Ommatoplea berea, Ommatoplea glauca,
Ommatoplea mandilla, Ommatoplea mutabilis, ?Ommatoplea rosea,
Ommatoplea violacea, ?Planaria rosea, Polia berea, Polia glauca, Polia
mandilla, Polia mutabilis, Polia violacea, ?Polystemma alba, ?Polystemma
roseum, Prostoma lactiflorea
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 250 m or more, under stones on fairly
clean sand or gravelly sand, amongst shell debris, on brown algae or, less
commonly, in silt or mud; the species is to some extent tolerant of fluctuating
salinities.
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Distribution: Mediterranean and northern coasts of Europe to the Atlantic and
Arctic coasts of North America north of Cape Cod; Iwata's record of this
species (1954a: 23-24) occurring in Japan (Hokkaido), well outside its
otherwise known range, is regarded as being of dubious validity.
Now Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) (McIntosh, 1873-1874:156);
redescribed by Berg (1972a: 23-24, figs 1A, 4, 5A, 6-8), following a proposal
by Gibson and Crandall (199 l) this species has recently been designated as the
type for the genus Amphiporus (Opinion 1675, 1992).
Planaria lacteritia Rathke, 1799
Rathke, 1799:83
Synonyms: Nemertes lateritia
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: North Sea coast of Denmark.
Included by Biirger (1904a: 131) in a list of dubious nemertean taxa.
Planaria linearis Rathke, 1799
Rathke, 1799: 84, pl. III, fig. ll
Synonyms: Ascaris linearis, Astemma longum, Borlasia cephalothrix, Borlasia
linearis, Borlasia longa, Cephalothrix caeca, Cephalothrix coeca, Cephalothrix
filiformis (partim), ?Cephalothrix lineata, ?Cephalothrix lineatus, ?Cephalothrix
longissima, Cephalotrix coeca, Cephalotrix linearis, ?Cephalotrix longissima,
?Gordius gracilis: not Cephalothrix linearis sensu Oudemans (1885), Biirger
(1892a), Verrill (1892), Riches (1893) or Coe (1905)
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 16-18 m or more, in clean coarse
sand, muddy sand or mud, among laminarian holdfasts, in Zostera beds,
under stones and boulders, or between mussels and other colonial organisms.
Distribution: The Mediterranean, western coasts of northern Europe, Greenland
and the Atlantic coast of North America north of Cape Cod; Yamaoka
(1940a) also recorded the form from Japan.
Now Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799) (McIntosh, 1873-1874: 208);
Cephalothrix linearis sensu Oudemans (1885) and Riches (1893) was included
as synonymous with Procephalothrix filiformis (Johnston, 1828) by Wijnhoff
(1913:295), sensu Biirger (1892a) is now Cephaiothrix buergeri Wijnhoff, 1913,
and sensu Verrill (1892) and Coe (1905) was listed as identical with
Procephalothrix spiralis (Coe, 1930) by Coe (1940: 258).
Planaria lineata Montagu, 1808
Montagu, 1808: pl. 56, fig. 5
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: British Isles.
An unpublished manuscript name which McIntosh (1873-1874: 198) listed as
synonymous with Mierura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828.
Planaria octoculata Johnston, 1828
Johnston, 1828b: 56
Synonyms: Borlasia octoculata, Nemertes octoculata
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: British Isles.
Biirger (1904a: 101) synonymised this form with Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774),
but Gibson (1982b: 90) commented that 'the name octoculata is more typically
associated with Lineus sanguineus', which is now Myoisophagos sanguineus
(Rathke, 1799).
Planaria quadrioculata Johnston, 1828
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R. Gibson
Johnston, 1828b: 56
Synonyms: Nemertes quadrioculata, Potia quadrioculata, Prostoma quadrioculata
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: British Isles.
Btirger (1904a: 64) included this species as synonymous with Prostoma
candidum, now Tetrastemma candidum (M/iller, 1774); earlier Quatrefages
(1846: 216) had uncertainly listed Polia quadrioculata as the same as
Tetrastemma varicolor Orsted, 1843, but Hubrecht (1879: 227) regarded
Quatrefages' species as also conspecific with Tetrastemma candidum.
Planaria rosea: see Fasciola rosea Miiller, 1774
Planaria rubra: see Fasciola rubra Mfiller, 1774
Planaria rufa Montagu, 1808
Montagu, 1808:231 (v)
Synonyms: Lineus rufus
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: British Isles (south coast of Devonshire).
Unpublished manuscript names which Gibson (1982b: 90) suggested might be
synonymous with the Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774), Lineus sanguineus (Rathke,
1799) and Lineus viridis (Miiller, 1774) group of species.
Planaria sanguinea Rathke, 1799
Rathke, 1799:83
Synonyms: ?Borlasia octoculata, ?Gordius oculatus, Lineus communis, Lineus
nigricans, Lineus nigricans var. striatus, ?Lineus oculatus, ?Lineus oxneri,
Lineus sanguineus, Lineus socialis, Lineus socialis var. capistratus, Lineus
vegetus, ?Nemertes octoculata, Nemertes sanguinea, Nemertes sangvinea,
Nemertes socialis, ?Planaria octoculata
Habitat: Intertidal, under rocks and stones embedded in muddy sediments,
often in muds blackened by decaying organic matter, or among algae; Riser
(1994) comments that this species is a temperate water form tolerant of
gradual salinity and thermal changes.
Distribution: Widespread in temperate waters; coasts of Italy, France, Belgium,
Sweden and the British Isles in Europe, the Atlantic coast of North America
(Bay of Fundy, ME to northern FL), the Gulf coast of the USA westwards to
TX, the Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico) and New
Zealand: possible records from Bermuda and southern Chile cannot be
substantiated.
Now Myoisophagos sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) (Riser, 1994: in press).
Planaria siphunculus Delle Chiaje, 1828
Delle Chiaje, 1828: 120, pl. XXXV, figs 26, 27
Synonyms:
Planaria sipunculus, Tetrastemma siphunculus, Tetrastemma
sipuneulus: not Polia siphunculus Delle Chiaje, 1825
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Bfirger (1904a: 132) included this form among a group of dubious nemertean
taxa, whilst Kenk (1974:51) concluded that it could be either a nemertean or a
polyclad flatworm.
Planaria unicolor Johnston, 1828
Johnston, 1828a: 488-489
Synonyms: Borlasia unicolor
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Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: British Isles.
Synonymised with Lineus tuber (Miiller, 1774) by Biirger (1904a: 101), Gibson
(1982b: 90) uncertainly included it in a list of names which have been applied
to the Lineus tuber, Lineus sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) and Lineus viridis
(Miiller, 1774) group of species.
Planaria unipunetata: see CephaIotrix unipunctata Parfitt, 1867
Planaria viridis: see Fasciola viridis Mfiller, 1774
Planktonemertes Woodworth, 1899 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Woodworth, 1899:2
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Planktonemertes adhaerens: see Plotonemertes adhaerens Brinkmann, 1917
*Planktonemertes agassizii Woodworth, 1899
Woodworth, 1899:2 3, pl. figs 1-4
Synonyms: Planktonemertes agassizi: not Planktonemertes agassizii sensu Biirger
(1909)
Habitat:
Taken in non-closing trawls from depths of approximately
1100-3700 m.
Distribution: Tropical Pacific (north of San Salvador Is., and off the coasts of
Colombia and Panama).
Biirger (1909:200 202, pl. X, fig. 2, pl. XI, figs 7, 8) recorded this species from
the tropical Atlantic (off the coast of Sierra Leone), but Brinkmann (1917b:
71-73) concluded that Bfirger's species was not the same as that described by
Woodworth and accordingly renamed it ChunieUa agassizii (Bfirger, 1909).
Coe (1926: 106-116, text figs 1, 13, 18, 23, 48, pl. 1, figs l, la, pl. 5, figs 34-43,
pl. 6, figs 44-49, pl. 7, figs 50 54, pl. 8, figs 55-60, pl. 13, figs 90, 91) redescribed
Woodworth's species, listing (ibid.: 159-160) Chunieila agassizii as a separate
taxon. Korotkevich (1955: 69), however, regarded Chuniella as a junior
synonym of Planktonemertes and accordingly renamed Planktonemertes
agassizii sensu Bfirger as Planktonemertes biirgeri, subsequently (Korotkevich,
1977b: 16) listing agassizii Woodworth, 1899, and biirgeri Korotkevich, 1955,
as separate species. Biirger's taxon of 1909 is, however, currently known as
Chuniella agassizii and Planktonemertes biirgeri thus constitutes a junior
synonym of Bfirger's species.
Planktonemertes alberti Joubin, 1906
Joubin, 1906: 9-10, figs 6, 7
Habitat: Taken in nets drawn from depths of 1310-3320m to the surface.
Distribution: Northern North Atlantic (between Iceland and Norway in the area
encompassed by 63-71°N, I°E-11°W).
Redescribed as Dinonemertes alberti (Joubin, 1906) by Brinkmann (1917b: 4753, texWfigs 12 13a, pl. VII, figs 4 15).
Planktonemertes aurantiaca: see Neuronemertes aurantiaca Coe, 1926
Planktonemertes aureola: see Tubonemertes aureola Coe, 1954
Planktonemertes beebei: see Protopelagonemertes beebei Coe, 1936
Planktonemertes biirgeri Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955:69
Synonyms: Planktonemertes agassizii (partim): not Planktonemertes agassizii
Woodworth, 1899
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Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 1300m.
Distribution: Tropical Atlantic (off the coast of Sierra Leone).
This species should be regarded as a junior synonym of Chuniella agassizii
(Bfirger, 1909).
Planktonemertes coei Korotkevich, 1955
Korotkevich, 1955: 65, fig. 3E
Habitat: Taken from a depth of 1463 m.
Distribution: Atlantic (Bermuda region).
As a consequence of synonymising the genera Neuronemertes and
Plotonemertes with Planktonemertes, Korotkevich pointed out that
Plotonemertes aurantiaca Coe, 1936, became a preoccupied name (by
Neuronemertes aurantiaca Coe, 1926) and accordingly renamed Coe's 1936
form as Planktonemertes coei. Plotonemertes aurantiaca is, however, currently
recognised as a valid species, for which Planktonemertes coei Korotkevich,
1955, thus constitutes a junior synonym.
Planktonemertes curvicephala Korotkevich, 1964
Korotkevich, 1964: 137, 141-143, fig. 3
Synonyms: Planktonenertes curvicephala
Habitat: Taken in a net drawn from a depth of 2000 m to the surface.
Distribution: South Pacific (off the coast of Chile).
This species name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Korotkevich (1963:
275-276, fig. 1).
Planktonemertes drygalskii: see Paradinonemertes drygalskii Brinkmann,
1915-1916
Planktonemertes elongata Joubin, 1906
Joubin, 1906: 13-14, fig. 10
Habitat: Taken in a net drawn to the surface from a depth of 4000 m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (east of the Azores-Gibraltar Ridge).
Uncertainly transferred to the genus Chuniella as ChunieUa elongata (Joubin,
1906) by Coe (1926: 161), Coe (1945a: 159) commented that 'As only the type
specimen is known and this has been described only superficially, the status of
this species still remains in doubt'. Korotkevich (1955: 68, 1977b: 16) retained
the form under its original name.
Planktonemertes grimaldii Joubin, 1906
Joubin, 1906: 4-9, figs 1-5
Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 3000 m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (near the Azores and in the Sargasso Sea).
Now Dinonemertes grimaldii (Joubin, 1906) (Brinkmann, 1917b: 53), although
Korotkevich (1955: 69, 1977b: 16) listed it under its original name.
Planktonemertes hardyi: see Bathynemertes hardyi Wheeler, 1934
Planktonemertes hubrechti: see Bathynemertes hubrechti Brinkmann, 1917
Planktonemertes levinseni: see Pendonemertes levinseni Brinkmann, 1917
Planktonemertes macrostomum: see Paradinonemertes macrostomum Coe, 1954
Planktonemertes murrayi: see Bathynectes murrayii Brinkmann, 1912
Planktonemertes obesa: see Pachynemertes obesa Coe, 1936
Planktonemertes opaca: see Chunianna opaca Coe, 1954
Planktonemertes pacifica: see Chunianna paciflca Coe, 1954
Planktonemertes rhomboidalis Joubin, 1906
Joubin, 1906: 14-16, figs 11, 12
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Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 2000 m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (Sargasso Sea).
Uncertainly transferred to the genus Crassonemertes as Crassonemertes
rhomboidalis (Joubin, 1906) by Coe (1926: 120), Coe (1945a: 155) commented
that 'This species was described from the external appearance of the body
only, and nothing is as yet known as to the internal morphology.
Consequently the status of the species must remain doubtful until a more
complete study of the type specimen is made.' Korotkevich (1955: 68, 1977b:
16) retained it under its original name.
Planktonemertes robusta: see Crassonemertes robusta Brinkmann, 1917
Planktonemertes rubella: see Plenanemertes rubella Coe, 1954
Planktonemertes sargassicola Joubin, 1906
Joubin, 1906: 13, fig. 9
Habitat: Netted between a depth of 2225 m and the surface.
Distribution: North Atlantic (Sargasso Sea).
Now Mononemertes sargassicola (Joubin, 1906) (Coe, 1926: 118); Coe noted
that 'The systematic position of this specimen must remain in doubt until a
further study is made of its internal organization'. Korotkevich (1955: 68,
1977b: 16) retained the form under its original name.
Planktonemertes scarlata: see Mononemertes scarlata Coe, 1945
Planktonemertes vanh6ffeni Brinkmann, 1915-1916
Brinkmann, 1915-1916: 3-4, text-fig. 1, pl. figs 1, 2
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul between a depth of 3000 m and the surface; one
specimen between 515-995 m (van der Spoel, 1985)
Distribution: South Atlantic (west of the Cape of Good Hope) and the North
Atlantic (about mid-way between the Canary Islands and the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge).
Now Planktonemertes vanhoeffeni Brinkmann, 1915-1916 (Coe, 1926:116).
Planktonemertes wheeleri: see Paradinonemertes wheeleri Coe, 1936
Planktonemertes woodworthii Bfirger, 1909
Bfirger 1909: 202-204, pl. XXXIII, fig. 4, pl. XXXIV, figs 1-6
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul between a depth of 2400m and the surface.
Distribution: Tropical Indian Ocean (southwest of Java).
Now Mergonemertes woodworthii (Bfirger, 1909)(Brinkmann, 1917b: 28),
although Korotkevich (1955: 65, 1977b: 16) retained it under its original name.
Planktonemertes zonata Joubin, 1906
Joubin, 1906: 11-12, fig. 8
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes zonata
Habitat: Taken between a depth of 3000 m and the surface.
Distribution: North Atlantic (near the Azores).
Uncertainly listed as Parabalaenanemertes zonata (Joubin, 1906) by Coe
(1926: 232), Coe (1945a: 164) commented that the only two specimens of this
species known have been only superficially studied; Korotkevich (1955:113,
1977b: 18) included the taxon as Pelagonemertes zonata.
Planolineus Beauchamp, 1928 HETERONEMERTEA
Beauchamp, 1928:63
Freshwater
*Planolineus exsul Beauchamp, 1928
Beauchamp, 1928: 63-67, figs 1-4
474
R. Gibson
Habitat: In a freshwater pond.
Distribution: Java (in the Botanical Gardens at Buitenzorg).
Planonemertes Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1926:142-143
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Planonemertes labiata Coe, 1936
Coe, 1936: 106-107, pl. X, fig. 52
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Synonyms: Dinonemertes labiata
Habitat: Obtained from a depth of about 1800m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (Bermuda region).
This species name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Coe (1935: 315);
Korotkevich (1955: 70; 1977b: 17) listed it as Dinonemertes labiata.
*Planonemertes lobata Coe, 1926
Coe, 1926: 143-150, text-figs 15B, 26, 29C, 34, 41, 76, 77, pl. 3, fig. 20, pl. 13, fig.
88, pl. 14, figs 92-97
Synonyms: Dinonemertes lobata
Habitat: Taken in an open net within 600 m of the surface.
Distribution: Tropical Pacific (off the coast of Ecuador).
Korotkevich (1955: 70; 1977b: 17) included this form as Dinonemertes lobata.
Plectonemertes Gibson, 1990 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Gibson, 1990c: 193
Marine benthic.
*Pleetonemertes sinensis Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 193-202, text fig. 35, pl. 3, figs H, I, pl. 35, figs A-F, pl. 36, figs
A-H, pl. 37, figs A - G
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 21 m, among debris on an oyster shell on a
bottom of mixed shell debris, silt and clay.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Plenanemertes Coe, 1954 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1954:240
Marine, abyssopelagic.
* Plenanemertes rubella Coe, 1954
Coe, 1954:240-241
Synonyms: Planktonemertes rubella
Habitat: Caught in a closing net between 4000-6000 m; the net was closed below
4000 m depth.
Distribution: North Pacific (west of the Emperor Seamount Chain).
Korotkevich (1977b: 16) included this species as Planktonemertes rubella.
Plionemertes Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1926:151
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Plionemertes constricta Coe, 1954
Coe, 1954: 251-252, text fig. 15
Synonyms: Dinonemertes constricta
Habitat: Obtained from a depth of about 1800m.
Distribution: Tropical Pacific (west of Costa Rica).
Korotkevich (1977b: 16-17) included this species as Dinonemertes constricta.
* Plionemertes plana Coe, 1926
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Coe, 1926:151 155, text-figs 9F, 10C, 19, 20, 29A, 78, pl. 15, figs 98-102
Synonyms: Dinonemertes plana
Habitat: Although taken in a trawl drawn from a depth of about 5200m to the
surface, Coe suggested that it was probably caught at a depth of no more than
600 m.
Distribution: Tropical Pacific (off the coast of Peru).
Korotkevich (1955: 69; 1977b: 17) included this form as Dinonemertes plana.
Plotonemertes
Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1917a: 5
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Plotonemertes adhaerens Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917a: 5, pl. I, figs 9, 10
Synonyms: Planktonemertes adhaerens
Habitat: Taken between depths of 535-2000 m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (Bermuda region, near Reykjanes Ridge and east of
Newfoundland ) , North Pacific (off the coasts of OR and CA), tropical Pacific
(Guatemala Basin) and the South Pacific (southwest of Samoa); van der Spoel
(1985: 22) recorded a specimen of 'Plotonemertes cf. adhaerens' from a depth
of 480-1010 m near 55°N, 30°W, in the North Atlantic.
More fully described by Brinkmann (1917b: 12-17, text-fig. 1, pl. IV, figs 114); Korotkevich (1955: 67, 1977b: 16) listed this species as Planktonemertes
adhaerens.
Plotonemertes aurantiaca Coe, 1936
Coe, 1936:103 104, pl. II, figs 19, 20, pl. IV, fig. 33, pl. VII, fig. 43
Synonyms: Planktonemertes coei
Habitat: Taken from a depth of 1463 m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (Bermuda region).
First referred to as a new species by Coe (1935: 315) but with no description
given; Korotkevich (1955: 65, fig. 3E) listed the form as Planktonemertes coei.
Poikilonemertes Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942:178
Marine benthic.
* Poikilonemertes vivipara Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942: 178-184, figs 15, 16
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Namibia (Liideritz Bay).
Polia Delle Chiaje, 1825
Delle Chiaje, 1825: 406, 427
The generic name Polia had previously been used for a group of Lepidoptera and
was therefore unavailable; Polia sensu Delle Chiaje is a junior synonym of the
heteronemertean genus Baseodiscus (Diesing, 1850: 243), although it has also
been used for some species which have subsequently been transferred to other
genera such as Amphiporus or Tetrastemma.
Polia affinis: see Poseidon affinis Stimpson, 1854
Polia antonina: see Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846
Polia armata Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:216
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Synonyms: Oerstedia armata, Prostoma quatrefagesi, Tetrastemma armature: not
Prostoma armature Dug~s, 1830
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily) and the English Channel.
When he transferred this form to the genus Prostoma, Bfirger (1904a: 67)
renamed it Prostoma quatrefagesi, now Tetrastemma quatrefagesi (Biirger,
1904), to distinguish it from Prostoma armatum Dugrs, 1830, which he
uncertainly synonymised with Emplectonema echinoderma (Marion, 1873).
Polia aurita Ulyanina, 1870
Ulyanina, 1870: 47-48, pl. II, fig. 10, pl. VI, fig. 11
Synonyms:
Ototyphlonemertes aurita aurita, Ototyphlonemertes aurita
suchumica, Polia aurita forma suchumica
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of less than 1 m, under stones or in the
holdfasts of algae.
Distribution: Black Sea (Sebastopol and Suchum).
Now Ototyphlonemertes aurita (Ulyanina, 1870) (Biirger, 1895a: 48);
Czerniavsky, 1880: 241-242, pl. III, figs 4A-E, 5F, G, established a separate
form of this species which he called Polia aurita forma suchumica; Biirger
(1904a: 28) listed Ulyanina's original taxon as O totyphlonemertes aurita aurita
and Czerniavsky's variety as Ototyphtonemertes aurita suchumica, but the
separate taxonomic status of these two subspecies is no longer recognised.
Polia baculus Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 215, pl. 11, fig. VI
Synonyms: Oerstedia baculus, Prostoma baculus
Habitat: Among algae.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Carus (1885: 165) regarded this form as synonymous with Tetrastemma
flavidum Ehrenberg, 1828, but Bfirger (1904a: 70) listed it as a separate species
under the name Prostoma baculus; an inadequately described taxon, which
should now be known as Tetrastemma baculus (Quatrefages, 1846).
Polia bembix Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 209, pl. 11, fig. IX, pl. 14, fig. IV
Synonyms: Omatoplea bembix
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral among algae.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Biirger (1904a: 41) synonymised this form with Amphiporus pulcher pulcher,
which is now Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837).
Polia berea Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:211-212
Synonyms: Omatoplea berea, Ommatoplea berea
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: France (Br~hat).
Synonymised with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) by Hubrecht
(1879: 222).
Polia bilineata Delle Chiaje, 1841
Delle Chiaje, 1841:126
Synonyms: ?Cerebratulus bilineatus (partim), Lineus kenneli: not Cerebratulus
bilineatus Renier, 1804
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Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 30 m in detritus.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
McIntosh (1873-1874: 191) listed this species as Lineus bilineatus, but Biirger
(1904a: 94) regarded Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804) and Lineus bilineatus
(Delle Chiaje, 1841) as different species; Delle Chiaje's taxon B/irger (1892a:
161) had previously renamed Lineus kennelii.
Polia bivittata Delle Chiaje, 1841
Delle Chiaje, 1841:130
Synonyms:
Eunemertes peronea, Nemertes peronea, Nemertopsis peronea,
Omatoplea peronea, Ommatoplea peronea, Prosorhochmus bistriatus,
Prosorochmus bistriatus
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, under and among calcareous
and other algae on jetties, antifouling panels and boulders.
