9th International Symposium on Fish Parasites
Valencia 2015
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Pablo Abaunza, F. Javier Aznar, Maite Carrassón, Mercedes Fernández, Francisco E. Montero,
Santiago Pascual, Oswaldo Palenzuela, Ana Pérez del Olmo, Juan Antonio Raga (Chair), Ariadna SitjàBobadilla (Co-Chair).
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Jerri L. Bartholomew, Aneta Kostadinova, Arne Levsen, Simonetta Mattiucci, Francisco E. Montero
(Co-Chair), Marcelo E. Oliva, Peter Olson, Ana Pérez del Olmo (Chair), Oswaldo Palenzuela (CoChai ,à Jua à á to ioà ‘aga,à Ma iaà Joãoà “a tos,à To šà “ holz,à Ni holasà J.à “ it,à á iad aà “itj Bo adilla,àBe dà“u es,àDa idàW.àThieltges,àJua àT.àTi i,àIa àWhitti gto à † ,àHi oshi Yokoyama.
REFEREES OF THE ABSTRACTS
F. Javier Aznar, Jerri L. Bartholomew, Maite Carrassón, Bahram S. Dezfuli, Aneta Kostadinova, Arne
Levsen, Simonetta Mattiucci, Francisco E. Montero, Marcelo E. Oliva, Ana Pérez del Olmo, Oswaldo
Palenzuela, Maria João Santos, Nicholas J. Smit, Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla, Bernd Sures, David W.
Thieltges, Juan T. Timi, Hiroshi Yokoyama.
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PLENARY LECTURES
3
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIA ON FISH PARASITES: A KEY FACTOR FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF
ICHTHYOPARASITOLOGY
Scholz T.
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade
àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e, Czech Republic
Science is based, among other things, on a free exchange of ideas including meetings of researchers and their
discussions about hypotheses, sharing experiences, planning collaborative research and also learning from each other.
Personal meetings of students and young researchers with leading experts may represent crucial moments in their
career development and can be decisive of their future professional destiny. It was actually also my case when I met, as
an undergraduate student of parasitology, Clive Kennedy, Jimmy Chubb, John Mackiewicz, Glenn Hoffman, Tellervo
Valto e ,àCh isti aà“o
e illeàa dà a àothe à gu us àofàfishàpa asitolog àat the historical first world meeting focused
exclusively on ichthyoparasitology in former Czechoslovakia in August 1983. I was impressed not only by their often
e elle tàle tu es,à utàalsoàthei àa essi ilit àa dàki d essàtoà aste àthei à alua leàti eà replying to often very basic
questions of a no-name beginner in fish parasitology. This experience actually decided the course of my scientific career.
Unfortunately, I was not allowed as a PhD student to attend the second fish parasitology meeting in Hungary in 1988 –
we lived in socialism with a very strict hierarchy, in which students were not considered to be worth attending
international conferences abroad. For safety reasons, I also abstained from probably the weirdest meeting in
Petrozavodsk, Russia in 1991 organised precisely in the time when orthodox Russian communists wanted to take power
à aà oupà d etat.à Ho e e ,à Ià feelà thatà à e pe ie eà asà aà lo g-term member of the international committee of fish
parasitology meetings as well as my usually active participation at the following conferences: in Munich, Germany (1995;
principal organiser Rudoph Hoffmann), Budweis, Czech Republic (1999; Frank Moravec and Iva Dyková), Bloemfontein,
South Africa (2003; Jo Van As), Viterbo, Italy (2007; Simonetta Mattiucci) and Viña del Mar, Chile (Marcelo Oliva) enable
me to present a brief overview of these informal, friendly, but scientifically very sound and socially important meetings.
Therefore, this introductory talk is based mainly on my personal experience and souvenirs (of course, quite subjective
a dài o plete,à età i ed àf o à àdetailedà i utesàIà adeàdu i gà ostàofàtheseà o fe e es à,à utàalsoào à alua leà
comments generously provided by several key players in fish parasitology, the names of which will appear at the end of
my talk. Even though such a historical overview may be nostalgic and not interesting for young, dynamic researchers and
students, they are strongly encouraged to profit from the unique opportunity to informally discuss their results and
research plans with leading scientists. I hope that forthcoming conferences on fish parasites will represent as important
stimuli for many young colleagues as they did for me. I wish that they enjoy the privilege to study such amazing
creatures as fish parasites!
MODELING THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON DISEASE SEVERITY: A CASE STUDY OF CERATONOVA (SYN
CERATOMYXA) SHASTA
Bartholomew J.L.1, Ray R.A.2, Alexander J.D.1, De Leenheer P.3
1
Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
3
Department of Mathematics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
2
Shifts in future temperature and precipitation patterns will have profound effects on host-parasite interactions and the
dynamics of disease in freshwater systems. The aims of this talk are to present an overview of myxozoan disease
dynamics in the context of climate change, and to illustrate how these might be predicted over the next several decades
by developing a case study of disease dynamics of Ceratonova (syn Ceratomyxa) shasta in the Klamath River, California
USA. Our case study introduces a model ensemble for predicting changes in disease dynamics under different climate
scenarios (warm/dry, moderate/median, and cool/wet) from 2020 to 2060. The ensemble uses Global Circulation
Models (GCMs) and basin scaled models for the Klamath River to generate predictions for future water temperature and
river discharge. The environmental data are used as inputs for a predictive model and a degree-day model to simulate
effects of climate change on polychaete host populations and on C. shasta spore viability, respectively. Outputs from
these models are then used to parameterize an epidemiological model to predict changes in disease dynamics under
each climate scenario. The epidemiological model outputs were measured against baselines established using real data
for low, high and intermediate disease risk years. In general, the epidemiological model predicts that, except for
infrequent high discharge years, C. shasta dynamics will be similar to the high disease risk baseline. This suggests that
the recovery and management of Klamath River salmon will continue to be impacted by C. shasta.
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PARASITES IN FISH MARICULTURE
Nowak B.
University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
Successful health management of farmed fish is essential for sustainable mariculture. The level of potential control of
parasites is related to the type of aquaculture system. Cage culture offers little control over parasitic infections and may
contribute to free living organisms becoming parasitic. Additionally, interactions between farmed fish and wild fish are
unavoidable in cage culture. Parasites can cause significant losses and contribute to production costs through the costs
of treatment and loss in growth of the fish. Sea lice are one of the most significant health problems in mariculture
worldwide. All major producers of Atlantic salmon are significantly affected by different species of sealice. While there
are commercial treatments available, development of resistance can reduce usefulness of some of those products.
Sealice can also affect farming of other mariculture species, such as tuna. Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a condition
affecting some species of farm-reared marine fish caused by Neoparamoeba perurans. AGD was initially reported only
in Australia and USA but by now it has a significant impact on salmon production in Australia, Scotland, Norway and
Ireland. Main treatments used commercially include bath treatment with fresh water or with hydrogen peroxide. Tuna
mariculture in Japan and Australia is affected by blood flukes from genus Cardicola. Currently praziquantel is used as a
treatment but there is a growing concern that the blood flukes may develop resistance. Improved knowledge of the
parasites and host-parasite-environment interactions has resulted in promising management strategies which can
reduce impact of parasitic diseases in mariculture.
PARASITES AS BIOLOGICAL TAGS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS: PRESENT STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES
Timi J.T.
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata,
Argentina
First studies on parasite tags for host stock delineation were published nearly a century ago, when they were viewed as
curiosities and it took many years before they were accepted and worthy of serious consideration. Nowadays, this
methodology is widely applied and increasingly considered as a valuable tool for fisheries management. An analysis of
more than 300 publications showed that, since its origins, there have been (i) a positive evolution in the publication
rates, in the geographic distribution of investigations and in the quantitative methodologies; (ii) regular reviews along its
history and actualizations of the guidelines for the selection of suitable tags and (iii) an overwhelming majority of papers
dealing with parasites of teleosts, with very few studies on elasmobranchs, invertebrates and mammals. The main
perspectives for parasite tags are also analysed, including (i) their integration in holistic approaches to stock studies
utilising multiple techniques on the same samples and combining results across spatial and temporal scales to produce
conclusive and reliable evidence and (ii) the use of molecular approaches for parasite genetic tagging, given that
parasite genotypes often show an increased genetic variance relative to their hosts that could potentially be used to
dis i i ateàpa asiteà a dàhost àpopulatio sà ithàhighe àa u a àtha à àusi gàtheàhost sàge ot pesàalo e.àThe possible
extension of the study of parasite tags from a fishery to a zoogeographical context is also analysed and exemplified,
which could help to delineate marine regions to strategically plan and prioritize new conservation measures and
protected areas.
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CESTODE AND TREMATODE PHYLOGENETICS – WHATEVER NEXT?
Littlewood D.T.J.
Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK
Estimates of cestode and trematode phylogenies rely heavily on molecular data to provide resolution, and a robust
framework for evolutionary interpretation and taxonomic stability. Remarkable progress has been made in the last 20
years with taxon-rich comprehensive phylogenies now available for scrutiny. However, only a limited number of
molecular markers have been employed, usually components of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene array (fragments of
18S, 28S or ITS(1/2)) and the mitochondrial genome (usually fragments of cox1). Progress towards multi-gene
phylogenetic assessments have been slow, largely because few researchers have access to the taxa required for
comprehensive assessments or the resources for such endeavours. A consortium of researchers focussed on surveying
tapeworm diversity has provided material for new multi-gene phylogenies over the last few years and has highlighted
the need for additional markers to provide greater stability for cestode classification and to better understand patterns
of radiation and diversification. This has provided an important framework for community-led systematics with
substantial progress made in diversity discovery and molecular systematic effort. Meanwhile, next generation
sequencing, and the opportunities to apply this technology to material already collected, provides options for a move
towards phylogenomics and renewed efforts in taking cestode and trematode systematics still further. Here I assess
where we are with the phylogenies of flatworms with complex life cycles, the confidence we have in their phylogenies,
the implications of accepting them and the need to test them further. The basic taxonomic and systematic approach
provides tools for diagnosticians, ecologists, pathologists, evolutionary biologists and parasitologists alike. A strategic
community-led approach should not be too costly if we pool resources and share goals, but probably requires a radical
review of collections-based research and how we engage with it.
PARASITES AND BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS
Thieltges D.W.
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, The Netherlands
The introduction of species to ecosystems often results in dramatic impacts on native biota. Parasites can contribute to
these impacts but they can also play other important roles in biological invasions. For example, a loss of parasites during
the invasion process can lead to a competitive advantage for invading hosts (parasite release). Once established,
invasive hosts can acquire native parasites, amplify their populations and re-infect native hosts (spill-back effect).
Parasites can also be co-introduced with their invading hosts, potentially infecting native species (spill-over effect).
Finally, invasive species may not act as hosts for parasites but interfere with their transmission dynamics, thus reducing
infection risk for native species (dilution effect). In this talk, I will present a conceptual overview of the different
mechanisms of how parasites can play a role in biological invasions and I will exemplify various impacts on native biota. I
will do so by focussing on marine hosts, ranging from invertebrates to fish, with additional examples from freshwater
and terrestrial systems.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PARASITOLOGY: UNDERSTANDING PARASITE ECOLOGY FROM AN ENVIRONMENTAL
PERSPECTIVE
Sures B.
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen,
Essen, Germany
Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
In recent years, there has been an increasing number of papers showing how parasitism and environmental conditions
such as pollution or eutrophication can interact with each other in aquatic organisms. Apart from parasitological aspects
these interactions are also important in terms of ecological and environmental research. The current presentation aims
at identifying four promising directions for future research in the interdisciplinary field of environmental parasitology. 1.
Parasites as sinks for pollutants within their hosts: Some parasites are able to reduce pollutant levels in the tissues of
their hosts. This is an interesting implication since parasites might be beneficial to their hosts from this perspective. This
would alter our common understanding of parasites which – by definition – have to be harmful to their hosts. 2.
Parasites as a diagnostic tool to test bioavailability and toxicity of substances. Whereas free-living parasitic stages such
as cercariae respond very quickly to the presence of pollutants in their environment and therefore can be considered as
reaction indicators, endoparasites can only take up and accumulate pollutants if these were metabolized by the host in
an initial step. 3. The composition of parasite communities reflects environmental conditions of their hosts. Accordingly,
pollutants might be important factors in structuring parasite assemblages which themselves might be suitable to draw
conclusions about the state of the environment. 4. Parasites and simultaneously occurring pollutants can affect the
physiological homeostasis of infected hosts. This might have negative consequences for the health of the host, but is
also important from an ecotoxicological point of view.
RECENT ADVANCE IN SALMON LOUSE RESEARCH – A BASIS FOR INNOVATION ON SEA LICE CONTROL
Nilsen F.
Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
Infection with the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is currently causing large economical loss in the farming of
Atlantic salmon in Europe. In Norway the ostà asà esti atedà toà eà a outà . à €/p odu edà kiloà i à
.à á à i po ta tà
reason for the increased cost is related to reduced efficacy of most of the available medicines that are used for salmon
louse control. The emerging resistance is challenging the current control strategy which aims at a low environmental
impact related to the salmon lice. Hence, there is a strong demand for new control tools and to enhance the current
state of knowledge for this important parasite in order to further facilitate salmon louse control.
During the last several years special designed experimental facilities (e.g. single fish tanks) for salmon louse research has
been established together with protocols for gene silencing using RNA interference (RNAi) in both larva and pre-adult
and adult parasites. In addition, the salmon louse genome has been sequenced and annotated which allow easy access
to candidate genes both for functional studies and for the identification and evaluation of new treatment targets. The
presentation will give an overview of the established infrastructure and present some properties of the salmon louse
genome together with some recent examples of functional studies and how our research can facilitate innovation for
sea lice control.
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WORKSHOPS
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WO‘K“HOP: EPIDEMIOLOGY, P‘OPHYLAXI“ & CONTROL OF PARASITES IN
AQUACULTU‘E
Chairs: Francisco E. Montero1 & Barbara Nowak2
1
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
2
University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
Pathogens are one of the major problems for the development of the aquaculture. The industry and research often pays
more attention to bacteria and virus as these pathogens are usually more frequent and severe. However, some parasite
taxa include notable exceptions, as amoebas, ciliates, myxozoans, monogenean platyhelminths or caligid copepods,
mostly known because they affect to well-known fish cultures (as salmon, trout, amberjacks, sea-breams, etc).
Moreover, new parasite pathogens emerge every year, apparently related to the intensification of aquaculture, the
development of new fish cultures, or the global change. Is the industry ready for this changing scenario?
The degree knowledge on the biology, pathogenic mechanisms, epidemiology and control methods of each parasite
depends on factors, as the existence of similar previously known parasitosis, or the economical relevance and time of
experience the culture. In this regard, the geographical situation of the fish culture clearly has been determinant, but,
has this regionalised situation changed in this globalised world?
th
The 9 International Symposium on Fish Parasites provides a unique opportunity to bring together international
researchers with different expertise, coming from different geographical regions worldwide in order to obtain the
broadest possible view of the occurrence and impact of parasites in aquaculture around the world.
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WO‘K“HOP: THE BIODIVERSITY OF TREMATODE“ OF FI“HE“
Chairs: Thomas H. Cribb1 & Isabel Blasco-Costa2
1
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
2
THE MEDITERRANEAN: DISCOVERY RATES FOR A WELL-STUDIED DIGENEAN FAUNA
Pérez-del-Olmo A.1, Kostadinova A.2, Gibson D.I.3
1
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
3
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
2
Knowledge of digenean diversity in Mediterranean fishes is based on many contributions since the 1800s (e.g. by
Rudolphi, Looss, Stossich, Bartoli, Bray and Gibson). We updated data from the NHM Host-Parasite Database, and listed
294 digenean species allocated to 145 genera in 29 families from 177 fish species (25% of the known fish-fauna)
belonging to 122 genera and 70 families. The most diverse (25–44 species) digenean families (Opecoelidae, Hemiuridae,
Didymozoidae) represent more than a third of the total richness (35% of species; 24% of genera). The mean number of
species per host is close to recent global estimates for digenean richness in teleosts (1.66 vs 2.04), indicating a high
diversity in the Mediterranean. Families harbouring the greatest diversity (i.e. 60–100%) of digeneans species
(Clupeidae, Gadidae, Labridae, Mugilidae, Sparidae, Scombridae, Triglidae) are also the best studied. Digeneans were
also recorded from all hosts of a number (21; i.e. 30%) of species-poor host families. However, five speciose host
families (Gobiidae, Myctophidae, Rajidae, Scorpaenidae, Serranidae) appear understudied (only 5–30% with records)
and no digenean reports exist for 100/169 fish families present in the Mediterranean. Thus, although Mediterranean
fishes appear well studied, further efforts are needed. Nevertheless, descriptions of new taxa (three genera and 27
species) since 2000 indicate that focused efforts have resulted in a high discovery rate (1.9 species per year). Many of
these new (often cryptic) taxa were the result of combined morphological and molecular methods, which promise more
reliable estimates of digenean diversity in this region.
KNOWLEDGE OF MARINE FISH TREMATODES OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
Bray R.A.
Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
The Atlantic Ocean and its adjacent basins (e.g. Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea) are well represented
in the early history of the description of the global marine digenean fauna. Workers such as Rudolphi, Dujardin, Stossich
described many Mediterranean forms whilst van Beneden, Olsson, Odhner, Nicoll, Linton, Stafford and Manter, provided
variously satisfactory descriptions of the basic fauna of the wider Atlantic Ocean. Life-cycles have been elucidated by
such workers as and Stunkard and Køie. It would seem, therefore, that with this long history, the marine fauna of the
Atlantic is quite well known and it would be possible to have some idea of the development of the fauna in this, the
youngest of the Oceans. The knowledge is, however, not evenly spread, with little being known of the south-eastern
Atlantic or the deep-sea, particularly south of the Equator. In addition, many of the earlier descriptions are not now
recognisable. Nevertheless, our understanding of the diversity of the fauna will be described and discussed and a
comparison with the fauna of the older oceans made, including consideration of such developments as the appearance
of the Panama Peninsula and Lessepsian migration into the Mediterranean Sea. The importance of testing
morphological results with molecular techniques will be stressed and recently discovered cryptic species considered.
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KNOWLEDGE OF TREMATODES OF SHORE FISHES OF THE TROPICAL INDO-WEST PACIFIC
Cribb T.H.1, Yong R. Q-Y1, Diaz P.E.1, Martin S.B.1, Huston D.C.1, Bray R.A.2, Cutmore S.C.1
1
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
2
The tropical Indo-west Pacific (TIWP) ranges from the Red Sea and East Africa in the west to Hawaii and Easter Island in
theàEast.àThisàhugeà a i eà iogeog aphi à egio àe o passesàtheà Co alàT ia gle à theà ate sàofà Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Timor Leste and Solomon Islands), the most diverse marine area in the world. In
total, the TIWP has at least 4,000 shore fish species of which at least 2,000 occur in the Coral Triangle. Study of this
th
fauna began relatively late; serious reporting began only in the 20 Century and there remains much to be done. In this
review we consider how well the fauna of adult digenean trematodes is known in terms of the likely total number of
species, how well the patterns of host-specificity are understood, and the development of understanding of patterns of
biogeography in the region. The overwhelming paradigm is of concentrated knowledge of isolated taxonomic groups,
host groups and geographical areas relating to sustained work by a relatively small group of experts. Important
components of the fauna in all these categories remain poorly studied. The lack of contemporary work in the Coral
Triangle is especially striking. We conclude by discussing potential approaches to expediting progress.
PROGRESS TOWARD THE DESCRIPTION OF THE TREMATODES OF FRESHWATER FISHES OF THE WORLD
Scholz T.1, Cribb T.H.2, Ostrowski de Núñez M.C.3, Smit N.4
1
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
3
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas & Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
4
Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom,
South Africa
2
Given that fresh water constitutes less than 1% of global water resources, it is remarkable that freshwater fishes
comprise about 40% of all fish species. Of course, these fishes harbour a huge range of trematodes, both as sexual
adults and as metacercariae. Here, continent by continent, we review knowledge of this fauna. Knowledge is highly
uneven and clearly incomplete for almost all regions, sometimes dramatically so. A recent critical examination of
published data on 148 fish species of 21 families has revealed the occurrence of 56 species of trematodes parasitising
freshwater fishes in Europe as adults and 63 species that use fish as intermediate hosts (metacercariae). For Australia
there are records of just 31 trematode species from 34 of about 300 fish species. For South America there are about 200
species known from the astonishing estimated total of 6,000–8,000 fish species. For Africa there are fewer than 100
spe iesà epo ted.àálthoughàtheà iggestàp o le à e ai sàtheà o pletio àofàtheà fi stàpass àofàalphaàta o o ,àthe eàa eà
in addition great problems relating to biogeography and elucidation of life cycles. For the latter, molecular data, i.e.
matching DNA sequences of larval stages and corresponding adults, may represent a powerful tool that should be used
in future studies. Another challenging problem represents the existence of cryptic species and, in particular,
considerable decrease of experts in taxonomy and life cycles of trematodes.
