Spponge (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico

Carla Piantoni

With the completion of a single unified classification, the Systema Porifera (SP) and subsequent development of an online species database, the World Porifera Database (WPD), we are now equipped to provide a first comprehensive picture of the global biodiversity of the Porifera. An introductory overview of the four classes of the Porifera is followed by a description of the structure of our main source of data for this paper, the WPD. From this we extracted numbers of all ‘known’ sponges to date: the number of valid Recent sponges is established at 8,553, with the vast majority, 83%, belonging to the class Demospongiae. We also mapped for the first time the species richness of a comprehensive set of marine ecoregions of the world, data also extracted from the WPD. Perhaps not surprisingly, these distributions appear to show a strong bias towards collection and taxonomy efforts. Only when species richness is accumulated into large marine realms does a pattern emerge that is also recognized in many other marine animal groups: high numbers in tropical regions, lesser numbers in the colder parts of the world oceans. Preliminary similarity analysis of a matrix of species and marine ecoregions extracted from the WPD failed to yield a consistent hierarchical pattern of ecoregions into marine provinces. Global sponge diversity information is mostly generated in regional projects and resources: results obtained demonstrate that regional approaches to analytical biogeography are at present more likely to achieve insights into the biogeographic history of sponges than a global perspective, which appears currently too ambitious. We also review information on invasive sponges that might well have some influence on distribution patterns of the future.

The Systema Porifera collaboration (45 authors from 17 countries) produced a two volume treatise revising and defining the supraspecific classification of sponges and spongiomorphs (Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers). The Systema recognises approximately 680 genera of living sponges and 1000 genera of fossil sponges from many thousands of nominal taxa, and places these taxa in a unified higher systematics scheme (including over forty new higher taxa proposed). Most genera were revised from their type material (where available), reinterpretation of the vast sponge literature, and incorporation of other biological evidence where available. The Systema, therefore, has an important theoretical basis, being: the most comprehensive taxonomic revision of sponges at genus level and above; addressing the many long-outstanding nomenclatural problems (and thus stabilising the nomenclature) and providing a sound baseline to focus detailed research questions on sponges in the future. It also has a strong practical focus as a tool for sponge identification: providing concise definitions, diagnoses, keys and illustrations of all the valid (i.e., reinterpreted) genera of extant sponges, and some key fossil sponge genera, unified into a single classification of Porifera; serving as a manual to achieve more accurate faunal inventories that will be of benefit to biodiversity and biogeographic analyses etc., and thus marine conservation and planning. In this paper we critically analyse the strengths (achievements) and weaknesses (remaining challenges) of the Systema Porifera project, and highlight some areas where research might be productively directed in the future, including questions of the monophyly of Porifera itself.

Demospongiae (Porifera) have discrete cellular elements, parenchymella or blastula larvae, with either viviparous or oviparous reproductive strategies. The skeleton is composed of monaxonic or tetraxonic siliceous spicules (never triaxonic) bound together with spongin in discrete fibres or loosely aggregated, and Ubiquitous collagenous filaments forming the ground substance of the intercellular matrix. Spicules andlor fibres, or both, may be absent in some taxa, and several other groups with solid calcitic or siliceous skeletons are also included ('sclerosponges', 'sphinctozoans', 'lithistids') rendering the class morphologically heterogeneous. Three subclasses are recognised based on larval morphology, reproductive strategy, tetraxonid versus monaxonic megascleres, and microsclere geometries, although these divisions require further refinement, and as such they are often ignored by contemporary authors. Demosponges include about 85% of all described Recent species, some are freshwater but predominantly they are marine species living from the intertidal to the deepest seas, with around 15 orders (the exact number still in contention), 88 families, and about 500 valid genera.

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259484939 Spponge (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico Chapter · January 2009 CITATIONS READS 0 197 3 authors: Klaus Rützler Rob van Soest 46 PUBLICATIONS 1,896 CITATIONS 604 PUBLICATIONS 9,412 CITATIONS Smithsonian Institution SEE PROFILE Naturalis Biodiversity Center SEE PROFILE Carla Piantoni University of São Paulo 20 PUBLICATIONS 199 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Rob van Soest on 27 July 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota Volume 1, Biodiversity Edited by Darryl L. Felder and David K. Camp Texas A&M University Press College Station 2009 11 Sponges (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico Klaus Rützler, Roh W M. van Soest, and Carla Piantoni Sponges (Porifera) are diverse and quantitatively important members of the sessile benthos. They populate solid substrata ranging from reefs, mangrove stilt roots, aJ1d seaweed, to deep-sea rock outcrops and artificial structures-such as oil-production platforms-and their biomass may exceed that of any other benthic organisms, including reef-building corals and octocorals. As filter feeders, they pump large quantities of seawater through their bodies and retain small particles, mainly bacteria under 5 flill in size. All three classes of sponges-DemOspongiae, Calcarea, and Hexactinellida-are reported from the Gulf. Estimates of number of species and of faunal relationships (see taxon summary) are diHicult and have to remain tentative at best because many taxonomie problems caused by poor descriptions, lost type material, and shortcomings in collection coverage of the Caribbean province have yet to be resolved. The phylum Porifera was poorly treated by the first summary ofknowledge about the Gulf ofMexico in Fishery Bulletin 89, although 2 papers were dedicated to this subjecl. One described sponges as "one of the dominant sessile invertebrate groups in the Gulf:' but only treated them at the general level of a textbook (Tierney 1954). The other focused entirely on the quality and biology of commercial species (bath sponges) and aspects of their exploitation (Smith 1954). Both authors were experienced in catch, cultivation, disease, industrial application, and value of six or so commercially useful sponges, but neither dealt with the systematics of the majority of species that had been described for the Gulf ofMexico in a num- Spicules ofPorifera. After Schmidt 1870. ber of papers published since the second half of the 19th century. Oscar Schmidt, a distinguished German poriferologist, was known for his pioneering work on sponges of the Adriatic Sea while he was professor of medicine and director of the Joanneum Museum in Graz, Austria, during 1857-1872 (Desqueyroux-FaUndez and Stone 1992). He "crossed the Pillars of Hercules:' at least intellectually, whel1 he received several collections of Atlantic sponges, including those obtained by 1. F. de Pourtales of the United States Coast Survey, who conducted aseries of deepwater surveys and dredge hauls to over 1000 m in the Gulf Stream between Florida, tl1e Dry Tortugas, and Cuba in 1867-1868 (Schrnidt 1870). A sequel to this 285 286 - Sponges (Porifera) work, completed after Schmidt moved to the University of Strasbourg, was based on collections by Alexander Agassiz, director of Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology, that were dredged in the course of cruises conducted by the United States Coast Survey steamer "Blake" (in 1878) from sirnilar locations as PourtaU:s' and at depths to nearly 3500 m (Schrnidt 1879, 1880). These groundbreaking studies involved ecological (depth, substratum) and biogeographical characterization of faunas and helped strengthen Schrnidt's ideas on Darwinism (DesqueyrouxFaundez and Stone 1992). Schmidt's latter papers do not mention another author who had just published about Gulf of Mexico sponges, Hyatt (1875, 1877), but their publications had no species overlap. Hyatt's revision dealt with Keratosa (Dietyoceratida, Verongida), which he revised for a catalog of Porifera in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History. He based his work on specimens made available by various museums and private collections, including some that originated from the Gulf. Hyatt's descriptions are unusually detailed, compared to those of most contemporary spongiologists, and he named subspecies as well as "varieties" to accommodate variations in growth form, color, and consistency of the dried and mostly macerated specirnens. Soon after Schmidt's last Gulfwork was published, the British spongiologist H. J. Carter reported on a collection of dry sponge fragments collected along the west coast of Florida and received through the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia (Carter 1884). The author commented on the poor condition of the material, mostly beach-worn, that allowed only rudirnentary description, and the majority of the 59 sampies could only be identified to genus or were named using matching descriptions ofEuropean species. Soon thereafter, in 1886, the eminent French poriferologist E. Topsent, then at the Medical and Pharmacological Faculty of Reims, requested dredge hauls to be made from the three-master "Tabasco" while visiting the banks of Campeche, Mexico. Despite a number of nautical mishaps, Captain M. M. Touret returned with a collection of dried but "relatively numerous" specirnens. In the process of describing the species (Topsent 1889), the author was puzzled by the occurrence of several that were-or seemed to be-previously known from distant locations and climate zones on the opposite side of the Atlantic. He also recognized the value of color as a "serious element in identification" and advocated drying of sampies, in addition to the "habitual" alcohol preservation of specimens that tends to leach most pigments. In a follow-up paper, Topsent (1894) revised the taxonomy of his previous paper on Campeche sponges by taking advantage of several newly published monographs, results from the colleetions of the Challenger Expedition that had advaneed the science immensely. For aperiod ofmore than 40 years after Topsent's work, sponges in the Gulf remained neglected by systematists and only a few easual records of oyster pests (Clionaidae) are known, similar to the occasional reports of assoeiates of commercial sponge beds (see Teerling 1975 for references beyond the scope ofthe present paper). In the late 1920s, the renowned American poriferologist M. W de Laubenfels entered the pieture by examining sponges preserved by visitors to the Tortugas Laboratory (Loggerhead Key, Dry Tortugas) of the Carnegie Institution ofWashington and deposited in the eollections ofthe Smithsonian Institutions United States National Museum (U.S.N.M., now part of the National Museum of Natural History). For the first time in the New World, this sponge scientist did not only examine museum speeimens of dubious origin and in poor state of conservation, but also live specirnens. De Laubenfels paid a few visits to the Tortugas laboratory and collected in its vieinity, partly by wading or using sponge hooks (used by commercial spongers) from small boats in shallow water, and partly by diving using the Beebe helmet with surface-supplied compressed air down to a depth of some 10 m. The latter experience forecast the revolutionary new technique of underwater exploration by self-contained underwater apparatus (scuba) that started less than 2 deeades later and opened a new field of underwater exploration and experimentation, including sponge research on reefs (Rützler 2003). In his ensuing monograph, de