Guía rápida de líquenes de las
Islas Galápagos
por
Frank Bungartz, Alba Yánez, Fredy Nugra
& Frauke Ziemmeck
— VERSION 3 —
2013
Fundación Charles Darwin
Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos
‒ BORRADOR ‒
Realizado con soporte del Parque Nacional Galapagos, National Geographic
Society, Erwin Warth Stiftung, Basler Stiftung, The Bay and Paul Foundations,
National Science Foundation
© F. Bungartz, Fundación Charles Darwin
Contenido
Introducción.................................................................................................................................. 1
Ubicación geográfica de las islas Galápagos ................................................................... 1
Zonas de vegetación en Galápagos...................................................................................
Zona costera ...................................................................................................................... 1
Zona seca............................................................................................................................ 1
Zona de transición ............................................................................................................ 3
Zona húmeda..................................................................................................................... 4
Zona árida alta ................................................................................................................... 4
La Simbiosis Liquénica................................................................................................................ 6
¿Qué son los líquenes?.......................................................................................................... 6
Ecología de los líquenes........................................................................................................ 7
Micobionte............................................................................................................................... 7
Fotobionte................................................................................................................................ 7
El talo......................................................................................................................................... 9
Talo crustáceo............................................................................................................... 9
Talo foliáceo .................................................................................................................. 10
Talo fruticuloso ............................................................................................................. 10
Plecténquimas .................................................................................................................... 10
Órganos apendiculares .................................................................................................... 11
Cifelas, pseudocifelas, máculas y cefalodios ............................................................... 11
Estructuras reproductoras..................................................................................................... 12
Soredios y isidios ............................................................................................................... 12
Los picnidios....................................................................................................................... 13
Apotecios y peritecios...................................................................................................... 14
El asco .................................................................................................................................. 15
Las ascósporas ................................................................................................................... 16
Bioquímica de los Líquenes....................................................................................................... 18
Tests microquímicos .............................................................................................................. 19
Placas fotográficas....................................................................................................................... 21
Glosario.......................................................................................................................................... 60
Literatura........................................................................................................................................ 67
Lista de especies .......................................................................................................................... 68
Bungartz, Yánez, Nugra, Ziemmeck
Guía Rápida de los líquenes de Galápagos
Introducción
Esta guía rápida permite conocer los líquenes de las Islas Galápagos por 453 fotografías
macro, es decir 438 del las 570 especies reportadas del archipiélago.
Ubicación geográfica de las islas Galápagos
El archipiélago de Galápagos se ubica en el Océano Pacífico a la altura de la línea
ecuatorial que pasa por la montaña más alta de las islas, el volcán Wolf, situado al norte
de la isla Isabela a unos 1 000 km al oeste de las costas del Ecuador continental. La
superficie total del archipiélago es de 7 995,4 km² y posee una línea de costa de 1 688
km. Hay 13 islas grandes, con una superficie mayor de 10 km²; cinco de las islas (Isabela,
Santa Cruz, Fernandina, Santiago, y San Cristóbal) representan el 93,2% de la superficie
total del archipiélago (Jackson 1997).
La isla Santa Cruz: Es la segunda isla más grande del archipiélago, con una superficie de
986 km² y una altitud de 864 m s.n.m. Esta consiste en un cono volcánico principal, con
pequeñas inclinaciones topográficas en las elevaciones más bajas, volviéndose más
abrupto en las elevaciones más altas (Jackson 1985). Santa Cruz es una de las más
antiguas islas del Archipiélago, su origen es complejo ya que en las partes bajas se puede
encontrar terrenos que corresponden a una plataforma submarina levantada.
Esta isla es la más estudiada del archipiélago en cuanto a vegetación. Por su altura y
exposición directa a los vientos del sur y sureste, la isla Santa Cruz tiene casi la totalidad
de las zonas climáticas definidas para las islas Galápagos, pero no tiene la zona árida alta
que ocurre solo en los volcanes más altos del Archipiélago (Fig. 1). A pesar de la
presencia de una extensa zona agrícola, existen todavía áreas significativas de cada tipo
de formación vegetal natural.
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Zonas de vegetación en Galápagos
Figura 1. Secuencia esquemática de las zonas de vegetación en las islas Galápagos
(Jackson 1993) y modificado por F. Bungartz.
Zona costera: Se trata de la franja costera de las islas e incluye las playas, los manglares y
las lagunas salobres. Las plantas predominantes son los mangles, y en las partes más
áridas, arbustos y pastos que toleran la sal. Las cuatro especies de manglar que se
encuentran comúnmente en las caletas y lagunas protegidas son el mangle rojo
(Rhizophora mangle), el mangle negro (Avicennia germinans), el mangle blanco
(Laguncularia racemosa) y el mangle botón (Conocarpus erecta). Algunos de los islotes
más pequeños están completamente cubiertos por vegetación de la zona costera
(Jackson 1993, McMullen 1999). Especies de líquenes típicos para esta zona son:
Arthothelium galapagoense, Angiactis spinicola, Buellia galapagona, Buellia straminea,
Dirina paradoxa, Opegrapha arabica, Peterjamsia circumscripta, Roccella gracilis, R.
galapagoensis, R. albida, R. nigerrima, Ramalina fragilis, R. polyforma etc.
Zona seca: Adentrándose de la costa al interior está zona de vegetación más grande del
archipiélago: un bosque semi-desértico dominado por sus árboles deciduos y por
arbustos como el Bursera, y especies perennifolias y tolerantes a la sequía como el
Croton scouleri, y los cactus Opuntia y Jasminocereus. Las plantas deciduas pierden las
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hojas durante la estación seca. Las plantas que viven en esta zona, o tienen adaptaciones
para resistir la sequía, como por ejemplo hojas pequeñas, raíces profundas, y un hábitus
deciduo; o son hierbas anuales que pueden sobrevivir durante la estación seca como
semillas. Debido a la competencia por el agua, las plantas de está zona se exhiben a
menudo en intervalos casi regulares. Esto se aprecia mejor en una ladera cubierta de palo
santo o en una pendiente solo con Tiquilia creciendo en ella (Jackson 1993, McMullen
1999). Especies de líquenes típicos para esta zona son: Acarospora chrysops, Arthonia
cinnabarina, Ramalina darwiniana, R. furcellangulida, R. sideriza, R. complanata,
Bathelium degenerans, Caloplaca epiphora, Collema furfuraceum, Dirinaria picta,
Helminthocarpon leprevostii, Lecanographa laingiana, Lecanographa subcaesioides,
Leucodecton occultum, Opegrapha loandensis, Parmotrema dominicanum, Parmotrema
tinctorum, Phaeographis punctiformis, Pyrenula cruenta, Pyxine cocoës, Sclerophyton
murex, S. vertex.
La zona árida es la zona de vegetación más extensa y tiene el mayor número de especies
endémicas. Los líquenes abundan en esta zona, ya que son tolerantes a las condiciones
secas y también son capaces de absorber la humedad de la garúa ocasional.
Zona de transición: Tiene un carácter intermedio entre la zona de Scalesia y la árida, el
bosque es dominado por la pega pega, Pisonea floribunda, el guayabillo, Psidium
galapageium, y el matazarno, Piscidia carthagenensis. Es más densa y diversa que el
bosque de la zona árida y en general es difícil decir cuál es la especie dominante. Hay
muchos arbustos entrelazados y hierbas perennes(Jackson 1993, McMullen 1999). En la
zona de transición las barbas largas de líquenes pálidos son muy típicas. Líquenes típicos
para esta zona son: Bulbothrix laevigatula, Canoparmelia caroliniana, C. raunkiaeri,
Hypotrachyna osseoalba, Lecanora caesiorubella, Ochrolechia africana, Ramalina anceps,
R. sorediantha, R. sorediosa, R. usnea, Lobaria patinifera, Tephromela atra, Teloschistes
flavicans, T. chrysophthalmus, Usnea baileyi, U. rubicuna, U. mexicana.
Zona Húmeda
En la isla Santa Cruz se la puede dividir en cuatro partes:
a) Bosque de Scalesia: Es un límite superior la zona de transición que se fusiona con el
bosque perennifolio de Scalesia que es un lujuriante bosque de neblina donde, en la
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Isla Santa Cruz, domina el árbol Scalesia pedunculata. El tronco y las ramas de los
árboles de esta zona están cubiertos de plantas epífitas, mayormente musgos y
hepáticas, pero también de helechos, orquídeas, piperáceas del género Peperomia y la
bromeliácea Racinaea insularis. En esta zona se encuentra menos arbustos y plantas
herbáceas, pero abundan los helechos y los licopodios.
Este tipo de bosque se encuentra solo en las islas con más altura y como la zona es
rica en productividad y fertilidad del suelo, ha sido cortada extensamente para la
agricultura y la ganadería. En Santa Cruz, San Cristóbal y al sur de Isabela, solo quedan
fragmentos de esta zona que fue una vez extensa. En la isla Santiago las cabras han
destruido la mayor parte de la vegetación en el pasado, pero ahora las cabras fueron
erradicadas y esta en completa recuperación la zona vegetativa húmeda. El bosque de
Scalesia es diverso y está asociado también con muchas especies endémicas. Durante
la estación seca de las tierras bajas, está continuamente empapado con la humedad
de la garúa (Jackson 1993, McMullen 1999).
b) Bosque de Zanthoxylum o “zona” Café: Esta zona prácticamente ha desaparecido
de Santa Cruz, debido a la colonización humana. Sin embargo, lo poco que queda
refleja un estado intermedio entre el bosque denso de Scalesia y la vegetación tipo
arbusto de la zona de Miconia. Se manifiesta en un bosque abierto dominado por la
uña de gato (Zanthoxylum fagara), Tournefortia pubescens y Acnistus ellipticus. Los
árboles tienen una pesada cubierta de plantas epífitas, particularmente líquenes,
musgos, hepáticas y helechos, los que dan a esta zona una apariencia parda durante la
estación seca.
c) Arbustos de Miconia: En las partes altas de Santa Cruz hay un cordón de densos
arbustos de Miconia robinsoniana. En esta zona no hay árboles nativos y los helechos
son abundantes (Jackson 1993, McMullen 1999).
d) Pampa: Más arriba de la zona de la Miconia no hay prácticamente árboles ni
arbustos y la vegetación consiste principalmente en helechos, hierbas la planta más
alta es el helecho arbóreo Cyathea weatherbyana, esta es la zona más húmeda
especialmente durante la época de garúa (Jackson 1993, McMullen 1999). Los
cambios en esta zona son debido a la agricultura e invasión de especies invasoras
como por ejemplo: Cinchona pubescens.
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Especies de líquenes típicos para esta zona son:
Acantholichen pannarioides, Brigantiaea leucoxantha, Calopadia pruinosa, Calopadia
subcoerulescens, Cladia aggregata, Cladonia ceratophylla, Cladonia confusa, Cladonia
subsquamosa, Coenogonium strigosum, Dictyonema glabratum, Dictyonema sericeum,
Diorygma poitaei, Diploschistes cineraeocaesius, Erioderma sorediatum, Everniastrum
vexans, Graphis acharii, Heterodermia circinalis, H. galactophylla, H. podocarpa,
Hypotrachyna isidiocera, H. laevigata, H. microblasta, Leptogium cyanescens, L.
javanicum, L. marginellum, L. punctulatum, Phyllopsora furfuraceum, Physcia atrostriata,
Pseudocyphellaria aurata, P. crocata, Sticta dichotoma, Sticta weigelii, Syncesia leprobola,
Telothrema pachysporum.
Zona árida de alta: Solamente está presente en la isla Fernandina y los volcanes de la isla
Isabela (Darwin, Ecuador y Cerro Azul). Esta zona es muy poco conocida y más estudios
son necesarios para clasificarlo.
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La Simbiosis Liquénica
¿Qué son los líquenes?
Los líquenes son una asociación de un hongo heterótrofo (micobionte) con un alga
fotosintética (fotobionte). Están tan íntimamente relacionados entre sí que se comportan
y reproducen como un organismo único independiente. El hongo se encarga de proteger
al alga de las radiaciones directas del sol y brindarle agua y sales minerales. El alga a su
vez realiza fotosíntesis y proporciona a los hongos nutrientes (en forma de azúcar o
alcohol) (Rodríguez & Ortega 2003).
Las algas que componen los líquenes son de dos tipos: cianófitas o algas azules (bacterias
fotosintéticas), y clorófitos o algas verdes (Fig. 2). El hongo es generalmente un
ascomiceto, con excepción de muy pocas líquenes donde el hongo simbionte es un
basidiomiceto (Nash III 2008a).
Figura 2. Secciones transversales de los fotobiontes. (A) Cianobacterias y (B) algas
verdes (Bungartz et al. 2002).
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Ecología de los líquenes
Los líquenes pueden crecer exitosamente en sustratos que son demasiados áridos para
soportar algas libres. Por eso los líquenes logran poblar muchas áreas que son inhóspitas
para plantas vasculares (Brodo et al. 2001, Nash III 2008a). El éxito de los líquenes es
proporcional al grado en que pueden evitar competencia con plantas (Rodríguez &
Ortega 2003). Muchos líquenes crecen muy lentamente sin proveer humus, gracias al
cual plantas podrían invadir sus áreas. Sin embargo, no pueden sobrevivir extremos de
calor y sequedad continuos (Brodo et al. 2001, Nash III 2008a). En las islas Galápagos
esto es evidente porque las rocas horizontales expuestas a constante calor o sol no
sostienen muchos líquenes. En cambio las rocas verticales en la sombra contienen
abundantes líquenes debido que los lados de las rocas verticales reciben más humedad
en forma de condensación.
Micobionte
Los hongos que se entran en la asociación de un liquen son principalmente los
Ascomycota y sólo unos pocos pertenecen a los Basidiomycota. Se han observado
también algunas formas más o menos inciertas de liquenización en otros grupos fungales.
De los 35 órdenes que conforman los Ascomycota, 18 de ellos incluyen taxa que
liquenizan, mientras que otros órdenes están conformados sólo por especies liquenizadas
(Ostropales, Gyalectales, Peltigerales, Pertusariales, Opegraphales, Pyrenulares o
Teloschistales) (Nash III 2008b).
Fotobionte
Las algas presentes en los talos liquénicos reciben diferentes denominaciones como:
algas simbióticas, algas liquénicas, componente algal, fotobionte o ficobionte. La mayoría
de las algas simbiontes también se encuentra libre de la simbiosis, es decir que pueden
subsistir libremente en la naturaleza en donde se reproducen sexual y asexual y se
comportan como simbiontes facultativos en la asociación liquénica (Bungartz 2002a,
Nash III 2008a).
Los géneros Trebouxia, Trentepohlia y Nostoc son los fotobiontes más frecuentes, y de
amplia distribución en las asociaciones liquénicas. Trebouxia y Trentepohlia son
eucarióticos y pertenecen a las algas verdes (Fig. 3); Nostoc pertenece al grupo de
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bacteria oxígeno-fotosintética (cianobacteria, Fig. 3). Cuando un alga se encuentra
asociada con un micobionte no se reproduce sexualmente, sino asexualmente.
Las cianobacterias son de naturaleza procariótica, no tienen cloroplastos, mitocondrias ni
núcleo (Nash III 2008a, Nash III et al. 2002).
Figura 3. A, cianobacterias - cianobiontes (procariotas), verde azuladas común en
la simbiosis de los líquenes. B, Clorófitas–clorobiontes (eucariota) común en la
simbiosis de los líquenes (Nash III et al. 2002).
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El talo
Los talos liquénicos son sistemas emergentes que generan una gran variedad de
estructuras vegetativas, formas de crecimiento, reproducción y biotipos especiales.
Forma de crecimiento de los líquenes
En los líquenes se puede distinguir tres formas de crecimiento principales: crustáceo,
foliáceo, y fruticuloso (Fig. 4).
crustáceo
foliáceo
fruticuloso
Buellia galapagona
Parmotrema dominicanum
Cladonia confusa f bicolor
Figura 4. Los tres tipos de crecimiento de los líquenes; crustáceo; foliáceo; fruticuloso.
Talo crustáceo
Se encuentran siempre en estrecho contacto con el sustrato del cual no se pueden
separar sin ser destruidos. Carecen de córtex inferior o de órganos de sujeción: se
sujetan al sustrato por medio de la médula o de un hipotalo. La variabilidad
morfológica y anatómica del talo es grande: leproso, continuos, rimoso, rimosoareolado, areolado, o escuamuloso. Hay transiciones de unos tipos por el talo foliáceo,
por ejemplo, los líquenes placodioides que están lobulados en el margen, pero
areolado en el centro.
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Talo foliáceo
Son laminares, generalmente tendidos sobre el sustrato, estratificados, con
organización dorsiventral y cara inferior diferenciada. Suelen estar lobulados distintos
no solamente en los márgenes. Sus lóbulos son separables del sustrato al cual pueden
estar muy o laxamente adheridos, pero siempre constan de algún órgano de sujeción
como rizinas. Hay transiciones con el tipo fruticuloso, unos de los líquenes foliáceos
tienen lóbulos muy estrechos parecido a un talo fruticuloso, pero todavía en forma
dorsiventral con una capa superior e inferior y una anatomía interna diferenciada.
Talo fruticuloso
Sobresalen siempre del sustrato, al que sujetan a veces por una mínima superficie,
discos básales o hapterios. Por lo general son distintamente ramificados, con aspecto
de pequeños arbustos o bien con lóbulos que se estrechan y alargan profundamente.
En ocasiones son cortos y casi simples. Pueden ser erectos, colgantes, ascendentes,
resupinados o reptantes. Los ejes de las ramificaciones o los lóbulos pueden ser
cilíndricos o aplastados y de organización radial; sólo en algunas ocasiones son
dorsiventrales (ej. Ramalina). Muchas talos fruticulosos son dimorficos, por ejemplo las
especies de Cladonia o de Stereocaulon que tienen un talo primario crustoso o
escuamuloso y un talo secundario fruticuloso.
Plecténquimas
Los líquenes no forman tejidos reales con células isodiametricos, pero pseudotejidos, es
decir formando por hifas filamentosas bien agrupadas. Estos se llaman plecténquimas o
falsos tejidos y son formados por el micobionte, mediante entrelazamiento, anastomosis,
ramificación, gelatinización de las paredes celulares y, en ocasiones, agregación de las
hifas, pero siempre realizan de forma postgénita, es decir, no hay zonas meristemáticas
reales, sólo actividad de células apicales. Se reconocen los siguientes tipos básicos:
paraplecténquimas, prosoplecténquimas, escleroplecténquimas, en empalizada. La
complicación estructural y la consistencia son aún mayores por las posibles
combinaciones de hifas con células cuya forma, luz y pared son variadas.
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Órganos apendiculares
Son formaciones producidas por el micobionte, que al proyectarse desde la cara inferior,
sirven para sujetar el talo al sustrato.
Las rizinas son el modo más común de sujeción. Se componen de grupos de hifas
compactadas, simples o ramificadas, (del mismo color que la cara inferior).
El tomento se forma por la prolongación desde el córtex superior o inferior de hifas
hialinas (pelos) u oscuras, cortas o largas, dispersas o densamente agrupadas, que
proporciona aspecto pubescente a las superficies.
