SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS
HIMALAYAN ALPINE VEGETATION, CLIMATE CHANGE AND MITIGATION
Jan Salick1, Suresh K. Ghimire2, Zhendong Fang3, Sangay Dema4, Katie M. Konchar5
1
Corresponding Author. Missouri Botanical Garden, Post Office Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri
63116, USA (jan.salick@mobot.org)
2
Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Post Box 26429, Kirtipur, Kathmandu,
Nepal (sureshkghimire@yahoo.com)
3
Shangri-La Alpine Botanical Garden, 21 Heping Road, Shangri-la County, Diqing Prefecture,
Yunnan 674400, China (zhendong.fang@gmail.com)
4
National Biodiversity Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Post Box 875, Serbithang,
Thimphu, Bhutan (sdema06@gmail.com)
5
Missouri Botanical Garden, Post Office Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63116, USA
(katie.konchar@gmail.com)
Collaborating authors (who have taken active part in data collection from 2005-2011): Denmark:
Anja Byg, PhD; USA: Nanci Ross, PhD; Kenneth Bauer, PhD; Robbie Hart PhD candidate; Abe
Lloyd, MS; Benjamin Staver, MS candidate; China: A Na, Tibetan doctor; Sonam Dorje, Tibetan
doctor; Qizhu, Tibetan Doctor; Hai Xian; Xie Aifang; Xiao Maorong; Shi Xiaowu; Li Lei; Liu
Lin; Yangzong; Hu Huabin, PhD; Xie Hongyan; Li Deyou, Naxi Doctor; He Guang; Li Hong;
Bhutan: Sangay Wangmo; Jigme Wangchuck; Younten Jamtsho; Richen Yangzon; Tshering
Dorji; Tshering Wangmo; Richen Dorji; Rinzin; Nepal: Tshampa Nawang, Amchi; Himali
Chunda Sherpa, Conservationist; Masters candidates: Asha Paudel; Laxmi Joshi; Smriti Lo;
Binod Koirala; Arjun Chapagain; Prem Subedi; Sita Karki.
Table 1. Himalayan alpine target regions (listed from east to west) include 3-4 mountain
summits inventoried for species frequency, cover and relative abundance. Latitude, longitude
(DMS) and elevation (masl) were recorded by GPS. Shannon-Weiner diversity indices (H’) were
calculated for each summit and target area region based on the number of species present (N).
Number of endemic taxa are also listed. A species was considered endemic to the Himalaya if
present only in: Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh (India), Nepal,
Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh (India), Myanmar, and Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang,
and Yunnan provinces, China.
Target Region
Elevation
from East to West
(masl)
Cover
Frequency
Relative
Abundance
Endemics
H'
N
H'
N
H'
N
N
2.3
79
5.0
76
1.2
114
60
Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), China
Da Xue Shan
28
28o
Lat N ,
Lat N ,
o
o
Lat N ,
o
28
o
28
Lat N ,
Lat N ,
o
o
o
o
28
o
Lo g E
Lo g E
4461
2.2
38
4.1
40
1.0
43
23
4680
2.4
43
4.7
38
1.3
61
34
Lo g E
4855
1.0
38
3.2
40
0.8
40
17
2.2
116
5.1
109
2.0
150
74
Run Zi La
o
28
28
Lo g E
Lo g E
4478
2.4
59
5.2
55
1.9
66
33
4550
2.4
52
4.7
48
1.7
58
29
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4680
1.4
45
3.9
43
1.6
57
31
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4910
1.0
41
2.7
39
0.9
49
21
2.7
87
4.9
85
1.2
116
55
o
Lo g E
Ma Ji Wa
27o
Lat N ,
o
4118
2.2
49
3.9
48
1.2
68
37
27o
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4236
2.4
36
4.6
36
1.2
53
30
o
Lat N ,
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
Lo g E
4354
2.6
50
1.0
22
1.4
64
35
4548
0.8
21
5.1
47
0.4
27
9
1.8
87
5.3
86
1.7
112
69
27
27o
Mei Li Shui
o
28
Lat N ,
o
o
Lo g E
4556
1.2
40
3.0
36
1.9
70
44
Lo g E
Lo g E
4648
1.3
36
3.4
37
1.7
64
43
4787
1.9
32
4.2
32
1.2
49
32
Lo g E
4819
1.5
41
4.1
39
1.2
52
31
2.4
69
6.7
67
1.3
132
87
28
o
28
Lat N ,
Lat N ,
o
o
Lat N ,
o
o
28
o
Bhutan
Tampela, Wangchuck Centennial Park
27
27o
Lat N ,
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
Lo g E
4369
2.1
34
5.9
34
1.1
70
45
o
Lat N ,
o
4512
2.2
41
5.1
41
1.1
71
46
Lo g E
4740
1.8
40
5.4
39
1.4
83
57
Jomolhari, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Park
27o
Lat N , o
Lo g E
4141
3.3
101
8.8
101
2.7
127
75
3.0
54
6.6
53
3.1
94
51
o
27
o
o
27
27
Nepal
o
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4519
2.8
52
7.1
52
2.0
66
42
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4922
2.6
61
7.4
60
2.3
92
56
Target Region
Elevation
from East to West
(masl)
Kangchenjunga Conservation Area
o
o
27
Lat N ,
Lo g E
3884
o
o
o
27
27
27
28
28o
o
28
Frequency
Relative
Abundance
Endemics
H'
N
H'
N
H'
N
N
2.4
117
5.8
115
2.2
164
87
3.0
62
6.2
62
2.9
88
47
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4281
1.7
36
4.2
36
2.0
65
37
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4517
1.4
22
3.1
22
1.3
44
21
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4827
0.9
21
2.3
20
0.9
33
19
1.8
53
5.6
58
0.8
71
37
Langtang National Park
o
o
28
Lat N ,
o
Cover
Lo g E
4054
2.0
27
4.6
27
0.9
37
37
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4331
1.8
36
5.2
35
0.8
46
27
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4564
1.1
20
3.3
23
0.6
32
15
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4784
0.8
18
2.5
18
0.5
29
9
2.5
155
7.2
142
1.7
186
109
Manang, Annapurna Conservation Area
28o
Lat N , o
Lo g E
4147
2.7
70
5.9
68
2.0
93
53
o
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4557
2.1
68
5.5
63
1.5
103
59
o
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
4834
1.8
48
5.4
46
1.2
68
38
o
Lat N ,
o
Lo g E
5006
0.8
32
4.0
34
1.0
52
31
28
28
28
Table 2. Precipitation and temperature records were obtained from national meteorological
stations at comparable elevations (masl) and closest to Himalayan alpine target regions
(Latitude/Longitude: DMS). Due to data availability, two different stations, Lungthung and
Taplejung, were used for precipitation and temperature data respectively for Kangchenjunga
Conservation Area.
Target Region
Meteorological
Station
Elevation
(masl)
Latitude (DMS
Longitude (DMS)
Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), China:
Da Xue Shan
Run Zi La
Ma Ji Wa
Mei Li Shui
Shangri-La
Deqin
Weixi
3001
3320
2743
o
27
N
99
o
E
28
o
27
o
N
98
o
N
90
o
E
N
89
o
E
N
87
o
E
N
N
Deqin
3320
28
o
Pelela
3314
27
o
4085
27
o
1780
27
1732
27o 12' 36"
3920
28
o
28
o
98
o
E
99
o
E
E
Bhutan:
Tampela, Wangchuck Centennial Park
Jomolhari, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Park
Lingshi
Nepal:
Kangchenjunga Conservation Area
Kangchenjunga Conservation Area
Langtang National Park
Manang, Annapurna Conservation Area
Lungthung
(precipitation)
Taplejung
(temperature)
Langtang
Chame
2680
o
N
N
87o 24' 0" E
85
o
E
84
o
E
Temperatures:
Temperature warming is significant at 4 of 6 stations: Taplejung (df=45, P=0.001, R² = 0.21),
Weixi (df=55, P <0.0001, R² = 0.32), Shangri-La (df=52, P <0.0001, R² = 0.68), and Deqin
(df=57, P <0.0001, R² = 0.36). Among these 4 stations, annual temperature has increased by an
average of 1.5oC over 60 years (1950-2010) (see regression lines, Figure 4a).
