CICIMAR Oceánides 27(1): 65-140 (2012)
A CHECKLIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING
DINOFLAGELLATES (DINOFLAGELLATA, ALVEOLATA)
Gómez, F.
Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, PO Box 22085, 46071
Valencia, España. email: fernando.gomez@itoplancton.com
ABSTRACT. A checklist and classiication of the extant dinolagellates are given. Dinokaryotic dinolagellates
(including Noctilucales) comprised 2,294 species belonging to 238 genera. Dinolagellates sensu lato (Ellobiopsea,
Oxyrrhea, Syndinea and Dinokaryota) comprised 2,377 species belonging to 259 genera. The nomenclature of
several taxa has been corrected according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. When gene
sequences were available, the species were classiied following the Small and Large SubUnit rDNA (SSU and
LSU rDNA) phylogenies. No taxonomical innovations are proposed herein. However, the checklist revealed that
taxa distantly related to the type species of their genera would need to be placed in a new or another known
genus. At present, the most extended molecular markers are unable to elucidate the interrelations between
the classical orders, and the available sequences of other markers are still insuficient. The classiication of the
dinolagellates remains unresolved, especially at the order level.
Keywords: alveolates, biodiversity inventory, Dinophyceae, Dinophyta, parasitic
phytoplankton, systematics.
Inventario y classiicacion de especies de dinolagelados actuales
(Dinolagellata, Alveolata)
RESUMEN. Se presentan un inventario y una clasiicación de las especies de dinolagelados actuales. Los
dinolagelados dinocariontes (incluyendo los Noctilucales) están formados por 2,294 especies pertenecientes
a 238 géneros. Los dinolagelados en un sentido amplio (Ellobiopsea, Oxyrrhea, Syndinea y Dinokaryota)
comprenden un total de 2,377 especies distribuidas en 259 géneros. La nomenclatura de algunos taxones se
ha corregido siguiendo las reglas del Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Botánica. Cuando hay secuencias
disponibles, la clasiicación de las especies propuesta ha seguido las ilogenias moleculares de los marcadores
de los ARNs de la subunidades pequeña y grande del ribosoma (SSU y LSU rADN, respectivamente). Aunque
no se propone ninguna novedad taxonómica, se evidencia la necesidad de numerosos cambios. Numerosas
especies cuyas secuencias están disponibles aparecen muy alejadas en las ilogenias moleculares de la especie
tipo de su género, lo que requerirá su transferencia a otro género conocido o el establecimiento de un nuevo
género. Actualmente con los marcadores moleculares más extendidos no es posible aclarar las relaciones
entre los órdenes de los esquemas taxonómicos clásicos y las secuencias disponibles de otros genes es aun
insuiciente. La clasiicación, muy especialmente a nivel de orden, está aún lejos de poder ser resuelta.
Palabras clave: alveolados, inventario de biodiversidad, Dinophyceae, Dinophyta,
itoplancton parásito, sistemática.
Gómez, F. 2012. A checklist and classiication of living dinolagellates (Dinolagellata, Alveolata). CICIMAR
Oceánides, 27(1): 65-140.
INTRODUCTION
Dinolagellates constitute one of the main
groups of marine and freshwater protists. Schiller (1931-1937) provided a description of all the
species, both marine and freshwater, known at
that time. Sournia (1986) gave descriptions and
illustrations of the marine genera, excluding information at the species level. Gómez (2005)
listed the species of marine free-living dinolagellates. Freshwater dinolagellates have been
compiled by Bourrelly (1970) and Popovský &
Piester (1990). Since the monograph of Chatton (1920), a few studies have revised the parasitic dinolagellates (Cachon, 1964; Cachon &
Cachon, 1987; Shields, 1994). At present, no
study is able to respond to the total number of
species of dinolagellates.
Fensome et al. (1993) proposed a uniied
classiication of living and fossil dinolagellates,
Fecha de recepción: 9 de enero de 2012
using tabulation as the primary guide to relationships. These authors also provide a summary of the earlier classiications. The classiication of the dinolagellates is being continuously subjected to changes according to new
indings, especially with the advances in molecular phylogeny. Saunders et al. (1997) reported
the irst major revision of the dinolagellate molecular phylogeny. Most of the short-branched
SSU rDNA sequences were dispersed in clades
with low bootstrap support that Saunders et al.
(1997) named the Gymnodiniales-PeridinialesProrocentrales complex. At that time, these sequences failed to resolve the relationships of
most of classical orders (Gymnodiniales, Peridiniales, Prorocentrales) to one another. Since
then, the number of sequences has increased,
although biased towards photosynthetic species, usually much easier to culture, and common coastal species found near the specialized
Fecha de aceptación: 28 de febrero de 2012
66
GÓMEZ
laboratories. At present, sequences of many
species are lacking and the molecular phylogenies did not resolve the relationships between the higher ranks. The classical orders
(Peridiniales, Gymnodiniales, Prorocentrales)
appear to be polyphyletic in the SSU and LSU
rDNA phylogenies (Saldarriaga et al., 2004;
Moestrup & Daugbjerg, 2007), and even orders
such as Dinophysales (Gómez et al., 2012).
The earlier molecular phylogenies revealed
the apicomplexan parasites as the closer relatives of dinolagellates (Gajadhar et al., 1991).
The dinokaryon is a distinctive character of
the dinolagellate core, while basal dinolagellates show intermediate morphological and
ultrastructural characters that make dificult to
establish a clear cut between the Dinokaryota
and Apicomplexa. A recent study suggested
that perkinsid parasites should be considered
as an independent phylum (Zhang et al., 2011).
The exclusion of Perkinsozoa, restricted to 10
species of 2 genera, has a little inluence on
the total account of dinolagellate species. Environmental molecular surveys of SSU rRNA
genes revealed the existence of novel alveolate sequences indicating two large and diverse
clades close to the Dinokaryota that were initially named Marine Alveolate Groups I and II
(López-García et al., 2001). Subsequently, it
has been shown that these groups corresponded to parasitic dinolagellates previously placed
within the order Syndiniales based on several
morphologically characterized representatives
for which SSU rDNA sequences were available
(Skovgaard et al., 2005; Harada et al., 2007).
The phagotrophic free-living lagellate Oxyrrhis
(Saldarriaga et al., 2003) and the ellobiopsid
parasites (Silberman et al., 2004; Gómez et al.,
2009) constituted other morphologically characterized clades of basal dinolagellates.
This study provides a checklist of all the
described dinolagellate species updated to
December 2011. When sequences are available, the species were organized in agreement
between the clades observed in the phylogenetical trees and classical ranks taxonomical
schemes (genera, family, order, etc.). This is
not a simple task because the topology of the
trees varied with the type of molecular marker,
the taxa sampling, sequence length, or methods for the construction of the phylogenetical
trees. Any classiication is unavoidably associated with discrepancies among authors.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This study is based on literature records
of dinolagellates. The primary source was the
checklist by Gómez (2005) updated with the
taxonomical innovations, and numerous er-
rors have been corrected. The checklist was
completed with the freshwater species. Major
sources were Schiller (1931-1937), Bourrelly
(1970) and Popovský & Piester (1991), and for
parasitic dinolagellates: Chatton (1920), Cachon & Cachon (1987) and Shields (1994). The
checklist was completed and updated with the
recent literature.
The species names with their nomenclatural authorities and the year of the description were arranged alphabetically within the
genus. Genera were ordered alphabetically
within each family. The authorities of each genus and species were spelled according to the
International Plant Names Index. These name
spellings were also used for the places of publication of the suprageneric ranks (family, order
and class). The International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature (I.C.Z.N.) and the International
Code of Botanical Nomenclature (I.C.B.N.)
have been applied for basal dinolagellates and
Dinokaryota, respectively. This explained slight
differences in some species names. For example, the epithets dedicated to Édouard Chatton
were spelled ‘chattoni´ and ‘chattonii´ for basal
dinolagellates and dinokaryotes, respectively.
It is often dificult to decide what species
should be considered valid. Gómez (2005) labeled with an asterisk (*) the species of very
doubtful validity that were not considered for
species counting. These insuficiently known
taxa were mainly constituted by species with
too poor original descriptions, for example,
some unarmoured dinolagellates described
from ixed material in the earlier literature with
excessively simple line drawings. These ‘literature ghosts’ have been considered valid despite
they may correspond to species that were further described with more detailed descriptions.
Several studies of freshwater species reported
a high number of new species (i.e., Schiller,
1955; Baumestier, 1957; Skvortzov, 1968).
These species are considered valid, although
they need to be re-investigated because they
may correspond to life stages of other known
species. Four species (Protoceratium, Oxytoxum breve) that were described lacking any
illustration have been listed, although excluded of the species counting. Species names
cited in the literature, although never formally
described, have been excluded. Despite the
species are invalid, several of these species
names have been cited and labeled as ‘nomen
nudum’ (nom. nud.). The aim is to alert of the
possible homonymy when describing a new
species using the same name. There are several homonyms (i.e., Gymnodinium excavatum,
G. hyalinum, G. irregulare, G. oceanicum, etc.),
that need a speciic study before to propose an
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
alternative name. The molecular phylogenies
show species which sequences that are distantly related to the type species of its genus.
These species are candidates to the transfer
into another known genus or the erection of a
new genus. This requires specialized studies,
and in order to solve this situation, these taxa
have been placed under a genus named ‘Genus of …’ or ‘Family of …’. For a group of species, the oldest species was used to name the
genus (i.e., genus of Protoperidinium depressum). The group of species containing the type
species was labeled ‘sensu stricto’ (s.s.). The
group of the other congeneric species distantly
related in the molecular phylogenies was labeled ‘sensu lato’ (s.l.).
In contrast to genera and species, suprageneric names do not have parenthetical authors (McNeill et al. 2006, ICBN: Art. 49.2). The
irst place of publication of these suprageneric
names are cited with the author name(s) and
year of publication. The choice of the suprageneric names was based on the priority rule.
The problem is that the irst name available for
a family/order may be considered invalid. In
the earlier studies, these suprageneric names
were described by using a zoological terminology, and often using ranks such as tribes that
are not considered in the International Code
of Botanical Nomenclature. A discussion of
numerous cases can be found in Fensome
et al. (1993). The genus Pyrocystis has been
placed in the order Pyrocystales Apstein (Sournia, 1986). The molecular phylogenies showed
that Pyrocystis constitutes a truly member of
the order Gonyaulacales. If valid, Pyrocystales
Apstein 1909 should have the priority versus
Gonyaulacales F.J.R. Taylor 1980. Some order
names such as Phytodiniales, Dinotrichales or
Dinococcales, and the derived families are dificult to use because molecular data of the type
species were not available. Even, when the
sequence is available, we have to be cautious
because in some cases the species identity
cannot be veriied. The sequences may be incorrectly attributed to a given species, or even
it may not correspond to a dinolagellate (i.e.
Exuviaella pusilla #DQ388459). The type of the
order Suessiales is a fossil species. Consequently, it will be dificult to obtain any gene sequence to verify the relationship with the extant
species that have been placed in that order.
This study does not propose any taxonomical innovations. The only nomenclatural modiications are a few epithets with wrong gender
termination that have been corrected (McNeill
et al. 2006, ICBN: Art. 60.11, Recom. 60C.1,
Art. 32.7).
RESULTS
The dinolagellate species have been organized in the classiication summarized in the
Table 1 (Appendix). Dinokaryotic dinolagellates (including Noctilucales) comprised 2,294
species belonging to 238 genera. Dinolagellates sensu lato comprised 2,377 species belonging to 259 genera (Table 2, Appendix).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
F.G. was supported by the contract JCI2010-08492 of the Ministerio Español de Ciencia y Tecnología.
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LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
APPENDIX
Table 1. Classiication of extant dinolagellates from class to genus. Abbreviations: p.p. - pro parte; s.s. - sensu
stricto; s.l. - sensu lato.
Infraregnum Alveolata, Phyllum Dinolagellata
Class Ellobiopsea / Ellobiophyceae
Order Thalassomycetales
Ellobiopsidae / Thalassomycetaceae: Ellobiocystis, Ellobiopsis,
Parallobiopsis, Rhizellobiopsis, Thalassomyces
Class Oxyrrhea
Order Oxyrrhida / Oxyrrhinales
Oxyrrhinaceae: Oxyrrhis
Class of Pronoctiluca, incertae sedis
Protodiniferaceae: Pronoctiluca
Class of Duboscquella (Marine Alveolate Group I)
Order Duboscquodinida / Duboscquellales
Duboscquellaceae: Dogelodinium, Duboscquella, Ichthyodinium,
Keppenodinium
Class Syndinea (Marine Alveolate Group II)
Order Syndiniales
Syndiniaceae: Actinodinium, Caryotoma, Merodinium, Syndinium
Coccidinidae / Coccidiniaceae: Coccidinium
Family of Hematodinium: Hematodinium
Sphaeriparaceae: Atlanticellodinium, Sphaeripara
Amoebophryidae / Amoebophryaceae: Amoebophrya
Class Noctilucea / Noctiluciphyceae (Dinokaryota)
Order Noctilucales
Noctilucaceae: Noctiluca, Spatulodinium
Kofoidiniaceae: Kofoidinium, Pomatodinium
Leptodiscaceae: Abedinium, Cachonodinium, Craspedotella, Leptodiscus, Petalodinium,
Scaphodinium
Class Dinolagellata / Dinophyceae (Dinokaryota)
Order Haplozooidea / Haplozoonales
Haplozoonaceae: Haplozoon
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Table 1. Continued.
Order Dinotrichales
Crypthecodiniaceae: Crypthecodinium
Dinotrichaceae: Dinothrix, Durinskia, Galeidinium, Gymnodinium p.p. Kryptoperidinium,
Peridiniopsis p.p., Peridinium quinquecorne
Order Dinococcales
Phytodiniaceae: Baldinia, Borghiella, Cystodinium, Dinamoebidium, Dinastridium,
Dinoclonium, Dinococcus, Hypnodinium, Manchudinium, Phytodinium,
Prosoaulax, Sphaerodinium, Tetradinium
Symbiodiniaceae: Aureodinium, Biecheleria, Pelagodinium, Biecheleriopsis,
Piscinoodinium, Polarella, Protodinium, Symbiodinium
Order of Akashiwo
Family of Akashiwo: Akashiwo
Order Brachidiniales
Brachidiniaceae: Asterodinium, Brachidinium, Gynogonadinium, Karenia, Karlodinium,
Microceratium, Pseliodinium, Takayama, Torodinium
Order Gymnodiniales s.s.
Chytriodiniaceae: Chytriodinium, Dissodinium, Myxodinium, Schizochytriodinium,
Syltodinium
Gymnodiniaceae: Barrufeta, Gymnodinium s.s., Gyrodiniellum, Lepidodinium,
Paragymnodinium, Pheopolykrikos, Polykrikos, Spiniferodinium
Warnowiaceae: Erythropsidinium, Greuetodinium, Nematodinium, Nematopsides,
Proterythropsis, Warnowia
Order Gymnodiniales s.l.
Family of Gyrodinium dorsum: Gymnodinium p.p., Gyrodinium p.p.
Family of Togula: Togula
Family of Apicoporus: Apicoporus
Family of Amphidinium: Amphidinium s.s., Schillingia, Trochodinium
Family of Balechina: Balechina
Family of Cochlodinium: Cochlodinium s.s., Cochlodinium s.l.
Family of Gyrodinium s.s.: Ceratodinium, Gyrodinium s.s., Plectodinium, Sclerodinium
Family of Moestrupia: Moestrupia
Order Ptychodiscales
Family Ptychodiscaceae: Ptychodiscus
Order Thoracosphaerales
Calciodinellaceae: Calciodinellum, Calcigonellum, Duboscquodinium, Pernambugia,
Scrippsiella s.s., Tintinnophagus
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 1. Continued.
Oodiniaceae / Thoracosphaeraceae: Amyloodinium, Cachonella, Chalubinskia,
Chimonodinium, Crepidoodinium, Cryptoperidiniopsis, Cystodinedria,
Haidadinium, Leonella, Luciella, Oodinioides, Oodinium, Parvodinium,
Paulsenella, Peridinium p.p., Piesteria, Protoodinium, Pseudopiesteria,
Staszicella, Stoeckeria, Stylodinium, Thoracosphaera, Tyrannodinium
Glenodiniaceae: Dinosphaera, Glenodiniopsis, Glenodinium, Glochidinium, Gloeodinium,
Hemidinium, Kansodinium, Lophodinium, Nephrodinium, Palatinus, Peridiniopsis
s.s., Thompsodinium
Order Peridiniales s.s.
Peridiniaceae: Bagredinium, Peridinium s.s.
Order Peridiniales s.l.
Heterocapsaceae: Heterocapsa
Podolampadaceae: Blepharocysta, Gaarderiella, Lessardia, Lissodinium, Mysticella,
Podolampas, Roscofia
Amphidiniopsidaceae: Amphidiniopsis, Archaeperidinium, Herdmania, Thecadinium
dragescoi
Protoperidiniaceae: Protoperidinium s.s.
Diplopsaliaceae: Boreadinium, Diplopelta, Diplopsalis, Diplopsalopsis, Dissodium,
Gotoius, Lebouraia, Oblea, Preperidinium, Protoperidinium depressum-group
Heterodiniaceae: Dolichodinium, Heterodinium
Family of Ensiculifera: Ensiculifera, Pentapharsodinium
Oxytoxaceae: Oxytoxum
Family of Corythodinium: Corythodinium
Amphidomataceae: Amphidoma s.s.
Cladopyxidaceae: Cladopyxis, Micracanthodinium, Palaeophalacroma
Endodiniaceae: Endodinium
Family of Amphidoma caudata: Amphidoma caudata, Azadinium
Order Peridiniales incertae sedis: Adenoides, Archaeosphaerodiniopsis, Bysmatrum, Cabra,
Peridiniella, Planodinium, Pseudothecadinium, Rhinodinium, Sabulodinium,
Thecadiniopsis, Vulcanodinium
Uncertain order
Tovelliaceae: Bernardinium, Esoptrodinium, Jadwigia, Katodinium, Opisthoaulax, Tovellia
Woloszynskiaceae: Woloszynskia
Uncertain order
Apodiniaceae: Apodinium, Parapodinium
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Table 1. Continued.
Order Actiniscales
Actiniscaceae: Actiniscus
Dicroerismataceae: Dicroerisma
Order Amphilothales
Amphilothaceae: Achradina, Amphilothus
Order Prorocentrales
Haplodiniaceae: Haplodinium
Prorocentraceae: Exuviaella, Mesoporos, Prorocentrum s.s.
Family of Prorocentrum panamense: Genus of Prorocentrum panamense
Family of Plagiodinium: Plagiodinium
Order Dinophysales
Amphisoleniaceae: Amphisolenia, Triposolenia
Oxyphysaceae: Dinofurcula, Latifascia, Phalacroma s.s., Proheteroschisma
Dinophysaceae: Citharistes, Dinophysis hastata-group, Dinophysis s.s., Histioneis,
Histiophysis, Metadinophysis, Metaphalacroma, Ornithocercus, Parahistioneis
Family of Pseudophalacroma: Pseudophalacroma
Family of Sinophysis: Sinophysis
Order Blastodiniales
Blastodiniaceae: Blastodinium
Order Gonyaulacales / Pyrocystales
Thecadiniaceae: Thecadinium
Protoceratidaceae: Ceratocorys, Protoceratium, Schuettiella
Ceratiaceae: Ceratium, Neoceratium
Goniodomataceae
Subfamily of Goniodoma: Gambierdiscus, Goniodoma
Subfamily of Ostreopsis: Alexandrium, Centrodinium, Coolia, Ostreopsis, Pachydinium,
Pyrodinium
Gonyaulacaceae: Gonyaulax, Spiraulax
Pyrocystaceae: Fragilidium, Pyrocystis, Pyrophacus
Family of Amylax: Amylax, Lingulodinium
Order Gonyaulacales incertae sedis: Amphidiniella, Halostylodinium, Pileidinium
Dinolagellata incertae sedis: Berghiella, Ceratoperidinium, Pyramidodinium,
Pseudoactiniscus, Thaumatodinium
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Checklist of extant dinolagellates.
Kingdom Chromalveolata, Infrakingdom Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991
Phylum Myzozoa Cavalier-Smith & E.E. Chao 2004, Phylum Dinolagellata / Dinozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981
Class Ellobiopsea A.R. Loebl. 1970 / Ellobiophyceae A.R. Loebl. 1970
Order Thalassomycetales A.R. Loebl. 1970
Family Thalassomycetaceae Niezab. 1913 / Ellobiopsidae Coutière 1911
1 Ellobiopsis Caullery 1910 -type E. chattoni
1 Ellobiopsis chattoni Caullery 1910
2 Ellobiopsis elongata Steuer 1932
3 Ellobiopsis fagei Hovasse 1951
2 Ellobiocystis Coutière 1911 -type E. caridarum (7 species)
4 Ellobiocystis caridarum (Coutière 1911) Coutière 1911 (=Ellobiopsis caridarum Coutière)
5 Ellobiocystis catenatus Coutière 1911 (=?E. caridarum Coutière)
6 Ellobiocystis ilicollus Coutiere 1911 (=?E. caridarum Coutière)
7 Ellobiocystis mysidarum Coutière 1911
8 Ellobiocystis tenuis Coutière 1911 (=?E. caridarum Coutière)
9 Ellobiocystis tuberosus Coutière 1911 (=?E. caridarum Coutière)
10 Ellobiocystis villosus Coutière 1911 (=?E. caridarum Coutière)
3 Parallobiopsis Collin 1913
11 Parallobiopsis coutieri Collin 1913
4 Rhizellobiopsis Hovasse 1926
12 Rhizellobiopsis eupraxiae (I. Zachs 1922) Hovasse 1926 (=Ellobiopsis eupraxiae I. Zachs)
Niezab. 1913 (=Staphylocystis Coutière 1911, Amallocystis Fage 1936) -type T. spiczakovi (12
5 Thalassomyces
species)
13 Thalassomyces albatrossi B.L. Wing 1975
14 Thalassomyces boschmai (Nouvel 1954) Boschma 1959 (=Amallocystis boschmai Nouvel)
15 Thalassomyces californiensis S.B. Collard 1966
16 Thalassomyces capillosus (Fage 1936) Boschma 1959 (=Amallocystis capillosus Fage)
17 Thalassomyces fagei (Boschma 1948) Boschma 1959 (=Amallocystis fagei Boschma)
18 Thalassomyces fasciatus (Fage 1936) Boschma 1959 (=Amallocystis fasciatus Fage)
19 Thalassomyces marsupi J.E. Kane 1963
20 Thalassomyces niezabitowski (Hoenigman 1960) Vader 1973 (=Amallocystis niezabitowski Hoenigman)
21 Thalassomyces nouveli (Hoenigman 1954) Boschma 1959 (=Amallocystis nouveli Hoenigman)
Thalassomyces racemosus (Coutière 1911) Boschma 1959 (=Ellobiopsis racemosa Coutière, Staphylocystis
22 racemosa Coutière, Thalassomyces batei Niezabiowski 1973, Thalassomyces racemosus (Coutière) P. Bergan
1952)
23 Thalassomyces spiczakovi Niezab. 1913
24 Thalassomyces umbellatus (Boschma 1949) Boshma 1959 (=Amallocystis umbellatus Boschma)
Class Oxyrrhea Cavalier-Smith 1987
Order Oxyrrhida / Oxyrrhinales Sournia 1984
Oxyrrhinaceae Sournia 1984
6 Oxyrrhis Dujard. 1841 -type O. marina
25 Oxyrrhis marina Dujard. 1841 (=O. maritima Meel 1969)
26 Oxyrrhis tentaculifera W. Conrad 1939
Class of Pronoctiluca, incertae sedis
Order of Pronoctiluca
Protodiniferaceae Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Pronoctilucaceae M. Lebour 1925)
7 Pronoctiluca Fabre-Dom. 1889 (=Pelagorhynchus Pavill. 1917, Protodinifer Kof. & Swezy 1921) -type P. pelagica
73
74
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
Pronoctiluca acuta (Lohmann 1912) J. Schiller 1933 (=Rhynchomonas acuta Lohmann 1912, R. curvata Lohmann
27 1921)
pelagica Fabre-Dom. 1889 (=R. marina Lohmann 1902, Pelagorhynchus marinus Pavill. 1917,=?P.
28 Pronoctiluca
spinifera)
29 Pronoctiluca rostrata F.J.R. Taylor 1976
Pronoctiluca spinifera (Lohmann 1920) J. Schiller 1933 (=Protodinifer tentaculata Kof. & Swezy 1921, Pronoctiluca
30 tentaculata
(Kof. & Swezy) Pavill. 1922, ?P. pelagica Fabre-Dom. 1889)
Superclass Syndina Cavalier-Smith
Class of Duboscquella (=Marine Alveolate Group I)
Order of Duboscquella / Duboscquellales / Duboscquodinida Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1987
Duboscquellaceae Chatton 1920 ex A.R. Loebl. 1970 / Duboscquellidae Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1987
8 Dogelodinium Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Collinella Cachon 1964)
31 Dogelodinium ovoides (Cachon 1964) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Collinella ovoides Cachon)
9 Duboscquella Chatton 1920 -type D. tintinnicola (8 species)
32 Duboscquella anisospora Chatton in Grassé 1952 (=?D. tintinnicola (Lohmann 1908) Chatton 1920)
33 Duboscquella aspida Cachon 1964 (=?D. tintinnicola (Lohmann 1908) Chatton 1920)
34 Duboscquella cachoni D.W. Coats 1988
35 Duboscquella caryophaga Cachon 1964
36 Duboscquella cnemata Cachon 1964 (=?D. tintinnicola (Lohmann 1908) Chatton 1920)
37 Duboscquella melo Cachon 1964
38 Duboscquella nucleocola Cachon 1964
39 Duboscquella tintinnicola (Lohmann 1908) Chatton 1920 (=Gymnodinium tintinnicola Lohmann)
10 Ichthyodinium Hollande & Cachon 1953
40 Ichthyodinium chabelardi Hollande & Cachon 1953 (=Perkinsoide chabelardi Gestal & al. 2006)
11 Keppenodinium Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Hollandella Cachon 1964) -type K. mycetoides
41 Keppenodinium lobatum (Cachon 1964) Sournia, Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1975 (=Hollandella lobata Cachon)
42 Keppenodinium mycetoides (Cachon 1964) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966
piriforme (Cachon 1964) Sournia, Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1975 (=Hollandella piriformis
43 Kleppenodinium
Cachon)
Superclass Syndina Cavalier-Smith
Class Syndinea Chatton 1920, Syndiniophyceae A.R. Loebl. 1976 (Marine Alveolate Group II)
Syndiniales A.R. Loebl. 1976 (=?Coccidiniales Chatton & Biecheler 1934)
Syndiniaceae Chatton 1920
12 Merodinium Chatton 1923 (=Syndinium Chatton 1910) -type M. brandti (11 species)
44 Merodinium astutum Chatton 1923 (=Syndinium astutum Chatton)
Merodinium belari Hollande & Cachon-Enjumet 1953 (=Syndinium belari (Hollande & Cachon-Enjumet) Hollande
45 &
Cachon-Enjumet 1955, ?M. vernale (Hovasse 1924) Chatton in Grassé 1952)
Merodinium borgerti (Hollande, Cachon-Enjumet & Manciet 1953) Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1954 (=Syndinium
46 borgerti
Hollande, Cachon-Enjumet & Manciet)
47 Merodinium brandti (Hovasse 1923) Chatton 1923 (=Syndinium brandti Hovasse 1923)
48 Merodinium breve Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1954 (=Syndinium breve Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1955)
49 Merodinium chattoni Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1954 (=Syndinium chattoni Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1955)
50 Merodinium dolosum Chatton 1923 (=Syndinium dolosum Chatton)
51 Merodinium globiforme Hollande & Cachon-Enjumet 1953
52 Merodinium insidiosum Chatton 1923 (=Syndinium incidiosum Chatton)
53 Merodinium mendax Chatton 1923 (=Syndinium mendax Chatton 1923)
vernale (Hovasse 1924) Chatton in Grassé 1952 (=S. vernale Hovasse,?M. belari Hollande & Cachon54 Merodinium
Enjumet 1953)
13 Syndinium Chatton 1910 (=Atelodinium Chatton 1920, Synhemidinium Chatton 1952) -type. S. turbo (10 species)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
55 Syndinium allognosticum R. Weill 1935
56 Syndinium caryophagum Cachon-Enjumet 1961
Syndinium corycaei Chatton 1938 in Grassé 1952 (=S. corycaei Chatton 1922, Cochlosyndinium corycaei Chatton
57 in
Grassé 1952)
58 Syndinium gammari J.F. Manier, A. Fize & H. Grizel 1971
59 Syndinium globiforme Hollande & Cachon-Enjumet 1953.
Syndinium gracile Hollande & Cachon-Enjumet 1953 (nom. nud.).
Syndinium microscorum Chatton 1938 (nom. nud.)
60 Syndinium oikopleurae Hollande & Fenaux 1975
turbo Chatton 1910 (=S. rostratum Chatton 1938, Synhemidinium rostratum Chatton 1952, S. minutum
61 Syndinium
Chatton in Grassé 1952).
Subgenus Solenodinium Chatton (1923) Chatton in Grassé 1952 -type S. fallax
62 Solenidinium densum Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1954
63 Solenodinium fallax (Chatton 1923) Chatton 1938 (=Merodinium fallax Chatton)
64 Solenodinium leptotaemia Hovasse & E.M. Brown 1954
14 Hematodinium Chatton & R. Poisson 1930 -type H. perezi
65 Hematodinium australis D.A. Hudson & J.D. Shields 1994
66 Hematodinium perezi Chatton & R. Poisson 1930
Coccidiniaceae / Coccidinidae Chatton & Biecheler 1934
15 Coccidinium Chatton & Biecheler 1934 -type C. duboscqui
67 Coccidinium duboscqui Chatton & Biecheler 1934
68 Coccidinium legeri Chatton & Biecheler 1934
69 Coccidinium mesnili Chatton & Biecheler 1936
70 Coccidinium punctatum Chatton & Biecheler 1936
Sphaeriparaceae A.R. Loebl. 1970
16 Atlanticellodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1965
71 Atlanticellodinium tregoubofi Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1965
Poche 1911 (=Lohmannia Neresh. 1903, Lohmanella Neresh. 1904, Neresheimeria Übel 1912) -type
17 Sphaeripara
S. catenata
72 Sphaeripara catenata (Neresh. 1903) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Lohmannia catenata Neresh.)
73 Sphaeripara paradoxa (Neresh. 1904) A.R. Loebl. 1967 (=Lohmannella paradoxa Neresh.)
Amoebophryidae / Amoebophryaceae Cachon 1964 ex A.R. Loebl. 1970
18 Actinodinium Chatton & Hovasse 1937
74 Actinodinium apsteini Chatton & Hovasse 1937
paradoxum (M. Rose & Cachon 1951) Hollande & Cachon-Enjumet 1953 (=Diplomorpha paradoxa
75 Actinodinium
M. Rose & Cachon)
19 Amoebophrya Koeppen 1894 -type A. stycholonchae (7 species)
76 Amoebophrya acanthometrae Koeppen 1894
77 Amoebophrya cerati (Koeppen 1899) Cachon 1964 (=Hyalosaccus cerati Koeppen)
78 Amoebophrya grassei Cachon 1964
79 Amoebophrya leptodisci Cachon 1964
80 Amoebophrya rosei Cachon 1964
81 Amoebophrya sticholonchae Koeppen 1894
82 Amoebophrya tintinni Cachon 1964
20 Caryotoma Hollande 1953
83 Caryotoma bernardi Hollande 1953
Superclass Dinokaryota Cavalier-Smith 1993
75
76
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
Class Noctiluciphyceae Fensome & al. 1993/Noctilucophyceae, Phyllum Noctilucae Haeckel 1866, Class Noctilucea,
Cystolagellata
Noctilucales Haeckel 1894
Noctilucaceae Kent 1881
21 Noctiluca Suriray ex Lam. 1816
84 Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney 1810) Kof. 1920 (=Noctiluca miliaris Suriray ex Lam. 1816)
22 Spatulodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1968
Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca (C.H.G. Pouchet 1885) Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet ex Loebl. & A.R. Loebl.
85 1969 (=Gymnodinium pseudonoctiluca C.H.G. Pouchet, G. fulgens Kof. & Swezy 1921, G. lebouriae Pavill., G.
pyrocystis Jørg. 1912)
Kofoidiniaceae F.J.R. Taylor 1976
23 Cymbodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1967
86 Cymbodinium elegans Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1967
24 Kofoidinium Pavill. 1928 -type K. velelloides
87 Kofoidinium arcticum Bursa 1964
88 Kofoidinium pavillardii Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1967 (=K. lebouriae (Pavill. 1921) F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
89 Kofoidinium splendens Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1967
90 Kofoidinium velelloides Pavill. 1928
25 Pomatodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1966
91 Pomatodinium impatiens Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1966
Leptodiscaceae Kof. 1905
26 Abedinium Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Leptophyllus Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1964)
dasypus (Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1964) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Leptophyllus dasypus Cachon
92 Abedinium
& Cachon-Enjumet)
27 Cachonodinium A.R. Loebl. 1980 (=Leptodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1969)
caudatum (Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1969) A.R. Loebl. 1980 (=Leptodinium caudatum Cachon
93 Cachonodinium
& Cachon-Enjumet)
28 Craspedotella Kof. 1905
94 Craspedotella pileolus Kof. 1905
29 Leptodiscus Hertwig 1877 (=?Pratjetella Lohmann 1920, =?Clipeodinium Pascher 1917)
medusoides Hertwig 1877 (=?Pratjetella medusoides (Hertwig) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966,
95 Leptodiscus
?Clipeodinium medusa Pascher 1917)
30 Petalodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1969
96 Petalodinium porcelio Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1969
31 Scaphodinium Margalef 1963 (=Leptospathium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1964)
97 Scaphodinium mirabile Margalef 1963 (=Leptospathium navicula Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1964)
Dinolagellata Buetschli 1885, Dinophyceae (Buetschli 1885) Pascher 1914, Dinophyceae West & Fritch 1927, Class
Peridinea
Order Haplozooidea Poche 1913
Haplozoonaceae Chatton 1920
32 Haplozoon Dogiel 1906 -type H. armatum (14 species)
98 Haplozoon ariciae Dogiel 1910
99 Haplozoon armatum Dogiel 1906
100 Haplozoon axiothellae A.E. Siebert 1973
101 Haplozoon clymenellae (G.N. Calk. 1915) Chatton 1920 (=Microtaeniella clymenellae G.N. Calk. 1915)
102 Haplozoon clymenidis Dogiel & Mikelsson 1923
103 Haplozoon delicatulum Dogiel 1910
104 Haplozoon dogielii W. Shumway 1924
105 Haplozoon inerme Cachon 1964
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
106 Haplozoon lineare Dogiel 1907
107 Haplozoon macrostylum Dogiel 1910
108 Haplozoon obscurum Dogiel 1910
109 Haplozoon praxillellae S. Rueckert & B.S. Leander 2008
110 Haplozoon tuberculatum Dogiel & Mikelsson 1923
111 Haplozoon villosum Dogiel & Mikelsson 1923
Order Dinotrichales Pascher 1914
Crypthecodiniaceae Biecheler 1938 ex Chatton 1952
33 Crypthecodinium Biecheler 1938 -type C. setense
Crypthecodinium cohnii (Seligo 1886) Chatton in Grassé 1952 (=Glenodinium cohnii Seligo in Cohn 1887,
112 Gyrodinium cohnii (Seligo) J. Schiller 1933, Gymnodinium fucorum Küster 1908, Gyrodinium fucorum (Küster)
Kof. & Swezy 1921)
113 Crypthecodinium setense Biecheler 1938
Dinotrichaceae Pascher 1914
114 Gymnodinium quadrilobatum T. Horig. & Pienaar 1994
115 Gymnodinium variabile Herdman 1924
116 Peridiniopsis armebeensis L. Ten-Hage. P.K. Da & Couté 2007
117 Peridiniopsis corillionii Leitao, Ten-Hage, G. Mascarell & Couté 2001
118 Peridiniopsis kevei I. Grigorszky & Vasas 1997
119 Peridiniopsis niei G.X. Liu & Z.Y. Hue 2008
Peridiniopsis penardii (Lemmerm. 1900) Bourr. 1968 (=P. andrzejowskii Wolosz. 1920, P. durandii S. Rodríguez,
120 Couté,
Ten-Hage & G. Mascarell 1999, Glenodinium penardii Lemmerm., Peridinium cinctum Penard 1891)
121 Peridiniopsis rhomboides Krakhmalny 2002 (=?P. kevei I. Grigorszky & Vasas, ?P. corillionii Leitao & al. 2001)
122 Peridiniopsis sphaeroidea (Christen 1958) Bourr. 1968 (=Peridinium sphaeroideum Christen)
123 Peridinium quinquecorne T.H. Abé 1927 (=Protoperidinium quinquecorne (T.H. Abé) Balech 1974)
34 Dinothrix Pascher 1914
124 Dinothrix paradoxa Pascher 1914
35 Durinskia Carty & E.R. Cox 1986 (=Glenodinium Ehrenb., Peridinium Ehrenb.) type -D. baltica
Durinskia baltica (Levander 1894) Carty & E.R. Cox 1986 (=P. balticum (Levander) Lemmerm. 1900, Glenodinium
125 cinctum Levander 1892, G. balticum Levander 1894, P. dybowskii Wolosz. 1916, G. dybowskii (Wolosz.) Er.
Lindem. 1925, Peridiniopsis balticum (Levander) Bourr. 1968)
126 Durinskia capensis Pienaar, H. Sakai & T. Horig. 2007
127 Durinskia occulata (F. Stein 1883) Gert Hansen & Flaim 2007 (=Glenodinium occulatum F. Stein)
36 Galeidinium M. Tamura & T. Horig. 2005
128 Galeidinium rugatum M. Tamura & T. Horig. 2005
37 Kryptoperidinium Er. Lindem. 1924 (=Peridinium Ehrenb. ?Phyllodinium W. Conrad 1926)
129 Kryptoperidinium foliaceum (F. Stein 1883) Er. Lindem. 1924 (=Glenodinium foliaceum F. Stein, Peridinium umbo
L.S. Sjöstedt 1924, ?Peridinium cuneatum Goor 1925, ?Phyllodinium scutelaris W. Conrad 1926)
Order Dinococcales Pascher 1914 (incl. Phytodiniales T. Christ. 1962 ex Loebl. 1970, Suessiales Fensome & al.