Los cilios son prolongaciones fúngicas desde el córtex superior o del margen de los talos
de hifas empaquetadas y lisas; sin embargo, las muy similares fibrillas en el género Usnea,
contienen fotobiontes.
Cifelas, pseudocifelas, máculas y cefalodios
Las cifelas sólo se conocen en el género Sticta, y son excavaciones en la cara inferior del
talo con anatomía compleja y recubierta por un borden especial llamado anillo. En las
pseudocifelas en cambio no hay un anillo; estas pueden aparecer en las dos caras del
talo y consisten en la interrupción del córtex por la proliferación de hifas medulares,
manifestándose como poros o líneas mas claras que, en ocasiones, se transforman en
soralios.
Las maculas, son manchas blancas y pequeñas de la cara superior del talo, se deben a la
distribución irregular de los fotobiontes y no corresponden a ninguna rotura en el córtex
ni a prolongaciones de paquetes de hifas.
Los cefalodios son estructuras bien delimitadas, constituidas por un fotobionte distinto
(cianobacteria) de lo que forma el talo principal, situándose unas veces en la médula y
otras en la cara superior o inferior de los talos.
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Estructuras reproductoras
Soredios y isidios
En los propágulos típicamente liquénicos, ambos simbiontes actúan como unidades
duales autónomas y separables del talo, de tal forma que favorecen la dispersión del
liquen y actúan como diásporas vegetativas. Las ventajas de la reproducción asexual para
colonización del medio que tienen propágulos simbióticos son indudables, ya que
aseguran la presencia de los dos simbiontes. Los propágulos vegetativos más comunes
son los soredios y los isidios (Fig. 5).
Figura 5. Soredios: unidad de dispersión en los líquenes formando por grupos de
células algales e hifas del hongo en los líquenes, sin córtex. Isidios: propágulos
corticados de los líquenes de forma cilíndrica o ramificada (Ryan et al. 2002).
La reproducción vegetativa se produce también por partición o fragmentación del talo
que, al secarse, se fractura fácilmente sobre todo en el caso de los talos fruticulosos. Se
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crean así unidades no especializadas de diseminación que son dispersadas por el viento
o por animales.
Los picnidios
Además la reproducción asexual se lleva a cabo en unas estructuras llamadas picnidios.
Estas son tapizadas de filamentos llamados conidióforos, los cuales son simples o
ramificados. Los conidióforos producen esporas unicelulares llamadas conidias que salen
por una abertura denominada ostíolo (Fig. 6). Los picnidios se encuentran embebidos en
el talo y sólo es evidente el ostíolo. En algunos casos se elevan, constituyendo pequeñas
verrugas, y en otros, pueden ser pedunculados y ramificados. Aun el carácter de las
picnidios para la reproducción todavía no esta bien entendido. Mientras unos de los
conidias se ha observado al germinar otras probablemente funcionan en la reproducción
sexual como células de fertilización macho llamando espermatias.
Figura 6. El picnidio (Bungartz 2002c).
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Apotecios y peritecios
El micobionte de los líquenes de los Ascomycetes forma estructuras reproductivas o
cuerpos fructíferos en dos formas principales: los apotecios (forma de disco) o los
peritecios (forma esférica). Estos cuerpos fructíferos contienen una capa de ascos donde
se producen esporas por meiosis. Estas ascosporas son incapaces de convertirse en un
liquen, a menos de que se asocien con las células de algas adecuadas.
El peritecio
Los peritecios encierran los ascos siempre en una cavidad. Son ± globosos, con el
himenio contenido en la cavidad conectada al exterior a través de un ostíolo
alargado con perífisis; el exípulo (= sobre del peritecio o paredes del peritecio)
suele estar carbonizado o no carbonizado, en ocasiones, el ostíolo puede estar
rodeado por un anillo exterior denominado el involucro (Fig. 7).
Figura 7. Morfología del peritecio (Bungartz 2002d).
El apotecio
La mayoría de los líquenes se reproducen mediante la formación de apotecios. Son
estructuras abiertas con forma de copa o de disco con su himenio expuesto al
exterior. Se distinguen dos tipos principales: (1) biatorino, con un reborde (excípulo)
originado por las hifas del ascoma (margen propio); sí el margen propio está
carbonizado este tipo se llama lecideino; (2) lecanorino, con reborde originado por
el talo con córtex y capa de fotobiontes (margen talino); por este tipo unos autores
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también usan zeorino sí el margen propio es todavía visible dentro del margen
talino (Fig. 8).
Figura 8. Esquema para diferenciar los dos tipos principales de apotecios:
margen lecideino y margen lecanorino (Bungartz 2002d).
El asco
El asco (=asca) es una estructura en forma de un saco que contiene ascósporas
endógenas de origen sexual y es característico de los Ascomycetes. Procede de la
transformación de células apicales de hifas
El aparato apical está formado por el engrosamiento de la capa más interna de la pared
del asco y muestra una gran variabilidad de importancia taxonómica. Aunque varios
grupos presentan este tipo básico de asco, el más común y generalizado es el
denominado tipo lecanoreano, donde se puede diferenciar: un engrosamiento amiloide
apical de la capa interna, el tholus; cámara ocular y una masa axial (Fig. 9). La mayoría de
los hongos liquenizados tienen este tipo de ascos.
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Figura 9. Tipo de asco y tipo de aparato apical (Bungartz 2002d).
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Las ascósporas
Las esporas de los ascolíquenes se producen de forma endógena (dentro los ascos). Para
su estudio se deben tener en cuenta las siguientes características: longitud; constitución
(simples o septadas); color (hialinas u oscuras); forma (elipsoides, globulares,
vermiformes, claviformes), entre otros (Fig. 10).
Figura 10. Variedades de ascóporas (Bungartz 2002d).
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Bioquímica de los Líquenes
Sustancias secundarias de los líquenes
Hay unos productos químicos básicos para los diferentes colores, debido a la
acumulación de metabolitos secundarios y esta presente en todo el liquen excepto en el
córtex inferior y en la capa de fotobiontes.
La mayoría son incoloras, excepto las derivadas del ácido pulvínico y la antraquinona;
son insolubles en agua, pero solubles en alcohol, éter, acetona y cloroformo y cristalizan
por evaporación del solvente. Algunas dan reacciones coloreadas con el hidrato de
potasio (K), el hipoclorito (C), los ácidos nítrico y clorhídrico, el cloruro férrico y la
parafenildiamina (PD). Estas reacciones son de un gran valor taxonómico.
Clasificación; a) sustancias de la serie alifática: sustancias ácidas que no dan reacciones
coloreadas; b) sustancias de la serie alicíclica, triterpenoides: compuestos cíclicos,
saturados neutros, no dan reacciones coloreadas, los más importantes son: ácido
ursólico, en varias especies de Cladonia, ácido zeórico, en Lecanora; c) sustancias de la
serie aromática: 1) derivados del ácido pulvínico, amarillos o anaranjados, no se colorean
con reactivos de la liquenología ej. ácido vulpínico en Chrysothrix, Candelariella,
Candelaria; 2) derivados de la antraquinona, amarillos, anarajados o rojos, coloreables de
púrpura con la potasa ej. en Xanthomendoza, Xanthoria, Caloplaca spp.; 3) derivados del
benzo-furano, con propiedades antibióticas ej. ácido úsnico en Usnea spp., estrepsilina
en Cladonia strepsilis, se colorea de azul-verdoso con el hipoclorito; 4) dépsidos y
depsidonas, agrupan a la mayoría de las sustancias liquénicas, y presentan una gran
especificidad, son incoloras, pero muchas dan reacciones coloreadas y todas derivan de
dos difenoles, orcinol y beta-orcinol; a) dépsidos derivados del orcinal, ácido lecanórico,
rojo carmín con el hipoclorito, ácido olivetórico, naranja con el hipoclorito; b) dépsidos
derivados del beta. orcinol; ácido barbático, en Cladonia; c) depsidonas derivadas del
orcinol, rojas con la potasa tras el hipoclorito, ácido fisódico; d) depsidonas derivadas del
beta-orcinol, amarillas con la parafenilenina, ácido psorómico; 5) compuestos
heterocíclicos nitrogenados ej. picrorocelina en Roccella (Orange et al. 2001).
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Figura 11. Sustancias secundarias de los líquenes (Bungartz 2002b).
Tests microquímicos
Muchas sustancias liquénicas pueden ser detectadas microscópicamente gracias a los
colores que adquieren al ser puestas en contacto con diversos reactivos químicos, o a la
fluorescencia que producen bajo las radiaciones UV de longitud de onda (λ) 254 nm.
Estos caracteres no son suficientes para la separación entre especies, pero son de gran
valor en la identificación de las mismas.
•
K (solución 10% de hidróxido de potasio en agua. Reaccionando desde amarillo hasta
el rojo (no confundirse con una reacción pardo que podría ser causada por el daño
•
•
de células con KOH después una aplicación por mucho tiempo).
C (solución de hipoclorito; lejía de cloro comercial sin diluir). Dando coloraciones
rosas, rojas, naranjas o verdes.
KC o CK. En este caso se aplica primero un reactivo y a continuación el otro. Se
puede observar reacciones similares a los con C o K, pero típicamente mas fuertes.
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PD (cristales de parafenilendiamina disueltos en alcohol; o como solución de Steiner).
Reaccionando desde amarillo al rojo ferruginoso. Es muy volátil y mancha la piel, la
•
ropa y el papel, y causa cáncer. Por eso hay que tener mucha precaución en el uso.
I (solución iodada, 0,5-1,5 de IKI = Solución de Lugol). Da coloraciones azuladas,
verdosas o rojizas; es especialmente útil para la diferenciación de las estructuras del
asco (paredes, tholus, capa periascal) o de la gelatina del himenio. Típicamente
aplicado una vez antes (hemiamiloide) y después de la aplicación de K
(holoamiloide). Cuando la coloración es muy intensa se debe pasar agua para diluirla
y poder observar mejor las estructuras. También se usa como test reactivo de la
•
médula o de las esporas.
UV. se aplica fluorescencia bajo las radiaciones UV a una longitud de onda (λ) 254
nm.
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Glosario
Amiloide: reacción química en color azul o violeta con una solución iodada (Lugol,
típicamente se aplica 1,5% de I en 10% de IK = Lugol, o bien más ligera sólo 0,5-1% de
I). Una fuerte reacción rojo sin aplicación previa de hidrato de potasio (K) se llama hemiamiloide. Una reacción azul después de la aplicación de hidrato de potasio (K) se llama
holo-amiloide.
Anfitecio: (= margen o exípulo talino) borde que rodea al disco de algunos apotecios
(lecanorino, zeorino) y que contiene células del mismo fotobionte que el talo.
Apotecio: Ascoma (ascocarpo) en forma de disco o copa. El himenio, cuando está
maduro, queda expuesto al exterior en forma ± extensa y va rodeado por un borde (=
exípulo, margen) de distintos tipos (margen propio y/o talino).
Areolado: se refiere a un talo crustáceos claramente dividido en areolas por medio de
fisuras completas ± anchas que lo confieren un aspecto mosaico.
Ascoma: distintos tipos de estructuras de reproducción que producen ascos, ascósporas
y paráfisis.
Ascomicete: grupo de hongos caracterizados por formar esporas dentro de unas
estructuras microscópicas en forma de saco, llamada ascas.
Ascos: estructura en forma de saco que contienen ascósporas endógenas de origen
sexual, es propia de los Ascomycetes.
Ascóspora: meióspora originada endógenamente en un asco y que reproduce al
micobionte. Hay muchos tipos: simples, septadas, murales, incoloras, coloreadas, con o
sin halo.
Basidiocarpo: Cuerpo fructífero de los basidiomicetes que produce basidios y
basidiosporas; típicamente en una forma de sombrero o repisa.
Basidiomicete: (= Basidiomycete) un grupo de hongos relacionados filogenéticamente
que desarrollan basidios como consecuencia de la reproducción sexual.
Basidiósporas: meióspora originada exógenamente en un basidio.
Biatornino: apotecio lecideino en el que las hifas del excípulo propio no están
carbonizadas, son flexibles, de colores claros; el margen puede llegar a desaparecer en la
madurez si el apotecio se hace muy convexo.
Biótico: todo lo viviente; una asociación biótica que comprende los organismos (ej.
plantas, hongos, bacterias, algas, animales, etc.) presentes en un área determinada.
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C: abreviatura de lejía comercial sin diluir. Da coloraciones rosas, rojas, naranjas o verdes,
pero en ocasiones la reacción es fugaz y se debe observar cuidadosamente; sirve para
detectar, entre otros, los ácidos lecanórico y girofórico, cuando da rojo o rosa fugaz. En
muchos casos es necesario el pretratamiento con K, KC, para obtener la reacción
coloreada.
Cámara ocular: protrusión del ascoplasma que contiene las esporas hacia el tholus del
aparato apical de los ascos. Suele tener formas variadas, desde redondeado (dactiliforme)
hasta atenuado y puede distinguirse fácilmente añadiendo Lugol o azul de lactofenol.
Célula eucariota: el término eucariota hace referencia a núcleo verdadero (del griego: 'eu'
= buen, 'karyon = núcleo). Los organismos eucariotas incluyen algas, protozoos, hongos,
plantas vasculares, y animales.
Célula procariota: la palabra procariota viene del griego ('pro' = previo a, 'karyon =
núcleo) y significa pre-núcleo. Los miembros del mundo procariota son las bacterias que
constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de organismos unicelulares muy pequeños, una típica
célula procariota está constituida por las siguientes estructuras principales: pared celular,
membrana citoplasmática, ribosomas, inclusiones y nucleoide.
Cianobacteria:
organismo
procariota
del
reino
de
las
eubacterias
que
son
fotosintetizadoras, división Cyanophyta, clase Cyanophyceae. Conocidas como algas
verde-azuladas.
Cifela: con excavaciones en la cara inferior del talo de un liquen, con anatomía compleja
y recubiertas por un córtex especial en forma de anillo.
Cilios: prolongaciones fúngicas, que se sitúan en la cara superior o en el margen de los
talos.
Conidiógeno: célula fúngica apical, monocariótica, de la que se originan conidios en los
ascomicetes.
Conidioma: estructura formada por varias hifas que contiene las células conidiógenas y
los conidios, puede tener formas variadas.
Conidios: (=conidiósporas) esporas de origen asexual formadas en células conidiógenas.
Córtex: Es la capa más externa de los talos heterómeros (y el margen talino de los
apotecios lecanorinos), de anatomía y grosor variables, constituida por plecténquimas de
distintos tipos que le confieren cierta consistencia o coherencia y protege a la capa de
fotobioentes de la agresión físico-química del medio atmosférico. Se puede acumular
algunas sustancias, entre ellas como ácido úsnico, el ácido rizocárpico, la atranorina o la
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parietina, relacionadas con la filtración de ciertas longitudes de honda de la luz y
protección del aparato fotosintético del fotobionte. También puede ser la zona de
expulsión de detritus orgánico del talo. En algunas especies es la capa que da
consistencia a los talos, ejemplo: Ramalina.
Corticado: que tiene córtex o en la zona más externa.
Cortícola: que crece sobre la corteza de plantas leñosas, especialmente las que tienen
ritidoma originado por la actividad del felógeno.
Crustáceos: tipo de talo de líquenes que se encuentran siempre en estrecho contacto
con el sustrato, carecen de córtex inferior o de órganos de ejecución y no se puede
separar de el sin destruirlos. Se sujetan al sustrato por medio de médula o de un hipotalo.
Dimórfico: (= talo compuesto) talo que tiene dos formas, son talos compuestos por dos
partes muy diferentes: una – talo primario-granuloso ó escuamulosa y otra – talo
secundario-fruticulosa con elementos perpendiculares al sustrato.
Endémico: nativo y restringido a un área ó región particular.
Epitecio: en el sentido amplio, una capa por encima de los ascos, rica en pigmentos y/o
cristales que se diferencia en la parte superior del himenio a consecuencia de la actividad
de los ápices de las paráfisis; en el sentido estricto epitecio se refiere solamente a un
plecténquima distinto, encima del himenio mientras que el epihimenio no es un tejido
separado pero solamente la área arriba del himenio donde los paráfisis son pigmentados.
Escuamuloso: (= escuamiforme, escamoso) tipo de talo de líquenes laminares construidos
por escuámulas de formas muy viables.
Espinulado: con apéndices similares a fibrillas, estrechos y puntiagudos, algo constreñidos
en la base.
Esporas: células generativas que producen nuevos individuos sin necesidad de fusionarse
(eso se diferencia de los gametos). Pueden ser de origen sexual o asexual. En líquenes, las
de origen sexual (ascósporas y basidósporas) se forman tras las meiosis en los ascos o en
los basidios; las asexuales se llaman picnosporas o conidias y originan en conidiomas.
Excípulo propio (= margen propio, peritecio): pseudotejido fúngico que rodea al himenio
de los apotecios, sin fotobiontes, puede tener una anatomía y colores variados.
Excípulo talino: tejido fúngico que rodea al excípulo propio y contiene fotobiontes, con
una estructura similar al talo (= margen talino, anfitecio). En peritecios se usa el término
pirenio.
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Farináceo: finamente pulverulento, como granos de harina; se aplica a los soredios pero
también al aspecto que puede proporcionar a las superficies la cobertura por pruina.
Filamentoso: en forma de hilo, pelo o fibra.
Fiotobionte: el bionte clorofílico de un liquen, las algas verdes que participan en las
simbiosis liquénicas.
Foliáceos: tipo de talo de líquenes que tiene forma laminar y ofrecen una estructura mas
compleja, con una organización dorsiventral y cara inferior diferenciada; parcialmente
adherida al sustrato.
Forófitos: Planta portadora de los epífitos.
Fotobionte: el bionte que fotosintetiza en las simbiosis liquénicas. Puede ser una alga
verde multicelular (eucariota) o una cianobacteria (procariota).
Frecuencia: el número de veces que se repite un dato (típicamente se mide en
porcentaje: %).
Fruticoso: tipo de talo de líquenes en forma de ejes más o menos ramificados como
pequeños arbustos.
Hábitat: lugar natural con sus condiciones ecológicas en el que suele desarrollarse un
organismo.
Hialino: transparente como el cristal; se usa mucho para incoloro.
Hifa: filamento microscópico pluricelular del micobionte; puede ser muy variada en
formas, colores y consistencias.
Hifóforo: conidioma peltado-umbelada, prominente, en la cara superior de los talos, que
lleva en el ápice un conjunto de hifas (diahifas) delgadas y flexibles, cintadas.
Himenio: (= tecio) el ascoma está compuesto de hifas haploides que rodean la base del
ascogonio y de hifas ascógenas dicarióticas; de éstas se originan los ascos que junto con
las paráfisis estériles (hamatecio) configuran el himenio.
Hipotalo :(± protalo)
Hipotecio (= excípulo basal): pseudotejido fúngico entre las base del himenio por debajo
del subhimenio y el excípulo, puede expandirse en forma de concavidad o ser cónica se
ve bien en sección media; hialino hasta carbonáceo, es parte y a veces difícil de distinguir
del excípulo propio lateral (= peritecio); puede contener cristales y dar reacciones
coloreadas con distintos reactivos.
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Homómero: tipo de talo no estratificado, en que el micobionte y los fotobiontes están
uniformemente distribuidos y donde los fotobiontes son siempre cianobacterias (verdeazulados); a veces con un córtex, o todo el talo celúlico.
