International Journal of Ecosystem 2012, 2(6): 161-170
DOI: 10.5923/j.ije.20120206.03
Grassland Vegetation of Pitangui River Valley, Southern
Brazil
Rosemeri Segecin Moro 1,*, Melissa Koch Fernandes de Souza-Nogueira2 , Elisana Milan1 ,
Janaine Mioduski3, Tiaro Katu Pereira4 , Rodrigo Fernando Moro5
1
Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PPG em Gestão do Território, CEP 84030-900, Brazil
2
Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, Herbário HUPG , CEP 84030-900, Brazil
3
Universidade Federal Tecnológica do Paraná (UFTR), Curitiba, PPG em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, CEP 81280-340, Brazil
4
Sysflor, Florianópolis, Scientific Certified Systems, 88040-440, Brazil
5
Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, NUCLEAM , CEP 84030-900, Brazil
Abstract A systematic floristic survey was carried out on native g rasslands at Pitangui river valley areas, in the state of
Paraná, Southern Brazil. Monthly samp les collection covering an area of 9.4 ha over a two year period was conducted. A total
of 51 angiosperm, one conifer and 4 fern families fro m four mesic steppic areas were identified. There were 196 genera and
420 species present in the area surveyed. The family Asteraceae contributed the highest species richness with a total of 119
species, 28% of the total. Herbs were found to dominate the area contributing almost 80% of all the plant forms. There were
six non-native species, including African grasses and contaminating exotic pines observed and identified in the g rassland area.
Twelve native species, belonging to 11 families (contributing a total of 2.8% of all the flo ra identified) are listed as threatened.
The high species richness and the considerably high nu mber of threatened species in such a small area underlined the need for
more conservation efforts in these grasslands. It is therefore reco mmended that additional zoning and better management
effort be the primary concerns to conserve the area.
Keywords Floristic, Grasslands, Riparian Area
1. Introduction
Native subtropical grasslands at South Brazil plateaus are
located at high altitudes where low temperatures and high
annual rainfall usually predominate. Riparian areas in
Campos Gerais are co mbined by moderate to poorly drained
soils, covered by hydrophilous steppes or by pioneering
formations of fluvial influence, where Haplic Histosols,
Melanic Gleysols, or Fluvic Leptosols can be encountered.
In addition, hygrophilous to mesic steppes typically
encompassing herbs and shrubs species, where Litholic
Leptosols and Haplic Inceptisols are also available[1],[2].
The great ecological relevance of the Brazilian Atlantic
Rainforest biome, which includes grasslands, has given this
area the status as global biodivers ity hotspots[3],[4]. The
remain ing grasslan ds in the stat e o f Paran á have been
suffering severe anthropogenic pressure, especially due to
t he exp ans ion o f ag ricu ltu re and no n -n at ive fo rest ry
activit ies. Ho wever, despite the global impo rtance of this
grassland ecosystem, their floristic richness is hardly known.
* Corresponding author:
moro.uepg@gmail.com (Rosemeri Segecin Moro)
Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/ije
Copyright © 2012 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved
Therefore as one of the first steps of the Biodiversity of
grassland-forest ecotones in South Brazil Pro ject team was to
provide a species checklist of Pitangui river valley native
grasslands. Their adaptive lifeforms were prev iously
discussed by Mioduski & Moro[5].
2. Methods
We carried out this floristic study in the dip slope of 1st
cuesta of state of Paraná (Devonian Slope), inserted over
Furnas sandstone, with med iu m alt itude of 980 m a.s.l. The
area is co mprised of the region nationally known as Campos
Gerais, specially where Pitangui river flows within a canyon
in its mediu m curse crossing the Slope (J 594408 E 7232272),
after Alagados dam, between Ponta Grossa and Carambeí
municipalities, Paraná State (Figure 1). The climate is Cfb
(altitudinal subtropical humid) according to Köppen’s
classification, with mean annual temperature between 18 and
19°C, and an average rainfall o f 1,600mm/yr[6].