1993, Baseridae Özdikmen 2009)
Phytodiniaceae Klebs 1912 (incl. Dinococcaceae Fott 1960, Hemidiniaceae Bourr. 1970, Borghiellaceae Moestrup,
K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009)
38 Baldinia Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2007 (=Glenodinium Ehrenb.) -type B. anauniensis
130 Baldinia anauniensis Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2007 (=Glenodinium sanguineum Marchesoni 1941 sensu Baldi)
Baldiana bernardiensis (Chodat & Zehnder 1924) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009 (=G. bernardiense
131 Chodat
& Zehnder)
39 Borghiella Moestrup, Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2008 (non Berghiella Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) -type B. dodgei
132 Borghiella dodgei Moestrup, Gert Hansen & Daugberg 2008
77
78
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
Borghiella tenuissima (Lauterborn 1894) Moestrup, Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2008 (=Gymnodinium tenuissimum
133 Lauterborn,
Woloszynskia tenuissima (Lauterborn) R.H. Thomps. 1951, ?Gymnodinium lens Fott 1957)
Woloszynskia pascheri (Suchl. 1916) Stosch 1973 (=Glen. pascheri Suchl., Glen. polonicum Wolosz. 1916,
Gymnodinium hiemale Wolosz. 1917, Gym. tatricum Wolosz. 1919, Gym. mirum Utermöhl 1923, Gym. veris Er.
134 Lindem. 1925, Gyr. silvaticum Er. Lindem. 1925, Gym. undulatum Wolosz. 1925, Gym. hiemale Skvorcov 1927,
Gyr. nivale Er. Lindem. 1929, Gym. skvortzovii J. Schiller 1933, Gym. inversum Nyggard 1949, Dinastridinium
verrucosum Baumeister 1957, Glen. muriaticum Skuja 1964, Gyrodinium pascheri (Suchl.) J. Schiller 1933)
40 Cystodinium G.A. Klebs 1912 (=Gymnocystodinium Baumeister 1957) -type C. cornifax (15 species)
135 Cystodinium acerosum R.H. Thomps. 1984
136 Cystodinium achroum Baumeister 1957
Cystodinium bataviense Klebs 1912 (=?C. lunare Pascher 1927, ?Dinococcus oedogonii (P. Richter 1897) Fott
137 1960)
138 Cystodinium bisetosum (Er. Lindem.1928) Hub.-Pest. 1950 (=Gymnodinium bisetosum Er. Lindem.)
139 Cystodinium closterium Pascher 1927 (=Cystodinium closterium var. crassa Bourr. 1961)
Cystodinium cornifax (A.J. Schill. 1891) G.A. Klebs 1912 (=Glenodinium cornifax A.J. Schill., C. iners Geitler
1928, Cystodinedria iners (Geitler 1928) Pascher 1944, C. steinii Klebs 1912, C. schilleri Baumeister 1957, C.
140 unicorne
Klebs 1912, C. steinii var. tenuirostris Wolosz. 1919, C. steinii var. dimidio-minor Baumeister 1957,
Gymnocystodinium iners (Geitler) Baumeister 1957, Gymnocyst. unicorne (Klebs) Baumeister 1958)
141 Cystodinium dirhamphos Baumeister 1957
142 Cystodinium grabenseei Baumeister 1957
143 Cystodinium guttatum Baumeister 1957
144 Cystodinium heterorhamphos Baumeister 1957
145 Cystodinium interspersum Baumeister 1957
146 Cystodinium novaculosum (Baumeister 1939) Hub.-Pest. 1950 (=Gymnodinium novaculosum Baumeister)
147 Cystodinium pallidulum Baumeister 1957
148 Cystodinium papilionaceus Baumeister 1957
Cystodinium phaseolus Pascher 1928 (=C. conchaeforme Baumeister 1963, C. hyalinum Pascher 1944, C.
149 minimum Pascher 1944, C. dominii Fott 1933, C. dimorphe (Baumeister) Hub.-Pest. 1950, Gymnocyst. dimorphe
(Baumeister) Baumeister 1957, Dinorbiculus dimorphus (Baumeister) Baumeister 1968)
150 Dinastridium armata (Baumeister 1957) Bourr. 1970 (=Bourrellyella armata Baumeister)
41 Dinamoebidium Pascher 1916 (=Dinamoeba Pascher 1916) -type D. varians
151 Dinamoebidium coloradense Bursa 1970
152 Dinamoebidium hyperboreum Bursa 1970
153 Dinamoebidium varians (Pascher 1916) Pascher 1916 (=Dinamoeba varians Pascher)
42 Dinoclonium Pascher 1927
154 Dinoclonium conradii Pascher 1927
43 Dinococcus Fott 1960 (=Cystodinium G.A. Klebs 1912, Raciborskia Wolosz. 1919) -type D. bicornis
155 Dinococcus africanum Bourr. 1961
bicornis (Wolosz. 1919) Fott 1960 (=Raciborskia bicornis Wolosz., Cystodinium bicorne (Wolosz.)
156 Dinococcus
Hub.-Pest. 1950)
157 Dinococcus incus (Pascher 1932) Fott 1960 (=Raciborskia incus Pascher)
oedogonii (P. Richter 1897) Fott 1960 (=R. oedogonii (P. Richter) Pascher 1943, Rhizophydium
158 Dinococcus
oedogonii P. Richter, Cystodinium brevipes Geitler, ?C. bataviense Klebs 1912)
44 Filodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1968
159 Filodinium hovassei Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1968
45 Hypnodinium G.A. Klebs 1912 -type H. sphaericum
160 Hypnodinium asiaticum Skvortzov 1958
161 Hypnodinium lefevrei Bourr. 1987
162 Hypnodinium sphaericum G.A. Klebs 1912
46 Manchudinium Skvortzov 1972 (=Pentadinium Skvortzov 1968)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
163 Manchudinium sinicum (Skvortzov 1968) Skvortzov 1972
47 Phytodinium G.A. Klebs 1912
simplex G.A. Klebs 1912 (=Phytodinium globosum Pascher 1927, Phytodinium aureum Starmach
164 Phytodinium
1963)
48 Prosoaulax Calado & Moestrup 2005 (=Amphidinium Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) -type P. lacustris
Prosoaulax lacustris (F. Stein 1883) Calado & Moestrup 2005 (=Amphidinium lacustre F. Stein 1883, A. elenkinii
Skvortzov 1925, A. eucephalum J. Schiller 1955, A. gyrinum T.M. Harris 1940, A. inconstans J. Schiller 1955, A.
165 larvale Er. Lindem. 1928, A. sauerzopii J. Schiller 1955, A. luteum Skuja 1939, A. tenagodes T.M. Harris 1940, A.
lacustriforme J. Schiller 1928, A. hyalinum Entz 1930, A. tatrae Wolosz. 1936, A. inconstans J. Schiller 1955, A.
turicense Hub.-Pest. 1959, A. skujae Christen 1958, A. schroderi J. Schiller 1928, Gym. stagnale J. Schiller 1955)
multiplex (J. Schiller 1955) Calado & Moestrup 2005 (=Amphidinium multiplex J. Schiller, Amphidinium
166 Prosoaulax
lohammarii Skuja 1956, A. vorax J. Schiller 1955)
167 Prosoaulax viridis (J. Schiller 1955) Calado & Moestrup 2005 (=Amphidinium viride J. Schiller)
49 Sphaerodinium Wolosz. 1915 (non Sphaerodinium T.H. Abé 1927) -type S. polonicum (5 species)
168 Sphaerodinium javanicum Wolosz. 1930 (=S. cinctum var. javanicum (Wolosz.) Hub.-Pest. 1950)
169 Sphaerodinium limneticum Wolosz. 1915 (=S. cinctum var. limneticum (Wolosz.) Hub.-Pest. 1950)
polonicum Wolosz. 1915 (=S. cinctum var. polonicum (Wolosz.) Hub.-Pest. 1950, S. polonicum
170 Sphaerodinium
var. tatrica Wolosz. 1916)
171 Sphaerodinium cracoviense Wolosz. 1915 (=?S. cinctum (Ehrenb. 1836) Wolosz. 1917)
172 Sphaerodinium imbriatum R.H. Thomps. 1951
50 Tetradinium G.A. Klebs 1912 (non Tetradinium Vavrdová 1973) -type T. javanicum (5 species)
173 Tetradinium chiastosporum T.M. Harris 1940 (=T. chiastosporum var. armatum Wawrik 1981)
174 Tetradinium intermedium Geitler 1928 (=T. intermedium var. longipes Thérézien 1985)
175 Tetradinium javanicum G.A. Klebs 1912
176 Tetradinium minus Pascher 1927
177 Tetradinium simplex Prescott 1949
Symbiodiniaceae Fensome & al. 1993 (?Zooxanthellaceae)
178 Gymnodinium varians Maskell 1887 (=G. minimum G.A. Klebs 1912)
179 Gyrodinium zeta J. Larsen 1996
51 Aureodinium J.D. Dodge 1967
180 Aureodinium pigmentosum J.D. Dodge 1967 (=Gymnodinium pigmentosum (J.D. Dodge) A.R. Loebl. 1970)
Biecheleria Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009 (=Gymnodinium F. Stein 1883, Woloszynskia R.H.
52 Thomps.
1951) -type B. pseudopalustris
181 Biecheleria baltica Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009
halophila (Biecheler 1952) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009 (=Gymnodinium halophilum
182 Biecheleria
Biecheler, Woloszynskia halophila (Biecheler) Elbr. & A. Kremp 2005)
183 Biecheleria natalensis (T. Horig. & Pienaar 1994) Moestrup 2009 (=Gymnodinium natalense T. Horig. & Pienaar)
Biecheleria pseudopalustris (J. Schiller 1932) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009 (=G. pseudopalustris
184 J. Schiller 1932, W. pseudopalustris (J. Schiller) Kisselev 1954 ex Elbr. 2005, G. palustre A.J. Schill. forma Wolosz.
1918, W. pseudopalustris (Wolosz. 1917) Kisselev 1954, ?G. excavatum Nygaard 1954)
185 Woloszynskia cincta Siano, Montresor & Zingone 2009
186 Woloszynskia cestocoetes (R.H. Thomps. 1947) R.H. Thomps. 1951 (=Gymnodinium cestocoetes R.H. Thomps.)
53 Biecheleriopsis Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009
187 Biecheleriopsis adriatica Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009 (=Gymnodinium corii J. Schiller 1928)
54 Piscinoodinium J. Lom 1981 -type P. limneticum
188 Piscinoodinium pillulare (Schäp. 1954) J. Lom 1981 (=Oodinium pillularis Schäp.)
189 Piscinoodinium limneticum (D.L. Jacobs 1946) J. Lom 1981 (=Oodinium limneticum D.L. Jacobs)
55 Polarella Montresor, Procaccini & Stoecker 1999
190 Polarella glacialis Montresor, Procaccini & Stoecker 1999
56 Pelagodinium Siano, Montresor, Probert & de Vargas 2010
79
80
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
191 Pelagodinium bei (Spero 1987) Siano, Montresor, Probert & de Vargas 2010 (=Gymnodinium bei Spero) (`beii´)
57 Protodinium Lohmann 1908 -type P. simplex
192 Gymnodinium pygmaeum M. Lebour 1925
193 Protodinium neapolitanum J. Schiller 1928
194 Protodinium oestianum Braarud 1935
Protodinium simplex Lohmann 1908 (=Gymnodinium simplex (Lohmann 1908) Kof. & Swezy 1921, non G. simplex
195 P.A.
Dangeard 1939)
58 Symbiodinium Freud. 1962 -type S. microadriaticum (15 species)
196 Symbiodinium bermudense R.K. Trench 1993
197 Symbiodinium californicum LaJeunesse & R.K. Trench 2000
198 Symbiodinium cariborum R.K. Trench 1993
199 Symbiodinium corculorum R.K. Trench 1993
200 Symbiodinium ittii B.K. Baillie, C.A. Belda-Baillie & T. Maruyama 2000 `?itti´
201 Symbiodinium goreaui R.K. Trench & R.J. Blank 1987 ex R.K. Trench 2000
202 Symbiodinium kawagutii R.K. Trench & R.J. Blank 1987 ex R.K. Trench 2000
linucheae (R.K. Trench & L.V. Thinh 1995) LaJeunesse 2001 (=Gymnodinium linucheae R.K.
203 Symbiodinium
Trench & L.V. Thinh)
204 Symbiodinium meandrinae R.K. Trench 1993
Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freud. 1962 (=Gymnodinium microadriaticum (Freud.) D.L. Taylor 1971,
205 Zooxanthella
microadriatica (Freud.) A.R. Loebl. & J.L. Sherley 1979)
206 Symbiodinium muscatinei LaJeunesse & R.K. Trench 2000
207 Symbiodinium natans Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2009
208 Symbiodinium pilosum R.K. Trench & R.J. Blank 1987 ex R.K. Trench 2000
209 Symbiodinium pulchrorum R.K. Trench 1993
210 Symbiodinium tridacnorum Hollande & Carré 1975
Order of Akashiwo
Family of Akashiwo
59 Akashiwo Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000
sanguinea (Hirasaka 1924) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 (=Gymnodinium sanguineum Hirasaka,
211 Akashiwo
Gymnodinium splendens M. Lebour 1925, G. nelsonii G.W. Martin 1929)
Order Brachidiniales A.R. Loebl. 1982 ex Sournia 1984
Brachidiniaceae Sournia 1972 (incl. Kareniaceae Bergholtz & al. 2006)
212 Cochlodinium convolutum Kof. & Swezy 1921
60 Asterodinium Sournia 1972 (=?Brachidinium F.J.R. Taylor 1963) -type A. gracile
213 Asterodinium gracile Sournia 1972
214 Asterodinium libanum Abboud-Abi Saab 1989
215 Asterodinium spinosum Sournia 1972
Brachidinium F.J.R. Taylor 1963 (=?Karenia Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000, non Bacchidinium R.J. Davey 1979)
61 -type
B. capitatum
216 Brachidinium brevipes Sournia 1972
217 Brachidinium capitatum F.J.R. Taylor 1963
218 Brachidinium catenatum F.J.R. Taylor 1967
219 Brachidinium taylorii Sournia 1972
62 Gynogonadinium F. Gómez 2007
220 Gynogonadinium aequatoriale F. Gómez 2007
Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 (=?Brachidinium F.J.R. Taylor 1963, non Karenia Wei & Zhang) -type K.
63 Karenia
brevis (13 species)
221 Karenia asterichroma de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2004
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
222 Karenia bicuneiformis L. Botes, S.D. Sym & G.C. Pitcher 2003
223 Karenia bidigitata A.J. Haywood & Steid. 2004
Karenia brevis (C.C. Davis 1948) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 (=G. breve C.C. Davis, Ptychodiscus brevis (C.C.
224 Davis)
Steid. 1979)
225 Karenia brevisulcata (F.H. Chang 1999) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 (=G. brevisulcatum F.H. Chang)
226 Karenia concordia F.H. Chang & K.G. Ryan 2004 (=?K. mikimotoi)
227 Karenia cristata L. Botes, S.D. Sym & G.C. Pitcher 2003
digitata Z.B. Yang, H. Takayama, Matsuoka & I.J. Hodgkiss 2000 (=?Karlodinium decipiens de Salas &
228 Karenia
Laza-Martínez 2008)
229 Karenia longicanalis Z.B. Yang, I.J. Hodgkiss & Gert Hansen 2001
Karenia mikimotoi (Miyake & Kominami ex H. Oda 1935) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 (=G. nagasakiense H.
230 Takayama
& Adachi 1984)
231 Karenia papilionacea A.J. Haywood & Steid. 2004
232 Karenia selliformis A.J. Haywood, Steid. & L. MacKenzie 2004
233 Karenia umbella de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2004
64 Karlodinium J. Larsen 2000 -type K. micrum (10 species)
234 Gymnodinium amphityphlum J. Larsen 1994
235 Gymnodinium pumilum J. Larsen 1994
236 Gyrodinium estuariale Hulburt 1957
237 Karlodinium antarcticum de Salas 2008
238 Karlodinium armiger T. Bergholtz, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2006
239 Karlodinium australe de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2005
240 Karlodinium ballantinum de Salas 2008
241 Karlodinium conicum de Salas 2008
242 Karlodinium corrugatum de Salas 2008
243 Karlodinium corsicum (Paulmier 1995) Siano & Zingone 2009 (=Gyrodinium corsicum Paulmier)
244 Karlodinium decipiens de Salas & Laza-Martínez 2008 (=?Karenia digitata Yang & al. 2000)
Karlodinium veneicum (D. Ballant. 1956) J. Larsen 2000 (=K. micrum (B. Leadb. & J.D. Dodge 1966) J. Larsen
245 2000, Gym. veneicum D. Ballant., Wolosz. micra B. Leadb. & J.D. Dodge, Gyr. galatheanum (Braarud 1957) F.J.R.
Taylor 1992, Gym. micrum (B. Leadb. & J.D. Dodge) A.R. Loebl. 1970)
Karlodinium vitiligo (D. Ballant. 1956) J. Larsen 2000 (=Gymnodinium vitiligo D. Ballant., ?K. veneicum (D.
246 Ballant.)
J. Larsen)
65 Microceratium Sournia 1972 (=?Brachidinium F.J.R. Taylor 1963)
247 Microceratium orstomii Sournia 1972
66 Pavillardia Kof. & Swezy 1921
248 Pavillardia tentaculifera Kof. & Swezy 1921
67 Pseliodinium Sournia 1972
Pseliodinium vaubanii Sournia 1972 (=Gymnodinium fusus F. Schütt 1896, Gyrodinium falcatum Kof. & Swezy
249 1921, Gyrodinium sugashimanii Cachon, H. Sato, Cachon-Enjumet & S. Sato 1989, Gyrodinium caudatum Kof. &
Swezy 1921)
68 Takayama de Salas, Bolch, L. Botes & Hallegr. 2003 -type T. tasmanica (6 species)
250 Gyrodinium impendens J. Larsen 1996
251 Takayama acrotrocha (J. Larsen 1996) de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2003 (=Gyrodinium acrotrochum J. Larsen)
252 Takayama cladochroma (J. Larsen 1996) de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2003 (=Gyrodinium cladochroma J. Larsen)
253 Takayama helix de Salas, Bolch, L. Botes & Hallegr. 2003
254 Takayama pulchella (J. Larsen 1994) de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2003 (=Gymnodinium pulchellum J. Larsen)
255 Takayama tasmanica de Salas, Bolch & Hallegr. 2003
256 Takayama tuberculata de Salas 2008
81
82
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
69 Torodinium Kof. & Swezy 1921 -type T. teredo
257 Torodinium robustum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium teredo F. Schütt 1895 partim)
Torodinium teredo (C.H.G. Pouchet 1885) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gym. teredo C.H.G. Pouchet, T. robustum Kof. &
258 Swezy
1921 partim)
Order Gymnodiniales Lemmerm. 1910
Gymnodiniales sensu stricto
Chytriodiniaceae Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1968
70 Chytriodinium Chatton 1912 -type C. roseum
259 Chytriodinium afine (Dogiel 1906) Chatton 1912 (=Gymnodinium afine Dogiel)
260 Chytriodinium parasiticum (Dogiel 1906) Chatton 1912 (=Gymnodinium parasiticum Dogiel)
Chytriodinium roseum (Dogiel 1906) Chatton 1912 (=Gymnodinium roseum Dogiel, non Gymnodinium roseum
261 Lohmann
1908)
71 Dissodinium G.A. Klebs 1916 (=Diplodinium G.A. Klebs 1912, Sporodinium Gönnert 1936) -type D. pseudolunula
262 Dissodinium pseudocalani (Gönnert 1936) Drebes ex Elbr. & Drebes 1978 (=Sporodinium pseudocalani Gönnert)
Dissodinium pseudolunula E.V. Swift 1973 (=Pyrocystis margaleii G. Léger 1973, Gym. bicorne Kof. & Swezy
263 1921,
D. bicorne (Kof. & Swezy) F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
72 Myxodinium Cachon, Cachon-Enjumet & Bouquaheux 1969
264 Myxodinium pipiens Cachon, Cachon-Enjumet & Bouquaheux 1969
73 Schizochytriodinium Elbr. 1988
265 Schizochytriodinium calani Elbr. 1988
74 Syltodinium Drebes 1989
266 Syltodinium listi Drebes 1989 (=?Gyrodinium undulans Hulburt 1957)
Gymnodiniaceae Lank. 1885 (incl. Polykrikaceae Kof. & Swezy 1921)
75 Barrufeta N. Sampedro & S. Fraga 2011
267 Barrufeta bravensis N. Sampedro & S. Fraga 2011
F. Stein 1878 (=Gymnocystodinium Baumeister 1957, Rhizodinium Baumeister 1955 ex Loebl. &
76 Gymnodinium
A.R. Loebl. 1968) -type G. fuscum (214 species)
268 Amphidinium dentatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
269 Amphidinium latum M. Lebour 1925
270 Amphidinium poecilochroum J. Larsen 1985
271 Amphidinium salinum J. Ruinen 1938
272 Amphidinium truncatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
273 Amphidinium vigrense Wolosz. 1925
274 Gymnocystodinium parthasarathii Ramanathan 1967
275 Gymnodinium absumens J. Schiller 1955
276 Gymnodinium achroum J. Schiller 1955
277 Gymnodinium acuminatum Christen 1954
278 Gymnodinium acutissimum Okolodkov 1997
279 Gymnodinium adriaticum (Schmarda 1846) Kof. & Swezy 1921
280 Gymnodinium aequatoriale Hasle 1960
Gymnodinium aeruginosum F. Stein 1883 (=G. dohrnii Wawrik 1956, G. acidotum Nygaard 1949, G. viride Penard
281 1891,
G. capaniforme Popovský 1971)
282 Gymnodinium aesculum Baumeister 1943
283 Gymnodinium aestivale Skvortzov 1968
284 Gymnodinium agaricoides P.H. Campb. 1973
285 Gymnodinium agile Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non G. agile sensu Herdman 1922=Herdmania litoralis J.D. Dodge 1981)
286 Gymnodinium agiliforme J. Schiller 1928
287 Gymnodinium alaskense Bursa 1963
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
288 Gymnodinium alatum Litvin. 1965
289 Gymnodinium albidum J.B. Lackey & E.W. Lackey 1970
290 Gymnodinium albulum Er. Lindem. 1928
291 Gymnodinium alsiophilum Skuja 1964
292 Gymnodinium amphiconicoides J. Schiller 1955
293 Gymnodinium amplinucleum P.H. Campb. 1973
294 Gymnodinium arcticum A. Wulff 1916 (=?G. soyai Y. Hada 1970)
295 Gymnodinium arenicola Dragesco 1965 (=G. variabile sensu J.D. Dodge 1982, non G. variabile Herdman 1924)
296 Gymnodinium armoricanum Villeret 1953
297 Gymnodinium aurantium P.H. Campb. 1973
298 Gymnodinium aureolum (Hulburt 1957) Gert Hansen 2000
299 Gymnodinium australe Playfair 1920
300 Gymnodinium australense J. Ruinen 1938 (non Gymnodinium australiense Delandre & Cookson 1966)
301 Gymnodinium baccatum Balech 1965
302 Gymnodinium baicalense N.L. Antipova 1955
303 Gymnodinium baumeisteri J. Schiller 1955
304 Gymnodinium bicaudatum Pavill. 1905
305 Gymnodinium biciliatum Ohno 1911
306 Gymnodinium biconicum J. Schiller 1928 (non Gyrodinium biconicum Kof. & Swezy 1921)
307 Gymnodinium bilobatum Meel 1969
308 Gymnodinium birotundatum Goor 1925
309 Gymnodinium bogoriense G.A. Klebs 1912
310 Gymnodinium boguense P.H. Campb. 1973
311 Gymnodinium bonaerense Akselman 1985
312 Gymnodinium boreale Gaarder 1953
313 Gymnodinium caerulescens J. Schiller 1955
314 Gymnodinium campaniforme Popovský 1971
315 Gymnodinium capitatum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
316 Gymnodinium carinatum A.J. Schill. 1891
317 Gymnodinium cassiei R.E. Norris 1961
318 Gymnodinium catenatum H.W. Graham 1943
319 Gymnodinium chiasmonetrium R.E. Norris 1961
Gymnodinium chiastosporum (T.M. Harris 1940) A.A. Cridland 1958 (=Tetradinium chistosporum T.M. Harris
320 1940, Dinastridinium chiastoporum (T.M. Harris 1940) Starmach 1974, G. hippocastanum A.A. Cridland 1958,
Dinastridinium sexangulare Pascher 1927)
321 Gymnodinium chukwanii D. Ballant. 1961
322 Gymnodinium cinctum Kof. & Swezy 1921
323 Gymnodinium cnodax W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
324 Gymnodinium colymbeticum T.M. Harris 1940 (=?G. pulvisculus G.A. Klebs 1912)
325 Gymnodinium corollarium A.M. Sundström, A. Kremp & Daugbjerg 2009
326 Gymnodinium corpusculum (Perty 1852) Kent 1881
Gymnodinium cruciatum (Massart 1920) J. Schiller 1932 (=Chilodinium cruciatum Massart, non G. cruciatum R.H.
327 Thomps.
1950)
cryophilum (G.J. Wedemayer, L.W. Wilcox & L.E. Graham 1982) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000
328 Gymnodinium
(=Amphidinium cryophilum G.J. Wedemayer, L.W. Wilcox & L.E. Graham)
329 Gymnodinium cyaneofungiforme W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
330 Gymnodinium cyaneum J. Schiller 1955 (non G. cyaneum H.J. Hu 1980)
331 Gymnodinium danicans P.H. Campb. 1973
83
84
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
332 Gymnodinium danubiense J. Schiller 1955
333 Gymnodinium deformabile J. Schiller 1955
334 Gymnodinium depressum Skvortzov 1968
335 Gymnodinium diamphidium R.E. Norris 1961
336 Gymnodinium discoidale T.M. Harris 1940 (=Glenodinium eurystomum T.M. Harris 1939)
337 Gymnodinium dissimile Kof. & Swezy 1921
338 Gymnodinium dodgei R. Sarma & Y.S.R.K. Shyam 1974
Gymnodinium dorsalisulcum (Hulburt, J.J.A. McLaughlin & P.A. Zahl 1960) Sh. Murray, de Salas & Hallegr. 2007
339 (=Katodinium
dorsalisulcum Hulburt, J.J.A. McLaughlin & P.A. Zahl)
340 Gymnodinium endofasciculum P.H. Campb. 1973
341 Gymnodinium enorme D. Ballant. 1964
eucyaneum H.J. Hu 1983 (=Gymnodinium cyaneum H.J. Hu 1980, non Gymnodinium cyaneum J.
342 Gymnodinium
Schiller 1955)
343 Gymnodinium eufrigidum J. Schiller 1955 (non Gymnodinium frigidum Balech 1965)
344 Gymnodinium excavatum Meel 1969 (non G. excavatum Nygaard 1954)
345 Gymnodinium exechegloutum R.E. Norris 1961
346 Gymnodinium ilum M. Lebour 1917 (=?Amphidinium sphenoides A. Wulff 1916)
issum Levander 1894 (=Spirodinium issum (Levander) Lemmerm. 1900, non Gyr.
347 Gymnodinium
(Levander) Kof. & Swezy 1921)
issum
348 Gymnodinium lavum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Gyrodinium lavum Kof. 1931)
349 Gymnodinium fossarum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
350 Gymnodinium frigidum Balech 1965 (non Gymnodinium eufrigidum J. Schiller 1955)
Gymnodinium fuscum (Ehrenb. 1834) F. Stein 1878 (=Gymnocystodinium gessneri Baumeister 1957, Cystodinium
351 gessneri (Baumeister) Bourr. 1970, Rhizodinium gessneri (Baumeister) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1968, Gymnodinium
caudatum Prescott 1944)
Gymnodinium galatheanum Braarud 1957 (non Karlodinium micrum (B. Leadb. & J.D. Dodge 1966) J. Larsen
352 2000)
353 Gymnodinium galeaeforme Matzen. 1933
354 Gymnodinium galeatum J. Larsen 1994
355 Gymnodinium galesianum P.H. Campb. 1973
356 Gymnodinium gelbum Kof. 1931
357 Gymnodinium gibbera J. Schiller 1928
358 Gymnodinium glandiforme W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
359 Gymnodinium gleba F. Schütt 1895
360 Gymnodinium gracilentum P.H. Campb. 1973
grammaticum (C.H.G. Pouchet 1887) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=G. punctatum var. grammaticum C.H.G.
361 Gymnodinium
Pouchet)
362 Gymnodinium granii J. Schiller 1955
363 Gymnodinium helveticum Penard 1891 (=Glenodinium apiculatum O. Zacharias 1913)
364 Gymnodinium herbaceum Kof. & Swezy 1921
365 Gymnodinium hiroshimaense Y. Hada 1968
366 Gymnodinium hulburtii P.H. Campb. 1973
367 Gymnodinium impatiens Skuja 1964
368 Gymnodinium impudicum (S. Fraga & Bravo 1995) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000
369 Gymnodinium incertum Herdman 1924
370 Gymnodinium inconstans Meel 1969
371 Gymnodinium indicum R. Shyam & Y.S.R.K. Sarma 1975
372 Gymnodinium intercalare Bursa 1961
irregulare B. Hope 1954 (non G. enorme D. Ballant. 1964, non G. irregulare Christen 1959 =G.
373 Gymnodinium
uberrimum)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
374 Gymnodinium japonicum Y. Hada 1974
375 Gymnodinium knollii J. Schiller 1955
376 Gymnodinium kowalevskii Pitzik 1967
377 Gymnodinium kujavense Liebetanz 1925
378 Gymnodinium lachmannii Kent 1881
379 Gymnodinium lackeyi (J.B. Lackey 1936) Kisselev 1954 (=G. limneticum J.B. Lackey 1936)
380 Gymnodinium lacustre J. Schiller 1933 (=G. profundum J. Schiller 1933)
381 Gymnodinium lalitae R. Sarma & Y.S.R.K. Shyam 1974
382 Gymnodinium lanskoi Rouchijajnen 1968
Gymnodinium lantzschii Utermöhl 1925 (=G. minimum Lantzsch 1914, Glenodinium minimum (Lantzsch)
383 Bachmann 1924, Gymnodinium albulum Er. Lindem. 1928, G. rhinophoron (Javorn.) Litvin. 1977, G. macronucleum
Litvin. 1963)
384 Gymnodinium latum Skuja 1948 (=G. alsiophyllum Skuja 1964)
385 Gymnodinium legiconveniens J. Schiller 1955
lens Fott 1957 (=?Borghiella tenuissima (Lauterborn 1894) Moestrup, Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg
386 Gymnodinium
2008)
387 Gymnodinium leptum R.E. Norris 1961
388 Gymnodinium litoralis A. Reñé 2011 (=?Gymnodinium vorax Biecheler 1952)
389 Gymnodinium loburare P.H. Campb. 1973
390 Gymnodinium luteofaba Javorn. 1965
391 Gymnodinium luteo-viride Meel 1969
392 Gymnodinium maguelonnense Biecheler 1939
393 Gymnodinium mammosum Meel 1969
394 Gymnodinium marylandicum R.H. Thomps. 1947
395 Gymnodinium maximum Nordli 1951
396 Gymnodinium microreticulatum Bolch, A. Negri & Hallegr. 1999
397 Gymnodinium mitratum J. Schiller 1933 (=G. eurytopum Skuja 1948, G. simile Skuja 1956)
398 Gymnodinium modestum Balech 1976 (=Gymnodinium baccatum Balech sensu Y. Hada 1970)
Gymnodinium monadicum (Perty 1852) Kent 1880 (=Peridinium monadicum Perty, Glen. monadicum (Perty)
399 Diesing
1866)
400 Gymnodinium myriopyrenoides H. Yamaguchi, T. Nakayama, A. Kai & I. Inouye 2011
401 Gymnodinium najadeum J. Schiller 1928
402 Gymnodinium nanum J. Schiller 1928
403 Gymnodinium neapolitanum J. Schiller 1928
404 Gymnodinium nolleri Ellegaard & Moestrup 1999
405 Gymnodinium obliquum Okolodkov 1997
oceanicum Hasle 1960 (non Gym. oceanicum Sukhanova 1968, non Gyrodinium oceaniae
406 Gymnodinium
Okolodkov 1997)
407 Gymnodinium ochraceum Kof. 1931
408 Gymnodinium octo J. Larsen 1994
409 Gymnodinium olivaceum Skvortzov 1968
410 Gymnodinium opressum W. Conrad 1926
411 Gymnodinium ostenfeldii J. Schiller 1928
412 Gymnodinium ovato-capitatum Meel 1969
413 Gymnodinium ovoideum Okolodkov 1997 (non Gyrodinium ovoideum Kof. & Swezy 1921)
414 Gymnodinium ovulum Kof. & Swezy 1921
415 Gymnodinium pallidum Skuja 1939
palustre A.J. Schill. 1891 (=G. carinatum A.J. Schill. 1891, ?G. vigrense Wolosz. 1925, ?G.
416 Gymnodinium
zachariasii Er. Lemmerm. 1900)
85
86
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
417 Gymnodinium palustriforme Gert Hansen & Flaim 2007
418 Gymnodinium paradoxum A.J. Schill. 1891
419 Gymnodinium patagonicum Balech 1971
420 Gymnodinium paulsenii J. Schiller 1928
421 Gymnodinium pavlae Popovský 1990
422 Gymnodinium peisonis J. Schiller 1955
423 Gymnodinium perplexum Meel 1969
424 Gymnodinium pingue Meel 1969 (non Gyrodinium pingue (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921)
425 Gymnodinium placidum Herdman 1922
426 Gymnodinium planctonicum Skvortzov 1968
427 Gymnodinium posthiemale J. Schiller 1955
428 Gymnodinium pseudomirabile Gert Hansen & Flaim 2007
429 Gymnodinium pulchrum J. Schiller 1928
430 Gymnodinium punctatum C.H.G. Pouchet 1887
pusillum A.J. Schill. 1891 (=Gyrodinium pusillum (A.J. Schill.) Kof. & Swezy, ?Gyr. elongatum J.
431 Gymnodinium
Schiller 1955)
432 Gymnodinium pyrenoidosum T. Horig. & Chihara 1988
433 Gymnodinium ravenescens Kof. & Swezy 1921
434 Gymnodinium regulare Meel 1969
435 Gymnodinium rete F. Schütt 1895
436 Gymnodinium roseostigma P.H. Campb. 1973
437 Gymnodinium rotundatum G.A. Klebs 1912
438 Gymnodinium saginatum T.M. Harris 1940
439 Gymnodinium scaphium Meel 1969
440 Gymnodinium schaefferi S. Morris 1937
441 Gymnodinium schuettii J. Schiller 1955
442 Gymnodinium semidivisum J. Schiller 1928
443 Gymnodinium servatum W. Busch 1927
444 Gymnodinium simile Skuja 1956
445 Gymnodinium simplex P.A. Dangeard 1939
446 Gymnodinium sinuatum Skvortzov 1968
447 Gymnodinium soyai Y. Hada 1970
448 Gymnodinium sphaeroideum Kof. 1931
449 Gymnodinium subroseum P.H. Campb. 1973
450 Gymnodinium subrufescens G.W. Martin 1929
451 Gymnodinium suffuscum Meel 1969
452 Gymnodinium telma Meel 1969
453 Gymnodinium terrum Baumeister 1943
454 Gymnodinium thomasii Christen 1959
455 Gymnodinium trapeziforme Attaran-Fariman & Bolch 2007
456 Gymnodinium triangularis M. Lebour 1917
Gymnodinium triceratium Skuja 1939 (=Gyrodinium asymmetricum Wolosz. 1936, Gymnodinium impar T.M. Harris
457 1940)
458 Gymnodinium tridentatum J. Schiller 1933
Gymnodinium uberrimum (G.J. Allman 1854) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Melodinium uberrimum Kent 1880, G. mirabile
1891, G. rufescens Lemmerm. 1910, G. limneticum Wolosz. 1935, G. irregulare Christen 1959, G.
459 Penard
bogoriense G.A. Klebs 1912, G. obesum J. Schiller 1933, G. rotundatum G.A. Klebs 1912, G. poculiferum Skuja
1956, G. limitatum Skuja 1956, Gyr. traunsteineri Er. Lindem. 1928)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
460 Gymnodinium undulatum Wolosz. 1925 (=?Woloszynskia pascheri (Suchl. 1916) Stosch 1973)
461 Gymnodinium valdecompressum P.H. Campb. 1973
462 Gymnodinium vas Meel 1939
463 Gymnodinium vastum W. Busch 1927
venator Flø Jørg. & Sh. Murray 2004 (=G. pellucidum (Herdman 1922) Flø Jørg. & Sh. Murray, A.
464 Gymnodinium
subsalsum Biecheler 1952)
465 Gymnodinium verruculosum P.H. Campb. 1973
466 Gymnodinium vigrense Wolosz. 1925 (=?G. palustre A.J. Schill. 1891)
467 Gymnodinium violescens Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Warnowia violescens (Kof. & Swezy) Er. Lindem. 1928)
468 Gymnodinium virescens E.J.F. Wood 1963 (non Gymnodinium viridescens Kof. 1931)
469 Gymnodinium viridaliut J. Schiller 1955
470 Gymnodinium viridans Meel 1969
471 Gymnodinium viride Penard 1891
472 Gymnodinium viridescens Kof. 1931 (non Gyrodinium viridescens Kof. & Swezy 1921)
473 Gymnodinium waweikae J. Schiller 1955
474 Gyrodinium ascendans Kof. 1931
475 Gyrodinium aureum (W. Conrad 1926) J. Schiller 1933 (=Spirodinium aureum W. Conrad)
476 Gyrodinium ferrugineum Kof. 1931
477 Gyrodinium lagellare J. Schiller 1928
478 Gyrodinium glaebum Hulburt 1957
479 Gyrodinium resplendens Hulburt 1957
480 Gyrodinium viridescens Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Gymnodinium viridescens Kof. 1931)
481 Gyrodinium vorax Biecheler 1952 (non Gymnodinium vorax Massart 1901)
77 Gyrodiniellum N.S. Kang, H.J. Jeong & Moestrup 2011
482 Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense N.S. Kang, H.J. Jeong & Moestrup 2011
78 Lepidodinium M. Watanabe, S. Suda, I. Inouye, T. Sawaguchi & M. Chihara 1990 -type L. viride
483 Lepidodinium viride M. Watanabe, S. Suda, I. Inouye, T. Sawaguchi & M. Chihara 1990
Lepidodinium chlorophorum (Elbr. & Schnepf 1996) Gert Hansen, L. Botes, de Salas 2007 (=Gym. chlorophorum
484 Elbr.
& Schnepf , ?L. viride Watanabe & al.)