Imbricado: escuámulas, lóbulos, etc., que están superpuestos unos a otros, como las tejas
en un tejado.
Introducida: plantas exóticas que llegaron a las islas con ayuda del hombre.
Invasor: son aquellas plantas indeseables que invaden zonas.
Isidios: proyecciones de la superficie del talo, revestidas de córtex e incluyendo las
fotobiontes (algas o cianobacterias). Su color puede ser igual o diferente del resto del talo
y su forma es muy variable: esférica, verrugosa, claviforme, escuamiforme. Se desprenden
fácilmente del talo cuando está seco, actuando como elementos de propagación
vegetativa y posiblemente juegan un papel en el intercambio gaseoso con la atmósfera.
K (KOH): (solución 10% de hidróxido de potasio en agua). La fórmula es 10 g de KOH y
100 ml de agua destilada. Suele producir reacciones coloreadas con distintas sustancias
liquénicas, desde amarillo hasta el rojo o pardo.
Labriforme: en forma de labios, se usa para soralios situados en los extremos o en los
márgenes de lóbulos que se originan en la superficie inferior pero se recurvan hacia la
superior, es frecuente que se abran.
Lámina: una estructura fino y plano; muy frecuentemente se usa para la superficie
superior de los talos.
Lecanorino (= exípulo talino, margen talino, anfitecio, zeorino): apotecio con reborde
originado por el talo, de la misma estructura del talo, es decir frecuentemente (pero no
siempre) con córtex y capa de fotobionte, suele tener el mismo color textura del talo.
Lecideino: apotecio sin reborde talino, solo con margen o exípulo propio originado por
las hifas del ascoma, siempre con la pared oscura o carbonácea (cf. con biatorino).
Leprarioide: talo que tiene la superficie, pulverulenta granuloso-pulverulenta, son córtex,
laxa, transformada en soralios.
Lirela: un tipo de ascoma con un disco largo y estrecho, en contacto con el exterior,
ovalado o linear, ramificado en forma estrellada (aspecto de escritura egipcia). Se puede
interpretar como un apotecio o como un peritecio cuando el excípulo es muy urceolazo.
Macroliquen: liquen fácilmente observable por tener un tamaño grande; suelen ser
biotipos foliáceos, fruticulosos, placodioides o escamulosos.
Macula: con manchas blanca y pequeña de la cara superior del talo.
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Médula: es una capa fúngica que suele ocupar el mayor volumen en el talo. Esta
constituida generalmente por un conjunto de hifas laxamente entremezcladas
(aracnoide), de aspecto algonodoso y con espacios que permiten la aireación del talo.
Metabolitos secundarios: sustancias liquénicas producido por el metabolismo secundario.
Micobionte: cada uno de los hongos simbiontes que participan en la formación de los
talos liquénicos.
Microliquen: líquenes pequeños, de biotipos crustáceos.
Nativa: Son aquellas especies originarias de la zona en que habitan, pero que no se
encuentran necesariamente en forma exclusiva en ellas.
Orbicular: redondo o circular.
Paráfisis: hifas especializadas del himenio que son estériles, están unidas a su base, se
disponen anticlinalmente y crecen entre los ascos; sirven para mantener erguidos los
ascos y dan coherencia al himenio.
Paratecio: (= exípulo propio), pseudotejido fúngico que rodea el himenio de los
apotecios, sin fotobiontes, puede tener una anatomía y colores variados.
PD (Steiner’s): reactivo de parafenilendiamina, cristales que se disuelven con unas gotas
de etanol, en un frasquito o tubo de cristal, se evapora fácilmente por lo que se puede
añadir más etanol al residuo que va quedando, pero hay que preparar cada día porque se
oxida. Es muy cancerígeno por lo que debe manipularse con cuidado.
Peritecio: ascoma ± globoso, en forma de ampolla, con un cuello largo y estrecho.
pH: es el símbolo que utiliza en la química para medir la acidez o alcalinidad de las
soluciones (= el logaritmo reciproca de la concentración iónica de hidrogeno).
Picnidio: conidioma pequeño, globoso, ampuliforme, en el interior del cual se desarrollan
los conidios por diversos procesos de condiogénesis.
Pionero: El primer trabajo que se realiza de algo especifico de líquenes en la Isla Santa
Cruz.
Pirenio: pared o excípulo de los peritecios.
Podecio: talo secundario, fruticoso que deriva de una prolongación del apotecio, el
origen del pseudotejido son las hifas propias del apotecio, por ejemplo en el género
Cladonia (v: pseudopodecio).
Protalo: (± hipotalo) estructura fúngica de micelio indiferenciado, las primeras hifas que
creen al rededor de un talo liquénico; a veces usado en el mismo sentido como hipotalo
que se refiere a un micelio no liquenizado abajo del talo propio.
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Pseudocifela: consisten en la interrupción del córtex por la proliferación de hifas
medulares, manifestándose como poros.
Pseudopodecio: por ejemplo en el género Stereocaulon (cf. podecio).
Pubescente: cubierto por capa de pelos cortos y suaves en la superficie.
Rimoso: tipo de talo de líquenes crustáceos con las fisuras irregulares y superficiales,
incompletas.
Rizina: órgano apendicular de sujeción que consiste en la agrupación de paquetes de
hifas que salen de la cara de los líquenes foliáceos.
Se distinguen dos tipos principales: (1) biatorino, con un reborde (excípulo) originado por
las hifas del ascoma (margen propio); si el margen propio está carbonizado este tipo se
llama lecideino; (2) lecanorino, con reborde originado por el talo con córtex y capa de
fotobiontes (margen talino); por este tipo unos autores también usan zeorino si el
margen propio es todavía visible dentro del margen talino. El reborde puede estar
constituido por dos capas, una interna (paratecio) y otra externa (anfitecio). Las formas
son muy diversas: sésiles hasta pedicelados, hasta muy estipitados, como en Cladonia, y a
veces el himenio se transforma en una masa compuesta por numerosas esporas con
restos de las paredes de los ascos (mazedios), típico de los Caliciales. Los alargados y/o
ramificados alargados y con excípulo carbonizado son las lirelas.
Soralios: área delimitada en que se forman soredios.
Soredios: formados por algunos fotobiontes entremezclados y rodeados con filamentos
miceliares y tienen pequeñas granulaciones de 25-100 micrómetros. Aparecen agrupados
en la superficie del talo dentro áreas llamado soralios, típicamente con aspecto granuloso
o pulverulento, pero siempre sin córtex. Los soredios son liberados por interrupciones del
la superficie del liquen y sirven para la propagación vegetativa.
Tholus: (= tolo), aparato apical del asco, un engrosamiento apical de la capa interna del
asco, en los ascos lecanoreanos. Suele ser ± amiloide y constar de diversas estructuras
que se tiñen ± intensamente con Lugol. La taxonomía moderna de los líquenes incluidos
en los Lecanorales está basada en estas características y su ontogenia de desarrollo. Varía
con los tipos definidos que se van indicando.
Tomento, -oso: cubierto en la superficie por una capa ± densa de pelos rígidos y ± largos
(v: pubescente), aspecto algodonoso, lanudo o fieltrado.
66
Bungartz, Yánez, Nugra, Ziemmeck
Guía Rápida de los líquenes de Galápagos
Literatura
Brodo, I. M., S. D. Sharnoff & S. Sharnoff. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University
Press, New Haven.
Bungartz, F. 2002a. Key to the Lichen Photobionts., pp. 44-47. In Nash III, T. H., B. D.
Ryan, C. Gries & F. Bungartz (eds.), Volume 1: Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran
Desert Regio. Lichens Unlimited, Tempe.
———. 2002b. Lichen Chemistry: Recipes and other Techniques., pp. 49-52. In Nash III, T.
H., B. D. Ryan, C. Gries & F. Bungartz (eds.), Volume 1: Lichen Flora of the Greater
Sonoran Desert Regio. Lichens Unlimited, Tempe.
———. 2002c. Morphology and Anatomy of Conidia-producing Structures. , pp. 35-40. In
Nash III, T. H., B. D. Ryan, C. Gries & F. Bungartz (eds.), Volume 1: Lichen Flora of
the Greater Sonoran Desert Regio. Lichens Unlimited, Tempe.
———. 2002d. Morphology and Anatomy of the Fertile Structures, pp. 24-35. In Nash III, T.
H., B. D. Ryan, C. Gries & F. Bungartz (eds.), Volume 1: Lichen Flora of the Greater
Sonoran Desert Regio. Lichens Unlimited, Tempe.
Bungartz, F., R. Rosentreter & T. H. Nash III. 2002. Field Guide to Common Epiphytic
Macrolichens in Arizona. Arizona State University Lichen Herbarium, USDA Forest
Service, Tempe.
Jackson, M. H. 1985. Galapagos, a natural history guide. University of Calgary Press,
Calgary.
———. 1993. Galápagos: A Natural History. University Calgary Press, Alberta.
———. 1997. Galápagos: A Natural History. University Calgary Press, Alberta.
Mcmullen, C. K. 1999. Flowering plants of the Galapagos. Cornell University Press,
Ithaca.
Nash III, T. H. 2008a. Lichen Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
———. 2008b. Lichen Biology, Arizona State University, USA.
Nash III, T. H., B. D. Ryan, C. Gries & F. Bungartz (eds.). 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater
Sonoran Desert Region. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Tempe.
Orange, A., P. W. James & F. J. White. 2001. Microchemical Methods for the
Identification of Lichens. British Lichen Society, London.
Rodríguez, E. & S. Ortega. 2003. Líquenes de la Reserva Natural Integral de Muniellos,
Asturias, Asturias.
Ryan, B. D., F. Bungartz & T. H. Nash III. 2002. Morphology and Anatomy of the Lichen
Thallus., pp. 8-23. In Nash III, T. H., B. D. Ryan, C. Gries & F. Bungartz (eds.),
Volume 1: Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Lichens Unlimited,
Tempe.
67
Bungartz, F., Ziemmeck, F., Yánez Ayabaca, A., Nugra, F., Aptroot, A. (2013). CDF Checklist of Galapagos Lichenized Fungi - FCD Lista de
especies de Hongos liquenizados Galápagos. In: Bungartz, F., Herrera, H., Jaramillo, P., Tirado, N., Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G., Ruiz, D., Guézou,
A. & Ziemmeck, F. (eds.). Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist - Lista de Especies de Galápagos de la Fundación Charles
Darwin. Charles Darwin Foundation / Fundación Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos:
http://checklists.datazone.darwinfoundation.org/true-fungi/lichens/ Last updated: 23 May 2013
CDF Checklist of Galapagos Lichenized Fungi
Frank Bungartz, Frauke Ziemmeck, Alba Yánez Ayabaca, Fredy Nugra, André Aptroot
Last updated: 23 May 2013
Abstract
This Checklist of Galapagos Lichenized Fungi includes a total of all 785 taxa reported from the Galapagos Islands.
For each name, detailed information is provided: its Galapagos distribution in islands groups or bioregions generated from the
specimen records, comments about the taxonomy (especially synonyms), the origin (native and introduced), taxon status (accepted
vs. rejected records) and relevant literature references.
Introduction
This publication lists all species of Galapagos Lichenized Fungi currently known.
This checklist includes all lichen fungi that are currently known to occur in the Galapagos Islands. This list also
includes some fungi typically associated with lichens (lichenicolous fungi, i.e., fungi parasitic or parasymbiontic
on lichens) or often treated by lichenologists even though they are not lichenized.
Lichens do not represent a taxonomic group, but are a classic example of a symbiosis, i.e., two very different
organisms living together to form a new entity.
The outside shape and structure that we notice as a lichen is built by a fungus. Inside, this macroscopic structure
hosts microscopic cells of green algae (Chlorophyta) or blue-green photosynthetic bacteria (Cyanobacteria).
The fungi that participate in this symbiosis belong to two taxonomic divisions (or phyla): Basidiomycota &
Ascomycota.
Methods
This checklist of all known Galapagos Lichenized Fungi is automatically generated using the online database of the Charles Darwin
Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist.
All CDF Galapagos Species Checklists represent the synthesis of many different records: literature citations, data from previously
unpublished reports (grey literature), specimen records of natural history collections located in Galapagos and all over the world. To
the best of their knowledge authors of the individual checklists revised all available data. When new information becomes available,
the taxonomy of a group changes or new species are discovered, the CDF online database and thus this publication becomes
updated.
For many poorly known species groups the higher taxonomic classification still regularly changes according to how our knowledge
about species being related changes. In many well known groups the phylogeny is somewhat stable, but to avoid confusion, in
particular for groups where taxonomic changes are frequent, all checklists presented here are sorted alphabetical according to genus
name and specific epithet. Please refer to the website for the currently accepted taxonomic hierarchy of each group.
Please be aware that the distribution presented here is automatically generated from specimen records and does not always
accurately reflect the known distribution for all species.
For marine species, the distribution generally refers to the five main bioregions of the archipelago (Far Northern, Northern, Western,
South Eastern and the Elisabeth Bay Bioregion). For the terrestrial species more than 120 islands, islets and small rocks have been
aggregated into Islands Groups, thus, for example, the island group "Santa Cruz" includes smaller islands like Santa Fé, Plaza Norte,
Plaza Sur, Baltra, Daphne Mayor, Daphne Minor, and others.
IUCN red-list assessments presented here may deviate from the global IUCN list for the following reasons:
•
for well known species groups like vascular plants or vertebrates updates proposed to the IUCN are shown instead of the
outdated, but currently accepted status;
•
for poorly known species groups (e.g., lichenized fungi) a general assessment is currently not possible and the list presented here
is a regional red-list list for Galapagos archipelago.
Numbers of the species included in this list are auto-generated. Adding up the number of species in each category will not always
equal the total number indicated. Some species have insufficient data to be categorized while others (e.g., category eradicated) will
not be included in the total.
Results
Names of taxa included in this checklist: 785 (570 accepted, 5 unidentified taxon, 13 doubtful, 43 preliminary identification, 13
problematic, 8 new to science), 133 rejected.
Origin of the taxa included: 1 questionable native, 36 endemic, 553 indigenous, 2 questionable endemic.
1. Acantholichen pannarioides P.M. Jørg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1998), Lawrey, J.D. et al. (2009), Lücking, R. et al. (2009), Yánez, A. et
al. (2012).
2. Acarospora americana H. Magn.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
References: Knudsen, K. et al. (2012).
3. Acarospora chrysops (Tuck.) H. Magn.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
fide K. Knudsen (pers. comm.) this taxon was misidentified in Elix & McCarthy (1998) as A. citrina and in
Weber (1986) as A. schleicheri
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
4. Acarospora sparsiuscula H. Magn.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
References: Knudsen, K. et al. (2012).
5. Acarospora trachyticola (Müll. Arg.) Hue
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
References: Knudsen, K. et al. (2012).
6. Actinoplaca strigulacea Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
7. Actinoplaca vulgaris (Müll. Arg.) V■zda & Poelt
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Tricharia vulgaris, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998); specimen in COLO 193173 (L-40433, det. V■zda):
Santa Cruz, on leaves of Coffea, Horneman garden, p.p. (with Aspidothelium scutellicarpum Lücking;
originally identified by V■zda as Aspidothelium fugiens)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
8. Aderkomyces papilliferus (Lücking) Lücking, Sérus. & V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
9. Agonimia opuntiella (Buschardt & Poelt) V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
10. Agonimia pacifica (H. Harada) Diederich
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
11. Agonimia tristicula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
12. Alyxoria ochrocheila (Nyl.) Ertz & Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Opegrapha ochrocheila Nyl.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
References: Ertz, D. et al. (2010).
13. Alyxoria varia (Pers.) Ertz & Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Opegrapha varia Pers.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
References: Ertz, D. et al. (2010).
14. Angiactis spinicola Aptroot & Sparrius
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type: ECUADOR. Galapagos: Santa Cruz Island, coastal cliffs E of Puerto Ayora near Charles Darwin
Research Station, on spines of Scutia spicata, 0u449450S, 90u179390W, 20 m alt., 29 May 2005, Aptroot
63413 (CDS 30168, holotype; ABL, BM, isotypes).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007).
15. Anisomeridium albisedum (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
16. Anisomeridium biforme (Borrer) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
17. Anisomeridium leptospermum (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
18. Anisomeridium polypori (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
19. Anisomeridium subprostans (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
20. Anisomeridium tamarindi (Fée) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
21. Anisomeridium tuckerae R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Original spelling as A. tuckeri is incorrect; species named after S. C. Tucker, correct spelling therefore: A.
tuckerae; Syn.: Ditremis tuckerae, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998).
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998).
22. Arthonia antillarum (Fée) Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
23. Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Arthonia tumidula, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998), Arthonia gregaria, fide Weber (1986): 488
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
24. Arthonia follmanniana Diederich
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
References: Diederich, P. et al. (1995), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998).
25. Arthonia platygraphidea Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina.
26. Arthonia sanguinea (Willey) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: material needs verification
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
27. Arthonia speciosa (Müll. Arg.) Grube
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Santa Cruz.
References: Grube, M. et al. (2007).
28. Arthopyrenia cerasi (Schrad.) A. Massal.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
29. Arthopyrenia cinchonae (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Specimen in COLO: Santa Cruz, on Scalesia, Bella Vista, Weber L-40225, det. Aptroot, 1991
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1993).
30. Arthothelium galapagoense Huneck & Follmann
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago, Wolf.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
31. Aspidothelium cinerascens Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
32. Aspidothelium scutellicarpum Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: in Weber (1986) erronously cited as Aspidophyllum fugiens; material Weber 285 (L-40433).
The material was originally determined by Vezda, but with publication of Lücking (2008) the species concept
has changed; the Galapagos specimens has perithecia with disk-like, dentate expansion and not setae or hairs
and thus belongs to A. scutellicarpum.
Origin: No Data.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Lücking, R. et al. (2008), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
33. Asterothyrium rotuliforme (Müll. Arg.) Sérus. & J.R. De Sloover
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
34. Astrothelium variolosum (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: According to Harris (1995) Trypethelium ochroleucum and Astrothelium
variosolum are identical in all characters but their stromata formation; Trypethelium nitidiusculum is identical
to Trypothelium ochroleucum in all characters but the presence of lichexanthone. It is possible that all three
taxa refer to one variable species only.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta.
References: Harris, R.C. et al. (1995), Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
35. Aulaxina opegraphina Fée
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
36. Bacidia heterochroa (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
37. Bacidia insularis Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
38. Bacidia millegrana (Taylor) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Lich. Exs. COLO 121; A. Aptroot doubts this determination (pers. comm.)
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981).
39. Bacidia polychroa (Th. Fr.) Körb.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
40. Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
specimen in COLO (L-41125); A. Aptroot doubts this determination (pers. comm.)