Precipitation:
Total annual precipitations show significant trends at 3 of 6 stations: Shangri-La (df=52,
P=0.0002, R² = 0.23), Deqin (df=57, P <0.0001, R² = 0.26), and Langtang (df=22, P =0.02, R² =
0.22). These three stations show an average increase in annual precipitation of 362mm over 60
years (see regression lines, Figure 4b).
Table 3. Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions (from east to west): Da Xue Shan (DXS), Run Zi La (RZL), Ma Ji
Wa (MJW) and Mei Li Shui (MLS) in Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), China; Tampela, Wangchuck Centennial Park (TPL)
and Jomolhari, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Park (JML) in Bhutan; Kangchenjunga Conservation Area (KCJ), Langtang National
Park (LNP) and Manang, Annapurna Conservation Area (MNG) in Nepal. Plant use data is coded by country: Bhutan (B); TAP,
China (T); Nepal (N) and Missouri Botanical Garden use categories: (1) Food-Human, (2) Food-Animal, (3) Medicines-Human and
Veterinary, (4) Chemicals, (5) Fuels, (6) Fibers, (7) Cultural, (8) Construction/structural material, (9) Environmental, (10) Other.
Number of taxa, number of useful taxa and number of endemics per target area region are listed at the bottom. Species were
considered endemic to the Himalaya if found only in: Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh (India), Nepal,
Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh (India), Myanmar, and Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, and Yunnan provinces, China.
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
Abies ernestii Rehder
X
Abies forrestii Coltm.-Rog. *
X
Acanthocalyx nepalensis (D. Don) M.J. Cannon *
X
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
MNG
X
Plant Use
T3
X
Acomastylis elata (Wall. ex G. Don) F. Bolle
X
T3, N3
X
X
Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser. *
X
Aconitum naviculare (Brühl) Stapf *
X
N3
N3
X
T3, N3
Aconitum tanguticum (Maximowicz) Stapf
X
T3
Agrostis hookeriana C. B. Clarke ex J. D. Hooker *
X
B2, T2, N2
Agrostis L. (DXS)
X
B2, T2, N2
Agrostis L. (LNP)
x
Agrostis L. (MJW)
B2, T2, N2
X
B2, T2, N2
Agrostis L. (RZL)
X
B2, T2, N2
Agrostis mackliniae Bor *
x
B2, T2, N2
Ainsliaea DC. (KCJ)
X
N3, N7
Ajania khartensis (Dunn) C. Shih in C. Shih & G. X. Fu
X
T3, N3, N7
Ajuga lupulina Maximowicz
X
T3, N3
X
T3, B3
Aletris pauciflora (Klotzsch) Hand.-Mazz. *
X
Allium forrestii Diels *
X
Allium L. (DXS)
X
Allium L. (MJW)
X
X
X
X
T1, T3
T1
X
T1
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
Allium L. (RZL)
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
KCJ
LNP
X
X
T3
X
Alnus Mill. (MJW)
X
N3, N7
Anaphalis cavei Chatterjee *
Anaphalis contorta (D. Don) J. D. Hooker
X
X
X
N3
X
X
Anaphalis DC. (MLS-01)
X
Anaphalis DC. (MLS-02)
X
Anaphalis DC. (RZL)
X
X
X
Anaphalis nepalensis (Sprengel) Handel-Mazzetti
T7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Anaphalis royleana Candolle *
X
T3, N3, N7
X
Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C. B. Clarke *
X
Anaphalis viridis Cummins *
N3
X
Anaphalis xylorhiza Schultz Bipontinus ex J. D. Hooker *
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N3, N7
T3
Androsace glandulosa Wooton & Standl.
X
Androsace globifera Duby in A. de Candolle *
X
X
X
Androsace L. (LNP)
X
Androsace L. (MJW)
X
Androsace lehmannii Wallich ex Duby in A. de Candolle *
X
Androsace rigida Handel-Mazzetti *
Androsace spinulifera (Franchet) R. Knuth in Engler *
N3, N7
T5
Anaphalis DC. (MJW)
Androsace L. (DXS)
X
X
Anaphalis DC. (KCJ)
Androsace delavayi Franchet *
N1, N3
X
Anaphalis busua (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) Candolle *
Anaphalis flavescens Handel-Mazzetti
Plant Use
T1
Allium sikkimense Baker
Anaphalis DC. (DXS)
MNG
X
Allium macranthum Baker
Allium prattii C. H. Wright ex Hemsley in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley
JML
X
X
T3
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
Androsace strigillosa Franchet *
X
Androsace umbellata (Loureiro) Merrill
X
Anemone delavayi Franchet *
X
Anemone demissa J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
X
X
X
Anemone geum H. Lév.
Anemone L. (DXS)
X
X
T3
X
X
X
X
T3, N3
X
Anemone rupestris Wallich ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
N3
X
Anemone rupicola Cambessèdes *
X
N3
X
Apiaceae Lindl. (JML-01)
X
Apiaceae Lindl. (JML-02)
X
Apiaceae Lindl. (MJW)
X
Apiaceae Lindl. (RZL)
X
Apiaceae Lindl. (MNG)
X
Arenaria barbata Franchet *
X
Arenaria brevipetala Y. W. Tsui & L. H. Zhou *
X
X
X
Arenaria bryophylla Fernald *
X
T3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N2
T3
Arenaria edgeworthiana Majumdar *
X
X
X
N3
T3
X
X
Arenaria globiflora (Fenzl) Wall. ex Edgew. & Hook. f. *
Arenaria melandryiformis F. N. Williams *
B3, T3, N3
X
Anemone rivularis Buchanan-Hamilton ex de Candolle
Arenaria glanduligera Edgeworth *
X
X
Anemone obtusiloba D. Don
Arenaria forrestii Diels *
T3, N3
X
Anemone L. (TPL)
Arenaria densissima Wall. ex Edgew. & Hook. f. *
Plant Use
X
Anemone L. (RZL)
Apiaceae Lindl. (DXS)
MNG
X
X
X
N3, N7
N3
X
Arisaema jacquemontii Blume
X
Artemisia austroyunnanensis Y. Ling & Y. R. Ling
X
B1, B3
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
Artemisia bhutanica Grierson & Spring. *
X
Artemisia campbellii J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke *
X
KCJ
LNP
MNG
Plant Use
Artemisia dracunculus L.
X
N3
Artemisia roxburghiana Besser
X
N3
Asplenium L. (MNG)
X
Asplenium L. (TPL-01)
X
Asplenium L. (TPL-02)
X
Asplenium L. (TPL-03)
X
Asplenium wallichianum C. Presl
X
Aster albescens (Candolle) Wallich ex Handel-Mazzetti
Aster diplostephioides (Candolle) Bentham ex C. B. Clarke *
X
X
Aster himalaicus C. B. Clarke *
X
X
X
X
X
B3, T3, N3
X
Aster indamellus Grierson *
Aster L. (RZL)
X
Astragalus L. (MLS)
N3
X
T3
T3
X
T3
X
Astragalus cobresiiphilus Podlech & L. R. Xu
N2
X
Athyrium wallichianum Ching *
X
Berberis angulosa Wallich ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
N7
X
B3
X
T3
Berberis erythroclada Ahrendt *
X
Berberis L. (LNP)
X
N1, N3
X
N1, N3
X
Berberis mucrifolia Ahrendt *
Bergenia ciliata Sternb. *
Bergenia purpurascens (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Engler *
X
Betula L. (RZL)
X
Betula utilis D. Don
X
X
Astragalus oplites Bentham ex R. Parker
Berberis approximata Sprague *
B3, T3, N3
X
Astragalus acaulis Baker in J. D. Hooker *
Astragalus meiliensis C. Chen & Zi G. Qian *
X
X
X
X
N3, N7
X
T3, N3
X
X
N3, N5, N6, N7, N8
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
Bistorta perpusilla (Hook. f.) Greene *
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
X
X
X
Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Bupleurum dalhousieanum (C. B. Clarke) Koso-Poljansky *
X
X
X
X
Bupleurum L. (MLS)
T3
X
N3
X
N2
X
Bupleurum sikkimensis P.K.Mukh. *
Cacalia L. (MJW)
X
Caltha palustris L.