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BIODIVERSITY OF LARVAL DIGENEANS IN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS IN EUROPE
Faltýnková A.1, Sures B.2, Kostadinova A.1
1
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen,
Essen, Germany
2
Analysis of two novel datasets containing 8,202 and 2,380 host-parasite-locality records for digenean parasites of fishes
and molluscs, respectively, was used to assess the biodiversity of larval digeneans in the freshwater environment in
Europe. The "fish" dataset comprised a total of 67 species belonging to 33 genera and 9 families that utilise freshwater
fishes as intermediate hosts. The distribution of taxonomic diversity of larval digeneans was distinctly uneven, with a
large number of genera (21) represented by a single species and a single species-rich genus (Diplostomum, 17 spp.). The
"mollusc" dataset covers a large number of lymnaeid (11 spp.; 193 host-parasite records, HPR), planorbid (18 spp; 132
HPR), bithyniid (15 spp.; 82 HPR) and bivalve (13 spp.; 32 HPR) digenean intermediate hosts. Four snail hosts had an
extremely rich fauna: Lymnaea stagnalis (41 spp.); Planorbis planorbis (39 spp.); Radix ovata (36); and R. peregra (33
spp.). A total of 171 species belonging to 89 genera and 35 families was recorded, the majority (113 spp.) comprising
parasites that use tetrapods as definitive hosts. Larval stages of 52 fish digeneans (43% of all species recorded in fish)
are reported in freshwater molluscs, thus indicating a relatively good knowledge of the life-cycles of fish digeneans in
Europe. Although the digeneans in molluscs exhibited a higher taxonomic diversity than those using fish as intermediate
hosts, the same uneven diversity distribution pattern was observed, with a few species-rich genera, including most
notably, Diplostomum (9 spp.). We discuss the taxonomic and ecological implications of these data.
THE WORLD REGISTER OF MARINE SPECIES: A TOOL FOR FISH PARASITOLOGISTS
Boxshall G.A.
Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
Chair, Scientific Steering Committee, World Register of Marine Species
The World Register of Marine Species (www.marinespecies.org) aims to provide an authoritative, global list of names of
marine species and it currently holds nearly 230,000 valid species names. The species list, together with over 190,000
synonyms, is the product of over 200 taxonomic editors – the taxonomic experts who provide the key intellectual
content. Taxonomic editors have responsibility for particular taxa, ranging from a family to a phylum, to which they have
password controlled access. They update WoRMS – capturing the 2000 or so new marine species described each year as
well as synonyms, etc. WoRMS seamlessly delivers marine names data derived from other Global Species Directories,
such as FishBase, AlgaeBase and World of Copepoda. As a fish parasitologist working on copepods, I find WoRMS an
amazingly useful tool. Most importantly, it lists recorded hosts (with bibliographic details) and links to the updated
taxonomy of the host. The link is reciprocal so you can also check what species of parasitic copepod have been reported
from particular hosts, and where (as geographical data are also included). It also stores images, links to pdfs, DOI
numbers, other websites, etc. The aim of this paper is to introduce WoRMS and determine whether the fish
parasitology community is interested in developing a thematic parasitological directory within WoRMS.
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FRESHWATER PARASITES OF EUROPE DATABASE: DIGENEANS IN FISH
Sures B.1, Kostadinova A.2
1
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen,
Essen, Germany
2
Institute of Pa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
We will share our experience during the creation of the first database of freshwater parasites in Europe within the
framework of the BioFresh EC-funded project. The total database contains: (i) distributional species-level data (25,220
host-parasite-locality records; of these 18,543 georeferenced) for parasites in 68 species of freshwater molluscs and 172
species of fish (Acanthocephala, Cestoda, Digenea, Monogenea, Nematoda; 385 species, 22,261 host-parasite-locality
records, 15,987 georeferenced); (ii) species lists for each higher taxon; and (iii) annotated bibliography (1,098
references, timeframe 1924–2012). The database is compiled by taxonomists from published records from freshwater
(rivers, lakes, ponds) and coastal brackish localities in 35 European countries. Taxa names are cross-checked with Fauna
Europaea and other taxonomy databases, data entered are quality checked, taxonomic adjustments are made (parasite
names used in original records kept in comments for each host-parasite-locality record). The dataset on fish digeneans
contains 8,202 host-parasite-locality records covering 122 species belonging to 49 genera and 19 families found in a
total of 148 fish species of 21 families; of these, 59 species use fish as definitive hosts. Study effort is uneven in relation
to the habitats with 50, 41, 7.4 and 2% of the records originating from lake, riverine, coastal brackish and pond
ecosystems, respectively. The most intensely studied group is cyprinid fishes (55% of records) followed by percids (17%)
and salmonids (8.5%). Digenean taxonomic diversity is distinctly uneven with just two relatively species-rich genera:
Phyllodistomum (10 spp.) and Asymphylodora (8 spp.).
TOWARDS A STABLE TREMATODE PHYLOGENETIC AND TAXONOMIC FRAMEWORK
Littlewood D.T.J., Briscoe A., Waeschenbach A., Bray R.A.
Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
It is now over 10 years since a comprehensive molecular phylogeny for the Trematoda (with emphasis on the Digenea)
and based on nuclear ribosomal gene data, was published. The phylogeny yielded a number of insights into the
evolutionary history of the group, suggested a number of higher-level taxonomic changes and raised many new
questions. Meanwhile, the phylogenetic framework has also found use in incorporating hitherto unsampled taxa and
guiding taxonomy. Generally, concerted collecting for molecular systematics has been driven by a need for accurate
diagnostics and stable taxonomy but usually at a relatively low taxonomic level. Little effort has been expended on
developing the molecular toolkit or for wider biodiversity discovery of trematodes. Importantly, relatively poor support
for deeper branches in the current digenean tree of life suggests a fresh, critical approach is required. Here we discuss
problems associated with current estimates of trematode phylogenies and suggest possible solutions as to how greater
diversity might be sampled and phylogenetic stability achieved cost-effectively and conveniently.
13
PROPOSAL FOR A STANDARDIZED STYLE FOR DESCRIBING TREMATODES
Overstreet R.M.
Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, USA
No standardized style for descriptions of trematodes presently exists, at least on an international basis. Standardization
should perhaps not be mandatory, but it seems to be the optimal approach to provide the most useful data for both
present and future researchers. It can fit into any format, which in turn will follow journal requirements. One reason
that researchers submitting descriptive taxonomic works do not follow a specific style is because they do not always
appreciate why some reviewers disagree with their style or because the reviewer suggests a mixture of ways or styles of
describing specific features. This presentation provides a most needed style that if followed will avoid most ambiguous
clauses, be clear as to meaning, be concise, allow room for an abundance of modifiers, and permit authors to realize
why a style makes sense. Moreover, because recent investigations have shown that many cryptic species exist and many
other species follow convergent paths, critical descriptions of as many phenotypic characters as practical should be
described to best support and assess contradictory molecular sequence data from multiple taxa. Descriptions should
include molecular data or specimens from which later molecular analysis could be obtained. Also, the rationale and
when specific fixatives, stains, dyes, methods, supplies, techniques are preferred will be presented. Additionally
presented are definitions of shapes and structures as well as a discussion of which important structures require
illustration.
MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO TREMATODE SYSTEMATICS – BE“T P‘ACTICE AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR
FUTURE STUDY
Blasco-Costa I.1, Miller T.L.2, Cutmore S.C.3, Nolan M.J.4
1
Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Fish Health Laboratory, Department of Fisheries, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
3
The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
4
Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
2
Morphological examination of putative trematode species has been the cornerstone to describing their taxonomic
affiliation and congeneric relationships. However, since the early-1990s, there has been increased application of
molecular technologies. In particular, data obtained by direct sequencing of genetic loci has overcome problems linked
to phenotypic plasticity, provided comprehensive insights into genealogical relationships, and allowed a thorough
exploration of geographic variation. Early reviews on the topic called attention to several theoretical and methodological
issues, from the importance of sample size to the number of loci sequenced. How far have we progressed on these
matters? With time, revolutionary advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and bioinformatics now allow
unprecedented opportunities to explore a range of aspects linked to the fundamental biology of parasites, on a scale
that was previously unimaginable. These advances provide the opportunity to take the next step beyond traditional
molecular characterisation of species using one or two loci. Here, we discuss current methods, best practice and,
perhaps most importantly, what that next step is and how it may i) allow the identification of more informative genes
and subsequently better diagnostic markers for species delineation, ii) provide stronger resolution in inferring
phylogenetic relationships between taxa, iii) enhance our understanding of morphological evolution, iv) improve
knowledge about host-parasite distribution patterns and parasite life-cycles, and v) provide insights into population level
variation that could aid epidemiological investigations via advanced identification techniques.
14
WHAT DO PARASITE ECOLOGISTS NEED FROM TREMATODE TAXONOMISTS?
Timi J.T.1, Poulin R.2
1
Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y
Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET. Mar del Plata, Argentina
2
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Research in parasite ecology requires accurate identification of studied species, and thus depends on taxonomic tools
for identification. Traditional, as well as developing areas of research, such as geographical patterns of biodiversity and
phylogeography, the influence of global climate change, the role of parasites in food webs, etc., are closely tied to
research in systematics and taxonomy. This dependence applies to all parasite groups, however, the complex life-cycles
of trematodes and their changing morphology and required hosts across the life-cycle pose greater difficulties for
ecologists and require more concentrated efforts from taxonomists. A comprehensive, regularly updated, online
database of trematode diversity would be a great step forward. Although the number of described and named
trematode species is always increasing, often trematodes are only identified to genus or family level in community
studies, especially those at larval stages. Furthermore, the number of fully resolved life-cycles remains very small.
Parasite ecology would certainly benefit if taxonomists invested at least as much effort on figuring out life-cycles as on
describing new species, thus revealing pathways of trophic transmission. The use of phylogenetic information in
community ecology has grown dramatically in recent years, mainly stimulated by the idea that evolutionary
relationships can provide insights into historical processes shaping community assembly. We need more resolved
phylogenies in most groups of trematodes to identify ecological, evolutionary, and biogeographic drivers of parasite
community composition. As parasite ecology expands and evolves, it will need taxonomic descriptions of both larval and
adult trematodes, knowledge of their life-cycles and their phylogenetic relationships, all more readily accessible than at
present.
15
WO‘K“HOP: BIOBANKING: A NEW APPROACH FOR IMPROVING RESEARCH ON
FI“H PA‘A“ITE BIO‘EPO“ITO‘IE“
Chairs: Ángel F. González, Santiago Pascual & Helena Rodríguez
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
The general idea around the workshop on biobanking for parasite biorepositories is the presentation and future
implementation of banking platforms for samples and associated data assuring the traceability of the processes involved
and the high-quality of stored samples. A major trend in environmental research consists in addressing global
phenomena around the study of large series of samples organized with well-defined and detailed criteria, with the
specific information required in each case. The availability of traceable samples and associated information of high
quality has been a plea that has been at the root of many of the most important advances in marine science. The
collection of significant numbers of marine samples and quality information involves a major effort in planning,
construction, and finally operation; it is very time and resource consuming constraining the accurate development of the
marine research. Furthermore, the new paradigm beyond these platforms is providing a banking network for exchange
of parasite material that allow a best-value for money approach and a significant improvement for high quality research.
The main distinguishing feature of biobanks with respect to the classical concept of a collection of samples and
associated data is its commitment to transferring samples and associated information in an open, transparent, and
partnering way for the benefit and improvement of high-quality science. The biological biobanks scheme and
infrastructure we developed is expected to provide a number of outcomes that will boost the development of a network
of biobanks, first in marine and freshwater parasitology and later in other scientific fields.
16
FORUMS
17
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE FORUM: EU‘OPEAN CENT‘E OF ICHTHYOPARASITOLOGY,
CZECH REPUBLIC: PROMOTION OF A RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE
Chair: Milan Gelnar1,àTo
š Scholz2, Pavel Jurajda3
1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Institute of Pa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČeskéàBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
3
Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
2
Fish parasitology is one of the very few areas of bio-ecological research in the Czech Republic that actually plays a
leading role at the international level and has the highest international reputation. ECIP – European Centre of
Ichthyoparasitology – represents a follow-up of previous research centres with several inovations with a primary focus
on research complementarity and formation of young researchers. As well as a more intensive mutual collaboration of
all three teams involved, namely Faculty of Science, Masaryk University in Brno, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre
ofà theà Cze hà á ade à ofà à “ ie esà ofà theà Cze hà ‘epu li à i à Českéà Budějo i eà Bud eis à a dà I stituteà ofà Ve te ateà
Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Brno. Altogether 49 mostly young researchers including PhD students from
13 countries and four continents (Algeria, Austria, Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, India, Mexico, Russia,
Serbia, Slovak Republic, UK and Ukraine) are involved.
The ECIP project is based on four research modules: (1) Diversity of parasites and adaptation to parasitism; (2)
Phylogenetics and molecular taxonomy; (3) Host-parasite relationships and molecular interactions; and (4) Evolutionary
epidemiology and behavioral ecology of parasites. Each of them representing a different spectrum of methodological
approaches applied to studies of seven major groups of parasites (protists, myxozoans, monogeneans, tapeworms,
digeneans, nematodes and parasitic crustaceans) and their host fish. Multidisciplinarity and complementarity of
individual teams headed by a well balanced mixture of internationally renowned senior researchers, which form the
ECIP, are considered to be the strongest aspects of this complex research project supported by the Czech Science
Foundation, project No. P505/12/G112. In addition to research, advanced teaching in methods of modern systematic,
ecological and evolutionary parasitology represents another key activitiy of the ECIP staff.
18
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
19
Kristmundsson Á., Freeman M.
O-001
PARASITES OF THE LUMPFISH, CYCLOPTERUS LUMPUS, AND IMPLICATIONS WITH THEIR USE AS CLEANER
FISH IN CAGED REARED ATLANTIC SALMON
Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland
The production of juvenile lumpfish intended for use as cleaner fish in salmon sea cages is significantly increasing and in
2014, 500.000 juveniles were successfully reared in Iceland for that purpose. A comprehensive knowledge on parasites
infecting the cleaner fish is vital as they could cause problems in juvenile lumpfish production and furthermore pose a
risk of transmission to the cage reared Atlantic salmon.
Wild lumpfish, some of which used as broodfish for production of cleaner fish, were screened for microparasites by
examination of fresh preparations, histology and by molecular methods.
Five different microparasites were found: Nucleospora cyclopteri, Goussia sp. Kudoa islandica, Parvicapsula asymmetrica
and Cryptobia dahli. Both N. cyclopteri and K. islandica were highly prevalent, the former being highly pathogenic and
possibly vertically transmitted while the latter is apparently apathogenic but causes severe post mortem
myoliquefaction. Goussia sp. infections were associated with mortality and caused severe intestinal pathology.
Cryptobia dahli was prevalent but had no negative effect on the fish. P. asymmetrica infections were commonly mild
and without any apparent pathology.
Parasites could cause health problems in the production of cleaner fish for commercial use. Furthermore, the
transmission of pathogens from cleaner fish to cage reared salmon is possible. N. cyclopteri is a potential pathogen
affecting the production of juvenile lumpfish while K. islandica is non-specific with regards to fish host and could
possibly infect salmon and cause spoilage of the fish product. The Goussia species identified is pathogenic to lumpfish
but its host specificity is unknown.
O-002
UTILISING SENTINEL CAGED SALMON & PLANKTON TRAWLS TO ASSESS A MODEL OF PARASITE
DISTRIBUTIONS IN LOCH LINNHE, SCOTLAND
Pert C.C., Collins C., Salama N.K.G.
Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
The ectoparasitic crustacean Lepeophtheirus salmonis is considered to be a production pest of marine salmonid
a ua ultu e,à esti atedà toà ostà theà i dust à i à “ otla dà al ostà € à illio à a uall . One approach to managing L.
salmonis infestation pressure on fish stock is to understand the transport of L. salmonis and thus interconnectivity
between sites, so that sites can better co-ordinate practices to manage lice.
We aim to demonstrate the use of sentinel caged fish and plankton trawls to provide data to assess a feature of the
modelled parasite distributions in Loch Linnhe, Scotland. We also use the data to determine the spatial and temporal
abundance of lice.
A bio-physical model was utilised to predict the distribution of infective lice originating from farm sites. Model
validation was carried out using plankton tows and nine sentinel cages positioned at different locations within the loch
during May & October 2011 to 2013.
Sentinel cage data demonstrated that infestation pressure on sentinel fish varied by location and year with the highest
values recorded in 2011 (Prevalence 86.91% and intensity 7.13) and 2013 (79.78% and 3.42). Nauplii were rarely
3
sampled (21/528) whilst copepodids were in 160/528 trawls with the highest density found in May 2011 (0.09 cops/m ).
Relative lice count information was provided by producers allowing for Spearman Rank correlations demonstrated a
correspondence across all year observations and simulations between modelled rank density and observed rank of:
ou tsà ρ
= . *** ,àp e ale e,à ρ
= . *** ,àa u da eà ρ
= . *** àa dài te sit àρ
= . ** .àO se edà
a kàpla kto à opepodidàde sit àalsoà o espo dedà ithà a kà odelledàde sit àρ
= . ***.
20
O-003
OCCURRENCE OF SEVERE EMACIATION DISEASES CAUSED BY A NEW ENTEROSPORA IN CULTURED
GROUPER FINGERLINGS IN SOUTH CHINA SEA
Liu X.H.1, Xu L.W.2, Feng J.2, Zhang J.Y.1
1
Fish Diseases Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
2
Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Ultilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea
Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
THREE SPECIES OF MONOGENEAN PARASITES EMERGING IN CULTURED MEAGRE (ARGYROSOMUS REGIUS
ASSO, 1801) (TELEOST: SCIAENIDAE) FROM WESTERN TURKEY
Tokse àE.,àŞi i àC.,à)o alàM.á.
Department of Diseases, Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University, Turkey
The first commercial production of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) was established in 2005 in Turkey. Farmers reported
occurrence of scale losses and skin lesions already during the first season. Based on morphological characters,
Benedenia sciaenae was identified from infected fish in that farm. Nowadays, in two different commercial companies,
meagre fish started to show non-specific disease signs, such as lethargy, emaciation, gill anaemia and mortality. Thirty
specimens of meagre from each farm were sampled for parasitological analysis. The microcotylid monogenean
Sciaenacotyle panceri and Calceostoma glandulosum Johnston et Tiegs, 1922 were found on the gills of meagre from
one cage farm. The prevalence of infection of these two monogeneans was 100 % and the mean intensity of infection
was 1125 ± 73 and 8 ± 2, respectively. Diplectanum sciaenae was observed on the gill of meagres from the other farm.
The prevalence and mean intensity of infection was 100 % and 1125 ± 75. Measurements were made using an ocular
micrometer and drawings were made with using a camera lucida. No protozoan or other metazoan parasites were
found.
21
O-004
Groupers are very important cultured fish species in South China Sea. Mass mortality of cultured grouper fingerling
(including Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, E. drummondhayi, E. coioides and all other cultured grouper species) occurred
along Hainan coast of South China Sea since 2011. The remarkable clinical signs include extreme emaciation, white
faeces, anorexia, cachexia, lethargy, empty stomach, intestinal oedema, thin intestine wall and extremely atrophic liver.
The disease generally occurred in juvenile fish of 3-12 cm (especially below 7 cm) in body length, during rainy season
and the prevalence and mortality varied depending on the farm, but the maximum reached up to 100%. To investigate
the possible pathogenic agents responsible for this disease, a thorough parasitological examination was conducted. A
new microsporidium infecting the nucleus of intestinal epithelial cells was suspected to be responsible for this
emaciation and white faeces syndrome of groupers. Histopathological analysis showed that this microsporidian induced
severe pathological changes including accumulation of cell debris between the epithelium and lamina propria and
severe detachment of intestinal mucosa, and degeneration of the epithelium associated with massive infiltration of
inflammatory cells. The plasmodium contains several diplokarya and displays polysporous development, which occurs
without an interfacial envelope. Based on the morphological, histopathological, ultrastructural and molecular evidences,
a new Enterospora species is thought to be involved in the syndrome. This is the first intestinal microsporidian reported
in fish from China. Further studies are needed, considering that grouper fingerlings bred in Hainan province are
becoming an important source for cage-cultured groupers in South East Asia.