Distribution: Originally described from the Mediterranean (Naples, Sicily and
Marseille), since recorded from as wide a range as FL, USA, Brazil and Chile.
Now Nemertopsis bivittata (Delle Chiaje, 1841) (Bfirger, 1904a: 26),
redescribed under this name by Corr6a (1955: 72-75, pl. 3, figs 7-9, pl. 4, figs
10-12).
Polia caeca Chapuis, 1886
Chapuis, 1886: XXII
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: France (near Roscoff).
Included in a list of dubious nemertean taxa by Bfirger (1904a: 131).
Polia caerulescens Delle Chiaje, 1828
Delle Chiaje, 1828:172
Synonyms: Borlasia caerulescens, Borlasia coerulescens, Polia coerulea, Polia
coerulescens
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Regarded as a dubiously valid heteronemertean species by Bfirger (1904a:
128).
Polia caneseens Leuckart, 1849
Leuckart, 1849:154
Synonyms: Acrostomum canescens
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Iceland.
Now Amphiporus canescens (Leuckart, 1849) (Biirger, 1904a: 39), listed as a
nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 457).
Polia capitata Beneden, 1861
Beneden, 1861: 28, pl. IV, figs 12-16
Habitat: Among sertularian tubes.
Distribution: Coast of Belgium.
Synonymised with Prostoma candidum, now Tetrastemma candidum (Miiller,
1774), by Biirger (1904a: 64).
Polia carcinophila: see Nemertes eartinophilos K611iker, 1845
Polia coerulea Delle Chiaje, 1841
Delle Chiaje, 1841:126
Habitat: Marine benthic.
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Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Listed by Bfirger (1904a: 128) as synonymous with Polia caerulescens Delle
Chiaje, 1828, which he regarded as a dubious species of heteronemertean.
Polia coronata Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:213
Synonyms: Loxorrhochma coronata, Nemertes coronata, Oerstedia pulchella
(partim), Polia pulchella (partim), Prostoma coronatum, Tetrastemma
melanocephalum (partim), Tetrastemma melanocephalum var. diadema,
?Tetrastemma rufescens, Vermiculus coluber
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 40m, among algae and in
laminarian holdfasts, with Zostera, on bryozoans, with tubicolous
polychaetes, under stones, in rock crevices or in sandy detritus.
Distribution: Uncertain because of the confusion surrounding the identity of this
species; it has been reported from the British Isles, Scandinavia, the Atlantic
coast of France, the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Black Seas and Madeira, but
records from Japan by Yamaoka (1940a) and Iwata (1954a) must be regarded
as of uncertain validity.
Biirger (1904a: 56) in part synonymised this species with Prostoma
melanocephalum melanocephalum, now Tetrastemma melanocephalum
(Johnston, 1837), in part (ibid.: 61) listing it as Prostoma coronatum, now
Tetrastemma coronatum (Quatrefages, 1846). Several authors have considered
Tetrastemma coronatum merely as a colour variety of Tetrastemma
melanocephalum, but Kirsteuer (1963: 564-569, figs 7-10, 32) redescribed
Quatrefages' species and confirmed its specific distinctness.
Polia crucigera Delle Chiaje, 1844
Delle Chiaje, 1844: pl. 174, figs 15-18
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Not recorded.
Hubrecht (1879: 207) synonymised this form with Carinella annulata, now
Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804).
Polia curta Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:209
Synonyms: Baseodiscus curtus, Baseodiscus delineatus var. curta, Baseodiscus
delineatus var. curtus, Eupolia ascophora, Eupolia curia, Eupolia marmorata,
Taeniosoma curtum
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, between or under stones, on sand or corals or
entwined among algae.
Distribution: Circumglobal (Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, western North
Atlantic, Red Sea, North and South Pacific); Coe (1944a: 28) noted that the
range of this species was virtually identical to that recorded for Baseodiseus
delineatus.
Transferred to the genus Baseodiscus as Baseodiscus curtus (Hubrecht, 1879)
by Biirger (1904a: 82) and widely recorded by many authors subsequently
either as a distinct species or as a variety of Baseodiscus delineatus, Gibson
(1979a: 145-146) commented that 'Among the various characters which have
been used to distinguish between Baseodiscus delineatus and Baseodiscus curtus
the only one which might be of taxonomic value is the number of pairs of
excretory tubules ... There appears to be no other feature which can be
reliably used to differentiate between the two species and their remarkable
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479
similarity to each other, noted by several authors, is possibly indicative of
them being conspecific.' Indeed, there now seems to be no justification for
retaining these two forms as separate and Hubrecht's species is here
synonymised with Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825).
Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1825
Dele Chiaje, 1825: 427-428, 444, pl. XXVIII, fig. 4
Synonyms: Baseodiscus curtus, Baseodiscus delineatus var. curta, Baseodiscus
delineatus var. curtus, Baseodiscus insignis, Borlasia carmellina, Borlasia
delineata, Borlasia striata (partim), ?Eupolia amboinensis, Eupolia ascophora,
Eupolia curta, Eupolia delineata, Eupolia marmorata, ?Eupolia reticulata,
Meckelia carmellina, Nemertes delineatus, Polia curta, Polia lineata,
Taeniosoma curtum, Taeniosoma delineatum, Valencinia striata: not Borlasia
striata Rathke, 1843
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 50m or more, in a wide range of
situations (under stones and boulders on coarse clean to shelly or muddy sand,
in rock crevices, entwined between sea grass roots or algal holdfasts, among
sponges and other encrusting or colonial organisms, and on corals).
Distribution: One of the most widespread nemertean species known, recorded
from both northern and southern hemispheres and evidently circumglobal in
tropical and subtropical waters as well as extending into temperate latitudes
(Mediterranean, Adriatic and Atlantic coasts of Europe, Cape Verde Is.,
Bermuda, Barbados, southern FL, USA, Puerto Rico, Gulf of California, Fiji
Is., Mariana Is., Japan, Java, the Torres Straits, Australia [the Great Barrier
Reef and southern coast of Western Australia], Mauritius, Zanzibar, Brazil
and Chile).
Now Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825) (Diesing, 1850: 243),
redescribed by Gibson (1979a: 140-145, figs 1-3).
Polia dugesii Quatrefages, 1849
Quatrefages, 1849: 211, pl. 13, figs 11-13
Synonyms: Emea dugesii, Polia dugesi
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: France (Saint Martin Canal, Paris).
Transferred to the genus Emea by Leidy (1851b: 288), Bfirger (1904a: 68) listed
it as a junior synonym of Prostoma clepsinoides Dug6s, 1828; Stiasny-Wijnhoff
(1938: 224) included clepsinoides in a group of inadequately described
freshwater nemerteans whose specific placement was uncertain, but Gibson
and Moore (1976: 194) stated that the taxon should be invalidated.
Polia farinosa Beneden, 1861
Beneden, 1861: 29, pl. IV, fig. 17
Synonyms: Tetrastemma farinosum
Habitat: Amongst sertutarian tubes.
Distribution: Coast of Belgium.
Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by Biirger (1904a:
71).
Poliafilum Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 207-208, pl. 13, fig. IV
Synonyms: Cephalothrix filum
Habitat: Under rocks.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast, St. Malo and Br6hat).
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Although Biirger (1904a: 18) included this species as a junior synonym of
Cephalothrix rufifrons, Wijnhoff (1913: 300) rejected this synonymy and listed
Cephalothrix filum (Quatrefages, 1846) among a group of uncertain
cephalothricid taxa.
Polia fumosa Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:206-207
Synonyms: Nemertes fumosa, Tetrastemma fumosum
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast and Brrhat).
Uncertainly synonymised with Prosorhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862, by
B~rger (1904a: 30) and Gibson and Moore (1985: 147).
Polia geniculata Delle Chiaje, 1828
Delle Chiaje, 1828: 177, pl. 43, fig. 10
Synonyms:
Borlasia annulata (partim), Cerebratulus anas, Cerebratulus
geniculatus, Lineus anas, ?Lineus annelatus, ?Lineus australis, Lineus digueti,
?Lineus flammeus, Lineus geniculatus, Lineus mitellatus, Meckelia annulata
(partim), Micrura tridacnae, Nemertes annulata (partim), Nemertes annulatus
(partim), Nemertes drepanensis, Nemertes geniculata, Nemertes geniculata
forma pontica, Notogymnus drepanensis, Notospermus drepanensis
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 30m or more, in kelp
holdfasts, under stones and boulders on sand or muddy sand, or in crevices in
rocks and corals.
Distribution: Black Sea, Mediterranean (France, Italy, Greece, Malta), the
Canary Is., Gulf of Guinea (West Africa), Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and
the western coasts of tropical America (Gulf of California, Panama and Peru);
Wheeler's record of the species (1934) from South Africa is of uncertain
validity.
Redescribed as Notospermus geniculatus (DeUe Chiaje, 1828) by Riser (1991:
428-434, figs 1-t2).
Polia glauca Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 206, pl. 10, fig. III
Synonyms: Omatoplea glauca (partim), Ommatoplea glauca
Habitat: In rock crevices.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast and Brrhat).
Synonymised with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) by Hubrecht
(1879: 222).
Polia gracilis Girard, 1851
Girard, 1851b: 4
Synonyms: Nemertes obscura
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA).
Girard regarded Nemertes obscura Desor, 1848, as conspecific with this
species, Biirger (1904a: 101) listing both as synonymous with Lineus tuber
(Miiller, 1774).
Polia grisea Stimpson, 1855
Stimpson, 1855b: 390
Synonyms: Polina grisea
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to subtittoral, on sand flats, among bryozoans
and hydroids, often with eel grasses and algae, sometimes under stones.
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Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (New England, southwards to FL).
Verrill (1892: 398) recorded this species as Amphiporus griseus (Stimpson,
1855), which was listed as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 458459); Amphiporus griseus sensu Coe (1943: 282-283, text-fig. 68) was included
as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall (1989: table III) with the
observation that it might be synonymous with Amphiporus glutinosus sensu
Montgomery, 1897.
Polia grubei: see Omatoplea grubei Diesing, 1850
Polia humilis Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 212-213, pl. 11, fig. V, pl. 14, fig. VII
Synonyms: Nemertes humilis, Prostoma humile, Tetrastemma humile
Habitat: In banks with tubicolous polychaetes.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Now Tetrastemma humilis (Quatrefages, 1846) (Diesing, 1862: 290).
Polia involuta Beneden, 1861
Beneden, 1861: 18-23, pl. III, figs 1-30
Synonyms: Cephalothrix involuta, Cephalotrix involuta
Habitat: Found on the abdomen of the shore crab Carcinus maenas.
Distribution: Coast of Belgium.
Beneden (1876: 46) synonymised this form with Nemertes carcinophilus, which
is now Carcinonemertes carcinophila (K611iker, 1845).
Polia lineata: evidently an emendation of Polia delineata which appeared in Delle
Chiaje (1825)
Polia mandilla Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 203-204, pl. 8, figs I, Ia, pl. 9, fig. II
Synonyms: Borlasia mandilla, Ditactorrhochma mandilla, Nemertes mandilla,
Ommatoplea mandilla
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast).
Synonymised with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) by Hubrecht
(1879: 222).
Polia minor Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:209-210
Synonyms: Eupolia minor
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Now Baseodiscus minor (Hubrecht, 1879) (B/irger (1904a: 81).
Polia mutabilis Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 205, pl. 10, fig. II
Synonyms: Omatoplea mutabilis, Ommatoplea mutabilis
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast).
Now Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) (Hubrecht, 1879: 222).
Polia obscura, Polia obscurum: see Nemertes obscura Desor, 1848, and Tetrastemma
obscurum Schultze, 1851
Polia oculata Delle Chiaje, 1828
Delle Chiaje, 1828: 172, 177, 181, pl. 43, fig. 8, pl. 44, fig. 1
Synonyms: Omatoplea polii
Habitat: Marine benthic.
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R. Gibson
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Carus (1885: 167) suggested that this form might be the same as Nemertes
antonina, but Bfirger (1904a: 77) included it with a group of dubious
nemertean taxa under its original name.
Polia opaca Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:202-203
Synonyms: Nemertes opaca
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: France (near St. Vaast).
Included by Bfirger (1904a: 101) as a junior synonym of Lineus tuber (Mfiller,
1774).
Polia pulchella Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:214-215
Synonyms: Oerstedia pulchella
Habitat: Intertidal among coralline and other small algae.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily and Naples).
Bfirger (1904a: 57) in part synonymised this species with Prostoma
melanocephalum melanocephalum, now Tetrastemma melanocephalum
(Johnston, 1837), in part (ibid.: 61) with Prostoma coronatum, now
Tetrastemma coronatum (Quatrefages, 1846).
Polia punctata Delle Chiaje, 1828
Delle Chiaje, 1828: 172, 177, 181, pl. 43, figs 7, 11
Synonyms: Nemertes punctata, Omatoplea punctata
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Listed with a group of dubious nemertean taxa by Biirger (1904a: 77).
Polia purpurea Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:210-211
Habitat: Intertidal in rock crevices.
Distribution: France (Br6hat).
Quatrefages uncertainly listed Borlasia purpurea sensu Johnston and Nemertes
purpurea sensu ~rsted as possibly synonymous with his species, but Bfirger
(1904a: 131) concluded that Quatrefages' taxon differed from the other two
and included it, as Polia sp., among a group of dubious nemertean taxa.
Polia pusilla Delle Chiaje, 1841
Delle Chiaje, 1841:126
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Carus (1885: 164) suggested that this form might be synonymous with
Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828), but Bfirger (1904a: 78) included it
with a group of dubious nemertean taxa.
Polia quadrioculata: see Planaria quadrioculata Johnston, 1828
Polia rhomboidalis Stimpson, 1855
Stimpson, 1855b: 390
Synonyms: Polina rhomboidal&
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Australia (Port Jackson, New South Wales).
Now Amphiporus rhomboidalis (Stimpson, 1855) (Bfirger (1904a: 45),
identified as a nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461); Whitelegge
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(1889: 44) included Polia rhomboidalis in the palaeonemertean family
Carinellidae (now Tubulanidae), whilst Gibson (1978: table 1), based on
Bfirger's inclusion (1895a: 503) of Polia as synonymous with Eupolia (now
Baseodiscus), erroneously included Stimpson's taxon in the Anopla.
Polia rosea Delle Chiaje, 1841
Delle Chiaje, 1841: 126
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 15 30 m.
Distribution: English Channel and the Mediterranean.
Now Cerebratulus roseus (Delle Chiaje, 1841) (Hubrecht, 1879:218).
Polia sanguirubra Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 208-209, pl. 11, figs III, vii, pl. 12, fig. I
Synonyms: Nemertes haematodes, Tetrastemma sanguirubrum
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast, St. Malo and Br6hat).
Synonymised with Tetrastemmaflavidum Ehrenberg, 1828, by Hubrecht (1879:
227).
Polia siphunculus Delle Chiaje, 1825
Delle Chiaje, 1825: 406, 427, pl. 28, figs 1-3
Synonyms: Meckelia siphunculus, Polia sipunculus: not Planaria siphunculus
Delle Chiaje, 1828
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Hubrecht (1879:211), Carus (1885:160) and Vaillant (1890: 600) regarded this
form as synonymous with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, but Biirger
(1904a: 128) rejected this synonymy and included it with a group of dubious
heteronemertean taxa.
Polia tetrophthalma DeUe Chiaje, 1841
Delle Chiaje, 1841:110
Synonyms: Tetrastemma tetrophthalma
Habitat: In the mantle cavity of Ascidea mammellata.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Carus (1885: 166) uncertainly included this species as synonymous with
Tetrastemma kefersteinii (Marion, 1869), but Biirger (1904a: 64) listed it under
Prostoma flavidum, now Tetrastemma flavidum Ehrenberg, 1828.
Polia vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:214
Synonyms:
Borlasia vermiculus, Nemertes vermiculus, Polia vermiculata,
?Prostoma flagellatum, Prostoma vermiculus, Prostoma vermiculus
catenulatum, Prostoma vermiculus solium, Prostoma vermiculus vermiculus,
Prostomatella vermicula, Prostomatella vermiculus, Tetrastemma catenulatum,
?Tetrastemma flagellatum, Tetrastemma vermicula, Tetrastemma vermiculatum,
Tetrastemma vermiculum, Tetrastemma vermiculum catenulatum, Tetrastemma
vermiculus var. catenulatum, Tetrastemma vermiculus var. solium
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 40-50m, under rocks
and stones, among bryozoans, ascidians, hydroids and algae on rocks or pier
pilings, or in laminarian holdfasts.
Distribution: The Mediterranean, Madeira, British Isles, Scandinavia, the
Atlantic coast of North America (Bay of Fundy, ME to FL) and the Gulf
coast of the USA.
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Now Tetrastemma vermiculus (Quatrefages, 1846) (Diesing, 1862: 290); two
varieties of the form have been described, var. catenulatum by Verrill, 1892:
408, pl. XXXIV, fig. 12, pl. XXXV, fig. 11, and var. solium by Bfirger, 1895a:
590, pl. 3, fig. 18, pl. 8, figs 6a, b, pl. 29, figs 57-59. Montgomery (1897: ll)
included Verrill's variety as a distinct species, Tetrastemma catenulatum, but
Bfirger (1904a: 62-63) listed three subspecies, catenulatum, solium and
vermiculus, under the species Prostoma vermiculus. Transferred to the genus
Prostomatella by Friedrich (1935a: 340) but later uncertainly returned to
Tetrastemma by Friedrich (1955: 169), Kirsteuer (1963: 590-591, fig. 32)
briefly redescribed it as a distinct species.
Polia violacea Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:210
Synonyms: Omatoplea violacea, Ommatoplea violacea
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: France (St. Vaast).
Synonymised with Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) by Hubrecht
(1879: 222).
Polia xanthopila Giard, 1888
Giard, 1888:496
Synonyms: Eunemertes xanthophila
Habitat: Marine, found living on the crab Xanthoflorida.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of France (near Concarneau).
Synonymised with Carcinonemertes carcinophila (K611iker, 1845) by Humes
(1942: 16).
Polina Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:164
Occasionally emended to Polinia, Verrill (1892: 387) used Polina as a subgenus of
Amphiporus, with which it was synonymised by Biirger (1904a: 34).
Polina cervicalis Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:165
Habitat: Intertidal, under stones or among mussels.
Distribution: North Pacific (coast of AK, Aleutian Is. and Japan [Hokkaido and
Honshu]).
Now Amphiporus cervicalis (Stimpson, 1857) (Bfirger (1904a: 39), listed as a
nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 457).
Polina glutinosa Verrill, 1873
Verrill, 1873a: 324, 631, pl. XIX, fig. 97
Synonyms: Polinia glutinosa
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 12m, in pools, creeping among
algae or hydroids, on pilings and timbers of wharves or bridges, on buoys or
on muddy, sandy, shelly or gravelly sediments; also found in brackish water in
oyster or eel grass beds.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (CT and MA).
Verrill (1892: 397) transferred the taxon to the genus Ampldporus, whilst Coe
(1943: 282) included Amphiporus glutinosus as a junior synonym of
Amphiporus griseus (Stimpson, 1855). Gibson and Crandall (1989: 458-459),
however, listed Amphiporus glutinosns (Verrill, 1873) as a nomen dubium with
the comment that 'The synonymy between these taxa established by Coe ...
ultimately depends upon, first, whether or not Montgomery's (1897)
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identification of A. glutinosus was correct and, second, the similarities in
external appearance between the two species noted by Verrill (1892).
Montgomery's (1897: pl. 1, fig. 13) illustration of the eye pattern, however, is
sufficiently different from that depicted by Verrill (1892: fig. 3) that some
doubt must exist as to whether these figures are of the same taxon ... This
doubt, coupled with the inadequacy of Stimpson's (1855) and Verrill's (1873)
original descriptions, suggests that both taxa should be regarded as of dubious
validity. Amphiporus glutinosus sensu Montgomery (1897) and A. griseus sensu
Coe (1943), however, do appear to be conspecific.'
Polina grisea: see Polia grisea Stimpson, 1855
Polina rhomboidalis: see Polia rhomboidalis Stimpson, 1855
Poliopsis Joubin, 1890 HETERONEMERTEA
Joubin, 1890:521
Marine benthic.
*Poliopsis lacazei Joubin, 1890
Joubin, 1890: 521-532, pl. XXV, figs 3, 4, pl. XXIX, figs 1 12
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 45-200 m, under boulders in the surf
zone or dredged from sand, clay or shell sediments.
Distribution:
British Isles (Plymouth region), France (near Calais), the
Mediterranean, Indian Ocean (Mauritius) and the Pacific coast of Chile.
In the caption to pl. XXV the generic name is incorrectly spelt Polyopsis; the
species name was first used, as a nomen nudum, by Joubin (1889: 232).
Polybrachiorhynchus Gibson, 1977 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1977:553
Marine benthic.
*Polybrachiorhynchus dayi Gibson, 1977
Gibson, 1977: 554-570, table 1, figs 1-11
Habitat: Intertidal, burrowed in sand banks or in mud of Zostera beds.
Distribution: South Africa (Durban Bay and near the mouth of the Breede
River).
Polydendrorhynchus Yin and Zeng, 1988 H E T E R O N E M E R T E A
Yin and Zeng, 1988:177-178
Marine benthic.
*Polydendrorhynchus papillaris Yin and Zeng, 1988
Yin and Zeng, 1988: 178-186, table 1, text-figs 1-5, pl. I, figs 1-9, pl. II, figs 1-8
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: People's Republic of China (Zhanjiang).
(Polygordius Schneider, 1868)
Schneider, 1868:51
A valid genus of annelids, one species was erroneously included as a nemertean
but subsequently correctly relocated.
Polygordius pulchellus: see Nareda pulchella Girard, 1893
Polyhopla Diesing, 1862
Diesing, 1862:296-297
A genus of dubious validity, according to Bfirger (1904a: 78).
Polyhopla nemertes Diesing, 1862
Diesing, 1862:297
Synonyms: Nemertes polyhopla
Habitat: Freshwater.
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Distribution: Nicaragua (Lake Nicaragua).
Diesing, with no explanation, changed about the name Nemertes polyhopla
originally given to this species by Schmarda (1859); Biirger (1904a: 77-78)
regarded it as being of dubious validity.
Polyschista Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925:97
Marine benthic.
Polyschista curafaoensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925: 97-100, text-fig. 1, pl. V, fig. 1, pl. VI, figs 1-4
Habitat: Between growths of the coral Poritesfurcata.
Distribution: Curagao (Spanish Water).
This species should be known as *Polyschista curacaoensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff,
1925.
Polystemma Ehrenberg, 1828
Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. IV, figs I, II
Verrill (1892: 388) both synonymised this name with Amphiporus and used it as a
subgenus to include five species, Amphiporus glutinosus, Amphiporus griseus,
Amphiporus iactifloreus, Amphiporus ochraceus and Amphiporus roseus.