79 Paragymnodinium N.S. Kang, H.J. Jeong, Moestrup & W. Shin 2010
485 Paragymnodinium shiwhaense N.S. Kang, H.J. Jeong, Moestrup & W. Shin 2010
80 Pheopolykrikos Chatton 1933
Pheopolykrikos beauchampii Chatton 1933 (=Polykrikos beauchampii (Chatton) A.R. Loebl. 1980, P. beauchampii
486 (Chatton)
J.D. Dodge 1982)
81 Polykrikos Buetschli 1873 -type P. schwartzii (6 species)
487 Polykrikos grassei Lec.-Schlaud. 1972
Polykrikos hartmannii W. Zimm. 1930 (=Pheopolykrikos hartmannii (W. Zimm. 1930) Matsuoka & Fukuyo 1986, P.
488 barnegatensis
G.W. Martin 1929)
489 Polykrikos herdmaniae Hoppenrath & B.S. Leander 2007
490 Polykrikos kofoidii Chatton 1914
491 Polykrikos lebouriae Herdman 1924 (=P. schwarzii Herdman 1922)
492 Polykrikos schwartzii Buetschli 1873 (=P. auricularia Bergh 1881)
82 Spiniferodinium T. Horig. & Chihara 1987
493 Spiniferodinium galeiforme T. Horig. & Chihara 1987
494 Spiniferodinium palauense T. Horig., Y. Hayashi, H. Kudo & Y. Hara 2011
87
88
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
Warnowiaceae Er. Lindem. 1928
83 Erythropsidinium P.C. Silva 1960 (=Erythropsis Hertwig 1884) -type E. agile
Erythropsidinium agile (Hertwig 1884) P.C. Silva 1960 (=E. agilis Hertwig, E. pavillardii (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C.
1960, E. agilis Pavill. 1905, E. hispidum (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. Silva 1960, E. cornutum (F. Schütt 1895)
495 Silva
P.C. Silva 1960, E. labrum (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. Silva 1960, E. scarlatinum (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. Silva
1960, E. richardii (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. Silva 1960)
496 Erythropsidinium cochlea (F. Schütt 1895) P.C. Silva 1960 (=Pouchetia cochlea F. Schütt)
497 Erythropsidinium extrudens (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. Silva 1960 (=E. extrudens Kof. & Swezy)
498 Erythropsidinium minus (Kof. & Swezy 1921) P.C. Silva 1960 (=E. minor Kof. & Swezy)
84 Greuetodinium A.R. Loebl. 1980 (=Leucopsis Greuet 1968)
499 Greuetodinium cylindricum (Greuet 1968) A.R. Loebl. 1980 (=Leucopsis cylindrica Greuet)
85 Nematodinium Kof. & Swezy 1921 -type N. partitum
Nematodinium armatum (Dogiel 1906) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=N. lebouriae J. Schiller 1933, P. armata Dogiel, P.
500 maculata
Kof. & Swezy 1921)
501 Nematodinium atromaculatum Kof. 1931 (non Cochlodinium atromaculatum Kof. & Swezy 1921)
502 Nematodinium partitum Kof. & Swezy 1921
503 Nematodinium torpedo Kof. & Swezy 1921
86 Nematopsides Greuet 1973
504 Nematopsides tentaculoides Greuet 1973
505 Nematopsides vigilans (S.M. Marshall 1925) Greuet 1973 (=Proterythropsis vigilans S.M. Marshall)
87 Proterythropsis Kof. & Swezy 1921
506 Proterythropsis crassicaudata Kof. & Swezy 1921
88 Warnowia Er. Lindem. 1928 (=Protopsis Kof. & Swezy 1921) -type W. fusus (30 species)
507 Warnowia alba (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=Pouchetia alba Kof. & Swezy)
508 Warnowia atra (Kof. & Swezy 1921) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. atra Kof. & Swezy)
509 Warnowia compacta (F. Schütt 1895) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. compacta F. Schütt, P. contorta F. Schütt 1895)
510 Warnowia dohrnii W. Zimm. 1930
511 Warnowia fusus (F. Schütt 1895) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. fusus F. Schütt)
512 Warnowia hataii (Kof. & Swezy 1921) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. hataii Kof. 1931)
513 Warnowia juno (F. Schütt 1895) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. juno F. Schütt, P. nigra Pavill. 1905 partim)
maculata (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. maculata Kof. & Swezy, non Gyr. maculatum Kof.
514 Warnowia
& Swezy 1921)
515 Warnowia maxima (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. maxima Kof. & Swezy)
516 Warnowia mutsui (Kof. 1931) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. mutsui Kof.)
517 Warnowia panamensis (Kof. 1907) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. panamensis Kof.)
518 Warnowia parva (Lohmann 1908) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. parva Lohmann)
polyphemus (C.H.G. Pouchet 1895) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. polyphemus (C.H.G. Pouchet) Kof. & Swezy
519 Warnowia
1921, Gymnodinium polyphemus C.H.G. Pouchet, Warnowia pulchra J. Schiller sensu Greuet 1968)
520 Warnowia pouchetii J. Schiller 1933 (=P. pouchetii Kof. & Swezy 1921)
pulchra (J. Schiller 1928) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. pulchra J. Schiller, non W. pulchra J. Schiller sensu
521 Warnowia
Greuet 1968)
522 Warnowia purpurata (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. perforata Kof. & Swezy)
523 Warnowia purpurescens (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. purpurescens Kof. & Swezy)
524 Warnowia reticulata (Kof. 1931) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. reticulata Kof.)
rosea (C.H.G. Pouchet 1879) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gym. polyphemus var. roseum C.H.G. Pouchet, non
525 Warnowia
P. rosea F. Schütt 1895)
526 Warnowia rubescens (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. rubescens Kof. & Swezy)
527 Warnowia schuettii (Kof. & Swezy 1921) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. rosea F. Schütt 1895)
528 Warnowia striata (Kof. & Swezy 1921) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. striata Kof. & Swezy)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
529 Warnowia subnigra (Kof. & Swezy 1921) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. subnigra Kof. & Swezy)
violescens (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928 (=P. violescens Kof. & Swezy, non Gym. violescens
530 Warnowia
Kof. & Swezy 1921)
531 Warnowia voracis (Kof. & Swezy 1921) J. Schiller 1933 (=P. voracis Kof. & Swezy)
532 Protopsis elongata J. Schiller 1928
533 Protospis neapolitana Kof. & Swezy 1921
Protospis nigra (C.H.G. Pouchet 1887) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=G. polyphemus var. nigrum C.H.G. Pouchet, P. nigra
534 Lemmerm.
1899)
535 Protospis ochrea (R.R. Wright 1907) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Pouchetia ochrea R.R. Wright)
536 Protospis simplex M. Lebour 1925
Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Gyrodinium dorsum
89 Genus of Gyrodinium dorsum
537 Gyrodinium dorsum Kof. & Swezy 1921
538 Gyrodinium instriatum Freud. & J.J Lee 1963 (=Gymnodinium instriatum (Freud. & J.J Lee) D.W. Coats 2002)
539 Gyrodinium uncatenatum Hulburt 1957 (=Gymnodinium uncatenatum (Hulburt 1957) Hallegr. 2002)
Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Togula
90 Togula Flø Jørg., Sh. Murray & Daugbjerg 2004 -type T. britannica
Togula britannica (Herdman 1924) Flø Jørg., Sh. Murray & Daugbjerg 2004 (=Amphidinium britannicum (Herdman)
540 M.
Lebour 1925)
compacta (Herdman 1922) Flø Jørg., Sh. Murray & Daugbjerg 2004 (=Amphidinium asymmetricum var.
541 Togula
compactum Herdman)
542 Togula jolla Flø Jørg., Sh. Murray & Daugbjerg 2004
543 Amphidinium corpulentum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=?Chilodinium cruciatum Massart 1920)
Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Apicoporus
S.F. Sparmann, B.S. Leander & Hoppenrath 2008 (=Amphidinium Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) -type A.
91 Apicoporus
glaber
glaber (Hoppenrath & Okolodkov 2000) S.F. Sparmann, B.S. Leander & Hoppenrath 2008 (=A.
544 Apicoporus
glabrum Hopperanth & Okolodkov)
545 Apicoporus parvidiaboli S.F. Sparmann, B.S. Leander & Hoppenrath 2008
Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Amphidinium
92 Amphidinium Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859 -type A. operculatum (103 species)
546 Amphidinium achromaticum Skvortzov 1958
547 Amphidinium aculeatum Daday 1888 (non Amphidinium aculeatum Schröd. 1911)
548 Amphidinium aculeatum Schröd. 1911 (non Amphidinium aculeatum Daday 1888)
549 Amphidinium acutum J. Schiller 1928 (=A. acutissimum J. Schiller 1933)
550 Amphidinium aeschrum T.M. Harris 1940
551 Amphidinium alinii Skvortzov 1958
552 Amphidinium aloxalocium R.E. Norris 1961
amphidinioides (Geitler 1924) J. Schiller 1933 (=Gymnodinium amphidinioides Geitler 1924, A.
553 Amphidinium
geitleri Hub.-Pest. 1950)
554 Amphidinium asymmetricum Kof. & Swezy 1921
555 Amphidinium aureum Böhm 1976
556 Amphidinium belauense A.T. Banaszak, R. Iglesias-Prieto & R.K. Trench 1993
557 Amphidinium bidentatum J. Schiller 1955
558 Amphidinium bipes Herdman 1924
559 Amphidinium boggayum Sh. Murray & D.J. Patterson 2002
560 Amphidinium bourrellyi Wawrik 1983
561 Amphidinium caerulescens J. Schiller 1955
562 Amphidinium carbunculus W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
89
90
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
563 Amphidinium carterae Hulburt 1957 (=A. microcephalum R.E. Norris 1961)
564 Amphidinium celestinum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
565 Amphidinium conradii (W. Conrad 1926) J. Schiller 1933 (=Gymnodinium glaucum W. Conrad)
566 Amphidinium conus J. Schiller 1928
567 Amphidinium coprosum Baumeister 1943
568 Amphidinium corallinum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
569 Amphidinium corrugatum J. Larsen & D.J. Patterson 1990
570 Amphidinium crassum Lohmann 1908 (=A. phaeocysticola M. Lebour 1925)
cristatum D. Ballant. 1964 (=A. rostratum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954, non A. rostratum Proshk.-Lavr.
571 Amphidinium
1945)
572 Amphidinium cucurbita Kof. & Swezy 1921
573 Amphidinium cucurbitella Kof. & Swezy 1921
574 Amphidinium cupulatisquama M. Tamura & T. Horig. 2009
575 Amphidinium curvatum J. Schiller 1928
576 Amphidinium cyaneoturbo W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
577 Amphidinium discoidale (Diesing 1866) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=A. operculatum var. discoidalis Diesing)
578 Amphidinium dubium W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
579 Amphidinium eilatiensis J.J. Lee, R. Olea, M. Cevasco, X. Pochon, M. Correia, M. Shpigel & J. Pawlowski 2003
580 Amphidinium emarginatum (Diesing 1886) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=A. operculatum var. marginata Diesing 1886)
581 Amphidinium extensum A. Wulff 1916
582 Amphidinium fastigium Kof. & Swezy 1921
583 Amphidinium ilum Böhm 1976
584 Amphidinium lagellans J. Schiller 1928
585 Amphidinium lexum Herdman 1923
586 Amphidinium galbanum Kof. & Swezy 1921
587 Amphidinium gibbosum (L. Maranda & Y. Shimizu 1996) Flø Jørg. & Sh. Murray 2004
588 Amphidinium glaucovirescens J. Schiller 1955
589 Amphidinium glaucum W. Conrad 1926
590 Amphidinium globosum Schröd. 1911
591 Amphidinium hadai Balech 1976
592 Amphidinium herdmanii Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=A. operculatum W.A. Herdman 1911)
incoloratum P.H. Campb. 1973 (=A. boekhoutnensis Caljon 1983, ?A. klebsii Kof. & Swezy 1921=A.
593 Amphidinium
opeculatum G.A. Klebs 1884)
594 Amphidinium inlatum Kof. 1931
595 Amphidinium kesslitzii J. Schiller 1928 (=?Gymnodinium nanum J. Schiller 1933)
596 Amphidinium lacunarum Skuja 1964
597 Amphidinium lanceolatum Schröd. 1911
598 Amphidinium lefevrei Skvortzov 1968
599 Amphidinium lilloense W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
600 Amphidinium lissae J. Schiller 1925
601 Amphidinium luteum Skuja 1939
602 Amphidinium machapungarum P.H. Campb. 1973
603 Amphidinium macrocephalum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
604 Amphidinium mammillatum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954 (=A. pseudogalbanum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954)
605 Amphidinium mananninii Herdman 1924
606 Amphidinium massartii Biecheler 1952 (=A. höeleri J. Schiller & Diskus 1955)
607 Amphidinium mootonorum Sh. Murray & D.J. Patterson 2002
608 Amphidinium mucicola W. Conrad 1941
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
609 Amphidinium nasutum Skvortzov 1958
610 Amphidinium obliquum J. Schiller 1955
611 Amphidinium obrae Er. Lindem. 1919
612 Amphidinium oceanicum Lohmann 1920
613 Amphidinium oculatum J. Schiller 1955
Amphidinium operculatum Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859 (=A. klebsii Kof. & Swezy 1921, A. rhynchocephala Anisimova
614 1926,
A. elegans Grell & Wohlfarth-Bottermann 1957)
615 Amphidinium ornithocephalum W. Conrad 1939
616 Amphidinium ovoideum (Lemmerm. 1896) Lemmerm. 1900 (=Prorocentrum ovoideum Lemmerm.)
617 Amphidinium ovum Herdman 1924
618 Amphidinium paciicum Kof. & Swezy 1921
619 Amphidinium pelagicum M. Lebour 1925
620 Amphidinium phthartum Skuja 1939
621 Amphidinium psammophila W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
622 Amphidinium psittacus J. Larsen 1985
623 Amphidinium purpureum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
624 Amphidinium pusillum J. Schiller 1955
625 Amphidinium radiatum Javorn. 1957
626 Amphidinium rhynchocephalum Anisimova 1926
Amphidinium roseolum (Schmarda 1854) J. Schiller 1933 (=Gym. roseolum (Schmarda) F. Stein 1878, Glen.
627 roseolum
Schmarda, =?Opisthoaulax)
628 Amphidinium ruttneri J. Schiller 1955
629 Amphidinium schilleri Skvortzov 1968
630 Amphidinium scissum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=A. scissoides M. Lebour 1925)
Amphidinium semilunatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Amphidinium semilunatum Herdman 1924, Thecadinium
631 inclinatum
Balech 1956)
632 Amphidinium sphagnicola W. Conrad 1943
633 Amphidinium sphenoides A. Wulff 1916 (=?Gymnodinium ilum M. Lebour 1917)
634 Amphidinium steinii Lemmem. 1910 (=A. wislouchii Hulburt 1957, A. rostatrum Proshk.-Lavr. 1945)
635 Amphidinium stellatum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
636 Amphidinium stigmatum J. Schiller 1928
637 Amphidinium sulcatum Kof. 1907
638 Amphidinium testudo Herdman 1924
639 Amphidinium tortum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
640 Amphidinium trochodinoides W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
641 Amphidinium trulla Sh. Murray, L. Rhodes & Flø Jørg. 2004
642 Amphidinium turbo Kof. & Swezy 1921
643 Amphidinium vasculum Kof. & Swezy 1921
644 Amphidinium vernale Skvortzov 1946
645 Amphidinium vigrense Wolosz. 1925
646 Amphidinium vitreum Herdman 1924
647 Amphidinium vittatum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
648 Amphidinium yoorugurrum Sh. Murray & D.J. Patterson 2002
93 Schillingia J. Schiller 1933
649 Schillingia coerulea (W. Conrad 1939) J. Schiller 1933 (=Amphidinium coeruleum W. Conrad)
94 Trochodinium W. Conrad 1926
650 Trochodinium prismaticum W. Conrad 1926 (=Amphidinium prismaticum (W. Conrad) J. Schiller 1933)
Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Cochlodinium
91
92
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
95 Cochlodinium F. Schütt 1896 sensu stricto (heterotrophic species) -type C. strangulatum (21 species)
651 Cochlodinium achromaticum M. Lebour 1925
652 Cochlodinium archimedes (C.H.G. Pouchet 1883) Lemmerm. 1899 (=Gymnodinium archimedes C.H.G. Pouchet)
653 Cochlodinium atromaculatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Nematodinium atromaculatum Kof. 1931)
654 Cochlodinium brandtii A. Wulff 1916 (=C. angustum Kof. & Swezy 1921)
655 Cochlodinium cavatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
656 Cochlodinium cereum Kof. & Swezy 1921
657 Cochlodinium citron Kof. & Swezy 1921
658 Cochlodinium clarissimum Kof. & Swezy 1921
659 Cochlodinium cnidophorum Biecheler 1939
660 Cochlodinium conspiratum Kof. & Swezy 1921
661 Cochlodinium constrictum (F. Schütt 1895) Lemmerm. 1899 (=Gymnodinium constrictum F. Schütt)
662 Cochlodinium elongatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
663 Cochlodinium faurei Kof. & Swezy 1921
664 Cochlodinium miniatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
665 Cochlodinium pellucidum Lohmann 1908
666 Cochlodinium pirum (F. Schütt 1895) Lemmerm. 1899 (=Gymnodinium pirum F. Schütt)
667 Cochlodinium pulchellum M. Lebour 1917
668 Cochlodinium pupa M. Lebour 1925
669 Cochlodinium semistriatum Elbr. 1979
670 Cochlodinium strangulatum (F. Schütt 1895) F. Schütt 1896 (=Gymnodinium strangulatum F. Schütt)
671 Cochlodinium volutum Kof. & Swezy 1921
96 Cochlodinium (chloroplast-containing species) (15 species)
672 Cochlodinium catenatum Okamura 1916
673 Cochlodinium lavum Kof. 1931 (non Gymnodinium lavum Kof. & Swezy 1921, non Gyrodinium lavum Kof. 1931)
674 Cochlodinium fulvescens M. Iwataki, H. Kawami & Matsuoka 2007
675 Cochlodinium geminatum (F. Schütt 1895) F. Schütt 1896 (=Gymnodinium geminatum F. Schütt)
676 Cochlodinium helicoides M. Lebour 1925 (=C. helix F. Schütt 1895 partim, Cochlodinium helix Kof. & Swezy 1921)
helix (C.H.G. Pouchet 1887) Lemmerm. 1899 (=Gymnodinium helix C.H.G. Pouchet, Gymnodinium
677 Cochlodinium
helix F. Schütt 1895)
678 Cochlodinium lebouriae Kof. & Swezy 1921
679 Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef 1961 (=C. heterolobatum E.S. Silva 1967)
680 Cochlodinium radiatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
681 Cochlodinium rosaceum Kof. & Swezy 1921
schuettii Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium helix F. Schütt 1895 partim, non G. helix C.H.G.
682 Cochlodinium
Pouchet 1887)
683 Cochlodinium scintillans Kof. & Swezy 1921
684 Cochlodinium turbineum Kof. & Swezy 1921
685 Cochlodinium vinctum Kof. & Swezy 1921
686 Cochlodinium virescens Kof. & Swezy 1921
Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Gyrodinium sensu stricto
97 Ceratodinium W. Conrad 1926
687 Ceratodinium asymmetricum W. Conrad 1926 (=Gymnodinium massartii (W. Conrad) J. Schiller 1932)
98 Gyrodinium Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Spirodinium F. Schütt 1896) -type G. spirale (153 species)
688 Cochlodinium distortum Kof. & Swezy 1921
689 Gymnodinium achromaticum M. Lebour 1917
690 Gymnodinium alaskense Bursa 1963
691 Gymnodinium allophron J. Larsen 1994
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
692 Gymnodinium amphora Kof. & Swezy 1921
693 Gymnodinium arcuatum Kof. 1931
694 Gymnodinium atomatum J. Larsen 1994
695 Gymnodinium attenuatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
696 Gymnodinium auratum Kof. & Swezy 1921
697 Gymnodinium aureum Kof. & Swezy 1921
Gymnodinium austriacum J. Schiller 1933 (=G. tridentatum J. Schiller 1933, G. cruciatum R.H. Thomps. 1951, G.
698 thompsonii (R.H. Thomps.) Kisselev 1954, G. waltzii Baumeister 1957, G. titubans Christen 1958, G. autumnale
Christen 1959)
699 Gymnodinium bifurcatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
700 Gymnodinium canus Kof. & Swezy 1921
701 Gymnodinium caput J. Schiller 1928
702 Gymnodinium contractum Kof. & Swezy 1921
703 Gymnodinium costatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
704 Gymnodinium cucumis F. Schütt 1895
705 Gymnodinium dentatum J. Larsen 1994
706 Gymnodinium devorans J. Schiller 1955
707 Gymnodinium diploconus F. Schütt 1895 (non Gymnodinium diplococcus Cleve-Euler 1918, nom. nud.)
708 Gymnodinium dogielii Kof. & Swezy 1921
709 Gymnodinium doma Kof. & Swezy 1921
elongatum B. Hope 1954 (=?Lessardia elongata J.F. Saldarriaga & F.J.R. Taylor 2003, non Gyr.
710 Gymnodinium
elongatum J. Schiller 1955)
711 Gymnodinium galeiforme Okolodkov 1997
712 Gymnodinium gracile Bergh 1881 (=Gymnodinium spirale var. nobilis C.H.G. Pouchet 1883, Gymnodinium roseum
Lohmann 1908, Gymnodinium abbreviatum Kof. & Swezy 1921, Gymnodinium lohmannii Paulsen 1908)
713 Gymnodinium guttiforme J. Larsen 1994
714 Gymnodinium guttula Balech 1976
heterostriatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=G. lucidum D. Ballant. 1964, ?G. hyalinum M. Lebour 1925,
715 Gymnodinium
non G. striatissimum Hulburt 1957)
hyalinum M. Lebour 1925 (=?Gym. heterostriatum Kof. & Swezy 1921, non G. hyalinum A.J. Schill.
716 Gymnodinium
1891, non G. hyalinum Vozzhenn. 1967)
717 Gymnodinium incisum Kof. & Swezy 1921
718 Gymnodinium incoloratum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
719 Gymnodinium indicum R. Shyam & Y.S.R.K. Sarma 1976
720 Gymnodinium katodiniforme Elbr. 1979
721 Gymnodinium lazulum Hulburt 1957
722 Gymnodinium lineatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
723 Gymnodinium lineopunicum Kof. & Swezy 1921
724 Gymnodinium lira Kof. & Swezy 1921
725 Gymnodinium lohmannii Paulsen 1908
726 Gymnodinium marinum Kent 1881
727 Gymnodinium minor M. Lebour 1917
728 Gymnodinium minutulum J. Larsen 1994
729 Gymnodinium mirabile Penard 1891
730 Gymnodinium multilineatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
731 Gymnodinium multistriatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
732 Gymnodinium najadeum J. Schiller 1928
733 Gymnodinium neapolitanum J. Schiller 1928
734 Gymnodinium nucaceum Okolodkov 1997
93
94
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
735 Gymnodinium obesum J. Schiller
736 Gymnodinium parvum J. Larsen 1994
737 Gymnodinium polycomma J. Larsen 1994
738 Gymnodinium prolatum J. Larsen 1994
739 Gymnodinium puniceum Kof. & Swezy 1921
740 Gymnodinium radiatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
741 Gymnodinium rhomboides F. Schütt 1895
742 Gymnodinium rubricauda Kof. & Swezy 1921
743 Gymnodinium rubrocinctum M. Lebour 1925
744 Gymnodinium scopulosum Kof. & Swezy 1921
745 Gymnodinium situla Kof. & Swezy 1921
746 Gymnodinium sphaericum (Calk. 1902) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium gracile var. sphaerica Calk.)
747 Gymnodinium stellatum Hulbult 1957
748 Gymnodinium sulcatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
749 Gymnodinium translucens Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Gymnodinium translucens P.H. Campb. 1973)
750 Gymnodinium translucens P.H. Campb. 1973 (non Gymnodinium translucens Kof. & Swezy 1921)
751 Gymnodinium variabile Herdman 1924
752 Gymnodinium vestiicii F. Schütt 1885 (=?Katodinium glaucum (M. Lebour 1917) A.R. Loebl. 1965)
Gymnodinium vorax Massart 1901 (nom. nud.) (non Gyrodinium vorax Biecheler 1952)
753 Gymnodinium voukii J. Schiller 1928
754 Gymnodinium wilczekii C.H.G. Pouchet 1894
755 Gymnodinium wulfii J. Schiller 1933 (non Gyrodinium wulfii J. Schiller 1933)
756 Gyrodinium acutum (F. Schütt) Kof. & Swezy 1921
757 Gyrodinium adriaticum J. Schiller 1928 (=Cochlodinium adriaticum J. Schiller 1933)
758 Gyrodinium antarcticum Hasle 1960
759 Gyrodinium apidiomorphum R.E. Norris 1961
760 Gyrodinium apuntatum W. Busch 1927
761 Gyrodinium arcticum Bursa 1961
762 Gyrodinium atractos J. Larsen 1996
763 Gyrodinium biconicum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Gymnodinium biconicum J. Schiller 1928)
764 Gyrodinium bistellatum W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
765 Gyrodinium californicum Bursa 1962
766 Gyrodinium capsulatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
767 Gyrodinium carteretense P.H. Campb. 1973
768 Gyrodinium chiasmonetrium R.E. Norris 1961
769 Gyrodinium citrinum Kof. 1931
770 Gyrodinium cochlea M. Lebour 1925
771 Gyrodinium complanatum P.H. Campb. 1973
772 Gyrodinium concentricum (M. Lebour 1917) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Spirodinium concentricum M. Lebour)
773 Gyrodinium conicum J. Schiller 1928
Gyrodinium contortum (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gym. contortum F. Schütt, Gymnodinium opimum F.
774 Schütt
1895 partim)
775 Gyrodinium corallinum Kof. & Swezy 1921
cornutum (C.H.G. Pouchet 1885) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gym. spirale var. cornutum C.H.G. Pouchet,
776 Gyrodinium
non G. cornutum F. Schütt 1895)
777 Gyrodinium crassum (C.H.G. Pouchet 1885) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium crassum C.H.G. Pouchet)
778 Gyrodinium culeus Kof. & Swezy 1921
779 Gyrodinium cuneatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=?Gymnodinium gracile Bergh 1881)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
780 Gyrodinium dominans Hulburt 1957
issum (Levander 1894) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gyr. issoides Elbr. 1979, non Gym. issum Levander
781 Gyrodinium
1894, ?Gyr. pavillardii Biecheler 1952)
782 Gyrodinium lavescens Kof. & Swezy 1921
783 Gyrodinium lavidum Kof. & Swezy 1921
784 Gyrodinium lavum Kof. 1931 (non Gymnodinium lavum Kof. & Swezy 1921)
785 Gyrodinium foliaceum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium viride F. Schütt 1895, non G. viride Penard 1891)
786 Gyrodinium formosum P.H. Campb. 1973
787 Gyrodinium fulvum Kof. & Swezy 1921
788 Gyrodinium fusiforme Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gyrodinium fusus (Meunier 1910) Akselman 1985)
789 Gyrodinium glaciale Y. Hada 1970 ex Balech 1976
790 Gyrodinium grave (Meunier 1910) Kof. & Swezy 1921
791 Gyrodinium grenlandicum Braarud 1935
792 Gyrodinium grossestriatum P.H. Campb. 1973
793 Gyrodinium gutrula J. Larsen 1996 (non Gymnodinium guttula Balech 1976)
794 Gyrodinium helveticum (Penard 1891) Y. Takano & T. Horig. 2004 (=Gymnodinium helveticum Penard)
795 Gyrodinium herbaceum Kof. & Swezy 1921
796 Gyrodinium heterogrammum J. Larsen 1996
hyalinum (A.J. Schill. 1891) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Gym. hyalinum M. Lebour 1925, non Gym.
797 Gyrodinium
hyalinum Vozzhenn. 1967)
798 Gyrodinium intortum Kof. & Swezy 1921
799 Gyrodinium katodiniascens P.H. Campb. 1973
800 Gyrodinium kofoidii R.E. Norris 1961
801 Gyrodinium lachryma (Meunier 1910) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Spirodinium lachryma Meunier)
802 Gyrodinium lebouriae Herdman 1924
803 Gyrodinium leptogrammum J. Larsen 1996
804 Gyrodinium lingulifera M. Lebour 1925
longum (Lohmann 1908) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Cochlodinium longum Lohmann, non Amphidinium
805 Gyrodinium
longum Lohmann 1908)
806 Gyrodinium louisae W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954
807 Gyrodinium maculatum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Warnowia maculata (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Er. Lindem. 1928)
808 Gyrodinium melo Kof. & Swezy 1921
809 Gyrodinium metum Hulburt 1957
810 Gyrodinium mundulum P.H. Campb. 1973
811 Gyrodinium nasutum (A. Wulff 1916) J. Schiller 1933
obtusum (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gym. spirale Bergh var. obtusa F. Schütt, non G.
812 Gyrodinium
spirale var. obtusum Dogiel 1906)
813 Gyrodinium oceaniae Okolodkov 1997 (non Gymnodinium oceanicum Hasle 1960)
814 Gyrodinium ochraceum Kof. & Swezy 1921
Gyrodinium opimum (F. Schütt 1895) M. Lebour 1925 (=Gym. opimum F. Schütt, Gyr. contortum (F. Schütt) Kof.
815 &
Swezy 1921 partim)
816 Gyrodinium ovatum (Gourret 1883) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium ovatum Gourret)
817 Gyrodinium ovoideum Kof. & Swezy 1921 (non Gymnodinium ovoideum Okolodkov 1997)
818 Gyrodinium ovum (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium ovum F. Schütt)
819 Gyrodinium parvulum (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium parvulum F. Schütt)
820 Gyrodinium pavillardii Biecheler 1934 (=?Gymnodinium issum Levander 1894)
Gyrodinium pellucidum (A. Wulff 1916) J. Schiller 1933 (non Gymnodinium pellucidum (Herdman) Flø Jørg. & Sh.
821 Murray
822 Gyrodinium pepo (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gymnodinium spirale var. pepo F. Schütt)
95
96
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
823 Gyrodinium phorkorium R.E. Norris 1961
Gyrodinium pingue (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Spirodinium varians A. Wulff 1916, ?Gyr. submarinum
824 Kof.
& Swezy 1921)
825 Gyrodinium postmaculatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
826 Gyrodinium prunus (A. Wulff 1920) M. Lebour 1925 (=Spirodinium prunus A. Wulff)
827 Gyrodinium rubricaudatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
828 Gyrodinium rubrum (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Y. Takano & T. Horig. 2004 (=Gymnodinium rubrum Kof. & Swezy)
Gyrodinium schuettii (Lemmerm. 1899) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Spirodinium schuettii Lemmerm., Gym. cornutum F.
829 Schütt
1895)
spirale (Bergh 1881) Kof. & Swezy 1921 (=Gyr. britannicum Kof. & Swezy 1921, Gyr. cornutum (C.H.G.
830 Gyrodinium
Pouchet 1885) Kof. & Swezy 1921)
831 Gyrodinium spumantia Kof. & Swezy 1921
832 Gyrodinium steinii Skvortzov 1968
Gyrodinium striatissimum (Hulburt 1957) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 (=G. striatissimum Hulburt, non G.
833 heterostriatum
Kof. & Swezy 1921)
834 Gyrodinium truncatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
835 Gyrodinium truncus Kof. & Swezy 1921
836 Gyrodinium undulans Hulburt 1957 (=?Syltodinium listii Drebes 1989)
837 Gyrodinium varians (A. Wulff 1916) J. Schiller 1933 (non Gymnodinium varians Maskel 1887)
838 Gyrodinium vesiculosum J. Larsen 1996
839 Gyrodinium virgatum Kof. & Swezy 1921
840 Gyrodinium wulfii J. Schiller 1933 (non Gymnodinium wulfii J. Schiller 1933)
99 Plectodinium Biecheler 1934
nucleovolvatum Biecheler 1934 (=Gyrodinium rhabdomante Balech 1973, ?Plectodinium miniatum
841 Plectodinium
(Kof. & Swezy 1921) F.J.R. Taylor 1980, Cochlodinium miniatum Kof. & Swezy)
100 Sclerodinium J.D. Dodge 1981
842 Sclerodinium calyptoglyphe (M. Lebour 1925) J.D. Dodge 1981 (=Gyrodinium calyptroglyphe M. Lebour)
843 Sclerodinium striatum J.D. Dodge 1981
Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Amphidinium longum
101 Genus of Amphidinium longum
Amphidinium longum Lohmann 1908 (=A. acutum Lohmann 1920, non Cochlodinium longum Lohmann 1908, non
844 A.
acutum J. Schiller 1928)
Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Amphidinium semilunatum
102 Genus of Amphidinium semilunatum
semilunatum Herdman 1924 (=Thecadinium semilunatum (Herdman) J.D. Dodge 1982, non
845 Amphidinium
Amphidinium semilunatum Kof. & Swezy 1921)
Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Balechina
103 Balechina Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1968 -type B. pachydermata
846 Balechina coerulea (Dogiel 1906) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=Gymnodinium coeruleum Dogiel)
847 Balechina marianiae F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (´marianae´ non. corr. ICBN: Art. 60.11, Recom. 60C.1, Art. 32.7)
Balechina pachydermata (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1968 (=Gymnodinium pachydermatum Kof. &
848 Swezy)
Order Gymnodiniales sensu lato, Family of Moestrupia
104 Moestrupia Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2011
oblonga (J. Larsen & D.J. Patterson 1990) Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2011 (=Gyrodinium oblongum J.
849 Moestrupia
Larsen & D.J. Patterson)
Order Ptychodiscales Fensome & al. 1993
Ptychodiscaceae Lemmerm. 1899
105 Ptychodiscus F. Stein 1883
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
Ptychodiscus noctiluca F. Stein 1883 (=P. inlatus Pavill. 1916, P. carinatus Kof. 1907, Diplocystis antarctica Cleve
850 1900)
Order Thoracosphaerales Tangen 1982
Calciodinellaceae / Calciodinelloideae Delandre 1947
851 Peridinium dzieduszyckii Wolosz. 1925 (=Peridinium lubieniense f. dzieduszyckii (Wolosz.) M. Lefèvre 1932)
852 Peridinium lubieniense Wolosz. 1916 (=Parvodinium lubieniense (Wolosz. 1916) Carty 2008)
lubieniensiforme (Diwald 1938) Hub.-Pest. 1950 (=Glen. lubieniensiforme Diwald, Peridiniopsis
853 Peridinium
lubieniensiforme (Diwald) Bourr. 1968)
polonicum Wolosz. 1916 (=Peridiniopsis polonicum (Wolosz. 1916) Bourr. 1968, P. trilineatum Er.
854 Peridinium
Lindem. 1919, Peridiniopsis gymnodinium (Penard 1891) Bourr. 1968, Glenodinium gymnodinium Penard 1891)
106 Calciodinellum Delandre 1947 -type C. operosum
855 Calciodinellum albatrosianum (Kamptner 1963) D. Janofske & Karwath 2000
elongatum (Hildebrand-Habel, H. Willems & Versteegh 1999) K.J.S. Meier, D. Janofske & H.
856 Calciodinellum
Willems 2002
857 Calciodinellum levantinum K.J.S. Meier, D. Janofske & H. Willems 2002
858 Calciodinellum operosum Delandre 1947
107 Calcigonellum Delandre 1949
859 Calcigonellum infula Delandre 1949
108 Duboscquodinium Grassé 1952 -type D. collinii
860 Duboscquodinium collinii Grassé 1952
861 Duboscquodinium kofoidii Grassé 1952
109 Scrippsiella Balech 1959 ex A.R. Loebl. 1965 -type S. sweeneyae (21 species)
862 Scrippsiella crystallina J.M. Lewis 1991
863 Scrippsiella donghaiensis H. Gu 2008
Scrippsiella faeroensis (Paulsen 1905) Balech & L.O. Soares 1967 (=Calciodinellum faeroense (Paulsen 1905)
864 Havskum
1991)
hexapraecingula T. Horig. & Chihara 1983 (=S. gregaria (E.H. Lombard & B. Capon 1971) A.R. Loebl.,
865 Scrippsiella
J.L. Sherley & R.J. Schmidt 1979, non Peridinium gregarium Lombard & Capon)
866 Scrippsiella infula (Delandre 1948) Montresor 2003 (=Calcionellum infula Delandre)
867 Scrippsiella irregularis Attaran-Fariman & Bolch 2007
868 Scrippsiella lachrymosa J.M. Lewis 1991
869 Scrippsiella minima X. Gao & J.D. Dodge 1991
870 Scrippsiella operosa (Delandre 1947) Montresor 2003 (=Calciodinellum operosum Delandre)
871 Scrippsiella patagonica Akselman & Keupp 1990
872 Scrippsiella precaria Montresor & Zingone 1988
873 Scrippsiella ramonii Montresor 1995
874 Scrippsiella regalis (Gaarder 1954) D. Janofske 2000 (=Discosphaera regalis Gaarder)
875 Scrippsiella rotunda J.M. Lewis 1991
876 Scrippsiella saladensis Balech 1963
877 Scrippsiella spinifera G. Honsell & M. Cabrini 1991
878 Scrippsiella sweeneyae Balech 1959 ex A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=S. sweeneyae D. Wall & B. Dale 1968)
879 Scrippsiella tinctoria Indel. & A.R. Loebl. 1985
880 Scrippsiella triida J.M. Lewis 1991
881 Scrippsiella triquetracapitata K.J.S. Meier, D. Janofske & H. Willems 2002
Scrippsiella trochoidea (F. Stein 1883) Balech ex A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Glen. trochoideum F. Stein 1883, Glen.
acuminatum Jørg. 1899, Peridinium trochoideum (F. Stein 1883) Lemmerm. 1910, Peridinium faeroense Paulsen
882 1905, Scrippsiella faeroensis (Paulsen 1905) Balech & L.O. Soares 1967, Scrippsiella trochoidea var. aciculifera
Montresor 1999)
110 Pernambugia D. Janofske & Karwath 2000
Pernambugia tuberosa (Kamptner 1963) D. Janofske & Karwath 2000 (=Sphaerodinella tuberosa (Kamptner)
883 Keupp
& Versteegh 1989, Thoracosphaera tuberosa Kamptner)
111 Tintinnophagus D.W. Coats 2010
97
98
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
884 Tintinnophagus acutus D.W. Coats 2010
Oodiniaceae Chatton 1920 (=Thoracosphaeraceae J. Schiller 1930, Protoodinidae/Protoodiniaceae Cachon 1964,
Hemidiniaceae Bourr. 1970, Cachonellaceae P.C. Silva 1980, Stylodiniaceae Pascher ex Sournia 1984,
Piesteriaceae Steidinger & al. 1996)
Glenodinium inaequale Chodat 1921 (=Peridiniopsis inaequale (Chodat) J. Stein & Borden 1980, non Glen.