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
41. Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Bacidia apiahica, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.), Woessia apiahica, fide Index Fungorum
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
42. Bacidina chloroticula (Nyl.) V■zda & Poelt
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Syn.: Bacidia chloroticula
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
43. Bacidina delicata (Larbal. ex Leight.) V. Wirth & V■zda
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
44. Bacidina pallidocarnea (Müll. Arg.) V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
45. Bactrospora acicularis (C.W. Dodge) Egea & Torrente
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
46. Bactrospora denticulata (Vain.) Egea & Torrente
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
47. Bactrospora myriadea (Fée) Egea & Torrente
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
48. Bathelium degenerans (Vain.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
49. Bathelium feei (C.F.W. Meissn.) Aptroot
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Bathelium carolinianum.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
50. Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
51. Brigantiaea leucoxantha (sorediate form) (Spreng.) R. Sant. & Hafellner
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: the Galapagos material is densely diffusely sorediate across the entire thallus and therefore not
B. leucoxantha s.str.; the specimen collected by Pike (COLO L-55433) examined by J. Hafellner 1983
identified as B. leucoxantha is also densely sorediate.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
52. Brigantiaea leucoxantha s.str. (Spreng.) R. Sant. & Hafellner
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: most Galapagos material is densely sorediate and therefore does not belong to B. leucoxantha
s.str. However, some material not forming soredia has been found, those esorediate specimens may not be
identical with the sorediate forms because they are known from much drier habitats only.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
53. Buellia coccinea s.l. (Fée) Aptroot
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
54. Buellia erubescens Arnold
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
55. Buellia galapagona W.A. Weber
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Roth, K. et al. (1978), Weber, W.A. et al. (1971), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
56. Buellia halonia (Ach.) Tuck.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santiago.
57. Buellia lauricassiae (Fée) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
58. Buellia mamillana s.l. (Tuck.) W.A. Weber
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Rinodina mamillana, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago, Wolf.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
59. Buellia oidalea (Nyl.) Tuck.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, San Cristóbal.
60. Buellia rufofuscescens Stizenb.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
61. Buellia spuria (Schaer.) Anzi
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
62. Buellia stellulata (Taylor) Mudd
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
63. Buellia straminea Tuck.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Buellia xanthinula auct. non (Müll. Arg.) Malme, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998); in Dodge (1936) as
Buellia xanthinula
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Farlow, W.G. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al.
(1912), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
64. Buellia subdisciformis agg. (Leight.) Vain.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
65. Buellia sulphurica Bungartz & Aptroot
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type: ECUADOR. Galápagos: Isabela Island, Volcán Alcedo, upper NNW-exposed slope inside the crater,
0°27’S, 91°7’W, 1055 m, open vegetation with Adianthus concinnum and scattered shrubs of Tournefortia
rufosericea among basalt blocks in the vicinity of the sulfur vents, on basalt, March 2006, Aptroot
64881(holotype CDS-31458, isotype ABL).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
References: Lumbsch, H.T. et al. (2010).
66. Buellia trachyspora Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
67. Bulbothrix bulbillosa Benatti, Spielmann & Bungartz ined.
Taxon status: Unpublished name (Nomen nudum).
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal.
68. Bulbothrix laevigatula (Nyl.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia laevigatula, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
69. Bulbothrix lyngei Benatti & Marcelli
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
70. Bulbothrix scortella (Nyl.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: only one specimen (Aptroot 65313) has a brown lower side throughout.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
71. Bulbothrix subdissecta (Nyl.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
72. Byssoloma discordans (Vain.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
73. Byssoloma leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
74. Byssoloma subdiscordans (Nyl.) P. James
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Byssoloma rotuliforme, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
75. Byssoloma tricholomum (Mont.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
searched for specimen in COLO, but not found: COLO (L-63764), coll.: Lanier, in packet with Tapellaria
epiphylla, det.: Vezda
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
76. Calicium robustellum Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
77. Calopadia bonitensis Cáceres & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
78. Calopadia cinereopruinosa Bungartz & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type:—ECUADOR. Galápagos: Isla Sán Cristóbal, area W of Cerro Pelado on the way to El Ripioso, 0°52’S,
89°28’W, 400 m, transition zone, open Psidium guajava shrubland with Macraea laricifolia and dominant
annual herb Malachra capitata, on bark and wood, dead twigs of Psidium guajava, sunny, wind- and
rain-exposed, August 2008, Bungartz 8489 (holotype CDS-41135).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Lumbsch, H.T. et al. (2010).
79. Calopadia editae V■zda ex Chaves & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Calopadia pruinosa Lücking & Chavez nom. nud.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Lumbsch, H.T. et al. (2010).
80. Calopadia foliicola (Fée) V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Lopadium foliicola, fide Weber (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998).
81. Calopadia fusca (Müll. Arg.) V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Lopadium fuscum, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998).
82. Calopadia perpallida (Nyl.) V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
83. Calopadia puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Lopadium puiggarii, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998).
84. Calopadia subcoerulescens (Zahlbr.) V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
85. Caloplaca aphanotripta (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
86. Caloplaca arenaria agg. (Pers.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz & U. Søchting: specimens belong to at least one undescribed, possible several species
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
87. Caloplaca brouardii (de Lesd.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
fide A. Aptroot: Caloplaca brouardii
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
88. Caloplaca camptidia (Tuck.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
89. Caloplaca cf. sonorae Wetmore
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz & U. Søchting: not the correct name; together with specimens preliminary identified as C.
arenaria agg. this species belong to at least one undescribed, possible several species
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
90. Caloplaca chlorina (Flot.) Sandst.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
91. Caloplaca chrysodeta (Vain. ex Räsänen) Dombr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
U. Søchting: No molecular data are available, but the morphology and secondary chemistry comform with C.
chrysodeta, which is recorded as the only leprose Caloplaca from the Sonoran Desert.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
92. Caloplaca cupulifera (Vain.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
93. Caloplaca diplacia (Ach.) Riddle
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
94. Caloplaca epiphora (Taylor) C.W. Dodge
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
95. Caloplaca flavovirescens s.l. (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz & U. Søchting: the Galapagos specimens belong to an undescribed species in the Caloplaca
flavovirescens-Group
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santiago.
96. Caloplaca floridana (Tuck.) S.C. Tucker
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Placodium floridanum; specimen in COLO (56167), coll.: Pike
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
97. Caloplaca furfuracea H. Magn.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: Superficially similar to C. wrightii, but with different chemistry.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
98. Caloplaca isidiosa (Vain.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa
Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
99. Caloplaca phyllidizans Wetmore
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santiago.
100. Caloplaca sideritis (Tuck.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
101. Caloplaca squamosa (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr. s.l.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz & U. Søchting: taxonomically problematic group of species including, commonly called C.
subsoluta or C. modesta, the Galapagos specimens probably several new species
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
102. Caloplaca subsoluta (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Syn.: Caloplaca modesta, fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2008; F. Bungartz & U. Søchting: taxonomically
problematic group of species including, commonly called C. subsoluta or C. modesta, the Galapagos
specimens probably several new species
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
103. Caloplaca wrightii (Willey) Fink
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
104. Candelaria pacifica M. Westb. & Arup
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: first published as nomen nudum by M. Westberg in Nash et al. (2002), then validated in M.
Westb. & Arup, Bibl. Lich. 106: 358 (2011).
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
References: Nash III, T.H. et al. (2002), Westberg, M. et al. (2011).
105. Candelariella corallizoides Westberg
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
106. Canoparmelia caroliniana (Nyl.) Elix & Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia caroliniana, fide Elix (1989), Pseudoparmelia caroliniana
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998).
107. Canoparmelia raunkiaeri (Vain.) Elix & Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
108. Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
109. Celothelium dominicanum (Vain.) M.B. Aguirre
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: previously misidentified as C. aciculiferum.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
110. Chaenotheca chloroxantha Tibell
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal.
111. Chaenothecopsis savonica s.l. (Räsänen) Tibell
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
112. Chiodecton malmei G. Thor
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: very similar, but spores of different size
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
113. Chrysothrix aff. occidentalis Elix & Kantivalis
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
114. Chrysothrix xanthina (Vain.) Kalb
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Chrysothrix candelaris
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago, Wolf.
References: Kalb, K. et al. (2001).
115. Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Ahti, T. et al. (2000), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
116. Cladonia aff. ramulosa (With.) J.R. Laundon
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Cladonia adspersa, fide Ahti (2000), Cladonia pityrea, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998).
117. Cladonia arbuscula ssp. boliviana Ahti
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Cladina arbuscula ssp. boliviana; specimens in H and LSU: Isabela, Volcán Alcedo, 1970, Prichard s.n.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Ahti, T. et al. (2000).
118. Cladonia arcuata Ahti
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Cladina arcuata; in Weber (1986) as Cladina sandstedei
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Ahti, T. et al. (2000).
119. Cladonia cartilaginea Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
fide T. Ahti annotations 2010 (new to Galapagos): CDS 33156
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
120. Cladonia ceratophylla (Sw.) Spreng.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Ahti, T. et al. (2000), Dodge, C.W. et al. (1935), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Stewart, A. et al. (1912),
Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
121. Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Cladonia balfourii, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Weber, W.A. et al. (1981).
122. Cladonia confusa f. bicolor (Müll. Arg.) Ahti
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Cladonia polia, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.), Cladina confusa f. bicolor
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Ahti, T. et al. (2000).
123. Cladonia confusa f. confusa (R. Sant.) Follmann & Ahti
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Cladonia galapagosensis Ahti, fide Ahti (2000), Cladina confusa f. confusa
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Ahti, T. et al. (2000).
124. Cladonia corniculata Ahti & Kashiwadani
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Ahti, T. et al. (2000), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998).
125. Cladonia corymbites Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Ahti, T. et al. (2000).
126. Cladonia corymbosula Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
fide annotations T. Ahti, 2010 (new to Galapagos, new records from the Venezuelan Andes): CDS 31848
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
127. Cladonia dactylota Tuck.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Cladonia subcariosa, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
128. Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Ahti, T. et al. (2000), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
129. Cladonia grayi G. Merr. ex Sandst.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
130. Cladonia macilenta var. bacillaris (Genth) Schaer.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
fide T. Ahti annotations 2010: CDS 27818; first reported by Weber (1986) as C. macilenta ssp. theiophila
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
131. Cladonia nana Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Ahti, T. et al. (2000).
132. Cladonia polyscypha Ahti & L. Xavier
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
fide annotations T. Ahti, 2010 (new to Galapagos, range poorly known): CDS 31086
Origin: Not In Galapagos, Not In Galapagos.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
133. Cladonia pulverulenta (L. Scriba) Ahti
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
134. Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
fide annotations T. Ahti, 2010 (new to Galapagos, recently found in continental Ecuador): CDS 31422
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
135. Cladonia scholanderi Abbayes
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Cladonia sphacelata, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Ahti, T. et al. (2000).
136. Cladonia sphacelata Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Not In Galapagos, Not In Galapagos.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
137. Cladonia strepsilis (Ach.) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
138. Cladonia subradiata (Vain.) Sandst.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Cladonia subulata, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Ahti, T. et al. (2000), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998).
139. Cladonia subsquamosa Kremp.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
140. Cladosporium arthoniae M.S. Christ. & D. Hawksw.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Index Fungorum: anamorphic Davidiella
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
141. Coccocarpia delicatula Bungartz, Ziemmeck & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type: ECUADOR. Galápagos: Isla Sán Cristóbal, area W of Cerro Pelado on the way to El Ripioso, 0°52’S,
89°28’W, 400 m, transition zone, open Psidium guajava shrubland with Macraea laricifolia and dominant
annual herb Malachra capitata, on bark and wood, dead twigs of Psidium guajava, sunny, wind- and
rain-exposed, August 2008, Bungartz 8496 (holotype CDS-41142).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
References: Lumbsch, H.T. et al. (2010).
142. Coccocarpia domingensis Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
143. Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow & Krog
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Pannaria molybdaea, fide Weber (1986) & Elix & McCarthy (1998), Coccocarpia pellita var.
parmelioides, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998); 2 specimens in COLO: 40290, Santa Cruz, Stewart, 1912, det.
Dodge 1935 & Santiago, Pike 2718, det. Arvidsson
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Regionally Extinct.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Dodge, C.W. et al. (1935), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
144. Coccocarpia filiformis Arv.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
145. Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.) Arv. & D.J. Galloway
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
146. Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935).
147. Coccocarpia prostrata Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
148. Coenogonium aff. luteolum (Kalb) Kalb & Lücking
Taxon status: Unpublished name (Nomen nudum).
F. Bungartz: most specimens of C. strigosum possibly belong here
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
149. Coenogonium flavum (Malcolm & V■zda) Malcolm
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
150. Coenogonium interplexum Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
151. Coenogonium pineti (Schrad. ex Ach.) Lücking & Lumbsch
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
152. Coenogonium strigosum Rivaz Plata, Lücking & Chaves
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) probably as Dimerella lutea, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.); most Galapagos specimens most
lickely belong to a yet unpublished species C. aff. luteolum, sensu (Lücking, pers. com.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
153. Collema furfuraceum Du Rietz
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2008), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
154. Collema leptaleum Tuck.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2008).
155. Collema pulcellum Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
156. Collema texanum Tuck.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2008).
157. Collemopsidium subarenisedum (G. Salisb.) Coppins & Aptroot
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: material needs verification
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
158. Collemopsidium sublitorale (Leight.) Grube & B.D. Ryan
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syns.: Pyrenocollema sublitorale, Arthopyrenia sublitoralis.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
References: Santesson, R. et al. (1939).
159. Compsocladium kalbii Frisch
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: material identified originally by Aptroot as Compsocladium archboldianum, but this species does
not occur in South America and if correct the identification likely refers to Compsocladium kalbii Frisch,
unfortunately all material missing from CDS!
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Frisch, A. et al. (2007).
160. Cora glabrata (Spreng.) Fr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Dictyonema glabratum fide Bungartz 2010; In Dodge (1935) und Weber (1966) as Cora pavonia
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Dodge, C.W. et al. (1935), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986), Yánez, A. et
al. (2012).
161. Cresponea flava (Vain.) Egea & Torrente
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
162. Cryptothecia assimilis Makhija & Patw.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
163. Cryptothecia striata G. Thor
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
164. Cyphellostereum imperfectum Lücking, Barillas & Dal Forno
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Yánez, A. et al. (2012).
165. Cyphellostereum sp. 1
Taxon status: Unpublished name (Nomen nudum).
F. Bungartz: Dictyonema phyllogenum f. defectum was described for a morphotype with a very poorly
developed fungal sheath (Lücking 2008). Fig 258 E-F in Lücking (2008), however, depicts cyanobacterial
trichomes that are not closely bundled as it is the case in the Galapagos material. Also, trichomes of
Dictyonema phyllogenum f. defectum are appressed rather than erect, as seen in the Galapagos material. The
Galapagos specimens grow on a variety of substrates, one also found on leaves of the endemic Miconia
robertsoniana, but most were collected on bryophytes. The micromorphology of these specimens is quite
similar, but not identical with free-living forms of Scytonema, since Cyphellostereum sp. 1 clearly presents
fungal sheath cells surrounding the cyanobacteria.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Yánez, A. et al. (2012).
166. Dibaeis sorediata Kalb & Gierl
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: material confirmed per TLC by K. Kalb, December 2011
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santiago.
167. Dictyographa arabica Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Opegrapha arabica (Müll. Arg.) Vain.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
References: Ertz, D. et al. (2010).
168. Dictyonema galapagoense Yánez, Dal-Forno & Bungartz
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Holotype Bungartz 8517 (CDS 41163)
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Endangered.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal.
References: Yánez, A. et al. (2012).
169. Dictyonema pectinatum Dal Forno, Yánez & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Yánez, A. et al. (2012).
170. Dictyonema schenkianum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: the correct spelling is 'schenkianum' because the basionym is Laudatea schenkiana Müll. Arg.,
Parmastro erroneously spelled the epithet with 'ck' as 'Dictyonema sericeum f. schenckianum'.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010), Yánez, A. et al. (2012).
171. Dictyonema sericeum (Sw.) Berk.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
reported by Weber (1986) as Dictyonema guadelupense; only the material forming bracket-like shelves
belongs here
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Lawrey, J.D. et al. (2009), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
172. Dimidiographa loandensis (Nyl.) Ertz, Bungartz & Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Ertz, D. et al. (2009), Ertz, D. et al. (2010).
173. Diorygma poitaei (Fée) Kalb, Staiger & Elix
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Graphina virginea, fide F. Bungartz 2008
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
174. Diploschistes actinostomus (Pers.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
175. Diploschistes badius Lumbsch & Elix
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: previously misidentified as D. aeneus, but material contains gyrophoric acid
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
176. Diploschistes cinereocaesius (Sw.) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Diploschistes scruposus, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
177. Diploschistes euganeus (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
178. Diploschistes muscorum ssp. bartlettii Lumbsch
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Lumbsch, H.T. et al. (1987).
179. Diploschistes rampoddensis (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
180. Dirina catalinariae f. catalinariae Hasse
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
181. Dirina catalinariae f. sorediata Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
182. Dirina paradoxa ssp. approximata (Fée) Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Dirina herrei & Dirina approximata
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
183. Dirinaria aegialita (Afzel. ex Ach.) B.J. Moore
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Physcia aegialita, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966).
184. Dirinaria applanata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
According to A. Aptroot (pers. comm.) in Weber (1986) probably also as Dirinaria leopoldii
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
185. Dirinaria confluens (Fr.) D.D. Awasthi
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
Syn.: Physcia confluens, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998); the only CDS specimen (Ap 63111) has a UVmedulla and otherwise looks like D. confusa, this record is thus probably a misidentification, but check
COLO loan, and do chemistry!!!, fide F. Bungartz
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
186. Dirinaria confusa D.D. Awasthi
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
A. Aptroot (pers. comm.) suspects that Weber's specimens are misidentification of Dirinaria aegialita.
However, TLC by K.Kalb & F. Bungartz confirms that the specimens have indeed been correctly identified as
D. confusa.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
187. Dirinaria consimilis (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
188. Dirinaria leopoldii (Stein) D.D. Awasthi
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
One specimen of Weber cited in Awashti (1975): South Plaza , Weber L-40110; Two specimens in COLO
(L-40736, L-40762), coll. Itow
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Awasthi, D.D. et al. (1975), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
189. Dirinaria neotropica Kalb
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
190. Dirinaria papillulifera (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santiago.
191. Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Schaer. ex Clem.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Physcia picta, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
192. Dyplolabia afzelii (Ach.) A. Massal.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Graphis afzelii
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
193. Echinoplaca leucotrichoides (Vain.) R. Sant.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
194. Endocarpon nigromarginatum H. Harada
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
material confirmed by O. Breuss
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón.
195. Endocarpon pallidellum Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
O. Breuss: previously rejected, but one record now confirmed (Bungartz, F. 6527, CDS 34745)
Origin: Not In Galapagos, Not In Galapagos.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
196. Endocarpon petrolepideum (Nyl.) Hue
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
material confirmed by O. Breuss
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
197. Endocarpon pusillum Hedw.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: previously already confirmed by Weber (1986), material confirmed by Breuss, but some
specimens are Endocarpon pallidellum Ach.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
198. Enterographa anguinella (Nyl.) Redinger
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
199. Enterographa leucolyta (Nyl.) Redinger
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: identification cannot be verified, specimen missing (Aptroot 63270, CDS 30006; unicate loan
not returned)
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
200. Enterographa pallidella (Nyl.) Redinger
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
201. Enterographa subserialis (Nyl.) Redinger
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
202. Erioderma mollissimum (Samp.) Du Rietz
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
203. Erioderma sorediatum D.J. Galloway & P.M. Jørg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
204. Everniastrum vexans (Zahlbr. ex W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) Hale ex Sipman
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia vexans
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
205. Fellhanera encephalarti (V■zda) V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
206. Fellhanera parvula (V■zda) V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
207. Fellhanera rubida (Müll. Arg.) Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
208. Fellhanera stanhopiae (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, Lumbsch & Elix
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
209. Fellhanera sublecanorina (Nyl.) V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Bacidia sublecanorina, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.); specimen in COLO (63764, in packet of
Tapellaria epiphylla), det. Vezda
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
210. Fissurina cf. comparilis (Nyl.) Nyl.
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
F. Bungartz: preliminary identification based on a single specimen (Aptroot 63929) only.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
211. Fissurina columbina (Tuck.) Staiger
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
212. Fissurina dumastioides (Fink) Staiger
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
213. Flakea papillata O.E. Erikss.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Agonimia papillata, fide Index Fungorum and A. Aptroot; Syn.: Psoroglaena cubensis auct. non Müll.