X
Cardamine franchetiana Diels *
X
X
Cardamine L. (RZL)
X
Cardamine loxostemonoides O. E. Schulz *
X
Carex atrata L.
Carex L. (DXS)
X
X
Bupleurum falcatum L. *
Cardamine hirsuta L.
T2, T3, N3
X
Brassicaceae Burnett (LNP)
Bryophyta
Plant Use
X
Boraginaceae A. L. Jussieu (MNG)
Boschniakia himalaica Hook. f. & Thomson
MNG
X
B2, T2, N2
X
B2, T2, N2
Carex L. (KCJ-01)
X
B2, T2, N2
Carex L. (KCJ-02)
X
B2, T2, N2
Carex L. (KCJ-03)
X
B2, T2, N2
Carex L. (KCJ-04)
X
B2, T2, N2
Carex L. (KCJ-05)
X
B2, T2, N2
Carex L. (KCJ-06)
X
B2, T2, N2
Carex L. (KCJ-08)
X
B2, T2, N2
Carex L. (KCJ-10)
X
B2, T2, N2
Carex L. (LNP)
Carex L. (MJW)
Carex L. (MLS)
X
X
B2, T2, N2
B2, T2, N2
X
B2, T2, N2
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
MNG
Plant Use
Carex L. (RZL-01)
X
B2, T2, N2
Carex L. (RZL-02)
X
B2, T2, N2
Carex L. (TPL)
X
Carex schneideri Nelmes *
Cassiope D. Don (DXS)
B2, T2, N2
X
B2, T2, N2
X
Cassiope D. Don (RZL)
X
Cassiope D. Don (TPL)
X
Cassiope fastigiata (Wallich) D. Don *
X
Cassiope pectinata Stapf *
X
X
Cassiope selaginoides J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
X
X
X
N3, N7
X
T3
X
X
Cheilanthes Sw. (KCJ)
Chesneya nubigena (D. Don) Ali *
X
T3
X
X
X
Chionocharis hookeri (C. B. Clarke) I. M. Johnston *
X
T10
X
Chrysosplenium forrestii Diels *
X
B3, T3
Chrysosplenium griffithii J. D. Hooker & Thomson
X
T3
Chrysosplenium L. (LNP)
X
Chrysosplenium nudicaule Bunge in Ledebour
Chrysosplenium sikangense H. Hara *
Codonopsis bulleyana Forrest ex Diels *
X
Comastoma (Wettst.) Toyok. (MJW)
X
Comastoma (Wettst.) Toyok. (RZL)
X
X
X
Comastoma pedunculatum (Royle ex D. Don) Holub *
Comastoma stellariifolium (Franchet) Holub *
T3, N3
X
Codonopsis Wall. (MJW)
Comastoma pulmonarium (Turczaninow) Toyokuni
X
X
Codonopsis Wall. (JML)
Comastoma dichotomum Holub
T3, N3
X
Clematis montana Buchanan-Hamilton ex de Candolle
Comastoma cyananthiflorum (Franch.) Holub *
X
X
X
N3
T3
X
N3
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
Cortia depressa (D. Don) C. Norman *
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
MNG
X
X
X
X
X
Cortiella hookeri (C. B. Clarke) C. Norman *
X
Corydalis crispa Prain *
X
B3
Corydalis DC. (KCJ)
X
Corydalis DC. (MJW)
X
Corydalis DC. (MLS)
T3
X
Corydalis juncea Wallich *
Cotoneaster Medik. (RZL-01)
X
Cotoneaster Medik. (RZL-02)
X
Cotoneaster microphyllus Wallich ex Lindley *
X
X
X
X
X
B3, T3, N3, N5
X
N5
Cotoneaster sherriffii G. Klotz *
X
Crassulaceae J. St.-Hil. (RZL)
X
Cremanthodium Benth. (RZL) *
X
Cremanthodium bulbilliferum W.W. Sm. *
X
Cremanthodium campanulatum Diels *
X
T3
X
T3
Cremanthodium ellisii (J. D. Hooker) Kitamura in H. Hara et al. *
X
Cremanthodium nepalense Kitamura *
Cremanthodium nobile (Franch.) Diels ex H. Lév. *
X
X
X
N3
X
N3
X
T3
Cremanthodium oblongatum C. B. Clarke *
X
Cremanthodium palmatum Bentham *
X
Cremanthodium pinnatifidum Bentham *
X
Cremanthodium purpureifolium Kitamura *
X
X
Cremanthodium reniforme (Candolle) Bentham *
X
X
X
X
Crucihimalaya himalaica (Edgeworth) Al-Shehbaz et al. *
X
Cyananthus himalaicus K.K. Shrestha *
X
Cyananthus incanus J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
Cyananthus inflatus J. D. Hooker & Thomson
N1, N3
X
Cortiella cortioides (C. Norman) M. F. Watson *
Crassulaceae J. St.-Hil. (DXS)
Plant Use
X
X
X
X
N3
X
X
T3
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
Cyananthus lichiangensis W.W. Sm. *
RZL
MJW
MLS
JML
KCJ
LNP
MNG
X
Plant Use
T3
Cyananthus lobatus Wallich ex Bentham in Royle *
Cyananthus Wall. ex Benth. (DXS) *
TPL
X
X
X
X
N3
X
Cyananthus Wall. ex Benth. (MJW) *
X
Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & J. R. Drummond
X
Cynoglossum wallichii G. Don *
X
Delphinium beesianum W.W. Sm. *
T3, N3
N3
X
T3
Delphinium glaciale J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
X
N3
Delphinium kamaonense Huth *
X
T3, N3
Delphinium naviculare W. T. Wang
X
N3
X
N3
Delphinium nepalense Kitam. & Tamura *
X
Diapensia himalaica J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
X
Diapensia purpurea Diels *
X
X
X
Diplarche multiflora J. D. Hooker & Tho so i Hooker s *
X
Diplarche pauciflora J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
X
Disa biflora (L.) Druce
T3
X
X
X
T3
Draba involucrata (W. W. Smith) W. W. Smith *
Draba L. (DXS)
X
X
X
Draba L. (MJW)
X
Draba oreades Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.
T3
X
T3
Drymaria Willd. ex Schult. (KCJ)
Dryopteris acutodentata Ching *
X
X
X
Dryopteris Adans. (MJW)
Dryopteris alpestris Tagawa
Dubyaea hispida (D. Don) DC. *
X
X
X
X
Dysphania aristata (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants
X
Elsholtzia eriostachya (Bentham) Bentham *
Ephedra gerardiana Wallich ex C. A. Meyer
Epilobium brevifolium D. Don
T3
X
X
X
T3, N3
X
B3, T3, N2, N3, N7
X
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
Epilobium L. (MJW)
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
X
Epilobium L. (RZL-02)
X
Epilobium L. (RZL-03)
X
Epilobium laxum Royle
X
Epilobium sikkimense Haussknecht
X
Epilobium wallichianum Haussknech
X
Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindley ex Candolle) Bentham ex C. B. Clarke
X
Eriophyton wallichii Bentham *
X
N3
X
X
Eritrichium Schrader ex Gaudin (MNG)
X
X
X
T3
X
X
Euphorbia thymifolia L.