Sample collection was carried out monthly over a t wo year
period (August 2009/July 2011) in an 9.4 ha area inserted
over Furnas sandstone formation on superficial soils of 1
meter or less. According to the Brazilian Soil classification
system, the Abrigo Pitangui site (A) is an 2.1 ha concave
slope whith Haplic Camb issols, Litolic Neossols and Fluvic
162
Rosemeri Segecin M oro et al.: Grassland Vegetation of Pitangui River Valley, Southern Brazil
Neossols in sequence. The Usina São Jorge site (B) is an 0.2
ha flat surface with Haplic Camb issols, The Fazenda
Panorama site (C) is an 4.0 ha slightly convex slope with
Haplic Camb issols, and the Mirante Pitangui site (D) is an
3.1 ha slightly convex slope with Litolic Neossols.
area as the investigator walks slowly on straight lines along it.
Vouchers are deposited in the UEPG herbariu m (HUPG),
and research has been authorized by SISBIO 28694/ 1. For
species’ taxonomic classification, Tryon and Tryon[8] and
Smith et al.[9] for Ferns, and Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
III[10] for Angiosperms were follo wed. The official plant
names and their authors followed the electronic databases of
Kew Gardens Plant List[11].
Evaluation and enumeration of the presence of extinction
threatened species in the study area through comparison and
review of Brazilian official threatened species lists
[12],[13],[14] was also conducted. In addition, the presence
of non-native plant (exotic) species was evaluated through
revisions of the local governmental list[15] and Horus
Institute[16].
3. Results and Discussion
Figure 1. Location of the sampled areas in Pitangui river valley, Southern
Brazil: A- Abrigo Pitangui; B – Usina São Jorge; C – Fazenda Panorama; D
– Mirante Pitangui
Botanical material was collected according to the
wandering method described in Filgueiras et al.[7], that
consists of listing the species presented in each delimited
Among the four areas, we recorded 421 taxa distributed in
51 Angiosperm families, one Conifer and 4 Ferns. There
were present 420 species and 196 genera (Table 1). One
Aristida taxon (Poaceae) was identified only at the generic
level at this mo ment, needing further studies to settle it as a
new species.
Table 1. Grassland plants present at Pitangui river valley, Southern Brazil. Habit: He – herbaceous; Sh – forbs; Tr - treelets; Li – prostrated herbs; Hc Humic Cambissols; Ha - Haplic Cambissols; Ln - Litolic Neossols; Fc - Fluvic Cambissols
Families/Species
ACANTHACEAE
Dyschoriste hygrophiloides (Nees) Kuntze
Ruellia multifolia (Nees) Lindau
AMARANTHACEAE
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze
Gomphrena macrocephala A.St.-Hil.
Pfaffia helichrysoides (Mart.) Kuntze
Pfaffia jubata Mart.
Pfaffia tuberosa (Spreng.) Hicken
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Nothoscordum gracile (Aiton) Stearn
Nothoscordum luteomajus Ravenna
APIACEAE
Eryngium ebracteatum Lam.
Eryngium elegans Cham. & Schltdl.
Eryngium horridum Malme
Eryngium junceum Cham. &Schltdl.
Eryngium sanguisorba Cham. &Schltdl.
APOCYNACEAE
Mandevilla atroviolacea (Stadelm.) Woodson
Mandevilla coccinea (Hook. & Arn.) Woodson
Mandevilla emarginata (Vell.) C.Ezcurra
Mandevilla pohliana (Stadelm.) A.H.Gentry
Oxypetalum sublanatum Malme
Widgrenia corymbosa Malme
ARECACEAE
Allagoptera campestris (Mart.) Kuntze
Butia microspadix Burret
ASTERACEAE
Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.
Actinoseris radiata (Vell.) Cabrera
Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L.
habit
threatened status
Predominant Soil type
He
He
rare
Hc, Ha, Ln
Hc, Ha, Ln
He
He
He
He
He
rare
rare
Hc, Ha, Fc, Ln
Fc
Hc, Ha, Ln
Ha
Ln
He
He
Ln
Hc
He
He
He
He
He
Ha, Fc
Ha
Hc, Ha
Hc, Ha, Ln
Hc
He
He
He
He
Li
Li
He
He
He
He
He
He
rare
rare
Ln
Ha, Fc, Ln
Hc, Ln
Hc, Ha
Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha, Hc, Ln
Ha, Hc, Ln
Ha
Ha, Hc, Ln
Fc
Ha, Ln
International Journal of Ecosystem 2012, 2(6): 161-170
Angelphytum grisebachii (Baker) H.Rob.
Aspilia montevidensis (Spreng.) Kuntze
Aspilia reflexa (Sch.Bip. ex Baker) Baker
Austroeupatorium cf inulifolium (Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Austroeupatorium laetevirens Hook. & Arn.