Polystemma adriaticum Ehrenberg, 1828
Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. IV, figs Ia-g
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Trieste).
Ehrenberg's description of this species was given in 1831 (p. 58). Hubrecht
(1879: 222) synonymised it with Amphiporus lactifloreus, but Biirger (1904a:
49) listed it as Amphiporus adriaticus (Ehrenberg, 1828), identified as a nomen
clubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 455).
Potystemma alba: see Borlasia atba Thompson, 1845
Polystemma albicans, Polystemma allicans: see Amphiporus albicans Ehrenberg,
1831
Polystemma armature: see Prostoma armatum Dug6s, 1830
Polystemma carneum: see Planaria carnea Rathke, 1799
Polystemma gracile: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837
Polystemma pellucidum Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:580
Synonyms: Omatoplea pellucida
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: In the Sound between Denmark and Sweden (near Helleboek).
Now Amphiporus pellucidus (Orsted, 1843) (Bfirger, 1904a: 48), listed as a
nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 461).
Polystemma pulchrum: see Nemertes pulchra Johnston, 1837
Polystemma pusillum Orsted, 1845
Orsted, 1845:418
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Norway (Kristianafjord).
Included by Bfirger (1904a: 132) with a group of dubious nemertean taxa.
Polystemma roseum: see Fasciola rosea Mfiller, 1774
Polystemma sinuosum Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:164
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Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 18 m among bivalve shells.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Now Amphiporus sinuosus (Stimpson, 1857) (Biirger, 1904a: 43), identified as a
nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 462).
Polystemma taeniatum: see Ommatoplea taeniata Ehrenberg, 1831
Pontolineus Miiller and Scripcariu, 1964 HETERONEMERTEA
Mfiller and Scripcariu, 1964:314
Marine benthic.
*Pontolineus arenarius Mfiller and Scripcariu, 1964
Mfiller and Scripcariu, 1964:314-317, text-fig. 1, pl. I, figs l-4, pl. II, figs 5-8, pl.
III, figs 9-11
Habitat: Intertidal in sand.
Distribution: Black Sea (Rumanian coast).
Poseidon Girard, 1852
Girard, 1852:186
Listed as a junior synonym of the heteronemertean genus Lineus by Verrill (1892:
417).
Poseidon affinis Stimpson, 1854
Stimpson, 1854:28
Synonyms: Nemertes affinis, Polia affinis
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 10-300 m or more, under
stones.
Distribution:
Atlantic coast of North America (off Nova Scotia to
Massachusetts Bay, MA and Cape Cod, MA); sublittoral in the southern part
of its range.
Now Micrura affinis (Stimpson, 1854) (Verrill, 1879: 186).
Poseidon colei Girard, 1852
Girard, 1852:186
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA).
Synonymised with Lineus tuber (Mfiller, 1774) by Bfirger (1904a: 101).
Poseidonemertes Kirsteuer, 1967 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Kirsteuer, 1967:121
An amended diagnosis was given by Kirsteuer (1974: 164-165).
Marine benthic.
Poseidonemertes bothwellae Gibson, 1982
Gibson, 1982d: 270 277, table 2, figs 1-4
Habitat: Intertidal from coral boulder covered with small algae and hydroids.
Distribution: Australia (Heron Is., off Queensland).
Poseidonemertes caribensis Kirsteuer, 1974
Kirsteuer, 1974: 153-159, 165, tables I, II, figs 1-34
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral depths of not more than 2m,
from Thalassia on rocks and dead corals covered with algal epigrowth.
Distribution: Caribbean (Jamaica, Bahamas, Barbados, Panama and British
Honduras).
Poseidonemertes collaris Roe and Wickham, 1984
Roe and Wickham, 1984:60 68, table 1, figs 1 12
Habitat: Intertidal in muddy sand.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA).
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R. Gibson
*Poseidonemertes gondwanae Kirsteuer, 1967
Kirsteuer, 1967: 116-121, figs 1C-E, 4
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 20m in mud mixed with sand.
Distribution: Madagascar (Bay of Ambanoro).
Potamonemertes
Moore
and
Gibson,
1973
HOPLONEMERTEA
MONOSTILIFERA
Moore and Gibson, 1973: 142, tables 1, 2
Freshwater.
Potamonemertes gibsoni Hickman and Moore, 1990
Hickman and Moore, 1990: 51-55, table 2, pl. 1, figs A, B, pl. 2, figs A, B, pl. 3,
figs A. B., pl. 4, figs A, B, pl. 5, figs A, B
Habitat: In sandy gravel.
Distribution: Tasmania (Great Lake, Arthurs Lake, Lake Sorell, Lake Pedder
and Giblin River).
*Potamonemertes percivali Moore and Gibson, 1973
Moore and Gibson, 1973: 142-156, figs 1-10
Habitat: In gravel beds or mixed gravel and clay.
Distribution: New Zealand (Selwyn River, South Is.).
Praealbonemertes Cantell, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA
Cantell, 1993:63-64
Marine benthic.
*Praealbonemertes whangateaunienses Cantell, 1993
Cantell, 1993: 63-69, figs 1-11
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones or in sand mixed with mud.
Distribution: New Zealand (North and South Is.).
Proarmaueria Coe, 1926 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1926:184-185
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Proarmaueria korotkevitschae Chernuishev, 1992
Chernuishev, 1992b: 4
Synonyms: Mesarmaueria pellucida: not Proarmaueria pellucida Coe, 1926
Habitat: Recovered from depths of 512-1500 m.
Distribution: Sea of Okhotsk.
Coe (1954: 263) transferred Proarmaueria pellucida Coe, 1926, to the genus
Armaueria, but Chernuishev (1992b: 4) included it under its original name as
the type-species for Proarmaueria; Chernuishev also listed Korotkevich's
Mesarmaueria pellucida (1955) as a member of the genus Proarmaueria, in
consequence having to change its name to Proarmaueria korotkevitschae.
*Proarmaueria pellucida Coe, 1926
Coe, 1926: 185-192, text-figs lh, 7E, 9B, 24, 25C, 29B, pl. 20, figs 120-124, pl.
21, figs 125-132, pl. 22, figs 133 138, pl. 23, figs 139-143
Synonyms: Armaueria pellucida
Habitat: Taken between the surface and a depth of 600 m.
Distribution: North Pacific (between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kuril Is.).
Proarmaueriella Chernuishev, 1992 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Chernuishev, 1992b: 6
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Proarmaueriella caudata: see Mesarmaueria cauclata Korotkevich, 1955
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Probalaenanemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1917b: 122
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Probalaenanemertes irenae Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 287-288, text-figs 64, 65
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes irenae
Habitat: Taken in a vertical haul from a depth of 1000m to the surface.
Distribution: South Atlantic (west of the Cape of Good Hope).
Korotkevich (1955:113, 1977b: 18) listed this form as Pelagonemertes irenae.
Probalaenanemertes wijnhoffi Brinkmann, 1917
Brinkmann, 1917b: 122-124, pl. XII, figs 16 21
Synonyms: Pelagonemertes wijnhoffi
Habitat: Obtained from a depth of about 800 m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (near the Reykjanes Ridge).
Korotkevich (1955: 110, 1977b: 18) included this species as Pelagonemertes
wijnhoffi; named after Dr Gerarda Wijnhoff, this form should correctly be
known as *Probalaenanemertes wijnhoffae Brinkmann, 1917.
Procarinina Bergendal, 1902
Bergendal, 1902b: 422
Hylbom (1957: 565) included this taxon as a junior synonym of the genus
Carinina.
Procarinina atavia Bergendal, 1902
Bergendal, 1902b: 422-432, figs 1-5
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 55-65 m on muddy clay.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord).
Now Carinina atavia (Bergendal, 1902) (Hylbom, 1954: 541).
Procarmina buddenbrocki Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935a: 295-300, fig. 1
Habitat: Intertidal in yellow muddy clay.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Now Carinina buddenbrocki (Friedrich, 1935) (Hylbom, 1957: 541).
Procarinina remanei Nawitzki, 1931
Nawitzki, 1931: 162-231, figs 1-29
Habitat: Subtittoral from depths of 7 -12 m with sea grasses or in yellow muddy
clay,
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Now Carinina remanei (Nawitzki, 1931) (Hylbom, 1957: 541).
Procephalothrix Wijnhoff, 1913 ARCHINEMERTEA
Wijnhoff, 1913:294-295
An amended diagnosis of the genus was given by Junoy and Gibson (1991:186).
The generic name has been emended to Procephalotrix in isolated instances.
Marine benthic.
Procephalotrix adriatica Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 61-63, pl. 2, fig. 12
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
This species should be known as Procephalothrix adriatica Senz, 1993.
Procephalothrix aliena, Procephalotrix aliena: see Cephalothrix aliena
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R. Gibson
Punnett, 1903
Procephaiothrix arenarius Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 38 44, text-figs 2, 3, pl. 1, figs A-I
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 12 m, in medium to coarse shelly sand
or under stones buried in Crassostrea debris.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Procephalothrixfasciculus Iwata, 1952
Iwata, 1952: 130-131, figs 2, 8
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stone on a stony beach.
Distribution: Japan (Kyushu).
*Procephalothrix filiformis: see Planaria filiformis Johnston, 1828
Procephaiothrix hermaphroditicus Gibson, S~nchez and M~ndez, 1990
Gibson et al., 1990: 279-287, table 1, figs 1-15
Habitat: Intertidal, crawling among mussel communities or under boulders on
coarse sand or sand enriched with organic detritus.
Distribution: Southern Chile (Cocholgue and near Metri).
Procephalothrix kiliensis Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935a: 301-305, figs 3-6
Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 2 15 m, between Zostera roots or in sand or
mud.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Procephalothrix major, Procephalotrix major: see Cephalothrix major Coe, 1930
Procephalothrix mokievskii Korotkevich, 1982
Korotkevich, 1982: 21-25, figs 8-15
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Russia (southern Sakhalin).
Procephalothrix oestrymnicus Junoy and Gibson, 1991
Junoy and Gibson, 1991: 186-190, table 1, figs 1-10
Habitat: Intertidal under boulders in coarse sand.
Distribution: Northwestern Spain (Galicia).
Procephalothrix orientalis Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 44-49, text-figs 4, 5, pl. 2, figs A - G
Habitat: Intertidal in mud at the margins of mangrove stands.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Procephalothrix quequenensis Moretto, 1974
Moretto, 1974a: 9-12, figs 1-6
Habitat: On the fronds or between the holdfasts of Ceramium.
Distribution: Argentina (Quequ6n).
Procephalothrix simulus Iwata, 1952
Iwata, 1952:132
Synonyms: Cephalothrix linearis (in part)
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, under stones or among
laminarian holdfasts.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido and Kyushu).
Procephaiothrix spiralis: see Cephalothrix spiralis Coe, 1930
Proneurotes Montgomery, 1897 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Montgomery, 1897:4-6
Marine benthic.
Proneurotes baltica Friedrich, 1940
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491
Friedrich, 1940a: 247-251
Habitat: Among polychaetes.
Distribution: Baltic Sea.
*Proneurotes multioculatus Montgomery, 1897
Montgomery, 1897: 4-6, pl. 1, figs 12, 20, 27
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal among hydroids growing on pier pilings.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (N J).
(Prorhynchus Schultze, 1851)
Schultze, 1851:60
Originally established as a genus of freshwater nemerteans and regarded as such
by some earlier authors, the two species included in the taxon as nemerteans
(Prorhynchus stagnalis Schultze, 1851; Prorhynchus tenuis Girard, 1893) are in
fact turbellarians.
Prosadenoporus Bfirger, 1890 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Biirger, 1890:29
Emended to Prosadenophorus in some of the older literature, the genus was
recently redefined by Moore and Gibson (1988: 82) with the comment that for
the present it must be regarded as a monotypic taxon.
Marine benthic.
*Prosadenoporus arenarius Biirger, 1890
Biirger, 1890: 30-31, pl. VI, fig. 106, pl. VIII, fig. 145
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Java Sea (Noordwachter Is. off Sulawesi) and Pulau Bidan (off the
Malay Peninsula).
Redescribed by Moore and Gibson (1988: 76-82, figs 1-18).
Prosadenoporus badio-vagatus Biirger, 1890
B/.irger, 1890: 31, pl. I, fig. 14, pl. V, figs 96, 97, pl. VI, fig. 102, pl. VIII, fig. 146,
pl. IX, fig. 171
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Banda Sea (Ambon).
Now Prosadenoporus badiovagatus B/Jrger, 1890 (B/irger, 1904a: 31), identified
as a nomen dubium by Moore and Gibson (1988: 83) with the comment that
'Apart from size and colour, no distinctive difference from the type-species was
reported'.
Prosadenoporus buergeri Punnett, 1903
Punnett, 1903b: l l l - l l 2
Synonyms: Prosadenophorus buergeri
Habitat: Intertidal, under stones in the boulder zone of a coral reef.
Distribution: Laccadive Is. and Wasin (East Africa).
Identified as a nomen dubium by Moore and Gibson 0988: 83) with the
comment that further studies provided 'no ... evidence to support the
recognition of P. buergeri as a valid species'.
Prosadenoporusjanthinus Biirger, 1890
Biirger, 1890: 31-32, pl. I, figs 15, 15a, pl. VI, fig. 101, pl. VII, fig. 142, pl. X, fig.
186
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Java Sea (Noordwachter Is. off Sulawesi).
Listed as a nomen dubium by Moore and Gibson (1988: 83).
Prosadenoporus oleaginus Bfirger, 1890
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492
R. Gibson
Bfirger, 1890:32
Habitat: Burrowed in sand.
Distribution: Java Sea (Noordwachter Is. off Sulawesi).
Identified as a nomen dubium by Moore and Gibson (1988: 83).
Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Keferstein, 1862:55
In much of the older literature the name is emended to Phrosorochmus or
Prosorochmus; the genus was redefined by Gibson and Moore (1985: 146-147).
Marine benthic.
Prosorhochmus adriatica Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 132-135, pl. 9, figs 75 78
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (near Venice on the coast of Italy).
Prosorhochmus albidus: see Tetrastemma albidum Coe, 1905
Prosorhochmus americanus Gibson, Moore, Ruppert and Turbeville, 1986
Gibson et al., 1986: 328-335, text-fig. 1, pl. I, figs a-g, pl. II, figs a-e
Habitat: Intertidal on isolated boulders embedded in sand or under Crassostrea
valves.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC).
Prosorochmus bistriatus Bfirger, 1892
Biirger, 1892b: 325-326, pl. XVI, fig. 3
Synonyms: Prosorhochmus bistriatus
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral.
Distribution: The Mediterranean Sea.
Synonymised with Nemertopsis bivittata (Delle Chiaje, 1841) by BiJrger
(1904a: 26).
Prosorhochmus claparkdii Keferstein, 1862
Keferstein, 1862: 61-63, pl. VI, figs 1-5
Synonyms: ?Nemertes fumosa, Phrosorochmus claparedii, Planaria flava, ?Polia
fumosa, Prosorhochmus claparedei, Prosorhochmus claparedi, Prosorhochmus
delagei, Prosorhochmus korotneffi, Prosorochmus claparedei, Prosorochmus
claparedii, Prosorochmus delagei, Prosorochmus korotneffi, ?Tetrastemma
fumosum
Habitat: Predominantly intertidal and extending almost to the supralittoral
fringe, occasionally shallow water sublittoral, under stones in sand or in rock
crevices.
Distribution: Mediterranean (France and Italy), Atlantic coasts of France and
the British Isles; possibly also the Black Sea.
Correctly known as *Prosorhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862, the species
was redescribed by Gibson and Moore (1985: 147-156, text-figs 1, 2, pl. I, figs
a i, pl. II, figs a-h, pl. III, figs a f).
Prosorochmus delagei Oxner, 1907
Oxner, 1907a: LXIII-LXIX, table I, figs 3 6
Synonyms: Prosorhochmus delagei
Habitat: Under stones.
Distribution: French coast of the English Channel (near Roscoff).
Synonymised with Prosorhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862, by Gibson and
Moore (1985: 159).
Prosorhochmus korotneffi Bfirger, 1895
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Bfirger, 1895a: 554-555, pl. 2, fig. 8, pl. 9, fig. 9, pl. 23, fig. 14, pl. 27, figs 43, 46,
50, 54
Synonyms: Prosorochmus korotneffi
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral.
Distribution: Mediterranean coast of France (Villefranche).
Synonymised with Prosovhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862, by Gibson and
Moore (1985: 158).
Prosorhochmus obscurus: see Tetrastemma obscurum Schultze, 1851
Prosorhochmus subterraneus Friedrich, 1949
Friedrich, 1949:69
Habitat: Burrowed in sand.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Gibson and Moore (1985: 159) excluded this form from the genus
Prosorhochmus with the comment that 'future studies are needed to determine
which genus the form should be placed in'.
Prosorhochmus viviparus: see Borlasia vivipara Ulyanina, 1870
Prostoma Dug6s, 1828 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Dug6s, 1828:140
For long the generic names Prostoma and Tetrastemma were regarded as
synonymous, but since Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 219) restricted the use of the
name Prostoma for freshwater species, marine and brackish-water taxa have
either been included in the genus Tetrastemma or transferred to other genera;
Diesing (1850: 236) emended the name to Prostomum.
Freshwater.
Prostoma albolineatum Timofeeva, 1912
Timofeeva, 1912: 37-38, fig. 6
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 5-50 m with hydroids and bryozoans.
Distribution: Mediterranean coast of France (Villefranche).
This inadequately described species should be known as Tetrastemma
albolineatum (Timofeeva, 1912).
Prostoma ambigua, Prostoma ambiguum: see Tetrastemma ambiguum Riches, 1893
Prostoma amphiporoides: see Tetrastemma amphiporoides Bfirger, 1893
Prostoma antarcticum: see Tetrastemma antarcticum Bfirger, 1893
Prostoma armatum Dug6s, 1830
Dug6s, 1830:74
Synonyms:
Omatoplea armata, Polystemma armatum: not Polia armata
Quatrefages, 1846
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Mediterranean.
Synonymised with Emplectonema echinoderma (Marion, 1873), with some
reservation, by Biirger (1904a: 23).
Prostoma asensoriatum: see Stichostemma asensoriatum Montgomery, 1896
Prostoma aseptata Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935c: 17-18, fig. 3c
Habitat: In Zostera beds.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Now Tetrastemma aseptata (Friedrich, 1935) (Friedrich, 1955: 169).
Prostoma assimile: see Tetrastemma assimile Orsted, 1844
Prostoma baculus: see Polia baculus Quatrefages, 1846
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R. Gibson
Prostoma beaumonti Southern, 1913
Southern, 1913:17 18, pl. I, figs 3A E
Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from gravel and sand sediments at depths of 3-20 m.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of Ireland.
Now Tetrastemma beaumonti (Southern, 1913) (Gibson, 1982b: 158);
Southern suggested that Beaumont's records (1895a,b) of Tetrastemma
eandidum (Mtiller, I774) from the Isle of Man may refer to this species.
Prostoma biancestro Delle Chiaje, 1841
Delle Chiaje, 1841:111
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Not recorded.
Listed by Bfirger (1904a: 64) as a junior synonym of Prostoma candidum, now
Tetrastemma candidum (Mi~ller, 1774).
Prostoma bioculatum: see Tetrastemma bioculatum Orsted, 1843
Prostoma bipeltatum Timofeeva, 1912
Timofeeva, 1912: 38-39, fig. 8
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 50 m among bryozoans.
Distribution: Mediterranean coast of France (Villefranche).
This poorly described species should now be known as Tetrastemma
bipeltatum (Timofeeva, 1912).
Prostoma bistriatum Timofeeva, 1912
Timofeeva, 1912: 36, fig. 3
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 16-18 m.
Distribution: Mediterranean coast of France (Villefranche).
Inadequately described, this species should now be known as Tetrastemma
bistriatum (Timofeeva, 1912).
Prostoma brunnea Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935c: 16-17, fig. 3b
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Now Tetrastemma brunnea (Friedrich, 1935) (Friedrich, 1955: 168).
Prostoma buxeum: see Tetrastemma buxeum Biirger, 1895
Prostoma canadiensis Gibson and Moore, 1978
Gibson and Moore, 1978: 80-84, figs 1-6
Habitat: Freshwater, from depths of 3 20m on rock, mud, sand or gravel
sediments.
Distribution: Canada (Lake Huron).
Prostoma candidum: see Fasciola candida Miiller, 1774
Prostoma cassidens: see Oerstedia cassidens Marenzeller, 1886
Prostoma cephalophorum: see Tetrastemma cephalophorum Bfirger, 1895
Prostoma cerasinum: see Tetrastemma cerasinum Bfirger, 1895
Prostoma cisalpinum Vialli, 1926
Vialli, 1926:185-189
Habitat: In stagnant water or on the fronds of Ceratophillum.
Distribution: Italy (Brescia, Cremona and Lombardia).
Although Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 226) regarded this species as identical to
Prostoma eilhardi (Montgomery, 1894), Gibson and Moore (1976: 194)
concluded that the form was inadequately described and could neither be
synonymised with Montgomery's species nor be accepted as a valid taxon.
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Prostoma clepsinoides Dug+s, 1828
Dug6s, 1828: 140-141, pl. IV, fig. 1
Synonyms: Geonemertes clepsinoidea, Prostoma clepsinoideum, Prostomum
clepsinoideum, Tetrastemma clepsinoides
Habitat: Freshwater, under stones.
Distribution: France (Montpellier).
Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 226) included this form among a group of freshwater
nemerteans whose specific identity could not be confirmed and it was
invalidated by Gibson and Moore (1976: 194). A variety, Prostoma
clepsinoides var.putealis Beauchamp, 1932, is now known as Prostomaputeale.
Prostoma coronatum: see Polia coronata Quatrefages, 1846
Prostoma cruciatum: see Tetrastemma cruciatum Bfirger, 1895
Prostoma diadema: see Tetrastemma diadema Hubrecht, 1879
Prostoma dubium: see Tetrastemma dubium Orsted, 1845
Prostoma duboisi: see Tetrastemma duboisi Biirger, 1893
Prostoma dutoiti Wheeler, 1940
Wheeler, 1940a: 39-40, fig. 10
Habitat: Intertidal in a hole in soft limestone.
Distribution: South Africa (East London).
Now Tetrastemma dutoiti (Wheeler, 1940) (Wheeler, 1940b: 236).