885 inaequale Schmarda 1854, Glenoaulax inaequalis (Schmarda) Diesing 1866, non P. umbolatum var. inaequale
Lemmerm. 1910, non P. inaequale Fauré-Frem. 1908, non P. inaequale N. Peters 1928)
Peridinium aciculiferum Lemmerm. 1900 (=Glen. aciculiferum (Lemmerm.) Er. Lindem. 1928, Glen. quadridens
886 (F. Stein 1883) J. Schiller 1935, P. quadridens F. Stein 1883, Peridiniopsis quadridens (F. Stein) Bourr. 1968, P.
stagnale Meunier 1919)
Peridinium centenniale (Playfair 1919) M. Lefèvre 1932 (=P.
887 Parvodinium
centenniale (Playfair) Carty 2008)
umbonatum var. centenniale Playfair 1919,
888 Peridinium godlewskii Wolosz. 1916
889 Peridinium gutwinskii Wolosz. 1912
hangoei (J. Schiller 1935) J. Larsen 1995 (=Peridinium gracile Er. Lindem. 1924, ?P. novascotiense
890 Scrippsiella
Gran & Braarud 1935, ?Peridinium aciculiferum Lemmerm. 1900)
112 Amyloodinium E. Brown & Hovasse 1946 (=Bargoniella Loeb. & Tappan 1961) -type A. ocellatum
ocellatum (E. Brown 1931) E. Brown & Hovasse 1946 (=Oodinium ocellatum E. Brown,
891 Amyloodinium
Branchiophilus marinus Schäperclaus 1935)
amylaceum (Bargoni 1894) E. Brown & Hovasse 1946 (=B. amylacea (Bargoni) Loebl. & Tappan
892 Amylodinium
1961, Salpicola amylacea Bargoni)
113 Cachonella Rose & Cachon 1952 (=Diplomorpha Rose & Cachon 1951)
paradoxa (Rose & Cachon 1951) Rose & Cachon 1952 (=Diplomorpha paradoxa Rose & Cachon
893 Cachonella
1951)
114 Chalubinskia Wolosz. 1916 (=?Chimonodinium Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg, Gert Hansen & Moestrup)
894 Chalubinskia tatrica Wolosz. 1916 (=Peridinium tatrae J. Schiller 1937)
115 Chimonodinium Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg, Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2011 (=?Chalubinskia Wolosz. 1916)
Chimonodinium lomnickii (Wolosz. 1916) Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg, Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2011 (=Peridinium
lomnickii Wolosz. 1916, Glenodinium lomnickii (Wolosz.) Er. Lindem. 1925, P. lomnickii var. punctulatum Er. Lindem.
1924, Glen. lomnickii var. splendidum (Wolosz.) Er. Lindem, Chim. lomnickii var. splendidum (Wolosz.) Craveiro,
895 Calado,
Daugbjerg, Gert Hansen & Moestrup, Chim. lomnickii var. wierzejskii Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg, Gert
Hansen & Moestrup, P. wierzejskii Wolosz. 1916, Glen. lomnickii var. wierzejskii (Wolosz. 1916) Er. Lindem. 1928,
P. wierzejskii Wolosz. 1916, ?P. tatrae J. Schiller 1937, ?Chalubinskia tatrica Wolosz. 1916)
116 Crepidoodinium J. Lom & A.R. Lawler 1981 -type. C. cyprinodontum
cyprinodontum (A.R. Lawler 1967) J. Lom & A.R. Lawler 1981 (=Oodinium cyprinodontum A.R.
896 Crepidoodinium
Lawler)
897 Crepidoodinium virginicum J. Lom, K. Rohde & I. Dykova 1993
898 Crepidoodinium australe J. Lom, K. Rohde & I. Dykova 1993
117 Cryptoperidiniopsis Steid., J.H. Landsberg, P.L. Mason, W.K. Vogelbein, P.A. Tester & R.W. Litaker 2006
899 Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi Steid., J.H. Landsberg, P.L. Mason, W.K. Vogelbein, P.A. Tester & R.W. Litaker 2006
118 Cystodinedria Pascher 1944 (=Phytodinedria Pascher 1944)
Cystodinedria inermis (Geitler 1943) Pascher 1944 (=C. adpressa (Pascher) Bourr. 1970, C. aeruginea (Pascher)
Bourr., C. brunnea Pascher 1944, C. cocconiforme (Baumeister) Starmach 1974, C. hemisphaera (Pascher) Bourr.
1970, C. hyalina (Pascher) Bourr. 1970, C. maxima Popovský 1961, C. obtusata Pascher 1944, C. procubans
900 (Pascher) Bourr. 1970, C. reniformis (Baumeister) Starmach 1974, C. setosa (Pascher) Bourr. 1970, Dinococcus
inermis (Geitler 1943) Fott 1960, P. adpressa Pascher 1944, P. cocconiforme Baumeister 1957, P. hemisphaera
Pascher 1944, P. hyalina Pascher 1944, P. procubans Pascher 1944, P. reniformis Baumeister 1957, P. setosa
Pascher 1944, Raciborskia inermis Geitler 1943)
119 Haidadinium J. Buckland-Nicks, T.E. Reimchen & D.J. Garbary 1997
901 Haidadinium ichthyophilum J. Buckland-Nicks, T.E. Reimchen & D.J. Garbary 1997
120 Leonella D. Janofske & Karwath 2000
902 Leonella granifera (Fütterer 1977) D. Janofske & Karwath 2000 (=Thoracosphaera granifera Fütterer)
121 Luciella P.L. Mason, H.J. Jeong, R.W. Litaker, K.S. Reece & Steid. 2007 -type L. masanensis
903 Luciella atlantis P.L. Mason, R.W. Litaker, K.S. Reece & Steid. 2007
904 Luciella masanensis P.L. Mason, H.J. Jeong, R.W. Litaker, K.S. Reece & Steid. 2007
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
122 Parvodinium Carty 2008 -type P. umbonatum (8 species)
africanum (Lemmerm. ex West 1907) Carty 2008 (=Peridinium africanum Lemmerm. ex G.S. West
905 Parvodinium
1907, Peridinium ornamentosum Er. Lindem. 1931, P. intermedium Playfair 1919)
906 Parvodinium belizensis (Carty 2003) Carty 2008 (=Peridinium belizensis Carty)
907 Parvodinium delandrei (M. Lefèvre 1927) Carty 2008 (=Peridinium delandrei M. Lefèvre)
908 Parvodinium goslaviense (Wolosz. 1916) Carty 2008 (=Peridinium goslaviense Wolosz.)
Parvodinium inconspicuum (Lemmerm. 1899) Carty 2008 (=Per. inconspicuum Lemmerm., Glen. inconspicuum
909 (Lemmerm.)
Wailes 1939)
morzinense (M. Lefèvre 1928) Carty 2008 (=Peridinium morzinense M. Lefèvre 1928, Per. elegans
910 Parvodinium
M. Lefèvre 1925)
911 Parvodinium pusillum (Penard 1891) Carty 2008 (=Glenodinium pusillum Penard 1891)
Parvodinium umbonatum (F. Stein 1883) Carty 2008 (=Peridinium umbonatum F. Stein 1883, P. linzium Er. Lindem.,
912 P. ambiguum Er. Lindem. 1931, P. minimum Wolosz. 1916, P. munusculum Er. Lindem. 1918, P. steinmannii
Wolosz. 1930, P. parvulum Wolosz. 1935, P. javanicum C.J. Bernard 1908, Gym. oligoplacatum Skuja 1956)
123 Protoodinium Hovasse 1935 -type P. chattonii
913 Protoodinium chattonii Hovasse 1935
914 Protoodinium hovassei Cachon 1964
124 Oodinioides Reichenbach-Klinke 1970
915 Oodinioides vastator Reichenbach-Klinke 1970
125 Oodinium Chatton 1912 (=Salpicola Bargoni 1894) -type O. pouchetii
916 Oodinium dogielii Cachon & M. Chatton 1971
917 Oodinium fritillariae Chatton 1912
918 Oodinium inlandicum T. Horig. & S. Ohtsuka 2001
919 Oodinium jordanii N. McLean & C. Nielsen 1989
920 Oodinium pouchetii (Lemmerm. 1899) Chatton 1912 (=Gymnodinium pulvisculus C.H.G. Pouchet 1883)
126 Paulsenella Chatton 1920 -type P. chaetoceratis
921 Paulsenella chaetoceratis (Paulsen 1911) Chatton 1920 (=Apodinium chaetoceratis Paulsen)
922 Paulsenella kornmannii Drebes & Schnepf 1988
923 Paulsenella vonstoschii Drebes & Schnepf 1988
127 Piesteria Steid. & J.M. Burkh. 1996
924 Piesteria piscicida Steid. & J.M. Burkh. 1996
128 Pseudopiesteria R.W. Litaker, Steid., P.L. Mason, J.D. Shields & P.A. Tester 2005
shumwayae (H.B. Glasgow & J.M. Burkh. 2001) R.W. Litaker, Steid., P.L. Mason, J.D. Shields &
925 Pseudopiesteria
P.A. Tester 2005 (=Piesteria shumwayae H.B. Glasgow & J.M. Burkh.)
129 Staszicella Wolosz. 1916 (=?Tyrannodinium Calado, Craveiro, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009)
dinobryonis Wolosz. 1916 (=Peridiniopsis dinobryonis (Wolosz. 1916) Bourr. 1968, Glenodinium
926 Staszicella
dinobryonis (Wolosz.) J. Schiller 1937, Stylodinium tarnum Baumeister 1943)
130 Stoeckeria H.J. Jeong, J.S. Kim, J.Y. Park, J.H. Kim, S. Kim, I. Lee, S.H. Lee, J.H. Ha & W.H. Yih 2005
927 Stoeckeria algicida H.J. Jeong, J.S. Kim, J.Y. Park, J.H. Kim, S. Kim, I. Lee, S.H. Lee, J.H. Ha & W.H. Yih 2005
131 Stylodinium G.A. Klebs 1912 (=Dinopodiella Pascher 1944) -type S. globosum (6 species)
928 Stylodinium littorale T. Horig. & Chihara 1983
929 Stylodinium gastrophilum Cachon, Cachon-Enjumet & Bouquaheux 1965
Stylodinium globosum G.A. Klebs 1912 (=Dinopodiella gracilis Pascher 1944, D. phaseolus Pascher 1944, D.
930 gracilis
Pascher 1944)
931 Stylodinium polymorphum Baumeister 1957
932 Stylodinium sphaera Pascher 1944 (=?Vampyrella penula Cienk. 1865)
933 Stylodinium tarnum Baumeister 1943
132 Thoracosphaera Kamptner 1927 -type T. pelagica
Thoracosphaera heimii (Lohmann 1920) Kamptner 1944 (=Syracosphaera heimii Lohmann, Thoracosphaera
934 pelagica
Kamptner 1927)
99
100
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
133 Tyrannodinium Calado, Craveiro, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009 (=?Staszicella Wolosz. 1916)
Tyrannodinium edax (A.J. Schilling 1891) Calado 2011 (=Peridiniopsis edax (A.J. Schill.) Bourr. 1968, Glenodinium
edax A.J. Schill., Tyrannodinium berolinense (Lemmerm. 1900) Calado, Craveiro, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009,
935 Peridinium
berolinense Lemmerm. 1900, Peridiniopsis berolinense (Lemmerm.) Bourr. 1968, Gymnodinium alatum
Litvin. 1963, ?Staszicella dinobryonis Wolosz. 1916)
Glenodiniaceae Wiley & Hickson 1909 (incl. Glenodiniaceae Lemmerm. 1900, Glenodiniaceae Er. Lindem. 1928,
Glenodiniopsidaceae J. Schiller 1935, Dinosphaeraceae Er. Lindem. 1928, Lophodiniaceae OsorioTafall 1942, ?Lophodiniales J.D. Dodge 1984)
936 Gymnodinium impatiens Skuja 1964
937 Peridinium sociale (Henneg. 1890) Biecheler 1935 (=Glenodinium sociale Henneg.)
134 Dinosphaera Kof. & J.R Michener 1912
938 Dinosphaera palustris (Lemmerm. 1907) Kof. & J.R Michener 1912 (=Gonyaulax palustris Lemmerm. 1907)
135 Glochidinium Boltovskoy 1999 -type G. penardiforme
penardiforme (Er. Lindem. 1918) Boltovskoy 1999 (=Per. penardiforme Er. Lindem. 1918, Peridiniopsis
939 Glochidinium
penardiforme (Er. Lindem.) Bourr., Glen. penardiforme (Er. Lindem.) J. Schiller 1937)
940 Glochidinium platygaster Boltovskoy 1999
136 Gloeodinium G.A. Klebs 1912
941 Gloeodinium montanum G.A. Klebs 1912
137 Hemidinium F. Stein 1878 -type H. nasutum (16 species)
942 Hemidinium animale Skvortzov 1968
943 Hemidinium aquae-frigidae Skvortzov 1968
944 Hemidinium bryophyticum Skvortzov 1958
945 Hemidinium imprimatum W. Busch 1927
946 Hemidinium kisselewii Skvortzov 1928
947 Hemidinium kofoidii Skvortzov 1968
948 Hemidinium lindemannii Skvortzov 1968
949 Hemidinium mediterraneum J. Schiller 1928
950 Hemidinium mucosum Skvortzov 1958
Hemidinium nasutum F. Stein 1878 (=H. nobile Skuja 1964, H. brasiliense C.E.M. Bicudo & Skvortzov 1970, H.
951 nasutum var. lapeanum C.E.M. Bicudo & Ventrice, H. nasutum var. tatricum J. Wolosz., Gloeodinium cracoviense
Starmach 1963)
952 Hemidinium occulatum Skvortzov 1958
ochraceum Levander 1900 (=H. pseudoochraceum C.E.M. Bicudo & Skvortzov 1970, H. montanum
953 Hemidinium
C.E.M. Bicudo & Skvortzov 1970)
954 Hemidinium olivaceum Skvortzov 1968 (non Gymnodinium olivaceum Skvortzov 1968)
955 Hemidinium purpureum Skvortzov 1968
956 Hemidinium tumidum Skvortzov 1946
957 Hemidinium woloszynskae Skvortzov 1968
138 Glenodiniopsis Wolosz. 1916 -type G. steinii
steinii (Lemmerm. 1900) Wolosz. 1916 (=Glenodinium cinctum F. Stein 1878, Glenodinium steinii
958 Glenodiniopsis
Lemmerm. 1900, Glenodinium uliginosum A.J. Schill. 1891, Glenodiniopsis uliginosa (A.J. Schill.) Wolosz. 1928)
959 Glenodiniopsis pretiosa Er. Lindem. 1931
139 Glenodinium Ehrenb. 1836 -type G. cinctum (59 species)
960 Glenodinium abruptum Skvortzov 1958
961 Glenodinium alpinum (Perty 1849) Perty 1852 (=Peridinium alpinum Perty)
962 Glenodinium amphibium C.H.G. Pouchet 1885
963 Glenodinium amphiconicum J. Schiller 1955
964 Glenodinium bacilliferum Biecheler 1952
965 Glenodinium bieblii J. Schiller 1955
966 Glenodinium caspicum (Ostenf. 1901) J. Schiller 1935 (=Diplopsalis caspica Ostenf.)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
Glenodinium cinctum Ehrenb. 1836 (=Sphaerodinium cinctum (Ehrenb. 1836) Wolosz. 1917, ?S. javanicum
967 Wolosz.
1930, S. cinctum f. tatricum (Wolosz.) Hub.-Pest. 1950, ?S. cracoviense Wolosz. 1916)
968 Glenodinium compressum Calk. 1901 (=Amphidinium compressum (Calk.) F.J.R. Taylor & Baillie 1971)
969 Glenodinium cosmariiforme Skvortzov 1958
970 Glenodinium denticulatum J. Schiller 1955
971 Glenodinium ellipsoideum Skvortzov 1968
972 Glenodinium emarginatum G.A. Klebs 1912
973 Glenodinium frigidum Skvortzov 1968
974 Glenodinium fungiforme J. Schiller 1955
975 Glenodinium geminum (Playfair 1919) Er. Lindem. 1931 (=Peridinium geminum Playfair)
976 Glenodinium gessneri J. Schiller 1955
977 Glenodinium glaucum Skvortzov 1968
978 Glenodinium guildfordense (Playfair 1920) Er. Lindem. 1931 (=Peridinium caudatum var. guildfordense Playfair)
979 Glenodinium helicozoster T.M. Harris 1940
980 Glenodinium inlatum Meunier 1910
981 Glenodinium kamptneri J. Schiller 1955
982 Glenodinium lefevrei Er. Lindem. 1928
983 Glenodinium lemmermannii O. Zacharias 1901
984 Glenodinium lenticula C.H.G. Pouchet 1885
985 Glenodinium leptodermum T.M. Harris 1940
986 Glenodinium limos T.M. Harris 1940
987 Glenodinium longicorne (Perty 1849) Diesing 1866
988 Glenodinium majale Skvortzov 1958
989 Glenodinium maliavkinii Skvortzov 1958
990 Glenodinium mezii Steinecke 1916
991 Glenodinium minimum (Lantzsch 1914) M. Bachm. 1923 (=Gymnodinium minimum Lantzsch)
992 Glenodinium minutum Skvortzov 1946
993 Glenodinium monadicum (Perty 1852) Diesing 1866
994 Glenodinium monense Herdman 1924
995 Glenodinium mucronatum W. Conrad 1926
996 Glenodinium obliquum C.H.G. Pouchet 1885
997 Glenodinium ostenfeldii Paulsen 1904
998 Glenodinium ovatum Fauré-Frem. 1908
999 Glenodinium paululum Er. Lindem. 1928
1000 Glenodinium peisonis J. Schiller 1955
1001 Glenodinium pilula (Ostenf. 1908) J. Schiller 1937 (=Diplopsalis pilula Ostenf.)
1002 Glenodinium planulum (Perty 1852) Diesing 1866 (=Peridinium planulum Perty)
1003 Glenodinium pseudostigmosum Skuja 1956
1004 Glenodinium pulvisculum (Ehrenb. 1832) F. Stein 1883
1005 Glenodinium punctulatum T.M. Harris 1940
1006 Glenodinium rotundatum Skvortzov 1958
saeculare (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) J. Schiller 1935 (=P. saecularis (G. Murray & Whitting) Ostenf.
1007 Glenodinium
1915, Diplopsalis saecularis G. Murray & Whitting)
1008 Glenodinium sanguineum (H.J. Carter 1858) Diesing 1866
1009 Glenodinium segriense P.A. Dangeard 1939
1010 Glenodinium spiculiferum J. Schiller 1955
1011 Glenodinium spinosum Skvortzov 1968
101
102
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
1012 Glenodinium sungariense Skvortzov 1958
1013 Glenodinium turbo C.H.G. Pouchet 1885
1014 Glenodinium turfosum Skvortzov 1958
1015 Glenodinium vernale Skvortzov 1968
1016 Glenodinium vindobonense J. Schiller 1955
1017 Glenodinium viride Skvortzov 1958
1018 Glenodinium warmingii Bergh 1881
140 Kansodinium Carty & E.R. Cox 1986
Kansodinium ambiguum (R.H. Thomps. 1950) Carty & E.R. Cox (=Glenodinium ambiguum R.H. Thomps.,
1019 Diplopsalis
ambiguum (R.H. Thomps.) Bourr. 1970, non Peridinium ambiguum Er. Lindem.)
141 Lophodinium Lemmerm. 1910
polylophum (Daday 1905) Lemmerm. 1910 (=L. dadayi Osorio-Tafall 1942, Glenodinium polylophum
1020 Lophodinium
Daday)
142 Nephrodinium Meunier 1910
Nephrodinium karianum Meunier 1910 (=Peridinium karianum (Meunier) J. Schiller 1937, non P. karianum Henckel
1021 1925)
1022 Nephrodinium nivale Meunier 1910 (=Peridinium nivale (Meunier) J. Schiller 1937)
143 Palatinus Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009 -type P. apiculatus
Palatinus apiculatus (Ehrenb. 1838) Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009 (=Glen. apiculatus Ehrenb.
1838, P. apiculatum (Ehrenb.) Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859, Palatinus apiculatus var. laevis (Huitf.-Kaas 1900) Craveiro,
1023 Calado, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009, P. laeve Huitf.-Kaas 1900, P. palatinum f. laeve (Huitf.-Kaas) Er. Lindem.
1928, P. marssonii Lemmerm. 1900, P. anglicum G.S. West 1909, Properidinium apiculatum (Ehrenb.) Meunier
1919)
pseudolaevis (M. Lefèvre 1926) Craveiro, Calado, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2009 (=Peridinium pseudolaeve
1024 Palatinus
M. Lefèvre)
144 Peridiniopsis Lemmerm. 1904 -type P. borgei (15 species)
1025 Peridiniopsis amazonica Barbara Mey. 1997
1026 Peridiniopsis armebeensis Ten-Hage, K.P. Da & Couté 2007
borgei Lemmerm. 1904 (=P. borgei (Lemmerm.) Lemmerm. 1910, Glen. borgei (Lemmerm.) J.
1027 Peridiniopsis
Schiller 1937)
1028 Peridiniopsis charkowiensis (Matv. 1938) Bourr. 1968 (=Peridinium charkowiensis Matv.)
1029 Peridiniopsis cristatum (Balech 1961) Bourr. 1968 (=Glenodinium cristatum Balech)
cunningtonii Lemmerm. 1907 (=Peridinium suttonii B.M. Grifiths 1922, Glenodinium sedens Er.
1030 Peridiniopsis
Lindem. 1928, Peridinium treubii Wolosz. 1912, Heterocapsa quinquecuspidata Massart 1920)
Peridiniopsis elpatiewskyi (Ostenf. 1907) Bourr. 1968 (=P. pygmaeum Er. Lindem. 1918, Peridiniopsis pygmeum
1031 (Er. Lindem.) Bourr., P. umbonatum var. elpatiewskyi Ostenf., Glen. elpatiewskyi (Ostenf.) J. Schiller 1935, Glen.
pygmaeum (Er. Lindem.) J. Schiller 1937)
1032 Peridiniopsis kulczynskii (Wolosz. 1916) Bourr. 1968 (=Glenodinium kulczynskii (Wolosz.) Er. Lindem. 1928)
1033 Peridiniopsis lindemannii (M. Lefèvre 1927) Bourr. 1968 (=Glenodinium lindemannii M. Lefèvre)
1034 Peridiniopsis oculata (F. Stein 1883) Bourr. 1968 (=Glenodinium oculatum F. Stein)
quinquecuspidata (Nygaard 1926) Gert Hansen & Flaim 2007 (=P. cunningtonii var. quinquecuspidata
1035 Peridiniopsis
Nygaard, Glen. quadridens var. quinquecuspidatum (Massart) J. Schiller 1935)
1036 Peridiniopsis salina J.M. Trigueros 2000
1037 Peridiniopsis sphaeroidea (Christen 1958) Bourr. 1968 (=Peridinium sphaeroideum Christen)
1038 Peridiniopsis thompsonii (R.H. Thomps.) Bourr. 1968
viguieri (M. Lefèvre 1932) Bourr. 1968 (=Glen. viguieri (M. Lefèvre) J. Schiller 1937, P. viguieri M.
1039 Peridiniopsis
Lefèvre)
145 Thompsodinium Bourr. 1970
intermedium (R.H. Thomps. 1951) Bourr. 1970 (=Peridinium intermedium R.H. Thomps., ?P.
1040 Thompsodinium
intermedium Playfair 1919)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
Order Peridiniales Haeckel 1894, Peridiniales sensu stricto
Peridiniaceae Ehrenb. 1832
146 Bagredinium K.P. Da, F. Zongo, G. Mascarell & Couté 2004
Bagredinium crenulatum (Couté & A. Iltis 1984) K.P. Da, F. Zongo, G. Mascarell & Couté 2004 (=P. crenulatum
1041 Couté
& A. Iltis)
147 Peridinium Ehrenb. 1832 sensu stricto -type P. cinctum (32 species)
1042 Peridinium abscissum O. Zacharias 1903
1043 Peridinium alatum Cleve-Euler 1937 (non Peridinium alatum A. Garbini 1902)
1044 Peridinium allorgei M. Lefèvre 9127
1045 Peridinium baicalense Kisselev & Zwetkow 1935
1046 Peridinium bipes F. Stein 1883 (=P. tabulatum (Ehrenb.) Clap. & J. Lachm. partim)
1047 Peridinium brasiliense G. Borics & I. Grigorszky 2005
Peridinium cinctum (O.F. Müller 1786) Ehrenb. 1838 (=Vorticella cincta O.F. Müller, P. tabulatum Penard 1891, P.
1048 tuberosum Meunier 1919, P. eximium Er. Lindem. 1918, P. rhenanum Er. Lindem. 1919, P. westii Lemmerm. 1906,
Glenodinium cinctum (O.F. Muller) Ehrenb. 1830)
1049 Peridinium disciforme Cleve-Euler 1918
1050 Peridinium euryceps K. Rengefors & Barbara Mey. 1998
1051 Peridinium eximium Er. Lindem. 1920
1052 Peridinium gatuense Nygaard 1925 (=P. cinctum var. gibbosum M. Lefèvre 1927, P. zonatum Playfair 1919)
1053 Peridinium gemma Cleve-Euler 1918
1054 Peridinium gutwinskii Wolosz. 1912
1055 Peridinium illustrans O.C.A. Wetzel 1933
1056 Peridinium jensenii (Nygaard 1926) Nygaard 1932 (=Gonyaulax jensenii Nygaard 1926)
1057 Peridinium keyense G. Nygaard 1926
1058 Peridinium limbatum (A. Stokes 1888) Lemmerm. 1900 (=Protoperidinium limbatum A. Stokes)
1059 Peridinium lingii K. Thomasson 1986
1060 Peridinium lubiniensiforme (Diwald 1938) Hub.-Pest. (=Glenodinium lubiniensiforme Diwald)
1061 Peridinium mixtum Wolosz. 1952
1062 Peridinium ovum Matv. 1938 (non Peridinium ovum J. Schiller 1911)
1063 Peridinium playfairii Er. Lindem. 1931
raciborskii Wolosz. 1912 (=P. chalubinskii Wolosz. 1919, Protoperidinium palustre (Er. Lindem.) M.
1064 Peridinium
Lefèvre 1932, Glenodinium palustre (Lemmerm.) J. Schiller 1935)
1065 Peridinium rhenanum Er. Lindem. 1919
1066 Peridinium smirnovii Skvortzov 1958
1067 Peridinium striolatum Playfair 1919
1068 Peridinium subtatranum Wolosz. 1952
1069 Peridinium sydneyense K. Thomasson 1986 (=?Peridinium sydneyense (Playfair) K. Thomasson 1986)
1070 Peridinium volzii Lemmerm. 1905 (=?Peridinium willei Huitf.-Kaas 1900)
Peridinium willei Huitf.-Kaas 1900 (=P. alatum Garbini 1902, P. guestrowiense Er. Lindem. 1918, P. kincaidii Wailes
1071 1933, ?P. volzii Lemmerm. 1905, P. tabulatum Playfair 1912, P. australe Playfair 1912, P. hieroglyphicum Playfair
1919, P. striolatum Wailes 1928, P. vancouverense Wailes 1921)
1072 Peridinium wisconsinense S. Eddy 1930
1073 Peridinium witoslawi Er. Lindem. 1919
Heterocapsaceae Fensome & al. 1993
148 Heterocapsa F. Stein 1883 (=Cachonina A.R. Loebl. 1968) -type H. triquetra (19 species)
1074 Heterocapsa arctica T. Horig. 1997
1075 Heterocapsa chattonii (Biecheler 1952) P.H. Campb. 1973 (=Peridinium chattonii Biecheler)
1076 Heterocapsa circularisquama T. Horig. 1995
1077 Heterocapsa horiguchii M. Iwataki, H. Takayama & Matsuoka 2002
103
104
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
1078 Heterocapsa huensis M. Iwataki & Matsuoka 2009
Heterocapsa illdeina (E.M. Herman & B.M. Sweeney 1976) L.C. Morrill & A.R. Loebl. 1981 (=Cachonina illdeina
1079 E.M. Herman & B.M. Sweeney, Cachonina hallii (Freud. & J.J Lee) J.D. Dodge 1982, Glenodinium hallii Freud. &
J.J Lee 1963)
1080 Heterocapsa kollmeriana M.J. Swift & J.J.A. McLaughlin 1970
1081 Heterocapsa lanceolata M. Iwataki & Fukuyo 2002
1082 Heterocapsa minima A.J. Pomroy 1989
1083 Heterocapsa niei (A.R. Loebl. 1968) L.C. Morrill & A.R. Loebl. 1981
1084 Heterocapsa orientalis M. Iwataki & Fukuyo 2003
1085 Heterocapsa ovata M. Iwataki & Fukuyo 2003
1086 Heterocapsa paciica Kof. 1907
1087 Heterocapsa psammophila M. Tamura, M. Iwataki & T. Horig. 2005
1088 Heterocapsa pseudotriquetra M. Iwataki, Gert Hansen & Fukuyo 2004
pygmaea A.R. Loebl., R.J. Schmidt & J.L. Sherley 1981 (=Cachonina pygmaea (A.R. Loebl., R.J.
1089 Heterocapsa
Schmidt & J.L. Sherley 1981) Sournia 1984)
Heterocapsa rotundata (Lohmann 1908) Gert Hansen 1995 (=Amphidinium rotundatum Lohmann 1911, A.
Redeke 1935, Gymnodinium minutum M. Lebour 1925, Massartia rotundata (Lohmann) J. Schiller
1090 pellucidum
1933, Katodinium rotundatum (Lohmann) A.R. Loebl. 1965, K. redekei (W. Conrad & Kufferath 1954) A.R. Loeb.
1965, K. minutum (M. Lebour) Sournia 1973)
Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenb. 1840) F. Stein 1883 (=Glenodinium triquetrum Ehrenb., Peridinium triquetrum
1091 (Ehrenb.)
M. Lebour 1925, Properidinium heterocapsa (F. Stein) Meunier 1919)
1092 Heterocapsa umbilicata F. Stein 1883
Podolampadaceae Er. Lindem. 1928 (incl. Lessardiaceae Carbonell-Moore 2004)
149 Blepharocysta Ehrenb. 1873 -type B. splendor-maris
1093 Blepharocysta denticulata D.S. Nie 1939
1094 Blepharocysta hermosillai Carbonell-Moore 1992
1095 Blepharocysta okamurai T.H. Abé 1966 (=?B. splendor-maris (Ehrenb. 1860) Ehrenb. 1873)
1096 Blepharocysta paulsenii J. Schiller 1937
1097 Blepharocysta splendor-maris (Ehrenb. 1860) Ehrenb. 1873 (=?B. okamurai T.H. Abé 1966)
150 Gaarderiella Carbonell-Moore 2010 (=Gaarderia Carbonell-Moore 1994) -type G. angusta
1098 Gaarderiella angusta (Carbonell-Moore 1994) Carbonell-Moore 2010
1099 Gaarderiella armata (Carbonell-Moore 1994) Carbonell-Moore 2010
1100 Gaarderiella lata (Carbonell-Moore 1994) Carbonell-Moore 2010
1101 Gaarderiella compressa (Carbonell-Moore 1994) Carbonell-Moore 2010
151 Heterobractum Carbonell-Moore 1994
1102 Heterobractum striatum Carbonell-Moore 1994
152 Lessardia J.F. Saldarriaga & F.J.R. Taylor 2003
1103 Lessardia elongata J.F. Saldarriaga & F.J.R. Taylor 2003
153 Lissodinium Matzen. 1933 -type L. schilleri (18 species)
1104 Lissodinium australe Carbonell-Moore 1993
1105 Lissodinium balechii Carbonell-Moore 1993
1106 Lissodinium corrugatum Carbonell-Moore 1993
1107 Lissodinium fryxelliae Carbonell-Moore 1993
1108 Lissodinium heteracanthum Carbonell-Moore 1993
1109 Lissodinium heteroporum Carbonell-Moore 1993
1110 Lissodinium homacanthum Carbonell-Moore 1993
1111 Lissodinium longisulcus Carbonell-Moore 1993
1112 Lissodinium magnum Carbonell-Moore 1993
1113 Lissodinium matzenaueri Carbonell-Moore 1993
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
1114 Lissodinium orcadense Carbonell-Moore 1993
1115 Lissodinium ovatum Carbonell-Moore 1993
1116 Lissodinium parvum Carbonell-Moore 1993
1117 Lissodinium schilleri Matzen. 1933 (=B. matzenaueri (Matzen.) Gaarder, B. compressa Gaarder 1954)
1118 Lissodinium steidingerae Carbonell-Moore 1993
1119 Lissodinium taylorii Carbonell-Moore 1993
1120 Lissodinium thompsonii Carbonell-Moore 1993
1121 Lissodinium zondervanii Carbonell-Moore 1993
154 Mysticella Carbonell-Moore 1994 (non Mysticella R.V. Gorjunova 2007) -type M. striata
1122 Mysticella spinosa Carbonell-Moore 1994
1123 Mysticella striata (F. Schütt 1895) Carbonell-Moore 1994 (=Blepharocysta striata F. Schütt)
155 Podolampas F. Stein 1883 -type P. bipes (7 species)
1124 Podolampas antarctica Balech 1965
1125 Podolampas bipes F. Stein 1883
1126 Podolampas curvata J. Schiller 1937
1127 Podolampas elegans F. Schütt 1895
1128 Podolampas palmipes F. Stein 1883
1129 Podolampas reticulata Kof. 1907 (=P. bipes var. reticulata (Kof.) F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
1130 Podolampas spinifera Okamura 1912
156 Roscofia Balech 1956 -type R. capitata
1131 Roscofia capitata Balech 1956
1132 Roscofia minor T. Horig. & F. Kubo 1997
Amphidiniopsidaceae J.D. Dodge 1984
157 Genus of Thecadinium dragescoi
1133 Thecadinium dragescoi Balech 1956
158 Amphidiniopsis Wolosz. 1929 -type A. kofoidii (14 species)
1134 Amphidiniopsis aculeata Hoppenrath, Koeman & B.S. Leander 2009
1135 Amphidiniopsis arenaria Hoppenrath 2000
1136 Amphidiniopsis cristata Hoppenrath 2000
1137 Amphidiniopsis dentata Hoppenrath 2000
1138 Amphidiniopsis galericulata Hoppenrath 2000
1139 Amphidiniopsis hexagona S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J.D. Dodge 2000
1140 Amphidiniopsis hirsuta (Balech 1956) J.D. Dodge 1982 (=Thecadinium hirsutum Balech)
1141 Amphidiniopsis kofoidii Wolosz. 1929
1142 Amphidiniopsis korewalensis Sh. Murray & D.J. Patterson 2002
1143 Amphidiniopsis pectinaria S. Toriumi, S. Yoshimatsu & J.D. Dodge 2002
1144 Amphidiniopsis sibbaldii K.H. Nicholls 1998 ex K.H. Nicholls 1999
1145 Amphidiniopsis swedmarkii (Balech 1956) J.D. Dodge 1982 (=Thecadinium swedmarkii Balech)
1146 Amphidiniopsis urnaeformis G.I. Gail 1950
1147 Amphidiniopsis uroensis S. Toriumi, S. Yoshimatsu & J.D. Dodge 2002
159 Archaeperidinium Jørg. 1912 (=Protoperidinium Bergh) -type A. minutum
Archaeperidinium minutum (Kof. 1907) Jørg. 1912 (=Protoperidinium minutum (Kof. 1907) A.R. Loebl. 1970),
1148 ?Archaeperidinium
monospinum (Paulsen) Jørg. 1913, Properidinium aspinum Meunier 1919)
Archaeperidinium monospinum (Paulsen 1907) Jørg. 1913 (=Protoperidinium monospinum (Paulsen) Zonneveld
1149 & B. Dale 1994, Protoperidinium constrictum (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974, Peridinium constricta T.H. Abé,
Properidinium aspinum Meunier 1919)
1150 Protoperidinium archiovatum (Balech 1958) Balech 1974
105
106
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
1151 Protoperidinium bolmonense Chomérat & Couté 2008
1152 Protoperidinium grenlandicum (Wolosz. 1929) Balech 1974 (=P. grenlandicum Wolosz.)
1153 Protoperidinium tricingulatum H. Kawami, Wezel, Koeman & Matsuoka 2009
1154 Protoperidinium vorax Siano & Montresor 2005
160 Herdmania J.D. Dodge 1981 (=Dodgeia Özdikmen 2009)
Herdmania litoralis J.D. Dodge 1981 (=Gymnodinium agile Herdman 1922, non Gymnodinium agile Kof. & Swezy
1155 1921)
Protoperidiniaceae Balech 1988 (incl. Kolkwitziellaceae Er. Lindem. 1928, Congruentidiaceae J. Schiller 1935,
Protoperidiniaceae J.P. Bujak & E.H. Davies 1998)
Bergh 1881 sensu stricto (=Minuscula M. Lebour 1925, Properidinium Meunier 1919,
161 Protoperidinium
Congruentidium T.H. Abé 1927) -type P. pellucidum (269 species)
Protoperidinium abei (Paulsen 1930) Balech 1974 (=P. biconicum T.H. Abé 1927, non P. biconicum P.A. Dangeard
1156 1927)
Protoperidinium acutipes (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (=P. quadratum Matzen. 1933, P. divergens f. acutipes
1157 (P.A.
