A COMPREHENSIVE LIST OF THE LIANAS
OF THE WESTERN GHATS OF INDIA
Version 2
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (C) Vinayaraj (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toddalia_asiatica.jpg)
R. Krishnamani, Ph.D.
2015
© 2015. R. Krishnamani, The Rainforest Initiative, Coimbatore, India. All Rights Reserved.
Suggested Citation:
Krishnamani, R. (2015). A comprehensive list of the lianas of the Western Ghats of India - Version 2. The
Rainforest Initiative, Coimbatore, India. (Available at: http://www.rainforestinitiative.org/downloads/pdfs/wghats_lianas_version_2.pdf)
2
This list has been updated with the data available with The Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org).
“The Plant List is a working list of all known plant species. Version 1.1, released in September 2013, aims to be
comprehensive for species of Vascular plant (flowering plants, conifers, ferns and their allies) and of Bryophytes (mosses
and liverworts). It does not include algae or fungi. Version 1.1 contains 1,293,685 scientific plant names of which
350,699 are accepted species names. It includes no vernacular or common plant names”.
The information given below is from the website of The Plant List.
The Status of name records
Each name record included within The Plant List is assigned one of the statuses listed below. The Status of each name is
derived primarily from the data source from which that name record comes (see Derivation of Name Status). The
decision, for example, that one name is the accepted name of a given plant is based upon a taxonomic opinion recorded
within the cited data source. Such decisions were automated using a rules-based approach which, where necessary,
selected from among alternative taxonomic opinions expressed, within or between different data sources. For an
explanation of how these decisions were reached see How The Plant List was Created.
Accepted Name
This is the name which should be used to refer to the species (or to a subspecies, variety or forma).
For each name with Status of ‘Accepted’ The Plant List aims to provide:
the name currently accepted as the one which should be used in preference to refer to this species (or subspecies,
variety or forma);
the author(s) credited with publishing that name;
the place and date of original publication of the name where this was supplied;
a reference to the source database supplying this name record that recorded the opinion that it is an accepted name
(with, where possible, a link to that record in the source database);
other names (synonyms) considered to refer to that species;
the IPNI identifier (linking the name record to the International Plant Names Index, a bibliographic resource which
will provide full original publication details for this name);
an assessment of the Confidence that The Plant List attaches to the name being accepted. (This is an indication of the
confidence that the Status of the name is correct).
Synonym
A Synonym is an alternative name which has been used to refer to a species (or to a subspecies, variety or forma) but
which The Plant List does not consider to be the currently Accepted name. The decision to assign the Status of Synonym
to a name record is based upon a taxonomic opinion recorded in the cited data source (selected using automated rulesbased approach; see How The Plant List was Created).
Synonymy can be derived directly from the source data (showing identical data as the source data) or can be derived
indirectly using the automated decision rules (e.g. if source 1 says that A is a synonym of B and source 2 says that B is a
synonym of C, then The Plant List will show A to be a synonym of C).
For each name with Status of Synonym The Plant List aims to provide:
the name;
the author(s) credited with publishing that name;
the place and date of original publication of the name where this was supplied;
a link to its Accepted name;
a reference to the source database supplying this name record and expressing the opinion that it is a Synonym (with,
where possible, a link to that record in the source database);
3
the IPNI identifier (linking the name record to the International Plant Names Index, a bibliographic resource which
will provide full original publication details for this name);
an assessment of the Confidence that The Plant List attaches to the Status of the name being Synonym.
Unresolved Name
Unresolved names are those to which it is not yet possible to assign a Status of either ‘Accepted’ or ‘Synonym’. For an
explanation of how names were assigned a status please refer to How The Plant List was Created. Unresolved names fall
into two sub-classes:
Unassessed names
for which there is no evidence within any of the contributing data sources that the status of this name had been evaluated
by the data owners. None had recorded that it was either ‘accepted’ or a ‘synonym’. None had recorded that they had
attempted such an evaluation. Since, by definition, a name is accepted by the publishing author at the time of publication,
it could be argued that all names are putatively Accepted until such time as they are demonstrated to be Synonyms.
Unplaced names
for which the data source supplying that record indicated positively that the data owners had sought to resolve its status
and not been able to come to a conclusion so as to place it either in synonymy or as the accepted name of a new species.
This is often the case if the name has insufficient description and no herbarium specimens are known or where one or
more nomenclatural acts are required to provide the accepted name for which the unplaced name would be a synonym.
Among Unresolved names, Unassessed names are much more numerous than Unplaced names.
It is also important to note that in a small number of cases the status ‘Unresolved’ was assigned to a name record during
creation of The Plant List despite a taxonomic opinion having been recorded in the contributing data source. This occurs
where to have followed this opinion would have conflicted with opinions recorded elsewhere in other data sources. To
follow both would have resulted in inconsistencies within the working list of plants. In such cases:
the status of the record on this website is indicated with an ‘*’ to indicate that it derives from the procedures used to
build The Plant List and
the original status of the name (as recorded in the source database) is indicated on the details page for that name.
For each name with Status of ‘Unresolved’ The Plant List aims to provide:
the name;
the author(s) credited with publishing that name
the place and date of original publication of the name where this was supplied;
a reference crediting the source database providing the name; (with, where possible, a link to that record in the source
database)
the IPNI identifier (linking the name record to the International Plant Names Index which will provide full original
publication details for this name);
Unresolved names are generally flagged as ‘Low Confidence’ entries.
Misapplied Names
Some data sets which contributed to The Plant List record not only how plant names should be used but also where in the
published literature a given name may previously have been used inappropriately (to refer erroneously to another
species). Recording such misapplication of names helps users to avoid pitfalls when interpreting the literature. The
decision that a record represents the misuse of a name is derived from the cited data source (see How The Plant List was
Created.)
For each reported misapplication of a plant name we aim to provide:
the name;
4
the author(s) that published that name and wherever possible an indication of where or by whom this was misused (e.g.
‘sensu Smith’ may appear after the publishing author);
a link to the Accepted name of the species to which this name has been previously and erroneously applied;
a reference crediting the source database recording this misuse of the name; (with a link to that record in the source
database and hence the publication details of where this name was misapplied);
an assessment of the Confidence that The Plant List attaches to this name having being erroneously applied to the
other species.
Annotation of names
Sources which contributed name records to The Plant List record included, on relatively few occasions, additional
information about individual names beyond their status as Accepted or Synonym. Where possible this information is
retained within The Plant List and made visible to users as annotations attached to the relevant name record.
Invalid and Illegitimate Names
Some of the names in The Plant List were recorded by the contributing data sets to be either invalidly or illegitimately
published according to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
Spelling variants (or Orthographic variants)
Some data sources include names which are recorded as ‘Orthographic variants’ (or spelling variants) of another name.
These misspelt names may not have been validly published and yet are nevertheless used in the literature and therefore
included in The Plant List to guide those that find them.
The binomials that are in red are the names of the lianas that have been updated from the published literature
given at the end of this report. This updated list (Page 34) has been further compared with the list available
with The Plant List and the accepted names have been given on pages 9 – 33.
5
6
Preface
The Western Ghats of India is one of the most important Biodiversity Hotspots on this planet and is home to
a wide variety of flora and fauna. The Western Ghats is home to 126 species of lianas belonging to 41
families. These lianas play a very vital role in providing food resources to a wide array of faunal resources
during certain times of the year.
This comprehensive list on the lianas provides detailed information on nomenclature and author citation.
This information is corroborated with the most authoritative web portal called the The Plants List
(http://www.theplantlist.org/). This website is part of a global network of around 10 organizations that are
doing pioneering work in the field of plant taxonomy. As Plant Taxonomy as a field of scientific discipline
is dynamic, the liana list keeps changing every now and then.
This list is updated on a regular basic and is available from the web portal ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net/ and from the website of The Rainforest Initiative
(http://www.rainforest-initiative.org/ downloads/pdfs/wghats_lianas_version_2.pdf)
Some more information on the lianas of the Western Ghats can be found at India Biodiversity Portal
http://indiabiodiversity.org/
Krishnamani Ramanathan
The Rainforest Initiative
2015
7
8
1
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Acacia intsia (L.) Willd.