Laubenfeis (1936) reported on his "fairyland" experience of observing the rich marine life of corals, gorgonians, fishes, and sponges on the reef in clear, tropieal water. In addition, specirnens were obtained from 17-1047 m by dredging from the yacht "Anton Dohrn:' De Laubenfels' treatise (published in 1936) did not only describe the sponge fauna of Dry Tortugas and vicinity, but his descriptions became the centerpiece of a worldwide revision of genera, order, and families ofPorifera. This monograph, with all its inconsisteneies and mistakes, served as a major reference work for nearly 7 decades, until it was recently replaced by an unprecedented international team eifort of revising the "Systema Porifera" (Hooper and van Soes t 2002). Another 17 years passed without significant contribu- Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 287 Spicules ofPorifera. After Schmidt 1870. tions about sponges in the Gulf, most likely owed to the disruptions caused by World War II, but then the pace quickened. De Laubenfels (1953) described a collection made by staff ofwhat was then known as the Marine Laboratory of the University of Miami. The specimens (representing some 50 speeies) belonged chiefly to noncommercial demosponges and were sampled by professional Sponge divers in 6-20 m between the Dry Tortugas and the northwestern portion ofFlorida. The main sponsor of the project was the Florida State Board of Conservation, which Was concerned about the virtual disappearance of commercial (bath-, industrial-use) keratose speeies after they were swept by an epidemie. One of the coUectors in the above survey, J. O. Tierney from the Marine Laboratory, along with his coUeague F. G. W Smith, contributed brief chapters on sponges for Fishery Bulletin 89 (Smith 1954, Tierney 1954). Because both workers were specialized in commercial speeies, Sponge industry, and ecology, the Bulletin fell short of a comprehensive historical account of sponge research in the Gulf and lacked a speeies list. Another collection prompted by commercial exploitation was made by H. Hildebrand, who studied commereial shrimp grounds on the Bank of Campeche, Mexico, and sampled the sponges entangled in shrimp trawls in 12-20 m. The collection was studied by Peabody Museum ?fNatural History (Yale University, New Haven, ConnectLeut) Sponge scientist W. D. Hartman, who commented that the dry speeimens were less than ideal for study but that they had been dried imrnediately after collecting, thus avoiding loss ofspicules through maceration, as is the case With beach-cast material (Hartrnan 1955). . Early concerns about pollution and habitat destruction Ln Florida Bay caused by a tremendous increase of resiｾ･ｮｴ human population and tourism prompted preparabon oE a checklist of the local fauna and flora sponsored by the UniversityofMiami (Tabb and Marming 1961); the sponges were identified by R. Work ofthe same laboratory using the not always reliable publications of de Laubenfels (e.g., 1936, 1953). About the same time, F. J. Little, a student of M. W de Laubenfels whiJe at the Institute of Marine Science, Port Aransas, Texas, wrote a Master's thesis on the sponge fauna of the Florida Gulf coast (Little 1963). Most ofthe collections were obtained by dredging, some by hand (wading, skin diving), in 0-15 m depth, from limestone, oyster bars, sand, and mud. Some 65 speeies were Iisted or described. The application of the fairly new method of scientific diving, using lightweight navy gear (mask and regulator with surface-supplied compres ed air, known as hookah) made it possible for the first time for scientists to conduct distributional surveys and ecological studies of commercial sponges and their habitats along the Florida coast in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (Storr 1964, 1976). This study was prompted by the drastic decline of bath sponges from disease in the late 1930s, which caused a production decline to 3 percent of the peak harvest recorded in 1936. The papers by Storr review the older literature on the sponge fishery in the Gulf, summarize the systematic position and commercial grading of the harvested sponges, and determine the distribution, density, and factors affecting dispersion. Field experiments contributed to our knowledge of growth rates, production, and recruitrnent of the sponges and determined ecological parameters, such as substratum, depth, salinity, temperature, current flow, competition, and predation that impact the population structure. Recommendations to the U.S. Fish and WiJdlife Service included the establishment of size limits, improving fishing tecbniques by cutting rather than ripping specimens from the substratum, and transplantation to suitable locations. The 1970s were distinguished by a first view of the spectacular Flower Garden Reefs on the edge of the continental shelf off the coasts of Texas and Louisiana and by sy tematic research on sponges by a new generation oE workers from Cuba, Mexico, and the U.S. states bordering the Gulf. The West Flower Garden Bank, located nearly 200 km south-southeast oE Galveston, Texas, and extending over a depth range of 14-135 m, was explored by seientific divers who determined it geological structure and biological zonation (Bright et aL 1974). A zone dominated by algae and sponges was follOd just below the coral-dominated live reefata depth of40-80 m. Most sponges were not identified, but underwater pictures of the communi tie iodicate that the fauna is typical for sirn- 288 - Sponges (Porifera) Porifera. After Schmidt 1870. ilar reefs in the Caribbean Sea. One of the participants in the survey, J. Teerling, became interested in the sponges of the northwestern Gulf and expanded the study of the Flower Garden reefs to include some 20 more stations, from the Mexican border in the west to the Mississippi River delta in the east. She collected much of the material herself, by scuba, submersible, and trawl, but she also reviewed specimens housed in local laboratories. TeerIing's doctoral dissertation is exemplary, as it summarizes previous records of Gulfof Mexico sponges and adds thorough descriptions with illustrations of more than 40 speeies (Teerling 1975); that it was not published in a widely distributed journal is unfortunate. At the opposite shores of the Gulf, in the upper littoral of the northwestern coast of Cuba, a Russian visitor sampled at 99 stations and identified 38 speeies of sponges from 64 localities (Kaminskaya 1971). Soon thereafter, the Cuban oceanographer and ecologist P. Alcolado, the first native spongiologist of this island nation, started his distinguished career as sponge systematist by listing 52 speeies studied by him and evaluating 70 more that had previously been recorded by foreign researchers (Alcolado 1976). The Mexican bio10gist G. Green did similar pioneering work in the Veracruz region, particularly on the 50-ha large atoll-like La Blanquilla reef. Using scuba, he collected 13 speeies that he described in detail, and he conducted omparative research on toxicity and antibiotic prop- erties of sponges collected there and elsewhere (Green 1977a, b, c). Another example of applied research took place aB the way across the Gulf in Florida, where a fishery for bath sponges was reviewed and recommendations were made for stock inventory and improved harvesting and marketing strategies (Stevely, Thomson, and Warner 1978). During the 1980s, P. Alcolado intensified his work on Cuban sponges, including speeies collected along the Gulf (northwest) coast of the island. He recorded 20 that were new records for Cuban waters (Alcolado 1980) and described and illustrated 20 new speeies (Akolado 1984). G. Green and colleagues continued work on antimierobial and ichthyotoxic properties of Mexican sponges (Green, Gomez, and Bakus 1985). At the same time, he and assoeiates also revisited the La Blanquilla (Veracruz) reef and described 20 sponge species, 13 of them new records for the area (Green, Fuentes Vehizquez, and G6mez L6pez 1986). The early work of Colombian poriIerologist S. Zea, then a student at the University ofTexas at Austin, included a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Siphonodictyon (=Aka)-including one speeies from the Gulf-using c1adistie methodology (Zea 1985). Another graduate student's professional paper analyzed the sponge community ofEnmedio Reef, Veracruz, one ofthe southernmost reefs in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico (Stinnett 1989). The author characterized 20 speeies from lagoon (seagrass) and reefhabitats. The following decade was marked by reports on diverse subjects relating to Gulf of Mexico sponge biology. The bulk is made up by monographie revisions of the regional fauna (extended Caribbean Sea) and results from exploratory cruises. Revisions of higher taxa and description of serendipitously found new and kno wn species were in the Tetillidae (Rützler and Smith 1992), Suberitidae (Bass 1993, Rützler and Smith 1993), Tethyidae (Sani and Bavestrello 1996), RaspaiIiidae (Alvarez and van Soest 1993), Axinellidae (Alvarez, van Soest, and Rützer 1998), Halichondriidae (Diaz, Pomponi, and van Soest 1993, Sandford and Kelly-Borges 1997), and Dictyodendrillidae (Kelly-Borges, Pomponi, and Vacel et 1993, Uriz and Maldonado 1996). A new myxillid speeies assoeiated with chemoautotrophic bacterial symbionts was discovered near methane seeps on the Louis iana slope in 500-600 m depths (Maldonado and young 1998). Three papers dealing with communities and environmental conditions in the Gulf were part of a special session by the American Soeiety of Zoologists (meeting of 1987, in New Orleans). Biological and interdisciplin- Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 289 ary expeditions since the mid-1800s were summarized by Darneil and Defenbaugh (1990), references to sponge speeies and communities were made in a review of benthic studies ofthe Florida shelf(Phillips, Gettleson, and Spring 1990), and a study of reefs and banks in the northwestern part of the region (Rezak, Gittings, and Bright 1990). The Florida Bay and upper Keys area was resurveyed to determine the abundance and condition of commercial (bath) species and associated sponges that had been significantly reduced by disease that was associated with and possibly caused by widespread cyanobacterial blooms; fortunately, populations of many species, includi.l1g some of the commercially used Spongia and Hippospongia had reeovered weil (Stevely and Sweat 1999). In the same area, at the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, the effects of a ship grounding on a large number of barrel sponges (Xestospongia muta) was monitored; most of the damageä Sponges recovered but growth was slow and depended on the extent of damage and presence of disease agents that particularly affected highly stressed specimens (Schmahl 1999). Agas production platform established on the outer eontinental shelf (125 m bottom depth), next to the eastern Flower Garden Bank in the northwestern part of the Gulf, was the location of another doctoral dissertation On Sponges (Adams 1996). The study describes and illustrates 27 species, 7 determined as new records for the Gulf of Mexico. The author determined sponge diversity and abundance from the intertidal to 27 m and found that there was insignificant difference between depth zones but that the overall abu.l1dance on this offshore artificial sUbstratum was higher than that of coastal platforms and On nearby natural reefs. A monograph of the systematically very difficult group of Caribbean (in the widest sense) Chalinidae was published at the dawn of the new millennium and included several Gulf of Mexico species (de Weerdt 2000). It is based on large coilections from common shallow-water habitats, such as reefs, lagoons, and mangroves, and defines subgenera, thus clarifying subtle (to the nonspeeialist) but significant differences in skeleton structure. This specialized work is complemented bya field manual for Sponges from the Gulfand Caribbeal1, emphasizing the MeXiea.l1 region, which includes useful general information On sponge biology and terminology and description of37 common species accompanied by in situ color photographs (G6mez 2002). The Cuban part of the Gulf was eovered by a literature survey, an update on the reported species including the presence and cultivation potential of eommercial (bath) sponges, and a review of commu- nity composition in the major coastal habitats (Alcolado, Grovas-Hernändez, and Marcos 2003). Tools and Techniques 1t is quite evident that sponge science was substantially advanced during the past halfcentury when scientific diving (breath-held, scuba, submersibles) allowed researchers to observe and experiment in situ and make carefuJ collections accompanied by thorough documentation (Rützler 2003). These new tools were particularly effective on reefs and sirnilar hard-bottom structures that cannot be sampled by dredge or trawl. Specialists also recognized that proper specimen fixation and processing for histology (rather than drying) was essential for improved systematic evaluation and developed methods for quantitative assessment of populations of sponges, one of the most species-rich and abundant group ofbenthic organisms thriving on hard substrata (Rützler 1978, Diaz and Rützler 2001). Images of sponge fine-structure morphology and state-of-the-science terminology were offered by teams of contemporary researchers (De Vos et al. 1991, Boury-Esnault and Rützler 1997). Scientific diving con- Porifera. After Sehmidt 1870. 