Talanta 52 (2000) 91 – 99
www.elsevier.com/locate/talanta
Titration of strong and weak acids by sequential injection
analysis technique
Silla Maskula, Johan Nyman 1, Ari Ivaska *
A, bo Akademi Uni6ersity Process Chemistry Group, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8,
FIN 20500 Turku-A, bo, Finland
Received 25 October 1999; received in revised form 2 February 2000; accepted 8 February 2000
Abstract
A sequential injection analysis (SIA) titration method has been developed for acid-base titrations. Strong and weak
acids in different concentration ranges have been titrated with a strong base. The method is based on sequential
aspiration of an acidic sample zone and only one zone of the base into a carrier stream of distilled water. On their
way to the detector, the sample and the reagent zones are partially mixed due to the dispersion and thereby the base
is partially neutralised by the acid. The base zone contains the indicator. An LED-spectrophotometer is used as
detector. It senses the colour of the unneutralised base and the signal is recorded as a typical SIA peak. The peak area
of the unreacted base was found to be proportional to the logarithm of the acid concentration. Calibration curves
with good linearity were obtained for a strong acid in the concentration ranges of 10 − 4 –10 − 2 and 0.1– 3 M.
Automatic sample dilution was implemented when sulphuric acid at concentration of 6 – 13 M was titrated. For a
weak acid, i.e. acetic acid, a linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 3 ×10 − 4 –8 ×10 − 2 M. By changing
the volumes of the injected sample and the reagent, different acids as well as different concentration ranges of the
acids can be titrated without any other adjustments in the SIA manifold or the titration protocol. © 2000 Elsevier
Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Titration; Strong acid; Weak acid; Sequential injection analysis
1. Introduction
Interest for the automatic titrations arise from
the fact that many of the acid – base titrations in
the process industry are still performed manually,
* Corresponding author. Tel.: + 358-2-2154420.
E-mail address: ari.ivaska@abo.fi (A. Ivaska)
1
Present address: Raisio Chemicals, PO Box 101, FIN21201 Raisio, Finland.
i.e. the control of the process solution concentrations takes place off-line in a laboratory. Automation of these analytical procedures would shorten
the time between sampling and obtaining the results. Possibility for human errors in the analytical work will be diminished and reduction of
reagents used and waste produced will also be
obtained. Possible techniques, which can be used
for automatisation of titration procedures, are the
sequential injection analysis (SIA) and its parent
0039-9140/00/$ - see front matter © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 3 9 - 9 1 4 0 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 3 2 3 - 4
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S. Maskula et al. / Talanta 52 (2000) 91–99
technique flow injection analysis (FIA). For industrial purposes SIA titration presents a more
suitable alternative, because the FIA titration
methods have usually too high reagent consumption for on-line applications. FIA technique does
not either offer the robustness and reliability
needed in industrial processes. For instance, the
use of peristaltic pumps in FIA instruments
causes elongation of the tubing, which requires
more frequent maintenance for the apparatus.
SIA instruments are also totally computer-controlled, which enables their connection to other
process controlling devices and fast modification
of measurement protocols if needed.
The FIA titration technique itself is well established and has been used in several applications
[1]. In classical acid– base FIA titration, a sample
of acid is injected into a carrier stream of base,
which contains an indicator. On its way to the
detector the sample is dispersed into the carrier
stream and thereby gradually neutralised in both
the leading and tailing edges of the sample zone.
In both of these edges, an element of fluid exists
where the amount of acid is equivalent with the
amount of base. Peak width between these two
equivalence points is proportional to the logarithm of the sample concentration. The same procedure has also been adapted for SIA titration in
order to reduce the reagent and sample consumption [2]. In that study the continuous base stream
was replaced by two base zones on each side of
acidic sample zone in a carrier stream of distilled
water, and the obtained peak width was used for
determination of the logarithm of sample
concentration.
In this paper we will describe a SIA titration
method, where a sample zone of acid and only
one reagent zone of base are sequentially injected
into a carrier stream of distilled water. The injected zones are first stacked into the holding coil
and when the flow is reversed, they are dispersed,
partially into each other and partially into the
carrier stream on their way to the detector. The
base zone contains an indicator, which colour is
detected with an LED-spectrophotometer. The
concentration gradients, which are formed, can be
thought to consist of small individual elements of
fluid, each of them having a slightly different
concentration as the neighbouring ones. These
small volume elements of reagent (base) are mixed
with small volume elements of the sample (acid).
