CICIMAR Oceánides 27(1): 65-140 (2012) A CHECKLIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES (DINOFLAGELLATA, ALVEOLATA) Gómez, F. Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, PO Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, España. email: fernando.gomez@itoplancton.com ABSTRACT. A checklist and classiication of the extant dinolagellates are given. Dinokaryotic dinolagellates (including Noctilucales) comprised 2,294 species belonging to 238 genera. Dinolagellates sensu lato (Ellobiopsea, Oxyrrhea, Syndinea and Dinokaryota) comprised 2,377 species belonging to 259 genera. The nomenclature of several taxa has been corrected according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. When gene sequences were available, the species were classiied following the Small and Large SubUnit rDNA (SSU and LSU rDNA) phylogenies. No taxonomical innovations are proposed herein. However, the checklist revealed that taxa distantly related to the type species of their genera would need to be placed in a new or another known genus. At present, the most extended molecular markers are unable to elucidate the interrelations between the classical orders, and the available sequences of other markers are still insuficient. The classiication of the dinolagellates remains unresolved, especially at the order level. Keywords: alveolates, biodiversity inventory, Dinophyceae, Dinophyta, parasitic phytoplankton, systematics. Inventario y classiicacion de especies de dinolagelados actuales (Dinolagellata, Alveolata) RESUMEN. Se presentan un inventario y una clasiicación de las especies de dinolagelados actuales. Los dinolagelados dinocariontes (incluyendo los Noctilucales) están formados por 2,294 especies pertenecientes a 238 géneros. Los dinolagelados en un sentido amplio (Ellobiopsea, Oxyrrhea, Syndinea y Dinokaryota) comprenden un total de 2,377 especies distribuidas en 259 géneros. La nomenclatura de algunos taxones se ha corregido siguiendo las reglas del Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Botánica. Cuando hay secuencias disponibles, la clasiicación de las especies propuesta ha seguido las ilogenias moleculares de los marcadores de los ARNs de la subunidades pequeña y grande del ribosoma (SSU y LSU rADN, respectivamente). Aunque no se propone ninguna novedad taxonómica, se evidencia la necesidad de numerosos cambios. Numerosas especies cuyas secuencias están disponibles aparecen muy alejadas en las ilogenias moleculares de la especie tipo de su género, lo que requerirá su transferencia a otro género conocido o el establecimiento de un nuevo género. Actualmente con los marcadores moleculares más extendidos no es posible aclarar las relaciones entre los órdenes de los esquemas taxonómicos clásicos y las secuencias disponibles de otros genes es aun insuiciente. La clasiicación, muy especialmente a nivel de orden, está aún lejos de poder ser resuelta. Palabras clave: alveolados, inventario de biodiversidad, Dinophyceae, Dinophyta, itoplancton parásito, sistemática. Gómez, F. 2012. A checklist and classiication of living dinolagellates (Dinolagellata, Alveolata). CICIMAR Oceánides, 27(1): 65-140. INTRODUCTION Dinolagellates constitute one of the main groups of marine and freshwater protists. Schiller (1931-1937) provided a description of all the species, both marine and freshwater, known at that time. Sournia (1986) gave descriptions and illustrations of the marine genera, excluding information at the species level. Gómez (2005) listed the species of marine free-living dinolagellates. Freshwater dinolagellates have been compiled by Bourrelly (1970) and Popovský & Piester (1990). Since the monograph of Chatton (1920), a few studies have revised the parasitic dinolagellates (Cachon, 1964; Cachon & Cachon, 1987; Shields, 1994). At present, no study is able to respond to the total number of species of dinolagellates. Fensome et al. (1993) proposed a uniied classiication of living and fossil dinolagellates, Fecha de recepción: 9 de enero de 2012 using tabulation as the primary guide to relationships. These authors also provide a summary of the earlier classiications. The classiication of the dinolagellates is being continuously subjected to changes according to new indings, especially with the advances in molecular phylogeny. Saunders et al. (1997) reported the irst major revision of the dinolagellate molecular phylogeny. Most of the short-branched SSU rDNA sequences were dispersed in clades with low bootstrap support that Saunders et al. (1997) named the Gymnodiniales-PeridinialesProrocentrales complex. At that time, these sequences failed to resolve the relationships of most of classical orders (Gymnodiniales, Peridiniales, Prorocentrales) to one another. Since then, the number of sequences has increased, although biased towards photosynthetic species, usually much easier to culture, and common coastal species found near the specialized Fecha de aceptación: 28 de febrero de 2012 66 GÓMEZ laboratories. At present, sequences of many species are lacking and the molecular phylogenies did not resolve the relationships between the higher ranks. The classical orders (Peridiniales, Gymnodiniales, Prorocentrales) appear to be polyphyletic in the SSU and LSU rDNA phylogenies (Saldarriaga et al., 2004; Moestrup & Daugbjerg, 2007), and even orders such as Dinophysales (Gómez et al., 2012). The earlier molecular phylogenies revealed the apicomplexan parasites as the closer relatives of dinolagellates (Gajadhar et al., 1991). The dinokaryon is a distinctive character of the dinolagellate core, while basal dinolagellates show intermediate morphological and ultrastructural characters that make dificult to establish a clear cut between the Dinokaryota and Apicomplexa. A recent study suggested that perkinsid parasites should be considered as an independent phylum (Zhang et al., 2011). The exclusion of Perkinsozoa, restricted to 10 species of 2 genera, has a little inluence on the total account of dinolagellate species. Environmental molecular surveys of SSU rRNA genes revealed the existence of novel alveolate sequences indicating two large and diverse clades close to the Dinokaryota that were initially named Marine Alveolate Groups I and II (López-García et al., 2001). Subsequently, it has been shown that these groups corresponded to parasitic dinolagellates previously placed within the order Syndiniales based on several morphologically characterized representatives for which SSU rDNA sequences were available (Skovgaard et al., 2005; Harada et al., 2007). The phagotrophic free-living lagellate Oxyrrhis (Saldarriaga et al., 2003) and the ellobiopsid parasites (Silberman et al., 2004; Gómez et al., 2009) constituted other morphologically characterized clades of basal dinolagellates. This study provides a checklist of all the described dinolagellate species updated to December 2011. When sequences are available, the species were organized in agreement between the clades observed in the phylogenetical trees and classical ranks taxonomical schemes (genera, family, order, etc.). This is not a simple task because the topology of the trees varied with the type of molecular marker, the taxa sampling, sequence length, or methods for the construction of the phylogenetical trees. Any classiication is unavoidably associated with discrepancies among authors. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study is based on literature records of dinolagellates. The primary source was the checklist by Gómez (2005) updated with the taxonomical innovations, and numerous er- rors have been corrected. The checklist was completed with the freshwater species. Major sources were Schiller (1931-1937), Bourrelly (1970) and Popovský & Piester (1991), and for parasitic dinolagellates: Chatton (1920), Cachon & Cachon (1987) and Shields (1994). The checklist was completed and updated with the recent literature. The species names with their nomenclatural authorities and the year of the description were arranged alphabetically within the genus. Genera were ordered alphabetically within each family. The authorities of each genus and species were spelled according to the International Plant Names Index. These name spellings were also used for the places of publication of the suprageneric ranks (family, order and class). The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (I.C.Z.N.) and the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (I.C.B.N.) have been applied for basal dinolagellates and Dinokaryota, respectively. This explained slight differences in some species names. For example, the epithets dedicated to Édouard Chatton were spelled ‘chattoni´ and ‘chattonii´ for basal dinolagellates and dinokaryotes, respectively. It is often dificult to decide what species should be considered valid. Gómez (2005) labeled with an asterisk (*) the species of very doubtful validity that were not considered for species counting. These insuficiently known taxa were mainly constituted by species with too poor original descriptions, for example, some unarmoured dinolagellates described from ixed material in the earlier literature with excessively simple line drawings. These ‘literature ghosts’ have been considered valid despite they may correspond to species that were further described with more detailed descriptions. Several studies of freshwater species reported a high number of new species (i.e., Schiller, 1955; Baumestier, 1957; Skvortzov, 1968). These species are considered valid, although they need to be re-investigated because they may correspond to life stages of other known species. Four species (Protoceratium, Oxytoxum breve) that were described lacking any illustration have been listed, although excluded of the species counting. Species names cited in the literature, although never formally described, have been excluded. Despite the species are invalid, several of these species names have been cited and labeled as ‘nomen nudum’ (nom. nud.). The aim is to alert of the possible homonymy when describing a new species using the same name. There are several homonyms (i.e., Gymnodinium excavatum, G. hyalinum, G. irregulare, G. oceanicum, etc.), that need a speciic study before to propose an LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES alternative name. The molecular phylogenies show species which sequences that are distantly related to the type species of its genus. These species are candidates to the transfer into another known genus or the erection of a new genus. This requires specialized studies, and in order to solve this situation, these taxa have been placed under a genus named ‘Genus of …’ or ‘Family of …’. For a group of species, the oldest species was used to name the genus (i.e., genus of Protoperidinium depressum). The group of species containing the type species was labeled ‘sensu stricto’ (s.s.). The group of the other congeneric species distantly related in the molecular phylogenies was labeled ‘sensu lato’ (s.l.). In contrast to genera and species, suprageneric names do not have parenthetical authors (McNeill et al. 2006, ICBN: Art. 49.2). The irst place of publication of these suprageneric names are cited with the author name(s) and year of publication. The choice of the suprageneric names was based on the priority rule. The problem is that the irst name available for a family/order may be considered invalid. In the earlier studies, these suprageneric names were described by using a zoological terminology, and often using ranks such as tribes that are not considered in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. A discussion of numerous cases can be found in Fensome et al. (1993). The genus Pyrocystis has been placed in the order Pyrocystales Apstein (Sournia, 1986). The molecular phylogenies showed that Pyrocystis constitutes a truly member of the order Gonyaulacales. If valid, Pyrocystales Apstein 1909 should have the priority versus Gonyaulacales F.J.R. Taylor 1980. Some order names such as Phytodiniales, Dinotrichales or Dinococcales, and the derived families are dificult to use because molecular data of the type species were not available. Even, when the sequence is available, we have to be cautious because in some cases the species identity cannot be veriied. The sequences may be incorrectly attributed to a given species, or even it may not correspond to a dinolagellate (i.e. Exuviaella pusilla #DQ388459). The type of the order Suessiales is a fossil species. Consequently, it will be dificult to obtain any gene sequence to verify the relationship with the extant species that have been placed in that order. This study does not propose any taxonomical innovations. The only nomenclatural modiications are a few epithets with wrong gender termination that have been corrected (McNeill et al. 2006, ICBN: Art. 60.11, Recom. 60C.1, Art. 32.7). RESULTS The dinolagellate species have been organized in the classiication summarized in the Table 1 (Appendix). Dinokaryotic dinolagellates (including Noctilucales) comprised 2,294 species belonging to 238 genera. Dinolagellates sensu lato comprised 2,377 species belonging to 259 genera (Table 2, Appendix). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS F.G. was supported by the contract JCI2010-08492 of the Ministerio Español de Ciencia y Tecnología. REFERENCES Baumeister, W. 1957. Neue Dinococcalen aus dem niederbayerischen Hiigelland zwischen Isar und Inn (I). Arch. Protistenk., 102: 21-43. Bourrelly, P. 1970. Les Algues d´Eau Douce III. Éditions N. Boubée & Cie, Paris, 512 p. Cachon, J. 1964. Contribution à l´étude des Péridiniens parasites. Cytologie: Cycles évolutifs. Ann. Sci. Natur., Zool., Paris, Ser., 12 (6): 1-158. Cachon, J. & M. Cachon. 1987. Parasitic dinolagellates. 571-610, In: Taylor, F. J. R. (Ed.). The biology of dinolagellates. Blackwell, New York. Chatton, E. 1920. Les Péridiniens parasites. Morphologie, reproduction, éthologie. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén., 59: 1-475. Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classiication of living and fossil dinolagellates. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Micropal. Spec. Publ., 7, 351 p. Gajadhar, A. A., W. C. Marquardt, R. Hall, J. Gunderson, E. V. Aritzia-Carmona & M. L. Sogin. 1991. Ribosomal RNA sequences of Sarcocystis muris, Theileria annulata and Crypthecodinium cohnii reveal evolutionary relationships among apicomplexans, dinolagellates and ciliates. Mol. Biochem. Parasit., 45: 147-154. Gómez, F. 2005. A list of dinolagellates in the world´s oceans. Acta Bot. Croat., 64: 129212. Gómez, F., P. López-García, A. Nowaczyk & D. Moreira. 2009. The crustacean parasites Ellobiopsis Caullery, 1910 and Thalassomyces Niezabitowski, 1913 form a monophyletic divergent clade within the Al- 67 68 GÓMEZ veolata. Syst. Parasit., 74: 65-74. Gómez, F., D. Moreira & P. López-García. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of noctilucoid dinolagellates (Noctilucales, Dinophyta). Protist, 161: 466-478. Gómez, F., D. Moreira & P. López-García. 2011. Avances en el estudio de los dinolagelados (Dinophyceae) con la ilogenia molecular. Hidrobiológica, 21: 343-364. Gómez, F., D. Moreira & P. López-García. 2012. Sinophysis and Pseudophalacroma are distantly related to typical dinophysoid dinolagellates (Dinophysales, Dinophyceae). J. Euk. Microbiol., 59: 188-190. Harada, A., S. Ohtsuka & T. Horiguchi. 2007. Species of the parasitic genus Duboscquella are members of the enigmatic marine alveolate Group I. Protist, 158: 337-347. López-García, P., F. Rodríguez Valera, C. Pedrós-Alió & D. Moreira. 2001. Unexpected diversity of small eukaryotes in deep-sea Antarctic plankton. Nature, 409: 603-607. McNeill, J., F.R. Barrie, H.M. Burdet, V. Demoulin, D.L. Hawksworth, K. Marhold, D.H. Nicolson, J. Prado, P.C. Silva, J.E. Skog, J.H. Wiersema & N.J. Turland. 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code). Regnum Vegetabile 146. A.R.G. Gantner, Ruggell, Liechtenstein, 568 p. Smith, S. Menden-Deuer & P. J. Keeling. 2004. Molecular data and the evolutionary history of dinolagellates. Eur. J. Protist., 40: 85-111. Saunders, G. W., D. R. A. Hill, J. P. Sexton & R. A. Andersen. 1997. Small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences from selected dinolagellates: testing classical evolutionary hypotheses with molecular systematic methods. Plant Syst. Evol., 11(Suppl.): 237-259. Schiller, J. 1931-1937. Dinolagellatae (Peridinineae) in monographischer Behandlung, Vol. 10 (3): Teil 1 (1-3) (1931-1933): Teil 2 (1-4) (1935-1937), In: Rabenhorst, L. (Ed.). Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreichs und der Schweiz. Akad. Verlag., Leipzig. Schiller, J. 1955. Untersuchungen an den planktischen Protophyten des Neusiedlersees 1950-1954, I. Teil. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten aus dem Burgenland, 9: 1-66. Shields, J. D. 1994. The parasitic dinolagellates of marine crustaceans. Ann. Rev. Fish Diseases, 4: 241-271. Silberman, J. D., A. G. Collins, L. A. Gershwin, P. J. Johnson & A. J. Roger. 2004. Ellobiopsids of the genus Thalassomyces are alveolates. J. Euk. Microbiol., 52: 246-252. Skovgaard, A., R. Massana, V. Balague & E. Saiz. 2005. Phylogenetic position of the copepod-infesting parasite Syndinium turbo (Dinolagellata, Syndinea). Protist, 156: 413-423. Moestrup, Ø. & N. Daugbjerg. 2007. On dinolagellate phylogeny and classiication. 215230, In: Brodie, J. & J. Lewis (Eds.). Unravelling the algae: the past, present, and future of algae systematics. CRC Press, New York. Skvortzov, B. V. 1968. New and little known Peridineae from northern Manchuria, China. Quart. J. Taiwan Mus., 21: 79-114. Popovský, J. & L. A. Piester. 1990. Dinophyceae (Dinolagellida). 1-272, In: Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig & D. Mollenhauer (Eds). Süsswasserlora von Mitteleuropa. Fischer Verlag, Jena & Stuttgart. Sournia, A. 1986. Atlas du Phytoplancton Marin. Vol. I: Introduction, Cyanophycées, Dictyochophycées, Dinophycées et Raphidophycées. Editions du CNRS, Paris. 219 p. Saldarriaga, J. F., M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Taylor & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinolagellate lineage. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 53: 355-365. Zhang, H., D. A. Campbell, N. R. Sturm, C. F. Dungan & S. Lin. 2011. Spliced leader RNAs, mitochondrial gene frameshifts and multi-protein phylogeny expand support for the genus Perkinsus as a unique group of Alveolates. PLoS ONE, 6(5), e19933. Saldarriaga, J. F., F. J. R. Taylor, T. Cavalier- LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES APPENDIX Table 1. Classiication of extant dinolagellates from class to genus. Abbreviations: p.p. - pro parte; s.s. - sensu stricto; s.l. - sensu lato. Infraregnum Alveolata, Phyllum Dinolagellata Class Ellobiopsea / Ellobiophyceae Order Thalassomycetales Ellobiopsidae / Thalassomycetaceae: Ellobiocystis, Ellobiopsis, Parallobiopsis, Rhizellobiopsis, Thalassomyces Class Oxyrrhea Order Oxyrrhida / Oxyrrhinales Oxyrrhinaceae: Oxyrrhis Class of Pronoctiluca, incertae sedis Protodiniferaceae: Pronoctiluca Class of Duboscquella (Marine Alveolate Group I) Order Duboscquodinida / Duboscquellales Duboscquellaceae: Dogelodinium, Duboscquella, Ichthyodinium, Keppenodinium Class Syndinea (Marine Alveolate Group II) Order Syndiniales Syndiniaceae: Actinodinium, Caryotoma, Merodinium, Syndinium Coccidinidae / Coccidiniaceae: Coccidinium Family of Hematodinium: Hematodinium Sphaeriparaceae: Atlanticellodinium, Sphaeripara Amoebophryidae / Amoebophryaceae: Amoebophrya Class Noctilucea / Noctiluciphyceae (Dinokaryota) Order Noctilucales Noctilucaceae: Noctiluca, Spatulodinium Kofoidiniaceae: Kofoidinium, Pomatodinium Leptodiscaceae: Abedinium, Cachonodinium, Craspedotella, Leptodiscus, Petalodinium, Scaphodinium Class Dinolagellata / Dinophyceae (Dinokaryota) Order Haplozooidea / Haplozoonales Haplozoonaceae: Haplozoon 69 70 GÓMEZ Table 1. Continued. Order Dinotrichales Crypthecodiniaceae: Crypthecodinium Dinotrichaceae: Dinothrix, Durinskia, Galeidinium, Gymnodinium p.p. Kryptoperidinium, Peridiniopsis p.p., Peridinium quinquecorne Order Dinococcales Phytodiniaceae: Baldinia, Borghiella, Cystodinium, Dinamoebidium, Dinastridium, Dinoclonium, Dinococcus, Hypnodinium, Manchudinium, Phytodinium, Prosoaulax, Sphaerodinium, Tetradinium Symbiodiniaceae: Aureodinium, Biecheleria, Pelagodinium, Biecheleriopsis, Piscinoodinium, Polarella, Protodinium, Symbiodinium Order of Akashiwo Family of Akashiwo: Akashiwo Order Brachidiniales Brachidiniaceae: Asterodinium, Brachidinium, Gynogonadinium, Karenia, Karlodinium, Microceratium, Pseliodinium, Takayama, Torodinium Order Gymnodiniales s.s. Chytriodiniaceae: Chytriodinium, Dissodinium, Myxodinium, Schizochytriodinium, Syltodinium Gymnodiniaceae: Barrufeta, Gymnodinium s.s., Gyrodiniellum, Lepidodinium, Paragymnodinium, Pheopolykrikos, Polykrikos, Spiniferodinium Warnowiaceae: Erythropsidinium, Greuetodinium, Nematodinium, Nematopsides, Proterythropsis, Warnowia Order Gymnodiniales s.l. Family of Gyrodinium dorsum: Gymnodinium p.p., Gyrodinium p.p. Family of Togula: Togula Family of Apicoporus: Apicoporus Family of Amphidinium: Amphidinium s.s., Schillingia, Trochodinium Family of Balechina: Balechina Family of Cochlodinium: Cochlodinium s.s., Cochlodinium s.l. Family of Gyrodinium s.s.: Ceratodinium, Gyrodinium s.s., Plectodinium, Sclerodinium Family of Moestrupia: Moestrupia Order Ptychodiscales Family Ptychodiscaceae: Ptychodiscus Order Thoracosphaerales Calciodinellaceae: Calciodinellum, Calcigonellum, Duboscquodinium, Pernambugia, Scrippsiella s.s., Tintinnophagus LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 1. Continued. Oodiniaceae / Thoracosphaeraceae: Amyloodinium, Cachonella, Chalubinskia, Chimonodinium, Crepidoodinium, Cryptoperidiniopsis, Cystodinedria, Haidadinium, Leonella, Luciella, Oodinioides, Oodinium, Parvodinium, Paulsenella, Peridinium p.p., Piesteria, Protoodinium, Pseudopiesteria, Staszicella, Stoeckeria, Stylodinium, Thoracosphaera, Tyrannodinium Glenodiniaceae: Dinosphaera, Glenodiniopsis, Glenodinium, Glochidinium, Gloeodinium, Hemidinium, Kansodinium, Lophodinium, Nephrodinium, Palatinus, Peridiniopsis s.s., Thompsodinium Order Peridiniales s.s. Peridiniaceae: Bagredinium, Peridinium s.s. Order Peridiniales s.l. Heterocapsaceae: Heterocapsa Podolampadaceae: Blepharocysta, Gaarderiella, Lessardia, Lissodinium, Mysticella, Podolampas, Roscofia Amphidiniopsidaceae: Amphidiniopsis, Archaeperidinium, Herdmania, Thecadinium dragescoi Protoperidiniaceae: Protoperidinium s.s. Diplopsaliaceae: Boreadinium, Diplopelta, Diplopsalis, Diplopsalopsis, Dissodium, Gotoius, Lebouraia, Oblea, Preperidinium, Protoperidinium depressum-group Heterodiniaceae: Dolichodinium, Heterodinium Family of Ensiculifera: Ensiculifera, Pentapharsodinium Oxytoxaceae: Oxytoxum Family of Corythodinium: Corythodinium Amphidomataceae: Amphidoma s.s. Cladopyxidaceae: Cladopyxis, Micracanthodinium, Palaeophalacroma Endodiniaceae: Endodinium Family of Amphidoma caudata: Amphidoma caudata, Azadinium Order Peridiniales incertae sedis: Adenoides, Archaeosphaerodiniopsis, Bysmatrum, Cabra, Peridiniella, Planodinium, Pseudothecadinium, Rhinodinium, Sabulodinium, Thecadiniopsis, Vulcanodinium Uncertain order Tovelliaceae: Bernardinium, Esoptrodinium, Jadwigia, Katodinium, Opisthoaulax, Tovellia Woloszynskiaceae: Woloszynskia Uncertain order Apodiniaceae: Apodinium, Parapodinium 71 72 GÓMEZ Table 1. Continued. Order Actiniscales Actiniscaceae: Actiniscus Dicroerismataceae: Dicroerisma Order Amphilothales Amphilothaceae: Achradina, Amphilothus Order Prorocentrales Haplodiniaceae: Haplodinium Prorocentraceae: Exuviaella, Mesoporos, Prorocentrum s.s. Family of Prorocentrum panamense: Genus of Prorocentrum panamense Family of Plagiodinium: Plagiodinium Order Dinophysales Amphisoleniaceae: Amphisolenia, Triposolenia Oxyphysaceae: Dinofurcula, Latifascia, Phalacroma s.s., Proheteroschisma Dinophysaceae: Citharistes, Dinophysis hastata-group, Dinophysis s.s., Histioneis, Histiophysis, Metadinophysis, Metaphalacroma, Ornithocercus, Parahistioneis Family of Pseudophalacroma: Pseudophalacroma Family of Sinophysis: Sinophysis Order Blastodiniales Blastodiniaceae: Blastodinium Order Gonyaulacales / Pyrocystales Thecadiniaceae: Thecadinium Protoceratidaceae: Ceratocorys, Protoceratium, Schuettiella Ceratiaceae: Ceratium, Neoceratium Goniodomataceae Subfamily of Goniodoma: Gambierdiscus, Goniodoma Subfamily of Ostreopsis: Alexandrium, Centrodinium, Coolia, Ostreopsis, Pachydinium, Pyrodinium Gonyaulacaceae: Gonyaulax, Spiraulax Pyrocystaceae: Fragilidium, Pyrocystis, Pyrophacus Family of Amylax: Amylax, Lingulodinium Order Gonyaulacales incertae sedis: Amphidiniella, Halostylodinium, Pileidinium Dinolagellata incertae sedis: Berghiella, Ceratoperidinium, Pyramidodinium, Pseudoactiniscus, Thaumatodinium LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Checklist of extant dinolagellates. Kingdom Chromalveolata, Infrakingdom Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991 Phylum Myzozoa Cavalier-Smith & E.E. Chao 2004, Phylum Dinolagellata / Dinozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 Class Ellobiopsea A.R. Loebl. 1970 / Ellobiophyceae A.R. Loebl. 1970 Order Thalassomycetales A.R. Loebl. 1970 Family Thalassomycetaceae Niezab. 1913 / Ellobiopsidae Coutière 1911 1 Ellobiopsis Caullery 1910 -type E. chattoni 1 Ellobiopsis chattoni Caullery 1910 2 Ellobiopsis elongata Steuer 1932 3 Ellobiopsis fagei Hovasse 1951 2 Ellobiocystis Coutière 1911 -type E. caridarum (7 species) 4 Ellobiocystis caridarum (Coutière 1911) Coutière 1911 (=Ellobiopsis caridarum Coutière) 5 Ellobiocystis catenatus Coutière 1911 (=?E. caridarum Coutière) 6 Ellobiocystis ilicollus Coutiere 1911 (=?E. caridarum Coutière) 7 Ellobiocystis mysidarum Coutière 1911 8 Ellobiocystis tenuis Coutière 1911 (=?E. caridarum Coutière) 9 Ellobiocystis tuberosus Coutière 1911 (=?E. caridarum Coutière) 10 Ellobiocystis villosus Coutière 1911 (=?E. caridarum Coutière) 3 Parallobiopsis Collin 1913 11 Parallobiopsis coutieri Collin 1913 4 Rhizellobiopsis Hovasse 1926 12 Rhizellobiopsis eupraxiae (I. Zachs 1922) Hovasse 1926 (=Ellobiopsis eupraxiae I. Zachs) Niezab. 1913 (=Staphylocystis Coutière 1911, Amallocystis Fage 1936) -type T. spiczakovi (12 5 Thalassomyces species) 13 Thalassomyces albatrossi B.L. Wing 1975 14 Thalassomyces boschmai (Nouvel 1954) Boschma 1959 (=Amallocystis boschmai Nouvel) 15 Thalassomyces californiensis S.B. Collard 1966 16 Thalassomyces capillosus (Fage 1936) Boschma 1959 (=Amallocystis capillosus Fage) 17 Thalassomyces fagei (Boschma 1948) Boschma 1959 (=Amallocystis fagei Boschma) 18 Thalassomyces fasciatus (Fage 1936) Boschma 1959 (=Amallocystis fasciatus Fage) 19 Thalassomyces marsupi J.E. Kane 1963 20 Thalassomyces niezabitowski (Hoenigman 1960) Vader 1973 (=Amallocystis niezabitowski Hoenigman) 21 Thalassomyces nouveli (Hoenigman 1954) Boschma 1959 (=Amallocystis nouveli Hoenigman) Thalassomyces racemosus (Coutière 1911) Boschma 1959 (=Ellobiopsis racemosa Coutière, Staphylocystis 22 racemosa Coutière, Thalassomyces batei Niezabiowski 1973, Thalassomyces racemosus (Coutière) P. Bergan 1952) 23 Thalassomyces spiczakovi Niezab. 1913 24 Thalassomyces umbellatus (Boschma 1949) Boshma 1959 (=Amallocystis umbellatus Boschma) Class Oxyrrhea Cavalier-Smith 1987 Order Oxyrrhida / Oxyrrhinales Sournia 1984 Oxyrrhinaceae Sournia 1984 6 Oxyrrhis Dujard. 1841 -type O. marina 25 Oxyrrhis marina Dujard. 1841 (=O. maritima Meel 1969) 26 Oxyrrhis tentaculifera W. Conrad 1939 Class of Pronoctiluca, incertae sedis Order of Pronoctiluca Protodiniferaceae Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Pronoctilucaceae M. Lebour 1925) 7 Pronoctiluca Fabre-Dom. 1889 (=Pelagorhynchus Pavill. 1917, Protodinifer Kof. & Swezy 1921) -type P. pelagica 73 74 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. Pronoctiluca acuta (Lohmann 1912) J. Schiller 1933 (=Rhynchomonas acuta Lohmann 1912, R. curvata Lohmann 27 1921) pelagica Fabre-Dom. 1889 (=R. marina Lohmann 1902, Pelagorhynchus marinus Pavill. 1917,=?P. 28 Pronoctiluca spinifera) 29 Pronoctiluca rostrata F.J.R. Taylor 1976 Pronoctiluca spinifera (Lohmann 1920) J. Schiller 1933 (=Protodinifer tentaculata Kof. & Swezy 1921, Pronoctiluca 30 tentaculata (Kof. & Swezy) Pavill. 1922, ?P. pelagica Fabre-Dom. 1889) Superclass Syndina Cavalier-Smith Class of Duboscquella (=Marine Alveolate Group I) Order of Duboscquella / Duboscquellales / Duboscquodinida Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1987 Duboscquellaceae Chatton 1920 ex A.R. Loebl. 1970 / Duboscquellidae Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1987 8 Dogelodinium Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Collinella Cachon 1964) 31 Dogelodinium ovoides (Cachon 1964) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Collinella ovoides Cachon) 9 Duboscquella Chatton 1920 -type D. tintinnicola (8 species) 32 Duboscquella anisospora Chatton in Grassé 1952 (=?D. tintinnicola (Lohmann 1908) Chatton 1920) 33 Duboscquella aspida Cachon 1964 (=?D. tintinnicola (Lohmann 1908) Chatton 1920) 34 Duboscquella cachoni D.W. Coats 1988 35 Duboscquella caryophaga Cachon 1964 36 Duboscquella cnemata Cachon 1964 (=?D. tintinnicola (Lohmann 1908) Chatton 1920) 37 Duboscquella melo Cachon 1964 38 Duboscquella nucleocola Cachon 1964 39 Duboscquella tintinnicola (Lohmann 1908) Chatton 1920 (=Gymnodinium tintinnicola Lohmann) 10 Ichthyodinium Hollande & Cachon 1953 40 Ichthyodinium chabelardi Hollande & Cachon 1953 (=Perkinsoide chabelardi Gestal & al. 2006) 11 Keppenodinium Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Hollandella Cachon 1964) -type K. mycetoides 41 Keppenodinium lobatum (Cachon 1964) Sournia, Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1975 (=Hollandella lobata Cachon) 42 Keppenodinium mycetoides (Cachon 1964) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 piriforme (Cachon 1964) Sournia, Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1975 (=Hollandella piriformis 43 Kleppenodinium Cachon) Superclass Syndina Cavalier-Smith Class Syndinea Chatton 1920, Syndiniophyceae A.R. Loebl. 1976 (Marine Alveolate Group II) Syndiniales A.R. Loebl. 1976 (=?Coccidiniales Chatton & Biecheler 1934) Syndiniaceae Chatton 1920 12 Merodinium Chatton 1923 (=Syndinium Chatton 1910) -type M. brandti (11 species) 44 Merodinium astutum Chatton 1923 (=Syndinium astutum Chatton) Merodinium belari Hollande & Cachon-Enjumet 1953 (=Syndinium belari (Hollande & Cachon-Enjumet) Hollande 45 & Cachon-Enjumet 1955, ?M. vernale (Hovasse 1924) Chatton in Grassé 1952) Merodinium borgerti (Hollande, Cachon-Enjumet & Manciet 1953) Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1954 (=Syndinium 46 borgerti Hollande, Cachon-Enjumet & Manciet) 47 Merodinium brandti (Hovasse 1923) Chatton 1923 (=Syndinium brandti Hovasse 1923) 48 Merodinium breve Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1954 (=Syndinium breve Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1955) 49 Merodinium chattoni Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1954 (=Syndinium chattoni Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1955) 50 Merodinium dolosum Chatton 1923 (=Syndinium dolosum Chatton) 51 Merodinium globiforme Hollande & Cachon-Enjumet 1953 52 Merodinium insidiosum Chatton 1923 (=Syndinium incidiosum Chatton) 53 Merodinium mendax Chatton 1923 (=Syndinium mendax Chatton 1923) vernale (Hovasse 1924) Chatton in Grassé 1952 (=S. vernale Hovasse,?M. belari Hollande & Cachon54 Merodinium Enjumet 1953) 13 Syndinium Chatton 1910 (=Atelodinium Chatton 1920, Synhemidinium Chatton 1952) -type. S. turbo (10 species) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 55 Syndinium allognosticum R. Weill 1935 56 Syndinium caryophagum Cachon-Enjumet 1961 Syndinium corycaei Chatton 1938 in Grassé 1952 (=S. corycaei Chatton 1922, Cochlosyndinium corycaei Chatton 57 in Grassé 1952) 58 Syndinium gammari J.F. Manier, A. Fize & H. Grizel 1971 59 Syndinium globiforme Hollande & Cachon-Enjumet 1953. Syndinium gracile Hollande & Cachon-Enjumet 1953 (nom. nud.). Syndinium microscorum Chatton 1938 (nom. nud.) 60 Syndinium oikopleurae Hollande & Fenaux 1975 turbo Chatton 1910 (=S. rostratum Chatton 1938, Synhemidinium rostratum Chatton 1952, S. minutum 61 Syndinium Chatton in Grassé 1952). Subgenus Solenodinium Chatton (1923) Chatton in Grassé 1952 -type S. fallax 62 Solenidinium densum Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1954 63 Solenodinium fallax (Chatton 1923) Chatton 1938 (=Merodinium fallax Chatton) 64 Solenodinium leptotaemia Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1954 14 Hematodinium Chatton & R. Poisson 1930 -type H. perezi 65 Hematodinium australis D.A. Hudson & J.D. Shields 1994 66 Hematodinium perezi Chatton & R. Poisson 1930 Coccidiniaceae / Coccidinidae Chatton & Biecheler 1934 15 Coccidinium Chatton & Biecheler 1934 -type C. duboscqui 67 Coccidinium duboscqui Chatton & Biecheler 1934 68 Coccidinium legeri Chatton & Biecheler 1934 69 Coccidinium mesnili Chatton & Biecheler 1936 70 Coccidinium punctatum Chatton & Biecheler 1936 Sphaeriparaceae A.R. Loebl. 