Dangeard) J. Schiller 1937)
Protoperidinium angustum (P.A. Dangeard 1932) Balech 1974 (=?Protoperidinium wiesneri (J. Schiller 1931)
1158 Balech
1974)
Protoperidinium bipes (Paulsen 1904) Balech 1974 (=Minuscula bipes (Paulsen) M. Lebour 1925, Glenodinium
1159 bipes
Paulsen 1904, Peridinium minusculum Pavill. 1905, non Peridinium bipes F. Stein 1883)
1160 Protoperidinium conicoides (Paulsen 1905) Balech 1973 (=Peridinium (Euperidinium) conicoides Paulsen 1905)
1161 Protoperidinium conicum (Gran 1900) Balech 1974 (=P. divergens var. conica Gran)
1162 Protoperidinium crassipes (Kof. 1907) Balech 1974
Protoperidinium curtipes (Jørg. 1912) Balech 1974 (=P. curtipes Jørg. 1912, P. crassipes Paulsen 1907 partim, non
1163 P.
crassipes Paulsen 1930, nec J. Schiller 1937)
Protoperidinium
denticulatum (Gran & Braarud 1935) Balech 1974 (=P. clavus T.H. Abé 1936, Protoper.
1164 hemisphaericum (T.H.
Abé 1936) Balech 1988)
1165 Protoperidinium diabolus (Cleve 1900) Balech 1974 (=P. longipes G. Karst. 1907)
1166 Protoperidinium divergens (Ehrenb. 1841) Balech 1974
Protoperidinium elegans (Cleve 1900) Balech 1974 (=P. annulatum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911, ?P. elegans
1167 Matzen.
1933)
1168 Protoperidinium excentricum (Paulsen 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. excentricum Paulsen, P. perrieri Fauré-Frem. 1909)
leonis (Pavill. 1916) Balech 1974 (=P. conicum Meunier 1919, P. saltans Pavill. 1915, non P.
1169 Protoperidinium
saltans Meunier 1910)
Protoperidinium mediterraneum (Kof. 1909) Balech 1974 (=P. longicollum Pavill. 1916, P. steinii subsp.
1170 mediterraneum
Kof.)
Protoperidinium longipes Balech 1974 (=Protoper. longipes (G. Karst. 1907) Balech 1974, P. diabolus var. longipes
1171 (G.
Karst.) F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
1172 Protoperidinium magnum (J. Schiller 1929) Balech 1974 (=?P. crassipes Kof. 1907)
Protoperidinium obtusum (G. Karst. 1906) Parke & J.D. Dodge 1976 (=Protoperidinium obtusum (G. Karst.) Balech
1173 1988, P. divergens var. obtusum G. Karst. 1906, P. okamurai Marukawa 1921, non P. okamurai T.H. Abé 1927, P.
obtusum J. Schiller 1937, non P. obtusum Fauré-Frem. 1908)
1174 Protoperidinium pallidum (Ostenf. 1899) Balech 1973
Protoperidinium pellucidum Bergh 1882 ex Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=P. pellucidum (Bergh) F. Schütt 1895,
1175 non C.H.G. Pouchet 1883, nec Vanhöffen 1897, P. pellucidum ssp. asteriferum Balech 1994, =P. pellucidum ssp.
stellatum Balech 1978, non P. stellatum D. Wall 1968)
Protoperidinium pentagonum (Gran 1902) Balech 1974 (=P. divergens var. sinuosum Lemmerm. 1899, P.
Lemmerm. 1905, Protoperidinium sinuosum (Lemmerm.) Matsuoka 1992, P. expansum T.H. Abé 1981,
1176 sinuosum
Protoperidinium expansum (T.H. Abé 1981) Head, P. parapentagonum Chia C. Wang 1936, non P. pentagonum
P.A. Dangeard 1926)
1177 Protoperidinium planiceps (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1988 (=P. thorianum var. planiceps T.H. Abé)
Protoperidinium punctulatum (Paulsen 1908) Balech 1974 (non P. punctulatum Paulsen 1931=P. multistriatum
1178 Kof.
1907)
Protoperidinium
schilleri (Paulsen 1930) Balech 1974 (=P. pallidum var. schilleri (Paulsen) J. Schiller 1937, non P.
1179 schilleri Böhm 1931)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
thorianum (Paulsen 1905) Balech 1973 (=P. thorianum Paulsen, Properidinium thorianum Meunier
1180 Protoperidinium
1919, Peridinium (Euperidinium) thorianum Paulsen 1905)
Protoperidinium thulesense (Balech 1958) Balech 1973 (=P. conicum f. islandica Braarud 1935, P. sympholis
1181 Hermosilla
& Balech 1969)
1182 Protoperidinium tumidum (Okamura 1907) Balech 1988 (=P. (divergens) tesselatum G. Karst.)
Protoperidinium (to be assigned to Protoperidinium sensu stricto, Diplopsaliaceae or Amphidiniopsidaceae)
1183 Peridinium parainerme D.S. Nie D. & Chia C. Wang 1964
1184 Peridinium tsingtaornsis D.S. Nie & Chia C. Wang 1964
Protoperidinium acanthophorum (Balech 1962) Balech 1974 (=P. rhomboidalis T.H. Abé 1981, P. cerassiformis
1185 T.H.
Abé 1981)
1186 Protoperidinium achromaticum (Levander 1902) Balech 1974 (=?Protoperidinium initimum Balech 1976)
1187 Protoperidinium acutum (Fauré-Frem. 1908) Balech 1974 (=P. pellucidum var. acutum Fauré-Frem.)
1188 Protoperidinium adeliense (Balech 1959) Balech 1974
1189 Protoperidinium adense (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974
1190 Protoperidinium adulterum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974
1191 Protoperidinium aequatoriale (Balech 1971) Balech 1974
1192 Protoperidinium afine (Balech 1958) Balech 1974
1193 Protoperidinium aliferum (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1974 (=P. matzenaueri Gaarder, non P. matzenaueri Böhm 1936)
1194 Protoperidinium americanum (Gran & Braarud 1935) Balech 1974
1195 Protoperidinium amplum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974
1196 Protoperidinium ampulla (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=P. granii var. mite f. spirale Gaarder 1954)
1197 Protoperidinium anceps (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974
1198 Protoperidinium anguipes (Balech 1967) Balech 1974
1199 Protoperidinium anomaloplaxum (Balech 1964) Balech 1974
antarcticum (A. Schimp. 1905) Balech 1974 (non P. depressum var. parallelum (Broch) Balech
1200 Protoperidinium
1994)
1201 Protoperidinium anthonyi (Fauré-Frem. 1908) Balech 1974
1202 Protoperidinium applanatum (L. Mangin 1914) Balech 1974 (=P. obovatum E.J.F. Wood 1954)
arcticum (Grøntved & Seidenfaden 1938) Okolodkov 1997 (=P. ovatum f. arctica Grøntved &
1203 Protoperidinium
Seidenfaden)
1204 Protoperidinium areolatum (N. Peters 1928) Balech 1974
1205 Protoperidinium argentiniense Balech 1979
1206 Protoperidinium asperum (Wailes 1928) Balech 1974
1207 Protoperidinium aspidiotum (Balech 1964) Balech 1974
asymmetricum Balech 1974 (=P. asymmetricum (T.H. Abé 1927) T.H. Abé 1981, Sphaerodinium
1208 Protoperidinium
asymmetricum T.H. Abé 1927, non P. asymmetricum G. Karst. 1907, P. mutsui J. Schiller 1935)
1209 Protoperidinium avellana (Meunier 1919) Balech 1974 (=Properidinium avellana Meunier)
1210 Protoperidinium balechii (Akselman 1972) Balech 1988
1211 Protoperidinium belizeanum M.A. Faust 2003
1212 Protoperidinium bellulum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974
1213 Protoperidinium biconicum (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (non P. biconicum T.H. Abé 1936)
1214 Protoperidinium bidentatum (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. bidentatum T.H. Abé)
1215 Protoperidinium bipatens Balech 1973
Protoperidinium bispinum (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1974 (=?P. bimucronatum (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1974, non
1216 Protoperidinium
sourniai (F.J.R. Taylor 1976) Balech 1994)
1217 Protoperidinium bourrellyi Balech 1999
1218 Protoperidinium braarudii (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1974
brevipes (Paulsen 1908) Balech 1974 (=P. brevipes Paulsen, P. varicans Paulsen 1911, P.
1219 Protoperidinium
incurvum Er. Lindem. 1924)
107
108
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
Protoperidinium brochii (Kof. & Swezy 1921) Balech 1974 (=P. adriaticum Broch 1920, non P. adriaticum Schmarda
1220 1846)
1221 Protoperidinium bulbosum (Gaarder) Balech 1974
1222 Protoperidinium bulla (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974
capurroi (Balech 1959) Balech 1974 (=?P. brachypus T.H. Abé 1981, non P. brachypus J. Schiller
1223 Protoperidinium
1937)
1224 Protoperidinium carinaeferum (G.I. Gail 1950) Balech 1994 (=P. carinaeferum G.I. Gail)
1225 Protoperidinium carum (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. carus T.H. Abé)
1226 Protoperidinium cassum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=Protoperidinium cassum cassum Balech 1988)
1227 Protoperidinium castaneiforme (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974
1228 Protoperidinium cavispinum (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974
1229 Protoperidinium cepa (Balech 1971) Balech 1974
1230 Protoperidinium cerasus (Paulsen 1907) Balech 1973
1231 Protoperidinium charcotii (Balech 1958) Balech 1974
1232 Protoperidinium claudum Balech 1994 (=P. asymmetricum G. Karst. sensu Böhm 1936, non G. Karst. 1907)
1233 Protoperidinium colombonense (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974
Protoperidinium compressum (T.H. Abé 1927) Balech 1974 (=Congruentidium compressum T.H. Abé 1927, P.
1234 compressum
T.H. Abé 1981, Stelladinium stellatum (D. Wall 1968) P.C. Reid 1977)
Protoperidinium concavum (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974 (=?Protoperidinium granii (Ostenf. 1906) Balech 1974,
1235 P.
petersii Balech 1958)
1236 Protoperidinium concinnus M.A. Faust 2006 (subgenus Testeria M.A. Faust)
1237 Protoperidinium consimile (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. consimilis T.H. Abé)
1238 Protoperidinium corniculum (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) F.J.R. Taylor & Balech 1979
1239 Protoperidinium cornutum (G. Karst. 1907) Balech 1974
Protoperidinium crassipyrum (Balech 1961) Balech 1974 (=P. crassum Balech (1959) Balech 1974, non P. crassum
1240 P.A.
Dangeard 1927)
1241 Protoperidinium cristatum Balech 1979
1242 Protoperidinium cruciferum (Balech 1971) Balech 1973 (=?P. parvum T.H. Abé 1981)
1243 Protoperidinium curtum (Balech 1958) Balech 1973
1244 Protoperidinium curvipes (Ostenf. 1906) Balech 1974
1245 Protoperidinium cuspidatum Balech 1979
dakariense (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (=P. gibbosum Matzen. (1933) Balech 1974, P.
1246 Protoperidinium
parvispinum Gaarder 1954)
1247 Protoperidinium decens (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=Protoperidinium cassum var. decens Balech 1988)
1248 Protoperidinium decipiens (Jørg. 1899) Parke & J.D. Dodge 1976
1249 Protoperidinium decollatum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974
1250 Protoperidinium defectum (Balech 1965) Balech 1974
1251 Protoperidinium deiciens (Meunier 1919) Balech 1974
1252 Protoperidinium discoides (Wailes 1928) Balech 1974 (=?P. denticulatum)
Protoperidinium divaricatum (Meunier 1919) Parke & J.D. Dodge 1976 (=P. gainii (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech
1253 1974,
P. divaricatum (Meunier) Balech 1988)
1254 Protoperidinium dodgei Okolodkov 1997
1255 Protoperidinium dolichoporum B. Borgese 1987
1256 Protoperidinium elegantissimum (Balech 1958) Balech 1974
1257 Protoperidinium ellipticum Halim 1969
1258 Protoperidinium elongatum (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974
1259 Protoperidinium exageratum Balech 1979 (=P. globulus var. quarnerense f. spirale Gaarder 1954)
1260 Protoperidinium exiguipes (L. Mangin 1930) J.D. Dodge 1985
1261 Protoperidinium exiguum (Cleve 1900) Balech 1974
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
1262 Protoperidinium exile Balech 1994 (=P. gracile Meunier 1910)
1263 Protoperidinium falk-petersenii Okolodkov 1999
1264 Protoperidinium fastum Balech 1979
1265 Protoperidinium faurei Balech 1994 (=P. ovatum C.H.G. Pouchet var.? Fauré-Frem. 1908)
1266 Protoperidinium imbriatum (Meunier 1919) Balech 1974
1267 Protoperidinium initimum Balech 1976
1268 Protoperidinium formosum (Pavill. 1909) Balech 1974 (=P. diabolus var. formosum (Pavill.) F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
1269 Protoperidinium furcatum (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. furcatum T.H. Abé)
1270 Protoperidinium gaarderae (Balech 1967) Balech 1974
gibberum (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. gibberum T.H. Abé, non P. okamurai T.H. Abé 1927,
1271 Protoperidinium
nec P. okamurai Yoneda & Marukawa 1921)
1272 Protoperidinium globiferum (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. globifera T.H. Abé)
1273 Protoperidinium globulus (F. Stein 1883) Balech 1974 (=P. ovatum (C.H.G. Pouchet) F. Schütt 1895)
1274 Protoperidinium glyptopterum Balech 1973
Protoperidinium grahamii (Sournia 1973) Balech 1994 (=P. grahamii Sournia, P. truncatum H.W. Graham 1942,
1275 non
P. truncatum O. Zacharias 1903)
1276 Protoperidinium grande (Kof. 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. elegans Matzen. 1933, non P. grande P.A. Dangeard 1927)
granii (Ostenf. 1906) Balech 1974 (=P. inlandicum Paulsen 1907, non P. gracile Gran & Braarud
1277 Protoperidinium
1935)
1278 Protoperidinium hamatum Balech 1979
1279 Protoperidinium helix (Balech 1962) Balech 1974
1280 Protoperidinium heteracanthum (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (non Protoper. norpacense Balech 1974)
1281 Protoperidinium heteroconicum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974
1282 Protoperidinium heterospinum (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1974
Protoperidinium hidemitii (Paulsen 1949) Balech 1994 (=P. rotundatum T.H. Abé 1936, non P. rotundatum G. Karst.
1283 1907)
1284 Protoperidinium hirobis (T.H. Abé 1927) Balech 1974
1285 Protoperidinium huberi (J. Schiller 1929) Balech 1974
1286 Protoperidinium humile (J. Schiller 1935) Balech 1974 (=P. perbreve Balech & L.O. Soares 1967)
1287 Protoperidinium hyalinum (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974
1288 Protoperidinium illepidum Balech 1994 (=P. pellucidum var. crassum Fauré-Frem. 1908)
1289 Protoperidinium incertum (Balech 1958) Balech 1973
1290 Protoperidinium inclinatum (Balech 1964) Balech 1974 (=P. sphaericum Okamura 1912)
1291 Protoperidinium incognitum (Balech 1959) Balech 1974
1292 Protoperidinium inlatiforme (Böhm 1936) Balech 1974
inlatum (Okamura 1912) Balech 1974 (=P. inlatum Okamura, P. brochii f. inlatum J. Schiller
1293 Protoperidinium
1937, P. crassum P.A. Dangeard 1927)
1294 Protoperidinium islandicum (Paulsen 1904) Balech 1973
1295 Protoperidinium isthmus (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994
joergensenii (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=P. pedunculatum Jørg. 1905, non P. pedunculatum F.
1296 Protoperidinium
Schütt 1895)
1297 Protoperidinium joubinii (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974
1298 Protoperidinium knipowitschii (Usachev 1927) Balech 1974
1299 Protoperidinium laciniosum Balech 1994 (=P. petersii T.H. Abé 1981, non P. petersii Balech 1958)
laticeps (Grøntved & Seidenfaden 1938) Balech 1974 (=P. laticeps Grøntved & Seidenfaden, ?P.
1300 Protoperidinium
consimile (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994)
1301 Protoperidinium latipyrum (Balech 1959) Balech 1974
latispinum (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974 (=?P. africanoides (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974,
1302 Protoperidinium
P. angusticollum T.H. Abé 1981, ?P. sylvanae P. Dangeard 1927)
109
110
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
Protoperidinium latissimum (Kof. 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. pentagonoides Balech 1949, P. pentagonum var.
1303 latissimum (Kof.) J. Schiller 1937, ?P. sylvanae P.A. Dangeard 1927, Protoperidinium exiquipes (L. Mangin 1930)
J.D. Dodge 1985)
1304 Protoperidinium latistriatum (Balech 1958) Balech 1974
1305 Protoperidinium ligusticum (Rampi 1951) Balech 1974
Protoperidinium lipopodium (Balech 1964) Balech 1974 (=P. subcurvipes Balech 1959, non P. subcurvipes M.
1306 Lebour
1923)
Protoperidinium longispinum (Kof. 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. michaelis Ehrenb. 1840 partim, non P. longispinum L.
1307 Mangin
1930)
1308 Protoperidinium macrapicatum (Balech 1971) Balech 1973 (=?P. gracile Gran & Braarud 1935)
1309 Protoperidinium majus (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (=P. ovatum var. majus P.A. Dangeard)
1310 Protoperidinium manginii (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=P. pyriforme N. Peters 1928)
1311 Protoperidinium maranense Tolomio 1981
Protoperidinium marielebouriae (Paulsen 1931) Balech 1974 (=P. obtusum (G. Karst. 1906) M. Lebour 1925, non
1312 P.
obtusum (G. Karst.) Fauré-Frem. 1980)
1313 Protoperidinium marukawai (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974
1314 Protoperidinium mastophorum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=P. granii Matzen. 1933, non P. granii Ostenf. 1906)
1315 Protoperidinium mediocre (Balech 1958) Balech 1974
1316 Protoperidinium melo (Balech 1971) Balech 1974
1317 Protoperidinium mendiolae Balech 1978
1318 Protoperidinium metananum (Balech 1965) Balech 1974
1319 Protoperidinium minus (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974
1320 Protoperidinium minutissimum (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974
1321 Protoperidinium mite (Pavill. 1916) Balech 1974 (=P. granii Ostenf. f. mite (Pavill.) J. Schiller 1937)
1322 Protoperidinium monacanthum (Broch 1910) Balech 1973 (=P. complanatum Meunier 1910)
1323 Protoperidinium monovelum (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974
1324 Protoperidinium multipunctatum (Fauré-Frem. 1908) Balech 1994 (=P. multipunctatum Fauré-Frem.)
1325 Protoperidinium munobis (T.H. Abé 1927) Balech 1974
Protoperidinium murrayi (Kof. 1907) Hernández-Becerril 1991 (=P. murrayi Kof. 1907, P. murrayi var. occidentalis
1326 Pavill.
1930, P. murrayi var. orientalis Matzen. 1933)
mutsuense (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974 (=P. mutsuensis T.H. Abé, non Peridinium mutsui J.
1327 Protoperidinium
Schiller 1935)
1328 Protoperidinium nanum (Balech 1962) Balech 1974
Protoperidinium norpacense (Balech 1962) Balech 1974 (=P. heteracanthum P.A. Dangeard sensu Matzen. 1933,
1329 non
P. heteracanthum P.A. Dangeard 1927)
Protoperidinium novascotiense (Gran & Braarud 1935) Balech 1974 (=?Scrippsiella hangoei (J. Schiller 1935) J.
1330 Larsen
1995)
1331 Protoperidinium novellus M.A. Faust 2006 (subgenus Testeria)
1332 Protoperidinium nudum (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974
1333 Protoperidinium nux (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1974 (=P. levanderi T.H. Abé 1927, P. aequilimbus T.H. Abé 1981)
1334 Protoperidinium obesum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974
1335 Protoperidinium obtusipes (L. Mangin 1930) Balech 1974
1336 Protoperidinium oceanicum (Vanhöffen 1897) Balech 1974
1337 Protoperidinium okamurai Yoneda & Marukawa 1921 (non Protoperidinium gibberum (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994)
1338 Protoperidinium orientale (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974
1339 Protoperidinium ovatoides (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974
ovatum C.H.G. Pouchet 1883 (=P. lenticulatum Fauré-Frem. 1908, Protoperidinium ovatum ssp.
1340 Protoperidinium
asymmetricum (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1988, Peridinium ovatum (C.H.G. Pouchet) F. Schütt 1895)
1341 Protoperidinium oviforme (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
Protoperidinium ovum (J. Schiller 1911) Balech 1974 (=Protoperidinium nipponicum (T.H. Abé 1927) Balech 1974,
1342 P. ovum J. Schiller 1911, ?P. ellipsoides P.A. Dangeard 1927, P. ellipsoideum P.A. Dangeard 1927, non P. ovum L.
Mangin 1912, non Peridinium ovum Matv. 1938)
Protoperidinium paciicum (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) F.J.R. Taylor & Balech ex Balech 1988 (=P. capdevillei
1343 Balech 1959) Balech 1974, Protoperidinium capdevillei (Balech 1959) Balech 1974, ?P. paciicum Kof. & J.R.
Michener 1911)
1344 Protoperidinium paradoxum (F.J.R. Taylor 1976) Balech 1994
1345 Protoperidinium parapyriforme (Hermosilla 1968) Balech 1974
1346 Protoperidinium parcum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974
1347 Protoperidinium parthenopes Zingone & Montresor 1988
1348 Protoperidinium parvicollum (Balech 1958) Balech 1973
1349 Protoperidinium parvispinum (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1974
1350 Protoperidinium parviventer Balech 1978 (=?P. gracile Gran & Braarud 1935)
paulsenii (Pavill. 1909) Balech 1974 (non P. paulsenii L. Mangin 1911, non P. paulsenii T.H. Abé
1351 Protoperidinium
1981, =P. subinerme Paulsen 1931)
1352 Protoperidinium pedunculatum (F. Schütt 1895) Balech 1974
1353 Protoperidinium penitum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974 (=P. ovatum N. Peters 1928)
1354 Protoperidinium perplexum (Balech 1971) Balech 1974
1355 Protoperidinium perradiatum Balech 1978
Protoperidinium persicum (J. Schiller 1937) Okolodkov 2008 (=P. schilleri Böhm 1931, P. matzenaueri Böhm 1936,
1356 P.
margaleii E.S. Silva 1965)
1357 Protoperidinium peruvianum (Balech 1961) Balech 1974
1358 Protoperidinium pietschmannii (Böhm 1931) Balech 1974
1359 Protoperidinium platifrons Balech 1999
1360 Protoperidinium ponticum A. Vershinin & S.L. Morton 2005 (non Peridinium ponticum D. Wall & B. Dale 1973)
1361 Protoperidinium porosum Balech 1978
pouchetii (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) F.J.R. Taylor & Balech ex Balech 1988 (=Per. brintonii
1362 Protoperidinium
Balech 1962, P. brintonii (Balech) Balech 1974)
1363 Protoperidinium pseudoantarcticum (Balech 1958) Balech 1974
1364 Protoperidinium pseudogranii (N. Peters 1930) Balech 1994
1365 Protoperidinium pseudopallidum (N. Peters 1930) Balech 1994
Protoperidinium pyriforme (Paulsen 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. steinii var. pyriformis Paulsen 1905, P. pyriforme spp.
1366 pyriforme (Paulsen) Balech 1988, Protoperidinium pyriforme ssp. breve (Paulsen 1907) Balech 1988, =P. breve
(Paulsen 1907) Balech)
1367 Protoperidinium pyrum (Balech 1959) Balech 1974
1368 Protoperidinium quadratum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974
1369 Protoperidinium quarnerense (Schröd. 1900) Balech 1974 (=P. globulus var. quarnerense Schröd.)
1370 Protoperidinium radius (Balech 1971) Balech 1976 (=P. concavum subsp. radius Balech)
1371 Protoperidinium rampii (Balech 1959) Balech 1974
1372 Protoperidinium raphanus (Balech 1958) Balech 1974
1373 Protoperidinium rectiforme (J. Schiller 1929) Balech 1974
rectum (Kof. 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. sphaericum Okamura 1912, non P. sphaericum G. Murray
1374 Protoperidinium
& Whitting 1899)
1375 Protoperidinium retiferum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1978
1376 Protoperidinium rhombiforme (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=P. rhombiformis T.H. Abé)
1377 Protoperidinium robustum (Meunier 1910) Hernández-Becerril 1991
1378 Protoperidinium rosaceum (Balech 1958) Balech 1974
1379 Protoperidinium roscofiense (Balech 1962) Balech 1974
1380 Protoperidinium roseum (Paulsen 1904) Balech 1974
111
112
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
saltans (Meunier 1910) Balech 1973 (=P. valgus T.H. Abé 1981, non Peridinium saltans Pavill.
1381 Protoperidinium
1915)
1382 Protoperidinium simulum (Paulsen 1931) Balech 1974
1383 Protoperidinium sinaicum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974
Protoperidinium solidicorne (L. Mangin 1922) Balech 1974 (=Protoperidinium spiniferum (J. Schiller 1937) Balech
1384 1974,
P. spinosum J. Schiller 1937)
1385 Protoperidinium solitarium (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974
1386 Protoperidinium somma (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974
sourniai (F.J.R. Taylor 1976) Balech 1994 (non P. bimucronatum (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1974,
1387 Protoperidinium
P. bispinum J. Schiller 1937)
Protoperidinium sphaericum (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Balech 1974 (non P. sphaericum Okamura 1912, P.
1388 sphaericum
Meunier 1910)
Protoperidinium sphaeroides (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (=?Protoperidinium globulus (F. Stein 1883)
1389 Balech
1974)
1390 Protoperidinium sphaeroideum (L. Mangin 1922) Balech 1974 (=?P. breve Paulsen 1907)
1391 Protoperidinium spirale (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1974 (=P. granii f. spirale Gaarder)
spitzbergense (Broch 1910) Balech 1994 (=P. spitzbergense Broch, non P. globulus sensu J.
1392 Protoperidinium
Schiller 1937)
Protoperidinium steinii (Jørg. 1899) Balech 1974 (=P. michaelis F. Stein 1883, =?Protoperidinium africanoides
1393 (Dangeard)
Balech 1974)
stellatum (D. Wall 1968) Balech 1994 (=P. stellatum D. Wall 1968, non P. compressum T.H. Abé
1394 Protoperidinium
1981, Stelladinium stellatum (D. Wall) P.C. Reid 1977)
1395 Protoperidinium styliferum (J. Schiller 1929) Balech 1974
1396 Protoperidinium subcrassipes Balech 1988 (=?P. asymmetricum G. Karst. 1907)
subcurvipes (M. Lebour 1923) Balech 1974 (non P. subcurvipes Balech 1959, =Protoperidinium
1397 Protoperidinium
lipopodium (Balech 1959) Balech 1974)
1398 Protoperidinium subinerme (Paulsen 1904) A.R. Loebl. 1970
1399 Protoperidinium subpunctulatum (Wailes 1928) Balech 1974
1400 Protoperidinium subpyriforme (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974
1401 Protoperidinium subsphaericum (Balech 1959) Balech 1974
1402 Protoperidinium symmetricum (Halim 1968) Balech 1974 (non P. symmetricum Gaarder 1954)
1403 Protoperidinium taeningii (Rampi 1950) Balech 1974
1404 Protoperidinium tatihouense (Fauré-Frem. 1908) Balech 1994 (=P. minutum var. tatihouensis Fauré-Frem. 1908)
1405 Protoperidinium tenuissimum (Kof. 1907) Balech 1974 (=P. crassiformis T.H. Abé 1981)
1406 Protoperidinium tohrui Balech 1994 (=P. paulsenii T.H. Abé 1981)
Protoperidinium tregoubofii (Halim 1955) Balech 1974 (=?P. brachypus J. Schiller 1937, non P. brachypus T.H.
1407 Abé
1981)
1408 Protoperidinium tristylum (F. Stein 1883) Balech 1974
1409 Protoperidinium truncum (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974
1410 Protoperidinium tuba (J. Schiller 1935) Balech 1974
1411 Protoperidinium turbinatum (L. Mangin 1926) Balech 1974
1412 Protoperidinium turgidum (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974
1413 Protoperidinium unipes (Balech 1962) Balech 1974
1414 Protoperidinium variegatum (N. Peters 1928) Balech 1974
1415 Protoperidinium ventrale (T.H. Abé 1936) Balech 1974 (=?P. ventricum T.H. Abé 1927)
1416 Protoperidinium ventricum (T.H. Abé 1927) Balech 1974
1417 Protoperidinium venustum (Matzen. 1933) Balech 1974
1418 Protoperidinium verrucosum (Meunier 1910) Balech 1974
1419 Protoperidinium volsella (Margalef 1968) Balech 1974
1420 Protoperidinium vulgare Balech 1978 (=?P. aliferum Gaarder 1954)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
Protoperidinium wiesneri (J. Schiller) Balech 1974 (=Protoperidinium wiesneri ssp. wiesneri (J. Schiller 1911)
1421 Balech 1988, P. angustum (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974, Protoperidinium wiesneri ssp. patagonicum Balech
1979, P. patagonicum (Balech 1959) Balech 1974)
1422 Protoperidinium woloszynskae (W. Conrad 1940) Parke & J.D. Dodge 1976
1423 Protoperidinium yonedai (T.H. Abé 1981) Balech 1994 (=?P. latispinum L. Mangin 1926)
1424 Protoperidinium yserense (Meunier 1919) Balech 1974
Diplopsaliaceae Matsuoka 1988
162 Genus of Protoperidiniun depressum
1425 Protoperidinium claudicans (Paulsen 1907) Balech 1974
Protoperidinium depressum (J.W. Bailey 1854) Balech 1974 (=P. parallelum Broch 1906, P. marinum Er. Lindem.
1426 1925, P. claudicanoides H.W. Graham 1942, Protoperidinium depressum subsp. convexius (Graham 1941) Balech
1994)
1427 Protoperidinium latidorsale (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1974 (=P. oblongum var. latidorsale P.A. Dangeard)
1428 Protoperidinium oblongum (Auriv. 1898) Parke & J.D. Dodge 1976 (=P. divergens var. oblongum Auriv.)
1429 Protoperidinium rectius (H.W. Graham 1942) Balech 1994 (=P. depressum var. rectius H.W. Graham)
steidingerae Balech 1979 (=P. oblongum (Auriv.) sensu Steid. & I. Williams 1970, non P. oblongum
1430 Protoperidinium
(Auriv.) Cleve)
163 Boreadinium J.D. Dodge & H.B. Hermes 1981 (=Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim) -type B. pisiforme
1431 Boreadinium breve (T.H. Abé 1981) Sournia 1984 (=Diplopsalis brevis T.H. Abé)
1432 Boreadinium pisiforme J.D. Dodge & H.B. Hermes 1981
F. Stein 1883 ex Jørg. 1912 (=Dissodium T.H. Abé 1941 partim, Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim) -type
164 Diplopelta
D. bomba
1433 Diplopelta bomba F. Stein ex Jørg. 1912
Diplopelta excentrica (=D.S. Nie 1943) Balech (=Diplopsalis excentrica Nie, Dissodium excentricum (D.S. Nie)
1434 A.R.
Loebl., Peridiniopsis excentrica (D.S. Nie) F.J.R. Taylor 1976, Gotoius excentricus (D.S. Nie) Sournia 1973)
1435 Diplopelta steinii (T.H. Abé 1941) Balech 1988 (=Diplopsalopsis steinii T.H. Abé)
Bergh 1881 (Dissodium T.H. Abé 1941 partim, ?Kolkwitziella Er. Lindem. 1919, Apsteinia T.H. Abé
165 Diplopsalis
1981, Entzia M. Lebour (Apstein) M. Lebour 1922 -type D. lenticula
lebouriae (D.S. Nie 1943) Balech 1967 (=D. lenticula var. lebouriae D.S. Nie, non Diplopsalis lebouriae
1436 Diplopsalis
T.H. Abé 1941, nec T.H. Abé 1981)
Diplopsalis lenticula Bergh 1881 (=Glen. lenticula (Bergh) J. Schiller 1937, Dissodium lenticulum (Bergh) A.R.
1437 Loebl.
1970, Peridiniopsis lenticula (Bergh) Starmach 1974)
1438 Diplopsalis minuta L. Mangin 1912
1439 Diplopsalis sphaerica Meunier 1910
Diplopsalis acuta (Apstein 1896) Entz 1904 (=Glen. acutum Apstein 1896, Kolkwitziella acuta (Apstein) Elbr.
1993, P. latum Paulsen 1908, Kolkwitziella salebrosa Er. Lindem. 1919, Entzia acuta (Apstein) M. Lebour 1922,
1440 Kolkwitziella
salebrosa v. gibbera Er. Lindem. 1924, Kolkwitziella gibbera (Er. Lindem.) Er. Lindem. 1928, Apsteinia
acuta T.H. Abé 1981 nom. nud.)
Diplopsalopsis Meunier 1910 (=Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim, Diplopelta F. Stein ex Jørg. 1912 partim) -type D.
166 orbicularis
(8 species)
Diplopsalopsis bomba (F. Stein 1883) J.D. Dodge & Toriumi 1993 (=Diplopelta bomba F. Stein ex Jørg. 1912,
asymmetrica (L. Mangin 1911) Er. Lindem. 1928, ?Diplopsalis asymmetrica (L. Mangin) T.H. Abé 1941,
1441 Diplopsalis
Peridiniopsis asymmetrica L. Mangin 1911, Dissodium asymmetricum (L. Mangin) A.R. Loebl. 1970, Diplopelta
symmetrica Pavill. 1913)
Diplopsalopsis globula T.H. Abé 1941 (=Diplopelta globulus (T.H. Abé) Balech 1979, Diplopsalopsis asymmetrica
1442 var. sphaerica L. Mangin 1911, Diplopsalopsis sphaerica (L. Mangin) Balech 1962, Dissodium globula (T.H. Abé)
J.D. Dodge & H.B. Hermes 1981)
1443 Diplopsalopsis imitatio (Balech 1979) Balech 1988 (=Protoperidinium imitatio Balech)
1444 Diplopsalopsis kisselevii M.S. Selina, G.V. Konovalova, A.A. Begun & T.V. Morozova 2008
1445 Diplopsalopsis latipeltata Balech & B. Borgese 1990
Diplopsalopsis orbicularis (Paulsen 1907) Meunier 1910 (=Peridinium orbiculare Paulsen, Diplopsalis orbicularis
1446 (Paulsen)
Paulsen 1930)
113
114
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
ovata (T.H. Abé 1941) J.D. Dodge & Toriumi 1993 (=Diplopsalopsis orbicularis (Paulsen 1907) var.
1447 Diplopsalopsis
ovata T.H. Abé 1941)
Diplopsalopsis pingii (D.S. Nie 1943) J.D. Dodge & Toriumi 1993 (=Diplopsalis pingii D.S. Nie, Peridiniopsis pingii
1448 (D.S.
Nie) F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
167 Dissodium T.H. Abé 1941 (=Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim, Diplopelta F. Stein 1883 ex Jørg. 1912 partim)
Dissodium parvum T.H. Abé 1941 (=Diplopelta parva (T.H. Abé) Matsuoka 1988, Diplopsalis parvum (T.H. Abé)
1449 T.H.
Abé 1981)
T.H. Abé 1981 ex Matsuoka 1988 (=Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim, Dissodium T.H. Abé 1941 partim)
168 Gotoius
-type G. mutsuensis
1450 Gotoius abei Matsuoka 1988
Gotoius excentricus (D.S. Nie 1943) Sournia 1984 (=Diplopsalis excentrica D.S. Nie 1943, Dissodium excentricum
1451 (D.S.
Nie) A.R. Loebl. 1970, Peridiniopsis excentrica (D.S. Nie) F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
1452 Gotoius mutsuensis T.H. Abé 1981 ex Matsuoka 1988
1453 Gotoius ostenfeldii (Steem. Niels. 1931) J.D. Dodge & Toriumi 1993 (=Diplopsalis ostenfeldii Steem. Niels.)
T.H. Abé 1941 ex Sournia 1986 (=Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim, Diplopelta F. Stein ex Jørg. 1912
169 Lebouraia
partim) -type L. minuta
1454 Lebouraia minuta T.H. Abé 1941 (=Diplopsalis minuta (T.H. Abé) T.H. Abé 1981)
1455 Lebouraia pusilla (Balech & Akselman 1988) J.D. Dodge & Toriumi 1993 (=Diplopelta pusilla Balech & Akselman)
170 Oblea Balech 1964 (=Peridiniopsis Lemmerm. 1904 partim, Diplopsalis Bergh 1881 partim) -type O. baculifera
1456 Oblea acanthocysta H. Kawami, M. Iwataki & Matsuoka 2006
1457 Oblea baculifera Balech 1964 ex Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966
Oblea rotunda (M. Lebour 1922) Balech 1964 ex Sournia 1973 (=Peridiniopsis rotunda M. Lebour, Glenodinium
(M. Lebour) J. Schiller 1937, Peridinium limnophilum Er. Lindem. 1924, Peridiniopsis limnophilum (Er.