290 - Sponges (Porifera) tributed specimens on which many recent monographs on the Caribbean fauna are based, without which Gulf of Mexico sponges could not be identified (for instance, Wiedenmayer, 1977, van Soest, 1978, 1980, 1984, Zea, 1987, de Weerdt 2000). All these efforts were crowned by the publication of a worldwide revision of sponge genera accomplished by an international team ofsponge systematists, providing an unprecedented database for future studies (Hooper and van Soest 2002). Recent science initiatives in the Gulf of Mexico, aware of the importance of sponges to the ecosystem, promise to build upon the current knowledge and focus attention on this highly influential body of ocean that controls the oceanography and biology of the entire Caribbean region. The following checklist tabulates all records of sponge species that are judged reliably recorded for the Gulf of Mexico, and information on habitat, biology, water depth, geographic range, and distribution in the Gulf. 10 the Taxon column, classes and orders are arranged in phylogenetic order, whereas suborders, families, genera, and species are put in alphabetical sequence. Only taxa identified to species are included. Unverifiable species records and casual listings (in checklists, surveys of commercial sponge grounds and oyster cultures) were omitted unless identifications were made byan authority. Because sponges are dilficult to characterize and earlier (and some modern) workers were unable to make live observations, examine type material, or correctly interpret published descriptions, there are many synonyms to deal with. To allow revisiting original sources, we list the junior synonyms and their references in the endnotes, although we summarize all data on habitat, depth range, and distribution in the row of the valid species name. Gender corrections (matching gender of genus and species) were done without further explanation. Several older records may not be foUowed by a modern interpretation because type material was not examined or is presumed lost, but we feel that there is a chance that future coUections and studies will be able to support, correct, or reject these entries. Abbreviations The "Habitat-Biology" column uses the following abbreviations: bns = bay and nearshore; bsl = beach and shoreline; bur =burrower or borer; crr =coral reef; com =commercially important; dps =deep sea; epi =epibiotic; est = estuarine; hsb = hard substrate (as most sponges attach to "hard substrates:' we only used the abbreviation where it was specified in the referenced publication); msp = mangrove swamp; rit = rocky intertidal; sft = soft substrates (mud, sands, days); sgr =seagTass; svg =submerged vegetation (seaweeds, mangrove roots); unk = unknown habitat/biology. Depth (range), in meters, is the range obtained from records in all relevant publications (0 = mean tide level); the abbreviation Tit (rocky intertidal) was used (in the "Habitat/Biology" column) where published records indieated such an occurrence. Numbers set in italics are records from publications other than those from the Gulf. The abbreviation unk indicates unknown depth. Overall geographic range is generalized or reduced to zoogeographical regions (Indopacific, Mediterranean, boreal Atlantic, Caribbean) and in some cases where few records are available or zoogeographic boundaries obscure, specified by coastal zones or island gTOUpS (West Africa, Bermuda, Bahamas, Brazil; or United States postal codes, that is, FL = Florida, GA = Georgia, NC = North Carolina, SC = South Carolina, VA = Virginia). Question marks (?) flag dubious records. The abbreviation end (endemie) is used where there are no records from outside the Gulf, but this information must be treated with caution. Sponge collection coverage in the area is spars e compared to many other groups, and this lack ofsampIes, or poor taxonomic treatment, could account for many of these "endemic" entries. Because precise locations of Gulf of Mexico sponges are rare in the literature to date, the colurnn "GMx range" shows records separated into 8 coastal and shelf subdivisions corresponding to compass sectors (nne ::: north-northeast, clockwise to nnw =north-northwest) centered on 25 0 north latitude and 90 0 west longitude (furth er explained in the introduction to this volume, Chapter }, Figure 1). For example, ese corresponds to the Florida Keys, Dry Tortugas, and (northwestern) shores ofCuba; one-ene to the Florida (west) coast, nnw to the shelf off Louisian a and (northeastern) Texas (Flower Garden Reefs); sse to the Yucatan Peninsula, and ssw to the Campeche-Veracr uz region. If the location ofspecimens is not given other than "GulfofMexico:' it is indicated by uns (unspecified). 10 the References column, numbers in italics refer to cited publications, and superscript numbers indicate endnote comments. Acknowledgments We are grateful to B. Collette for translations from a Russian publication and to Richard Greene for assisting in the Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 291 acquisition of library materials. This is contribution no. 723, Caribbean Coral ReefEcosystems Program, SmithSonian Institution. environmental overview and history ofenvironmental research. American Zoologist 30: 3-6. 13. Desqueyroux-Faundez, R., and S. M. Stone. 1992. O. Schmidt sponge catalogue. An illustrated guide to the References 1. Adams, C. 1. 1996. Species composition, abundance and Graz Museum CoUection, with notes on additional material. Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Geneva. 190 pp. 14. De Vos, 1., K. Rützler, N. Boury-Esnault, C. Donadey, and depth zonation of sponges (Phylum Porifera) on an outer J. Vacelet. 1991. Atlas ofSponge Morphology. Smithsonian continental shelfgas production platform, northwestern Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 117 pp. GulfofMexico [master's thesis). Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, Texas. 130 pp. 2. Alcolado, P. M. 1976. Lista de nuevos registros de poriferos para Cuba. Serie Oceanol6gica (Academia de Ciencias de Cuba) 36: 1-11. 3. Alcolado, P. M. 1980. Esponjas de Cuba: nuevos registros. Poeyana (Academia de Ciencias de Cuba) 197: 1-10. 4. Akolado, P. M. 1984. Nuevas especies de esponjas encontradas en Cuba. Poeyana (Academia de Ciencias de Cuba) 271: 1-22. 5. Akolado, P. M., A. Grovas-Hermindez, and Z. Marcos. 2003 (2004). General comments on species inventory, fisheries, culture and some community features of the Porifera in Cuba. BoUetino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici deU'Universita di Genova 68: 175-186. 6. Alvarez, B., and R. W. M. van Soest. 1993. A new sponge 15. Diaz, M. C., S. A. Pomponi, and R. W. M. van Soes!. 1993. A systematic revision of the central West Atlantic Halichondrida (Demospongiae, Porifera). Part III: Description ofvalid species. Scientia Marina 57: 283- 306. 16. Diaz, M. c., and K. Rützler. 2001. Sponges: an essential component of Caribbean coral reefs. International Conference on Scientific Aspects of Cora! Reef Assessment, Monitoring, and Restoration, Ft. Lauderdale, F1orida. Bulletin ofMarine Science 69: 535-546. 17. G6mez, P. 2002. Esponjas Marinas del Golfo de Mex.ico y el Caribe. AGT Editor, S. A., Mex.ico, D. F. 134 pp. 18. Green, G. 1977a. Ecology oftoxicity in marine sponges. Marine Biology 40: 207-215. 19. Green, G. 1977b. Antibiosis in marine sponges. FAO Fisheries report 200: 199-205. 20. Green, G. 1977c. Sinopsis taxon6mica de trece especies de species, Ceratopsion crustosum (Demospongiae: Raspailii- esponjas del arrecife La Blanquilla, Veracruz, Mex.ico. dae), from deep waters ofthe GulfofMexico. Proceedings Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia ofthe Biological Society ofWashington 106: 629-632. 7. Alvarez, B., R. W. M. van Soest, and K. Rützler. 1998. A (Universidad Aut6noma de Mex.ico) 4: 79-98. 21. Green, G., 1. E. Fuentes Velazquez, and P. G6mez L6pez. revision ofAxinellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) ofthe 1986. Nuevos registros de Porifera del arrecife La Blan- central West Atlantic Region. Smithsonian Contributions quilla, Veracruz, Mex.ico. Anales del Centro de Ciencias del to Zoology 598: 1-47. Mar y Limnologfa (Universidad Aut6noma de Mexico) 13: 8. Bass, D. 1993. First report of Suberites undulatus (DemoSpongiae) from coastal waters ofthe Gulf ofMexico. Bulletin ofMarine Science 52: 843. 9. Boury-Esnault, N., and K. Rützler, editors. 1997. Thesaurus ofSponge Morphology. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 596: 1-55. 10. Bright, T. J., J. W. ThnneU, 1. H. Pequegnat, T. F. Bucke, 127-146. 22. Green, G., P. Gomez, and G. J. Bakus. 1985. Antimicrobial and ichtyotoxic properties of marine sponges from Mexican waters. Pp. 109-114 in K. Rützler, ed. New Perspectives in Sponge Biology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 23. Hartman, W. D. 1955. A coUection ofsponges from the C. W Cashman, D. A. Cropper, J. P. Ray, R. C. Tresslar, west coast of theYucatan Peninsula with descriptions of J. Teerling, and J. B. Wills. 1974. Biotic zonation on the two new species. Bulletin ofMarine Science ofthe Gulf and West Flower Garden Bank. Pp. 4-54 in T. J. Bright and L. H. Pequegnat, eds. Biota of the West F10wer Garden Bank. GulfPubIishing Company, Houston, Texas. 11. Carter, H. J. 1884. Catalogue of marine sponges, collected Caribbean5: 161-189. 24. Hooper, J. N. A., and R. W. M. van Soest, editors. 2002. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification ofSponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum PubIishers, New york. by Mr. Jos. Willcox, on the west coast ofFlorida. Proceed- 25. Hyatt, A. 1875. Revision of the North American Porifera; ings ofthe Academy ofNatural Sciences ofPhiladelphia 5: 202-209. with remarks upon foreign species. Part I. Memoirs of the 12. DarneU, R. M., and R. E. Defenbaugh. 1990. Gulf ofMexico Boston Society ofNatural History 2(11): 399-409. 26. Hyatt, A. 1877. Revision ofthe North American Porifera; 292 - Sponges (Porifera) with remarks upon foreign species. Part II. Memoirs ofthe Boston Society ofNatural History, 2(V): 481-557. 27. Kaminskaya, L. D. 1971. Sponges of the upper sublittoral of the north-western part of the Cuban platform. Issledovania 40. Sara, M., and G. Bavestrello. 1996. West Indies genera Columnitis, Tectitethya and Nucleotethya new genus, with description ofnew species (Porifera, Tethyidae). Bulletin of Marine Science 59: 370-392. centralno Amerikanskij Morei 3: 112-121. (In Russian.) 41. Schmahl, G. P. 1999. Recovery and growth ofthe giant 28. KelIy-Borges, M., S. A. Pomponi, and J. Vacelet. 1993. Spongionella foliascens: a new foliose dendroceratid sponge injury from avesseI grounding in the Plorida Keys. from the western Atlantic. Scientia Marina 57: 375-379. 29. Laubenfels, M. W. deo 1936. A discussion ofthe sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for arevision ofthe famiLies and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute ofWashington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper No. 467) 30: 1-225. barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta) following physical Memoirs ofthe Queensland Museum 44: 532. 