Arg., fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Muggia, L. et al. (2009), Weber, W.A. et al. (1993).
214. Flavoparmelia leucoxantha (Müll. Arg.) Hale ex DePriest & B.W. Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Pseudoparmelia leucoxantha.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
215. Glyphis cicatricosa Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
216. Glyphis scyphulifera (Ach.) Staiger
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
217. Gomphillus ophiosporus Kalb & V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
218. Graphis acharii Fée
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
219. Graphis adpressa Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
220. Graphis anfractuosa (Eschw.) Eschw.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
221. Graphis caesiella Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
222. Graphis cincta (Pers.) Aptroot
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
223. Graphis cleistomma Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
224. Graphis conferta Zenker
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
225. Graphis crebra Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
226. Graphis dichotoma (Müll. Arg.) Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
227. Graphis disserpens Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
228. Graphis elongata Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
229. Graphis flavominiata Moncada & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
230. Graphis glaucescens Fée
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Graphis bulacana Vain.
Origin: Introduced, Questionable Native.
IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
231. Graphis handelii Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
232. Graphis immersella Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
233. Graphis intricata Fée
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
234. Graphis leptospora Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
235. Graphis longula Kremp.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
236. Graphis modesta Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
237. Graphis oxyclada Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
238. Graphis paradisserpens Sipman & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
239. Graphis pedunculata Bungartz & Aptroot
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Holotype Bungartz 5701 (CDS 28799)
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
240. Graphis phaeospora Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
241. Graphis platycarpa Eschw.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
242. Graphis rimulosa (Mont.) Trevis.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
243. Graphis subchrysocarpa Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1993) as Phaeographina chrysocarpa
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009), Weber, W.A. et al. (1993).
244. Graphis tenella Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
245. Graphis vestitoides (Fink) Staiger
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
246. Gyalectidium catenulatum (Cavalc. & A.A. Silva) L.I. Ferraro, Lücking & Sérus.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
247. Gyalectidium eskuchei Sérus. & J.R. De Sloover
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
248. Gyalectidium filicinum Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
249. Gyalectidium imperfectum V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
250. Gyalideopsis subaequatoriana Lücking & W.R. Buck
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
251. Gyalideopsis vulgaris (Müll. Arg.) Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
252. Haematomma persoonii (Fée) A. Massal.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1966, 1986) and Elix & McCarthy (1998) as Haematomma puniceum, fide A. Aptroot (pers.
comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
253. Helminthocarpon leprevostii Fée
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
254. Heppia despreauxii (Mont.) Tuck.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
255. Herpothallon confluenticum Aptroot & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
256. Herpothallon echinatum Aptroot, Lücking & Will-Wolf
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz.
257. Herpothallon granulare (Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
258. Herpothallon rubrocinctum (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Herpothallon sanguineum, Chiodecton sanguineum and C. rubrocinctum, fide Aptroot et al. (2009)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2009), Dodge, C.W. et al. (1935), Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Elix, J.A. et al.
(1998), Farlow, W.G. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1912), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
259. Herpothallon rubroechinatum Frisch & G. Thor
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
260. Heterocyphelium leucampyx (Tuck.) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta.
261. Heterodermia albicans (Pers.) Swinscow & Krog
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Physcia albicans, fide F. Bungartz, Physcia crispa, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Wolf.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
262. Heterodermia antillarum (Vain.) Kurok.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
263. Heterodermia appalachensis Kurok.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz & K. Kalb: this species is reported endemic to the North American Appalachians, but very
similar to H. lutescens, the only difference being the soralia (capitate to labriform in H. appalachensis;
subcapitate in H. lutescens), both forms occur in Galapagos and quite possibly belong to one and the same
species
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
264. Heterodermia circinalis (Zahlbr.) W.A. Weber
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Anaptychia leucomelaena f. circinalis, Anaptychia circinalis
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Santiago.
References: Weber, W.A. et al. (1981).
265. Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.) Follmann & Redón
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Anaptychia comosa, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
266. Heterodermia coralliphora (Taylor) Skorepa
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Anaptychia coralliphora [corallophora] Taylor; F. Bungartz & K. Kalb: the spelling "corallophora" is an
orthographical error that needs to be corrected to "corallifera".
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
267. Heterodermia diademata (Taylor) D.D. Awasthi
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: wrongly keyed in Martins (2007); the species is fertile and has no vegetative propagules.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
References: Martins, M.F.N. et al. (2007).
268. Heterodermia galactophylla (Tuck.) W.L. Culb.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
269. Heterodermia japonica (M. Satô) Swinscow & Krog
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
270. Heterodermia leucomela ssp. boryi (Fée) Swinscow & Krog
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
271. Heterodermia leucomela ssp. leucomela (Fée) Swinscow & Krog
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
272. Heterodermia lutescens (Kurok.) Follmann
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
Syn.: Anaptychia lutescens; F. Bungartz: How does this differ from H. appalachensis?
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
273. Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Anaptychia obscurata, fide Index Fungorum
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
274. Heterodermia podocarpa (Bél.) D.D. Awasthi
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Anaptychia podocarpa, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966).
275. Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen) Trevis.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
276. Heterodermia squamulosa (Degel.) W.L. Culb.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) and Elix & McCarthy (1998) as Heterodermia lepidota, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
277. Heterodermia verrucifera (Kurok.) W.A. Weber
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Anaptychia leucomelaena f. verrucifera
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Weber, W.A. et al. (1981).
278. Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Physcia adglutinata, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998); In Weber (1986) as Phaeophyscia hispidula, fide A.
Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966).
279. Hyperphyscia pandani (H. Magn.) Moberg
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal.
280. Hypotrachyna costaricensis (Nyl.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
281. Hypotrachyna exsplendens (Hale) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
282. Hypotrachyna isidiocera (Nyl.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia isidiocera
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
283. Hypotrachyna microblasta (Vain.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia microblasta
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
284. Hypotrachyna osseoalba (Vain.) Y.S. Park & Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
285. Hypotrachyna sanjosensis Elix, T.H. Nash & Sipman
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
286. Julella aviceniae (Borse) K.D. Hyde
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: non-lichenized phytopathogen
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
287. Julella cf. asema R.C. Harris
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
288. Julella cf. vitrispora (Cooke & Harkn.) M.E. Barr
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: the material is similar to J. vitrispora but does not agree in all characters; possibly
an undescribed species.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
289. Julella geminella (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
290. Lecanactis abietina (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Körb.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
fide annotations J.M. Egea & P. Torrente, 1990 and F. Bungartz, 2009 (FH-TUCK 197166)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
291. Lecanactis epileuca (Nyl.) Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
292. Lecanographa brattiae (Egea & Ertz) Ertz & Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Opegrapha brattiae Ertz & Tehler
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
References: Ertz, D. et al. (2010).
293. Lecanographa hypothallina (Zahlbr.) Egea & Torrente
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
294. Lecanographa laingiana Diederich, Egea & Sipman
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
295. Lecanographa lyncea (Sm.) Egea & Torrente
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
296. Lecanographa microcarpella (Müll. Arg.) Egea & Torrente
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Aptroot & Sparrius (2008) as Lecanographa illecebrosula, fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2008 and fide D.
Ertz annotations, 2011.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
297. Lecanographa subcaesioides Egea & Torrente
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
298. Lecanora avium (Zahlbr.) Hertel
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Lecidea chilena, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
299. Lecanora caesiorubella Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Lecanora caesiorubella ssp. glaucomodes, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
300. Lecanora expallens Ach.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
301. Lecanora floridula Lumbsch
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Guderley, R. et al. (1999).
302. Lecanora galactiniza Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
303. Lecanora legalloana Elix & Øvstedal
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
304. Lecanora leprosa Fée
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago,
Wolf.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Guderley, R. et al. (1999), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
305. Lecanora oreinoides (Körb.) Hertel & Rambold
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Lecidea oreinoides
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
306. Lecanora pseudopinguis W.A. Weber
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago, Wolf.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
307. Lecanora schindleri Guderley
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Guderley, R. et al. (1999).
308. Lecanora strobilina (Spreng.) Kieff.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
309. Lecanora subcrenulata Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
310. Lecanora subimmergens Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
311. Lecanora subimmersa ssp. ramboldii Lumbsch & Elix
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: Both chemotypes occur in Galapagos (previously only L. subimmersa ssp. subimmersa reported
by Guderley 1999)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
References: Guderley, R. et al. (1999).
312. Lecanora subimmersa ssp. subimmersa (Fée) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
References: Guderley, R. et al. (1999).
313. Lecanora substrobilina Printzen
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
314. Lecanora sulfurescens Fée
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santa Fé, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Guderley, R. et al. (1999), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
315. Lecanora tropica Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Guderley, R. et al. (1999).
316. Lecidopyrenopsis corticola Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta.
317. Leiorreuma sericeum (Eschw.) Staiger
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
318. Lempholemma dussii (Vain.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
In Weber (1993) and Elix & McCarthy (1998) erroneously as Lempholemma dussiana; Specimens in COLO:
Weber & Lanier (L-62925), Weber (L-63035); material being revised by M. Schultz
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1993).
319. Lepraria lobificans Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
320. Lepraria usnica Sipman
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
321. Lepraria vouauxii (Hue) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
322. Leprocaulon tenellum (Tuck.) Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Stereocaulon albicans, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998), Stereocaulon tenellum
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
323. Leprocollema novocaledonianum A.L. Sm. [as 'nova-caledonianum']
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: previously listed as "Lemmopsis novae-caledoniarum fide Aptroot", but this combination is
problematic, because this has never been published; M. Schultz: the specimen is currently being revised and it
is probably not identical with Leprocollema novaecaledoniarum, but possibly a new species.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
324. Leptogium azureum (Sw. ex Ach.) Mont.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2008).
325. Leptogium cyanescens (Pers.) Körb.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2008), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
326. Leptogium javanicum (Mont. & Bosch) Mont.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2008).
327. Leptogium marginellum (Sw.) Gray
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2008), Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
328. Leptogium milligranum Sierk
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) and Elix & McCarthy (1998) cited as L. millegranum
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2008), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
329. Leptogium phyllocarpum (Pers.) Mont.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2008).
330. Leptogium punctulatum Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Leptogium foveolatum, fide Weber (1981)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2008), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
331. Leptotrema mastoideum Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
F. Bungartz: listed by Weber (1966) probably because the taxon is mentioned by Dodge [1936: Santa María
(charles or Floreana) January 1934, R.W. Taylor 903], but no specimen found in COLO, CAS or FH; later
checklists by Weber (1985) or Elix & McCarty (1988) ignored this taxon.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966).
332. Leptotrema wightii (Taylor) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Myriotrema wightii, fide F. Bungartz
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
333. Leucodecton occultum (Eschw.) Frisch
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Myriotrema compunctum, Leptotrema compunctum, fide F. Bungartz, 2008
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
334. Leucodecton subcompunctum (Nyl.) A. Frisch
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
335. Lichenoconium sp. 1
Taxon status: Taxon not identified to species, subspecies, form or variety.
Index Fungorum: anamorphic Pezizomycotina
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
336. Lithothelium fluorescens Aptroot & Sipman
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
337. Lithothelium illotum (Nyl.) Aptroot
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz.
338. Lithothelium microsporum R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: Galapagos material of this species erroneously referred to as L. obtectum by
Aptroot (2006).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2006).
339. Lobaria patinifera (Taylor) Hue
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) und Elix & McCarthy (1998) as Lobaria dissecta
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
340. Lobariella pallida (Hook. f.) Moncada & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Lumbsch, H.T. et al. (2010).
341. Loxospora ochrophaea (Tuck.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Haematomma ochrophaea, fide Index Fungorum
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
342. Malcolmiella cf. granifera (Ach.) Kalb & Lücking
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
Syn.: Lecidea cf. granifera, fide Index Fungorum
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
343. Malcolmiella polycampia (Tuck.) Cáceres & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
344. Megalaria bengalensis Jagadeesh, Aptroot, G.P. Sinha & Kr.P. Singh
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal.
References: Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M. et al. (2007).
345. Megalaria pulverea (Borrer) Haffelner & Schreiner
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Sy.: Catinaria pulverea
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
346. Megalospora galapagoensis Bungartz, Ziemmeck & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type:—ECUADOR. Galápagos: Isla Sán Cristóbal, trail from Cerro Pelado to El Ripioso, 0°52’S, 89°28’W,
392 m, transition zone, Psidium guajava forest with some old Hippomane mancinella trees and dense
understory of Rubus niveus, Tournefortia rufosericea and Zanthoxylum fagara, on bark, S-exposed side of
inclined Hippomane mancinella trunk (ca. 20 cm in diameter), semi-shaded, wind- and rain-sheltered, August
2008, Bungartz 8516 (holotype CDS-41162, isotype F).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Lumbsch, H.T. et al. (2010).
347. Milospium graphidiorum (Nyl.) D. Hawksw.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Index Fungorum: anamorphic Pezizomycotina
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
348. Minutoexcipula sp. 1
Taxon status: Taxon not identified to species, subspecies, form or variety.
Index Fungorum: anamorphic Pezizomycotina
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
349. Mycocalicium americanum (R. Sant.) Tibell
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
350. Mycomicrothelia subfallens (Müll. Arg.) D. Hawksw.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1993).
351. Mycomicrothelia thelena (Ach.) D. Hawksw.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1993).
352. Mycoporum compositum (A. Massal.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: Aptroot 63342, material needs verification
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
353. Mycoporum eschweileri (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Tomasellia eschweileri (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
354. Mycoporum sparsellum Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
355. Myriotrema olivaceum Fée
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
specimen in COLO not seen (55414): Santiago, on Zanthoxylum, coll. Pike, det. Hale
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
356. Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
357. Ochrolechia africana Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1966, 1986) and Elix & McCarthy (1998) as Ochrolechia pallescens
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
358. Ochrolechia pallescens s.l. (L.) A. Massal.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Syn.: Lecanora pallescens, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998); chemical reactions agree with O. pallescens, but the
Galapagos material grows in arid vegetation
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
359. Ochrolechia subpallescens Verseghy
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
360. Opegrapha agelaeotera Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
361. Opegrapha astraea Tuck.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz.
362. Opegrapha cactacearum Riedl
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
363. Opegrapha cf. foreaui (Moreau) Hafellner & R. Sant.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
364. Opegrapha diagrapha Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
365. Opegrapha difficilior Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
366. Opegrapha herbarum Mont.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz.
367. Opegrapha melanospila Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
368. Opegrapha sp. nov. 1 "norstictica"
Taxon status: Unpublished name (Nomen nudum).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
369. Opegrapha trilocularis Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz.
370. Opegrapha trochodes Coppins, F. Berger & Ertz
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, Santiago.
371. Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Santa Cruz.
372. Opegrapha xerica Torrente & Egea
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela.
373. Pannaria lurida (Mont.) Nyl.
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
F. Bungartz: record based on a minute specimen fragment collectd by Snodgrass & Heller in Fenandina and
isolated by B. Weber from the original collection of Pseudocyphellaria aurata; locality data are very sparse
(Fernandina, 200ft.) and it is not possible to say what original collection the material was isolated from. The
specimen was identified by first by Weber as Erioderma cf. wrightii Tuck., then annotated by P.M.
Joergensen 1978 as Pannaria lurida (Mont.) Nyl.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
374. Parapyrenis "portoricensis"
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
F. Bungartz: nomen nudum; specimen identified by A. Aptroot (Aptroot 63057) agrees well with P. aurora,
the only difference being that the Galapagos material has perithecia are broadly elongate, possibly an artifact
caused by the perithecia being formed in between the wood fibers of the substrate.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
375. Parapyrenis aurora (Zahlbr.) Aptroot
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
376. Parmeliella pannosa (Sw.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: first reported as Parmeliella pannosa, which is the correct identification, the Galapagos material
does not belong to Parmiella mariana as suggested by Elix & McCarthy (1998); Index Fungorum suggests
that P. pannosa is a synonym of P. mariana based on the Australian checklist, this is erroneous, both taxa are
good species, P. pannosa, however, does not exist in Australia
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
377. Parmeliella stylophora (Vain.) P.M. Jørg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
378. Parmelinella wallichiana (Taylor) Elix & Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
379. Parmelinopsis horrescens (Taylor) Elix & Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
380. Parmelinopsis minarum (Vain.) Elix & Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
381. Parmelinopsis spumosa (Asahina) Elix & Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santiago.
382. Parmotrema aberrans Vain. & Abbeyes
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
A. Spielmann: previously erroneously identified as P. neotropicum, P. flavescens or P. xanthinum
Origin: No Data.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
383. Parmotrema aff. subisidiosum (Müll. Arg.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
A. Spielmann: with unusually well developed ciliate isidia
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
384. Parmotrema cf. bangii (Vain.) Hale
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
A. Spielmann: only one songle specimen at CDS that still needs TLC for confirmation.
Origin: Not In Galapagos, Not In Galapagos.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
385. Parmotrema clavuliferum (Räsänen) Streimann
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Rimelia clavulifera
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
386. Parmotrema conformatum (Vain.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
387. Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia crinita, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
388. Parmotrema cristiferum (Taylor) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia cristifera, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
389. Parmotrema dilatatum (Vain.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
390. Parmotrema dominicanum (Vain.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia dominicana, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
391. Parmotrema eborinum (Hale) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
no description found, keys out in Sipman’s key sensu Hale, also annot. specimens from Hale in COLO
loan(L-40237,L-40505);without apothecia,isidia,soredia,± lobulate(i.e., broader lobes with smaller marginal
lobes),medulla P+ red,K+ yellow turning orange, COrigin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
392. Parmotrema endosulphureum (Hillmann) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia endosulphurea, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
393. Parmotrema grayanum (Hue) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
394. Parmotrema internexum (Nyl.) Hale ex DePriest & B.W. Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
395. Parmotrema latissimum (Fée) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal.
396. Parmotrema mellissii (C.W. Dodge) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
397. Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia praesorediosa, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
398. Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Rimelia reticulata, Parmelia reticulata, Parmotrema leucosemethetum, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
399. Parmotrema sancti-angeli (Lynge) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
400. Parmotrema subisidiosum (Müll. Arg.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Rimelia subisidiosa
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
401. Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia tinctorum, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago,
Wolf.
References: Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
402. Parmotrema ultralucens (Krog) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia subcrinita, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
403. Parmotrema xanthinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
Specimen in COLO (40757) not seen: Cavagnaro s.n., Pinzón, caldera rim, 300 m; F. Bungartz: needs
verification
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
404. Peltigera dolichorrhiza (Nyl.) Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
405. Peltigera ulcerata Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
previously misidentified as P. didactyla (originally reported by Weber 1986 as P. erumpens, later re-identified
as P. spuria and subsequently cited by Elix & McCarthy as P. didactyla), the specimens are not tomentose and
thus misidentifications of P. ulcerata Müll. Arg.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
406. Peltula bolanderi (Tuck.) Wetmore
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal.