O-005
CALIGUS ROGERCRESEYI SENSITIVITY AND TREATMENT EFFICACY OF ANTI-LOUSE CHEMICALS IN CHILE
Agusti C. 1, Bravo S.2, Helgesen K.O.1, Contreras G.3, Winkler C.3, Mendoza J.3, Horsberg T.E.1
1
Norwegian University of Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
3
Cermaq Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
2
The sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi is a severe threat to the salmonid industry of Chile. Control of the parasites relies on
chemical treatments, but reduced treatment efficacy due to resistance has been reported towards pyrethroids
(deltamethrin) and emamectin benzoate (Bravo et al. 2008, Helgesen et al. 2014). An organophosphate, azamethiphos,
was introduced in 2013 to improve treatment efficacy. The aims of the present study were to assess the sensitivity of C.
rogercresseyi towards these three chemicals using bioassays, and to explore the correlation between the bioassay
results and the treatment efficacies.
The study was performed in four fish farms in regions X and XI in Chile, from May 2013 to May 2014. Bioassays were
carried out on adult farm-collected lice as described in Helgesen et al. (2014) (expressed as EC50). Lice abundance was
monitored weekly and treatment efficacy calculated. Sensitivity towards emamectin benzoate was low and similar in the
four locations (EC50 125-327 ppb). The sensitivity towards deltamethrin varied; more resistance was found in the midwest of region X (EC50 2.68-3.34 ppb). An early stage of resistance development towards azamethiphos was seen in the
farms located in region X (EC50 0.88-2.36 ppb). Pyrethroids (deltamethrin and cypermethrin) and azamethiphos were the
most commonly applied treatments. Efficacy of azamethiphos treatments ranged between 92% and 100%, in
accordance with the sensitivity level showed by the bioassays. Pyrethroid treatment efficacy ranged between 38% and
79% in the farm with the highest EC50-values and between 60% and 100% in the farms with the lowest EC 50-values.
O-006
LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS (COPEPODA: CALIGIDAE) RESPONSES TO AZAMETHIPHOS AND
CYPERMETHRIN
Poley J.1, Sutherland B.2, Whyte S.1, Koop B.2, Fast M.1
1
Department of Pathology & Microbiology, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
2
Lepeophtheirus salmonis (sea lice) are the most economically important parasite of salmonid aquaculture in the
Northern hemisphere. Veterinarians are limited to few therapeutic options for sea lice control and consequently,
overuse of these products has lead to drug resistant populations. Two of these compounds, azamethiphos and
cypermethrin, are still used globally despite the declining sensitivity of sea lice to their effects. To better understand the
response dynamics of these treatments, sea lice were exposed to multiple doses of azamethiphos or cypermethrin using
in vitro bioassays. Both larval and adult sea lice were exposed to either treatment or a seawater control for 24hrs. Lice
survival was assessed before collection for transcriptional analysis using a 38K oligonucleotide microarray. Principal
component analysis indicated differential expression due to drug exposure was minor compared to differences between
sexes and stages of sea lice. Cypermethrin and Azamethiphos induce a similar gene expression response, with genes
involved in stress response being upregulated compared to control. A distinct gene expression profile was also noted
between those lice surviving treatment compared to those observed to be moribund post-24hrs treatment. Traditional
drug response biomarkers showed differences between sexes and stages however neither treatment caused
upregulation of these transcripts. These data show that constitutive expression differences between sexes and stages
impact drug response in sea lice.
22
Kaur K.
O-007
SINGLE MUTATION RESPONSIBLE FOR RESISTANCE TOWARDS ORGANOPHOSPHATE (AZAMETIPHOS) IN
SALMON LICE (LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS)
NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Sea Lice Research Centre, Norway
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the primary target for organophosphates (OP). OP has been used against salmon lice
(Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in Norwegian salmonid aquaculture since late 1970s. Similar to other arthropods, frequent
use of OP resulted in the development of resistance in L. salmonis against them in the 1990s, leading to a major
economic loss afflicting the aquaculture industry. Understanding and unravelling the biochemical pathways underlying
resistance in Lepeophtheirus salmonis against OP is, therefore, the need of the hour.
In the present study, full length cDNA sequences encoding two AChEs in Lepeophtheirus salmonis were identified and
fully characterized. Interestingly, in contrast to most other arthropods, Lepeophtheirus salmonis has two different forms
of ace1 gene (ace1a and ace1b) with no orthologous of ace2 gene.
The screening of whole cDNA sequences of ace1a and ace1b, in sensitive and azamethiphos-resistant sea lice samples,
led to the identification of a missense mutation Phe362Tyr in ace1a.
Significantly higher frequency of the mutant allele (362Tyr) in the resistant strains (5 strains) compared to sensitive
strains (2 strains) indicated the association of Phe362Tyr with resistance towards azamethiphos. The 3D modelling, short
term survival experiments and enzymatic assays further supported the imperative role of Phe362Tyr in reduced
sensitivity of L. salmonis towards azamethiphos.
In collaboration with PatoGen Analyse AS, a rapid diagnostic assay was developed for high throughput screening of
Phe362Tyr. The epidemiological data from various fish farming sites in Norway (n = 48) collected from 2012 to 2014
further validated that Phe362Tyr alone is responsible for resistance in L. salmonis towards azamethiphos in Norway.
O-008
THERAPEUTIC AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL MEASURES FOR CRUSTACEAN PARASITES (CALIGUS SP.) ON
SEABASS (LATES CALCARIFER) IN MALAYSIA
Khoa T.N.D1, Suhairi M.2, Mohd Sabri M.2, Shaharom-Harrison F.1
1
Kenyir Research Institute (IPK), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia / College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can
Tho University, Vietnam
2
Institute of Tropical Aquaculture (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
Studies of the biology of sea lice have been conducted from various perspectives in the world. However, this
information is limited in Malaysia; most of the published literature has centered on the economically importance and on
a wide range of species. This research has focused on identification, prevalence, studying developmental stages under
different environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, nitrite, and alkalinity), behavior, including the application of
genetic methods. Herbal extract (neem oil Azadirachta indica) has been used to control Caligus sp on Seabass. A total of
à spe i e sà ofà aligidsà e eà isolatedà th oughoutà theà stud .à Theà esultsà sho edà thatà the eà ha eà fi eà diffe e tà
species, including C. minimus, C. epidemicus, C. rotundigenitalis, C.absen and C.robotus. Their presences were observed
0
within a narrow salinity range (25–28ppt) warm temperature (28.2-29.6 C) Nitrite (0.25mg/l) and high alkalinity
(60ppm). Caligus sp showed site preference for attachment which was at the body surface and fins of the fish. With
different alkalinity concentrations, fecundity of C.minimus varied from 55.9±4.3 to 66.7±3.9 eggs and hatching rate is
from 0 to 85.27±3.81 %, the highest is at 70 ppm treatment. The population of C. minimus strongly fluctuates among
treatments; the highest dynamic is at 70 ppm of alkalinity. The study also determined LC50 of Caligus, Seabass with
neem oil is 2ppt and 20ppt, respectively and neem oil can be used to control Caligus infection on Seabass at 5ppt.
23
O-009
AKIRIN-BASED CHIMERIC PROTEIN: POTENTIAL CANDIDATE VACCINE AGAINST SEA LICE PARASITES
García C.1, Carpio Y.1, Lugo J.M.1, Pons T.2, Ramos Y.1, Morales A.1, Morales R.1, Rodrigo O.1, Herrera F.1,
Estrada M.P.1
1
Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
Structural Biology and BioComputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
2
WHAT HAPPENS TO REEFS WITHOUT CLEANER FISH?
Grutter A.S.1, McClure E.C.1, Sun D.1, De Brauwer M.1, Werminghausen J.1, Cheney K.L.1, Cribb T.H.1, Sikkel
P.C.2
1
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
Department of Biology, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
2
The known benefits of fish cleaning in reef communities are increasing. An ongoing experiment, involving the removal of
2
cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus from seven reefs and left undisturbed on nine reefs (64-285 m ) for 15 years, has
shown 1) decreases in the abundance and diversity of large visiting and small resident fishes, and abundance of
recruited residents, juvenile visitors, and juvenile conspecifics; 2) a decrease in growth and increase in parasitic
copepods in individuals of a resident species; and 3) a skew in the size frequency distribution of individuals towards
more small fish in two resident species. However, the mechanisms involved in these community-wide and individual
effects remain unclear. Each cleaner wrasse eats ~1200 parasitic gnathiid isopods a day. An increase in these bloodfeeders could explain the observed effects on fish. Therefore, we tested whether their infection rate differed with
cleaner presence. As clients, we used a resident (damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis) and a visitor (wrasse,
Hemigymnus melapterus). On the experimental reefs, fish were placed in traps (~12h, day/night) which gnathiids could
enter but not escape. Few gnathiids (0-3) infected damselfish, with more at night; and they were not affected by cleaner
presence. In contrast, more gnathiids infected wrasse; with more on cleaner-absent (0-179) than on cleaner-present (014) reefs in the day; at night there was no cleaner effect (0-25, 0-24, respectively). This is the first demonstration that
cleaner wrasse affect gnathiid infection rates. We suggest gnathiids are a causative agent for some of the observed
changes in fishes.
24
O-010
Sea lice ectoparasites are the most widely distributed marine pathogens in salmon industry. Vaccination could be an
environmentally friendly alternative for sea lice control but is still in an early stage. P0 protein is a structural component
of ribosomes in all organisms and essential for cell viability. Recent results in tick suggest that it might be a potential
antigen candidate. Furthermore, the nuclear factor subolesin/akirin/my32 protein is highly conserved from insects to
mammals, and plays an essential role in the innate immune system. We characterized the my32 gene/protein from two
important sea lice species, Caligus rogercresseyi and Lepeophtheirus salmonis, based on cDNA sequence isolation,
phylogenetic relationships, three dimensional structure prediction and expression analysis. We also demonstrated a 56
% of protection against sea lice in a vaccine trial in Salmo salar with my32 from C. rogercresseyi. In addition, vaccination
with purified recombinant my32 from L. salmonis elicited a specific antibody response in mice and fish. These results
suggest that the combination of these good candidate antigens could be a promising target against sea lice infestations.
In this sense we design two chimeric proteins based on my32 protein and a 35 amino acid peptide from ribosomal P0
protein. Immunization in tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) with these chimeric antigens elicits specific antibodies antimy32 and anti-P0 which provide evidence of the dual effect of a chimeric vaccine. Based on immune response we
demonstrate that the antigens in this study appear to be potential candidates for continued development of a vaccine
against sea lice infestations.
Behrmann-Godel J.1, Schmid M.2, Aho T.3, Björklund M.4
O-011
35 YEARS OF ISOLATION AND HEATING CAUSES PARASITE INDUCED SHIFT OF THE SELECTION REGIME ON
IMMUNE GENES (MHC GENES) IN PERCH (PERCA FLUVIATILIS)
1
Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Germany
University of Konstanz, Germany
3
Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
4
Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
2
LONG-TERM INFECTION DYNAMICS OF OLIGOGONOTYLUS MANTERI IN ITS INTERMEDIATE AND DEFINITIVE
HOSTS FROM CELESTUN, YUCATAN, MEXICO
Aguirre-Macedo M.L., May-Tec A.L., Vidal-Martínez V.M.
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Mérida, México
Olygogonotylus manteri, is a digenean using the mayan cichlid fish Cichlasoma urophthalmus as definitive and second
intermediate host, and the hydrobiid snail Pyrgophorus coronatus as first intermediate host. This trematode species has
been one of the most frequent (mean prevalence 92± 10.1) and abundant (mean 27± 29) parasite species in the mayan
cichlid along 10 years of monthly samples at Celestun, Yucatan, Mexico. It has been also a prevalent species in the snail
host samplings throughout the last 6 years (1.0±1.2). The aim of this study was to identify temporal patterns of
trasmission of O. manteri among hosts, and the potential effect of environmental conditions over these patterns
through time. Fourier time series analysis was use to identify infection peaks through time and cross correlation among
enviromental variables and infection parameters. This statistical technique was useful to identify the key time lags in the
trasmission of O. manteri.
25
O-012
Genes that play key roles in host immunity such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in vertebrates are
expected to be major targets of selection. Environmental conditions affect host–parasite interactions and thus also
selection on MHC. We analyzed MHC class IIß variability over 35 years in a population of perch (Perca fluviatilis) that was
split into two populations. One population was subjected to heating from cooling water of a nuclear power plant and
was isolated in an artificial lake, while the other population was not subjected to any change (control). The isolated
population experienced a change of the allelic composition and a decrease in allelic richness of MHC genes compared to
the control. The two most common MHC alleles showed cyclic patterns indicating ongoing parasite–host coevolution in
both populations, but the alleles differed between the two populations. No such patterns were observed at alleles from
nine microsatellite loci, and no genetic differentiation was found between populations. Differences in parasitism of the
current perch populations suggest that a change of the parasite communities had occurred over the isolation period
We conclude that perch in the enclosed and heated artificial lake have experienced strong selection on immune genes
induced by a shift in the parasite community as a result of the exceptionally high temperature in the artificial lake. The
dynamics of MHC alleles over time however changed in variable ways indicating that the biological effects of a change in
environmental conditions are to a large extent unpredictable.
O-013
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS ON HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS IN
THE STICKLEBACK-SCHISTOCEPHALUS SYSTEM
Barber I., Macnab V., Simmonds N.E.
Department of Biology, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
POTENTIAL EFFECT OF CLIMATE IN THE TEMPORAL VARIATION OF MEXICONEMA CICHLASOMAE IN THE
MAYAN CICHLID CICHLASOMA UROPHTHALMUS IN CELESTUN, YUCATAN, MEXICO
May-Tec A.L, Aguirre-Macedo M.L, Vidal-Martínez V.M.
Departamento de Recursos del Mar, CINVESTAV, Mérida, Yucatán, México
Little is known about the temporal variability of tropical fish parasites. This is currently an issue in the tropics due to the
potential effect of Global Climate Change (GCC) on parasite dynamics. Indeed, there is a lack of information on key
environmental factors affecting parasite abundance through time. Rainfall has been suggested as a key factor because
the host-parasite system experience variability due to annual patterns of precipitation. A further complication in the
tropics is the influence of disturbances occurring at different time scales (e.g. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 3-5
years), for which it is necessary to carry out long-term observations. The aim of our study was to determine the
influence of environmental factors in the infection parameters of Mexiconema cichlasomae in its intermediate Argulus
yucatanus and definitive hosts Cichlasoma urophthalmus from a tropical lagoon over a period of 10 years.
Environmental factors and infection parameters of M. cichlasomae were analyzed using wavelets to determine potential
recurrent patterns. Infection parameters of M. cichlasomae showed peaks every 6, 12, 24 and 60 months. The peaks of
maximum variability were related with fluctuations of salinity, rainfall and temperature, suggesting the influence of
ENSO. The present work showed a synergism among different environmental factors acting at a long temporal scale
which in turn affect this host-parasite system. The temporal variability of infection parameters of M. cichlasomae
expand over periods longer than a year suggest the need for long-term data sets in studying temporal variability in
infection levels in the context of GCC
26
O-014
Global environmental change has considerable potential to influence the interactions between hosts and parasites, with
consequences for parasite development, transmission and life cycle completion rates. Here we present results from
recent experimental studies examining how environmental stressors – increased water temperature, reduced dissolved
oxygen (DO) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) – affect host-parasite interactions in three-spined sticklebacks
experimentally infected with Schistocephalus solidus. The effects of temperature were dramatic. Over a 16-week postinfection period, a 5C temperature increase generated a fourfold increase in plerocercoid growth rate in experimentally
infected fish, with all parasites reared in fish held at 20C developing infective worms, compared to none held at 15C.
Furthermore, infected fish exhibited behavioural preferences for warmer temperatures, potentially generating a
feedback loop accelerating parasite growth. An environmentally relevant EDC (17b-estradiol, E2) also affected the
growth of plerocercoids in sticklebacks, with parasites growing most quickly in male hosts, suggesting sex differences in
the consequences of EDCs for host-parasite interactions. The effects of Schistocephalus on the expression of host genes
associated with the hypoxic response were also examined under normoxic and reduced DO conditions. Expression
patterns were influenced by infection status, with the physiological responses to hypoxia of infected fish being impaired,
with likely consequences for the survival of infected fish in hypoxic environments. Our results from this ideally suited
model experimental system demonstrate that anthropogenic global changes have considerable potential to influence
the outcome of host-parasite interactions in fish, with significant consequences for disease phenotypes and for life cycle
completion rates under perturbed environments
O-015
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF MONOGENEAN PARASITES OF BUTTERFLYFISHES
(CHAETODONTIDAE) IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC
Sasal P.1, Reverter M.1, Cutmore S.C.2, Cribb T.H.2
1
CRIOBE, USR - CNRS/EPHE/UPVD, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
2
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF PARASITISM IN FRESHWATER FISH: SPATIAL PATTERNS IN HOT SPOTS OF INFECTION
Blasco-Costa I.1, Rouco C.2, Poulin R.3
1
Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum of Geneva, Switzerland
Landcare Research, New Zealand
3
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, New Zealand
2
Contrary to species occurrence, little is known about the determinants of spatial patterns of intraspecific variation in
abundance, particularly for parasitic organisms. In this study, we provide a multi-faceted overview of spatial patterns in
parasite abundance and examine several potential underlying processes. We first tested for a latitudinal gradient in local
abundance of the regionally most common parasite species and whether these species achieve higher abundances at
the same localities (shared hot spots of infection). Secondly, we tested whether intraspecific similarity in local
abundance between sites follows a spatial distance decay pattern or is better explained by variation in extrinsic biotic
and abiotic factors between localities related to local parasite transmission success. We examined the infection
landscape of a model fish host system (common and upland bullies, genus Gobiomorphus: Eleotridae) across its entire
distributional range. Our results showed that the most widely distributed parasites of bullies also achieve the highest
mean local abundances, following the abundance – occupancy relationship. Variation in local abundance of any focal
parasite species was independent of latitude, the abundance of co-occurring species and spatial distance or disparity in
biotic attributes between localities. For only one parasite species, similarity of abundance between sites covaried with
the extent of abiotic differences between sites. The lack of association between hot spots of infection for co-occurring
species reinforces the geographic mosaic scenario in which hosts and parasites coevolve by suggesting nondeterministic, species-specific variation in parasite abundance across space.
27
O-016
Butterflyfishes are the iconic species of coral reefs. Many species are sympatric in the reefs. They host many species of
parasites among which monogeneans of the subfamily Ancyrocephalinae. These direct life cycle parasites live on the gills
and are generally regarded as very specific. We have studied the monogenean communities of over twenty species of
Chaetodontidae in the South Pacific region (Australia, Palau, New Caledonia, Wallis, French Polynesia). Our results show
a relative conservatism of the distribution pattern of the monogenean species found throughout the host community.
Thus, some host species are never or almost never parasitized while others are consistently abundantly parasitized.
Besides the fact that such results are in contradiction with the traditionally observed distribution patterns of species
diversity in this region, i.e. decreasing gradient from west to east species, our results raise some questions about
monogenean specificity. We will comment these results taking into account host phylogeny trying to identify why some
species are never parasitized despite the fact that they live in sympatry with heavily infected ones.
O-017
ECOLOGY VERSUS PHYLOGENY AS DETERMINANTS OF HOST SPECIFICITY IN TRYPANORHYNCH
TAPEWORMS OF SHARKS AND RAYS
Palm H.W.1, Yulianto I.1, Piatkowski U.2, Caira J.3
1
Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel, Germany
3
The University of Connecticut, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, USA
2
This study explores non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) as a tool for investigating parasites as indicators of the
biology of their hosts. A particularly novel and attractive feature of nMDS is its ability to allow assemblage-level parasite
data to be simultaneously applied to questions of host biology. The method was examined using trypanorhynch
tapeworms, which are known to be transmitted among their hosts by way of the food web (i.e, via predation), can
unambiguously be identified in the intermediate and final hosts, and thus trypanorhynchs have obvious potential as
indicators of host feeding biology. Analyses conducted in this study were focused on the trypanorhynch assemblages in
the elasmobranch as definitive hosts. The relationship between trypanorhynch assemblage and investigated factors for
all sharks were complicated but we noted that depth, together with diet and environmental realm, were the major
influence factors. Based on analyses, we found several species of sharks had different character from their description
that could be caused by change of shark behaviour or trypanorhynch host path. The relationship between
trypanorhynch assemblage and investigated factors for carcharhiniform species was more robust than the relationship
of trypanorhynch assemblage and all sharks. Among the factors investigated in the carcharhiniform analysis, the
relationship between environmental realm and trypanorhynch assemblage was most remarkable. The low host
specificity in this group of tapeworms results in a correlation between the worm assemblage and the host ecology,
masquerading the long host-parasite co-evolution and elasmobranch phylogeny.