Leguminosae
SYNONYMS
Mimosa caesia "L., p.p.A"
Mimosa intsia L.
2
Leguminosae
Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill
SYNONYMS
Aganope floribunda Miq.
Aganope macrophylla Miq.
Aganope subavenis Miq.
Aganope thyrsiflora var. eualata (Bedd.) Thoth. & D.N.Das
Aganope thyrsiflora var. wallichii (Prain) Thoth. & D.N.Das
Deguelia eualata (Bedd.) Taub.
Deguelia thyrsiflora (Benth.) Taub.
Derris eualata Bedd.
Derris latifolia Prain
Derris platyptera Baker
Derris pyrrothyrsa Miq.
Derris thyrisoflora (Benth.) Benth. [Spelling variant]
Derris thyrsiflora (Benth.) Benth.
Derris thyrsiflora var. eualata (Bedd.) Thoth.
Derris thyrsiflora var. wallichii (Prain) Thoth.
Derris wallichii Prain
Millettia thyrsiflora Benth.
Pterocarpus thyrsiflorus (Benth.) Kuntze
3
Apocynaceae
Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.) G.Don
SYNONYMS
Aganosma conferta G.Don
Aganosma cymosa var. cymosa
Aganosma cymosa var. fulva Craib
Aganosma cymosa var. glabra A.DC.
Aganosma cymosa var. lanceolata Hook.f.
Aganosma doniana Wight
Aganosma harmandiana Pierre ex Spire
Echites confertus Wall. [Invalid]
Echites cymosus Roxb.
4
Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin subsp. hexapetalum (Lam.)
Wangerin
SYNONYMS
Alangium callosum Wangerin [Invalid]
Alangium frutescens Zoll. & Moritzi
Alangium glandulosum Thwaites
Alangium hexapetalum Lam.
Alangium lamarckii var. glandulosum (Thwaites) C.B.Clarke
9
Alangiaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Alangium salviifolium var. hexapetalum (Lam.) Gamble
Alangium salviifolium subsp. sundanum (Miq.) Bloemb.
Alangium sundanum Miq.
Alangium sundanum var. insularum Kurz
5
Allophylus concanicus Radlk.
Sapindaceae
6
Allophylus serratus (Hiern) Kurz
Sapindaceae
SYNONYM
Allophylus cobbe f. serratus Hiern
7
Vitaceae
Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch.
SYNONYMS
Ampelocissus erioclada (Wight & Arn.) Planch. [Illegitimate]
Vitis erioclada Wight & Arn.
Vitis glabrata Roth in Schult.
Vitis latifolia Roxb.
8
Menispermeaceae
Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn.
SYNONYMS
Anamirta baueriana Endl.
Anamirta jucunda Miers
Anamirta paniculata Colebr.
Anamirta populifolia (DC.) Miers
Anamirta racemosa Colebr. ex Steud.
Anamirta toxifera Miers
Cocculus indicus Royle
Cocculus lacunosus DC.
Cocculus populifolius DC.
Cocculus suberosus DC.
Menispermum cocculiferum Stokes
Menispermum cocculus L.
Menispermum heteroclitum Roxb.
Menispermum lacunosum Lam.
Menispermum monadelphum Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.
Menispermum populifolium Spreng.
Tinospora lacunosus Miers
9
Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex J.Graham
Ancistrocladaceae
10
Anodendron paniculatum A.DC.
Apocynaceae
SYNONYMS
Anodendron lanceolatum King & Gamble
Anodendron manubriatum Merr.
Anodendron moluccanum Miq.
Anodendron rhinosporum Thwaites
10
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Anodendron sutepense Kerr
Anodendron tenuiflorum (Miq.) Miq.
Echites manubriatus Wall. [Invalid]
Echites paniculatus Roxb. [Illegitimate]
Echites parviflorus Roxb.
Echites polyanthus Wall. [Invalid]
Echites trichotomus Desf.
Epigynum parviflorum (Roxb.) Hook.f.
Gymnema nepaulense J.Graham
Ichnocarpus paniculatus Moon [Invalid]
Strophanthus balansae Franch.
Tabernaemontana tenuiflora Miq.
11
Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook.f. & Thomson
Annonaceae
12
Baeolepis nervosa (Wight & Arn.) Decne. ex Moq.
Apocynaceae
13
Bauhinia scandens L.
Leguminosae
SYNONYMS
Bauhinia anguina Roxb.
Bauhinia anguina var. horsfieldii (Miq.) Prain
Bauhinia debilis Hassk.
Bauhinia japonica var. subrhombicarpa (Merr.) Hiroe
Bauhinia piperifolia Roxb.
Bauhinia scandens var. anguina (Roxb.) H. Ohashi
Bauhinia scandens var. scandens
Bauhinia subrhombicarpa Merr.
Lasiobema anguina (Roxb.) Miq.
Lasiobema anguinum (Roxb.) Miq. [Spelling variant]
Lasiobema scandens (L.) de Wit
Lasiobema scandens var. horsfieldii (Miq.) de Wit
Phanera bifoliata Miq.
Phanera debilis (Hassk.) Miq.
Phanera scandens (L.) Raf.
14
Leguminosae
Bauhinia phoenicea Wight & Arn.
SYNONYMS
Bauhinia benthamii Bedd.
Phanera phoenicea (Wight & Arn.) Benth.)
15
Beaumontia jerdoniana Wight
Apocynaceae
16
Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb.
Leguminosae
SYNONYMS
Mezoneuron cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.
Mezoneuron cucullatum var. grandis Baker
Mezoneuron cucullatum var. robustum Craib
11
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Mezoneuron macrophyllum Miq.
Mezoneurum cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. [Spelling variant]
Mezonevron cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.
17
Rubiaceae
Canthium angustifolium Roxb.
SYNONYMS
Canthium leschenaultii (DC.) Wight & Arn.
Canthium trachystyle Ridl.
Dondisia leschenaultii DC.
18
Rubiaceae
Canthium rheedei DC.
SYNONYMS
Canthium amarum Oken
Canthium rheedei var. minus Thwaites
Plectronia rheedei (DC.) Bedd.
19
Capparis moonii Wight
Capparaceae
20
Carissa spinarum L.
Apocynaceae
SYNONYMS
Antura edulis Forssk.
Antura hadiensis J.F.Gmel. [Illegitimate]
Arduina brownii K.Schum.
Arduina campenonii Drake
Arduina edulis (Forssk.) Spreng.
Arduina inermis (Vahl) K.Schum.
Arduina laxiflora (Benth.) K.Schum.
Arduina xylopicron (Thouars) Baill.
Azima pubescens Suess.
Cabucala brachyantha Pichon
Carandas edulis (Forssk.) Hiern
Carissa abyssinica R. Br.
Carissa axillaris Roxb.
Carissa brownii F.Muell. [Illegitimate]
Carissa brownii var. angustifolia Kempe
Carissa campenonii (Drake) Palacky
Carissa candolleana Jaub. & Spach
Carissa carandas Lodd.
Carissa carandas var. congesta (Wight) Bedd.
Carissa carandas var. paucinervia (A.DC.) Bedd.
Carissa cochinchinensis Pierre ex Pit.
Carissa comorensis (Pichon) Markgr.
Carissa congesta Wight
Carissa coriacea Wall. ex G.Don
Carissa coriacea Wall.
Carissa cornifolia Jaub. & Spach
Carissa dalzellii Bedd.
Carissa densiflora Baker
12
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Carissa densiflora var. microphylla Danguy ex Lecomte
Carissa diffusa Roxb.
Carissa dulcis Schumach. & Thonn.
Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl
Carissa edulis var. ambungana Pichon
Carissa edulis var. comorensis Pichon
Carissa edulis subsp. continentalis Pichon
Carissa edulis var. densiflora (Baker) Pichon
Carissa edulis var. edulis
Carissa edulis var. horrida (Pichon) Markgr.