Prostoma eilhardi: see Stichostemma eilhardi Montgomery, 1894
Prostoma elegans: see Hecate elegans Girard, 1852
Prostomafalsum: see Tetrastemmafalsum Bfirger, 1895
Prostomaflagellatum: see Tetrastemmaflagellatum Montgomery, 1897
Prostoma flavidum: see Tetrastemma flavidum Ehrenberg, 1828
Prostomafusum: see Tetrastemmafuscum Orsted, 1843
Prostoma georgianum: see Tetrastemma georgianum Bfirger, 1893
Prostoma glanduliferum: see Tetrastemma glanduliferum Biirger, 1895
Prostoma gracense, *Prostoma graecense, Prostoma grecense: see Tetrastemma
graecensis B6hmig, 1892
Prostoma gracilis: see Nemertes gracilis Johnston, 1837
Prostoma graeffei: see Otoloxorrhochma graeffei Diesing, 1863
Prostoma grande, Prostoma grandis: see Stichostemma grandis Ikeda, 1913
Prostoma gulliveri: see Tetrastemma gulliveri Biirger, 1893
Prostoma hansi: see Tetrastemma hansi Bfirger, 1893
Prostoma helvolum: see Tetrastemma helvolum Bfirger, 1895
Prostoma hercegovinense Tarman, 1961
Tarman, 1961:183-184
Habitat: Freshwater, in caves.
Distribution: Bosnia (near Zavala and Bileca).
Prostoma hermaphroditicum: see Borlasia hermaphroditica Keferstein, 1868
Prostoma herouardi Oxner, 1908
Oxner, 1908: 1-10, text-figs 1-3, pl. I, figs 1-4
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal on brown algae or the tunicate Dendrodoa
grossularia; found once on a ship hulk.
Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region) and the Channel coast of France
(Roscoff).
Now Tetrastemma herouardi (Oxner, 1908) (Marine Biological Association,
1957: 107).
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Prostoma hokkaidoensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1938
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1938:222
Synonyms: Prostoma hokkaidoense
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) noted that 'This species was attributed to
Ishizuka (1933) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938) ... yet Ishizuka, who had neither
suggested that his form was new nor used the name, stated quite clearly (p.
218) that " . . . the nemertean of Sapporo is probably referable to the European
species, P. gracense ..." Stiasny-Wijnhoff was totally unjustified both in
establishing a new specific name and in stating that it was referable to Ishizuka
and, under these circumstances, hokkaidoense is clearly not taxonomically
allowable'.
Prostoma humile: see Polia humilis Quatrefages, 1846
Prostoma incisum: see Tetrastemma incisum Stimpson, 1855
Prostoma interruptum: see Tetrastemma interruptum Biirger, 1895
Prostomajenningsi Gibson and Young, 1971
Gibson and Young, 1971: 122-126, table 1, text-fig. 1, pl. 1, figs a d
Habitat: Freshwater in marginal pond vegetation or in mud between plant roots
and basal leaves.
Distribution: England (Croston, Lancashire).
Prostoma kefersteinii: see Borlasia kefersteinii Marion, 1873
Prostoma knochii: see Nemertes knochii K611iker, 1845
Prostoma kolasai Gibson and Moore, 1976
Gibson and Moore, 1976: 204-207, figs 2, 3
Habitat: In freshwater lakes or greenhouse aquaria.
Distribution: Poland (Konin Lakes and a Poznan greenhouse).
Prostoma lactiflorea: see Planaria lactiflorea Johnston, 1828
Prostoma lacstre, Prostoma lacustre: see Tetrastemma lacustre du Plessis, 1892
Prostoma leonillae Oxner, 1908
Oxner, 1908: 10-16, table I, text-figs 4-8, pl. I, figs 5, 5A E
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal on algae.
Distribution: French coast of the English Channel (Roscoff).
This species should now be known as Tetrastemma leoniilae (Oxner, 1908).
Prostoma lombricoideum Dug6s, 1830
Dug+s, 1830:74
Synonyms:
Emea lumbricoides, Prostoma lumbricoideum, Tetrastemma
lumbricoides, Tetrastemma lumbricoideum
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: France (Lille and Montpellier) and Italy (Pavia).
Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 226) listed this form as a valid species; Gibson and
Moore (1976: 194), however, concluded that it was an inadequately described
taxon which could no longer be accepted.
Prostoma longissimum: see Tetrastemma longissimum Biirger, 1895
Prostoma maculatum Timofeeva, 1912
Timofeeva, 1912: 38, fig. 7
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 16 50m among Posidonia and bryozoans.
Distribution: Mediterranean coast of France (Villefranche).
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Although the generic name Prostoma is now replaced by Tetrastemma for
marine species, the name Tetrastemma maculaturn has previously been used by
Sumner (1894: 114) for a species which has since been uncertainly
synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806); Timofeeva's species
appears to be very different from that described by Sumner and also has a
colour pattern unlike any described for Oerstedia dorsalis. Prostoma
maculatum is accordingly here renamed Tetrastemma timofeevai comb. et nom.
nov.
Prostorna marionis: see Tetrastemma marionis Joubin, 1890
Prostorna melanocephala, Prostoma melanocephalurn, Prostoma melanocephalurn
rnelanocephalurn, Prostorna rnelanocephalurn suchurnicurn: see Nemertes
rnelanocephala Johnston, 1837
Prostorna mixture Timofeeva, 1912
Timofeeva, 1912: 36, fig. 4
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 5-18 m.
Distribution: France (Villefranche).
This species should now be known as Tetrastemma mixtum (Timofeeva, 1912).
Prostoma nigrifrons: see Tetrastemma nigrifrons Coe, 1904
Prostorna nirnbaturn: see Tetrastemma nimbatum Biirger, 1895
Prostoma obscura, Prostorna obscururn: see Tetrasternrna obscururn Schultze, 1851
Prostoma padanurn Pierantoni, 1926
Pierantoni, 1926: 436-440, figs 1-3
Synonyms: Prostorna padanus, Prostorna (Stichosternrna) padanus
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: Italy (branch of the River Po near Turin).
Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 227) retained this species as distinct but Gibson and
Moore (1976: 194) invalidated it as too poorly described.
Prostorna peltaturn: see Tetrastemrna peltatum Bfirger, 1895
Prostorna portus: see Tetrastemma portus Bfirger, 1895
Prostorna pulchra: see Nernertes pulchra Johnston, 1837
Prostoma pttteale Beauchamp, 1932
Beauchamp, 1932: 269-273, fig. 1
Synonyms: Prostorna clepsinoides var. putealis, Prostorna putealis
Habitat: Freshwater in rivers.
Distribution: France and Switzerland.
Originally described as a variety of Prostoma clepsinoides, Gibson and Moore
(1976:211) included it as a valid species under the name Prostoma puteale.
Prostoma quadrioculata: see Planaria quadrioculata Johnston, 1828
Prostorna quadripunctata, Prostoma quadripunctatum: see Borlasia quadripunctata
Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Prostorna quadristriaturn: see Tetrastemma quadristriaturn Langerhans, 1880
Prostorna quatrefagesi Bfirger, 1904
Btirger, 1904a: 67
Synonyms: Oerstedia arrnaturn, Polia armata, Tetrastemrna armaturn
Habitat: Marine benthic, sublittoral from shelly gravel.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily) and the British Isles (Plymouth).
B/.irger renamed Polia arrnata Quatrefages, 1846, as distinct from Prostorna
armaturn Dug6s, 1830, including Polia armata sensu Quatrefages (1849),
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Oerstedia armata sensu Diesing (1850) and Tetrastemma armatum sensu Joubin
(1894) as synonyms; Prostoma quatrefagesi is now Tetrastemma quatrefagesi
(Bfirger, 1904) (Marine Biological Association, 1957: 107).
Prostoma robertianae: see Tetrastemma robertianae Mclntosh, 1873 1874
Prostoma rubrum: see Emea rubra Leidy, 1850
Prostoma schultzei: see Tetrastemma schultzei Czerniavsky, 1880
Prostoma scutelliferum: see Tetrastemma scutelliferum Bfirger, 1895
Prostoma sebethis Monticelli, 1910
Monticelli, 1910a: 33
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: Italy (Sebeto).
Briefly referred to as a new species in both his 1910a and 1910b: 367, articles,
Monticelli did not describe the form until 1916: 401-410, pl. 16, figs 1-8;
Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 222) included it in a table of Prostoma records, but
Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) concluded that it was too poorly characterised
to be accepted as a valid species.
Prostoma simplex Timofeeva, 1912
Timofeeva, 1912: 39, fig. 9
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 35-40m.
Distribution: France (Villefranche).
This species should be known as Tetrastemma simplex (Timofeeva, 1912).
Prostoma spectaeutum Yamaoka, 1940
Yamaoka, 1940b: 16-17, fig. 3
Habitat: Intertidal in rock crevices or in dry clay-sand sediments.
Distribution: Russia (Ryukyu Is.) and Hong Kong.
Redescribed as Pantinonemertes spectaculum (Yamaoka, 1940) by Gibson
(1990c: 173-183, table 8, text fig. 32, pl. 3, fig. G, pl. 31, figs A-F, pl. 32, figs
A H).
Prostoma stigmatum: see Tetrastemma stigmatum Stimpson, 1857
Prostoma subpellucidum: see Tetvastemma subpellucidum (}rsted, 1843
Prostoma suhmi B/irger, 1904
Bfirger, 1904a: 66
Synonyms: Tetrastemma fuscum (partita)
Habitat: Found on the abdomen of a crab, Nautilograpsus minutus.
Distribution: North Atlantic (Sargasso Sea).
To distinguish between Tetrastemmafitscum Orsted, 1843, and Tetrastemma
fuscum sensu Willemoes-Suhm, 1874, Biirger renamed the latter Prostoma
suhmi; comments about this form by Humes (1942) suggest that it must be
regarded as a nomen dubium although, as a marine taxon, under the name
Tetrastemma suhmi (Biirger, 1904).
Prostoma turanicum: see Tetrastemma turanicum Fedchenko, 1872
Prostoma tutus Monastero, 1930
Monastero, 1930: 59-60, text-fig. 8, pl. fig. 8
Habitat: Marine intertidal.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
This form should be known as Tetrastemma tutus (Monastero, 1930).
Prostoma unicolor: see Oerstedia unicolor Hubrecht, 1879
Prostoma unilineatum: see Tetrastemma unilineatum Joubin, 1910
Prostoma validum: see Tetrastemma validum B/irger, 1893
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Prostoma vastum: see Tetrastemma vastum Bfirger, 1895
Prostoma vermiculus, Prostoma vermiculus catenulatum, Prostoma vermiculus
solium, Prostoma vermiculus vermiculus: see Polia vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846
Prostoma verrilli Bfirger, 1904
Bfirger, 1904a: 58
Synonyms: Tetrastemma roseum
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 40 m
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (off Rhode Is., RI).
Biirger renamed Tetrastemma roseum Verrill, 1892, as distinct from Nemertes
roseus K611iker, 1845, which he provisionally synonymised with Prostoma
helvolum; Coe (1943: 291) confusingly used the name Tetrastemma roseum in
his key to North American Atlantic coast tetrastemmids, but briefly described
it (pp. 294-295) under its current name Tetrastemma verrilli (Biirger, 1904)
with Tetrastemma roseum listed as a junior synonym.
Prostoma viera Timofeeva, 1912
Timofeeva, 1912: 37, fig. 5
Itabitat: Subtittoral from a depth of 150 m.
Distribution: France (Villefranche).
This species should be known as Tetrastemma viera (Timofeeva, 1912).
Prostoma viperula Timofeeva, 1912
Timofeeva, 1912:38
Habitat: Intertidal among Posidonia.
Distribution: France (Villefranche).
This form should be known as Tetrastemma viperula (Timofeeva, 1912).
Prostoma vittatum: see Tetrastemma vittata Verrill, 1874
Prostoma vittigerum Bfirger, 1904
Biirger, 1904a: 59-60
Synonyms: Amphiporus vittatus (partim), Oerstedia vittata, Prostoma vittigerum
filosum, Prostoma vittigerum granulatum, Prostoma vittigerum granulosum,
Tetrastemma vittatum (partita)
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 30-40 m, with Cystosira
barbata or in sandy detritus with Vidalia volubilis and Udotea desfontainii.
Distribution: France (Roscoff, Banyuls, Port Vendres and Villefranche), Italy
(Naples) and Croatia (Rovinj).
In order to distinguish between Oerstedia vittata Hubrecht, 1879, and
Tetrastemma vittata Verrill, 1874, which he regarded as different species,
Bfirger renamed Hubrecht's taxon, which has since been redescribed as
Tetrastemma vittigerum (Bfirger, 1904) by Kirsteuer (1963: 591-595, figs 25,
26B, 32). Oxner (1907b) distinguished two varieties of the species, which he
called Prostoma vittigerum granulatum Oxner, 1907b: LXXXIV-LXXXV
(giving the subspecific name as granulosum on p. LXXXVI and in the caption
to fig. 5) and Prostoma vittigerumfilosum Oxner, 1907b: LXXXV-LXXXVI,
fig. 6; neither of these subspecies can now be justifiably recognised as distinct.
Prostomatella Friedrich, 1935 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1935a: 340
Marine benthic.
*Prostomatella arenicola Friedrich, 1935
Friedrich, 1935a: 340
Habitat: Intertidal in fine sand.
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Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay) and the North Sea (Is. of Sylt).
Redescribed by Mock (1981:493 496, figs 1-3) and rediagnosed by
Norenburg (1986: 286).
Prostomatella enteroplecta Corr~a, 1954
Corr~a, 1954: 54-58, pl. 1l, figs 57-61, pl. 12, fig. 62
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, among algae and on antifouling
panels.
Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de S~,o Sebastiao and Ubatuba), Curacao and FL,
USA.
Redescribed as Tetvastemma enteroplecta (Corr~a, 1954) by Norenburg, 1986:
286-287.
Prostomatella merula Corr~a, 1954
Corr~a, 1954:59 62, pl. 12, figs 63-66
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow sublittoral, among algae and on antifouling
panels.
Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Sgo Sebasti~o) and FL, USA.
Redescribed as Tetrastemma merula (Corrfia, 1954) by Norenburg, 1986: 287.
Prostomatella obscura, Prostomatella obscurum: see Tetrastemma obscurum
Schultze, 1851
Prostomatella vermicula, Prostomatella vermiculus: see Polia vermiculus
Quatrefages, 1846
Prostomiopsis Friedrich, 1936 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Friedrich, 1936a: 39-40
Marine benthic.
*Prostomiopsis alba Friedrich, 1936
Friedrich, 1936a: 40, figs 12, 13
Habitat: Among sea grasses.
Distribution: Germany (Kiel Bay).
Protopelagonemertes Brinkmann, 1917 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Brinkmann, 1917b: 178
Marine, mesopelagic to abyssopelagic.
Protopelagonemertes beebei Coe, 1936
Coe, 1936: 101-102, pl. II, fig. 25, pl. V, fig. 34
Synonyms: Planktonemertes beebei
Habitat: Obtained from depths of between 1646-7200m.
Distribution: North Atlantic (Bermuda area) and North Pacific (east of the Kuril
Is. and near Isla de Guadaloupe).
Coe (1935: 315) first used this species name as a nomen nudum; Korotkevich
(1955: 65, 1977b: 16) listed it as Planktonemertes beebei.
*Protopelagonemertes hubrechti: see Bathynemertes hubrechti Brinkmann, 1917
Prot,'~pelagonemertesjoculatori Van der Spoel, 1988
Van der Spoel, 1988:147 151, figs 1 5
Habitat: Collected by trawl between depths of 400 500m.
Distribution: Banda Sea.
Psammamphiporus Gibson, 1989 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Gibson, 1989:357
Marine benthic.
*Psammamphiporus elongatus: see Amphiporus elongatus Stephenson, 1911
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501
Pseudobaseodiscus Senz, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA
Senz, 1993a: 111-112
Marine benthic.
*Pseudobaseodiscus nonsuleatus Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 112-115, pl. 7, figs 56-59
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Synonyms: Pseudobasedodiscus nonsulcatus
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
First referred to, as a nomen nudum, under the name Pseudobasedodiscus
nonsulcatus by Senz (1992a: 92).
Pseudocarcinonemertes Fleming and Gibson, 1 9 8 1 HOPLONEMERTEA
MONOSTILIFERA
Fleming and Gibson, 1981: 80-81, table II
Marine, ectosymbiont on lobsters.
*Pseudocarcinonemertes homari Fleming and Gibson, 1981
Fleming and Gibson, 1981: 81-87, table I, figs 1-16
Habitat: On the gills and egg masses of the American lobster, Homarus
americanus.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of Canada (Grand Manan, New Brunswick).
Pseudolineus Friedrich, 1960
Friedrich, 1960b: 55, 58
Friedrich proposed this genus for Lineus ramosus Islet, 1900, without referring to
the species under its new generic name. Since Riser (1991: 435) both noted that
Isler's taxon was a nomen dubium and suggested that it might belong in the genus
Notospermus, any reassignment of Lineus ramosus to another genus would be
premature until such time as additional material can be investigated;
Pseudolineus is accordingly here regarded as a junior synonym of Lineus.
Pseudonematon Hubrecht, 1883
Hubrecht, 1883:1
Listed by Bfirger (1904a: 129) among a group of dubious heteronemertean taxa.
Pseudonematon nervosum Hubrecht, 1883
Hubrecht, 1883: 1-17, pl. I, figs 1-7, pl. II, figs 8-11
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Arctic Ocean.
Biirger (1904a: 129) includes this taxon as a heteronemertean of dubious
validity.
Pterosoma Lesson, 1830
Lesson, 1830:254
Originally described as a mollusc, Moseley (1875b: 382) commented that 'there
seems little doubt that the animal seen and figured by Lesson was a Nemertine
and not a mollusk'.
Pterosoma plana Lesson, 1830
Lesson, 1830: 254, pl. III, figs 3, 3bis
Habitat: Marine pelagic.
Distribution: Found between the Moluccas and Papua New Guinea.
Moseley's conclusion (1875b: 382) that this was probably a species of pelagic
nemertean was accepted by Hubrecht (1887: 33-34), who (pl. VIII, figs 1, 2)
reproduced Lesson's original illustrations; if this form is a nemertean, as
appears probable, its taxonomic affiliations remain unknown.
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Ptychodes Diesing, 1863
Diesing, 1863:184
Bfirger (1904a: 50) pointed out that this generic name had previously (1835) been
used for a group of Coleoptera and listed Ptychodes sensu Diesing as a junior
synonym of Dvepanophorus.
Ptychodes splendida: see Borlasia splendida Keferstein, 1862
Punnettia Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926
H O P L O N E M E R T E A POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926:131
Marine benthic.
Punnettia eerina: see Drepanophorus cerinus Bfirger, 1890
*Punnettia hubreehti Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926:131 134, pl. II, figs 8, 9, pl. III, figs 10 13
Synonyms: Drepanophorus rubrostriatus (partim), Drepanophorus spectabilis
(partim)
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Punnettia maldivensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936:50 52, pl. I, figs 24, 25, pl. X, figs 5, 6
Synonyms: Drepanophorus cerinus (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 34m at a boundary between mud and
corals.
Distribution: Off the south coast of Timor.
Stiasny-Wijnhoff renamed Drepanophorus cerinus sensu Punnett (1903b) to
distinguish it from Drepanophorus cerinus Bi2rger, 1890, regarding the two
species as quite distinct.
Punnettia micrommata Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 57-59, text-fig. 21, pl. I, figs 29, 30, pl. XI, figs 4-7
Habitat: On a coral reef.
Distribution: West coast of Papua New Guinea.
Punnettia spectabilis: see Cerebratulus spectabilis Quatrefages, 1846
Punnettia splendida: see Borlasia splendida Keferstein, 1862
Punnettia timorensis Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1936: 46-50, text-fig. 16, pl. I, figs 22, 23, pl. X, figs 1-4
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 34 m.
Distribution: South coast of Timor.
Punnettia willeyana: see Drepanophorus willeyanus Punnett, 1900
Pussylineus Corr6a, 1956 H E T E R O N E M E R T E A
Corr~a, 1956:209
Marine benthic.
* Pussylineus gabriellae Corr~a, 1956
Corrfia, 1956:210 211, pl. 5, figs 21-24, pl. 6, figs 25-27
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to 10 m in coarse sand.
Distribution: Italy (Naples) and the Rumanian coast of the Black Sea.
Quasilineus Gibson, 1981 H E T E R O N E M E R T E A
Gibson, 1981a: 223 224, table 1
Marine benthic.
Quasilineus iucidoculatus Gibson, 1990
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Gibson, 1990b: 92, 96-105, table 1, text-figs 2, 3, pl. 1, figs A-G, pl. 2, figs A-G,
pl. 3, figs A - H
Habitat: Intertidal under boulder partially embedded in coarse sand.
Distribution: Australia (southern coast of Western Australia).
*Quasilineus pulcherrimus Gibson, 1981
Gibson, 1981a: 224-231, figs 32-36
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, creeping among Sargassum on coral boulders.
Distribution: Australia (Magnetic Is. off Queensland).
Quasilineus sin&us Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 91 98, text-fig. 13, pl. 3, fig. F, pl. 14, figs A-H, pl. 15, figs A-D
Habitat: Intertidal in shelly gravel, muddy sand or coarse silty sand under rocks.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Quatrefagea Diesing, 1862
Diesing, 1862:296
Bfirger (1904a: 78) regarded this as a genus of dubious validity.
Quatrefagea dubia: see Valencinia dubia Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefagea insignis Diesing, 1862
Diesing, 1862:296
Synonyms: Valencinia dubia
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: France (Gulf of St. Malo).
Diesing unjustifiably renamed Valencinia dubia Quatrefages, 1846, which
Bfirger (1904a: 78) included with a group of dubious nemertean taxa.
Quequenia Moretto, 1974 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Moretto, 1974b: 352
Marine benthic.
*Quequenia gracilis Moretto, 1974
Moretto, 1974b: 353-360, figs 1-12
Habitat: Intertidal on the fronds of Ceramium.
Distribution: Argentina (Quequ6n, province of Buenos Aires).
Ramphogordius Rathke, 1843
Rathke, 1843:237-238
Incorrectly emended to Rhamphogordius by some authors, Rathke established
this genus for a species he called Ramphogordius lacteus; Riser (1994: in press)
has recently transferred this species to the genus Myoisophagos, for which
Ramphogordius thus now constitutes a junior synonym.
Ramphogordius lacteus Rathke, 1843
Rathke, 1843:238
Synonyms: Borlasia lactea, ?Gordius albus, ?Gordius minor albus, ?Lineus albus,
Lineus lactea, Lineus lacteus, Nemertes lactea, Rhamphogordius lacteus
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 40m or more, under stones or on
gravel or sand.
Distribution: Atlantic coasts of the British Isles and France, the Mediterranean
and the Black Sea; the occurrence of the species in Sweden was questioned by
Wijnhoff (1912: 416).
Now Myoisophagos lacteus (Rathke, 1843) (Riser, 1994: in press).
Renieria Girard, 1853
Girard, 1853:366
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Bfirger (1895a: 501) incorrectly emended the genetic name to Reniera, in 1904a:
108, including the taxon as a junior synonym of Cerebratulus.
