See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259484939
Spponge (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico
Chapter · January 2009
CITATIONS
READS
0
197
3 authors:
Klaus Rützler
Rob van Soest
46 PUBLICATIONS 1,896 CITATIONS
604 PUBLICATIONS 9,412 CITATIONS
Smithsonian Institution
SEE PROFILE
Naturalis Biodiversity Center
SEE PROFILE
Carla Piantoni
University of São Paulo
20 PUBLICATIONS 199 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Rob van Soest on 27 July 2015.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue
are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
Gulf of Mexico Origin,
Waters, and Biota
Volume 1, Biodiversity
Edited by
Darryl L. Felder and
David K. Camp
Texas A&M University Press
College Station
2009
11
Sponges (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico
Klaus Rützler, Roh W M. van Soest, and Carla Piantoni
Sponges (Porifera) are diverse and quantitatively important members of the sessile benthos. They populate solid
substrata ranging from reefs, mangrove stilt roots, aJ1d
seaweed, to deep-sea rock outcrops and artificial structures-such as oil-production platforms-and their biomass may exceed that of any other benthic organisms,
including reef-building corals and octocorals. As filter
feeders, they pump large quantities of seawater through
their bodies and retain small particles, mainly bacteria
under 5 flill in size. All three classes of sponges-DemOspongiae, Calcarea, and Hexactinellida-are reported
from the Gulf. Estimates of number of species and of faunal relationships (see taxon summary) are diHicult and
have to remain tentative at best because many taxonomie
problems caused by poor descriptions, lost type material,
and shortcomings in collection coverage of the Caribbean
province have yet to be resolved.
The phylum Porifera was poorly treated by the first
summary ofknowledge about the Gulf ofMexico in Fishery Bulletin 89, although 2 papers were dedicated to this
subjecl. One described sponges as "one of the dominant
sessile invertebrate groups in the Gulf:' but only treated
them at the general level of a textbook (Tierney 1954).
The other focused entirely on the quality and biology of
commercial species (bath sponges) and aspects of their
exploitation (Smith 1954). Both authors were experienced
in catch, cultivation, disease, industrial application, and
value of six or so commercially useful sponges, but neither dealt with the systematics of the majority of species
that had been described for the Gulf ofMexico in a num-
Spicules ofPorifera. After Schmidt 1870.
ber of papers published since the second half of the 19th
century.
Oscar Schmidt, a distinguished German poriferologist, was known for his pioneering work on sponges of
the Adriatic Sea while he was professor of medicine and
director of the Joanneum Museum in Graz, Austria,
during 1857-1872 (Desqueyroux-FaUndez and Stone
1992). He "crossed the Pillars of Hercules:' at least intellectually, whel1 he received several collections of Atlantic
sponges, including those obtained by 1. F. de Pourtales of
the United States Coast Survey, who conducted aseries
of deepwater surveys and dredge hauls to over 1000 m
in the Gulf Stream between Florida, tl1e Dry Tortugas,
and Cuba in 1867-1868 (Schrnidt 1870). A sequel to this
285
286 - Sponges (Porifera)
work, completed after Schmidt moved to the University of
Strasbourg, was based on collections by Alexander Agassiz, director of Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology, that were dredged in the course of cruises conducted
by the United States Coast Survey steamer "Blake" (in
1878) from sirnilar locations as PourtaU:s' and at depths to
nearly 3500 m (Schrnidt 1879, 1880). These groundbreaking studies involved ecological (depth, substratum) and
biogeographical characterization of faunas and helped
strengthen Schrnidt's ideas on Darwinism (DesqueyrouxFaundez and Stone 1992).
Schmidt's latter papers do not mention another author
who had just published about Gulf of Mexico sponges,
Hyatt (1875, 1877), but their publications had no species overlap. Hyatt's revision dealt with Keratosa (Dietyoceratida, Verongida), which he revised for a catalog of
Porifera in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural
History. He based his work on specimens made available
by various museums and private collections, including
some that originated from the Gulf. Hyatt's descriptions
are unusually detailed, compared to those of most contemporary spongiologists, and he named subspecies as
well as "varieties" to accommodate variations in growth
form, color, and consistency of the dried and mostly macerated specirnens.
Soon after Schmidt's last Gulfwork was published, the
British spongiologist H. J. Carter reported on a collection
of dry sponge fragments collected along the west coast
of Florida and received through the Academy of Natural
Sciences in Philadelphia (Carter 1884). The author commented on the poor condition of the material, mostly
beach-worn, that allowed only rudirnentary description,
and the majority of the 59 sampies could only be identified to genus or were named using matching descriptions
ofEuropean species.
Soon thereafter, in 1886, the eminent French poriferologist E. Topsent, then at the Medical and Pharmacological Faculty of Reims, requested dredge hauls to be made
from the three-master "Tabasco" while visiting the banks
of Campeche, Mexico. Despite a number of nautical mishaps, Captain M. M. Touret returned with a collection of
dried but "relatively numerous" specirnens. In the process of describing the species (Topsent 1889), the author
was puzzled by the occurrence of several that were-or
seemed to be-previously known from distant locations
and climate zones on the opposite side of the Atlantic. He
also recognized the value of color as a "serious element in
identification" and advocated drying of sampies, in addition to the "habitual" alcohol preservation of specimens
that tends to leach most pigments. In a follow-up paper,
Topsent (1894) revised the taxonomy of his previous
paper on Campeche sponges by taking advantage of several newly published monographs, results from the colleetions of the Challenger Expedition that had advaneed the
science immensely.
For aperiod ofmore than 40 years after Topsent's work,
sponges in the Gulf remained neglected by systematists
and only a few easual records of oyster pests (Clionaidae)
are known, similar to the occasional reports of assoeiates
of commercial sponge beds (see Teerling 1975 for references beyond the scope ofthe present paper).
In the late 1920s, the renowned American poriferologist M. W de Laubenfels entered the pieture by examining
sponges preserved by visitors to the Tortugas Laboratory
(Loggerhead Key, Dry Tortugas) of the Carnegie Institution ofWashington and deposited in the eollections ofthe
Smithsonian Institutions United States National Museum
(U.S.N.M., now part of the National Museum of Natural History). For the first time in the New World, this
sponge scientist did not only examine museum speeimens
of dubious origin and in poor state of conservation, but
also live specirnens. De Laubenfels paid a few visits to the
Tortugas laboratory and collected in its vieinity, partly
by wading or using sponge hooks (used by commercial
spongers) from small boats in shallow water, and partly
by diving using the Beebe helmet with surface-supplied
compressed air down to a depth of some 10 m. The latter experience forecast the revolutionary new technique
of underwater exploration by self-contained underwater apparatus (scuba) that started less than 2 deeades
later and opened a new field of underwater exploration
and experimentation, including sponge research on reefs
(Rützler 2003). In his ensuing monograph, de Laubenfeis
(1936) reported on his "fairyland" experience of observing the rich marine life of corals, gorgonians, fishes, and
sponges on the reef in clear, tropieal water. In addition,
specirnens were obtained from 17-1047 m by dredging from the yacht "Anton Dohrn:' De Laubenfels' treatise (published in 1936) did not only describe the sponge
fauna of Dry Tortugas and vicinity, but his descriptions
became the centerpiece of a worldwide revision of genera, order, and families ofPorifera. This monograph, with
all its inconsisteneies and mistakes, served as a major reference work for nearly 7 decades, until it was recently
replaced by an unprecedented international team eifort
of revising the "Systema Porifera" (Hooper and van Soes t
2002).
Another 17 years passed without significant contribu-
Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 287
Spicules ofPorifera. After Schmidt 1870.
tions about sponges in the Gulf, most likely owed to the
disruptions caused by World War II, but then the pace
quickened. De Laubenfels (1953) described a collection
made by staff ofwhat was then known as the Marine Laboratory of the University of Miami. The specimens (representing some 50 speeies) belonged chiefly to noncommercial demosponges and were sampled by professional
Sponge divers in 6-20 m between the Dry Tortugas and
the northwestern portion ofFlorida. The main sponsor of
the project was the Florida State Board of Conservation,
which Was concerned about the virtual disappearance of
commercial (bath-, industrial-use) keratose speeies after
they were swept by an epidemie.
One of the coUectors in the above survey, J. O. Tierney from the Marine Laboratory, along with his coUeague
F. G. W Smith, contributed brief chapters on sponges for
Fishery Bulletin 89 (Smith 1954, Tierney 1954). Because
both workers were specialized in commercial speeies,
Sponge industry, and ecology, the Bulletin fell short of a
comprehensive historical account of sponge research in
the Gulf and lacked a speeies list.
Another collection prompted by commercial exploitation was made by H. Hildebrand, who studied commereial shrimp grounds on the Bank of Campeche, Mexico,
and sampled the sponges entangled in shrimp trawls in
12-20 m. The collection was studied by Peabody Museum
?fNatural History (Yale University, New Haven, ConnectLeut) Sponge scientist W. D. Hartman, who commented
that the dry speeimens were less than ideal for study but
that they had been dried imrnediately after collecting, thus
avoiding loss ofspicules through maceration, as is the case
With beach-cast material (Hartrnan 1955).
. Early concerns about pollution and habitat destruction
Ln Florida Bay caused by a tremendous increase of resiセ・ョエ
human population and tourism prompted preparabon oE a checklist of the local fauna and flora sponsored
by the UniversityofMiami (Tabb and Marming 1961); the
sponges were identified by R. Work ofthe same laboratory
using the not always reliable publications of de Laubenfels (e.g., 1936, 1953). About the same time, F. J. Little, a
student of M. W de Laubenfels whiJe at the Institute of
Marine Science, Port Aransas, Texas, wrote a Master's thesis on the sponge fauna of the Florida Gulf coast (Little
1963). Most ofthe collections were obtained by dredging,
some by hand (wading, skin diving), in 0-15 m depth,
from limestone, oyster bars, sand, and mud. Some 65 speeies were Iisted or described.
The application of the fairly new method of scientific
diving, using lightweight navy gear (mask and regulator
with surface-supplied compres ed air, known as hookah)
made it possible for the first time for scientists to conduct
distributional surveys and ecological studies of commercial sponges and their habitats along the Florida coast
in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (Storr 1964, 1976).
This study was prompted by the drastic decline of bath
sponges from disease in the late 1930s, which caused a
production decline to 3 percent of the peak harvest
recorded in 1936. The papers by Storr review the older literature on the sponge fishery in the Gulf, summarize the
systematic position and commercial grading of the harvested sponges, and determine the distribution, density,
and factors affecting dispersion. Field experiments contributed to our knowledge of growth rates, production,
and recruitrnent of the sponges and determined ecological parameters, such as substratum, depth, salinity, temperature, current flow, competition, and predation that
impact the population structure. Recommendations to
the U.S. Fish and WiJdlife Service included the establishment of size limits, improving fishing tecbniques by cutting rather than ripping specimens from the substratum,
and transplantation to suitable locations.
The 1970s were distinguished by a first view of the
spectacular Flower Garden Reefs on the edge of the continental shelf off the coasts of Texas and Louisiana and
by sy tematic research on sponges by a new generation
oE workers from Cuba, Mexico, and the U.S. states bordering the Gulf. The West Flower Garden Bank, located
nearly 200 km south-southeast oE Galveston, Texas, and
extending over a depth range of 14-135 m, was explored
by seientific divers who determined it geological structure and biological zonation (Bright et aL 1974). A zone
dominated by algae and sponges was follOd just below
the coral-dominated live reefata depth of40-80 m. Most
sponges were not identified, but underwater pictures of
the communi tie iodicate that the fauna is typical for sirn-
288 - Sponges (Porifera)
Porifera. After Schmidt 1870.
ilar reefs in the Caribbean Sea. One of the participants in
the survey, J. Teerling, became interested in the sponges
of the northwestern Gulf and expanded the study of the
Flower Garden reefs to include some 20 more stations,
from the Mexican border in the west to the Mississippi
River delta in the east. She collected much of the material herself, by scuba, submersible, and trawl, but she also
reviewed specimens housed in local laboratories. TeerIing's doctoral dissertation is exemplary, as it summarizes previous records of Gulfof Mexico sponges and adds
thorough descriptions with illustrations of more than
40 speeies (Teerling 1975); that it was not published in a
widely distributed journal is unfortunate. At the opposite
shores of the Gulf, in the upper littoral of the northwestern coast of Cuba, a Russian visitor sampled at 99 stations
and identified 38 speeies of sponges from 64 localities
(Kaminskaya 1971). Soon thereafter, the Cuban oceanographer and ecologist P. Alcolado, the first native spongiologist of this island nation, started his distinguished
career as sponge systematist by listing 52 speeies studied
by him and evaluating 70 more that had previously been
recorded by foreign researchers (Alcolado 1976). The
Mexican bio10gist G. Green did similar pioneering work
in the Veracruz region, particularly on the 50-ha large
atoll-like La Blanquilla reef. Using scuba, he collected
13 speeies that he described in detail, and he conducted
omparative research on toxicity and antibiotic prop-
erties of sponges collected there and elsewhere (Green
1977a, b, c). Another example of applied research took
place aB the way across the Gulf in Florida, where a fishery for bath sponges was reviewed and recommendations
were made for stock inventory and improved harvesting
and marketing strategies (Stevely, Thomson, and Warner
1978).
During the 1980s, P. Alcolado intensified his work
on Cuban sponges, including speeies collected along the
Gulf (northwest) coast of the island. He recorded 20 that
were new records for Cuban waters (Alcolado 1980) and
described and illustrated 20 new speeies (Akolado 1984).
G. Green and colleagues continued work on antimierobial and ichthyotoxic properties of Mexican sponges
(Green, Gomez, and Bakus 1985). At the same time, he
and assoeiates also revisited the La Blanquilla (Veracruz) reef and described 20 sponge species, 13 of them
new records for the area (Green, Fuentes Vehizquez, and
G6mez L6pez 1986). The early work of Colombian poriIerologist S. Zea, then a student at the University ofTexas
at Austin, included a phylogenetic analysis of the genus
Siphonodictyon (=Aka)-including one speeies from the
Gulf-using c1adistie methodology (Zea 1985). Another
graduate student's professional paper analyzed the sponge
community ofEnmedio Reef, Veracruz, one ofthe southernmost reefs in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico (Stinnett 1989). The author characterized 20 speeies from
lagoon (seagrass) and reefhabitats.