42. Schmidt, 0.1870. Grundzüge einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 88 pp. 43. Schmidt, O. 1879. Die Spongien des Meerbusen von Mexico. Part I, Lithistiden. Pp. 1-32 in Reports on the 30. Laubenfels, M. W deo 1953. Sponges from the Gulfof Mexico. Bulletin ofMarine Science of the Gulf and dredging under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in Caribbean 2: 511- 557. 31. Little, F. J. Jr. 1963. The sponge fauna of the St. George's steamer "Blake:' Gustav Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart. Sound, Apalachee Bay, and Panama City regions of the Florida Gulfcoast. Tulane Studies in Zoology 11: 31-71. 32. Maldonado, M., and C. M. Young. 1998. A new species of poecilosclerid sponge (Porifera) from bathyal methane the GulfofMexico by the United States Coast Survey 44. Schmidt, 0.1880. Die Spongien des Meerbusen von Mexico (und des Caraibischen Meeres). Part H, Hexactinelliden. Part III, Tetractinelliden, Monactinelliden und Anhang. Pp. 33-66 and 67 -90 in Reports on the dredging under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulfof seeps in the GulfofMexico. Journal ofthe Marine Biology Mexico by the United States Coast Survey steamer "Blake:' Association ofthe United Kingdom 78: 795-806. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart. 33. Phillips, N. w., D. A. Gettleson, and K. D. Spring. 1990. 45. Smith, F. G. W. 1954. Biology ofthe commercial sponges. Benthic biological studies ofthe southwest Florida shelf. Pp. 263-266 in P. S. Galtsoff, ed. GulfofMexico, Its Origin, American Zoologist 30: 65-75. Waters, and Marine Life. Fishery Bulletin 89, Fishery 34. Rezak, R., S. R. Gittings, and T. J. Bright. 1990. Biotic assemblages and ecological controls on reefs and banks of the Northwest GulfofMexico. American Zoologist 30: 23-35. 35. Rützler, K 1978. Sponges in coral reefs. Pp. 299-313 in D. R. Stoddart and R. E. Johannes, eds. Coral Reefs: Research Methods. Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology 5. UNESCO, Paris. 36. Rützler, K. 2003 (2004). Sponges on coral reefs: a commu- Bulletin ofthe Fish and Wild Ii fe Service, Vol. 55, Washington, D.C. 46. Soest, R. W. M. van. 1978. Marine sponges from Cura<;ao and other Caribbean localities. Part I. Keratosa. In P. W. Hummelinck and 1. J. Van der Steen, eds. Studies on the Fauna ofCura/yao and other Caribbean Islands 56 (179): 1-94. 47. Soest, R. W. M. van. 1980. Marine sponges from Cura/yao and other Caribbean 10calitJes. Part II. Haplosclerida . In nity sbaped by competitive cooperation. Bolletino dei P. W. Hummelinck and L. J. Van der Steen, eds. Studies on Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universitä di Genova 68: the Fauna ofCura/yao and other Caribbean Islands 62 (191): 1-173. 85-148. 37. Rützler, K, and K P. Srnith. 1992. Guide to western Atlantic species of Cinachyrella (Porifera: Tetillidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society ofWashington 105: 148-164. 38. Rützler, K, and K P. Smith. 1993. The genus Terpios (Suberitidae) and new species in the "lobiceps" complex. Scientia Marina 57: 381-393. 39. Sandford, F., and M. Kelly-Borges. 1997. Redescription of the hermit-crab sponge Spongosorites suberitoides Diaz, Pomponi and van Soest (Demospongiae: Halichondrida: Halichondriidae). Journal ofNatural History 31: 315-328. 48. Soest, R. W. M. van. 1984. Marine sponges from Cura/yao and other Caribbean localities. Part III. Poecilosclerida. In P. W. Hummelinck and 1. J. Van der Steen, eds. tudies on the Fauna ofCura/yao and other Caribbean Islands 66 (199): 1-167. 49. Stevely, J. M., and D. E. Sweat. 1999. The recovery of sponge populations in Florida Bay and upper keys following a widespread sponge mortality. Florida Sea Grant Extension Program, Agreement No. MR299, Pinal Report. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 41 pp. 50. Stevely, J. M., J. C. Thomson, and R. E. Warner. 1978. The Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 293 biology and utilization ofFlorida's commercial sponges. Waters, and Marine tife. Fishery Bulletin 89. Fishery Sea Grant College Program, Technical Paper No. 8. Bulletin ofthe Fish and Wudlife Service, Vol. 55. Washing- University ofFlorida, Gainesville, Florida. 45 pp. 51. Stinnett, T. L. 1989. Species composition and ecological zonation of the sponge fauna ofEnmedio Reef, Veracruz, Mexico [master's thesi ]. Division ofBiology. Corpus Chri ti tate University, Corpus Christi, Texas. 23 pp. 52. Storr, J. F. 1964. Ecology of the Gulfof Mexico commercial ponges and its relation to the fishery. Special Scientific Report 466, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Wa hington. D.C. 73 pp. 53. Storr, J. F. 1976. Ecological factors controlling sponge ton,D.C. 57. Topsent, .t 1889. Quelques spongiaires du Bane de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Fitre. Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France 2: 30- 52. 58. Topsent,:t 1894. Application de Ia taxonomie actuelle a une collection de spongiaires du Bane de Campeehe et de la Guadeloupe decrite precedemment. Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France 7: 27-36. 59. Uriz, M.-J., and M. Maldonado. 1996. The genus Igernella (Demospongiae: Dendroceratida) with description ofa distribution in the Gulf ofMexico and the resulting new species from the central Atlantic. Bulletin de l'lnstitut zonation. Pp. 261 -276 in F. W. H. Harrison and Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 66 (supp!.): R. R. Cowden, eds. Aspects ofSponge Biology. Academic Press, New York. 54. Tabb, D. C., and R. B. Manning. 1961. A checklist ofthe flora and fauna of northern Florida Bay and adjacent brackish waters ofthe Florida mainland collected du ring the period July, 1957 through September, 1960. Bulletin of Marine Science ofthe Gulfand Caribbean 11: 552-649. 55. Teerling, J. 1975. A survey ofsponges from the northwestern Gulf ofMexico [PhD dissertation]. Univer ity of Southwestern Louisiana. Lafayette, Louisiana. 187 pp. 56. TierneY,J. Q. 1954. ThePoriferaoftheGulfofMexico. Pp. 259-261 in P. S. Galtsoff, ed. Gulf ofMexico, 1ts Origin, SUbmitted: April 2005 Accepted: January 2007 153-163. 60. Weerdt, W. H. deo 2000. A monograph of the shallow-water Chalinidae (Porifera, Haplosclerida) of the Caribbean. Beaufortia 50: 1-67. 61. Wiedenmayer, F. 1977. Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas. Experimentia Suppiementum 28: 1-287. 62. Zea, S. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of the genu Siphonodic- tron (Porifera: Demospongiae) [master's thesis]. University ofTexas at Austin, Texas. 43 pp. 63. Zea, S. 1987. E ponjas deI Caribe Colombiano. Catälogo Cientlfico, Bogot3, Colombia. 286 pp. 294 - Sponges (Porifera) Taxonomie summary for Porifera of the Gulf of Mexieo, including estimated endemies and distribution by major habitats and substrata. Shallow waters Component subgroups Total speeies Demospongiae Homosc1erophorida Spirophorida Astrosphorida Hadromerida Chondrosida Lithistida Poecilosc1erida HaHchoodrida Agelasida HaploscJerida Dictyoceratida Dendroceratida Halisarcida Veroogida Calcarea Clathrinida Leucosolenida Hexactinellida Amphidiscosida Hexactinosida Lychniscosida Lyssacinosida Totals Number endemie species' Soft 2 10 18 52 2 19 71 36 7 41 38 5 1 11 1 4 7 16 0 14 33 12 0 7 II 1 1 1 0 1 0 8 1 4 4 Deepsea Hard 18 8 1 22 6 2 I 5 2 7 10 40 1 1? 47 27 7 27 20 4 0 11 0 2 7 2 0 15 14 7 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4 0 0 1 12 4 1 0 0 0 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. I 12 4 1 339 109 73 211 (+1?) 66 Note: ? = uncertain records. n.a. = does not apply. , We consider these species "endemie" because they have not been found outside the Gulf, but future coUecting and greater emphasis on sampling may reveal a larger Caribbean or Atlantie distribution. Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexieo. ----------------------------------------------Taxon HabitatBiology Depth (m) Overall geographie range GMx range Referencesl Endnotes hsb hsb. rit unk 26 end? Caribbean uns ese, nnw 44' 29,52,55 1 bur, err 17 Indopacilic, Mediterranean, W Africa, Caribbean, Brazil ese 29 -------------------------------------=---------Class: Demospongiae Order: Homosc1erophorida Family: Plakinidae Plakina versatilis (Schmidt, 1880) Plakortis angulospiculatus (Carter, 1879) Order: Spirophorida Family: Samidae Samus anonymus Gray, 1867 Rützler, van Soest, and Pianton; - 295 Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) HabitatBiology Depth (m) Overall geographie range GMx range Refereneesl Endnotes crr, hsb. sft 3-80 NC to Caribbean nne-ene, ese bns. msp hsb 1-2 17-50,153 FL, Caribbcan GA. Caribbean, Brazil ne nne-ene, e e 29,30,31,33.37, 52, 53, 54} 31,37' 37 err, hsb 4-100 Caribbean, Brazil nne-ene. ese unpub\. 5.37· epi. hsb unk dps dps hsb 1-6 31 243-274 180-221 unk Mediterranean end? end? end? end? ene nne-ene. ese nne-ene. ese nne-ene, ese nne-ene. ese 31 7 42 42 42 42 8 dps hsb 214 1.10 end? Bermuda nne-ene, ese nne.ese 42 3.52 9 hsb hsb unk 1-18 Mediterranean Caribbean ssw nne-ene 57.58 10 30.52,53 11 epi, hsb. rit 1-13.23-38 3609 2 nne-ene, ese. nnw e e ese 1,4,27,29.30,31, 52,53.55'2 dps err. hsb Bermuda. Bahamas, Caribbean end? end? dps hsb hsb 275 25-55 10-18 end? Caribbean Caribbean bns, hsb 1-12,90 Geodia. neptuni (Sollas. 1886) crr 9-15 NC. Bermuda. Caribbean,Brazil Caribbean. Brazil nne-ene, ese nnw nne-ene, ese, nnw nne-ene, ese, nnw ese. ssw, nnw Geodia thomsonii Sehmidt. 1870 Geodia tubereulosa Bowerbank. 1872 dps unk 486 unk hsb dps dps dps Taxon Family: Tetillidac Cinachyrella alloclada (U1iczka, 1929) Cinachyrella apion Uliezka. 1929 Cinachyrella arenosa van Soest & Stcntoft, 1988 Cinachyre/la kuekenthaU (ULiezka, 1929) Craniella cranium Müller. 1776 Cranie/la illsidiosa Sebmidt. 1870 Cranie/la lens Sehmidt, 1870 Cranie/la tethyoides Schmidt, 1870 Tetilla sigmophora (Sehmidt. 1870) Order: Astrosphorida Family: Aneorinidae Ancorina fibrosa Schmidt, 1870 Asteropus ketostea (de Laubenfels. 1950) Jaspis incOllditus (Sehmidt. 1868) Stelletta debilis stenospiculata ULiczka. 1929 Stelletta kallitetilla (de Laubenfels. 1936) Stelletta profunditata Sehmidt, 1880 Stellet ta soUda (de Laubenfels. 1936) Family: Geodiidae Carninus apiarum Schmidt. 1870 Erylus allen i de Laubenfels. 1934 Erylus trisphaerus (de ｾ｡ｵ｢･ｮｦｬｳＮ 1953) Geodia gibberosa (Lamarek, 1815) Family: Paehastrellidae Dereitus bucklandi Bowerbank, 1858 Pachastrella abysi Sehmidt, 1870 Sphinctrella horrida Schmidt, 1870 Thenea fenestrata (Schmidt, 1880) Order: Hadromerida FaOlily: AleetOnidae Scolopes megastra de Laubenfels. 1953 Family: Clionaidae Cervicornia cuspidifera (Lamarck. 1815) CUona aprica Pang, 1973 CUo na arenosa (Sehmidt. 1870) 44 29 13 42 55 1,2,30.31,52" . end? E Pacifie ese nne-ene, ese 1.42,52.53,55,57. 58 1s unpub\. s, 1, 2, 17.29 42 11 unk 411 200-411 1795 Atlantie end? end? unk nnw nne-ene, ese nne-ene, ese ese 55 42 42 44 16 hsb 15 end? ene 30 err 20 Bahamas, Caribbean ssw 17'7 bur hsb unk unk Caribbean end? ese nne-ene.e e 2 42' (colltinucd) 296 - Sponges (Porifera) Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Overall geographie range GMx range Referencesl Endnotes Caribbean ene, ese 29, 52, 53, 54 I" worldwide ssw,wnw, nnw nne-ene, ese nne-ene, ese, wnw ssw ese, nnw ssw nne-ene, ese, ssw 55,57,58 HabitatBiology Depth (m) Cliona caribbaea Carter, 1882 bur Cliona celata Grant, 1826 [=?] bur 1-12,70, 1-30 1-50 Cliona cribosa (Schmidt, 1870) Cliona delitrix Pang, 1973 unk bur unk 2-22 end? Caribbean Cliona euryphylle Topsent, 1889 Cliona schmidti RidJey, 1881 Cliona subulata SoUas, 1878 Cliona varians (Carter, 1882) bur bur bur bur,epi, hsb,svg unk 22-28 1 3-18 end? Caribbean Atlantic FL, Caribbean Cliona vermifera Hancock, 1867 Cliolla viridis (Schmidt, 1862) Pione carpenteri (Hancock, 1867) Pione lampa (de Laubenfels, 1950) bur bur bur bur,epi 1-10 1 ssw nne-ene ssw nne-ene, ese Pione truitti (Old, 1941) Pione vastifica (Hancock, 1867) Spheciospongia vesparium bns,epi bns bsl, crr, hsb, sft, sgr hsb 0-1 0-15 5-15 worldwide Adriatic Atlantic Red Sea, Mediterranean, Bermuda, FL, Bahamas Atlantic worldwide Caribbean unk Atlantic ene 57,58 2,55 57,58 21 unpub!. 5,17,27, 30,31,42,49, 52, 53, 57, 58 22 57,58 31 23 57,58 2' unpub!. s, 31,52, 53 2S 31 26 29, 3D, 57, 58 27 unpub!. 5,2, 4, 27, 29,30,31,49, 53 28 27 bsl, sft 0-1 NC nnw 8 29 crr 15 end? ese 29 hsb 3-64 Caribbean ene, ssw, nnw 18,31,42,55 hsb 14-100 Indopacific, S Atlantic, Caribbean nne-ene, ese, nnw 29, 30, 33, 52, 53, 54,55,57 dps 1047 Caribbean ese 29,42 hsb 0-12 Caribbean nne-ene, ese unpub!. 