1458 rotundum
Lindem.) Bourr. 1968, Glenodinium rotundum J. Schiller, Diplopsalis rotunda (M. Lebour) E.J.F. Wood 1954,
Diplopsalis rotundata Steid. & I. Williams 1970)
torta (T.H. Abé 1941) Balech 1964 ex Sournia 1973 (=Diplopsalis torta T.H. Abé, Diplopsalis hainanensis
1459 Oblea
D.S. Nie 1943, Peridiniopsis hainanensis (D.S. Nie) F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
171 Preperidinium L. Mangin 1913 (=Diplopeltopsis Pavill. 1913, Zygabikodinium Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1970)
granulosum (Balech 1958) Elbr. 1993 (=Diplopeltopsis granulosa Balech, Zygabikodinium
1460 Preperidinium
granulatum (Balech) A.R. Loebl. 1970)
Preperidinium meunieri (Pavill. 1907) Elbr. 1993 (=Diplopsalis lenticula Bergh f. minor Paulsen 1907, Zygabikodinium
lenticulatum Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1970, Peridinium lenticulum L. Mangin 1911, Peridinium paulsenii L. Mangin
1461 1911,
Glenodinium lenticula f. minor (Paulsen 1907) Pavill. 1913, Diplopeltopsis minor (Paulsen 1907) Pavill. 1913,
Peridiniopsis minor (Paulsen) Starmach 1974)
Preperidinium perlatum (Balech 1971) Elbr. 1993 (=Diplopeltopsis perlata Balech 1971, Zygabikodinium perlatum
1462 (Balech)
Elbr. 1975)
1463 Preperidinium pseudo-oblea (Elbr. 1975) Elbr. 1993 (=Zygabikodinium pseudo-oblea Elbr.)
Heterodiniaceae Er. Lindem. 1928
172 Dolichodinium Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933
Dolichodinium lineatum (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 (=Heterodinium lineatum Kof. &
1464 J.R.
Michener)
173 Heterodinium Kof. 1906 -type H. scrippsiae (46 species)
1465 Heterodinium agassizii Kof. 1907
1466 Heterodinium angulatum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
1467 Heterodinium asymmetricum Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933
1468 Heterodinium australiae E.J.F. Wood 1963
1469 Heterodinium balechii Rampi 1951
1470 Heterodinium blackmanii (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1906 (=H. curvatum Kof. 1907)
1471 Heterodinium calvum Kof. 1907
1472 Heterodinium crassipes J. Schiller 1916
1473 Heterodinium debeauxii Rampi 1941
1474 Heterodinium deformatum (Kof. 1907) Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 (=H. gesticulatum f. deformata Kof. 1907)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
1475 Heterodinium dispar Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933
1476 Heterodinium doma (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1906
1477 Heterodinium dubium Rampi 1941
1478 Heterodinium elongatum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
1479 Heterodinium expansum Kof. 1907
1480 Heterodinium extremum (Kof. 1907) Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 (=H. gesticulatum f. extrema Kof. 1907)
1481 Heterodinium fenestratum Kof. 1907
1482 Heterodinium ides Kof. 1907
1483 Heterodinium gesticulatum Kof. 1907 (=Peridinium tristylum Hensen 1911)
1484 Heterodinium gracile Böhm 1936 (=?H. globosum Kof. 1907)
1485 Heterodinium grahamii Rampi 1941
1486 Heterodinium hindmarchii (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1906
1487 Heterodinium inaequale Kof. 1906 (=H. inaequale (Kof. 1906) J. Schiller 1937, ?H. laticinctum Kof. 1907)
Heterodinium kofoidii Pavill. 1915 (=H. pavillardii Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933, non H. kofoidii J. Schiller 1916 =H.
1488 schilleri
Pavill. 1932)
1489 Heterodinium laeve Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
1490 Heterodinium laticeps G. Léger 1972
1491 Heterodinium laticinctum Kof. 1907 (=?H. kofoidii Pavill. 1915)
1492 Heterodinium leiorhynchum (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1906
Heterodinium mediocre (Kof. 1907) Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 (=H. gesticulatum f. mediocris Kof., ?H. sinistrum
1493 Kof.
& A.M. Adamson 1933)
1494 Heterodinium mediterraneum Pavill. 1932
1495 Heterodinium milneri (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1906
1496 Heterodinium minutum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
1497 Heterodinium murrayi Kof. 1906 (=Peridinium tripos G. Murray & Whitting 1899)
1498 Heterodinium obesum Kof. 1907
1499 Heterodinium praetextum Kof. 1907
1500 Heterodinium rigdeniae Kof. 1906 (=H. globosum Kof. 1907, H. longum Kof. 1907, ?H. gracile Böhm 1936)
schilleri Pavill. 1932 (=H. kofoidii J. Schiller 1916, non H. kofoidii Pavill. 1915 =H. pavillardii Kof. &
1501 Heterodinium
A.M. Adamson 1933)
1502 Heterodinium scottii Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933
scrippsiae Kof. 1906 (=H. richardii Pavill. 1932, H. pulchrum Böhm 1933, Peridinium areolatum G.
1503 Heterodinium
Karst. 1906) `scrippsii´ non. corr. ICBN: Art. 60.11, Recom. 60C.1, Art. 32.7)
Heterodinium sinistrum Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933 (=H. sinistrum f. sinistrum (Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933) J.
1504 Schiller
1936)
1505 Heterodinium sphaeroideum Kof. 1906
1506 Heterodinium spiniferum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
1507 Heterodinium superbum Kof. 1907
1508 Heterodinium trirostre (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1906
1509 Heterodinium varicator Kof. & A.M. Adamson 1933
1510 Heterodinium whittingiae Kof. 1906 `whittingae´
Order Peridiniales, Family of Ensiculifera
174 Ensiculifera Balech 1967 -type E. mexicana
1511 Ensiculifera angulata Balech 1988
1512 Ensiculifera carinata Matsuoka, S. Kobayashi & Gains 1990
1513 Ensiculifera imariensis S. Kobayashi & Matsuoka 1995
loeblichii E.R. Cox & H.J. Arnott 1971 (=Pentapharsodinium trachodinium Indel. & A.R. Loebl. 1986, P.
1514 Ensiculifera
loeblichii (E.R. Cox & H.J. Arnott) B. Dale 1977)
115
116
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
1515 Ensiculifera mexicana Balech 1967 (=Scrippsiella mexicana (Balech) Indel. & A.R. Loebl. 1986)
175 Pentapharsodinium Indel. & A.R. Loebl. 1986 -type P. dalei
Pentapharsodinium tyrrhenicum (Balech 1990) Montresor, Zingone & D. Marino 1993 (=P. tyrrhenicum Balech,
1516 Calcicarpinum
bivalvum Versteegh 1993)
Pentapharsodinium dalei Indel. & A.R. Loebl. 1986 (=P. dalei (Indel. & A.R. Loebl.) Balech 1990, P. faeroense
1517 Paulsen
sensu B. Dale 1977)
Oxytoxaceae Er. Lindem. 1928
176 Oxytoxum F. Stein 1883 -type O. scolopax (37 species)
1518 Oxytoxum adriaticum J. Schiller 1937
Oxytoxum breve Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (not illustrated)
1519 Oxytoxum brunellii Rampi 1939
1520 Oxytoxum caudatum J. Schiller 1937 (=O. nanum Halldal 1953, O. rampii Sournia 1973, O. ligusticum Rampi 1969)
1521 Oxytoxum challengeroides Kof. 1907 (=?O. minutum Rampi 1941)
1522 Oxytoxum coronatum J. Schiller 1937
Oxytoxum crassum J. Schiller 1937 (=O. globosum J. Schiller 1937, non C. globosum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor
1523 1976)
1524 Oxytoxum cribosum F. Stein 1883
1525 Oxytoxum criophilum Balech 1965
1526 Oxytoxum curvatum (Kof. 1907) Kof. 1911 (=Prorocentrum curvatum Kof.)
1527 Oxytoxum depressum J. Schiller 1937
1528 Oxytoxum elongatum E.J.F. Wood 1963
1529 Oxytoxum gladiolus F. Stein 1883
1530 Oxytoxum laticeps J. Schiller 1937
1531 Oxytoxum longum J. Schiller 1937
1532 Oxytoxum michaelsarsii Gaarder 1954
1533 Oxytoxum milneri G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=O. subulatum Kof. 1907)
1534 Oxytoxum minutum Rampi 1941 (=?O. challengeroides Kof. 1907, ?O. lativelatum F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
1535 Oxytoxum mitra F. Stein 1883
1536 Oxytoxum mucronatum B. Hope 1954
1537 Oxytoxum obesum Rampi 1969
1538 Oxytoxum obliquum J. Schiller 1937
ovale J. Schiller 1937 (=O. mediterraneum J. Schiller 1937, O. punctulatum Rampi 1951, O. spinosum
1539 Oxytoxum
Rampi 1941, O. lativelatum F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
1540 Oxytoxum ovum Gaarder 1954 (=?C. globosum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
1541 Oxytoxum pachyderme J. Schiller 1937 ex F.J.R. Taylor 1976
1542 Oxytoxum parvum J. Schiller 1937 (=O. tenuistriatum Rampi 1943)
1543 Oxytoxum pyramidale J.D. Dodge & R.D. Saunders 1985
1544 Oxytoxum radiosum Rampi 1951
1545 Oxytoxum robustum Kof. 1911
1546 Oxytoxum sceptrum (F. Stein 1883) Schröd. 1906 (=O. longiceps J. Schiller 1937, O. aceratum Rampi 1951)
1547 Oxytoxum schauinslandii Lemmerm. 1905
1548 Oxytoxum scolopax Stein 1883
1549 Oxytoxum semicollatum F.J.R. Taylor 1976
1550 Oxytoxum sphaeroideum F. Stein 1883 (=Oxytoxum boehmii J. Schiller 1937)
1551 Oxytoxum strophalatum J.D. Dodge & R.D. Saunders 1985
1552 Oxytoxum turbo Kof. 1907
1553 Oxytoxum variabile J. Schiller 1937 (=O. gracile J. Schiller 1937)
1554 Oxytoxum viride J. Schiller 1937
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
Order Peridiniales sensu lato, Family of Corythodinium
177 Corythodinium Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 -type C. tessellatum (15 species)
1555 Corythodinium belgicae (Meunier 1910) F.J.R. Taylor 1976
biconicum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=Oxytoxum biconicum (Kof.) J.D. Dodge & R.D. Saunders
1556 Corythodinium
1985, Amphidoma biconica Kof., Murrayella kofoidii Gaarder 1954, Pavillardinium kofoidii (Gaarder) Sournia 1973)
1557 Corythodinium carinatum (Gaarder 1954) F.J.R. Taylor 1976
1558 Corythodinium compressum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1976
1559 Corythodinium constrictum (F. Stein 1883) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=Oxytoxum constrictum (F. Stein) Buetschli 1885)
1560 Corythodinium cristatum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1976
1561 Corythodinium curvicaudatum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1976
1562 Corythodinium diploconus (F. Stein 1883) F.J.R. Taylor 1976
1563 Corythodinium elegans (Pavill. 1916) F.J.R. Taylor 1976
frenguellii (Rampi 1941) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=?C. reticulatum (F. Stein 1883) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl.
1564 Corythodinium
1966)
globosum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=Murrayella globosa Kof., non O. globosum J. Schiller
1565 Corythodinium
1937)
1566 Corythodinium latum (Gaarder 1954) F.J.R. Taylor 1976
1567 Corythodinium recurvum (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) F.J.R. Taylor 1976
Corythodinium reticulatum (F. Stein 1883) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Oxytoxum reticulatum (F. Stein) F. Schütt
1568 1896, ?O. areolatum Rampi 1941, ?C. frenguellii (Rampi 1941) F.J.R. Taylor 1976, ?C. latum (Gaarder 1954) F.J.R.
Taylor 1976)
Corythodinium tessellatum (F. Stein 1883) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Oxytoxum tessellatum (F. Stein) F. Schütt
1569 1895,
O. michaelsarsii Gaarder 1954, C. michaelsarsii (Gaarder) F.J.R. Taylor 1976) `tesselatum´
Amphidomataceae Sournia 1984
178 Amphidoma F. Stein 1883 -type A. nucula (8 species)
1570 Amphidoma acuminata F. Stein 1883
1571 Amphidoma curtata Kof. & Swezy 1911
1572 Amphidoma depressa Kof. & Swezy 1911
1573 Amphidoma elongata Kof. & Swezy 1911
1574 Amphidoma laticincta Kof. & Swezy 1911
nucula F. Stein 1883 (=A. spinosa (Kof. 1907) Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911, Gonyaulax rouchii Rampi
1575 Amphidoma
1948, Pavillardinium spinosum (Kof. 1907) F.J.R. Taylor 1967 ex Sournia 1973, Murrayella spinosa Kof. 1907)
1576 Amphidoma obtusa Kof. & Swezy 1911
1577 Amphidoma steinii J. Schiller 1929
Cladopyxidaceae F. Stein 1883 / Cladopyxidaceae Poche 1913 / Cladopyxididae Poche 1913
179 Cladopyxis F. Stein 1883 (=Acanthodinium Kof. 1907) -type C. brachiolata
Cladopyxis brachiolata F. Stein 1883 (=C. spinosa (Kof. 1907) J. Schiller 1937, C. steinii O. Zacharias 1906,
1578 Acanthodinium
spinosum Kof. 1907)
1579 Cladopyxis caryophyllum (Kof. 1907) Pavill. 1931 (=Acanthodinium caryophyllum Kof.)
1580 Cladopyxis hemibrachiata Balech 1964
1581 Cladopyxis quadrispina Pavill. 1931 (=Micracanthodinium quadrispinum (Pavill.) Margalef 1969)
180 Micracanthodinium Delandre 1937 (=Cladopyxis F. Stein 1883 partim) -type M. setiferum
1582 Micracanthodinium bacilliferum (J. Schiller 1937) Delandre 1937 (=C. bacillifera J. Schiller)
1583 Micracanthodinium claytonii (R.W. Holmes 1956) J.D. Dodge 1982 (=C. claytonii R.W. Holmes)
1584 Micracanthodinium setiferum (Lohmann 1902) Delandre 1937 (=C. setifera Lohmann)
181 Palaeophalacroma J. Schiller 1928 (=Epiperidinium Gaarder 1954, Sinodinium D.S. Nie 1945) -type P. verrucosum
1585 Palaeophalacroma connectens (D.S. Nie 1945) A.R. Loebl. 1980 (=Sinodinium connectens D.S. Nie)
1586 Palaeophalacroma sphaericum F.J.R. Taylor 1976
unicinctum J. Schiller 1928 (=Heterodinium detonii Rampi 1943, Epiperidinium michaelsarsii
1587 Palaeophalacroma
Gaarder 1954)
117
118
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
1588 Palaeophalacroma verrucosum J. Schiller 1928
Order Peridiniales sensu lato, Family Endodiniaceae J. Schiller 1935
182 Endodinium Hovasse 1922
Endodinium chattonii Hovasse 1922 (=Zooxanthella chattonii (Hovasse) Hovasse 1924, Scrippsiella chattonii
1589 (Hovasse) A.T. Banaszak, R. Iglesias-Prieto & R.K. Trench 1993, Amphidinium chattonii (Hovasse) D.L. Taylor
1971)
nutricula (J. Brandt 1883) Hollande & Carre 1975 (=Zooxanthella nutricula J. Brandt, Scrippsiella
1590 Endodinium
nutricula (J. Brandt) Banaszak, Iglesias-Prieto & R.K. Trench 1993)
1591 Scrippsiella velellae Banaszak, Iglesias-Prieto & R.K. Trench 1993 ex R.K. Trench 2000
1592 Gloeodinium viscum A.T. Banaszak, R. Iglesias-Prieto & R.K. Trench 1993
Order Peridiniales sensu lato, Family of Amphidoma caudata
1593 Amphidoma caudata Halldal 1953 (=Oxytoxum tonollii Rampi 1969, O. margaleii Rampi 1969)
183 Azadinium Elbr. & Tillmann 2009
1594 Azadinium obesum Tillmann & Elbr. 2010
1595 Azadinium poporum Tillmann & Elbr. 2011
1596 Azadinium spinosum Elbr. & Tillmann 2009
Order Peridiniales, incertae sedis
1597 Gloeodinium marinum Bouquaheux 1971
184 Adenoides Balech 1956 -type A. eludens
1598 Adenoides eludens (Herdman 1922) Balech 1956 (=Amphidinium eludens Herdman)
Adenoides kofoidii (Herdman 1922) J.D. Dodge 1982 (=Amphidinium kofoidii Herdman, non Amphidinium kofoidii
1599 var.
petasatum Herdman 1924)
185 Archaeosphaerodiniopsis Rampi 1943
1600 Archaeosphaerodiniopsis verrucosa Rampi 1943
186 Bysmatrum M.A. Faust & Steid. 1998 -type B. subsalsum
1601 Bysmatrum arenicola T. Horig. & Pienaar 2000 (=Scrippsiella arenicola T. Horig. & Pienaar 1988)
1602 Bysmatrum caponii (T. Horig. & Pienaar 1988) M.A. Faust & Steid. 1998
1603 Bysmatrum granulosum Ten-Hage, J.P. Quod, J. Turquet & Couté 2001
subsalsum (Ostenf. 1908) M.A. Faust & Steid. 1998 (=P. subsalsum Ostenf., Scrippsiella subsalsa
1604 Bysmatrum
(Ostenf.) Steid. & Balech 1977)
1605 Bysmatrum teres Sh. Murray, Hoppenrath, J. Larsen & D.J. Patterson 2006
187 Cabra Sh. Murray & D.J. Patterson 2004 -type C. matta
1606 Cabra aremorica Chomérat, Couté & Nézan 2010
1607 Cabra matta Sh. Murray & D.J. Patterson 2004
1608 Cabra reticulata Chomérat & Nézan 2009
188 Peridiniella Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 -type P. sphaeroidea
catenata (Levander 1894) Balech 1977 (=Gonyaulax catenata (Levander) Kof. 1911, P. catenatum
1609 Peridiniella
Levander, Amylax catenata Meunier 1910)
danica (Paulsen 1907) Okolodkov & J.D. Dodge 1995 (=Glenodinium danicum Paulsen 1907 ex
1610 Peridiniella
Braarud 1935 partim)
globosa (P.A. Dangeard 1927) Okolodkov 2006 (=Protoper. globosum (P.A. Dangeard) Balech 1974,
1611 Peridiniella
?Gonyaulax paulsenii Gaarder 1954)
1612 Peridiniella sphaeroidea Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
189 Planodinium R.D. Saunders & J.D. Dodge 1984
1613 Planodinium striatum R.D. Saunders & J.D. Dodge 1984
190 Pseudothecadinium Hoppenrath & M.S. Selina 2006
1614 Pseudothecadinium campbellii Hoppenrath & M.S. Selina (=Thecadinium aureum P.H. Campb. 1973)
191 Rhinodinium Sh. Murray, Hoppenrath, S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J. Larsen 2006
1615 Rhinodinium broomeense Sh. Murray, Hoppenrath, S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J. Larsen 2006
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
192 Sabulodinium R.D. Saunders & J.D. Dodge 1984
undulatum R.D. Saunders & J.D. Dodge 1984 (=Phalacroma kofoidii var. (colourless variety)
1616 Sabulodinium
Herdman 1924)
193 Thecadiniopsis Croome, Hallegr. & P.A. Tyler 1987
1617 Thecadiniopsis tasmanica Croome, Hallegr. & P.A. Tyler 1987
194 Vulcanodinium Nézan & Chomérat 2011
1618 Vulcanodinium rugosum Nézan & Chomérat 2011
Uncertain order
Tovelliaceae Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005
195 Bernardinium Chodat 1924 -type. B. bernardiense
Bernardinium bernardinense Chodat 1924 (=Glenodinium bernardinense Chodat & Zender 1923, Hemidinium
1619 bernardinense (Chodat) Hub.-Pest. 1950, H. salinum Anisimova 1926, H. thiophilum W. Conrad 1939, Bernardinium
thiophilum (W. Conrad) Javorn. 1962, ?Esoptrodinium gemma Javorn. 1997)
1620 Bernardinium salinum (Anisimova 1926) Javorn. 1962 (=Hemidinium salinum Anisimova)
1621 Bernardinium ucrainicum (Proshk.-Lavr. 1945) P. Javorn. 1997 (=Hemidinium ucrainicum Proshk.-Lavr.)
196 Esoptrodinium Javorn. 1997 -type E. gemma
gemma Javorn. 1997 (=Bernardinium bernardinense sensu auctt. non sensu Chodat, ?B.
1622 Esoptrodinium
bernardinense Chodat 1924, Hemidinium bernardinense (Chodat) Hub.-Pest. 1950, H. soligenum Skuja 1964)
1623 Esoptrodinium soligenum (Skuja 1964) Javorn. 1997 (=?Esoptrodinium gemma)
Esoptrodinium thiophilum (W. Conrad 1939) Javorn. 1997 (=?Bernardinium thiophilum (W. Conrad 1939) Javorn.
1624 1962,
H. thiophilum W. Conrad 1939)
197 Jadwigia Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005
1625 Jadwigia applanata Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005
198 Katodinium Fott 1957 (=Massartia Conrad 1926) -type K. nieuportense (32 species)
1626 Katodinium astigmatum Christen 1959
Katodinium asymmetricum (Massart 1900) Loebl. 1965 (=Gymnodinium asymmetricum Massart, M. asymmetrica
1627 (Massart)
J. Schiller 1933)
1628 Katodinium auratum Bursa 1970
1629 Katodinium bohemicum (Fott) Litvin. 1977 (=Gymnodinium bohemicum Fott 1938)
1630 Katodinium edax (J. Schiller 1954) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=M. edax J. Schiller)
1631 Katodinium fontinalis C.E.M. Bicudo & Skvortsov 1970
Katodinium fungiforme (Anisimova 1920) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Gymnodinium fungiforme Anisimova 1920, M.
1632 crassiilum J. Schiller 1954, K. crassiilum (J. Schiller) A.R. Loebl. 1965, M. austriacum J. Schiller 1955, K.
austriacum (J. Schiller) A.R. Loebl. 1965, Gym. blax T.M. Harris 1940)
1633 Katodinium galeatum (W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Massartia galeata Conrad & Kuff.)
1634 Katodinium glandula (Herdman 1924) A.R. Loebl. 1965
1635 Katodinium glaucum (M. Lebour 1917) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Gyrodinium glaucum (M. Lebour) Kof. & Swezy 1921)
Katodinium hiemale (J. Schiller 1954) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Gymnodinium hiemale (J. Schiller) Popovský 1984, M.
1636 hiemalis
J. Schiller)
hyperxanthum (T.M. Harris 1940) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=M. hyperxanthoides T.H. Harris, K. hyperxanthoides
1637 Katodinium
(T.M. Harris) A.R. Loebl., K. molopicum (T.M. Harris 1940) A.R. Loebl. 1965)
1638 Katodinium intermedium Christen 1959
1639 Katodinium mazuricum Javorn. 1965
monadicum (Perty 1852) Javorn. 1970 (=Katodinium polyplastidum Popovský 1968, Gymnodinium
1640 Katodinium
monadicum (Perty) Kent 1880)
1641 Katodinium montanum (J. Schiller 1955) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Massartia montana J. Schiller)
1642 Katodinium nieuportense (W. Conrad 1926) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966
1643 Katodinium planum (Fott 1938) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=M. plana Fott)
1644 Katodinium pluristigmatum P.H. Campb. 1973
1645 Katodinium ruppiae (W. Conrad 1939) A.R. Loebl. 1965
119
120
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
1646 Katodinium sanctipaulense C.E.M. Bicudo & Skortzov 1970
schilleri (Wolosz. 1936) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=M. schilleri Wolosz., M. ptyrtica T.M. Harris 1940, K.
1647 Katodinium
ptyrticum (T.M. Harris 1940) A.R. Loebl. 1965)
1648 Katodinium simile Christen 1961
1649 Katodinium spirodinioides Christen 1961
Katodinium stigmaticum (Er. Lindem. 1928) A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Gymnodinium stigmaticum Er. Lindem., M.
1650 campylops T.M. Harris 1940, Katodinium campylops (T.M. Harris 1940) Loebl. III 1965, K. astigmatum Christen
1959)
thiophila (W. Conrad 1939) Hulburt, J.J.A. McLaughlin & P.A. Zahl (=K. thiophilum (W. Conrad) A.R.
1651 Katodinium
Loebl. 1965)
1652 Katodinium tubulatum (Rampi 1969) Sournia 1973 (=M. tubulata Rampi)
1653 Katodinium uncinatum (W. Conrad & Kuff. 1957) A.R. Loebl. 1965 1965 (=M. uncinata W. Conrad & Kuff. 1954)
1654 Katodinium vierae Javorn. 1970
1655 Katodinium notatum (Skuja) Christen 1961 (=?Opisthoaulax piscinalis (Fott 1957) Calado 2011)
1656 Katodinium piscinale Fott 1957 (=?Opisthoaulax piscinalis (Fott 1957) Calado 2011)
Katodinium viride Christen 1961 (=?K. vernale Chirsten 1961, ?M. pratensis Baumeister 1943, ?K. pratensis
1657 (Baumeister) A.R. Loebl. 1965, ?K. pratense (Baumeister) Christen, ?Opisthoaulax vorticella (F. Stein 1878)
Calado 2011)
199 Opisthoaulax Calado 2011 (=Massartia Conrad 1926, Katodinium Fott 1957) -type O. vorticella
Opisthoaulax campylops (T.M. Harris 1940) Calado 2011 (=M. campylops T.M. Harris 1940, K. campylops (T.M.
1658 Harris)
A.R. Loeblich 1965)
Opisthoaulax fastigata (B. Kirchhoff & Barbara Mey. 1995) Calado 2011 (=K. fastigatum B. Kirschhoff & Barbara
1659 Mey.
1995)
Opisthoaulax musei (Danysz 1886) Calado 2011 (=Gymnodinium musei Danysz, M. musei (Danysz) J. Schiller
1660 (1933, K. musei (Danysz) A.R. Loeblich 1965, ?Opisthoaulax woloszynskae (J. Schiller 1933) Calado 2011)
`musaei´
piscinalis (Fott 1957) Calado 2011 (=K. piscinale Fott, ?O. woloszynskae (J. Schiller 1933) Calado
1661 Opisthoaulax
2011)
tetragonops (T.M. Harris 1940) Calado 2011 (=M. tetragonops T.M. Harris, K. tetragonops (T.M.
1662 Opisthoaulax
Harris) A.R. Loeblich 1965)
Opisthoaulax vorticella (F. Stein 1878) Calado 2011 (=Gymnodinium vorticella F. Stein, Gyrodinium vorticella
(F. Stein) Er. Lindemann (1924), M. vorticella (F. Stein) J. Schiller 1933, K. vorticella (F. Stein) A.R. Loeblich
1663 1965,
Gymnodinium stigmaticum Er. Lindemann 1928, ?K. viride Christen 1961, ?K. vernale Chirsten 1961, ?M.
pratensis Baumeister 1943, ?K. pratensis (Baumeister) A.R. Loebl. 1965, ?K. pratense (Baumeister) Christen)
Opisthoaulax woloszynskae (J. Schiller 1933) Calado 2011 (=M. woloszynskae J. Schiller, Spirodinium vorticella
Wolosz., K. woloszynskae (J. Schiller 1933) A.R. Loebl. 1965, M. woloszynskae J. Schiller 1933, ?K. musei
1664 (Danysz)
A.R. Loebl., ?K. piscinale Fott 1957, ?K.notatum (Skuja) Christen 1961, non M. vorticella (F. Stein) J.
Schiller)
200 Tovellia Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Woloszynskia R.H. Thomps. 1951) -type T. coronata
1665 Tovellia apiculata (Stosch 1973) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Woloszynskia apiculata Stosch)
coronata (Wolosz. 1918) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Gym. coronatum Wolosz., ?W.
1666 Tovellia
coronata (Wolosz.) R.H.Thompson 1951)
1667 Tovellia glabra (Wolosz. 1918) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Gymnodinium glabra Wolosz.)
leopoliensis (Wolosz. 1918) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Gym. leopoliense Wolosz.,
1668 Tovellia
W. leopoliensis (Wolosz.) R.H. Thompson 1951)
nygaardii (Christen 1958) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Gym. nygaardii Christen, W.
1669 Tovellia
nygaardii (Christen) A.R. Loebl. 1970)
sanguinea Moestrup, Gert Hansen, Daugbjerg, Flaim & D´Andrea 2006 (=Glen. pulvisculus var. oculatum
1670 Tovellia
Largajolli 1907, Glen. sanguineum Marchesoni 1941, non Glen. sanguineum (H.J. Carter 1858) Diesing 1866)
Tovellia stoschii (Christen 1958) Moestrup, K.C.R. Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2005 (=Woloszynskia stoschii R. Shyam
1671 &
Y.S.R.K. Sarma 1976)
Woloszynskiaceae Bourr. 1970 ex Starmach 1974
201 Woloszynskia R.H. Thomps. 1951 -type W. reticulata
1672 Woloszynskia limnetica Bursa 1958
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
1673 Woloszynskia neglecta (A.J. Schill. 1891) R.H. Thomps. 1951 (=Glenodinium neglectum A.J. Schill.)
1674 Woloszynskia ordinata (Skuja 1939) R.H. Thomps. 1950 (=Gymnodinium ordinatum Skuja 1939)
1675 Woloszynskia reticulata R.H. Thomps. 1951
tylota (Mapletoft, J. Waters & P. Wells 1966) Bibby & J.D. Dodge 1972 (=Gymnodinium tylotum
1676 Woloszynskia
Mapletoft, J. Waters & P. Wells)
Uncertain order, Apodiniaceae Chatton 1920
202 Apodinium Chatton 1907 -type A. mycetoides
1677 Apodinium chattonii (Cachon 1964) Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1973 (=Parapodinium chattonii Cachon)
1678 Apodinium loodii N. McLean & C.P. Galt 1990
1679 Apodinium mycetoides Chatton 1907
1680 Apodinium rhizophorum Chatton 1912 (=?Parapodinium catenaria Cachon 1964)
1681 Apodinium zygorhizum Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1973 (=Parapodinium catenaria Cachon 1964)
203 Parapodinium Chatton 1920 -type P. stylipes
1682 Parapodinium stylipes Chatton 1920
1683 Parapodinium catenaria Cachon 1964
Order Actiniscales Sournia 1984
Actiniscaceae Kützing 1844 (incl. Gymnasteraceae Er. Lindem. 1928)
204 Actiniscus Ehrenb. 1843 (=Diaster Meunier 1910, Gymnaster F. Schütt 1891) -type A. pentasterias
1684 Actiniscus canadensis Bursa 1969
Actiniscus pentasterias (Ehrenb. 1840) Ehrenb. 1854 (=Dictyocha pentasterias Ehrenb., Gymnaster pentasterias
1685 (Ehrenb.) F. Schütt 1891, Diaster macrokaryon Meunier 1910, Gymnaster striatum Meunier 1910, G. helix Meunier
1910)
Dicroerismataceae Fensome & al. 1993
205 Dicroerisma F.J.R. Taylor & Cattell 1969
1686 Dicroerisma psilonereiella F.J.R. Taylor & Cattell 1969
Order Amphilothales Er. Lindem. 1928
Amphitholaceae Poche 1913 / Amphilothaceae
206 Achradina Lohmann 1902 -type A. pulchra
pulchra Lohmann 1902 (=A. pulchra f. truncata Nival 1969, A. pulchra f. spatulata Nival 1969, A. pulchra
1687 Achradina
f. nervosa Nival 1969, A. pulchra f. aciculata Nival 1969)
1688 Achradina angusta Lohmann 1919 (=A. pulchra f. angustata (Lohmann) Nival 1969)
1689 Achradina reticulata Lohmann 1919 (=A. pulchra f. reticulata (Lohmann) Nival 1969)
1690 Achradina sulcata Lohmann 1919 (=A. pulchra f. sulcata (Lohmann) Nival 1969)
207 Amphilothus Kof. 1907 ex Poche 1913 (=Amphitholus F. Schütt 1895, Monaster F. Schütt) -type A. elegans
1691 Amphitholus elegans F. Schütt 1895 (=A. elegans (F. Schütt) Er. Lindem. 1928)
1692 Amphilothus quincuncialis Kof. 1907
Order Prorocentrales Lemmerm. 1910
Haplodiniaceae Er. Lindem. 1928
208 Haplodinium G.A. Klebs 1912 (=?Exuviaella Cienk.) -type H. antjoliense
1693 Haplodinium antjoliense G.A. Klebs 1912 (=?Prorocentrum foveolata Croome & P.A. Tyler 1987)
1694 Haplodinium indicum Subrahman. 1966
1695 Haplodinium iyengaricum Subrahman. 1966
1696 Haplodinium jonesianum Subrahman. 1966
Prorocentraceae F. Stein 1883
Prorocentrum pro Exuviaella Cienk. 1881 (=Dinopyxis F. Stein 1883, ?Haplodinium G.A. Klebs 1912) -type E.
209 marina
(29 species)
1697 Exuviaella cavanillesiana P. González 1945
1698 Prorocentrum belizeanum M.A. Faust 1993
121
122
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
1699 Prorocentrum borbonicum Ten-Hage, J. Turquet, J.P. Quod, Puiseux-Dao & Couté 2000
1700 Prorocentrum caribbaeum M.A. Faust 1993
1701 Prorocentrum cassubicum (Wolosz. 1928) J.D. Dodge 1975
1702 Prorocentrum clipeus Hoppenrath 2000
Prorocentrum compressum (J.W. Bailey 1851) T.H. Abé ex J.D. Dodge 1975 (=E. oblonga J. Schiller 1928, E.
Rampi 1951, E. compressa Ostenf. 1899, P. bidens J. Schiller 1928, non P. lenticulatum (Matzen.)
1703 elongata
F.J.R. Taylor 1976, nec P. lebouriae J. Schiller 1928, P. hentschlii J. Schiller 1933 in J.D. Dodge 1982, Dinopyxis
compressa (J.W. Bailey) F. Stein)
1704 Prorocentrum concavum Fukuyo 1981 (=Prorocentrum arabianum S.L. Morton & M.A. Faust 2002)
1705 Prorocentrum consutum Chomérat & Nézan 2010
Prorocentrum dactylus (F. Stein 1883) J.D. Dodge 1975 (=E. dactylus (F. Stein) F. Schütt 1895, Dinopyxis dactylus
1706 F.
Stein)
1707 Prorocentrum elegans M.A. Faust 1993
1708 Prorocentrum faustiae S.L. Morton 1998
1709 Prorocentrum foraminosum M.A. Faust 1993
1710 Prorocentrum formosum M.A. Faust 1993
Prorocentrum foveolatum Croome & P.A. Tyler 1987 (=E. lima var. scrobiculata Playfair,? Haplodinium antjoliense
1711 G.A.
Klebs 1912)
1712 Prorocentrum hoffmannianum M.A. Faust 1990 (=E. hoffmanniana (M.A. Faust) J.L. McLachlan & Boalch 1997)
1713 Prorocentrum leve M.A. Faust, M.W. Vandersea, S.R. Kibler, P.A. Tester & R.W. Litaker 2008 `levis´
Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenb. 1860) J.D. Dodge 1975 (=P. arenarium M.A. Faust 1994, E. marina Cienk. 1881, E.
caspica Kisselev 1940, E. lima (Ehrenb.) Buetschli 1885, Dinopyxis laevis F. Stein 1883, E. laevis (F. Stein) Schröd.
1714 1900,
E. chathamensis Lemmerm. 1907, E. cincta J. Schiller 1918, E. ostenfeldii J. Schiller 1931, Prorocentrum
marinum J.D. Dodge & Bibby 1973)
1715 Prorocentrum maculosum M.A. Faust 1993 (=E. maculosa (M.A. Faust) J.L. McLachlan & Boalch 1997)
1716 Prorocentrum norrisianum M.A. Faust 1997
1717 Prorocentrum playfairii Croome & P.A. Tyler 1987 (=E. lima var. major Playfair 1920)
pusillum (J. Schiller 1928) A.R. Loebl. 1976 (=E. pusilla J. Schiller 1928, non P. nanum J. Schiller
1718 Prorocentrum
1918)
1719 Prorocentrum reticulatum M.A. Faust 1997
1720 Prorocentrum rivalis D. Delmail, P. Labrousse, P. Crassous, P. Hourdin, M. Guri & M. Botineau 2011
1721 Prorocentrum ruetzlerianum M.A. Faust 1990
1722 Prorocentrum sabulosum M.A. Faust 1994
1723 Prorocentrum sipadanensis Mohammad-Noor, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2007
1724 Prorocentrum tropicale M.A. Faust 1997
1725 Prorocentrum vietnamensis J.S. Yoo & Fukuyo 2004
210 Mesoporos Lillick 1937 (=Porella J. Schiller 1928, Dinoporella Halim 1960, Porotheca P.C. Silva) -type M. globulus
1726 Mesoporos parthasarathicus Subrahman. 1966
Mesoporos perforatus (Gran 1915) Lillick 1937 (=Porella adriatica J. Schiller 1928, P. asymmetrica J. Schiller
1933, P. bisimpressa J. Schiller 1928, P. globulus J. Schiller 1928, M. globulus (J. Schiller) Lillick, Dinoporella
1727 globulus
(J. Schiller) Halim 1960, Dinoporella perforata (Gran 1915) Gran 1928, Porotheca perforata (Gran) P.C.
Silva 1960)
211 Prorocentrum Ehrenb. 1834 sensu stricto (=Postprorocentrum Gourret 1883) -type P. micans (34 species)
aporum (J. Schiller 1928) J.D. Dodge 1975 (=P. antarcticum (Y. Hada 1970) Balech 1976, E. granii
1728 Prorocentrum
Gaarder 1938)
1729 Prorocentrum arcuatum Issel 1928
balticum (Lohmann 1908) A.R. Loebl. 1970 (=P. pomoideum Bursa 1959,?P. ponticum Krachmalny
1730 Prorocentrum
& Terenko 2002)
dentatum F. Stein 1883 (=P. donghaiense D. Lu 2001,=?P. obtusidens J. Schiller 1928, ?P.
1731 Prorocentrum
monacense Kuff. 1957, non P. veloi Osorio-Tafall 1942, non P. shikokuense Y. Hada 1975)
1732 Prorocentrum emarginatum Fukuyo 1981
1733 Prorocentrum fukuyoi Sh. Murray & Y. Nagah. 2007
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
1734 Prorocentrum gracile F. Schütt 1895 (=P. diamantinae E.J.F. Wood 1963, non P. sigmoides Böhm 1933)
1735 Prorocentrum lebouriae J. Schiller 1928 (non P. compressum (J.W. Bailey 1850) T.H. Abé ex J.D. Dodge 1975)
Prorocentrum lenticulatum (Matzen. 1933) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=E. lenticulata Matzen., non P. compressum (J.W.