The following decade was marked by reports on
diverse subjects relating to Gulf of Mexico sponge biology. The bulk is made up by monographie revisions of
the regional fauna (extended Caribbean Sea) and results
from exploratory cruises. Revisions of higher taxa and
description of serendipitously found new and kno wn
species were in the Tetillidae (Rützler and Smith 1992),
Suberitidae (Bass 1993, Rützler and Smith 1993), Tethyidae (Sani and Bavestrello 1996), RaspaiIiidae (Alvarez
and van Soest 1993), Axinellidae (Alvarez, van Soest, and
Rützer 1998), Halichondriidae (Diaz, Pomponi, and van
Soest 1993, Sandford and Kelly-Borges 1997), and Dictyodendrillidae (Kelly-Borges, Pomponi, and Vacel et
1993, Uriz and Maldonado 1996). A new myxillid speeies assoeiated with chemoautotrophic bacterial symbionts was discovered near methane seeps on the Louis iana slope in 500-600 m depths (Maldonado and young
1998). Three papers dealing with communities and environmental conditions in the Gulf were part of a special
session by the American Soeiety of Zoologists (meeting
of 1987, in New Orleans). Biological and interdisciplin-
Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 289
ary expeditions since the mid-1800s were summarized by
Darneil and Defenbaugh (1990), references to sponge speeies and communities were made in a review of benthic
studies ofthe Florida shelf(Phillips, Gettleson, and Spring
1990), and a study of reefs and banks in the northwestern part of the region (Rezak, Gittings, and Bright 1990).
The Florida Bay and upper Keys area was resurveyed to
determine the abundance and condition of commercial
(bath) species and associated sponges that had been significantly reduced by disease that was associated with and
possibly caused by widespread cyanobacterial blooms;
fortunately, populations of many species, includi.l1g some
of the commercially used Spongia and Hippospongia had
reeovered weil (Stevely and Sweat 1999). In the same area,
at the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, the effects
of a ship grounding on a large number of barrel sponges
(Xestospongia muta) was monitored; most of the damageä
Sponges recovered but growth was slow and depended on
the extent of damage and presence of disease agents that
particularly affected highly stressed specimens (Schmahl
1999). Agas production platform established on the outer
eontinental shelf (125 m bottom depth), next to the eastern Flower Garden Bank in the northwestern part of the
Gulf, was the location of another doctoral dissertation
On Sponges (Adams 1996). The study describes and illustrates 27 species, 7 determined as new records for the Gulf
of Mexico. The author determined sponge diversity and
abundance from the intertidal to 27 m and found that
there was insignificant difference between depth zones
but that the overall abu.l1dance on this offshore artificial
sUbstratum was higher than that of coastal platforms and
On nearby natural reefs.
A monograph of the systematically very difficult group
of Caribbean (in the widest sense) Chalinidae was published at the dawn of the new millennium and included
several Gulf of Mexico species (de Weerdt 2000). It is
based on large coilections from common shallow-water
habitats, such as reefs, lagoons, and mangroves, and
defines subgenera, thus clarifying subtle (to the nonspeeialist) but significant differences in skeleton structure.
This specialized work is complemented bya field manual
for Sponges from the Gulfand Caribbeal1, emphasizing the
MeXiea.l1 region, which includes useful general information On sponge biology and terminology and description
of37 common species accompanied by in situ color photographs (G6mez 2002). The Cuban part of the Gulf was
eovered by a literature survey, an update on the reported
species including the presence and cultivation potential
of eommercial (bath) sponges, and a review of commu-
nity composition in the major coastal habitats (Alcolado,
Grovas-Hernändez, and Marcos 2003).
Tools and Techniques
1t is quite evident that sponge science was substantially
advanced during the past halfcentury when scientific diving (breath-held, scuba, submersibles) allowed researchers to observe and experiment in situ and make carefuJ
collections accompanied by thorough documentation
(Rützler 2003). These new tools were particularly effective on reefs and sirnilar hard-bottom structures that cannot be sampled by dredge or trawl. Specialists also recognized that proper specimen fixation and processing for
histology (rather than drying) was essential for improved
systematic evaluation and developed methods for quantitative assessment of populations of sponges, one of the
most species-rich and abundant group ofbenthic organisms thriving on hard substrata (Rützler 1978, Diaz and
Rützler 2001). Images of sponge fine-structure morphology and state-of-the-science terminology were offered by
teams of contemporary researchers (De Vos et al. 1991,
Boury-Esnault and Rützler 1997). Scientific diving con-
Porifera. After Sehmidt 1870.
290 - Sponges (Porifera)
tributed specimens on which many recent monographs
on the Caribbean fauna are based, without which Gulf
of Mexico sponges could not be identified (for instance,
Wiedenmayer, 1977, van Soest, 1978, 1980, 1984, Zea,
1987, de Weerdt 2000). All these efforts were crowned by
the publication of a worldwide revision of sponge genera
accomplished by an international team ofsponge systematists, providing an unprecedented database for future
studies (Hooper and van Soest 2002).
Recent science initiatives in the Gulf of Mexico, aware
of the importance of sponges to the ecosystem, promise
to build upon the current knowledge and focus attention on this highly influential body of ocean that controls
the oceanography and biology of the entire Caribbean
region.
The following checklist tabulates all records of sponge
species that are judged reliably recorded for the Gulf of
Mexico, and information on habitat, biology, water depth,
geographic range, and distribution in the Gulf. 10 the
Taxon column, classes and orders are arranged in phylogenetic order, whereas suborders, families, genera, and
species are put in alphabetical sequence. Only taxa identified to species are included. Unverifiable species records
and casual listings (in checklists, surveys of commercial sponge grounds and oyster cultures) were omitted
unless identifications were made byan authority. Because
sponges are dilficult to characterize and earlier (and some
modern) workers were unable to make live observations,
examine type material, or correctly interpret published
descriptions, there are many synonyms to deal with. To
allow revisiting original sources, we list the junior synonyms and their references in the endnotes, although we
summarize all data on habitat, depth range, and distribution in the row of the valid species name. Gender corrections (matching gender of genus and species) were done
without further explanation. Several older records may
not be foUowed by a modern interpretation because type
material was not examined or is presumed lost, but we feel
that there is a chance that future coUections and studies
will be able to support, correct, or reject these entries.
Abbreviations
The "Habitat-Biology" column uses the following abbreviations: bns = bay and nearshore; bsl = beach and shoreline; bur =burrower or borer; crr =coral reef; com =commercially important; dps =deep sea; epi =epibiotic; est =
estuarine; hsb = hard substrate (as most sponges attach to
"hard substrates:' we only used the abbreviation where it
was specified in the referenced publication); msp = mangrove swamp; rit = rocky intertidal; sft = soft substrates
(mud, sands, days); sgr =seagTass; svg =submerged vegetation (seaweeds, mangrove roots); unk = unknown
habitat/biology.
Depth (range), in meters, is the range obtained from
records in all relevant publications (0 = mean tide level);
the abbreviation Tit (rocky intertidal) was used (in the
"Habitat/Biology" column) where published records
indieated such an occurrence. Numbers set in italics are
records from publications other than those from the Gulf.
The abbreviation unk indicates unknown depth.
Overall geographic range is generalized or reduced to
zoogeographical regions (Indopacific, Mediterranean,
boreal Atlantic, Caribbean) and in some cases where
few records are available or zoogeographic boundaries
obscure, specified by coastal zones or island gTOUpS (West
Africa, Bermuda, Bahamas, Brazil; or United States postal
codes, that is, FL = Florida, GA = Georgia, NC = North
Carolina, SC = South Carolina, VA = Virginia). Question marks (?) flag dubious records. The abbreviation end
(endemie) is used where there are no records from outside the Gulf, but this information must be treated with
caution. Sponge collection coverage in the area is spars e
compared to many other groups, and this lack ofsampIes,
or poor taxonomic treatment, could account for many of
these "endemic" entries.
Because precise locations of Gulf of Mexico sponges
are rare in the literature to date, the colurnn "GMx range"
shows records separated into 8 coastal and shelf subdivisions corresponding to compass sectors (nne :::
north-northeast, clockwise to nnw =north-northwest) centered on 25 0 north latitude and 90 0 west longitude (furth er
explained in the introduction to this volume, Chapter },
Figure 1). For example, ese corresponds to the Florida Keys,
Dry Tortugas, and (northwestern) shores ofCuba; one-ene
to the Florida (west) coast, nnw to the shelf off Louisian a
and (northeastern) Texas (Flower Garden Reefs); sse to the
Yucatan Peninsula, and ssw to the Campeche-Veracr uz
region. If the location ofspecimens is not given other than
"GulfofMexico:' it is indicated by uns (unspecified).
10 the References column, numbers in italics refer to
cited publications, and superscript numbers indicate endnote comments.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to B. Collette for translations from a Russian publication and to Richard Greene for assisting in the
Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 291
acquisition of library materials. This is contribution no.
723, Caribbean Coral ReefEcosystems Program, SmithSonian Institution.
environmental overview and history ofenvironmental
research. American Zoologist 30: 3-6.
13. Desqueyroux-Faundez, R., and S. M. Stone. 1992.
O. Schmidt sponge catalogue. An illustrated guide to the
References
1. Adams, C. 1. 1996. Species composition, abundance and
Graz Museum CoUection, with notes on additional
material. Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Geneva. 190 pp.
14. De Vos, 1., K. Rützler, N. Boury-Esnault, C. Donadey, and
depth zonation of sponges (Phylum Porifera) on an outer
J. Vacelet. 1991. Atlas ofSponge Morphology. Smithsonian
continental shelfgas production platform, northwestern
Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 117 pp.
GulfofMexico [master's thesis). Center for Coastal Studies,
Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, Texas. 130 pp.
2. Alcolado, P. M. 1976. Lista de nuevos registros de poriferos
para Cuba. Serie Oceanol6gica (Academia de Ciencias de
Cuba) 36: 1-11.
3. Alcolado, P. M. 1980. Esponjas de Cuba: nuevos registros.
Poeyana (Academia de Ciencias de Cuba) 197: 1-10.
4. Akolado, P. M. 1984. Nuevas especies de esponjas
encontradas en Cuba. Poeyana (Academia de Ciencias de
Cuba) 271: 1-22.
5. Akolado, P. M., A. Grovas-Hermindez, and Z. Marcos.
2003 (2004). General comments on species inventory,
fisheries, culture and some community features of the
Porifera in Cuba. BoUetino dei Musei e degli Istituti
Biologici deU'Universita di Genova 68: 175-186.
6. Alvarez, B., and R. W. M. van Soest. 1993. A new sponge
15. Diaz, M. C., S. A. Pomponi, and R. W. M. van Soes!. 1993.
A systematic revision of the central West Atlantic Halichondrida (Demospongiae, Porifera). Part III: Description
ofvalid species. Scientia Marina 57: 283- 306.
16. Diaz, M.
c., and K. Rützler. 2001. Sponges: an essential
component of Caribbean coral reefs. International
Conference on Scientific Aspects of Cora! Reef Assessment, Monitoring, and Restoration, Ft. Lauderdale,
F1orida. Bulletin ofMarine Science 69: 535-546.
17. G6mez, P. 2002. Esponjas Marinas del Golfo de Mex.ico y el
Caribe. AGT Editor, S. A., Mex.ico, D. F. 134 pp.
18. Green, G. 1977a. Ecology oftoxicity in marine sponges.
Marine Biology 40: 207-215.
19. Green, G. 1977b. Antibiosis in marine sponges. FAO
Fisheries report 200: 199-205.
20. Green, G. 1977c. Sinopsis taxon6mica de trece especies de
species, Ceratopsion crustosum (Demospongiae: Raspailii-
esponjas del arrecife La Blanquilla, Veracruz, Mex.ico.
dae), from deep waters ofthe GulfofMexico. Proceedings
Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia
ofthe Biological Society ofWashington 106: 629-632.
7. Alvarez, B., R. W. M. van Soest, and K. Rützler. 1998. A
(Universidad Aut6noma de Mex.ico) 4: 79-98.
21. Green, G., 1. E. Fuentes Velazquez, and P. G6mez L6pez.
revision ofAxinellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) ofthe
1986. Nuevos registros de Porifera del arrecife La Blan-
central West Atlantic Region. Smithsonian Contributions
quilla, Veracruz, Mex.ico. Anales del Centro de Ciencias del
to Zoology 598: 1-47.
Mar y Limnologfa (Universidad Aut6noma de Mexico) 13:
8. Bass, D. 1993. First report of Suberites undulatus (DemoSpongiae) from coastal waters ofthe Gulf ofMexico.
Bulletin ofMarine Science 52: 843.
9. Boury-Esnault, N., and K. Rützler, editors. 1997. Thesaurus
ofSponge Morphology. Smithsonian Contributions to
Zoology 596: 1-55.
10. Bright, T. J., J. W. ThnneU, 1. H. Pequegnat, T. F. Bucke,
127-146.
22. Green, G., P. Gomez, and G.
J. Bakus. 1985. Antimicrobial
and ichtyotoxic properties of marine sponges from
Mexican waters. Pp. 109-114 in K. Rützler, ed. New
Perspectives in Sponge Biology. Smithsonian Institution
Press, Washington, D.C.
23. Hartman, W. D. 1955. A coUection ofsponges from the
C. W Cashman, D. A. Cropper, J. P. Ray, R. C. Tresslar,
west coast of theYucatan Peninsula with descriptions of
J. Teerling, and J. B. Wills. 1974. Biotic zonation on the
two new species. Bulletin ofMarine Science ofthe Gulf and
West Flower Garden Bank. Pp. 4-54 in T. J. Bright and
L. H. Pequegnat, eds. Biota of the West F10wer Garden
Bank. GulfPubIishing Company, Houston, Texas.
11. Carter, H. J. 1884. Catalogue of marine sponges, collected
Caribbean5: 161-189.
24. Hooper, J. N. A., and R. W. M. van Soest, editors. 2002.
Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification ofSponges.