407. Peltula euploca (Ach.) Poelt
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Heppia euploca, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Darwin, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
408. Peltula impressa (Vain.) Swinscow & Krog
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
material confirmed by M. Schultz
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
409. Peltula omphaliza (Nyl.) Wetmore
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
410. Peltula placodizans (Zahlbr.) Wetmore
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
411. Pertusaria albinea Tuck. [non Müll. Arg.]
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
A. Aptroot: Uncertain what this species is, depends on the chemistry; Type (FH): on bark, Galapagos Islands,
coll. Rev. T. Hill, Hassler Expedition (F. Bungartz: specimen not found during visit to FH, possibly on loan to
I. Messuti, one specimen collected and identified by Weber as P. albinea, L-40346, COLO 188868).
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Farlow, W.G. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1912), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
412. Pertusaria hypothamnolica Dibben
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
413. Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) Duby
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
In Weber (1986) probably as Pertusaria bispora
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
414. Pertusaria tejocotensis de Lesd.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
415. Pertusaria texana Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Pertusaria bispora Farl. ex Lindner; Type in Farlow Herbarium (FH): Genovesa, A. Stewart, 153,
Isotype in CAS, No. 119734; FH 197376 is Pertusaria texana, fide F. Bungartz annotation, 2009
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
416. Pertusaria xanthodes Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
417. Phaeographis atromaculata (A.W. Archer) A.W. Archer
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Phaeographis kalbii, fide Bungartz et al. (2009)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
418. Phaeographis brasiliensis (A. Massal.) Kalb & Matthes-Leicht
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
419. Phaeographis decipiens Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
420. Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
421. Phaeographis fusca Staiger
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
422. Phaeographis intricans (Nyl.) Staiger
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
423. Phaeographis leiogrammodes (Kremp.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
424. Phaeographis lobata (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
425. Phaeographis major (Kremp.) Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
426. Phaeographis punctiformis (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
427. Phaeographis striata Bungartz
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Holotype Bungartz 6606 (CDS 34826)
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
428. Phaeophyscia pusilloides (Zahlbr.) Essl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
429. Phyllopsora confusa Swinscow & Krog
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
430. Phyllopsora intermediella (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
431. Phyllopsora kalbii Brako
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
432. Phyllopsora parvifolia (Pers.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
433. Physcia atrostriata Moberg
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Moberg, R. et al. (1990).
434. Physcia crispa Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998).
435. Physcia decorticata Moberg
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
436. Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
437. Physcia erumpens Moberg
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
438. Physcia integrata Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
439. Physcia kalbii Moberg
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
440. Physcia lobulata Moberg
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
441. Physcia lopezii Moberg
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
442. Physcia mexicana B. de Lesd.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: P. mexicana was not included in Moberg (1990), possible syntype material in UPS is in very
poor condition and until now was thought to be synonymous with P. aipolia (Moberg, pers. com.); Galapagos
material examined by K. Kalb & F. Bungartz does not contain zeorin but it clearly does have a K+ yellow
medulla, it is thus chemically distinct from Physcia aipolia and most likely corresponds to what has been
described as Physcia mexicana.
Origin: Not In Galapagos, Not In Galapagos.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Moberg, R. et al. (1990), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
443. Physcia poncinsii Hue
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
444. Physcia rolfii Moberg
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
445. Physcia sinuosa Moberg
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santiago.
446. Physcia sorediosa (Vain.) Lynge
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
447. Physcia undulata Moberg
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón.
448. Physma byrsinum (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: only one single, historic specimen (Sipman L-70, COLO L-63545, from Cerro Azul, Isabela, H.
Sipman L-70, 22-25 June 1976).
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
449. Piccolia conspersa (Fée) Hafellner
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, Santa Cruz.
450. Placidium squamulosum (Ach.) Breuss
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
451. Polychidium muscicola (Sw.) Gray
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
452. Polychidium stipitatum V■zda & W.A. Weber
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: Aptroot 64694 material needs verification
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
453. Porina atrocoerulea Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
454. Porina cestrensis (Tuck.) Müll. Arg. agg.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: a group of very similar species; material needs further studies.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
455. Porina conspersa Malme
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: only one single fertile specimen in CDS, all others sterile and thus referred to P.
distans (according to Lücking 2008).
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010), Lücking, R. et al. (2008).
456. Porina cubana V■zda
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
457. Porina distans V■zda & Vivant
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: the sterile material with coralloid isidia most likely belongs to P. conspersa, but
since no perithecia could be found treated here according to Lücking (2008) as P. distans.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Lücking, R. et al. (2008).
458. Porina guentheri (Flot.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
459. Porina leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) A.L. Sm.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
460. Porina melanops Malme
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
461. Porina nitidula Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
462. Porina nucula Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
463. Porina tetramera (Malme) R. Sant.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
464. Pseudocyphellaria argyracea (Delise) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Galloway, D.J. et al. (1990), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
465. Pseudocyphellaria aurata (Ach.) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Sticta aurata, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Andersson, N. J. et al. (1855), Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Farlow, W.G.
et al. (1902), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
466. Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Pseudocyphellaria mougeotiana var. aurigera, Pseudocyphellaria xantholoma, fide Elix & McCarthy
(1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Galloway, D.J. et al. (1990), Weber, W.A. et
al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
467. Pseudocyphellaria dozyana (Mont. & Bosch) D.J. Galloway
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Pseudocyphellaria mougeotiana var. aurigera (=? Pseudocyphellaria crocata), fide Weber
(1993)
Origin: Native, Questionable Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Galloway, D.J. et al. (1985), Galloway, D.J. et al. (1990), Weber, W.A. et
al. (1993), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
468. Pseudopyrenula diluta (Fée) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
469. Pseudopyrenula subnudata Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Pseudopyrenula subgregaria, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1993).
470. Psilolechia lucida (Ach.) M. Choisy
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
471. Psora nipponica (Zahlbr.) Gotth. Schneid.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Psora novomexicana, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998), Toninia novomexicana: specimen in COLO
(L-44020), Cavagnaro s.n., Pinzón, det. E. Timdal, 1990
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998).
472. Psorotichia cf. hassei Fink ex J. Hedrick
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
473. Psorotichia murorum A. Massal.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
First erroneously identified as Psorotichia schaereri by M. Schultz in 2006.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Schultz, M. et al. (2008).
474. Pterygiopsis guyanensis Schultz
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Fé.
475. Pyrenographa irregularis (Wehm.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: ?Pyrenographa xylographoides Aptroot (with submuriform spores, see comments in Harris 1995);
basionym: Phaeopeltosphaeria irregularis Wehmeyer; Type. ECUADOR. Galapagos: South Seymour Island,
on dead, decorticated wood of Bursera graveolens, 6 Sep 1945, Martin 6251 (NY, isotype).
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (1991), Harris, R.C. et al. (1995), Martin, G.W. et al. (1948).
476. Pyrenopsis portoricensis Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, Santiago.
477. Pyrenothrix nigra Riddle
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: material needs to be re-examined.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
478. Pyrenula anomala (Ach.) A. Massal.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
479. Pyrenula aspistea (Afzel.) Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Specimen in COLO: Itow (L-40634), det. Aptroot, 1991; specimens in CDS identified by Aptroot as P.
aspistea were misidentifications of Pyrenula costaricensis, fide annot. R. Miranda, 2010
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1993).
480. Pyrenula astroidea (Fée) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmentaria astroidea, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
481. Pyrenula cerina Eschw.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Pyrenula aurantiaca, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, San
Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Farlow, W.G. et al. (1902), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et
al. (1986).
482. Pyrenula cf. acutispora Kalb & Hafellner
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: spore measurements of material do not agree with P. acutispora s.str.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
483. Pyrenula cf. cuyabensis (Malme) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
Basionym: Parathelium cuyabense Malme
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
484. Pyrenula cf. dermatodes (Borrer) Schaer.
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
485. Pyrenula concatervans (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Specimens in COLO: Santa Cruz: Herre 41 (L-41177), Weber (L-40220), Itow (L-40728), Fernandina:
Cavagnaro (L-40469), Floreana: Weber & Lanier (L-62944)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1993).
486. Pyrenula confinis (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
487. Pyrenula costaricensis Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
488. Pyrenula cruenta (Mont.) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Melanotheca cruenta, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
489. Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer) Schaer.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
490. Pyrenula erumpens R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Specimen in COLO: Santa Cruz, on Pisonia, Itow (L-40623), det. Aprtoot, 1991
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1993).
491. Pyrenula macularis (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) probably as Anthracothecium leucostomum, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
492. Pyrenula marginatula Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Pyrenula caraibica Aptroot & Etayo
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
493. Pyrenula massariospora (Starbäck) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
494. Pyrenula microcarpa Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: all specimens in CDS misidentifications; specimen in COLO not examined: Santa
Cruz, on Cordia lutea, Darwin Station, Weber (L-40579), det. Aptroot, 1991, as P. cinerea (syn. of P.
microcarpa)
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1993).
495. Pyrenula microtheca R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: non Pyrenula microcarpa Müll. Arg.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
496. Pyrenula nitidula (Bres.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
497. Pyrenula ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Anthracothecium ochraceoflavum, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998), Verrucaria ochraceoflava, fide Index
Fungorum
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal,
Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago, Wolf.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Stewart, A. et al. (1912), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
498. Pyrenula ochraceoflavens (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: very few specimens deviate sufficiently in spore size from P. ochraceoflava and
the two taxa might refer to the same species.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
499. Pyrenula quassiaecola Fée
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
500. Pyrenula subcongruens Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
501. Pyrenula thelomorpha Tuck.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
502. Pyrgidium montellicum (Beltr.) Tibell
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
503. Pyrgillus javanicus Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
504. Pyrrhospora quernea (Dicks.) Körb.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal.
505. Pyxine albovirens (G. Mey.) Aptroot 1987
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
506. Pyxine berteroana (Fée) Imshaug
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
The spelling P. berteriana is an orthographical error, fide F. Bungartz
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
507. Pyxine cocoës (Sw.) Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
508. Pyxine eschweileri (Tuck.) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
509. Pyxine petricola Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Pyxine pringlei, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
510. Pyxine subcinerea Stirt.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Pyxine caesiopruinosa, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998), Pyxine connectens, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
511. Ramalina anceps Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
512. Ramalina aspera Räsänen
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Ramalina denticulata, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007), Brodo, I. M. et al. (2001), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
513. Ramalina camptospora Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007).
514. Ramalina complanata Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Ramalina indica auct. non Fr., Ramalina subasperata auct. non Nyl., Ramalina interponens auct. non
Nyl., Ramalina subfraxinea auct. non Nyl., fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007), Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Farlow, W.G. et al.
(1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1912), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
515. Ramalina darwiniana var. curvida Aptroot
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type: Ecuador, Galapagos, Santa Cruz Island, Puerto Ayora, near the Charles Darwin Research Station,
0º44’32”S, 90º18’10”W, alt. 5 m, on twigs of coastal shrubs, 24 May 2005, A. Aptroot 63029 (CDS no.
29757—holotype; ABL—isotype).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007).
516. Ramalina darwiniana var. darwiniana Aptroot & Bungartz
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type: ECUADOR, Galapagos, Plaza Sur Island, 0º34’59”S, 90º9’54”W, alt. 1 m, coastal zone; eastern part
with scattered and low vegetation of Sesuvium portulacastrum & Tiquilia galapagoa with occasional Opuntia,
western part also with scattered shrubs of Grabowskia boerhaaviaefolia, Maytenus octogona, and Castela
galapageia, on wood, twig, 21-Feb-2006, A. Aptroot, 64433 (CDS no. 31001—holotype; ABL—isotype).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007).
517. Ramalina fragilis Aptroot & Bungartz
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Niebla sp. nov. ined.; Typus: ECUADOR, Galapagos, San Cristóbal, near Tortugueria
Cerro Colorado, on lava cliff, 130 m alt., 2 June 2005, A. Aptroot 63419 (CDS 30174—holotypus;
ABL—isotypus).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Fé.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
518. Ramalina furcellangulida Aptroot
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Typus: Ecuador, Galapagos, Isabela, Volcán Alcedo, highest cinder cone along the trail going up the east
slope, on bark of Bursera graveolens, 250 m alt., 10 March 2006, A. Aptroot 65029 (CDS 31611—holotypus;
ABL—isotypus).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007).
519. Ramalina montagnei De Not.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007).
520. Ramalina pacifica Asah.
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
F. Bungartz: some specimens of R. sorediantha with more flattened lobes may belong to this species.
Origin: No Data.
IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007).
521. Ramalina peruviana Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
522. Ramalina polyforma Aptroot
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type: Ecuador, Galapagos, Santa Cruz Island, on coastal lava cliffs E of Puerto Ayora near Charles Darwin
Research Station, 20 m alt., 29 May 2005, A. Aptroot 63412 (CDS 30176—holotype; ABL—isotype).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007).
523. Ramalina puiggarii Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Ramalina linearis, fide Aptroot & Bungartz (2007)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007), Dodge, C.W. et al. (1935), Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Weber, W.A. et
al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
524. Ramalina sideriza Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007).
525. Ramalina sorediantha Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
526. Ramalina sorediosa (B. de Lesd.) Landrón
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Ramalina furcellata, fide Aptroot & Bungartz (2007); In Stewart (1912) & Weber (1966,
1981) as Ramalina farinacea; In Dodge (1936) & Weber (1966) as Ramalina dasypoga
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007), Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Kashiwadani, H. et al. (1993), Landrón C.I.
et al. (1972), Stewart, A. et al. (1912), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et
al. (1986).
527. Ramalina usnea (L.) R. Howe
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Stewart (1912) and Linder (1934) as Alectoria sarmentosa, fide Weber (1966)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2007), Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Linder, D.H. et al.
(1934), Stewart, A. et al. (1912), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
528. Ramboldia heterocarpa (Fée) Kalb, Lumbsch & Elix
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
529. Ramonia valenzueliana (Mont.) Stizenb.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
530. Redonographa galapagoensis Bungartz & Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type: ECUADOR. Galapagos: Santiago Island, ca. 5 km inland from the E-coast; 0° 16' S, 90° 37' W;
Bungartz 5208 (CDS 29421, holotype); previously reported as Carbacanthographis saxiseda (Bungartz et al.,
2010) but was found to represent an undescribed taxon (Lücking et al. 2013).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Lücking, R. et al. (2103), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1993).
531. Redonographa saxorum (Egea & Torrente) Lücking & Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Graphis saxorum, Carbacanthographis saxorum.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009), Lücking, R. et al. (2103).
532. Rhizoplaca minarum Kalb, Elix & Bungartz ined.
Taxon status: Unpublished name (Nomen nudum).
Origin: Native, Questionable Endemic.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
533. Rinodina lepida (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
534. Rinodina olea Bagl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Specimen of 'Buellia myriocarpa' FH 1108 (00197447) identified by J.W. Sheard, 2009 as R. olea.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
535. Roccella albida Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Holotype Tehler 8653 (CDS 40614)
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Endangered.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Tehler, A. et al. (2009).
536. Roccella galapagoensis Follmann
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Roccella geniculata, R. glebaria, R. obscurissima Follmann & B. Werner, R. geniculata Follmann & B.
Werner, R. fusca B. Werner nom. nud., R. glebaria B. Werner & Follmann nom. nud., R. colonii Follmann, R.
capitata Follmann nom. nud., fide Tehler et al. (2009); Holotype: Galápagos, South Plaza Island, abundant on
seaward vertical sides of boulders on highest points (S side), ca. 50 ft elev., 1964, W.A. Weber L-39130,
Lichenes Exsiccati no. 112; Isotypes: COLO-184895, 186050, UPS, M-0024655, H, S-L21409
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa
Fé, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Schofield, E.K. et al. (1984), Tehler, A. et al. (2009), Tehler, A. et al.
(2007), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
537. Roccella gracilis Bory
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Roccella babingtonii, R. peruensis, R. difficilis, fide Tehler (2002) and Tehler et al. (2009)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Darbishire, O.V. et al. (1935), Dodge, C.W. et al. (1935), Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Elix, J.A. et
al. (1998), Farlow, W.G. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1912), Tehler, A. et al. (2009), Tehler, A. et al.
(2002), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
538. Roccella margaritifera B. Werner & Follmann
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Roccella octopodioides nom. nud., Roccella margaritifera f. octopodioides fide Tehler et al. (2009);
Holotype: Galápagos, San Cristóbal Island, Lobería Pto. Baquerizo, 1991, Sánchez-Pinto 6616 (B-128629),
TFMC
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Tehler, A. et al. (2009), Tehler, A. et al. (2007).
539. Roccella nigerrima (Darb.) Follmann
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Rocellodea nigerrima, Roccella translucida Follmann & B. Werner, Roccella incurvata B. Werner,
Roccella kappeniana Follmann & B. Werner, Roccella botrytis B. Werner nom. nud., Roccella floribrassica B.
Werner nom. nud., Roccella stipitata B. Werner & Follmann nom. nud., Roccella floteana Follmann nom.
nud., Roccella floreana B. Werner nom. nud. fide Tehler et al. (2009); Lectotype selected by Tehler (2007):
Galápagos Islands, 1872, Hill s.n. (FH)
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Tehler, A. et al. (2009).
540. Roccellographa circumscripta (Taylor) Ertz & Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Sclerophytonomyces circumscripti Cif. & Tomas.; Sclerophyton cricumscriptum (Taylor) Zahlbr.,
Peterjamesia circumscripta (Taylor) D. Hawksw.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008), Ertz, D. et al. (2010).
541. Sarcographa medusulina (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
542. Sarcographa ramificans (Kremp.) Staiger
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
543. Sarcographa tricosa (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
544. Schismatomma spierii Aptroot & Sparrius
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type: ECUADOR. Galapagos: Isabela Island, Cerro Alcedo, highest cinder cone along the trail going up the
E slope, 0º 23’37”S, 91º01’31”W, 250 m, arid lowlands with basalt outcrops, at the bottom scattered Bursera
graveolens trees and shrubs of Castela galapageia, on bark of Bursera graveolens, 10 Mar 2006, Aptroot
65014 (holotype CDS 31595; isotype ABL).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
545. Schistophoron tenue Stirt.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Tehler, A. et al. (2009), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1986).
546. Schistophoron variabile Tibell
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Regionally Extinct.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Santa Cruz.
547. Sclerococcum sp. 1
Taxon status: Taxon not identified to species, subspecies, form or variety.
Index Fungorum: anamorphic Pezizomycotina
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
548. Sclerophyton murex Egea & Torrente ex Sparrius
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
549. Sclerophyton vertex Sparrius
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
550. Sigridea leptothallina (Malme) Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
The spelling in Index Fungorum is incorrect, the correct name is Sigridea leptothallina [Tehler, A. 1993. The
genus Sigridea [Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Euascomycetes. Nova Hedwigia 57(3-4): 417-435]
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Fé.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
551. Sphinctrina leucopoda s.l. Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Sphinctrina podocarpa, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Fé.
552. Sphinctrina tubiformis A. Massal.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Index Fungorum as Sphinctrina tubiformis
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Santiago.