1970 16 Atlanticellodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1965 71 Atlanticellodinium tregoubofi Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1965 Poche 1911 (=Lohmannia Neresh. 1903, Lohmanella Neresh. 1904, Neresheimeria Übel 1912) -type 17 Sphaeripara S. catenata 72 Sphaeripara catenata (Neresh. 1903) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Lohmannia catenata Neresh.) 73 Sphaeripara paradoxa (Neresh. 1904) A.R. Loebl. 1967 (=Lohmannella paradoxa Neresh.) Amoebophryidae / Amoebophryaceae Cachon 1964 ex A.R. Loebl. 1970 18 Actinodinium Chatton & Hovasse 1937 74 Actinodinium apsteini Chatton & Hovasse 1937 paradoxum (M. Rose & Cachon 1951) Hollande & Cachon-Enjumet 1953 (=Diplomorpha paradoxa 75 Actinodinium M. Rose & Cachon) 19 Amoebophrya Koeppen 1894 -type A. stycholonchae (7 species) 76 Amoebophrya acanthometrae Koeppen 1894 77 Amoebophrya cerati (Koeppen 1899) Cachon 1964 (=Hyalosaccus cerati Koeppen) 78 Amoebophrya grassei Cachon 1964 79 Amoebophrya leptodisci Cachon 1964 80 Amoebophrya rosei Cachon 1964 81 Amoebophrya sticholonchae Koeppen 1894 82 Amoebophrya tintinni Cachon 1964 20 Caryotoma Hollande 1953 83 Caryotoma bernardi Hollande 1953 Superclass Dinokaryota Cavalier-Smith 1993 75 76 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. Class Noctiluciphyceae Fensome & al. 1993/Noctilucophyceae, Phyllum Noctilucae Haeckel 1866, Class Noctilucea, Cystolagellata Noctilucales Haeckel 1894 Noctilucaceae Kent 1881 21 Noctiluca Suriray ex Lam. 1816 84 Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney 1810) Kof. 1920 (=Noctiluca miliaris Suriray ex Lam. 1816) 22 Spatulodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1968 Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca (C.H.G. Pouchet 1885) Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet ex Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 85 1969 (=Gymnodinium pseudonoctiluca C.H.G. Pouchet, G. fulgens Kof. & Swezy 1921, G. lebouriae Pavill., G. pyrocystis Jørg. 1912) Kofoidiniaceae F.J.R. Taylor 1976 23 Cymbodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1967 86 Cymbodinium elegans Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1967 24 Kofoidinium Pavill. 1928 -type K. velelloides 87 Kofoidinium arcticum Bursa 1964 88 Kofoidinium pavillardii Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1967 (=K. lebouriae (Pavill. 1921) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 89 Kofoidinium splendens Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1967 90 Kofoidinium velelloides Pavill. 1928 25 Pomatodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1966 91 Pomatodinium impatiens Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1966 Leptodiscaceae Kof. 1905 26 Abedinium Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Leptophyllus Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1964) dasypus (Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1964) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Leptophyllus dasypus Cachon 92 Abedinium & Cachon-Enjumet) 27 Cachonodinium A.R. Loebl. 1980 (=Leptodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1969) caudatum (Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1969) A.R. Loebl. 1980 (=Leptodinium caudatum Cachon 93 Cachonodinium & Cachon-Enjumet) 28 Craspedotella Kof. 1905 94 Craspedotella pileolus Kof. 1905 29 Leptodiscus Hertwig 1877 (=?Pratjetella Lohmann 1920, =?Clipeodinium Pascher 1917) medusoides Hertwig 1877 (=?Pratjetella medusoides (Hertwig) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966, 95 Leptodiscus ?Clipeodinium medusa Pascher 1917) 30 Petalodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1969 96 Petalodinium porcelio Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1969 31 Scaphodinium Margalef 1963 (=Leptospathium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1964) 97 Scaphodinium mirabile Margalef 1963 (=Leptospathium navicula Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1964) Dinolagellata Buetschli 1885, Dinophyceae (Buetschli 1885) Pascher 1914, Dinophyceae West & Fritch 1927, Class Peridinea Order Haplozooidea Poche 1913 Haplozoonaceae Chatton 1920 32 Haplozoon Dogiel 1906 -type H. armatum (14 species) 98 Haplozoon ariciae Dogiel 1910 99 Haplozoon armatum Dogiel 1906 100 Haplozoon axiothellae A.E. Siebert 1973 101 Haplozoon clymenellae (G.N. Calk. 1915) Chatton 1920 (=Microtaeniella clymenellae G.N. Calk. 1915) 102 Haplozoon clymenidis Dogiel & Mikelsson 1923 103 Haplozoon delicatulum Dogiel 1910 104 Haplozoon dogielii W. Shumway 1924 105 Haplozoon inerme Cachon 1964 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 106 Haplozoon lineare Dogiel 1907 107 Haplozoon macrostylum Dogiel 1910 108 Haplozoon obscurum Dogiel 1910 109 Haplozoon praxillellae S. Rueckert & B.S. Leander 2008 110 Haplozoon tuberculatum Dogiel & Mikelsson 1923 111 Haplozoon villosum Dogiel & Mikelsson 1923 Order Dinotrichales Pascher 1914 Crypthecodiniaceae Biecheler 1938 ex Chatton 1952 33 Crypthecodinium Biecheler 1938 -type C. setense Crypthecodinium cohnii (Seligo 1886) Chatton in Grassé 1952 (=Glenodinium cohnii Seligo in Cohn 1887, 112 Gyrodinium cohnii (Seligo) J. Schiller 1933, Gymnodinium fucorum Küster 1908, Gyrodinium fucorum (Küster) Kof. & Swezy 1921) 113 Crypthecodinium setense Biecheler 1938 Dinotrichaceae Pascher 1914 114 Gymnodinium quadrilobatum T. Horig. & Pienaar 1994 115 Gymnodinium variabile Herdman 1924 116 Peridiniopsis armebeensis L. Ten-Hage. P.K. Da & Couté 2007 117 Peridiniopsis corillionii Leitao, Ten-Hage, G. Mascarell & Couté 2001 118 Peridiniopsis kevei I. Grigorszky & Vasas 1997 119 Peridiniopsis niei G.X. Liu & Z.Y. Hue 2008 Peridiniopsis penardii (Lemmerm. 1900) Bourr. 1968 (=P. andrzejowskii Wolosz. 1920, P. durandii S. Rodríguez, 120 Couté, Ten-Hage & G. Mascarell 1999, Glenodinium penardii Lemmerm., Peridinium cinctum Penard 1891) 121 Peridiniopsis rhomboides Krakhmalny 2002 (=?P. kevei I. Grigorszky & Vasas, ?P. corillionii Leitao & al. 2001) 122 Peridiniopsis sphaeroidea (Christen 1958) Bourr. 1968 (=Peridinium sphaeroideum Christen) 123 Peridinium quinquecorne T.H. Abé 1927 (=Protoperidinium quinquecorne (T.H. Abé) Balech 1974) 34 Dinothrix Pascher 1914 124 Dinothrix paradoxa Pascher 1914 35 Durinskia Carty & E.R. Cox 1986 (=Glenodinium Ehrenb., Peridinium Ehrenb.) type -D. baltica Durinskia baltica (Levander 1894) Carty & E.R. Cox 1986 (=P. balticum (Levander) Lemmerm. 1900, Glenodinium 125 cinctum Levander 1892, G. balticum Levander 1894, P. dybowskii Wolosz. 1916, G. dybowskii (Wolosz.) Er. Lindem. 1925, Peridiniopsis balticum (Levander) Bourr. 1968) 126 Durinskia capensis Pienaar, H. Sakai & T. Horig. 2007 127 Durinskia occulata (F. Stein 1883) Gert Hansen & Flaim 2007 (=Glenodinium occulatum F. Stein) 36 Galeidinium M. Tamura & T. Horig. 2005 128 Galeidinium rugatum M. Tamura & T. Horig. 2005 37 Kryptoperidinium Er. Lindem. 1924 (=Peridinium Ehrenb. ?Phyllodinium W. Conrad 1926) 129 Kryptoperidinium foliaceum (F. Stein 1883) Er. Lindem. 1924 (=Glenodinium foliaceum F. Stein, Peridinium umbo L.S. Sjöstedt 1924, ?Peridinium cuneatum Goor 1925, ?Phyllodinium scutelaris W. Conrad 1926) Order Dinococcales Pascher 1914 (incl. Phytodiniales T. Christ. 1962 ex Loebl. 1970, Suessiales Fensome & al. 1993, Baseridae Özdikmen 2009) Phytodiniaceae Klebs 1912 (incl. Dinococcaceae Fott 1960, Hemidiniaceae Bourr. 1970, Borghiellaceae Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009) 38 Baldinia Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2007 (=Glenodinium Ehrenb.) -type B. anauniensis 130 Baldinia anauniensis Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2007 (=Glenodinium sanguineum Marchesoni 1941 sensu Baldi) Baldiana bernardiensis (Chodat & Zehnder 1924) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009 (=G. bernardiense 131 Chodat & Zehnder) 39 Borghiella Moestrup, Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2008 (non Berghiella Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) -type B. dodgei 132 Borghiella dodgei Moestrup, Gert Hansen & Daugberg 2008 77 78 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. Borghiella tenuissima (Lauterborn 1894) Moestrup, Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2008 (=Gymnodinium tenuissimum 133 Lauterborn, Woloszynskia tenuissima (Lauterborn) R.H. Thomps. 1951, ?Gymnodinium lens Fott 1957) Woloszynskia pascheri (Suchl. 1916) Stosch 1973 (=Glen. pascheri Suchl., Glen. polonicum Wolosz. 1916, Gymnodinium hiemale Wolosz. 1917, Gym. tatricum Wolosz. 1919, Gym. mirum Utermöhl 1923, Gym. veris Er. 134 Lindem. 1925, Gyr. silvaticum Er. Lindem. 1925, Gym. undulatum Wolosz. 1925, Gym. hiemale Skvorcov 1927, Gyr. nivale Er. Lindem. 1929, Gym. skvortzovii J. Schiller 1933, Gym. inversum Nyggard 1949, Dinastridinium verrucosum Baumeister 1957, Glen. muriaticum Skuja 1964, Gyrodinium pascheri (Suchl.) J. Schiller 1933) 40 Cystodinium G.A. Klebs 1912 (=Gymnocystodinium Baumeister 1957) -type C. cornifax (15 species) 135 Cystodinium acerosum R.H. Thomps. 1984 136 Cystodinium achroum Baumeister 1957 Cystodinium bataviense Klebs 1912 (=?C. lunare Pascher 1927, ?Dinococcus oedogonii (P. Richter 1897) Fott 137 1960) 138 Cystodinium bisetosum (Er. Lindem.1928) Hub.-Pest. 1950 (=Gymnodinium bisetosum Er. Lindem.) 139 Cystodinium closterium Pascher 1927 (=Cystodinium closterium var. crassa Bourr. 1961) Cystodinium cornifax (A.J. Schill. 1891) G.A. Klebs 1912 (=Glenodinium cornifax A.J. Schill., C. iners Geitler 1928, Cystodinedria iners (Geitler 1928) Pascher 1944, C. steinii Klebs 1912, C. schilleri Baumeister 1957, C. 140 unicorne Klebs 1912, C. steinii var. tenuirostris Wolosz. 1919, C. steinii var. dimidio-minor Baumeister 1957, Gymnocystodinium iners (Geitler) Baumeister 1957, Gymnocyst. unicorne (Klebs) Baumeister 1958) 141 Cystodinium dirhamphos Baumeister 1957 142 Cystodinium grabenseei Baumeister 1957 143 Cystodinium guttatum Baumeister 1957 144 Cystodinium heterorhamphos Baumeister 1957 145 Cystodinium interspersum Baumeister 1957 146 Cystodinium novaculosum (Baumeister 1939) Hub.-Pest. 1950 (=Gymnodinium novaculosum Baumeister) 147 Cystodinium pallidulum Baumeister 1957 148 Cystodinium papilionaceus Baumeister 1957 Cystodinium phaseolus Pascher 1928 (=C. conchaeforme Baumeister 1963, C. hyalinum Pascher 1944, C. 149 minimum Pascher 1944, C. dominii Fott 1933, C. dimorphe (Baumeister) Hub.-Pest. 1950, Gymnocyst. dimorphe (Baumeister) Baumeister 1957, Dinorbiculus dimorphus (Baumeister) Baumeister 1968) 150 Dinastridium armata (Baumeister 1957) Bourr. 1970 (=Bourrellyella armata Baumeister) 41 Dinamoebidium Pascher 1916 (=Dinamoeba Pascher 1916) -type D. varians 151 Dinamoebidium coloradense Bursa 1970 152 Dinamoebidium hyperboreum Bursa 1970 153 Dinamoebidium varians (Pascher 1916) Pascher 1916 (=Dinamoeba varians Pascher) 42 Dinoclonium Pascher 1927 154 Dinoclonium conradii Pascher 1927 43 Dinococcus Fott 1960 (=Cystodinium G.A. Klebs 1912, Raciborskia Wolosz. 1919) -type D. bicornis 155 Dinococcus africanum Bourr. 1961 bicornis (Wolosz. 1919) Fott 1960 (=Raciborskia bicornis Wolosz., Cystodinium bicorne (Wolosz.) 156 Dinococcus Hub.-Pest. 1950) 157 Dinococcus incus (Pascher 1932) Fott 1960 (=Raciborskia incus Pascher) oedogonii (P. Richter 1897) Fott 1960 (=R. oedogonii (P. Richter) Pascher 1943, Rhizophydium 158 Dinococcus oedogonii P. Richter, Cystodinium brevipes Geitler, ?C. bataviense Klebs 1912) 44 Filodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1968 159 Filodinium hovassei Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1968 45 Hypnodinium G.A. Klebs 1912 -type H. sphaericum 160 Hypnodinium asiaticum Skvortzov 1958 161 Hypnodinium lefevrei Bourr. 1987 162 Hypnodinium sphaericum G.A. Klebs 1912 46 Manchudinium Skvortzov 1972 (=Pentadinium Skvortzov 1968) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 163 Manchudinium sinicum (Skvortzov 1968) Skvortzov 1972 47 Phytodinium G.A. Klebs 1912 simplex G.A. Klebs 1912 (=Phytodinium globosum Pascher 1927, Phytodinium aureum Starmach 164 Phytodinium 1963) 48 Prosoaulax Calado & Moestrup 2005 (=Amphidinium Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) -type P. lacustris Prosoaulax lacustris (F. Stein 1883) Calado & Moestrup 2005 (=Amphidinium lacustre F. Stein 1883, A. elenkinii Skvortzov 1925, A. eucephalum J. Schiller 1955, A. gyrinum T.M. Harris 1940, A. inconstans J. Schiller 1955, A. 165 larvale Er. Lindem. 1928, A. sauerzopii J. Schiller 1955, A. luteum Skuja 1939, A. tenagodes T.M. Harris 1940, A. lacustriforme J. Schiller 1928, A. hyalinum Entz 1930, A. tatrae Wolosz. 1936, A. inconstans J. Schiller 1955, A. turicense Hub.-Pest. 1959, A. skujae Christen 1958, A. schroderi J. Schiller 1928, Gym. stagnale J. Schiller 1955) multiplex (J. Schiller 1955) Calado & Moestrup 2005 (=Amphidinium multiplex J. Schiller, Amphidinium 166 Prosoaulax lohammarii Skuja 1956, A. vorax J. Schiller 1955) 167 Prosoaulax viridis (J. Schiller 1955) Calado & Moestrup 2005 (=Amphidinium viride J. Schiller) 49 Sphaerodinium Wolosz. 1915 (non Sphaerodinium T.H. Abé 1927) -type S. polonicum (5 species) 168 Sphaerodinium javanicum Wolosz. 1930 (=S. cinctum var. javanicum (Wolosz.) Hub.-Pest. 1950) 169 Sphaerodinium limneticum Wolosz. 1915 (=S. cinctum var. limneticum (Wolosz.) Hub.-Pest. 1950) polonicum Wolosz. 1915 (=S. cinctum var. polonicum (Wolosz.) Hub.-Pest. 1950, S. polonicum 170 Sphaerodinium var. tatrica Wolosz. 1916) 171 Sphaerodinium cracoviense Wolosz. 1915 (=?S. cinctum (Ehrenb. 1836) Wolosz. 1917) 172 Sphaerodinium imbriatum R.H. Thomps. 1951 50 Tetradinium G.A. Klebs 1912 (non Tetradinium Vavrdová 1973) -type T. javanicum (5 species) 173 Tetradinium chiastosporum T.M. Harris 1940 (=T. chiastosporum var. armatum Wawrik 1981) 174 Tetradinium intermedium Geitler 1928 (=T. intermedium var. longipes Thérézien 1985) 175 Tetradinium javanicum G.A. Klebs 1912 176 Tetradinium minus Pascher 1927 177 Tetradinium simplex Prescott 1949 Symbiodiniaceae Fensome & al. 1993 (?Zooxanthellaceae) 178 Gymnodinium varians Maskell 1887 (=G. minimum G.A. Klebs 1912) 179 Gyrodinium zeta J. Larsen 1996 51 Aureodinium J.D. Dodge 1967 180 Aureodinium pigmentosum J.D. Dodge 1967 (=Gymnodinium pigmentosum (J.D. Dodge) A.R. Loebl. 1970) Biecheleria Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009 (=Gymnodinium F. Stein 1883, Woloszynskia R.H. 52 Thomps. 1951) -type B. pseudopalustris 181 Biecheleria baltica Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009 halophila (Biecheler 1952) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009 (=Gymnodinium halophilum 182 Biecheleria Biecheler, Woloszynskia halophila (Biecheler) Elbr. & A. Kremp 2005) 183 Biecheleria natalensis (T. Horig. & Pienaar 1994) Moestrup 2009 (=Gymnodinium natalense T. Horig. & Pienaar) Biecheleria pseudopalustris (J. Schiller 1932) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009 (=G. pseudopalustris 184 J. Schiller 1932, W. pseudopalustris (J. Schiller) Kisselev 1954 ex Elbr. 2005, G. palustre A.J. Schill. forma Wolosz. 1918, W. pseudopalustris (Wolosz. 1917) Kisselev 1954, ?G. excavatum Nygaard 1954) 185 Woloszynskia cincta Siano, Montresor & Zingone 2009 186 Woloszynskia cestocoetes (R.H. Thomps. 1947) R.H. Thomps. 1951 (=Gymnodinium cestocoetes R.H. Thomps.) 53 Biecheleriopsis Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009 187 Biecheleriopsis adriatica Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009 (=Gymnodinium corii J. Schiller 1928) 54 Piscinoodinium J. Lom 1981 -type P. limneticum 188 Piscinoodinium pillulare (Schäp. 1954) J. Lom 1981 (=Oodinium pillularis Schäp.) 189 Piscinoodinium limneticum (D.L. Jacobs 1946) J. Lom 1981 (=Oodinium limneticum D.L. Jacobs) 55 Polarella Montresor, Procaccini & Stoecker 1999 190 Polarella glacialis Montresor, Procaccini & Stoecker 1999 56 Pelagodinium Siano, Montresor, Probert & de Vargas 2010 79 80 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 191 Pelagodinium bei (Spero 1987) Siano, Montresor, Probert & de Vargas 2010 (=Gymnodinium bei Spero) (`beii´) 57 Protodinium Lohmann 1908 -type P. simplex 192 Gymnodinium pygmaeum M. Lebour 1925 193 Protodinium neapolitanum J. Schiller 1928 194 Protodinium oestianum Braarud 1935 Protodinium simplex Lohmann 1908 (=Gymnodinium simplex (Lohmann 1908) Kof. & Swezy 1921, non G. simplex 195 P.A. Dangeard 1939) 58 Symbiodinium Freud. 1962 -type S. microadriaticum (15 species) 196 Symbiodinium bermudense R.K. Trench 1993 197 Symbiodinium californicum LaJeunesse & R.K. Trench 2000 198 Symbiodinium cariborum R.K. Trench 1993 199 Symbiodinium corculorum R.K. Trench 1993 200 Symbiodinium ittii B.K. Baillie, C.A. Belda-Baillie & T. Maruyama 2000 `?itti´ 201 Symbiodinium goreaui R.K. Trench & R.J. Blank 1987 ex R.K. Trench 2000 202 Symbiodinium kawagutii R.K. Trench & R.J. Blank 1987 ex R.K. Trench 2000 linucheae (R.K. Trench & L.V. Thinh 1995) LaJeunesse 2001 (=Gymnodinium linucheae R.K. 203 Symbiodinium Trench & L.V. Thinh) 204 Symbiodinium meandrinae R.K. Trench 1993 Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freud. 1962 (=Gymnodinium microadriaticum (Freud.) D.L. Taylor 1971, 205 Zooxanthella microadriatica (Freud.) A.R. Loebl. & J.L. Sherley 1979) 206 Symbiodinium muscatinei LaJeunesse & R.K. Trench 2000 207 Symbiodinium natans Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2009 208 Symbiodinium pilosum R.K. Trench & R.J. Blank 1987 ex R.K. Trench 2000 209 Symbiodinium pulchrorum R.K. Trench 1993 210 Symbiodinium tridacnorum Hollande & Carré 1975 Order of Akashiwo Family of Akashiwo 59 Akashiwo Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 sanguinea (Hirasaka 1924) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 (=Gymnodinium sanguineum Hirasaka, 211 Akashiwo Gymnodinium splendens M. Lebour 1925, G. nelsonii G.W. Martin 1929) Order Brachidiniales A.R. Loebl. 1982 ex Sournia 1984 Brachidiniaceae Sournia 1972 (incl. Kareniaceae Bergholtz & al. 2006) 212 Cochlodinium convolutum Kof. & Swezy 1921 60 Asterodinium Sournia 1972 (=?Brachidinium F.J.R. Taylor 1963) -type A. gracile 213 Asterodinium gracile Sournia 1972 214 Asterodinium libanum Abboud-Abi Saab 1989 215 Asterodinium spinosum Sournia 1972 Brachidinium F.J.R. Taylor 1963 (=?Karenia Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000, non Bacchidinium R.J. Davey 1979) 61 -type B. capitatum 216 Brachidinium brevipes Sournia 1972 217 Brachidinium capitatum F.J.R. Taylor 1963 218 Brachidinium catenatum F.J.R. Taylor 1967 219 Brachidinium taylorii Sournia 1972 62 Gynogonadinium F. Gómez 2007 220 Gynogonadinium aequatoriale F. Gómez 2007 Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 (=?Brachidinium F.J.R. Taylor 1963, non Karenia Wei & Zhang) -type K. 63 Karenia brevis (13 species) 221 Karenia asterichroma de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2004 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 222 Karenia bicuneiformis L. Botes, S.D. Sym & G.C. Pitcher 2003 223 Karenia bidigitata A.J. Haywood & Steid. 2004 Karenia brevis (C.C. Davis 1948) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 (=G. breve C.C. Davis, Ptychodiscus brevis (C.C. 224 Davis) Steid. 1979) 225 Karenia brevisulcata (F.H. Chang 1999) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 (=G. brevisulcatum F.H. Chang) 226 Karenia concordia F.H. Chang & K.G. Ryan 2004 (=?K. mikimotoi) 227 Karenia cristata L. Botes, S.D. Sym & G.C. Pitcher 2003 digitata Z.B. Yang, H. Takayama, Matsuoka & I.J. Hodgkiss 2000 (=?Karlodinium decipiens de Salas & 228 Karenia Laza-Martínez 2008) 229 Karenia longicanalis Z.B. Yang, I.J. Hodgkiss & Gert Hansen 2001 Karenia mikimotoi (Miyake & Kominami ex H. Oda 1935) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 (=G. nagasakiense H. 230 Takayama & Adachi 1984) 231 Karenia papilionacea A.J. Haywood & Steid. 2004 232 Karenia selliformis A.J. Haywood, Steid. & L. MacKenzie 2004 233 Karenia umbella de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2004 64 Karlodinium J. Larsen 2000 -type K. micrum (10 species) 234 Gymnodinium amphityphlum J. Larsen 1994 235 Gymnodinium pumilum J. Larsen 1994 236 Gyrodinium estuariale Hulburt 1957 237 Karlodinium antarcticum de Salas 2008 238 Karlodinium armiger T. Bergholtz, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2006 239 Karlodinium australe de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2005 240 Karlodinium ballantinum de Salas 2008 241 Karlodinium conicum de Salas 2008 242 Karlodinium corrugatum de Salas 2008 243 Karlodinium corsicum (Paulmier 1995) Siano & Zingone 2009 (=Gyrodinium corsicum Paulmier) 244 Karlodinium decipiens de Salas & Laza-Martínez 2008 (=?Karenia digitata Yang & al. 2000) Karlodinium veneicum (D. Ballant. 1956) J. Larsen 2000 (=K. micrum (B. Leadb. & J.D. Dodge 1966) J. Larsen 245 2000, Gym. veneicum D. Ballant., Wolosz. micra B. Leadb. & J.D. Dodge, Gyr. galatheanum (Braarud 1957) F.J.R. Taylor 1992, Gym. micrum (B. Leadb. & J.D. Dodge) A.R. Loebl. 1970) Karlodinium vitiligo (D. Ballant. 1956) J. Larsen 2000 (=Gymnodinium vitiligo D. Ballant., ?K. veneicum (D. 246 Ballant.) J. Larsen) 65 Microceratium Sournia 1972 (=?Brachidinium F.J.R. Taylor 1963) 247 Microceratium orstomii Sournia 1972 66 Pavillardia Kof. & Swezy 1921 248 Pavillardia tentaculifera Kof. & Swezy 1921 67 Pseliodinium Sournia 1972 Pseliodinium vaubanii Sournia 1972 (=Gymnodinium fusus F. Schütt 1896, Gyrodinium falcatum Kof. & Swezy 249 1921, Gyrodinium sugashimanii Cachon, H. Sato, Cachon-Enjumet & S. Sato 1989, Gyrodinium caudatum Kof. & Swezy 1921) 68 Takayama de Salas, Bolch, L. Botes & Hallegr. 2003 -type T. tasmanica (6 species) 250 Gyrodinium impendens J. Larsen 1996 251 Takayama acrotrocha (J. Larsen 1996) de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2003 (=Gyrodinium acrotrochum J. Larsen) 252 Takayama cladochroma (J. Larsen 1996) de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2003 (=Gyrodinium cladochroma J. Larsen) 253 Takayama helix de Salas, Bolch, L. Botes & Hallegr. 2003 254 Takayama pulchella (J. Larsen 1994) de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2003 (=Gymnodinium pulchellum J. Larsen) 255 Takayama tasmanica de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2003 256 Takayama tuberculata de Salas 2008 81 82 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 69 Torodinium Kof. & Swezy 1921 -type T. teredo 257 Torodinium robustum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium teredo F. Schütt 1895 partim) Torodinium teredo (C.H.G. Pouchet 1885) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gym. teredo C.H.G. Pouchet, T. robustum Kof. & 258 Swezy 1921 partim) Order Gymnodiniales Lemmerm. 1910 Gymnodiniales sensu stricto Chytriodiniaceae Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1968 70 Chytriodinium Chatton 1912 -type C. roseum 259 Chytriodinium afine (Dogiel 1906) Chatton 1912 (=Gymnodinium afine Dogiel) 260 Chytriodinium parasiticum (Dogiel 1906) Chatton 1912 (=Gymnodinium parasiticum Dogiel) Chytriodinium roseum (Dogiel 1906) Chatton 1912 (=Gymnodinium roseum Dogiel, non Gymnodinium roseum 261 Lohmann 1908) 71 Dissodinium G.A. Klebs 1916 (=Diplodinium G.A. Klebs 1912, Sporodinium Gönnert 1936) -type D. pseudolunula 262 Dissodinium pseudocalani (Gönnert 1936) Drebes ex Elbr. & Drebes 1978 (=Sporodinium pseudocalani Gönnert) Dissodinium pseudolunula E.V. Swift 1973 (=Pyrocystis margaleii G. Léger 1973, Gym. bicorne Kof. & Swezy 263 1921, D. bicorne (Kof. & Swezy) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 72 Myxodinium Cachon, Cachon-Enjumet & Bouquaheux 1969 264 Myxodinium pipiens Cachon, Cachon-Enjumet & Bouquaheux 1969 73 Schizochytriodinium Elbr. 1988 265 Schizochytriodinium calani Elbr. 1988 74 Syltodinium Drebes 1989 266 Syltodinium listi Drebes 1989 (=?Gyrodinium undulans Hulburt 1957) Gymnodiniaceae Lank. 1885 (incl. Polykrikaceae Kof. & Swezy 1921) 75 Barrufeta N. Sampedro & S. Fraga 2011 267 Barrufeta bravensis N. Sampedro & S. Fraga 2011 F. Stein 1878 (=Gymnocystodinium Baumeister 1957, Rhizodinium Baumeister 1955 ex Loebl. & 76 Gymnodinium A.R. Loebl. 1968) -type G. fuscum (214 species) 268 Amphidinium dentatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 269 Amphidinium latum M. Lebour 1925 270 Amphidinium poecilochroum J. Larsen 1985 271 Amphidinium salinum J. Ruinen 1938 272 Amphidinium truncatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 273 Amphidinium vigrense Wolosz. 1925 274 Gymnocystodinium parthasarathii Ramanathan 1967 275 Gymnodinium absumens J. Schiller 1955 276 Gymnodinium achroum J. Schiller 1955 277 Gymnodinium acuminatum Christen 1954 278 Gymnodinium acutissimum Okolodkov 1997 279 Gymnodinium adriaticum (Schmarda 1846) Kof. & Swezy 1921 280 Gymnodinium aequatoriale Hasle 1960 Gymnodinium aeruginosum F. Stein 1883 (=G. dohrnii Wawrik 1956, G. acidotum Nygaard 1949, G. viride Penard 281 1891, G. capaniforme Popovský 1971) 282 Gymnodinium aesculum Baumeister 1943 283 Gymnodinium aestivale Skvortzov 1968 284 Gymnodinium agaricoides P.H. Campb. 1973 285 Gymnodinium agile Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non G. agile sensu Herdman 1922=Herdmania litoralis J.D. Dodge 1981) 286 Gymnodinium agiliforme J. Schiller 1928 287 Gymnodinium alaskense Bursa 1963 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 288 Gymnodinium alatum Litvin. 1965 289 Gymnodinium albidum J.B. Lackey & E.W. Lackey 1970 290 Gymnodinium albulum Er. Lindem. 1928 291 Gymnodinium alsiophilum Skuja 1964 292 Gymnodinium amphiconicoides J. Schiller 1955 293 Gymnodinium amplinucleum P.H. Campb. 1973 294 Gymnodinium arcticum A. Wulff 1916 (=?G. soyai Y. Hada 1970) 295 Gymnodinium arenicola Dragesco 1965 (=G. variabile sensu J.D. Dodge 1982, non G. variabile Herdman 1924) 296 Gymnodinium armoricanum Villeret 1953 297 Gymnodinium aurantium P.H. Campb. 1973 298 Gymnodinium aureolum (Hulburt 1957) Gert Hansen 2000 299 Gymnodinium australe Playfair 1920 300 Gymnodinium australense J. Ruinen 1938 (non Gymnodinium australiense Delandre & Cookson 1966) 301 Gymnodinium baccatum Balech 1965 302 Gymnodinium baicalense N.L. Antipova 1955 303 Gymnodinium baumeisteri J. Schiller 1955 304 Gymnodinium bicaudatum Pavill. 1905 305 Gymnodinium biciliatum Ohno 1911 306 Gymnodinium biconicum J. Schiller 1928 (non Gyrodinium biconicum Kof. & Swezy 1921) 307 Gymnodinium bilobatum Meel 1969 308 Gymnodinium birotundatum Goor 1925 309 Gymnodinium bogoriense G.A. Klebs 1912 310 Gymnodinium boguense P.H. Campb. 1973 311 Gymnodinium bonaerense Akselman 1985 312 Gymnodinium boreale Gaarder 1953 313 Gymnodinium caerulescens J. Schiller 1955 314 Gymnodinium campaniforme Popovský 1971 315 Gymnodinium capitatum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 316 Gymnodinium carinatum A.J. Schill. 1891 317 Gymnodinium cassiei R.E. Norris 1961 318 Gymnodinium catenatum H.W. Graham 1943 319 Gymnodinium chiasmonetrium R.E. Norris 1961 Gymnodinium chiastosporum (T.M. Harris 1940) A.A. Cridland 1958 (=Tetradinium chistosporum T.M. Harris 320 1940, Dinastridinium chiastoporum (T.M. Harris 1940) Starmach 1974, G. hippocastanum A.A. Cridland 1958, Dinastridinium sexangulare Pascher 1927) 321 Gymnodinium chukwanii D. Ballant. 1961 322 Gymnodinium cinctum Kof. & Swezy 1921 323 Gymnodinium cnodax W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 324 Gymnodinium colymbeticum T.M. Harris 1940 (=?G. pulvisculus G.A. Klebs 1912) 325 Gymnodinium corollarium A.M. Sundström, A. Kremp & Daugbjerg 2009 326 Gymnodinium corpusculum (Perty 1852) Kent 1881 Gymnodinium cruciatum (Massart 1920) J. Schiller 1932 (=Chilodinium cruciatum Massart, non G. cruciatum R.H. 327 Thomps. 1950) cryophilum (G.J. Wedemayer, L.W. Wilcox & L.E. Graham 1982) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 328 Gymnodinium (=Amphidinium cryophilum G.J. Wedemayer, L.W. Wilcox & L.E. Graham) 329 Gymnodinium cyaneofungiforme W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 330 Gymnodinium cyaneum J. Schiller 1955 (non G. cyaneum H.J. Hu 1980) 331 Gymnodinium danicans P.H. Campb. 1973 83 84 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 332 Gymnodinium danubiense J. Schiller 1955 333 Gymnodinium deformabile J. Schiller 1955 334 Gymnodinium depressum Skvortzov 1968 335 Gymnodinium diamphidium R.E. Norris 1961 336 Gymnodinium discoidale T.M. Harris 1940 (=Glenodinium eurystomum T.M. Harris 1939) 337 Gymnodinium dissimile Kof. & Swezy 1921 338 Gymnodinium dodgei R. Sarma & Y.S.R.K. Shyam 1974 Gymnodinium dorsalisulcum (Hulburt, J.J.A. McLaughlin & P.A. Zahl 1960) Sh. Murray, de Salas & Hallegr. 2007 339 (=Katodinium dorsalisulcum Hulburt, J.J.A. McLaughlin & P.A. Zahl) 340 Gymnodinium endofasciculum P.H. Campb. 1973 341 Gymnodinium enorme D. Ballant. 1964 eucyaneum H.J. Hu 1983 (=Gymnodinium cyaneum H.J. Hu 1980, non Gymnodinium cyaneum J. 342 Gymnodinium Schiller 1955) 343 Gymnodinium eufrigidum J. Schiller 1955 (non Gymnodinium frigidum Balech 1965) 344 Gymnodinium excavatum Meel 1969 (non G. excavatum Nygaard 1954) 345 Gymnodinium exechegloutum R.E. Norris 1961 346 Gymnodinium ilum M. Lebour 1917 (=?Amphidinium sphenoides A. Wulff 1916) issum Levander 1894 (=Spirodinium issum (Levander) Lemmerm. 1900, non Gyr. 347 Gymnodinium (Levander) Kof. & Swezy 1921) issum 348 Gymnodinium lavum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Gyrodinium lavum Kof. 1931) 349 Gymnodinium fossarum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 350 Gymnodinium frigidum Balech 1965 (non Gymnodinium eufrigidum J. Schiller 1955) Gymnodinium fuscum (Ehrenb. 1834) F. Stein 1878 (=Gymnocystodinium gessneri Baumeister 1957, Cystodinium 351 gessneri (Baumeister) Bourr. 1970, Rhizodinium gessneri (Baumeister) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1968, Gymnodinium caudatum Prescott 1944) Gymnodinium galatheanum Braarud 1957 (non Karlodinium micrum (B. Leadb. & J.D. Dodge 1966) J. Larsen 352 2000) 353 Gymnodinium galeaeforme Matzen. 1933 354 Gymnodinium galeatum J. Larsen 1994 355 Gymnodinium galesianum P.H. Campb. 1973 356 Gymnodinium gelbum Kof. 1931 357 Gymnodinium gibbera J. Schiller 1928 358 Gymnodinium glandiforme W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 359 Gymnodinium gleba F. Schütt 1895 360 Gymnodinium gracilentum P.H. Campb. 1973 grammaticum (C.H.G. Pouchet 1887) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=G. punctatum var. grammaticum C.H.G. 361 Gymnodinium Pouchet) 362 Gymnodinium granii J. Schiller 1955 363 Gymnodinium helveticum Penard 1891 (=Glenodinium apiculatum O. Zacharias 1913) 364 Gymnodinium herbaceum Kof. & Swezy 1921 365 Gymnodinium hiroshimaense Y. Hada 1968 366 Gymnodinium hulburtii P.H. Campb. 1973 367 Gymnodinium impatiens Skuja 1964 368 Gymnodinium impudicum (S. Fraga & Bravo 1995) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 369 Gymnodinium incertum Herdman 1924 370 Gymnodinium inconstans Meel 1969 371 Gymnodinium indicum R. Shyam & Y.S.R.K. Sarma 1975 372 Gymnodinium intercalare Bursa 1961 irregulare B. Hope 1954 (non G. enorme D. Ballant. 1964, non G. irregulare Christen 1959 =G. 373 Gymnodinium uberrimum) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 374 Gymnodinium japonicum Y. Hada 1974 375 Gymnodinium knollii J. Schiller 1955 376 Gymnodinium kowalevskii Pitzik 1967 377 Gymnodinium kujavense Liebetanz 1925 378 Gymnodinium lachmannii Kent 1881 379 Gymnodinium lackeyi (J.B. Lackey 1936) Kisselev 1954 (=G. limneticum J.B. Lackey 1936) 380 Gymnodinium lacustre J. Schiller 1933 (=G. profundum J. Schiller 1933) 381 Gymnodinium lalitae R. Sarma & Y.S.R.K. Shyam 1974 382 Gymnodinium lanskoi Rouchijajnen 1968 Gymnodinium lantzschii Utermöhl 1925 (=G. minimum Lantzsch 1914, Glenodinium minimum (Lantzsch) 383 Bachmann 1924, Gymnodinium albulum Er. Lindem. 1928, G. rhinophoron (Javorn.) Litvin. 1977, G. macronucleum Litvin. 1963) 384 Gymnodinium latum Skuja 1948 (=G. alsiophyllum Skuja 1964) 385 Gymnodinium legiconveniens J. Schiller 1955 lens Fott 1957 (=?Borghiella tenuissima (Lauterborn 1894) Moestrup, Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 386 Gymnodinium 2008) 387 Gymnodinium leptum R.E. Norris 1961 388 Gymnodinium litoralis A. Reñé 2011 (=?Gymnodinium vorax Biecheler 1952) 389 Gymnodinium loburare P.H. Campb. 1973 390 Gymnodinium luteofaba Javorn. 1965 391 Gymnodinium luteo-viride Meel 1969 392 Gymnodinium maguelonnense Biecheler 1939 393 Gymnodinium mammosum Meel 1969 394 Gymnodinium marylandicum R.H. Thomps. 1947 395 Gymnodinium maximum Nordli 1951 396 Gymnodinium microreticulatum Bolch, A. Negri & Hallegr. 1999 397 Gymnodinium mitratum J. Schiller 1933 (=G. eurytopum Skuja 1948, G. simile Skuja 1956) 398 Gymnodinium modestum Balech 1976 (=Gymnodinium baccatum Balech sensu Y. Hada 1970) Gymnodinium monadicum (Perty 1852) Kent 1880 (=Peridinium monadicum Perty, Glen. monadicum (Perty) 399 Diesing 1866) 400 Gymnodinium myriopyrenoides H. Yamaguchi, T. Nakayama, A. Kai & I. Inouye 2011 401 Gymnodinium najadeum J. Schiller 1928 402 Gymnodinium nanum J. Schiller 1928 403 Gymnodinium neapolitanum J. Schiller 1928 404 Gymnodinium nolleri Ellegaard & Moestrup 1999 405 Gymnodinium obliquum Okolodkov 1997 oceanicum Hasle 1960 (non Gym. oceanicum Sukhanova 1968, non Gyrodinium oceaniae 406 Gymnodinium Okolodkov 1997) 407 Gymnodinium ochraceum Kof. 1931 408 Gymnodinium octo J. Larsen 1994 409 Gymnodinium olivaceum Skvortzov 1968 410 Gymnodinium opressum W. Conrad 1926 411 Gymnodinium ostenfeldii J. Schiller 1928 412 Gymnodinium ovato-capitatum Meel 1969 413 Gymnodinium ovoideum Okolodkov 1997 (non Gyrodinium ovoideum Kof. & Swezy 1921) 414 Gymnodinium ovulum Kof. & Swezy 1921 415 Gymnodinium pallidum Skuja 1939 palustre A.J. Schill. 