Carissa edulis var. lucubea Pichon
Carissa edulis subsp. madagascariensis (Thouars) Pichon
Carissa edulis var. major Stapf
Carissa edulis var. microphylla (Danguy ex Lecomte) Pichon
Carissa edulis f. nummularis (Pichon) Markgr.
Carissa edulis var. nummularis Pichon
Carissa edulis f. pubescens (A.DC.) Pichon
Carissa edulis var. revoluta (Scott-Elliot) Markgr.
Carissa edulis var. sechellensis (Baker) Pichon
Carissa edulis var. septentrionalis Pichon
Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia Pichon
Carissa gangetica Stapf ex Gamble
Carissa hirsuta Roth
Carissa horrida Pichon
Carissa inermis Vahl
Carissa lanceolata Dalzell [Illegitimate]
Carissa lanceolata R.Br.
Carissa laotica Pit.
Carissa laotica var. ferruginea Kerr
Carissa laxiflora Benth.
Carissa macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don
Carissa macrophylla Wall.
Carissa madagascariensis Thouars
Carissa mitis Heynh. ex A.DC.
Carissa obovata Markgr.
Carissa oleoides Markgr.
Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines
Carissa ovata R.Br.
Carissa ovata var. pubescens F.M.Bailey
Carissa ovata var. stolonifera F.M.Bailey
Carissa papuana Markgr.
Carissa paucinervia A.DC.
Carissa pilosa Schinz [Illegitimate]
Carissa pubescens A.DC.
Carissa revoluta Scott-Elliot
Carissa richardiana Jaub. & Spach
Carissa scabra R.Br.
Carissa sechellensis Baker
Carissa septentrionalis (Pichon) Markgr.
Carissa spinarum Lodd. ex A.DC. [Illegitimate]
Carissa stolonifera (F.M.Bailey) F.M.Bailey ex Perrot & Vogt [Invalid]
Carissa suavissima Bedd. ex Hook.f.
Carissa tomentosa A.Rich. [Illegitimate]
Carissa velutina Domin
13
Family
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Carissa villosa Roxb.
Carissa xylopicron Thouars
Carissa yunnanensis Tsiang & P.T.Li
Damnacanthus esquirolii H.Lév.
Jasminonerium densiflorum (Baker) Kuntze
Jasminonerium dulce (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze
Jasminonerium edule (Forssk.) Kuntze
Jasminonerium inerme (Vahl) Kuntze
Jasminonerium laxiflorum (Benth.) Kuntze
Jasminonerium madagascariense (Thouars) Kuntze
Jasminonerium ovatum (R.Br.) Kuntze
Jasminonerium pubescens (A.DC.) Kuntze
Jasminonerium sechellense (Baker) Kuntze
Jasminonerium suavissimum (Bedd. ex Hook.f.) Kuntze
Jasminonerium tomentosum (A.Rich.) Kuntze [Illegitimate]
Jasminonerium xylopicron (Thouars) Kuntze
21
Vitaceae
Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Gagnep.
SYNONYMS
Cayratia pedata var. glabra Gamble
Cissus heptaphylla Retz.
Cissus pedata Lam.
Cissus serratifolia Rottler ex Wight
Lagenula pedata Lour.
Vitis pedata (Lam.) Wallich ex Wight
22
Celastraceae
Celastrus paniculatus Willd.
SYNONYMS
Catha paniculata Scheidw.
Ceanothus paniculatus Roth
Celastrus alnifolius D.Don
Celastrus euphlebiphyllus (Hayata) Makino & Nemoto
Celastrus euphlebiphyllus (Hayata) Kaneh.
Celastrus metzianus Turcz.
Celastrus nutans Roxb.
Celastrus pubescens Wall. [Invalid]
Celastrus rothianus Schult.
Diosma serrata Blanco
Euonymus euphlebiphyllus Hayata
Scutia paniculata G.Don
23
Apocynaceae
Chilocarpus denudatus Blume
SYNONYMS
Alstonia micrantha Ridl.
Chilocarpus alyxifolius Pierre
Chilocarpus amboinensis Markgr.
Chilocarpus atroviridis (G.Don) Blume1
1
Chilocarpus atrovirens (G.Don) Bl. is a CORRUPTED NAME of (Chilocarpus atroviridis (G.Don) Blume) and hence not valid
14
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Chilocarpus denudatus var. nicobaricus M.Gangop. & Chakrab.
Chilocarpus embelioides King & Gamble
Chilocarpus leytensis Elmer
Chilocarpus malabaricus Bedd.
Chilocarpus minutiflorus King & Gamble
Chilocarpus sunainaianus Yogan.
Hunteria atrovirens G.Don
Winchia atroviridis (Blume) Kurz
24
Apocynaceae
Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston
SYNONYMS
Beluttakaka grandieriana Pierre [Invalid]
Beluttakaka griffithii (Hook.f.) Kuntze
Beluttakaka macrophylla (G.Don) Kuntze
Cercocoma macrantha Teijsm. & Binn. [Invalid]
Chonemorpha blancoi Merr. [Illegitimate]
Chonemorpha elliptica Merr. & Rolfe
Chonemorpha grandieriana Pierre ex Spire
Chonemorpha grandiflora G.Don
Chonemorpha griffithii Hook.f.
Chonemorpha macrantha Pit.
Chonemorpha macrophylla G.Don
Chonemorpha macrophylla var. grandis A.DC.
Chonemorpha penangensis Ridl.
Chonemorpha rheedei Ridl. [Illegitimate]
Chonemorpha valvata Chatterjee
Chonemorpha yersinii Vernet
Echites fragrans Moon
Echites grandiflorus Roth [Illegitimate]
Echites grandis Wall. [Invalid]
Echites latifolius Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid]
Echites macranthus Spreng. [Illegitimate]
Echites macrophyllus Roxb. [Illegitimate]
Epichysianthus macrophyllus (G.Don) Voigt
Rhynchodia macrantha Pharm. ex Wehmer
Tabernaemontana elliptica Blanco [Illegitimate]
25
Cissampelopsis walkeri (Arn.) C.Jeffrey & Y.L.Chen
Compositae
26
Combretum latifolium Blume
Combretaceae
SYNONYMS
Combretum cyclophyllum Steud.
Combretum extensum Roxb. ex G.Don.
Combretum formosum Griff.
Combretum leucanthum Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
Combretum macrophyllum Roxb.
Combretum macrostachyum Wall. [Invalid]
Combretum micropetalum Llanos [Illegitimate]
Combretum platyphyllum Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
Combretum rotundifolium Roxb. [Illegitimate]
15
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Combretum wightianum Wall. [Invalid]
Combretum wightianum Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
Embryogonia latifolia (Blume) Blume
27
Connarus sclerocarpus (Wight & Arn.) Schellenb.
Connaraceae
28
Connarus wightii Hook.f.
Connaraceae
SYNONYMS
Connarus ritchiei Hook.f.
Rourea sclerocarpa Wight & Arn. ex Hook.f.
29
Menispermaceae
Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr.
SYNONYMS
Coscinium maingayi Pierre
Coscinium miosepalum Diels
Coscinium peltatum Merr.
Coscinium usitatum Pierre
Coscinium wallichianum Miers
Coscinium wightianum Miers ex Diels
Menispermum fenestratum Gaertn.
30
Cosmostigma cordatum (Poir.) M.R.Almeida
Asclepiadaceae
SYNONYMS
Asclepias racemosa Roxb. [Illegitimate]
Cosmostigma acuminatum Wight
Cosmostigma racemosum Wight
Cosmostigma racemosum var. glandulosum Costantin
Tylophora punctata Kostel.
31
Euphorbiaceae
Croton caudatus Geiseler
SYNONYMS
Croton aromaticus Gaertn. [Illegitimate]
Croton caudatus var. denticulatus Müll.Arg.
Croton caudatus var. harmandii Gagnep.