When the flow pattern is kept constant, the ‘number’ of reagent (base) fluid elements, which are
neutralised, depends on the initial concentration
of the sample. At the same time, as the base in a
fluid element is neutralised, the colour of the
acid-base indicator in that particular element is
also changed. The detector senses the colour of
the unneutralised base and the signal is recorded
as a typical SIA peak. When the initial concentration of the acid increases more base fluid elements
are neutralised and the width of the peak decreases. At the same time, the area of the peak
also decreases. The observed peak area, which
corresponds to the amount of unreacted base, was
experimentally found to be proportional to the
logarithm of acid concentration. As long as the
manifold, reagent concentration, the injected volumes and the flow rates are maintained constant
all the samples undergo a similar dispersion and
the obtained peak areas can be compared with
each other.
2. Experimental
2.1. Chemicals
All chemicals used were of p.a. grade and obtained from Merck except the a-naphtholbenzein,
which was obtained from Fluka. 96% ethanol was
obtained from Primalco Oy, Finland. Distilled,
deionized water (Millipore) without degassing was
used throughout the experiments. It was also used
as the carrier solution. The Bromthymol Blue
(BTB) dye solution was prepared by dissolving
0.40 g of the indicator in 25 ml of 96% ethanol
and making the final volume to 100 ml with 10 − 2
M sodium tetraborate solution. The a-naphtholbenzein dye solution was prepared by dissolving
0.10 g of the indicator in 100 ml 96% ethanol.
2.2. Standards
NaOH solutions were prepared by appropriate
dilutions of 4.89 M stock solution, standardised
S. Maskula et al. / Talanta 52 (2000) 91–99
against potassium biftalate, C6H4(COOH)COOK.
All NaOH solutions contained 3×10 − 5 M BTB.
The HCl solutions in the range 0.1– 3 M were
prepared by appropriate dilutions of 5.02 M stock
solution, standardised against the 4.89 M NaOH
solution. H2SO4 solutions were prepared by appropriate dilutions of concentrated acid. Acetic
acid (HAc) solutions were prepared by appropriate dilutions of 5.0 M stock solution.
2.3. Apparatus
A commercial SI flow system SIAmate™ analyser from Arctic Instruments Oy Ab (Turku, Finland) was used in the experiments [3]. The
software package of the instrument (AnalySIA)
was used in all experiments for device control,
data acquisition and for integration of the peak
areas. The instrument has a built-in zoomable
LED-specII LED based photometer with a 0.76
mm light path. The photometer was trimmed
against the darkest indicator solution before the
experiments. The absorbance was monitored with
a 635 nm LED. The blue colours of BTB and
a-naphtholbenzein have their absorption maxima
at 620 and at 650 nm, respectively. Absorbances
of the used reagent solutions at these wavelengths
were measured with a conventional spectrophotometer equipped with a 10 mm cuvette (Diode
Array Spectrophotometer 8452A, Hewlett Packard). Absorbance values of 0.83 and 0.61 were
93
measured with the used reagent solutions of BTB
and a-naphtholbenzein, respectively. Absorbances
measured with the LED-specII during the experiments were lower than these values due to the
shorter path length and dilution in the manifold.
A schematic diagram of the sequential injection
flow system is shown in Fig. 1. All tubing in the
system was 0.76 mm i.d. polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE). The length of the holding (HC) and
reaction (RC) coils were 200 and 100 cm,
respectively.
2.4. Procedure
For the acid titration without sample dilution
one measurement cycle consisted of the following
steps: (1) washing of the sample line with a new
sample solution; (2) aspiration of the desired sample volume; (3) aspiration of the desired reagent
volume; (4) flow reversion and the detection of the
blue colour, when the aspirated zones were
pumped through the reaction coil to the detector
and then to the waste.
When the sample dilution was used, the measurement cycle was otherwise the same as described above, but after the step (2), part of the
sample zone was dispensed to the auxiliary waste.
In all experiments the measurement cycle was
repeated three times for each concentration. The
collected data was median filtered, which minimised the disturbances in the final signal caused
by possible air bubbles.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Zone dispersion
Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of the SI system used. HC is the
holding coil, RC is the reaction coil. Auxiliary waste was used
as the dilution conduit.