1891 (=G. carinatum A.J. Schill. 1891, ?G. vigrense Wolosz. 1925, ?G. 416 Gymnodinium zachariasii Er. Lemmerm. 1900) 85 86 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 417 Gymnodinium palustriforme Gert Hansen & Flaim 2007 418 Gymnodinium paradoxum A.J. Schill. 1891 419 Gymnodinium patagonicum Balech 1971 420 Gymnodinium paulsenii J. Schiller 1928 421 Gymnodinium pavlae Popovský 1990 422 Gymnodinium peisonis J. Schiller 1955 423 Gymnodinium perplexum Meel 1969 424 Gymnodinium pingue Meel 1969 (non Gyrodinium pingue (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921) 425 Gymnodinium placidum Herdman 1922 426 Gymnodinium planctonicum Skvortzov 1968 427 Gymnodinium posthiemale J. Schiller 1955 428 Gymnodinium pseudomirabile Gert Hansen & Flaim 2007 429 Gymnodinium pulchrum J. Schiller 1928 430 Gymnodinium punctatum C.H.G. Pouchet 1887 pusillum A.J. Schill. 1891 (=Gyrodinium pusillum (A.J. Schill.) Kof. & Swezy, ?Gyr. elongatum J. 431 Gymnodinium Schiller 1955) 432 Gymnodinium pyrenoidosum T. Horig. & Chihara 1988 433 Gymnodinium ravenescens Kof. & Swezy 1921 434 Gymnodinium regulare Meel 1969 435 Gymnodinium rete F. Schütt 1895 436 Gymnodinium roseostigma P.H. Campb. 1973 437 Gymnodinium rotundatum G.A. Klebs 1912 438 Gymnodinium saginatum T.M. Harris 1940 439 Gymnodinium scaphium Meel 1969 440 Gymnodinium schaefferi S. Morris 1937 441 Gymnodinium schuettii J. Schiller 1955 442 Gymnodinium semidivisum J. Schiller 1928 443 Gymnodinium servatum W. Busch 1927 444 Gymnodinium simile Skuja 1956 445 Gymnodinium simplex P.A. Dangeard 1939 446 Gymnodinium sinuatum Skvortzov 1968 447 Gymnodinium soyai Y. Hada 1970 448 Gymnodinium sphaeroideum Kof. 1931 449 Gymnodinium subroseum P.H. Campb. 1973 450 Gymnodinium subrufescens G.W. Martin 1929 451 Gymnodinium suffuscum Meel 1969 452 Gymnodinium telma Meel 1969 453 Gymnodinium terrum Baumeister 1943 454 Gymnodinium thomasii Christen 1959 455 Gymnodinium trapeziforme Attaran-Fariman & Bolch 2007 456 Gymnodinium triangularis M. Lebour 1917 Gymnodinium triceratium Skuja 1939 (=Gyrodinium asymmetricum Wolosz. 1936, Gymnodinium impar T.M. Harris 457 1940) 458 Gymnodinium tridentatum J. Schiller 1933 Gymnodinium uberrimum (G.J. Allman 1854) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Melodinium uberrimum Kent 1880, G. mirabile 1891, G. rufescens Lemmerm. 1910, G. limneticum Wolosz. 1935, G. irregulare Christen 1959, G. 459 Penard bogoriense G.A. Klebs 1912, G. obesum J. Schiller 1933, G. rotundatum G.A. Klebs 1912, G. poculiferum Skuja 1956, G. limitatum Skuja 1956, Gyr. traunsteineri Er. Lindem. 1928) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 460 Gymnodinium undulatum Wolosz. 1925 (=?Woloszynskia pascheri (Suchl. 1916) Stosch 1973) 461 Gymnodinium valdecompressum P.H. Campb. 1973 462 Gymnodinium vas Meel 1939 463 Gymnodinium vastum W. Busch 1927 venator Flø Jørg. & Sh. Murray 2004 (=G. pellucidum (Herdman 1922) Flø Jørg. & Sh. Murray, A. 464 Gymnodinium subsalsum Biecheler 1952) 465 Gymnodinium verruculosum P.H. Campb. 1973 466 Gymnodinium vigrense Wolosz. 1925 (=?G. palustre A.J. Schill. 1891) 467 Gymnodinium violescens Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Warnowia violescens (Kof. & Swezy) Er. Lindem. 1928) 468 Gymnodinium virescens E.J.F. Wood 1963 (non Gymnodinium viridescens Kof. 1931) 469 Gymnodinium viridaliut J. Schiller 1955 470 Gymnodinium viridans Meel 1969 471 Gymnodinium viride Penard 1891 472 Gymnodinium viridescens Kof. 1931 (non Gyrodinium viridescens Kof. & Swezy 1921) 473 Gymnodinium waweikae J. Schiller 1955 474 Gyrodinium ascendans Kof. 1931 475 Gyrodinium aureum (W. Conrad 1926) J. Schiller 1933 (=Spirodinium aureum W. Conrad) 476 Gyrodinium ferrugineum Kof. 1931 477 Gyrodinium lagellare J. Schiller 1928 478 Gyrodinium glaebum Hulburt 1957 479 Gyrodinium resplendens Hulburt 1957 480 Gyrodinium viridescens Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Gymnodinium viridescens Kof. 1931) 481 Gyrodinium vorax Biecheler 1952 (non Gymnodinium vorax Massart 1901) 77 Gyrodiniellum N.S. Kang, H.J. Jeong & Moestrup 2011 482 Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense N.S. Kang, H.J. Jeong & Moestrup 2011 78 Lepidodinium M. Watanabe, S. Suda, I. Inouye, T. Sawaguchi & M. Chihara 1990 -type L. viride 483 Lepidodinium viride M. Watanabe, S. Suda, I. Inouye, T. Sawaguchi & M. Chihara 1990 Lepidodinium chlorophorum (Elbr. & Schnepf 1996) Gert Hansen, L. Botes, de Salas 2007 (=Gym. chlorophorum 484 Elbr. & Schnepf , ?L. viride Watanabe & al.) 79 Paragymnodinium N.S. Kang, H.J. Jeong, Moestrup & W. Shin 2010 485 Paragymnodinium shiwhaense N.S. Kang, H.J. Jeong, Moestrup & W. Shin 2010 80 Pheopolykrikos Chatton 1933 Pheopolykrikos beauchampii Chatton 1933 (=Polykrikos beauchampii (Chatton) A.R. Loebl. 1980, P. beauchampii 486 (Chatton) J.D. Dodge 1982) 81 Polykrikos Buetschli 1873 -type P. schwartzii (6 species) 487 Polykrikos grassei Lec.-Schlaud. 1972 Polykrikos hartmannii W. Zimm. 1930 (=Pheopolykrikos hartmannii (W. Zimm. 1930) Matsuoka & Fukuyo 1986, P. 488 barnegatensis G.W. Martin 1929) 489 Polykrikos herdmaniae Hoppenrath & B.S. Leander 2007 490 Polykrikos kofoidii Chatton 1914 491 Polykrikos lebouriae Herdman 1924 (=P. schwarzii Herdman 1922) 492 Polykrikos schwartzii Buetschli 1873 (=P. auricularia Bergh 1881) 82 Spiniferodinium T. Horig. & Chihara 1987 493 Spiniferodinium galeiforme T. Horig. & Chihara 1987 494 Spiniferodinium palauense T. Horig., Y. Hayashi, H. Kudo & Y. Hara 2011 87 88 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. Warnowiaceae Er. Lindem. 1928 83 Erythropsidinium P.C. Silva 1960 (=Erythropsis Hertwig 1884) -type E. agile Erythropsidinium agile (Hertwig 1884) P.C. Silva 1960 (=E. agilis Hertwig, E. pavillardii (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. 1960, E. agilis Pavill. 1905, E. hispidum (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. Silva 1960, E. cornutum (F. Schütt 1895) 495 Silva P.C. Silva 1960, E. labrum (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. Silva 1960, E. scarlatinum (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. Silva 1960, E. richardii (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. Silva 1960) 496 Erythropsidinium cochlea (F. Schütt 1895) P.C. Silva 1960 (=Pouchetia cochlea F. Schütt) 497 Erythropsidinium extrudens (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. Silva 1960 (=E. extrudens Kof. & Swezy) 498 Erythropsidinium minus (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. Silva 1960 (=E. minor Kof. & Swezy) 84 Greuetodinium A.R. Loebl. 1980 (=Leucopsis Greuet 1968) 499 Greuetodinium cylindricum (Greuet 1968) A.R. Loebl. 1980 (=Leucopsis cylindrica Greuet) 85 Nematodinium Kof. & Swezy 1921 -type N. partitum Nematodinium armatum (Dogiel 1906) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=N. lebouriae J. Schiller 1933, P. armata Dogiel, P. 500 maculata Kof. & Swezy 1921) 501 Nematodinium atromaculatum Kof. 1931 (non Cochlodinium atromaculatum Kof. & Swezy 1921) 502 Nematodinium partitum Kof. & Swezy 1921 503 Nematodinium torpedo Kof. & Swezy 1921 86 Nematopsides Greuet 1973 504 Nematopsides tentaculoides Greuet 1973 505 Nematopsides vigilans (S.M. Marshall 1925) Greuet 1973 (=Proterythropsis vigilans S.M. Marshall) 87 Proterythropsis Kof. & Swezy 1921 506 Proterythropsis crassicaudata Kof. & Swezy 1921 88 Warnowia Er. Lindem. 1928 (=Protopsis Kof. & Swezy 1921) -type W. fusus (30 species) 507 Warnowia alba (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=Pouchetia alba Kof. & Swezy) 508 Warnowia atra (Kof. & Swezy 1921) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. atra Kof. & Swezy) 509 Warnowia compacta (F. Schütt 1895) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. compacta F. Schütt, P. contorta F. Schütt 1895) 510 Warnowia dohrnii W. Zimm. 1930 511 Warnowia fusus (F. Schütt 1895) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. fusus F. Schütt) 512 Warnowia hataii (Kof. & Swezy 1921) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. hataii Kof. 1931) 513 Warnowia juno (F. Schütt 1895) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. juno F. Schütt, P. nigra Pavill. 1905 partim) maculata (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. maculata Kof. & Swezy, non Gyr. maculatum Kof. 514 Warnowia & Swezy 1921) 515 Warnowia maxima (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. maxima Kof. & Swezy) 516 Warnowia mutsui (Kof. 1931) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. mutsui Kof.) 517 Warnowia panamensis (Kof. 1907) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. panamensis Kof.) 518 Warnowia parva (Lohmann 1908) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. parva Lohmann) polyphemus (C.H.G. Pouchet 1895) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. polyphemus (C.H.G. Pouchet) Kof. & Swezy 519 Warnowia 1921, Gymnodinium polyphemus C.H.G. Pouchet, Warnowia pulchra J. Schiller sensu Greuet 1968) 520 Warnowia pouchetii J. Schiller 1933 (=P. pouchetii Kof. & Swezy 1921) pulchra (J. Schiller 1928) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. pulchra J. Schiller, non W. pulchra J. Schiller sensu 521 Warnowia Greuet 1968) 522 Warnowia purpurata (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. perforata Kof. & Swezy) 523 Warnowia purpurescens (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. purpurescens Kof. & Swezy) 524 Warnowia reticulata (Kof. 1931) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. reticulata Kof.) rosea (C.H.G. Pouchet 1879) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gym. polyphemus var. roseum C.H.G. Pouchet, non 525 Warnowia P. rosea F. Schütt 1895) 526 Warnowia rubescens (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. rubescens Kof. & Swezy) 527 Warnowia schuettii (Kof. & Swezy 1921) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. rosea F. Schütt 1895) 528 Warnowia striata (Kof. & Swezy 1921) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. striata Kof. & Swezy) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 529 Warnowia subnigra (Kof. & Swezy 1921) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. subnigra Kof. & Swezy) violescens (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. violescens Kof. & Swezy, non Gym. violescens 530 Warnowia Kof. & Swezy 1921) 531 Warnowia voracis (Kof. & Swezy 1921) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. voracis Kof. & Swezy) 532 Protopsis elongata J. Schiller 1928 533 Protospis neapolitana Kof. & Swezy 1921 Protospis nigra (C.H.G. Pouchet 1887) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=G. polyphemus var. nigrum C.H.G. Pouchet, P. nigra 534 Lemmerm. 1899) 535 Protospis ochrea (R.R. Wright 1907) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Pouchetia ochrea R.R. Wright) 536 Protospis simplex M. Lebour 1925 Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Gyrodinium dorsum 89 Genus of Gyrodinium dorsum 537 Gyrodinium dorsum Kof. & Swezy 1921 538 Gyrodinium instriatum Freud. & J.J Lee 1963 (=Gymnodinium instriatum (Freud. & J.J Lee) D.W. Coats 2002) 539 Gyrodinium uncatenatum Hulburt 1957 (=Gymnodinium uncatenatum (Hulburt 1957) Hallegr. 2002) Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Togula 90 Togula Flø Jørg., Sh. Murray & Daugbjerg 2004 -type T. britannica Togula britannica (Herdman 1924) Flø Jørg., Sh. Murray & Daugbjerg 2004 (=Amphidinium britannicum (Herdman) 540 M. Lebour 1925) compacta (Herdman 1922) Flø Jørg., Sh. Murray & Daugbjerg 2004 (=Amphidinium asymmetricum var. 541 Togula compactum Herdman) 542 Togula jolla Flø Jørg., Sh. Murray & Daugbjerg 2004 543 Amphidinium corpulentum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=?Chilodinium cruciatum Massart 1920) Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Apicoporus S.F. Sparmann, B.S. Leander & Hoppenrath 2008 (=Amphidinium Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) -type A. 91 Apicoporus glaber glaber (Hoppenrath & Okolodkov 2000) S.F. Sparmann, B.S. Leander & Hoppenrath 2008 (=A. 544 Apicoporus glabrum Hopperanth & Okolodkov) 545 Apicoporus parvidiaboli S.F. Sparmann, B.S. Leander & Hoppenrath 2008 Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Amphidinium 92 Amphidinium Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859 -type A. operculatum (103 species) 546 Amphidinium achromaticum Skvortzov 1958 547 Amphidinium aculeatum Daday 1888 (non Amphidinium aculeatum Schröd. 1911) 548 Amphidinium aculeatum Schröd. 1911 (non Amphidinium aculeatum Daday 1888) 549 Amphidinium acutum J. Schiller 1928 (=A. acutissimum J. Schiller 1933) 550 Amphidinium aeschrum T.M. Harris 1940 551 Amphidinium alinii Skvortzov 1958 552 Amphidinium aloxalocium R.E. Norris 1961 amphidinioides (Geitler 1924) J. Schiller 1933 (=Gymnodinium amphidinioides Geitler 1924, A. 553 Amphidinium geitleri Hub.-Pest. 1950) 554 Amphidinium asymmetricum Kof. & Swezy 1921 555 Amphidinium aureum Böhm 1976 556 Amphidinium belauense A.T. Banaszak, R. Iglesias-Prieto & R.K. Trench 1993 557 Amphidinium bidentatum J. Schiller 1955 558 Amphidinium bipes Herdman 1924 559 Amphidinium boggayum Sh. Murray & D.J. Patterson 2002 560 Amphidinium bourrellyi Wawrik 1983 561 Amphidinium caerulescens J. Schiller 1955 562 Amphidinium carbunculus W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 89 90 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 563 Amphidinium carterae Hulburt 1957 (=A. microcephalum R.E. Norris 1961) 564 Amphidinium celestinum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 565 Amphidinium conradii (W. Conrad 1926) J. Schiller 1933 (=Gymnodinium glaucum W. Conrad) 566 Amphidinium conus J. Schiller 1928 567 Amphidinium coprosum Baumeister 1943 568 Amphidinium corallinum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 569 Amphidinium corrugatum J. Larsen & D.J. Patterson 1990 570 Amphidinium crassum Lohmann 1908 (=A. phaeocysticola M. Lebour 1925) cristatum D. Ballant. 1964 (=A. rostratum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954, non A. rostratum Proshk.-Lavr. 571 Amphidinium 1945) 572 Amphidinium cucurbita Kof. & Swezy 1921 573 Amphidinium cucurbitella Kof. & Swezy 1921 574 Amphidinium cupulatisquama M. Tamura & T. Horig. 2009 575 Amphidinium curvatum J. Schiller 1928 576 Amphidinium cyaneoturbo W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 577 Amphidinium discoidale (Diesing 1866) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=A. operculatum var. discoidalis Diesing) 578 Amphidinium dubium W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 579 Amphidinium eilatiensis J.J. Lee, R. Olea, M. Cevasco, X. Pochon, M. Correia, M. Shpigel & J. Pawlowski 2003 580 Amphidinium emarginatum (Diesing 1886) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=A. operculatum var. marginata Diesing 1886) 581 Amphidinium extensum A. Wulff 1916 582 Amphidinium fastigium Kof. & Swezy 1921 583 Amphidinium ilum Böhm 1976 584 Amphidinium lagellans J. Schiller 1928 585 Amphidinium lexum Herdman 1923 586 Amphidinium galbanum Kof. & Swezy 1921 587 Amphidinium gibbosum (L. Maranda & Y. Shimizu 1996) Flø Jørg. & Sh. Murray 2004 588 Amphidinium glaucovirescens J. Schiller 1955 589 Amphidinium glaucum W. Conrad 1926 590 Amphidinium globosum Schröd. 1911 591 Amphidinium hadai Balech 1976 592 Amphidinium herdmanii Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=A. operculatum W.A. Herdman 1911) incoloratum P.H. Campb. 1973 (=A. boekhoutnensis Caljon 1983, ?A. klebsii Kof. & Swezy 1921=A. 593 Amphidinium opeculatum G.A. Klebs 1884) 594 Amphidinium inlatum Kof. 1931 595 Amphidinium kesslitzii J. Schiller 1928 (=?Gymnodinium nanum J. Schiller 1933) 596 Amphidinium lacunarum Skuja 1964 597 Amphidinium lanceolatum Schröd. 1911 598 Amphidinium lefevrei Skvortzov 1968 599 Amphidinium lilloense W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 600 Amphidinium lissae J. Schiller 1925 601 Amphidinium luteum Skuja 1939 602 Amphidinium machapungarum P.H. Campb. 1973 603 Amphidinium macrocephalum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 604 Amphidinium mammillatum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 (=A. pseudogalbanum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954) 605 Amphidinium mananninii Herdman 1924 606 Amphidinium massartii Biecheler 1952 (=A. höeleri J. Schiller & Diskus 1955) 607 Amphidinium mootonorum Sh. Murray & D.J. Patterson 2002 608 Amphidinium mucicola W. Conrad 1941 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 609 Amphidinium nasutum Skvortzov 1958 610 Amphidinium obliquum J. Schiller 1955 611 Amphidinium obrae Er. Lindem. 1919 612 Amphidinium oceanicum Lohmann 1920 613 Amphidinium oculatum J. Schiller 1955 Amphidinium operculatum Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859 (=A. klebsii Kof. & Swezy 1921, A. rhynchocephala Anisimova 614 1926, A. elegans Grell & Wohlfarth-Bottermann 1957) 615 Amphidinium ornithocephalum W. Conrad 1939 616 Amphidinium ovoideum (Lemmerm. 1896) Lemmerm. 1900 (=Prorocentrum ovoideum Lemmerm.) 617 Amphidinium ovum Herdman 1924 618 Amphidinium paciicum Kof. & Swezy 1921 619 Amphidinium pelagicum M. Lebour 1925 620 Amphidinium phthartum Skuja 1939 621 Amphidinium psammophila W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 622 Amphidinium psittacus J. Larsen 1985 623 Amphidinium purpureum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 624 Amphidinium pusillum J. Schiller 1955 625 Amphidinium radiatum Javorn. 1957 626 Amphidinium rhynchocephalum Anisimova 1926 Amphidinium roseolum (Schmarda 1854) J. Schiller 1933 (=Gym. roseolum (Schmarda) F. Stein 1878, Glen. 627 roseolum Schmarda, =?Opisthoaulax) 628 Amphidinium ruttneri J. Schiller 1955 629 Amphidinium schilleri Skvortzov 1968 630 Amphidinium scissum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=A. scissoides M. Lebour 1925) Amphidinium semilunatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Amphidinium semilunatum Herdman 1924, Thecadinium 631 inclinatum Balech 1956) 632 Amphidinium sphagnicola W. Conrad 1943 633 Amphidinium sphenoides A. Wulff 1916 (=?Gymnodinium ilum M. Lebour 1917) 634 Amphidinium steinii Lemmem. 1910 (=A. wislouchii Hulburt 1957, A. rostatrum Proshk.-Lavr. 1945) 635 Amphidinium stellatum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 636 Amphidinium stigmatum J. Schiller 1928 637 Amphidinium sulcatum Kof. 1907 638 Amphidinium testudo Herdman 1924 639 Amphidinium tortum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 640 Amphidinium trochodinoides W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 641 Amphidinium trulla Sh. Murray, L. Rhodes & Flø Jørg. 2004 642 Amphidinium turbo Kof. & Swezy 1921 643 Amphidinium vasculum Kof. & Swezy 1921 644 Amphidinium vernale Skvortzov 1946 645 Amphidinium vigrense Wolosz. 1925 646 Amphidinium vitreum Herdman 1924 647 Amphidinium vittatum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 648 Amphidinium yoorugurrum Sh. Murray & D.J. Patterson 2002 93 Schillingia J. Schiller 1933 649 Schillingia coerulea (W. Conrad 1939) J. Schiller 1933 (=Amphidinium coeruleum W. Conrad) 94 Trochodinium W. Conrad 1926 650 Trochodinium prismaticum W. Conrad 1926 (=Amphidinium prismaticum (W. Conrad) J. Schiller 1933) Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Cochlodinium 91 92 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 95 Cochlodinium F. Schütt 1896 sensu stricto (heterotrophic species) -type C. strangulatum (21 species) 651 Cochlodinium achromaticum M. Lebour 1925 652 Cochlodinium archimedes (C.H.G. Pouchet 1883) Lemmerm. 1899 (=Gymnodinium archimedes C.H.G. Pouchet) 653 Cochlodinium atromaculatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Nematodinium atromaculatum Kof. 1931) 654 Cochlodinium brandtii A. Wulff 1916 (=C. angustum Kof. & Swezy 1921) 655 Cochlodinium cavatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 656 Cochlodinium cereum Kof. & Swezy 1921 657 Cochlodinium citron Kof. & Swezy 1921 658 Cochlodinium clarissimum Kof. & Swezy 1921 659 Cochlodinium cnidophorum Biecheler 1939 660 Cochlodinium conspiratum Kof. & Swezy 1921 661 Cochlodinium constrictum (F. Schütt 1895) Lemmerm. 1899 (=Gymnodinium constrictum F. Schütt) 662 Cochlodinium elongatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 663 Cochlodinium faurei Kof. & Swezy 1921 664 Cochlodinium miniatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 665 Cochlodinium pellucidum Lohmann 1908 666 Cochlodinium pirum (F. Schütt 1895) Lemmerm. 1899 (=Gymnodinium pirum F. Schütt) 667 Cochlodinium pulchellum M. Lebour 1917 668 Cochlodinium pupa M. Lebour 1925 669 Cochlodinium semistriatum Elbr. 1979 670 Cochlodinium strangulatum (F. Schütt 1895) F. Schütt 1896 (=Gymnodinium strangulatum F. Schütt) 671 Cochlodinium volutum Kof. & Swezy 1921 96 Cochlodinium (chloroplast-containing species) (15 species) 672 Cochlodinium catenatum Okamura 1916 673 Cochlodinium lavum Kof. 1931 (non Gymnodinium lavum Kof. & Swezy 1921, non Gyrodinium lavum Kof. 1931) 674 Cochlodinium fulvescens M. Iwataki, H. Kawami & Matsuoka 2007 675 Cochlodinium geminatum (F. Schütt 1895) F. Schütt 1896 (=Gymnodinium geminatum F. Schütt) 676 Cochlodinium helicoides M. Lebour 1925 (=C. helix F. Schütt 1895 partim, Cochlodinium helix Kof. & Swezy 1921) helix (C.H.G. Pouchet 1887) Lemmerm. 1899 (=Gymnodinium helix C.H.G. Pouchet, Gymnodinium 677 Cochlodinium helix F. Schütt 1895) 678 Cochlodinium lebouriae Kof. & Swezy 1921 679 Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef 1961 (=C. heterolobatum E.S. Silva 1967) 680 Cochlodinium radiatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 681 Cochlodinium rosaceum Kof. & Swezy 1921 schuettii Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium helix F. Schütt 1895 partim, non G. helix C.H.G. 682 Cochlodinium Pouchet 1887) 683 Cochlodinium scintillans Kof. & Swezy 1921 684 Cochlodinium turbineum Kof. & Swezy 1921 685 Cochlodinium vinctum Kof. & Swezy 1921 686 Cochlodinium virescens Kof. & Swezy 1921 Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Gyrodinium sensu stricto 97 Ceratodinium W. Conrad 1926 687 Ceratodinium asymmetricum W. Conrad 1926 (=Gymnodinium massartii (W. Conrad) J. Schiller 1932) 98 Gyrodinium Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Spirodinium F. Schütt 1896) -type G. spirale (153 species) 688 Cochlodinium distortum Kof. & Swezy 1921 689 Gymnodinium achromaticum M. Lebour 1917 690 Gymnodinium alaskense Bursa 1963 691 Gymnodinium allophron J. Larsen 1994 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 692 Gymnodinium amphora Kof. & Swezy 1921 693 Gymnodinium arcuatum Kof. 1931 694 Gymnodinium atomatum J. Larsen 1994 695 Gymnodinium attenuatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 696 Gymnodinium auratum Kof. & Swezy 1921 697 Gymnodinium aureum Kof. & Swezy 1921 Gymnodinium austriacum J. Schiller 1933 (=G. tridentatum J. Schiller 1933, G. cruciatum R.H. Thomps. 1951, G. 698 thompsonii (R.H. Thomps.) Kisselev 1954, G. waltzii Baumeister 1957, G. titubans Christen 1958, G. autumnale Christen 1959) 699 Gymnodinium bifurcatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 700 Gymnodinium canus Kof. & Swezy 1921 701 Gymnodinium caput J. Schiller 1928 702 Gymnodinium contractum Kof. & Swezy 1921 703 Gymnodinium costatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 704 Gymnodinium cucumis F. Schütt 1895 705 Gymnodinium dentatum J. Larsen 1994 706 Gymnodinium devorans J. Schiller 1955 707 Gymnodinium diploconus F. Schütt 1895 (non Gymnodinium diplococcus Cleve-Euler 1918, nom. nud.) 708 Gymnodinium dogielii Kof. & Swezy 1921 709 Gymnodinium doma Kof. & Swezy 1921 elongatum B. Hope 1954 (=?Lessardia elongata J.F. Saldarriaga & F.J.R. Taylor 2003, non Gyr. 710 Gymnodinium elongatum J. Schiller 1955) 711 Gymnodinium galeiforme Okolodkov 1997 712 Gymnodinium gracile Bergh 1881 (=Gymnodinium spirale var. nobilis C.H.G. Pouchet 1883, Gymnodinium roseum Lohmann 1908, Gymnodinium abbreviatum Kof. & Swezy 1921, Gymnodinium lohmannii Paulsen 1908) 713 Gymnodinium guttiforme J. Larsen 1994 714 Gymnodinium guttula Balech 1976 heterostriatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=G. lucidum D. Ballant. 1964, ?G. hyalinum M. Lebour 1925, 715 Gymnodinium non G. striatissimum Hulburt 1957) hyalinum M. Lebour 1925 (=?Gym. heterostriatum Kof. & Swezy 1921, non G. hyalinum A.J. Schill. 716 Gymnodinium 1891, non G. hyalinum Vozzhenn. 1967) 717 Gymnodinium incisum Kof. & Swezy 1921 718 Gymnodinium incoloratum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 719 Gymnodinium indicum R. Shyam & Y.S.R.K. Sarma 1976 720 Gymnodinium katodiniforme Elbr. 1979 721 Gymnodinium lazulum Hulburt 1957 722 Gymnodinium lineatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 723 Gymnodinium lineopunicum Kof. & Swezy 1921 724 Gymnodinium lira Kof. & Swezy 1921 725 Gymnodinium lohmannii Paulsen 1908 726 Gymnodinium marinum Kent 1881 727 Gymnodinium minor M. Lebour 1917 728 Gymnodinium minutulum J. Larsen 1994 729 Gymnodinium mirabile Penard 1891 730 Gymnodinium multilineatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 731 Gymnodinium multistriatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 732 Gymnodinium najadeum J. Schiller 1928 733 Gymnodinium neapolitanum J. Schiller 1928 734 Gymnodinium nucaceum Okolodkov 1997 93 94 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 735 Gymnodinium obesum J. Schiller 736 Gymnodinium parvum J. Larsen 1994 737 Gymnodinium polycomma J. Larsen 1994 738 Gymnodinium prolatum J. Larsen 1994 739 Gymnodinium puniceum Kof. & Swezy 1921 740 Gymnodinium radiatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 741 Gymnodinium rhomboides F. Schütt 1895 742 Gymnodinium rubricauda Kof. & Swezy 1921 743 Gymnodinium rubrocinctum M. Lebour 1925 744 Gymnodinium scopulosum Kof. & Swezy 1921 745 Gymnodinium situla Kof. & Swezy 1921 746 Gymnodinium sphaericum (Calk. 1902) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium gracile var. sphaerica Calk.) 747 Gymnodinium stellatum Hulbult 1957 748 Gymnodinium sulcatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 749 Gymnodinium translucens Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Gymnodinium translucens P.H. Campb. 1973) 750 Gymnodinium translucens P.H. Campb. 1973 (non Gymnodinium translucens Kof. & Swezy 1921) 751 Gymnodinium variabile Herdman 1924 752 Gymnodinium vestiicii F. Schütt 1885 (=?Katodinium glaucum (M. Lebour 1917) A.R. Loebl. 1965) Gymnodinium vorax Massart 1901 (nom. nud.) (non Gyrodinium vorax Biecheler 1952) 753 Gymnodinium voukii J. Schiller 1928 754 Gymnodinium wilczekii C.H.G. Pouchet 1894 755 Gymnodinium wulfii J. Schiller 1933 (non Gyrodinium wulfii J. Schiller 1933) 756 Gyrodinium acutum (F. Schütt) Kof. & Swezy 1921 757 Gyrodinium adriaticum J. Schiller 1928 (=Cochlodinium adriaticum J. Schiller 1933) 758 Gyrodinium antarcticum Hasle 1960 759 Gyrodinium apidiomorphum R.E. Norris 1961 760 Gyrodinium apuntatum W. Busch 1927 761 Gyrodinium arcticum Bursa 1961 762 Gyrodinium atractos J. Larsen 1996 763 Gyrodinium biconicum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Gymnodinium biconicum J. Schiller 1928) 764 Gyrodinium bistellatum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 765 Gyrodinium californicum Bursa 1962 766 Gyrodinium capsulatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 767 Gyrodinium carteretense P.H. Campb. 1973 768 Gyrodinium chiasmonetrium R.E. Norris 1961 769 Gyrodinium citrinum Kof. 1931 770 Gyrodinium cochlea M. Lebour 1925 771 Gyrodinium complanatum P.H. Campb. 1973 772 Gyrodinium concentricum (M. Lebour 1917) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Spirodinium concentricum M. Lebour) 773 Gyrodinium conicum J. Schiller 1928 Gyrodinium contortum (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gym. contortum F. Schütt, Gymnodinium opimum F. 774 Schütt 1895 partim) 775 Gyrodinium corallinum Kof. & Swezy 1921 cornutum (C.H.G. Pouchet 1885) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gym. spirale var. cornutum C.H.G. Pouchet, 776 Gyrodinium non G. cornutum F. Schütt 1895) 777 Gyrodinium crassum (C.H.G. Pouchet 1885) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium crassum C.H.G. Pouchet) 778 Gyrodinium culeus Kof. & Swezy 1921 779 Gyrodinium cuneatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=?Gymnodinium gracile Bergh 1881) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 780 Gyrodinium dominans Hulburt 1957 issum (Levander 1894) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gyr. issoides Elbr. 1979, non Gym. issum Levander 781 Gyrodinium 1894, ?Gyr. pavillardii Biecheler 1952) 782 Gyrodinium lavescens Kof. & Swezy 1921 783 Gyrodinium lavidum Kof. & Swezy 1921 784 Gyrodinium lavum Kof. 1931 (non Gymnodinium lavum Kof. & Swezy 1921) 785 Gyrodinium foliaceum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium viride F. Schütt 1895, non G. viride Penard 1891) 786 Gyrodinium formosum P.H. Campb. 1973 787 Gyrodinium fulvum Kof. & Swezy 1921 788 Gyrodinium fusiforme Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gyrodinium fusus (Meunier 1910) Akselman 1985) 789 Gyrodinium glaciale Y. Hada 1970 ex Balech 1976 790 Gyrodinium grave (Meunier 1910) Kof. & Swezy 1921 791 Gyrodinium grenlandicum Braarud 1935 792 Gyrodinium grossestriatum P.H. Campb. 1973 793 Gyrodinium gutrula J. Larsen 1996 (non Gymnodinium guttula Balech 1976) 794 Gyrodinium helveticum (Penard 1891) Y. Takano & T. Horig. 2004 (=Gymnodinium helveticum Penard) 795 Gyrodinium herbaceum Kof. & Swezy 1921 796 Gyrodinium heterogrammum J. Larsen 1996 hyalinum (A.J. Schill. 1891) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Gym. hyalinum M. Lebour 1925, non Gym. 797 Gyrodinium hyalinum Vozzhenn. 1967) 798 Gyrodinium intortum Kof. & Swezy 1921 799 Gyrodinium katodiniascens P.H. Campb. 1973 800 Gyrodinium kofoidii R.E. Norris 1961 801 Gyrodinium lachryma (Meunier 1910) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Spirodinium lachryma Meunier) 802 Gyrodinium lebouriae Herdman 1924 803 Gyrodinium leptogrammum J. Larsen 1996 804 Gyrodinium lingulifera M. Lebour 1925 longum (Lohmann 1908) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Cochlodinium longum Lohmann, non Amphidinium 805 Gyrodinium longum Lohmann 1908) 806 Gyrodinium louisae W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 807 Gyrodinium maculatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Warnowia maculata (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928) 808 Gyrodinium melo Kof. & Swezy 1921 809 Gyrodinium metum Hulburt 1957 810 Gyrodinium mundulum P.H. Campb. 1973 811 Gyrodinium nasutum (A. Wulff 1916) J. Schiller 1933 obtusum (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gym. spirale Bergh var. obtusa F. Schütt, non G. 812 Gyrodinium spirale var. obtusum Dogiel 1906) 813 Gyrodinium oceaniae Okolodkov 1997 (non Gymnodinium oceanicum Hasle 1960) 814 Gyrodinium ochraceum Kof. & Swezy 1921 Gyrodinium opimum (F. Schütt 1895) M. Lebour 1925 (=Gym. opimum F. Schütt, Gyr. contortum (F. Schütt) Kof. 815 & Swezy 1921 partim) 816 Gyrodinium ovatum (Gourret 1883) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium ovatum Gourret) 817 Gyrodinium ovoideum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Gymnodinium ovoideum Okolodkov 1997) 818 Gyrodinium ovum (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium ovum F. Schütt) 819 Gyrodinium parvulum (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium parvulum F. Schütt) 820 Gyrodinium pavillardii Biecheler 1934 (=?Gymnodinium issum Levander 1894) Gyrodinium pellucidum (A. Wulff 1916) J. Schiller 1933 (non Gymnodinium pellucidum (Herdman) Flø Jørg. & Sh. 821 Murray 822 Gyrodinium pepo (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium spirale var. pepo F. Schütt) 95 96 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 823 Gyrodinium phorkorium R.E. Norris 1961 Gyrodinium pingue (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Spirodinium varians A. Wulff 1916, ?Gyr. submarinum 824 Kof. & Swezy 1921) 825 Gyrodinium postmaculatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 826 Gyrodinium prunus (A. Wulff 1920) M. Lebour 1925 (=Spirodinium prunus A. Wulff) 827 Gyrodinium rubricaudatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 828 Gyrodinium rubrum (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Y. Takano & T. Horig. 2004 (=Gymnodinium rubrum Kof. & Swezy) Gyrodinium schuettii (Lemmerm. 