Renieria rubra Girard, 1853
Girard, 1853:366
Synonyms: Cerebratulus rubra
Habitat: Dredged from sublittoral sand flats.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC).
Now Cerebratulus ruber (Girard, 1853) (Diesing, 1862: 274), although Verrill
(1892: 436) uncertainly synonymised it with Cerebratulus leidyi.
(Rhynchoscolex Leidy, 1850)
Leidy, 1850:125
Included in the Rhynchocoela by Diesing (1862: 198), Biirger (1895a: 23)
commented that this might be a nemertean genus but subsequently (Biirger,
1904a) excluded it from his list of genera and species.
Rhynchoscolex simplex Leidy, 1850
Leidy, 1850:125
Habitat: Freshwater, among plant remains at the bottom of brooks.
Distribution: Vicinity of Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Biirger (1895a: 23) noted that this might be a nemertean but Leidy's
description is so brief that the systematic position of the species cannot be
determined.
Riseriellus Rogers, Junoy, Gibson and Thorpe, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA
Rogers et al., 1993: 227, table 4
Marine benthic.
*Riseriellus oceultus Rogers, Junoy, Gibson and Thorpe, 1993
Rogers et al., 1993: 227-235, figs 1C, 2-5
Habitat: Upper shore intertidal, in mud among Zostera or Spartina, or under
stones and rocks on damp fine mud, silt and sandy mud; the species also occurs
in estuaries.
Distribution: North-western Spain (Foz) and North Wales (Anglesey and
Llandudno).
Riserius Norenburg, 1993 UNCERTAIN H I G H E R TAXON
Norenburg, 1993:204
Norenburg commented that this was probably a heteronemertean but noted that
'one may legitimately ask, is it in fact.., and, if so, is it a relict species of a largely
extinct clade or is its simplicity a derived function of its specialized habitat?'
Marine benthic.
*Riserius pugetensis Norenburg, 1993
Norenburg, 1993: 204-211, figs 1-12
Habitat: Extreme lower shore to sublittoral depths of 10-15 m, mesopsammic in
moderately coarse sand.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA).
Sacconemertella Iwata, 1970 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Iwata, 1970:147
Brackish water benthic.
*Sacconemertella iutulenta Iwata, 1970
Iwata, 1970: 148-151, text-figs 1G I, pl. 4, figs 26-33
Habitat: Sublittoral in mud.
Distribution: Japan (Lake Hinuma, Honshu).
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Sacconemertes Karling, 1933 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Karling, 1933: 77, table p. 85
Marine benthic.
*Sacconemertes arenosa Karling, 1933
Karling, 1933:77 83, 88-90, figs 11 15, 18 24
Habitat: In coarse sand at sublittoral depths of 1-5 m.
Distribution: Finland (near Tv/irminne Zoological Station).
Sacconemertopsis Iwata, 1970 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Iwata, 1970:142-143
Brackish water benthic.
Sacconemertopsis belogurovi Chernuishev, 1991
Chernuishev, 1991b: 46-49, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Upper estuarine at salinities of 1-3%o.
Distribution: Russia (River Gladkaya).
*Sacconemertopsis olivifera Iwata, 1970
Iwata, 1970: 143-147, text-figs 1D F, pl. 3, figs 18 25
Habitat: Sublittoral in mud.
Distribution: Japan (Lake Hinuma, Honshu).
Sagaminemertes Friedrich, 1968 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Friedrich, 1968:34
Marine benthic.
*Sagaminemertes nagaiensis: see Arnphiporus nagaiensis Iwata, 1957
Scotia Leuckart, 1849
Leuckart, 1849:154
Included among a group of dubious nemertean taxa by Biirger (1904a: 132).
Scotia rugosa Leuckart, 1849
Leuckart, 1849:154-155
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Iceland.
Neither Vaillant (1890: 601) nor Bfirger (1904a: 132) considered this to be a
valid species, and Biirger was not even certain it was a nemertean.
Serpentaria Goodsir, 1845
Goodsir, 1845:377
Listed as a junior synonym of the genus Cerebratulus by Verrill (1892: 432).
Serpentaria beattiei: see Lineus beattiaei Gray, 1857
Serpentaria berryi Baird, 1866
Baird, 1866:101-102
Habitat: Marine benthic but capable of swimming actively.
Distribution: Singapore.
Biirger (1904a: 112) listed this species as a junior synonym of Cerebratulus
marginatus Renier, 1804, but this taxon has not otherwise been recorded
further east than the Mediterranean and the occurrence of Serpentaria berryi
off Singapore is well outside the geographic range of marginatus; the
taxonomic status of Baird's species must remain uncertain, although his report
of its swimming behaviour suggests that it might belong in the genus
Cerebratulus.
Serpentaria fragilis Goodsir, 1845
Goodsir, 1845: 377-378, pl. XX, figs 1, 2
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R. Gibson
Synonyms: Cerebratulus fragilis, Gordius fragilis, Meckelia serpentaria
Habitat: Intertidal but able to swim.
Distribution: Scotland (Firth of Forth).
Synonymised with Cevebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804, by Hubrecht (1879:
211).
Serpentaria fusca: see Gordius fuscus Dalyell, 1853
Serpentaria rubella: see Meckelia rubella Stimpson, 1855
Siboganemevtes Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923a: 627, 636
Also recorded as a new genus by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1924: LXV-LXVII).
Marine benthic.
*Siboganemertes weberi Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923a: 636-667, figs 9, 11, 12b, 14a, 23b
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 883 m.
Distribution: South of Tirnor.
Also recorded as a new species by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1924: LXV-LXVII),
more fully described by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1936:8 14, text-fig. 6, pl. II, figs
1-7).
Siolineus Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1948 HETERONEMERTEA
Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1948:93
Freshwater.
*Siolineus turbidus Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1948
Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1948:93 98, pl. I, figs 1-5, pl. II, figs 6-9, pl. III, figs
10, 11
Habitat: From a depth of 28 m.
Distribution: Brazil (River Tapajoz near Santarbm).
Siphonenteron Renier, 1847
Renier, 1847:63
A generic name published posthumously under the editorship of G. Meneghini,
in part synonymised with the palaeonemertean genus Tubulanus (Biirger, 1904a:
11), in part with the heteronemertean genus Lineus (Bfirger, 1904a: 88).
Siphonenteron bilineatum: see Cerebratulus bilineatus Renier, 1804
Siphonenteron elegans: see Tubulanus elegans Blainville, 1828
Statolitonemertes Korotkevich, 1982 PALAEONEMERTEA
Korotkevich, 1982:17
Marine benthic.
*Statolitonemertes sachalinica Korotkevich, 1982
Korotkevich, 1982: 17-21, figs 3 7
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 12-33 m.
Distribution: Russia (coastal waters of southern Sakhalin).
Stichostemma Montgomery, 1894
Montgomery, 1894: 8, 17
A name established for a species of freshwater nemertean and also recorded as
new by Montgomery (1895: 83), Bfirger (1904a: 53) listed the taxon as a junior
synonym of Prostoma.
Stichostemma amphiporoides: see Tetrastemma amphiporoides Bfirger, 1893
Stichostemma antarcticum: see Tetrastemma antarcticum Biirger, 1893
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Stichostemma asensoriatum Montgomery, 1896
Montgomery, 1896:436-438
Habitat: In a freshwater stream.
Distribution: USA (PA).
Listed as Prostoma asensoriatum (Montgomery, 1896) by Btirger (1904a: 69),
Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 226) included the species as a junior synonym of
Prostoma graecense (B6hmig, 1892); Gibson and Moore (1976: 212) regarded
it as a nomen dubium under the name Prostoma asensoriatum.
Stichostemma duboisi: see Tetrastemma duboisi Biirger, 1893
Stichostemma eilhardi Montgomery, 1894
Montgomery, 1894: 8, 19-69
Synonyms: Tetrastemma eilhardi
Habitat: Freshwater in ponds, lakes and streams.
Distribution: Apparently circumglobal but sporadic, this species has been
recorded from Europe, Kenya, southern Africa, South America and
Australasia.
Also described as a new species by Montgomery, 1895: 91, 97 137, pl. VIII,
figs 1-32, pl. IX, figs 33-48, now Prostoma eilhardi (Montgomery, 1894)
(Biirger, 1904a: 69).
Stichostemma georgianum: see Tetrastemma georgianum Biirger, 1893
Stichostemma graecense: see Tetrastemma graecensis B6hmig, 1892
Stichostemma grandis Ikeda, 1913
Ikeda, 1913: 240-245, table p. 248, pl. IV, figs 1 5
Synonyms: Prostoma grande
Habitat: In soft mud planted with the freshwater aquatic plant Lisichiton
kamtschatense.
Distribution: Japan (Botanical Gardens, Hiroshima, Honshu).
Although included under the name Prostoma grandis (Ikeda, 1913) as a valid
species by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 226) (previously transferred to Prostoma by
Miyashita, 1932: 328), Gibson and Moore (1976: 195) concluded that this
species 'cannot be separated from other Prostoma species [and] can not be
accepted as valid'.
Stichostemma gulliveri: see Tetrastemma gulliveri Biirger, 1893
Stichostemma hansi: see Tetrastemma hansi Bfirger, 1893
Stichostemma lacustris: see Tetrastemma lacustre du Plessis, 1892
Stichostemma rubrum: see Emea rubra Leidy, 1850
Stichostemma validum: see Tetrastemma validum Bfirger, 1893
Stimpsonia Girard, 1853
Girard, 1853:367
Included by Biirger (1904a: 129) as a dubious genus of heteronemerteans.
Stimpsonia aurantiaca Girard, 1853
Girard, 1853:367
Synonyms: Balanoglossus aurantiacus, Balanoglossus kowalevskii
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in holes in the sand.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (SC).
Regarded by Biirger (1904a: 129) as a dubiously valid species of
heteronemertean.
Stylus Johnston, 1865
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R. Gibson
Johnston, 1865:24
Johnston established this genus for four species originally described by Dalyell
(1853), Vaillant (1890: 603) listing all as Micrura; Biirger (1904a: 104) included
Stylus as only in part synonymous with Micrura.
Stylus fasciatus: see Gordius fasciatus spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Stylus fragilis: see Gordius fragilis spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Stylus purpureus: see Gordius purpureus spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Stylus viridis: see Gordius viridis spinifer Dalyell, 1853
Taeniosoma Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:162
Included by Bfirger (1904a: 80) as synonymous with the heteronemertean genus
Baseodiscus, although the latter name did not come into common use until after
Coe (1934).
Taeniosoma aequale Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:162
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Japan.
Synonymised with Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) by
Bfirger (1904a: 83).
Taeniosoma cingulatum Coe, 1906
Coe, 1906: 981-986, text-figs 3-7, pl. I, figs 4 6
Habitat: Dredged from depths of 40-80 m from gravel, sand, pebbles and shells.
Distribution: Hawaiian Is.
Now Baseodiscus cingulatus (Coe, 1906) (Coe, 1934: 6).
Taeniosoma curtum: see Polia curta Hubrecht, 1879
Taeniosoma delineatum: see Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1825
Taeniosoma discolor Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901b: 226-227
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Puerto Rico.
Now Baseodiscus discolor (Coe, 1901) (Corr~a, 1954: 5).
Taeniosoma hemprichi: see Nemertes hemprichii Ehrenberg, 1831
Taeniosoma melanogrammum: see Eupolia melanogramma Punnett, 1900
Taeniosoma mexicana: see Eupolia mexicana Biirger, 1893
Taeniosoma princeps Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901a: 62-64, pl. II, figs 3, 4
Synonyms: Baseodiscus curtus (partim)
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 340 m, in mud or under stones.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (AK to Puget Sound, WA) and Japan
(Hokkaido).
Now Baseodiscus princeps (Coe, 1901) (Coe, 1940: 262); Iwata (1954a: 18)
included Baseodiscus curtus sensu Yamaoka (1940a) as synonymous with this
species.
Taeniosoma punnetti Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904: 173-177, pl. XVI, figs 1-3, pl. XVIII, fig. 6
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 380 m, in sand or among
coralline and other red algae, corals and other growths.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to the Gulf of California,
Mexico).
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Now Baseodiscus punnetti (Coe, 1904) (Coe, 1940: 262).
Taeniosoma quinquelineatum: see Borlasia quinquelineata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Taeniosoma septemlineatum Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:I62
Synonyms:
Baseodiscus septemlineatus, Eupolia novemlineata, Eupolia
septemlineata, Taeniosoma septemlineatus
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: Indian Ocean (Sunda Is.) and Australia.
Synonymised with Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) by
Gibson (1979a: 154), although this synonymy requires confirmation.
Taeniosoma univittatum Coe, 1906
Coe, 1906: 978-981, text-figs 1, 2, pl. I, figs 1-3
Habitat: Sublittoral to depths of 250-260 m, on sand, gravel or grey sand mixed
with foraminiferans.
Distribution: Hawaiian Is.
Now Baseodiseus univittatus (Coe, 1906) (Coe, 1934: 6).
Tagonemertes Corr~a, 1957 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Corr~a, 1957:257
Marine benthic.
* Tagonemevtes tuba Corr~a, 1957
Corr~a, 1957: 258-259, pl. III, figs 16-18
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Brazil (Ubatuba and near the Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute).
Tarrhomyos Riser, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA
Riser, 1993:147
Marine benthic.
* Tarrhomyos iuridus: see Meckelia lurida Verrill, 1873
Tarrhomyos pvaealbescens: see Cerebratulus praealbescens Cantell, 1982
Tatsnoskia Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:165
Listed as a junior synonym of Amphiporus by Btirger (1904a: 34); in a few articles
the name is emended to Tatanoskia or Tatsnokia.
Tatsnoskia depressa Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:165
Synonyms: Tatanoskia depressa
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 3-5 m, under
stones.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido and the Tsugar Straits between Honshu and
Hokkaido).
Now Amphiporus depressus (Stimpson, 1857) (Bfirger, 1904a: 44), included as a
nomen dubium by Gibson and Crandall (1989: 458); Amphiporus depressus
sensu Iwata, 1954a: 19-21, fig. 5C, cannot be confirmed as conspecific with
Stimpson's taxon and is listed as a species inquirenda by Gibson and Crandall
(1989: table HI).
Tenuilineus Riser, 1993 HETERONEMERTEA
Riser, 1993:145
Marine benthic.
Tenuilineus albocinctus: see Cerebratulus albocinctus Bergendal, 1903
* Tenuilineus bicolor: see Lineus bicolor Verrill, 1892
510
R. Gibson
Tetramys Iwata, 1957 PALAEONEMERTEA
Iwata, 1957:2-3
Marine benthic.
* Tetramys ramicerebrum Iwata, 1957
Iwata, 1957: 3-5, pl. I, fig. l, pl. II, figs 1 6
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Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 20 m.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Tetranemertes Chernuishev, 1992 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Chernuishev, 1992a: 134
Chernuishev pointed out that the generic name Nemertes sensu Johnston (1837),
used by Friedrich (1955: 171) for a single species, Nemertes antonina Quatrefages,
1846, was a name preoccupied by Nemertes Cuvier, 1817, and therefore not
available under ICZN (1985) regulations; he proposed the new name
Tetranemertes to replace Nemertes sensu Friedrich (1955).
Marine benthic.
* Tetranemertes antonina: see Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846
Tetranemertes hermaphroditicus: see Nemertes hermaphroditicus Gibson, 1982
Tetranemertes rubrolineata: see Nemertes rubrolineata Kirsteuer, 1965
Tetrastemma Ehrenberg, 1828 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. V, figs IIIa-d, a*-c*
The illustrations of the type-species for this genus were published in 1828,
although a description did not appear until three years later (Ehrenberg, 1831:
61).
Marine or estuarine, benthic.
Tetrastemma aberrans Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901a: 58-59, text-fig. 15
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 8 m, among hydroids or algae.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (AK).
Tetrastemma agricola Willemoes-Suhm, 1874
Willemoes-Suhm, 1874: 409-411, pl. XVII, figs 1-3
Synonyms: Geonemertes agricola, Neonemertes agricola
Habitat: Terrestrial, in moist earth under stones at the drier margins of
mangrove swamps.
Distribution: Bermuda.
Now Pantinonemertes agricola (WiUemoes-Suhm, 1874) (Moore and Gibson,
1981: 188).
Tetrastemma albicollis Ushakov, 1928
Ushakov, 1928a: 418-419, text-fig. 10, pl. 4, fig. 12
Habitat: On Lithothamnion.
Distribution: Russia (Kola Fjord).
Berg (1973: 64) noted that 'strong evidence indicates a synonymity between
Tetrastemma albicollis and Amphiporus superbus'.
Tetrastemma albidum Coe, 1905
Coe, 1905: 294-296, pl. 9, fig. 62, pl. 17, figs 104, 105, pl. 22, figs 145-149
Habitat: Intertidal among algae (particularly corallines) and other growths on
pier pilings and rocks exposed to surf.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico).
Now Prosorhochmus albidus (Coe, 1905) (Coe, 1940: 294), although Gibson
and Moore (1985: 158) commented that it was not possible to be sure of the
species' generic affiliations 'until further specimens have been examined'.
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Tetrastemma albolineaturn: see Prostoma albolineatum Timofeeva, 1912
Tetrastemma album: see Planaria alba Dalyell, 1853
Tetrastemma algae: see Planaria algae Dalyell, 1853
Tetrastemma ambiguum Riches, 1893
Riches, 1893:19-20
Synonyms: Prostoma ambigua, Prostoma ambiguum
Habitat: Sublittoral at depths to about 60 m on sand, mud, limestone fragments
and stones.
Distribution: British Isles.
Gibson (1982b: 156) noted that this species is inadequately described.
Tetrastemma amphiporoides Biirger, 1893
Biirger, 1893: 215-217, pl 8, fig. 9, pl. 9, figs 10, 11
Synonyms: Prostoma amphiporoides, Stichostemma amphiporoides
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 60 m.
Distribution: South Georgia and Marguerite Bay (Antarctic Peninsula).
Friedrich (1955: 169) commented that certain anatomical features of this
species are atypical for a tetrastemmid, but Dawson (1957: 5) retained the
taxon in this genus.
Tetrastemma angulatus Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993c: 157-159, pl. 1, figs 4, 5
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: British Isles (Scilly Is.).
Tetrastemma antarcticum Bfirger, 1893
Biirger, 1893:219
Synonyms: Prostoma antarcticum, Stichostemma antarcticum
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: South Georgia.
Tetrastemma aquarum dulcium Silliman, 1885
Silliman, 1885: 70-74, pl. III, figs 19-24
Synonyms: Emea sillimani, Tetrastemma aquarium dulcium
Habitat: Freshwater under stones.
Distribution: USA (NY, Monroe County).
Uncertainly listed as synonymous with Prostoma clepsinoides Duges, 1828, by
Bfirger (1904a: 68) but regarded as conspecific with Prostoma graecense
(B6hmig, 1892) by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 226), Gibson and Moore (1976:
197) concluded that 'Since the form cannot be clearly distinguished from most
of the remaining Prostoma species, the name aquarum dulcium must be
invalidated'.
Tetrastemma arctica Ushakov, 1926
Ushakov, 1926: 63-66, tables I, II, figs 2-6
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 5-25 m in muddy sand.
Distribution: Russia (White Sea).
Tetrastemma arenicola Verrill, 1873
Verrill, 1873a: 629-630, pl. XIX, fig. 98
Synonyms: Hecate arenicola
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in mud or sand.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (CT to Chesapeake Bay, VA).
Now Lineus arenlcola (Verrill, 1873) (Verrill, 1892: 425).
Tetrastemma armatum: see Polia armata Quatrefages, 1846
Tetvastemma aseptata: see Prostoma aseptata Friedrich, 1935
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Tetrastemma assimile Orsted, 1844
Orsted, 1844:86
Synonyms: Prostoma assimile
Habitat: Sandy sediments.
Distribution: Denmark (Oresund).
Tetrastemma bacescui Mfiller, 1962
Mfiller, 1962: 377-379, fig. 4
Habitat: Intertidal among mussels.
Distribution: Rumanian coast of the Black Sea.
Tetrastemma baculus: see Polia baculus Quatrefages, 1846
Tetrastemma basinum Corr~a, 1957
Corr~a, 1957: 265-266, pl. VI, figs 37-40
Habitat: Intertidal among algae.
Distribution: Brazil (Canan6ia and near the S~o Paulo Oceanographic Institute).
Tetrastemma beaumonti: see Prostoma beaumonti Southern, 1913
Tetrastemma belgicae Bfirger, 1904
Biirger, 1904b: 10
Synonyms: Tetrastemma belgica
Habitat: Intertidal among green algae.
Distribution: Antarctica (Antarctic Peninsula).
Now Antarctonemertes belgica (Bfirger, 1904) (Friedrich, 1955: 168); Dawson
(1957: 5), with no explanation, listed Tetrastemma belgica as synonymous with
Antarctonemertes validum, referring the latter taxon back to the genus
Tetrastemma.
Tetrastemma benedeni Czerniavsky, 1880
Czerniavsky, 1880:251
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, among mussels at depths of 1-3 m.
Distribution: China Sea.
Tetrastemma bicolor Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901a: 57-58, pl. I, fig. 6
Habitat: Dredged from a depth of about 6m.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Kodiak Is., AK).
Tetrastemma bilineatum Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904: 164-166, pl. XIV, fig. 6, pl. XXI, figs 13, 14, pl. XXII, fig. 4
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, among bryozoans, tunicates, algae and other
growths on rocks and pier pilings.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA).
Tetrastemma bioculatum Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:576
Synonyms: Cephalothrix kroyeri, Prostoma bioculatum
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Denmark (0resund).
Tetrastemma bipeltatum: see Prostoma bipeItatum Timofeeva, 1912
Tetrastemma bistriatum: see Prostoma bistriatum Timofeeva, 1912
Tetrastemma bobi: see Tetrastemma worm Corr6a, 1961
Tetrastemma brunnea: see Prostoma brunnea Friedrich, 1935
Tetrastemma buxeum Biirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 582, pl. 3, fig. 9, pl. 29, figs 38, 39
Nemertean genera and species of the world
513
Synonyms: Prostoma buxeum
Habitat: Intertidal among the green alga Ulva.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Tetrastemma caecum Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901a: 59-60
Habitat: Dredged from a depth of about 5 m with tunicates, with which Coe
presumed it lived either as a parasite or as a commensal.
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Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Kodiak Is., AK).
Now Amphinemertes caeca (Coe, 1901) (Coe, 1940: 304).
Tetrastemma candida, Tetrastemma candidum: see Fasciola candida Mfiller, 1774
Tetrastemma cassidens: see Oerstedia cassidens Marenzeller, 1886
Tetrastemma catenulatum: see Polia vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846
Tetrastemma cephalophorum Bfirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895a: 583, pl. 3, fig. 22, pl. 8, figs 16-19, 28, pl. 29, figs 42, 43
Synonyms:
Prosorhochmus claparedi (partim), Prosorhochmus claparedii
(partim), Prostoma cephalophorum
Habitat: Sublittoral, dredged from coarse shelly gravel or stony sediments at
depths of 10-15 m.