Baccharis articulata (Lam.) Pers.
Baccharis axillaris DC.
Baccharis brevifolia DC.
Baccharis coridifolia DC.
Baccharis dracunculifolia DC.
Baccharis semiserrata var. elaeagnoides (Stend.)
Baccharis erioclada DC.
Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers.
Baccharis genistelloides subsp. crispa (Spreng.) Joch.Müll.
Baccharis glutinosa Pers.
Baccharis illinita DC.
Baccharis linearifolia (Lam.) Pers. subsp linearifolia
Baccharis myricifolia DC.
Baccharis pentodonta Malme
Baccharis spicata (Lam.) Baill.
Baccharis uncinella DC.
Barrosoa betoniciformis (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Bidens alba (L.) DC.
Calea cuneifolia DC.
Calea cymosa Less.
Calea parvifolia (DC.) Baker
Calea triantha (Vell.) Pruski
Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Less.) DC.
Chaptalia graminifolia Cabr.
Chaptalia integerrima (Vell.) Burkart
Chaptalia nutans (L.) Polák
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist
Coreopsis lanceolata L.
Chromolaena ascendens (Sch.Bip. ex Baker) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Chromolaena laevigata (Lam.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Chromolaena stachyophylla (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Chrysolaena flexuosa (Sims) H.Rob.
Chrysolaena nicolackii H.Rob.
Chrysolaena oligophylla (Vell.) H.Rob.
Chrysolaena platensis (Spreng.) H.Rob.
Chrysolaena propinqua (Hieron.) H.Rob.
Diacranthera crenata (Schltdl. ex Mart.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Disynaphia filifolia (Hassl.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Elephantopus mollis Kunth
Emilia sonchifolia ( L.) DC. ex DC.
Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC.
Erechtites valerianifolius (Link ex Spreng.) DC.
Eupatorium agrigaudium Cabrera
Eupatorium hirsutum Hook. & Arn.
Eupatorium multifidum DC.
Eupatorium orbiculatum DC.
Eupatorium palmare Sch.Bip. ex Baker
Eupatorium serratum Spreng.
Eupatorium squarrulosum Hook. & Arn.
Eupatorium tanacetifolium Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.
Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera
Grazielia multifida (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Heterocondylus alatus (Vell.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Heterothalamus psiadioides Less.
Hieracium urvillei Sch.Bip.
Hieracium ignatianum Baker
Holocheilus hieracioides (D.Don) Cabr.
Hypochaeris glabra L.
Hypochaeris lutea (Vell.) Britton.
Hypochoeris radicata L.
Inulopsis scaposa O.Hoffm.
Isostigma crithmifolium Less.
Lepidaploa psilostachya (DC.) H.Rob.
He
He
He
He
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
endangered
163
Ha
Ha,Hc, Ln
Ha, Ln
Hc
Ha, Hc
Ha, Ln
Ha, Hc, Fc
Ha
Ha, Hc
Ha, Hc
Ha
Ha
Ha
Hc, Fc, Ln
Ha
Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ln
Ha
Ha, Hc
Hc, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ln
Hc, Fc, Ln
Hc, Fc, Ln
Ha
Ha, Hc, Fc, Ln
Hc
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
Ln
Ha
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha
Hc
Hc, Fc, Ln
Ha, Hc
Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ln
Ln
Ha
Ha
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Hc
Ln
Hc
Ln
Hc
Hc
Ha, Hc, Ln
Ln
Ha, Ln
164
Rosemeri Segecin M oro et al.: Grassland Vegetation of Pitangui River Valley, Southern Brazil
Lessingianthus arachniolepis (Ekman ex Ekman & Dusén) H.Rob.
Lessingianthus asteriflorus (Mart. ex DC.) H.Rob.
Lessingianthus bardanoides (Less.) H.Rob.
Lessingianthus brevifolius (Less.) H.Rob.
Lessingianthus elegans (Gardn.) H.Rob.
Lessingianthus glabratus (Less.) H.Rob.
Lessingianthus grandiflorus (Less.) H.Rob.
Lessingianthus plantaginodes (Kuntze) H.Rob.
Lessingianthus polyphyllus (Sch.Bip. ex Baker) H.Rob.
Lessingianthus rubricaulis (Bonpl.) H.Rob.
Lessingianthus simplex (Less.) H.Rob.
Lucilia acutifolia (Poir.) Cass.