1899) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Spirodinium schuettii Lemmerm., Gym. cornutum F. 829 Schütt 1895) spirale (Bergh 1881) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gyr. britannicum Kof. & Swezy 1921, Gyr. cornutum (C.H.G. 830 Gyrodinium Pouchet 1885) Kof. & Swezy 1921) 831 Gyrodinium spumantia Kof. & Swezy 1921 832 Gyrodinium steinii Skvortzov 1968 Gyrodinium striatissimum (Hulburt 1957) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 (=G. striatissimum Hulburt, non G. 833 heterostriatum Kof. & Swezy 1921) 834 Gyrodinium truncatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 835 Gyrodinium truncus Kof. & Swezy 1921 836 Gyrodinium undulans Hulburt 1957 (=?Syltodinium listii Drebes 1989) 837 Gyrodinium varians (A. Wulff 1916) J. Schiller 1933 (non Gymnodinium varians Maskel 1887) 838 Gyrodinium vesiculosum J. Larsen 1996 839 Gyrodinium virgatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 840 Gyrodinium wulfii J. Schiller 1933 (non Gymnodinium wulfii J. Schiller 1933) 99 Plectodinium Biecheler 1934 nucleovolvatum Biecheler 1934 (=Gyrodinium rhabdomante Balech 1973, ?Plectodinium miniatum 841 Plectodinium (Kof. & Swezy 1921) F.J.R. Taylor 1980, Cochlodinium miniatum Kof. & Swezy) 100 Sclerodinium J.D. Dodge 1981 842 Sclerodinium calyptoglyphe (M. Lebour 1925) J.D. Dodge 1981 (=Gyrodinium calyptroglyphe M. Lebour) 843 Sclerodinium striatum J.D. Dodge 1981 Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Amphidinium longum 101 Genus of Amphidinium longum Amphidinium longum Lohmann 1908 (=A. acutum Lohmann 1920, non Cochlodinium longum Lohmann 1908, non 844 A. acutum J. Schiller 1928) Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Amphidinium semilunatum 102 Genus of Amphidinium semilunatum semilunatum Herdman 1924 (=Thecadinium semilunatum (Herdman) J.D. Dodge 1982, non 845 Amphidinium Amphidinium semilunatum Kof. & Swezy 1921) Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Balechina 103 Balechina Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1968 -type B. pachydermata 846 Balechina coerulea (Dogiel 1906) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=Gymnodinium coeruleum Dogiel) 847 Balechina marianiae F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (´marianae´ non. corr. ICBN: Art. 60.11, Recom. 60C.1, Art. 32.7) Balechina pachydermata (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1968 (=Gymnodinium pachydermatum Kof. & 848 Swezy) Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Moestrupia 104 Moestrupia Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2011 oblonga (J. Larsen & D.J. Patterson 1990) Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2011 (=Gyrodinium oblongum J. 849 Moestrupia Larsen & D.J. Patterson) Order Ptychodiscales Fensome & al. 1993 Ptychodiscaceae Lemmerm. 1899 105 Ptychodiscus F. Stein 1883 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. Ptychodiscus noctiluca F. Stein 1883 (=P. inlatus Pavill. 1916, P. carinatus Kof. 1907, Diplocystis antarctica Cleve 850 1900) Order Thoracosphaerales Tangen 1982 Calciodinellaceae / Calciodinelloideae Delandre 1947 851 Peridinium dzieduszyckii Wolosz. 1925 (=Peridinium lubieniense f. dzieduszyckii (Wolosz.) M. Lefèvre 1932) 852 Peridinium lubieniense Wolosz. 1916 (=Parvodinium lubieniense (Wolosz. 1916) Carty 2008) lubieniensiforme (Diwald 1938) Hub.-Pest. 1950 (=Glen. lubieniensiforme Diwald, Peridiniopsis 853 Peridinium lubieniensiforme (Diwald) Bourr. 1968) polonicum Wolosz. 1916 (=Peridiniopsis polonicum (Wolosz. 1916) Bourr. 1968, P. trilineatum Er. 854 Peridinium Lindem. 1919, Peridiniopsis gymnodinium (Penard 1891) Bourr. 1968, Glenodinium gymnodinium Penard 1891) 106 Calciodinellum Delandre 1947 -type C. operosum 855 Calciodinellum albatrosianum (Kamptner 1963) D. Janofske & Karwath 2000 elongatum (Hildebrand-Habel, H. Willems & Versteegh 1999) K.J.S. Meier, D. Janofske & H. 856 Calciodinellum Willems 2002 857 Calciodinellum levantinum K.J.S. Meier, D. Janofske & H. Willems 2002 858 Calciodinellum operosum Delandre 1947 107 Calcigonellum Delandre 1949 859 Calcigonellum infula Delandre 1949 108 Duboscquodinium Grassé 1952 -type D. collinii 860 Duboscquodinium collinii Grassé 1952 861 Duboscquodinium kofoidii Grassé 1952 109 Scrippsiella Balech 1959 ex A.R. Loebl. 1965 -type S. sweeneyae (21 species) 862 Scrippsiella crystallina J.M. Lewis 1991 863 Scrippsiella donghaiensis H. Gu 2008 Scrippsiella faeroensis (Paulsen 1905) Balech & L.O. Soares 1967 (=Calciodinellum faeroense (Paulsen 1905) 864 Havskum 1991) hexapraecingula T. Horig. & Chihara 1983 (=S. gregaria (E.H. Lombard & B. Capon 1971) A.R. Loebl., 865 Scrippsiella J.L. Sherley & R.J. Schmidt 1979, non Peridinium gregarium Lombard & Capon) 866 Scrippsiella infula (Delandre 1948) Montresor 2003 (=Calcionellum infula Delandre) 867 Scrippsiella irregularis Attaran-Fariman & Bolch 2007 868 Scrippsiella lachrymosa J.M. Lewis 1991 869 Scrippsiella minima X. Gao & J.D. Dodge 1991 870 Scrippsiella operosa (Delandre 1947) Montresor 2003 (=Calciodinellum operosum Delandre) 871 Scrippsiella patagonica Akselman & Keupp 1990 872 Scrippsiella precaria Montresor & Zingone 1988 873 Scrippsiella ramonii Montresor 1995 874 Scrippsiella regalis (Gaarder 1954) D. Janofske 2000 (=Discosphaera regalis Gaarder) 875 Scrippsiella rotunda J.M. Lewis 1991 876 Scrippsiella saladensis Balech 1963 877 Scrippsiella spinifera G. Honsell & M. Cabrini 1991 878 Scrippsiella sweeneyae Balech 1959 ex A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=S. sweeneyae D. Wall & B. Dale 1968) 879 Scrippsiella tinctoria Indel. & A.R. Loebl. 1985 880 Scrippsiella triida J.M. Lewis 1991 881 Scrippsiella triquetracapitata K.J.S. Meier, D. Janofske & H. Willems 2002 Scrippsiella trochoidea (F. Stein 1883) Balech ex A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Glen. trochoideum F. Stein 1883, Glen. acuminatum Jørg. 1899, Peridinium trochoideum (F. Stein 1883) Lemmerm. 1910, Peridinium faeroense Paulsen 882 1905, Scrippsiella faeroensis (Paulsen 1905) Balech & L.O. Soares 1967, Scrippsiella trochoidea var. aciculifera Montresor 1999) 110 Pernambugia D. Janofske & Karwath 2000 Pernambugia tuberosa (Kamptner 1963) D. Janofske & Karwath 2000 (=Sphaerodinella tuberosa (Kamptner) 883 Keupp & Versteegh 1989, Thoracosphaera tuberosa Kamptner) 111 Tintinnophagus D.W. Coats 2010 97 98 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 884 Tintinnophagus acutus D.W. Coats 2010 Oodiniaceae Chatton 1920 (=Thoracosphaeraceae J. Schiller 1930, Protoodinidae/Protoodiniaceae Cachon 1964, Hemidiniaceae Bourr. 1970, Cachonellaceae P.C. Silva 1980, Stylodiniaceae Pascher ex Sournia 1984, Piesteriaceae Steidinger & al. 1996) Glenodinium inaequale Chodat 1921 (=Peridiniopsis inaequale (Chodat) J. Stein & Borden 1980, non Glen. 885 inaequale Schmarda 1854, Glenoaulax inaequalis (Schmarda) Diesing 1866, non P. umbolatum var. inaequale Lemmerm. 1910, non P. inaequale Fauré-Frem. 1908, non P. inaequale N. Peters 1928) Peridinium aciculiferum Lemmerm. 1900 (=Glen. aciculiferum (Lemmerm.) Er. Lindem. 1928, Glen. quadridens 886 (F. Stein 1883) J. Schiller 1935, P. quadridens F. Stein 1883, Peridiniopsis quadridens (F. Stein) Bourr. 1968, P. stagnale Meunier 1919) Peridinium centenniale (Playfair 1919) M. Lefèvre 1932 (=P. 887 Parvodinium centenniale (Playfair) Carty 2008) umbonatum var. centenniale Playfair 1919, 888 Peridinium godlewskii Wolosz. 1916 889 Peridinium gutwinskii Wolosz. 1912 hangoei (J. Schiller 1935) J. Larsen 1995 (=Peridinium gracile Er. Lindem. 1924, ?P. novascotiense 890 Scrippsiella Gran & Braarud 1935, ?Peridinium aciculiferum Lemmerm. 1900) 112 Amyloodinium E. Brown & Hovasse 1946 (=Bargoniella Loeb. & Tappan 1961) -type A. ocellatum ocellatum (E. Brown 1931) E. Brown & Hovasse 1946 (=Oodinium ocellatum E. Brown, 891 Amyloodinium Branchiophilus marinus Schäperclaus 1935) amylaceum (Bargoni 1894) E. Brown & Hovasse 1946 (=B. amylacea (Bargoni) Loebl. & Tappan 892 Amylodinium 1961, Salpicola amylacea Bargoni) 113 Cachonella Rose & Cachon 1952 (=Diplomorpha Rose & Cachon 1951) paradoxa (Rose & Cachon 1951) Rose & Cachon 1952 (=Diplomorpha paradoxa Rose & Cachon 893 Cachonella 1951) 114 Chalubinskia Wolosz. 1916 (=?Chimonodinium Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg, Gert Hansen & Moestrup) 894 Chalubinskia tatrica Wolosz. 1916 (=Peridinium tatrae J. Schiller 1937) 115 Chimonodinium Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg, Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2011 (=?Chalubinskia Wolosz. 1916) Chimonodinium lomnickii (Wolosz. 1916) Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg, Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2011 (=Peridinium lomnickii Wolosz. 1916, Glenodinium lomnickii (Wolosz.) Er. Lindem. 1925, P. lomnickii var. punctulatum Er. Lindem. 1924, Glen. lomnickii var. splendidum (Wolosz.) Er. Lindem, Chim. lomnickii var. splendidum (Wolosz.) Craveiro, 895 Calado, Daugbjerg, Gert Hansen & Moestrup, Chim. lomnickii var. wierzejskii Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg, Gert Hansen & Moestrup, P. wierzejskii Wolosz. 1916, Glen. lomnickii var. wierzejskii (Wolosz. 1916) Er. Lindem. 1928, P. wierzejskii Wolosz. 1916, ?P. tatrae J. Schiller 1937, ?Chalubinskia tatrica Wolosz. 1916) 116 Crepidoodinium J. Lom & A.R. Lawler 1981 -type. C. cyprinodontum cyprinodontum (A.R. Lawler 1967) J. Lom & A.R. Lawler 1981 (=Oodinium cyprinodontum A.R. 896 Crepidoodinium Lawler) 897 Crepidoodinium virginicum J. Lom, K. Rohde & I. Dykova 1993 898 Crepidoodinium australe J. Lom, K. Rohde & I. Dykova 1993 117 Cryptoperidiniopsis Steid., J.H. Landsberg, P.L. Mason, W.K. Vogelbein, P.A. Tester & R.W. Litaker 2006 899 Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi Steid., J.H. Landsberg, P.L. Mason, W.K. Vogelbein, P.A. Tester & R.W. Litaker 2006 118 Cystodinedria Pascher 1944 (=Phytodinedria Pascher 1944) Cystodinedria inermis (Geitler 1943) Pascher 1944 (=C. adpressa (Pascher) Bourr. 1970, C. aeruginea (Pascher) Bourr., C. brunnea Pascher 1944, C. cocconiforme (Baumeister) Starmach 1974, C. hemisphaera (Pascher) Bourr. 1970, C. hyalina (Pascher) Bourr. 1970, C. maxima Popovský 1961, C. obtusata Pascher 1944, C. procubans 900 (Pascher) Bourr. 1970, C. reniformis (Baumeister) Starmach 1974, C. setosa (Pascher) Bourr. 1970, Dinococcus inermis (Geitler 1943) Fott 1960, P. adpressa Pascher 1944, P. cocconiforme Baumeister 1957, P. hemisphaera Pascher 1944, P. hyalina Pascher 1944, P. procubans Pascher 1944, P. reniformis Baumeister 1957, P. setosa Pascher 1944, Raciborskia inermis Geitler 1943) 119 Haidadinium J. Buckland-Nicks, T.E. Reimchen & D.J. Garbary 1997 901 Haidadinium ichthyophilum J. Buckland-Nicks, T.E. Reimchen & D.J. Garbary 1997 120 Leonella D. Janofske & Karwath 2000 902 Leonella granifera (Fütterer 1977) D. Janofske & Karwath 2000 (=Thoracosphaera granifera Fütterer) 121 Luciella P.L. Mason, H.J. Jeong, R.W. Litaker, K.S. Reece & Steid. 2007 -type L. masanensis 903 Luciella atlantis P.L. Mason, R.W. Litaker, K.S. Reece & Steid. 2007 904 Luciella masanensis P.L. Mason, H.J. Jeong, R.W. Litaker, K.S. Reece & Steid. 2007 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 122 Parvodinium Carty 2008 -type P. umbonatum (8 species) africanum (Lemmerm. ex West 1907) Carty 2008 (=Peridinium africanum Lemmerm. ex G.S. West 905 Parvodinium 1907, Peridinium ornamentosum Er. Lindem. 1931, P. intermedium Playfair 1919) 906 Parvodinium belizensis (Carty 2003) Carty 2008 (=Peridinium belizensis Carty) 907 Parvodinium delandrei (M. Lefèvre 1927) Carty 2008 (=Peridinium delandrei M. Lefèvre) 908 Parvodinium goslaviense (Wolosz. 1916) Carty 2008 (=Peridinium goslaviense Wolosz.) Parvodinium inconspicuum (Lemmerm. 1899) Carty 2008 (=Per. inconspicuum Lemmerm., Glen. inconspicuum 909 (Lemmerm.) Wailes 1939) morzinense (M. Lefèvre 1928) Carty 2008 (=Peridinium morzinense M. Lefèvre 1928, Per. elegans 910 Parvodinium M. Lefèvre 1925) 911 Parvodinium pusillum (Penard 1891) Carty 2008 (=Glenodinium pusillum Penard 1891) Parvodinium umbonatum (F. Stein 1883) Carty 2008 (=Peridinium umbonatum F. Stein 1883, P. linzium Er. Lindem., 912 P. ambiguum Er. Lindem. 1931, P. minimum Wolosz. 1916, P. munusculum Er. Lindem. 1918, P. steinmannii Wolosz. 1930, P. parvulum Wolosz. 1935, P. javanicum C.J. Bernard 1908, Gym. oligoplacatum Skuja 1956) 123 Protoodinium Hovasse 1935 -type P. chattonii 913 Protoodinium chattonii Hovasse 1935 914 Protoodinium hovassei Cachon 1964 124 Oodinioides Reichenbach-Klinke 1970 915 Oodinioides vastator Reichenbach-Klinke 1970 125 Oodinium Chatton 1912 (=Salpicola Bargoni 1894) -type O. pouchetii 916 Oodinium dogielii Cachon & M. Chatton 1971 917 Oodinium fritillariae Chatton 1912 918 Oodinium inlandicum T. Horig. & S. Ohtsuka 2001 919 Oodinium jordanii N. McLean & C. Nielsen 1989 920 Oodinium pouchetii (Lemmerm. 1899) Chatton 1912 (=Gymnodinium pulvisculus C.H.G. Pouchet 1883) 126 Paulsenella Chatton 1920 -type P. chaetoceratis 921 Paulsenella chaetoceratis (Paulsen 1911) Chatton 1920 (=Apodinium chaetoceratis Paulsen) 922 Paulsenella kornmannii Drebes & Schnepf 1988 923 Paulsenella vonstoschii Drebes & Schnepf 1988 127 Piesteria Steid. & J.M. Burkh. 1996 924 Piesteria piscicida Steid. & J.M. Burkh. 1996 128 Pseudopiesteria R.W. Litaker, Steid., P.L. Mason, J.D. Shields & P.A. Tester 2005 shumwayae (H.B. Glasgow & J.M. Burkh. 2001) R.W. Litaker, Steid., P.L. Mason, J.D. Shields & 925 Pseudopiesteria P.A. Tester 2005 (=Piesteria shumwayae H.B. Glasgow & J.M. Burkh.) 129 Staszicella Wolosz. 1916 (=?Tyrannodinium Calado, Craveiro, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009) dinobryonis Wolosz. 1916 (=Peridiniopsis dinobryonis (Wolosz. 1916) Bourr. 1968, Glenodinium 926 Staszicella dinobryonis (Wolosz.) J. Schiller 1937, Stylodinium tarnum Baumeister 1943) 130 Stoeckeria H.J. Jeong, J.S. Kim, J.Y. Park, J.H. Kim, S. Kim, I. Lee, S.H. Lee, J.H. Ha & W.H. Yih 2005 927 Stoeckeria algicida H.J. Jeong, J.S. Kim, J.Y. Park, J.H. Kim, S. Kim, I. Lee, S.H. Lee, J.H. Ha & W.H. Yih 2005 131 Stylodinium G.A. Klebs 1912 (=Dinopodiella Pascher 1944) -type S. globosum (6 species) 928 Stylodinium littorale T. Horig. & Chihara 1983 929 Stylodinium gastrophilum Cachon, Cachon-Enjumet & Bouquaheux 1965 Stylodinium globosum G.A. Klebs 1912 (=Dinopodiella gracilis Pascher 1944, D. phaseolus Pascher 1944, D. 930 gracilis Pascher 1944) 931 Stylodinium polymorphum Baumeister 1957 932 Stylodinium sphaera Pascher 1944 (=?Vampyrella penula Cienk. 1865) 933 Stylodinium tarnum Baumeister 1943 132 Thoracosphaera Kamptner 1927 -type T. pelagica Thoracosphaera heimii (Lohmann 1920) Kamptner 1944 (=Syracosphaera heimii Lohmann, Thoracosphaera 934 pelagica Kamptner 1927) 99 100 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 133 Tyrannodinium Calado, Craveiro, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009 (=?Staszicella Wolosz. 1916) Tyrannodinium edax (A.J. Schilling 1891) Calado 2011 (=Peridiniopsis edax (A.J. Schill.) Bourr. 1968, Glenodinium edax A.J. Schill., Tyrannodinium berolinense (Lemmerm. 1900) Calado, Craveiro, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009, 935 Peridinium berolinense Lemmerm. 1900, Peridiniopsis berolinense (Lemmerm.) Bourr. 1968, Gymnodinium alatum Litvin. 1963, ?Staszicella dinobryonis Wolosz. 1916) Glenodiniaceae Wiley & Hickson 1909 (incl. Glenodiniaceae Lemmerm. 1900, Glenodiniaceae Er. Lindem. 1928, Glenodiniopsidaceae J. Schiller 1935, Dinosphaeraceae Er. Lindem. 1928, Lophodiniaceae OsorioTafall 1942, ?Lophodiniales J.D. Dodge 1984) 936 Gymnodinium impatiens Skuja 1964 937 Peridinium sociale (Henneg. 1890) Biecheler 1935 (=Glenodinium sociale Henneg.) 134 Dinosphaera Kof. & J.R Michener 1912 938 Dinosphaera palustris (Lemmerm. 1907) Kof. & J.R Michener 1912 (=Gonyaulax palustris Lemmerm. 1907) 135 Glochidinium Boltovskoy 1999 -type G. penardiforme penardiforme (Er. Lindem. 1918) Boltovskoy 1999 (=Per. penardiforme Er. Lindem. 1918, Peridiniopsis 939 Glochidinium penardiforme (Er. Lindem.) Bourr., Glen. penardiforme (Er. Lindem.) J. Schiller 1937) 940 Glochidinium platygaster Boltovskoy 1999 136 Gloeodinium G.A. Klebs 1912 941 Gloeodinium montanum G.A. Klebs 1912 137 Hemidinium F. Stein 1878 -type H. nasutum (16 species) 942 Hemidinium animale Skvortzov 1968 943 Hemidinium aquae-frigidae Skvortzov 1968 944 Hemidinium bryophyticum Skvortzov 1958 945 Hemidinium imprimatum W. Busch 1927 946 Hemidinium kisselewii Skvortzov 1928 947 Hemidinium kofoidii Skvortzov 1968 948 Hemidinium lindemannii Skvortzov 1968 949 Hemidinium mediterraneum J. Schiller 1928 950 Hemidinium mucosum Skvortzov 1958 Hemidinium nasutum F. Stein 1878 (=H. nobile Skuja 1964, H. brasiliense C.E.M. Bicudo & Skvortzov 1970, H. 951 nasutum var. lapeanum C.E.M. Bicudo & Ventrice, H. nasutum var. tatricum J. Wolosz., Gloeodinium cracoviense Starmach 1963) 952 Hemidinium occulatum Skvortzov 1958 ochraceum Levander 1900 (=H. pseudoochraceum C.E.M. Bicudo & Skvortzov 1970, H. montanum 953 Hemidinium C.E.M. Bicudo & Skvortzov 1970) 954 Hemidinium olivaceum Skvortzov 1968 (non Gymnodinium olivaceum Skvortzov 1968) 955 Hemidinium purpureum Skvortzov 1968 956 Hemidinium tumidum Skvortzov 1946 957 Hemidinium woloszynskae Skvortzov 1968 138 Glenodiniopsis Wolosz. 1916 -type G. steinii steinii (Lemmerm. 1900) Wolosz. 1916 (=Glenodinium cinctum F. Stein 1878, Glenodinium steinii 958 Glenodiniopsis Lemmerm. 1900, Glenodinium uliginosum A.J. Schill. 1891, Glenodiniopsis uliginosa (A.J. Schill.) Wolosz. 1928) 959 Glenodiniopsis pretiosa Er. Lindem. 1931 139 Glenodinium Ehrenb. 1836 -type G. cinctum (59 species) 960 Glenodinium abruptum Skvortzov 1958 961 Glenodinium alpinum (Perty 1849) Perty 1852 (=Peridinium alpinum Perty) 962 Glenodinium amphibium C.H.G. Pouchet 1885 963 Glenodinium amphiconicum J. Schiller 1955 964 Glenodinium bacilliferum Biecheler 1952 965 Glenodinium bieblii J. Schiller 1955 966 Glenodinium caspicum (Ostenf. 1901) J. Schiller 1935 (=Diplopsalis caspica Ostenf.) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. Glenodinium cinctum Ehrenb. 1836 (=Sphaerodinium cinctum (Ehrenb. 1836) Wolosz. 1917, ?S. javanicum 967 Wolosz. 1930, S. cinctum f. tatricum (Wolosz.) Hub.-Pest. 1950, ?S. cracoviense Wolosz. 1916) 968 Glenodinium compressum Calk. 1901 (=Amphidinium compressum (Calk.) F.J.R. Taylor & Baillie 1971) 969 Glenodinium cosmariiforme Skvortzov 1958 970 Glenodinium denticulatum J. Schiller 1955 971 Glenodinium ellipsoideum Skvortzov 1968 972 Glenodinium emarginatum G.A. Klebs 1912 973 Glenodinium frigidum Skvortzov 1968 974 Glenodinium fungiforme J. Schiller 1955 975 Glenodinium geminum (Playfair 1919) Er. Lindem. 1931 (=Peridinium geminum Playfair) 976 Glenodinium gessneri J. Schiller 1955 977 Glenodinium glaucum Skvortzov 1968 978 Glenodinium guildfordense (Playfair 1920) Er. Lindem. 1931 (=Peridinium caudatum var. guildfordense Playfair) 979 Glenodinium helicozoster T.M. Harris 1940 980 Glenodinium inlatum Meunier 1910 981 Glenodinium kamptneri J. Schiller 1955 982 Glenodinium lefevrei Er. Lindem. 1928 983 Glenodinium lemmermannii O. Zacharias 1901 984 Glenodinium lenticula C.H.G. Pouchet 1885 985 Glenodinium leptodermum T.M. Harris 1940 986 Glenodinium limos T.M. Harris 1940 987 Glenodinium longicorne (Perty 1849) Diesing 1866 988 Glenodinium majale Skvortzov 1958 989 Glenodinium maliavkinii Skvortzov 1958 990 Glenodinium mezii Steinecke 1916 991 Glenodinium minimum (Lantzsch 1914) M. Bachm. 1923 (=Gymnodinium minimum Lantzsch) 992 Glenodinium minutum Skvortzov 1946 993 Glenodinium monadicum (Perty 1852) Diesing 1866 994 Glenodinium monense Herdman 1924 995 Glenodinium mucronatum W. Conrad 1926 996 Glenodinium obliquum C.H.G. Pouchet 1885 997 Glenodinium ostenfeldii Paulsen 1904 998 Glenodinium ovatum Fauré-Frem. 1908 999 Glenodinium paululum Er. Lindem. 1928 1000 Glenodinium peisonis J. Schiller 1955 1001 Glenodinium pilula (Ostenf. 1908) J. Schiller 1937 (=Diplopsalis pilula Ostenf.) 1002 Glenodinium planulum (Perty 1852) Diesing 1866 (=Peridinium planulum Perty) 1003 Glenodinium pseudostigmosum Skuja 1956 1004 Glenodinium pulvisculum (Ehrenb. 1832) F. Stein 1883 1005 Glenodinium punctulatum T.M. Harris 1940 1006 Glenodinium rotundatum Skvortzov 1958 saeculare (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) J. Schiller 1935 (=P. saecularis (G. Murray & Whitting) Ostenf. 1007 Glenodinium 1915, Diplopsalis saecularis G. Murray & Whitting) 1008 Glenodinium sanguineum (H.J. Carter 1858) Diesing 1866 1009 Glenodinium segriense P.A. Dangeard 1939 1010 Glenodinium spiculiferum J. Schiller 1955 1011 Glenodinium spinosum Skvortzov 1968 101 102 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 1012 Glenodinium sungariense Skvortzov 1958 1013 Glenodinium turbo C.H.G. Pouchet 1885 1014 Glenodinium turfosum Skvortzov 1958 1015 Glenodinium vernale Skvortzov 1968 1016 Glenodinium vindobonense J. Schiller 1955 1017 Glenodinium viride Skvortzov 1958 1018 Glenodinium warmingii Bergh 1881 140 Kansodinium Carty & E.R. Cox 1986 Kansodinium ambiguum (R.H. Thomps. 1950) Carty & E.R. Cox (=Glenodinium ambiguum R.H. Thomps., 1019 Diplopsalis ambiguum (R.H. Thomps.) Bourr. 1970, non Peridinium ambiguum Er. Lindem.) 141 Lophodinium Lemmerm. 1910 polylophum (Daday 1905) Lemmerm. 1910 (=L. dadayi Osorio-Tafall 1942, Glenodinium polylophum 1020 Lophodinium Daday) 142 Nephrodinium Meunier 1910 Nephrodinium karianum Meunier 1910 (=Peridinium karianum (Meunier) J. Schiller 1937, non P. karianum Henckel 1021 1925) 1022 Nephrodinium nivale Meunier 1910 (=Peridinium nivale (Meunier) J. Schiller 1937) 143 Palatinus Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009 -type P. apiculatus Palatinus apiculatus (Ehrenb. 1838) Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009 (=Glen. apiculatus Ehrenb. 1838, P. apiculatum (Ehrenb.) Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859, Palatinus apiculatus var. laevis (Huitf.-Kaas 1900) Craveiro, 1023 Calado, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009, P. laeve Huitf.-Kaas 1900, P. palatinum f. laeve (Huitf.-Kaas) Er. Lindem. 1928, P. marssonii Lemmerm. 1900, P. anglicum G.S. West 1909, Properidinium apiculatum (Ehrenb.) Meunier 1919) pseudolaevis (M. Lefèvre 1926) Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009 (=Peridinium pseudolaeve 1024 Palatinus M. Lefèvre) 144 Peridiniopsis Lemmerm. 1904 -type P. borgei (15 species) 1025 Peridiniopsis amazonica Barbara Mey. 1997 1026 Peridiniopsis armebeensis Ten-Hage, K.P. Da & Couté 2007 borgei Lemmerm. 1904 (=P. borgei (Lemmerm.) Lemmerm. 1910, Glen. borgei (Lemmerm.) J. 1027 Peridiniopsis Schiller 1937) 1028 Peridiniopsis charkowiensis (Matv. 1938) Bourr. 1968 (=Peridinium charkowiensis Matv.) 1029 Peridiniopsis cristatum (Balech 1961) Bourr. 1968 (=Glenodinium cristatum Balech) cunningtonii Lemmerm. 1907 (=Peridinium suttonii B.M. Grifiths 1922, Glenodinium sedens Er. 1030 Peridiniopsis Lindem. 1928, Peridinium treubii Wolosz. 1912, Heterocapsa quinquecuspidata Massart 1920) Peridiniopsis elpatiewskyi (Ostenf. 1907) Bourr. 1968 (=P. pygmaeum Er. Lindem. 1918, Peridiniopsis pygmeum 1031 (Er. Lindem.) Bourr., P. umbonatum var. elpatiewskyi Ostenf., Glen. elpatiewskyi (Ostenf.) J. Schiller 1935, Glen. pygmaeum (Er. Lindem.) J. Schiller 1937) 1032 Peridiniopsis kulczynskii (Wolosz. 1916) Bourr. 1968 (=Glenodinium kulczynskii (Wolosz.) Er. Lindem. 1928) 1033 Peridiniopsis lindemannii (M. Lefèvre 1927) Bourr. 1968 (=Glenodinium lindemannii M. Lefèvre) 1034 Peridiniopsis oculata (F. Stein 1883) Bourr. 1968 (=Glenodinium oculatum F. Stein) quinquecuspidata (Nygaard 1926) Gert Hansen & Flaim 2007 (=P. cunningtonii var. quinquecuspidata 1035 Peridiniopsis Nygaard, Glen. quadridens var. quinquecuspidatum (Massart) J. Schiller 1935) 1036 Peridiniopsis salina J.M. Trigueros 2000 1037 Peridiniopsis sphaeroidea (Christen 1958) Bourr. 1968 (=Peridinium sphaeroideum Christen) 1038 Peridiniopsis thompsonii (R.H. Thomps.) Bourr. 1968 viguieri (M. Lefèvre 1932) Bourr. 1968 (=Glen. viguieri (M. Lefèvre) J. Schiller 1937, P. viguieri M. 1039 Peridiniopsis Lefèvre) 145 Thompsodinium Bourr. 1970 intermedium (R.H. Thomps. 1951) Bourr. 1970 (=Peridinium intermedium R.H. Thomps., ?P. 1040 Thompsodinium intermedium Playfair 1919) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. Order Peridiniales Haeckel 1894, Peridiniales sensu stricto Peridiniaceae Ehrenb. 1832 146 Bagredinium K.P. Da, F. Zongo, G. Mascarell & Couté 2004 Bagredinium crenulatum (Couté & A. Iltis 1984) K.P. Da, F. Zongo, G. Mascarell & Couté 2004 (=P. crenulatum 1041 Couté & A. Iltis) 147 Peridinium Ehrenb. 1832 sensu stricto -type P. cinctum (32 species) 1042 Peridinium abscissum O. Zacharias 1903 1043 Peridinium alatum Cleve-Euler 1937 (non Peridinium alatum A. Garbini 1902) 1044 Peridinium allorgei M. Lefèvre 9127 1045 Peridinium baicalense Kisselev & Zwetkow 1935 1046 Peridinium bipes F. Stein 1883 (=P. tabulatum (Ehrenb.) Clap. & J. Lachm. partim) 1047 Peridinium brasiliense G. Borics & I. Grigorszky 2005 Peridinium cinctum (O.F. Müller 1786) Ehrenb. 1838 (=Vorticella cincta O.F. Müller, P. tabulatum Penard 1891, P. 1048 tuberosum Meunier 1919, P. eximium Er. Lindem. 1918, P. rhenanum Er. Lindem. 1919, P. westii Lemmerm. 1906, Glenodinium cinctum (O.F. Muller) Ehrenb. 1830) 1049 Peridinium disciforme Cleve-Euler 1918 1050 Peridinium euryceps K. Rengefors & Barbara Mey. 1998 1051 Peridinium eximium Er. Lindem. 1920 1052 Peridinium gatuense Nygaard 1925 (=P. cinctum var. gibbosum M. Lefèvre 1927, P. zonatum Playfair 1919) 1053 Peridinium gemma Cleve-Euler 1918 1054 Peridinium gutwinskii Wolosz. 1912 1055 Peridinium illustrans O.C.A. Wetzel 1933 1056 Peridinium jensenii (Nygaard 1926) Nygaard 1932 (=Gonyaulax jensenii Nygaard 1926) 1057 Peridinium keyense G. Nygaard 1926 1058 Peridinium limbatum (A. Stokes 1888) Lemmerm. 1900 (=Protoperidinium limbatum A. Stokes) 1059 Peridinium lingii K. Thomasson 1986 1060 Peridinium lubiniensiforme (Diwald 1938) Hub.-Pest. (=Glenodinium lubiniensiforme Diwald) 1061 Peridinium mixtum Wolosz. 1952 1062 Peridinium ovum Matv. 1938 (non Peridinium ovum J. Schiller 1911) 1063 Peridinium playfairii Er. Lindem. 1931 raciborskii Wolosz. 1912 (=P. chalubinskii Wolosz. 1919, Protoperidinium palustre (Er. Lindem.) M. 1064 Peridinium Lefèvre 1932, Glenodinium palustre (Lemmerm.) J. Schiller 1935) 1065 Peridinium rhenanum Er. Lindem. 1919 1066 Peridinium smirnovii Skvortzov 1958 1067 Peridinium striolatum Playfair 1919 1068 Peridinium subtatranum Wolosz. 1952 1069 Peridinium sydneyense K. Thomasson 1986 (=?Peridinium sydneyense (Playfair) K. Thomasson 1986) 1070 Peridinium volzii Lemmerm. 1905 (=?Peridinium willei Huitf.-Kaas 1900) Peridinium willei Huitf.-Kaas 1900 (=P. alatum Garbini 1902, P. guestrowiense Er. Lindem. 1918, P. kincaidii Wailes 1071 1933, ?P. volzii Lemmerm. 1905, P. tabulatum Playfair 1912, P. australe Playfair 1912, P. hieroglyphicum Playfair 1919, P. striolatum Wailes 1928, P. vancouverense Wailes 1921) 1072 Peridinium wisconsinense S. Eddy 1930 1073 Peridinium witoslawi Er. Lindem. 1919 Heterocapsaceae Fensome & al. 1993 148 Heterocapsa F. Stein 1883 (=Cachonina A.R. Loebl. 1968) -type H. triquetra (19 species) 1074 Heterocapsa arctica T. Horig. 1997 1075 Heterocapsa chattonii (Biecheler 1952) P.H. Campb. 1973 (=Peridinium chattonii Biecheler) 1076 Heterocapsa circularisquama T. Horig. 1995 1077 Heterocapsa horiguchii M. Iwataki, H. Takayama & Matsuoka 2002 103 104 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 1078 Heterocapsa huensis M. Iwataki & Matsuoka 2009 Heterocapsa illdeina (E.M. Herman & B.M. Sweeney 1976) L.C. Morrill & A.R. Loebl. 1981 (=Cachonina illdeina 1079 E.M. Herman & B.M. Sweeney, Cachonina hallii (Freud. & J.J Lee) J.D. Dodge 1982, Glenodinium hallii Freud. & J.J Lee 1963) 1080 Heterocapsa kollmeriana M.J. Swift & J.J.A. McLaughlin 1970 1081 Heterocapsa lanceolata M. Iwataki & Fukuyo 2002 1082 Heterocapsa minima A.J. Pomroy 1989 1083 Heterocapsa niei (A.R. Loebl. 1968) L.C. Morrill & A.R. Loebl. 1981 1084 Heterocapsa orientalis M. Iwataki & Fukuyo 2003 1085 Heterocapsa ovata M. Iwataki & Fukuyo 2003 1086 Heterocapsa paciica Kof. 1907 1087 Heterocapsa psammophila M. Tamura, M. Iwataki & T. Horig. 2005 1088 Heterocapsa pseudotriquetra M. Iwataki, Gert Hansen & Fukuyo 2004 pygmaea A.R. Loebl., R.J. Schmidt & J.L. Sherley 1981 (=Cachonina pygmaea (A.R. Loebl., R.J. 1089 Heterocapsa Schmidt & J.L. Sherley 1981) Sournia 1984) Heterocapsa rotundata (Lohmann 1908) Gert Hansen 1995 (=Amphidinium rotundatum Lohmann 1911, A. Redeke 1935, Gymnodinium minutum M. Lebour 1925, Massartia rotundata (Lohmann) J. Schiller 1090 pellucidum 1933, Katodinium rotundatum (Lohmann) A.R. Loebl. 1965, K. redekei (W. Conrad & Kufferath 1954) A.R. Loeb. 1965, K. minutum (M. Lebour) Sournia 1973) Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenb. 1840) F. Stein 1883 (=Glenodinium triquetrum Ehrenb., Peridinium triquetrum 1091 (Ehrenb.) M. Lebour 1925, Properidinium heterocapsa (F. Stein) Meunier 1919) 1092 Heterocapsa umbilicata F. Stein 1883 Podolampadaceae Er. Lindem. 1928 (incl. Lessardiaceae Carbonell-Moore 2004) 149 Blepharocysta Ehrenb. 1873 -type B. splendor-maris 1093 Blepharocysta denticulata D.S. Nie 1939 1094 Blepharocysta hermosillai Carbonell-Moore 1992 1095 Blepharocysta okamurai T.H. Abé 1966 (=?B. splendor-maris (Ehrenb. 1860) Ehrenb. 1873) 1096 Blepharocysta paulsenii J. Schiller 1937 1097 Blepharocysta splendor-maris (Ehrenb. 1860) Ehrenb. 1873 (=?B. okamurai T.H. Abé 1966) 150 Gaarderiella Carbonell-Moore 2010 (=Gaarderia Carbonell-Moore 1994) -type G. angusta 1098 Gaarderiella angusta (Carbonell-Moore 1994) Carbonell-Moore 2010 1099 Gaarderiella armata (Carbonell-Moore 1994) Carbonell-Moore 2010 1100 Gaarderiella lata (Carbonell-Moore 1994) Carbonell-Moore 2010 1101 Gaarderiella compressa (Carbonell-Moore 1994) Carbonell-Moore 2010 151 Heterobractum Carbonell-Moore 1994 1102 Heterobractum striatum Carbonell-Moore 1994 152 Lessardia J.F. Saldarriaga & F.J.R. Taylor 2003 1103 Lessardia elongata J.F. Saldarriaga & F.J.R. Taylor 2003 153 Lissodinium Matzen. 1933 -type L. schilleri (18 species) 1104 Lissodinium australe Carbonell-Moore 1993 1105 Lissodinium balechii Carbonell-Moore 1993 1106 Lissodinium corrugatum Carbonell-Moore 1993 1107 Lissodinium fryxelliae Carbonell-Moore 1993 1108 Lissodinium heteracanthum Carbonell-Moore 1993 1109 Lissodinium heteroporum Carbonell-Moore 1993 1110 Lissodinium homacanthum Carbonell-Moore 1993 1111 Lissodinium longisulcus Carbonell-Moore 1993 1112 Lissodinium magnum Carbonell-Moore 1993 1113 Lissodinium matzenaueri Carbonell-Moore 1993 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 1114 Lissodinium orcadense Carbonell-Moore 1993 1115 Lissodinium ovatum Carbonell-Moore 1993 1116 Lissodinium parvum Carbonell-Moore 1993 1117 Lissodinium schilleri Matzen. 1933 (=B. matzenaueri (Matzen.) Gaarder, B. compressa Gaarder 1954) 1118 Lissodinium steidingerae Carbonell-Moore 1993 1119 Lissodinium taylorii Carbonell-Moore 1993 1120 Lissodinium thompsonii Carbonell-Moore 1993 1121 Lissodinium zondervanii Carbonell-Moore 1993 154 Mysticella Carbonell-Moore 1994 (non Mysticella R.V. Gorjunova 2007) -type M. striata 1122 Mysticella spinosa Carbonell-Moore 1994 1123 Mysticella striata (F. Schütt 1895) Carbonell-Moore 1994 (=Blepharocysta striata F. Schütt) 155 Podolampas F. Stein 1883 -type P. bipes (7 species) 1124 Podolampas antarctica Balech 1965 1125 Podolampas bipes F. Stein 1883 1126 Podolampas curvata J. Schiller 1937 1127 Podolampas elegans F. Schütt 1895 1128 Podolampas palmipes F. Stein 1883 1129 Podolampas reticulata Kof. 1907 (=P. bipes var. reticulata (Kof.) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 1130 Podolampas spinifera Okamura 1912 156 Roscofia Balech 1956 -type R. capitata 1131 Roscofia capitata Balech 1956 1132 Roscofia minor T. Horig. & F. Kubo 1997 Amphidiniopsidaceae J.D. Dodge 1984 157 Genus of Thecadinium dragescoi 1133 Thecadinium dragescoi Balech 1956 158 Amphidiniopsis Wolosz. 1929 -type A. kofoidii (14 species) 1134 Amphidiniopsis aculeata Hoppenrath, Koeman & B.S. Leander 2009 1135 Amphidiniopsis arenaria Hoppenrath 2000 1136 Amphidiniopsis cristata Hoppenrath 2000 1137 Amphidiniopsis dentata Hoppenrath 2000 1138 Amphidiniopsis galericulata Hoppenrath 2000 1139 Amphidiniopsis hexagona S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J.D. Dodge 2000 1140 Amphidiniopsis hirsuta (Balech 1956) J.D. Dodge 1982 (=Thecadinium hirsutum Balech) 1141 Amphidiniopsis kofoidii Wolosz. 1929 1142 Amphidiniopsis korewalensis Sh. Murray & D.J. Patterson 2002 1143 Amphidiniopsis pectinaria S. Toriumi, S. Yoshimatsu & J.D. Dodge 2002 1144 Amphidiniopsis sibbaldii K.H. Nicholls 1998 ex K.H. Nicholls 1999 1145 Amphidiniopsis swedmarkii (Balech 1956) J.D. Dodge 1982 (=Thecadinium swedmarkii Balech) 1146 Amphidiniopsis urnaeformis G.I. Gail 1950 1147 Amphidiniopsis uroensis S. Toriumi, S. Yoshimatsu & J.D. Dodge 2002 159 Archaeperidinium Jørg. 1912 (=Protoperidinium Bergh) -type A. minutum Archaeperidinium minutum (Kof. 1907) Jørg. 1912 (=Protoperidinium minutum (Kof. 1907) A.R. Loebl. 1970), 1148 ?Archaeperidinium monospinum (Paulsen) Jørg. 1913, Properidinium aspinum Meunier 1919) Archaeperidinium monospinum (Paulsen 1907) Jørg. 1913 (=Protoperidinium monospinum (Paulsen) Zonneveld 1149 & B. Dale 1994, Protoperidinium constrictum (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974, Peridinium constricta T.H. Abé, Properidinium aspinum Meunier 1919) 1150 Protoperidinium archiovatum (Balech 1958) Balech 1974 105 106 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 1151 Protoperidinium bolmonense Chomérat & Couté 2008 1152 Protoperidinium grenlandicum (Wolosz. 