5,27,29, hsb 13 end? nne-ene, ese 52,53 27,30,31 hsb unk Caribbean ssw 57,58 3JJ unk hsb 1-6 1-10 Mediterranean Bermuda ene nne-ene 52 52,53 unk crr unk 1-20,70 end? Caribbean ssw ene, ese, ssw 57,58 31 21 )2 rit 0-1 end? ese 29 Taxon (Larnarck,1815) Spirastrella papillosa Ridley & 2-15 ne nne-ene, ssw entire 42'0 unpub!. s, 31, 55 Dendy, 1886 l=?] Suberites undulatus George & Wilson, 1919 Family: HemiastrelJidae Paratimea galaxa de Laubenfels, 1936 Family: Placospongiidae Placospollgia carinata (Bowerbank, 1858) Placospongia melobesioides Gray, 1867 Family: Polymastiidae Radiella sol Schmidt, 1870 Family: Spirastrel1idae Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Spirastrella coccinopsis de Laubenfels, 1953 Spirastrella phyllodes (Schmidt, 1870) FamiJy: Suberitidae Aaptos aaptos (Schmidt,1864) [=?] Aaptos bergmanni de Laubenfels, 1950 Aaptos duchassaingi (Topsent, 1889) Aaptos lithophaga (Wiedenmayer, 1977) Laxosuberites coerulea (Carter, 1882) Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 297 Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Taxon Pseudosuberites melanos de Laubenfels, 1934 Rhizaxinel1a c1ava (Schmidt, 1870) Suberites aurantiaca (Dueha aing & Michelotti, 1864) Terpios belindae Rützler & mith, 1993 Terpios fugax Dueha aing & Michelotti, 1864 Terpios lobieeps ( ehmidt, 1870) Farnily: Tcthyidac Columnitis squamata Sehmidt, 1870 Halicomeles perastra de Laubenfel , 1936 Halieometes slel1ala ( ehmidt, 1870) Nucleolelhya bifida ara & BavestreUo, 1996 Teelilethya crypta (de Laubcnfel , 1949) Teetitethya keyensis ara & Bavestrello, 1996 reetitetilya macrostella Sara & BavestreUo, 1996 Telllya aelinia de Laubenfel , 1950 Telhya diploderma Sehmidt, 1870 HabitatBiology Depth (m) Overall geographie range GMx range Referenee I Endnotes en, epi, hsb 1-2 Caribbean ese 29 123 1 end? Caribbean ese ese 42 33 2,2714 3-24 Caribbean uns 38 0-20 nne-ene, e e, 29, 52, 58)5 ese unk sft bns, err, epi epi, hsb, rit hb 22 Mediterranean, Caribbean end? hsb hsb 30-31 1-2 end? end? nne-ene, ese ese 40 29 hb unk 158-620 85 Atlantlc, Caribbean end? nne-ene, e e nne-ene 27,31,42.44)1 40 sft 1-20 Caribbean nne-ene. ese 2, 52, 53, 54)& hb 1-2 end? ese 40 unk 20-52 end? nne-ene 40 hb hsb,sgr 1-20 3-4, 13 nne, e e, w nne-ene. ese dps hsb, rit 274 unk aribbean Mediterranean, Gulf of Mexico end? worldwide ee 2,22. 52 4.27.30,31,52. 53 3' 42 29 sgr 2-5 Adriatie ee 4,27 40 hsb unk Atlantic ssw 57,58 41 Cilondrilla nueula ehmidt, 1862 sgr,sft 3-18 worldwide? nne-ene, e e, ssw Chondrosia eal1ectrix ( chmidt, err, h b, rit 2,76 aribbean unpubl. 5, 18, 19, 27,31,42,52, 53.54,58 29.42 41 clavatella ehmidt, 1870 oral1istes polydisClIs ehmidt 1870 COra/lisles typus Schmldt 1870 dp dps dp 273-486 486 273-411 end? end? nd? Desmanlilus ;ncruslans Topsent hb 12-30 dps 243 1ndopacifie, Mediterranean, Atlantic, Bermuda, Jamaica end? Telhya repens ehmidt,1870 Telhya seyehel1ensis (Wright, 1881) [=:?] ssw nne-ene, ese ＴＲｾ Family: Timeidae Spirastrella bislel1ata ( chmidt, 1862) Timea slel1ala (Bowerbank, 1866) Order: Chondrosida Fantily: hondrWidae ese 1870) Order: Lithistida FanlUy: Corallistidac ｾｯｲ｡Ｏｬｩｳｴ･ Fa U rn y: De rnanthidac 1889 ' ' u1castrel1a clausa chmidt, 1879 nne-ene, e e ee nne-ene, e e 5 w ee 42 42 42 24,57.58 43 (continued) 298 - Sponges (Porifera) Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) HabitatBiology Depth (m) Overall geographie range GMx range Refereneesl Endnotes dps 549 end? ese 43 dps unk dps 246 188 188-549 end? end? Brazil nne-ene ese ese 43'3 43 43 dps 141-450 end? ese 43" dps 190-139 Caribbean nne-ene 43 dps 399-451 end? ese 43 dps 188-1513 end? ese 43's dps 100-150 entire 5,43'6 dps 225-263 Mediterranean, Atlantie, Caribbean end? ese 43'1 dps 188,153216 Caribbean uns 43 unk unk dps unk 188 188-1513 end? end? end? uns uns uns 44 43'8 43 dps 472 end? nne-ene, ese 42 hsb, rit hsb 0-1,11-14 10-37, 1-100 Soulh Africa, Caribbean indian Ocean. Mediterranean, E Atlantic, Caribbean ese nnw? 2 1'9 Family: Microcionidae Antho gymnazusa (Schmidl, 1870) Antho penneyi (de Laubenfels, 1936) Axociella spinosa (Wilson, 1902) Clathria campecheae Hooper, 1996 Clathria carteri Topsent, 1889 Clathria copiosa Topsent, 1889 Clathria dentata Topsenl, 1889 Clathria echinata (Alcolado, 1984) dps epi, hsb hsb hsb hsb hsb hsb crr, hsb end? end? Caribbean end? end? end? end? Caribbean nne-ene, ese nne-ene, ese ese ssw ssw ssw ssw ese, nnw? 42 5ll 29.31 51 29,52 52 57,58 53 57,58 57,58 57,58 1,4 54 Clathria fascicularis Topsenl, 1889 Clathria foliacea Topsen!, 1889 Clathria obliqua (van Soest, 1984) Clathria oxeotus (van Soest, 1984) hsb hsb hsb crr, hsb 351 3,70 15-19 unk unk unk unk 13,21-27, 0-20 unk 105 14 2-15,33 end? end? end? Caribbean ssw ese, ssw ese ssw 57,58 55 29,57,58 56 30'1 51 58 Taxon Family: Phymaraphiniidae Rimella clava Sehmidt, 1879 Family: Scleritodermidae Aciculitesgeminum (Sehmidt,1879) Aciculites higginsi Sehmidt, 1879 Amphibleptula madrepora Sehmidt, 1879 Scleritoderma obtectum (Schmidt, 1879) Family: Siphonidüdae Gastrophanella implexa Schmidt, 1879 Siphonidium ramosum (Schmidt, 1879) Family: Theonellidae Discodermia amphiaster Sehmidt, 1879 Discodermia polydiscus du Boeage, 1869 Racodiscula asteroides Zittel, 1878 Family: Vetunilidae Vetulina stalactites Schmidt, 1879 Order: "Lithistida" (incertae sedis) Collectella avita Schmidt, 1880 Collinella inscripta Schmidl, 1879 Poritella decidua Schmidl, 1870 Order: Poecilosclerida Suborder: Latrunculina Family: Latrunculiidae Sceptrella regalis Schmidt, 1870 Suborder: Microcionina Family: Aca.rnidae Acarnus innominatus Gray, )867 Acarnus nicoleae van Soest, Hooper, & Hiemstra, 1991 Rützler, van Soest, and Pianton; - 299 Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Taxon Clathria prolifera (Elli HabitatBiology Deplh (m) epi,h b, ft, vg 0-15 hb crr. h b. ft Ov rall geographie range GMx range Rcferencesl Endnotes 13 15-34,1-35 Boreal and subtropicaJ W Atlant! ew England, C. FL) end? aribbean nne-ene, e c, nnw hb 7 end? nnc-ene 30,31.52,53'1 Clathria venosa (Aleolado, 19 4) Clathria virgulrosa (Lamarek, 1814) crr, h b rr 1 9-20 aribbean FL, aribbean e e nne-ene. Echfnoc1athria arcifera (Schmidt, unk 32 end? nne-ene 4,5 61 unpubl. 5.2,13,29, 51, 52.53. 58 44 64 unk 1 -25 end? ssw 22,29 2,21-35 Bahama, aribbean e e 2, ｾＲＴＮＹＲ end? nne-ene, e 42 olander, 1786) lathria rectatlgulosa ehmidl, 1 70 Clalhria schoenus (de Laubenfels, sw,nnw e 42 1,29 60 1936) Clathria vasiformis (de Laubenfel , 1953) 1880) Holopsamma heIlVigi de Laubenfels, 1936 Pandaros acamhifolil/m ucha aing & Michelotli, 1864 Tellacia c1alhrala ( chmidt, 1870) Family: Raspailiidae Subfamily: amonlnae Cyamon vickersif (Bowerbank, 1866) ubfa,nily: Plo amloninae Plocamione dopetaria ( chmidt, 1870) UbfamlJy: Ra paililnae CeratopSIOIl . crusto UI/1 Alvarez & van oe t, 199 EClyopiasiaJero (Ducha aing & rr unk h b. rl. gr 9-11 ribbean dp 48 end? hsb 70-159 end? 2-25 rr e. e e, nne, w nn ene, 7.31.57,5 e 29,30,51,58 ribbean E Michelotli, 1864) IIdectyolI t nax ( hmldt, 1870) EurYPolI davatella Llttle, 1963 EurYPotl cIavalum (Bowcrbank 1866) , hb h. b, ft hb 174 10 unk end? end? . Allanti EurYPolI ｡ｉｾｬＯｏｲｯ hsb unk Atlant! sw 57,58 71 hsb hb hb unk 5-12 1-20 end? ribb an aribbean sw 58 71 unpubL \ 57, 5 1874) (Bowerbank , ｅｵｲｙｐｯｾＱ tour ti (Topsent, 1889) ｮｯｰｾｲｬｅ viride (11 p ent, 1889) TllrIllacoplloraJUlliformis r., Ridley Dendy, 1886 FamllY'Rh . bderemildae Rhabdercmia mimltula ( arter, 1876) FamUy: Tedan"d 11 Re Tedania ignis (Du h Michelotti. 1 64) aing& 1870) 0-37 msp, !t. ee nne-ene Bermud • B ham , ribbe.m, BraziI 4_ 69 31 57,58 70 'J 52 57,S " nne-ene, e e. wnw. nnw 1,11,17.31,49.5. 54. 55 s gr, v uborder: MYcaJlr Famu. la y. ladorhll,ida Asbestoplunra gracilior ( e end? hb rr, epi. nne-ene, nne w hmldt. dp 576-630 tlaDt! ? nn ene, e 42 (conlml/cd) 300 - Sponges (Porifera) Checklist of sponges (phylurn Porifera) frorn the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Taxon Family: Desmacellida.e Biemna caribea Pulitzer-Finali, 1986 Desmacella pumilio Schmidt, 1870 Neofibularia nolitangere (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Family: Guitarridae Euchelipluma congeri de Laubenfels, 1936 Guitarra fimbriata Carter, 1874 Family: Mycalidae Anomomycale titubans (Schmidt, 1870) Esperia immitis (Schmidt, 1870) Esperiopsis dianae (Schmidt, 1870) Mycale angulosa (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Mycale diaphana (Schmidt, 1870) Mycale laevis (Carter, 1882) Mycale laxissima (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Mycale massa (Schmidt, 1870) Myca/e microsigmatosa Arndt, 1927 Mycale renieroides (Schmidt, 1870) Suborder: Myxillina Family: Chondropsidae Strongy/acidon griseum (Schmidt, 1870) Strongylacidon poritico/a van Soest, 1984 Family: Coelosphaeridae Coelosphaera fistula Little, 1963 Coelosphaera rhaphidifera (fopsent, 1889) Coelosphaera tunicata (Schmidt, 1870) Lissodendoryx isodictyalis (Carter, 1882) Lissodendoryx microrhaphida HabitatBiology Depth (m) Overall geographie range hsb,svg dps,hsb crr, hsb, sft 1-3 1-20,1047 9-67,2-30 dps GMx range References/ Endnotes Caribbean Caribbean Caribbean nne-ene, ese nne-ene, ese nne-ene, ese, nnw 29,31,52 n 29,52,53 1,10,29,30,52.53, 55 78 1047 end? nne-ene, ese 29 unk 179 Atlantic sse 44 dps 315-583 end? nne-ene, ese 42 79 dps dps epi, hsb, svg dps epi, hsb 230 225 17-26,58 end? end? Caribbean, BraziJ 42 80 42 8 \ 29, 30, 52, 53, 55 252 5-16,10-20 end? Caribbean 5-61,2-18 nne-ene, ese nne-ene., ese nne-ene, ese, nnw nne-ene, ese nne-ene, ese, ssw nne-ene, ese, ssw nne-ene, ese nne-ene, ese, nnw nne-ene, ese 42 82 unpubl. s, 3, 21, 22 unpubl. s,17 crr, msp, sft sft, sgr epi, hsb, svg dps 6-19 4-25 209-229 E Mrica, W Mrica, FL, Caribbean Mediterranean, Atlantic E Mediterranean?, West Africa?, Caribbean end? sgr 11-17 Bermuda, NC, FL nne-ene, ese epi, hsb 3 Curat,:ao nnw epi hsb 12-14 unk end? Caribbean nne-ene ese-ssw 31 2,57 87 unk 185 Portugal nne-ene, ese 42 88 epi, hsb, sg! 1-11,0-2 nne-ene, ese-sse, nnw 27,29,31,52,53, 55 sft 19 lndopacific, Mediterranean, Bermuda, NC, Bahamas, Caribbean, BraziJ end? ese 4 89 epi, hsb 1-25,1-25 W Bahamas, Caribbean nne-ene, nnw 31,52,53,55 90 crr, epi, sft 2-58 Bermuda, FL, Caribbean, BraziJ nne-ene, ese, ssw 4,17,30 91 dps 243 end? ese 42 92 27,42 83 1,2,31 84 42 8S 27,30,42,52,53 86 (Alcolado, 1984) Lissodendoryx sigmata (de Laubenfels, 1949) Family: Crambeidae Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Family: Crellidae Cre/la papillosa (Schmidt, 1870) Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 301 Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Taxon Overall geographie range GMx range Refereneesl Endnotes Indopacific, W Africa. Caribbean. Brazil ese,ssw 2,17,22,51 unk end? ssw 57,58'3 unk unk NE Atlantic ssw 57,58'" dps 1047 end? ese 29 crr. hsb, sft 5-36.1-33 Caribbean nne-ene. ese. onw 1.27,29,31,52, Indopacific? FL. Caribbean, Brazil nne-ene, ese, unpubl. s, 2,5. 17, 18, 22, 29, 30, 52 HabitatBiology Depth (ol) crr. epi. hsb, sft 78-15.0-40 unk Family: Desmacididae Desmapsamma anchora/a (Carter. 1882) Family: Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia campechiana Topsenl. 1889 Hymedesmia jecusculum (Bowerbank, 1866) Hymedesmia nummo/a de Laubenfels, 1936 Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Farnily: Iotroehotidae Iotrochota birotulata (Higgin. 1877) 53 9' bns,msp. sft, svg 2-18,1-91 dps, epi, hsb 542 end? nnw 32 96 hsb hsb 70-198 unk Azores. Bermuda, FL end? entire entire 3,7,42 7 crr, hsb 5-71 entire unpubl. '. 7 97 crr. hsb 14-32 NC to GA, Bahamas, Caribbean GAtoSC entire 7 com,crr, hsb crr, hsb 12-44 NCtoGA entire 13-44 NCtoFL entire 2, 7, 23, 30, 31, 52,53 7,11,30'8 dps. hsb hsb 324-486 50-100 end? NCtoGA ese entire 42 7,29 99 crr, hsb, sft, sgr crr, hsb 9-33 NCtoGA entire 14-17 NC,GA entire 7,27.30,31,52, 53 100 10 7 ' crr. hsb, msp/epi 1-70 entire unpubl. s. 2, 7, 17'02 PhakelIia folium Schmidt. 1880 dps. hsb 70-600.583 nne-ene. ese 3, 7. 42. 42 103 Plica/ella aulopora (Schmidt, 1870) Ptilocaulis walpersi (Duchassaing & unk crr, hsb unk 5-18 W Africa, Bermuda, NC to FL, Caribbean. BraziJ Bermuda, FL. Caribbean, Arctic, N and E Atlantic end? Bermuda. NC to GA nne-ene, ese nne-ene. ese 42 10< Michelotti. 