Croton caudatus var. klotzschianus Müll.Arg.
Croton caudatus var. malaccanus Hook.f.
Croton caudatus var. oblongifolius Müll.Arg.
Croton caudatus var. obovoideus N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab.
Croton denticulatus Blume [Illegitimate]
Croton drupaceus Roxb.
Croton malvifolius Griff. [Illegitimate]
Croton racemosus Burm.f.
Oxydectes caudata (Geiseler) Kuntze
Oxydectes denticulata Kuntze
32
Leguminosae
Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb.
16
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
SYNONYMS
Amerimnon horridum Dennst.
Amerimnon sympatheticum (Nimmo) Kuntze
Dalbergia horrida var. horrida
Dalbergia multiflora B.Heyne
Dalbergia multiflora Prain
Dalbergia sympathetica Nimmo
33
Decaloba leschenaultii (DC.) M.Roem. is an unresolved name
Passifloraceae
SYNONYM
Passiflora leschenaultii DC.
34
Leguminosae
Derris benthamii (Thwaites) Thwaites
SYNONYMS
Brachypterum benthamii Thwaites
Deguelia paniculata (Benth.) Taub.
Derris benthamii var. benthamii
Derris paniculata Benth.
35
Leguminosae
Derris brevipes (Benth.) Baker
SYNONYMS
Derris brevipes var. brevipes
Derris heyneana var. brevipes Benth.
36
Leguminosae
Derris canarensis (Dalzell) Baker
SYNONYMS
Brachypterum canarense (Dalzell) Dalzell
Deguelia canarensis (Baker) Taub.
Deguelia oblonga (Benth.) Taub.
Derris ovalifolia (Wight & Arn.) "Benth., p.p."
Pongamia canarensis Dalzell
37
Leguminosae
Derris heyneana (Wight & Arn.) Benth.
SYNONYMS
Derris bakeri Thoth.
Derris heyneana var. paniculata Baker
Pongamia heyneana Wight & Arn.
38
Leguminosae
Derris trifoliata Lour.
SYNONYMS
Dalbergia heterophylla Willd.
Deguelia trifoliata (Lour.) Taub.
Deguelia uliginosa (Willd.) Baill.
17
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Deguelia uliginosa var. loureiri Benth.
Derris affinis Benth.
Derris floribunda Prain
Derris forsteniana Miq.
Derris heterophylla (Willd.) K.Heyne
Derris heteropylla (Willd.) Backer
Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth.
Galedupa uliginosa (Willd.) Roxb.
Pongamia madagascariensis Baker
Pongamia madagascariensis Bojer ex Oliver
Pongamia uliginosa (Willd.) DC.
Pterocarpus frutescens Blanco
Pterocarpus uliginosus Roxb.
Robinia uliginosa Willd.
39
Annonaceae
Desmos viridiflorus Saff.
SYNONYMS
Unona viridiflora Bedd. [Illegitimate]
40
Menispermaceae
Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) Diels
SYNONYMS
Cebatha macrocarpa (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze
Cocculus glaucescens Blume
Cocculus macrocarpus Wight & Arn.
Diploclisia inclyta Miers
Diploclisia lepida Miers
Diploclisia macrocarpa (Wight & Arn.) Miers
Diploclisia pictinervis Miers
Menispermum glaucescens Spreng.
Sicyos peltatus Noronha
41
Elaeagnaceae
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb
SYNONYMS
Elaeagnus acuminata Link
Elaeagnus arborea Roxb.
Elaeagnus arborea var. dendroidea Schltdl.
Elaeagnus arborea var. maculata Servett.
Elaeagnus breyniastrum Fisch. ex Schltdl.
Elaeagnus conferta subsp. balansae Servett.
Elaeagnus conferta var. balansae (Servett.) Lecomte
Elaeagnus conferta var. calcuttensis Servett.
Elaeagnus conferta var. conferta
Elaeagnus conferta subsp. dendroidea (Schltdl.) Servett.
Elaeagnus conferta subsp. javanica (Blume) Servett.
Elaeagnus conferta var. maculata (Servett.) D.Basu
Elaeagnus conferta var. malaccensis Servett.
Elaeagnus conferta var. mekongensis Lecomte
Elaeagnus conferta var. menghaiensis W.K.Hu & H.F.Chow
Elaeagnus conferta subsp. mollis Servett.
18
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Elaeagnus conferta var. mollis (Servett.) Lecomte
Elaeagnus conferta var. septentrionalis Servett.
Elaeagnus conferta var. silhetensis Servett.
Elaeagnus dendroidea (Schltdl.) Schltdl.
Elaeagnus gaudichaudiana Schltdl.
Elaeagnus grandifolia Bojer ex Schltdl.
Elaeagnus gussoni Gasp.
Elaeagnus javanica Blume
Elaeagnus kologa Schltdl.
Elaeagnus nepalensis Salm-Dyck
Elaeagnus spadicea Savi
Elaeagnus wallichiana Schltdl.
42
Embelia basaal (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC. is an unresolved name
Primulaceae
43
Embelia ribes Burm.f.
Primulaceae
SYNONYMS
Antidesma grossularia Raeusch.
Antidesma ribes (Burm.f.) Raeusch.
Ardisia tenuiflora Blume
Calispermum scandens Lam.
Embelia burmanni Retz.
Embelia dentata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid]
Embelia garciniifolia Wall. ex Ridl.
Embelia glandulifera Wight
Embelia indica J.F.Gmel.
Embelia paniculata Moon
Embelia ribes var. ribes
Embelia ribes subsp. ribes
Embelia sumatrana Miq.
Ribesiodes ribes (Burm. f.) Kuntze
Samara ribes (Burm. f.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kurz
44
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC.
SYNONYMS
Ardisia basaal Roem. & Schult.
Ardisia tsjeriam-cottam Roem. & Schult
Dauceria acuta Dennst.
Dauceria obtusa Dennst.
Embelia ferruginea Wall. ex A.DC.
Embelia robusta Roxb.
Embelia robusta var. ferruginea (Wall. ex A.DC.) C.B.Clarke
Embelia sootepensis var. thorelii Pit.
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam var. ferruginea (Wall. ex A.DC.) Harid. & R.R.Rao
Embelia tsjeriamcottam var. ferruginea (A. DC.) Larsen & C.M. Hu
Embelia villosa Wall.
Embelia villosa A.DC. [Illegitimate]
Pattara acuta Raf.
Pattara basal Raf.
Ribesiodes robustum (Roxb.) Kuntze
19
Primulaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Samara picta Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.
Samara robusta Benth. & Hook.f. ex Kurz
45
Leguminosae
Entada rheedii Spreng.
SYNONYMS
Acacia scandens auct. non Willd.
Adenanthera gogo Blanco
Entada gigalobium "sensu auct., p.p."
Entada gigas G.C.C.Gilbert & Boutique
Entada gogo (Blanco) I.M.Johnst.
Entada monostachya DC.
Entada phaseoloides sensu auct.
Entada pursaetha DC.
Entada pusaetha DC. [Spelling variant]
Entada rheedei Spreng. [Spelling variant]
Entada rheedii subsp. rheedii
Entada scandens sensu auct.
Entada scheffleri Ridl.
Mimosa entada L.
46
Araceae
Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.
SYNONYMS
Epipremnum angustilobum K.Krause
Epipremnum elegans Engl.
Epipremnum elegans f. ternatensis Alderw.
Epipremnum formosanum Hayata
Epipremnum glaucicephalum Elmer [Invalid]
Epipremnum merrillii Engl. & K.Krause
Epipremnum mirabile Schott
Epipremnum mirabile f. eperforatum Engl.
Epipremnum mirabile f. multisectum Engl.
Epipremnum pinnatum f. multisectum (Engl.) Engl.
Epipremnum robinsonii K.Krause
Monstera caudata (Roxb.) Schott
Monstera dilacerata (K.Koch & Sello) K.Koch
Monstera pinnata (L.) Schott
Philodendron dilaceratum Engl.