Zone dispersion, i.e. how well the injected zones
are mixed with each other, is regarded as one of
the most important parameters in SI analysis
[4,5]. The flow profiles of the reagent and sample
zones as they reached the LED-spectrometer were
studied by injecting BTB dye solution into a
colourless carrier stream. As the measurement
protocol was the same as during the titration
experiments, and because no chemical reactions
took place, the obtained tracer curves show only
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S. Maskula et al. / Talanta 52 (2000) 91–99
Fig. 2. (a) Detector response for increasing injection volumes of BTB; (b) peak height (A max) plotted as a function of the injected
sample volume (), and the term − log (1− A max/A 0) also as a function of the injected sample volume ( ). A 0 is the maximum
absorbance of the dye. The absorbance values are given in arbitrary units.
the physical dispersion that the zones undergo on
their way to the detector. A series of growing
sample volumes of BTB was aspirated in the SI
system in order to determine the sample volume,
which has to be used to obtain half of the maximum absorbance, S1/2 (Fig. 2a). The term −
S. Maskula et al. / Talanta 52 (2000) 91–99
log (1−A max/A 0) and the absorbance values are
shown in Fig. 2b as the function of the sample
volume. The term − log (1−A max/A 0) shows a
linear relationship with the sample volume, which
is accordance with the theory of controlled dispersion in FIA [1]. The S1/2 value for the used
manifold was found to be 160 ml. The reagent and
sample volumes used in this work giving the
optimal titration results are shown in Table 1.
Tracer curves for these injection volumes are
shown in Fig. 3. It can been seen in Fig. 3 that the
reagent and sample zones overlap each other almost completely for every volume combination
thus guaranteeing the best dispersion conditions.
95
This is in good agreement with results obtained by
Růžička et al. [4]. They found that the optimum
conditions for SI single reagent based chemistry
are obtained when the aspirated sample zone volume is 50.5S1/2 and at the same time the reagent
zone volume is at least twice as large as the
sample zone volume.
3.2. Titration of strong acid
Hydrochloric acid in two different acid concentration ranges, 10 − 4 –10 − 2 and 0.1– 3 M, was
titrated with sodium hydroxide. In order to optimise the linearity of the calibration curve different
Table 1
Optimum volumes of reagents and samples in the titrations of strong and weak acids studied in this work
Acid
Concentration range (M)
Reagent volume (ml)
Sample volume (ml)
HCl
HCl
H2SO4
HAc
10−4–10−2
0.1–3
6–13
2.6×10−4–8×10−2
175
175
175
175
65
50
50
80
(= 1.06S1/2)
( = 1.06S1/2)
(= 1.06S1/2)
(= 1.06S1/2)
(= 0.41S1/2)
(= 0.31S1/2)
(= 0.31S1/2)
(= 0.5S1/2)
Dilution volume (ml)
–
–
175
–
Fig. 3. The obtained tracer curves for the reagent, 175 ml, and different aspiration volumes of the sample, 80, 65 and 50 ml. The
absorbance values are given in arbitrary units.
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S. Maskula et al. / Talanta 52 (2000) 91–99
Fig. 4. Calibration curves for titration of 0.1 – 3 M HCl (line A), and for titration of 6 – 13 M H2SO4 with dilution (line B).
concentrations of NaOH and different combinations of the reagent and sample volumes were
studied. The best calibration curve with R 2 =
0.992 (not shown) for the titration of 10 − 4 –10 − 2
M HCl was obtained by using 0.5 ×10 − 3 M
NaOH as reagent, 175 ml of reagent and 65 ml of
sample. The best calibration curve for titration of
HCl in the concentration range 0.1– 3 M was
obtained by using 0.1 M NaOH together with
reagent and sample volumes of 175 and 50 ml,
respectively. The linearity of the obtained calibration curve was R 2 =0.995. The calibration curve
for the range 0.1– 3 M is shown as line A in Fig.
4. The error bars (n =3) for the individual points
are also included in the figure.
Typical detector responses for the titration of
0.1– 3 M HCl are shown in Fig. 5. All the response curves show a presence of a ‘shoulder’
point, marked with ‘’ in Fig. 5. This point
moves to the left when the acid concentration in
the sample is increased. At the same time the
‘shoulder’ becomes less and less pronounced. According to our experience occurrence of the
‘shoulder’ is strongly dependent on the volume
ratio between sample and reagent and on their
concentrations as well. In our method, however,
the area under the peak is measured. Therefore
the ‘shoulder’ has not the same effect in the
evaluation of the results as it would have in the
traditional FIA titration where the evaluation is
based on the width of the peak.