1736 Bailey
1850) T.H. Abé ex J.D. Dodge 1975, ?E. aequatorialis Hasle 1960)
1737 Prorocentrum magnum (Gaarder 1954) J.D. Dodge 1975
1738 Prorocentrum maximum (Gourret 1883) J. Schiller 1937 (=P. brochii J. Schiller 1918, non P. mexicanum OsorioTafall 1942)
1739 Prorocentrum mexicanum Osorio-Tafall 1942 (non P. rhathymum A.R. Loebl., J.L. Sherley & R.J. Schmidt 1979)
Prorocentrum micans Ehrenb. 1834 (=P. schilleri Böhm 1933, P. gibbosum (J. Schiller 1929) J. Schiller 1933, P.
1740 levantoides
Bursa 1959, P. paciicum E.J.F. Wood 1963, non E. paciica Kusjmina 1960)
Prorocentrum minimum (Pavill. 1916) J. Schiller 1931 (=E. minima Pavill. 1916, E. apora J. Schiller, P. triangulatum
1741 G.W. Martin 1929, E. marie-lebouriae Parke & D. Ballant. 1957, P. minimum var. triangulatum (G.W. Martin) Hulburt
1965, P. cordiforme Bursa 1959, ?P. cordatum (Ostenf.) J.D. Dodge 1975)
1742 Prorocentrum nanum J. Schiller 1918 (non P. pusillum (J. Schiller 1928) A.R. Loebl. 1976)
1743 Prorocentrum nux Puigserver & Zingone 2002
1744 Prorocentrum obtusidens J. Schiller 1928 (=?P. dentatum F. Stein 1883)
1745 Prorocentrum obtusum Ostenf. 1908
1746 Prorocentrum ovum (J. Schiller 1918) J.D. Dodge 1975
1747 Prorocentrum ponticus Krachmalny & Terenko 2002 (=?P. balticum (Lohmann 1908) A.R. Loebl. 1970)
1748 Prorocentrum redieldii Bursa 1959 (=?P. triestinum J. Schiller 1918)
1749 Prorocentrum rhathymum A.R. Loebl., J.L. Sherley & R.J. Schmidt 1979 (non P. mexicanum Osorio-Tafall 1942)
1750 Prorocentrum robustum Osorio-Tafall 1942 (non P. scutellum Schröd. 1900)
1751 Prorocentrum rostratum F. Stein 1883 (=P. styliferum Lohmann 1920, P. tenue Lohmann 1920)
1752 Prorocentrum rotundatum J. Schiller 1928 (=P. cornutum J. Schiller 1918)
1753 Prorocentrum sculptile M.A. Faust 1994
1754 Prorocentrum scutellum Schröd. 1900 (=P. sphaeroideum J. Schiller 1928, non P. robustum Osorio-Tafall 1942)
1755 Prorocentrum shikokuense Y. Hada 1975 (=?P. donghaiense D. Lu 2001, non P. dentatum F. Stein 1883)
1756 Prorocentrum sigmoides Böhm 1933 (non P. gracile F. Schütt 1895)
triestinum J. Schiller 1918 (=P. setoutii Y. Hada 1975, non P. shikokuense Y. Hada 1975, ?P. redieldii
1757 Prorocentrum
Bursa 1959, P. pyrenoideum Bursa 1959)
1758 Prorocentrum tsawwassenense Hoppenrath & B.S. Leander 2008
Prorocentrum vaginula (F. Stein 1883) J.D. Dodge 1975 (=P. adriaticum J. Schiller 1918, Dinopyxis vaginula F.
1759 Stein)
1760 Prorocentrum veloi Osorio-Tafall 1942 (non P. dentatum F. Stein 1883)
1761 Prorocentrum venetum Tolomio & Cavolo 1985
Order Prorocentrales, Family of Prorocentrum panamense
212 Genus of Prorocentrum panamense
1762 Prorocentrum panamense Grzebyk, Y. Sako & B. Berland 1998
1763 Prorocentrum glenanicum Chomérat & Nézan 2011
1764 Prorocentrum pseudopanamense Chomérat & Nézan 2011
Order Prorocentrales, Family of Plagiodinium
213 Plagiodinium M.A. Faust & Balech 1993
1765 Plagiodinium belizeanum M.A. Faust & Balech 1993
Order Dinophysales Er. Lindem. 1928
Amphisoleniaceae Er. Lindem. 1928
214 Amphisolenia F. Stein 1883 -type A. globifera (37 species)
1766 Amphisolenia acuta S. Gul & Saifullah 2007
1767 Amphisolenia astragalus Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
123
124
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
1768 Amphisolenia asymmetrica Kof. 1907
1769 Amphisolenia bidentata Schröd. 1900 (non A. bidentata Pavill. 1916, non A. bidentata Okamura 1907)
1770 Amphisolenia bifurcata G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=A. thrinax O. Zacharias 1906, A. projecta Kof. 1907)
1771 Amphisolenia biprojecta Saifullah & D. Hassan 1973
1772 Amphisolenia bispinosa Kof. 1907
1773 Amphisolenia brevicauda Kof. 1907
1774 Amphisolenia clavipes Kof. 1907
1775 Amphisolenia complanata Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
1776 Amphisolenia curvata Kof. 1907
1777 Amphisolenia deltiana S. Gul & Saifullah 2007
1778 Amphisolenia elegans Böhm 1933
1779 Amphisolenia elongata Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
1780 Amphisolenia extensa Kof. 1907
1781 Amphisolenia fusiformis Ceballos-Corona & Hernández-Becerril 2008
1782 Amphisolenia globifera F. Stein 1883 (=A. globosa Gran 1912, A. tenella Gran 1912)
1783 Amphisolenia inlata G. Murray & Whitting 1899
1784 Amphisolenia laticincta Kof. 1907
1785 Amphisolenia lemmermannii Kof. 1907
1786 Amphisolenia michoacana Ceballos-Corona & Hernández-Becerril 2008
1787 Amphisolenia microcephalus T.H. Abé 1967
1788 Amphisolenia mozambica Sournia 1967 (=?A. sigma Halim 1965)
1789 Amphisolenia nizamuddinii S. Mansoor & Saifullah 1995
1790 Amphisolenia palaeotheroides Kof. 1907
1791 Amphisolenia palmata F. Stein 1883
1792 Amphisolenia quadricauda Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=A. quinquecauda Kof. 1907)
1793 Amphisolenia quadrispina Kof. 1907
1794 Amphisolenia rectangulata Kof. 1907
1795 Amphisolenia schauinslandii Lemmerm. 1899
1796 Amphisolenia schroederi Kof. 1907
1797 Amphisolenia sigma Halim 1965 (=?A. spinulosa Kof. 1907, ?A. mozambica Sournia 1967)
1798 Amphisolenia spinulosa Kof. 1907
1799 Amphisolenia taylorii Saifullah & D. Hassan 1973
1800 Amphisolenia testa Balech 1962
1801 Amphisolenia thrinax F. Schütt 1893 (non A. thrinax O. Zacharias 1906)
1802 Amphisolenia truncata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
215 Triposolenia Kof. 1906 -type A. truncata (10 species)
1803 Triposolenia ambulathrix Kof. 1907 (non T. ambulathrix Jørg. 1923)
1804 Triposolenia bicornis Kof. 1906
1805 Triposolenia depressa Kof. 1906 (=T. ambulathrix Jørg. 1923)
1806 Triposolenia exilis Kof. 1906
1807 Triposolenia fallax Hernández-Becerril & Meave del Castillo 1999
1808 Triposolenia fatula Kof. 1907
1809 Triposolenia intermedia Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
1810 Triposolenia longicornis Kof. 1907
1811 Triposolenia ramiciformis Kof. 1906
1812 Triposolenia truncata Kof. 1906
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
Oxyphysaceae Sournia 1984
216 Dinofurcula Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 -type D. ultima
1813 Dinofurcula ultima (Kof. 1906) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
1814 Dinofurcula ventralis Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
217 Latifascia Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Heteroschisma Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) -type L. inaequale
1815 Latifascia inaequale (Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1966 (=Heteroschisma inaequale Kof. & Skogsb.)
1816 Latifascia subantarctica (Balech 1971) Okolodkov 2006 (=Heteroschisma subantarcticum Balech)
218 Proheteroschisma L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934
1817 Proheteroschisma connectens L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934
219 Phalacroma F. Stein 1883 (=Oxyphysis Kof. 1926, Prodinophysis Balech 1944) -type P. porodictyum (69 species)
1818 Dinophysis micropterygia P.A. Dangeard 1927
1819 Phalacroma alatum E.J.F. Wood 1954 (=D. paralata Sournia 1973)
1820 Phalacroma biceps (J. Schiller 1928) J. Schiller 1933 (=D. biceps J. Schiller)
1821 Phalacroma bipartitum Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. bipartita (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967)
1822 Phalacroma circumcinctum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. circumcincta (Kof. & J.R. Michener) Balech 1967)
1823 Phalacroma circumsutum G. Karst. 1907 (=D. circumsuta (G. Karst.) Balech 1967)
1824 Phalacroma complanatum Gaarder 1954
Phalacroma contractum Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. contracta (Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) Balech 1967, Ph. ruudii
1825 Braarud
1935)
Phalacroma cornutum N. Peters 1928 (=D. cornuta (N. Peters) Balech 1967, Phalacroma cornutum ssp. inerme
1826 Balech
1965, D. cornuta ssp. inermis (Balech in Balech & S. El-Sayed) Sournia 1973)
1827 Phalacroma cuneolus Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. cuneolus (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967)
cuneus F. Schütt 1895 (=D. cuneus (F. Schütt) T.H. Abé vel Balech 1967, Ph. blackmanii G. Murray &
1828 Phalacroma
Whitting 1899, Ph. triangulare E.J.F. Wood 1954, D. triangulare (E.J.F. Wood) Balech 1967)
1829 Phalacroma dens Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. dens (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967, non D. dens Pavill. 1915)
dolychopterygium G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=D. dolychopterygium (G. Murray & Whitting) Balech
1830 Phalacroma
1967)
doryphorum F. Stein 1883 (=D. doryphora (F. Stein 1883) T.H. Abé vel Balech 1967 (=D. doryphorides
1831 Phalacroma
(P.A. Dangeard 1927) Balech 1967)
elongatum Jørg. 1923 (=D. elongata (Jørg. 1923) T.H. Abé vel Balech 1967, D. minuta (Cleve 1900)
1832 Phalacroma
Balech 1967)
1833 Phalacroma favus Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=P. hindmarchii Pavill. 1916)
1834 Phalacroma imbriatum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. imbriata (Kof. & J.R. Michener) Balech 1967)
1835 Phalacroma giganteum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. gigantea (Kof. & J.R. Michener) Balech 1967)
globulus F. Schütt 1895 (=D. globulus (F. Schütt) Balech 1967, Heteroschisma globulus (F. Schütt) J.
1836 Phalacroma
Schiller 1931)
hindmarchii G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=D. hindmarchii (G. Murray & Whitting) Balech 1967, non Ph.
1837 Phalacroma
hindmarchii Pavill. 1916)
1838 Phalacroma irregulare M. Lebour 1925 (=D. irregularis (M. Lebour) Balech 1967)
1839 Phalacroma jibbonense E.J.F. Wood 1954 (=D. jibbonensis (E.J.F. Wood) Balech 1967)
1840 Phalacroma lacrima Gaarder 1954 (=D. lacrima (Gaarder) Balech 1967)
1841 Phalacroma lativelatum Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. lativelata (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967)
latum Gaarder 1954 (=D. lata (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1967, non D. lata Balech 1971=D. sourniai
1842 Phalacroma
Balech 1978)
1843 Phalacroma lens Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. lens (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967)
Phalacroma lenticula Kof. 1907 (=D. neolenticula Sournia 1973, non D. lenticula Daday 1888, nec D. lenticula
1844 Pavill.
1916)
1845 Phalacroma limbatum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. michenerae Sournia 1973)
longialatum Gaarder 1954 (=D. fortunata Sournia 1973, Heteroschisma longialatum (Gaarder) Balech
1846 Phalacroma
1967, non D. longialata Gran & Braarud 1935)
1847 Phalacroma mawsonii E.J.F. Wood 1954 (=D. mawsonii (E.J.F. Wood) Balech 1967, ?Ph. tuberculatum Galil 1959)
125
126
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
1848 Phalacroma minutum Cleve 1900 (=D. minuta (Cleve) Balech 1967)
Phalacroma mitra F. Schütt 1895 (=D. mitra (F. Schütt 1895) T.H. Abé vel Balech 1967, Ph. rapa F. Stein 1883, Ph.
1849 dolichopterygium
G. Murray & Whitting 1899)
1850 Phalacroma modestum Böhm 1936 (=D. modesta (Böhm) Balech 1967)
1851 Phalacroma monacanthum G.I. Gail 1950 (non D. monacantha Kof. & Skogsb. 1928)
mucronatum Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. mucronata (Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) Sournia 1973, =D. paulsenii
1852 Phalacroma
(J. Schiller 1928) Balech 1967, non D. paulsenii Wolosz. 1928)
1853 Phalacroma okamurai Pavill. 1931 (=D. mitroides Sournia 1973, non D. okamurai Kof. & Skogsb. 1928)
1854 Phalacroma operculatum F. Stein 1883 (=D. operculata (F. Stein 1883) Balech 1967)
1855 Phalacroma operculoides F. Schütt 1895 (=D. operculoides (F. Schütt) Balech 1967)
1856 Phalacroma ovatum (Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) Jørg. 1923
ovum F. Schütt 1895 (=D. amandula (Balech 1967) Sournia 1973, D. amygdala Balech 1967, Ph.
1857 Phalacroma
ovum F. Schütt 1895, non D. amygdalus Paulsen 1949, non D. ovum F. Schütt 1895)
1858 Phalacroma oxytoxoides (Kof. 1926) F. Gómez, P. López-García & D. Moreira 2011 (=Oxyphysis oxytoxoides Kof.)
parvulum (F. Schütt 1895) Jørg. 1923 (=P. porodictyum F. Stein var. parvula F. Schütt, D. oviformis J.
1859 Phalacroma
Schiller 1928)
1860 Phalacroma paulsenii Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. groenlandica (J. Schiller 1933) Balech 1967)
1861 Phalacroma pirum Gaarder 1954 (=Heteroschisma pirum (Gaarder) Balech 1967)
1862 Phalacroma planiceps J. Schiller 1928 (=D. planiceps (J. Schiller 1928) Balech 1967)
Phalacroma porodictyum F. Stein 1883 (=Phalacroma acutum (F. Schütt 1895) Pavill. 1916, D. acutoides Balech
1863 1967,
non D. acuta Ehrenb. 1839)
1864 Phalacroma porosum (Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. perforata Sournia 1973, D. porosa (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967)
1865 Phalacroma praetextum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. praetexta (Kof. & J.R. Michener) Balech 1967)
1866 Phalacroma protuberans Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. protuberans (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967)
1867 Phalacroma pugiunculus Jørg. 1923 (=D. pugiunculus (Jørg.) Balech 1967)
Phalacroma pulchellum M. Lebour 1922 (=Pseudophalacroma pulchellum (M. Lebour) G.I. Gail 1950, D. pulchella
1868 (M.
Lebour) Balech 1967)
1869 Phalacroma pulchrum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. pulchra (Kof. & J.R. Michener) Balech 1967)
1870 Phalacroma pyriforme Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. pyriformis (Kof. & Skogsb.) Balech 1967)
1871 Phalacroma rapa F. Stein 1883 (=D. rapa (F. Stein) Balech 1967)
reticulatum Kof. 1907 (=D. rete Sournia 1973, =D. reticulata (Kof. 1907) Balech 1967, non D. reticulata
1872 Phalacroma
Gaarder 1954)
1873 Phalacroma richardii Pavill. 1934 (=D. richardii (Pavill. 1934) Balech 1967, ?D. ruudii (Braarud 1935) Balech 1967)
1874 Phalacroma robustum Gaarder 1954 (=D. gaarderae Sournia 1973, non D. robusta Gran & Braarud 1935)
rotundatum (Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. rotundata Clap. & J. Lachm., D.
1875 Phalacroma
whittingiae Balech 1971, Phalacroma rudgei G. Murray & Whitting 1899, D. rotundiformis L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934)
1876 Phalacroma rugosum Gaarder 1954 (=D. scabra Sournia 1973, D. rugosa (Gaarder) Balech 1967)
1877 Phalacroma scrobiculatum (Balech 1971) Díaz-Ramos & G.J. Estrella de F. 2000 (=D. scrobiculata Balech)
1878 Phalacroma sphaeroideum J. Schiller 1928 (=D. schilleri Sournia 1973)
1879 Phalacroma striatum Kof. 1907 (=D. striata (Kof.) Balech 1967)
1880 Phalacroma symmetricum Gaarder 1954 (=D. symmetrica (Gaarder) Balech 1967)
1881 Phalacroma thompsonii E.J.F. Wood 1954 (=D. thompsonii (E.J.F. Wood) Balech 1967)
tuberculatum G.I. Galil 1959 (=D. tuberculata (G.I. Gail) Konovalova 1998, ?D. mawsonii (E.J.F. Wood
1882 Phalacroma
1954) Balech 1988)
1883 Phalacroma turbineum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=D. turbinea (Kof. & J.R. Michener) Balech 1967)
1884 Phalacroma vastiforme L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934 (=D. vastiformis (L.S. Tai & Skogsb.) Balech 1967)
1885 Phalacroma vastum F. Schütt 1895 (=D. vasta (F. Schütt) Balech 1967)
1886 Phalacroma whiteleggei E.J.F. Wood 1954 (=D. whiteleggei (E.J.F. Wood) Balech 1967)
Dinophysaceae F. Stein 1883 (=Citharistaceae Kof. & Skogsb. 1928, Ornithocercaceae Kof. & Skogsb. 1928)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
220 Citharistes F. Stein 1883 -type C. regius
1887 Citharistes apsteinii F. Schütt 1895
1888 Citharistes regius F. Stein 1883
Dinophysis Ehrenb. 1839 sensu stricto (=Dinoceras J. Schiller 1931, Heteroceras Forti 1901) -type D. acuta (58
221 species)
Dinophysis acuminata Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859 (=D. ovum var. baltica Paulsen 1908, D. baltica (Paulsen) Wolosz.
1928, D. baltica (Paulsen) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928, D. cassubica Wolosz. 1928, D. levanderi Wolosz. 1928, D.
1889 paulsenii
Wolosz. 1928, D. boehmii Paulsen 1949 ex Balech 1971, D. borealis Paulsen 1949, D. lachmannii
Paulsen 1949, D. skagii Paulsen 1949, D. simplex Böhm 1933, non D. simplex Balech 1962)
1890 Dinophysis acuta Ehrenb. 1839 (=D. dens Pavill. 1915, ?D. vermicula C.H.G. Pouchet 1893)
1891 Dinophysis amphora Balech 1971
1892 Dinophysis anabilis T.H. Abé 1967
1893 Dinophysis apiculata Meunier 1910 (=?D. acuminata Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859)
Dinophysis arctica Mereschk. 1879 (=D. granulata Cleve 1899, D. laevis C.H.G. Pouchet 1883, non D. laevis
1894 Bergh
1881, D. rotundata Levander 1894, non D. rotundata Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859, ?D. vertex Meunier 1910)
1895 Dinophysis bibulbus Balech 1971
1896 Dinophysis biceras J. Schiller 1928 (=Dinoceras biceras J. Schiller 1933)
1897 Dinophysis capitulata Balech 1967
1898 Dinophysis carpentariae E.J.F. Wood 1963
Dinophysis caudata Kent 1881 (=D. homunculus F. Stein 1883, D. allieri Gourret 1883, D. inaequalis Gourret 1883,
1899 D.
diegensis Kof. 1907)
1900 Dinophysis curvata J. Schiller 1933 (=D. sphaerica F. Stein 1883 partim, non D. diegensis var. curvata Kof. 1907)
1901 Dinophysis cyrtoptera Balech 1978
1902 Dinophysis dentata J. Schiller 1928
1903 Dinophysis dubia Balech 1978
1904 Dinophysis ellipsoides Kof. 1907
1905 Dinophysis equalantii Balech 1971
1906 Dinophysis exigua Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
Dinophysis fortii Pavill. 1923 (=D. laevis C.H.G. Pouchet 1883, D. lapidistrigiliformis T.H. Abé 1967, D. intermedia
1907 Pavill.
1916, non D. intermedia Cleve 1900)
1908 Dinophysis granii Paulsen 1949
1909 Dinophysis hasleae Balech 1973
1910 Dinophysis hyalina E.J.F. Wood 1963
1911 Dinophysis infundibulus J. Schiller 1928 (=D. parva J. Schiller 1928)
1912 Dinophysis intermedia Cleve 1900 (non D. intermedia Pavill. 1916)
1913 Dinophysis islandica Paulsen 1949
1914 Dinophysis laevis Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859 (non D. laevis Bergh 1881, non D. laevis C.H.G. Pouchet 1883)
1915 Dinophysis laticincta Balech 1979
1916 Dinophysis longialata Gran & Braarud 1935
1917 Dinophysis meteorii Böhm 1933
Dinophysis meunieri J. Schiller 1928 (=D. cuneiformis Meunier 1910, non D. cuneiformis L. Mangin 1922, ?D.
1918 acuta
Ehrenb. 1839)
1919 Dinophysis micropleura Balech 1971
1920 Dinophysis microstrigiliformis T.H. Abé 1967
Dinophysis miles Cleve 1900 (=D. aggregata Weber van Bosse 1901, Heteroceras schroeteri Forti 1901, ?D. tripos
1921 Gourret
1883)
norvegica Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859 (=D. norvegica var. debilior Paulsen 1907, D. debilior (Paulsen)
1922 Dinophysis
Paulsen 1949, D. crassior Paulsen 1949)
127
128
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
okamurai Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. vanhoffenii Okamura 1907 partim, non D. vanhoffenii Ostenf.
1923 Dinophysis
1899)
1924 Dinophysis opposita E.J.F. Wood 1963
1925 Dinophysis oviformis Chen Ni 1988 (non D. oviformis J. Schiller 1928)
ovum F. Schütt 1895 (=D. brevisulcus L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1937 partim, D. antarctica Balech 1958, non
1926 Dinophysis
Ph. ovum F. Schütt 1895)
1927 Dinophysis paciica E.J.F. Wood 1963
1928 Dinophysis punctata Jørg. 1923 (non D. punctata Balech 1971)
1929 Dinophysis recurva Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. lenticula Pavill. 1916, non D. lenticula Daday 1888)
1930 Dinophysis robusta Gran & Braarud 1935
sacculus F. Stein 1883 (=D. acuminata f. reniformis Pavill. 1905, D. pavillardii Schröd. 1906, D.
1931 Dinophysis
reniformis (Pavill.) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928, D. ventrecta J. Schiller 1933, D. phaseolus E.S. Silva 1952)
1932 Dinophysis schroederi Pavill. 1909
1933 Dinophysis semen Meunier 1910
1934 Dinophysis siankanensis Becerril-Almazán & Hernández-Becerril 2002
1935 Dinophysis sourniai Balech 1978 (=D. lata Balech 1971, non D. lata (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1967)
1936 Dinophysis sphaerica F. Stein 1883 (=D. vanhoffenii Ostenf. 1899, non D. sphaerica F. Schütt 1895)
1937 Dinophysis spinata (N. Peters 1928) Balech 1967
1938 Dinophysis subcircularis Paulsen 1949
1939 Dinophysis tailisunii Chen Ni 1988
1940 Dinophysis tenuivelata Balech 1973
1941 Dinophysis tripos Gourret 1883 (=D. caudata var. tripos (Gourret) G.I. Gail 1950, ?D. miles Cleve 1900)
1942 Dinophysis truncata Cleve 1901 (=D. cuneiformis L. Mangin 1922, non D. cuneiformis Meunier 1910)
1943 Dinophysis tuberculata L. Mangin 1926 (=D. carinata N. Peters 1928)
1944 Dinophysis umbosa J. Schiller 1928
1945 Dinophysis urceola Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
1946 Dinophysis vertex Meunier 1910 (=?D. arctica Mereschk. 1879)
Dinophysis hastata-group -type D. hastata
1947 Dinophysis acutissima Gaarder 1954
1948 Dinophysis alata Jørg. 1923 (=?D. alata Böhm 1931, non D. alata (E.J.F. Wood 1954) Balech 1967)
1949 Dinophysis balechii D.R. Norris & L.D. Berner 1970
1950 Dinophysis collaris Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
1951 Dinophysis hastata F. Stein 1883 (=D. uracantha (F. Stein) E.S. Silva 1956)
1952 Dinophysis joergensenii Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. triacantha Jørg. 1923 partim)
1953 Dinophysis monacantha Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (non Ph. monacanthum G.I. Gail 1950)
1954 Dinophysis nias G. Karst. 1907 (=D. triacantha G. Karst. 1907)
1955 Dinophysis odiosa (Pavill. 1930) L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934 (=Ph. odiosum Pavill. 1930, Ph. hastatum Pavill. 1909)
1956 Dinophysis paralata Sournia 1973 (=D. alata (E.J.F. Wood 1954) Balech 1967)
Dinophysis phalacromoides (Jørg. 1923) F. Gómez, P. López-García & D. Moreira 2011 (=D. hastata F. Stein f.
1957 phalacromides
Jørg.)
1958 Dinophysis pusilla Jørg. 1923
1959 Dinophysis reticulata Gaarder 1954 (non D. reticulata (Kof. 1907) Balech 1967)
1960 Dinophysis rudgei G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (non Ph. rudgei G. Murray & Whitting 1899)
1961 Dinophysis schuettii G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=D. uracantha F. Schütt 1895, non D. uracantha F. Stein 1883)
1962 Dinophysis spinosa Rampi 1950
1963 Dinophysis swezyae Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
1964 Dinophysis trapezium Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
1965 Dinophysis triacantha Kof. 1907 (non D. triacantha G. Karst. 1907)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
1966 Dinophysis uracantha F. Stein 1883 (non D. uracantha F. Schütt 1895=D. schuettii G. Murray & Whitting 1899)
uracanthoides (Jørg. 1923) F. Gómez, P. López-García & D. Moreira 2011 (=D. hastata F. Stein f.
1967 Dinophysis
uracanthides Jørg.)
1968 Dinophysis urceola Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
222 Histioneis F. Stein 1883 -type H. remora (52 species)
1969 Histioneis aequatorialis E.J.F. Wood 1963
1970 Histioneis australiae E.J.F. Wood 1963 (=?H. moresbyensis Wood 1963)
1971 Histioneis biremis F. Stein 1883
1972 Histioneis bougainvillae E.J.F. Wood 1963
1973 Histioneis caminus Böhm 1933
1974 Histioneis carinata Kof. 1907
1975 Histioneis cerasus Böhm 1933
1976 Histioneis cleaveri Rampi 1952
1977 Histioneis costata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=?H. elongata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911)
1978 Histioneis crateriformis F. Stein 1883 (=H. reticulata Kof. 1907)
Histioneis cymbalaria F. Stein 1883 (=H. skogsbergii J. Schiller 1933, H. depressa J. Schiller 1933, H. speciosa
1979 Rampi
1969)
1980 Histioneis dentata G. Murray & Whitting 1899
1981 Histioneis detonii Rampi 1947 (=?H. cleaveri Rampi 1952)
1982 Histioneis diamantinae E.J.F. Wood 1963 (=?P. acutiformis Rampi 1947)
1983 Histioneis dubia Böhm 1933
elongata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=H. subcarinata Rampi 1947, ?H. costata Kof. & J.R. Michener
1984 Histioneis
1911)
1985 Histioneis fragilis Böhm 1931
1986 Histioneis gubernans F. Schütt 1895 (=H. expansa Rampi 1947, H. ligustica Rampi 1940)
1987 Histioneis highleyi G. Murray & Whitting 1899
1988 Histioneis hyalina Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=?H. longicollis Kof. 1907)
1989 Histioneis imbricata Halim 1960 (=?H. longicollis Kof. 1907)
1990 Histioneis inclinata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=H. alata Rampi 1947)
1991 Histioneis inornata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
1992 Histioneis isselii Forti 1932 (=?H. elongata sensu Böhm 1936)
1993 Histioneis joergensenii J. Schiller 1928 (=?H. vouckii J. Schiller 1928, ?H. planeta E.J.F. Wood 1963)
1994 Histioneis josephinae Kof. 1907 (=?H. megalocopa F. Stein 1883)
1995 Histioneis lanceolata E.J.F. Wood 1963
Histioneis longicollis Kof. 1907 (=H. elegans Halim 1960, H. faouzii Halim 1960, H. kofoidii Forti & Issel 1925, H.
1996 minuscula
Rampi 1950, H. sublongicollis Halim 1960, H. villafranca Halim 1960)
1997 Histioneis marchesonii Rampi 1941
1998 Histioneis mediterranea J. Schiller 1928 (=?H. reticulata Kof. 1907)
1999 Histioneis megalocopa F. Stein 1883 (=H. dolon G. Murray & Whitting 1899)
Histioneis milneri G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=H. helenae G. Murray & Whitting 1899, H. hippoperoides Kof. &
2000 J.R.
Michener 1911)
2001 Histioneis mitchellana G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=H. mitchelliana Schröd. 1906, ?H. pulchra Kof. 1907)
2002 Histioneis moresbyensis E.J.F. Wood 1963 (=?H. costata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911)
2003 Histioneis navicula Kof. 1907 (=?H. oceanica Rampi 1950)
2004 Histioneis oceanica Rampi 1950 (=?H. navicula Kof. 1907)
2005 Histioneis oxypteris J. Schiller 1928 (=?H. paulsenii Kof. 1907)
2006 Histioneis paciica Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=H. pavillardii Rampi 1939, H. bernhardii Rampi 1969)
2007 Histioneis panaria Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=?H. panda Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911)
129
130
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
2008 Histioneis panda Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=?H. panaria Kof. & Skogsb. 1928)
2009 Histioneis paulsenii Kof. 1907 (=?H. crateriformis F. Stein 1883, ?H. reticulata Kof. 1907 sensu Balech 1988)
2010 Histioneis pietschmannii Böhm 1933
2011 Histioneis planeta E.J.F. Wood 1963 (=?H. longicollis Kof. 1907)
2012 Histioneis pulchra Kof. 1907 (=?H. mitchellana G. Murray & Whitting 1899)
2013 Histioneis rampii Halim 1960 (=?H. cymbalaria F. Stein 1883)
2014 Histioneis reginella Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
2015 Histioneis remora F. Stein 1883 (=?H. sphaeroidea Rampi 1947)
2016 Histioneis robusta Rampi 1969
2017 Histioneis schilleri Böhm 1933
2018 Histioneis simplex E.J.F. Wood 1963
striata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=H. variabilis J. Schiller 1933, H. steinii J. Schiller 1928, H. parallela
2019 Histioneis
Gaarder 1954)
2020 Histioneis vouckii J. Schiller 1928 (=?H. joergensenii J. Schiller 1928)
223 Histiophysis Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
rugosa (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=Dinophysis rugosa Kof. & J.R. Michener
2021 Histiophysis
1911)
224 Metadinophysis D.S. Nie & Chia C. Wang 1941
2022 Metadinophysis sinensis D.S. Nie & Chia C. Wang 1941
225 Metaphalacroma L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934
2023 Metaphalacroma skogsbergii L.S. Tai 1934
226 Ornithocercus F. Stein 1883 -type O. magniicus (15 species)
2024 Ornithocercus australis E.J.F. Wood 1963
2025 Ornithocercus bilobatus Rampi 1950 (=?O. quadratus f. intermedia Kof. & Skogsb. 1928)
2026 Ornithocercus carpentariae E.J.F. Wood 1963
2027 Ornithocercus cristatus Matzen. 1933 (=Dinophysis moresbyensis E.J.F. Wood 1963)
2028 Ornithocercus formosus Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
francescae (G. Murray 1899) Balech 1962 (=O. carolinae Kof. 1907, Histioneis francescae G.
2029 Ornithocercus
Murray 1899)
2030 Ornithocercus geniculatus P.A. Dangeard 1927
2031 Ornithocercus heteroporoides T.H. Abé 1967
2032 Ornithocercus heteroporus Kof. 1907 (=O. biclavatus E.J.F. Wood 1954, O. triclavatus Wood 1954)
2033 Ornithocercus magniicus F. Stein 1883 (=O. minor Jørg. 1923, non O. magniicus Buetschli 1885)
Ornithocercus quadratus F. Schütt 1900 (=O. assimilis Jørg. 1923, Histioneis quadrata Lemmerm. 1901, O. galea
2034 (C.H.G.
Pouchet 1883) T.H. Abé 1967)
2035 Ornithocercus skogsbergii T.H. Abé 1967
2036 Ornithocercus splendidus F. Schütt 1895 (=Histioneis splendida G. Murray & Whitting 1899)
2037 Ornithocercus steinii F. Schütt 1900 (=O. serratus Kof. 1907, O. orbiculatus Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911)
2038 Ornithocercus thumii (Johannes Schmidt 1888) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928
227 Parahistioneis Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 -type P. diomedeae (13 species)
2039 Histioneis gregoryi Böhm 1936 (=?H. pachypus Böhm 1931)
2040 Histioneis tubifera Böhm 1933 (=?H. pieltainii Osorio-Tafall 1942,=?H. sphaeroidea Rampi 1947)
2041 Parahistioneis acuta Böhm 1933 (=H. paraformis (Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) Balech 1971, H. para Okamura 1912)
2042 Parahistioneis acutiformis Rampi 1947 (=?H. diamantinae E.J.F. Wood 1963)
2043 Parahistioneis conica Böhm 1933 (=H. para G. Murray & Whitting 1899)
2044 Parahistioneis diomedeae (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=H. diomedeae Kof. & J.R. Michener)
2045 Parahistioneis garrettii (Kof. 1907) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=H. garrettii Kof.)
2046 Parahistioneis gascoynensis E.J.F. Wood 1963
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
2047 Parahistioneis karstenii (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=H. karstenii Kof. & J.R. Michener)
2048 Parahistioneis pachypus Böhm 1933 (=P. varians Böhm 1933,=?H. gregoryi Böhm 1936)
Parahistioneis pieltainii Osorio-Tafall 1942 (=?H. sphaeroidea Rampi 1947, ?H. tubifera Böhm 1933, H. pieltainii
2049 (Osorio-Tafall)
Y.B. Okolodkov 2006)
2050 Parahistioneis rotundata (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=H. rotundata Kof. & J.R. Michener)
2051 Parahistioneis sphaeroidea Rampi 1947 (=?P. pieltainii Osorio-Tafall 1942, =?H. tubifera Böhm 1933)
Dinophysaceae incertae sedis
2052 Dinophysis apicata (Kof. & Skogsb. 1928) T.H. Abé vel Balech 1967 (=Phalacroma apicatum Kof. & Skogsb.)
2053 Dinophysis argus (F. Stein 1883) T.H. Abé vel Balech 1967 (=Phalacroma argus F. Stein)
2054 Dinophysis braarudii (Nordli 1951) Balech 1967 (=Ph. braarudii Nordli)
2055 Dinophysis brevisulcus L.S. Tai & Skogsb. 1934
Dinophysis expulsa Kof. J.R. Michener 1911 (=P. expulsum (Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911) Kof. & Skogsb. 1928, P.
2056 stenopterygium
Jørg. 1923)
similis Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 (=D. sphaerica F. Schütt 1895, D. simplex Balech 1962=D. tai Balech 1971,
2057 Dinophysis
non D. simplex Böhm 1933)
Order Dinophysales, Family of Pseudophalacroma
228 Pseudophalacroma Jørg. 1923
nasutum (F. Stein 1883) Jørg. 1923 (=Phalacroma nasutum F. Stein, D. nasutum (F. Stein)
2058 Pseudophalacroma
Parke & P.S. Dixon 1968)
Order Dinophysales, Family of Sinophysis
229 Sinophysis D.S. Nie & Chia C. Wang 1944 -type S. microcephala (7 species)
2059 Sinophysis canaliculata J.P. Quod, Ten-Hage, J. Turquet, G. Mascarell & Couté 1999
Sinophysis ebriola (Herdman 1924) Balech 1956 (=Phalacroma ebriola Herdman 1924, Thecadinium ebriolum
2060 (Herdman)
Kof. & Skogsb. 1928)
2061 Sinophysis grandis Hoppenrath 2000
2062 Sinophysis microcephala D.S. Nie & Chia C. Wang 1944
2063 Sinophysis minima M.S. Selina & Hoppenrath 2004
2064 Sinophysis stenosoma Hoppenrath 2000
2065 Sinophysis verruculosa Chomérat & Nézan 2009
Order Blastodiniales Chatton 1906
Blastodiniaceae Cavers 1913 / Chatton 1920
230 Blastodinium Chatton 1906 -type B. pruvotii (13 species)
2066 Blastodinium apsteinii Sewell 1951
2067 Blastodinium chattonii Sewell 1951
2068 Blastodinium contortum Chatton 1908
2069 Blastodinium crassum Chatton 1908
2070 Blastodinium elongatum Chatton 1912
2071 Blastodinium galatheanum Skovg. 2009
2072 Blastodinium hyalinum Chatton 1929
2073 Blastodinium inornatum Chatton 1920
manginii Chatton 1908 (=B. manginii var. oncae Chatton 1912, ?Schizodinium sparsum Chatton
2074 Blastodinium
1912)
2075 Blastodinium navicula Chatton 1912
2076 Blastodinium oviforme Chatton 1912
2077 Blastodinium pruvotii Chatton 1906
2078 Blastodinium spinulosum Chatton 1908
Order Gonyaulacales F.J.R. Taylor 1980 (=Pyrocystales Apstein 1909)
Thecadiniaceae Balech 1956
231 Thecadinium Kof. & Skogsb. 1928 -type T. kofoidii (9 species)
131
132
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
2079 Thecadinium acanthium Hoppenrath 2000
2080 Thecadinium arenarium S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J.D. Dodge 2004
2081 Thecadinium inclinatum Balech 1956 (=Sabulodinium inclinatum (Balech 1956) R.D. Saunders & J.D. Dodge 1984)
Thecadinium kofoidii (Herdman 1924) J. Larsen 1985 (=Amphidinium kofoidii var. petasatum Herdman 1922, T.