O-018
PREY AND PARASITES AS INDICATORS FOR THE ROLE OF ETMOPTERUS SPINAX IN LOCAL FOOD WEBS
Isbert W.1,2, Rodríguez-Cabello C.1, Frutos I.1,3, Preciado I.1, Montero F.E.2, Pérez-del-Olmo A.2
1
Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Santander, Spain
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
3
University of Hamburg, Centre of Natural History (CeNak), Zoological Museum Hamburg, Germany
2
The role of small benthic deep-sea sharks may be crucial for characterising and understanding deep-sea ecosystems
which is essential for management and protection measures considering prevailing anthropogenic impacts on these
systems. By combining an examination of stomach contents yielding a snapshot of the most recent trophic niche and the
structure of parasite communities reflecting a long-term feeding niche, the main goal of this study was gaining more
comprehensive information on the role of the small-sized deep-water velvet belly lantern shark Etmopterus spinax in the
local food webs of the Galicia Bank and the canyon and valley system of the Avilés Canyon (both NE Atlantic).
Component parasite communities in E. spinax were relatively rich, whereas the infracommunities were rather
depauperate, with similar low diversity at both localities. Analyses revealed significant differences in the composition
and structure of both prey assemblages and parasite communities between the two areas, thus indicating differential
effects of the two deep-sea ecosystems on both the recent and long-term trophic niches of E. spinax. These results
underline the importance of the use of multivariate analyses for the assessment of geographical variation in shark
populations based on diet data and parasites. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first comparative
parasite infracommunity data for a deep-sea shark species.
28
Dallarés S.1,2, Solé M.2,3, Cartes J.E.2, Padrós F.1,2, Carrassón M.1,2
O-019
A PARASITOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GALEUS MELASTOMUS RAFINESQUE, 1810 FROM DEEP WATERS OF THE
NW MEDITERRANEAN SEA IN RELATION TO DIET AND HEALTH CONDITION OF THE HOST
1
Depa ta e tàdeàBiologiaàá i al,àdeàBiologiaàVegetalàiàd E ologia,à Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
2
Xarxa de R+D+I en Acuicultura, Spain
3
Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
MOLECULES FOR ECOLOGY: DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF LEPIDAPEDON SPP. IN DEEP-SEA FISHES OF
THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Georgieva S.1, Pérez-del-Olmo A.2, Dallarés S.3, Constenla M.3, Kostadinova A.1, Carrassón M.3
1
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li à
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
3
Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola,
Barcelona, Spain
2
Totals of 652 fish belonging to four species: Lepidion lepidion (n = 262), Mora moro (n = 77), Phycis blennoides (n = 217)
and Trachyrincus scabrus (n = 96) were collected using bottom trawling at depths of 400–1,800 m in the western
Mediterranean between the Balearic Islands and the Catalonian coast of Spain. Specimens of Lepidapedon spp. were
recovered from all host species with prevalence ranging between 27% (M. moro) and 81% (P. blennoides). Partial
fragments of the mitochondrial nad1 gene were amplified for representative samples from each host. Combined
molecular and morphological analyses confirmed the presence of Lepidapedon desclersae in the four hosts and
Lepidapedon guevarai in L. lepidion, T. scabrus and P. blennoides. Totals of 17 and 6 unique nad1 haplotypes were
identified for L. desclersae and L. guevarai, respectively. The most abundant haplotype of L. desclersae was recovered in
L. lepidion, M. moro and T. scabrus predominantly from off Balearic Islands at depths of 1,000–1,200 m, whereas the
most abundant haplotype of L. guevarai was found in P. blennoides from off Barcelona and at depths of 400–1,000 m.
Analysis of the entire dataset revealed significant effects of host and depth on infection parameters of the two species,
L. desclersae being most prevalent and abundant in L. lepidion and at depths of 1,400–1,800 m and L. guevarai
predominating in P. blennoides and at depths of 400–1,000 m.
The study was supported by the MICINN project ANTROMARE (CTM2009-12214-C02-02) and the project ECIP
(P505/12/G112).
29
O-020
Despite their importance and vulnerability, deep-dwelling elasmobranchs are still poorly understood. In this context, this
study aims to perform a parasitological survey of the blackmouth catshark Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810 in deep
waters of the north-western Mediterranean Sea describing variability on the parasite community between host maturity
stages and its relation to diet and health condition of the host. A total of 120 specimens of G. melastomus were
captured in 2010-2011 at 400-1,400 m depth in three different locations of the Balearic basin using a semi-balloon ottertrawl. Parasitological, dietary, enzymatic stress indicators and histological data were obtained according to standardized
protocols. Main relationships among fish parasite load, size, condition indices, enzymatic activity of muscular
acetylcholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase and intensity of hepatic melano-macrophages were
tested. A total of 16 different parasite taxa were found: one coccidian, one monogenean, one digenean, five cestodes,
seven nematodes and one copepod. The most important parasites in terms of prevalence and abundance showed a
significant relationship with host size, probably reflecting hosts ontogenic diet shifts: the digenean Otodistomum sp., the
cestodes Scolex pleuronectis and Grillotia cf. adenoplusia and the copepod Eudactylina cf. vilelai were linked to adult
sharks, while the cestode Ditrachybothridium macrocephalum characterized juvenile hosts. Overall results considering
associations between parasite infection parameters and health condition of their hosts yield the conclusion that, in the
present study, the intensity of parasite infections does not negatively affect fish health.
The study was supported by the MICINN project ANTROMARE (CTM2009-12214-C02-02)
O-021
TAXONOMY, HOST-SPECIFITY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS HAMACREADIUM LINTON, 1910
(TREMATODA: OPECOELIDAE), FOUR NEW SPECIES AND EVIDENCE FOR A CRYPTIC SPECIES COMPLEX
Martin S.1, Cribb T.1, Cutmore S.1, Miller T.2
1
Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
2
The opecoelid trematode Hamacreadium mutabile Linton, 1910 is the only reported species of its genus from Australian
waters. The current taxonomy suggested H. mutabile has a cosmopolitan distribution and an exceptionally low hostspecificity, whereas most other nominal Hamacreadium species are represented by few published records. We
compared sequences of H. mutabile from its type-host and type-locality, the grey snapper, Lutjanus griseus, Florida, with
52 sequences generated from specimens collected from a range of lutjanids from the Indo-West Pacific. Together with
morphological examination of 697 specimens, these sequence data provide evidence for a cryptic complex of
Hamacreadium species from the Indo-West Pacific, none of which represent H. mutabile. Following an extensive review
of all past records of Hamacreadium species and with considerations for host-usage and biogeography, we present a
redefinition of the genus and revise its composition. We conclude, contrary to numerous previous reports, that H.
mutabile does not occur beyond the West Atlantic, and that the definitive host-range of species of Hamacreadium is
overwhelmingly restricted to shallow-water piscivorous lutjanids. We argue that only three of 41 nominal species can be
recognised as belonging to the genus and add two new combinations and four new species. Finally, we emphasise
replication and the importance of considering morphology, sequences, host-usage and biogeography in parallel when
proposing new trematode taxa or revising problematic ones such as Hamacreadium.
O-022
MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY VERSUS MOLECULAR SIMILARITY: THREE NEW BLOOD FLUKES
(APOROCOTYLIDAE) FROM BALI AND AN APPARENT CASE OF RAPID DIVERSIFICATION
Yong R.Q-Y.1, Cribb T.H.1, Cutmore S.C.1, Bray R.A.2, Miller T.L.3, Semarariana I.W.Y.4
1
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
3
School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
4
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Indonesia
2
Investigations into the fish blood fluke (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) fauna of the tropical Indo-west Pacific region revealed
a number of new species in fishes of the order Tetraodontiformes, including a complex of species in pufferfishes of the
genus Arothron. Three new species were discovered from waters off Bali, Indonesia, one of which infected the narrowlined puffer Arothron manilensis and the spiny blaasop Tylerius spinosissimus, whereas the other two infected the
reticulated puffer, A. reticularis. The three taxa differed dramatically from each other, particularly in the morphology
and number of testes. However, they also shared some potentially synapomorphic features, including an auxiliary
seminal vesicle. Analysis of the partial 28S and ITS2 rDNA regions showed the three taxa form a clade together with the
two other tetraodontid-infecting aporocotylids for which sequences are known, to the exclusion of all others. The
morphological disparity between taxa in this clade is at odds with the molecular divergence between them, suggesting
an episode of rapid morphological diversification. This phenomenon is in contrast to other clades within the
Aporocotylidae, which display retention of morphological features despite higher levels of genetic divergence. This issue
of morphological diversity versus molecular relatedness has implications for the generic-level classification for the taxa
in this clade; should they be placed in separate genera, as might be suggested by morphology, or in a single genus as
might be suggested by genetics?
30
Antar R.1, Georgieva S.2, Gargouri L.1, Kostadinova A.2
O-023
TWO NEW SPECIES OF MACVICARIA GIBSON & BRAY, 1982 (DIGENEA: OPECOELIDAE) FROM SPARID FISHES
IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN IDENTIFIED BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DATA
1
Reasearch Unit Animal Bio-Ecology and Systematic Evolutionary, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis,
Tunisia
2
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
The genus Macvicaria Gibson & Bray (1982) is a one of the largest digenean groups parasitic in marine fish throughout
the world ocean. As part of a study of the diversity of digeneans parasitising sparid fish off the Tunisian coasts we found
that Diplodus annularis, Lithognathus mormyrus, Oblada melanura, Sparus aurata and Spondyliosoma cantharus were
infected with species of the genus Macvicaria. This study aims to identify Macvicaria spp. using morphological and
molecular evidence. A total of 237 fish was sampled in Bizerte Lagoon and the nearby Bay of Bizerte. Live digeneans
were fixed in molecular grade ethanol for both DNA isolation and morphological study. Partial sequences of the 28S
rRNA gene and/or complete sequences of the ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 gene cluster were amplified for 20 isolates. The
newly generated sequences were analysed with sequences from GenBank using neighbour-joining, maximum likelihood
and Bayesian inference methods. Detailed examination of the digenean morphology allowed us to identify three species
of Macvicaria: one from Oblada melanura, one from Sparus aurata and Lithognathus mormyrus and one from Diplodus
annularis and Spondyliosoma cantharus. Phylogenetic analyses strongly corroborated the morphological evidence and
provided strong support for the distinct species status of the three species. Detailed comparative analyses revealed that
specimens from Sparus aurata and Lithognathus mormyrus and those from Diplodus annularis and Spondyliosoma
cantharus represent species new to science. Our results highlight the need for the use of a combined approach involving
morphological and molecular analysis in solving the problems in species delimitation within the genus Macvica.
O-024
A COMPLEX OF SPECIES RELATING TO PARADISCOGASTER GLEBULAE (DIGENEA: FAUSTULIDAE) IN
CHAETODONTID FISHES (TELEOSTEI: PERCIFORMES) OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF
Diaz P.E.1, Bray R.2, Cutmore S.3, Ward S.3, Cribb T.H.3
1
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
3
The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
2
A total of 1523 individuals of 34 species of chaetodontids from the Great Barrier Reef were examined for faustulid
trematodes. Specimens resembling Paradiscogaster glebulae Bray, Cribb & Barker, 1994 were found in nine
chaetodontid species at three localities. These species are shown, on the basis of combined morphological and
molecular analysis, to comprise a complex of morphologically similar and partly cryptic species. The complex may
comprise as many as six distinct species of which three are resolved here. The true P. glebulae is identified in Chaetodon
ornatissimus Cuvier, C. aureofasciatus Macleay, C. plebeius Cuvier, C. rainfordi McCulloch and C. speculum Cuvier, and
two new species are described. The host specificity of the three species differs strikingly. Paradiscogaster type 1 infects
just one fish species, P. glebulae infects species of only one clade of Chaetodon, and Paradiscogaster type 2 infects quite
unrelated species. The basis of this unusual pattern of host-specificity requires further exploration. Two of the species
recognised here, P. glebulae and Paradiscogaster type 2 showed apparent intraindividual variation in the ITS2 rDNA
sequences as demonstrated by clear, replicated double peaks in the electropherograms.
31
Cutmore S.1, Sasal P.2, Cribb T.1
O-025
A NEW SPECIES OF CARDICOLA (TREMATODA: APOROCOTYLIDAE) FROM INDO-PACIFIC BUTTERFLYFISHES
1
The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l'Environnement, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
2
A single blood fluke species, Cardicola chaetodontis, is known in butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) on the Great Barrier
Reef (GBR). Molecular studies have demonstrated a very low host-specificity for this species; it infects 17 of the 18
Chaetodon species examined on the GBR. We used ribosomal DNA to explore the composition and host-specificity of
Cardicola in French Polynesian butterflyfishes relative to that for the GBR. Blood flukes morphologically consistent with
C. chaetodontis were found infecting chaetodontids in the Society and Tuamotu Archipelagos. A narrower host range
was identified in French Polynesia, with infections found in just seven of 18 species examined. Eight Chaetodon species,
two Heniochus species and a single Hemitaurichthys species were not infected. Previous reports mainly found adults
infecting the heart, whereas in French Polynesia they were found primarily in the gills. Additionally, the French
Polynesian specimens regularly infected Forcipiger, whereas GBR reports note the absence of Cardicola in this genus.
Molecular characterisation of French Polynesia specimens showed that, contrary to expectations, two genotypes occur
in French Polynesia, one only in Chaetodon pelewensis (Genotype 1) and another in four species of two chaetodontid
genera (Genotype 2). Genotype 1 matched sequences from the GBR and presumably represents the same species.
Genotype 2 differs consistently from the GBR sequences by 3–4 bases and is interpreted as a novel cryptic species.
These findings are contrary to the previously reported west-to-east reduction in trematode richness in the Pacific.
O-026
FIRST MOLECULAR DATA FOR DIGENEANS FROM ANTARCTIC FISHES
Faltýnková A.1, Georgieva S.1,àMašo àŠ.2, Jurajda P.3, Kostadinova A.1
1
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li à
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
3
Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
2
Four fish species of the families Nototheniidae and Bathydraconidae were examined from the Prince Gustav Channel off
James Ross Island (Weddel Sea, West Antarctica) during two Czech Antarctic expeditions (2013 and 2014) at depths of
5–30 m. Nine digenean species, including eight endemic to Antarctica, were recovered: six in Trematomus newnesi
(overall prevalence, P = 65%), five each in Notothenia coriiceps (P = 57%) and Trematomus bernacchii (P = 53%), and
three in Trematomus hansoni (P = 17%). Representative specimens of each digenean species were characterised
morphologically and molecularly; these included the type-species of Elytrophalloides Szidat, 1955 and Neolebouria
Gibson, 1976. Partial fragments of the 28S rRNA gene were amplified for a total of 40 isolates and were analysed
together with sequences for related species of the families Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925 and Lepidapedidae Yamaguti, 1958
and the superfamily Hemiuroidea Looss, 1899 available on GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the identification
based on morphology and revealed: (i) close relationship between the hemiurid subfamilies Glomericirrinae Yamaguti,
1958 and Elytrophallinae Skrjabin & Guschanskaja, 1954; and (ii) paraphyly of the subfamily Elytrophallinae Skrjabin &
Guschanskaja, 1954 (Hemiuridae Looss, 1899) and the genera Macvicaria Gibson & Bray, 1982 and Neolebouria Gibson,
1976 (both Opecoelidae). The taxonomic implications of these results will be discussed.
This study was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project P505/12/G112). We acknowledge the Czech
á ta ti à“tatio à J.àG.àMe del a dàitsà e àfo àthei àsuppo t.
32
Cribb T.1, Bullard S.2, Chick R.3, O'Connor W.3, Cutmore S.1,àO Co
O-027
PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF A FISH BLOOD FLUKE (TREMATODA: APOROCOTYLIDAE) INFECTING A
BIVALVE
o à“.3, Johnson D.3
1
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
3
NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Nelson Bay, Australia
2
A fork-tailed cercaria was found developing within minute, spherical sporocysts in the gonad of an intertidal bivalve,
Donax deltoides, from Stockton Beach, central New South Wales, Australia. The cercaria resembles Cercaria
asymmetrica Holliman, 1961, which infects Donax variabilis in the Gulf of Mexico. In Bayesian inference and Maximum
Likelihood phylogenetic analyses of 28S rDNA, the current species formed a strongly supported clade with
Chimaerohemecus trondheimensis van der Land, 1967, a species that infects holocephalans. All of the marine bony fish
aporocotylids for which molecular data are available form a strongly supported clade sister to the present species + C.
trondheimensis. This phylogenetic topology, considered in the light of known aporocotylid intermediate host identities,
predicts that the present species, and perhaps many bivalve-infecting species, are parasites of chondrichthyans; no
intermediate host for a chondrichthyan-infecting species has been reported. We speculate that there may be basal
distinctions in the identity of the intermediate hosts of aporocotylids of chondrichthyans (which infect bivalves) and
those of marine and freshwater bony fishes (which infect polychaetes and gastropods respectively). The identity of the
definitive host of the present species is unknown. So far, representatives of four chondrichthyan orders have been
identified as hosts of aporocotylids, and representatives from all four orders range off New South Wales.
O-028
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE BUCEPHALIDAE POCHE,
1907 (PLATYHELMINTHES: DIGENEA) – IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY
Nolan M.J.1, Curran S.S.2, Cribb T.H.3
1
Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, USA
3
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
2
This study is the first to conduct an in-depth phylogenetic analysis of sequence data representing species of the
Bucephalidae Poche, 1907 (Platyhelminthes: Digenea). Previous reports using sequencing methods have focused on ITS
rDNA to augment and enhance morphology-based taxonomy and link life-cycle stages. Here, we analysed 37 sequences
(25 are new), representing the D1-D3 region of the large subunit (28S) of rDNA, from 28 species in nine genera and four
subfamilies. Bayesian inference analysis illustrated that i) subfamily classifications based entirely on morphological
characters are broadly robust, ii) the sequence representing a new species of Heterobucephalopsis Gu & Shen, 1983
resolved as distinct, and basal, to sequences representing the Bucephalinae Poche, 1907, Prosorhynchinae Nicoll, 1914,
Paurorhynchinae Dickerman, 1954, and Dolichoenterinae Yamaguti, 1958, iii) the Dolichoenterinae and Prosorhynchinae
are monophyletic sister clades, basal to the Bucephalinae and Paurorhynchinae, iv) sequences representing
Grammatorcynicola Bott & Cribb, 2005, Prosorhynchus Odhner, 1905 and Dollfustrema Eckmann, 1934 also form
monophyletic clades, v) the Bucephalinae is paraphyletic relative to the Paurorhynchinae, and vi) Prosorhynchoides
Dollfus, 1929, Rhipidocotyle Diesing, 1858 and Bucephalus Baer, 1827 are each polyphyletic. Establishing the basis of this
polyphyly will require further sequencing, especially of type-species, followed by iterative reassessment of morphology,
host distribution, and ecology. Because of a combination of morphological and molecular differences observed among
the four subfamilies in this study and specimens of a new species of Heterobucephalopsis, we propose a new subfamily
to accommodate this genus.
33
O-029
PARASITES CAN ENHANCE INFECTIONS OF FISH WITH BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Xu D., Shoemaker C.
USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, USA
In aquaculture systems, fish are commonly infected by multiple pathogens, including parasites. Parasite Ichthyophthirius
multifiliis (Ich) and bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri are two common pathogens of cultured channel catfish. The
objectives were to 1) evaluate the susceptibility of Ich parasitized catfish to E. ictaluri, 2) quantify bacterial loads using
quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in fish tissues after parasitism by Ich; and 3) determine whether
Ich could vector E. ictaluri to catfish. Fluorescent tagged bacterium E. ictaluri was used to assess the ability of Ich to
vector E. ictaluri. Ich-parasitized catfish showed significantly higher mortality (91.7%) when exposed to E. ictaluri than
non-parasitized fish (10%). Bacterial loads in fish infected by Ich theronts was 40 and 2000 fold higher than nonparasitized fish. Ich theronts showed significantly higher fluorescing bacteria (23-39 %) than control theronts (~6 %)
after exposure to fluorescent E. ictaluri. Edwardsiella ictaluri survived and replicated during tomont division. Sixty
percent of fish exposed to theronts treated with E. ictaluri were positive for E. ictaluri by fluorescent
microscopy. Fluorescent E. ictaluri were observed in skin and gill tissue of dead fish. This study demonstrated that Ich
infection resulted in enhanced bacterial invasion, increased fish mortality, and Ich vectored E. ictaluri into catfish.
Prevention of parasite infection in fish may reduce fish mortality due to bacterial co-infection. The work also highlights
the potential role of parasites in vectoring bacterial pathogens. Movement or purchase of new fish should take into
account the potential for concomitantly introducing multiple microbial disease agents.