X
X
X
Eutrema verticillatum (Jeffrey & W.W. Sm.) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick *
T3, N3
X
N2
X
Fabaceae L. (JML)
X
Fern (KCJ-01)
X
Fern (KCJ-02)
X
Fern (KCJ-03)
X
X
B2, T2, N2
Festuca L. (MJW)
X
B2, T2, N2
X
Festuca nitidula Stapf in J. D. Hooker *
Festuca pamirica Tzvelev
X
X
Euphrasia himalayica Wettst. *
Festuca L. (RZL)
B3, T3, N3
X
Eupatorium L. (RZL)
Festuca L. (DXS)
Plant Use
X
Epilobium L. (RZL-01)
Euphorbia thomsoniana Boiss.
MNG
B2, T2, N2
X
B2, T2, N2
X
B2, T2, N2
Fragaria nubicola (J. D. Hooker) Lindley ex Lacaita *
X
N1, N3
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don *
X
T3, N1, N3
Fritillaria L. (JML)
Galium L. (KCJ)
Galium megacyttarion R.R. Mill *
X
B3
X
X
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
Gastrolychnis apetala (L.) Tolm. & Kozhanch.
Gaultheria fragrantissima Wallich
TPL
JML
X
X
KCJ
LNP
X
Gentiana algida Pallas
X
Gentiana arethusae Burkill *
X
X
Gentiana atuntsiensis W. W. Smith *
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gentiana caelestis (C. Marquand) Harry Smith in Handel-Mazzetti *
X
Gentiana decorata Diels *
X
Gentiana elwesii C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker *
X
X
Gentiana L. (DXS-02)
X
Gentiana L. (DXS-03)
X
N3
X
T3
X
Gentiana L. (JML)
B10
X
Gentiana L. (RZL)
X
Gentiana nubigena Edgeworth *
X
T3
X
Gentiana ornata (Wallich ex G. Don) Grisebach *
X
Gentiana phyllocalyx C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker *
X
X
B10, T3, N3
X
N3
X
B10, T3
Gentiana robusta King ex J. D. Hooker *
X
X
X
T3
X
Gentiana urnula Harry Smith *
X
B3, B10
X
X
N3
T3
X
Gentiana tubiflora (Wallich ex G. Don) Grisebach *
Gentianella multicaulis (Gillies ex Griseb.) Fabris
X
X
Gentiana L. (DXS-01)
Gentiana wardii W. W. Smith *
B10
X
Gentiana infelix C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker *
Gentiana trichotoma Kusnezow *
X
X
Gentiana depressa D. Don *
X
B10, T3, N3
T3, T4
X
Gentiana filistyla I. B. Balfour & Forrest in C. Marquand *
N1
X
T3
Gentiana bryoides Burkill *
Gentiana szechenyii Kanitz *
Plant Use
X
Gaultheria trichophylla Royle *
Gentiana handeliana Harry Smith *
MNG
X
B3, T3
T3
X
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
Gentianopsis paludosa (Munro ex Hook. f.) Ma
Geranium donianum Sweet *
X
Geranium L. (TPL)
X
MNG
X
T3, N3
X
X
N3
X
X
B3, N3
X
Gerbera nivea (Candolle) Schultz Bipontinus *
Geum L. (JML-01)
X
Geum L. (JML-02)
X
Gypsophila L. (TPL)
X
Hackelia uncinata *
X
Halenia elliptica D. Don
X
X
Halerpestes tricuspis (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz.
T3, N3
X
Haplosphaera himalayensis Ludlow *
X
Hedysarum L. (MNG)
X
Hemiphragma heterophyllum Wallich
X
Hemisteptia lyrata (Bunge) Fischer & C. A. Meyer
X
Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC. *
T3
X
X
N1, N2, N3
X
Heracleum wallichii DC. *
X
Herminium L. (KCJ)
X
Herminium lanceum (Thunberg ex Swartz) Vuijk
X
Hippolytia gossypina (C. B. Clarke) C. Shih *
X
Hylotelephium ewersii (Ledeb.) H. Ohba
N3
X
Impatiens L. (KCJ)
X
Iris kemaonensis Wallich ex Royle *
X
Iris L. (JML)
X
Juncus amplifolius A. Camus in Lecomte
Juncus L. (JML)
T3, N3
X
Heracleum sublineare C.B. Clarke *
Juncus himalensis Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garcke *
T3
X
Heracleum nepalense D. Don *
Juncus effusus L.
Plant Use
T3, N3
B10
X
B2, T2, N2
X
B2, T2, N2
X
X
X
X
B2, T2, N2
B2, T2, N2
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
Juncus L. (KCJ)
KCJ
B2, T2, N2
X
B2, T2, N2
Juncus L. (TPL)
X
Juncus minimus Buchenau *
B2, T2, N2
X
B2, T2, T3, N2
X
B2, T2, N2
Juncus thomsonii Buchenau
X
Juniperus indica Bertoloni *
X
X
X
X
B2, T2, N2
X
X
T3, N3, N5, N7, N8
X
Juniperus L. (MJW)
X
Juniperus recurva Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don *
Juniperus squamata Lamb.
B2, T2, N2
X
Juncus L. (RZL)
Plant Use
B2, T2, N2
X
Juncus L. (MJW)
Juniperus L. (DXS)
MNG
X
Juncus L. (LNP)
Juncus modicus N.E. Br.
LNP
X
X
X
X
X
Keraymonia cortiformis Cauwet & S.B. Malla *
X
X
N3, N5, N7, N8
X
B3, B7, T3, N3, N5
X
Kobresia capillifolia (Decaisne) C. B. Clarke
X
Kobresia nepalensis (Nees) Kükenthal in Engler *
X
Kobresia pygmaea (C. B. Clarke) C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker
X
Kobresia Willd. (DXS-01)
X
Kobresia Willd. (DXS-02)
X
B2, T2, N2
X
X
X
X
X
B2, T2, N2
X
B2, T2, N2
B2, T2, N2
B2, T2, N2
Kobresia Willd. (KCJ)
X
B2, T2, N2
Kobresia Willd. (MJW-01)
X
B2, T2, N2
Kobresia Willd. (MJW-02)
X
B2, T2, N2
Kobresia Willd. (MJW-03)
X
B2, T2, N2
Kobresia Willd. (MJW-04)
X
B2, T2, N2
Kobresia Willd. (MJW-05)
X
B2, T2, N2
Kobresia Willd. (RZL-01)
X
B2, T2, N2
Kobresia Willd. (RZL-02)
X
B2, T2, N2
Kobresia Willd. (RZL-03)
X
B2, T2, N2
Kobresia Willd. (RZL-04)
X
B2, T2, N2
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
Koenigia islandica L.
Lagotis alutacea W. W. Smith *
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
X
T3
X
X
X
T3, N3
B3, T3
Leibnitzia nepalensis (Kunze) Kitamura *
Leontopodium calocephalum (Franch.) Beauverd *
Plant Use
X
Lagotis kunawurensis Rupr. *
Lamiophlomis rotata (Bentham ex J. D. Hooker) Kudô *
MNG
X
N3
X
Leontopodium himalayanum Candolle *
X
X
Leontopodium jacotianum Beauverd *
T3
X
Leontopodium pusillum (Beauverd) Handel-Mazzetti
Leontopodium R. Br. ex Cass. (MJW)
X
N7
X
X
T3, N3, N7
X
X
X
Leontopodium R. Br. ex Cass. (RZL)
X
Leontopodium stracheyi (J. D. Hooker) C. B. Clarke ex Hemsley *
Lepisorus clathratus (C. B. Clarke) Ching
X
Lichen L.
X
Lilium bakerianum Collett & Hemsl.
X
X
Lilium L. (MJW)
X
X
X
X
X
X
Lilium lophophorum (Bureau & Franchet) Franchet *
X
T3
Lilium nanum Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garcke *
X
Lilium souliei (Franchet) Sealy *
X
Lindelofia longiflora (Benth.) Baill. *
X
Lloydia longiscapa Hook. *
X
Lloydia Salisb. ex Rchb. (KCJ)
X
N3
X
Lomatogonium chumbicum (Burkill) Harry Smith in S. Nilsson *
X
N3
Lomatogonium himalayense (Klotzsch) E.Aitken *
X
N3
Lomatogonium perenne T. N. Ho & S. W. Liu in J. X. Yang
X
Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC. *
X
Lonicera hispida Pallas ex Schultes
X
X
X
T3
Lonicera minutifolia Kitam. *
Lonicera obovata Royle ex Hook. f. & Thomson *
X
X
N5, N8
X
N1
X
N1, N5
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wallich) Drude in Engler & Prantl
KCJ
X
Meconopsis grandis Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal *
X
X
X
Meconopsis impedita Prain *
N3, N4, N8
X
N1, N3
X
X
X
X
Meconopsis primulina Prain *
T3, N1, N3
X
X
Meconopsis speciosa Prain *
X
X
X
T3
Medicago falcata L.