Philodendron nechodomae Britton
Polypodium laciniatum Burm.f.
Pothos caudatus Roxb.
Pothos decursivus Wall. [Illegitimate]
Pothos pinnatifidus Roxb.
Pothos pinnatus L.
Rhaphidophora caudata (Roxb.) Schott
Rhaphidophora cunninghamii Schott
Rhaphidophora dilacerata (K.Koch & Sello) K.Koch
Rhaphidophora formosana (Hayata) M.Hotta [Illegitimate]
Rhaphidophora laciniata (Burm.f.) Merr.
Rhaphidophora lovellae F.M.Bailey
Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl.
20
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Rhaphidophora neocaledonica Guillaumin
Rhaphidophora pertusa var. vitiensis (Schott) Engl.
Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.) Schott
Rhaphidophora pinnatifida (Roxb.) Schott
Rhaphidophora vitiensis Schott
Rhaphidophora wallichii Schott
Scindapsus bipinnatifidus Teijsm. & Binn.
Scindapsus caudatus (Roxb.) Schott
Scindapsus decursivus Moritzi [Illegitimate]
Scindapsus dilaceratus K.Koch & Sello
Scindapsus forsteri Endl.
Scindapsus pinnatifidus (Roxb.) Schott
Scindapsus pinnatus (L.) Schott
Tornelia dilacerata (K.Koch & Sello) Schott
47
Erycibe paniculata Roxb. is an unresolved name
Convolvulaceae
48
Erythropalum scandens Blume
Olacaceae
SYNONYMS
Dactylium vagum Griff.
Decastrophia inconspicua Griff.
Erythropalum grandifolium Elmer
Erythropalum populifolium Mast.
Erythropalum vagum (Griff.) Mast.
Mackaya populifolia Arn.
Modeccopsis vaga Griff.
Passiflora heyneana Wall.
49
Loganiaceae
Gardneria ovata Wall.
SYNONYMS
Gardneria wallichii Wight ex Wall.
50
Combretaceae
Getonia floribunda Roxb.
SYNONYMS
Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Lam. ex Poir.
Calycopteris nutans (Roxb.) Kurz
Calycopteris nutans var. glabriuscula Kurz
Calycopteris nutans var. roxburghii Kurz
Combretum sericeum (Walp.) Wall. ex C.B. Clarke
Getonia nitida Roth
Getonia nutans Roxb.
Poivrea sericea Walp.
51
Gnetaceae
Gnetum ula Brongn.
SYNONYMS
Gnetum pyrifolium Miq. ex Parl. [Invalid]
21
52
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Grewia carpinifolia Juss.
Malvaceae
SYNONYMS
Grewia biflora G.Don
Grewia rautanenii Schinz
Grewia rhamnifolia Roth [Illegitimate]
Vinticena carpinifolia (Juss.) Burret
53
Grewia umbellifera Bedd.
Malvaceae
54
Hippocratea bourdillenii Gamble is an unresolved name
Hippocrateaceae
55
Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz
Malpighiaceae
SYNONYMS
Banisteria benghalensis L.
Gaertnera obtusifolia Roxb.
Hiptage benghalensis var. benghalensis
Hiptage javanica Blume
56
Hugonia ferruginea Wight & Arn. is an unresolved name
Linaceae
57
Jasminum azoricum L.
Oleaceae
SYNONYMS
Jasminum azoricum mult. auct., non L.
Jasminum suaveolens Salisb. [Illegitimate]
Jasminum trifoliatum Moench [Illegitimate]
58
Oleaceae
Jasminum brevilobum DC.
SYNONYMS
Jasminum brevilobum var. mollissimum Wall. ex DC.
Jasminum mollissimum Wall. ex DC. [Invalid]
Jasminum nilagiricum Hohen. ex C.B.Clarke [Invalid]
59
Oleaceae
Jasminum coarctatum Roxb.
SYNONYMS
Jasminum bracteatum Wall. [Invalid]
Jasminum coarctatum var. coarctatum
Jasminum exsertum Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid]
Jasminum hirsutum Wall. [Invalid]
Jasminum latifolium Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid]
Jasminum reticulatum Wall. & G.Don
Jasminum rigidum Thwaites
Jasminum rottlerianum Wall. ex DC.
Jasminum rottlerianum var. glabrior C.B.Clarke
Jasminum rottlerianum var. thwaitesii C.B.Clarke
22
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
60
Jasminum malabaricum Wight
Oleaceae
61
Jasminum scandens (Retz.) Vahl
Oleaceae
SYNONYMS
Jasminum laetum Wall. ex G.Don
Jasminum sambac var. scandens (Retz.) Kuntze
Jasminum scandens var. laetum (Wall. ex G.Don) Kurz
Mogorium scandens (Retz.) Lam.
Nyctanthes scandens Retz.
62
Kunstleria keralensis C.N.Mohanan & N.C.Nair
Leguminosae
63
Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.
Apocynaceae
64
Loeseneriella arnottiana (Wight) A.C. Sm.
Celastraceae
SYNONYM
Hippocratea arnottiana Wight
65
Loeseneriella bourdillonii (Gamble) Ramamoorthy is an unresolved name
Celastraceae
66
Lonicera ligustrina Wall.
Caprifoliaceae
SYNONYMS
Lonicera buxifolia H. Lév.
Lonicera ligustrina var. ligustrina
Lonicera ligustrina subsp. ligustrina
Lonicera missionis H. Lév.
Lonicera virgultorum W.W. Sm.
Lonicera wightianum Wall.
Xylosteon ligustrinum (Wall.) D. Don
67
Luvunga sarmentosa Kurz is an unresolved name
Rutaceae
68
Millettia rubiginosa Wight & Arn.
Leguminosae
69
Millettia splendens Wight & Arn.
Leguminosae
70
Moullava spicata (Dalzell) Nicolson
Leguminosae
SYNONYMS
Caesalpinia spicata Dalzell
Wagatea spicata (Dalzell) Wight
71
Rubiaceae
Mussaenda frondosa L.
23
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
SYNONYMS
Gardenia frondosa (L.) Lam.
Mussaenda belilla Buch.-Ham.
Mussaenda dovinia Buch.-Ham.
Mussaenda flavescens Buch.-Ham.
Mussaenda formosa L. [Illegitimate]
Mussaenda fruticosa L.
Mussaenda ingrata Wall. ex Hook.f.
Mussaenda macrophylla Kurz [Illegitimate]
Mussaenda sumatrensis B.Heyne ex Roth
Mussaenda tomentosa Wight ex Hook.f. [Invalid]
Mussaenda villosa Schltdl. ex Hook.f. [Illegitimate]
72
Oleaceae
Myxopyrum smilacifolium (Wall.) Blume
SYNONYMS
Chionanthus smilacifolius Wall.
Chondrospermum laurifolium Voigt
Chondrospermum smilacifolium (Wall.) Wall.
Ligustrum laurifolium Roxb. [Invalid]
Myxopyrum ellipticilimbum H.T.Chang
Myxopyrum serratulum A.W.Hill
Myxopyrum smilacifolium var. ilicifolium Kurz
Myxopyrum smilacifolium subsp. smilacifolium
73
Olax scandens Roxb. is an unresolved name
Olacaceae
SYNONYMS
Fissilia psittacorum Lam.
Roxburghia baccata K.D.Koenig ex Roxb.
74
Opiliaceae
Opilia amentacea Roxb.
SYNONYMS
Opilia amentacea var. tomentella Oliv.
Opilia angiensis De Wild.
Opilia celtidifolia (Guill. & Perr.) Endl. ex Walp.
Opilia celtidifolia var. sphaerocarpa Chiov.
Opilia celtidifolia var. tomentella (Oliv.) G.Ll.Lucas
Opilia fragrans Elmer
Opilia javanica Miq.
Opilia pentitdis Blume
Opilia ruwenzoriensis De Wild.
Opilia senegalensis Baill. [Illegitimate]
Opilia thorelii Gagnep.