Distribution: British Isles and the Mediterranean.
Gibson (1982b: 161) commented that this species is inadequately described.
Tetrastemma cerasinum Bfirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 579, pl. 3, fig. 23, pl. 7, fig. 3
Synonyms: Prostoma cerasinum
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 40 m.
Distribution: France (Villefranche) and Italy (Naples).
Tetrastemma cincum Corr~a, 1957
Corrra, 1957: 267-268, pl. VI, figs 41-43
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Brazil (near the Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute).
Tetrastemma clepsinoides: see Prostoma clepsinoides Dugrs, 1828
Tetrastemma coluber: see Vermiculus coluber Dalyell, 1853
Tetrastemma commensalis: see Amphiporus commensalus Kyao, 1954
Tetrastemma coronatum: see Polia coronata Quatrefages, 1846
Tetrastemma cruciatum B/irger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 587-588, pl. 3, fig. 12, pl. 18, figs 6, 11, pl. 26, figs 47-50
Synonyms: Prostoma cruciatum: not Tetrastemma cruciatus Senz, 1993
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 60 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Tetrastemma cruciatus Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993c: 159-161, pl. 1, fig. 6
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: British Isles (Scilly Is.).
This is not the same species as that originally described under the name
Tetrastemma cruciatum by Biirger (1895a) and, under ICZN (1985)
regulations, Tetrastemma cruciatus is not available and will have to be
changed.
Tetrastemma diadema Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:228-229
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R. Gibson
Synonyms: Prostoma diadema, Tetrastemma coronatum (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 2 60 m, in mussel or Zostera beds, among algae
(especially corallines) or in mud or detritus.
Distribution: Mediterranean (Banyuls, Villefranche, Port Vendres, Naples) and
the Adriatic (Rovinj) Seas.
Bfirger (1904a: 62) listed Tetrastemma coronatum sensu Joubin, 1894:165-167,
pl. III, figs 66, 67, as in part synonymous with this species, whilst other authors
have tended to regard Tetrastemma diadema merely as a colour variety of
Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837), e.g. Gamble (1896) as
Tetrastemma melanocephalum var. diadema. Kirsteuer (1963: 561-564, figs 46, 32) redescribed the species as a distinct form.
Tetrastemma dilutebasisae Kulikova, 1987
Kulikova, 1987b: 392-395, table 2, figs 3, 4, 5C, D
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral on the leaves of Phyllospadix iwatensis.
Distribution: Russia (Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan).
Tetrastemma dissimulans Beaumont, 1900
Beaumont, 1900a: 827
Synonyms: Prosorhochmus claparedi (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of about 8-14m on shelly sediments.
Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region, Isle of Man and Valencia, Ireland).
Beaumont (p. 825) commented of a species found at Valencia that 'The
Nemertine here, with some hesitation, referred to the Tetrastemma
cephalophorum of Bfirger [see also Beaumont, 1900b], is identical with that
described from Plymouth by Riches (1893), and by myself from Port Erin
(1895) as Prosorhochmus Claparedi. I now believe the determination of this
form as Prosorhochmus to have been an error.' Having found certain
anatomical differences between his material and that described by Bfirger,
Beaumont later noted (1900a: 827) 'Should future investigation prove these
differences to be constant, I would suggest the name Tetrastemma dissimulans
for the British form'. Subsequent authors (e.g. Wijnhoff, 1912; Gibson, 1982b)
have listed Tetrastemma cephalophorum with no reference to Tetrastemma
dissimulans and Beaumont's proposed name has never been validated.
Tetrastemma dorsale, Tetrastemma dorsale var. marmoratum, Tetrastemma dorsale
var. unicolor, Tetrastemma dorsalis: see Planaria dorsalis Abildgaard, 1806
Tetrastemma dubium C)rsted, 1845
Orsted, 1845:418
Synonyms: Prostoma dubium
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: Norway (KristianaI]ord).
Tetrastemma duboisi Bfirger, 1893
Biirger, 1893: 217-219, pl. 9, fig. 9
Synonyms: Prostoma duboisi, Stichostemma duboisi
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: South Georgia.
Tetrastemma dutoiti: see Prostoma dutoiti Wheeler, 1940
Tetrastemma ehrenbergii: see Nemertes ehrenbergii K611iker, 1845
Tetrastemma eilhardi: see Stichostemma eilhardi Montgomery, 1894
Tetrastemma elegans: see Hecate elegans Girard, 1852
Tetrastemma enteroplecta: see Prostomatella enteroplecta Corr~a, 1954
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Tetrastemma esbenseni Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 270-271, text-figs 46, 47, pl. XVI, figs 4, 23
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 250 m, under stones.
Distribution: South Georgia.
Friedrich (1955: 167) transferred this form to the genus Paroerstedia, but
Envall and Sundberg (1993: 308) have recently shown that a distinction
between Oerstedia and Paroerstedia is no longer tenable and listed
Paroerstedia as a junior synonym of Oerstedia; Wheeler's species should thus
now be known as Oerstedia esbenseni (Wheeler, 1934).
Tetrastemmafalsum Biirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895a: 580-581, pl. 3, fig. 14, pl. 29, fig. 32
Synonyms: Prostoma falsum
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 5 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Tetrastemma farinosum: see Polia farinosa Beneden, 1861
Tetrastemma flagellatum Montgomery, 1897
Montgomery, 1897:11-12
Synonyms: Prostoma flagellatum
Habitat: Intertidal among algae.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (NJ).
Uncertainly synonymised with Tetrastemma vermiculus (Quatrefages, 1846) by
Coe (1943: 294).
* Tetrastemmaflavidum Ehrenberg, 1828
Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. V, figs IIIa-d, a* c*
Synonyms: Loxorrhochma obscurum, Nemertes haematodes, Polia obscura
(partim), Polia sanguirubra, Polia tetrophthalma, Prostoma flavidum (partim),
Tetrastemma candidum (partim), Tetrastemma flavida (partim), Tetrastemma
flavida var. longissima,
Tetrastemma flavidum var. longissimum,
Tetrastemma longecapitatum, Tetrastemma longicapitatum, Tetrastemma
sanguirubrum, Tetrastemma tetrophthalma, Tetrastemma varicolor (partita):
not Tetrastemma flavida sensu McIntosh, 1873-1874
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 100 200m, between
laminarian holdfasts, on algae such as Cystosira barbata, on mud, fine sand,
gravel or coralline ground, and in submarine caves; the species is also reported
as sometimes living in the branchial cavity of ascidians such as Ascidia
mentula, but there is no evidence to suggest a commensal or parasitic
relationship.
Distribution: The Baltic coast of Germany, British Isles (North Sea, Irish Sea,
Channel and Atlantic coasts), Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of France,
Madeira, Tyrrhenian Sea coasts of Italy, the Adriatic (Rovinj) and the Red Sea
(Tot).
The description of this species appeared in Ehrenberg (1831: 61-62). Gibson
(1982b: 163) noted that the form has been subject to much taxonomic
confusion and is not well described; Wijnhoff (1912: 432) regarded
Tetrastemmaflavidum sensu Biirger, 1895a: 585, pl. 3, figs 3, 20, pt. 29, figs 36,
37, as conspecific with Ehrenberg's species, whereas Tetrastemmaflavida sensu
McIntosh, 1873-1874: 170-172, pl. IV, fig. 1, pl. X, fig. 11, pl. XII, fig. 9, pl.
XIII, figs 9a-c, pl. XIV, figs 14, 16, she listed as Nemertopsis flavida. The
distinction between McIntosh's and Ehrenberg's taxa was supported by
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Kirsteuer's redescription (1963:579-581, figs 16, 32) of Tetrastemmaflavidum
Ehrenberg, 1828.
Tetrastemma fozensis Gibson and Junoy, 1991
Gibson and Junoy, 1991: 227-235, tables 1-3, figs 1-4
Habitat: In the mantle cavity of the bivalve mollusc Scrobicularia plana dug
from intertidal mud flats.
Distribution: North-western Spain (Ria de Foz); also provisionally identified
from the same host species on the south coast of England (Poole Harbour).
Tetrastemmafuivum Kirsteuer, 1963
Kirsteuer, 1963: 581-584, figs 17 19, 32
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, with the alga Cystosira barbata at depths of
1-2m.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj on the coast of Croatia).
Tetrastemmafumosum: see Poliafumosa Quatrefages, 1846
Tetrastemmafuscum Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:575-576
Synonyms: Prostoma fusum: not Tetrastemma fuscum sensu Willemoes-Suhm,
1885
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Denmark.
Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by Bergendal (1900b:
587). Tetrastemma fuscum sensu Willemoes-Suhm, 1874, found on a crab,
Nautilograpsus minutus, was regarded by Bfirger (1904a: 66) as a different
species and renamed Prostoma suhmi.
Tetrastemma georgiannm Biirger, 1893
Bfirger, 1893:223-224
Synonyms: Prostoma georgianum, Stichostemma georgianum
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 250m.
Distribution: South Georgia, off East Falkland Is., Kerguelen Is., Macquarie Is.
and off the Antarctic coast (Kemp Land).
Tetrastemma glanduliferum Biirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 587, pl. 9, fig. 12
Synonyms: Prostoma glanduliferum
Habitat: Sublittoral to depths of about 40 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples and Sicily) and France (Villefranche).
Tetrastemma graecensis B6hmig, 1892
B6hmig, 1892: LXXXII-LXXXIII
Synonyms: ?Emea lacustris, ?Monopora lacustris, Prostoma gracense, Prostoma
greeense, ?Prostoma laestre, ?Prostoma lacustre, Stichostemma graecense,
?Stichostemma lacustris, Tetrastema graecense, Tetrastemma graeeense,
?Tetrastemma lacustre, ?Tetrastemma lacustris
Habitat: Freshwater, in ponds, streams and rivers.
Distribution: Sporadic but circumglobal (Australia, Austria, British Isles,
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan,
Kenya, New Zealand, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Sweden and
Switzerland); records from Argentina and Uruguay may be of this species or
of Prostoma eilhardi (Montgomery, 1894).
Now Prostoma graecense (B6hmig, 1892) (Bfirger, 1904a: 69).
Tetrastemma graeffei: see Otoloxorrhochma graeffei Diesing, 1863
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Tetrastemma groenlandicum Diesing, 1850
Diesing, 1850:259
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Greenland.
Bfirger (1904a: 64) included this form as a junior synonym of Prostoma
candidum, which is now Tetrastemma candidum (Mfiller, 1774).
Tetrastemma gulliveri Biirger, 1893
Biirger, 1893: 224-226, pl. 9, figs 12-14
Synonyms: Paroerstedia gulliveri, Prostoma gulliveri, Stichostemma gulliveri
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 38-178 m, on small red algae.
Distribution: South Georgia.
Friedrich (1955: 167) transferred this form to the genus Paroerstedia, which
has recently been listed as a junior synonym of the genus Oerstedia (Envall and
Sundberg, 1993: 308); this species should thus now be known as Oerstedia
guiliveri (Biirger, 1893).
Tetrastemma hansi Bfirger, 1893
Bfirgcr, 1893: 221-222, pl. 9, figs 15, 16
Synonyms: Prostoma hansi, Stichostemma hansi
Habitat: In kelp holdfasts between low water mark and a depth of 2m.
Distribution: South Georgia and the Falkland Is.
Friedrich (1955: 169-170) noted certain resemblances between this form and
members of the genus Nemertellina but retained the species under its original
name.
Tetrastemma helvolum Bfirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 586-587, pl. 3, fig. 16, pl. 29, figs 44-46
Synonyms: ?Nemertes roseus, Prostoma coronatum var. (partim), Prostoma
helvolum, Tetrastemma candidum (partita), ?Tetrastemma roseum (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 4-50 m, on muddy, sandy or shelly sediments,
or on coralline and other algae.
Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region), English Channel coast of France
(Wimereux), Italy (Gulf of Naples) and the Adriatic (Rovinj on the coast of
Croatia).
Some authors have regarded this species merely as a colour variety of
Tetrastemma candidum (Mfiller, 1774) but Kirsteuer (1963: 587-590, figs 2224, 32) redescribed it as a distinct form; Gibson (1982b: 164) considered it as
an inadequately described taxon.
Tetrastemma hermaphroditica, Tetrastemma hermaphroditicum: see Borlasia
hermaphroditica Keferstein, 1868
Tetrastemma herouardi: see Prostoma herouardi Oxner, 1908
Tetrastemma herthae Corr~a, 1963
Corr~a, 1963:53 54, figs 28, 29
Habitat: Intertidal among algae (Jania and Padina) with coralline sand.
Distribution: Cura9ao.
Tetrastemma humile, Tetrastemma humilis: see Polia humilis Quatrefages, 1846
Tetrastemma immutabile Riches, 1893
Riches, 1893:14-15
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, on coralline algae in rock pools,
among laminarian holdfasts or on the fronds of smaller algae.
Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region).
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Now Oerstedia immutabilis (Riches, 1893) (Biirger, 1904a: 72), an
inadequately described form which may be conspecific with Oerstedia dorsalis
(Abildgaard, 1806) with which it is usually associated (Gibson, 1982b: 147);
Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1930: 238) earlier concluded that the taxon could not with
certainty be placed in the genus Oerstedia because of the lack of data on its
internal morphology, but Envall and Sundberg (1993:311) listed it as a species
inquirenda under the name Oerstedia irnmutabilis.
Tetrastemma incisum Stimpson, 1855
Stimpson, 1855b: 390
Synonyms: Prostoma incisum, Tetrastemma insicum
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope).
In his original description Stimpson inadvertently mis-spelt the specific epithet
as insicum, correcting this error in a later article (Stimpson 1857:613). Wheeler
(1934: 243) suggested that it might be synonymous with Tetrastemma
candidum (Mfiller, 1774) but this synonymy has not been accepted by
subsequent authors.
Tetrastemma insolens Iwata, 1952
Iwata, 1952:146 147, figs 17, 18
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu and Kyushu); a record from Bahia San Vincente,
Chile, by Friedrich (1970) is regarded as being of uncertain validity.
Tetrastemma interruptum BiJrger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 590, pl. 3, fig. 21
Synonyms: Prostoma interruptum
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 40-60 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples) and France (Villefranche).
Tetrastemma jeani McCaul, 1963
McCaul, 1963: 121-122, fig. 13
Habitat: Estuarine, among eel grasses at sublittoral depths of about 1-2 m.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (York River, VA).
Tetrastemma kefersteini, Tetrastemma kefersteinii: see Borlasia kefersteinii Marion,
1869
Tetrastemma knochi, Tetrastemma knochff: see Nemertes knochii K611iker, 1845
Tetrastemma krohnii: see Nemertes krohnii Siebold, 1850
Tetrastemma kulikovae nora. nov.: see Tetrastemma viridis Kulikova, 1989
Tetrastemma lacustre du Plessis, 1892
du Plessis, 1892:64-66
Synonyms: Emea lacustris, Monopora lacustris, Prostoma lacstre, Prostoma
lacustre, Stichostemma lacustris, Tetrastemma lacustris
Habitat: Freshwater, in lakes.
Distribution: Switzerland and France.
Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1938: 225) synonymised this form with Prostoma
lumbricoides Dug6s, 1830, which she listed (p. 226) as a valid species; Gibson
and Moore (1976: 194-195), however, concluded that Dug6s' taxon could no
longer be accepted and suggested that Tetrastemma lacustre may be
conspecific with Prostoma graecense (B6hmig, 1892).
Tetrastemma laminariae Ushakov, 1928
Ushakov, 1928a: 416, fig. 8
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519
Habitat: Intertidal on laminarians.
Distribution: Russia (Kola Fjord, Novaja Zeml'a and Puchowaja Bay), the
Faroe Is. and Iceland.
Redescribed by Sundberg (1979:41 54, table I, text figs 1-6, pl. I, figs a d).
Tetrastemma leonillae: see Prostoma leonillae Oxner, 1908
Tetrastemma iilianae Corr6a, 1958
Corr~a, 1958: 452-453, pl. 4, figs 23-26
Habitat: Intertidal among oysters.
Distribution: Brazil (Cananeia).
Tetrastemma longicapitatum Orsted, 1845
Orsted, 1845:418
Synonyms: Tetrastemma longecapitatum
Habitat: Sublittoral.
Distribution: Denmark (Christianafjord).
Listed by Biirger (1904a: 64) as synonymous with Prostomaflavidum, now
Tetrastemma flavidum Ehrenberg, 1828.
Tetrastemma longissimum Bfirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 584, pl. 3, fig. 5, pl. 18, figs 7, 21, pl. 22, fig. 17, pl. 29, fig. 52
Synonyms: Prostoma longissimum
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 20-40 m, among smaller algae
or on shell and sand detritus sediments.
Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region), France (Villefranche), Italy
(Naples) and the Adriatic (Rovinj).
Redescribed by Kirsteuer (1963: 572-576, figs 12-14, 32) although Gibson
(1982b: 167) still regarded it as inadequately described.
Tetrastemma longistriatum Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934:275 276, text-fig. 51, pl. XVI, fig. 7
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 200 m or more, in kelp
hold fasts.
Distribution: South Georgia.
Tetrastemma lophoheliae Bergendal, 1903
Bergendal, 1903:116
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 80 120 m, on a Lophohelia reef or bottom of
dead Lophohelia and shell gravel.
Distribution: West coasts of Sweden (near V/iderrarna) and Norway (near
Bergen).
Redescribed by Berg, 1973i 65-67, figs 4 6.
Tetrastemma lumbricoides,
Tetrastemma lumbricoideum:
see Prostoma
lombricoideum Dugrs, 1830
Tetrastemma maculatum Sumner, 1894
Sumner, 1894:114
Habitat: Intertidal on the alga Codium.
Distribution: British Isles (Cornwall).
Listed by Bfirger (1904a: 72) as synonymous with Oerstedia nigra (Riches,
1893), Sumner's form should not be confused with Oerstedia maculata
Quatrefages, 1846, or Oerstedia maculata Wheeler, 1934.
Tetrastemma maivikenensis Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 276, pl. XVI, fig. 10
Habitat: Intertidal.
520
R. Gibson
Distribution: South Georgia.
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Tetrastemma marionis Joubin, 1890
Joubin, 1890: 581-583, pl. XXXI, fig. 14
Synonyms: Prostoma marionis, Tetrastemma marioni
Habitat: Supposedly parasitic in the mantle cavity of ascidians.
Distribution: Mediterranean (Banyuls and Marseille) and English Channel
(Roscoff) coasts of France.
Tetrastemma marmoratum Clapar6de, 1863
Clapar~de, 1863: 24, pl. V, fig. 14
Synonyms:
Oerstedia dorsalis vat. marmorata, Tetrastemma dorsale var.
marmoratum
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittorat.
Distribution: Normandy coast of France and the Atlantic coast of the USA
(ME).
Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by Bfirger (1904a:
71).
Tetrastemma melanocephala, Tetrastemma melanocephalum: see Nemertes
melanocephala Johnston, 1837
Tetrastemma merula: see Prostomatella merula Corr~a, 1954
Tetrastemma mixture: see Prostoma mixtum Timofeeva, 1912
Tetrastemma nanum Corr~a, 1957
Corr~a, 1957: 262-264, pl. IV, figs 24-28, pl. V, figs 29-31
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Brazil (near the Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute).
Tetrastemma nigrifrons Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904: 159-164, pl. XVI, figs 6, 7, pl. XX, fig. 16, pl. XXI, figs 15-23
Synonyms:
Prostoma nigrifrons, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. bicolor,
Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. bitineatum, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. bilineatus,
Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. pallidum, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. punctata,
Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. purpuratum, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var.
purpureum, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var. spadix, Tetrastemma nigrifrons var.
zonatum
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 4-6 m or more, under stones, among
kelp holdfasts or among algae, bryozoans and other growths on rocks and pier
pilings.
Distribution: Pacific coasts of North and Central America (Puget Sound, WA to
Salinas Bay, Costa Rica) and Japan (Hokkaido).
Coe (1940: 305-306) emphasised the highly variable colour pattern shown by
this species, which has had the following named varieties designated: var.
bicolor Coe, 1904: 160, pl. XVI, figs 8, 9; var. bilineatum Iwata, 1954a: 30, figs
8B4-B7 (the varietal name is incorrectly spelt bilineatus in the figure caption);
var. pallidum Coe, 1904: 160, pl. XV, fig. 7; var. punctata Iwata, 1954a: 30-31,
fig. 8B8; var. purpureum Coe, 1904:159 160, pl. XVII, fig. 1 (Coe, 1940: 306,
pl. 31, fig. 42e, incorrectly listed this form as var. purpuratum); var. spadix
Iwata, 1954a: 30, figs 8B1 B3; and var. zonatum Coe, 1940: 306, pl. 31, fig. 42c.
Which, if any, of these varieties should be afforded subspecific status is
uncertain as many intergraded colour variations have also been reported.
Tetrastemma nigrolineatum Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 244-245, text-fig. 17, pl. XV, fig. 9
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Habitat: Lower shore in kelp holdfasts.
Distribution: South Africa (Saldanha Bay).
Tetrastemma nigrum Riches, 1893
Riches, 1893:14
Synonyms: Oerstedia nigrum, Tetrastemma maculatum
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, among smaller
algae or beneath stones or boulders.
Distribution: British Isles.
Now Oerstedia nigra (Riches, 1893) (B/irger, 1904a: 72); Stiasny-Wijnhoff
(1930: 238) commented that the lack of data on the species' internal anatomy
prevents it from being certainly placed in the genus Oerstedia, whilst Gibson
(1982b: 148), although listing the taxon separately, noted that it may merely be
a colour variety of Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806). Envall and Sundberg
(1993:311) included Oerstedia nigra as a species inquirenda.
Tetrastemma nimbatum B~rger, 1895
Biirger, 1895a: 579, pl. 3, fig. 7
Synonyms: Prostoma nimbatum
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral from a depth of about 1 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Tetrastemma obscurum Schultze, 1851
Schultze, 1851: 62-66, pl. VI, figs 2 10
Synonyms: Polia obscura (partim), Polia obscurum (partim), Prosorhochmus
obscurus, Prostoma obscura, Prostoma obscurum, Prostomatella obscura,
Prostomatella obscurum: not Loxorrhochma obscurum Diesing, 1862, nor
Nemertes obscura Desor, 1848a, b
Habitat: Brackish water intertidal, in salt marshes or salt marsh pools.
Distribution: Baltic and Black Seas and the Atlantic coast of North America
(Nova Scotia to New England, ME).
Redescribed as Cyanophthalma obscura (Schultze, 1851) by Norenburg (1986:
276 285, table I, figs 1-48).