1929) Balech 1974 (=P. grenlandicum Wolosz.) 1153 Protoperidinium tricingulatum H. Kawami, Wezel, Koeman & Matsuoka 2009 1154 Protoperidinium vorax Siano & Montresor 2005 160 Herdmania J.D. Dodge 1981 (=Dodgeia Özdikmen 2009) Herdmania litoralis J.D. Dodge 1981 (=Gymnodinium agile Herdman 1922, non Gymnodinium agile Kof. & Swezy 1155 1921) Protoperidiniaceae Balech 1988 (incl. Kolkwitziellaceae Er. Lindem. 1928, Congruentidiaceae J. Schiller 1935, Protoperidiniaceae J.P. Bujak & E.H. Davies 1998) Bergh 1881 sensu stricto (=Minuscula M. Lebour 1925, Properidinium Meunier 1919, 161 Protoperidinium Congruentidium T.H. Abé 1927) -type P. pellucidum (269 species) Protoperidinium abei (Paulsen 1930) Balech 1974 (=P. biconicum T.H. Abé 1927, non P. biconicum P.A. Dangeard 1156 1927) Protoperidinium acutipes (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (=P. quadratum Matzen. 1933, P. divergens f. acutipes 1157 (P.A. Dangeard) J. Schiller 1937) Protoperidinium angustum (P.A. Dangeard 1932) Balech 1974 (=?Protoperidinium wiesneri (J. Schiller 1931) 1158 Balech 1974) Protoperidinium bipes (Paulsen 1904) Balech 1974 (=Minuscula bipes (Paulsen) M. Lebour 1925, Glenodinium 1159 bipes Paulsen 1904, Peridinium minusculum Pavill. 1905, non Peridinium bipes F. Stein 1883) 1160 Protoperidinium conicoides (Paulsen 1905) Balech 1973 (=Peridinium (Euperidinium) conicoides Paulsen 1905) 1161 Protoperidinium conicum (Gran 1900) Balech 1974 (=P. divergens var. conica Gran) 1162 Protoperidinium crassipes (Kof. 1907) Balech 1974 Protoperidinium curtipes (Jørg. 1912) Balech 1974 (=P. curtipes Jørg. 1912, P. crassipes Paulsen 1907 partim, non 1163 P. crassipes Paulsen 1930, nec J. Schiller 1937) Protoperidinium denticulatum (Gran & Braarud 1935) Balech 1974 (=P. clavus T.H. Abé 1936, Protoper. 1164 hemisphaericum (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1988) 1165 Protoperidinium diabolus (Cleve 1900) Balech 1974 (=P. longipes G. Karst. 1907) 1166 Protoperidinium divergens (Ehrenb. 1841) Balech 1974 Protoperidinium elegans (Cleve 1900) Balech 1974 (=P. annulatum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911, ?P. elegans 1167 Matzen. 1933) 1168 Protoperidinium excentricum (Paulsen 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. excentricum Paulsen, P. perrieri Fauré-Frem. 1909) leonis (Pavill. 1916) Balech 1974 (=P. conicum Meunier 1919, P. saltans Pavill. 1915, non P. 1169 Protoperidinium saltans Meunier 1910) Protoperidinium mediterraneum (Kof. 1909) Balech 1974 (=P. longicollum Pavill. 1916, P. steinii subsp. 1170 mediterraneum Kof.) Protoperidinium longipes Balech 1974 (=Protoper. longipes (G. Karst. 1907) Balech 1974, P. diabolus var. longipes 1171 (G. Karst.) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 1172 Protoperidinium magnum (J. Schiller 1929) Balech 1974 (=?P. crassipes Kof. 1907) Protoperidinium obtusum (G. Karst. 1906) Parke & J.D. Dodge 1976 (=Protoperidinium obtusum (G. Karst.) Balech 1173 1988, P. divergens var. obtusum G. Karst. 1906, P. okamurai Marukawa 1921, non P. okamurai T.H. Abé 1927, P. obtusum J. Schiller 1937, non P. obtusum Fauré-Frem. 1908) 1174 Protoperidinium pallidum (Ostenf. 1899) Balech 1973 Protoperidinium pellucidum Bergh 1882 ex Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=P. pellucidum (Bergh) F. Schütt 1895, 1175 non C.H.G. Pouchet 1883, nec Vanhöffen 1897, P. pellucidum ssp. asteriferum Balech 1994, =P. pellucidum ssp. stellatum Balech 1978, non P. stellatum D. Wall 1968) Protoperidinium pentagonum (Gran 1902) Balech 1974 (=P. divergens var. sinuosum Lemmerm. 1899, P. Lemmerm. 1905, Protoperidinium sinuosum (Lemmerm.) Matsuoka 1992, P. expansum T.H. Abé 1981, 1176 sinuosum Protoperidinium expansum (T.H. Abé 1981) Head, P. parapentagonum Chia C. Wang 1936, non P. pentagonum P.A. Dangeard 1926) 1177 Protoperidinium planiceps (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1988 (=P. thorianum var. planiceps T.H. Abé) Protoperidinium punctulatum (Paulsen 1908) Balech 1974 (non P. punctulatum Paulsen 1931=P. multistriatum 1178 Kof. 1907) Protoperidinium schilleri (Paulsen 1930) Balech 1974 (=P. pallidum var. schilleri (Paulsen) J. Schiller 1937, non P. 1179 schilleri Böhm 1931) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. thorianum (Paulsen 1905) Balech 1973 (=P. thorianum Paulsen, Properidinium thorianum Meunier 1180 Protoperidinium 1919, Peridinium (Euperidinium) thorianum Paulsen 1905) Protoperidinium thulesense (Balech 1958) Balech 1973 (=P. conicum f. islandica Braarud 1935, P. sympholis 1181 Hermosilla & Balech 1969) 1182 Protoperidinium tumidum (Okamura 1907) Balech 1988 (=P. (divergens) tesselatum G. Karst.) Protoperidinium (to be assigned to Protoperidinium sensu stricto, Diplopsaliaceae or Amphidiniopsidaceae) 1183 Peridinium parainerme D.S. Nie D. & Chia C. Wang 1964 1184 Peridinium tsingtaornsis D.S. Nie & Chia C. Wang 1964 Protoperidinium acanthophorum (Balech 1962) Balech 1974 (=P. rhomboidalis T.H. Abé 1981, P. cerassiformis 1185 T.H. Abé 1981) 1186 Protoperidinium achromaticum (Levander 1902) Balech 1974 (=?Protoperidinium initimum Balech 1976) 1187 Protoperidinium acutum (Fauré-Frem. 1908) Balech 1974 (=P. pellucidum var. acutum Fauré-Frem.) 1188 Protoperidinium adeliense (Balech 1959) Balech 1974 1189 Protoperidinium adense (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974 1190 Protoperidinium adulterum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 1191 Protoperidinium aequatoriale (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 1192 Protoperidinium afine (Balech 1958) Balech 1974 1193 Protoperidinium aliferum (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1974 (=P. matzenaueri Gaarder, non P. matzenaueri Böhm 1936) 1194 Protoperidinium americanum (Gran & Braarud 1935) Balech 1974 1195 Protoperidinium amplum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974 1196 Protoperidinium ampulla (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=P. granii var. mite f. spirale Gaarder 1954) 1197 Protoperidinium anceps (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974 1198 Protoperidinium anguipes (Balech 1967) Balech 1974 1199 Protoperidinium anomaloplaxum (Balech 1964) Balech 1974 antarcticum (A. Schimp. 1905) Balech 1974 (non P. depressum var. parallelum (Broch) Balech 1200 Protoperidinium 1994) 1201 Protoperidinium anthonyi (Fauré-Frem. 1908) Balech 1974 1202 Protoperidinium applanatum (L. Mangin 1914) Balech 1974 (=P. obovatum E.J.F. Wood 1954) arcticum (Grøntved & Seidenfaden 1938) Okolodkov 1997 (=P. ovatum f. arctica Grøntved & 1203 Protoperidinium Seidenfaden) 1204 Protoperidinium areolatum (N. Peters 1928) Balech 1974 1205 Protoperidinium argentiniense Balech 1979 1206 Protoperidinium asperum (Wailes 1928) Balech 1974 1207 Protoperidinium aspidiotum (Balech 1964) Balech 1974 asymmetricum Balech 1974 (=P. asymmetricum (T.H. Abé 1927) T.H. Abé 1981, Sphaerodinium 1208 Protoperidinium asymmetricum T.H. Abé 1927, non P. asymmetricum G. Karst. 1907, P. mutsui J. Schiller 1935) 1209 Protoperidinium avellana (Meunier 1919) Balech 1974 (=Properidinium avellana Meunier) 1210 Protoperidinium balechii (Akselman 1972) Balech 1988 1211 Protoperidinium belizeanum M.A. Faust 2003 1212 Protoperidinium bellulum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 1213 Protoperidinium biconicum (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (non P. biconicum T.H. Abé 1936) 1214 Protoperidinium bidentatum (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. bidentatum T.H. Abé) 1215 Protoperidinium bipatens Balech 1973 Protoperidinium bispinum (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1974 (=?P. bimucronatum (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1974, non 1216 Protoperidinium sourniai (F.J.R. Taylor 1976) Balech 1994) 1217 Protoperidinium bourrellyi Balech 1999 1218 Protoperidinium braarudii (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1974 brevipes (Paulsen 1908) Balech 1974 (=P. brevipes Paulsen, P. varicans Paulsen 1911, P. 1219 Protoperidinium incurvum Er. Lindem. 1924) 107 108 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. Protoperidinium brochii (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Balech 1974 (=P. adriaticum Broch 1920, non P. adriaticum Schmarda 1220 1846) 1221 Protoperidinium bulbosum (Gaarder) Balech 1974 1222 Protoperidinium bulla (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974 capurroi (Balech 1959) Balech 1974 (=?P. brachypus T.H. Abé 1981, non P. brachypus J. Schiller 1223 Protoperidinium 1937) 1224 Protoperidinium carinaeferum (G.I. Gail 1950) Balech 1994 (=P. carinaeferum G.I. Gail) 1225 Protoperidinium carum (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. carus T.H. Abé) 1226 Protoperidinium cassum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=Protoperidinium cassum cassum Balech 1988) 1227 Protoperidinium castaneiforme (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974 1228 Protoperidinium cavispinum (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974 1229 Protoperidinium cepa (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 1230 Protoperidinium cerasus (Paulsen 1907) Balech 1973 1231 Protoperidinium charcotii (Balech 1958) Balech 1974 1232 Protoperidinium claudum Balech 1994 (=P. asymmetricum G. Karst. sensu Böhm 1936, non G. Karst. 1907) 1233 Protoperidinium colombonense (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974 Protoperidinium compressum (T.H. Abé 1927) Balech 1974 (=Congruentidium compressum T.H. Abé 1927, P. 1234 compressum T.H. Abé 1981, Stelladinium stellatum (D. Wall 1968) P.C. Reid 1977) Protoperidinium concavum (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974 (=?Protoperidinium granii (Ostenf. 1906) Balech 1974, 1235 P. petersii Balech 1958) 1236 Protoperidinium concinnus M.A. Faust 2006 (subgenus Testeria M.A. Faust) 1237 Protoperidinium consimile (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. consimilis T.H. Abé) 1238 Protoperidinium corniculum (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) F.J.R. Taylor & Balech 1979 1239 Protoperidinium cornutum (G. Karst. 1907) Balech 1974 Protoperidinium crassipyrum (Balech 1961) Balech 1974 (=P. crassum Balech (1959) Balech 1974, non P. crassum 1240 P.A. Dangeard 1927) 1241 Protoperidinium cristatum Balech 1979 1242 Protoperidinium cruciferum (Balech 1971) Balech 1973 (=?P. parvum T.H. Abé 1981) 1243 Protoperidinium curtum (Balech 1958) Balech 1973 1244 Protoperidinium curvipes (Ostenf. 1906) Balech 1974 1245 Protoperidinium cuspidatum Balech 1979 dakariense (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (=P. gibbosum Matzen. (1933) Balech 1974, P. 1246 Protoperidinium parvispinum Gaarder 1954) 1247 Protoperidinium decens (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=Protoperidinium cassum var. decens Balech 1988) 1248 Protoperidinium decipiens (Jørg. 1899) Parke & J.D. Dodge 1976 1249 Protoperidinium decollatum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 1250 Protoperidinium defectum (Balech 1965) Balech 1974 1251 Protoperidinium deiciens (Meunier 1919) Balech 1974 1252 Protoperidinium discoides (Wailes 1928) Balech 1974 (=?P. denticulatum) Protoperidinium divaricatum (Meunier 1919) Parke & J.D. Dodge 1976 (=P. gainii (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1253 1974, P. divaricatum (Meunier) Balech 1988) 1254 Protoperidinium dodgei Okolodkov 1997 1255 Protoperidinium dolichoporum B. Borgese 1987 1256 Protoperidinium elegantissimum (Balech 1958) Balech 1974 1257 Protoperidinium ellipticum Halim 1969 1258 Protoperidinium elongatum (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974 1259 Protoperidinium exageratum Balech 1979 (=P. globulus var. quarnerense f. spirale Gaarder 1954) 1260 Protoperidinium exiguipes (L. Mangin 1930) J.D. Dodge 1985 1261 Protoperidinium exiguum (Cleve 1900) Balech 1974 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 1262 Protoperidinium exile Balech 1994 (=P. gracile Meunier 1910) 1263 Protoperidinium falk-petersenii Okolodkov 1999 1264 Protoperidinium fastum Balech 1979 1265 Protoperidinium faurei Balech 1994 (=P. ovatum C.H.G. Pouchet var.? Fauré-Frem. 1908) 1266 Protoperidinium imbriatum (Meunier 1919) Balech 1974 1267 Protoperidinium initimum Balech 1976 1268 Protoperidinium formosum (Pavill. 1909) Balech 1974 (=P. diabolus var. formosum (Pavill.) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 1269 Protoperidinium furcatum (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. furcatum T.H. Abé) 1270 Protoperidinium gaarderae (Balech 1967) Balech 1974 gibberum (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. gibberum T.H. Abé, non P. okamurai T.H. Abé 1927, 1271 Protoperidinium nec P. okamurai Yoneda & Marukawa 1921) 1272 Protoperidinium globiferum (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. globifera T.H. Abé) 1273 Protoperidinium globulus (F. Stein 1883) Balech 1974 (=P. ovatum (C.H.G. Pouchet) F. Schütt 1895) 1274 Protoperidinium glyptopterum Balech 1973 Protoperidinium grahamii (Sournia 1973) Balech 1994 (=P. grahamii Sournia, P. truncatum H.W. Graham 1942, 1275 non P. truncatum O. Zacharias 1903) 1276 Protoperidinium grande (Kof. 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. elegans Matzen. 1933, non P. grande P.A. Dangeard 1927) granii (Ostenf. 1906) Balech 1974 (=P. inlandicum Paulsen 1907, non P. gracile Gran & Braarud 1277 Protoperidinium 1935) 1278 Protoperidinium hamatum Balech 1979 1279 Protoperidinium helix (Balech 1962) Balech 1974 1280 Protoperidinium heteracanthum (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (non Protoper. norpacense Balech 1974) 1281 Protoperidinium heteroconicum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974 1282 Protoperidinium heterospinum (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1974 Protoperidinium hidemitii (Paulsen 1949) Balech 1994 (=P. rotundatum T.H. Abé 1936, non P. rotundatum G. Karst. 1283 1907) 1284 Protoperidinium hirobis (T.H. Abé 1927) Balech 1974 1285 Protoperidinium huberi (J. Schiller 1929) Balech 1974 1286 Protoperidinium humile (J. Schiller 1935) Balech 1974 (=P. perbreve Balech & L.O. Soares 1967) 1287 Protoperidinium hyalinum (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974 1288 Protoperidinium illepidum Balech 1994 (=P. pellucidum var. crassum Fauré-Frem. 1908) 1289 Protoperidinium incertum (Balech 1958) Balech 1973 1290 Protoperidinium inclinatum (Balech 1964) Balech 1974 (=P. sphaericum Okamura 1912) 1291 Protoperidinium incognitum (Balech 1959) Balech 1974 1292 Protoperidinium inlatiforme (Böhm 1936) Balech 1974 inlatum (Okamura 1912) Balech 1974 (=P. inlatum Okamura, P. brochii f. inlatum J. Schiller 1293 Protoperidinium 1937, P. crassum P.A. Dangeard 1927) 1294 Protoperidinium islandicum (Paulsen 1904) Balech 1973 1295 Protoperidinium isthmus (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 joergensenii (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=P. pedunculatum Jørg. 1905, non P. pedunculatum F. 1296 Protoperidinium Schütt 1895) 1297 Protoperidinium joubinii (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 1298 Protoperidinium knipowitschii (Usachev 1927) Balech 1974 1299 Protoperidinium laciniosum Balech 1994 (=P. petersii T.H. Abé 1981, non P. petersii Balech 1958) laticeps (Grøntved & Seidenfaden 1938) Balech 1974 (=P. laticeps Grøntved & Seidenfaden, ?P. 1300 Protoperidinium consimile (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994) 1301 Protoperidinium latipyrum (Balech 1959) Balech 1974 latispinum (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974 (=?P. africanoides (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974, 1302 Protoperidinium P. angusticollum T.H. Abé 1981, ?P. sylvanae P. Dangeard 1927) 109 110 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. Protoperidinium latissimum (Kof. 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. pentagonoides Balech 1949, P. pentagonum var. 1303 latissimum (Kof.) J. Schiller 1937, ?P. sylvanae P.A. Dangeard 1927, Protoperidinium exiquipes (L. Mangin 1930) J.D. Dodge 1985) 1304 Protoperidinium latistriatum (Balech 1958) Balech 1974 1305 Protoperidinium ligusticum (Rampi 1951) Balech 1974 Protoperidinium lipopodium (Balech 1964) Balech 1974 (=P. subcurvipes Balech 1959, non P. subcurvipes M. 1306 Lebour 1923) Protoperidinium longispinum (Kof. 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. michaelis Ehrenb. 1840 partim, non P. longispinum L. 1307 Mangin 1930) 1308 Protoperidinium macrapicatum (Balech 1971) Balech 1973 (=?P. gracile Gran & Braarud 1935) 1309 Protoperidinium majus (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (=P. ovatum var. majus P.A. Dangeard) 1310 Protoperidinium manginii (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=P. pyriforme N. Peters 1928) 1311 Protoperidinium maranense Tolomio 1981 Protoperidinium marielebouriae (Paulsen 1931) Balech 1974 (=P. obtusum (G. Karst. 1906) M. Lebour 1925, non 1312 P. obtusum (G. Karst.) Fauré-Frem. 1980) 1313 Protoperidinium marukawai (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974 1314 Protoperidinium mastophorum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=P. granii Matzen. 1933, non P. granii Ostenf. 1906) 1315 Protoperidinium mediocre (Balech 1958) Balech 1974 1316 Protoperidinium melo (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 1317 Protoperidinium mendiolae Balech 1978 1318 Protoperidinium metananum (Balech 1965) Balech 1974 1319 Protoperidinium minus (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974 1320 Protoperidinium minutissimum (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974 1321 Protoperidinium mite (Pavill. 1916) Balech 1974 (=P. granii Ostenf. f. mite (Pavill.) J. Schiller 1937) 1322 Protoperidinium monacanthum (Broch 1910) Balech 1973 (=P. complanatum Meunier 1910) 1323 Protoperidinium monovelum (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974 1324 Protoperidinium multipunctatum (Fauré-Frem. 1908) Balech 1994 (=P. multipunctatum Fauré-Frem.) 1325 Protoperidinium munobis (T.H. Abé 1927) Balech 1974 Protoperidinium murrayi (Kof. 1907) Hernández-Becerril 1991 (=P. murrayi Kof. 1907, P. murrayi var. occidentalis 1326 Pavill. 1930, P. murrayi var. orientalis Matzen. 1933) mutsuense (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974 (=P. mutsuensis T.H. Abé, non Peridinium mutsui J. 1327 Protoperidinium Schiller 1935) 1328 Protoperidinium nanum (Balech 1962) Balech 1974 Protoperidinium norpacense (Balech 1962) Balech 1974 (=P. heteracanthum P.A. Dangeard sensu Matzen. 1933, 1329 non P. heteracanthum P.A. Dangeard 1927) Protoperidinium novascotiense (Gran & Braarud 1935) Balech 1974 (=?Scrippsiella hangoei (J. Schiller 1935) J. 1330 Larsen 1995) 1331 Protoperidinium novellus M.A. Faust 2006 (subgenus Testeria) 1332 Protoperidinium nudum (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974 1333 Protoperidinium nux (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1974 (=P. levanderi T.H. Abé 1927, P. aequilimbus T.H. Abé 1981) 1334 Protoperidinium obesum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974 1335 Protoperidinium obtusipes (L. Mangin 1930) Balech 1974 1336 Protoperidinium oceanicum (Vanhöffen 1897) Balech 1974 1337 Protoperidinium okamurai Yoneda & Marukawa 1921 (non Protoperidinium gibberum (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994) 1338 Protoperidinium orientale (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974 1339 Protoperidinium ovatoides (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974 ovatum C.H.G. Pouchet 1883 (=P. lenticulatum Fauré-Frem. 1908, Protoperidinium ovatum ssp. 1340 Protoperidinium asymmetricum (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1988, Peridinium ovatum (C.H.G. Pouchet) F. Schütt 1895) 1341 Protoperidinium oviforme (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. Protoperidinium ovum (J. Schiller 1911) Balech 1974 (=Protoperidinium nipponicum (T.H. Abé 1927) Balech 1974, 1342 P. ovum J. Schiller 1911, ?P. ellipsoides P.A. Dangeard 1927, P. ellipsoideum P.A. Dangeard 1927, non P. ovum L. Mangin 1912, non Peridinium ovum Matv. 1938) Protoperidinium paciicum (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) F.J.R. Taylor & Balech ex Balech 1988 (=P. capdevillei 1343 Balech 1959) Balech 1974, Protoperidinium capdevillei (Balech 1959) Balech 1974, ?P. paciicum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) 1344 Protoperidinium paradoxum (F.J.R. Taylor 1976) Balech 1994 1345 Protoperidinium parapyriforme (Hermosilla 1968) Balech 1974 1346 Protoperidinium parcum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 1347 Protoperidinium parthenopes Zingone & Montresor 1988 1348 Protoperidinium parvicollum (Balech 1958) Balech 1973 1349 Protoperidinium parvispinum (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1974 1350 Protoperidinium parviventer Balech 1978 (=?P. gracile Gran & Braarud 1935) paulsenii (Pavill. 1909) Balech 1974 (non P. paulsenii L. Mangin 1911, non P. paulsenii T.H. Abé 1351 Protoperidinium 1981, =P. subinerme Paulsen 1931) 1352 Protoperidinium pedunculatum (F. Schütt 1895) Balech 1974 1353 Protoperidinium penitum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=P. ovatum N. Peters 1928) 1354 Protoperidinium perplexum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 1355 Protoperidinium perradiatum Balech 1978 Protoperidinium persicum (J. Schiller 1937) Okolodkov 2008 (=P. schilleri Böhm 1931, P. matzenaueri Böhm 1936, 1356 P. margaleii E.S. Silva 1965) 1357 Protoperidinium peruvianum (Balech 1961) Balech 1974 1358 Protoperidinium pietschmannii (Böhm 1931) Balech 1974 1359 Protoperidinium platifrons Balech 1999 1360 Protoperidinium ponticum A. Vershinin & S.L. Morton 2005 (non Peridinium ponticum D. Wall & B. Dale 1973) 1361 Protoperidinium porosum Balech 1978 pouchetii (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) F.J.R. Taylor & Balech ex Balech 1988 (=Per. brintonii 1362 Protoperidinium Balech 1962, P. brintonii (Balech) Balech 1974) 1363 Protoperidinium pseudoantarcticum (Balech 1958) Balech 1974 1364 Protoperidinium pseudogranii (N. Peters 1930) Balech 1994 1365 Protoperidinium pseudopallidum (N. Peters 1930) Balech 1994 Protoperidinium pyriforme (Paulsen 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. steinii var. pyriformis Paulsen 1905, P. pyriforme spp. 1366 pyriforme (Paulsen) Balech 1988, Protoperidinium pyriforme ssp. breve (Paulsen 1907) Balech 1988, =P. breve (Paulsen 1907) Balech) 1367 Protoperidinium pyrum (Balech 1959) Balech 1974 1368 Protoperidinium quadratum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974 1369 Protoperidinium quarnerense (Schröd. 1900) Balech 1974 (=P. globulus var. quarnerense Schröd.) 1370 Protoperidinium radius (Balech 1971) Balech 1976 (=P. concavum subsp. radius Balech) 1371 Protoperidinium rampii (Balech 1959) Balech 1974 1372 Protoperidinium raphanus (Balech 1958) Balech 1974 1373 Protoperidinium rectiforme (J. Schiller 1929) Balech 1974 rectum (Kof. 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. sphaericum Okamura 1912, non P. sphaericum G. Murray 1374 Protoperidinium & Whitting 1899) 1375 Protoperidinium retiferum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1978 1376 Protoperidinium rhombiforme (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. rhombiformis T.H. Abé) 1377 Protoperidinium robustum (Meunier 1910) Hernández-Becerril 1991 1378 Protoperidinium rosaceum (Balech 1958) Balech 1974 1379 Protoperidinium roscofiense (Balech 1962) Balech 1974 1380 Protoperidinium roseum (Paulsen 1904) Balech 1974 111 112 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. saltans (Meunier 1910) Balech 1973 (=P. valgus T.H. Abé 1981, non Peridinium saltans Pavill. 1381 Protoperidinium 1915) 1382 Protoperidinium simulum (Paulsen 1931) Balech 1974 1383 Protoperidinium sinaicum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974 Protoperidinium solidicorne (L. Mangin 1922) Balech 1974 (=Protoperidinium spiniferum (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1384 1974, P. spinosum J. Schiller 1937) 1385 Protoperidinium solitarium (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974 1386 Protoperidinium somma (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974 sourniai (F.J.R. Taylor 1976) Balech 1994 (non P. bimucronatum (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1974, 1387 Protoperidinium P. bispinum J. Schiller 1937) Protoperidinium sphaericum (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Balech 1974 (non P. sphaericum Okamura 1912, P. 1388 sphaericum Meunier 1910) Protoperidinium sphaeroides (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (=?Protoperidinium globulus (F. Stein 1883) 1389 Balech 1974) 1390 Protoperidinium sphaeroideum (L. Mangin 1922) Balech 1974 (=?P. breve Paulsen 1907) 1391 Protoperidinium spirale (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1974 (=P. granii f. spirale Gaarder) spitzbergense (Broch 1910) Balech 1994 (=P. spitzbergense Broch, non P. globulus sensu J. 1392 Protoperidinium Schiller 1937) Protoperidinium steinii (Jørg. 1899) Balech 1974 (=P. michaelis F. Stein 1883, =?Protoperidinium africanoides 1393 (Dangeard) Balech 1974) stellatum (D. Wall 1968) Balech 1994 (=P. stellatum D. Wall 1968, non P. compressum T.H. Abé 1394 Protoperidinium 1981, Stelladinium stellatum (D. Wall) P.C. Reid 1977) 1395 Protoperidinium styliferum (J. Schiller 1929) Balech 1974 1396 Protoperidinium subcrassipes Balech 1988 (=?P. asymmetricum G. Karst. 1907) subcurvipes (M. Lebour 1923) Balech 1974 (non P. subcurvipes Balech 1959, =Protoperidinium 1397 Protoperidinium lipopodium (Balech 1959) Balech 1974) 1398 Protoperidinium subinerme (Paulsen 1904) A.R. Loebl. 1970 1399 Protoperidinium subpunctulatum (Wailes 1928) Balech 1974 1400 Protoperidinium subpyriforme (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 1401 Protoperidinium subsphaericum (Balech 1959) Balech 1974 1402 Protoperidinium symmetricum (Halim 1968) Balech 1974 (non P. symmetricum Gaarder 1954) 1403 Protoperidinium taeningii (Rampi 1950) Balech 1974 1404 Protoperidinium tatihouense (Fauré-Frem. 1908) Balech 1994 (=P. minutum var. tatihouensis Fauré-Frem. 1908) 1405 Protoperidinium tenuissimum (Kof. 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. crassiformis T.H. Abé 1981) 1406 Protoperidinium tohrui Balech 1994 (=P. paulsenii T.H. Abé 1981) Protoperidinium tregoubofii (Halim 1955) Balech 1974 (=?P. brachypus J. Schiller 1937, non P. brachypus T.H. 1407 Abé 1981) 1408 Protoperidinium tristylum (F. Stein 1883) Balech 1974 1409 Protoperidinium truncum (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974 1410 Protoperidinium tuba (J. Schiller 1935) Balech 1974 1411 Protoperidinium turbinatum (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974 1412 Protoperidinium turgidum (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974 1413 Protoperidinium unipes (Balech 1962) Balech 1974 1414 Protoperidinium variegatum (N. Peters 1928) Balech 1974 1415 Protoperidinium ventrale (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974 (=?P. ventricum T.H. Abé 1927) 1416 Protoperidinium ventricum (T.H. Abé 1927) Balech 1974 1417 Protoperidinium venustum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974 1418 Protoperidinium verrucosum (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974 1419 Protoperidinium volsella (Margalef 1968) Balech 1974 1420 Protoperidinium vulgare Balech 1978 (=?P. aliferum Gaarder 1954) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. Protoperidinium wiesneri (J. Schiller) Balech 1974 (=Protoperidinium wiesneri ssp. wiesneri (J. Schiller 1911) 1421 Balech 1988, P. angustum (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974, Protoperidinium wiesneri ssp. patagonicum Balech 1979, P. patagonicum (Balech 1959) Balech 1974) 1422 Protoperidinium woloszynskae (W. Conrad 1940) Parke & J.D. Dodge 1976 1423 Protoperidinium yonedai (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=?P. latispinum L. Mangin 1926) 1424 Protoperidinium yserense (Meunier 1919) Balech 1974 Diplopsaliaceae Matsuoka 1988 162 Genus of Protoperidiniun depressum 1425 Protoperidinium claudicans (Paulsen 1907) Balech 1974 Protoperidinium depressum (J.W. Bailey 1854) Balech 1974 (=P. parallelum Broch 1906, P. marinum Er. Lindem. 1426 1925, P. claudicanoides H.W. Graham 1942, Protoperidinium depressum subsp. convexius (Graham 1941) Balech 1994) 1427 Protoperidinium latidorsale (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (=P. oblongum var. latidorsale P.A. Dangeard) 1428 Protoperidinium oblongum (Auriv. 1898) Parke & J.D. Dodge 1976 (=P. divergens var. oblongum Auriv.) 1429 Protoperidinium rectius (H.W. Graham 1942) Balech 1994 (=P. depressum var. rectius H.W. Graham) steidingerae Balech 1979 (=P. oblongum (Auriv.) sensu Steid. & I. Williams 1970, non P. oblongum 1430 Protoperidinium (Auriv.) Cleve) 163 Boreadinium J.D. Dodge & H.B. Hermes 1981 (=Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim) -type B. pisiforme 1431 Boreadinium breve (T.H. Abé 1981) Sournia 1984 (=Diplopsalis brevis T.H. Abé) 1432 Boreadinium pisiforme J.D. Dodge & H.B. Hermes 1981 F. Stein 1883 ex Jørg. 1912 (=Dissodium T.H. Abé 1941 partim, Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim) -type 164 Diplopelta D. bomba 1433 Diplopelta bomba F. Stein ex Jørg. 1912 Diplopelta excentrica (=D.S. Nie 1943) Balech (=Diplopsalis excentrica Nie, Dissodium excentricum (D.S. Nie) 1434 A.R. Loebl., Peridiniopsis excentrica (D.S. Nie) F.J.R. Taylor 1976, Gotoius excentricus (D.S. Nie) Sournia 1973) 1435 Diplopelta steinii (T.H. Abé 1941) Balech 1988 (=Diplopsalopsis steinii T.H. Abé) Bergh 1881 (Dissodium T.H. Abé 1941 partim, ?Kolkwitziella Er. Lindem. 1919, Apsteinia T.H. Abé 165 Diplopsalis 1981, Entzia M. Lebour (Apstein) M. Lebour 1922 -type D. lenticula lebouriae (D.S. Nie 1943) Balech 1967 (=D. lenticula var. lebouriae D.S. Nie, non Diplopsalis lebouriae 1436 Diplopsalis T.H. Abé 1941, nec T.H. Abé 1981) Diplopsalis lenticula Bergh 1881 (=Glen. lenticula (Bergh) J. Schiller 1937, Dissodium lenticulum (Bergh) A.R. 1437 Loebl. 1970, Peridiniopsis lenticula (Bergh) Starmach 1974) 1438 Diplopsalis minuta L. Mangin 1912 1439 Diplopsalis sphaerica Meunier 1910 Diplopsalis acuta (Apstein 1896) Entz 1904 (=Glen. acutum Apstein 1896, Kolkwitziella acuta (Apstein) Elbr. 1993, P. latum Paulsen 1908, Kolkwitziella salebrosa Er. Lindem. 1919, Entzia acuta (Apstein) M. Lebour 1922, 1440 Kolkwitziella salebrosa v. gibbera Er. Lindem. 1924, Kolkwitziella gibbera (Er. Lindem.) Er. Lindem. 1928, Apsteinia acuta T.H. Abé 1981 nom. nud.) Diplopsalopsis Meunier 1910 (=Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim, Diplopelta F. Stein ex Jørg. 1912 partim) -type D. 166 orbicularis (8 species) Diplopsalopsis bomba (F. Stein 1883) J.D. Dodge & Toriumi 1993 (=Diplopelta bomba F. Stein ex Jørg. 1912, asymmetrica (L. Mangin 1911) Er. Lindem. 1928, ?Diplopsalis asymmetrica (L. Mangin) T.H. Abé 1941, 1441 Diplopsalis Peridiniopsis asymmetrica L. Mangin 1911, Dissodium asymmetricum (L. Mangin) A.R. Loebl. 1970, Diplopelta symmetrica Pavill. 1913) Diplopsalopsis globula T.H. Abé 1941 (=Diplopelta globulus (T.H. Abé) Balech 1979, Diplopsalopsis asymmetrica 1442 var. sphaerica L. Mangin 1911, Diplopsalopsis sphaerica (L. Mangin) Balech 1962, Dissodium globula (T.H. Abé) J.D. Dodge & H.B. Hermes 1981) 1443 Diplopsalopsis imitatio (Balech 1979) Balech 1988 (=Protoperidinium imitatio Balech) 1444 Diplopsalopsis kisselevii M.S. Selina, G.V. Konovalova, A.A. Begun & T.V. Morozova 2008 1445 Diplopsalopsis latipeltata Balech & B. Borgese 1990 Diplopsalopsis orbicularis (Paulsen 1907) Meunier 1910 (=Peridinium orbiculare Paulsen, Diplopsalis orbicularis 1446 (Paulsen) Paulsen 1930) 113 114 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. ovata (T.H. Abé 1941) J.D. Dodge & Toriumi 1993 (=Diplopsalopsis orbicularis (Paulsen 1907) var. 1447 Diplopsalopsis ovata T.H. Abé 1941) Diplopsalopsis pingii (D.S. Nie 1943) J.D. Dodge & Toriumi 1993 (=Diplopsalis pingii D.S. Nie, Peridiniopsis pingii 1448 (D.S. Nie) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 167 Dissodium T.H. Abé 1941 (=Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim, Diplopelta F. Stein 1883 ex Jørg. 1912 partim) Dissodium parvum T.H. Abé 1941 (=Diplopelta parva (T.H. Abé) Matsuoka 1988, Diplopsalis parvum (T.H. Abé) 1449 T.H. Abé 1981) T.H. Abé 1981 ex Matsuoka 1988 (=Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim, Dissodium T.H. Abé 1941 partim) 168 Gotoius -type G. mutsuensis 1450 Gotoius abei Matsuoka 1988 Gotoius excentricus (D.S. Nie 1943) Sournia 1984 (=Diplopsalis excentrica D.S. Nie 1943, Dissodium excentricum 1451 (D.S. Nie) A.R. Loebl. 1970, Peridiniopsis excentrica (D.S. Nie) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 1452 Gotoius mutsuensis T.H. Abé 1981 ex Matsuoka 1988 1453 Gotoius ostenfeldii (Steem. Niels. 