X
Melanoseris macrorhiza (Royle) N. Kilian *
X
Nannoglottis hookeri (C. B. Clarke ex J. D. Hooker) Kitamura *
X
X
Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D. Y. Hong *
X
X
Neottianthe (Rchb.) Schltr. (JML)
X
Nepeta coerulescens Maximowicz *
X
Noccaea andersonii (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz *
B3, N3
X
Onosma hookeri C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker *
X
Orchidaceae Juss. (JML-01)
X
Orchidaceae Juss. (JML-02)
X
Orchidaceae Juss. (RZL)
N3
B3, B4, B7, T3
X
Oxygraphis delavayi Franchet *
X
Oxygraphis endlicheri (Walp.) Bennet & Sumer Chandra *
Parnassia nubicola Wallich ex Royle *
X
B3, T3, N3, N7
X
Notholirion macrophyllum (D. Don) Boissier *
Parnassia chinensis Franchet *
N3
X
Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) Candolle *
Paraquilegia microphylla (Royle) J. R. Drummond & Hutchinson
B3, T3, N1
T3
Meconopsis paniculata (D. Don) Prain *
Oxygraphis glacialis (Fischer ex de Candolle) Bunge
Plant Use
X
Meconopsis bella Prain *
Meconopsis racemosa Maxim. *
MNG
X
Malvaviscus Fabr.
Meconopsis horridula J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
LNP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
T3
T3
X
X
N3
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
Parnassia pusilla Wallich ex Arnott *
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
Pedicularis cheilanthifolia Schrenk
Pedicularis dichotoma Bonati *
X
Pedicularis elwesii J. D. Hooker *
X
X
X
X
Pedicularis integrifolia J. D. Hooker *
X
N3
X
N3
X
X
T3
X
Pedicularis L. (JML)
X
Pedicularis L. (MNG-01)
X
Pedicularis L. (MNG-02)
X
Pedicularis L. (MNG-03)
X
Pedicularis L. (TPL)
Pedicularis likiangensis Franchet ex Maximowicz *
X
X
X
X
X
T3
Pedicularis megalantha D. Don *
X
Pedicularis mollis Wallich ex Bentham *
X
Pedicularis oederi Vahl in Hornemann
X
X
Pedicularis pyramidata Royle *
X
Pedicularis rhinanthoides Schrenk ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer
Pedicularis rupicola Franchet ex Maximowicz *
X
X
X
X
X
X
B3
X
T3, N3
X
X
Pedicularis siphonantha D. Don *
X
Pedicularis trichoglossa J. D. Hooker *
X
Pedicularis vialii Franchet in Forbes & Hemsley *
X
B3, T3
X
X
X
Phlomis L. (JML-01)
X
Phlomis L. (JML-02)
X
Phyllolobium donianum (Candolle) M. L. Zhang & Podlech *
X
X
X
Pedicularis scullyana Prain ex Maxim. *
Phleum alpinum L.
N3
X
Pedicularis pygmaea Maximowicz *
Pedicularis roylei Maximowicz *
Plant Use
X
Parnassia trinervis Drude *
Pedicularis L. (DXS)
MNG
X
T3, N3
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
Pilea Lindl. (KCJ)
KCJ
MNG
Plant Use
X
Pimpinella L. (LNP)
X
Plantago L. (JML)
X
Pleurospermopsis sikkimensis (C. B. Clarke) C. Norman *
X
X
Pleurospermum album C. B. Clarke ex H. Wolff *
X
Pleurospermum amabile Craib & W. W. Smith *
X
X
X
N1, N3
B3, T3
Pleurospermum apiolens C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker *
X
Pleurospermum candollei Benth. ex C.B. Clarke *
Pleurospermum Hoffm. (DXS)
LNP
X
N3
N3
X
Pleurospermum Hoffm. (KCJ)
X
Pleurospermum Hoffm. (RZL)
X
Pleurospermum hookeri C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker *
X
Pleurospermum nanum Franchet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris *
X
B3, T3
X
Pleurospermum pilosum C. B. Clarke ex H. Wolff *
X
Poa araratica Trautv.
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (DXS-01)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (DXS-02)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (JML)
X
Poaceae Barnhart (KCJ)
B2, T2, N2
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MJW-01)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MJW-02)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-01)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-02)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-03)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-04)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-05)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-06)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-07)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-08)
X
B2, T2, N2
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
MNG
Plant Use
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-09)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-10)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-11)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-12)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (MNG-13)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (TPL-01)
X
B2, T2, N2
Poaceae Barnhart (TPL-02)
X
B2, T2, N2
Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wallich) Royle
X
X
T3, N1, N3, N7
Polygonatum hookeri Baker
X
X
T3, N1, N3
Polygonatum Mill. (JML)
X
Polygonum (sect. Aconogonon Meisn.) (KCJ)
B1, B2
X
Polygonum affine D. Don *
X
Polygonum amplexicaule D. Don
X
Polygonum delicatulum Meisner in Candolle *
X
Polygonum emodi Meisn. *
X
X
X
X
T3
Polygonum glaciale (Meisn.) Hook. f.
X
Polygonum griffithii J. D. Hooker *
X
T3
X
Polygonum L. (KCJ)
X
Polygonum L. (MJW)
X
Polygonum L. (RZL)
X
Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don
X
T3
X
Polygonum milletii (H. Lév.) H. Lév.
Polygonum nepalense Meisner
X
Polygonum nummulariifolium Meisner in Candolle *
X
Polygonum tortuosum D. Don *
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
B3, T3, N1, N3
N1, N3
X
T3
T3
Polygonum tubulosum Boiss. *
Polygonum vacciniifolium Wall. ex Meisn. *
N1, N3
X
Polygonum forrestii Diels
Polygonum L. (DXS)
X
X
X
X
N3
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
Polygonum viviparum L.
DXS
RZL
X
X
Polystichum gongboense Ching & S.K. Wu *
MJW
TPL
X
X
JML
KCJ
LNP
X
X
X
Polystichum Roth (MJW)
X
Polystichum silaense Ching *
X
Polystichum thomsonii (Hook. f.) Bedd.
X
Ponerorchis Rchb. f. (KCJ)
X
Potentilla anserina L.
X
T3
Potentilla argyrophylla Wall. ex Lehm. *
X
Potentilla aristata Soják *
N7
X
Potentilla articulata Franch. *
X
X
X
Potentilla cuneata Wall. ex Lehm. *
X
X
X
X
Potentilla eriocarpa Wall. ex Lehm.
X
X
T2, T3
X
X
T3
X
X
Potentilla exigua Sojak *
N3
X
Potentilla griffithii Hook. f.
X
Potentilla L. (DXS-01)
X
Potentilla L. (DXS-02)
X
Potentilla L. (KCJ-01)
X
Potentilla L. (KCJ-02)
X
Potentilla L. (KCJ-03)
X
Potentilla L. (KCJ-04)
X
Potentilla L. (KCJ-05)
X
Potentilla L. (RZL)
X
Potentilla multifida L.
Potentilla fruticosa L.
Plant Use
T3
Polystichum Roth (KCJ)
Potentilla coriandrifolia D. Don *
MNG
X
Polystichum lachenense (Hook.) Bedd.