1864) Patnily: DesOloxyidae Didiscus oxeata Hechtel, 1983 Higginsia strigilata (Lamarck, 1813) crr hsb,sft 20 3-26 end? IreJand. Bahamas. Caribbean ese ene, ssw, nnw 4 106 11,23.30,52.53, 55'07 55W Family: Myxillidae MyxiIIa methanophila (Maldonado &Young, 1998) Order: Halichondrida Farnily: AxineUidae Auletta sycinularia Schmidt, 1870 Auletta tuberosa Alvarez. van Soest. & Rützler, 1998 Axinella corrugata (George & Wilson, 1919) AxinelIa meandroides Alvarez. van Soest. & Rützler, 1998 AxinelIa polycapelIa de Laubenfels, 1953 AxinelIa pomponiae Alvarez. van Soest. & Rützler, 1998 AXinelIa rugosa Schmidt, 1870 AXineIla shoemakeri (de LaubenfeJs. 1936) Axinella waltonsmithi (de Laubenfels, 1953) Dragmacidorr grayi (WelJs & Wells, 1960) Dragmacidon retieulatum (Ridley & Dendy. 1886) unpubl. s, 52.53, 54 105 (con/irrt/ed) 302 - Sponges (Porifera) Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Taxon Myrmekioderma gyroderma HabitatBiology Depth (01) Overall geographie range GMx range Referenees/ Endnotes err 20 end? ese 4'08 err, dps, sft 13-83 Caribbean ene 15,30'09 crr. dps. hsb dps, hsb 15-137 Caribbean nne.ese 4, 7, 52. 53 110 77-534 Bermuda, NC, FL uns 7 hsb 76-108 Bermuda uns 7 crr, hsb 2-28 Caribbean unpub!.', 1. 51 '11 crr 6-30 Caribbean ene, ese, ssw, nnw ese 7 112 hsb hsb hsb 30 30 12-18 end? end? end? ese nne-ene, ese nne-ene, ese 42" 3 42'1< 30 115 crr, dps 10-176 ese 15,30 nnw 55 nne-ene 15,30.31" 6 (AJeolado, 1984) Myrmekioderma rea (de Laubenfels. 1934) Family: Dictyonellidae Acanilrella cubensis AJcolado, 1984 Acanthella mastophora Schmidt, 1870 Acanlhella vaceleti van Soest & Stentoft, 1988 Scopalina ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer, 1977) Svenzea zeai (Alvarez, van Soest, & Rützler, 1998) Family: Halichondrüdae Amorphina solidior Schmidt, 1870 Amorphina lurritella Schmidt, 1870 Amorphinopsis spongia (de Laubenfe!s, 1953) Axinyssa ambrosia (de Laubenfe!s, 1934) Halichondria bowerbanki Burton, 1930 H] HalicllOndria corrugata Diaz, Pomponi. & van Soest, 1993 Halichondria hirta (Topsent, 1889) Halichondria lutea AJeolado, 1984 sft, sgr 3-5 Bermuda, FL, Bahamas, Caribbean E Atlantic, Aretie, VA, NC end? unk err msp,svg unk 50 1-35,177 end? end? Bahamas, Caribbean ssw ese ese, nnw 57,58 111 4 1,15,30 bns,msp, sgr, svg bns,epi, hsb, O1sp, svg dps epi. sft 1-5 Caribbean ene, ese 1-6 VA, NC, Curayao nne-ene, ese 15,29,30,31,49, 52 11,15,27,29,30, 31,52" 8 583 1-6 end? NC to SC nne-ene, ese nne-ene, ese-sse 42" 9 39 Agelas clathrodes (Sehmidt, 1870) err 2-15 ese, ssw Agelas conifera (Schmidt, 1870) Agelas dispar Duehassaing & err err, sft 9-12 19-35 Bermuda, FL, Bahamas, Caribbean, Brazil Caribbean Caribbean ene, ese ese, ssw, nnw unpub!.', 17, 1B, 51,53'20 unpub!.',52 2,20,22,29,55 '21 crr 5-13 Caribbean ese unpub!.',2. 4 '22 crr 13-150 AtJantic ese 3,5 crr 100-150, 31-95 Caribbean ese 5 Halichondria magniconulosa est Hechte!, 1965 Halicholldria melalladoda de Laubenfels, 1936 Hymeniacidon heliophila (Parker, 1910) Pellina profunditalis Sehmidt, 1870 Spollgosorites suberitoides Diaz, Pomponi, & van Soest, 1993 Order: Agelasida Family: Agelasidae Miche!otti, 1864 Agelas schmidli Wilson, 1902 Family: Astroscleridae Ceraloporella nicholsoni Hickson. 1911 Stromatospongia norae Hartman, 1969 Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 303 Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Taxon Stromatospollgia vermieola Hartman, 1969 Order: HaploscJerida Suborder: HaploscJerina FamilY;CaUyspongüdae Callyspongia areesiosa de Laubenfel , 1936 Callyspongia armigera (Duehassaing & Miehelotti, 1864) Callyspongiafallax Dueha saing & Michelotti, 1864 Callyspongia plieifera (Lamarck, Overall geographie range GM.x range Referencesl Endnotes 100-150, 25-85 Caribbean ese 5 svg unk end? nne-ene, ese 3,29,53 eTr, sft 4-58 ese,s w.nnw eTr, hsb 3-18,2-6 Bermuda, Ft, Bahamas, Caribbean Bahamas, Caribbean unpubL s, 17, 21, 22,5511) unpubLs. 3,18, 31, 52, 53, 54 11• err 5-18 epi, sft HabitatBiology Depth (m) err Bahamas, Caribbean nne-ene, ese-sse, ssw ese unpubl. 5, 29 J2S 12-20 Caribbean e e-sse 23 hsb err, epi, hsb. ft 16 2-70.2-30 end? NC. Bahamas. Caribbean. Brazil, Galapagos nne-ene, ese entire unk 27-36 end? nne-ene, e e 42 126 unpubL S, 1. 2, 10 lv, 11,17,20, 22.29,30,31, 53.55 128 42 1lS err, epi, hsb. m p,sft, sgr,svg bns, err, rit hsb 1-23 Canary lslands, Bermuda, NC, GA, FL, Bahamas, Caribbean nne-ene, ese, nnw 1,49,60 1)<) t074 70 Bermuda. PL, Caribbean end? nne-ene, ese ee 29,6O UI 29 131 hsb, svg epi, msp, svg unk 1-6 Caribbean, E Paemc ese 2 SC, pt, Caribbean ese 60 unk unk ssw 58 13l err, msp, svg epi,m p. sgr, svg epi, msp, vg crr, msp, ft, vg err, msp, sft, sgr epi,msp, svg dps unk unk 1-25 Bermuda, PL, Bahamas Caribbean PL, Caribbean nne-ene, ese 60,31 nne-ene, ese 60 pt, Caribbean ese 60 0-1,0-12 PL, Caribbean nne-ene, ese 60 1-10 nne-ene, ese, nnw nne-ene, ese 31,60 134 0-3 Bermuda, NC 10 pt, Bahama ,Caribbean FL, Caribbean 213 180 unk unk unk Atlantic? nne-ene, ese nne-ene, ese ese 42 135 421)6 1814) Callyspongia strongylophora Hartman, 1955 Callyspongia subtilis (Sehmidt, 1870) Callyspollgia vaginalis (Lamarck, 1814) Siphonoehalina mollis chmidt, 1870 Family; Chalinidae Chalillula molitba (de Laubenfels, 1949) Halic10na albifragilis (Hechtei, 1965) Halic10na ambrosia (de Laubenfels, 1936) Halic10na eaerulea (HechteI. 1965) Halic10na euracaoensis (van Soest, 1980) Halic10na fistulosa (Bowerbank. CTI. 1866) Halic10na implexiformis (Hechtel, 1965) Halielona magniJica de Weerdt, Rützler,& mith,1991 Halic10na manglaris Alcolado, 1984 Halic10na mueiJibrosa de Weerdt, Rützler,& mith,1991 Halic10na tubifera (George & Wilson, 1919) Halic10lla twineayensis de Weerdt, Rützler & Smith, 1991 Reniera aseidia chmidt, 1870 Reniera hebes ehmidt, 1870 Sigmadocia f1agellifer (Vosmaer, 1880) 60 27 117 (continued) 304 - Sponges (Porifera) Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Taxon Family: HabitatBiology Depth (m) Overall geographie range GMx range Referencesl Endnotes crr 1-10 Caribbean, Brazil nne-ene, ese 27,52,53"8 bsl, crr, sft 0-25,100, 2-35 Australia, FL, Bahamas, Caribbean nne-ene, ese, ssw, nnw crr, hsb, sft, sgr, svg sft 1-14 nne-ene, ese, ssw 9-18,0-15 lndopacific, Bermuda, NC, Bahamas, Caribbean Bahamas, Caribbean ese unpub!.s, 17, 18, 19,20,21,22, 23,27, 29, 30, 31,52,53,55 tl9 18, 19, 21, 22, 29, 30,31,51,52, 53,54 140 unpub!.s crr, hsb crr 5-18 1-30,1-40 Bahamas, Caribbean Bermuda, Bahamas, Caribbean nne-ene, ese nne-ene, ese, ssw,nnw unpub!. 5,2,29,30, unpub!.S, 2, 17,18, 21,22,49,51, 53,55 141 crr crr, sft crr, sft, sgr sft, sgr unk 9-20 1-3 3-20,12-15 1-12,81 216 Caribbean Bahamas, Caribbean PuertoRico Caribbean end? ese, nnw ese nne-ene, ese nne-ene, ese ese unpub!. 5,55 143 62 14• 3,30,31 1• 5 42 1• 6 42 1• 7 crr, epi, sft, sgr,svg crr, sft, sgr 1-10 Pacific, Caribbean ese 2,29'·8 1-25,0-100 Bermuda, Bahamas, Caribbean nne-ene, ese, ssw sft crr 2 1-15 end? Colombia nne-ene ssw 17, 18,21,22,27, 29,42,51,52, 53'·' 31'50 51 end? nne-ene, ese iphatidae Amphimedon complanata Duchassaing, 1850 Amphimedon compressa Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Amphimedon viridis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Niphates amorpha Wiedenmayer, 1977 Niphates digitalis (Lamarck, 1814) Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Suborder: Petrosina Family: Phloeodictyidae Aka coralliphagum (Rütz]er, 1971) Aka siphona (de Laubenfels, 1949) Oceanapia oleracea (Schmidt, 1870) Oceanapia peltata (Schrnidt, 1870) Siphonodic/yon densa Schrnidt, 1870 Family: Petrosüdae Neopetrosia carbonaria (Lamarck, 1813) Neopetrosia subtriangularis (Duchassaing, 1850) Rhaphisia menzeIi (Little, 1963) [=?) Xestospongia caycedoi Zea & van Soest, 1986 Xestospongia cretacea (Schmidt, 1870) Xestospongia marquezii unk unk crr 8 (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Xestospongia muta (Schmidt, 1870) sft 9-25,4-30 Dysideafragilis Montagu, 1818 unk crr, epi, hsb, sft, sgr unk Dysidea janiae (Duchassaing & Order: Dictyoceratida Family: Dysideidae Dysidea avara (Schrnidt, 1862) Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels, 1936 ese 42 1S1 29 151 FL, Bahamas, Caribbean, Brazil nne-ene, ese-sse, nnw unpub!. 5,2, 10 ISJ, 17,30,41,42, 52,55 15< unk 2-17 end? Bermuda, Bahamas uns nne-ene, ese, ssw 11 155 18,27,29,31 13-15 worldwide nne-ene, ese 21,29,30,54,55, hsb 10-25 nnw 56 1,11 156 epi, hsb, sft, sgr hsb, sft, sgr 1-14 Bermuda, Bahamas, Caribbean Mediterranean, Atlantic 3 end? Michelotti, 1864) Dysidea variabiIis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) [=?) Euryspongia rosea de Laubenfels, 1936 [=?) nne-ene, e e, nnw nne-ene 30,55 29,31 Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 305 Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) HabitatBiology Depth (m) OveraU geographie range GMx range Referencesl Endnotes unk unk end? ese 26 1S7 1rcinia eampana (Lamarck,1814) crr, hsb 10-25,3-30 Mediterranean, PL, Bahamas, Caribbean, Brazil nne-ene, ese-sse, sw [reinia eartilaginea (E per) var. horrida (Hyatt, 1877) 1rcinia diekinsoni de Laubenfels, unk unk end? ese unpubL 5, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31,33,49,52, 53,54 158 26 159 bsl 0-l,12-20? nne-ene, ssw 23,31 160 err, hsb, sft 2-80,1-100 Red ea, ßermuda, Caribbean Bermuda, NC, PL, Bahamas, Caribbean, Brazil entire crr 8-47 Bermuda crr 1-17 Caribbean crr, hsb 1-20 Caribbean nne-ene, sse-ssw ese,ssw, wnw,nnw ese unpubl. 5, 1, 2,17, 18, 19,20,30, 31,52,53,54, 55 161 17,53 1,27,29,49,51,52, 53,55 27,29 hb 80 end? ese 29'62 h b unk end? ssw 5758 163 unk unk end? sw 57,58'64 com 5-20 PL (Bi cayne Bay), Caribbean e e 26'65 com 5-20 PL (Biscayne Bay) e e 26'66 bns,com, crr om,crr 14-15 PL, Caribbean nne-ene 30,31,45,52 14-15 Bahama , PL, Caribbean nne-ene 30,31,45,49,50, Hyatte/la eavernosa (Pallas, 1766) crr end? nne-ene 29, 30, 52, 53 167 Spongia agaricilla eorlosia com 13-15, 2-23, 73 unk PL (Bi cayne Bay) ese 26 Ducha saing & Michelotti, 1864 S var..elongata Hyatt, 1877 POngla barbara Ducha aing & Miche!otti, 1864 Spollgiagramillea Hyatt, 1877 com 7 Bahamas, Caribbean nne-ene 30,31,45,49,50, com ]-20 Caribbean nne-ene, ese 27,30,31,45,49, 50,52,53 169 Taxon Family: IrcinHdae Ireinia aeuta var.lol/gispina (Hyalt, 1877) 1936 1reinia feIix (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) 1reinia feIix fistularis VerriU, 1907 [= ?IreiniafeIix] [reinia strobilina Lamarck, 1816 Ireinia variabilis (Schmidt, 1862) [= ?Ircinia felix] F3J:UjJy: Spongiidae COseinoderma lanuga de Laubenfels, 1936 Hippospongia eanaIiculata (von Lendenfeld, 1885) var. eyIindrica von Lendenfeld, ] 889 Hippospongia equina (Schmidt, 1862) var. elastiea von Lendenfeld, 1889 Hippospongia equina (Schmidt, 1862) ubsp. eerebriformis Ducha saing & Michelotli, 1864 HiPPOspongia equina (Schmidt, 1862) subsp. meandriniformis Duchas aing & Michelotti, 1864 var. divisa Hyatt, ]877 HiPPOsporlgia gossypina H,(Duchassain g & Michelotti, 1864) IPpospongia laehne de Laubenfel , 1936 52,53,56 52'63 (continued) 306 - Sponges (Porifera) Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) HabitatBiology Depth (m) Overall geographie range GMx range Referencesl Endnotes unk unk unk ese 26 unk unk Florida ese 26 Spongia obliqua (Duchassaing & crr 3-15 Bahamas, Caribbean Michelotti,1864) Spongia obscura Hyatt, 1877 crr, sgr 5 sse 17 Spongia officinalis Linne, 1759 Spongia pertusa Hyatt, 1877 Spongia sterea de Laubenfels & Storr, com com,crr com 2-20 1-10 12 Bermuda, NC, FL, Bahamas, Caribbean Mediterranean Caribbean end? nne-ene, ese ene, ese nne-ene 27,53 52'7' 52,53 com 5-20 end? nne 52 171 msp,sgr 1-3 Caribbean ese 26\7) com 10-12 Caribbean wnw 55 17• crr 17 end? ese 29'" crr 3-20? Caribbean ese,ssw 23 176 Caribbean ese 29'" tropical Pacific, Mediterranean, W Africa. NC, Bermuda Mediterranean, Caribbean nne-ene 30,52,53 Taxon Spongia lapideseens Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 subsp. dentata Hyatt, 1877 Spongia lapidescens Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 var. typica Hyatt, 1877 45,52 170 1958 Spongia tampa (de Laubenfels & Storr, 1958) Spongia tubulifera (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Spongia zimocca canaliculata (von Lendenfeld, 1885) Family: Thorectidae Cacospongia camera (de Laubenfels, 1936) [=?) Hyrtios violaceus (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Smenospongia cerebriformis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Order: Dendroceratida Family: Darwinellidae Aplysilla sulfurea Schulze, 1878 Chelonaplysilla cf. erecta Tsurnamal, 1967 Family: Dietyodendrillidae Igernella notabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) 1gernella vansoesti Uriz & Maldonado, 1996 Spongionella foliascens Kelly- Borges, Pomponi. & Vace1et, 1993 Order: Halisarcida Family: Halisarcidae Halisarca purpura Little, 1963 Order: Verongida Family: Aplysinidae Aplysina archeri (Higgin, 1875) Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) crr hsb 15 epi, hsb 5-35 hsb, sft 2-14,15-20 Caribbean, Brazil nne-ene, ssw 57.58 171 msp,svg 13 nne-ene, ese 30,31,52,53,59 hsb 60 W Africa (Cape Verde Islands) end? nne-ene 28 sgr 0-1 end? nne-ene, ssw 21,22,31 crr, sgr crr, hsb, sft, sgr 25-35 4-20 Caribbean, Brazil Caribbean, Brazil ese-ssw nne-ene, ese-sse, nnw 17,29'10 unpubl. 