Kluwer Academic/Plenum PubIishers, New york.
by Mr. Jos. Willcox, on the west coast ofFlorida. Proceed-
25. Hyatt, A. 1875. Revision of the North American Porifera;
ings ofthe Academy ofNatural Sciences ofPhiladelphia 5:
202-209.
with remarks upon foreign species. Part I. Memoirs of the
12. DarneU, R. M., and R. E. Defenbaugh. 1990. Gulf ofMexico
Boston Society ofNatural History 2(11): 399-409.
26. Hyatt, A. 1877. Revision ofthe North American Porifera;
292 - Sponges (Porifera)
with remarks upon foreign species. Part II. Memoirs ofthe
Boston Society ofNatural History, 2(V): 481-557.
27. Kaminskaya, L. D. 1971. Sponges of the upper sublittoral of
the north-western part of the Cuban platform. Issledovania
40. Sara, M., and G. Bavestrello. 1996. West Indies genera
Columnitis, Tectitethya and Nucleotethya new genus, with
description ofnew species (Porifera, Tethyidae). Bulletin of
Marine Science 59: 370-392.
centralno Amerikanskij Morei 3: 112-121. (In Russian.)
41. Schmahl, G. P. 1999. Recovery and growth ofthe giant
28. KelIy-Borges, M., S. A. Pomponi, and J. Vacelet. 1993.
Spongionella foliascens: a new foliose dendroceratid sponge
injury from avesseI grounding in the Plorida Keys.
from the western Atlantic. Scientia Marina 57: 375-379.
29. Laubenfels, M. W. deo 1936. A discussion ofthe sponge
fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies
in general, with material for arevision ofthe famiLies and
orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute ofWashington
(Tortugas Laboratory Paper No. 467) 30: 1-225.
barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta) following physical
Memoirs ofthe Queensland Museum 44: 532.
42. Schmidt, 0.1870. Grundzüge einer Spongien-Fauna des
Atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
88 pp.
43. Schmidt, O. 1879. Die Spongien des Meerbusen von
Mexico. Part I, Lithistiden. Pp. 1-32 in Reports on the
30. Laubenfels, M. W deo 1953. Sponges from the Gulfof
Mexico. Bulletin ofMarine Science of the Gulf and
dredging under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in
Caribbean 2: 511- 557.
31. Little, F. J. Jr. 1963. The sponge fauna of the St. George's
steamer "Blake:' Gustav Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart.
Sound, Apalachee Bay, and Panama City regions of the
Florida Gulfcoast. Tulane Studies in Zoology 11: 31-71.
32. Maldonado, M., and C. M. Young. 1998. A new species of
poecilosclerid sponge (Porifera) from bathyal methane
the GulfofMexico by the United States Coast Survey
44. Schmidt, 0.1880. Die Spongien des Meerbusen von
Mexico (und des Caraibischen Meeres). Part H, Hexactinelliden. Part III, Tetractinelliden, Monactinelliden und
Anhang. Pp. 33-66 and 67 -90 in Reports on the dredging
under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulfof
seeps in the GulfofMexico. Journal ofthe Marine Biology
Mexico by the United States Coast Survey steamer "Blake:'
Association ofthe United Kingdom 78: 795-806.
Gustav Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart.
33. Phillips, N.
w., D. A. Gettleson, and K. D. Spring. 1990.
45. Smith, F. G. W. 1954. Biology ofthe commercial sponges.
Benthic biological studies ofthe southwest Florida shelf.
Pp. 263-266 in P. S. Galtsoff, ed. GulfofMexico, Its Origin,
American Zoologist 30: 65-75.
Waters, and Marine Life. Fishery Bulletin 89, Fishery
34. Rezak, R., S. R. Gittings, and T. J. Bright. 1990. Biotic
assemblages and ecological controls on reefs and banks of
the Northwest GulfofMexico. American Zoologist 30:
23-35.
35. Rützler, K 1978. Sponges in coral reefs. Pp. 299-313 in
D. R. Stoddart and R. E. Johannes, eds. Coral Reefs:
Research Methods. Monographs on Oceanographic
Methodology 5. UNESCO, Paris.
36. Rützler, K. 2003 (2004). Sponges on coral reefs: a commu-
Bulletin ofthe Fish and Wild Ii fe Service, Vol. 55, Washington, D.C.
46. Soest, R. W. M. van. 1978. Marine sponges from Cura<;ao
and other Caribbean localities. Part I. Keratosa. In
P. W. Hummelinck and 1. J. Van der Steen, eds. Studies on
the Fauna ofCura/yao and other Caribbean Islands 56
(179): 1-94.
47. Soest, R. W. M. van. 1980. Marine sponges from Cura/yao
and other Caribbean 10calitJes. Part II. Haplosclerida . In
nity sbaped by competitive cooperation. Bolletino dei
P. W. Hummelinck and L. J. Van der Steen, eds. Studies on
Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universitä di Genova 68:
the Fauna ofCura/yao and other Caribbean Islands 62
(191): 1-173.
85-148.
37. Rützler, K, and K P. Srnith. 1992. Guide to western
Atlantic species of Cinachyrella (Porifera: Tetillidae).
Proceedings of the Biological Society ofWashington 105:
148-164.
38. Rützler, K, and K P. Smith. 1993. The genus Terpios
(Suberitidae) and new species in the "lobiceps" complex.
Scientia Marina 57: 381-393.
39. Sandford, F., and M. Kelly-Borges. 1997. Redescription of
the hermit-crab sponge Spongosorites suberitoides Diaz,
Pomponi and van Soest (Demospongiae: Halichondrida:
Halichondriidae). Journal ofNatural History 31: 315-328.
48. Soest, R. W. M. van. 1984. Marine sponges from Cura/yao
and other Caribbean localities. Part III. Poecilosclerida. In
P. W. Hummelinck and 1. J. Van der Steen, eds. tudies on
the Fauna ofCura/yao and other Caribbean Islands 66
(199): 1-167.
49. Stevely, J. M., and D. E. Sweat. 1999. The recovery of
sponge populations in Florida Bay and upper keys
following a widespread sponge mortality. Florida Sea Grant
Extension Program, Agreement No. MR299, Pinal Report.
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 41 pp.
50. Stevely, J. M., J. C. Thomson, and R. E. Warner. 1978. The
Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 293
biology and utilization ofFlorida's commercial sponges.
Waters, and Marine tife. Fishery Bulletin 89. Fishery
Sea Grant College Program, Technical Paper No. 8.
Bulletin ofthe Fish and Wudlife Service, Vol. 55. Washing-
University ofFlorida, Gainesville, Florida. 45 pp.
51. Stinnett, T. L. 1989. Species composition and ecological
zonation of the sponge fauna ofEnmedio Reef, Veracruz,
Mexico [master's thesi ]. Division ofBiology. Corpus
Chri ti tate University, Corpus Christi, Texas. 23 pp.
52. Storr, J. F. 1964. Ecology of the Gulfof Mexico commercial
ponges and its relation to the fishery. Special Scientific
Report 466, United States Fish and Wildlife Service,
Wa hington. D.C. 73 pp.
53. Storr, J. F. 1976. Ecological factors controlling sponge
ton,D.C.
57. Topsent, .t 1889. Quelques spongiaires du Bane de
Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Fitre. Memoires de la Societe
Zoologique de France 2: 30- 52.
58. Topsent,:t 1894. Application de Ia taxonomie actuelle a
une collection de spongiaires du Bane de Campeehe et de la
Guadeloupe decrite precedemment. Memoires de la
Societe Zoologique de France 7: 27-36.
59. Uriz, M.-J., and M. Maldonado. 1996. The genus Igernella
(Demospongiae: Dendroceratida) with description ofa
distribution in the Gulf ofMexico and the resulting
new species from the central Atlantic. Bulletin de l'lnstitut
zonation. Pp. 261 -276 in F. W. H. Harrison and
Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 66 (supp!.):
R. R. Cowden, eds. Aspects ofSponge Biology. Academic
Press, New York.
54. Tabb, D. C., and R. B. Manning. 1961. A checklist ofthe
flora and fauna of northern Florida Bay and adjacent
brackish waters ofthe Florida mainland collected du ring
the period July, 1957 through September, 1960. Bulletin of
Marine Science ofthe Gulfand Caribbean 11: 552-649.
55. Teerling, J. 1975. A survey ofsponges from the northwestern Gulf ofMexico [PhD dissertation]. Univer ity of
Southwestern Louisiana. Lafayette, Louisiana. 187 pp.
56. TierneY,J. Q. 1954. ThePoriferaoftheGulfofMexico. Pp.
259-261 in P. S. Galtsoff, ed. Gulf ofMexico, 1ts Origin,
SUbmitted: April 2005
Accepted: January 2007
153-163.
60. Weerdt, W. H. deo 2000. A monograph of the shallow-water
Chalinidae (Porifera, Haplosclerida) of the Caribbean.
Beaufortia 50: 1-67.
61. Wiedenmayer, F. 1977. Shallow-water sponges of the
western Bahamas. Experimentia Suppiementum 28: 1-287.
62. Zea, S. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of the genu Siphonodic-
tron (Porifera: Demospongiae) [master's thesis]. University
ofTexas at Austin, Texas. 43 pp.
63. Zea, S. 1987. E ponjas deI Caribe Colombiano. Catälogo
Cientlfico, Bogot3, Colombia. 286 pp.
294 - Sponges (Porifera)
Taxonomie summary for Porifera of the Gulf of Mexieo, including estimated endemies and distribution
by major habitats and substrata.
Shallow waters
Component subgroups
Total speeies
Demospongiae
Homosc1erophorida
Spirophorida
Astrosphorida
Hadromerida
Chondrosida
Lithistida
Poecilosc1erida
HaHchoodrida
Agelasida
HaploscJerida
Dictyoceratida
Dendroceratida
Halisarcida
Veroogida
Calcarea
Clathrinida
Leucosolenida
Hexactinellida
Amphidiscosida
Hexactinosida
Lychniscosida
Lyssacinosida
Totals
Number endemie species'
Soft
2
10
18
52
2
19
71
36
7
41
38
5
1
11
1
4
7
16
0
14
33
12
0
7
II
1
1
1
0
1
0
8
1
4
4
Deepsea
Hard
18
8
1
22
6
2
I
5
2
7
10
40
1
1?
47
27
7
27
20
4
0
11
0
2
7
2
0
15
14
7
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
4
0
0
1
12
4
1
0
0
0
0
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
I
12
4
1
339
109
73
211 (+1?)
66
Note: ? = uncertain records. n.a. = does not apply.
, We consider these species "endemie" because they have not been found outside the Gulf, but future coUecting and greater emphasis on sampling may reveal a
larger Caribbean or Atlantie distribution.
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexieo.
----------------------------------------------Taxon
HabitatBiology
Depth
(m)
Overall
geographie
range
GMx
range
Referencesl
Endnotes
hsb
hsb. rit
unk
26
end?
Caribbean
uns
ese, nnw
44'
29,52,55 1
bur, err
17
Indopacilic, Mediterranean, W Africa, Caribbean, Brazil
ese
29
-------------------------------------=---------Class: Demospongiae
Order: Homosc1erophorida
Family: Plakinidae
Plakina versatilis (Schmidt, 1880)
Plakortis angulospiculatus (Carter,
1879)
Order: Spirophorida
Family: Samidae
Samus anonymus Gray, 1867
Rützler, van Soest, and Pianton; - 295
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
HabitatBiology
Depth
(m)
Overall
geographie
range
GMx
range
Refereneesl
Endnotes
crr, hsb. sft
3-80
NC to Caribbean
nne-ene, ese
bns. msp
hsb
1-2
17-50,153
FL, Caribbcan
GA. Caribbean, Brazil
ne
nne-ene, e e
29,30,31,33.37,
52, 53, 54}
31,37'
37
err, hsb
4-100
Caribbean, Brazil
nne-ene. ese
unpub\. 5.37·
epi. hsb
unk
dps
dps
hsb
1-6
31
243-274
180-221
unk
Mediterranean
end?
end?
end?
end?
ene
nne-ene. ese
nne-ene. ese
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene. ese
31 7
42
42
42
42 8
dps
hsb
214
1.10
end?
Bermuda
nne-ene, ese
nne.ese
42
3.52 9
hsb
hsb
unk
1-18
Mediterranean
Caribbean
ssw
nne-ene
57.58 10
30.52,53 11
epi, hsb. rit
1-13.23-38
3609
2
nne-ene, ese.
nnw
e e
ese
1,4,27,29.30,31,
52,53.55'2
dps
err. hsb
Bermuda. Bahamas,
Caribbean
end?
end?
dps
hsb
hsb
275
25-55
10-18
end?
Caribbean
Caribbean
bns, hsb
1-12,90
Geodia. neptuni (Sollas. 1886)
crr
9-15
NC. Bermuda. Caribbean,Brazil
Caribbean. Brazil
nne-ene, ese
nnw
nne-ene, ese,
nnw
nne-ene, ese,
nnw
ese. ssw, nnw
Geodia thomsonii Sehmidt. 1870
Geodia tubereulosa Bowerbank. 1872
dps
unk
486
unk
hsb
dps
dps
dps
Taxon
Family: Tetillidac
Cinachyrella alloclada (U1iczka,
1929)
Cinachyrella apion Uliezka. 1929
Cinachyrella arenosa van Soest &
Stcntoft, 1988
Cinachyre/la kuekenthaU (ULiezka,
1929)
Craniella cranium Müller. 1776
Cranie/la illsidiosa Sebmidt. 1870
Cranie/la lens Sehmidt, 1870
Cranie/la tethyoides Schmidt, 1870
Tetilla sigmophora (Sehmidt. 1870)
Order: Astrosphorida
Family: Aneorinidae
Ancorina fibrosa Schmidt, 1870
Asteropus ketostea (de Laubenfels.
1950)
Jaspis incOllditus (Sehmidt. 1868)
Stelletta debilis stenospiculata ULiczka.
1929
Stelletta kallitetilla (de Laubenfels.