Lucilia lycopodioides (Less) S.E.Freire
Mikania micrantha Kunth
Mikania oblongifolia DC.
Mikania sessilifolia DC.
Noticastrum sericeum (Less.) Less. ex Phil.
Orthopappus angustifolius (Sw.) Gleason
Praxelis diffusa (Rich.) Pruski
Praxelis sanctopaulensis (B.L.Rob) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Pterocaulon alopecuroides (Lam.) DC.
Pterocaulon angustifolium DC.
Pterocaulon lanatum O. Kuntze
Senecio brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less.
Senecio conyzaefolius Bak.
Senecio oleosus Vell.
Solidago chilensis Meyen
Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L.
Stenocephalum megapotamicum (Spreng.) Sch.Bip.
Stevia cinerascens Sch.Bip. ex Baker
Stevia clausseni Sch.Bisch. ex Baker
Stevia linearifolia Walp.
Stevia lundiana DC.
Stevia myriadenia Sch.Bip. ex Baker
Symphyotrichum squamatum (Spreng.) G.L.Nesom
Trichocline speciosa Less.
Verbesina sordescens DC.
Vernonanthura cuneifolia (Gardner) H.Rob.
Vernonanthura crassa (Vell.) H.Rob.
Vernonanthura nudiflora (Less.) H.Rob.
Vernonanthura westiniana (Less.) H.Rob.
Vernonanthura rigiophylla (Sch-Bip ex Kuntze) H.Rob.
Vernonia megapotamica Spreng.
Viguiera macrorhiza Baker
Viguiera paranensis (Malme) J.U. Santos
Viguiera trichophylla Dusén
Willoughbya officinalis (Mart.) Kuntze
BIGNONIACEAE
Jacaranda caroba (Vell.) DC.
BORAGINACEAE
Moritzia dusenii I.M.Johnst.
BROMELIACEAE
Aechmea distichantha Lem.
CACTACEAE
Parodia ottonis var. villa-velhensis (Brack. & Voll.) N.P.Taylor
CAMPANULACEAE
Lobelia camporum Pohl
Lobelia paranaensis R.Braga
Lobelia hederacea Cham.
Wahlenbergia brasiliensis Cham.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Cerastium dicrotrichum Fenzl ex Rohrb.
Silene gallica L.
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
CARYOCARACEAE
Caryocar brasiliense A.St.-Hil.
CELASTRACEAE
Plenckia populnea Reissek
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
Sh
He
He
He
Li
He
Li
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
He
He
He
He
He
Li
Ln
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha, Hc
Ln
Hc
Hc
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha, Hc, Fc, Ln
Hc
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Hc
Hc
Ha
Hc
Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
Ln
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha
Sh
Ha
He
Ha, Ln
He
Ln
He
Ln
He
He
He
He
Ha, Hc, Ln
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha
He
He
He
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
Sh
Tr
vulnerable
Ha, Ln
Ha
International Journal of Ecosystem 2012, 2(6): 161-170
CISTACEAE
Halimium brasiliense (Lam.) Grosser
COMMELINACEAE
Commelina villosa C.B.Clarke ex Chodat & Hassl.
Commelina virginica L.
Tradescantia cerinthoides Kunth
CONVO LVULACEAE
Evolvulus sericeus Sw.
CUCURBITACEAE
Cayaponia espelina (Silva Manso) Cogn.
CUSCUTACEAE
Cuscuta racemosa Mart.
CYPERACEAE
Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B.Clarke
Bulbostylis scabra (J.Presl. & C.Presl.) C.B.Clarke
Bulbostylis vestita (Kunth) C.B.Clarke
Cyperus aggregatus (Willd.) Endl.
Cyperus haspan L.
Cyperus hermaphroditus (Jacq.) Standl.
Cyperus meyenianus Kunth
Cyperus rigens J.Presl. & C.Presl subsp. rigens
Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roem. & Schult.
Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl
Fimbristylis squarrosa Vahl
Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.
Kyllinga odorata Vahl. subsp. odorata
Kyllinga pumila Michx.
Lagenocarpus rigidus (Kunth) Nees
Pycreus lanceolatus (Poir.) C.B.Clarke
Rhynchospora albiceps Kunth
Rhynchospora consanguinea (Kunth) Boeck
Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton
Rhynchospora emaciata (Nees) Boeckeler
Rhynchospora glaziovii Boeckeler
Rhynchospora globosa (Kunth) Roem. & Schult.