3.3. Titration of strong acid with NaOH with
automatic dilution
It was observed that when acid concentrations
higher than 3 M was titrated, the change in the
refractive index of the sample resulted in changes
in the baseline, making the calculation of the peak
areas difficult. Influence of the change in the
refractive index can already be seen in the slightly
falling baseline in Fig. 5, when acid concentrations higher than 0.5 M were titrated. For concentrations 5 3 M acid these changes were though so
small that the effect on the determination of the
peak areas was negligible. However, for titration
of higher concentrations, an automatic sample
and standard dilution procedure was used [6]. One
S. Maskula et al. / Talanta 52 (2000) 91–99
of the ports of the selection valve was connected
to auxiliary waste and the holding coil was used
as the dilution conduit. The sample was first
aspirated into the holding coil, where a concentration gradient of the sample was formed. Part of
the sample gradient zone was then injected into
the line of auxiliary waste. The remaining part of
the sample gradient zone that was left in the
holding coil, i.e. the tail of the sample peak, was
then titrated with the base. Tracer curves for the
titration experiments with dilution are shown in
Fig. 6. The tracer curves are shown for the optimum experimental conditions, where 50 ml of
sample was first aspirated into the holding coil.
Then 175 ml was injected to the auxiliary waste
and the sample tail remaining in the holding coil
was then used as the sample. This highly diluted
tail of the original sample can be seen in Fig. 6
(observe the different scales on the different axes
in Fig. 6). When high concentrations of strong
acids are used as the sample this tail has a concentration which is high enough to give repeatable
titration results. It can be concluded from the
curves in Fig. 6 that according to the proposed
97
procedure an approximate dilution factor of 100
was obtained.
The dilution method was tested by titration of
sulphuric acid in the range of 6 – 13 M. Linearity
of the obtained calibration curve was good, R 2 =
0.993. The calibration curve for the range 6 – 13 M
is shown as line B in Fig. 4. The error bars (n =3)
for the individual points are also included in the
figure. The SI peaks of the titration were similar
to the peaks shown in Fig. 5.
3.4. Titration of weak acid with NaOH
In the titration of acetic acid, HAc, a-naphtholbenzein was used as the indicator, because its
colour transition range (pH 9.0– 11.0) better coincides with the pH at the equivalence point of the
HAc titration. The obtained detector response
was similar to the response in the strong acid
titration. In these experiments, the acid concentration was varied from 3 ×10 − 4 –8×10 − 2 M. Different NaOH concentrations and different
acid/base aspiration volumes were studied to optimise the linearity of the calibration curve. The
best calibration curve was obtained by using
Fig. 5. Detector response for titration of 0.1 – 3 M HCl with 0.1 M NaOH. The absorbance values are given in arbitrary units.
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S. Maskula et al. / Talanta 52 (2000) 91–99
Fig. 6. Tracer curves for the reagent, 175 ml, and the diluted sample (observe different scales on different axes). The absorbance
values are given in arbitrary units.
0.5×10 − 3 M NaOH and injection volumes of
175 ml of the reagent and 80 ml of the sample.
The linearity of the calibration curve (not
shown), was satisfactory, R 2 =0.989.
4. Conclusions
The results obtained in this study indicate
that the proposed method can be used in automatic SIA titration of different concentrations
of strong and weak acids. By changing reagent
concentration and injection volumes, acids in
different concentration ranges can be titrated
without any other adjustments of the SI manifold or the titration protocol. Even high concentrations of acid can be titrated by using
automatic dilution procedure. Compared with
the earlier SIA titration methods the reagent
consumption can therefore be further reduced.
One possible field where the proposed method
can be used is the monitoring of acid concentra-
tions in different industrial processes. In industrial processes analyte concentrations are often
high, but their approximate concentrations are
well known beforehand and their concentrations
normally vary over a rather narrow range. The
automatic dilution minimises even the disturbances caused by the changes in refractive index, which usually occur when spectroscopic
methods are used to detect high concentrations.
The method offers also a certain flexibility. By
changing one or several of the following variables — the injected sample volume, injected
reagent volume or reagent concentration — different concentration ranges of acid can easily be
titrated. As the SI system is totally computercontrolled, change of these variables does not
cause any physical reconfiguration of the flow
manifold. The SI system can also be part of the
control system in an industrial process, where
the signal, i.e. the acid concentration, is used as
one of the control parameters.
S. Maskula et al. / Talanta 52 (2000) 91–99
99
Acknowledgements
References
This work has been supported by the
Academy of Finland as a part of the A, bo
Akademi Univer-sity Process Chemistry Group,
a National Centre of Excellency. S.M. and J.N.
thank for the support from the National Graduate School of Chemical Engineering. The authors thank Markus Kass for performing some
of the experiments.
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