Tetrastemma octopunctatum Hubrecht, 1879
Hubrecht, 1879:229
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by B/irger (1904a:
71).
Tetrastemma omicron Joubin, 1902
Joubin, 1902: 204-205, text-fig. 16, pl. VIII, fig. 11
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 90 m.
Distribution: Cape Verde Is.
Tetrastemma papilliformis Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 115-118, fig. 22
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 28 m.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.).
Now Antarctonemertes papilliformis (Korotkevich, 1977) (Chernuishev,
1993c: 19); Chernuishev (ibid.) proposed establishing a new subgenus,
Kurilonemertes, for this species.
Tetrastemma peltatum Bfirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 580, pl. 3, fig. 6, pl. 18, figs 8-10, pl. 24, fig. 52
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R. Gibson
Synonyms: Prostoma peltatum
Habitat: Sublittoral, under stones covered with algae in Zostera beds.
Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region), Mediterranean (Naples and
Rovinj); intertidal records of the species from southern Chile by Isler (1900a,
1902) and Friedrich (1970) are considered to be of uncertain validity.
Redescribed by Kirsteuer (1963:558 560, figs 2, 3, 32) but still regarded as an
insufficiently well characterised species by Gibson (1982b: 170).
Tetrastemma phaeobasisae Kulikova, 1987
Kulikova, 1987b: 390 392, table 1, figs 1, 2, 5A, B
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral on the leaves of Phyllospadix iwatensis.
Distribution: Russia (Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan).
Tetrastemma phyllospadicola Stricker, 1985
Stricker, 1985:682 689, tables 1, 2, figs 1-28
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, at depths of 0-6m on the surfgrass
Phyllospadix scouleri.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (Puget Sound, WA).
Tetrastemma pinnatum Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954a: 34-35, figs 9C1-C7
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, among algae collected from a depth of about
4m.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Tetrastemma piolinum Corr~a, 1957
Corr6a, 1957: 260-262, pl. IV, figs 19-23
Habitat: Intertidal between algae (Padina).
Distribution: Brazil (near the S~o Paulo Oceanographic Institute and Ilhabela,
Ilha de Silo Sebasti~o).
Tetrastemma portus Bfirger, 1895
Biirger, 1895a: 585, pl. 3, fig. 15, pl. 29, figs 50, 51
Synonyms: Prostoma portus
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths down to about 50m.
Distribution: France (Villefranche) and Italy (Naples).
Tetrastemma primum Corr~a, 1954
Corr6a, 1954:69 71, pl. 14, figs 74-78
Habitat: Intertidal between algae growing on rocks and boulders.
Distribution: Brazil (Ubatuba and Ilha de S~o Sebasti~o).
Tetrastemma quadrilineatum Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904:166 169, pl XIV, fig. 5, pl. XX, figs 12, 13
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, among algae, ascidians and other growths on
rocks and pier pilings or in rock pools.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (CA to Ensenada, Mexico).
Tetrastemma quadripunctata: see Borlasia quadripunctata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Tetrastemma quadristriatum Langerhans, 1880
Langerhans, 1880: 139, pl. VI, fig. 67
Synonyms: Prostoma quadristriatum
Habitat: Intertidal among algae.
Distribution: Madeira and Italy (Palermo).
Tetrastemma quasioculata Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 118-121, figs 23
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, from a depth of about 28 m.
Nemertean genera and species of the world
523
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.).
Now Antarctonemertes quasioculata (Korotkevich, 1977) (Chernuishev,
1993b: 19).
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Tetrastemma quatrefagesi: see Prostoma quatrefagesi B/irger, 1904
Tetrastemma reticulatum Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904:170 -173, text-fig. 21, pl. XIV, figs 7, 8, pl. XX, figs 7-9
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal among algae and other growths on rocks and
pier pilings.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA).
The heading to the text description and caption to pl. XIV, fig. 7, give the
species name as Tetrastemma (Oerstedia) reticulatum, whereas the name
Oerstedia is omitted from all other figure captions; Coe (1940: 306) and Corr~a
(1964: 547) record the form as Tetrastemma reticulatttm.
Tetrastemma robertianae McIntosh, 1873-1874
McIntosh, 1873-1874: 166-167, text-fig. 12, pl. III, fig. 1, pl. XIV, figs 10a, b, pl.
XVII, fig. 26
Synonyms: Prostoma robertianae
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 1-70 m on mud, shelly gravel and stones,
with Zostera and ascidians, or among laminarian holdfasts.
Distribution: Northern Oresund, west coast of Sweden (Gullmarfjord and
Kosterfjord), west coast of Norway (near Bergen) and the British Isles.
Redescribed by Berg (1973: 67-69, figs 7-10).
Tetrastemma rodericanum Gulliver, 1879
Gulliver, 1879: 557-561, pl. LV, figs 2-8
Habitat: Terrestrial, on rotten wood and under decaying leaves.
Distribution: Indian Ocean (Rodriguez Is.).
Now Geonemertes rodericana (Gulliver, 1879) (Bfirger, 1895a: 557).
Tetrastemma rollandi Joubin, 1905
Joubin, 1905a: 435
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Antarctica (Wandel Is.).
Tetrastemma roseum Verrill, 1892
Verrill, 1892:412
Synonyms: Prostoma verrilli: not Nemertes roseus K611iker, 1845
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 40 m.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (RI).
Btirger (1904a: 58) regarded this species and Nemertes roseus K611iker, 1845, as
different and renamed Verrill's form as Prostoma verrilli; Coe (1943: 294-295)
listed the taxon as Tetrastemma verrilli (B/irger, 1904) with the comment that
'Additional material must be obtained before the status of this species can be
determined'.
Tetrastemma rubrum: see Emea rubra Leidy, 1850
Tetrastemma rufescens Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:576
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Denmark.
Uncertainly synonymised with Prostoma coronatum, now Tetrastemma
coronatum (Quatrefages, 1846), by Biirger (1904a: 61).
Tetrastemma rustica Joubin, 1890
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524
R. Gibson
Joubin, 1890: 583-585, pl. XXV, figs 11, 12
Synonyms: Oerstedia russica, Tetrastemma rusticum
Habitat: Sublittoral to depths of about 100 m, with ascidians.
Distribution: France (Roscoff, Gulf of St. Malo and Villefranche).
Now Oerstedia rustica (Joubin, 1890) (Bfirger, 1895a: 594).
Tetrastemma sanguirubrum: see Polia sanguirubra Quatrefages, 1846
Tetrastemma schultzei Czerniavsky, 1880
Czerniavsky, 1880:249-253
Synonyms: Prostoma schultzei, Prostoma schultzei jaltense, Prostoma schultzei
schultzei, Prostoma schultzei truncatum, Tetrastemma schultzei forma jaltensis,
Tetrastemma schultzei var. truncata, Tetrastemma schultzei forma typica
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 2 3m, under stones or between
mussels or red algae.
Distribution: Black Sea (Suchum and Jalta).
Three varieties of this species were listed by Czerniavsky as formajaltensis (pp.
252 253), var. truncata (pp. 251-252) and forma typica (pp. 249-251); Biirger
(1904a: 67) listed these as subspecies, respectively Prostoma schultzeijaltense,
Prostoma schultzei truncatum and Prostoma schultzei schultzei, but their
separation purely on the basis of colour variation is insufficient to justify
subspecific status. Gibson and Moore (1976: 194) invalidated Prostoma
schultzei as an inadequately described form, erroneously including it as a
freshwater taxon.
Tetrastemma scutelliferum Bfirger, 1895
Bfirger, 1895a: 581, pl. 3, fig. 33, pl. 7, figs 1 lb
Synonyms: Prostoma scutelliferum
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Tetrastemma serpentina Girard, 1851
Girard, 1851b: 4
Synonyms: Hecate serpentina
Habitat: Intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA).
Included by Bfirger (1904a: 64) as a junior synonym of Prostoma candidum,
now Tetrastemma candidum (Miiller, 1774).
Tetrastemma sexlineatum Coe, 1940
Coe, 1940: 306-307, pl. 24, figs 5, 6
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 35 m.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (southern CA).
Tetrastemma signifer Coe, 1904
Coe, 1904:156 158, text-fig. 20, pl. XIV, figs 9-11, pl. XXI, figs 10-12
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 6-10m, among
algae and other growths on pier pilings or rocks, or in kelp holdfasts.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (CA).
Tetrastemma simplex: see Prostoma simplex Timofeeva, 1912
Tetrastemma siphunculus, Tetrastemma sipunculus: see Planaria siphunculus
Delle Chiaje, 1828
Tetrastemma stanleyi Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934: 276-277, pl. XVI, fig. 12
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones.
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Distribution: East Falkland Is.
Tetrastemma stigmatum Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:163
Synonyms: Prostoma stigmatum (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral, under stones or among algae at a depth of about 11 m.
Distribution: Japan.
Chernuishev (1992a: 135) regarded Prostoma stigmatum sensu Yamaoka
(1940a) as not being the same as Stimpson's species and renamed it
Tetrastemma stimpsoni Chernuishev, ! 992
Tetrastemma stimpsoni Chernuishev, 1992
Chernuishev, 1992a: 135
Synonyms: Prostoma stigmatum (partita)
Habitat: Intertidal under stones or among algae.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Chernuishev distinguished between Tetrastemma stigmatum Stimpson, 1857,
and Prostoma stigmatum sensu Yamaoka, 1940a: 251-253, text-figs 30, 31, pl.
XVII, fig. 13, and renamed Yamaoka's taxon as Tetrastemma stimpsoni.
Tetrastemma subpellucidum C)rsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:576
Synonyms: Prostoma subpellucidum
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Denmark ((~resund).
Tetrastemma suhmi: see Prostoma suhmi Bfirger, 1904
Tetrastemma tanikelyensis Kirsteuer, 1965
Kirsteuer, 1965: 310-315, figs 3F, G, 14
Habitat: Sublittoral on coral.
Distribution: Madagascar (Mozambique Channel).
Tetrastemma tetrophthalma: see Polia tetrophthalma Delle Chiaje, 1841
Tetrastemma timofeevai comb. et nom. nov.: see Prostoma maculatum Timofeeva,
1912
Tetrastemma tridentata Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 121-123, fig. 24
Habitat: Intertidal in brackish-waters with salinities down to about 18%o.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.).
Tetrastemma turanicum Fedchenko, 1872
Fedchenko, 1872: 101, pl. XIV, figs 1-4
Synonyms: Prostoma turanicum
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: Uzbekistan (Tashkent).
Listed as Prostoma turanicum by Bfirger (1904a: 68) and included by StiasnyWijnhoff (1938: 222) in her table of recorded freshwater taxa, Gibson and
Moore (1976: 194) invalidated this species as an inadequately described form.
Tetrastemma turdum Corr6a, 1957
Corrfia, 1957: 264-265, pl. V, figs 32 34, pl. VI, figs 35, 36
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Brazil (near the Silo Paulo Oceanographic Institute).
Tetrastemma tutus: see Prostoma tutus Monastero, 1930
Tetrastemma unicoior: see Oerstedia unicolor Hubrecht, 1879
Tetrastemma unilineatum Joubin, 1910
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Joubin, 1910: 12, pl. fig. 9
Synonyms: Prostoma unilineatum
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 379 m, on mud or shingle, or with
clumps of the brown alga Desmarestia menziesii.
Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (Cape Adare, Robertson's Bay,
McMurdo Sound, Cape Denison, offshore from Casey Research Station,
Possession Is. and Kerguelen Is.).
Redescribed by Gibson and Tait (1984: 139-148, table 1, figs 1-13).
Tetrastemma validum Biirger, 1893
Bfirger, 1893:219-221
Synonyms: Antarctonemertes valisum, Prostoma validum, Stichostemma validum
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral depths of 200 m, on rocky shores, among kelp
holdfasts or with red algae.
Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters (South Georgia, South Shetland
Is., off Enderby Land and the Antarctic Peninsula).
Now Antarctonemertes validum (Bfirger, 1893) (Friedrich, 1955:168); Dawson
(1957: 5) listed Tetrastemma belgica as synonymous with this form but other
authors regard them as separate taxa.
Tetrastemma varicolor Orsted, 1843
Orsted, 1843:575
Synonyms: Tetrastemma varicolor fuscogrisescens, Tetrastemma varicolor vat.
fitsco-grisescens, Tetrastemma varicolor lacteoflavescens,
Tetrastemma
varicolor var. lacteoflavescens, Tetrastemma vari¢olor lineata, Tetrastemma
varicolor var. lineata, Tetrastemma varicolor nigropunctata, Tetrastemma
varicolor var. nigro-punetata
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral.
Distribution: Denmark and Scotland (Isle of Skye and the Hebrides).
Listed by Biirger (1904a: 71) as synonymous with Oerstedia dorsalis
(Abildgaard, 1804); Beneden, 1861: 23-28, pl. IV, figs 1-11, included his Polia
obscura as conspecific with Orsted's taxon, but Bfirger (ibid.: 64) regarded
Beneden's species as in part synonymous with Prostomaflavidum, in part with
Prostoma candidum. Tetrastemma varicolor sensu McIntosh (1869) was
considered by Hubrecht (1879: 227), Carus (1885: 165) and Biirger (ibid.: 64)
as distinct from Orsted's species and synonymised with Tetrastemma or
Prostoma flavidum, whereas Tetrastemma varicolor sensu Diesing (1850)
Bfirger listed as partly identical with Prostoma candidum, partly with Oerstedia
dorsalis. ~3rsted recognised several varieties of his species, which he named var.
fusco-grisescens (p. 575), var. lacteoflavescens (p. 575), var lineata Orsted,
1844: 85, and var. nigro-punctata (p. 575); Bfirger (1904a: 71) included all of
these as subspecies of Tetrastemma varicolor, which are now synonymised with
Oerstedia dorsalis and have no subspecific status.
Tetrastemma variegatum: see Vermiculus variegatus Dalyell, 1853
Tetrastemma vastum Biirger, 1895
Btirger, 1895a: 583, pl. 3, fig. 11
Synonyms: Prostoma vastum
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, on algae (Cystosira barbata) from depths of
1-4m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples) and the Adriatic (Rovinj).
Redescribed by Kirsteuer (1963:584 587, figs 20, 21, 32).
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Tetrastemma verinigrum Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954a: 32-33, fig. 9A
Synonyms: Tetrastemma verinigrum vat. meridialis, Tetrastemma verinigrum var.
meridianum
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of about 1.5m, under
stones, on mussels, among algal holdfasts or on coral debris or a mixture of
coarse sand, gravel, shell fragments and stones.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido) and Hong Kong.
Iwata (1954b: 41, fig. 2C) established a variety of this species, meridianum
(incorrectly given as meridialis in the figure caption), on the basis of colour
differences and minor internal features, but a distinct status is considered no
longer tenable. The species was redescribed by Gibson (1990c: 184-19 l, texW
figs 33, 34, pl. 33, figs A-G, pl. 34, figs A G).
Tetrastemma vermicula, Tetrastemma vermiculatum, Tetrastemma vermiculum,
Tetrastemma vermiculum catenulatum, Tetrastemma vermiculus, Tetrastemma
vermiculus var. catenulatum, Tetrastemma vermiculus var. solium: see Polia
vermiculus Quatrefages, 1846
Tetrastemma verrilli: see Prostoma verrilli B/irger, 1904
Tetrastemma versicolor Beneden, 1883
Beneden, 1883:467
Habitat: Marine benthic.
Distribution: Belgium (Ostende).
Listed by Biirger (1904a: 64) as a junior synonym of Prostoma candidum, now
Tetrastemma candidum (Mfiller, 1774).
Tetrastemma viera: see Prostoma viera Timofeeva, 1912
Tetrastemma viperula: see Prostoma viperula Timofeeva, 1912
Tetrastemma virgatum Kirsteuer, 1963
Kirsteuer, 1963: 595-598, figs 26C, 27 29, 32
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 18 31 m, in mud mixed with detritus and
some sand.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea (Rovinj).
Tetrastemma viride: see Fasciola viridis Mfiller, 1774
Tetrastemma viridis Kulikova, 1989
Kulikova, 1989: 628-630, figs l, 2
Habitat: On the leaves of Phyllospadix iwatensis.
Distribution: Russia (Sea of Japan).
A preoccupied name, Originally used by Orsted, 1844: 87, as Tetrastemma
viride (Mfiller, 1774), Kulikova's species is not the same taxon and is here
renamed Tetrastemma kulikovae nom. nov.
Tetrastemma vittata Verrill, 1874
Verrill, 1874:45-46
Synonyms: Prostoma vittatum, Tetrastemma vittatum (partim): not Oerstedia
vittata Hubrecht, 1879
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 45m, in muddy
situations or among eelgrasses, shells and other objects, usually in protected
harbours.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (New England, ME, MA and CT).
Synonymised with Cyanophthalma cordiceps (Friedrich, 1933) by Norenburg
(1986: 291).
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Tetrastemma vittigerum: see Prostoma vittigerum Biirger, 1904
Tetrastemma weddelli Wheeler, 1934
Wheeler, 1934:278 279, figs 54, 55
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 177 m.
Distribution: Near Shag Rocks between South Georgia and the South Orkney Is.
Tetrastemma wilsoni Coe, 1943
Coe, 1943: 295-297, text-fig. 74
Habitat: Sublittoral, among bryozoans, sponges and other growths on pier
pilings.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA).
Tetrastemma worm Corr~a, 1961
Corr6a, 1961:40-42
Synonyms: Tetrastemma bobi
Distribution: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, among algae on old
mangrove roots or antifouling panels, or under logs in pools.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL) and Curacao.
The illustrations of this species, figs 32-34, are captioned with the name
Tetrastemma bobi; although the figures appear on p. 34, before the textual
description, the name Tetrastemma worm is first used in Corr6a's article on p. 2
and thus has priority. The name Tetrastemma bobi, which has not been used
subsequently, is thus designated as a junior synonym of Tetrastemma worki.
Tetrastemma yamaokai Iwata, 1954
Iwata, 1954a: 33, figs 9B1, 9B2
Habitat: Intertidal among algal holdfasts.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu).
Tononemertes Coe, 1954 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1954:241
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
* Tononemertes peUucida Coe, 1954
Coe, 1954: 241-242, text-fig. 8
Synonyms: Nectonemertes pellucida
Habitat: Obtained from depths of 996-2000m.
Distribution: North Pacific (Monterey Canyon, off CA) and the tropical Pacific
(southwest of the Marshall Is.).
Korotkevich (1977b: 17) included this species as Nectonemertes pellucida.
Tortus Korotkevich, 1971 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Korotkevich, 1971:118
Marine benthic.
* Tortus curilensis Korotkevich, 1971
Korotkevich, 1971: 118-121, figs 4, 5
Habitat: Intertidal among algae and barnacles.
Distribution: Russia (Possjet Bay, Sea of Japan, and the Kuril Is.).
Chernuishev (personal communciation) indicates that this species probably
belongs in the genus Amphiporus.
Tortus iturupensis Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 82-85, fig. 8
Habitat: Intertidal among algae (Fucus, Pelvetia and Rhodomela).
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.).
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Chernuishev (personal communication) indicates that this species probably
belongs in the genus Amphiporus.
Tortus paramusirensis Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 85-88, fig. 9
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.).
Chernuishev (personal communciation) indicates that this species should be
transferred to the genus Neoemplectonema.
Tortus tokmakovae Chernuishev, 1991
Chernuishev, 1991c: 129-132, figs 1, 2
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: Russia (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan).
Tricelis Ehrenberg, 1831
Ehrenberg, 1831:54
Included as a junior synonym of the heteronemertean genus Lineus by Biirger
(1904a: 88).
Tricelis gesserensis: see Planaria gesserensis Mi~ller, 1780
Tubonemertes Coe, 1954 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA PELAGICA
Coe, 1954:247
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Tubonemertes aureola Coe, 1954
Coe, 1954: 247-248, text-fig. 12, pl. 8, fig. B
Synonyms: Planktonemertes aureola
Habitat: Taken in nets between depths of 950-2000m.
Distribution: North Pacific (Monterey Canyon, off CA, and in the San Diego
Trough) and South Pacific (southwest of Samoa).
Korotkevich (1977b: 16) listed this species as Planktonemertes aureola.
* Tubonemertes wheeleri: see Paradinonemertes wheeleri Coe, 1936
Tubulanus Renier, 1804 PALAEONEMERTEA
Renier, 1804:20
Marine benthic.
Tubulanus albocapitatus Wijnhoff, 1912
Wijnhoff, 1912: 412-413, fig. 1
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 50-60 m, from muddy gravel or fine muddy
sand.
Distribution: British Isles (Plymouth region).
An inadequately described species (Gibson, 1982b: 59).
Tubulanus albocinctus: see Carinella albocincta Coe, 1904
Tubulanus ambiguus: see Carinella ambigua Punnett, 1903
Tubulanus annulatus: see Gordius annulatus Montagu, 1804
Tubulanus aureus: see Carinella aurea Joubin, 1904
Tubulanus baniulensis; Tubulanus banyulensis: see Carinella banyulensis Joubin,
1890
Tubulanus borealis Friedrich, 1936
Friedrich, 1936b: 101-108, figs l-5
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 100m.
Distribution: North-eastern part of the North Sea (near the approach to the
Skagerrak).
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R. Gibson
Tubulanus capistratus: see Carinella capistrata Coe, 1901
Tubulanus cingulatus: see Carinella cingulata Coe, 1904
Tubulanus defractus Renier, 1847
Renier, 1847:63
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea.
Biirger (1904a: 132) included this form among a number of dubious nemertean
genera and species.
Tubulanus elegans Blainville, 1828
Blainville, 1828:574
Synonyms: ?Nemertes elegans, ?Siphonenteron elegans
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Adriatic Sea.
Blainville attributed this species to Renier as the naming authority but, as
noted in Renier (1847: 62), he had never published this name although he had
referred to a 'Sifonentero elegante'. Biirger (1904a: 12) synonymised
Blainville's taxon with Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804.
Tubulanus ezoensis Yamaoka, 1940
Yamaoka, 1940a: 212-215, text-figs 3, 4, pl. XIV, figs 3, 4
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, under stones in white mucous tubes attached to
the stones.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Tubulanusfloridanus Coe, 1951
Coe, 1951a: 330
Habitat: Among algae on dock pilings.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL).
An illustration of this species appeared in Coe (1951b: fig. 23).
Tubulanus frenatus: see Carinella frenata Coe, 1904
Tubulanus groenlandicus, Tubulanus gr6nlandicus: see Carinella gr#nlandica
Bergendal, 1902
Tubulanus holorhynchocoelomicus Friedrich, 1958
Friedrich, 1958:3
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 37 m.
Distribution: Iceland.