Rhynchospora hieronymi Boeckeler
Rhynchospora junciformis (Kunth) Boeckeler
Rhynchospora pallida M.A. Curtis
Rhynchospora rugosa (Vahl) Gale
Rhynchospora setigera (Kunth) Griseb.
Scleria hirtella Sw.
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon
DROSERACEAE
Drosera brevifolia Pursh.
Drosera communis A.-St.Hil.
Drosera villosa A.-St. Hil.
ERICACEAE
Agarista pulchella G.Don
Gaylussacia brasiliensis (Spreng.) Meisn.
Gaylussacia pseudogaultheria Cham. & Schltdl.
ERIOCAULACEAE
Actinocephalus polyanthus (Bong.) Sano
Eriocaulon ligulatum (Vell.) L.B.Sm.
Eriocaulon sellowianum Kunth
Leiothrix flavescens (Bong.) Ruhland
Paepalanthus albovaginatus Silveira
Paepalanthus planifolius (Bong) Korn.
Syngonanthus caulescens (Poir.) Ruhland
ERYTHRO XYLACEAE
Erythroxylum microphyllum A.St.-Hil.
EUPHO RBIACEAE
Croton antisyphiliticus Mart.
Croton heterodoxus Baill.
Croton lundianus (Didr.) Muell.Arg.
Croton myrianthus Muell.Arg.
Croton migrans Casar.
Euphorbia hyssopifolia L.
He
rare
165
Ha, Hc, Ln
He
He
He
Hc, Ln
Ln
Ln
Li
Ln
Li
rare
Ha
Li
Ha
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
Hc, Fc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc, Ha
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc, Ln
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc
Hc, Ln
Hc
Sh
Ha, Fc, Ln
He
He
He
Ln
Ln
Ln
Sh
Sh
Sh
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
Hc, Ln
Hc
Hc
Hc, Ln
Hc, Ln
Hc
Hc
Sh
Ha
He
He
He
Sh
He
He
Ln
Ha, Hc, Fc, Ln,
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha
166
Rosemeri Segecin M oro et al.: Grassland Vegetation of Pitangui River Valley, Southern Brazil
Microstachys hispida (Mart.) Govaerts.
FABACEAE
Aeschynomene falcata (Poir.) DC.
Chamaecrista punctata (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Chamaecrista desvauxii var. langsdorfii (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene
Clitoria densiflora (Benth.) Benth.
Collaea speciosa (Loisel.) DC.
Crotalaria balansae Micheli
Crotalaria hilariana Benth.
Crotalaria micans Link
Crotalaria martiana Benth.
Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC.
Desmodium barbatum (L.) Benth.
Desmodium incanum DC.
Eriosema campestre Benth.
Eriosema crinitum (Kunth) G.Don
Eriosema longifolium Benth.
Eriosema heterophyllum Benth.
Galactia benthamiana Micheli
Galactia boavista (Vell.) Burkart
Galactia neesii DC.
Mimosa acerba Benth.
Mimosa acerba subsp. acerba var. arrudes
Mimosa acerba subsp. acerba var. foliolosa
Mimosa brevipes Benth.
Mimosa daleoides Benth.
Mimosa dolens Vell.
Mimosa dolens subsp. acerba (Benth.) Barneby
Mimosa dolens var. rigescens (Benth.) Barneby
Mimosa debilis Willd.
Mimosa micropteris Benth.
Mimosa orthacantha Benth.
Mimosa paranapiacabae Barneby
Mimosa ramosissima Benth.
Periandra mediterranea (Vell.) Taub.
Rhynchosia corylifolia Benth.
Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw.
Stylosanthes hippocampoides Mohlenbr.
Vigna peduncularis var. peduncularis (Kunth) Fawc. & Rendle
Zornia cryptantha Arechav.
Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers.
Zornia latifolia Sm.
GESNERIACEAE
Sinningia allagophylla (Mart.) Wiehler
GLEICHENIACEAE
Dicranopteris flexuosa (Schrad.) Underw.
Gleichenella pectinata (Willd.) Ching
Sticherus bifidus (Willd.) Ching
HYPERICACEAE
Sh
Ha
He
He
He
He
He
Sh
He
Sh
He
He
He
He
He
He
Li
He
He
He
He
He
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
He
Sh
Sh
Li
He
He
Li
Li
Li
Li
Ha
Ha,Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha, Fc, Ln
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha, Ln
Ha
Ha
He
He
He
He
Hc
Hc, Ln
Ln
Hypericum cordatum (Vell.) N.Robson
He
Ha
Hypericum teretiusculum A.St.-Hil.