1936)
Stelletta profunditata Sehmidt, 1880
Stellet ta soUda (de Laubenfels. 1936)
Family: Geodiidae
Carninus apiarum Schmidt. 1870
Erylus allen i de Laubenfels. 1934
Erylus trisphaerus (de セ。オ「・ョヲャウN
1953)
Geodia gibberosa (Lamarek, 1815)
Family: Paehastrellidae
Dereitus bucklandi Bowerbank, 1858
Pachastrella abysi Sehmidt, 1870
Sphinctrella horrida Schmidt, 1870
Thenea fenestrata (Schmidt, 1880)
Order: Hadromerida
FaOlily: AleetOnidae
Scolopes megastra de Laubenfels.
1953
Family: Clionaidae
Cervicornia cuspidifera (Lamarck.
1815)
CUona aprica Pang, 1973
CUo na arenosa (Sehmidt. 1870)
44
29 13
42
55
1,2,30.31,52"
. end?
E Pacifie
ese
nne-ene, ese
1.42,52.53,55,57.
58 1s
unpub\. s, 1, 2,
17.29
42
11
unk
411
200-411
1795
Atlantie
end?
end?
unk
nnw
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene, ese
ese
55
42
42
44 16
hsb
15
end?
ene
30
err
20
Bahamas, Caribbean
ssw
17'7
bur
hsb
unk
unk
Caribbean
end?
ese
nne-ene.e e
2
42'
(colltinucd)
296 - Sponges (Porifera)
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Overall
geographie
range
GMx
range
Referencesl
Endnotes
Caribbean
ene, ese
29, 52, 53, 54 I"
worldwide
ssw,wnw,
nnw
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene, ese,
wnw
ssw
ese, nnw
ssw
nne-ene, ese,
ssw
55,57,58
HabitatBiology
Depth
(m)
Cliona caribbaea Carter, 1882
bur
Cliona celata Grant, 1826 [=?]
bur
1-12,70,
1-30
1-50
Cliona cribosa (Schmidt, 1870)
Cliona delitrix Pang, 1973
unk
bur
unk
2-22
end?
Caribbean
Cliona euryphylle Topsent, 1889
Cliona schmidti RidJey, 1881
Cliona subulata SoUas, 1878
Cliona varians (Carter, 1882)
bur
bur
bur
bur,epi,
hsb,svg
unk
22-28
1
3-18
end?
Caribbean
Atlantic
FL, Caribbean
Cliona vermifera Hancock, 1867
Cliolla viridis (Schmidt, 1862)
Pione carpenteri (Hancock, 1867)
Pione lampa (de Laubenfels, 1950)
bur
bur
bur
bur,epi
1-10
1
ssw
nne-ene
ssw
nne-ene, ese
Pione truitti (Old, 1941)
Pione vastifica (Hancock, 1867)
Spheciospongia vesparium
bns,epi
bns
bsl, crr,
hsb, sft,
sgr
hsb
0-1
0-15
5-15
worldwide
Adriatic
Atlantic
Red Sea, Mediterranean,
Bermuda, FL, Bahamas
Atlantic
worldwide
Caribbean
unk
Atlantic
ene
57,58
2,55
57,58 21
unpub!. 5,17,27,
30,31,42,49,
52, 53, 57, 58 22
57,58
31 23
57,58 2'
unpub!. s, 31,52,
53 2S
31 26
29, 3D, 57, 58 27
unpub!. 5,2, 4, 27,
29,30,31,49,
53 28
27
bsl, sft
0-1
NC
nnw
8 29
crr
15
end?
ese
29
hsb
3-64
Caribbean
ene, ssw, nnw
18,31,42,55
hsb
14-100
Indopacific, S Atlantic,
Caribbean
nne-ene, ese,
nnw
29, 30, 33, 52, 53,
54,55,57
dps
1047
Caribbean
ese
29,42
hsb
0-12
Caribbean
nne-ene, ese
unpub!. 5,27,29,
hsb
13
end?
nne-ene, ese
52,53
27,30,31
hsb
unk
Caribbean
ssw
57,58 3JJ
unk
hsb
1-6
1-10
Mediterranean
Bermuda
ene
nne-ene
52
52,53
unk
crr
unk
1-20,70
end?
Caribbean
ssw
ene, ese, ssw
57,58 31
21 )2
rit
0-1
end?
ese
29
Taxon
(Larnarck,1815)
Spirastrella papillosa Ridley &
2-15
ne
nne-ene, ssw
entire
42'0
unpub!. s, 31, 55
Dendy, 1886 l=?]
Suberites undulatus George &
Wilson, 1919
Family: HemiastrelJidae
Paratimea galaxa de Laubenfels,
1936
Family: Placospongiidae
Placospollgia carinata (Bowerbank,
1858)
Placospongia melobesioides Gray,
1867
Family: Polymastiidae
Radiella sol Schmidt, 1870
Family: Spirastrel1idae
Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864)
Spirastrella coccinopsis de
Laubenfels, 1953
Spirastrella phyllodes (Schmidt,
1870)
FamiJy: Suberitidae
Aaptos aaptos (Schmidt,1864) [=?]
Aaptos bergmanni de Laubenfels,
1950
Aaptos duchassaingi (Topsent, 1889)
Aaptos lithophaga (Wiedenmayer,
1977)
Laxosuberites coerulea (Carter, 1882)
Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 297
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Pseudosuberites melanos de
Laubenfels, 1934
Rhizaxinel1a c1ava (Schmidt, 1870)
Suberites aurantiaca (Dueha aing &
Michelotti, 1864)
Terpios belindae Rützler & mith,
1993
Terpios fugax Dueha aing &
Michelotti, 1864
Terpios lobieeps ( ehmidt, 1870)
Farnily: Tcthyidac
Columnitis squamata Sehmidt, 1870
Halicomeles perastra de Laubenfel ,
1936
Halieometes slel1ala ( ehmidt, 1870)
Nucleolelhya bifida ara &
BavestreUo, 1996
Teelilethya crypta (de Laubcnfel ,
1949)
Teetitethya keyensis ara &
Bavestrello, 1996
reetitetilya macrostella Sara &
BavestreUo, 1996
Telllya aelinia de Laubenfel , 1950
Telhya diploderma Sehmidt, 1870
HabitatBiology
Depth
(m)
Overall
geographie
range
GMx
range
Referenee I
Endnotes
en, epi,
hsb
1-2
Caribbean
ese
29
123
1
end?
Caribbean
ese
ese
42 33
2,2714
3-24
Caribbean
uns
38
0-20
nne-ene, e e,
29, 52, 58)5
ese
unk
sft
bns, err,
epi
epi, hsb, rit
hb
22
Mediterranean, Caribbean
end?
hsb
hsb
30-31
1-2
end?
end?
nne-ene, ese
ese
40
29
hb
unk
158-620
85
Atlantlc, Caribbean
end?
nne-ene, e e
nne-ene
27,31,42.44)1
40
sft
1-20
Caribbean
nne-ene. ese
2, 52, 53, 54)&
hb
1-2
end?
ese
40
unk
20-52
end?
nne-ene
40
hb
hsb,sgr
1-20
3-4, 13
nne, e e, w
nne-ene. ese
dps
hsb, rit
274
unk
aribbean
Mediterranean, Gulf of
Mexico
end?
worldwide
ee
2,22. 52
4.27.30,31,52.
53 3'
42
29
sgr
2-5
Adriatie
ee
4,27 40
hsb
unk
Atlantic
ssw
57,58 41
Cilondrilla nueula ehmidt, 1862
sgr,sft
3-18
worldwide?
nne-ene, e e,
ssw
Chondrosia eal1ectrix ( chmidt,
err, h b, rit
2,76
aribbean
unpubl. 5, 18, 19,
27,31,42,52,
53.54,58
29.42 41
clavatella ehmidt, 1870
oral1istes polydisClIs ehmidt 1870
COra/lisles typus Schmldt 1870
dp
dps
dp
273-486
486
273-411
end?
end?
nd?
Desmanlilus ;ncruslans Topsent
hb
12-30
dps
243
1ndopacifie, Mediterranean, Atlantic, Bermuda, Jamaica
end?
Telhya repens ehmidt,1870
Telhya seyehel1ensis (Wright, 1881)
[=:?]
ssw
nne-ene, ese
TRセ
Family: Timeidae
Spirastrella bislel1ata ( chmidt,
1862)
Timea slel1ala (Bowerbank, 1866)
Order: Chondrosida
Fantily: hondrWidae
ese
1870)
Order: Lithistida
FanlUy: Corallistidac
セッイ。Oャゥウエ・
Fa U
rn y: De rnanthidac
1889
'
'
u1castrel1a clausa chmidt, 1879
nne-ene, e e
ee
nne-ene, e e
5
w
ee
42
42
42
24,57.58
43
(continued)
298 - Sponges (Porifera)
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
HabitatBiology
Depth
(m)
Overall
geographie
range
GMx
range
Refereneesl
Endnotes
dps
549
end?
ese
43
dps
unk
dps
246
188
188-549
end?
end?
Brazil
nne-ene
ese
ese
43'3
43
43
dps
141-450
end?
ese
43"
dps
190-139
Caribbean
nne-ene
43
dps
399-451
end?
ese
43
dps
188-1513
end?
ese
43's
dps
100-150
entire
5,43'6
dps
225-263
Mediterranean, Atlantie,
Caribbean
end?
ese
43'1
dps
188,153216
Caribbean
uns
43
unk
unk
dps
unk
188
188-1513
end?
end?
end?
uns
uns
uns
44
43'8
43
dps
472
end?
nne-ene, ese
42
hsb, rit
hsb
0-1,11-14
10-37,
1-100
Soulh Africa, Caribbean
indian Ocean. Mediterranean, E Atlantic,
Caribbean
ese
nnw?
2
1'9
Family: Microcionidae
Antho gymnazusa (Schmidl, 1870)
Antho penneyi (de Laubenfels, 1936)
Axociella spinosa (Wilson, 1902)
Clathria campecheae Hooper, 1996
Clathria carteri Topsent, 1889
Clathria copiosa Topsent, 1889
Clathria dentata Topsenl, 1889
Clathria echinata (Alcolado, 1984)
dps
epi, hsb
hsb
hsb
hsb
hsb
hsb
crr, hsb
end?
end?
Caribbean
end?
end?
end?
end?
Caribbean
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene, ese
ese
ssw
ssw
ssw
ssw
ese, nnw?
42 5ll
29.31 51
29,52 52
57,58 53
57,58
57,58
57,58
1,4 54
Clathria fascicularis Topsenl, 1889
Clathria foliacea Topsen!, 1889
Clathria obliqua (van Soest, 1984)
Clathria oxeotus (van Soest, 1984)
hsb
hsb
hsb
crr, hsb
351
3,70
15-19
unk
unk
unk
unk
13,21-27,
0-20
unk
105
14
2-15,33
end?
end?
end?
Caribbean
ssw
ese, ssw
ese
ssw
57,58 55
29,57,58 56
30'1
51 58
Taxon
Family: Phymaraphiniidae
Rimella clava Sehmidt, 1879
Family: Scleritodermidae
Aciculitesgeminum (Sehmidt,1879)
Aciculites higginsi Sehmidt, 1879
Amphibleptula madrepora Sehmidt,
1879
Scleritoderma obtectum (Schmidt,
1879)
Family: Siphonidüdae
Gastrophanella implexa Schmidt,
1879
Siphonidium ramosum (Schmidt,
1879)
Family: Theonellidae
Discodermia amphiaster Sehmidt,
1879
Discodermia polydiscus du Boeage,
1869
Racodiscula asteroides Zittel, 1878
Family: Vetunilidae
Vetulina stalactites Schmidt, 1879
Order: "Lithistida" (incertae sedis)
Collectella avita Schmidt, 1880
Collinella inscripta Schmidl, 1879
Poritella decidua Schmidl, 1870
Order: Poecilosclerida
Suborder: Latrunculina
Family: Latrunculiidae
Sceptrella regalis Schmidt, 1870
Suborder: Microcionina
Family: Aca.rnidae
Acarnus innominatus Gray, )867
Acarnus nicoleae van Soest, Hooper,
& Hiemstra, 1991
Rützler, van Soest, and Pianton; - 299
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Clathria prolifera (Elli
HabitatBiology
Deplh
(m)
epi,h b,
ft, vg
0-15
hb
crr. h b. ft
Ov rall
geographie
range
GMx
range
Rcferencesl
Endnotes
13
15-34,1-35
Boreal and subtropicaJ
W Atlant!
ew England, C. FL)
end?
aribbean
nne-ene,
e c, nnw
hb
7
end?
nnc-ene
30,31.52,53'1
Clathria venosa (Aleolado, 19 4)
Clathria virgulrosa (Lamarek, 1814)
crr, h b
rr
1
9-20
aribbean
FL, aribbean
e e
nne-ene.
Echfnoc1athria arcifera (Schmidt,
unk
32
end?
nne-ene
4,5 61
unpubl. 5.2,13,29,
51, 52.53. 58
44 64
unk
1 -25
end?
ssw
22,29
2,21-35
Bahama, aribbean
e e
2, セRTNYR
end?
nne-ene, e
42
olander,
1786)
lathria rectatlgulosa ehmidl, 1 70
Clalhria schoenus (de Laubenfels,
sw,nnw
e
42
1,29 60
1936)
Clathria vasiformis (de Laubenfel ,
1953)
1880)
Holopsamma heIlVigi de Laubenfels,
1936
Pandaros acamhifolil/m ucha aing
& Michelotli, 1864
Tellacia c1alhrala ( chmidt, 1870)
Family: Raspailiidae
Subfamily: amonlnae
Cyamon vickersif (Bowerbank, 1866)
ubfa,nily: Plo amloninae
Plocamione dopetaria ( chmidt,
1870)
UbfamlJy: Ra paililnae
CeratopSIOIl
. crusto UI/1 Alvarez &
van oe t, 199
EClyopiasiaJero (Ducha aing &
rr
unk
h b.
rl.
gr
9-11
ribbean
dp
48
end?
hsb
70-159
end?
2-25
rr
e.
e e, nne, w
nn
ene,
7.31.57,5
e
29,30,51,58
ribbean
E Michelotli, 1864)
IIdectyolI t nax ( hmldt, 1870)
EurYPolI davatella Llttle, 1963
EurYPotl cIavalum (Bowcrbank
1866)
,
hb
h. b, ft
hb
174
10
unk
end?
end?