553. Spilonema revertens Nyl.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
554. Sporopodium aff. phyllocharis (Mont.) A. Massal.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
555. Sporopodium leprieurii Mont.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
556. Staurothele lecideoides B. de Lesd.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
material examined by Breuss, morphologically identical to S. lecideoides, but no mature perithecia found,
perithecia contain hymenial algae
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
557. Stereocaulon azulense Yoshim. & W.A. Weber
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Marchena, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
558. Stereocaulon microcarpum Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
559. Stereocaulon weberi I.M. Lamb
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Holotype in FH
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Lamb, I.M. et al. (1977), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
560. Sticta beauvoisii Delise
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010), McDonald, T. et al. (2003).
561. Sticta carolinensis T. McDonald
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010), McDonald, T. et al. (2003).
562. Sticta damicornis (Sw.) Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Index Fungorum: the species epithet was originally published a 'damaecornis'.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
563. Sticta dichotoma s.l. Delise
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966).
564. Sticta fuliginosa (Dicks.) Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), McDonald, T. et al. (2003), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
565. Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Stewart (1912) as Sticta quercizans, fide Weber (1966); In Weber (1966) as Sticta weigelii var. peruviana;
Syn.: Sticta quercizans, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998), Stictina quercizans, fide Index Fungorum
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Farlow, W.G. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1912), Svenson, H.K. et al.
(1935), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
566. Strigula cf. obtecta (Vain.) R. C. Harris
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
567. Strigula microspora Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
568. Strigula nitidula Mont.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Specimen in COLO: Santa Cruz: on leaves of Eugenia jambos, along trail to Horneman place just above
Bellavista, 64131 p.p. (with Byssoloma subdiscordans), det. Vezda; F. Bungartz: specimen not seen!
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
569. Strigula phaea (Ach.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
570. Strigula phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: No Data.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
571. Strigula smaragdula Fr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: specimen material identified by R. Lücking very poor.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
572. Strigula subtilissima (Fée) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Specimen in COLO: Santa Cruz: on leaves of Eugenia jambos, along trail to Horneman place just above
Bellavista, 64131 p.p. (with Byssoloma subdiscordans), det. Vezda, F. Bungartz: specimen not seen!
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
573. Strigula viridiseda (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
574. Synalissa mattogrossensis (Malme) Henssen
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
material confirmed by M. Schultz
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
575. Syncesia farinacea (Fée) Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Chiodecton farinaceum
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008).
576. Syncesia graphica (Fr.) Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Chiodecton myrticola, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
577. Syncesia leprobola Nyl. ex Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Chiodecton farinaceum, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
578. Syncesia psaroleuca (Nyl.) Tehler
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Chiodecton effusum, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Aptroot, A. et al. (2008), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
579. Taeniolella sp. 1
Taxon status: Taxon not identified to species, subspecies, form or variety.
Index Fungorum: anamorphic Glyphium
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
580. Tapellaria epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
581. Tapellaria granulosa Lücking & Rivas Plata
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
582. Tapellaria malmei R. Sant.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
583. Tapellaria nana (Fée) R. Sant.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
584. Tapellaria nigrata (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
585. Tapellaria phyllophila (Stirt.) R. Sant.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
586. Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th. Fr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
587. Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago, Wolf.
References: Dodge, C.W. et al. (1936), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Farlow, W.G. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al.
(1912), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
588. Tephromela rhizophorae Kalb
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Kalb, K. et al. (2008).
589. Tephromela weberi Kalb, Aptroot & Bungartz ined.
Taxon status: Unpublished name (Nomen nudum).
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santiago.
590. Thalloloma cinnabarinum (Fée) Staiger
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Endangered.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Bungartz, F. et al. (2009).
591. Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Ach. ex Schaer.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
592. Thelenella inductula (Nyl.) H. Mayrhofer
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
593. Thelenella muscorum (Fr.) Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
594. Thelenella sastreana R. C. Harris
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
595. Thelopsis isiaca Stitzenb.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
596. Thelopsis rubella Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
597. Thelotrema monosporum Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
598. Thelotrema pachysporum Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
599. Trapelia coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) M. Choisy
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
600. Trapelia involuta (Taylor) Hertel
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
601. Trapelia placodioides Coppins & P. James
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
602. Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P. James
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
603. Trapeliopsis glaucopholis (Nyl.) Printzen & McCune
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: material needs verification
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
604. Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Lecidea granulosa, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998); specimen in COLO (63337), Santa Cruz, on plant
debris, saddle between El Puntudo and Cerro Crocker, 700 m
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
605. Tricharia melanothrix Fée
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: folicolous specimens in COLO det. as T. melanothrix need revision.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
606. Tricharia vainioi R. Sant.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
607. Trichothelium epiphyllum Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
608. Trichothelium montanum f. montanum Lücking
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
609. Trypethelium aeneum (Eschw.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: material needs verification
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, Santiago.
610. Trypethelium aff. marcidum (Fée) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: specimens with different chemistry and spore size from T. marcidum s.str.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
611. Trypethelium eluteriae Spreng.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
F. Bungartz: specimens confirmed by R. Miranda & R. Lücking
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
612. Trypethelium nitidiusculum (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: According to Harris (1995) Trypethelium ochroleucum and Astrothelium
variosolum are identical in all characters but their stromata formation; Trypethelium nitidiusculum is identical
to Trypothelium ochroleucum in all characters but the presence of lichexanthone. It is possible that all three
taxa refer to one variable species only.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz.
References: Harris, R.C. et al. (1995).
613. Trypethelium ochroleucum (Eschw.) Nyl.
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: According to Harris (1995) Trypethelium ochroleucum and Astrothelium
variosolum are identical in all characters but their stromata formation; Trypethelium nitidiusculum is identical
to Trypothelium ochroleucum in all characters but the presence of lichexanthone. It is possible that all three
taxa refer to one variable species only.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Harris, R.C. et al. (1995), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
614. Trypethelium tropicum (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
615. Tylophorella pyrenocarpoides (Müll. Arg.) Egea
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz, Santa Fé.
616. Tylophoron cf. protrudens Nyl.
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
F. Bungartz: Identification problematic; specimens need TLC, spot tests: C+ red, but UVOrigin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
617. Tylophoron galapagoense Bungartz, Ertz, Diederich & Tibell
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Holotype Ertz 11794 (CDS 37153)
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Ertz, D. et al. (2011).
618. Tylophoron hibernicum (D. Hawksw., Coppins & P. James) Ertz, Diederich, Bungartz & Tibell
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Blarneya hibernica D. Hawksw., Coppins & P. James
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Ertz, D. et al. (2011).
619. Tylophoron moderatum Nyl.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
620. Usnea angulata Ach.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1981, 1986) and Elix & McCarthy (1998) as Usnea paradoxa; no recent specimens; all collections
from before 1972, presumed extinct!
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Regionally Extinct.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1981), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
621. Usnea baileyi (Stirt.) Zahlbr.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) as Usnea antillarum, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
622. Usnea brattiae P. Clerc
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
623. Usnea cf. bornmuelleri J. Steiner
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
624. Usnea cirrosa (classical) Motyka
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
625. Usnea cirrosa (hirto-cirrosa) Motyka
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
626. Usnea columbiana Motyka
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
627. Usnea cornuta Körb.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
628. Usnea dorogawensis Asahina
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type: JAPAN. Honshu: Prov. Yamato, Dorogawa, Amakawa-mura, Yoshino-gun, 1952, Togashi (lectotype
TNS!; % C/M/A: 4/37.5/16; contains usnic, lobaric, norstictic, stictic and constictic acids, unknown US6
(Ohmura 2001).
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Ohmura, Y. et al. (2001), Truong, C. et al. (2011).
629. Usnea erinacea Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Pinzón.
References: Clerc, P. et al. (2008), Clerc, P. et al. (2011), Truong, C. et al. (2011).
630. Usnea galapagona Truong & P.Clerc
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type: Ecuador. Galapagos: Isla Sán Cristóbal, Cerro Mundo, at the top of the rock cliffs on the S side close to
the summit, 00°53’S, 89°34’W, 282 m, transition zone with Bursera graveolens, Croton scouleriand
Jasminocereus thouarsii, on Jasminocereus thouarsii on the ridge, August 2008, Clerc & Truong
08-405(holotype CDS, isotypes G, CMA: 16/3/61.5; chemistry: usnic acid, unknown medullary metabolite
reacting UV+ green after charring).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Herrera-Campos, M. et al. (1998), Lumbsch, H.T. et al. (2010).
631. Usnea grandisora Truong & P. Clerc
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Type: ECUADOR. Galapagos: Santa Cruz Island, above Mina Granillo, 607 m, upper transition zone, on
branches of Scalesia, Truong 1122 (holotype CDS 39433, isotypes G, UPS; % C/M/A: 11/20.5/38. Chemistry:
usnic, salazinic, galbinic and norstictic acids.)
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Ohmura, Y. et al. (2010), Swinscow, T. et al. (1979), Truong, C. et al. (2011).
632. Usnea hirta ssp. trachista (Motyka) P. Clerc
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal.
633. Usnea mexicana Vain.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Erronously reported as Usnea longissima, U. amabilis or U. arthroclada by Farlow (1902), Stewart (1912),
Weber (1966, 1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Farlow, W.G. et al. (1902), Stewart, A. et al. (1912), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
634. Usnea parvula Motyka
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela.
635. Usnea poliotrix Kremp.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Motyka, J. et al. (1936–38), Truong, C. et al. (2011), Vareschi, V. et al. (1973).
636. Usnea rubicunda Stirt.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Usnea rubiginea, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998), U. rubiginosa, fide Index Fungorum; In Farlow (1902),
Stewart (1912) and Weber (1966) as Usnea ceratina; Type: ENGLAND: 1879, Holmes (holotype BM!;
contains usnic, stictic, constictic, menegazziaic and norstictic acids.).
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz,
Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Clerc, P. et al. (2008), Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Farlow, W.G. et al. (1902), Ohmura, Y. et al.
(2008), Ohmura, Y. et al. (2001), Stewart, A. et al. (1912), Truong, C. et al. (2011), Weber, W.A. et al.
(1966), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
637. Usnea subcornuta Stirt.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
638. Usnea subdasaea Truong & P. Clerc
Taxon status: Unpublished name (Nomen nudum).
Type: Ecuador. Galapagos, Isabela, road to Sierra Negra crater, close to la Esperanza, 306 m, farming areas in
the humid zone, living fencepost (still with bark) Truong 1194 (holotype CDS 39505, isotypes G, UPS; %
C/M/A: 5/30/30. contains usnic, salazinic, galbinic, norstictic acids.)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Clerc, P. et al. (2008), Herrera-Campos, M. et al. (2001), Truong, C. et al. (2011).
639. Usnea subscabrosa Nyl. ex Motyka
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
640. Vainionora sp. nov.
Taxon status: Unpublished name (Nomen nudum).
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
641. Verrucaria cf. pinguicula A. Massal.
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz.
642. Verrucaria lecideoides (A. Massal.) Gueidan & C. Roux
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Santiago.
643. Verrucaria polysticta Borrer
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santiago.
644. Verrucaria xyloxena Norman
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
material confirmed by O. Breuss (2011)
Origin: No Data.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal.
645. Vouauxiomyces sp. 1
Taxon status: Taxon not identified to species, subspecies, form or variety.
Index Fungorum: anamorphic Abrothallus (Pezizomycotina)
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Kirk, P. (ed.) et al. (2010).
646. Xanthomendoza weberi (S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt) L. Lindblom
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
In Weber (1986) and Elix & McCarthy (1998) as Xanthoria candelaria, fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2006
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
647. Xanthoparmelia congensis (J. Steiner) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Data Deficient.
Galapagos Distribution: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
648. Xanthoparmelia subramigera (Gyeln.) Hale
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Parmelia subramigera, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Santiago.
References: Elix, J.A. et al. (1998), Weber, W.A. et al. (1986).
649. Xylographa parallela (Ach.) Fr.
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: possibly misidentifications of Pyrenographa irregularis (Wehm.) R.C. Harris
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
650. Xylographa vitiligo (Ach.) J.R. Laundon
Taxon status: Identification not yet confirmed.
F. Bungartz: possibly misidentifications of Pyrenographa irregularis (Wehm.) R.C. Harris
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
651. cf. Baflavia flavescens (Lücking) Lücking
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
F. Bungartz: material most likely belongs to an undescribed Eugeniella
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Santa Cruz.
652. cf. Nadvornikia sp.
Taxon status: The identification of this taxon or its occurrence in Galapagos is doubtful.
Origin: No Data.
Galapagos Distribution: Pinta.
Rejected taxa
1. Acarospora cf. fuscata (Nyl.) Arnold
F. Bungartz: material previously identified as A. cf. fuscata has been annotated by K. Knudsen as A.
sparsiuscula.
2. Acarospora citrina (Taylor) Zahlbr.
Misidentification for A. chrysops, fide K. Knudsen (pers. comm., 2007)
3. Acarospora schleicheri (Ach.) A. Massal.
Misidentification for A. chrysops, fide K. Knudsen (pers. comm., 2007)
4. Acarospora thelococcoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
F. Bungartz: the only specimen identified by Aptroot (Aptroot 64834) as A. thelococcoides is A. americana
according to K. Knudsen.
5. Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach.
Misidentifications of Ramalina usnea, fide Weber (1966) & fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2009
6. Anisomeridium anisolobum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: probably all misidentifications of A. leptospermum; Syn.: Ditremis anisoloba, fide
Elix & McCarthy (1998); one specimen in COLO has not yet been revised (L-40404) det. Aptroot, 1991
7. Arthonia parantillarum Aptroot
Misidentifications of A. antillarum, fide Bungartz (2010)
8. Arthopyrenia punctiformis A. Massal.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: specimens previously cited as A. punctiformis are based on misidentifications.
9. Arthothelium spilomatoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Misidentification of Arthothelium galapagoense, fide Weber (1981)
10. Aspidothelium fugiens (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
F. Bungartz: in Weber (1986) erronously cited as Aspidophyllum fugiens; material Weber 285 (L-40433).
The material was originally determined by Vezda, but with publication of Lücking (2008) the species concept
has change; the Galapagos specimens has perithecia with disk-like, dentate expansion and not setae or hairs
and thus belongs to A. scutellicarpum
11. Buellia xanthinula (Müll. Arg.) Malme
Misidentification of Buellia straminea, fide Weber (1986): 488; misidentification of Buellia flavoareolata,
fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2009
12. Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale
M. Benatti, A. Spielmann & F. Bungartz: specimens previously identified as B. goebelii have isidia and thus
don't belong to B. goebelii; most material belongs to B. subdissecta.
13. Calicium abietinum Pers.
Misidentifications of Chaenothecopsis aff. savonica fide Tibell (2010)
14. Calicium hyperelloides Nyl.
Possibly misidentifications of C. robustellum fide Tibell (2010)
15. Caloplaca cirrochroa (Ach.) Th. Fr.
Syn.: Placodium cirrochroum; misidentifications of C. cf. cupulifera fide U. Søchting
16. Caloplaca elegans (Link) Th. Fr.
Misidentifications of Caloplaca isidiosa fide U. Søchting, 2010
17. Canoparmelia crozalsiana (de Lesd.) Elix & Hale
F. Bungartz: misidentifications, all specimens belong to C. cf. raunkierii
18. Carbacanthographis saxiseda (Zahlbr.) Bungartz
F. Bungartz: all Galapagos specimens previously identified as C. saxiseda by Bungartz & Lücking (2009)
belong to Redonographa galapagoensis; they were originally reported by Weber (1993) as Graphina saxiseda
and Elix & McCarthy (1998) as Graphis saxiseda.
19. Celothelium aciculiferum (Nyl.) Vain.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: misidentifications of Celothelium dominicanum.
20. Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
L. Tibell: Chaenothecopsis savonica s.l.
21. Chiodecton myrticola Feé
Acc. name: Syncesia myrticola; Misidentification of Syncesia psaroleuca, fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2008
22. Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R. Laundon
Misidentification of Chrysothrix xanthina, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
23. Cladonia coccifera agg. (L.) Willd.
F. Bungartz: misidentifications of C. corymbosula
24. Cladonia furcata f. adspersa (Flörke) Vain.
F. Bungartz: most likely misidentifications of C. sphacelata
25. Cladonia granulosa (Vain.) Ahti
F. Bungartz: one specimen [Bungartz 3272 (CDS 26911)] first identified by T. Ahti as C. granulosa
(annotation 2010); later revised to C. polyscypha (annotation 2011)
26. Cladonia macilentoides Ahti & Fleig
F. Bungartz & A. Yánez: misidentifications of C. macilenta
27. Cladonia polycarpoides Nyl.
Syn.: Cladonia subcariosa, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998); Misidentification of Cladonia sp. nov., fide A.
Aptroot (pers. comm.)
28. Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg.
F. Bungartz: the report in Hooker (1847) is most certainly not the arctic alpine C. rangiferina, but a similar
species of reindeer lichens, most likely C. confusa f. bicolor
29. Cladonia rappii A. Evans
F. Bungartz: only one minute, fragmentary specimen in CDS (Aptroot 65573 B); originally identified by A.
Aptroot as C. rappii, annotated by T. Ahti as C. sp. (probably undescribed, C. aff. rappii); however, the
fragmentary minute material is extremely similar to basal squamules of C. pulverulenta, which also contains
fumarprotocetraric acid, no typical material of C. rappi has been reported from Galapagos
30. Cladonia subulata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg.
F. Bungartz & A. Yánez: specimen in COLO (63520): Isabela, Cerro Azul, det. Thomson is misidentification
of Cladonia corniculata
31. Cladonia symphoriza Nyl.
Misidentification of Cladonia didyma, fide F. Bungartz annotation, 2006
32. Coccotrema colobinum (Tuck.) Messuti
F. Bungartz: The type specimen of Pertusaria colobina Tuck., later transferred by Messuti & Vobis (2002) and
Messuti (2003) into Coccotrema colobinum, was supposedly collected by the Reverend T. Hill during the
Hassler Expedition in Galapagos. Messuti & Vobis (2002) suggest that one of four specimens labelled (a) in
the packet is material collected in Galapagos. It is, however, highly doubtful that any one of these four
specimens was actually collected in the archipelago. Not a single specimen of that species has ever been
found since. Instead, Messuti & Vobis (2002) cite two more specimens collected by Imshaugh & Ohlsson
(MSC 43340, MSC 44816) from the Chilean cost. It is therefore much more probable that the type material of
this species, like so many other specimens collected by Reverend T. Hill during the Hassler Expedition, was
actually mislabeled (previously the same was already suggested by Weber (1086) p. 490); A. Fryday
examined the type from FH and obverved: "The "Galapagos" collection has C. coccophorum (= Lepolichen
coccophorus) on the same piece of bark, which makes the possibility that it is really from the Galapagos
extremely unlikely. It was even annotated "probably from Str. of Magellan" by Rolf Santesson in 1955.".
33. Cryptothecia candida (Kremp.) R. Sant.
F. Bungartz: all specimens previously identified as C. candida are UV+ bright orange and thus belong to C.
assimilis
34. Cryptothecia evergladensis Seavey
F. Bungartz: misidentifications of a new species of Cryptothecia
35. Cryptothecia punctosorediata Sparrius
F. Bungartz: all material belongs to C. striata
36. Dictyonema moorei (Nyl.) A. Henss.
previous reports are based on misidentifications of material that belongs to D. membranaceum s.l.