Opilia tomentella (Oliv.) Engl.
Pentitdis scandens Zipp. ex Blume [Invalid]
Tetanosia olacioides (Wight & Arn.) M.Roem.
75
Rubiaceae
Oxyceros rugulosus (Thwaites) Tirveng.
24
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
SYNONYMS
Aidia rugulosa (Thwaites) Swamin.
Griffithia rugulosa Thwaites
Randia rugulosa (Thwaites) Hook.f.
Randia rugulosa (Thwaites) Bedd.
76
Paramignya armata Oliv. is an unresolved name
Rutaceae
SYNONYM
Arthromischus armatus Thwaites
77
Paramignya monophylla Wight is an unresolved name
Rutaceae
SYNONYMS
Atalantia correae Guillaumin
Atalantia scandens (Griff.) Engl.
Micromelum monophyllum Wight
78
Apocynaceae
Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb.
SYNONYMS
Aganosma concanensis Hook.
Aganosma laevigata (Moon) J.Graham
Apocynum reticulatum L.
Apocynum reticulatum Lour.
Apocynum vincifolium Burm.f.
Chaetosus volubilis Benth.
Cudicia trichotoma Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn
Echites laevigatus Moon
Echites spiralis Blanco
Helicandra sinensis Hook. & Arn.
Heligme javanica (Blume) Blume
Heligme korthalsiana Miq.
Heligme minahassae Teijsm. & Binn.
Heligme rheedei Wight [Illegitimate]
Heligme spiralis (Wall. ex G.Don) Thwaites
Helyga javanica Blume
Lyonsia sumatrana Ridl.
Lyonsia viridiflora F.M.Bailey
Parsonsia acuminata Wall. [Invalid]
Parsonsia aterinervia Elmer [Invalid]
Parsonsia confusa Merr.
Parsonsia cumingiana A.DC.
Parsonsia helicandra Hook. & Arn.
Parsonsia howii Tsiang
Parsonsia javanica (Blume) K.Schum. [Illegitimate]
Parsonsia korthalsiana (Miq.) Boerl.
Parsonsia kunstleri King & Gamble
Parsonsia laevigata (Moon) Alston
Parsonsia longipedunculata Merr.
Parsonsia magnifolia Elmer
Parsonsia minahassae (Teijsm. & Binn.) Koord.
Parsonsia momiensis Kaneh. & Hatus.
25
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Parsonsia oblancifolia Merr.
Parsonsia oblonga Wall. ex G.Don
Parsonsia oblongifolia Merr.
Parsonsia panniculata Pichon
Parsonsia pauciflora Wall. [Invalid]
Parsonsia reticulata (L.) Woodson
Parsonsia rheedei Fern.-Vill. [Illegitimate]
Parsonsia spiralis Wall. ex G.Don
Parsonsia spiralis Vidal [Illegitimate]
Periploca alboflavescens Dennst.
Spirostemon spiralis Griff.
79
Polygonaceae
Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross
SYNONYM
Polygonum chinense L.
80
Piper argyrophyllum Miq. is an unresolved name
Piperaceae
81
Piper hymenophyllum (Miq.) Wight is an unresolved name
Piperaceae
SYNONYM
Artanthe hymenophylla Miq.
82
Piperaceae
Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
SYNONYM
Piper guigual Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
83
Piperaceae
Piper nigrum L.
SYNONYM
Muldera multinervis Miq.
84
Piper schmidtii Hook.f. is an unresolved name
Piperaceae
85
Piper trichostachyon (Miq.) C. DC.
Piperaceae
SYNONYM
Muldera trichostachya Miq.
86
Araceae
Pothos scandens L.
SYNONYMS
Batis hermaphrodita Blanco
Podospadix angustifolia Raf.
Pothos angustifolius Reinw. ex Miq. [Illegitimate]
Pothos angustifolius (Raf.) C.Presl
Pothos chapelieri Schott
26
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Pothos cognatus Schott
Pothos decipiens Schott
Pothos exiguiflorus Schott
Pothos fallax Schott
Pothos hermaphroditus (Blanco) Merr.
Pothos horsfieldii Miq.
Pothos leptospadix de Vriese
Pothos longifolius C.Presl
Pothos microphyllus C.Presl
Pothos scandens f. angustior Engl.
Pothos scandens var. cognatus (Schott) Engl.
Pothos scandens var. helferianus Engl.
Pothos scandens var. sumatranus de Vriese
Pothos scandens var. zeylanicus de Vriese
Pothos scandens var. zollingerianus (Schott) Engl.
Pothos zollingeri Engl. [Spelling variant]
Pothos zollingeri Schott
Pothos zollingerianus Schott
Tapanava indica Raf.
Tapanava rheedei Hassk.
87
Lamiaceae
Premna coriacea C.B.Clarke
SYNONYMS
Gumira coriacea (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze
Premna cordifolia Wight [Illegitimate]
Premna coriacea var. coriacea
88
Rubiaceae
Pseudaidia speciosa (Bedd.) Tirveng.
SYNONYMS
Aidia rugulosa var. speciosa (Bedd.) Swamin.
Griffithia speciosa Bedd.
Randia rugulosa var. speciosa Hook.f.
89
Combretaceae
Quisqualis malabarica Bedd.
SYNONYM
Quisqualis indica Blanco
90
Rhamnus wightii Wight & Arn. is an unresolved name
Rhamnaceae
SYNONYM
Ceanothus wightianus Wall. [Invalid]
91
Rosa leschenaultiana (Redout‚ & Thory) Wight & Arn.
SYNONYMS
Rosa sempervirens var. leschenaultiana Redout‚ & Thory
Rosa wallichii Sabine
27
Rosaceae
92
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Alston
Connaraceae
SYNONYMS
Aegiceras minus Gaertn.
Cnestis acuminata Wall. [Invalid]
Cnestis erecta Blanco
Cnestis florida Jack
Cnestis glabra Blanco
Cnestis monadelpha DC.
Connarus roxburghii Hook. & Arn.
Connarus santaloides Vahl
Rhizophora aegiceras C.F.Gaertn.
Rourea afselii R.Br. ex Planch.
Rourea bamangensis De Wild.
Rourea bipindensis Gilg ex G. Schellenb.
Rourea erecta Merr.
Rourea gudjuana Gilg
Rourea platysepala Baker
Rourea santaloides (Vahl) Wight & Arn.
Rourea splendida Gilg
Santaloides afzelii (R.Br. ex Planch.) G.Schellenb.
Santaloides erectum (Blanco) G. Schellenb.
Santaloides floridum (Jack) Kuntze
Santaloides gossweileri Exell & Mendonça
Santaloides gudjuanum (Gilg) G.Schellenb.
Santaloides minus (Gaertn.) G. Schellenb.
Santaloides platysepalum (Baker) G. Schellenb.
Santaloides roxburghii (Hook. & Arn.) Kuntze
Santaloides splendidum (Gilg) G.Schellenb.
Santaloides splendidum (Gilg) Schellenb. ex Engl.
Santaloides urophyllum G. Schellenb.
93
Rosaceae
Rubus ellipticus Sm.
SYNONYM
Rubus ellipticus var. ellipticus
94
Rubus micropetalus Gardner is an unresolved name
Rosaceae
95
Rubus niveus Thunb.
Rosaceae
SYNONYMS
Dyctisperma lasiocarpus (Sm.) Raf. ex B.D.Jacks.
Rubus albescens Roxb.
Rubus bonatii H.L‚v.
Rubus distans D.Don
Rubus donianus Spreng.
Rubus foliolosus D.Don
Rubus godongensis Y.Gu & W.L.Li
Rubus incanus Sasaki ex T.S.Liu & T.Y.Yang
28
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Rubus lasiocarpus Sm.
Rubus lasiocarpus var. micranthus (D.Don) Hook.f.
Rubus longistylus H.L‚v.
Rubus micranthus D.Don
Rubus mysorensis B.Heyne
Rubus niveus var. niveus
Rubus pinnatus D.Don
Rubus pyi H.L‚v.