5,1,4,11, 17, 27, 29, 30, nnw 31,53 181 119 Rütz!er, van Soest, and PiantDni - 307 Checklist of sponges (phylurn Porifera) frorn the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Overall geographie range GMx range Refereneesl Endnotes Caribbean nne-ene. ese-sse. sw nne-ene. ese unpubLS. 17. 20, 25.27. 30, 52, 53,54'S2 10 m •29. 30'14 unk 4-8 FL Bahama •Caribbean ese ssw 21,22.51.57.58'86 err. hsb. sft, sgr hsb crr. hsb crr 7.15-50. 10-$0 1 12 9-18,1-5 FL. Bahamas. Caribbean. BraziJ end? Brazil. Caribbean Bahamas, Caribbean ese-sse 17. 27. 30"7 ese ese, sse ese.ssw 25'88 4,17 unpubl. S, 22 crr. hsb. sft 9-27,3-35 Bermuda, FL. Bahamas. Caribbean. Brazil nne-ene, ese, ssw,wnw. nnw unpubl. 5, 1.2. 17, 18, 22. 29. 30. 31,52,53.55'89 hsb 1 Atlantic ssw 29.31,58.57'90 hsb 1-3.10-33 Mediterranean nnw hsb unk N Atlanlic ssw 11.58 hsb 1-20 worldwide uns 57,58 hsb 50 Mediterranean, Fr., Caribbean ssw 57.58'91 hsb 48 nnw 55'92 hsb 17 Mediterranean. Atlantic, Berrnuda Caribbean ese 29\9) hsb 0-1 end? nne-ene 31 19< dps 370-560 SCuba ese 5 dps 1260 Indopacifie, NE Atlantic. Caribbean nne-ene,e e 42 dps dps 486 150-549 ese ese 42 5.44'95 dps 357 Caribbean Bahamas. Caribbean. Brazil NW Australia ese 44 1'16 HabitatBiology Depth (m) Aplysina jistularis (PaUas. 1766) err. hsb. sft 4-60 Berrnuda. Caribbean. Brazil Aplysinafulva (Duchassaing & crr 2-25 hsb crr Taxon Michelotti. 1864) Aplysina hirsuta (Hyatt. 1875) Aplysina insularis (Duchassaing & Michelotti. 1864) Aplysina laeunosa (PaUas. 1766) Aplysina tenuissima (Hyatt. 1875) Verongula gigantea (Hyatt. 1875) Verongula rigida (Esper, 1794) Family: Ianthellidae Aioloehroia erassa (Hyatt. 1875) 25 lAS Class: Calcarea Order: Clathrinida Pamily: Clathrinidae Clathrina eanariensi (MikluchoMaclay, 1868) Clathrina eoriaeea (Montague.1818) Family: Leueasddae Asealtis lamareki Haeckel. 1872 Family: Leucettidae Leueetta primigenia Haeckel, 1872 Order: Leucosolenida Family: Amphorisddae Amphoriseus oviparus (Haeckei. 1872) Family: Grantiidae Leueonia aspera (Schmidt. 1862) Leueandra barbata (Duchassaing & Michelotti,1864) Famuy: Syeettidae Syeon aeallthoxea (Little. 1963) Class: HexaetineWda Order: Amphidi cosida PamUy: Pheronematidae Pheronema annae Leidy. 1868 Order: Hexaetino ida Pamily: Aphroeallistidae Aphroeallistes bocagei Wright & Sehmidt. 1870 PamUy: Daetyloealycidae Dactylocalyx crispus Schmidt, 1870 Dactylocalyx pumiceus Stutchbury. 1841 Dactyloealyx subgloboslJS Gray. 1867 (continued) 308 - Sponges (Porifera) Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Taxon Iphiteon compressa (Sehmidt, 1880) /phiteon panicea Bowerbank, 1869 Myliusia callocyathus (Gray, 1859) Family: Euretidae Subfamily: Euretinae Lefroyella decora Thomson, 1877 Family: Farreidae Farrea facunda Sehmidt, 1870 Family: "Hexaetinosida" (incertae sedis) Diaretula comu Sehmidt, 1880 Diaretula muretta Sehmidt, 1880 Family: Tretodietyidae Cyrtnulon sigsbeei (Sehmidt, 1880) Order: Lyehniscosida Family: Diapleuridae Sderoplegma conicum Sehmidt, 1880 Scleroplegmn lanterna Sehrnidt, 1880 Scleroplegma seratium Sehmidt, 1880 FamiJy: Euplectellidae Euplectella jovis Sehmidt, 1880 Order: Lyssacinosida FamiJy: Rossellidae Subfamily: Rossellinae Vazella pourtalesi (Sehrnidt, 1870) Unreeognizable, possible Hexaetinellida Rhabdostauridium retortula Sehmidt, 1880 I HabitatBiology Depth (m) Overall geographie range GMx range Referencesl Endnotes dps dps dps 540 297 525 Caribbean Caribbean NW Australia, Caribbean ese ese ese 44'97 44'98 44'99 dps 360-810 Bahamas, Caribbean ese 44"lO dps 231-810 Caribbean nne-ene, ese 42 dps dps 1513 1450 Caribbean Caribbean ese ese 44 44 dps 526,183838 Caribbean ese dps dps dps 526 526 360-540 Caribbean Caribbean Caribbean ese 44 ese ese 44 44 dps 1047,800 Caribbean ese 29 dps 277-583, 282-845 Atlantic ese dps 1512,/500 Caribbean nne-ene 44 Treated as Corticium versatilis Schmidt, 1880, by Sehmidt (1880). as Roosa zyggompha de Laubenfels, 1936, by de Laubenfels (1936); Epipolasis angulospiculata (Carter, 1879) by de Laubenfels (1936) and Storr (J 964); Plakortis zyggompha (de Laubenfels, 1934), byTeerling (1975). 1 Treated Treated as Cinac/lyra by de Laubenfels (J 936) and LittJe (1963); Trachygellius cinachyra de Laubenfels, 1936, by de Laubenfels (1936) and Storr (1976); Cin· ac/lyra cavernosa Lamarek, 1813, byde Laubenfels (1936), Tabb and Manning (1961), Storr (1964, 1976), and PhiUips, Gettleson, and Spring (1990). J • Treated as Craniella cinachyra (de Laubenfels, 1936) by Litlle (1963). S Pomponi, S. A., and K. Rützler. Unpublished manuseripl. An iUuslrated fieldguide to the sponges ofLooe Keyand Key Largo National Marine Sanetuaries. NOAA Teehnieal Report OCRMISPD, 67 pp. • Treated as Cinaehyra by Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuseript). 7 Trealed as Craniella crania Müller, 1776 by Lillle (1963). • Treated as Ancorina by Schmidl (1870). • Treated as Stellettinopsis by Storr (1964) and Aleolado (1980). 10 Treated as Cliona johnstoni (Sehmidt, 1868) by Topsent (1889); Coppatias inconditus Topsent, 1892, by Topsent (1894). 1\ Treated as Myriastra debilis de Laubenfels, 1936, by de Laubenfels (1953) and Storr (1964, 1976). Il Treated as Myriastra by de Laubenfels (1936) and Storr (1964); Stelletta grubii Sehmidt, 1862, by LittJe (1963), Storr (1964, 1976), Kaminskaya (1971), Teer' ung (1975), and Adams (1996). IJ Treated as Najax by de Laubenfels (1936). "Treated as Unimia trisphaera de Laubenfels, 1953, by de Laubenfels (1953), Lillie (1963), Storr (1964), and Aleolado (1976). Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 309 Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) "Treated as Pyxitis gibberosa Schmidt, 1870. by Schmidt (1870). "Treated as TisiphoTlia by chmidt (1880). 11 Treated as SpheciospoTlgia by G6mez (2002). 11 Treated as PapilliTla by G6mez (2002). "Treated as ClioTla subulata Sollas. 1878. by Topsent (l889, 1894); C. viridis (Schmidt. 1862) by Little (l963). 20 Treated 11 as Papillitra by chmidt (l870). Probablya synonym of ClioTla caribbaea Carter. 1882. "Treated as Suberites tllbereulosus Schmidt. 1870, by Schmidt {I 870); PapilliTla areuata Topsent. 1889, by Topsent (1889); Spirastrella coronaria (Cuter. 1882) by Topsent (1894); Anthosigmella (Duchassaing and Michelotti. 1864) by de Lauben fels (l953), Little (1963), Storr (1964.1976). Kaminskaya (1971), Stevely, Thomson. and Warner (l978). G6mez (2002). and Pomponi and Rützler (unpubUshed manuscript). UProbably a synonym of CIiOtra caribbaea Carter, 1882. "Treated as Cliona by Topsent (l889. 1894). UTreated as CliotlO by Little (1963). Storr (1964. 1976), and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscript). 14 Treated as Cliona byLittle (I 963). 17 Treated as Cliolla by Topsent (1889. 1894) and de Laubenfels (l936, 1953). "Treated as Prianos tienreyi de Laubenfels, 1953. by de Laubenfels (l953); Pseudosuberites carnosus (Johnston. 1842) by Kaminslcaya (l971) and Alcolado (l984);Polymastia nigra Alcolado. 1984. by A1colado (1984). " Probably a synonym of Cliona sp. "'Treated as Chondrilla byTopsenl {I 889. 1894). 11 Treated as Amorphilla byTopsent {I 889); TubereIla byTopsent (1894). "Treated as Epipolasis by Green, Fuentes VeMzquez, and G6mez L6pez (1986). "Treated as Axinella by Schmidt (1870). "Treated as Laxosuberites zeteki de Laubenfels. 1936. by Kaminskaya (1971). "Treated as Prosuberites microsclerus de Laubenfels. 1936. by de Laubenfels (1936). "Treated as Suberites by Schmidt (1870). "Treated as Cometella by Schmidt (1870); Tethya cometes Schmidt, 1879. by Schmidt (l880). 1I Treated as Cryptotethya by Tabb and Manning (1961) and Storr (I 962. 1976); Tethya by A1colado (l976). "Treated as Tethya auranlium PaUas. 1766. by Little (1963). Kaminskaya (l971). and A1colado (1984). 40 Probably a synonym of Timea sp. "Treated as Hymedesmia byTopsent (1889.1894). "Treated as Celllliophana by Schmidt (1870). "Treated as Tremaulidium by Schmidt (1879). .. Treated as Scleritodenna paccardi Schmidt, 1879. and Setidium obtectum Schmldt, 1879. by chmidt (1879). "Probablya synonym of Macandrewia sp. .. Treated as Discodermia clavatella (Schmldt, 1879) by Schmidt (1879). "rreated as Discodermia nucerillm Schmidt. 1879, by Schmidt (1879). .. Probably a synonym of Discodermia sp. "Treated asAcamus sOllriel (Lc!vi. 1952) by Adams (1996). so Treated as Plocamia by Schmidt (1870). .. Treated as Holoplocamia by de Laubenfels (l936); Holoplocamla delaubenfelsi Little, 1963, by Little (1963). "Pro bably a synonym of Clat/lria sp. lJ Treated as Hymeraphia affinisTopsent, 1889. byTopsent (I 889, 1894). "rreated as Axoclella by de A1colado (1984). "Tr eated as Microciona plana Catrer. 1876. by Topsent (1889). "Treated as TllOlyseurypOtJ by de Laubenfels (l936). "Treated as Clalhria adioristica de Laubenfels, 1953. byde Laubenfels {I 953). stTreated as Raphidoplrlus by Stinnett (1989). "Treated as Microciona by Little (1963). Kaminskaya (1971). Teerling (1975). and Green (1977c). "Treated as AulospoTlgus by de Laubenfels (1936); Raphidophlus by Adams (1996). "1'realed as Thalyseurypon by de Laubenfels (1953), Little (1963), and Storr (1964, 1976). (continued) 310 - Sponges (Porifera) Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) '" Treated as MicrociOlJa by A1colado (1984) and A1colado et al. (2003/2004). ., Treated as Thalysias juniperina (Lamarck. 1814) by de Laubenfels (1936); Microciona juniperina (Lamarck, 1814) by Hartman (1955). Storr (l964. 1976). and A1colado (1976); Rhaphidophlus juniperinus (Lamarck. 1814) by Stinnett (1989) and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscript). .. Trealed as Tenacia by Schmidt {I 880). os Trealed as Thalyseurypon conulosa Hechle!. 1965. by Alcolado (l976). .. Trealed as Trikentrion by TopsenI (l889. 1894). "Trealed as Plocamia by SchmidI (1870). .. Treated as Hymeniacidon amphilecta de Laubenfels. 1936. by de Laubenfels (1936. 1953). "Trealed as Phakelia by Schmidl (1870). 70 Treated 11 as Hymeraphia clavata Topsenl. 1889. byTopsent (1889,1894). Treated as Hymeraphia coronula Topsenl, 1889. byTopsenl (1889.1894). n Trealed as Hymeraphia by Topsent (1894). 7) Trealed as Hymeraphia viridis Topsent, 1889, byTopsent (l889. 1894) and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscript). 74 Treated as Microciona pusilla Carter. 1876. by Topsent (1889). 7S Treated as Reniera digitata Schmidt, 1862. by Carter (1884). Treated as Come/ella bySclunidt (1870). n Treated as Toxemna tubulata (Dendy, 1905) by de Laubenfels (1936). Little (l963), and Storr (l964). 76 "Treated as Fibulia noli/angere (Duchassaing and Michelotti. 1864) by de Laubenfels {I 936) and Storr (1964); F. massa (Carter. 1882) by de Laubenfe!s (1953). Storr (1964. 1976). and Bright et aL (1974). "Treated as Desmacidon by Schmidt (1870). .. Probably a synonym of Mycale sp. 01 Treated as Desmacidoll by Schmidt (1870). ., Treated as Esperia by Schmidt (1870). .. Treated as Esperia by Sclunidt (l870). .. Treated as Carmia macilenta (Bowerbank, 1866) by Little {I 963); Mycale lissochela Bergquist, 1965. by A1colado (1976); Desmacella meliorata Wiedenrnayer. 1977. by Adams (1996). ISTreated as Esperia by Schmidt (1870). .. Treated as Desmacidon by Schmidt {I 870); Xytopsues griseus (Schmidt. 1870) by de Laubenfels (1953). Storr (1964, 1976). and Kaminskaya (1971). 17 Treated as Fibularia byTopsent (l889) . .. Treated as Desmacidon tunicatum Schmidt. 1870. by Schmidt (1870). •• Treated as Coelosphaera by Alcolado (1984). 90 Treated as Xytopsene sigma/um de Laubenfels. 1949. by Little (1963). Storr (1964. 1976). and Teerling (1975). "Treated as Keratylum mbrum A1colado. 1984. by A1colado (1984). 92 Treated as Cribrella by Schmidt (1870). "Treated as Tylosigma byTopsent (1894). •• Treated as Dendoryx by Topsent (1889); Myxilla by Topsent (1894). 9S Treated as Merriamium tortugasensis de Laubenfels. 