O-030
NON-LETHAL DETECTION OF ECTOPARASITES BY SIMPLEX AND MULTIPLEX PCR OF THE NILE TILAPIA
OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS
Ek-Huchim J.P.1, Jiménez García I.2, Rodriguez-Canul R.1
1
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN)-Unidad Mérida, Mexico
Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río, Mexico
2
Infection of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus by ectoparasites is harmful. Currently, diagnosis of this infection is based
on invasive techniques and the morphological identification of the parasites. We developed molecular tools to detect
genomic of the monogeneans Cichlidogyrus spp. and Gyrodactylus spp., as well as protozoans I. multifiliis and Trichodina
spp. by simplex and multiplex PCR. DNA was isolated individualy from each ectoparasite and from mucus of tilapia. For
TM
the primers design, sequences for each ectoparasite were searched in the Gene-Bank , the primers used were Ekgyro1,
Ekich5, Ektri3 and Cicly4. The detection limit of the simplex PCR for each ectoparasite was high, for example to
-3
Cichlydogyrus spp. it was of 3.91x10 ng/µl. The sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, PVP and PVP were of 100% using DNA
from parasites and samples of mucus. We identified six different Cichlidogyrus spp. sequences, 16 Gyrodactylus spp.
sequences, four I. multifiliis sequences and one Trichodina spp. Sequence, the homology were high with the genus in
study. Those results were reinforced with the phylogenetic trees in which was observed that each ectoparasite form a
clade with their respective sequences homologous. In the multiplex PCR standardization there was no cross reactions
and no false positives or false negatives, the detection limit was high. The multiplex PCR validation in samples of mucus
is required to provide a non-invasive test for simultaneous detection. In conclusion we obtained techniques non-invasive
diagnosis that can be useful for studies of molecular systematics, phylogeny and genetic variability associated with
pathogenicity and virulence of tilapia ectoparasites.
34
O-031
THE LIFE CYCLE OF CARDICOLA ORIENTALIS (DIGENEA: APOROCOTYLIDAE), A BLOOD FLUKE OF PACIFIC
BLUEFIN TUNA
Ogawa K.1, Shirakashi S.2, Uchida H.3, Shin S.2, Tani K.2
1
Meguro Parasitological Museum, Tokyo, Japan
Fisheries Laboratory, Kinki University, Wakayama, Japan
3
Kushimoto Marine Park Center, Wakayama, Japan
2
Three species of blood flukes are known to infect bluefin tunas; Cardicola forsteri, C. orientalis and C. opisthorchis.
Among them, the life cycle of C. orientalis has not been elucidated. Efforts have been made to find the intermediate
host of C. orientalis for its effective control of infection of cultured Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis (PBT). We
collected several species of terebellid polychaetes from buoys and ropes attached to the culture cages of PBT. In January
and February, we found polychaetes infected with sporocysts in the body cavity, with the prevalence being 1.0%
(January) and 3.4% (February) of all terebellids examined. The 28S rDNA and ITS2 sequences of examined sporocysts
were almost identical (99.2-100%) with that of C. orientalis adults collected from PBT. The polychaete, identified as
Nicolea gracilibranchis based on morphological characters, was proved to be the intermediate host. This is a third
intermediate host of blood flukes of bluefin tunas and a fourth intermediate host of blood flukes infecting marine
teleosts, all belonging to the family Terebellidae. Some C. orientalis sporocysts contained mature cercariae, which had a
small rounded tail, suggesting the cercaria possesses a very limited swimming ability in the water.
O-032
ECOLOGICAL PARASITOLOGY IN RAINBOW TROUT MARICULTURE
Buchmann K., Skov J., Marana M.H., Mehrdana F.
University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
Rainbow trout are cultured in marine net pens along the Danish coastline from stocking in the month of March to
harvest and slaughter in November and December. Rainbow trout used for stocking in spring (approximate body weight
1 kg per fish) have been raised in freshwater farms. They carry at the time of sea transfer some freshwater parasites
obtained during their freshwater farm period. Ectoparasites may escape after a few months in the marine environment
but new infections may be acquired during the marine phase. However, a series of ecological and fish behavioural
elements influences the parasite fauna of maricultured fish in these net pens. We have investigated nineteen Danish
mariculture systems which are located along a salinity gradient in Danish waters ranging from 24 ppt to 8 ppt. Marine
ectoparasites (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) were only observed in the high salinity farms. No zoonotic parasites were
recorded in any of the mariculture farms but sporadic infections with the cestode Eubothrium sp. and Hysterothylacium
aduncum (adult stage) were found in runts (growth stunted trout excluded from the market) which fed on small fish
(sticklebacks) and crustaceans (gammarids) accidentally entering the net pens. Feeding behavior seemed to affect the
infection level of endoparasites because fast growing trout, feeding almost exclusively on extruded pelleted feed, did
not obtain these infections. Runts on the other hand, which were kept from feeding on pellets, were left with the above
mentioned natural feed elements and this type of feeding enhance the probability of infection with Eubothrium sp. and
H. aduncum.
35
Villar-Torres M., Raga J.A., Montero F.E., Repullés-Albelda A.
O-033
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON HATCHING SUCCESS AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MONOGENEAN
SPARICOTYLE CHRYSOPHRII, A COMMON PARASITE IN GILTHEAD SEABREAM CULTURES
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Sparicotyle chrysophrii is a harmful monogenean which causes seasonal epizootics and important economical losses in
Mediterranean cultures of the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. This seasonality suggests that environmental
conditions are determinant for the spreading of this parasite and knowledge about their influence could be useful to
manage parasite infections.The aim of this work is to ascertain the effects of some biotic and abiotic factors on
oncomiracidial development, hatching, survival and behaviour of S. chrysophrii at different temperatures. A total of
1,200 eggs distributed into four 24-well plates were incubated in environmental chambers, at 14, 18, 22 and 26º C under
LD 12:12, and monitored periodically. Effects of different factors were analysed using generalized linear mixed models.
Experimental results demonstrated that temperature and light had a marked effect on life-cycle timing and reproductive
success of S. chrysophrii. Egg development and hatching were faster at higher temperatures whereas hatching success
peaked at medium temperatures (18, 22ºC) and decreased at extremes. Moreover, most hatchings occurred during dark
periods. Concerning oncomiracidia, survival and vertical swimming periods were shorter at higher temperatures.
Optimal combination for development and hatching occurred between 18 and 22ºC, in accordance with the range of
water temperatures recorded during the months when epizootics in the Western Mediterranean Region are more
frequent, spring and early summer. Therefore, water temperature should be considered to establish the treatment
application calendar to manage with oncomiracidia recently emerged. However, host condition should also be
considered.
Funded by ISIC/2012/003 project. MVT benefits from a PhD fellowship FPU13/05849
O-034
CAPSALID MONOGENEANS REPRODUCE IN ISOLATION
Hutson K.S.1, Hoai T.D.1,2
1
Marine Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Marine and
Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
2
Aquatic Environment and Fish Pathology Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Vietnam National
University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
Parasites use sophisticated life history strategies to ensure their survival in unpredictable environments. These
strategies evolved in wild populations where the likelihood of encountering a host is low but in captive populations they
can lead to parasite epizootics. This study examined the reproductive biology of Neobenedenia sp., a commercially
important fish ectoparasite, in a series of laboratory experiments. The ability of hermaphroditic Neobenedenia sp. to
self-fertilise was evaluated by infecting individual, isolated barramundi (Lates calcarifer) with a single oncomiracidium.
Single, isolated parasites attained sexual maturity at day 10 post-hatch and laid embryonated eggs. Isolated parasites
were fecund and laid an average of 3,229 ± 37 eggs over one week. Egg production rapidly increased from 58 ± 15 eggs
on day 10 and peaked at 496 ± 68 eggs on day 15 before gradually decreasing. Eggs laid by isolated parasites were
incubated and emerging individual oncomiracidia were used to infect more isolated L. calcarifer for three continuous
self-fertile generations. This demonstrates that self-fertilisation (or parthenogenesis) is a viable reproductive method for
a capsalid monogenean. Neobenedenia sp. exhibited a distinct egg laying and egg hatching rhythm. Parasites laid eggs
continuously, but egg production increased in the dark (65.7%; peaking between midnight and 0300), while
approximately 81% of oncomiracidia emerged from eggs in the first three hours of light. The numerous reproductive
strategies exhibited by Neobenedenia sp. (i.e. self-fertilisation, high fecundity, egg laying rhythms and hatching rhythms)
ensure the persistence of this notorious parasite in captive and wild fish populations.
36
O-035
EFFECT OF THE EYE FLUKE TYLODELPHYS CLAVATA ON THE FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF EUROPEAN PERCH
(PERCA FLUVIATILIS) UNDER INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION
Vivas-Muñoz J.C., Knopf K.
Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin,
Germany
For numerous fish species the visual system is essential as it provides information from their surroundings. Parasites
thatào up àtheàe esàha eàtheàpote tialàtoài pa tàtheàse so àpe fo a eàa dà o se ue tl àalte àtheàhost sà eha io .à
In an experimental study, the feeding behavior of European perch infested with the eye fluke Tylodelphys clavata was
e a i ed.àTheà esultsàsho edàthatàa ài di idual sàa ilit àtoàide tif àa dàapp oa hàfoodàite sàeffi ie tl à asà egati el à
affected by the infestation intensity of T. clavata. Additionally, the foraging success of an individual was reduced in
competition with a less heavily infested conspecific, when the same food resource was exploited. These alterations in
the ability to locate food may have important consequences on the feeding strategy of the fish. First field studies
indicated that the intensity of infestation with T. clavata has an influence on the prey preference of young of the year
perch in Lake Müggelsee (Berlin). As the number of metacercariae increased, fish consumed less daphnids. On the other
hand, the opposite pattern was observed regarding the consumption of gammarids. Parasite-induced modifications in
the feeding preferences of perch have the potential to induce changes in the abundance of grazing invertebrates, which
in turn may have a knock-on effect on the primary production.
O-036
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF SCHISTOCEPHALUS INFECTED STICKLEBACKS DEPENDS ON PARASITE
PROVENANCE
Tilley C.A, Barber I.
Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Schistocephalus solidus infections typically impair the reproductive development and behaviour of three-spined
sticklebacks, but this varies considerably across populations. Such variability might arise from differences in host or
parasite genotypes, or from environmental differences experienced by infected fish. Here we report studies using
naturally- and experimentally infected fish, designed to identify the role of environmental conditions and host / parasite
provenance on the reproductive phenotype of S. solidus-infected sticklebacks.
Wild caught male sticklebacks were collected from three UK populations with endemic S. solidus infection, and provided
with ideal nesting conditions in laboratory aquaria. All non-infected fish completed nests. However, whilst infected
males from both Clatworthy Reservoir (CR) and Inverleith Pond (IP) typically completed nests, those from Carsington
Water (CW) failed to nest. We subsequently undertook an experimental cross-infection study to investigate the role of
host and parasite provenance (and their interaction) on host reproductive phenotype. Lab-bred sticklebacks, from
parental stock from CR, IP and CW were exposed to infective parasites from either their own, or a different, host
population. After being reared to adulthood under favourable conditions, males were stimulated to build nests in
individual nesting aquaria. Whilst there was no effect of host provenance on nesting probability, parasite provenance
significantly affected nesting success. Despite ending the experiment with smaller plerocercoids, males infected with CW
parasites typically failed to nest, whereas those infected with CR parasites typically built nests. Our results are consistent
with the hypothesis that S. solidus genotype influences the reproductive development and behaviour of stickleback
hosts.
37
Sikkel P.1, Demopoulos A.2, Welicky R.1, Artim J.1
O-037
THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PARASITIC CRUSTACEANS IN FEEDING MIGRATIONS AND TROPHIC CONNECTIVITY
IN NOCTURNAL REEF FISHES
1
Department of Biology, Arkansas State University
Southeast Ecological Science Center, US Geological Survey
2
TREMATODE APATEMON SP. MANIPULATES BEHAVIOUR OF KILLIFISH NOTHOBRANCHIUS FURZERI FROM
MOZAMBIQUE
Michálková V.1,2,àO d ačko àM.2
1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Institute of Vertebrate Biology AS CR, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
2
Tropically transferred parasites often affect the behaviour of their intermediate hosts to increase the probability of
transmission to the definitive hosts. In this study, we investigated the behaviour of killifish Nothobranchius furzeri from
Mozambique naturally infected by larval trematode Apatemon sp. This trematode has complex life cycle that requires
the ingestion of the second intermediate host (fish) by the definitive host (piscivorous birds) to complete its life cycle. In
naturally infected killifish, metacercariae were located in cerebral cavity that may allow a parasite to effectively
manipulate its host. We performed two series of experimental observations to compare behaviour of naturally
Apatemon-infected and control killifish: 1) fish reactions to simulated avian attack and 2) fish position in the aquarium
without interruption.
In both series of observations, the behaviour of infected and control killifish significantly differed. Infected fish
frequently remained in the upper third of the aquarium and were in contact with the water surface. After simulated
attack, they displayed conspicuous swimming behaviour manifested by multiple jumps above the water surface, rotation
and uncoordinated movements. On the contrary, control fish spent most of the time in the lower parts of the aquarium
and after the attack the fish reaction manifested by an escape response into the deeper water. The results show that
killifish naturally infected by larval trematodes Apatemon sp. display conspicuous behaviour which may facilitate their
predation by trematode definitive hosts.
This study was supported by the Czech Science Foundation P505/12/G112.
38
O-038
Many species of reef fishes in the families Haemulidae (Grunts) and Lutjanidae (Snappers) remain quiescent on reefs
during the day and migrate to seagrass beds at night where they feed on benthic invertebrates and small fishes. It has
been hypothesized that the advantage of such nocturnal migrations is an increase in food availability or a decrease in
predation risk. We tested predictions of an alternative hypothesis that nocturnal migrations reduce exposure to bloodfeeding gnathiid isopods. When departure and return times of grunts were compared with diel activity of gnathiid
isopods, the departure of grunts from the reef coincided with increasing gnathiid activity, and fish returned to the reef
just as gnathiid activity was declining. In field experiments, fish placed in cages and deployed on the reef at night
harbored significantly more parasitic gnathiid isopods than those placed in the seagrass. However, this was not the case
when the experiment was repeated during the day. These findings suggest that reduction in exposure to parasites
constitutes at least one advantage of nocturnal feeding migrations in these fishes. However, the fact that they do not
avoid infestation by gnathiids entirely, and that gnathiids are in turn eaten by other organisms, provides a means for
ectoparasites to contribute to the transfer of energy between seagrass beds and reef. Future work will examine the
extent of the role of gnathiids and other parasitic crustaceans in this trophic connectivity.
Trujillo González A.1, Constantinoiu C.C. 2, Rowe R. 3, Hutson K.S. 1
O-039
TRACKING TRANSPARENT MONOGENEAN PARASITES ON FISH FROM INFECTION TO SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
1
Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
Centre for Biosecurity in Tropical Infectious Diseases, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
3
College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
2
Capsalid monogeneans are cryptic in nature which can limit quantified data on infection dynamics and ecology. We used
fluorescent markers to examine the invasion and infection route of the fish ectoparasite Neobenedenia sp. throughout
its development. We labelled transparent oncomiracidia with a fluorescent dye prior to infecting Asian seabass, Lates
calcarifer. Replicate fish were each exposed to 50 fluorescent oncomiracidia and examined for parasites using an
epifluorescence stereomicroscope at 10 time intervals post-exposure (15, 30, 60, 120 min, 24, 48 h, four, eight, 12, and
16 days). Parasites retained the fluorescent signal throughout the experiment. Neobenedenia sp. larvae settled
opportunistically and then migrated to preferred microhabitats. Parasites initially attached (< 24 h) in greater mean
numbers on the body surface (13 ± 1.5) compared to the fins (4 ± 0.42) and head region (2 ± 0.41). Once recruitment
had ceased (48 h), preferred microhabitats included the eyes, fins, and dorsal and ventral extremities on the main body.
Some parasites attached underneath the scales of host fish which may have evolved in response to predation by cleaner
organisms. Furthermore, this microhabitat may enable the parasite to be almost entirely secluded from the
environment which could impact treatment efficacy in aquaculture. Neobenedenia sp. aggregated on the fins within 24
h of attaining sexual maturity indicating that parasite distribution may be influenced by the need to find a mate.
Aggregation on the fins may confer other advantages such as a suitable location to disperse eggs.
O-040
MUTUALISM AND COMPETITION IN WITHIN-HOST PARASITE NETWORKS IN MARINE FISH HOSTS
Muñoz S.A.1,2, Dobson A.P.1
1
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
2
There is an increasing interest in explaining the ecological mechanisms that determine the patterns of abundance and
distribution observed in parasite communities. Since individual hosts are more often than not infected with multiple
parasite species, the co-existence of several species within a patch will eventually lead to interspecific mutualistic and
competitive interactions, these interact with the simultaneously occurring intraspecific components of competition,
immune stimulation, and resource use. The observed community structure will be shaped by the relative intensity at
which competition and mutualism act at the inter- and intraspecific level. We use linear mixed models to evaluate the
presence and strength of within host parasite interactions in fish hosts from South America, where relationships can be
assessed while correcting by host age/size. We also evaluate the effect of host age on the likelihood of co-occurrence of
interacting parasite species. We found that parasite communities are highly interactive, with a dominance of positive
interactions and few negative ones. There is a higher likelihood to find interactive parasite species pairs or groups at
older host ages. This is not the case for species with negative associations; where this parasite species do not follow a
particular trend in their co-occurrence likelihood with host age. This network of interactions, where the majority of
them is positive, coincide what is found in free-living organisms living in challenging environments, and points out to
interspecific interactions as an important structuring force in parasite communities.
39
Ba č kàD.1, Oros M.1, Hanzelová V.1, Bazsalovicsová E.1, Scholz T.2
O-041
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN TAPEWORMS (CESTODA: CARYOPHYLLIDEA), PARASITES OF CYPRINID FISHES
1
Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academ àofà“ ie es,àKoši e,à“lo akia
Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Scie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
2
SPECIES BOUNDARIES WITHIN A NEW GENUS OF RHINEBOTHRIIDEAN CESTODE FROM ELASMOBRANCHS
Reyda F.1, Haslach A.2, Ruhnke T.2
1
Biology Department, State University of New York College at Oneonta, USA
Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, USA
2
The cestode order Rhinebothriidea Healy, Caira, Jensen, Webster & Littlewood 2009 was created recently to house a
clade of elasmobranch cestodes that have several features in common, including bothridia borne on stalks. The
Rhinebothriidea includes approximately 125 described species, but the literature includes reference to dozens of
additional, undescribed species of cestode that are consistent with the ordinal diagnosis. Among these are several
species that were referred to as Rhinebothriinae New Genus 3 by Healy et al (2009). This new genus can be
distinguished from other rhinebothriidean cestodes in its possession of bothridia with a combination of complete
transverse septa anteriorly and incomplete longitudinal septa posteriorly. This presentation reports on ongoing
collaborative work that attempts to characterize species in this new genus using both morphological and molecular
(DNA sequence) data. Over 50 specimens have been sequenced for combinations of 18S (V4, V7) and 28S (D1-D3)
ribosomal DNA. Sequencing of partial mitochondrial CO1 and ND1 DNA is in progress for these same samples. These
cestode specimens were taken from a diversity of stingray hosts from Senegal, Australia, Borneo and Vietnam. Bayesian
analyses and examination of genetic distance values suggest that the specimens included in the analysis represent 16
species of the new genus. Morphological study, using light and scanning electron microscopy as well as histological
observations, suggest that several of the species recognized using genetic distance values may be cryptic. Putative
morphological species boundaries observed for members of this new cestode genus are discussed in the context of the
genetic data.
40
O-042
The recent taxonomic research on monozoic tapeworms (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea) revealed unexpected phenotypic
plasticity in the critical morphological traits within the most widespread tapeworms of the genus Caryophyllaeus Gmelin,
1790, parasites of cyprinid fishes in the Palaearctic zoogeographical region. An extensive tapeworm material was
collected and recently evaluated morphologically and by DNA-based methods. Morphological evaluation of the
biological material predicted existence of several distinct species or even new taxa. However, molecular analysis of DNA
has revealed an unexpected genetic similarity of the studied specimens. Molecular phylogenetic analyses clearly
distinguished only two separated clades, which supported validity only two species, the type species Caryophyllaeus
laticeps (Pallas, 1781) and congeneric Caryophyllaeus brachycollis Janiszewska, 1953. Within both species, several
morphologically different but genetically highly similar morphotypes were recognised, which largely corresponds to
different fish hosts. The obtained results have not supported the traditionally used morphological concept of speciesdefining characters of the order Caryophyllidea Carus, 1863, especially due to high morphological plasticity of the scolex
and the anterior end of the body.
High degree of phenotypic plasticity in the genus Caryophyllaeus represents interesting biological phenomenon
requiring much more detailed studies.
O-043
THE DIVERSITY OF THE CESTODE ORDER TRYPANORHYNCHA DIESING, 1863 FROM NEOTROPICAL
FRESHWATER STINGRAYS (MYLIOBATIFORMES: POTAMOTRYGONIDAE)
Schaeffner B.
Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
MY“TE‘IOU“ PA‘A“ITE“ F‘OM CEPHALOPOD“ KIDNEY“: BIODIVE‘“ITY OF DICYEMID“, A PA‘TICULA‘LY
PROBLEMATIC GROUP OF MESOZOA.
Souidenne D.1, Dellinger M.1, Grellier P.1, Romdhane M.S.2
1
UMR7245 CNRS MCAM National Museum of Natural History Paris, France
The National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Tunisia
2
Cephalopods harbor a great spectrum of parasites most of which are also infesting other marine organisms. Dicyemid
mesozoans and apostome ciliates are however parasites restricted to cephalopods, residing in a very unusual habitat:
the renal appendages. Surprisingly, little is known about these e ig ati à pa asites à iodi e sit à e auseà thei à
morphological identification criteria seem unconvincing to establish species boundaries. This study aims at exploring
dicyemids biodiversity, by combining both morphological and molecular approaches. Hence, we collected parasites from
more than 200 cephalopods belonging to six species, caught from Concarneau (France) and La Goulette (Tunisia).
Molecular analysis (18SrDNA marker) of 470 parasite samples revealed 7 distin tàdi e ids àhaplot pesà o espo di gà
to previously described and novel species. Morphological analysis (slide smears) indicated that each host may harbor up
to four dicyemids or Chromidina morphospecies, and allowed further descriptions of morphospecies poorly described in
literature. Combining both molecular and morphological tools showed that the morphological diversity is always higher
than the molecular diversity. In fact, different morphospecies can have highly similar 18SrDNA sequences. Thus, these
parasites diversity cannot be assessed using the two approaches separately. Information from other molecular markers
will provide further elements for understanding the diversity and phylogenetic position of these parasites.
41
O-044
The cestode order Trypanorhyncha consists of cosmopolitan parasites infecting elasmobranchs (i.e. sharks and rays) as
definitive hosts. Currently, there are more than 300 species described, almost entirely from marine elasmobranch hosts.
Only a single species [i.e. Paroncomegas araya (Woodland, 1934)] has been reported from Neotropical freshwater
stingrays (family: Potamotrygonidae) – a peculiar group of elasmobranchs that is entirely restricted to freshwater
habitats of South America. The biogeographical distribution of P. araya includes all major river basins of South America.
However, each of these river basins (i.e. Orinoco, Amazon and La Plata basins) is known to harbour endemic elements of
Neotropical fauna which potentially indicates the presence of cryptic species, which has been observed in other cestode
orders infecting potamotrygonid stingrays. In a present study, the entire range (i.e. species diversity and biogeographical
representation) of potamotrygonid host species from Neotropical freshwater systems is examined. This not only allows
us to refine the systematics of trypanorhynch taxa from the freshwater environment but will furthermore increase the
knowledge on host-parasite interrelationships, the processes of diversification and different evolutionary paths,
adaptations to different environments as well as the phylogenetic relationships of these freshwater species to related
trypanorhynchs infecting marine elasmobranch hosts.
O-045
GROWTH PROFILES OF PARAMOEBA PERURANS, CAUSATIVE AGENT OF AMOEBIC GILL DISEASE, UNDER
VARYING TEMPERATURES AND SALINITIES
Collins C., Fordyce M., White P., Hall M.
Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, UK
Temperature and salinity are considered important factors in occurrence of amoebic gill disease (AGD), with disease
incidence increasing at higher temperatures during late summer and at salinities greater than 32.
These factors will influence survival and proliferation of Paramoeba perurans, causative agent of AGD, in the
environment and on fish, either directly or indirectly, which in turn may influence disease development.
To determine temperature and salinity ranges for growth and survival of P. perurans isolated from Scottish waters,
amoebae were cultured in vitro over a 15 day period under a combination of different salinities (0, 3, 5, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45, 50) and temperatures (2°C, 4°C, 8°C, 11°C, 15°C, 18°C), each combination tested in triplicate. Growth profiles
were analysed using a generalised linear model assuming a negative binomial error distribution. A prominent
interaction between salinity and temperature was observed. In particular there was a lack of growth at low salinities
(whatever the temperature) and evidence of an increase in amoebae numbers observed from 4°C at the higher
salinities, with an indication that the optimal salinity for growth may vary depending on temperatures higher than this.
Though subject to culture conditions and associated limitations, results obtained provide a standardised comparison of
the growth- eha iou àofàtheàpathoge .àTheà esultsà illàhelpài fo ào àpote tialàa ilit àofàa oe aeàpopulatio sàtoà o e à
i te ài àtheàe i o e tàa dà illàhelpàp edi tà iskàofàdiseaseàde elop e tàa dàshiftsài àdiseaseàpatte sà ithàa ual
and long-term environmental changes.
O-046
A NEW TYPE OF APICOMPLEXAN INFECTION IN THE MUSCLE OF SALMONID FISH
Alfjorden A., Myrenås M., Reineck-Bosaeus H.
Department of animal health and antimicrobial strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
Coccidia (Phylum Apicomplexa) is a well-known protistan group of obligate intracellular parasites causing important
problems in the terrestrial animal industry. Coccidioses have been reported from farmed carp, Cyprinus carpio, among
other fish species, but so far there are no reports of these infections in salmonid fish in aquaculture.
Increased, unexplained mortalities have been reported from inland rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and salmon,
Salmo salar, farms in Sweden. The external lesions observed in associated with the first mortalities were blackening of
the tail region, swelling in the upper part of skull region and/ or external lesions in fins and skin. Histological
examination of muscle samples indicated this to be the first reported case in fish of a parasite infection associated with
coccidia of the Apicomplexan family Sarcocystidae.
To better understand this type of infection, new researches were initiated in Sweden in 2014. Samples from both wild
and farmed salmonid fish were collected in collaboration with the Swedish Fish Health Programme and the regional
veterinary health organization. Samples were collected both as fresh muscle tissues and fixed organs in formaldehyde.
Samples were mainly collected from dorsal muscle and the heart. Blood smears were also prepared from the heart.
Muscle tissues were homogenized and parasitical cyst enrichment was performed by flotation for microscopical
examination regarding the presence of cysts. Samples of muscle, gills and heart were fixed in glutaraldehyde for
ultrastructural studies. Microscopical, histological and ultrastructural lesions from these investigations will be described.
42
O-047
FI“H COCCIDIAN“: WHAT “ GOING ON?
Freeman M.A.1, Erlingsdóttir A.2, Yang Amri A.1, Kianmehr A.1, Kristmundsson A.2
1
Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
2
O-048
Coccidians infect fishes worldwide and are common in both marine and freshwater environments. The majority of
coccidians infect the intestinal epithelium, but may also infect other tissues such as the kidney, urinary bladder, spleen,
liver and swim bladder. Non-intestinal infections can results in the formation of large numbers of sporulated oocysts at
the site of development, whereas intestinal infections release sporulated or unsporulated oocysts.
The development, morphology, structure and number of sporocysts in the oocysts are of primary importance when
identifying fish coccidians. Release of the sporozoites from the sporocysts can be via a longitudinal suture (Goussia) or a
Stieda body at the apex of a sporocyst (Eimeria).
Until recently there were almost no DNA sequences available for coccidians, however, numerous rDNA sequences have
now become available. In this study, we provide additional DNA sequence data for coccidians from marine fishes from
cold water and tropical environments. We analyse the position that coccidians occupy within the Apicomplexa and look
at the relative grouping of species within the fish clade. Our analyses suggest that it is possible that fish coccidians
evolved from species that infect reef-building scleractinian corals and that corals may remain involved as hosts in certain
life cycles. Coccidians from corals do not group with others that infect marine invertebrates but consistently group at
the base of coccidian clades that infect fish and other higher vertebrates. In addition, molecular phylogenetic data reveal
that the genera Goussia and Eimeria are evenly distributed throughout the fish coccidian clades and that there is no
distinction between species from marine or freshwater environments.
HOW DO TRICHODINIDS (CILIOPHORA: PERITRICHIA) SURVIVE ADVERSE CONDITIONS?
Basson L., Van As J.G.
Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
Trichodinids are mobiline unicellular organisms found worldwide on a wide range of hosts, but the majority are
described from fish, being associated with fish hosts only. Some species are also associated with other vertebrate hosts,
such as amphibians (adult and tadpoles), as well as some invertebrates. Fish trichodinids such as T. domerguei f.
latispina Dogiel, 1940, T. nobillis Chen, 1963, T. reticulata Hirschmann & Partsch, 1955, T. heterodentata Duncan, 1977
and T. nigra Lom, 1961 have also been reported from the skin and gills of different tadpole species, mostly from
European countries. In contrast only a single fish trichodinid has been found from tadpoles in southern Africa, i.e. T.
heterodentata. Transmission experiments by various workers have shown that trichodinids utilise tadpoles mostly as
facultative hosts during the spring and early summer months. In the present study T. heterodentata was found on
tadpoles, where these hosts have not been in contact with any fish hosts, which begs the question where the tadpole
infestations came from. Another trichodinid species, T. diaptomi Basson and Van As, 1991 not found on fish, but
associated with calanoid copepods, was found in an ephemeral river. Mobiline trichodinids are not known to have
dormant stages, or any stage able to survive adverse conditions. This poses the question how trichodinids are able to
survive either severe habitat changes, such as when a river dries up, or how / where a healthy trichodinid population
suddenly appears on amphibians in habitats where there has been no contact with fish hosts.
43
O-049
MODULARITY AND MORPHOLOGICAL INTEGRATION OF HAPTORAL SCLEROTIZED STRUCTURES IN
LIGOPHORUS SPP. (MONOGENEA: DACTYLOGYRIDAE) IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Rodríguez-González A., Balbuena J.A.
Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia,
Valencia, Spain
O-050
Morphological integration and modularity refer to the patterns and processes of trait interaction and independence. In
monogeneans the variability of haptor structures for the control of variational modularity is still relatively unknown. The
aims were to describe the interspecific variability in the shape and size in the ventral and dorsal anchors in 14 species of
Ligophorus, to test the presence of modular partitions using a priori hypothesis through the RV coefficient: (a) the
functional division between roots and points, (b) the opening and closing, and (c) the external and internal part of
anchors, and to assess the covariation between the modules detected by two-block partial least square analysis. Data
were collected on 526 individuals from the Mediterranean Sea by means of geometric morphometric tools. The results
showed no clear separation among Ligophorus spp. in the shape space. The analysis of modularity identified the roots
and points anchors, as distinct modules for ventral and dorsal anchors and the external and internal part only for ventral
anchors. In contrast, we find no support for the hypothesis of opening and closing. The modules detected showed high
percentages of covariance explained by the first PLS axis indicated that most of the covariation is concentrated in
precise features of shape in the anchors that change in a coordinate manner between modules. Thus, the coordination
among anchors in Ligophorus spp. and within modular structure may have a functional basis and be a crucial factor for
understanding the variability with implications in further systematics and evolutionary studies.
FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY IN THE HAPTORAL ANCHORS OF LIGOPHORUS CEPHALI (MONOGENEA:
DACTYLOGYRIDAE) EVALUATED BY GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS
Llopis-Belenguer C., Rodríguez-González A., Balbuena J.A.
Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia,
Valencia, Spain
The morphology of haptoral sclerotized structures is highly preserved in monogeneans. This suggests that anchoring is
crucial to parasite survival and it should be under a rigorous control. However, random deviations from the predicted
bilateral symmetry axis may appear, this pattern is known as fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Given a sample of individuals,
it is expected that differences between left and right sides will follow a normal distribution. FA has been considered as
the unique symmetry pattern not determined by genetic factors, hence it can be used as a development instability
indicator and the influence of a huge range of factors can be assessed. We assessed the FA degree of dorsal and ventral
anchors pairs of the haptor of Ligophorus cephali using geometric morphometrics (GM) techniques. GM affords
separation of size and shape effects of a structure, based on Cartesian coordinates of landmarks placed over the
structure under study. The symmetry pattern was evaluated for size, by means of two-way ANOVA, and shape, with
Procrustes ANOVA, of dorsal and ventral anchors, respectively. We also developed Principal Components Analyses (PCA)
àáNOVá sàfa to s.àOu àa al sesà o fi edàtheàe iste eàofàFáàfo àdo salàa dà e t alàa ho sài à othàshapeàa dàsize.
This is consistent with a scenario of morphological coordinated adaptation in anchors for assuring an efficient
attachment in the host. To our knowledge this is the first time evidence for FA is reported in monogenean. PCA revealed
that variation at individual and FA levels are buffered by different mechanisms.
44
Ci ňo àK.,àKou ko àB.,àGel a àM.
O-051
COMBINATION OF MORPHOMETRY WITH MOLECULAR METHODS REVEALING NEW PARASITE SPECIES AND
INNOVATIVE INSIGHT INTO TAXONOMY OF DIPLOZOIDS
Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
DIPLOZOID MONOGENEANS (DIPLOZOIDAE, MONOGENEA) – A UNIQUE GROUP OF FISH PARASITES IN THE
LIGHT OF RECENT KNOWLEDGE
Gelnar M.1, Koubková B.1, Konstanzová V.1,àCi ňo àK.1, Hodová I.1, Valigurová A.1, Ilgová J.1,àKaš ýàM.1,
MikešàL.2, Dzika E.3
1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Charles Univ Prague, Dept Parasitol, Fac Sci, Prague, Czech Republic
3
Warmia & Mazury Univ, Fac Med Sci, Dept Med Biol, Olsztyn, Poland
2
Diplozoid monogeneans (Diplozoidae, Monogenea) represent a unique monogenean family parasitic cyprinid fishes in
so-called old world. Until now, more than 70 nominal species have been described from Europe, Asia and Africa,
however, due to very limited knowledge related to parasite phenotypic plasticity, correct description of species is still
unclear and rather difficult. Large scales of various methods and techniques have been used for parasite investigation. In
general, parasites were removed from the gills and fixed for morphometric and ultrastructural analyses and in 96%
ethanol for molecular characterization.
During last two decades, diplozoid development, reproductive behaviour, habitat microecology, motility, surface
topography including neurobiology and glycobiology have been investigated. This contribution is summarizing the
current knowledge of Diplozoidae and showing some directions of a new perspective research. There is no doubt, that
significant increase of our knowledge related to diplozoid anatomy, biology, ecology and ultrastructure were achieved.
The taxonomic revision of the group is essential; these should be based on combination of corrected and validated
morphological and molecular data.
Financial support by Czech Science Foundation, project GAP506/12/1258.
45
O-052
Monogeneans of family Diplozoidae are common parasites on the gills of cyprinid fish. For parasite species
identification, classical morphometric approach uses the size and shape of sclerotized parts of adults´ attachment
apparatus. Molecular methods enhance the species discrimination by highly conclusive genome characterization. By
combining these two techniques, we described new parasite species and disclosed interesting aspects in taxonomic
division of diplozoid monogeneans.
Fish were sampled across several continents during years 2009-2014, put down within 24 hours and dissected to record
parasites. Adults or diporpae stages of diplozoids found on the gill apparatus of fish were fixed and stored in absolute
ethanol at 4°C until the time of analysis. For morphometric description, one opisthaptor of each specimen was cut off
and soaked in 10% SDS, washed in distilled water, mounted on a microscope slide and fixed with GAP. A light
microscope equipped with DIC, digital image analysis system and drawing attachment was used. For molecular analysis,
gDNA was extracted and along with routinely analyzed ITS2 rDNA marker, two more genome regions were amplified and
characterized by sequencing.
The evolutionary distances between relative diplozoid species were computed, phylogeny reconstruction was
performed and evolutionary history was acquired by common statistical methods. Morphometry and molecular
characterization distinguished several parasite samples from the other valid species in genus Paradiplozoon and
supported their uniqueness. To explain the resulting division, we took into account the geographical origin of the
samples and host-parasite cophylogeny.
The study is supported by Czech Science Foundation – projects P506/12/1258 and P505/12/G112.
Rodríguez-Llanos J.1, Palacios-Abella J.1, Culurgioni J.2, Merella P.3, Addis P. 2, Macías D.4, Rodríguez-Marín E.5,
Garibaldi F.6, Mele S.3, Pérez-del-Olmo A.1, Montero F.E.1
O-053
FARM TO FORK: ARE PARASITES NATURAL TAGS TO TRACE FARMED ATLANTIC BLUEFIN TUNA?
1
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
3
Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
4
Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Fuengirola, Spain
5
Centro Oceanográfico de Santander, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Santander, Spain
6
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
2
ASSESING THE ROLE OF HOST SIZE AND AGE AS DRIVERS OF THE ABUNDANCE OF LONG-LIVED PARASITES
IN FISH STOCK ASSESSMENT STUDIES
Braicoovich P.E.1, Ieno E.2, Saes M.3, Despos J.3, Timi J.T.1
1
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata,
Argentina
2
Highland Statistics, Santa Pola, Spain
3
Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
There is a general consensus that the most important criterion for an effective parasite marker for stock discrimination
is its long residence time in the fish. Long-lived parasites tend to accumulate as fish grow, their abundance depending
therefore on both fish size and age. Fish size is used as a surrogate of age, however their functional relationship is not
linear and large changes in age do not represent proportional changes in size. Therefore, fish assigned to a given size
class can belong to different cohorts, and the sample could be heterogeneous in terms of parasite loads. Consequently,
the discernment between the effects of these variables could be essential when comparing samples; however, host age
is not usually considered in parasitological studies of stock identification, although it undoubtedly deserves more
attention and further research. The size, age (otholith aging), sex, parasite species richness and abundance of Grillotia
carvajalregorum, Corynosoma australe and Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum were recorded for 270
specimens of Percophis brasiliensis caught in the Argentine Sea. The abundances and species richness were modelled
using generalized linear mixed models with a negative binomial distribution. An information theory approach, employing
a collection of models with different combination of covariates, was followed to identify the optimal set of factors
determining the parasite burdens of P. brasiliensis. Results indicated that the covariates length and sex consistently
appeared in the most parsimonious models (lowest AIC), suggesting that fish length seems to be a better predictor than
age. The biological causes of these patterns are discussed.
46
O-054
The Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT), Thunnus thynnus, is one of the most valuable species for fisheries and aquaculture and
itsà t a ea ilit à isà i easi gl à i po ta tà i à aà fa -to-fo k à app oa h.à Theà ai à ofà thisà o kà isà toà o pa eà pa asiteà
assemblages of wild and cage-reared Western Mediterranean ABFT, to assess their usefulness as biological tags of fish
catch. A total of 195 gills of wild and cage-reared tuna captured in 2011-2012 were analysed. Sixteen species of parasites
were identified in wild tuna (4 monogeneans, 10 trematodes and 2 copepods), only 11 of these parasites being in
captive tuna (1 monogenean, 8 trematodes and 2 copepods). Didymozoidae (Trematoda) was the most abundant and
diverse group of parasites in wild and farmed tuna. Most prevalent parasite was Didymosulcus wedli (Didymozoidae) in
wild tuna and Cardicola spp. (Aporocotylidae) in cage-reared tuna. The prevalence of seven of the 11 common species (1
monogenean, 5 trematodes and 1 copepod) was significantly higher in wild than in captive tuna. This reduction is
expected as culture conditions are known to be adverse for most parasites. Nevertheless, the prevalence of Cardicola
spp. was much higher in cage-reared than in wild tunas, probably because the intermediate hosts as part of the
biofouling. The marked differences of parasite assemblages between samples indicate that parasites could be used for
tuna traceability.
JRL and JPA benefit of doctoral fellowships of the Spanish Government and the University of Valencia, respectively.
Funded by projects AGL2010-20892, PROMETEO 795 2015-018 and ISIC/2012/003.
Levsen A.1, Pascual S.2, Cipriani P.3, Gay M.4, Højgaard D.P.5, Hastie L.C.6, González A.F.2, Acerra V.3, Joensen
M.M.5, Miguel Bao6, MacKenzie K.6, Pierce G.6, Mattiucci S.7
O-055
ANISAKIS SPECIES IN ATLANTIC MACKEREL (SCOMBER SCOMBRUS) FROM THREE MAJOR EUROPEAN
FISHING AREAS; A FIRST GLANCE AT SOME SURVEILLANCE DATA OF THE EU FP7 PARASITE PROJECT
1
National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
3
Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
4
French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Food Safety,
Boulogne-sur-mer, France
5
Faroe Marine Research Institute (FAMRI), Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
6
Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
7
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza-University of Rome, Rome, Italy
2
O-056
Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) ranks among the most valuable fish species in Europe. Its stock composition is
complex and some components show extensive changes in migration pattern. Although an important food resource,
systematic and concerted epidemiological surveys of Anisakis species in Atlantic mackerel from European fishing
grounds have been lacking. As part of the EU FP7 PARASITE project (GA no. 312068), occurrence and spatial distribution
of Anisakis species in 1682 mackerel from NE Atlantic waters including the Faroe Islands (n=300), North Sea and British
Channel (n=938), off Portugal and NW Spain (n=157), and the Mediterranean (n=287), were recently investigated by
applying the UV-press method. Preliminary genetic identification suggests that A. pegreffii is the dominating species in
mackerel from the Mediterranean, with only a few A. physeteris so far detected in/on the viscera. A. pegreffii shows
generally low prevalence and intensity in the flesh, not exceeding 6% and 1 larva, respectively. In mackerel from the
Atlantic areas, A. simplex (sensu stricto) appears to be the dominating species, commonly exceeding 25% prevalence in
the flesh, with mean intensities around 2, ranging 1–19. While A. simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreffii seem to co-occur in
mackerel from off Portugal and NW Spain, a few A. pegreffii were also found in the viscera of mackerel from the
northern North Sea. Thus, systematic anisakid surveys of Atlantic mackerel throughout its main distribution area,
combined with accurate Anisakis species identification, may contribute to elucidate stock composition and migration
patterns of the fish host species.