Polystichum nigrum Ching & H.S. Kung *
MLS
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N3
B3, B7, T3, N3, N5, N7,
N8
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
Potentilla glabra Loddiges
RZL
MJW
X
X
MLS
TPL
LNP
Potentilla microphylla D. Don *
X
X
X
Potentilla saundersiana Royle
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N3
N3
X
X
X
N3
X
B3, T3, N7
X
X
T2, T3
Primula atrodentata W. W. Smith *
X
Primula bella Franchet *
X
X
X
X
Primula capitata Hooker *
X
X
Primula denticulata Smith *
X
X
X
X
X
X
Primula L. (JML-01)
X
Primula L. (JML-02)
X
Primula L. (LNP)
X
Primula L. (RZL)
X
Primula minutissima Jacquem. ex Duby *
X
X
X
Primula tenuiloba (Watt) Pax *
X
T3
X
B3, T3
X
X
Pteridophyta Schimp. (LNP)
Pterocephalus hookeri (C. B. Clarke) E. Pritzel *
X
X
Primula sikkimensis J. D. Hooker *
Primula silaensis Petitmengin *
X
X
Primula primulina (Sprengel) Hara *
Primula serratifolia Franchet *
N3
X
Primula glandulifera Balf. f. & W.W. Sm. *
Primula polyneura Franchet *
X
X
Primula diantha Bureau & Franchet *
Primula dryadifolia Franchet *
Plant Use
X
Potentilla peduncularis D. Don *
Primula blinii H. Léveillé *
MNG
X
Potentilla lineata Treviranus
Potentilla stenophylla (Franchet) Diels *
KCJ
T3
Potentilla leuconota D. Don
Potentilla parvifolia Fischer ex Lehmann
JML
X
X
X
B3, T3, N3
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
Ptilagrostis mongholica (Turcz. ex Trin.) Griseb.
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
LNP
X
Ranunculus brotherusii Freyn
X
Rheum acuminatum J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
X
X
X
Rheum australe D. Don *
X
X
Rheum forrestii Diels *
X
X
X
X
Rheum pumilum Maxim. *
X
Rhodiola alsia (Fröderström) S. H. Fu *
T3
T3
X
X
T3
X
Rhodiola coccinea (Royle) Borissova in Komarov
X
X
X
X
X
X
Rhodiola cretinii (Raymond-Hamet) H. Ohba *
X
X
X
X
T3, N3
X
Rhodiola himalensis (D. Don) S. H. Fu *
T3
X
X
X
Rhodiola humilis (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) S. H. Fu *
X
B3, T3, N3
X
X
Rhodiola L. (RZL)
X
Rhodiola nobilis (Franchet) S. H. Fu *
T3
X
X
X
T3
X
Rhododendron alutaceum I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith *
X
Rhododendron beesianum Diels *
X
Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don *
Rhododendron cinnabarinum J. D. Hooker *
T3, N3
X
Rhodiola crenulata (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) H. Ohba *
Rhododendron cephalanthum Franchet *
N1, N3, N7
X
Rhodiola bupleuroides (Wallich ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson) S. H. Fu *
Rhododendron aganniphum I. B. Balfour & Kingdon Ward *
N1, N3, N7
X
Rheum nobile J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
Rhodiola L. (DXS)
T3, N3
T3
Rheum moorcroftianum Royle *
Rhodiola fastigiata (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) S. H. Fu *
Plant Use
B3, N1, N3
X
Rheum L. (JML)
Rhodiola atuntsuensis (Praeger) S. H. Fu *
MNG
X
Ranunculus adoxifolius Handel-Mazzetti *
Rheum delavayi Franchet *
KCJ
T3
X
X
X
B7, N3, N5
X
X
N5
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
Rhododendron forrestii I. B. Balfour ex Diels *
X
Rhododendron glaucophyllum Rehder *
X
MLS
Rhododendron hypenanthum I. B. Balfour *
Rhododendron L. (RZL)
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
MNG
Plant Use
X
X
X
X
X
B3, B7, N5
X
X
X
B3, B7, N3, N7
X
B7, N3, N7
X
Rhododendron L. (TPL)
X
Rhododendron lepidotum Wallich ex G. Don *
X
X
X
X
Rhododendron nakotiltum I. B. Balfour & Forrest *
X
Rhododendron nivale J. D. Hooker *
X
X
Rhododendron oreotrephes W. W. Smith *
X
Rhododendron phaeochrysum I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith *
X
X
Rhododendron primuliflorum Bureau & Franchet *
X
X
Rhododendron proteoides I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith *
X
X
T3
X
Rhododendron rupicola W. W. Smith *
Rhododendron saluenense Franchet *
X
X
X
X
X
X
Rhododendron sanguineum Franchet *
T3
X
X
Rhododendron setosum D. Don *
Rhododendron tapetiforme I. B. Balfour & Kingdon Ward *
X
X
X
X
Rhododendron telmateium I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith *
X
X
X
B7, N3, N7
X
X
Rhododendron thomsonii J. D. Hooker *
X
Rhododendron traillianum Forrest & W. W. Smith *
X
N5
X
Rosa sericea Lindley
X
Rubus nepalensis (Hook. f.) Kuntze *
X
N1
X
N1
Rubus fockeanus Kurz
Salix calyculata J. D. Hooker ex Andersson *
X
Salix lindleyana Wallich ex Andersson *
X
X
X
N2, N3, N7
X
X
T3, N3, N7
X
Salix L. (MJW)
Salix L. (RZL)
N1, N3
X
Rubus pedunculosus D. Don *
Salix L. (DXS)
X
X
X
X
X
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
Salix oreophila J. D. Hooker ex Andersson *
Salix vaccinioides Hand.-Mazz. *
TPL
JML
X
X
KCJ
X
Sanguisorba filiformis (J. D. Hooker) Handel-Mazzetti *
X
Satyrium nepalense D. Don
X
Saussurea columnaris Hand.-Mazz. *
X
Saussurea DC. (DXS)
X
N3
X
X
T3
Saussurea DC. (LNP)
X
Saussurea DC. (MLS-01)
X
Saussurea DC. (MLS-02)
X
Saussurea DC. (MNG)
X
Saussurea DC. (RZL)
X
T3
Saussurea donkiah C. B. Clarke ex Springate *
X
Saussurea gossypiphora Wall. *
X
Saussurea graminea Dunn
X
X
X
X
X
T3
X
Saussurea integrifolia Handel-Mazzetti *
B3, B7, N3, N7
X
Saussurea graminifolia Wallich ex Candolle *
X
N3, N7
X
T3, N3
X
Saussurea leontodontoides (Candolle) Schultz Bipontinus *
X
Saussurea limprichtii Diels *
T3
X
X
T3, N3, N7
X
X
Saussurea minuta C. Winkler *
X
T3
X
Saussurea neofranchetii Lipschitz *
X
Saussurea nepalensis Spreng. *
X
Saussurea pachyneura Franch.
Plant Use
B3
X
Saussurea andersonii C. B. Clarke *
Saussurea medusa Maximowicz
MNG
X
Salvia L. (JML)
Saussurea hieracioides J. D. Hooker *
LNP
X
X
N3
X
T3
Saussurea polystichoides Hook. f. *
X
Saussurea quercifolia W. W. Smith *
X
Saussurea salsa (Pallas) Sprengel
X
X
X
N3, N7
T3
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
Saussurea salwinensis J. Anthony *
MLS
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
MNG
X
Saussurea sughoo Franch. *
Plant Use
T3
X
Saussurea taraxacifolia (Lindley ex Royle) Wallich ex Candolle *
X
X
Saussurea velutina W. W. Smith *
X
T3
Saussurea wernerioides Schultz Bipontinus ex J. D. Hooker *
X
T3
Saxifraga andersonii Engler & Irmscher *
X
Saxifraga aristulata J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
Saxifraga brachypoda D. Don *
X
Saxifraga caveana W. W. Smith *
X
Saxifraga ciliatopetala (Engler & Irmscher) *
X
X
T3
X
N9
X
Saxifraga consanguinea W. W. Smith *
Saxifraga diversifolia Wallich ex Seringe in de Candolle *
X
N9
X
X
Saxifraga drabiformis Franchet *
X
T3
X
T3
X
T3
Saxifraga elliptica Engler & Irmscher *
X
Saxifraga filicaulis Wallich ex Seringe in de Candolle
X
X
X
Saxifraga finitima W. W. Smith *
X
Saxifraga glabricaulis Harry Smith *
X
X
Saxifraga hirculoides Decaisne in Jacquemont
X
Saxifraga hirculus L.