1931) J.D. Dodge & Toriumi 1993 (=Diplopsalis ostenfeldii Steem. Niels.) T.H. Abé 1941 ex Sournia 1986 (=Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim, Diplopelta F. Stein ex Jørg. 1912 169 Lebouraia partim) -type L. minuta 1454 Lebouraia minuta T.H. Abé 1941 (=Diplopsalis minuta (T.H. Abé) T.H. Abé 1981) 1455 Lebouraia pusilla (Balech & Akselman 1988) J.D. Dodge & Toriumi 1993 (=Diplopelta pusilla Balech & Akselman) 170 Oblea Balech 1964 (=Peridiniopsis Lemmerm. 1904 partim, Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim) -type O. baculifera 1456 Oblea acanthocysta H. Kawami, M. Iwataki & Matsuoka 2006 1457 Oblea baculifera Balech 1964 ex Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 Oblea rotunda (M. Lebour 1922) Balech 1964 ex Sournia 1973 (=Peridiniopsis rotunda M. Lebour, Glenodinium (M. Lebour) J. Schiller 1937, Peridinium limnophilum Er. Lindem. 1924, Peridiniopsis limnophilum (Er. 1458 rotundum Lindem.) Bourr. 1968, Glenodinium rotundum J. Schiller, Diplopsalis rotunda (M. Lebour) E.J.F. Wood 1954, Diplopsalis rotundata Steid. & I. Williams 1970) torta (T.H. Abé 1941) Balech 1964 ex Sournia 1973 (=Diplopsalis torta T.H. Abé, Diplopsalis hainanensis 1459 Oblea D.S. Nie 1943, Peridiniopsis hainanensis (D.S. Nie) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 171 Preperidinium L. Mangin 1913 (=Diplopeltopsis Pavill. 1913, Zygabikodinium Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1970) granulosum (Balech 1958) Elbr. 1993 (=Diplopeltopsis granulosa Balech, Zygabikodinium 1460 Preperidinium granulatum (Balech) A.R. Loebl. 1970) Preperidinium meunieri (Pavill. 1907) Elbr. 1993 (=Diplopsalis lenticula Bergh f. minor Paulsen 1907, Zygabikodinium lenticulatum Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1970, Peridinium lenticulum L. Mangin 1911, Peridinium paulsenii L. Mangin 1461 1911, Glenodinium lenticula f. minor (Paulsen 1907) Pavill. 1913, Diplopeltopsis minor (Paulsen 1907) Pavill. 1913, Peridiniopsis minor (Paulsen) Starmach 1974) Preperidinium perlatum (Balech 1971) Elbr. 1993 (=Diplopeltopsis perlata Balech 1971, Zygabikodinium perlatum 1462 (Balech) Elbr. 1975) 1463 Preperidinium pseudo-oblea (Elbr. 1975) Elbr. 1993 (=Zygabikodinium pseudo-oblea Elbr.) Heterodiniaceae Er. Lindem. 1928 172 Dolichodinium Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 Dolichodinium lineatum (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 (=Heterodinium lineatum Kof. & 1464 J.R. Michener) 173 Heterodinium Kof. 1906 -type H. scrippsiae (46 species) 1465 Heterodinium agassizii Kof. 1907 1466 Heterodinium angulatum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 1467 Heterodinium asymmetricum Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 1468 Heterodinium australiae E.J.F. Wood 1963 1469 Heterodinium balechii Rampi 1951 1470 Heterodinium blackmanii (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1906 (=H. curvatum Kof. 1907) 1471 Heterodinium calvum Kof. 1907 1472 Heterodinium crassipes J. Schiller 1916 1473 Heterodinium debeauxii Rampi 1941 1474 Heterodinium deformatum (Kof. 1907) Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 (=H. gesticulatum f. deformata Kof. 1907) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 1475 Heterodinium dispar Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 1476 Heterodinium doma (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1906 1477 Heterodinium dubium Rampi 1941 1478 Heterodinium elongatum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 1479 Heterodinium expansum Kof. 1907 1480 Heterodinium extremum (Kof. 1907) Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 (=H. gesticulatum f. extrema Kof. 1907) 1481 Heterodinium fenestratum Kof. 1907 1482 Heterodinium ides Kof. 1907 1483 Heterodinium gesticulatum Kof. 1907 (=Peridinium tristylum Hensen 1911) 1484 Heterodinium gracile Böhm 1936 (=?H. globosum Kof. 1907) 1485 Heterodinium grahamii Rampi 1941 1486 Heterodinium hindmarchii (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1906 1487 Heterodinium inaequale Kof. 1906 (=H. inaequale (Kof. 1906) J. Schiller 1937, ?H. laticinctum Kof. 1907) Heterodinium kofoidii Pavill. 1915 (=H. pavillardii Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933, non H. kofoidii J. Schiller 1916 =H. 1488 schilleri Pavill. 1932) 1489 Heterodinium laeve Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 1490 Heterodinium laticeps G. Léger 1972 1491 Heterodinium laticinctum Kof. 1907 (=?H. kofoidii Pavill. 1915) 1492 Heterodinium leiorhynchum (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1906 Heterodinium mediocre (Kof. 1907) Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 (=H. gesticulatum f. mediocris Kof., ?H. sinistrum 1493 Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933) 1494 Heterodinium mediterraneum Pavill. 1932 1495 Heterodinium milneri (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1906 1496 Heterodinium minutum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 1497 Heterodinium murrayi Kof. 1906 (=Peridinium tripos G. Murray & Whitting 1899) 1498 Heterodinium obesum Kof. 1907 1499 Heterodinium praetextum Kof. 1907 1500 Heterodinium rigdeniae Kof. 1906 (=H. globosum Kof. 1907, H. longum Kof. 1907, ?H. gracile Böhm 1936) schilleri Pavill. 1932 (=H. kofoidii J. Schiller 1916, non H. kofoidii Pavill. 1915 =H. pavillardii Kof. & 1501 Heterodinium A.M. Adamson 1933) 1502 Heterodinium scottii Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 scrippsiae Kof. 1906 (=H. richardii Pavill. 1932, H. pulchrum Böhm 1933, Peridinium areolatum G. 1503 Heterodinium Karst. 1906) `scrippsii´ non. corr. ICBN: Art. 60.11, Recom. 60C.1, Art. 32.7) Heterodinium sinistrum Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 (=H. sinistrum f. sinistrum (Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933) J. 1504 Schiller 1936) 1505 Heterodinium sphaeroideum Kof. 1906 1506 Heterodinium spiniferum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 1507 Heterodinium superbum Kof. 1907 1508 Heterodinium trirostre (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1906 1509 Heterodinium varicator Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 1510 Heterodinium whittingiae Kof. 1906 `whittingae´ Order Peridiniales, Family of Ensiculifera 174 Ensiculifera Balech 1967 -type E. mexicana 1511 Ensiculifera angulata Balech 1988 1512 Ensiculifera carinata Matsuoka, S. Kobayashi & Gains 1990 1513 Ensiculifera imariensis S. Kobayashi & Matsuoka 1995 loeblichii E.R. Cox & H.J. Arnott 1971 (=Pentapharsodinium trachodinium Indel. & A.R. Loebl. 1986, P. 1514 Ensiculifera loeblichii (E.R. Cox & H.J. Arnott) B. Dale 1977) 115 116 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 1515 Ensiculifera mexicana Balech 1967 (=Scrippsiella mexicana (Balech) Indel. & A.R. Loebl. 1986) 175 Pentapharsodinium Indel. & A.R. Loebl. 1986 -type P. dalei Pentapharsodinium tyrrhenicum (Balech 1990) Montresor, Zingone & D. Marino 1993 (=P. tyrrhenicum Balech, 1516 Calcicarpinum bivalvum Versteegh 1993) Pentapharsodinium dalei Indel. & A.R. Loebl. 1986 (=P. dalei (Indel. & A.R. Loebl.) Balech 1990, P. faeroense 1517 Paulsen sensu B. Dale 1977) Oxytoxaceae Er. Lindem. 1928 176 Oxytoxum F. Stein 1883 -type O. scolopax (37 species) 1518 Oxytoxum adriaticum J. Schiller 1937 Oxytoxum breve Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (not illustrated) 1519 Oxytoxum brunellii Rampi 1939 1520 Oxytoxum caudatum J. Schiller 1937 (=O. nanum Halldal 1953, O. rampii Sournia 1973, O. ligusticum Rampi 1969) 1521 Oxytoxum challengeroides Kof. 1907 (=?O. minutum Rampi 1941) 1522 Oxytoxum coronatum J. Schiller 1937 Oxytoxum crassum J. Schiller 1937 (=O. globosum J. Schiller 1937, non C. globosum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1523 1976) 1524 Oxytoxum cribosum F. Stein 1883 1525 Oxytoxum criophilum Balech 1965 1526 Oxytoxum curvatum (Kof. 1907) Kof. 1911 (=Prorocentrum curvatum Kof.) 1527 Oxytoxum depressum J. Schiller 1937 1528 Oxytoxum elongatum E.J.F. Wood 1963 1529 Oxytoxum gladiolus F. Stein 1883 1530 Oxytoxum laticeps J. Schiller 1937 1531 Oxytoxum longum J. Schiller 1937 1532 Oxytoxum michaelsarsii Gaarder 1954 1533 Oxytoxum milneri G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=O. subulatum Kof. 1907) 1534 Oxytoxum minutum Rampi 1941 (=?O. challengeroides Kof. 1907, ?O. lativelatum F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 1535 Oxytoxum mitra F. Stein 1883 1536 Oxytoxum mucronatum B. Hope 1954 1537 Oxytoxum obesum Rampi 1969 1538 Oxytoxum obliquum J. Schiller 1937 ovale J. Schiller 1937 (=O. mediterraneum J. Schiller 1937, O. punctulatum Rampi 1951, O. spinosum 1539 Oxytoxum Rampi 1941, O. lativelatum F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 1540 Oxytoxum ovum Gaarder 1954 (=?C. globosum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 1541 Oxytoxum pachyderme J. Schiller 1937 ex F.J.R. Taylor 1976 1542 Oxytoxum parvum J. Schiller 1937 (=O. tenuistriatum Rampi 1943) 1543 Oxytoxum pyramidale J.D. Dodge & R.D. Saunders 1985 1544 Oxytoxum radiosum Rampi 1951 1545 Oxytoxum robustum Kof. 1911 1546 Oxytoxum sceptrum (F. Stein 1883) Schröd. 1906 (=O. longiceps J. Schiller 1937, O. aceratum Rampi 1951) 1547 Oxytoxum schauinslandii Lemmerm. 1905 1548 Oxytoxum scolopax Stein 1883 1549 Oxytoxum semicollatum F.J.R. Taylor 1976 1550 Oxytoxum sphaeroideum F. Stein 1883 (=Oxytoxum boehmii J. Schiller 1937) 1551 Oxytoxum strophalatum J.D. Dodge & R.D. Saunders 1985 1552 Oxytoxum turbo Kof. 1907 1553 Oxytoxum variabile J. Schiller 1937 (=O. gracile J. Schiller 1937) 1554 Oxytoxum viride J. Schiller 1937 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. Order Peridiniales sensu lato, Family of Corythodinium 177 Corythodinium Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 -type C. tessellatum (15 species) 1555 Corythodinium belgicae (Meunier 1910) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 biconicum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=Oxytoxum biconicum (Kof.) J.D. Dodge & R.D. Saunders 1556 Corythodinium 1985, Amphidoma biconica Kof., Murrayella kofoidii Gaarder 1954, Pavillardinium kofoidii (Gaarder) Sournia 1973) 1557 Corythodinium carinatum (Gaarder 1954) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 1558 Corythodinium compressum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 1559 Corythodinium constrictum (F. Stein 1883) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=Oxytoxum constrictum (F. Stein) Buetschli 1885) 1560 Corythodinium cristatum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 1561 Corythodinium curvicaudatum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 1562 Corythodinium diploconus (F. Stein 1883) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 1563 Corythodinium elegans (Pavill. 1916) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 frenguellii (Rampi 1941) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=?C. reticulatum (F. Stein 1883) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1564 Corythodinium 1966) globosum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=Murrayella globosa Kof., non O. globosum J. Schiller 1565 Corythodinium 1937) 1566 Corythodinium latum (Gaarder 1954) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 1567 Corythodinium recurvum (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 Corythodinium reticulatum (F. Stein 1883) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Oxytoxum reticulatum (F. Stein) F. Schütt 1568 1896, ?O. areolatum Rampi 1941, ?C. frenguellii (Rampi 1941) F.J.R. Taylor 1976, ?C. latum (Gaarder 1954) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) Corythodinium tessellatum (F. Stein 1883) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Oxytoxum tessellatum (F. Stein) F. Schütt 1569 1895, O. michaelsarsii Gaarder 1954, C. michaelsarsii (Gaarder) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) `tesselatum´ Amphidomataceae Sournia 1984 178 Amphidoma F. Stein 1883 -type A. nucula (8 species) 1570 Amphidoma acuminata F. Stein 1883 1571 Amphidoma curtata Kof. & Swezy 1911 1572 Amphidoma depressa Kof. & Swezy 1911 1573 Amphidoma elongata Kof. & Swezy 1911 1574 Amphidoma laticincta Kof. & Swezy 1911 nucula F. Stein 1883 (=A. spinosa (Kof. 1907) Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911, Gonyaulax rouchii Rampi 1575 Amphidoma 1948, Pavillardinium spinosum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1967 ex Sournia 1973, Murrayella spinosa Kof. 1907) 1576 Amphidoma obtusa Kof. & Swezy 1911 1577 Amphidoma steinii J. Schiller 1929 Cladopyxidaceae F. Stein 1883 / Cladopyxidaceae Poche 1913 / Cladopyxididae Poche 1913 179 Cladopyxis F. Stein 1883 (=Acanthodinium Kof. 1907) -type C. brachiolata Cladopyxis brachiolata F. Stein 1883 (=C. spinosa (Kof. 1907) J. Schiller 1937, C. steinii O. Zacharias 1906, 1578 Acanthodinium spinosum Kof. 1907) 1579 Cladopyxis caryophyllum (Kof. 1907) Pavill. 1931 (=Acanthodinium caryophyllum Kof.) 1580 Cladopyxis hemibrachiata Balech 1964 1581 Cladopyxis quadrispina Pavill. 1931 (=Micracanthodinium quadrispinum (Pavill.) Margalef 1969) 180 Micracanthodinium Delandre 1937 (=Cladopyxis F. Stein 1883 partim) -type M. setiferum 1582 Micracanthodinium bacilliferum (J. Schiller 1937) Delandre 1937 (=C. bacillifera J. Schiller) 1583 Micracanthodinium claytonii (R.W. Holmes 1956) J.D. Dodge 1982 (=C. claytonii R.W. Holmes) 1584 Micracanthodinium setiferum (Lohmann 1902) Delandre 1937 (=C. setifera Lohmann) 181 Palaeophalacroma J. Schiller 1928 (=Epiperidinium Gaarder 1954, Sinodinium D.S. Nie 1945) -type P. verrucosum 1585 Palaeophalacroma connectens (D.S. Nie 1945) A.R. Loebl. 1980 (=Sinodinium connectens D.S. Nie) 1586 Palaeophalacroma sphaericum F.J.R. Taylor 1976 unicinctum J. Schiller 1928 (=Heterodinium detonii Rampi 1943, Epiperidinium michaelsarsii 1587 Palaeophalacroma Gaarder 1954) 117 118 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 1588 Palaeophalacroma verrucosum J. Schiller 1928 Order Peridiniales sensu lato, Family Endodiniaceae J. Schiller 1935 182 Endodinium Hovasse 1922 Endodinium chattonii Hovasse 1922 (=Zooxanthella chattonii (Hovasse) Hovasse 1924, Scrippsiella chattonii 1589 (Hovasse) A.T. Banaszak, R. Iglesias-Prieto & R.K. Trench 1993, Amphidinium chattonii (Hovasse) D.L. Taylor 1971) nutricula (J. Brandt 1883) Hollande & Carre 1975 (=Zooxanthella nutricula J. Brandt, Scrippsiella 1590 Endodinium nutricula (J. Brandt) Banaszak, Iglesias-Prieto & R.K. Trench 1993) 1591 Scrippsiella velellae Banaszak, Iglesias-Prieto & R.K. Trench 1993 ex R.K. Trench 2000 1592 Gloeodinium viscum A.T. Banaszak, R. Iglesias-Prieto & R.K. Trench 1993 Order Peridiniales sensu lato, Family of Amphidoma caudata 1593 Amphidoma caudata Halldal 1953 (=Oxytoxum tonollii Rampi 1969, O. margaleii Rampi 1969) 183 Azadinium Elbr. & Tillmann 2009 1594 Azadinium obesum Tillmann & Elbr. 2010 1595 Azadinium poporum Tillmann & Elbr. 2011 1596 Azadinium spinosum Elbr. & Tillmann 2009 Order Peridiniales, incertae sedis 1597 Gloeodinium marinum Bouquaheux 1971 184 Adenoides Balech 1956 -type A. eludens 1598 Adenoides eludens (Herdman 1922) Balech 1956 (=Amphidinium eludens Herdman) Adenoides kofoidii (Herdman 1922) J.D. Dodge 1982 (=Amphidinium kofoidii Herdman, non Amphidinium kofoidii 1599 var. petasatum Herdman 1924) 185 Archaeosphaerodiniopsis Rampi 1943 1600 Archaeosphaerodiniopsis verrucosa Rampi 1943 186 Bysmatrum M.A. Faust & Steid. 1998 -type B. subsalsum 1601 Bysmatrum arenicola T. Horig. & Pienaar 2000 (=Scrippsiella arenicola T. Horig. & Pienaar 1988) 1602 Bysmatrum caponii (T. Horig. & Pienaar 1988) M.A. Faust & Steid. 1998 1603 Bysmatrum granulosum Ten-Hage, J.P. Quod, J. Turquet & Couté 2001 subsalsum (Ostenf. 1908) M.A. Faust & Steid. 1998 (=P. subsalsum Ostenf., Scrippsiella subsalsa 1604 Bysmatrum (Ostenf.) Steid. & Balech 1977) 1605 Bysmatrum teres Sh. Murray, Hoppenrath, J. Larsen & D.J. Patterson 2006 187 Cabra Sh. Murray & D.J. Patterson 2004 -type C. matta 1606 Cabra aremorica Chomérat, Couté & Nézan 2010 1607 Cabra matta Sh. Murray & D.J. Patterson 2004 1608 Cabra reticulata Chomérat & Nézan 2009 188 Peridiniella Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 -type P. sphaeroidea catenata (Levander 1894) Balech 1977 (=Gonyaulax catenata (Levander) Kof. 1911, P. catenatum 1609 Peridiniella Levander, Amylax catenata Meunier 1910) danica (Paulsen 1907) Okolodkov & J.D. Dodge 1995 (=Glenodinium danicum Paulsen 1907 ex 1610 Peridiniella Braarud 1935 partim) globosa (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Okolodkov 2006 (=Protoper. globosum (P.A. Dangeard) Balech 1974, 1611 Peridiniella ?Gonyaulax paulsenii Gaarder 1954) 1612 Peridiniella sphaeroidea Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 189 Planodinium R.D. Saunders & J.D. Dodge 1984 1613 Planodinium striatum R.D. Saunders & J.D. Dodge 1984 190 Pseudothecadinium Hoppenrath & M.S. Selina 2006 1614 Pseudothecadinium campbellii Hoppenrath & M.S. Selina (=Thecadinium aureum P.H. Campb. 1973) 191 Rhinodinium Sh. Murray, Hoppenrath, S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J. Larsen 2006 1615 Rhinodinium broomeense Sh. Murray, Hoppenrath, S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J. Larsen 2006 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 192 Sabulodinium R.D. Saunders & J.D. Dodge 1984 undulatum R.D. Saunders & J.D. Dodge 1984 (=Phalacroma kofoidii var. (colourless variety) 1616 Sabulodinium Herdman 1924) 193 Thecadiniopsis Croome, Hallegr. & P.A. Tyler 1987 1617 Thecadiniopsis tasmanica Croome, Hallegr. & P.A. Tyler 1987 194 Vulcanodinium Nézan & Chomérat 2011 1618 Vulcanodinium rugosum Nézan & Chomérat 2011 Uncertain order Tovelliaceae Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 195 Bernardinium Chodat 1924 -type. B. bernardiense Bernardinium bernardinense Chodat 1924 (=Glenodinium bernardinense Chodat & Zender 1923, Hemidinium 1619 bernardinense (Chodat) Hub.-Pest. 1950, H. salinum Anisimova 1926, H. thiophilum W. Conrad 1939, Bernardinium thiophilum (W. Conrad) Javorn. 1962, ?Esoptrodinium gemma Javorn. 1997) 1620 Bernardinium salinum (Anisimova 1926) Javorn. 1962 (=Hemidinium salinum Anisimova) 1621 Bernardinium ucrainicum (Proshk.-Lavr. 1945) P. Javorn. 1997 (=Hemidinium ucrainicum Proshk.-Lavr.) 196 Esoptrodinium Javorn. 1997 -type E. gemma gemma Javorn. 1997 (=Bernardinium bernardinense sensu auctt. non sensu Chodat, ?B. 1622 Esoptrodinium bernardinense Chodat 1924, Hemidinium bernardinense (Chodat) Hub.-Pest. 1950, H. soligenum Skuja 1964) 1623 Esoptrodinium soligenum (Skuja 1964) Javorn. 1997 (=?Esoptrodinium gemma) Esoptrodinium thiophilum (W. Conrad 1939) Javorn. 1997 (=?Bernardinium thiophilum (W. Conrad 1939) Javorn. 1624 1962, H. thiophilum W. Conrad 1939) 197 Jadwigia Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 1625 Jadwigia applanata Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 198 Katodinium Fott 1957 (=Massartia Conrad 1926) -type K. nieuportense (32 species) 1626 Katodinium astigmatum Christen 1959 Katodinium asymmetricum (Massart 1900) Loebl. 1965 (=Gymnodinium asymmetricum Massart, M. asymmetrica 1627 (Massart) J. Schiller 1933) 1628 Katodinium auratum Bursa 1970 1629 Katodinium bohemicum (Fott) Litvin. 1977 (=Gymnodinium bohemicum Fott 1938) 1630 Katodinium edax (J. Schiller 1954) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=M. edax J. Schiller) 1631 Katodinium fontinalis C.E.M. Bicudo & Skvortsov 1970 Katodinium fungiforme (Anisimova 1920) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Gymnodinium fungiforme Anisimova 1920, M. 1632 crassiilum J. Schiller 1954, K. crassiilum (J. Schiller) A.R. Loebl. 1965, M. austriacum J. Schiller 1955, K. austriacum (J. Schiller) A.R. Loebl. 1965, Gym. blax T.M. Harris 1940) 1633 Katodinium galeatum (W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Massartia galeata Conrad & Kuff.) 1634 Katodinium glandula (Herdman 1924) A.R. Loebl. 1965 1635 Katodinium glaucum (M. Lebour 1917) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Gyrodinium glaucum (M. Lebour) Kof. & Swezy 1921) Katodinium hiemale (J. Schiller 1954) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Gymnodinium hiemale (J. Schiller) Popovský 1984, M. 1636 hiemalis J. Schiller) hyperxanthum (T.M. Harris 1940) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=M. hyperxanthoides T.H. Harris, K. hyperxanthoides 1637 Katodinium (T.M. Harris) A.R. Loebl., K. molopicum (T.M. Harris 1940) A.R. Loebl. 1965) 1638 Katodinium intermedium Christen 1959 1639 Katodinium mazuricum Javorn. 1965 monadicum (Perty 1852) Javorn. 1970 (=Katodinium polyplastidum Popovský 1968, Gymnodinium 1640 Katodinium monadicum (Perty) Kent 1880) 1641 Katodinium montanum (J. Schiller 1955) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Massartia montana J. Schiller) 1642 Katodinium nieuportense (W. Conrad 1926) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 1643 Katodinium planum (Fott 1938) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=M. plana Fott) 1644 Katodinium pluristigmatum P.H. Campb. 1973 1645 Katodinium ruppiae (W. Conrad 1939) A.R. Loebl. 1965 119 120 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 1646 Katodinium sanctipaulense C.E.M. Bicudo & Skortzov 1970 schilleri (Wolosz. 1936) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=M. schilleri Wolosz., M. ptyrtica T.M. Harris 1940, K. 1647 Katodinium ptyrticum (T.M. Harris 1940) A.R. Loebl. 1965) 1648 Katodinium simile Christen 1961 1649 Katodinium spirodinioides Christen 1961 Katodinium stigmaticum (Er. Lindem. 1928) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Gymnodinium stigmaticum Er. Lindem., M. 1650 campylops T.M. Harris 1940, Katodinium campylops (T.M. Harris 1940) Loebl. III 1965, K. astigmatum Christen 1959) thiophila (W. Conrad 1939) Hulburt, J.J.A. McLaughlin & P.A. Zahl (=K. thiophilum (W. Conrad) A.R. 1651 Katodinium Loebl. 1965) 1652 Katodinium tubulatum (Rampi 1969) Sournia 1973 (=M. tubulata Rampi) 1653 Katodinium uncinatum (W. Conrad & Kuff. 1957) A.R. Loebl. 1965 1965 (=M. uncinata W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954) 1654 Katodinium vierae Javorn. 1970 1655 Katodinium notatum (Skuja) Christen 1961 (=?Opisthoaulax piscinalis (Fott 1957) Calado 2011) 1656 Katodinium piscinale Fott 1957 (=?Opisthoaulax piscinalis (Fott 1957) Calado 2011) Katodinium viride Christen 1961 (=?K. vernale Chirsten 1961, ?M. pratensis Baumeister 1943, ?K. pratensis 1657 (Baumeister) A.R. Loebl. 1965, ?K. pratense (Baumeister) Christen, ?Opisthoaulax vorticella (F. Stein 1878) Calado 2011) 199 Opisthoaulax Calado 2011 (=Massartia Conrad 1926, Katodinium Fott 1957) -type O. vorticella Opisthoaulax campylops (T.M. Harris 1940) Calado 2011 (=M. campylops T.M. Harris 1940, K. campylops (T.M. 1658 Harris) A.R. Loeblich 1965) Opisthoaulax fastigata (B. Kirchhoff & Barbara Mey. 1995) Calado 2011 (=K. fastigatum B. Kirschhoff & Barbara 1659 Mey. 1995) Opisthoaulax musei (Danysz 1886) Calado 2011 (=Gymnodinium musei Danysz, M. musei (Danysz) J. Schiller 1660 (1933, K. musei (Danysz) A.R. Loeblich 1965, ?Opisthoaulax woloszynskae (J. Schiller 1933) Calado 2011) `musaei´ piscinalis (Fott 1957) Calado 2011 (=K. piscinale Fott, ?O. woloszynskae (J. Schiller 1933) Calado 1661 Opisthoaulax 2011) tetragonops (T.M. Harris 1940) Calado 2011 (=M. tetragonops T.M. Harris, K. tetragonops (T.M. 1662 Opisthoaulax Harris) A.R. Loeblich 1965) Opisthoaulax vorticella (F. Stein 1878) Calado 2011 (=Gymnodinium vorticella F. Stein, Gyrodinium vorticella (F. Stein) Er. Lindemann (1924), M. vorticella (F. Stein) J. Schiller 1933, K. vorticella (F. Stein) A.R. Loeblich 1663 1965, Gymnodinium stigmaticum Er. Lindemann 1928, ?K. viride Christen 1961, ?K. vernale Chirsten 1961, ?M. pratensis Baumeister 1943, ?K. pratensis (Baumeister) A.R. Loebl. 1965, ?K. pratense (Baumeister) Christen) Opisthoaulax woloszynskae (J. Schiller 1933) Calado 2011 (=M. woloszynskae J. Schiller, Spirodinium vorticella Wolosz., K. woloszynskae (J. Schiller 1933) A.R. Loebl. 1965, M. woloszynskae J. Schiller 1933, ?K. musei 1664 (Danysz) A.R. Loebl., ?K. piscinale Fott 1957, ?K.notatum (Skuja) Christen 1961, non M. vorticella (F. Stein) J. Schiller) 200 Tovellia Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Woloszynskia R.H. Thomps. 1951) -type T. coronata 1665 Tovellia apiculata (Stosch 1973) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Woloszynskia apiculata Stosch) coronata (Wolosz. 1918) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Gym. coronatum Wolosz., ?W. 1666 Tovellia coronata (Wolosz.) R.H.Thompson 1951) 1667 Tovellia glabra (Wolosz. 1918) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Gymnodinium glabra Wolosz.) leopoliensis (Wolosz. 1918) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Gym. leopoliense Wolosz., 1668 Tovellia W. leopoliensis (Wolosz.) R.H. Thompson 1951) nygaardii (Christen 1958) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Gym. nygaardii Christen, W. 1669 Tovellia nygaardii (Christen) A.R. Loebl. 1970) sanguinea Moestrup, Gert Hansen, Daugbjerg, Flaim & D´Andrea 2006 (=Glen. pulvisculus var. oculatum 1670 Tovellia Largajolli 1907, Glen. sanguineum Marchesoni 1941, non Glen. sanguineum (H.J. Carter 1858) Diesing 1866) Tovellia stoschii (Christen 1958) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Woloszynskia stoschii R. Shyam 1671 & Y.S.R.K. Sarma 1976) Woloszynskiaceae Bourr. 1970 ex Starmach 1974 201 Woloszynskia R.H. Thomps. 1951 -type W. reticulata 1672 Woloszynskia limnetica Bursa 1958 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 1673 Woloszynskia neglecta (A.J. Schill. 1891) R.H. Thomps. 1951 (=Glenodinium neglectum A.J. Schill.) 1674 Woloszynskia ordinata (Skuja 1939) R.H. Thomps. 1950 (=Gymnodinium ordinatum Skuja 1939) 1675 Woloszynskia reticulata R.H. Thomps. 1951 tylota (Mapletoft, J. Waters & P. Wells 1966) Bibby & J.D. Dodge 1972 (=Gymnodinium tylotum 1676 Woloszynskia Mapletoft, J. Waters & P. Wells) Uncertain order, Apodiniaceae Chatton 1920 202 Apodinium Chatton 1907 -type A. mycetoides 1677 Apodinium chattonii (Cachon 1964) Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1973 (=Parapodinium chattonii Cachon) 1678 Apodinium loodii N. McLean & C.P. Galt 1990 1679 Apodinium mycetoides Chatton 1907 1680 Apodinium rhizophorum Chatton 1912 (=?Parapodinium catenaria Cachon 1964) 1681 Apodinium zygorhizum Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1973 (=Parapodinium catenaria Cachon 1964) 203 Parapodinium Chatton 1920 -type P. stylipes 1682 Parapodinium stylipes Chatton 1920 1683 Parapodinium catenaria Cachon 1964 Order Actiniscales Sournia 1984 Actiniscaceae Kützing 1844 (incl. Gymnasteraceae Er. Lindem. 1928) 204 Actiniscus Ehrenb. 1843 (=Diaster Meunier 1910, Gymnaster F. Schütt 1891) -type A. pentasterias 1684 Actiniscus canadensis Bursa 1969 Actiniscus pentasterias (Ehrenb. 1840) Ehrenb. 1854 (=Dictyocha pentasterias Ehrenb., Gymnaster pentasterias 1685 (Ehrenb.) F. Schütt 1891, Diaster macrokaryon Meunier 1910, Gymnaster striatum Meunier 1910, G. helix Meunier 1910) Dicroerismataceae Fensome & al. 1993 205 Dicroerisma F.J.R. Taylor & Cattell 1969 1686 Dicroerisma psilonereiella F.J.R. Taylor & Cattell 1969 Order Amphilothales Er. Lindem. 1928 Amphitholaceae Poche 1913 / Amphilothaceae 206 Achradina Lohmann 1902 -type A. pulchra pulchra Lohmann 1902 (=A. pulchra f. truncata Nival 1969, A. pulchra f. spatulata Nival 1969, A. pulchra 1687 Achradina f. nervosa Nival 1969, A. pulchra f. aciculata Nival 1969) 1688 Achradina angusta Lohmann 1919 (=A. pulchra f. angustata (Lohmann) Nival 1969) 1689 Achradina reticulata Lohmann 1919 (=A. pulchra f. reticulata (Lohmann) Nival 1969) 1690 Achradina sulcata Lohmann 1919 (=A. pulchra f. sulcata (Lohmann) Nival 1969) 207 Amphilothus Kof. 1907 ex Poche 1913 (=Amphitholus F. Schütt 1895, Monaster F. Schütt) -type A. elegans 1691 Amphitholus elegans F. Schütt 1895 (=A. elegans (F. Schütt) Er. Lindem. 1928) 1692 Amphilothus quincuncialis Kof. 1907 Order Prorocentrales Lemmerm. 1910 Haplodiniaceae Er. Lindem. 1928 208 Haplodinium G.A. Klebs 1912 (=?Exuviaella Cienk.) -type H. antjoliense 1693 Haplodinium antjoliense G.A. Klebs 1912 (=?Prorocentrum foveolata Croome & P.A. Tyler 1987) 1694 Haplodinium indicum Subrahman. 1966 1695 Haplodinium iyengaricum Subrahman. 1966 1696 Haplodinium jonesianum Subrahman. 1966 Prorocentraceae F. Stein 1883 Prorocentrum pro Exuviaella Cienk. 1881 (=Dinopyxis F. Stein 1883, ?Haplodinium G.A. Klebs 1912) -type E. 209 marina (29 species) 1697 Exuviaella cavanillesiana P. González 1945 1698 Prorocentrum belizeanum M.A. Faust 1993 121 122 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 1699 Prorocentrum borbonicum Ten-Hage, J. Turquet, J.P. Quod, Puiseux-Dao & Couté 2000 1700 Prorocentrum caribbaeum M.A. Faust 1993 1701 Prorocentrum cassubicum (Wolosz. 1928) J.D. Dodge 1975 1702 Prorocentrum clipeus Hoppenrath 2000 Prorocentrum compressum (J.W. Bailey 1851) T.H. Abé ex J.D. Dodge 1975 (=E. oblonga J. Schiller 1928, E. Rampi 1951, E. compressa Ostenf. 1899, P. bidens J. Schiller 1928, non P. lenticulatum (Matzen.) 1703 elongata F.J.R. Taylor 1976, nec P. lebouriae J. Schiller 1928, P. hentschlii J. Schiller 1933 in J.D. Dodge 1982, Dinopyxis compressa (J.W. Bailey) F. Stein) 1704 Prorocentrum concavum Fukuyo 1981 (=Prorocentrum arabianum S.L. Morton & M.A. Faust 2002) 1705 Prorocentrum consutum Chomérat & Nézan 2010 Prorocentrum dactylus (F. Stein 1883) J.D. Dodge 1975 (=E. dactylus (F. Stein) F. Schütt 1895, Dinopyxis dactylus 1706 F. Stein) 1707 Prorocentrum elegans M.A. Faust 1993 1708 Prorocentrum faustiae S.L. Morton 1998 1709 Prorocentrum foraminosum M.A. Faust 1993 1710 Prorocentrum formosum M.A. Faust 1993 Prorocentrum foveolatum Croome & P.A. Tyler 1987 (=E. lima var. scrobiculata Playfair,? Haplodinium antjoliense 1711 G.A. Klebs 1912) 1712 Prorocentrum hoffmannianum M.A. Faust 1990 (=E. hoffmanniana (M.A. Faust) J.L. McLachlan & Boalch 1997) 1713 Prorocentrum leve M.A. Faust, M.W. Vandersea, S.R. Kibler, P.A. Tester & R.W. Litaker 2008 `levis´ Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenb. 1860) J.D. Dodge 1975 (=P. arenarium M.A. Faust 1994, E. marina Cienk. 1881, E. caspica Kisselev 1940, E. lima (Ehrenb.) Buetschli 1885, Dinopyxis laevis F. Stein 1883, E. laevis (F. Stein) Schröd. 1714 1900, E. chathamensis Lemmerm. 1907, E. cincta J. Schiller 1918, E. ostenfeldii J. Schiller 1931, Prorocentrum marinum J.D. Dodge & Bibby 1973) 1715 Prorocentrum maculosum M.A. Faust 1993 (=E. maculosa (M.A. Faust) J.L. McLachlan & Boalch 1997) 1716 Prorocentrum norrisianum M.A. Faust 1997 1717 Prorocentrum playfairii Croome & P.A. Tyler 1987 (=E. lima var. major Playfair 1920) pusillum (J. Schiller 1928) A.R. Loebl. 1976 (=E. pusilla J. Schiller 1928, non P. nanum J. Schiller 1718 Prorocentrum 1918) 1719 Prorocentrum reticulatum M.A. Faust 1997 1720 Prorocentrum rivalis D. Delmail, P. Labrousse, P. Crassous, P. Hourdin, M. Guri & M. Botineau 2011 1721 Prorocentrum ruetzlerianum M.A. Faust 1990 1722 Prorocentrum sabulosum M.A. Faust 1994 1723 Prorocentrum sipadanensis Mohammad-Noor, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2007 1724 Prorocentrum tropicale M.A. Faust 1997 1725 Prorocentrum vietnamensis J.S. Yoo & Fukuyo 2004 210 Mesoporos Lillick 1937 (=Porella J. Schiller 1928, Dinoporella Halim 1960, Porotheca P.C. Silva) -type M. globulus 1726 Mesoporos parthasarathicus Subrahman. 1966 Mesoporos perforatus (Gran 1915) Lillick 1937 (=Porella adriatica J. Schiller 1928, P. asymmetrica J. Schiller 1933, P. bisimpressa J. Schiller 1928, P. globulus J. Schiller 1928, M. globulus (J. Schiller) Lillick, Dinoporella 1727 globulus (J. Schiller) Halim 1960, Dinoporella perforata (Gran 1915) Gran 1928, Porotheca perforata (Gran) P.C. Silva 1960) 211 Prorocentrum Ehrenb. 1834 sensu stricto (=Postprorocentrum Gourret 1883) -type P. micans (34 species) aporum (J. Schiller 1928) J.D. Dodge 1975 (=P. antarcticum (Y. Hada 1970) Balech 1976, E. granii 1728 Prorocentrum Gaarder 1938) 1729 Prorocentrum arcuatum Issel 1928 balticum (Lohmann 1908) A.R. Loebl. 1970 (=P. pomoideum Bursa 1959,?P. ponticum Krachmalny 1730 Prorocentrum & Terenko 2002) dentatum F. Stein 1883 (=P. donghaiense D. Lu 2001,=?P. obtusidens J. Schiller 1928, ?P. 1731 Prorocentrum monacense Kuff. 1957, non P. veloi Osorio-Tafall 1942, non P. shikokuense Y. Hada 1975) 1732 Prorocentrum emarginatum Fukuyo 1981 1733 Prorocentrum fukuyoi Sh. Murray & Y. Nagah. 2007 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 1734 Prorocentrum gracile F. Schütt 1895 (=P. diamantinae E.J.F. Wood 1963, non P. sigmoides Böhm 1933) 1735 Prorocentrum lebouriae J. Schiller 1928 (non P. compressum (J.W. Bailey 1850) T.H. Abé ex J.D. Dodge 1975) Prorocentrum lenticulatum (Matzen. 1933) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=E. lenticulata Matzen., non P. compressum (J.W. 1736 Bailey 1850) T.H. Abé ex J.D. Dodge 1975, ?E. aequatorialis Hasle 1960) 1737 Prorocentrum magnum (Gaarder 1954) J.D. Dodge 1975 1738 Prorocentrum maximum (Gourret 1883) J. Schiller 1937 (=P. brochii J. Schiller 1918, non P. mexicanum OsorioTafall 1942) 1739 Prorocentrum mexicanum Osorio-Tafall 1942 (non P. rhathymum A.R. Loebl., J.L. Sherley & R.J. Schmidt 1979) Prorocentrum micans Ehrenb. 