Rubus tongtchouanensis H.L‚v.
96
Rubus racemosus Roxb. is an unresolved name
Rosaceae
97
Rubus rugosus Sm. is an unresolved name
Rosaceae
SYNONYM
Cumbata villosa Raf.
98
Salacia beddomei Gamble is an unresolved name
Celastraceae
99
Salacia chinensis L.
Celastraceae
SYNONYMS
Salacia prinoides (Willd.) DC.
Tontelea prinoides Willd.
100
Salacia fruticosa Wall. is an unresolved name
Celastraceae
101
Salacia malabarica Gamble is an accepted name
Celastraceae
102
Sarcostigma kleinii Wight & Arn.
Icacinaceae
SYNONYMS
Chailletia edulis Kurz
Sarcostigma edule Kurz
Sarcostigma horsfieldii R.Br.
Sarcostigma wallichii Baill.
103
Araliaceae
Schefflera stellata (Gaertn.) Baill.
SYNONYMS
Hedera terebinthinacea Vahl
Hedera vahlii Thwaites [Illegitimate]
Heptapleurum acutangulum Gaertn.
Heptapleurum stellatum Gaertn.
Paratropia terebinthinacea (Vahl) Arn.
104
Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arn.) Harms
29
Araliaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
SYNONYMS
Heptapleurum venulosum (Wight & Arn.) Seem.
Paratropia venulosa Wight & Arn.
Schefflera elliptica var. obliquinervia (Gamble) Karthik. & Moorthy
Schefflera venulosa var. obliquinervia Gamble
105
Schefflera wallichiana (Wight & Arn.) Harms
Araliaceae
SYNONYMS
Aralia wallichiana (Wight & Arn.) D.Dietr.
Heptapleurum wallichianum (Wight & Arn.) Seem.
Paratropia wallichiana Wight & Arn.
106
Rhamnaceae
Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz
SYNONYMS
Adolia capensis Kuntze
Adolia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kuntze
Blepetalon aculeatum Raf.
Catha zeylanica G.Don
Ceanothus capensis DC.
Ceanothus circumscissus Gaertn.
Ceanothus circumscissus var. pauciflorus DC.
Ceanothus zeyhanicus B.Heyne ex Roth
Celastrus zeylanicus Roth
Rhamnus circumscissa L. f.
Rhamnus myrtina Burm.f.
Scutia capensis f. obcordata (Boivin & Tul.) Radlk.
Scutia circumcissa (L. f.) W. Theob.
Scutia commersonii Brongn.
Scutia eberhardtii Tardieu
Scutia obcordata Boivin & Tul.
Ziziphus capensis Thunb. ex Poir.
107
Smilacaceae
Smilax perfoliata Lour.
SYNONYMS
Smilax annamensis Rendle
Smilax laurina Kunth
Smilax prolifera Roxb.
Smilax siamensis T.Koyama
108
Leguminosae
Spatholobus parviflorus (DC.) Kuntze
SYNONYMS
Butea parviflora DC.
Butea parviflora Roxb.
Butea sericophylla Wall.
Spatholobus roxburghii Benth.
Spatholobus roxburghii var. denudatus Baker
Spatholobus roxburghii var. platycarpus Baker
30
109
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Sphenodesme involucrata var. paniculata (C.B.Clarke) Munir
Lamiaceae
SYNONYM
Sphenodesme paniculata C.B.Clarke
110
Strychnos aenea A.W.Hill is an unresolved name
Loganiaceae
111
Strychnos colubrina L. is an unresolved name
Loganiaceae
112
Strychnos dalzellii C.B.Clarke is an unresolved name
Loganiaceae
113
Strychnos vanprukii Craib is an unresolved name
Loganiaceae
114
Strychnos wallichiana Steud. ex A. DC.
Loganiaceae
SYNONYMS
Strychnos bourdillonii Brandis
Strychnos cinnamomifolia Thwaites
Strychnos cinnamomifolia var. wightii A.W. Hill
Strychnos cirrhosa Stokes
Strychnos gauthierana Pierre ex Dop
Strychnos pierriana A.W. Hill
Strychnos rheedei C.B. Clarke
Strychnos tubiflora A.W. Hill
115
Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston
Vitaceae
SYNONYMS
Cissus leucostaphyla Dennst.
Vitis leucostaphylum (Dennst.) B.D. Jacks.
116
Vitaceae
Tetrastigma muricatum (Wall.) Gamble
SYNONYM
Vitis muricata Wall.
117
Tetrastigma sulcatum (P. Lawson) Gamble
Vitaceae
SYNONYM
Vitis sulcata P. Lawson
118
Thunbergia mysorensis (Wight) T.Anderson
SYNONYM
Hexacentris mysorensis Wight
31
Acanthaceae
119
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.
Rutaceae
SYNONYMS
Aralia labordei H.Lév.
Cranzia aculeata (Sm.) Oken
Cranzia asiatica (L.) Kuntze
Cranzia nitida Kuntze
Limonia oligandra Dalzell
Paullinia asiatica L.
Rubentia angustifolia Bojer ex Steud.
Scopolia aculeata Sm.
Scopolia angustifolia Spreng.
Toddalia aculeata (Sm.) Pers.
Toddalia angustifolia Lam.
Toddalia asiatica var. floribunda (Wall.) Kurz
Toddalia asiatica var. gracilis Gamble
Toddalia asiatica var. obtusifolia Gamble
Toddalia floribunda Wall.
Toddalia nitida Lam.
Toddalia rubricaulis Roem. & Schult.
Toddalia tonkinensis Guillaumin
Zanthoxylum floribundum Wall.
120
Apocynaceae
Tylophora ovata (Lindl.) Hook. ex Steud.
SYNONYMS
Diplolepis ovata Lindl.
Tylophora atrofolliculata F.P. Metcalf
Tylophora hispida Decne.
Tylophora hispida var. brownii Hayata
Tylophora jacquemontii Decne.
Tylophora lanyuensis Liu & Lu
Tylophora mollissima Wall. ex Wight
Tylophora ovata var. ovata
Tylophora panzhutenga Z.Y. Zhu
121
Uvaria narum (Dunal) Blume is an unresolved name
Annonaceae
122
Uvaria zeylanica L. is an unresolved name
Annonaceae
SYNONYMS
Guatteria malabarica Dunal
Guatteria montana DC.
Waria seylanica Aubl.
123
Ventilago bombaiensis Dalzell is an unresolved name
SYNONYM
Smythea bombaiensis (Dalzell) S.P.Banerjee & P.K.Mukh.
32
Rhamnaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
124
Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn.
Rhamnaceae
125
Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Tutcher
Rutaceae
SYNONYM
Zanthoxylum ovalifolium var. ovalifolium
126
Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill.2
Rhamnaceae
SYNONYM
Rhamnus oenopolia L.
The name of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. (mentioned here) is spelt without the “o” as Ziziphus oenoplia
(L.) Mill. in India Biodiversity Portal (http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/32385)
33
2
List of lianas present in the Western Ghats of India based on the publications cited in this report.
Species
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.) G. Don
Alangium salvifolium (L.f) Wang. var. hexapetalum Wang.
Allophylus concanicus Radlk.
Allophylus serratus (Roxb.) Kurz
Ampelocissus eriocladus (Wight & Arn.) Planch.
Anamirta cocculus Wt.&Arn
Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex Graham
Anodendron rhinosporum Thw.
Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook.f. & Thoms.
Baeolepsis nervosa
Bauhinia anguina Roxb.
Bauhinia phoenicea Heyne ex Wt. & Arn.
Beaumontia jerdoniana Wt.
Butea parviflora Roxb.
Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb.
Calamus gamblei Becc.
These 4 species of Calamus sp. have
not been taken into accont because
Calamus gamblei Becc.ex Becc. & Hook.f.
these are not strictly lianas, but rattan.
Calamus pseudo-tenuis Beccari ex Beccari & Hook.f.