2082 petasatum
(Herdman) Balech, Phalacroma kofoidii Herdman 1924)
2083 Thecadinium neopetasatum R.D. Saunders & J.D. Dodge 1984
2084 Thecadinium ornatum Hoppenrath 2000
2085 Thecadinium ovatum S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J.D. Dodge 2004
2086 Thecadinium striatum S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J.D. Dodge 2004
yashimaense S. Yoshimatsu, S. Toriumi & J.D. Dodge 2004 (=T. mucosum Hoppenrath & F.J.R.
2087 Thecadinium
Taylor 2004, T. foveolatum Bolch 2004)
Protoceratidaceae Er. Lindem. 1928 (=Ceratocorythaceae Er. Lindem. 1928)
232 Ceratocorys F. Stein 1883 -type C. horrida (11 species)
2088 Ceratocorys anacantha Carbonell-Moore 1996
Ceratocorys armata (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. 1910 (=?C. spinifera G. Murray & Whitting 1899, Goniodoma imbriatum
2089 G.
Murray & Whitting 1899)
2090 Ceratocorys aultii H.W. Graham 1942
2091 Ceratocorys bipes (Cleve 1903) Kof. 1910 (=C. asymmetrica G. Karst. 1907)
Ceratocorys gourretii Paulsen 1931 (=C. allenii Osorio-Tafall 1942, Phalacroma jourdanii (Gourret 1883) F. Schütt
2092 1895,
Dinophysis jourdanii Gourret, C. kofoidii Paulsen 1931)
2093 Ceratocorys grahamii Carbonell-Moore 1996
2094 Ceratocorys horrida F. Stein 1883 (=C. hirsuta Matzen. 1933)
2095 Ceratocorys indica E.J.F. Wood 1963
2096 Ceratocorys magna Kof. 1910 (=C. spinifera G. Murray & Whitting 1899 partim)
2097 Ceratocorys reticulata H.W. Graham 1942
2098 Ceratocorys skogsbergii H.W. Graham 1942
233 Protoceratium Bergh 1881 -type P. aceros
2099 Protoceratium aculeatum (F. Stein 1883) J. Schiller 1937 (=Clathrocysta aculeata F. Stein)
2100 Protoceratium areolatum Kof. 1907
Protoceratium cancellorum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (not illustrated)
Protoceratium globosum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (not illustrated)
Protoceratium pepo Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (not illustrated)
Protoceratium promissum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (not illustrated)
Protoceratium reticulatum (Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) Buetschli 1885 (=G. grindleyi P. Reinecke 1967, Protoceratium
2101 aceros
Bergh 1881, Peridiniopsis reticulata (Clap. & J. Lachm.) Starmach 1974)
2102 Protoceratium spinulosum (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) J. Schiller 1937
2103 Protoceratium splendens Meunier 1910 (=?P. reticulatum (Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) Buetschli 1885)
234 Schuettiella Balech 1988
Schuettiella mitra (F. Schütt 1895) Balech 1988 (=Steinella mitra F. Schütt, Oxytoxum gigas Kof. 1907, Gonyaulax
2104 mitra
(F. Schütt) Kof. 1911)
Ceratiaceae Kof. 1907
235 Ceratium Schrank 1793 -type C. hirundinella (7 species)
2105 Ceratium carolinianum (J.W. Bailey 1850) Jørg. 1911 (=C. curvirostre Huitf.-Kaas 1900)
2106 Ceratium monoceros Temponeras 2000
2107 Ceratium cornutum (Ehrenb.) Clap. & J. Lachm. 1858
2108 Ceratium furcoides (Levander 1900) Langhans 1925
Ceratium hirundinella (O.F. Müller 1773) Dujard. 1841 (=C. tetraceros Schrank 1793, C. pleuroceras Schrank
2109 1793, C. macroceras Schrank 1802, C. longicorne Perty 1849, C. kumaonense H.J. Carter 1871, C. brevicorne O.
Zacharias 1905, C. leptoceras O. Zacharias 1904, C. pumilum O. Zacharias 1905, C. handelii Skuja 1937)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
2110 Ceratium rhomvoides B. Hickel 1988
2111 Ceratium brachyceros Daday 1907 (=C. hirundinella var. brachyceros (Daday) Ostenf. 1909)
236 Neoceratium F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 -type N. furca (77 species)
Neoceratium arcticum (Ehrenb. 1854) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. arcticum (Ehrenb.)
2112 Cleve
1901, C. labradoricum Vanhöffen 1897)
Neoceratium arietinum (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. arietinum Cleve, C.
2113 bucephalum
(Cleve 1897) Cleve 1901)
Neoceratium
aultii (H.W. Graham & Bronik. 1944) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. aultii H.W.
2114 Graham & Bronik.)
2115 Neoceratium axiale (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. axiale Kof.)
2116 Neoceratium azoricum (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. azoricum Cleve)
balechii (Meave del Castillo, Okolodkov & Zamudio 2003) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García
2117 Neoceratium
2009 (=C. balechii Meave del Castillo, Okolodkov & Zamudio)
Neoceratium belone (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. belone Cleve, C. paciicum
2118 Schröd.
1906, non C. paciicum E.J.F. Wood 1963)
2119 Neoceratium biceps (Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009
2120 Neoceratium bigelowii (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. bigelowii Kof.)
Neoceratium breve (Ostenf. & Johannes Schmidt 1901) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. breve
2121 (Ostenf.
& Johannes Schmidt) Schröd. 1906)
2122 Neoceratium brunellii (Rampi 1942) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. brunellii Rampi)
Neoceratium candelabrum (Ehrenb. 1860) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. candelabrum
2123 (Ehrenb.)
F. Stein 1883)
Neoceratium carnegiei (H.W. Graham & Bronik. 1944) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. carnegiei
2124 H.W.
Graham & Bronik.)
Neoceratium carriense (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. carriense Gourret, C.
2125 massiliense
Pavill. 1907, C. volans Cleve 1900)
Neoceratium cephalotum (Lemmerm. 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. cephalotum
2126 (Lemmerm.)
Jørg. 1911)
2127 Neoceratium compressum (Gran 1912) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. compressum Gran)
2128 Neoceratium concilians (Jørg. 1920) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. concilians Jørg.)
Neoceratium contortum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. contortum (Ehrenb.)
2129 Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859, C. contortum (Gourret) Cleve 1900, =C. contortum var. robustum (G. Karst. 1907) Sournia
1966)
contrarium (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. contrarium (Gourret)
2130 Neoceratium
Pavill. 1905)
declinatum (G. Karst. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. declinatum (G.
2131 Neoceratium
Karst.) Jørg. 1911)
delexum (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. delexum (Kof.) Jørg. 1911,
2132 Neoceratium
C. californiense G. Karst. 1907, C. recurvatum Schröd. 1906)
Neoceratium dens (Ostenf. & Johannes Schmidt 1901) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. dens
2133 Ostenf.
& Johannes Schmidt)
2134 Neoceratium digitatum (F. Schütt 1895) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. digitatum F. Schütt)
divaricatum (Lemmerm. 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. divaricatum
2135 Neoceratium
(Lemmerm.) Kof. 1908)
2136 Neoceratium egyptiacum (Halim 1963) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. egyptiacum Halim)
euarcuatum (Jørg. 1920) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. euarcuatum Jørg., =C.
2137 Neoceratium
arcuatum Pavill. 1905)
Neoceratium extensum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. strictum Kof. 1907, ?C.
2138 biceps
Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859)
2139 Neoceratium falcatiforme (Jørg. 1920) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. falcatiforme Jørg.)
2140 Neoceratium falcatum (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. falcatum (Kof.) Jørg. 1920)
ilicorne (Steem. Niels. 1934) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. ilicorne Steem.
2141 Neoceratium
Niels.)
Neoceratium furca (Ehrenb. 1834) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. furca (Ehrenb.) Clap. & J.
2142 Lachm.
1859, =C. biceps Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859)
133
134
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
Neoceratium fusus (Ehrenb. 1834) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. fusus (Ehrenb.) Dujard.
2143 1841,
C. seta (Ehrenb. 1859) Jørg. 1911)
geniculatum (Lemmerm. 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. geniculatum
2144 Neoceratium
(Lemmerm.) Cleve 1911, C. tricarinatum Kof. 1907)
2145 Neoceratium gibberum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. gibberum Gourret)
Neoceratium gravidum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. gravidum Gourret, ?C.
2146 praeolongum
Lemmerm. 1900)
Neoceratium hexacanthum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. hexacanthum
2147 Gourret,
C. reticulatum (C.H.G. Pouchet 1883) Cleve 1903)
2148 Neoceratium hircus (Schröd. 1909) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. hircus Schröd.)
horridum (Gran) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. claviger Kof. 1907, C. inclinatum
2149 Neoceratium
Kof. 1907, ?C. tenue)
2150 Neoceratium humile (Jørg. 1911) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. humile Jørg.)
incisum (G. Karst. 1906) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. incisum (G. Karst.) Jørg.
2151 Neoceratium
1911)
Neoceratium inlatum (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. inlatum (Kof.) Jørg. 1911,
2152 C.
nipponicum Okamura 1912)
2153 Neoceratium karstenii (Pavill. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. karstenii Pavill.)
2154 Neoceratium kofoidii (Jørg. 1911) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. kofoidii Jørg.)
2155 Neoceratium lanceolatum (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. lanceolatum Kof.)
2156 Neoceratium limulus (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. limulus Gourret)
Neoceratium lineatum (Ehrenb. 1854) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. lineatum (Ehrenb.)
2157 Cleve
1899)
longipes (J.W. Bailey 1850) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. longipes (J.W. Bailey)
2158 Neoceratium
Gran 1902)
longirostrum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. longirostrum Gourret,
2159 Neoceratium
C. scapiforme Kof. 1907)
Neoceratium longissimum (Schröd. 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. longissimum
2160 (Schröd.)
Kof. 1907)
Neoceratium lunula (A. Schimp. 1910 ex G. Karst. 1905) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. lunula
2161 (A.
Schimp. ex G. Karst.) Jørg. 1911)
Neoceratium macroceros (Ehrenb. 1840) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. macroceros (Ehrenb.)
2162 Vanhöffen
1897, C. californiense Kof. 1907)
Neoceratium massiliense (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. massiliense (Gourret)
2163 Jørg.
1911, C. ostenfeldii Kof. 1907, C. protuberans (G. Karst. 1905) Paulsen 1930)
2164 Neoceratium minutum (Jørg. 1920) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. minutum Jørg.)
2165 Neoceratium obesum (Pavill. 1930) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. obesum Pavill.)
paciicum (E.J.F. Wood 1963) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. paciicum E.J.F.
2166 Neoceratium
Wood, non C. paciicum Schröd. 1906)
2167 Neoceratium paradoxides (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. paradoxides Cleve)
Neoceratium pavillardii (Jørg. 1911) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. pavillardii Jørg., C. vultur
2168 Pavill.
1905)
pentagonum (Gourret 1883) F. Gómez & P. López-García (=C. pentagonum Gourret, C. subrobustum
2169 Neoceratium
(Jørg.) Steem. Niels. 1934)
petersii (Steem. Niels. 1934) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. petersii Steem.
2170 Neoceratium
Niels.)
Neoceratium platycorne (Daday 1888) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. platycorne Daday, C.
2171 lamellicorne
Kof. 1908)
2172 Neoceratium porrectum (G. Karst. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. porrectum G. Karst.)
praeolongum (Lemmerm. 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=?C. gravidum
2173 Neoceratium
Gourret 1883)
2174 Neoceratium pulchellum (Schröd. 1906) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. pulchellum Schröd.)
Neoceratium ranipes (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. palmatum (Schröd. 1901)
2175 Schröd.
1906)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
recurvatum (Schröd. 1906) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. delexum var.
2176 Neoceratium
recurvatum (Schröd.) Jørg. 1911)
2177 Neoceratium relexum (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. relexum Cleve)
2178 Neoceratium schrankii (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. schrankii Kof.)
Neoceratium schroeteri (Schröd. 1906) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. schroeteri Schröd., non
2179 C.
schroederi D.S. Nie 1936)
2180 Neoceratium setaceum (Jørg. 1911) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. setaceum Jørg.)
Neoceratium symmetricum (Pavill. 1905) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. symmetricum Pavill.,
2181 C.
coarctatum Pavill. 1905)
tasmaniae (E.J.F. Wood 1963) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. tasmaniae E.J.F.
2182 Neoceratium
Wood)
Neoceratium tenue (Ostenf. & Johannes Schmidt 1901) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. tenue
2183 (Ostenf.
& Johannes Schmidt 1901) Jørg. 1911)
2184 Neoceratium teres (Kof. 1907) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. teres Kof.)
Neoceratium trichoceros (Ehrenb. 1860) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. trichoceros (Ehrenb.)
2185 Kof.
1908, C. lagelliferum Cleve 1900)
Neoceratium tripos (O.F. Müller 1777) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. tripos (O.F. Müller)
2186 Nitzsch
1817, C. schroederi D.S. Nie 1936, C. neglectum Ostenf. 1903)
2187 Neoceratium uncinus (Sournia 1972) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. uncinus Sournia)
vultur (Cleve 1900) F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García 2009 (=C. vultur Cleve, C. sumatranum
2188 Neoceratium
(G. Karst. 1907) Jørg. 1911, C. recurvum (Jørg.) P. Reinecke 1973)
Goniodomataceae Er. Lindem. 1928 (incl. Ostreopsidaceae Er. Lindem. 1928, Triadiniaceae J.D. Dodge 1981,
Yeseviidae Özdikmen 2009, Centrodiniaceae Hernández-Becerril et al. 2010)
Subfamily of Goniodoma
237 Gambierdiscus Adachi & Fukuyo 1979 -type G. toxicus (11 species)
2189 Gambierdiscus australes M. Chinain & M.A. Faust 1999
2190 Gambierdiscus belizeanus M.A. Faust 1995
2191 Gambierdiscus caribaeus M.W. Vandersea, R.W. Litaker, M.A. Faust, S.R. Kibler, W.C. Holland & P.A. Tester 2009
2192 Gambierdiscus carolinianus R.W. Litaker, Vandersea, M.A. Faust, S.R. Kibler, W.C. Holland & P.A. Tester 2009
2193 Gambierdiscus carpenteri S.R. Kibler, R.W. Litaker, M.A. Faust, W.C. Holland, M.W. Vandersea & P.A. Tester 2009
2194 Gambierdiscus excentricus S. Fraga 2011
2195 Gambierdiscus paciicus M. Chinain & M.A. Faust 1999
2196 Gambierdiscus polynesiensis M. Chinain & M.A. Faust 1999
2197 Gambierdiscus ruetzleri M.A. Faust, R.W. Litaker, M.W. Vandersea, S.R. Kibler, M.J. Holland & P.A. Tester 2009
2198 Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi & Fukuyo 1979
2199 Gambierdiscus yasumotoi M.J. Holmes 1998
F. Stein 1883 (=Triadinium J.D. Dodge 1981, Heteraulacus Diesing 1850, Triadinium J.D. Dodge
238 Goniodoma
1981, Yesevius Özdikmen 2009) -type G. acuminatum
Goniodoma acuminatum (Ehrenb. 1838) F. Stein 1883 (=Peridinium acuminatum Ehrenb., non Peridinium
2200 polyedricum
C.H.G. Pouchet 1883)
2201 Goniodoma crassum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
Goniodoma polyedricum (C.H.G. Pouchet 1883) Jørg. 1899 (=Peridinium polyedricum C.H.G. Pouchet, Triadinium
2202 polyedricum (C.H.G. Pouchet) J.D. Dodge 1981, Goniodoma acuminata F. Stein 1883 partim, non Peridinium
acuminatum Ehrenb. 1838)
Goniodoma sphaericum G. Murray & Whitting 1899 (=T. sphaericum (G. Murray & Whitting) J.D. Dodge 1981, H.
2203 sphaericum
(G. Murray & Whitting) A.R. Loebl. 1970)
Subfamily of Ostreopsis
Halim (=Protogonyaulax F.J.R. Taylor 1976, Gessnerium Halim 1967 ex Halim 1969) -type A.
239 Alexandrium
minutum (30 species)
Alexandrium acatenella (Whedon & Kof. 1936) Balech 1985 (=G. acatenella Whedon & Kof., Protogonyaulax
2204 acatenella
(Whedon & Kof.) F.J.R. Taylor 1979)
Alexandrium afine (H. Inoue & Fukuyo 1985) Balech 1985 (=A. fukuyoi Balech 1985, Protogonyaulax afinis H.
2205 Inoue
& Fukuyo)
135
136
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
2206 Alexandrium andersonii Balech 1990
2207 Alexandrium balechii (Steid. 1971) Balech 1995 (=Gonyaulax balechii Steid.)
2208 Alexandrium camurascutulum L. MacKenzie & K. Todd 2002
Alexandrium catenella (Whedon & Kof. 1936) Balech 1985 (=G. catenella Whedon & Kof. 1936, G. washingtonensis
2209 Hsu
1967)
2210 Alexandrium cohorticula (Balech 1967) Balech 1985 (=G. cohorticula Balech)
2211 Alexandrium compressum (Fukuyo, K. Yoshida & H. Inoue 1985) Balech 1995
Alexandrium convacum (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1985 (=Goniodoma concavum Gaarder 1954, non A. concavum
2212 (Gaarder
1985) Balech 1985)
Alexandrium depressum (Gaarder 1954) Balech & Tangen 1985 (=Goniodoma depressum Gaarder, Gonyaulax
2213 depressum
(Gaarder) Balech 1979)
2214 Alexandrium foedum Balech 1990
2215 Alexandrium fraterculus (Balech 1964) Balech 1985 (=G. fratercula Balech)
2216 Alexandrium fundyense Balech 1985
2217 Alexandrium gaarderae Nguyen-Ngoc & J. Larsen 2004 (=Gonyaulax concava (Gaarder 1954) Balech 1967)
Alexandrium globosum Nguyen-Ngoc & J. Larsen 2004 (non Gonyaulax globosa (Braarud) Balech 1971, non
2218 Gonyaulax
globosa W. Stüwe 1909)
2219 Alexandrium insuetum Balech 1985
2220 Alexandrium kutnerae (Balech 1979) Balech 1985
2221 Alexandrium leei Balech 1985
2222 Alexandrium margaleii Balech 1994 (=?A. pseudogoniaulax (Biecheler 1952) T. Horig. 1983)
minutum Halim 1960 (=A. ibericum Balech 1985, A. lusitanicum Balech 1985, A. angustitabulatum
2223 Alexandrium
F.J.R. Taylor 1995)
monilatum (J.F. Howell 1953) Balech 1985 (=G. monilata J.F. Howell, Gessnerium mochimaensis
2224 Alexandrium
Halim 1967 ex Halim 1969)
Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen 1904) Balech & Tangen 1985 (=Goniodoma ostenfeldii Paulsen, Gonyaulax
ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Paulsen 1949, Protogonyaulax ostenfeldii (Paulsen) S. Fraga & Sánchez 1985, Heteraulacus
2225 ostenfeldii (Paulsen) A.R. Loebl. 1970, Gessnerium ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Loebl. & A.R. Loebl., Triadinium ostenfeldii
(Paulsen) J.D. Dodge 1976, ?G. globosa (Braarud 1945) Balech, ?Protogonyaulax globosa (Braarud) F.J.R. Taylor
1976, ?Gonyaulax trygvei J.D. Dodge 1976, ?Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour var. globosa Braarud 1945)
peruvianum (Balech & B.R. Mendiola 1977) Balech & Tangen 1985 (=G. peruviana Balech & B.R.
2226 Alexandrium
Mendiola)
pseudogoniaulax (Biecheler 1952) T. Horig. 1983 ex T. Kita & Fukuyo 1992 (=Goniodoma
2227 Alexandrium
pseudogoniaulax Biecheler, A. hiranoi T. Kita & Fukuyo 1988)
2228 Alexandrium satoanum K. Yuki & Fukuyo 1992
2229 Alexandrium tamarense (M. Lebour 1925) Balech 1985 (=A. excavatum (Braarud 1945) Balech & Tangen 1985)
2230 Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Balech 1994
2231 Alexandrium tamutum Montresor, Beran & U. John 2004
2232 Alexandrium taylorii Balech 1994
2233 Alexandrium tropicale Balech 1985 (=Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud 1945) Balech 1971)
240 Coolia Meunier 1919 (=?Discodinium P.A. Dangeard 1938) -type C. monotis (6 species)
2234 Coolia areolata Ten-Hage, J. Turquet, J.P. Quod & Couté 2000
2235 Coolia canariensis S. Fraga 2008
2236 Coolia malayensis Leaw, P.-T. Lim & Usup 2010
Coolia monotis Meunier 1919 (=Ostreopsis monotis (Meunier) Er. Lindem. 1928, Glen. monotis (Meunier) Biecheler
2237 1952,
?Discodinium pouchetii P.A. Dangeard 1938)
2238 Coolia tropicalis M.A. Faust 1995
Kof. 1907 (Murrayella Kof. 1907, Pavillardinium De-Toni 1936 partim) -type C. elongatum (17
241 Centrodinium
species)
Centrodinium biconicum (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=M. biconica (G. Murray & Whitting)
2239 Pavill.
1931, P. biconicum Rampi 1948)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
2240 Centrodinium complanatum (Cleve 1903) Kof. 1907 (=Steiniella complanata Cleve)
2241 Centrodinium delexoides Balech 1962
2242 Centrodinium delexum Kof. 1907
2243 Centrodinium elongatum Kof. 1907
2244 Centrodinium eminens Böhm 1933
2245 Centrodinium expansum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
2246 Centrodinium intermedium Pavill. 1930
2247 Centrodinium maximum Pavill. 1930
2248 Centrodinium mimeticum (Balech 1967) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=M. mimetica Balech)
ovalis (Pavill. 1930) Hernández-Becerril 2010 (=M. ovalis Pavill., P. ovale (Pavill. 1930) De-Toni
2249 Centrodinium
1936)
2250 Centrodinium paciicum (Rampi 1950) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=P. paciicum Rampi)
Centrodinium pavillardii F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=P. intermedium (Pavill. 1916) de Toni 1936, M. intermedia Pavill., non
2251 C.
intermedium Pavill. 1930)
2252 Centrodinium porulosum Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
2253 Centrodinium pulchrum Böhm 1933 (=C. eminens f. pulchrum (Böhm) J. Schiller 1933)
Centrodinium punctatum (Cleve 1900) F.J.R. Taylor 1976 (=Steiniella punctata Cleve, M. punctata (Cleve) Kof.
2254 1907, P. punctatum (Cleve) De Toni 1936, M. splendida Rampi 1941, Pavillardinium splendidum (Rampi) Rampi
1950)
2255 Murrayella australica E.J.F. Wood 1963
242 Ostreopsis Johannes Schmidt 1901 -type O. siamensis (9 species)
2256 Ostreopsis belizeana M.A. Faust 1999
2257 Ostreopsis caribbeana M.A. Faust 1999
2258 Ostreopsis heptagona D.R. Norris, J.W. Bomber & Balech 1985
2259 Ostreopsis labens M.A. Faust & S.L. Morton 1995
2260 Ostreopsis lenticularis Fukuyo 1981
2261 Ostreopsis marina M.A. Faust 1999
2262 Ostreopsis mascarenensis J.P. Quod 1994
2263 Ostreopsis ovata Fukuyo 1981
2264 Ostreopsis siamensis Johannes Schmidt 1901
243 Pachydinium Pavill. 1915 -type P. mediterraneum
2265 Pachydinium indicum Matzen. 1933
2266 Pachydinium mediterraneum Pavill. 1915
244 Pyrodinium L. Plate 1906 -type P. bahamense
Pyrodinium bahamense L. Plate 1906 (=P. bahamense L. Plate 1906 var. bahamense/ var. compressum (Böhm
2267 1931) Steid., Tester & F.J.R. Taylor 1980, P. bahamense f. compressa Böhm 1931, P. schilleri (Matzen. 1933) J.
Schiller 1935, Gonyaulax schilleri Matzen. 1933)
Pyrodinium phoneus Wolosz. & W. Conrad 1939 (=Gonyaulax phoneus (Wolosz. & W. Conrad) F.J.R. Taylor 1975,
2268 ?Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen 1904) Balech & Tangen 1985, Gonyaulax phoneus (Wolosz. & W. Conrad)
Loebl. & A.R. Loebl. 1975)
Gonyaulacaceae Er. Lindem. 192
245 Gonyaulax Diesing 1866 (=Melanodinium J. Schiller 1935) -type G. spinifera (71 species)
2269 Gonyaulax acuta Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (?G. birostris F. Stein 1883)
2270 Gonyaulax africana J. Schiller 1929
2271 Gonyaulax alaskensis Kof. 1911
Gonyaulax apiculata (Penard 1891) Entz 1904 (=G. apiculata var. clevei Ostenf. 1908), G. austriaca J. Schiller
2272 1926, G. clevei Ostenf. 1901, G. polonica Wolosz., G. limnetica Er. Lindem. 1918, ?Kolkwitziella salebrosa Er.
Lindem. 1918, ?Kolkwitziella gibbera (Er. Lindem.) Er. Lindem. 1928)
2273 Gonyaulax areolata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
2274 Gonyaulax baltica Ellegaard, J.M. Lewis & I. Harding 2002
137
138
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
birostris F. Stein 1883 (=G. glyptorhynchus G. Murray & Whitting 1899, G. highleyi G. Murray & Whitting
2275 Gonyaulax
1899)
2276 Gonyaulax bispinosa Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
2277 Gonyaulax borealis Nordli 1951
2278 Gonyaulax braarudii Hasle 1960
brevisulcata P.A. Dangeard 1927 (=G. paulsenii Gaarder 1954, ?Peridiniella globosa (P.A. Dangeard
2279 Gonyaulax
1927) Okolodkov 2006)
2280 Gonyaulax bruunii F.J.R. Taylor 1976
ceratocoroides Kof. 1910 (=Acanthogonyaulax spinifera (G. Murray & Whitting) H.W. Graham 1942,
2281 Gonyaulax
Ceratocorys spinifera G. Murray & Whitting 1899)
2282 Gonyaulax cochlea Meunier 1919
2283 Gonyaulax conjuncta E.J.F. Wood 1954
Gonyaulax dangeardii (P.A. Dangeard 1927) J. Schiller 1935 (=G. pavillardii P.A. Dangeard 1927, non G. pavillardii
2284 Kof.
& J.R. Michener 1911, Glenodinium dangeardii (Dangeard 1883) Lemmerm. 1910)
2285 Gonyaulax diegensis Kof. 1911
Gonyaulax digitalis (C.H.G. Pouchet 1883) Kof. 1911 (=Protoperidinium digitale C.H.G. Pouchet, Peridinium
2286 digitale
Lemmerm. 1899)
2287 Gonyaulax dimorpha Biecheler 1952
2288 Gonyaulax elegans Rampi 1951
elongata (P.C. Reid 1974) Ellegaard, Daugbjerg, Rochon, J.M. Lewis & I. Harding 2003 (=Spiniferites
2289 Gonyaulax
elongatus P.C. Reid)
2290 Gonyaulax expansa Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
2291 Gonyaulax fragilis (F. Schütt 1895) Kof. 1911 (=Steiniella fragilis F. Schütt)
2292 Gonyaulax fusiformis H.W. Graham 1942 (non G. birostris F. Stein 1883, non G. joliffei G. Murray & Whitting 1899)
Gonyaulax globosa (Braarud 1945) Balech 1971 (=G. tamarensis M. Lebour var. globosa Braarud, ?G. trygvei
2293 Parke
1976, A. ostenfeldii (Paulsen 1904) Balech & Tangen 1985)
2294 Gonyaulax globosa W. Stüwe 1909
2295 Gonyaulax grabrielae J. Schiller 1935
2296 Gonyaulax gracilis J. Schiller 1935
2297 Gonyaulax helensis Wolosz. 1928
2298 Gonyaulax hyalina Ostenf. & Johannes Schmidt 1901
2299 Gonyaulax inclinata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
inlata (Kof. 1907) Kof. 1911 (=G. pavillardii P.A. Dangeard 1927, non G. pavillardii (P.A. Dangeard) J.
2300 Gonyaulax
Schiller 1935)
2301 Gonyaulax kofoidii Pavill. 1909
lebouriae Balech 1979 (=G. orientalis Er. Lindem. 1924 sensu M. Lebour 1925, non G. orientalis Er.
2302 Gonyaulax
Lindem., Goniodoma orientale (Er. Lindem.) Balech 1979)
2303 Gonyaulax ligustica Rampi 1951
2304 Gonyaulax limnetica Er. Lindem. 1919
2305 Gonyaulax loculata Meunier 1919
2306 Gonyaulax longicornu P.H. Campb. 1973
2307 Gonyaulax macroporus L. Mangin 1922
2308 Gonyaulax matkovicii J. Schiller 1929 `matkovichii´
membranacea (M.R. Rossignol 1964) Ellegaard, Daugbjerg, Rochon, J.M. Lewis & I. Harding 2003
2309 Gonyaulax
(=Hystrichosphaera furcata var. membranacea M.R. Rossignol)
2310 Gonyaulax minuta Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=G. minima Matzen. 1933)
2311 Gonyaulax monacantha Pavill. 1916
2312 Gonyaulax monospina Rampi 1951
2313 Gonyaulax nigricans (J. Schiller 1937) Balech 1988 (=Melanodinium nigricans J. Schiller)
LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING DINOFLAGELLATES
Table 2. Continued.
2314 Gonyaulax nivicola (Meunier 1910) Kof. 1911 (=Amylax nivicola Meunier)
2315 Gonyaulax obliqua (Gourret 1883) Lemmerm. 1899 (=Roulea obliqua Gourret)
2316 Gonyaulax orientalis Er. Lindem. 1924 (=Goniodoma orientale (Er. Lindem.) Balech 1979, Triadinium orientale
(Er. Lindem.) J.D. Dodge 1981, G. lebouriae Balech 1980 partim, non G. orientalis sensu M. Lebour 1925)
2317 Gonyaulax ovalis J. Schiller 1929 (=?G. ovata Matzen. 1933)
2318 Gonyaulax ovata Matzen. 1933 (=?G. ovalis J. Schiller 1929)
Gonyaulax paciica Kof. 1907 (=Steiniella cornuta G. Karst. 1907, Pavillardinium brianii (Rampi 1941) Sournia
2319 1973,
?G. kofoidii Pavill. 1909)
2320 Gonyaulax parva Ramsfjell 1959
2321 Gonyaulax paucula Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
2322 Gonyaulax pavillardii Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (non G. pavillardii P.A. Dangeard 1927)
2323 Gonyaulax perpusilla (Meunier 1910) Kof. 1911
Gonyaulax polygramma F. Stein 1883 (=G. schuettii Lemmerm. 1899, Per. pyrophorum (C.H.G. Pouchet)
2324 Lemmerm.
1899, non Gon. polygramma Meunier 1910)
2325 Gonyaulax reticulata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (=G. polygramma sensu F.J.R. Taylor 1962)
2326 Gonyaulax rostratum P.A. Dangeard 1927
2327 Gonyaulax rotundata Rampi 1951
2328 Gonyaulax rugosa Wailes 1928
2329 Gonyaulax scrippsiae Kof. 1911
2330 Gonyaulax senta Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911
2331 Gonyaulax sousae Balech 1959
2332 Gonyaulax sphaeroidea Kof. 1911 (=G. globosum J. Schiller 1929)
spinifera (Clap. & J. Lachm. 1859) Diesing 1866 (=G. levanderi (Lemmerm.) Paulsen 1907, non G.
2333 Gonyaulax
spinifera F. Stein 1883)
2334 Gonyaulax striata L. Mangin 1922
2335 Gonyaulax subulata Kof. & J.R. Michener 1911 (non G. subulata sensu F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
2336 Gonyaulax taylorii Carbonell-Moore 1996 (=G. monacantha var. minor sensu Balech 1971)
2337 Gonyaulax trottii Rampi 1951
2338 Gonyaulax turbynei G. Murray & Whitting 1899
2339 Gonyaulax unicornis M. Lebour 1925
246 Spiraulax Kof. 1911 (=Spiraulaxina A.R. Loebl. 1970) -type S. jollifei
jolliffei (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) Kof. 1911 (=Gonyaulax jolliffei G. Murray & Whitting, Spiraulax
2340 Spiraulax
kofoidii H.W. Graham 1942, Spiraulaxina kofoidii (H.W. Graham) A.R. Loebl. 1970)
2341 Spiraulax kofoidii H.W. Graham 1942
Pyrocystaceae (F. Schütt 1896) Lemmerm. 1899 (incl. Pyrophacaceae Er. Lindem. 1928)
247 Fragilidium Balech ex A.R. Loebl. 1965 (=Helgolandicum Stosch 1969) -type F. heterolobum (6 species)
2342 Fragilidium duplocampanaeforme Nézan & Chomérat 2009
2343 Fragilidium issile Balech 1990
2344 Fragilidium heterolobum Balech 1959 ex A.R. Loebl. 1965
2345 Fragilidium lacustre (Er. Lindem. 1924) Balech 1988 (=Goniodoma lacustre Er. Lindem.)
2346 Fragilidium mexicanum Balech 1988
2347 Fragilidium subglobosum (Stosch 1969) A.R. Loebl. 1980 (=Helgolandicum subglobosum Stosch)
248 Pyrocystis J. Murray 1876 ex Haeckel 1890 (=Murracystis Haeckel 1890) -type P. noctiluca (13 species)
2348 Pyrocystis acuta Kof. 1907
2349 Pyrocystis apiculata F.J.R. Taylor 1976
2350 Pyrocystis elegans Pavill. 1931
Pyrocystis fusiformis (C.W. Thomson 1876 ex Haeckel 1890) V.H. Blackman 1902 (=Murracystis fusiformis C.W.
2351 Thomson
in J. Murray 1885 ex Haeckel 1890, Dissodinium fusiformis (C.W. Thomson ex J. Murray) Matzen. 1933)
139
140
GÓMEZ
Table 2. Continued.
2352 Pyrocystis gerbaultii Pavill. 1935 (=Dissodinium gerbaultii (Pavill.) F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
2353 Pyrocystis hamulus Cleve 1900
2354 Pyrocystis lanceolata Schröd. 1900 (=P. fusiformis f. lanceolata (Schröd.) F.J.R. Taylor 1976)
Pyrocystis lunula (F. Schütt 1895) F. Schütt 1896 (=Gymnodinium lunula F. Schütt 1895, Diplodinium lunula (F.
2355 Schütt) G.A. Klebs 1912 in Pascher 1916, Dissodinium lunula (F. Schütt) F.J.R. Taylor, E.V. Swift & V. Meunier
1976)
2356 Pyrocystis minima (Matzen. 1933) J. Schiller 1937 (=Dissodinium minimum Matzen.)
Pyrocystis noctiluca J. Murray 1885 ex Haeckel 1890 (=P. pseudonoctiluca Wyville Thomson ex J. Murray 1876, P.
2357 noctiluca
J. Murray 1885 ex F. Schütt 1896)
2358 Pyrocystis obtusa Pavill. 1931 (=Gymnodinium lunula F. Schütt 1895)
2359 Pyrocystis rhomboides (Matzen. 1933) J. Schiller 1937 (=Dissodinium rhomboides Matzen.)
2360 Pyrocystis robusta Kof. 1907
249 Pyrophacus F. Stein 1883 -type P. horologium
2361 Pyrophacus horologium F. Stein 1883
Pyrophacus steinii (J. Schiller 1935) D. Wall & B. Dale 1971 (=P. horologicum var. steinii J. Schiller 1935, P.
2362 vancampoae
(M.R. Rossignol 1962) D. Wall & B. Dale 1971)
Order Gonyaulacales, Family of Amylax
250 Amylax Meunier 1910 -type A. lata
buxus (Balech 1967) J.D. Dodge 1989 (=Gonyaulax buxus Balech, ?Amylax triacantha (Jørg. 1900)
2363 Amylax
Sournia 1984)
Amylax triacantha (Jørg. 1900) Sournia 1984 (=Gonyaulax triacantha Jørg., G. hyperborea (Cleve 1900) Paulsen
2364 1903,
Amylax lata Meunier 1910, =?Amylax buxus (Balech 1967) J.D. Dodge 1989)
diacantha Meunier 1919 (=Gonyaulax verior Sournia 1973, G. diacantha (Meunier) J. Schiller 1937, G.
2365 Amylax
longispina M. Lebour 1925)
2366 Amylax verrucosa Rampi 1943
251 Lingulodinium D. Wall 1967 -type L. polyedra
Lingulodinium milneri (G. Murray & Whitting 1899) J.D. Dodge 1989 (=Gonyaulax milneri (G. Murray & Whitting)
2367 Kof.
1911)
2368 Lingulodinium polyedra (F. Stein 1883) J.D. Dodge 1989 (=Gonyaulax polyedra F. Stein)
Gonyaulacales incertae sedis
252 Amphidiniella T. Horig. 1995
2369 Amphidiniella sedentaria T. Horig. 1995
253 Halostylodinium T. Horig. & Yoshizawa-Ebata 2000
2370 Halostylodinium arenarium T. Horig. & Yoshizawa-Ebata 2000
254 Pileidinium M. Tamura & T. Horig. 2005
2371 Pileidinium ciceropse M. Tamura & T. Horig. 2005
Dinolagellata incertae sedis
255 Berghiella Kofoid & J.R. Michener 1911 (non Borghiella Moestrup, Gert Hansen & Daugbjerg 2008)
2372 Berghiella josephineae F.J.R. Taylor 1976 `josephinae´
2373 Berghiella perplexa Kof. 1911
256 Ceratoperidinium Margalef 1969 ex A.R. Loebl. 1980
2374 Ceratoperidinium yeye Margalef 1969 (=C. margaleii A.R. Loebl. 1980, C. mediterraneum Abboud-Abi Saab 1989)
257 Pyramidodinium T. Horig. & C. Sukigara 2005
2375 Pyramidodinium atrofuscum T. Horig. & C. Sukigara 2005
258 Pseudoactiniscus Bursa 1969
2376 Pseudoactiniscus apentasterias Bursa 1969
259 Thaumatodinium Böhm 1933
2377 Thaumatodinium molischii Böhm 1933