1834 (=P. schilleri Böhm 1933, P. gibbosum (J. Schiller 1929) J. Schiller 1933, P. 1740 levantoides Bursa 1959, P. paciicum E.J.F. Wood 1963, non E. paciica Kusjmina 1960) Prorocentrum minimum (Pavill. 1916) J. Schiller 1931 (=E. minima Pavill. 1916, E. apora J. Schiller, P. triangulatum 1741 G.W. Martin 1929, E. marie-lebouriae Parke & D. Ballant. 1957, P. minimum var. triangulatum (G.W. Martin) Hulburt 1965, P. cordiforme Bursa 1959, ?P. cordatum (Ostenf.) J.D. Dodge 1975) 1742 Prorocentrum nanum J. Schiller 1918 (non P. pusillum (J. Schiller 1928) A.R. Loebl. 1976) 1743 Prorocentrum nux Puigserver & Zingone 2002 1744 Prorocentrum obtusidens J. Schiller 1928 (=?P. dentatum F. Stein 1883) 1745 Prorocentrum obtusum Ostenf. 1908 1746 Prorocentrum ovum (J. Schiller 1918) J.D. Dodge 1975 1747 Prorocentrum ponticus Krachmalny & Terenko 2002 (=?P. balticum (Lohmann 1908) A.R. Loebl. 1970) 1748 Prorocentrum redieldii Bursa 1959 (=?P. triestinum J. Schiller 1918) 1749 Prorocentrum rhathymum A.R. Loebl., J.L. Sherley & R.J. Schmidt 1979 (non P. mexicanum Osorio-Tafall 1942) 1750 Prorocentrum robustum Osorio-Tafall 1942 (non P. scutellum Schröd. 1900) 1751 Prorocentrum rostratum F. Stein 1883 (=P. styliferum Lohmann 1920, P. tenue Lohmann 1920) 1752 Prorocentrum rotundatum J. Schiller 1928 (=P. cornutum J. Schiller 1918) 1753 Prorocentrum sculptile M.A. Faust 1994 1754 Prorocentrum scutellum Schröd. 1900 (=P. sphaeroideum J. Schiller 1928, non P. robustum Osorio-Tafall 1942) 1755 Prorocentrum shikokuense Y. Hada 1975 (=?P. donghaiense D. Lu 2001, non P. dentatum F. Stein 1883) 1756 Prorocentrum sigmoides Böhm 1933 (non P. gracile F. Schütt 1895) triestinum J. Schiller 1918 (=P. setoutii Y. Hada 1975, non P. shikokuense Y. Hada 1975, ?P. redieldii 1757 Prorocentrum Bursa 1959, P. pyrenoideum Bursa 1959) 1758 Prorocentrum tsawwassenense Hoppenrath & B.S. Leander 2008 Prorocentrum vaginula (F. Stein 1883) J.D. Dodge 1975 (=P. adriaticum J. Schiller 1918, Dinopyxis vaginula F. 1759 Stein) 1760 Prorocentrum veloi Osorio-Tafall 1942 (non P. dentatum F. Stein 1883) 1761 Prorocentrum venetum Tolomio & Cavolo 1985 Order Prorocentrales, Family of Prorocentrum panamense 212 Genus of Prorocentrum panamense 1762 Prorocentrum panamense Grzebyk, Y. Sako & B. Berland 1998 1763 Prorocentrum glenanicum Chomérat & Nézan 2011 1764 Prorocentrum pseudopanamense Chomérat & Nézan 2011 Order Prorocentrales, Family of Plagiodinium 213 Plagiodinium M.A. Faust & Balech 1993 1765 Plagiodinium belizeanum M.A. Faust & Balech 1993 Order Dinophysales Er. Lindem. 1928 Amphisoleniaceae Er. Lindem. 1928 214 Amphisolenia F. Stein 1883 -type A. globifera (37 species) 1766 Amphisolenia acuta S. Gul & Saifullah 2007 1767 Amphisolenia astragalus Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 123 124 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 1768 Amphisolenia asymmetrica Kof. 1907 1769 Amphisolenia bidentata Schröd. 1900 (non A. bidentata Pavill. 1916, non A. bidentata Okamura 1907) 1770 Amphisolenia bifurcata G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=A. thrinax O. Zacharias 1906, A. projecta Kof. 1907) 1771 Amphisolenia biprojecta Saifullah & D. Hassan 1973 1772 Amphisolenia bispinosa Kof. 1907 1773 Amphisolenia brevicauda Kof. 1907 1774 Amphisolenia clavipes Kof. 1907 1775 Amphisolenia complanata Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 1776 Amphisolenia curvata Kof. 1907 1777 Amphisolenia deltiana S. Gul & Saifullah 2007 1778 Amphisolenia elegans Böhm 1933 1779 Amphisolenia elongata Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 1780 Amphisolenia extensa Kof. 1907 1781 Amphisolenia fusiformis Ceballos-Corona & Hernández-Becerril 2008 1782 Amphisolenia globifera F. Stein 1883 (=A. globosa Gran 1912, A. tenella Gran 1912) 1783 Amphisolenia inlata G. Murray & Whitting 1899 1784 Amphisolenia laticincta Kof. 1907 1785 Amphisolenia lemmermannii Kof. 1907 1786 Amphisolenia michoacana Ceballos-Corona & Hernández-Becerril 2008 1787 Amphisolenia microcephalus T.H. Abé 1967 1788 Amphisolenia mozambica Sournia 1967 (=?A. sigma Halim 1965) 1789 Amphisolenia nizamuddinii S. Mansoor & Saifullah 1995 1790 Amphisolenia palaeotheroides Kof. 1907 1791 Amphisolenia palmata F. Stein 1883 1792 Amphisolenia quadricauda Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=A. quinquecauda Kof. 1907) 1793 Amphisolenia quadrispina Kof. 1907 1794 Amphisolenia rectangulata Kof. 1907 1795 Amphisolenia schauinslandii Lemmerm. 1899 1796 Amphisolenia schroederi Kof. 1907 1797 Amphisolenia sigma Halim 1965 (=?A. spinulosa Kof. 1907, ?A. mozambica Sournia 1967) 1798 Amphisolenia spinulosa Kof. 1907 1799 Amphisolenia taylorii Saifullah & D. Hassan 1973 1800 Amphisolenia testa Balech 1962 1801 Amphisolenia thrinax F. Schütt 1893 (non A. thrinax O. Zacharias 1906) 1802 Amphisolenia truncata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 215 Triposolenia Kof. 1906 -type A. truncata (10 species) 1803 Triposolenia ambulathrix Kof. 1907 (non T. ambulathrix Jørg. 1923) 1804 Triposolenia bicornis Kof. 1906 1805 Triposolenia depressa Kof. 1906 (=T. ambulathrix Jørg. 1923) 1806 Triposolenia exilis Kof. 1906 1807 Triposolenia fallax Hernández-Becerril & Meave del Castillo 1999 1808 Triposolenia fatula Kof. 1907 1809 Triposolenia intermedia Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 1810 Triposolenia longicornis Kof. 1907 1811 Triposolenia ramiciformis Kof. 1906 1812 Triposolenia truncata Kof. 1906 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. Oxyphysaceae Sournia 1984 216 Dinofurcula Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 -type D. ultima 1813 Dinofurcula ultima (Kof. 1906) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 1814 Dinofurcula ventralis Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 217 Latifascia Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Heteroschisma Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) -type L. inaequale 1815 Latifascia inaequale (Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Heteroschisma inaequale Kof. & Skogsb.) 1816 Latifascia subantarctica (Balech 1971) Okolodkov 2006 (=Heteroschisma subantarcticum Balech) 218 Proheteroschisma L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934 1817 Proheteroschisma connectens L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934 219 Phalacroma F. Stein 1883 (=Oxyphysis Kof. 1926, Prodinophysis Balech 1944) -type P. porodictyum (69 species) 1818 Dinophysis micropterygia P.A. Dangeard 1927 1819 Phalacroma alatum E.J.F. Wood 1954 (=D. paralata Sournia 1973) 1820 Phalacroma biceps (J. Schiller 1928) J. Schiller 1933 (=D. biceps J. Schiller) 1821 Phalacroma bipartitum Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. bipartita (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967) 1822 Phalacroma circumcinctum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. circumcincta (Kof. & J.R. Michener) Balech 1967) 1823 Phalacroma circumsutum G. Karst. 1907 (=D. circumsuta (G. Karst.) Balech 1967) 1824 Phalacroma complanatum Gaarder 1954 Phalacroma contractum Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. contracta (Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) Balech 1967, Ph. ruudii 1825 Braarud 1935) Phalacroma cornutum N. Peters 1928 (=D. cornuta (N. Peters) Balech 1967, Phalacroma cornutum ssp. inerme 1826 Balech 1965, D. cornuta ssp. inermis (Balech in Balech & S. El-Sayed) Sournia 1973) 1827 Phalacroma cuneolus Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. cuneolus (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967) cuneus F. Schütt 1895 (=D. cuneus (F. Schütt) T.H. Abé vel Balech 1967, Ph. blackmanii G. Murray & 1828 Phalacroma Whitting 1899, Ph. triangulare E.J.F. Wood 1954, D. triangulare (E.J.F. Wood) Balech 1967) 1829 Phalacroma dens Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. dens (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967, non D. dens Pavill. 1915) dolychopterygium G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=D. dolychopterygium (G. Murray & Whitting) Balech 1830 Phalacroma 1967) doryphorum F. Stein 1883 (=D. doryphora (F. Stein 1883) T.H. Abé vel Balech 1967 (=D. doryphorides 1831 Phalacroma (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1967) elongatum Jørg. 1923 (=D. elongata (Jørg. 1923) T.H. Abé vel Balech 1967, D. minuta (Cleve 1900) 1832 Phalacroma Balech 1967) 1833 Phalacroma favus Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=P. hindmarchii Pavill. 1916) 1834 Phalacroma imbriatum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. imbriata (Kof. & J.R. Michener) Balech 1967) 1835 Phalacroma giganteum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. gigantea (Kof. & J.R. Michener) Balech 1967) globulus F. Schütt 1895 (=D. globulus (F. Schütt) Balech 1967, Heteroschisma globulus (F. Schütt) J. 1836 Phalacroma Schiller 1931) hindmarchii G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=D. hindmarchii (G. Murray & Whitting) Balech 1967, non Ph. 1837 Phalacroma hindmarchii Pavill. 1916) 1838 Phalacroma irregulare M. Lebour 1925 (=D. irregularis (M. Lebour) Balech 1967) 1839 Phalacroma jibbonense E.J.F. Wood 1954 (=D. jibbonensis (E.J.F. Wood) Balech 1967) 1840 Phalacroma lacrima Gaarder 1954 (=D. lacrima (Gaarder) Balech 1967) 1841 Phalacroma lativelatum Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. lativelata (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967) latum Gaarder 1954 (=D. lata (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1967, non D. lata Balech 1971=D. sourniai 1842 Phalacroma Balech 1978) 1843 Phalacroma lens Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. lens (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967) Phalacroma lenticula Kof. 1907 (=D. neolenticula Sournia 1973, non D. lenticula Daday 1888, nec D. lenticula 1844 Pavill. 1916) 1845 Phalacroma limbatum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. michenerae Sournia 1973) longialatum Gaarder 1954 (=D. fortunata Sournia 1973, Heteroschisma longialatum (Gaarder) Balech 1846 Phalacroma 1967, non D. longialata Gran & Braarud 1935) 1847 Phalacroma mawsonii E.J.F. Wood 1954 (=D. mawsonii (E.J.F. Wood) Balech 1967, ?Ph. tuberculatum Galil 1959) 125 126 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 1848 Phalacroma minutum Cleve 1900 (=D. minuta (Cleve) Balech 1967) Phalacroma mitra F. Schütt 1895 (=D. mitra (F. Schütt 1895) T.H. Abé vel Balech 1967, Ph. rapa F. Stein 1883, Ph. 1849 dolichopterygium G. Murray & Whitting 1899) 1850 Phalacroma modestum Böhm 1936 (=D. modesta (Böhm) Balech 1967) 1851 Phalacroma monacanthum G.I. Gail 1950 (non D. monacantha Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) mucronatum Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. mucronata (Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) Sournia 1973, =D. paulsenii 1852 Phalacroma (J. Schiller 1928) Balech 1967, non D. paulsenii Wolosz. 1928) 1853 Phalacroma okamurai Pavill. 1931 (=D. mitroides Sournia 1973, non D. okamurai Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) 1854 Phalacroma operculatum F. Stein 1883 (=D. operculata (F. Stein 1883) Balech 1967) 1855 Phalacroma operculoides F. Schütt 1895 (=D. operculoides (F. Schütt) Balech 1967) 1856 Phalacroma ovatum (Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) Jørg. 1923 ovum F. Schütt 1895 (=D. amandula (Balech 1967) Sournia 1973, D. amygdala Balech 1967, Ph. 1857 Phalacroma ovum F. Schütt 1895, non D. amygdalus Paulsen 1949, non D. ovum F. Schütt 1895) 1858 Phalacroma oxytoxoides (Kof. 1926) F. Gómez, P. López-García & D. Moreira 2011 (=Oxyphysis oxytoxoides Kof.) parvulum (F. Schütt 1895) Jørg. 1923 (=P. porodictyum F. Stein var. parvula F. Schütt, D. oviformis J. 1859 Phalacroma Schiller 1928) 1860 Phalacroma paulsenii Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. groenlandica (J. Schiller 1933) Balech 1967) 1861 Phalacroma pirum Gaarder 1954 (=Heteroschisma pirum (Gaarder) Balech 1967) 1862 Phalacroma planiceps J. Schiller 1928 (=D. planiceps (J. Schiller 1928) Balech 1967) Phalacroma porodictyum F. Stein 1883 (=Phalacroma acutum (F. Schütt 1895) Pavill. 1916, D. acutoides Balech 1863 1967, non D. acuta Ehrenb. 1839) 1864 Phalacroma porosum (Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. perforata Sournia 1973, D. porosa (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967) 1865 Phalacroma praetextum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. praetexta (Kof. & J.R. Michener) Balech 1967) 1866 Phalacroma protuberans Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. protuberans (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967) 1867 Phalacroma pugiunculus Jørg. 1923 (=D. pugiunculus (Jørg.) Balech 1967) Phalacroma pulchellum M. Lebour 1922 (=Pseudophalacroma pulchellum (M. Lebour) G.I. Gail 1950, D. pulchella 1868 (M. Lebour) Balech 1967) 1869 Phalacroma pulchrum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. pulchra (Kof. & J.R. Michener) Balech 1967) 1870 Phalacroma pyriforme Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. pyriformis (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967) 1871 Phalacroma rapa F. Stein 1883 (=D. rapa (F. Stein) Balech 1967) reticulatum Kof. 1907 (=D. rete Sournia 1973, =D. reticulata (Kof. 1907) Balech 1967, non D. reticulata 1872 Phalacroma Gaarder 1954) 1873 Phalacroma richardii Pavill. 1934 (=D. richardii (Pavill. 1934) Balech 1967, ?D. ruudii (Braarud 1935) Balech 1967) 1874 Phalacroma robustum Gaarder 1954 (=D. gaarderae Sournia 1973, non D. robusta Gran & Braarud 1935) rotundatum (Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. rotundata Clap. & J. Lachm., D. 1875 Phalacroma whittingiae Balech 1971, Phalacroma rudgei G. Murray & Whitting 1899, D. rotundiformis L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934) 1876 Phalacroma rugosum Gaarder 1954 (=D. scabra Sournia 1973, D. rugosa (Gaarder) Balech 1967) 1877 Phalacroma scrobiculatum (Balech 1971) Díaz-Ramos & G.J. Estrella de F. 2000 (=D. scrobiculata Balech) 1878 Phalacroma sphaeroideum J. Schiller 1928 (=D. schilleri Sournia 1973) 1879 Phalacroma striatum Kof. 1907 (=D. striata (Kof.) Balech 1967) 1880 Phalacroma symmetricum Gaarder 1954 (=D. symmetrica (Gaarder) Balech 1967) 1881 Phalacroma thompsonii E.J.F. Wood 1954 (=D. thompsonii (E.J.F. Wood) Balech 1967) tuberculatum G.I. Galil 1959 (=D. tuberculata (G.I. Gail) Konovalova 1998, ?D. mawsonii (E.J.F. Wood 1882 Phalacroma 1954) Balech 1988) 1883 Phalacroma turbineum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. turbinea (Kof. & J.R. Michener) Balech 1967) 1884 Phalacroma vastiforme L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934 (=D. vastiformis (L.S. Tai & Skogsb.) Balech 1967) 1885 Phalacroma vastum F. Schütt 1895 (=D. vasta (F. Schütt) Balech 1967) 1886 Phalacroma whiteleggei E.J.F. Wood 1954 (=D. whiteleggei (E.J.F. Wood) Balech 1967) Dinophysaceae F. Stein 1883 (=Citharistaceae Kof. & Skogsb. 1928, Ornithocercaceae Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 220 Citharistes F. Stein 1883 -type C. regius 1887 Citharistes apsteinii F. Schütt 1895 1888 Citharistes regius F. Stein 1883 Dinophysis Ehrenb. 1839 sensu stricto (=Dinoceras J. Schiller 1931, Heteroceras Forti 1901) -type D. acuta (58 221 species) Dinophysis acuminata Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859 (=D. ovum var. baltica Paulsen 1908, D. baltica (Paulsen) Wolosz. 1928, D. baltica (Paulsen) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928, D. cassubica Wolosz. 1928, D. levanderi Wolosz. 1928, D. 1889 paulsenii Wolosz. 1928, D. boehmii Paulsen 1949 ex Balech 1971, D. borealis Paulsen 1949, D. lachmannii Paulsen 1949, D. skagii Paulsen 1949, D. simplex Böhm 1933, non D. simplex Balech 1962) 1890 Dinophysis acuta Ehrenb. 1839 (=D. dens Pavill. 1915, ?D. vermicula C.H.G. Pouchet 1893) 1891 Dinophysis amphora Balech 1971 1892 Dinophysis anabilis T.H. Abé 1967 1893 Dinophysis apiculata Meunier 1910 (=?D. acuminata Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) Dinophysis arctica Mereschk. 1879 (=D. granulata Cleve 1899, D. laevis C.H.G. Pouchet 1883, non D. laevis 1894 Bergh 1881, D. rotundata Levander 1894, non D. rotundata Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859, ?D. vertex Meunier 1910) 1895 Dinophysis bibulbus Balech 1971 1896 Dinophysis biceras J. Schiller 1928 (=Dinoceras biceras J. Schiller 1933) 1897 Dinophysis capitulata Balech 1967 1898 Dinophysis carpentariae E.J.F. Wood 1963 Dinophysis caudata Kent 1881 (=D. homunculus F. Stein 1883, D. allieri Gourret 1883, D. inaequalis Gourret 1883, 1899 D. diegensis Kof. 1907) 1900 Dinophysis curvata J. Schiller 1933 (=D. sphaerica F. Stein 1883 partim, non D. diegensis var. curvata Kof. 1907) 1901 Dinophysis cyrtoptera Balech 1978 1902 Dinophysis dentata J. Schiller 1928 1903 Dinophysis dubia Balech 1978 1904 Dinophysis ellipsoides Kof. 1907 1905 Dinophysis equalantii Balech 1971 1906 Dinophysis exigua Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 Dinophysis fortii Pavill. 1923 (=D. laevis C.H.G. Pouchet 1883, D. lapidistrigiliformis T.H. Abé 1967, D. intermedia 1907 Pavill. 1916, non D. intermedia Cleve 1900) 1908 Dinophysis granii Paulsen 1949 1909 Dinophysis hasleae Balech 1973 1910 Dinophysis hyalina E.J.F. Wood 1963 1911 Dinophysis infundibulus J. Schiller 1928 (=D. parva J. Schiller 1928) 1912 Dinophysis intermedia Cleve 1900 (non D. intermedia Pavill. 1916) 1913 Dinophysis islandica Paulsen 1949 1914 Dinophysis laevis Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859 (non D. laevis Bergh 1881, non D. laevis C.H.G. Pouchet 1883) 1915 Dinophysis laticincta Balech 1979 1916 Dinophysis longialata Gran & Braarud 1935 1917 Dinophysis meteorii Böhm 1933 Dinophysis meunieri J. Schiller 1928 (=D. cuneiformis Meunier 1910, non D. cuneiformis L. Mangin 1922, ?D. 1918 acuta Ehrenb. 1839) 1919 Dinophysis micropleura Balech 1971 1920 Dinophysis microstrigiliformis T.H. Abé 1967 Dinophysis miles Cleve 1900 (=D. aggregata Weber van Bosse 1901, Heteroceras schroeteri Forti 1901, ?D. tripos 1921 Gourret 1883) norvegica Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859 (=D. norvegica var. debilior Paulsen 1907, D. debilior (Paulsen) 1922 Dinophysis Paulsen 1949, D. crassior Paulsen 1949) 127 128 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. okamurai Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. vanhoffenii Okamura 1907 partim, non D. vanhoffenii Ostenf. 1923 Dinophysis 1899) 1924 Dinophysis opposita E.J.F. Wood 1963 1925 Dinophysis oviformis Chen Ni 1988 (non D. oviformis J. Schiller 1928) ovum F. Schütt 1895 (=D. brevisulcus L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1937 partim, D. antarctica Balech 1958, non 1926 Dinophysis Ph. ovum F. Schütt 1895) 1927 Dinophysis paciica E.J.F. Wood 1963 1928 Dinophysis punctata Jørg. 1923 (non D. punctata Balech 1971) 1929 Dinophysis recurva Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. lenticula Pavill. 1916, non D. lenticula Daday 1888) 1930 Dinophysis robusta Gran & Braarud 1935 sacculus F. Stein 1883 (=D. acuminata f. reniformis Pavill. 1905, D. pavillardii Schröd. 1906, D. 1931 Dinophysis reniformis (Pavill.) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928, D. ventrecta J. Schiller 1933, D. phaseolus E.S. Silva 1952) 1932 Dinophysis schroederi Pavill. 1909 1933 Dinophysis semen Meunier 1910 1934 Dinophysis siankanensis Becerril-Almazán & Hernández-Becerril 2002 1935 Dinophysis sourniai Balech 1978 (=D. lata Balech 1971, non D. lata (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1967) 1936 Dinophysis sphaerica F. Stein 1883 (=D. vanhoffenii Ostenf. 1899, non D. sphaerica F. Schütt 1895) 1937 Dinophysis spinata (N. Peters 1928) Balech 1967 1938 Dinophysis subcircularis Paulsen 1949 1939 Dinophysis tailisunii Chen Ni 1988 1940 Dinophysis tenuivelata Balech 1973 1941 Dinophysis tripos Gourret 1883 (=D. caudata var. tripos (Gourret) G.I. Gail 1950, ?D. miles Cleve 1900) 1942 Dinophysis truncata Cleve 1901 (=D. cuneiformis L. Mangin 1922, non D. cuneiformis Meunier 1910) 1943 Dinophysis tuberculata L. Mangin 1926 (=D. carinata N. Peters 1928) 1944 Dinophysis umbosa J. Schiller 1928 1945 Dinophysis urceola Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 1946 Dinophysis vertex Meunier 1910 (=?D. arctica Mereschk. 1879) Dinophysis hastata-group -type D. hastata 1947 Dinophysis acutissima Gaarder 1954 1948 Dinophysis alata Jørg. 1923 (=?D. alata Böhm 1931, non D. alata (E.J.F. Wood 1954) Balech 1967) 1949 Dinophysis balechii D.R. Norris & L.D. Berner 1970 1950 Dinophysis collaris Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 1951 Dinophysis hastata F. Stein 1883 (=D. uracantha (F. Stein) E.S. Silva 1956) 1952 Dinophysis joergensenii Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. triacantha Jørg. 1923 partim) 1953 Dinophysis monacantha Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (non Ph. monacanthum G.I. Gail 1950) 1954 Dinophysis nias G. Karst. 1907 (=D. triacantha G. Karst. 1907) 1955 Dinophysis odiosa (Pavill. 1930) L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934 (=Ph. odiosum Pavill. 1930, Ph. hastatum Pavill. 1909) 1956 Dinophysis paralata Sournia 1973 (=D. alata (E.J.F. Wood 1954) Balech 1967) Dinophysis phalacromoides (Jørg. 1923) F. Gómez, P. López-García & D. Moreira 2011 (=D. hastata F. Stein f. 1957 phalacromides Jørg.) 1958 Dinophysis pusilla Jørg. 1923 1959 Dinophysis reticulata Gaarder 1954 (non D. reticulata (Kof. 1907) Balech 1967) 1960 Dinophysis rudgei G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (non Ph. rudgei G. Murray & Whitting 1899) 1961 Dinophysis schuettii G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=D. uracantha F. Schütt 1895, non D. uracantha F. Stein 1883) 1962 Dinophysis spinosa Rampi 1950 1963 Dinophysis swezyae Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 1964 Dinophysis trapezium Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 1965 Dinophysis triacantha Kof. 1907 (non D. triacantha G. Karst. 1907) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 1966 Dinophysis uracantha F. Stein 1883 (non D. uracantha F. Schütt 1895=D. schuettii G. Murray & Whitting 1899) uracanthoides (Jørg. 1923) F. Gómez, P. López-García & D. Moreira 2011 (=D. hastata F. Stein f. 1967 Dinophysis uracanthides Jørg.) 1968 Dinophysis urceola Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 222 Histioneis F. Stein 1883 -type H. remora (52 species) 1969 Histioneis aequatorialis E.J.F. Wood 1963 1970 Histioneis australiae E.J.F. Wood 1963 (=?H. moresbyensis Wood 1963) 1971 Histioneis biremis F. Stein 1883 1972 Histioneis bougainvillae E.J.F. Wood 1963 1973 Histioneis caminus Böhm 1933 1974 Histioneis carinata Kof. 1907 1975 Histioneis cerasus Böhm 1933 1976 Histioneis cleaveri Rampi 1952 1977 Histioneis costata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=?H. elongata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) 1978 Histioneis crateriformis F. Stein 1883 (=H. reticulata Kof. 1907) Histioneis cymbalaria F. Stein 1883 (=H. skogsbergii J. Schiller 1933, H. depressa J. Schiller 1933, H. speciosa 1979 Rampi 1969) 1980 Histioneis dentata G. Murray & Whitting 1899 1981 Histioneis detonii Rampi 1947 (=?H. cleaveri Rampi 1952) 1982 Histioneis diamantinae E.J.F. Wood 1963 (=?P. acutiformis Rampi 1947) 1983 Histioneis dubia Böhm 1933 elongata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=H. subcarinata Rampi 1947, ?H. costata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1984 Histioneis 1911) 1985 Histioneis fragilis Böhm 1931 1986 Histioneis gubernans F. Schütt 1895 (=H. expansa Rampi 1947, H. ligustica Rampi 1940) 1987 Histioneis highleyi G. Murray & Whitting 1899 1988 Histioneis hyalina Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=?H. longicollis Kof. 1907) 1989 Histioneis imbricata Halim 1960 (=?H. longicollis Kof. 1907) 1990 Histioneis inclinata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=H. alata Rampi 1947) 1991 Histioneis inornata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 1992 Histioneis isselii Forti 1932 (=?H. elongata sensu Böhm 1936) 1993 Histioneis joergensenii J. Schiller 1928 (=?H. vouckii J. Schiller 1928, ?H. planeta E.J.F. Wood 1963) 1994 Histioneis josephinae Kof. 1907 (=?H. megalocopa F. Stein 1883) 1995 Histioneis lanceolata E.J.F. Wood 1963 Histioneis longicollis Kof. 1907 (=H. elegans Halim 1960, H. faouzii Halim 1960, H. kofoidii Forti & Issel 1925, H. 1996 minuscula Rampi 1950, H. sublongicollis Halim 1960, H. villafranca Halim 1960) 1997 Histioneis marchesonii Rampi 1941 1998 Histioneis mediterranea J. Schiller 1928 (=?H. reticulata Kof. 1907) 1999 Histioneis megalocopa F. Stein 1883 (=H. dolon G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Histioneis milneri G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=H. helenae G. Murray & Whitting 1899, H. hippoperoides Kof. & 2000 J.R. Michener 1911) 2001 Histioneis mitchellana G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=H. mitchelliana Schröd. 1906, ?H. pulchra Kof. 1907) 2002 Histioneis moresbyensis E.J.F. Wood 1963 (=?H. costata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) 2003 Histioneis navicula Kof. 1907 (=?H. oceanica Rampi 1950) 2004 Histioneis oceanica Rampi 1950 (=?H. navicula Kof. 1907) 2005 Histioneis oxypteris J. Schiller 1928 (=?H. paulsenii Kof. 1907) 2006 Histioneis paciica Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=H. pavillardii Rampi 1939, H. bernhardii Rampi 1969) 2007 Histioneis panaria Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=?H. panda Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) 129 130 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 2008 Histioneis panda Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=?H. panaria Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) 2009 Histioneis paulsenii Kof. 1907 (=?H. crateriformis F. Stein 1883, ?H. reticulata Kof. 1907 sensu Balech 1988) 2010 Histioneis pietschmannii Böhm 1933 2011 Histioneis planeta E.J.F. Wood 1963 (=?H. longicollis Kof. 1907) 2012 Histioneis pulchra Kof. 1907 (=?H. mitchellana G. Murray & Whitting 1899) 2013 Histioneis rampii Halim 1960 (=?H. cymbalaria F. Stein 1883) 2014 Histioneis reginella Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 2015 Histioneis remora F. Stein 1883 (=?H. sphaeroidea Rampi 1947) 2016 Histioneis robusta Rampi 1969 2017 Histioneis schilleri Böhm 1933 2018 Histioneis simplex E.J.F. Wood 1963 striata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=H. variabilis J. Schiller 1933, H. steinii J. Schiller 1928, H. parallela 2019 Histioneis Gaarder 1954) 2020 Histioneis vouckii J. Schiller 1928 (=?H. joergensenii J. Schiller 1928) 223 Histiophysis Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 rugosa (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=Dinophysis rugosa Kof. & J.R. Michener 2021 Histiophysis 1911) 224 Metadinophysis D.S. Nie & Chia C. Wang 1941 2022 Metadinophysis sinensis D.S. Nie & Chia C. Wang 1941 225 Metaphalacroma L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934 2023 Metaphalacroma skogsbergii L.S. Tai 1934 226 Ornithocercus F. Stein 1883 -type O. magniicus (15 species) 2024 Ornithocercus australis E.J.F. Wood 1963 2025 Ornithocercus bilobatus Rampi 1950 (=?O. quadratus f. intermedia Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) 2026 Ornithocercus carpentariae E.J.F. Wood 1963 2027 Ornithocercus cristatus Matzen. 1933 (=Dinophysis moresbyensis E.J.F. Wood 1963) 2028 Ornithocercus formosus Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 francescae (G. Murray 1899) Balech 1962 (=O. carolinae Kof. 1907, Histioneis francescae G. 2029 Ornithocercus Murray 1899) 2030 Ornithocercus geniculatus P.A. Dangeard 1927 2031 Ornithocercus heteroporoides T.H. Abé 1967 2032 Ornithocercus heteroporus Kof. 1907 (=O. biclavatus E.J.F. Wood 1954, O. triclavatus Wood 1954) 2033 Ornithocercus magniicus F. Stein 1883 (=O. minor Jørg. 1923, non O. magniicus Buetschli 1885) Ornithocercus quadratus F. Schütt 1900 (=O. assimilis Jørg. 1923, Histioneis quadrata Lemmerm. 1901, O. galea 2034 (C.H.G. Pouchet 1883) T.H. Abé 1967) 2035 Ornithocercus skogsbergii T.H. Abé 1967 2036 Ornithocercus splendidus F. Schütt 1895 (=Histioneis splendida G. Murray & Whitting 1899) 2037 Ornithocercus steinii F. Schütt 1900 (=O. serratus Kof. 1907, O. orbiculatus Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) 2038 Ornithocercus thumii (Johannes Schmidt 1888) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 227 Parahistioneis Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 -type P. diomedeae (13 species) 2039 Histioneis gregoryi Böhm 1936 (=?H. pachypus Böhm 1931) 2040 Histioneis tubifera Böhm 1933 (=?H. pieltainii Osorio-Tafall 1942,=?H. sphaeroidea Rampi 1947) 2041 Parahistioneis acuta Böhm 1933 (=H. paraformis (Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) Balech 1971, H. para Okamura 1912) 2042 Parahistioneis acutiformis Rampi 1947 (=?H. diamantinae E.J.F. Wood 1963) 2043 Parahistioneis conica Böhm 1933 (=H. para G. Murray & Whitting 1899) 2044 Parahistioneis diomedeae (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=H. diomedeae Kof. & J.R. Michener) 2045 Parahistioneis garrettii (Kof. 1907) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=H. garrettii Kof.) 2046 Parahistioneis gascoynensis E.J.F. Wood 1963 LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 2047 Parahistioneis karstenii (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=H. karstenii Kof. & J.R. Michener) 2048 Parahistioneis pachypus Böhm 1933 (=P. varians Böhm 1933,=?H. gregoryi Böhm 1936) Parahistioneis pieltainii Osorio-Tafall 1942 (=?H. sphaeroidea Rampi 1947, ?H. tubifera Böhm 1933, H. pieltainii 2049 (Osorio-Tafall) Y.B. Okolodkov 2006) 2050 Parahistioneis rotundata (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=H. rotundata Kof. & J.R. Michener) 2051 Parahistioneis sphaeroidea Rampi 1947 (=?P. pieltainii Osorio-Tafall 1942, =?H. tubifera Böhm 1933) Dinophysaceae incertae sedis 2052 Dinophysis apicata (Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) T.H. Abé vel Balech 1967 (=Phalacroma apicatum Kof. & Skogsb.) 2053 Dinophysis argus (F. Stein 1883) T.H. Abé vel Balech 1967 (=Phalacroma argus F. Stein) 2054 Dinophysis braarudii (Nordli 1951) Balech 1967 (=Ph. braarudii Nordli) 2055 Dinophysis brevisulcus L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934 Dinophysis expulsa Kof. J.R. Michener 1911 (=P. expulsum (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928, P. 2056 stenopterygium Jørg. 1923) similis Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. sphaerica F. Schütt 1895, D. simplex Balech 1962=D. tai Balech 1971, 2057 Dinophysis non D. simplex Böhm 1933) Order Dinophysales, Family of Pseudophalacroma 228 Pseudophalacroma Jørg. 1923 nasutum (F. Stein 1883) Jørg. 1923 (=Phalacroma nasutum F. Stein, D. nasutum (F. Stein) 2058 Pseudophalacroma Parke & P.S. Dixon 1968) Order Dinophysales, Family of Sinophysis 229 Sinophysis D.S. Nie & Chia C. Wang 1944 -type S. microcephala (7 species) 2059 Sinophysis canaliculata J.P. Quod, Ten-Hage, J. Turquet, G. Mascarell & Couté 1999 Sinophysis ebriola (Herdman 1924) Balech 1956 (=Phalacroma ebriola Herdman 1924, Thecadinium ebriolum 2060 (Herdman) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) 2061 Sinophysis grandis Hoppenrath 2000 2062 Sinophysis microcephala D.S. Nie & Chia C. Wang 1944 2063 Sinophysis minima M.S. Selina & Hoppenrath 2004 2064 Sinophysis stenosoma Hoppenrath 2000 2065 Sinophysis verruculosa Chomérat & Nézan 2009 Order Blastodiniales Chatton 1906 Blastodiniaceae Cavers 1913 / Chatton 1920 230 Blastodinium Chatton 1906 -type B. pruvotii (13 species) 2066 Blastodinium apsteinii Sewell 1951 2067 Blastodinium chattonii Sewell 1951 2068 Blastodinium contortum Chatton 1908 2069 Blastodinium crassum Chatton 1908 2070 Blastodinium elongatum Chatton 1912 2071 Blastodinium galatheanum Skovg. 2009 2072 Blastodinium hyalinum Chatton 1929 2073 Blastodinium inornatum Chatton 1920 manginii Chatton 1908 (=B. manginii var. oncae Chatton 1912, ?Schizodinium sparsum Chatton 2074 Blastodinium 1912) 2075 Blastodinium navicula Chatton 1912 2076 Blastodinium oviforme Chatton 1912 2077 Blastodinium pruvotii Chatton 1906 2078 Blastodinium spinulosum Chatton 1908 Order Gonyaulacales F.J.R. Taylor 1980 (=Pyrocystales Apstein 1909) Thecadiniaceae Balech 1956 231 Thecadinium Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 -type T. kofoidii (9 species) 131 132 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 2079 Thecadinium acanthium Hoppenrath 2000 2080 Thecadinium arenarium S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J.D. Dodge 2004 2081 Thecadinium inclinatum Balech 1956 (=Sabulodinium inclinatum (Balech 1956) R.D. Saunders & J.D. Dodge 1984) Thecadinium kofoidii (Herdman 1924) J. Larsen 1985 (=Amphidinium kofoidii var. petasatum Herdman 1922, T. 2082 petasatum (Herdman) Balech, Phalacroma kofoidii Herdman 1924) 2083 Thecadinium neopetasatum R.D. Saunders & J.D. Dodge 1984 2084 Thecadinium ornatum Hoppenrath 2000 2085 Thecadinium ovatum S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J.D. Dodge 2004 2086 Thecadinium striatum S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J.D. Dodge 2004 yashimaense S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J.D. Dodge 2004 (=T. mucosum Hoppenrath & F.J.R. 2087 Thecadinium Taylor 2004, T. foveolatum Bolch 2004) Protoceratidaceae Er. Lindem. 