37. Diploschistes aeneus (Müll. Arg.) Lumbsch
F. Bungartz: the material previously identified as D. aeneus contains only gyrophoric acid and is therefore D.
badius
38. Diploschistes hypoleucus Zahlbr.
F. Bungartz: the material previously identified as D. hypoleucus contains lcanoric acid and belongs to
Diploschistes rampoddensis (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
39. Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman
Misidentification of Diploschistes cinereocaesius, fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2009
40. Dirina herrei Zahlbr.
Acc. name: Dirina paradoxa ssp. approximata; Misidentification of Syncesia psaroleuca, S. graphica and
Dirina catalinariae f. catalinariae, fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2008; Type not seen: Floreana, Post Office
Bay, on smoth bark, coll. Herre
41. Dirinaria aspera (H. Magn.) D.D. Awasthi
Syn.: Physcia aspera, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998); Misidentification of Dirinaria applanata, fide F. Bungartz
annotation, 2008
42. Everniastrum subplanum Sipman
F. Bungartz: the only specimen in CDS was collected by Aptroot 63652 on the Teleferico, Quito, mainland
Ecuador.
43. Flavoparmelia baltimorensis (Gyeln. & Fóriss) Hale
F. Bungartz: misidentifications of F. leucoxantha; specimens do not have coarsely pustulate soredia, instead
the soredia are mealy.
44. Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale
F. Bungartz: misidentifications of F. leucoxantha.
45. Graphina virginea (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.
Misidentification of Diorygma poitaei, fide Bungartz et al. (2009)
46. Graphis chrysocarpa (Raddi) Spreng.
Syn.: Phaeographina chrysocarpa, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.); Misidentification of Graphis
subchrysocarpa, fide Bungartz et al. (2009); specimens in COLO: Weber (L- 40405, L- 43952)
47. Graphis desquamescens Fée
Misidentification of Graphis adpressa or G. anfractuosa, fide Bungartz et al. (2009)
48. Graphis striatula (Ach.) Spreng.
Misidentification of Graphis rimulosa, fide Bungartz et al. (2009) and Opegrapha graphidiza s.l., fide F.
Bungartz annotation, 2008
49. Graphis subamylacea Zahlbr.
Misidentification of Graphis intricata, fide Bungartz et al. (2009)
50. Haematomma puniceum (Sw. ex Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Lecanora punicea; Misidentification of Haematomma persoonii, fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2008
51. Herpothallon philippinum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking
F. Bungartz: Galapagos specimens previously reported as Herpothallon philippinum (i.e., the Herpothallon
species cited by Aptroot et al. 2009 to have a partially I+ blue medulla) lack pseudisidia and have asci
confined to ascigerous cushions; this material thus belongs to Cryptothecia striata.
52. Heterodermia lepidota Swinscow & Krog
Misidentification of Heterodermia antillarum, fide F. Bungartz annot. 2006
53. Hypotrachyna laevigata (Sm.) Hale
Specimens reported in previous versions of this online checklist as H. laevigata were examined with TLC by
A. Yánez; all Galapagos material contains alectoronic and alpha-colatolic acid and thus belongs to H.
explendens.
54. Julella fallaciosa (Stizenb. ex Arnold) R.C. Harris
55. Julella lactea (A. Massal.) M.E. Barr
56. Lecanographa illecebrosula (Müll. Arg.) Egea & Torrente
Misidentification of Lecanographa microcarpella, fide Bungartz annotations, 2008
57. Lecanora conizaea (Ach.) Nyl.
in Lichenes Exsiccati, Colorado, No. 138, Weber (1981): Incorrect, but no alternative identification available;
name also used in specimen FH 197184 by W.A. Weber, misidentification of Lecanora floridula, fide F.
Bungartz annotation, 2009
58. Lecanora glaucovirens Tuck.
Type: Hassler Expedition (FH), coll. Rev. T. Hill; Weber (1986: 489) doubts that this specimen was actually
collected in Galapagos; F. Bungartz: the type specimen (FH-TUCK 197145) does not belong to Lecanora but
to Lecidea s.l. and no similar material was ever collected again in the Galapagos.
59. Lecanora helva Stizenb.
Misidentifications based on a confusion with the very similar L. leprosa, fide Bungartz annotations 2008;
Guderley (1999) erroneoulsy states that L. helva grows in assocition with the endemic L. schindleri, but all
specimens he annotated are identified as L. leprosa, not L. helva.
60. Lecanora orosthea (Ach.) Ach.
F. Bungartz: misidentifications of sterile L. substrobilina
61. Lecanora subcoarctata (C. Knight) Hertel
F. Bungartz: Identification of the material by Hertel (1989) is incorrect, the record is based on a specimen of
L. avium.
62. Lecanora thysanophora R.C. Harris
F. Bungartz: misidentifications of Herpothallon granulare
63. Lecidea flavoareolata nom. nud.
No author in Index Fungorum; Zahlbruckner's Cat. Lich. Univ. 7: 362; rejected by Weber (1966)
64. Leprocaulon microscopicum (Vill.) Gams
Misidentification of Leprocaulon tenellum, fide F. Bungartz annot. 2009
65. Leptogium isidiosellum (Riddle) Sierk
Misidentification, all Galapagos material belongs to L. millegranum, the lobes are fusing and the isidia are
coarsely granular, fide Bungartz (2008)
66. Leucodecton cf. desquamescens (Vain.) Lücking
F. Bungartz: the only specimen upon which this preliminary identification was based reacts K+ yellow to red;
L. desquamescens does not contain secondary metabolites according to Rivaz-Plata et al. (2010).
67. Lithothelium obtectum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: misidentifications of L. microsporum; the "unpublished" Galapagos specimen
cited by Aptroot (2006) is L. microsporum
68. Lobaria dissecta (Sw.) Raeusch.
Misidentification of Lobaria patinifera, fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2008
69. Megalospora tuberculosa (Fée) Sipman
reported in previous versions of this checklist, but later desribed as the new species: Megalospora
galapagoensis Bungartz, Ziemmeck & Lücking
70. Mycoporum pycnocarpoides Müll. Arg.
Misidentification of M. compositum, fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2011
71. Niebla sp. nov. ined.
Described by Aptroot & Bungartz (2007) as Ramalina fragilis. The specimen mentioned by Weber (1986:
474) Sipman 63573 was not examined.
72. Opegrapha graphidiza s.l. Nyl.
Acc. name: Opegrapha cactacearum s.str. fide D. Ertz 2010
73. Parmeliella mariana (Fr.) P.M. Jørg. & D.J. Galloway
F. Bungartz: cited by Weber (1986) as Pannaria pannosa, a synonym of P. mariana according to Elix &
McCarthy (1998) and Jørgensen & Galloway (1992, p. 275); the only known specimen (COLO (L-63501,
Sipman L-26, Isabela, 21-Jun-1976) is, however, densely isidiate and thus refers to Parmeliella stylophora
(Vain.) P.M. Jørg.
74. Parmotrema hypotropum (Nyl.) Hale
A. Spielmann: reports are based on misidentifications of Parmotrema grayanum (Hue) Hale.
75. Parmotrema neotropicum Kurok.
A. Spielmann: previous records erroneous
76. Parmotrema peralbidum (Hale) Hale
Misidentification of Canoparmelia crozalsiana, fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2007; Syn.: Parmelia peralbida,
fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
77. Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Peltigera erumpens, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998); originally reported in Weber (1986) from Isabela
(Sipman L-52) and Santa Cruz (L-40302, L-41144), the Santa Cruz specimens are not tomentose and thus
misidentifications of P. ulcerata Müll. Arg.
78. Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Moberg
Misidentification of Hyperphyscia adglutinata, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
79. Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (Degel.) Moberg
F. Bungartz: previously erroneously identified, all specimens at CDS are Hyperphyscia pandani (H. Magn.)
Moberg
80. Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.
Specimen in COLO: misidentification of Phyllopsora intermediella
81. Phyllopsora furfuracea Zahlbr.
Misidentifications of P. intermediella, fide Timdal 2010
82. Physcia aipolia (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
F. Bungartz: In Weber (1986) and Elix & McCarthy (1998) as Physcia mexicana, but this taxon is not
included in Moberg (1990) The lichen genus Physcia in Central and South America. The Galapagos material
has a medulla K+ yellow and therefore does not belong to P. biziana as which it previously has been
misidentified. Intermittently the specimens were thus referred to P. aipolia. However, unlike P. aipolia,
Galapagos specimens are much finer lobed and do not contain zeorin despite their K+ yellow medulla. The
material is thus chemically distinct from P. aipolia s.str. and is therefore now treated as P. again, unless
studies future of the type suggest otherwise.
83. Physcia biziana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
Acc. Name: Physcia aipolia, in Weber (1986) and Elix & McCarthy (1998) as Physcia mexicana, fide A.
Aptroot (pers. comm.); Galapagos material medulla K+ yellow!!!, F. Bungartz
84. Physcia convexella Moberg
F. Bungartz: P. convexella was originally published based on a specimen from Cuzco, Peru at 2800 m altitude
and it is very unlikely that Galapagos specimens that occur in the dry and coastal zone belong to this species.
The only CDS specimen identified by Moberg (UPS) as P. convexella (Aptroot 64468) has a K+ yellow
medulla and thus does not agree with the description in Moberg (1990), which states that P. convexella is K-.
The specimen is treated here as P. mexicana.
85. Physcia lacinulata Müll. Arg.
All specimens have a black lower side and thus belong to P. lobulata, fide F. Bungartz
86. Placopsis cribellans (Nyl.) Räsänen
Recorded by Lamb (1947) from the Hassler Expedition. Weber (1966: 196) was unable to find the specimen
and agrees with P. James, that the material was not collected in Galapagos, since it is on quarzite.
87. Placynthiella icmalea (Ach.) Coppins & P. James
F. Bungartz: specimens have been annotated by M. Schultz as Lecidopyrenopsis corticola Vain.
88. Polymeridium sulphurescens (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: erroneous identification of Pseudopyrenula diluta.
89. Porina chlorotica (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: previous recports based on misidentifications of Strigula phaea.
90. Porina subinterstes (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: The specimen (Bungartz 8758) originaly annotated by R. Miranda as P.
subinterstes has wart-shaped to hemispherical perithecia and thus belongs to P. melanops.
91. Porina tetracerae (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
In Elix & McCarthy (1998) erronously cited from Galapagos (Weber 1993: 433), but the citation in Weber
(1993) is from the Cocos Islands! Reports of the species in previous versions of this checklist were cited as
"rejected"; one single specimen in CDS (Aptroot 64623) annotated by R. Lücking as P. tetracerae is extremely
poorly developed and lacks perithecia; the specimen is treated here as P. distans (= P. cf. conspersa).
92. Psoroglaena cubensis Müll. Arg.
Psoroglaena cubensis auct. non Müll. Arg., fide Elix & McCarthy (1998) syn. of Flakea papillata;
misidentification of Peltula omphaliza, fide F. Bungartz annotation, 2009 (FH 197404)
93. Pyrenula acutalis R.C. Harris
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: all material previously identified as P. acutalis does not belong to that species.
94. Pyrenula aff. septicollaris (Eschw.) R.C. Harris
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: misidentifications.
95. Pyrenula cocoës Müll. Arg.
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: all previous reports based on misindentifications.
96. Pyrenula cruentata (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: all specimens belong to P. cruenta.
97. Pyrenula globifera (Eschw.) Aptroot
F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: previous reports based on misidentifications.
98. Pyrenula pyrenuloides (Mont.) R.C. Harris
COLO 192496 was identified by A. Aptroot as P. pyrenuloides, but is fide R. Miranda annot. 2010 refers to P.
thelomorpha
99. Pyrrhospora russula (Ach.) Hafellner
F. Bungartz: All Galapagos material grows on rock, has a creamish white to yellowish thallus that conforms
well with P. sanguinolenta.
100. Pyrrhospora sanguinolenta (Kremp.) Rambold & Hafellner
F. Bungartz: all previous records based on misidentifications of Ramboldia heterocarpa (Fée) Kalb, Lumbsch
& Elix
101. Pyxine caesiopruinosa (Tuck.) Imshaug
Acc. name: Pyxine subcinerea, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
102. Ramalina australiensis Nyl.
Misidentification of Ramalina sorediosa, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.); Syn.: Ramalina furcellata, Ramalina
farinacea auct. non Ach., Ramalina dasypoga auct. non Tuck.
103. Ramalina denticulata Nyl.
Misidentification of Ramalina aspera, fide A. Aptroot (pers. comm.)
104. Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach.
Acc. name: Ramalina australiensis, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998) & misidentification of Ramalina sorediosa,
fide Aptroot (pers. comm.)
105. Ramalina furcellata (Mont.) Zahlbr.
Acc. name: Ramalina australiensis, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998) & misidentification of Ramalina sorediosa,
fide Aptroot & Bungartz (2007)
106. Ramalina linearis R.H. Petersen & M. Zang
Misidentification of Ramalina puiggarii, fide Aptroot & Bungartz (2007) and of R. complanata and R.
sideriza (FH specimens), fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2009
107. Roccella lirellina (Darb.) M. Choisy
Misidentification of Roccella margaritifera or R. nigerrima fide Tehler et al. (2009); initially presumed to
occur in Galapagos (Tehler 2007), but later shown to be restricted to coastal Peru (Tehler et al. 2009). Syn:
Reinkella lirellina Darb. fide Tehler et al. (2009)
108. Roccella portentosa (Mont.) Darb.
Misidentification of various species in the Roccella galapagoensis agg., fide Tehler et al. (2009)
109. Roccellina nigrocincta Tehler
Wrong reference therefore rejected by Aptroot & Sparrius (2008): Elix & McCarthy (1998: 253) referring to
Tehler (1983: 61) who does not mention the species
110. Sticta filix (Sw.) Nyl.
Misidentifications of S. dichotoma s.l.
111. Sticta quercizans Ach.
Misidentification for Sticta weigelii, fide Weber (1966); Acc. name: Sticta weigelii, fide Elix & McCarthy
(1998); Specimens in CAS: Isabela, Iguana Cove, Snodgrass & Heller; Floreana, A. Stewart No. 400; Santa
Cruz, NW-side, A. Stewart No. 401
112. Sticta sylvatica (Huds.) Ach.
Misidentification of Sticta weigelii and Sticta fuliginosa, fide F. Bungartz
113. Syncesia effusa (Fée) Tehler
Syn.: Chiodecton effusum; F. Bungartz: all Galapagos specimens are misidentifications of Cryptothecia
assimilis
114. Syncesia flavescens (Nyl.) Tehler
F. Bungartz: all Galapagos specimens are misidentifications of Cryptothecia assimilis
115. Teloschistes exilis (Michx.) Vain.
Probably based on misidentifications of Teloschistes flavicans, fide Bungartz, 2009
116. Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner
Syn.: Lecanora atra, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998); F. Bungartz & K. Kalb: all records previously identified as
this species are misidentifications of Tephromela rizophorae
117. Trypethelium refertum Stirt.
F. Bungartz: misidentification of Anisomeridium tamarindi
118. Trypethelium tuberculosum (Vain.) R.C. Harris
Misidentifications of T. aff. marcidum fide annotations F. Bungartz & R. Miranda, 2011
119. Usnea amabilis Motyka
Misidentification; Weber (1986: 493) states that U. longissima reported by Stewart (1912) is U. amabilis, both
IDs are misidentifications of Usnea mexicana, fide P. Clerc, M. de los Angeles, C. Truong annotations, 2008
120. Usnea antillarum (Vain.) Zahlbr.
Misidentification of various different Usnea spp., fide Clerc, P. annotations 2008
121. Usnea arthroclada Fée
Probably misidentification of Usnea mexicana, fide F. Bungartz
122. Usnea ceratina Ach.
Misidentification of Usnea rubicunda, fide Elix & McCarthy (1998)
123. Usnea cladocarpa Fée
Misidentification of Usnea spp., fide P. Clerc, M. de los Angeles & C. Truong annotations, 2008
124. Usnea dasypoga (Ach.) Röhl.
Misidentification of Usnea cf.bornmuelleri and U. baileyi, fide P. Clerc & C. Truong annotations, 2008
125. Usnea longissima Ach.
Misidentification for U. mexicana, fide P. Clerc, C. Truong & M. de los Angeles Herrera Campos (pers.
comm, 2008)
126. Usnea mirabilis Motyka
Probably misidentifications of Usnea rubicunda fide C. Truong
127. Usnea paradoxa (Zahlbr.) Motyka
Misidentification of Usnea angulata, fide P. Clerc & C. Truong annotations, 2008 & F. Bungartz, 2009 (FH
197301)
128. Usnea plicata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg.
Syn.: Usnea dasypoga var. plicata; According to Weber (1986: 493) "reported on the basis of scrappy
specimens collected by J.H. Andersson and Charles Darwin" which do not resemble U. plicata.
129. Usnea rubiginea (Michaux) A. Massal.
C. Truong: Galapagos specimens under the name U. rubiginea (Weber 1987) belonged to U. erinacea, U.
rubicunda or U. poliotrix; this taxon cited by Weber is listed in Elix & McCarthy (1998) as Usnea rubicunda.
130. Verrucaria inficiens Breuss
F. Bungartz: material initially identified by O. Breuss, later revised to V. lecideoides
131. Xanthoparmelia microspora (Müll. Arg.) Hale
F. Bungartz & A. Spielmann: Nash, Gries & Elix (1995) cite a specimen of Xanthoparmelia microspora
(COLO Weber L-62892) that was originally, in 1976, also identified by Hale as X. microspora. However,
Hale in 1980 revised his identification to Pseudoparmelia leucoxantha, which was recombined into
Flavoparmelia leucoxantha. The specimen does contain protocetraric acid, not salazinic acid and thus does not
belong to X. microspora!
132. Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr.
Misidentification of Xanthomendoza weberi, fide F.Bungartz annotations, 2006
133. Xanthoria cf. tenuiloba L. Lindblom
Misidentification of Xanthomendoza weberi, fide F. Bungartz annotations, 2006
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the financial report received for this project. Please refer to the website (www.darwinfoundation.org/
datazone/checklist/) for a detailed list of all our donors.
This checklist would not be possible without adjunct and collaborating scientists, and volunteers of the Charles Darwin Foundation.
The following scientists and volunteers have contributed to the CDF Checklist of Galapagos Lichenized Fungi: Teuvo Ahti, Rosa
Batalles, Michel Benatti, Lenyn Betancourt C., Othmar Breuss, Philippe Clerc, Carolina Cornejo, Desiree Cruz, Manuela Dal Forno,
Paul Diederich, Valeria Leonor Dután-Patiño, Damien Ertz, Tassilo Feuerer, Anne Guézou, Marusa Herrera, Georg Hillmann,
Patricia Jaramillo Díaz, Harald Jonitz, Klaus Kalb, Kerry Knudsen, James Lawrey, Robert Lücking, Danilo Minga, Ricardo
Miranda, Roland Moberg, Bibiana Moncado, Catalina Quintana, Eimy Rivaz-Plata, Matthias Schultz, Harrie Sipman, Adriano
Spielman, Ulrik Søchting, Anders Tehler, Göran Thor, Leif Tibell, Einar Timdal, Camille Truong, Diego Villagómez, William A.
Weber, Martin Westberg.
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