He
Ha
Hypericum ternum A.St.-Hil.
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HYPO XIDACEAE
Hypoxis decumbens L.
IRIDACEAE
Sisyrinchium graminifolium Lindl.
Sisyrinchium laxum Otto ex Sims
Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav.
Sisyrinchium restioides Spreng.
Sisyrinchium vaginatum Spreng.
Sisyrinchium wettsteinii Hand.-Mazz.
LAMIACEAE
Aegiphila paraguariensis Briq.
Hyptis plectranthoides Benth.
International Journal of Ecosystem 2012, 2(6): 161-170
Hyptis sinuata Pohl ex Benth.
Hyptis villosa Pohl ex Benth.
Peltodon longipes A.St.Hill. ex Benth.
Peltodon rugosus Tolm.
Rhabdocaulon gracile (Benth.) Epling
Salvia aliciae E.P. Santos
Salvia borjensis E.P.Santos
Salvia lachnostachys Benth.
Salvia nervosa Benth.
Salvia rosmarinoides A.-St.Hil.
LYCOPODIACEAE
Lycopodium clavatum L.
LYTHRACEAE
Cuphea calophylla subsp mesostemon (Koehne) Lourteig
Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F.Macbr.
Cuphea confertiflora A.St.-Hil.
Cuphea fruticosa Spreng.
Cuphea glutinosa Cham. et Schltdl.
Cuphea hatschbachii Lourteig
Cuphea lindmaniana Koehne ex Bacig.
Cuphea linifolia Koehne
Cuphea longiflora Koehne
Cuphea racemosa (L.f.) Spreng.
Cuphea thymoides var. satureoides A.St.-Hil.
MALPIGHIACEAE
Aspicarpa pulchella (Griseb) O´Donell & Lourteig
Byrsonima brachybotrya Nied.
Byrsonima guilleminiana A.Juss.
Byrsonima intermedia A.Juss.
MALVACEAE
Byttneria hatschbachii Cristóbal
Krapovickasia macrodon (DC.) Fryxell
Melochia tomentosa L.
Peltaea speciosa (Kunth) Standl.
Pavonia schrankii Spreng.
Pavonia sepium A.St.-Hil.
Sida viarum A.St.-Hil.
Waltheria indica L.
MELASTO MATACEAE
Acisanthera alsinaefolia (DC.) Triana
Acisanthera variabilis (DC.) Triana
Leandra australis (Cham.) Cogn.
Leandra erostrata (DC.) Cogn.
Leandra lacunosa Cogn.
Leandra purpurascens (DC.) Cogn.
Leandra simplicicaulis Cogn.
Miconia ligustroides (DC.) Naudin
Miconia sellowiana Naudin
Miconia theizans (Bonpl.) Cogn.
Rhynchanhera brachyryncha Cham.
Tibouchina cerastifolia Cogn.
Tibouchina debilis (Cham.) Cogn.
Tibouchina dubia Cogn.
Tibouchina gracilis (Bonpl.) Cogn.
Tibouchina martialis (Cham.) Cogn.
MO RACEAE
Dorstenia cayapia Vell.
MYRTACEAE
Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O.Berg
Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O.Berg
Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O.Berg
Eugenia pitanga (O.Berg) Nied.
Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC.
Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC.
Myrcia pulchra (O.Berg) Kiaersk.
Myrciaria cuspidata O.Berg
Myrciaria delicatula (DC.) O.Berg
Psidium grandifolium Mart. ex DC.
167
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endangered
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endangered
rare
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Rosemeri Segecin M oro et al.: Grassland Vegetation of Pitangui River Valley, Southern Brazil
ORCHIDACEAE
Epidendrum secundum Jacq.
Oncidium pontagrossense Campacci
Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay
Stenorrhynchus australis Lindl.
OROBANCHACEAE
Buchnera longifolia Kunth
Buchnera ternifolia Kunth
Esterhazya splendida J.C.Mikan
O XALIDACEAE
Oxalis rupestris A.St.-Hil.
PASSIFLO RACEAE
Passiflora lepidota Mast.
PINACEAE
Pinus elliottii Engelm.
Pinus taeda L.
PLANTAGINACEAE
Angelonia integerrima Spreng.