X
Saxifraga hispidula D. Don *
T3
X
Saxifraga L. (DXS-01)
X
Saxifraga L. (DXS-02)
X
Saxifraga L. (DXS-03)
X
Saxifraga L. (JML-01)
X
Saxifraga L. (JML-02)
X
Saxifraga L. (KCJ-01)
X
Saxifraga L. (KCJ-02)
X
Saxifraga L. (KCJ-03)
X
Saxifraga L. (KCJ-04)
X
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
JML
KCJ
Saxifraga L. (KCJ-05)
X
Saxifraga L. (KCJ-06)
X
Saxifraga L. (LNP)
X
Saxifraga L. (MLS-02)
X
Saxifraga L. (MLS-03)
X
Saxifraga L. (RZL-01)
X
Saxifraga L. (RZL-02)
X
Saxifraga L. (TPL)
X
Saxifraga lychnitis J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
X
X
X
Saxifraga montanella Harry Smith *
B3, T3
X
Saxifraga mucronulata Royle *
X
Saxifraga nigroglandulosa Engler & Irmscher *
X
X
N3
T3
Saxifraga oppositifolia L.
X
Saxifraga pallida Wallich ex Seringe in de Candolle *
X
Saxifraga parnassifolia D. Don *
X
Saxifraga sinomontana J. T. Pan & Gornall in Gornall et al.
X
Saxifraga wardii W. W. Smith *
X
X
X
Sedum gagei Raymond-Hamet *
X
Sedum L. (MJW)
X
Sedum L. (MLS)
X
Sedum L. (RZL)
X
Sedum multicaule Wallich ex Lindley
X
Sedum oreades (Decaisne) Raymond-Hamet *
X
X
X
Sedum triactina A. Berger in Engler & Prantl *
Sedum trullipetalum J. D. Hooker & Thomson *
Plant Use
X
Saxifraga L. (MLS-01)
Sedum platysepalum Franch. *
MNG
X
Saxifraga L. (MJW-01)
Saxifraga melanocentra Franchet
LNP
X
X
X
X
T3, N3
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
Selaginella nipponica Franch. & Sav.
MLS
TPL
JML
KCJ
LNP
MNG
Plant Use
X
Selaginella P. Beauv. (RZL)
X
Selaginella pulvinata (Hook. & Grev.) Maxim.
X
Selaginella remotifolia Spring
X
T3
Selinum L. (JML)
X
Selinum L. (LNP)
X
Selinum wallichianum (de Candolle) Raizada & H. O. Saxena *
X
Senecio L. (JML)
N3, N7
X
Senecio raphanifolius Wallich ex Candolle *
X
Sibbaldia L. (LNP)
X
Sibbaldia parviflora Willd.
X
Sibbaldia cuneata Hornemann ex Kuntze
Sibbaldia purpurea Royle
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
T3
X
T3
Silene caespitella F. N. Williams *
X
N3
Silene gonosperma (Ruprecht) Bocquet
X
N3
X
T3, N3
Silene L. (DXS)
X
Silene L. (MJW)
Silene nigrescens (Edgeworth) Majumdar *
X
X
X
X
X
Silene setisperma Majumdar *
X
Sinocrassula ambigua (Praeger) A. Berger in Engler & Prantl *
Sinolimprichtia alpina H. Wolff *
X
X
X
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T. S. Ying in C. Y. Wu
T3
X
Smilax orthoptera A. DC. *
B3
X
Solms-laubachia minor Handel-Mazzetti *
X
Solms-laubachia Muschl. ex Diels (MLS) *
T3
X
Solms-laubachia retropilosa Botsch. *
X
Sorbaria (Ser.) A. Braun (RZL)
X
Sorbus microphylla (Wallich ex J. D. Hooker) Wenzig *
Sorbus rehderiana Koehne in Sargent *
N3
X
T3
X
X
X
T2
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
Soroseris depressa (Hook. f. & Thomson) J.W. Zhang, N. Kilian & H. Sun *
KCJ
LNP
X
Soroseris hookeriana Stebbins *
X
X
X
Spergula depauperata Pedersen
X
X
B3, T3, N3
X
N3, N7, N8
X
Spergularia (Pers.) J. Presl & C. Presl (RZL)
X
Spiraea arcuata J. D. Hooker *
Spiraea bella Sims *
X
Stellaria congestiflora H. Hara *
X
Stellaria decumbens Edgeworth *
X
N3, N7
X
X
X
N2
Stipa L. (LNP)
X
Swertia candelabrum H. Sm. *
N2
X
Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B. L. Burtt *
Swertia hookeri C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker *
X
Swertia multicaulis D. Don *
X
X
Synotis wallichii (Candolle) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen *
X
X
N3
X
X
B3, T3, N3
X
X
X
X
T3
Taraxacum apargiaeforme Dahlst. *
X
B1
Taraxacum eriopodum (D. Don) Candolle *
X
Taraxacum F.H. Wigg. (JML)
X
Taraxacum mitalii Soest *
X
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.
N1, N3
X
B3
Taraxacum pseudostenoceras Soest *
Thalictrum alpinum L.
X
Thalictrum reniforme Wallich *
Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Ach. ex Schaerer
X
X
Spergularia (Pers.) J. Presl & C. Presl (MJW)
Tanacetum tatsienense (Bureau & Franch.) K. Bremer & Humphries *
Plant Use
T3
Soroseris Stebbins (TPL) *
Stipa L. (DXS)
MNG
X
Soroseris hirsuta (J. Anthony) C. Shih *
Spergularia (Pers.) J. Presl & C. Presl (DXS)
JML
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N1, N3
X
T3, N2, N3
T3
X
T3, N3, N7
Taxa recorded at Himalayan GLORIA Target Regions
DXS
RZL
MJW
MLS
TPL
Thermopsis barbata Bentham in Royle
JML
KCJ
LNP
MNG
X
Plant Use
T3
Thesium himalense Royle ex Edgeworth *
X
Thlaspi arvense L.
X
T3, N3
Thymus linearis Benth.
X
N1, N3
X
N3
X
N3
Tibetia himalaica (Baker) H.B. Cui *
X
Trachydium Lindl.
X
Trollius pumilus D. Don *
Trollius yunnanensis (Franchet) Ulbrich *
X
T3
Unknown (KCJ-01)
X
Unknown (KCJ-02)
X
Urticaceae Juss. (JML)
X
Veratrilla baillonii Franchet *
X
X
T3
Veronica ciliata Fisch.
X
Veronica L. (MNG)
X
Veronica szechuanica Batalin
Viola biflora L.
Woodsia R. Br. (MNG)
Youngia gracilipes (J. D. Hooker) Babcock & Stebbins *
No. of Taxa
No. of Endemics
No. of Useful taxa
T3, N3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N3
X
X
N3
186
114 150 116
112 132 127 164 71
60
74
55
69
87
75
87
37
109
64
96
59
66
69
61
110 53
141
*Species is endemic to the Himalaya, defined as including: Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh (India), Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh
(India), Myanmar, and Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, and Yunnan provinces, China.
Table 4. Results of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing the influence of
independent variables ecotone, location, and their interaction on dependent variables: number of
taxa, number of endemics, percent endemism (transformed by arc sin square root to normalize
data), and Shannon-Weiner index of diversity (H'). (A) Results among Himalayan (33 summits)
and European (66 summits) locations (European data from Pauli et al. 2012); H' not available
(N/A) for Europe; N=99. (B) Results among Himalayan locations only (9 GLORIA target
regions); N=33.