1936, by de Laubenfels (1936). Little (1963). Storr (l964. 1976). and Kaminskaya (1971) . .. Treated as Ectyomyxilla by Maldonado and Young (l998) . •, Treated as Teichaxinella morchella Wiedenmayer. 1977. by Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscript). .. Treated as AxineUa polypoides Schmidt. 1870. by Carter (1884); Homaxinella mdis (Verrill. 1907) by de Laubenfels (l953). "Treated as TeichaxineUa by de Laubenfels (1936). "MI Treated as Homaxinella by de Laubenfels (1953). Storr (l964. 1976). and Kaminskaya (I 971 ). '01 Treated as PseudaxineJla by A1varez et al. (200312004). '02 Treated as Pseudaxinella rosacea (Verrill. 1907) by A1colado (1976); P. reticulata (Ridley and Dendy. 1886) by A1varezet al. (200312004); P.lunaecharta (rodley and Dendy. 1886) by G6mez (2002) and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscript). '0' Treated as Phakellia ventilabrum Bowerbank. 1866, by Schmidt (l870). ,.. Probablya synonym of Ptilocaulis sp. 'os Trealed as Homaxinella ",dis (Verrill. 1907) by Tabb and Manning (1961). Slorr (1964. 1976). and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscripI). '06 Trealed as Didiscus habanensis A1colado. 1984. by A1colado (1984). 107 Treated as H iggiIlsia coralloides Higgin. 1877. by Carter (I 884). '00 Treated as Topsenlia by A1colado (l984). Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 311 Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf ofMexico. (continued) 10' Treated as Myrmekioderma styxde Laubenfels. 1953. by de Laubenfels (1953) and Diaz. Pomponi, and van Soest (1993). as Bubaris by Storr (1964. 1976) and Alcolado (1984). 110 Treated '" Treated as Dysidea crawshayi de Lallbenfels, 1936. by Little (1963). Kaminskaya (1971). and Storr (l976); Dictyone/la by Adams (1996); Ulosa by Stinnett (1989) and Pomponi and Rützler (unpubUshed manllscript); Dictyonella by Adams (1996). 112 Treated as Pseudaxinella by Alvarez et al. (2003/2004). '" Probably a synonym of Halichondria sp. '14 Probably a synonym of Halichondria sp. "' Treated as Prostylissa byde Laubenfels (1953). '16 Treated as Halichondria panicea (Pallas. 1766) by Little {1963}. ", Treated as Amorphina by Topsent (1889. 1894); Hymeniacidon by Topsent (1894). "' Treated as Halichondria sanguinea Bowerbank. 1874, by Carter (1884). 11. Probably a synonym of Halichondria sp. 120 Treated as Agelos oroides (Schmidt. 1864) by Storr (1976). '" Treated as Agelas sparsus (Gray. 1867) by de Laubenfels (1936), Teerling (l975). Alcolado (1976). and Green (l977c). 122 Treated '2] asAgelas wiedenmayeri Alcolado. 1984. by Alcolado (1984). Treated as Callyspongia vaginalis f. armigera (Duchassaing and Michelotti. 1864) by Green. Fuentes Velazquez, and G6mez L6pez (1986). as Callyspongia procumbens (Carter. J882) by Tabb and Manning (1961); Patuloscula procumbens Carter. 1882. by Storr (1964); C. bu/lata (Lamarck. 1813) by Alcolado (1980); C. repens Little, 1963. by Little (1963) and Alcolado (1980). 12, Treated 12, Treated as Patu/oscu/a by de Laubenfels (l936). 126 Treated as Cacochalina by Schmidt (1870). 17 ' ldentified from figs. 19.32. '''Treated as Tuba sororia (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864) by Carter (1884). 12. Probably a synonym of Callyspongia sp. 110 Treated as Haliclona by Adams (l996) and Stevelyand Sweat (1999). ", Treated asAdocia neens (Topsent. 1918) byde Laubenfels (1936). 112 Treated as Rhaphisia by de Laubenfels (1936). "'Treated asReniera byTopsent (1894). 11, Treated as Haliclona permollis (Bowerbank, 1866) by Little (1963). '3> Probably a synonym of Haliclolla sp. '36 Probably a synonym of Haliclona sp. '" Probably a synonym of Haliclolla sp. '" Trealed as Haliclona variabilis (Dendy. 1887) by Storr (J964, 1976) and Kaminskaya (1971). '''Treated as Axinella nanaspiculata Hartman. 1955. byHarlman (1955). Kaminskaya (1971). and Green (l977c); Haliclona doria de Laubenfels. 1936, by Green (I 977c); Haliclolla rubens (PaUas. 1766) by de Laubenfels (1936), Hartman (1955), Little (1963). Storr (1964,1976), Kaminskaya (1971). TeerUng (1975). and Green (1977c). '40 Treated as Haliclona by de Laubenfels (1936). Tabb and Manning (l96J). Little (J963), Storr (J964. 1976), and Green (1977b). '" Treated as Dasycllalina cyatl/ina de Laubenfels. 1936. by de Laubenfels (1936. 1953) and Storr (1964); Ge/liodes cyathilla (de Laubenfels. 1936) by Alcolado (1976). 'u Treated as Gelliodes ramosa (Carter. 1882) by Teerllng (1975) and Alcolado {1976}; Haliclona variabilis (Dendy. 1890) by Storr (1976). 14' Treated as Siphonodiclyon by TeerUng (1975) and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscripl). 14'Treated as Syphonodiclyon siphonum (de Laubenfels. 1949) by Zea (J985). 14, Treated as Rhizochalina by de Laubenfels (1953) and Little (1963); R. carotla Schmidt. 1870. by Alcolado (I 980}. 14, Treated as Foliolina by Schrnidt (1870). 14, Probably a synonym of Oceanapia sp. 'q Treated as Pelli,/a by de Laubenfels (1936) and Alcolado (1976); Sirongylophora amphioxa Laubenfels. 1936. by Kaminskaya (1971) and Alcolado (1984). I" Treated as Schmidtia aulopora Schmidt. 1870, by Schmidt (1870); Haliclona by de Laubenfels (1936). Storr (1964. 1976); Haliclona long/ey; de Laubenfels, 1932. byde Laubenfels (J936) and Kaminskaya (J971); Neopetros;a longleyi (de Laubenfels. 1936) by de Laubenfels (J936). Storr (1964,1976). and Green (l977c); Xestospollgia by Green (I 977a). Green. Gomez, and Bakus (l985), Green. Fuentes Velazquez, and G6mez L6pez (1986). Stinnett (1989), and G6mez (2002). 150 Probably a synonym of Xestospongia sp. 151 Treated as Cribrochalina bySchmidt (1870). (continued) 312 - Sponges (Porifera) Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) '" Treated as Ptilocaulis by de Laubenfels (l936). '53 Identified from fig. 24. '" Treated as Schmidtia by Schroidt (1870). ISS Treated as Spongionella by Carter (1884). '56 Treated as Hireinia tubulosa Carter. 1884. by Carter (1884). 157 Treated as Hireinia by Hyatt (1877). 'SI Treated as Hircinia campana felix (Duchassaing and Michelotti. 1864) by Hyatt (1877). IS. Treated as Hireinia by Hyatt (1877). 160 Treated as lreinia ramosa Keller. 1889. by Hartman (1955) and Little (1963). Treated as [reinia fasciculata de Laubenfels. 1948. by de Laubenfels (1953), Tabb and Manning (196J). Little (1963). Storr (1964, 1976). Teerling (1975). and Green (l977a, b, c). 16' '61 Probably a synonym of Spongia sp. ,., Treated as Euspongia vaginalis (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864) byTopsent (1889). 16< Treated as Spongia equina gossypina barbara Hyatt. 1877. byTopsent (1889). ,., Treated as Spongia by Hyatt (1877). '66 Treated as Spongia by Hyatt (1877). '61 Treated as Trypespongia columbia de Laubenfels. 1936, by de Laubenfels (1936); Aulena columbia (de Laubenfels, 1936) by Storr (1964, 1976). '''Treated as Spongia officinalis subsp. dura Hyatt. 1877, by Smith (1954). '69 Treated as Spongia cheiris de Laubenfels and Storr. 19S8. by Storr (1964. 1976). ,7<> Treated as Spongia 171 officinalis subsp. obliqua Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864. by Smith (1954) and Storr (l964). Treated as Spongia anelotea de Laubenfels and Storr, 1958, by Storr (1964). Ln Treated as Spongia graminea subsp. tampa (de Laubenfels and Storr. 1958) by Storr (1964). l1J Treated as Spongia officinalis Linne. 1759 subsp. tubulifera by Hyatt (1877). '" Probablya synonym ofSpongia barbara Duchassaingand Michelotti. 1864. ", Probably a synonym of Dendri/la sp. ". Treated as Oligoceras hemorrhages de Laubenfels. 1936, by Hartman (1955). 177 Treated as Polyfibrospongia echina de Laubenfels, 1934. by de Laubenfels (1936). '" lTeated as Darwinella joyeuxiTopsent. 1889, by Topsent (1889, 1894). "'Treatedas Darwirlella muelleri Schulze. 1865. byde Laubenfels (1953) and Storr (1964. 1976);D.joyeuxiTopsent, 1889. byLittie (1963). '10 Probably a synonym of Aplysina lacunosa (Pallas, 1766). '" Treated as llerorlgia cauliformis rufa (Carter, 1882) byTeerling (1975); Aplysina longissima by Storr (1976); Verongia Iongissima (Carter. 1882) by de Laubenfels (1936,1953), Little (1963), Tabb and Manning (1961). Kaminskaya (1971). Storr (1976). and A1colado (1984); Dysidea tenerrima Carter. 1884. I?] byCarter (1884). 111 Treated as Verongia byde Laubenfels (1953), Storr (1964). Kaminskaya (1971). Hyatt (1875), and Green (1977c). ,., Identified from fig. 31. ,.. Treated as Verongia byde Laubenfels (1936) and Brightet 31. (1974); Verongia aurea (Hyatt, 1875). I?j by de Laubenfels (l953). ,.. Treated as Verorlgia by Hyatt (1875). ,.. Treated as Aplysina aerophoba Schmidt, 1862. by Topsent (1889. 1894); A. fistularis insularis (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864) by Green. Gomez, and Bakus (1985), Green, Fuentes Vel;lzquez, and G6mez L6pez (l986). and Stinnett (1989). 13'Treated as Verongia byde Laubenfels (1953); V. arelleri (Higgin, 1875), I?] by Kaminskaya (1971). ,.. Treated as Verongia by Hyatt (1875). as Pseudoceratina byTeerIing (1975). Green, Gomez, and Bakus (1985). and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscript); Verorlgia by Alcolado (1976); larlthella basta (Pallas. 1766) by de Laubenfels (l936); 1. ardis de Laubenfels, 1936, byde Laubenfels (1953), Little (l963). Storr (1964.1976), Teerling 11. Treated (1975), and Green (l977a). '00 Treated as Ascallis byTopsent (1889); Leucosolenia by de Laubenfels (1936), Little (1963), and Topsent (1894). 19'1Teated as Sycaltis ovipara Haeckel, 1872, byTopsent (1889). ,., Probably a synonym of Leucarldra barbata (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864). 19J Treated as LeucolJia by de Laubenfcls (1936). ,.. Treated as Scypha by Littte (1963). 19' Treated as Diplacodium mix/um Schmidt, 1880, by Schmidt (1880). ,.. Probably a synonym of Myliusia by Schmidt (1880). 19'1Teated as ]oannella by Schmidt (1880). Rützler; van Soest, and Piantoni - 313 Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) ,.. Treated as Margarilella coeloplychioides Schmidt. 1880. by Schmidt (1880). ,.. Treated as Daclylocalyx by Schmidt (J 880). 200 Treated 20, asSyringidium zillelii Schmidt. 1880. by Schmidt (1880). Treated as Volvulina by Schmidt (1880). 202 Treated as Holleria by Schmidt (1870). (f) 05 (a) Inkberry, Scaevola plumieri, c1ose-up, on Isla de Enmedio, Veracruz, Mexico (photograph by J. W. Tunnel!) (b) Cinachyre/la kuekenthali, a common sponge in the Gulfof Mexico. Photograph of the live sponge on a reef in Belize, 8 m depth (photograph by K. Ruetzler) (c) Ectyoplasia ferox, photograph ofthe live sponge at the Flower Garden Banks, Texas (photograph by G. P. Schmal) (d) Didiscus oxeata, photograph of the live sponge at the Flower Garden Banks, Texas (photograph by G. P. Schmal) (e) Sponge, Agelas sp., possiblya species not in present checklist, Cayo Arenas, Mexico (photograph by V. Farley Sonnier; identified by K. Ruetzler) (f) Ca/lyspongia plicifera, a comman spange in the Gulf of Mexico. Photograph of the live sponge on a reef in Belize, 12 m depth (photograph by K. Ruetzler) (g) Sponge, Ca/lyspongia vaginalis from Alacran Reef, Mexico (photograph by V. Farley Sonnier) (a) (b) (c) (e) (d) (f) 'er' iden06 (a) Sponge, Aplysina archeri, from Mexico (photograph by V. Farley Sonnl , tified by K. Ruetzler) V. Far(b) Sponge, Aiolochroia crassa, from Alacran Reef, Mexico (photograph by ley Sonnier) Gu 1f of (c) Scanning electron micrographs of spicule types in three ｣ｯｾｭｮ AdriatiC Mexico sponges. A. Spherasters of ChondriJIa "nucula" Schmldt ＮＨ｡ｾ t weStspecies described for the Gulf but recently re-interpreted ｾｳ a d'Stlnclernent ern Atlantic species), with spiny tips of rays enlarged; B. Sp,lCule com.pe. Spic(styles, tylotes, isocheles, sigmas) of Lissodendoryx isodictyahs (Carter), f lotroule complement (styles, strongyles, accessory styles, and birotula:) 0 chota bir?tulata (Higgin) Ｈｾｯｭｰｳｩｴ･ figure pr.epared by C. Piantonl)Piantoni) (d) Composlte figure ofSEM Images of spange splcules (prepared by \. Mac(e) Deep gorgonian, site GC852, GulfofMexico -1500 m (photograph by Donald) t ofl s1a (f) "Gorgonian garden" of soft corals on the upper leeward patch reef weS de Enmedio, Veracruz, Mexico (photograph by J. W. Tunnel!) raph bY (g) Thick-branched gorgonian, PlexaureJla sp., shallow Bahamas (photog V. Farley Sonnier) c. (g)

Log In

Spponge (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico

Spponge (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico

Related Papers

RELATED PAPERS