. Allanti
EurYPolI 。iセャOoイッ
hsb
unk
Atlant!
sw
57,58 71
hsb
hb
hb
unk
5-12
1-20
end?
ribb an
aribbean
sw
58 71
unpubL \ 57, 5
1874)
(Bowerbank
,
eオイypッセQ
tour ti (Topsent, 1889)
ョッーセイャ e
viride (11 p ent, 1889)
TllrIllacoplloraJUlliformis
r.,
Ridley
Dendy, 1886
FamllY'Rh
.
bderemildae
Rhabdercmia mimltula ( arter,
1876)
FamUy: Tedan"d
11 Re
Tedania ignis (Du h
Michelotti. 1 64)
aing&
1870)
0-37
msp, !t.
ee
nne-ene
Bermud • B ham ,
ribbe.m, BraziI
4_ 69
31
57,58 70
'J
52
57,S "
nne-ene, e e.
wnw. nnw
1,11,17.31,49.5.
54. 55 s
gr, v
uborder: MYcaJlr
Famu.
la
y. ladorhll,ida
Asbestoplunra gracilior (
e
end?
hb
rr, epi.
nne-ene,
nne
w
hmldt.
dp
576-630
tlaDt! ?
nn
ene,
e
42
(conlml/cd)
300 - Sponges (Porifera)
Checklist of sponges (phylurn Porifera) frorn the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Family: Desmacellida.e
Biemna caribea Pulitzer-Finali, 1986
Desmacella pumilio Schmidt, 1870
Neofibularia nolitangere
(Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Family: Guitarridae
Euchelipluma congeri de Laubenfels,
1936
Guitarra fimbriata Carter, 1874
Family: Mycalidae
Anomomycale titubans (Schmidt,
1870)
Esperia immitis (Schmidt, 1870)
Esperiopsis dianae (Schmidt, 1870)
Mycale angulosa (Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864)
Mycale diaphana (Schmidt, 1870)
Mycale laevis (Carter, 1882)
Mycale laxissima (Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864)
Mycale massa (Schmidt, 1870)
Myca/e microsigmatosa Arndt, 1927
Mycale renieroides (Schmidt, 1870)
Suborder: Myxillina
Family: Chondropsidae
Strongy/acidon griseum (Schmidt,
1870)
Strongylacidon poritico/a van Soest,
1984
Family: Coelosphaeridae
Coelosphaera fistula Little, 1963
Coelosphaera rhaphidifera (fopsent,
1889)
Coelosphaera tunicata (Schmidt,
1870)
Lissodendoryx isodictyalis (Carter,
1882)
Lissodendoryx microrhaphida
HabitatBiology
Depth
(m)
Overall
geographie
range
hsb,svg
dps,hsb
crr, hsb, sft
1-3
1-20,1047
9-67,2-30
dps
GMx
range
References/
Endnotes
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene, ese,
nnw
29,31,52 n
29,52,53
1,10,29,30,52.53,
55 78
1047
end?
nne-ene, ese
29
unk
179
Atlantic
sse
44
dps
315-583
end?
nne-ene, ese
42 79
dps
dps
epi, hsb,
svg
dps
epi, hsb
230
225
17-26,58
end?
end?
Caribbean, BraziJ
42 80
42 8 \
29, 30, 52, 53, 55
252
5-16,10-20
end?
Caribbean
5-61,2-18
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene., ese
nne-ene, ese,
nnw
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene, ese,
ssw
nne-ene, ese,
ssw
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene, ese,
nnw
nne-ene, ese
42 82
unpubl. s, 3, 21, 22
unpubl. s,17
crr, msp,
sft
sft, sgr
epi, hsb,
svg
dps
6-19
4-25
209-229
E Mrica, W Mrica, FL,
Caribbean
Mediterranean, Atlantic
E Mediterranean?, West
Africa?, Caribbean
end?
sgr
11-17
Bermuda, NC, FL
nne-ene, ese
epi, hsb
3
Curat,:ao
nnw
epi
hsb
12-14
unk
end?
Caribbean
nne-ene
ese-ssw
31
2,57 87
unk
185
Portugal
nne-ene, ese
42 88
epi, hsb,
sg!
1-11,0-2
nne-ene,
ese-sse,
nnw
27,29,31,52,53,
55
sft
19
lndopacific, Mediterranean, Bermuda, NC,
Bahamas, Caribbean,
BraziJ
end?
ese
4 89
epi, hsb
1-25,1-25
W Bahamas, Caribbean
nne-ene,
nnw
31,52,53,55 90
crr, epi, sft
2-58
Bermuda, FL, Caribbean,
BraziJ
nne-ene, ese,
ssw
4,17,30 91
dps
243
end?
ese
42 92
27,42 83
1,2,31 84
42 8S
27,30,42,52,53 86
(Alcolado, 1984)
Lissodendoryx sigmata (de
Laubenfels, 1949)
Family: Crambeidae
Monanchora arbuscula
(Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Family: Crellidae
Cre/la papillosa (Schmidt, 1870)
Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 301
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Overall
geographie
range
GMx
range
Refereneesl
Endnotes
Indopacific, W Africa.
Caribbean. Brazil
ese,ssw
2,17,22,51
unk
end?
ssw
57,58'3
unk
unk
NE Atlantic
ssw
57,58'"
dps
1047
end?
ese
29
crr. hsb, sft
5-36.1-33
Caribbean
nne-ene. ese.
onw
1.27,29,31,52,
Indopacific? FL. Caribbean, Brazil
nne-ene, ese,
unpubl. s, 2,5. 17,
18, 22, 29, 30, 52
HabitatBiology
Depth
(ol)
crr. epi.
hsb, sft
78-15.0-40
unk
Family: Desmacididae
Desmapsamma anchora/a (Carter.
1882)
Family: Hymedesmiidae
Hymedesmia campechiana Topsenl.
1889
Hymedesmia jecusculum
(Bowerbank, 1866)
Hymedesmia nummo/a de
Laubenfels, 1936
Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864
Farnily: Iotroehotidae
Iotrochota birotulata (Higgin. 1877)
53 9'
bns,msp.
sft, svg
2-18,1-91
dps, epi,
hsb
542
end?
nnw
32 96
hsb
hsb
70-198
unk
Azores. Bermuda, FL
end?
entire
entire
3,7,42
7
crr, hsb
5-71
entire
unpubl. '. 7 97
crr. hsb
14-32
NC to GA, Bahamas,
Caribbean
GAtoSC
entire
7
com,crr,
hsb
crr, hsb
12-44
NCtoGA
entire
13-44
NCtoFL
entire
2, 7, 23, 30, 31,
52,53
7,11,30'8
dps. hsb
hsb
324-486
50-100
end?
NCtoGA
ese
entire
42
7,29 99
crr, hsb,
sft, sgr
crr, hsb
9-33
NCtoGA
entire
14-17
NC,GA
entire
7,27.30,31,52,
53 100
10
7 '
crr. hsb,
msp/epi
1-70
entire
unpubl. s. 2, 7, 17'02
PhakelIia folium Schmidt. 1880
dps. hsb
70-600.583
nne-ene. ese
3, 7. 42. 42 103
Plica/ella aulopora (Schmidt, 1870)
Ptilocaulis walpersi (Duchassaing &
unk
crr, hsb
unk
5-18
W Africa, Bermuda,
NC to FL, Caribbean.
BraziJ
Bermuda, FL. Caribbean, Arctic, N and E
Atlantic
end?
Bermuda. NC to GA
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene. ese
42 10<
Michelotti. 1864)
Patnily: DesOloxyidae
Didiscus oxeata Hechtel, 1983
Higginsia strigilata (Lamarck, 1813)
crr
hsb,sft
20
3-26
end?
IreJand. Bahamas. Caribbean
ese
ene, ssw, nnw
4 106
11,23.30,52.53,
55'07
55W
Family: Myxillidae
MyxiIIa methanophila (Maldonado
&Young, 1998)
Order: Halichondrida
Farnily: AxineUidae
Auletta sycinularia Schmidt, 1870
Auletta tuberosa Alvarez. van Soest.
& Rützler, 1998
Axinella corrugata (George &
Wilson, 1919)
AxinelIa meandroides Alvarez. van
Soest. & Rützler, 1998
AxinelIa polycapelIa de Laubenfels,
1953
AxinelIa pomponiae Alvarez. van
Soest. & Rützler, 1998
AXinelIa rugosa Schmidt, 1870
AXineIla shoemakeri (de LaubenfeJs.
1936)
Axinella waltonsmithi (de
Laubenfels, 1953)
Dragmacidorr grayi (WelJs & Wells,
1960)
Dragmacidon retieulatum (Ridley &
Dendy. 1886)
unpubl. s, 52.53,
54 105
(con/irrt/ed)
302 - Sponges (Porifera)
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Myrmekioderma gyroderma
HabitatBiology
Depth
(01)
Overall
geographie
range
GMx
range
Referenees/
Endnotes
err
20
end?
ese
4'08
err, dps, sft
13-83
Caribbean
ene
15,30'09
crr. dps.
hsb
dps, hsb
15-137
Caribbean
nne.ese
4, 7, 52. 53 110
77-534
Bermuda, NC, FL
uns
7
hsb
76-108
Bermuda
uns
7
crr, hsb
2-28
Caribbean
unpub!.', 1. 51 '11
crr
6-30
Caribbean
ene, ese, ssw,
nnw
ese
7 112
hsb
hsb
hsb
30
30
12-18
end?
end?
end?
ese
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene, ese
42" 3
42'1<
30 115
crr, dps
10-176
ese
15,30
nnw
55
nne-ene
15,30.31" 6
(AJeolado, 1984)
Myrmekioderma rea (de Laubenfels.
1934)
Family: Dictyonellidae
Acanilrella cubensis AJcolado, 1984
Acanthella mastophora Schmidt,
1870
Acanlhella vaceleti van Soest &
Stentoft, 1988
Scopalina ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer,
1977)
Svenzea zeai (Alvarez, van Soest, &
Rützler, 1998)
Family: Halichondrüdae
Amorphina solidior Schmidt, 1870
Amorphina lurritella Schmidt, 1870
Amorphinopsis spongia (de
Laubenfe!s, 1953)
Axinyssa ambrosia (de Laubenfe!s,
1934)
Halichondria bowerbanki Burton,
1930 H]
HalicllOndria corrugata Diaz,
Pomponi. & van Soest, 1993
Halichondria hirta (Topsent, 1889)
Halichondria lutea AJeolado, 1984
sft, sgr
3-5
Bermuda, FL, Bahamas,
Caribbean
E Atlantic, Aretie, VA,
NC
end?
unk
err
msp,svg
unk
50
1-35,177
end?
end?
Bahamas, Caribbean
ssw
ese
ese, nnw
57,58 111
4
1,15,30
bns,msp,
sgr, svg
bns,epi,
hsb,
O1sp,
svg
dps
epi. sft
1-5
Caribbean
ene, ese
1-6
VA, NC, Curayao
nne-ene, ese
15,29,30,31,49,
52
11,15,27,29,30,
31,52" 8
583
1-6
end?
NC to SC
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene,
ese-sse
42" 9
39
Agelas clathrodes (Sehmidt, 1870)
err
2-15
ese, ssw
Agelas conifera (Schmidt, 1870)
Agelas dispar Duehassaing &
err
err, sft
9-12
19-35
Bermuda, FL, Bahamas,
Caribbean, Brazil
Caribbean
Caribbean
ene, ese
ese, ssw, nnw
unpub!.', 17, 1B,
51,53'20
unpub!.',52
2,20,22,29,55 '21
crr
5-13
Caribbean
ese
unpub!.',2. 4 '22
crr
13-150
AtJantic
ese
3,5
crr
100-150,
31-95
Caribbean
ese
5
Halichondria magniconulosa
est
Hechte!, 1965
Halicholldria melalladoda de
Laubenfels, 1936
Hymeniacidon heliophila (Parker,
1910)
Pellina profunditalis Sehmidt, 1870
Spollgosorites suberitoides Diaz,
Pomponi, & van Soest, 1993
Order: Agelasida
Family: Agelasidae
Miche!otti, 1864
Agelas schmidli Wilson, 1902
Family: Astroscleridae
Ceraloporella nicholsoni Hickson.
1911
Stromatospongia norae Hartman,
1969
Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 303
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Stromatospollgia vermieola
Hartman, 1969
Order: HaploscJerida
Suborder: HaploscJerina
FamilY;CaUyspongüdae
Callyspongia areesiosa de Laubenfel ,
1936
Callyspongia armigera (Duehassaing
& Miehelotti, 1864)
Callyspongiafallax Dueha saing &
Michelotti, 1864
Callyspongia plieifera (Lamarck,
Overall
geographie
range
GM.x
range
Referencesl
Endnotes
100-150,
25-85
Caribbean
ese
5
svg
unk
end?
nne-ene, ese
3,29,53
eTr, sft
4-58
ese,s w.nnw
eTr, hsb
3-18,2-6
Bermuda, Ft, Bahamas,
Caribbean
Bahamas, Caribbean
unpubL s, 17, 21,
22,5511)
unpubLs. 3,18, 31,
52, 53, 54 11•
err
5-18
epi, sft
HabitatBiology
Depth
(m)
err
Bahamas, Caribbean
nne-ene,
ese-sse,
ssw
ese
unpubl. 5, 29 J2S
12-20
Caribbean
e e-sse
23
hsb
err, epi,
hsb. ft
16
2-70.2-30
end?
NC. Bahamas. Caribbean.
Brazil, Galapagos
nne-ene, ese
entire
unk
27-36
end?
nne-ene, e e
42 126
unpubL S, 1. 2,
10 lv, 11,17,20,
22.29,30,31,
53.55 128
42 1lS
err, epi,
hsb.
m p,sft,
sgr,svg
bns, err, rit
hsb
1-23
Canary lslands, Bermuda, NC, GA, FL,
Bahamas, Caribbean
nne-ene, ese,
nnw
1,49,60 1)<)
t074
70
Bermuda. PL, Caribbean
end?
nne-ene, ese
ee
29,6O UI
29 131
hsb,
svg
epi, msp,
svg
unk
1-6
Caribbean, E Paemc
ese
2
SC, pt, Caribbean
ese
60
unk
unk
ssw
58 13l
err, msp,
svg
epi,m p.
sgr, svg
epi, msp,
vg
crr, msp,
ft, vg
err, msp,
sft, sgr
epi,msp,
svg
dps
unk
unk
1-25
Bermuda, PL, Bahamas
Caribbean
PL, Caribbean
nne-ene, ese
60,31
nne-ene, ese
60
pt, Caribbean
ese
60
0-1,0-12
PL, Caribbean
nne-ene, ese
60
1-10
nne-ene, ese,
nnw
nne-ene, ese
31,60 134
0-3
Bermuda, NC 10 pt,
Bahama ,Caribbean
FL, Caribbean
213
180
unk
unk
unk
Atlantic?