Plantago australis Lam.
Plantago guilleminiana Decne.
Plantago lanceolata L.
Plantago tomentosa Lam.
Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small
Scoparia elliptica Cham.
PO ACEAE
Andropogon bicornis L.
Andropogon leucostachyus Kunth
Andropogon microstachys Desv.
Andropogon selloanus (Hack.) Hack.
Andropogon ternatus (Spreng.) Nees.
Andropogon virgatus Desv.
Aristida sp
Aristida jubata (Arechav.) Herter
Axonopus siccus (Nees) Kuhlm.
Axonopus affinis Chase
Brachiaria decumbens Stapf
Calamagrostis viridiflavescens (Poir.) Steud.
Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Lam.
Elionurus muticus (Spreng.) Kuntze
Eragrostis airoides Nees
Eragrostis bahiensis Roem. & Schult.
Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br.
Eragrostis neesii Trin.
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv.
Eragrostis polytricha Nees
Eustachys distichophylla (Lag.) Nees
Melinis minutiflora P.Beauv.
Melinis repens (Willd.) Ziska
Panicum glabripes Döll
Panicum millegrana Poir.
Panicum sabulorum Lam.
Paspalum compressifolium Swallen
Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
Paspalum distichum L.
Paspalum guenoarum Arechav.
Paspalum polyphyllum Nees ex Trin.
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.
Schizachyrium condensatum (Kunth) Nees
Schizachyrium spicatum (Spreng.) Herter
Setaria parviflora (Poir.) M.Kerguelen
Sorghastrum minarum (Nees) Hitchc.
Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br.
PO LYGALACEAE
Monnina cardiocarpa A.St.-Hil.
Polygala cyparissias A.St.-Hil. & Moq.
Polygala longicaulis Kunth
Polygala molluginifolia A.St.-Hil.
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Ha, Hc
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Hc, Fc
Ha
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Ha
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Ha
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Hc
International Journal of Ecosystem 2012, 2(6): 161-170
Polygala timoutoides Chodat
RUBIACEAE
Galianthe verbenoides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Griseb.
Galium megapotamicum Spreng.
Palicourea australis C.M.Taylor
Richardia brasiliensis Gomes
Spermacoce paranaensis (E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo) Delprete
Spermacoce poaya A.St.-Hil.
Spermacoce verticillata L.
SCHIZAEACEAE
Anemia tomentosa (Savigny) Sw.
SOLANACEAE
Calibrachoa ericifolia (R.E.Fr.) Wijsman
Calibrachoa linoides (Sendtn.) Wijsman
Calibrachoa rupestris (Dusén) Wijsman
Solanum americanum Mill.
VERBENACEAE
Lantana camara L.
Lippia hirta (Cham.) Meisn. ex Walp.
Lippia lupulina Cham.
Lippia turnerifolia Cham.
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl
Stachytarpheta cf polyura Schauer
Verbena hirta Spreng.
Verbena rigida Spreng.
VIO LACEAE
Hybanthus parviflorus (L.f.) Baill.
XYRIDACEAE
Xyris jupicai L.C. Rich.
Xyris neglecta L.A.Nilsson
Xyris tortula Mart.
Families with the highest taxa nu mber were Asteraceae
(119) followed by Fabaceae (41), Poaceae (38) and
Cyperaceae (28), summing up 54% of the total species
richness, i.e., the number of taxa in the area.
Previously, in Campos Gerais region, including both
mesic and hygrophilous species, in the Vila Velha State Park
grassland, Cerv i et al.[17] have found around 47% of the
species richness consisted of 182 taxa of the Asteraceae
family, 130 Poaceae, 89 Fabaceae, and 47 Cyperaceae. In the
same environ ment, in the Guartelá State Park, Carmo [18]
has found 28% of the species richness composed of 79
Asteraceae, 42 Fabaceae, 35 Poaceae, and 22 Cyperaceae.
Outside the conservation zone, those surveys restricted to
hygrophilous species, in the Tibagi river valley, only 27
species from Asteraceae family were found, together with 24
species of Poaceae, and 18 Cyperaceae[19]. A ll these
contributed 47% of the total species richness in the surveyed
area. Ko zera et al.[20], in the Iguaçu river floodplain, have
identified lesser, consisting of 15 species fro m Asteraceae
family, 45 Poaceae 28, Cyperaceae and one Fabaceae,
comprising 50% of the total species richness. The
Asteraceae and Fabaceae species diversity increases the
biological diversity due to the higher elevation of river
banks, allowing the existence of non-hydromorphic soils.