1928 (=Ceratocorythaceae Er. Lindem. 1928) 232 Ceratocorys F. Stein 1883 -type C. horrida (11 species) 2088 Ceratocorys anacantha Carbonell-Moore 1996 Ceratocorys armata (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. 1910 (=?C. spinifera G. Murray & Whitting 1899, Goniodoma imbriatum 2089 G. Murray & Whitting 1899) 2090 Ceratocorys aultii H.W. Graham 1942 2091 Ceratocorys bipes (Cleve 1903) Kof. 1910 (=C. asymmetrica G. Karst. 1907) Ceratocorys gourretii Paulsen 1931 (=C. allenii Osorio-Tafall 1942, Phalacroma jourdanii (Gourret 1883) F. Schütt 2092 1895, Dinophysis jourdanii Gourret, C. kofoidii Paulsen 1931) 2093 Ceratocorys grahamii Carbonell-Moore 1996 2094 Ceratocorys horrida F. Stein 1883 (=C. hirsuta Matzen. 1933) 2095 Ceratocorys indica E.J.F. Wood 1963 2096 Ceratocorys magna Kof. 1910 (=C. spinifera G. Murray & Whitting 1899 partim) 2097 Ceratocorys reticulata H.W. Graham 1942 2098 Ceratocorys skogsbergii H.W. Graham 1942 233 Protoceratium Bergh 1881 -type P. aceros 2099 Protoceratium aculeatum (F. Stein 1883) J. Schiller 1937 (=Clathrocysta aculeata F. Stein) 2100 Protoceratium areolatum Kof. 1907 Protoceratium cancellorum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (not illustrated) Protoceratium globosum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (not illustrated) Protoceratium pepo Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (not illustrated) Protoceratium promissum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (not illustrated) Protoceratium reticulatum (Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) Buetschli 1885 (=G. grindleyi P. Reinecke 1967, Protoceratium 2101 aceros Bergh 1881, Peridiniopsis reticulata (Clap. & J. Lachm.) Starmach 1974) 2102 Protoceratium spinulosum (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) J. Schiller 1937 2103 Protoceratium splendens Meunier 1910 (=?P. reticulatum (Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) Buetschli 1885) 234 Schuettiella Balech 1988 Schuettiella mitra (F. Schütt 1895) Balech 1988 (=Steinella mitra F. Schütt, Oxytoxum gigas Kof. 1907, Gonyaulax 2104 mitra (F. Schütt) Kof. 1911) Ceratiaceae Kof. 1907 235 Ceratium Schrank 1793 -type C. hirundinella (7 species) 2105 Ceratium carolinianum (J.W. Bailey 1850) Jørg. 1911 (=C. curvirostre Huitf.-Kaas 1900) 2106 Ceratium monoceros Temponeras 2000 2107 Ceratium cornutum (Ehrenb.) Clap. & J. Lachm. 1858 2108 Ceratium furcoides (Levander 1900) Langhans 1925 Ceratium hirundinella (O.F. Müller 1773) Dujard. 1841 (=C. tetraceros Schrank 1793, C. pleuroceras Schrank 2109 1793, C. macroceras Schrank 1802, C. longicorne Perty 1849, C. kumaonense H.J. Carter 1871, C. brevicorne O. Zacharias 1905, C. leptoceras O. Zacharias 1904, C. pumilum O. Zacharias 1905, C. handelii Skuja 1937) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 2110 Ceratium rhomvoides B. Hickel 1988 2111 Ceratium brachyceros Daday 1907 (=C. hirundinella var. brachyceros (Daday) Ostenf. 1909) 236 Neoceratium F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 -type N. furca (77 species) Neoceratium arcticum (Ehrenb. 1854) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. arcticum (Ehrenb.) 2112 Cleve 1901, C. labradoricum Vanhöffen 1897) Neoceratium arietinum (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. arietinum Cleve, C. 2113 bucephalum (Cleve 1897) Cleve 1901) Neoceratium aultii (H.W. Graham & Bronik. 1944) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. aultii H.W. 2114 Graham & Bronik.) 2115 Neoceratium axiale (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. axiale Kof.) 2116 Neoceratium azoricum (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. azoricum Cleve) balechii (Meave del Castillo, Okolodkov & Zamudio 2003) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2117 Neoceratium 2009 (=C. balechii Meave del Castillo, Okolodkov & Zamudio) Neoceratium belone (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. belone Cleve, C. paciicum 2118 Schröd. 1906, non C. paciicum E.J.F. Wood 1963) 2119 Neoceratium biceps (Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 2120 Neoceratium bigelowii (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. bigelowii Kof.) Neoceratium breve (Ostenf. & Johannes Schmidt 1901) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. breve 2121 (Ostenf. & Johannes Schmidt) Schröd. 1906) 2122 Neoceratium brunellii (Rampi 1942) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. brunellii Rampi) Neoceratium candelabrum (Ehrenb. 1860) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. candelabrum 2123 (Ehrenb.) F. Stein 1883) Neoceratium carnegiei (H.W. Graham & Bronik. 1944) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. carnegiei 2124 H.W. Graham & Bronik.) Neoceratium carriense (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. carriense Gourret, C. 2125 massiliense Pavill. 1907, C. volans Cleve 1900) Neoceratium cephalotum (Lemmerm. 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. cephalotum 2126 (Lemmerm.) Jørg. 1911) 2127 Neoceratium compressum (Gran 1912) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. compressum Gran) 2128 Neoceratium concilians (Jørg. 1920) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. concilians Jørg.) Neoceratium contortum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. contortum (Ehrenb.) 2129 Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859, C. contortum (Gourret) Cleve 1900, =C. contortum var. robustum (G. Karst. 1907) Sournia 1966) contrarium (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. contrarium (Gourret) 2130 Neoceratium Pavill. 1905) declinatum (G. Karst. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. declinatum (G. 2131 Neoceratium Karst.) Jørg. 1911) delexum (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. delexum (Kof.) Jørg. 1911, 2132 Neoceratium C. californiense G. Karst. 1907, C. recurvatum Schröd. 1906) Neoceratium dens (Ostenf. & Johannes Schmidt 1901) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. dens 2133 Ostenf. & Johannes Schmidt) 2134 Neoceratium digitatum (F. Schütt 1895) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. digitatum F. Schütt) divaricatum (Lemmerm. 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. divaricatum 2135 Neoceratium (Lemmerm.) Kof. 1908) 2136 Neoceratium egyptiacum (Halim 1963) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. egyptiacum Halim) euarcuatum (Jørg. 1920) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. euarcuatum Jørg., =C. 2137 Neoceratium arcuatum Pavill. 1905) Neoceratium extensum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. strictum Kof. 1907, ?C. 2138 biceps Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) 2139 Neoceratium falcatiforme (Jørg. 1920) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. falcatiforme Jørg.) 2140 Neoceratium falcatum (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. falcatum (Kof.) Jørg. 1920) ilicorne (Steem. Niels. 1934) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. ilicorne Steem. 2141 Neoceratium Niels.) Neoceratium furca (Ehrenb. 1834) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. furca (Ehrenb.) Clap. & J. 2142 Lachm. 1859, =C. biceps Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) 133 134 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. Neoceratium fusus (Ehrenb. 1834) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. fusus (Ehrenb.) Dujard. 2143 1841, C. seta (Ehrenb. 1859) Jørg. 1911) geniculatum (Lemmerm. 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. geniculatum 2144 Neoceratium (Lemmerm.) Cleve 1911, C. tricarinatum Kof. 1907) 2145 Neoceratium gibberum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. gibberum Gourret) Neoceratium gravidum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. gravidum Gourret, ?C. 2146 praeolongum Lemmerm. 1900) Neoceratium hexacanthum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. hexacanthum 2147 Gourret, C. reticulatum (C.H.G. Pouchet 1883) Cleve 1903) 2148 Neoceratium hircus (Schröd. 1909) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. hircus Schröd.) horridum (Gran) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. claviger Kof. 1907, C. inclinatum 2149 Neoceratium Kof. 1907, ?C. tenue) 2150 Neoceratium humile (Jørg. 1911) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. humile Jørg.) incisum (G. Karst. 1906) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. incisum (G. Karst.) Jørg. 2151 Neoceratium 1911) Neoceratium inlatum (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. inlatum (Kof.) Jørg. 1911, 2152 C. nipponicum Okamura 1912) 2153 Neoceratium karstenii (Pavill. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. karstenii Pavill.) 2154 Neoceratium kofoidii (Jørg. 1911) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. kofoidii Jørg.) 2155 Neoceratium lanceolatum (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. lanceolatum Kof.) 2156 Neoceratium limulus (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. limulus Gourret) Neoceratium lineatum (Ehrenb. 1854) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. lineatum (Ehrenb.) 2157 Cleve 1899) longipes (J.W. Bailey 1850) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. longipes (J.W. Bailey) 2158 Neoceratium Gran 1902) longirostrum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. longirostrum Gourret, 2159 Neoceratium C. scapiforme Kof. 1907) Neoceratium longissimum (Schröd. 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. longissimum 2160 (Schröd.) Kof. 1907) Neoceratium lunula (A. Schimp. 1910 ex G. Karst. 1905) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. lunula 2161 (A. Schimp. ex G. Karst.) Jørg. 1911) Neoceratium macroceros (Ehrenb. 1840) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. macroceros (Ehrenb.) 2162 Vanhöffen 1897, C. californiense Kof. 1907) Neoceratium massiliense (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. massiliense (Gourret) 2163 Jørg. 1911, C. ostenfeldii Kof. 1907, C. protuberans (G. Karst. 1905) Paulsen 1930) 2164 Neoceratium minutum (Jørg. 1920) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. minutum Jørg.) 2165 Neoceratium obesum (Pavill. 1930) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. obesum Pavill.) paciicum (E.J.F. Wood 1963) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. paciicum E.J.F. 2166 Neoceratium Wood, non C. paciicum Schröd. 1906) 2167 Neoceratium paradoxides (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. paradoxides Cleve) Neoceratium pavillardii (Jørg. 1911) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. pavillardii Jørg., C. vultur 2168 Pavill. 1905) pentagonum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez & P. López-García (=C. pentagonum Gourret, C. subrobustum 2169 Neoceratium (Jørg.) Steem. Niels. 1934) petersii (Steem. Niels. 1934) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. petersii Steem. 2170 Neoceratium Niels.) Neoceratium platycorne (Daday 1888) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. platycorne Daday, C. 2171 lamellicorne Kof. 1908) 2172 Neoceratium porrectum (G. Karst. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. porrectum G. Karst.) praeolongum (Lemmerm. 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=?C. gravidum 2173 Neoceratium Gourret 1883) 2174 Neoceratium pulchellum (Schröd. 1906) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. pulchellum Schröd.) Neoceratium ranipes (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. palmatum (Schröd. 1901) 2175 Schröd. 1906) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. recurvatum (Schröd. 1906) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. delexum var. 2176 Neoceratium recurvatum (Schröd.) Jørg. 1911) 2177 Neoceratium relexum (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. relexum Cleve) 2178 Neoceratium schrankii (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. schrankii Kof.) Neoceratium schroeteri (Schröd. 1906) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. schroeteri Schröd., non 2179 C. schroederi D.S. Nie 1936) 2180 Neoceratium setaceum (Jørg. 1911) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. setaceum Jørg.) Neoceratium symmetricum (Pavill. 1905) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. symmetricum Pavill., 2181 C. coarctatum Pavill. 1905) tasmaniae (E.J.F. Wood 1963) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. tasmaniae E.J.F. 2182 Neoceratium Wood) Neoceratium tenue (Ostenf. & Johannes Schmidt 1901) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. tenue 2183 (Ostenf. & Johannes Schmidt 1901) Jørg. 1911) 2184 Neoceratium teres (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. teres Kof.) Neoceratium trichoceros (Ehrenb. 1860) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. trichoceros (Ehrenb.) 2185 Kof. 1908, C. lagelliferum Cleve 1900) Neoceratium tripos (O.F. Müller 1777) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. tripos (O.F. Müller) 2186 Nitzsch 1817, C. schroederi D.S. Nie 1936, C. neglectum Ostenf. 1903) 2187 Neoceratium uncinus (Sournia 1972) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. uncinus Sournia) vultur (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. vultur Cleve, C. sumatranum 2188 Neoceratium (G. Karst. 1907) Jørg. 1911, C. recurvum (Jørg.) P. Reinecke 1973) Goniodomataceae Er. Lindem. 1928 (incl. Ostreopsidaceae Er. Lindem. 1928, Triadiniaceae J.D. Dodge 1981, Yeseviidae Özdikmen 2009, Centrodiniaceae Hernández-Becerril et al. 2010) Subfamily of Goniodoma 237 Gambierdiscus Adachi & Fukuyo 1979 -type G. toxicus (11 species) 2189 Gambierdiscus australes M. Chinain & M.A. Faust 1999 2190 Gambierdiscus belizeanus M.A. Faust 1995 2191 Gambierdiscus caribaeus M.W. Vandersea, R.W. Litaker, M.A. Faust, S.R. Kibler, W.C. Holland & P.A. Tester 2009 2192 Gambierdiscus carolinianus R.W. Litaker, Vandersea, M.A. Faust, S.R. Kibler, W.C. Holland & P.A. Tester 2009 2193 Gambierdiscus carpenteri S.R. Kibler, R.W. Litaker, M.A. Faust, W.C. Holland, M.W. Vandersea & P.A. Tester 2009 2194 Gambierdiscus excentricus S. Fraga 2011 2195 Gambierdiscus paciicus M. Chinain & M.A. Faust 1999 2196 Gambierdiscus polynesiensis M. Chinain & M.A. Faust 1999 2197 Gambierdiscus ruetzleri M.A. Faust, R.W. Litaker, M.W. Vandersea, S.R. Kibler, M.J. Holland & P.A. Tester 2009 2198 Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi & Fukuyo 1979 2199 Gambierdiscus yasumotoi M.J. Holmes 1998 F. Stein 1883 (=Triadinium J.D. Dodge 1981, Heteraulacus Diesing 1850, Triadinium J.D. Dodge 238 Goniodoma 1981, Yesevius Özdikmen 2009) -type G. acuminatum Goniodoma acuminatum (Ehrenb. 1838) F. Stein 1883 (=Peridinium acuminatum Ehrenb., non Peridinium 2200 polyedricum C.H.G. Pouchet 1883) 2201 Goniodoma crassum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 Goniodoma polyedricum (C.H.G. Pouchet 1883) Jørg. 1899 (=Peridinium polyedricum C.H.G. Pouchet, Triadinium 2202 polyedricum (C.H.G. Pouchet) J.D. Dodge 1981, Goniodoma acuminata F. Stein 1883 partim, non Peridinium acuminatum Ehrenb. 1838) Goniodoma sphaericum G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=T. sphaericum (G. Murray & Whitting) J.D. Dodge 1981, H. 2203 sphaericum (G. Murray & Whitting) A.R. Loebl. 1970) Subfamily of Ostreopsis Halim (=Protogonyaulax F.J.R. Taylor 1976, Gessnerium Halim 1967 ex Halim 1969) -type A. 239 Alexandrium minutum (30 species) Alexandrium acatenella (Whedon & Kof. 1936) Balech 1985 (=G. acatenella Whedon & Kof., Protogonyaulax 2204 acatenella (Whedon & Kof.) F.J.R. Taylor 1979) Alexandrium afine (H. Inoue & Fukuyo 1985) Balech 1985 (=A. fukuyoi Balech 1985, Protogonyaulax afinis H. 2205 Inoue & Fukuyo) 135 136 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 2206 Alexandrium andersonii Balech 1990 2207 Alexandrium balechii (Steid. 1971) Balech 1995 (=Gonyaulax balechii Steid.) 2208 Alexandrium camurascutulum L. MacKenzie & K. Todd 2002 Alexandrium catenella (Whedon & Kof. 1936) Balech 1985 (=G. catenella Whedon & Kof. 1936, G. washingtonensis 2209 Hsu 1967) 2210 Alexandrium cohorticula (Balech 1967) Balech 1985 (=G. cohorticula Balech) 2211 Alexandrium compressum (Fukuyo, K. Yoshida & H. Inoue 1985) Balech 1995 Alexandrium convacum (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1985 (=Goniodoma concavum Gaarder 1954, non A. concavum 2212 (Gaarder 1985) Balech 1985) Alexandrium depressum (Gaarder 1954) Balech & Tangen 1985 (=Goniodoma depressum Gaarder, Gonyaulax 2213 depressum (Gaarder) Balech 1979) 2214 Alexandrium foedum Balech 1990 2215 Alexandrium fraterculus (Balech 1964) Balech 1985 (=G. fratercula Balech) 2216 Alexandrium fundyense Balech 1985 2217 Alexandrium gaarderae Nguyen-Ngoc & J. Larsen 2004 (=Gonyaulax concava (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1967) Alexandrium globosum Nguyen-Ngoc & J. Larsen 2004 (non Gonyaulax globosa (Braarud) Balech 1971, non 2218 Gonyaulax globosa W. Stüwe 1909) 2219 Alexandrium insuetum Balech 1985 2220 Alexandrium kutnerae (Balech 1979) Balech 1985 2221 Alexandrium leei Balech 1985 2222 Alexandrium margaleii Balech 1994 (=?A. pseudogoniaulax (Biecheler 1952) T. Horig. 1983) minutum Halim 1960 (=A. ibericum Balech 1985, A. lusitanicum Balech 1985, A. angustitabulatum 2223 Alexandrium F.J.R. Taylor 1995) monilatum (J.F. Howell 1953) Balech 1985 (=G. monilata J.F. Howell, Gessnerium mochimaensis 2224 Alexandrium Halim 1967 ex Halim 1969) Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen 1904) Balech & Tangen 1985 (=Goniodoma ostenfeldii Paulsen, Gonyaulax ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Paulsen 1949, Protogonyaulax ostenfeldii (Paulsen) S. Fraga & Sánchez 1985, Heteraulacus 2225 ostenfeldii (Paulsen) A.R. Loebl. 1970, Gessnerium ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl., Triadinium ostenfeldii (Paulsen) J.D. Dodge 1976, ?G. globosa (Braarud 1945) Balech, ?Protogonyaulax globosa (Braarud) F.J.R. Taylor 1976, ?Gonyaulax trygvei J.D. Dodge 1976, ?Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour var. globosa Braarud 1945) peruvianum (Balech & B.R. Mendiola 1977) Balech & Tangen 1985 (=G. peruviana Balech & B.R. 2226 Alexandrium Mendiola) pseudogoniaulax (Biecheler 1952) T. Horig. 1983 ex T. Kita & Fukuyo 1992 (=Goniodoma 2227 Alexandrium pseudogoniaulax Biecheler, A. hiranoi T. Kita & Fukuyo 1988) 2228 Alexandrium satoanum K. Yuki & Fukuyo 1992 2229 Alexandrium tamarense (M. Lebour 1925) Balech 1985 (=A. excavatum (Braarud 1945) Balech & Tangen 1985) 2230 Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Balech 1994 2231 Alexandrium tamutum Montresor, Beran & U. John 2004 2232 Alexandrium taylorii Balech 1994 2233 Alexandrium tropicale Balech 1985 (=Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud 1945) Balech 1971) 240 Coolia Meunier 1919 (=?Discodinium P.A. Dangeard 1938) -type C. monotis (6 species) 2234 Coolia areolata Ten-Hage, J. Turquet, J.P. Quod & Couté 2000 2235 Coolia canariensis S. Fraga 2008 2236 Coolia malayensis Leaw, P.-T. Lim & Usup 2010 Coolia monotis Meunier 1919 (=Ostreopsis monotis (Meunier) Er. Lindem. 1928, Glen. monotis (Meunier) Biecheler 2237 1952, ?Discodinium pouchetii P.A. Dangeard 1938) 2238 Coolia tropicalis M.A. Faust 1995 Kof. 1907 (Murrayella Kof. 1907, Pavillardinium De-Toni 1936 partim) -type C. elongatum (17 241 Centrodinium species) Centrodinium biconicum (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=M. biconica (G. Murray & Whitting) 2239 Pavill. 1931, P. biconicum Rampi 1948) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 2240 Centrodinium complanatum (Cleve 1903) Kof. 1907 (=Steiniella complanata Cleve) 2241 Centrodinium delexoides Balech 1962 2242 Centrodinium delexum Kof. 1907 2243 Centrodinium elongatum Kof. 1907 2244 Centrodinium eminens Böhm 1933 2245 Centrodinium expansum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 2246 Centrodinium intermedium Pavill. 1930 2247 Centrodinium maximum Pavill. 1930 2248 Centrodinium mimeticum (Balech 1967) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=M. mimetica Balech) ovalis (Pavill. 1930) Hernández-Becerril 2010 (=M. ovalis Pavill., P. ovale (Pavill. 1930) De-Toni 2249 Centrodinium 1936) 2250 Centrodinium paciicum (Rampi 1950) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=P. paciicum Rampi) Centrodinium pavillardii F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=P. intermedium (Pavill. 1916) de Toni 1936, M. intermedia Pavill., non 2251 C. intermedium Pavill. 1930) 2252 Centrodinium porulosum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 2253 Centrodinium pulchrum Böhm 1933 (=C. eminens f. pulchrum (Böhm) J. Schiller 1933) Centrodinium punctatum (Cleve 1900) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=Steiniella punctata Cleve, M. punctata (Cleve) Kof. 2254 1907, P. punctatum (Cleve) De Toni 1936, M. splendida Rampi 1941, Pavillardinium splendidum (Rampi) Rampi 1950) 2255 Murrayella australica E.J.F. Wood 1963 242 Ostreopsis Johannes Schmidt 1901 -type O. siamensis (9 species) 2256 Ostreopsis belizeana M.A. Faust 1999 2257 Ostreopsis caribbeana M.A. Faust 1999 2258 Ostreopsis heptagona D.R. Norris, J.W. Bomber & Balech 1985 2259 Ostreopsis labens M.A. Faust & S.L. Morton 1995 2260 Ostreopsis lenticularis Fukuyo 1981 2261 Ostreopsis marina M.A. Faust 1999 2262 Ostreopsis mascarenensis J.P. Quod 1994 2263 Ostreopsis ovata Fukuyo 1981 2264 Ostreopsis siamensis Johannes Schmidt 1901 243 Pachydinium Pavill. 1915 -type P. mediterraneum 2265 Pachydinium indicum Matzen. 1933 2266 Pachydinium mediterraneum Pavill. 1915 244 Pyrodinium L. Plate 1906 -type P. bahamense Pyrodinium bahamense L. Plate 1906 (=P. bahamense L. Plate 1906 var. bahamense/ var. compressum (Böhm 2267 1931) Steid., Tester & F.J.R. Taylor 1980, P. bahamense f. compressa Böhm 1931, P. schilleri (Matzen. 1933) J. Schiller 1935, Gonyaulax schilleri Matzen. 1933) Pyrodinium phoneus Wolosz. & W. Conrad 1939 (=Gonyaulax phoneus (Wolosz. & W. Conrad) F.J.R. Taylor 1975, 2268 ?Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen 1904) Balech & Tangen 1985, Gonyaulax phoneus (Wolosz. & W. Conrad) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1975) Gonyaulacaceae Er. Lindem. 192 245 Gonyaulax Diesing 1866 (=Melanodinium J. Schiller 1935) -type G. spinifera (71 species) 2269 Gonyaulax acuta Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (?G. birostris F. Stein 1883) 2270 Gonyaulax africana J. Schiller 1929 2271 Gonyaulax alaskensis Kof. 1911 Gonyaulax apiculata (Penard 1891) Entz 1904 (=G. apiculata var. clevei Ostenf. 1908), G. austriaca J. Schiller 2272 1926, G. clevei Ostenf. 1901, G. polonica Wolosz., G. limnetica Er. Lindem. 1918, ?Kolkwitziella salebrosa Er. Lindem. 1918, ?Kolkwitziella gibbera (Er. Lindem.) Er. Lindem. 1928) 2273 Gonyaulax areolata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 2274 Gonyaulax baltica Ellegaard, J.M. Lewis & I. Harding 2002 137 138 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. birostris F. Stein 1883 (=G. glyptorhynchus G. Murray & Whitting 1899, G. highleyi G. Murray & Whitting 2275 Gonyaulax 1899) 2276 Gonyaulax bispinosa Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 2277 Gonyaulax borealis Nordli 1951 2278 Gonyaulax braarudii Hasle 1960 brevisulcata P.A. Dangeard 1927 (=G. paulsenii Gaarder 1954, ?Peridiniella globosa (P.A. Dangeard 2279 Gonyaulax 1927) Okolodkov 2006) 2280 Gonyaulax bruunii F.J.R. Taylor 1976 ceratocoroides Kof. 1910 (=Acanthogonyaulax spinifera (G. Murray & Whitting) H.W. Graham 1942, 2281 Gonyaulax Ceratocorys spinifera G. Murray & Whitting 1899) 2282 Gonyaulax cochlea Meunier 1919 2283 Gonyaulax conjuncta E.J.F. Wood 1954 Gonyaulax dangeardii (P.A. Dangeard 1927) J. Schiller 1935 (=G. pavillardii P.A. Dangeard 1927, non G. pavillardii 2284 Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911, Glenodinium dangeardii (Dangeard 1883) Lemmerm. 1910) 2285 Gonyaulax diegensis Kof. 1911 Gonyaulax digitalis (C.H.G. Pouchet 1883) Kof. 1911 (=Protoperidinium digitale C.H.G. Pouchet, Peridinium 2286 digitale Lemmerm. 1899) 2287 Gonyaulax dimorpha Biecheler 1952 2288 Gonyaulax elegans Rampi 1951 elongata (P.C. Reid 1974) Ellegaard, Daugbjerg, Rochon, J.M. Lewis & I. Harding 2003 (=Spiniferites 2289 Gonyaulax elongatus P.C. Reid) 2290 Gonyaulax expansa Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 2291 Gonyaulax fragilis (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. 1911 (=Steiniella fragilis F. Schütt) 2292 Gonyaulax fusiformis H.W. Graham 1942 (non G. birostris F. Stein 1883, non G. joliffei G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Gonyaulax globosa (Braarud 1945) Balech 1971 (=G. tamarensis M. Lebour var. globosa Braarud, ?G. trygvei 2293 Parke 1976, A. ostenfeldii (Paulsen 1904) Balech & Tangen 1985) 2294 Gonyaulax globosa W. Stüwe 1909 2295 Gonyaulax grabrielae J. Schiller 1935 2296 Gonyaulax gracilis J. Schiller 1935 2297 Gonyaulax helensis Wolosz. 1928 2298 Gonyaulax hyalina Ostenf. & Johannes Schmidt 1901 2299 Gonyaulax inclinata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 inlata (Kof. 1907) Kof. 1911 (=G. pavillardii P.A. Dangeard 1927, non G. pavillardii (P.A. Dangeard) J. 2300 Gonyaulax Schiller 1935) 2301 Gonyaulax kofoidii Pavill. 1909 lebouriae Balech 1979 (=G. orientalis Er. Lindem. 1924 sensu M. Lebour 1925, non G. orientalis Er. 2302 Gonyaulax Lindem., Goniodoma orientale (Er. Lindem.) Balech 1979) 2303 Gonyaulax ligustica Rampi 1951 2304 Gonyaulax limnetica Er. Lindem. 1919 2305 Gonyaulax loculata Meunier 1919 2306 Gonyaulax longicornu P.H. Campb. 1973 2307 Gonyaulax macroporus L. Mangin 1922 2308 Gonyaulax matkovicii J. Schiller 1929 `matkovichii´ membranacea (M.R. Rossignol 1964) Ellegaard, Daugbjerg, Rochon, J.M. Lewis & I. Harding 2003 2309 Gonyaulax (=Hystrichosphaera furcata var. membranacea M.R. Rossignol) 2310 Gonyaulax minuta Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=G. minima Matzen. 1933) 2311 Gonyaulax monacantha Pavill. 1916 2312 Gonyaulax monospina Rampi 1951 2313 Gonyaulax nigricans (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1988 (=Melanodinium nigricans J. Schiller) LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES Table 2. Continued. 2314 Gonyaulax nivicola (Meunier 1910) Kof. 1911 (=Amylax nivicola Meunier) 2315 Gonyaulax obliqua (Gourret 1883) Lemmerm. 1899 (=Roulea obliqua Gourret) 2316 Gonyaulax orientalis Er. Lindem. 1924 (=Goniodoma orientale (Er. Lindem.) Balech 1979, Triadinium orientale (Er. Lindem.) J.D. Dodge 1981, G. lebouriae Balech 1980 partim, non G. orientalis sensu M. Lebour 1925) 2317 Gonyaulax ovalis J. Schiller 1929 (=?G. ovata Matzen. 1933) 2318 Gonyaulax ovata Matzen. 1933 (=?G. ovalis J. Schiller 1929) Gonyaulax paciica Kof. 1907 (=Steiniella cornuta G. Karst. 1907, Pavillardinium brianii (Rampi 1941) Sournia 2319 1973, ?G. kofoidii Pavill. 1909) 2320 Gonyaulax parva Ramsfjell 1959 2321 Gonyaulax paucula Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 2322 Gonyaulax pavillardii Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (non G. pavillardii P.A. Dangeard 1927) 2323 Gonyaulax perpusilla (Meunier 1910) Kof. 1911 Gonyaulax polygramma F. Stein 1883 (=G. schuettii Lemmerm. 1899, Per. pyrophorum (C.H.G. Pouchet) 2324 Lemmerm. 1899, non Gon. polygramma Meunier 1910) 2325 Gonyaulax reticulata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=G. polygramma sensu F.J.R. Taylor 1962) 2326 Gonyaulax rostratum P.A. Dangeard 1927 2327 Gonyaulax rotundata Rampi 1951 2328 Gonyaulax rugosa Wailes 1928 2329 Gonyaulax scrippsiae Kof. 1911 2330 Gonyaulax senta Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 2331 Gonyaulax sousae Balech 1959 2332 Gonyaulax sphaeroidea Kof. 1911 (=G. globosum J. Schiller 1929) spinifera (Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) Diesing 1866 (=G. levanderi (Lemmerm.) Paulsen 1907, non G. 2333 Gonyaulax spinifera F. Stein 1883) 2334 Gonyaulax striata L. Mangin 1922 2335 Gonyaulax subulata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (non G. subulata sensu F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 2336 Gonyaulax taylorii Carbonell-Moore 1996 (=G. monacantha var. minor sensu Balech 1971) 2337 Gonyaulax trottii Rampi 1951 2338 Gonyaulax turbynei G. Murray & Whitting 1899 2339 Gonyaulax unicornis M. Lebour 1925 246 Spiraulax Kof. 1911 (=Spiraulaxina A.R. Loebl. 1970) -type S. jollifei jolliffei (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1911 (=Gonyaulax jolliffei G. Murray & Whitting, Spiraulax 2340 Spiraulax kofoidii H.W. Graham 1942, Spiraulaxina kofoidii (H.W. Graham) A.R. Loebl. 1970) 2341 Spiraulax kofoidii H.W. Graham 1942 Pyrocystaceae (F. Schütt 1896) Lemmerm. 1899 (incl. Pyrophacaceae Er. Lindem. 1928) 247 Fragilidium Balech ex A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Helgolandicum Stosch 1969) -type F. heterolobum (6 species) 2342 Fragilidium duplocampanaeforme Nézan & Chomérat 2009 2343 Fragilidium issile Balech 1990 2344 Fragilidium heterolobum Balech 1959 ex A.R. Loebl. 1965 2345 Fragilidium lacustre (Er. Lindem. 1924) Balech 1988 (=Goniodoma lacustre Er. Lindem.) 2346 Fragilidium mexicanum Balech 1988 2347 Fragilidium subglobosum (Stosch 1969) A.R. Loebl. 1980 (=Helgolandicum subglobosum Stosch) 248 Pyrocystis J. Murray 1876 ex Haeckel 1890 (=Murracystis Haeckel 1890) -type P. noctiluca (13 species) 2348 Pyrocystis acuta Kof. 1907 2349 Pyrocystis apiculata F.J.R. Taylor 1976 2350 Pyrocystis elegans Pavill. 1931 Pyrocystis fusiformis (C.W. Thomson 1876 ex Haeckel 1890) V.H. Blackman 1902 (=Murracystis fusiformis C.W. 2351 Thomson in J. Murray 1885 ex Haeckel 1890, Dissodinium fusiformis (C.W. Thomson ex J. Murray) Matzen. 1933) 139 140 GÓMEZ Table 2. Continued. 2352 Pyrocystis gerbaultii Pavill. 1935 (=Dissodinium gerbaultii (Pavill.) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) 2353 Pyrocystis hamulus Cleve 1900 2354 Pyrocystis lanceolata Schröd. 1900 (=P. fusiformis f. lanceolata (Schröd.) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) Pyrocystis lunula (F. Schütt 1895) F. Schütt 1896 (=Gymnodinium lunula F. Schütt 1895, Diplodinium lunula (F. 2355 Schütt) G.A. Klebs 1912 in Pascher 1916, Dissodinium lunula (F. Schütt) F.J.R. Taylor, E.V. Swift & V. Meunier 1976) 2356 Pyrocystis minima (Matzen. 1933) J. Schiller 1937 (=Dissodinium minimum Matzen.) Pyrocystis noctiluca J. Murray 1885 ex Haeckel 1890 (=P. pseudonoctiluca Wyville Thomson ex J. Murray 1876, P. 2357 noctiluca J. Murray 1885 ex F. Schütt 1896) 2358 Pyrocystis obtusa Pavill. 1931 (=Gymnodinium lunula F. Schütt 1895) 2359 Pyrocystis rhomboides (Matzen. 1933) J. Schiller 1937 (=Dissodinium rhomboides Matzen.) 2360 Pyrocystis robusta Kof. 1907 249 Pyrophacus F. Stein 1883 -type P. horologium 2361 Pyrophacus horologium F. Stein 1883 Pyrophacus steinii (J. Schiller 1935) D. Wall & B. Dale 1971 (=P. horologicum var. steinii J. Schiller 1935, P. 2362 vancampoae (M.R. Rossignol 1962) D. Wall & B. Dale 1971) Order Gonyaulacales, Family of Amylax 250 Amylax Meunier 1910 -type A. lata buxus (Balech 1967) J.D. Dodge 1989 (=Gonyaulax buxus Balech, ?Amylax triacantha (Jørg. 1900) 2363 Amylax Sournia 1984) Amylax triacantha (Jørg. 1900) Sournia 1984 (=Gonyaulax triacantha Jørg., G. hyperborea (Cleve 1900) Paulsen 2364 1903, Amylax lata Meunier 1910, =?Amylax buxus (Balech 1967) J.D. Dodge 1989) diacantha Meunier 1919 (=Gonyaulax verior Sournia 1973, G. diacantha (Meunier) J. Schiller 1937, G. 2365 Amylax longispina M. Lebour 1925) 2366 Amylax verrucosa Rampi 1943 251 Lingulodinium D. Wall 1967 -type L. polyedra Lingulodinium milneri (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) J.D. Dodge 1989 (=Gonyaulax milneri (G. Murray & Whitting) 2367 Kof. 1911) 2368 Lingulodinium polyedra (F. Stein 1883) J.D. Dodge 1989 (=Gonyaulax polyedra F. Stein) Gonyaulacales incertae sedis 252 Amphidiniella T. Horig. 1995 2369 Amphidiniella sedentaria T. Horig. 1995 253 Halostylodinium T. Horig. & Yoshizawa-Ebata 2000 2370 Halostylodinium arenarium T. Horig. & Yoshizawa-Ebata 2000 254 Pileidinium M. Tamura & T. Horig. 2005 2371 Pileidinium ciceropse M. Tamura & T. Horig. 2005 Dinolagellata incertae sedis 255 Berghiella Kofoid & J.R. Michener 1911 (non Borghiella Moestrup, Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2008) 2372 Berghiella josephineae F.J.R. Taylor 1976 `josephinae´ 2373 Berghiella perplexa Kof. 1911 256 Ceratoperidinium Margalef 1969 ex A.R. Loebl. 1980 2374 Ceratoperidinium yeye Margalef 1969 (=C. margaleii A.R. Loebl. 1980, C. mediterraneum Abboud-Abi Saab 1989) 257 Pyramidodinium T. Horig. & C. Sukigara 2005 2375 Pyramidodinium atrofuscum T. Horig. & C. Sukigara 2005 258 Pseudoactiniscus Bursa 1969 2376 Pseudoactiniscus apentasterias Bursa 1969 259 Thaumatodinium Böhm 1933 2377 Thaumatodinium molischii Böhm 1933