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene, ese
ese
42 135
421)6
1814)
Callyspongia strongylophora
Hartman, 1955
Callyspongia subtilis (Sehmidt, 1870)
Callyspollgia vaginalis (Lamarck,
1814)
Siphonoehalina mollis chmidt, 1870
Family; Chalinidae
Chalillula molitba (de Laubenfels,
1949)
Halic10na albifragilis (Hechtei, 1965)
Halic10na ambrosia (de Laubenfels,
1936)
Halic10na eaerulea (HechteI. 1965)
Halic10na euracaoensis (van Soest,
1980)
Halic10na fistulosa (Bowerbank.
CTI.
1866)
Halic10na implexiformis (Hechtel,
1965)
Halielona magniJica de Weerdt,
Rützler,& mith,1991
Halic10na manglaris Alcolado, 1984
Halic10na mueiJibrosa de Weerdt,
Rützler,& mith,1991
Halic10na tubifera (George &
Wilson, 1919)
Halic10lla twineayensis de Weerdt,
Rützler & Smith, 1991
Reniera aseidia chmidt, 1870
Reniera hebes ehmidt, 1870
Sigmadocia f1agellifer (Vosmaer,
1880)
60
27 117
(continued)
304 - Sponges (Porifera)
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Family:
HabitatBiology
Depth
(m)
Overall
geographie
range
GMx
range
Referencesl
Endnotes
crr
1-10
Caribbean, Brazil
nne-ene, ese
27,52,53"8
bsl, crr, sft
0-25,100,
2-35
Australia, FL, Bahamas,
Caribbean
nne-ene, ese,
ssw, nnw
crr, hsb,
sft, sgr,
svg
sft
1-14
nne-ene, ese,
ssw
9-18,0-15
lndopacific, Bermuda,
NC, Bahamas, Caribbean
Bahamas, Caribbean
ese
unpub!.s, 17, 18,
19,20,21,22,
23,27, 29, 30,
31,52,53,55 tl9
18, 19, 21, 22, 29,
30,31,51,52,
53,54 140
unpub!.s
crr, hsb
crr
5-18
1-30,1-40
Bahamas, Caribbean
Bermuda, Bahamas,
Caribbean
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene, ese,
ssw,nnw
unpub!. 5,2,29,30,
unpub!.S, 2, 17,18,
21,22,49,51,
53,55 141
crr
crr, sft
crr, sft, sgr
sft, sgr
unk
9-20
1-3
3-20,12-15
1-12,81
216
Caribbean
Bahamas, Caribbean
PuertoRico
Caribbean
end?
ese, nnw
ese
nne-ene, ese
nne-ene, ese
ese
unpub!. 5,55 143
62 14•
3,30,31 1• 5
42 1• 6
42 1• 7
crr, epi, sft,
sgr,svg
crr, sft, sgr
1-10
Pacific, Caribbean
ese
2,29'·8
1-25,0-100
Bermuda, Bahamas,
Caribbean
nne-ene, ese,
ssw
sft
crr
2
1-15
end?
Colombia
nne-ene
ssw
17, 18,21,22,27,
29,42,51,52,
53'·'
31'50
51
end?
nne-ene, ese
iphatidae
Amphimedon complanata
Duchassaing, 1850
Amphimedon compressa
Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
Amphimedon viridis Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864
Niphates amorpha Wiedenmayer,
1977
Niphates digitalis (Lamarck, 1814)
Niphates erecta Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864
Suborder: Petrosina
Family: Phloeodictyidae
Aka coralliphagum (Rütz]er, 1971)
Aka siphona (de Laubenfels, 1949)
Oceanapia oleracea (Schmidt, 1870)
Oceanapia peltata (Schrnidt, 1870)
Siphonodic/yon densa Schrnidt, 1870
Family: Petrosüdae
Neopetrosia carbonaria (Lamarck,
1813)
Neopetrosia subtriangularis
(Duchassaing, 1850)
Rhaphisia menzeIi (Little, 1963) [=?)
Xestospongia caycedoi Zea & van
Soest, 1986
Xestospongia cretacea (Schmidt, 1870)
Xestospongia marquezii
unk
unk
crr
8
(Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Xestospongia muta (Schmidt, 1870)
sft
9-25,4-30
Dysideafragilis Montagu, 1818
unk
crr, epi,
hsb, sft,
sgr
unk
Dysidea janiae (Duchassaing &
Order: Dictyoceratida
Family: Dysideidae
Dysidea avara (Schrnidt, 1862)
Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels, 1936
ese
42 1S1
29 151
FL, Bahamas, Caribbean,
Brazil
nne-ene,
ese-sse,
nnw
unpub!. 5,2, 10 ISJ,
17,30,41,42,
52,55 15<
unk
2-17
end?
Bermuda, Bahamas
uns
nne-ene, ese,
ssw
11 155
18,27,29,31
13-15
worldwide
nne-ene, ese
21,29,30,54,55,
hsb
10-25
nnw
56
1,11 156
epi, hsb,
sft, sgr
hsb, sft, sgr
1-14
Bermuda, Bahamas,
Caribbean
Mediterranean, Atlantic
3
end?
Michelotti, 1864)
Dysidea variabiIis (Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864) [=?)
Euryspongia rosea de Laubenfels,
1936 [=?)
nne-ene, e e,
nnw
nne-ene
30,55
29,31
Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 305
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
HabitatBiology
Depth
(m)
OveraU
geographie
range
GMx
range
Referencesl
Endnotes
unk
unk
end?
ese
26 1S7
1rcinia eampana (Lamarck,1814)
crr, hsb
10-25,3-30
Mediterranean, PL, Bahamas, Caribbean, Brazil
nne-ene,
ese-sse,
sw
[reinia eartilaginea (E per) var.
horrida (Hyatt, 1877)
1rcinia diekinsoni de Laubenfels,
unk
unk
end?
ese
unpubL 5, 17, 20,
23, 26, 29, 30,
31,33,49,52,
53,54 158
26 159
bsl
0-l,12-20?
nne-ene, ssw
23,31 160
err, hsb, sft
2-80,1-100
Red ea, ßermuda, Caribbean
Bermuda, NC, PL, Bahamas, Caribbean, Brazil
entire
crr
8-47
Bermuda
crr
1-17
Caribbean
crr, hsb
1-20
Caribbean
nne-ene,
sse-ssw
ese,ssw,
wnw,nnw
ese
unpubl. 5, 1, 2,17,
18, 19,20,30,
31,52,53,54,
55 161
17,53
1,27,29,49,51,52,
53,55
27,29
hb
80
end?
ese
29'62
h b
unk
end?
ssw
5758 163
unk
unk
end?
sw
57,58'64
com
5-20
PL (Bi cayne Bay), Caribbean
e e
26'65
com
5-20
PL (Biscayne Bay)
e e
26'66
bns,com,
crr
om,crr
14-15
PL, Caribbean
nne-ene
30,31,45,52
14-15
Bahama , PL, Caribbean
nne-ene
30,31,45,49,50,
Hyatte/la eavernosa (Pallas, 1766)
crr
end?
nne-ene
29, 30, 52, 53 167
Spongia agaricilla eorlosia
com
13-15,
2-23, 73
unk
PL (Bi cayne Bay)
ese
26
Ducha saing & Michelotti, 1864
S var..elongata Hyatt, 1877
POngla barbara Ducha aing &
Miche!otti, 1864
Spollgiagramillea Hyatt, 1877
com
7
Bahamas, Caribbean
nne-ene
30,31,45,49,50,
com
]-20
Caribbean
nne-ene, ese
27,30,31,45,49,
50,52,53 169
Taxon
Family: IrcinHdae
Ireinia aeuta var.lol/gispina (Hyalt,
1877)
1936
1reinia feIix (Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864)
1reinia feIix fistularis VerriU, 1907
[= ?IreiniafeIix]
[reinia strobilina Lamarck, 1816
Ireinia variabilis (Schmidt, 1862)
[= ?Ircinia felix]
F3J:UjJy: Spongiidae
COseinoderma lanuga de Laubenfels,
1936
Hippospongia eanaIiculata (von
Lendenfeld, 1885) var. eyIindrica
von Lendenfeld, ] 889
Hippospongia equina (Schmidt,
1862) var. elastiea von Lendenfeld,
1889
Hippospongia equina (Schmidt,
1862) ubsp. eerebriformis
Ducha saing & Michelotli, 1864
HiPPOspongia equina (Schmidt,
1862) subsp. meandriniformis
Duchas aing & Michelotti, 1864
var. divisa Hyatt, ]877
HiPPOsporlgia gossypina
H,(Duchassain g & Michelotti, 1864)
IPpospongia laehne de Laubenfel ,
1936
52,53,56
52'63
(continued)
306 - Sponges (Porifera)
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
HabitatBiology
Depth
(m)
Overall
geographie
range
GMx
range
Referencesl
Endnotes
unk
unk
unk
ese
26
unk
unk
Florida
ese
26
Spongia obliqua (Duchassaing &
crr
3-15
Bahamas, Caribbean
Michelotti,1864)
Spongia obscura Hyatt, 1877
crr, sgr
5
sse
17
Spongia officinalis Linne, 1759
Spongia pertusa Hyatt, 1877
Spongia sterea de Laubenfels & Storr,
com
com,crr
com
2-20
1-10
12
Bermuda, NC, FL, Bahamas, Caribbean
Mediterranean
Caribbean
end?
nne-ene, ese
ene, ese
nne-ene
27,53
52'7'
52,53
com
5-20
end?
nne
52 171
msp,sgr
1-3
Caribbean
ese
26\7)
com
10-12
Caribbean
wnw
55 17•
crr
17
end?
ese
29'"
crr
3-20?
Caribbean
ese,ssw
23 176
Caribbean
ese
29'"
tropical Pacific, Mediterranean, W Africa. NC,
Bermuda
Mediterranean, Caribbean
nne-ene
30,52,53
Taxon
Spongia lapideseens Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864 subsp. dentata
Hyatt, 1877
Spongia lapidescens Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864 var. typica Hyatt,
1877
45,52 170
1958
Spongia tampa (de Laubenfels &
Storr, 1958)
Spongia tubulifera (Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864)
Spongia zimocca canaliculata (von
Lendenfeld, 1885)
Family: Thorectidae
Cacospongia camera (de Laubenfels,
1936) [=?)
Hyrtios violaceus (Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864)
Smenospongia cerebriformis
(Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Order: Dendroceratida
Family: Darwinellidae
Aplysilla sulfurea Schulze, 1878
Chelonaplysilla cf. erecta Tsurnamal,
1967
Family: Dietyodendrillidae
Igernella notabilis (Duchassaing &
Michelotti, 1864)
1gernella vansoesti Uriz &
Maldonado, 1996
Spongionella foliascens Kelly- Borges,
Pomponi. & Vace1et, 1993
Order: Halisarcida
Family: Halisarcidae
Halisarca purpura Little, 1963
Order: Verongida
Family: Aplysinidae
Aplysina archeri (Higgin, 1875)
Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882)
crr
hsb
15
epi, hsb
5-35
hsb, sft
2-14,15-20
Caribbean, Brazil
nne-ene, ssw
57.58 171
msp,svg
13
nne-ene, ese
30,31,52,53,59
hsb
60
W Africa (Cape Verde
Islands)
end?
nne-ene
28
sgr
0-1
end?
nne-ene, ssw
21,22,31
crr, sgr
crr, hsb,
sft, sgr
25-35
4-20
Caribbean, Brazil
Caribbean, Brazil
ese-ssw
nne-ene,
ese-sse,
nnw
17,29'10
unpubl. 5,1,4,11,
17, 27, 29, 30,
nnw
31,53 181
119
Rütz!er, van Soest, and PiantDni - 307
Checklist of sponges (phylurn Porifera) frorn the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Overall
geographie
range
GMx
range
Refereneesl
Endnotes
Caribbean
nne-ene.
ese-sse.
sw
nne-ene. ese
unpubLS. 17. 20,
25.27. 30, 52,
53,54'S2
10 m •29. 30'14
unk
4-8
FL
Bahama •Caribbean
ese
ssw
21,22.51.57.58'86
err. hsb.
sft, sgr
hsb
crr. hsb
crr
7.15-50.
10-$0
1
12
9-18,1-5
FL. Bahamas. Caribbean.
BraziJ
end?
Brazil. Caribbean
Bahamas, Caribbean
ese-sse
17. 27. 30"7
ese
ese, sse
ese.ssw
25'88
4,17
unpubl. S, 22
crr. hsb. sft
9-27,3-35
Bermuda, FL. Bahamas.
Caribbean. Brazil
nne-ene, ese,
ssw,wnw.
nnw
unpubl. 5, 1.2. 17,
18, 22. 29. 30.
31,52,53.55'89
hsb
1
Atlantic
ssw
29.31,58.57'90
hsb
1-3.10-33
Mediterranean
nnw
hsb
unk
N Atlanlic
ssw
11.58
hsb
1-20
worldwide
uns
57,58
hsb
50
Mediterranean, Fr.,
Caribbean
ssw
57.58'91
hsb
48
nnw
55'92
hsb
17
Mediterranean. Atlantic,
Berrnuda
Caribbean
ese
29\9)
hsb
0-1
end?
nne-ene
31 19<
dps
370-560
SCuba
ese
5
dps
1260
Indopacifie, NE Atlantic.
Caribbean
nne-ene,e e
42
dps
dps
486
150-549
ese
ese
42
5.44'95
dps
357
Caribbean
Bahamas. Caribbean.