Tubulanus inexpectatus: see Carinella inexpectata Hubrecht, 1880
Tubulanus linearis: see Carinella linearis Mclntosh, 1873-1874
Tubulanus lucidus Iwata, 1952
Iwata, 1952: 126-128, figs 1, 6
Synonyms: Tubulanus lucida
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal, under stones.
Distribution: Japan (Kyushu).
Tubulanus miniatus: see Carinella miniata Btirger, 1892
Tubulanus norvegicus Senz, 1993
Senz, 1993a: 56-59, pl. 2, figs 10, 11
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Norway (near Bergen).
Tubulanus nothus: see Carinella nothus Bfirger, 1892
Tubulanus panormitanus Monastero, 1930
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Monastero, 1930: 50, pl. fig. 1
Habitat: Intertidal among calcareous algae.
Distribution: Italy (Sicily).
Tubulanus pellucidus: see Carinella pellucida Coe, 1895
* Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804
Renier, 1804:20
Synonyms: Carinella polymorpha, Carinella rubra, Carinella speciosa, ?Nemertes
elegans, Nemertes polymorpha, Ophyocephalus polymorphus, ?Siphonenteron
elegans, Tubulanus elegans, Valencia splendida, Valencinia splendida
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 45-50m or more, on
mud, sandy mud, sand or gravel bottoms, beneath stones, in laminarian
holdfasts or among mussels and other growths.
Distribution: This species has a wide range in the northern hemisphere,
extending from the Pacific coast of North America to the Mediterranean,
Atlantic, North Sea, Channel and Irish Sea coasts of Europe; a record from
East Africa (Punnett and Cooper, 1909: 4) is of doubtful validity.
Melville (1986: 112-114) proposed reinstating this species after the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature had earlier rejected
Renier's Prospetto della classe dei Vermi (1804) as not having been duly
published.
Tubulanus punctatus: see Carinella punctata Takakura, 1898
Tubulanus pusillus: see Gordius pusillus Delle Chiaje, 1829
Tubulanus rhabdotus Corr~a, 1954
Corr~a, 1954: 12-20, pl. 1, figs 1-6, pl. 2, figs 7-9, pl. 3, figs 10, 11, pl. 4, figs
12-18
Habitat: Intertidal, among algae growing on rocks, antifouling panels or old
mangrove roots, under logs in tidal pools or in sea grass beds.
Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Silo Sebastiio), Curacao and the Atlantic coast of
the USA (FL).
Tubulanus rubicundus: see Carinella rubicunda Biirger, 1892
Tubulanus sexlineatus: see Carinella sexlineata Griffin, 1898
Tubulanus superbus: see Nemertes superbus Krlliker, 1845
Tubulanus theeli: see Carinella thbeli Bergendal, 1902
Tubulanus tubieola: see Carinella tubicola Kennel, 1891
Typhlonemertes du Plessis, 1891
du Plessis, 1891:416
Although clearly referring to the genus Ototyphlonemertes Diesing, 1863, du
Plessis unjustifiably emended the generic name; Typhlonemertes is thus a junior
synonym of Ototyphlonemertes (Bfirger, 1904a: 26).
Typhlonemertes aurantiaca: see Oerstedia aurantiaca du Plessis, 1891
Typhlonemertes claparedii: see Oerstedia claparedii du Plessis, 1891
Typhlonemertes pallida: see Oerstedia pallida Keferstein, 1862
Uehidana Iwata, 1967 HETERONEMERTEA
Iwata, 1967:123
The generic name is spelt Uchidaia in the title of the article, an evident printing
error.
Marine parasitic.
* Uehidana parasita Iwata, 1967
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532
R. Gibson
Iwata, 1967: 124-136, text-fig. 1, pl. 1, figs 1-8, pl. 2, figs 9-16, pl. 3, figs 17-24
Habitat: Ectoparasitic in the mantle cavity and between the shell and mantle of
the bivalve mollusc Mactra sulcataria collected from muddy sand.
Distribution: Japan (Honshu).
Uniporus Brinkmann, 1914-1915
HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Brinkmann, 1914-1915:23
Marine benthic.
Uniporus acutocaudatus Brinkmann, 1914-1915
Brinkmann, 1914-1915: 18-23, text-fig. 3, pl. I, figs 10, 11, pl. II, figs 14-17
Synonyms: Drepanophorus borealis (partim)
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 2-600 m, on mud.
Distribution: Northern part of the North Sea and off the west coast of Norway
(Lofoten Is. and near Bergen).
Drepanophorus borealis sensu Punnett (1903a: 32) was in part synonymised
with this species by Brinkmann.
Uniporus borealis: gee Drepanophorus borealis Punnett, 1901
*Uniporus hyalinus Brinkmann, 1914 1915
Brinkmann, 1914-1915: 3-13, text fig. 2, pl. l, figs 1-9, pl. II, figs 12, 13
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 1000 1200 m.
Distribution: Norwegian Sea between Norway and the Faroe Is.
Urichonemertes Gibson,
1 9 8 3 HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Gibson, 1983b: 75, table 1, fig. 12C
Marine benthic.
* Urichonemertes pilorhynchus Gibson, 1983
Gibson, 1983b: 75-91, figs 1-11
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, under rocks or coral boulders on
reefs.
Distribution: Australia (Great Barrier Reef).
Utolineus Gibson, 1990 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1990c: 123-124, table 3
Marine benthic.
* Utolineus uberis Gibson, 1990
Gibson, 1990c: 124-132, text figs 20, 21, pl. 22, figs A-I, pl. 23, figs A-I
Habitat: Intertidal in muddy silty sand near mangroves.
Distribution: Hong Kong.
Valdivianemertes
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1 9 2 3 HOPLONEMERTEA
MONOSTILIFERA
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1923a: 643
The nomenclatural status and systematic position of the genus has recently been
discussed by Crandall (1993b).
Marine benthic.
* Valdivianemertes stannii: see Akrostomum stannii Grube, 1840
Valdivianemertes valdiviae: see Drepanophorus valdiviae Biirger, 1909
Valencia: see Valencinia Quatrefages, 1846
Valenciennesia Joubin, 1894
Joubin, 1894:75-76
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533
An emendation of the generic name Valencinia.
Valenciennesia longirostris: see Valencinia longirostris Quatrefages, 1846
Valencinia Quatrefages, 1846 HETERONEMERTEA
Quatrefages, 1846:185-186
Bfirger (1904a: 11) regarded this name as in part synonymous with the
palaeonemertean genus Tubulanus; Koehler (1885: 77, 115) emended the name to
Valencia, whilst Joubin (1894: 75-76) changed it to Valenciennesia.
Marine benthic.
Valencinia annulata Stimpson, 1855
Stimpson, 1855b: 389-390
Habitat: Intertidal on weedy sand.
Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope).
Although the title of Stimpson's article indicates that he was describing this
form as a new species, the name Valencinia annulata had previously been used
by Diesing (1850: 244-245) for Gordius annulatus Montagu, 1804; Bfirger
(1904a: 14) listed both Diesing's and Stimpson's references as synonymous
with Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804).
Valencinia armandi McIntosh, 1875
McIntosh, 1875b: 73-80, pl. XVI, figs 1-9
Synonyms: Carinella armandi
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal in sand among tubes of the polychaete Lanice
conehilega.
Distribution: British Isles (Southport and St. Andrews).
Now Carinoma armandi (McIntosh, 1875)(Oudemans, 1885: 8).
Valencinia blanca Biirger, 1892
Bfirger, 1892a: 155
Synonyms: Joubinia blanca
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of 60 m.
Distribution: Italy (Naples).
Valencinia dubia Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:190-191
Synonyms: Quatrefagea dubia, Quatrefagea insignis
Habitat: Intertidal in sand with Arenicola.
Distribution: France (Gulf of St. Malo).
Included in a list of dubious nemertean taxa by Bfirger (1904a: 78).
Valencinia elegans Stimpson, 1857
Stimpson, 1857:162
Synonyms: Valencinia annulata
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 7-8 m among algae.
Distribution: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope).
Stimpson listed his 1855 species, Valencinia annulata, as synonymous with this
form, whilst Bfirger (1904a: 14) regarded Valencinia elegans as conspecific with
Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804) and quite different from Tubulanus
elegans Blainville, 1828.
Valeneinia lineformis McIntosh, 1873-1874
McIntosh, 1873-1874:207-208
Synonyms: Valeneinia lineiformis
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 10m on Corallina or shelly gravel.
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534
R. Gibson
Distribution: British Isles (Shetland Is.).
Hubrecht (1879: 208) and Carus (1885: 159) included this species as
synonymous with Valencinia longirostris Quatrefages, 1846, but Gibson
(1982b: 189) rejected this synonymy on the grounds that whereas Mclntosh's
taxon possessed eyes, longirostris did not, and concluded that the taxonomic
status of Valencinia lineformis remained uncertain.
* Valencinia longirostris Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846:189-190
Synonyms: Joubinia longirostris, Joubinia longirostris longirostris, Joubinia
longirostris rava, Valencia longirostris, Valenciennesia longirostris, Valencinia
longirostris vat. rava
Habitat: Sublittoral at depths of 1-10m among the roots of Zostera and
Posidonia or on sand.
Distribution: British Isles (Channel Is.), France (Chausey Is. and Brbhat) and
Italy (Naples).
Bfirger (1895a: 609, pl. 4, fig. 38) recognised a colour variety of this species
which he called Valencinia longirostris var. rava, later (BiJrger, 1904a: 86)
listing it as a subspecies under the name Joubinia longirostris rava. Corrfia
(1956: 201-203, pl. 2, figs 5, 10) redescribed Valencinia Iongb'ostris from
material collected at Naples.
Valencinia ornata Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 187-189, pl. 10, fig. IV
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral.
Distribution: France (Brbhat).
Synonymised with Tubulanus superbus (Kblliker, 1845) by Biirger (1904a: 13).
Valencinia phalaerata Gay, 1849
Gay, 1849:63
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Chile.
Regarded as a dubious species of heteronemertean by Bi~rger (1904a: 129).
Valencinia rubens Coe, 1895
Coe, 1895:521-522
Synonyms: Joubinia rubens, Zygeupolia litoralis, Zygeupolia littoralis
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral depths of 50 m, burrowed in sand
or under stones on sand in bays, harbours and estuaries.
Distribution: Atlantic (southern New England, ME and southwards) and Pacific
(CA to Ensenada, Mexico) coasts of North America.
Now Zygeupolia rubens (Coe, 1895) (Coe, 1940: 263).
Valencinia splendida Quatrefages, 1846
Quatrefages, 1846: 186-187, pl. 8, fig. III
Synonyms: Valencia splendida
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: France (Br+hat).
Synonymised with Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804, by Biirger (1895a:
517-518).
Valencinia striata: see Borlasia striata Quoy and Gaimard, 1833
Valencinina Gibson, 1981 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1981b: 166
Marine benthic.
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Nemertean genera and species of the world
535
* Valencinina albula Gibson, 1981
Gibson, 1981b: 166-173, figs 1-5
Habitat: Intertidal beneath a coral boulder on a reef fiat.
Distribution: Australia (Pelorus Is. in the Great Barrier Reef).
Valencinura Bergendal, 1902 HETERONEMERTEA
Bergendal, 1902a: 14
Marine benthic.
* Valeneinura bahusiensis Bergendal, 1902
Bergendal, 1902a: 14-18, figs 4-6
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: West coast of Sweden.
Vermiculus Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853:88
Biirger (1904a: 34, 53, 70) included species listed in this genus as synonymous
with the hoplonemertean genera Amphiporus, Prostoma and Oerstedia.
Vermiculus coluber Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 91, pl. X, figs 22, 23
Synonyms: Tetrastemma coluber: not Vermiculus coluber var.
Habitat: Intertidal.
Distribution: British Isles.
Listed as a junior synonym of Prostoma coronatum, now Tetrastemma
coronatum (Quatrefages, 1846) by Biirger (1904a: 61) but as synonymous with
Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837) by Gibson (1982b: 168); the
cephalic colour pattern illustrated by Dalyell's fig. 23 appears to resemble that
of coronatum more than melanocephalum. A possible variety of Vermiculus
coluber illustrated by Dalyell, pl. X, fig. 24, was uncertainly included as
conspecific with Tetrastemma candidum (Miiller, 1774) by Gibson (1982b:
159).
Vermiculus crassus Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 88-89, pl. X, figs 11, 12
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Scotland.
Included among a group of dubious nemertean taxa by Bfirger (1904a: 78).
Vermiculus lineatus Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 90, pl. X, figs 19, 20
Synonyms: Cephalotrix lineatus
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Scotland.
Although Mclntosh (1873-1874:186) included this form as a junior synonym
of Lineus gesserensis (Mfiller, 1780), Bfirger (1904a: 78) regarded it as a
dubious taxon; Gibson (1982b: 189) commented that 'Whilst neither the
generic nor specific identity of Vermiculus lineatus can be determined, its
colour resembles varieties described for both Amphiporus lactifloreus and
Oerstedia dorsalis. The number of eyes, conversely, is at variance with both of
these forms.'
Vermiculus rubens Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 89-90, pl. X, figs 13-18
Habitat: In shells and other cavities.
Distribution: Scotland.
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536
R. Gibson
Diesing (1863: 178) listed this form as synonymous with Polystemma roseum,
but Hubrecht (1879: 221) and subsequent authors synonymised it with
Amphiporus pulcher, now Nipponnemertes puicher (Johnston, 1837).
Vermiculus variegatus Dalyell, 1853
Dalyell, 1853: 91-92, pl. X, figs 25, 26
Synonyms: Tetrastemma variegatum
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Scotland.
Synonymised with Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) by Biirger (1904a:
71).
Wijnhoffella
Friedrich,
1 9 4 0 HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Friedrich, 1940b: 1
Marine benthic.
* Wijnhoffella alexandrinensis Friedrich, 1940
Friedrich, 1940b: 1-5, fig. 1
Habitat: Sublittoral from a depth of about 100m on mud.
Distribution: Egypt (fishery grounds near Alexandria).
Wiotkenia Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969 HETERONEMERTEA
Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969b: 371-372
Marine benthic.
* Wiotkeniafriedrichi Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969
Serna de Esteban and Moretto, 1969b: 372-379, figs 1-12
Habitat: Not recorded.
Distribution: Southern Argentina (Tierra del Fuego).
Xenistum Blanchard, 1845
Blanchard, 1845:1344
Listed as a junior synonym of the bdellonemertean genus MalacobdeUa by
Btirger (1904a: 73).
Xenistum valenciennaei Blanchard, 1845
Blanchard, 1845:1344
Synonyms: Malacobdella valenciennaei
Habitat: Commensal in the mantle cavity of the bivalve mollusc Mya truncata.
Distribution: Not recorded.
Synonymised with Malacobdella grossa (Miiller, 1776) by Bfirger (1904a: 74).
Xenoarmaueria Chernuishev, 1992 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Chernuishev, 1992b: 7
Marine bathypelagic.
*Xenoarmaueria acoeca: see Mesarmaueria acoeca Korotkevich, 1955
Xenonemertes
Gibson,
1983
HOPLONEMERTEA
POLYSTILIFERA
REPTANTIA
Gibson, 1983b: 91-93, table 1, fig. 12B
Marine benthic.
*Xenonemertes rhamphocephalus Gibson, 1983
Gibson, 1983b: 93-102, figs 13-19
Habitat: Under a rock on a reef platform.
Distribution: Australia (Pickersgill Reef, Great Barrier Reef).
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537
Zinarmaueria Chernuishev, 1 9 9 2 HOPLONEMERTEA POLYSTILIFERA
PELAGICA
Chernuishev, 1992b: 7
Marine, mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
*Zinarmaueria platonovae Chernuishev, 1992
Chernuishev, 1992b: 7-8, figs 4, 6, 9
Habitat: Taken in depths of between 512-1500m.
Distribution: Russia (Sea of Okhotsk).
Zodionemertes Gibson, 1985 HETERONEMERTEA
Gibson, 1985b: 211-212
Marine benthic.
*Zodionemertes chilensis Gibson, 1985
Gibson, 1985b: 212-222, figs 54-58
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral to a depth of about 1 m.
Distribution: Chile (Straits of Magellan).
Zygeupolia Thompson, 1900 HETERONEMERTEA
Thompson, 1900b: 151
Marine benthic.
Zygeupolia litoralis Thompson, 1900
Thompson, 1900b: 151-153
Synonyms: Zygeupolia littoralis: not Zygeupolia littoralis sensu Iwata (1951)
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to shallow sublittoral, in sand.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (MA).
Fully described, also as a new species, by Thompson (1901: 659-719, text-figs
1, 2E, 5-7, pl. XL, figs 1-17, pl. XLI, figs 18-28, pl. XLII, figs 29-44, pl. XLII1,
figs 45-61, pl. XLIV, fig. 62); synonymised with Zygeupolia rubens (Coe, 1895)
by Coe (1940: 263). Zygeupolia littoralis sensu Iwata (1951) has recently been
redescribed as Paralineopsis tam by Iwata (1993).
*Zygeupolia rubens: see Valencinia rubens Coe, 1895
Zygonemertes Montgomery, 1897 HOPLONEMERTEA MONOSTILIFERA
Montgomery, 1897:2-4
Marine benthic.
Zygonemertes africana Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1916
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1916: 15-17, fig. p. 16
Habitat: Sublittoral to a depth of 10m.
Distribution: Namibia (Liideritz Bay).
Additional data on the species was given by Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1942).
Zygonemertes albida Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901a: 31-33, text-fig. 6, pl. III, fig. 2, pl. VIII, fig. 5
Habitat: Intertidal to sublittoral, among algae and other growths on rocks and
pier pilings.
Distribution: Pacific coast of North America (BC to Ensenada, Mexico).
Zygonemertes algensis: see Amphiporus algensis Bfirger, 1895
Zygonemertes caUainus Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 110-114, fig. 21
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal among laminarians.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.).
Zygonemertes capensis Wheeler, 1934
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538
R. Gibson
Wheeler, 1934: 239-243, texWfigs 13 16, pl. XV, figs 3, 6, 12
Habitat: Intertidal, in pools, under stones in channels or among the holdfast
branches of Ecklonia.
Distribution: South Africa (Saldanha Bay to East London).
Zygonemertes cocacola Corr~a, 1961
Corr~a, 1961:31 33, figs 27, 28
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral, among algae.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL).
Zygonemertes fragariae Corr~a, 1954
Corr6a, 1954: 44-49, pl. 8, fig. 43, pl. 9, figs 44 51, pl. 10, fig. 52
Habitat: Intertidal on algae growing on stones.
Distribution: Brazil (Ubatuba, Ilha de $5.o Sebasti~o, Ilha das Palmas and
Itanh~ten).
Zygonemertes glandulosa Yamaoka, 1940
Yamaoka, 1940a: 244-247, text-figs 22-24, pl. XVII, fig. 8
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal under stones.
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido).
Zygonemertes isabellae Corr~a, 1954
Corr~a, 1954:51 53, pl. 10, figs 53-56
Habitat: Intertidal between algae.
Distribution: Brazil (Ilha de Silo SebastiSo).
Zygonemertes liideritzi Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1916
Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1916:15-17
Habitat: Sublittoral to depths of 10m.
Distribution: Namibia (Lfideritz Bay).
Additional anatomical information on this species was given by StiasnyWijnhoff (1942: 148-154, figs 8, 9) which should now be known as
Zygonemertes luederitzi Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1916.
Zygonemertes maslovskyi, Zygonemertes maslowskyi: see Borlasia maslovskyi
Czerniavsky, 1880
Zygonemertes simoneae Corr~a, 1961
Corr~a, 1961: 28-31, figs 23-26
Habitat: Intertidal to shallow water sublittoral among algae.
Distribution: Atlantic coast of the USA (FL).
Zygonemertes tenuirostris Korotkevich, 1977
Korotkevich, 1977a: 109 110, fig. 20
Habitat: Sublittoral from depths of 20-50m.
Distribution: Russia (Kuril Is.).
Zygonemertes thalassina Coe, 1901
Coe, 1901a: 29-31, text fig. 5, pl. II, fig. 5, pl. VII, fig. 1, pl. XIII, fig. 2
Habitat: Lower shore intertidal to sublittoral, among hydroids, algae and other
growths on rocks or among broken shells.
Distribution: Pacific coast of the USA (AK).
*Zygonemertes virescens: see Amphiporus virescens Verrill, 1879
Zygonemertes zhenylebedevi Chernuishev, 1991
Chernuishev, 1991d: 46-49, figs p. 47
Habitat: Shallow water sublittoral, from a depth of 0-5m on the leaves of
Phyllospadix iwatensis.
Distribution: Russia (Sea of Japan).
Nemertean genera and species of the world
539
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Acknowledgements
Invaluable help in tracing much of the literature used during the preparation of
this checklist has been willingly given by m a n y library staff and I wish to thank them
for their patience and assistance; particular appreciation is due to Gina Douglas
(Linnean Society Library), Clare Osbourn (Balfour Library, University of
Cambridge) and Zo~ Clarke, Sharon Clayton-Spencer, Paul Edwards, Sue Faulkner,
Gwen Lloyd, Janet McCormick, David Ovenden, Ann Pugh, Janet Wilde, Pat
Williams and Elaine Willis of the Liverpool John Moores University Library, Byrom
Street. Thanks are also due to Alexei Chernuishev, Frank Crandall, Jon Norenburg,
N a t h a n Riser and Martin Thiel for information on recent taxonomic changes or
unpublished data on the distribution of certain species. Finally, special thanks are due
to Janet M o o r e who, despite her normal hectic schedule, managed to read through a
complete copy of the draft manuscript within a remarkably short time; her
suggestions for improving the arrangement were, as always, of immense value.
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AGASSIZ, A., 1866, On the young stages of a few annelids, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural
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ANAD6N, N., 1981, Nuevos datos sobre la fauna de nemertinos del norte de Espafia (Asturias y
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B~NEDEN, E. VAN, 1883, Compte rendu sommaire des recherches entreprises /t la Station
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BENEDEN,P.-J. VAN, 1876, Animal Parasites and Messmates (London: Henry S. King & Co.),
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BENNETT, I., 1971, The Great Barrier Reef(Melbourne: Lansdowne), 183 pp.
BERG, G., 1972a, Taxonomy of Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) and Amphiporus
dissimulans Riches, 1893 (Nemertini, Hoplonemertini), Astarte, 5, 19-26.
BERG, G., 1972b, Studies on Nipponnemertes Friedrich, 1968 (Nemertini, Hoplonemertini). I.
Redescription of Nipponnemertes puleher (Johnston, 1837) with special reference to
intraspecific variation of the taxonomical characters, Zoologica Scripta, 1, 211-225.
BERG, G., 1973, On morphology and distribution of some hoplonemertean species along
Scandinavian coasts (Nemertini), Zoologica Scripta, 2, 63-70.
BERG, G., 1976, Redescription of Zygonemertes algensis (Bfirger, 1895) (Nemertini,
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