Generally, the grassland of Pitangui river valley areas
were do minated by herb species consisting of 79.8% of the
total plant types. Shrubs which comprised the 15.4%
consisted of the families, Asteraceae, Fabaceae,
Malpighiaceae, Ericaceae, and Myrtaceae. In addit ion,
169
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treelets (1.0%) were observed consisted of the species
Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC. and Plenckia populnea
Reissek, both configuring rare plant forms in grasslands. The
occurrence of these species is probably related to remnants
of savannahs present in the vicin ity of the study area.
Prostrated herbs combine 3.8% of the phytocoenosis.
Twelve species are quoted on the list of threatened species
of the state of Paraná[12] as rare: Ruellia multifolia (Nees)
Lindau (Acanthaceae), Gomphrena macrocephala A.St.-Hil.
(Amaranthaceae), Pfa ffia jubata Mart. (A maranthaceae),
Mandevilla coccinea (Hook. & Arn .) Woodson (Apocynace
ae), Butia microspadix Burret (as B. hatschbachii Glas mann)
(Arecaceae), Halimium brasiliense (Lam.) Gross.
(Cistaceae), Cayaponia espelina (Silva Manso) Cogn.
(Cucurbitaceae), and Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex
DC.) O.Berg (Myrtaceae); as endangered: Chrysolaena
nicolackii H.Rob. (Asteraceae), Cuphea hatschbachii
Lourteig (Lythraceae), and Dorstenia cayapia Vell.
(Moraceae); as vulnerable: Caryocar brasiliense A.St.-Hil.
(Caryocaraceae). In addition, there were six non-native grass
species: Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.[15], Melinis
minutiflora P.Beauv., Melinis repens (Willd.) Ziska, and
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.[16], all belonging to
African genera o f the Poaceae family. The h igh levels of
biological contamination with the pines Pinus taeda L. and
Pinus elliottii Engelm. (Pinaceae) and its implications for the
Campos Gerais grassland conservation have already been
discussed by Ziller & Galvão[21]. They have found 76% of
grassland with pine contamination and even pointing their
170
Rosemeri Segecin M oro et al.: Grassland Vegetation of Pitangui River Valley, Southern Brazil
high potential for environmental degradation, public policies
could not be effective yet for its control.
4. Conclusions
The species richness of Pitangui river valley grassland
was higher (420 species on 8.3 ha) co mpared to availab le
data from Campos Gerais region, as listed from the Vila
Velha and Guartelá State Parks which were made upon
larger protected areas. Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, and
Cyperaceae are the main families in this ecosystem. The
presence of non-native species (4 species), and invasive
Pinus species (2 species), and the increasing nu mber of
threatened species is alarming considering the location and
the size of the area. Therefore, it is only high time to suggest
that additional zoning and better management effort be the
concern of the authorities to conserve the Campos Gerais
National Park and its vicinities
[6]
Gilson F. Cruz. Alguns aspectos do clima dos Campos Gerais;
In M ario S. M elo, Rosemeri S. M oro, Gilson B. Guimarães
(Eds.), Patrimônio natural dos Campos Gerais do Paraná, Ed.
UEPG, Brazil, 2007. p.59-72. Online Available:
http://ri.uepg.br:8080/riuepg//handle/123456789/449
[7]
Tarciso de Souza Filgueiras, Paulo E. Nogueira, Andrea L.
Brochado, Gerald F. Guala II, “Caminhamento: um método
expedito para levantamentos florísticos qualitativos”, IBGE,
Caderno de Geociências, vol.12, pp.39-43, 1994.
[8]
Rolla M . Tryon Jr, Alice F. Tryon, Ferns and allied plants
with special reference to Tropical America, Springer-Verlag,
USA, 1982.
[9]
Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M . Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra
Korall, Harald Schneider, Paul G. Wolf, “A classification for
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classification for the orders and families of flowering plants:
APG III”, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.161,
no.2, pp.105-121, 2009.
[11] Online Available: http://www.theplantlist.org.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to the owner of the area, Co mpanhia de
Energ ia Elétrica do Paraná (COPEL), as to the
MCT/ CNPq/MEC/CA PES/FNDCT nº 47/2010 – SISBIOTA
BRASIL for their financial supporting.
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