Brazil
NW Australia
ese
44 1'16
HabitatBiology
Depth
(m)
Aplysina jistularis (PaUas. 1766)
err. hsb. sft
4-60
Berrnuda. Caribbean.
Brazil
Aplysinafulva (Duchassaing &
crr
2-25
hsb
crr
Taxon
Michelotti. 1864)
Aplysina hirsuta (Hyatt. 1875)
Aplysina insularis (Duchassaing &
Michelotti. 1864)
Aplysina laeunosa (PaUas. 1766)
Aplysina tenuissima (Hyatt. 1875)
Verongula gigantea (Hyatt. 1875)
Verongula rigida (Esper, 1794)
Family: Ianthellidae
Aioloehroia erassa (Hyatt. 1875)
25 lAS
Class: Calcarea
Order: Clathrinida
Pamily: Clathrinidae
Clathrina eanariensi (MikluchoMaclay, 1868)
Clathrina eoriaeea (Montague.1818)
Family: Leueasddae
Asealtis lamareki Haeckel. 1872
Family: Leucettidae
Leueetta primigenia Haeckel, 1872
Order: Leucosolenida
Family: Amphorisddae
Amphoriseus oviparus (Haeckei.
1872)
Family: Grantiidae
Leueonia aspera (Schmidt. 1862)
Leueandra barbata (Duchassaing &
Michelotti,1864)
Famuy: Syeettidae
Syeon aeallthoxea (Little. 1963)
Class: HexaetineWda
Order: Amphidi cosida
PamUy: Pheronematidae
Pheronema annae Leidy. 1868
Order: Hexaetino ida
Pamily: Aphroeallistidae
Aphroeallistes bocagei Wright &
Sehmidt. 1870
PamUy: Daetyloealycidae
Dactylocalyx crispus Schmidt, 1870
Dactylocalyx pumiceus Stutchbury.
1841
Dactyloealyx subgloboslJS Gray. 1867
(continued)
308 - Sponges (Porifera)
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Iphiteon compressa (Sehmidt, 1880)
/phiteon panicea Bowerbank, 1869
Myliusia callocyathus (Gray, 1859)
Family: Euretidae
Subfamily: Euretinae
Lefroyella decora Thomson, 1877
Family: Farreidae
Farrea facunda Sehmidt, 1870
Family: "Hexaetinosida" (incertae
sedis)
Diaretula comu Sehmidt, 1880
Diaretula muretta Sehmidt, 1880
Family: Tretodietyidae
Cyrtnulon sigsbeei (Sehmidt, 1880)
Order: Lyehniscosida
Family: Diapleuridae
Sderoplegma conicum Sehmidt, 1880
Scleroplegmn lanterna Sehrnidt, 1880
Scleroplegma seratium Sehmidt, 1880
FamiJy: Euplectellidae
Euplectella jovis Sehmidt, 1880
Order: Lyssacinosida
FamiJy: Rossellidae
Subfamily: Rossellinae
Vazella pourtalesi (Sehrnidt, 1870)
Unreeognizable, possible
Hexaetinellida
Rhabdostauridium retortula
Sehmidt, 1880
I
HabitatBiology
Depth
(m)
Overall
geographie
range
GMx
range
Referencesl
Endnotes
dps
dps
dps
540
297
525
Caribbean
Caribbean
NW Australia, Caribbean
ese
ese
ese
44'97
44'98
44'99
dps
360-810
Bahamas, Caribbean
ese
44"lO
dps
231-810
Caribbean
nne-ene, ese
42
dps
dps
1513
1450
Caribbean
Caribbean
ese
ese
44
44
dps
526,183838
Caribbean
ese
dps
dps
dps
526
526
360-540
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
ese
44
ese
ese
44
44
dps
1047,800
Caribbean
ese
29
dps
277-583,
282-845
Atlantic
ese
dps
1512,/500
Caribbean
nne-ene
44
Treated as Corticium versatilis Schmidt, 1880, by Sehmidt (1880).
as Roosa zyggompha de Laubenfels, 1936, by de Laubenfels (1936); Epipolasis angulospiculata (Carter, 1879) by de Laubenfels (1936) and Storr (J 964);
Plakortis zyggompha (de Laubenfels, 1934), byTeerling (1975).
1 Treated
Treated as Cinac/lyra by de Laubenfels (J 936) and LittJe (1963); Trachygellius cinachyra de Laubenfels, 1936, by de Laubenfels (1936) and Storr (1976); Cin·
ac/lyra cavernosa Lamarek, 1813, byde Laubenfels (1936), Tabb and Manning (1961), Storr (1964, 1976), and PhiUips, Gettleson, and Spring (1990).
J
• Treated as Craniella cinachyra (de Laubenfels, 1936) by Litlle (1963).
S Pomponi,
S. A., and K. Rützler. Unpublished manuseripl. An iUuslrated fieldguide to the sponges ofLooe Keyand Key Largo National Marine Sanetuaries.
NOAA Teehnieal Report OCRMISPD, 67 pp.
• Treated as Cinaehyra by Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuseript).
7 Trealed
as Craniella crania Müller, 1776 by Lillle (1963).
• Treated as Ancorina by Schmidl (1870).
• Treated as Stellettinopsis by Storr (1964) and Aleolado (1980).
10 Treated
as Cliona johnstoni (Sehmidt, 1868) by Topsent (1889); Coppatias inconditus Topsent, 1892, by Topsent (1894).
1\
Treated as Myriastra debilis de Laubenfels, 1936, by de Laubenfels (1953) and Storr (1964, 1976).
Il
Treated as Myriastra by de Laubenfels (1936) and Storr (1964); Stelletta grubii Sehmidt, 1862, by LittJe (1963), Storr (1964, 1976), Kaminskaya (1971), Teer'
ung (1975), and Adams (1996).
IJ
Treated as Najax by de Laubenfels (1936).
"Treated as Unimia trisphaera de Laubenfels, 1953, by de Laubenfels (1953), Lillie (1963), Storr (1964), and Aleolado (1976).
Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 309
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
"Treated as Pyxitis gibberosa Schmidt, 1870. by Schmidt (1870).
"Treated as TisiphoTlia by chmidt (1880).
11
Treated as SpheciospoTlgia by G6mez (2002).
11
Treated as PapilliTla by G6mez (2002).
"Treated as ClioTla subulata Sollas. 1878. by Topsent (l889, 1894); C. viridis (Schmidt. 1862) by Little (l963).
20 Treated
11
as Papillitra by chmidt (l870).
Probablya synonym of ClioTla caribbaea Carter. 1882.
"Treated as Suberites tllbereulosus Schmidt. 1870, by Schmidt {I 870); PapilliTla areuata Topsent. 1889, by Topsent (1889); Spirastrella coronaria (Cuter. 1882)
by Topsent (1894); Anthosigmella (Duchassaing and Michelotti. 1864) by de Lauben fels (l953), Little (1963), Storr (1964.1976). Kaminskaya (1971), Stevely,
Thomson. and Warner (l978). G6mez (2002). and Pomponi and Rützler (unpubUshed manuscript).
UProbably a synonym of CIiOtra caribbaea Carter, 1882.
"Treated as Cliona by Topsent (l889. 1894).
UTreated as CliotlO by Little (1963). Storr (1964. 1976), and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscript).
14 Treated
as Cliona byLittle (I 963).
17 Treated
as Cliolla by Topsent (1889. 1894) and de Laubenfels (l936, 1953).
"Treated as Prianos tienreyi de Laubenfels, 1953. by de Laubenfels (l953); Pseudosuberites carnosus (Johnston. 1842) by Kaminslcaya (l971) and Alcolado
(l984);Polymastia nigra Alcolado. 1984. by A1colado (1984).
" Probably a synonym of Cliona sp.
"'Treated as Chondrilla byTopsenl {I 889. 1894).
11
Treated as Amorphilla byTopsent {I 889); TubereIla byTopsent (1894).
"Treated as Epipolasis by Green, Fuentes VeMzquez, and G6mez L6pez (1986).
"Treated as Axinella by Schmidt (1870).
"Treated as Laxosuberites zeteki de Laubenfels. 1936. by Kaminskaya (1971).
"Treated as Prosuberites microsclerus de Laubenfels. 1936. by de Laubenfels (1936).
"Treated as Suberites by Schmidt (1870).
"Treated as Cometella by Schmidt (1870); Tethya cometes Schmidt, 1879. by Schmidt (l880).
1I Treated
as Cryptotethya by Tabb and Manning (1961) and Storr (I 962. 1976); Tethya by A1colado (l976).
"Treated as Tethya auranlium PaUas. 1766. by Little (1963). Kaminskaya (l971). and A1colado (1984).
40
Probably a synonym of Timea sp.
"Treated as Hymedesmia byTopsent (1889.1894).
"Treated as Celllliophana by Schmidt (1870).
"Treated as Tremaulidium by Schmidt (1879).
.. Treated as Scleritodenna paccardi Schmidt, 1879. and Setidium obtectum Schmldt, 1879. by chmidt (1879).
"Probablya synonym of Macandrewia sp.
.. Treated as Discodermia clavatella (Schmldt, 1879) by Schmidt (1879).
"rreated as Discodermia nucerillm Schmidt. 1879, by Schmidt (1879).
.. Probably a synonym of Discodermia sp.
"Treated asAcamus sOllriel (Lc!vi. 1952) by Adams (1996).
so Treated as Plocamia by Schmidt (1870).
.. Treated as Holoplocamia by de Laubenfels (l936); Holoplocamla delaubenfelsi Little, 1963, by Little (1963).
"Pro bably a synonym of Clat/lria sp.
lJ
Treated as Hymeraphia affinisTopsent, 1889. byTopsent (I 889, 1894).
"rreated as Axoclella by de A1colado (1984).
"Tr
eated as Microciona plana Catrer. 1876. by Topsent (1889).
"Treated as TllOlyseurypOtJ by de Laubenfels (l936).
"Treated as Clalhria adioristica de Laubenfels, 1953. byde Laubenfels {I 953).
stTreated as Raphidoplrlus by Stinnett (1989).
"Treated as Microciona by Little (1963). Kaminskaya (1971). Teerling (1975). and Green (1977c).
"Treated as AulospoTlgus by de Laubenfels (1936); Raphidophlus by Adams (1996).
"1'realed as Thalyseurypon by de Laubenfels (1953), Little (1963), and Storr (1964, 1976).
(continued)
310 - Sponges (Porifera)
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
'" Treated as MicrociOlJa by A1colado (1984) and A1colado et al. (2003/2004).
., Treated as Thalysias juniperina (Lamarck. 1814) by de Laubenfels (1936); Microciona juniperina (Lamarck, 1814) by Hartman (1955). Storr (l964. 1976). and
A1colado (1976); Rhaphidophlus juniperinus (Lamarck. 1814) by Stinnett (1989) and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscript).
.. Trealed as Tenacia by Schmidt {I 880).
os Trealed as Thalyseurypon conulosa Hechle!. 1965. by Alcolado (l976).
.. Trealed as Trikentrion by TopsenI (l889. 1894).
"Trealed as Plocamia by SchmidI (1870).
.. Treated as Hymeniacidon amphilecta de Laubenfels. 1936. by de Laubenfels (1936. 1953).
"Trealed as Phakelia by Schmidl (1870).
70 Treated
11
as Hymeraphia clavata Topsenl. 1889. byTopsent (1889,1894).
Treated as Hymeraphia coronula Topsenl, 1889. byTopsenl (1889.1894).
n Trealed as Hymeraphia by Topsent (1894).
7)
Trealed as Hymeraphia viridis Topsent, 1889, byTopsent (l889. 1894) and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscript).
74
Treated as Microciona pusilla Carter. 1876. by Topsent (1889).
7S
Treated as Reniera digitata Schmidt, 1862. by Carter (1884).
Treated as Come/ella bySclunidt (1870).
n Treated as Toxemna tubulata (Dendy, 1905) by de Laubenfels (1936). Little (l963), and Storr (l964).
76
"Treated as Fibulia noli/angere (Duchassaing and Michelotti. 1864) by de Laubenfels {I 936) and Storr (1964); F. massa (Carter. 1882) by de Laubenfe!s (1953).
Storr (1964. 1976). and Bright et aL (1974).
"Treated as Desmacidon by Schmidt (1870).
.. Probably a synonym of Mycale sp.
01
Treated as Desmacidoll by Schmidt (1870).
., Treated as Esperia by Schmidt (1870).
.. Treated as Esperia by Sclunidt (l870).
.. Treated as Carmia macilenta (Bowerbank, 1866) by Little {I 963); Mycale lissochela Bergquist, 1965. by A1colado (1976); Desmacella meliorata Wiedenrnayer.
1977. by Adams (1996).
ISTreated as Esperia by Schmidt (1870).
.. Treated as Desmacidon by Schmidt {I 870); Xytopsues griseus (Schmidt. 1870) by de Laubenfels (1953). Storr (1964, 1976). and Kaminskaya (1971).
17 Treated
as Fibularia byTopsent (l889) .
.. Treated as Desmacidon tunicatum Schmidt. 1870. by Schmidt (1870).
•• Treated as Coelosphaera by Alcolado (1984).
90 Treated
as Xytopsene sigma/um de Laubenfels. 1949. by Little (1963). Storr (1964. 1976). and Teerling (1975).
"Treated as Keratylum mbrum A1colado. 1984. by A1colado (1984).
92
Treated as Cribrella by Schmidt (1870).
"Treated as Tylosigma byTopsent (1894).
•• Treated as Dendoryx by Topsent (1889); Myxilla by Topsent (1894).
9S
Treated as Merriamium tortugasensis de Laubenfels. 1936, by de Laubenfels (1936). Little (1963). Storr (l964. 1976). and Kaminskaya (1971) .
.. Treated as Ectyomyxilla by Maldonado and Young (l998) .
•, Treated as Teichaxinella morchella Wiedenmayer. 1977. by Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscript).
.. Treated as AxineUa polypoides Schmidt. 1870. by Carter (1884); Homaxinella mdis (Verrill. 1907) by de Laubenfels (l953).
"Treated as TeichaxineUa by de Laubenfels (1936).
"MI Treated as Homaxinella by de Laubenfels (1953). Storr (l964. 1976). and Kaminskaya (I 971 ).