(A) Significance between Himalayan and European data
Number of Taxa
df
F
p
Ecotone
3
5.51
<0.01
Location
1
5.42
<0.05
Interaction
3
0.02
NS
(B) Significance among Himalayan
data
Ecotone
1 21.92 <0.001
Location
8
6.81
<0.001
Interaction
8
2.34
NS
Number of
Endemics
Percent Endemism
(Arc Sin Sq. Rt.)
Shannon-Wiener
diversity index (H')
F
3.29
180.56
2.32
p
<0.05
<0.001
NS
F
0.01
91.55
0.084
p
NS
<0.001
NS
F
N/A
N/A
N/A
p
N/A
N/A
N/A
32.07
8.30
2.76
<0.001
<0.001
<0.05
12.54
1.81
5.8
<0.01
NS
<0.01
36.89
11.26
2.52
<0.001
<0.001
NS
Table 5. Significant statistical results from NMS and CCA ordinations of vegetation
similarities among Himalayan summits (3800-5000m). For non-metric multidimensional scaling
(NMS), R² (%) is the cumulative percent correlation between ordination distances and distances
in the original n-dimensional space for axes 1, 2 and 3. For Canononical Correlational Analysis
(CCA), percent (%) variation is the cumulative percent explained and R² (%) values are the
Pearson Correlations (species-environment) for axes 1, 2 and 3. P-Value is based on Monte
Carlo test with 998 runs (proportion of randomized runs with species-environment correlation
greater than or equal to the observed); N=131 quadrats (each quadrat includes 4-1X1m² quadrats
in each cardinal direction) and 124 species found at multiple summits.
NMS
CCA
Axis 1
Axis 2
Axis 3
R² (%)
%
variation
R² (%)
R² (%)
R² (%)
(p)
Data Type
Units
Species
Presence/
Absence
74.6
6.2
89.9
82.9
73
0.001
Frequency
Counts
76.1
6.4
86.8
76.9
67.8
0.001
Cover
%
58
6.6
84.6
77.5
69.2
0.001
Table 6. Alpine species that characterize Himalayan target regions and summits are most
often endemic species. Results of PC-ORD indicator species analysis determined by Monte
Carlo test of significance (p<0.05; 4999 permutations). Out of 33 total Himalayan summits, 29
have significant indicator species; 74% (51 of 69) indicator species are endemic to the Himalaya.
(Species were considered endemic to the Himalaya if found only in: Tajikistan, Afghanistan,
Pakistan, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh (India), Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh (India),
Myanmar, and Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, and Yunnan provinces, China.)
Indicator Species (p <0.05)
Tibetan Autonmous Prefecture (TAP), China
Da Xue Shan
4461m
Rhododendron aganniphum I. B. Balfour & Kingdon Ward*
4680m
Cassiope pectinata Stapf*
Rhododendron tapetiforme I. B. Balfour & Kingdon Ward*
Run Zi La
4550m
Gentiana arethusae Burkill*
Polygonum viviparum Linnaeus
Potentilla stenophylla (Franchet) Diels*
4680m
Anaphalis flavescens Handel-Mazzetti
Cassiope selaginoides J. D. Hooker & Thomson*
Pedicularis likiangensis Franchet ex Maximowicz*
Sinolimprichtia alpina H. Wolff*
4910m
Arenaria polytrichoides Edgeworth*
Gentiana trichotoma Kusnezow*
Ma Ji Wa
4118m
Viola biflora Linnaeus
4236m
Diapensia purpurea Diels*
Potentilla coriandrifolia D. Don*
Rhododendron primuliflorum Bureau & Franchet*
Mei Li Shui
4556m
Pleurospermum hookeri C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker*
4787m
Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C. B. Clarke*
Androsace delavayi Franchet*
Diplarche pauciflora J. D. Hooker & Thomson*
Oxygraphis glacialis (Fischer ex de Candolle) Bunge
Bhutan
Tampela, Wangchuck Centennial Park
4369m
Anaphalis nepalensis (Sprengel) Handel-Mazzetti
Pleurospermopsis sikkimensis (C. B. Clarke) C. Norman*
Potentilla peduncularis D. Don*
4740m
Primula primulina (Sprengel) Hara*
Jomolhari, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Park
4141m
Anaphalis xylorhiza Schultz Bipontinus ex J. D. Hooker*
Cortia depressa (D. Don) C. Norman*
Cotoneaster microphyllus Wallich ex Lindley*
Cyananthus incanus J. D. Hooker & Thomson*
Cyananthus lobatus Wallich ex Bentham in Royle*
Potentilla lineata Treviranus
4519m
Anemone demissa J. D. Hooker & Thomson*
Cremanthodium reniforme (Candolle) Bentham*
Geranium donianum Sweet*
Oxygraphis endlicheri (Walpers) Bennet & Sumer Chandra*
Pedicularis trichoglossa J. D. Hooker*
Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don
Sedum multicaule Wallich ex Lindley
4922m
Aster himalaicus C. B. Clarke*
Nepal
Kachenjunga Conservation Area
3884m
Primula capitata Hooker*
Rhododendron lepidotum Wallich ex G. Don*
4281m
Corydalis juncea Wallich*
4517m
Cassiope fastigiata (Wallich) D. Don*
4827m
Saussurea gossypiphora Wall.*
Sibbaldia purpurea Royle
Swertia multicaulis D. Don*
Lantang National Park
4054m
Gentiana ornata (Wallich ex G. Don) Grisebach*
Kobresia nepalensis (Nees) Kükenthal in Engler*
Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B. L. Burtt*
4331m
Euphorbia stracheyi Boissier in A. Candolle*
Thalictrum alpinum Linnaeus
4564m
Cremanthodium nepalense Kitamura*
Rhododendron setosum D. Don*
4784m
Potentilla microphylla D. Don*
Rhodiola himalensis (D. Don) S. H. Fu*
Manang, Annapurna National Park
4147m
Androsace globifera Duby in A. de Candolle*
Chesneya nubigena (D. Don) Ali*
Juniperus squamata Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don in Lambert
Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wallich) Royle
Polygonatum hookeri Baker*
4557m
Aconitum naviculare (Brühl) Stapf*
4834m
Arenaria glanduligera Edgeworth*
Euphrasia himalayica Wettst.*
Gentiana algida Pallas
Potentilla saundersiana Royle
Tibetia himalaica (Baker) H.B. Cui*
5006m
Potentilla fruticosa Linnaeus
Potentilla saundersiana Royle
Saussurea andersonii C. B. Clarke*
*Species is endemic to the Himalaya.
Table 7. Summary of ethnobotanical use data using Missouri Botanical Garden (MO) use
categories. Half of the Himalayan alpine flora is useful (51%). Categories 2 and 3, plants used
for grazing and medicines, dominate in all countries (China (TAP), Bhutan and Nepal).
Statistical differences in plant use among countries are not significant (df=2; F=0.42; p=0.66).
1. Food: Human
Number
of Useful
Taxa
(All
Regions)
35
2. Food: Animal
98
13%
87
24%
84
37%
93
29%
3. Medicines:
Human & Veterinary
279
36%
171
47%
41
18%
154
47%
4. Chemicals
3
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
5. Fuels
14
2%
1
0%
0
0%
13
4%
6. Fibers
1
0%
0
0%
0
0%
1
0%
7. Cultural uses
41
5%
1
0%
9
4%
36
11%
8. Construction /
structural material
7
1%
0
0%
0
0%
7
2%
9. Environmental
2
0%
0
0%
0
0%
2
1%
10. Other
8
1%
1
0%
7
3%
0
0%
393
51%
183
50%
111
49%
222
68%
MO Use Category
ALL CATEGORIES
% Useful
Taxa (All
Regions)
Number
of Useful
Taxa
(TAP)
% Useful
Taxa
(TAP)
Number
of Useful
Taxa
(Bhutan)
% Useful
Taxa
(Bhutan)
Number
of Useful
Taxa
(Nepal)
% Useful
Taxa
(Nepal)
5%
4
1%
3
1%
28
9%
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