Calamus thwaitesii var. canarana Becc. & J.D. Hook
Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Poir
Canthium angustifolium Roxb.
Canthium rheedii DC.
Capparis moonii Wight
Carissa inermis Vahl.
Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Juss. ex Gagnep.
Celastrus paniculatus Willd.
Chilocarpus atrovirens (G.Don) Bl.
Chilocarpus denudatus Bl.
Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston
Cissampelopsis walkeri (Arn.) C.Jeffrey & Y.L.Chen
Combretum latifolium Bl.
Connarus ritchiei J.Hk
Connarus sclerocarpus (Wight & Arn.) Schellenb.
Connarus sclerocarpus Schellenb.
Connarus wightii J,Hk.
Coscinium fenestratum Colebr.
Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.) Wight
Croton caudatus Geiseler
Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabber.
Decaloba leschenaultii (DC.)
34
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Derris benthamii (Thw.) Thw.
Derris benthamii (Thw.) Thw.var. benthamii
Derris brevipes (Benth.) Baker
Derris canarensis (Dalz) Baker;
Derris heyneana (Wight & Arn.) Benth.
Derris thyrsiflora Benth. var. eualata (Bedd) Thoth.
Derris trifoliata Lour.
Diploclisia glaucescens (B1)Diels.
Dregea volubilis
Ehretia canarensis (Clarke) Gamble
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb.
Embelia basaal A.DC.
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam
Entada pursaetha DC. (Fabaceae)
Erycibe paniculata Roxb.
Erythropalum populifolium (Arn.) Mast.
Gardneria ovata Wall.
Gnetum ula Brongn.
Grewia rhamnifolia Heyne ex Roth
Grewia umbellifera Bedd.
Hippocratea bourdillonii Gamble
Hiptage benghalensis Kurz
Hugonia ferruginea
Jasminum azoricum L.
Jasminum brevilobum DC.
Jasminum malabaricum Wt.
Jasminum rottlerianum Wall. ex A.DC.
Jasminum scandens Vahl
Kunstleria keralensis Mohanan & N. C. Nair
Leptadenia reticulata Wt. & Arn.
Loeseneriella arnottiana (Gamble) Ramam.
Loeseneriella bourdillonii (Wt)Smith;
Lonicera ligustrina Wall.
Luvunga sarmentosa (Blume) Kurz
Meiogyne lawii
Mezoneuron cucullatum (Roxb.) Wt. & Arn. is now Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb.
Millettia rubiginosa Wt& Arn.
Millettia splendens Wt&Arn.
Mimosa intsia L.
Moullava spicata (Dalz.) Nicolson
Mussaenda belilla Buch.-Ham.
Myxopyrum serratulum A.W. Hill
Myxopyrum smilacifolium B1
Olax scandens Roxb.
Opilia amentacea Roxb.
Paramignya armata (Thw.) Oliver
35
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
Paramignya monophylla Wight
Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabberley
Passiflora leschenaultii
Piper argyrophyllum
Piper hymenophyllum
Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham.ex D. Don
Piper nigrum L.
Piper schmidtii
Piper trichostachyon
Polygonum chinense L.
Pothos scandens L.
Premna coriacea Cl.
Pseudaidia rugulosa var. rugulosa
Pseudaidia speciosa (Bedd.) Tirveng.
Quisqualis malabarica Bedd.
Randia rugulosa (Thw.) J.Hk.
Raphidophora laciniata (N. Burm.) Merrill
Rhamnus wightii
Rhaphidophora laciniata (Burm.f.) Men.
Rosa leschenaultiana
Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Alston
Rourea santaloides Wight & Arn.
Rubus ellipticus Smith
Rubus micropetalus Gard.
Rubus niveus
Rubus racemosus
Rubus rugosus
Salacia beddomei Gamble
Salacia chinensis L.
Salacia fruticosa Lawson
Salacia malabarica Gamble
Sarcostigma kleinii Wt. & Arn.
Schefflera stellata Harms
Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arn.) Harms
Schefflera wallichiana Harms
Scutia myrtina Kurz.
Smilax perfoliata Lour.
Spatholobus roxburghii Benth.
Sphenodesme paniculata DC.
Strychnos aenea A. W.Hill;
Strychnos colubrina L.
Strychnos dalzellii C.B. Clarke
Strychnos vanprukii Craib
Strychnos wallichiana Steud ex DC.
Tetrastigma leucostaphylum
Tetrastigma muricatum Gamble
36
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Tetrastigma sulcatum (Lawson) Gamble
Thunbergia mysorensis T. And.
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.
Tylophora ovata
Unona viridiflora Bedd.
Uvaria narum (Dunal) Wt. & Arn.
Uvaria zeylanica L.
Ventilago bombaiensis Dalz.
Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn.
Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Wight
Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.
Acanthaceae
Alangiaceae
Ancistrocladaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Capparaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Compositae
Convolvulaceae
Elaeagnaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Gnetaceae
Hippocrateaceae
Icacinaceae
Linaceae
Malpighiaceae
Opiliaceae
Passifloraceae
Polygonaceae
Smilacaceae
Araceae
Lamiaceae
Malvaceae
Olacaceae
Sapindaceae
Araliaceae
Combretaceae
Connaraceae
Menispermaceae
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
37
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Primulaceae
Annonaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Vitaceae
Loganiaceae
Oleaceae
Piperaceae
Rosaceae
Celastraceae
Apocynaceae
Leguminosae
3
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
10
17
38
References
Davidar, P., Mohandass, D. and Vijayan, L. (2007). Floristic inventory of woody plants in a tropical montane
(shola) forest in the Palni hills of the Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology, 48: 15-25.
Krishnamani, R. (2002). Phyto-ecology of the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) habitats in southern India.
Ph.D thesis, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. (Available at: https://www.thesica.org/phdtheses/biology/7-phyto-ecology-of-the-lion-tailed-macaque-macaca-silenus-habitats-in-southern-india)
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2502.9603
Mhaskar, M., Joshi, S., Chavan, B., Joglekar. A., Barve, N. and Patwardhan, A. (2011). Status of Embelia
ribes Burm f. (Vidanga), an important medicinal species of commerce from northern Western Ghats of
India. Current Science, 100: 547-552.
Mohandass, D. and Davidar, P. (2014). Floristic composition and reproductive traits of lianas in shola forests
of the Nilgiri Mountains, Western Ghats, India. International Journal of Science and Nature, 5: 131-140.
Mohandass, D., Davidar, P., Somasundaram, S., Vijayan, L. and Beng, K. C. (2015). Influence of disturbance
regime on liana species composition, density and basal area in the tropical montane evergreen forests
(sholas) of the Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology, 56: 169-182.
Mohandass, D., Hughes, A. C., Campbell, M. and Davidar, P. (2014). Effects of patch size on liana diversity
and distributions in the tropical montane evergreen forests of the Nilgiri Mountains, southern India.
Journal of Tropical Ecology, 30: 579–590.
Muthuramkumar, S. and Parthasarathy, N. (2000). Alpha diversity of lianas in a tropical evergreen forest in
the Anamalais, Western Ghats, India. Diversity and Distributions, 6: 1–14.
Muthuramkumar, S. and Parthasarathy, N. (2001). Tree-liana relationships in a tropical evergreen forest at
Varagalaiar, Anamalais, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 17: 395–409.
Muthuramkumar, S., Ayyappan, N., Parthasarathy, N., Mudappa, D., Raman, T. R. S., Selwyn, M.A. and
Pragasan, L. A. (2006). Plant community structure in tropical rain forest fragments of the Western Ghats,
India. Biotropica, 38: 143–160.
Padaki, A. and Parthasarathy, N. (2000). Abundance and distribution of lianas in tropical lowland evergreen
forest of Agumbe, central Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology, 41: 143–154.
Parthasarathy, N., Muthuramkumar, S. and Reddy, M. S. (2001). Patterns of liana diversity in tropical
evergreen forests of peninsular India. Forest Ecology and Management, 190: 15–31.
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Krishnamani Ramanathan