'01
Treated as PseudaxineJla by A1varez et al. (200312004).
'02 Treated as Pseudaxinella rosacea (Verrill. 1907) by A1colado (1976); P. reticulata (Ridley and Dendy. 1886) by A1varezet al. (200312004); P.lunaecharta (rodley and Dendy. 1886) by G6mez (2002) and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscript).
'0' Treated as Phakellia ventilabrum Bowerbank. 1866, by Schmidt (l870).
,.. Probablya synonym of Ptilocaulis sp.
'os Trealed as Homaxinella ",dis (Verrill. 1907) by Tabb and Manning (1961). Slorr (1964. 1976). and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscripI).
'06 Trealed
as Didiscus habanensis A1colado. 1984. by A1colado (1984).
107
Treated as H iggiIlsia coralloides Higgin. 1877. by Carter (I 884).
'00
Treated as Topsenlia by A1colado (l984).
Rützler, van Soest, and Piantoni - 311
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf ofMexico. (continued)
10' Treated as Myrmekioderma styxde Laubenfels. 1953. by de Laubenfels (1953) and Diaz. Pomponi, and van Soest (1993).
as Bubaris by Storr (1964. 1976) and Alcolado (1984).
110 Treated
'" Treated as Dysidea crawshayi de Lallbenfels, 1936. by Little (1963). Kaminskaya (1971). and Storr (l976); Dictyone/la by Adams (1996); Ulosa by Stinnett
(1989) and Pomponi and Rützler (unpubUshed manllscript); Dictyonella by Adams (1996).
112 Treated
as Pseudaxinella by Alvarez et al. (2003/2004).
'" Probably a synonym of Halichondria sp.
'14 Probably a synonym of Halichondria sp.
"' Treated as Prostylissa byde Laubenfels (1953).
'16 Treated as Halichondria panicea (Pallas. 1766) by Little {1963}.
", Treated as Amorphina by Topsent (1889. 1894); Hymeniacidon by Topsent (1894).
"' Treated as Halichondria sanguinea Bowerbank. 1874, by Carter (1884).
11. Probably a synonym of Halichondria sp.
120 Treated
as Agelos oroides (Schmidt. 1864) by Storr (1976).
'" Treated as Agelas sparsus (Gray. 1867) by de Laubenfels (1936), Teerling (l975). Alcolado (1976). and Green (l977c).
122 Treated
'2]
asAgelas wiedenmayeri Alcolado. 1984. by Alcolado (1984).
Treated as Callyspongia vaginalis f. armigera (Duchassaing and Michelotti. 1864) by Green. Fuentes Velazquez, and G6mez L6pez (1986).
as Callyspongia procumbens (Carter. J882) by Tabb and Manning (1961); Patuloscula procumbens Carter. 1882. by Storr (1964); C. bu/lata (Lamarck.
1813) by Alcolado (1980); C. repens Little, 1963. by Little (1963) and Alcolado (1980).
12, Treated
12, Treated
as Patu/oscu/a by de Laubenfels (l936).
126 Treated
as Cacochalina by Schmidt (1870).
17
'
ldentified from figs. 19.32.
'''Treated as Tuba sororia (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864) by Carter (1884).
12.
Probably a synonym of Callyspongia sp.
110 Treated
as Haliclona by Adams (l996) and Stevelyand Sweat (1999).
", Treated asAdocia neens (Topsent. 1918) byde Laubenfels (1936).
112 Treated
as Rhaphisia by de Laubenfels (1936).
"'Treated asReniera byTopsent (1894).
11, Treated
as Haliclona permollis (Bowerbank, 1866) by Little (1963).
'3>
Probably a synonym of Haliclolla sp.
'36
Probably a synonym of Haliclona sp.
'" Probably a synonym of Haliclolla sp.
'" Trealed as Haliclona variabilis (Dendy. 1887) by Storr (J964, 1976) and Kaminskaya (1971).
'''Treated as Axinella nanaspiculata Hartman. 1955. byHarlman (1955). Kaminskaya (1971). and Green (l977c); Haliclona doria de Laubenfels. 1936, by
Green (I 977c); Haliclolla rubens (PaUas. 1766) by de Laubenfels (1936), Hartman (1955), Little (1963). Storr (1964,1976), Kaminskaya (1971). TeerUng (1975).
and Green (1977c).
'40 Treated as Haliclona by de Laubenfels (1936). Tabb and Manning (l96J). Little (J963), Storr (J964. 1976), and Green (1977b).
'" Treated as Dasycllalina cyatl/ina de Laubenfels. 1936. by de Laubenfels (1936. 1953) and Storr (1964); Ge/liodes cyathilla (de Laubenfels. 1936) by Alcolado
(1976).
'u Treated as Gelliodes ramosa (Carter. 1882) by Teerllng (1975) and Alcolado {1976}; Haliclona variabilis (Dendy. 1890) by Storr (1976).
14' Treated as Siphonodiclyon by TeerUng (1975) and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscripl).
14'Treated as Syphonodiclyon siphonum (de Laubenfels. 1949) by Zea (J985).
14, Treated as Rhizochalina by de Laubenfels (1953) and Little (1963); R. carotla Schmidt. 1870. by Alcolado (I 980}.
14, Treated as Foliolina by Schrnidt (1870).
14, Probably a synonym of Oceanapia sp.
'q Treated as Pelli,/a by de Laubenfels (1936) and Alcolado (1976); Sirongylophora amphioxa Laubenfels. 1936. by Kaminskaya (1971) and Alcolado (1984).
I" Treated as Schmidtia aulopora Schmidt. 1870, by Schmidt (1870); Haliclona by de Laubenfels (1936). Storr (1964. 1976); Haliclona long/ey; de Laubenfels,
1932. byde Laubenfels (J936) and Kaminskaya (J971); Neopetros;a longleyi (de Laubenfels. 1936) by de Laubenfels (J936). Storr (1964,1976). and Green
(l977c); Xestospollgia by Green (I 977a). Green. Gomez, and Bakus (l985), Green. Fuentes Velazquez, and G6mez L6pez (1986). Stinnett (1989), and G6mez
(2002).
150
Probably a synonym of Xestospongia sp.
151
Treated as Cribrochalina bySchmidt (1870).
(continued)
312 - Sponges (Porifera)
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
'" Treated as Ptilocaulis by de Laubenfels (l936).
'53
Identified from fig. 24.
'" Treated as Schmidtia by Schroidt (1870).
ISS
Treated as Spongionella by Carter (1884).
'56 Treated as Hireinia tubulosa Carter. 1884. by Carter (1884).
157 Treated
as Hireinia by Hyatt (1877).
'SI Treated as Hircinia campana felix (Duchassaing and Michelotti. 1864) by Hyatt (1877).
IS.
Treated as Hireinia by Hyatt (1877).
160 Treated
as lreinia ramosa Keller. 1889. by Hartman (1955) and Little (1963).
Treated as [reinia fasciculata de Laubenfels. 1948. by de Laubenfels (1953), Tabb and Manning (196J). Little (1963). Storr (1964, 1976). Teerling (1975). and
Green (l977a, b, c).
16'
'61
Probably a synonym of Spongia sp.
,., Treated as Euspongia vaginalis (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864) byTopsent (1889).
16<
Treated as Spongia equina gossypina barbara Hyatt. 1877. byTopsent (1889).
,., Treated as Spongia by Hyatt (1877).
'66 Treated as Spongia by Hyatt (1877).
'61
Treated as Trypespongia columbia de Laubenfels. 1936, by de Laubenfels (1936); Aulena columbia (de Laubenfels, 1936) by Storr (1964, 1976).
'''Treated as Spongia officinalis subsp. dura Hyatt. 1877, by Smith (1954).
'69
Treated as Spongia cheiris de Laubenfels and Storr. 19S8. by Storr (1964. 1976).
,7<> Treated as Spongia
171
officinalis subsp. obliqua Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864. by Smith (1954) and Storr (l964).
Treated as Spongia anelotea de Laubenfels and Storr, 1958, by Storr (1964).
Ln Treated
as Spongia graminea subsp. tampa (de Laubenfels and Storr. 1958) by Storr (1964).
l1J Treated
as Spongia officinalis Linne. 1759 subsp. tubulifera by Hyatt (1877).
'" Probablya synonym ofSpongia barbara Duchassaingand Michelotti. 1864.
", Probably a synonym of Dendri/la sp.
". Treated as Oligoceras hemorrhages de Laubenfels. 1936, by Hartman (1955).
177 Treated
as Polyfibrospongia echina de Laubenfels, 1934. by de Laubenfels (1936).
'" lTeated as Darwinella joyeuxiTopsent. 1889, by Topsent (1889, 1894).
"'Treatedas Darwirlella muelleri Schulze. 1865. byde Laubenfels (1953) and Storr (1964. 1976);D.joyeuxiTopsent, 1889. byLittie (1963).
'10
Probably a synonym of Aplysina lacunosa (Pallas, 1766).
'" Treated as llerorlgia cauliformis rufa (Carter, 1882) byTeerling (1975); Aplysina longissima by Storr (1976); Verongia Iongissima (Carter. 1882) by de Laubenfels (1936,1953), Little (1963), Tabb and Manning (1961). Kaminskaya (1971). Storr (1976). and A1colado (1984); Dysidea tenerrima Carter. 1884. I?] byCarter
(1884).
111 Treated
as Verongia byde Laubenfels (1953), Storr (1964). Kaminskaya (1971). Hyatt (1875), and Green (1977c).
,., Identified from fig. 31.
,.. Treated as Verongia byde Laubenfels (1936) and Brightet 31. (1974); Verongia aurea (Hyatt, 1875). I?j by de Laubenfels (l953).
,.. Treated as Verorlgia by Hyatt (1875).
,.. Treated as Aplysina aerophoba Schmidt, 1862. by Topsent (1889. 1894); A. fistularis insularis (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864) by Green. Gomez, and
Bakus (1985), Green, Fuentes Vel;lzquez, and G6mez L6pez (l986). and Stinnett (1989).
13'Treated as Verongia byde Laubenfels (1953); V. arelleri (Higgin, 1875), I?] by Kaminskaya (1971).
,.. Treated as Verongia by Hyatt (1875).
as Pseudoceratina byTeerIing (1975). Green, Gomez, and Bakus (1985). and Pomponi and Rützler (unpublished manuscript); Verorlgia by Alcolado
(1976); larlthella basta (Pallas. 1766) by de Laubenfels (l936); 1. ardis de Laubenfels, 1936, byde Laubenfels (1953), Little (l963). Storr (1964.1976), Teerling
11. Treated
(1975), and Green (l977a).
'00 Treated
as Ascallis byTopsent (1889); Leucosolenia by de Laubenfels (1936), Little (1963), and Topsent (1894).
19'1Teated as Sycaltis ovipara Haeckel, 1872, byTopsent (1889).
,., Probably a synonym of Leucarldra barbata (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864).
19J Treated as LeucolJia by de Laubenfcls (1936).
,.. Treated as Scypha by Littte (1963).
19' Treated as Diplacodium mix/um Schmidt, 1880, by Schmidt (1880).
,.. Probably a synonym of Myliusia by Schmidt (1880).
19'1Teated as ]oannella by Schmidt (1880).
Rützler; van Soest, and Piantoni - 313
Checklist of sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
,.. Treated as Margarilella coeloplychioides Schmidt. 1880. by Schmidt (1880).
,.. Treated as Daclylocalyx by Schmidt (J 880).
200 Treated
20,
asSyringidium zillelii Schmidt. 1880. by Schmidt (1880).
Treated as Volvulina by Schmidt (1880).
202 Treated as
Holleria by Schmidt (1870).
(f)
05 (a) Inkberry, Scaevola plumieri, c1ose-up, on Isla de Enmedio, Veracruz, Mexico (photograph by J. W. Tunnel!)
(b) Cinachyre/la kuekenthali, a common sponge in the Gulfof Mexico. Photograph of
the live sponge on a reef in Belize, 8 m depth (photograph by K. Ruetzler)
(c) Ectyoplasia ferox, photograph ofthe live sponge at the Flower Garden Banks, Texas
(photograph by G. P. Schmal)
(d) Didiscus oxeata, photograph of the live sponge at the Flower Garden Banks, Texas
(photograph by G. P. Schmal)
(e) Sponge, Agelas sp., possiblya species not in present checklist, Cayo Arenas, Mexico (photograph by V. Farley Sonnier; identified by K. Ruetzler)
(f) Ca/lyspongia plicifera, a comman spange in the Gulf of Mexico. Photograph of the
live sponge on a reef in Belize, 12 m depth (photograph by K. Ruetzler)
(g) Sponge, Ca/lyspongia vaginalis from Alacran Reef, Mexico (photograph by V. Farley Sonnier)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(e)
(d)
(f)
'er' iden06 (a) Sponge, Aplysina archeri, from Mexico (photograph by V. Farley Sonnl ,
tified by K. Ruetzler)
V. Far(b) Sponge, Aiolochroia crassa, from Alacran Reef, Mexico (photograph by
ley Sonnier)
Gu 1f of
(c) Scanning electron micrographs of spicule types in three 」 ッ セ ュ ョ
AdriatiC
Mexico sponges. A. Spherasters of ChondriJIa "nucula" Schmldt NH。セ
t weStspecies described for the Gulf but recently re-interpreted セウ a d'Stlnclernent
ern Atlantic species), with spiny tips of rays enlarged; B. Sp,lCule com.pe. Spic(styles, tylotes, isocheles, sigmas) of Lissodendoryx isodictyahs (Carter), f lotroule complement (styles, strongyles, accessory styles, and birotula:) 0
chota bir?tulata (Higgin) Hセッューウゥエ・
figure pr.epared by C. Piantonl)Piantoni)
(d) Composlte figure ofSEM Images of spange splcules (prepared by
\. Mac(e) Deep gorgonian, site GC852, GulfofMexico -1500 m (photograph by
Donald)
t ofl s1a
(f) "Gorgonian garden" of soft corals on the upper leeward patch reef weS
de Enmedio, Veracruz, Mexico (photograph by J. W. Tunnel!)
raph bY
(g) Thick-branched gorgonian, PlexaureJla sp., shallow Bahamas (photog
V. Farley Sonnier)
c.
(g)