FISH POPULATION STUDIES USING PARASITES FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN
Oliva M.1, George-Nascimento M.2
1
Facultad Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biologicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile
Departamento Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica Santísima Concepción, Chile
2
The Humboldt Current Large Marine Ecosystem is one of the most important upwelling systems, with high rates of
primary production supporting some of the most massive fisheries worldwide. Large scale fisheries in Southeastern
Pa ifi ,à espe iall à i à Chile,à ega à i à theà `s.à “i eà the ,à allà ajo à esou es à a dà p o a l à lo gà efo eà hadà d asti à
increases and decreases in abundance, as reflected by the landings of anchovy, jack mackerel, sardine and hakes.
Studies on parasites of marine fish have increasingly been incorporated into the normal protocols of fish population
studies. We summarize studies using parasites as tools for fish population studies in the South Eastern Pacific, whether
or not of economic importance. There are ca. 30 such studies and most are on economically important fish species
though others on coastal and intertidal fish, or on less or non-commercial species, provide insights on scales of temporal
and spatial variation of parasite infracommunities. This case-by-case review shows that there has been a persistent
effort to use parasites in fish population studies in SEP. Six out of the top ten Chilean fisheries, have been studied on its
stock structure and/or migration. Main aspects considered were sampling site, a less frequent combination of sampling
in time and space, and a lower frequency of those dealing with variability along time. Thus, we emphasize on the need
for more long-term studies that will permit us to see the variability of these biological tags along time, such as in the jack
mackerel.
47
Reed C.1,2, Le Roux J.1,2, Bowker J.1,2, Nunkoo I.1,2, Morris T.1,2, Weston L. 1, Ssempa N.1, MacKenzie K.3 , van
der Lingen C.2,4
O-057
THE UTILITY OF PARASITE DATA IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN APPLIED MARINE RESEARCH
1
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
3
Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, UK
4
Branch: Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, South Africa
2
USING PARASITE BIOTAGS TO ELUCIDATE POPULATION STRUCTURE OF TWO MERLUCCIUS SPECIES OFF
SOUTH AFRICA
Singh L.1, Reed C.C.2, van der Lingen C.D.1,3, Mackenzie K.4
1
Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
Department of Biological Sceinces, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
3
Marine Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
4
School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
2
Two species of hake, Merluccius capensis (shallow-water hake) and M. paradoxus (deep-water hake), occur off South
áf i aà he eàthe àa eàta getedà àtheà ou t sà ostà alua leàfishe .àThe two hakes are currently managed as a single
stock that is not differentiated by species and does not take potential stock structure of either species into account.
These management practices are changing, however, and investigations into the population structure of both species
using genetic approaches have recently been initiated. In 2014 we conducted an initial study to assess the utility of
applying the parasite biotag approach to elucidate population structure of the two hake species and identified seven
parasite taxa as candidate biotags. Preliminary results from analysis of a larger number of fish show a spatial difference
in the parasite assemblage of M. capensis off the South African coast, with the monogenean Anthocotyle merlucci found
attached to the gills of fish collected off the west coast but not in fish from the south coast. In contrast, the copepod
Neobranchiella insidiosa f. lageniformis was found on the gills of fish from the south coast but not from the west coast.
These results suggest the presence of two stocks of M. capensis off South Africa, which is also reflected by the genetic
results. Further results for M. capensis, and on the parasite assemblage of M. paradoxus and whether those data
indicate the existence of multiple stocks, will also be presented
48
O-058
Parasitic species are typically underestimated components of biodiversity and their utility in applied marine research is
generally overlooked. We examined the parasites of several commercially exploited southern African marine fish,
primarily with the aim of assessing their population structure. South African sardine (Sardinops sagax) harboured seven
parasite taxa, and spatial and temporal variation in infection indices of two biotag parasites supported a multiple stock
hypothesis for this species. Cape horse mackerel (Trachurus capensis) from the Northern and Southern Benguela
harboured 29 parasite taxa, and whereas fish from each region had similar parasite assemblages significant spatial
differences in four parasites were observed, supporting the known existence of two sub-populations in the Benguela
ecosystem. Cunene horse mackerel (T. trecae) from the Northern Benguela had similar parasite taxa to T. capensis from
that region but showed differences in some indices, suggesting the existence of subtle interspecies host-parasite
relationships. Cape snoek (Thyrsites atun) harboured 16 parasite taxa but no spatial variation in parasite communities
was found, indicating a single stock of this species in the Southern Benguela. Parasites of St Joseph shark (Callorhinchus
capensis) were examined for heavy metals and high zinc concentrations in Gyrocotyle plana compared to host tissue
showed bioaccumulation, emphasising the value of parasites as early warning systems for heavy metal pollution in
marine ecosystems. These findings emphasise the importance of documenting marine parasite biodiversity and its
utility in multidisciplinary research in marine science.
Cipriani P.1, Acerra V.2, Bellisario B.2, Sbaraglia G.L.2, Cheleschi R.3, Nascetti G.2, Mattiucci S.1
O-059
LARVAL MIGRATION OF THE ZOONOTIC PARASITE ANISAKIS PEGREFFII (NEMATODA: ANISAKIDAE) IN A
FISH HOST, ENGRAULIS ENCRASICOLUS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SEAFOOD SAFETY
1
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza-University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
3
Fiorital S.p.A., Località Marittima, Venice, Italy
2
Anisakid nematodes belonging to the species Anisakis pegreffii are distributed in wide variety of fishes from the
Mediterranean Sea and they are known to cause the human zoonosis anisakiasis. The present study investigated, for the
first time, the response by A. pegreffii larvae - identified to species level by genetic/molecular markers – to the storage
temperature of anchovies, Engraulis encrasicolus. The larval motility of A. pegreffii was studied in 1300 fish, captured
from a highly infested area (FAO 37.2.1, Central Adriatic Sea), maintained under different storage temperatures (2°C,
5°C, 7°C), and examined at different time intervals (immediately after fishing, 24h, 48h and 72h). Parasitological analysis
was carried out with UV-press method. The results showed that the increase of infection values with A. pegreffii in fillets
of anchovies was statistically positively related to the increase of the temperature (at 5°C and 7°C) and time of storage
(after 24h, 48h, and 72h). A significant statistical correlation between the increasing of the worm burden in the fillets
and a decreasing of A. pegreffii in the viscera was observed. In contrast, those fish constantly maintained at 2°C showed
no statistically significant variation in infection either in the viscera or fillets. Our results suggest that temperature plays
an important role in the post-mortem motility of A. pegreffii larvae in anchovies. The presence of A. pegreffii in the
fillets inspected immediately after their capture indicates that intra-vitam migration may also occur.
This research received funding from the EU 7FP grant agreement n°312068 PARASITE.
O-060
THE RISK OF HUMAN INFECTION WITH ANISAKIS SPP., WHILE CONSUMING ATLANTIC MACKERELS
(SCOMBER COLIAS AND S. SCOMBRUS) CAUGHT OFF PORTUGAL
Santos M. J.1, Silva A.1, Castro R.1, Cavaleiro F.1, Rangel L.1, Palm H. W.2
1
University of Porto, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, and CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and
Environmental Research, Porto, Portugal
2
Rostock University, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Aquaculture und Sea Ranching, Justus-vonLiebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Fish dishes are much appreciated in Portugal, one of the European leaders in fish consumption. This could drive the
occurrence of anisakiasis, particularly if the ingested fish is not properly cooked. The symptomatology of the associated
pathology include acute gastritis and allergies. Chub mackerels, namely Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789, are among the top
4 fish most sold in Portuguese fish markets. In this study, the risk of S. colias and Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758
infection with Anisakis was evaluated. Larvae identity was determined by using molecular tools.
The parasitological survey was performed using 40 S. colias and 42 S. sombrus, fished at FAO area Atlantic Northeast 27,
sub area Portuguese waters IX. The isolated worms were preserved in ethanol 70%, mounted in glycerin and identified
first on the basis of morphology; later on, some worms were molecularly characterized and their phylogeny evaluated
by using software Mega 6.
Recorded prevalence and intensity levels were very high – 85.0% and 21.7 worms/fish for S. colias and 83.3% and 16.4
worms/fish for S. scombrus. Only occasional infections were detected in the muscle and the large majority of the
anisakid larvae were found to infect the body cavity. Still, the risk of infection cannot be discarded. Indeed, the larvae
ha eàtheàa ilit àtoà o eài toàtheà us le,àafte àtheàhost sàdead.àTheàa isakidàla aeàdete tedài à othàfishà e eàA. simplex
(s.s.) (Rudolphi, 1809) (mostly in S. scombrus) and A. pegreffii Campana-Rouget & Biocca, 1955 (mostly in S. colias), with
different prevalence.
49
O-061
NO MO‘E TIME TO “TAY “INGLE : A MULTI-MARKER APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF ANISAKIS
PEGREFFII, ANISAKIS SIMPLEX (S.S.), AND THEIR HYBRIDS (NEMATODA: ANISAKIDAE)
Mattiucci S.1, Acerra V.2, Paoletti M.2, Cipriani P.2, Canestrelli D.2, Levsen A.3, Nascetti G.2
1
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
3
NIFES Institute, Bergen, Norway
2
O-062
Species identification remains a challenging task in the study of parasite biodiversity. In anisakid nematodes, genetic
markers have been extensively used to identify cryptic species, define population structure, and to study patterns of
reproductive isolation and gene exchange between allopatric and sympatric lineages. In this study, we adopted a
multilocus genotyping approach to assign numerous anisakid individuals (N= 667) to the species Anisakis pegreffii, A.
simplex (s.s.), or to their hybrid classes. Larval and adult samples were collected from allopatric and sympatric areas, and
results were compared to those obtained, on the same specimens, using a conventional single-marker approach, based
on the analysis of the ITS1 region of rDNA. Bayesian assignment tests identified most of the individuals as belonging to
that or the other parental taxa, and a smaller portion (N= 12) as F1 hybrids from sympatric areas. Importantly, the
results based on the ITS1 rDNA classified as hybrids several individuals that did not show evidence of mixed ancestry;
this could be likely the outcome of incomplete lineage sorting at this sole marker. Thus, our results raise concerns on the
extensive use of the single-marker approach to identify anisakid species and their hybrids, and invite to a careful
reappraise the many inferences that could be derived from its application.
Part of the p ese tà esea hà leadi gà toà theseà esultsà hasà e ei edà fu di gà f o à theà Eu opea à U io sà “e e thà
Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement n°312068,
PARASITE.
GENOTYPING ANISAKIDS USING HIGH RESOLUTION MELTING ANALYSIS
Cavallero S.1, Umehara A.2, D'Amelio S.1
1
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome Italy
Laboratory of Parasitology and Cell Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
2
Anisakids are parasitic nematodes responsible for a zoonosis caused by their infective larvae in fishes intended for
human consumption. Anisakis simplex s.l. and Pseudoterranova decipiens s.l. are the species mainly involved in human
anisakidosis (Arizono et al 2011, Emerg Infect Dis, 17, 555; Mattiucci et al 2013, Emerg Infect Dis, 19, 496) while
Contracaecum sp. and Hysterothylacium sp. (Raphidascarididae) are only rarely found in humans ; the latter is even
considered non-pathogenic to humans.
The aim of the study was to develop a new molecular approach to differentiate and identify anisakids based on High
Resolution Melting (HRM) of a selected molecular marker (nuclear ribosomal ITS). To date, only the A. simplex complex
has been discriminated using HRM. Representative species of Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, Contracaecum and
Hysterothylacium were tested to verify the presence of diagnostic profiles to differentiate nematodes at genus and
species level. HRM profiles of Anisakis simplex s.l. revealed Tm of 78.0–78.2 °C for A. simplex s.s., of 79.4–79.5°C for A.
pegreffii and of 78.4–78.6 °C for hybrids. Members of the P. decipiens complex were tested along with Anisakis spp.,
Contracaecum osculatum and Hysterothylacium aduncum. Results revealed no amplification for any Anisakis spp., but
three HRM profiles: one showed Tm of 79.4-79.5 °C for P. decipiens s. s. and P. krabbei; one showed 79.9-80.0 °C for P.
azarasi and P. cattani; one showed 79.1-79.2 °C for C. osculatum and H. aduncum. HRM is a relatively new approach for
rapid discrimination of parasitic nematodes, with promising diverse applications.
50
O-063
PROTEASES AS VIRULENCE FACTORS: TRANSCRIPTOMIC STUDY OF CERATONOVA SHASTA (MYXOZOA)
GENOTYPES WITH DIFFERENT VIRULENCE
Alama-Bermejo G. 1,2,3, Meyer E.4, Atkinson S. 1, Holzer A.S.2, Bartholomew J. 1
1
Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Acade à ofà “ ie esà ofà theà Cze hà ‘epu li ,à Česk à Budějo i e,à Cze hà
Republic
3
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain
4
Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
2
O-064
Virulence of parasites is still poorly understood. Important components among the arsenal of parasite virulence factors
are proteases, essential for parasite invasion, migration and nutrition. Myxozoans are microscopic, parasitic cnidarians
that affect fish health in fisheries and aquaculture. Ceratonova shasta is a myxozoan pathogen that infects wild and
cultured salmonid fishes in the rivers of the Pacific Coast of North America. C. shasta shows host-specific genotypes with
different degrees of virulence (mortality, proliferation) in the fish host. We extracted RNA from intestines of salmonids
infected with single C. shasta genotypes: I in Chinook salmon, IIC in coho salmon and IIR in rainbow trout from two
different localities. Normalized cDNA libraries were obtained and sequenced on a single lane of high throughput
sequencing system Illumina HiSeq 2000. This yielded to 119 million raw reads, which were filtered for low quality data,
adaptor sequences and homopolymer repeats, then assembled using Trinity. We obtained ~220,000 contigs, which were
annotated using UniProt, Gene Ontology and Taxonomy NCBI databases. Host contamination was filtered using a
comparative BLAST search against databases of host proteins (rainbow trout and its closest salmonid relatives) and the
non-parasitic cnidarian relative, Nematostella vectensis. Preliminary analysis has identified numerous cysteine proteases
(cathepsins L, S, Z) and serine proteases. Sequence comparisons revealed greater similarity with cnidarian than fish
genes, supporting their annotation as proteases of the parasite C. shasta. Identification of proteases is key for
development of selective inhibitors for myxozoans in their fish hosts.
MYXOZOAN POLAR CAPSULE CONTENTS AND EJECTION DYNAMICS
Ben-David J.1, Piriatinskiy G.1, Atkinson S.2, Bartholomew J. 2, Lotan T.1
1
Marine Biology Department, The Leon H.Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
2
Myxozoans are a large group of parasitic cnidarians that affect wild and cultured fish populations worldwide.
Homologous with nematocysts in free-living cnidarians, myxozoans have extrusomes known as polar capsules, which
contain a coiled, eversible polar filament (tubule). The infection process is facilitated by polar capsule activation and
discharge of the tubule, anchoring the spore to the host and allowing the infective sporoplasm to penetrate. Our study
explores the biological and biomechanical processes that occur during polar capsule activation. To gain insight into polar
capsule structure and content, we isolated intact capsules from Ceratonova shasta myxospores using dielectrophoresis.
Next, the proteomic profile of the polar capsules was analyzed by LC-MS/MS using our C. shasta transcriptome and
other Cnidaria database. The analysis revealed known nematocyst proteins, including both tubule-specific proteins, and
enzymes involved in the synthesis of poly-gamma-glutamate, the main capsule matrix component; numerous other
detected proteins have yet to be characterized. Using tools that we have developed for analyzing nematocysts, we
successfully compared and characterized the discharge dynamics of C. shasta and Myxobolus cerebralis polar capsules,
which represent the marine and freshwater myxozoan lineages, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the two
spores have different tubule ejection characteristics. Whereas both tubules performed a possible anchorage function,
M. cerebralis also displayed rapid injection capabilities that are different from those of nematocysts. These findings
indicate that some polar capsules can actively inject their contents, thus suggesting a more complex function of the
capsules during the initial steps of myxozoan infection.
51
Shin S.P.1, Zenke K.2, Yokoyama H.2, Yoshinaga T.2
O-065
FACTORS AFFECTING SPOROPLASM RELEASE IN KUDOA SETEMPUNCTATA AND ITS METALLOPROTEASE
1
Fisheries Laboratory, Kinki University, Shirahama, Wakayama, Japan
Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
2
Kudoa septempunctata has been isolated from cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and was recently
identified as a cause of food poisoning in humans. Since the sporoplasm plays an important role in causing diarrhoea by
invading intestinal cells, the specific factors affecting the release of sporoplasm from spores should be determined.
Thus, we investigated the factors affecting sporoplasm release and characterized a metalloprotease purified partially.
Sporoplasm release was observed in the groups treated with Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and media containing glucose. In
addition, 1,10-phenanthroline (metalloprotease inhibitor) inhibited the release of sporoplasm in the FBS medium. The
optimal activity of purified metalloprotease was observed at pH 7 and it is stable from pH 6 to pH 8. These results
indicate that K. septempunctata uses glucose for releasing its sporoplasm and that a zinc or metalloprotease is related
to the release mechanism. The present study provides important information for the development of agents to prevent
sporoplasm release and the consequent food poisoning caused by K. septempunctata.
O-066
SEATROUT INFECTION BY KUDOA INORNATA: DEVELOPMENT IN THE FAST LANE
de Buron I.1, Hill-Spanik K.M.1, Haselden L.2, Atkinson S.D.3
1
Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
Marine Resources Research Institute, Division of Natural Resources, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
3
Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
2
Kudoa inornata is a muscle-dwelling myxozoan that commonly infects sciaenid Cynoscion spp. on the U.S.Atlantic coast
and in the Gulf of Mexico. We determined the temporal pattern of infection by K. inornata and the number of degreedays required for myxospores to develop in naïve sentinel seatrout (C. nebulosus). During a two-year experiment (20132014), two replicates of 10 sentinel fish were exposed monthly to raw seawater from Charleston Harbor, South Carolina,
USA. We determined prevalence of infection via both squashed muscle biopsies and PCR. Results showed a seasonal
presence of myxospores in seatrout muscle that reflected different development rates of myxospores at various water
temperatures. In both years, infection appeared in the spring, peaked over summer, decreased in the fall, with no
infections detected in the two coldest winter months. Myxospore development required as few as 489 degree-days post
exposure, which we confirmed by experimentally demonstrating development in as little as 16 days post-exposure at
31°C. While 31°C appears to be a temperature threshold, above which K. inornata myxospores may not develop well, it
is unclear whether the lack of winter infection is due to decreased or arrested actinospore production, or a decrease in
density of the putative annelid vector. Future studies will focus on temporal quantification of waterborne actinospores
and identification of the alternate host.
52
O-067
NEW INSIGHTS IN THE HOST SPECIFICITY OF MYXOZOANS: THE ROLE OF FISH BLOOD IN THE EARLY
DEVELOPMENT OF TWO MYXOBOLUS SPECIES
Forró F.1, Bali K.1,2, Eszterbauer E.1
1
Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest,
Hungary
2
Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
BROMODEOXYURIDINE DNA LABELLING REVEALES THE HOST INTESTINAL PROLIFERATION INDUCED BY A
MYXOZOAN PARASITE AND THE TIME-SPACE DEPENDENT PROLIFERATION OF THE PARASITIC STAGES
Pérez-Cordón G., Estensoro I., Sitjà-Bobadilla A.
Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
Enteromyxum leei is a myxozoan parasite responsible for enteritis in gilthead sea bream (GSB) (Sparus aurata). The
parasite proliferates in the paracellular space and induces an inflammatory reaction. The infection starts at the posterior
intestine (PI), followed by the anterior (AI) and finally the middle (MI). A group of juvenile GSB were infected by anal
intubation with E. leei infected-intestinal scrapings (RCPT), and another was intubated with PBS (CTRL). At 17 and 64
days post intubation (dpi), 7 fish from both groups were intracelomically injected with 0.1 ml BrdU at a dose of 100 mg
de BrdU/kg fish weight. Samples of AI, MI and PI were taken for immunohistochemical localization of BrdU 24 h after
injection. For each fish and intestinal segment, ten microscopical fields were photographed and BdrU immunoreactive
+
(BrdU ) cells (either from the parasite or the host) counted. There was a strong effect of the infection on the
+
proliferation rate, as the number of BrdU cells was higher for RCPT than CTRL fish in all the intestinal segments. The
presence of the parasite at the PI (the first segment infected) seems to induce the proliferation of host intestinal cells
+
even in not yet parasitized segments (AI, MI). The mean ratio of BrdU parasites/total parasites in the PI was higher at 17
dpi (0.77) than at 64 dpi (0.30), whereas it was 0.58 and 0.61 at 64 dpi in the AI and MI, respectively. Therefore, the
replicating rate of parasites in well-established infections is lower than that in recently invaded tissues.
Acknowledgments: This work was funded by Spanish MINECO through projects AGL2009-13282 and AGL2013-48560 and
pa tiall àsuppo tedà àtheà Ge e alitatàVale ia a à p oje tsàP‘OMETEOII/
/
àa dàI“I).
53
O-068
Previous in vitro viability challenges showed that innate immune system components in fish serum have a key role in the
host specificity of myxozoans. While for Myxobolus pseudodispar, the sera of non-suitable hosts was able to eliminate
the invasive parasite stages only, the number of viable M. cerebralis sporoplasm cells was significantly reduced even by
susceptible host serum. In in vivo exposure trials, we compared the prevalence and intensity of early developmental
stages of M. pseudodispar and M. cerebralis in the blood of susceptible and non-susceptible hosts. SPF fish were
exposed individually. The prevalence and the intensity of infections were examined using species-specific nested PCR
assay1 d, 1 w and 1 mo post exposure (p.e.). Interestingly, M. cerebralis was present in the blood of both susceptible
and non-susceptible hosts all over the experiment. The prevalence remarkably increased in the susceptible hosts 1 w
p.e., whereas it remained constant in the non-susceptible host. The infection profile of M. pseudodispar was in
correlation with the findings of previous in vitro studies. The parasite stages were present with high intensity in
susceptible host (with a notable decrease in the prevalence 1 w p.e.), with low intensity and prevalence in rudd
(previously thought to be a susceptible host), and absent in non-susceptible host. As the infection profile of the two
examined species was rather different, it seems that blood-related immune components are not the only factors
influencing host specificity; furthermore pathogenicity issues may also be considered.
Financial support: Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, OTKA K112301.
O-069
NEW MARKERS FOR RESOLVING MYXOZOAN PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
Fiala I.1, Kyslík J.2, Hartigan A.1, Holzer A.S.1
1
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li à
Fa ult àofà“ ie e,àU i e sit àofà“outhàBohe ia,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
2
Current myxozoan phylogeny relies on single SSU rDNA or concatenated analysis of SSU + LSU rDNA and EF2 genes.
These markers, however, are not sufficient to reconstruct the pattern of some early branching nodes that are important
for the understanding of the main phylogenetic trends of Myxozoa. These weakly supported nodes show unstable
branching patterns or large polytomies.
Multigene analysis with large taxon sampling will resolve most of the polytomic phylogenies as observed in other
biological groups and provide greater stability in myxozoan interspecies relationships. We thus used publically available
genomic/transriptomic data as well as our own Sphaerospora molnari transcriptome to select new candidate genes that
are phylogenetically informative and suitable for myxozoan phylogenetic reconstruction. Based on those gene
alignments we designed primers that are able to amplify selected genes of other myxosporean representatives.
During preliminary genome/transcriptome mining we selected the following myxozoan genes for further analysis: VATPase, PAX-Bà pai edà o ,à Elo gatio à Fa to à α,à PGDà -phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), SNF (sans fille), TPI
(triosephosphate isomerase), as well as three nematogalectins previously identified in Myxozoa. The phylogenetic tree
based on V-ATPase and two nematogalectin genes corresponds to known rDNA-based myxosporean phylogeny,
validating our hypothesis. Multigene analysis of SSU rDNAs, EF2, V-ATPase and nematogalectins resulted in a well
resolved myxozoan tree with highly supported nodes.
Acknowledgement: Funding for the present study was provided by the Czech Science Foundation (P505/12/G112).
O-070
TRACING THE JOINT EVOLUTION OF MYXOZOANS AND THEIR HOSTS
Holzer A.S.1, Hartigan A.1, Kodádková A.2,3, Fiala I.1
1
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li à
Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
3
Faculty of Science, University of SouthàBohe ia,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
2
The combination of exceptionally high species diversity, extreme differences in the degree of host specificity and a
complex life cycle raises many questions about the underlying mechanisms triggering speciation and evolution of the
Myxozoa. That parasites and their hosts coevolve is a powerful concept with broad theoretical and applied implications.
O àaà asi àle el,àtheàte à oe olutio àisàusedàtoàdes i eàtheàe te tàofà o g ue eàofàhostàa dàpa asiteàph logenetic
trees. In the present study, we used all SSU rDNA sequence data of actinosporeans and their definitive invertebrate
hosts as well as of myxosporeans and their intermediate vertebrate hosts to assess the extent of codivergence, i.e.
parallel speciation in host and parasite lineages, by examining the degree of congruence between their phylogenies.
Using event-based and global fit methods (TreeMap, Jane, ParaFit), we investigated the origin of current associations
and determined whether they arose by colonization (host switching) or by descent. We detected strong cophylogenetic
signal between myxozoans and their invertebrate hosts, with regard to the deeper branches of the tree. In contrast, we
demonstrate that cospeciation with fish hosts happened more recently and resulted in several host-associated species
complexes. We also found phylogenetically conserved host-switching to mimic the phylogenetic signature of
cospeciation, confounding topology-based programs. We speculate that myxozoans first had a direct life cycle involving
only invertebrate hosts and that the acquisition of vertebrate intermediate hosts happened later and was the outcome
of the distinct success of alternative transmission and dispersion strategies, resulting in massive specification events in
fish.
54
Freeman M.A.1,2, Kristmundsson A.2
O-071
HISTOZOIC MYXOSPOREANS INFECTING THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF CULTURED AND WILD MARINE
FISHES
1
Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
2
O-072
Traditional studies on myxosporeans have used myxospore morphology as the main criterion for identification and
taxonomic classification. This has led to numerous genera becoming polyphyletic in subsequent molecular phylogenetic
analyses and it is now known that other features, such as the site of infection in fish, offer a far higher degree of
congruence with molecular data than myxospore morphology can provide.
Histozoic gastrointestinal myxosporeans from two elopiform fishes from Malaysia, the Pacific tarpon Megalops
cyprinoides and the tenpounder Elops machnata were identified and described using morphological, histological and
molecular methodologies.
Both myxospores had a Myxidium-like morphology, but were robustly grouped with similar shaped myxospores from gill
monogeneans at the base of the multivalvulid clade in all phylogenetic analyses. A new genus and family are erected to
accommodate these taxa. In addition, we propose that the genus Enteromyxum is transferred to the new family and we
also suggest that Ceratonova is better suited to the new family than to the Ceratomyxiidae.
To improve modern systematics of the myxosporeans it is clear that a combination of biological, molecular and
morphological data should be used in descriptive studies, and the naming and redistribution of taxa and genera is going
to be necessary to achieve this. Here we demonstrate why Myxidium-shaped myxospores should not be included in the
family Myxidiidae, and create a new framework to accommodate them. Subsequent descriptive works should follow a
similar course if we are going to create a prevailing and workable systematic structure for this group.
MYXOSPORIDIA INFECTING NILE FISH IN EGYPT
Abdel-Ghaffar F.1, Bashtar A.R.1, Morsy K.1, Abdel-Gaber R.1, Mehlhorn H.2, Al Quraishy S.3
1
Department of Zoology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Parasitology Institute, Düsseldorf University, Düsseldorf, Germany
3
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2
Fish represent one of the most important sources of animal proteins all over the world. Parasitic diseases are the most
important health risk facing fish production. Myxosporidian parasites are the most dangerous parasites infecting fish
causing muscle and organs degeneration and their death. During the current survey of myxosporidian parasites, a total
of 360 fish samples representing six of the most economically important species were collected from different localities
along the River Nile, Egypt. These were Oreochromis niloticus, O. aureus (Cichlidae), Barbus bynni, Labeo niloticus
(Cyprinidae), Syodontis schall, and Clarias lazera (Siluridae). Number of 180 fish specimens (50%) were found to be
naturally infected with these parasites. The recovered parasites were morphologically described and identified
according to light and transmission electron microscopic studies. Myxosporidian spores of Myxobolus four species, one
species for Myxidium, and one for Henneguya were identified and described. Host-parasite relationship and pathological
effect were recorded.
55
Brazenor A.1, Bertozzi T.2, Miller T.3, Whittington I.4, Hutson K.1
O-073
IS NEOBENEDENIA MELLENI (CAPSALIDAE: MONOGENEA) REALLY THE CULPRIT IN GLOBAL AQUACULTURE?
1
Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and the College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James
Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
2
Evolutionary Biology Unit, The South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
3
Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland,
Australia
4
Monogenean Research Laboratory, Parasitology Section, The South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South
Australia, Australia
Neobenedenia spp. pose a serious threat to global aquaculture through host-fish mortality and lost productivity.
Neobenedenia have highly conserved morphology making morphology-based identification difficult. Recent research
indicates that Neobenedenia melleni, may comprise a complex of morphologically indistinguishable but genetically
distinct (cryptic) taxa. Cryptic species can exhibit variability in host-specificity, pathogenicity, and epidemiology which
necessitates the accurate identification of Neobenedenia isolates from wild and farmed fish from around the world. In
this study, we constructed the phylogenetic relationships of 36 Neobenedenia isolates from 27 host-fish species in 12
countries using nucleotide sequences from three genes; two nuclear (H3 and 28s) and one mitochondrial (cytochrome
b). Our analysis recovered four separate clades, three of which correspond to Neobenedenia longiprostata,
Neobenedenia pacifica and N. melleni sensu stricto. The fourth clade, which was the most diverse and contained the
ajo it àofàtheàisolatesàe a i ed,àisàp o a l à Neobenedenia gi ellae which was synonymised with N. melleni in 1996.
This study identifies nine new countries in which N.à gi ellae is present and 19 new host records that have not been
recorded for N. girellae. These include fish species that support important commercial fisheries, ornamental trade, and
aquaculture. Unfortunately, accurately identifying original sources of infection is complicated by global trade of
ornamental fishes and because many studies have not accessioned research specimens for further study. This research
begins the process of defining clear species limits and host records for Neobenedenia and represents one of the most
comprehensive investigations into the phylogenetics of a capsalid genus to date.
O-074
SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF DIPLECTANID MONOGENEANS PARASITISING WILD AND FARMED ASIAN
SEABASS (LATES CALCARIFER) BY MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR TOOLS
Chotnipat S.1, Miller T.L.2, Knuckey R.M.3, Hutson K.S.1
1
Marine Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University,
Townsville QLD Australia
2
Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
3
FinFish Enterprise, Cairns, QLD, Australia
Diplectanid monogeneans can induce morbidity and mortality in cultured fish due to destructive feeding mechanisms
and high fecundity and short generation time. Eight species of diplectanids have been reported to parasitise wild and
farmed Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer, in the Asia-Pacific region, but the species assemblage on L. calcarifer in Australia
is poorly known. The aim of this study was to accurately identify diplectanid species infecting L. calcarifer in northern
tropical Australia, where aquaculture farms have experienced production issues from persistent diplectanid
infections. Parasite isolates were collected from wild and farmed fish across tropical northern Australia and a
combination of morphological and molecular methods used to diagnose species. Our results indicate that a single,
dominant species of diplectanid, Laticola paralatesi, infects farmed and wild L. calcarifer in tropical Australia. Two
species of Laticola were also synonymised based on the combination of host infected, geographic distribution,
morphological similarity and in sharing identical 28S rRNA sequences. Overall, this study highlights that species of
Laticola reported infecting L. calcarifer in the tropical Indo-West Pacific may not be as diverse as previously thought.
Further studies on Laticola paralatesi biology and ecology will contribute to effective and efficient strategies for
managing these parasites in aquaculture.
56
O-075
DIPLECTANID MONOGENEANS IN GROUPERS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN AND EASTERN ATLANTIC
Chaabane A.1, Neifar L.1, Justine J.L.2
1
University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
2
The biodiversity of diplectanids on groupers of the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic is already known for some
species, but certain grouper species were completely unexplored. The aim of our study was to establish a complete list
of diplectanid monogeneans from all groupers of the region, especially those off Tunisia and nearby Western Libya. We
collected gill monogeneans from the following grouper species: Epinephelus aeneus, Mycteroperca costae, M.
marginata, M. rubra, and Hyporthodus haifensis. Fish were caught in the Mediterranean off Tunisia and Libya and
specimens from off Senegal (Eastern Atlantic) were also examined. Fish identification was performed using barcoding
methods (COI). The diplectanids included Pseudorhabdosynochus americanus, P. beverleyburtonae, P. bouaini, P.
dolicocolpos, P. enitsuji, P. hargisi, P. regius, P. riouxi, P. sinediscus, P. sosia, and Echinoplectanum echinophallus. In
addition, we found possibly new species on M. rubra and H. haifensis. Some of these species are abundant, but certain
diplectanid species appear to be rare. Morphological identification of diplectanid species was mainly based on a
comparative study of sclerotised reproductive organs, especially the vaginae. Our preliminary results show that the
vaginal structures in several species of Pseudorhabdosynochus from Mycteroperca spp. in the Mediterranean are similar,
thus suggesting a common origin for some of the diplectanid species of this geographic area.
O-076
DIVERSITY OF MONOGENEANS (MONOGENEA: DACTYLOGYRIDAE) PARASITIZING GOATFISHES
(PERCIFORMES: MULLIDAE) OFF NEW CALEDONIA: ARE HALIOTREMA SPECIES FROM GOATFISHES
MONOPHYLETIC?
Řehulko àE.1, Seifertová M.1, Justine J.L.2, Gelnar M.1
1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Département Systématique et Évolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
2
Percomorph fishes in tropical to warm-temperature seas associated with coral reef environments are known to harbour
monogeneans of Haliotrema (Dactylogyridae), a genus that is currently considered to be a polyphyletic taxon containing
numerous morphologically diverse species. While a strict definition of Haliotrema remains wanting, several new genera
have been proposed for species groups embedded within this genus based on morphological and/or molecular
characteristics. Moreover, recent studies show that some species of Haliotrema-like dactylogyrids from hosts of specific
families appear to form monophyletic group. The aims of our study are to interpret the taxonomic data obtained for
dactylogyrids from goatfishes off New Caledonia in a phylogenetic context and to test the hypothesis that Haliotremalike dactylogyrids from goatfishes form a monophyletic lineage. A total of 13 species of goatfishes were examined. As a
result, nine new and eight previously described species of Haliotrema-like dactylogyrids have been recognized to
parasitize eleven species of New Caledonian goatfishes. Morphological analysis of sclerotized structures suggests that
there are several groups within the dactylogyrids parasitizing these fishes, with regard to the basic structure of the male
copulatory organ. The division into morphological groups is also supported by the results of a phylogenetic analyses
using nuclear rDNA sequences. The twelve Haliotrema-like dactylogyrids from New Caledonian goatfishes were found to
form a monophyletic lineage.
Acknowledgements: This study was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project No. P505/12/G112).
57
O-077
ANNULOTREMA (PLATYHELMINTHES: MONOGENEA) FROM AFRICAN TETRAS (CHARACIFORMES:
ALESTIDAE) IN LAKE TURKANA, KENYA: MORPHOMETRIC AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES
Kiči jao àM.L.,à“eife to àM.,àŘehulko àE.
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
The Alestidae, often called African tetras, are known to be parasitized by monogeneans representing three genera,
namely Afrocleidodiscus, Annulotrema and Characidotrema, from which Annulotrema includes the highest number of
species. The aims of the study were to: (1) investigate species diversity of Annulotrema species from alestids in Lake
Turkana; (2) evaluate the relative taxonomic importance of the characters of the reproductive organs and those of the
haptoral sclerites in accordance with molecular data; and (3) investigate the relationships between Annulotrema species
and other representatives of Dactylogyridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Our taxonomical
evaluation revealed four new and four previously described Annulotrema spp. on the gills of Alestes baremose, A.
dentex, Brycinus minutus and Hydrocynus forskahlii. Morphological analysis of sclerotized structures suggests that there
are several different groups within the dactylogyrids parasitizing these fishes, with regard to the basic structure of the
male copulatory organ.
Acknowledgements: Czech Science Foundation (project no. P505/12/G112).
O-078
GYRODACTYLUS PARASITES ON AFRICAN CICHLIDS: A VIEW ON SPECIES DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION,
INTERSPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS AND ECOLOGICAL PATTERNS
)ah ad íčko àP.1, Barson M.2, Luus-Powell W.J.3,àPřik lo àI.1
1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
3
Department of Biodiversity, School of Molecular and Life Sciences University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
2
Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) includes highly diverse ubiquitous viviparous
monogeneans. These ectoparasites feed on mucus and epithelial cells of host fishes that can induce hyperplasia of
affected tissues and increase the potential of subsequent secondary infections. To date, 33 species of Gyrodactylus from
hosts originating from nine host families have been described in Africa, but at least two species should be regarded as
invalid. The present study summarizes ongoing research on Gyrodactylus spp. parasitizing African cichlids with emphasis
on its diversity using an integrative approach (molecular sequences supported by morphometrical analysis), distribution
and ecological patterns in the host-parasite system taking into account diverse environmental factors. Our findings of 10
undescribed species of Gyrodactylus on cichlid hosts in different parts of Africa significantly extend the knowledge on
theseàpa asitesài àte sàofàspe iesà i h essàa dàdist i utio .àTheào se edà di e sit àofà Gyrodactylus spp. on cichlids
differs considerably between the host species. The highest number of species was observed from the invasive
Oreochromis niloticus and the commonly widespread Pseudocrenilabrus philander. The overlap in theirs habitats and
distribution together with the artificial spreading by humans undoubtedly have contributed to the current situation. The
phylogenetic analyses resulted in clustering of Gyrodactylus spp. that share similarities in the morphological type of the
hard parts of attachment organs. Species of one morpho-group can parasitize cichlid species of up to 5 tribes, and to
date we have found Gyrodactylus spp. on cichlid hosts of 7 tribes. Our results show clear evidence for intensive hostswitching in this Gyrodactylus-cichlids system.
58
‘ah ou iàC.,àVa ho eàM.P.M.,àŠ
o àE.,àMe dlo àM.,àK e to àN.,àŠi ko àá.
O-079
CICHLIDOGYRUS (MONOGENEA: DACTYLOGYRIDAE) FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA CICHLIDS: A PHYLOGENETIC
AND EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH OF THE PARASITE FAUNA OF LAKE TANGANYIKA CICHLID TRIBES
Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech
Republic
Lake Tanganyika, the oldest lake in Africa, harbors the most genetically, morphologically and ecologically diverse cichlid
assemblages of the African Great Lakes. Its mostly endemic cichlids are considered as a model to study adaptive
radiation and rapid diversification. Because of the apparently high host specificity of gill monogeneans, phylogenetic
studies using molecular data of these pa asitesàoffe àa ài te esti gàadditio alàapp oa hàtoàstud àthei àhosts àdi e sit à
and evolution. Cichlids in Africa are known to host five different genera of monogeneans, Cichlidogyrus being the most
diverse with more than 95 species recorded from more than 70 cichlids. Members of Cichlidogyrus are gill ectoparasites.
To recognize different species of Cichlidogyrus, we use morphological data (haptor and male copulatory organs (MCO))
in addition to molecular phylogenetic analyses. The goal of this study is to investigate the phylogenetic and evolutionary
affinities between the Cichlidogyrus fauna of the different Tanganyika cichlid tribes using different molecular markers
(28S rDNA, 18S rDNA, ITS1 and COX1). In addition, we will morphologically characterize the new species of Cichlidogyrus
encountered. An evaluation of the phylogenetic relationships of cichlid mononeneans parasitizing the different Lake
Tanganyika cichlid tribes may help us to elucidate the historic relationships between these cichlid tribes and to
determine the origin of Cichlidogyrus of Lake Tanganyika cichlids.
"This study was supported by Czech Science Foundation, project No. P505/12/G112 (ECIP)."
O-080
COPHYLOGENY OF LIGOPHORUS (MONOGENEA: DACTYLOGYRIDAE) AND THEIR MULLET (MUGILIDAE)
HOSTS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND BLACK SEAS
Míguez-Lozano R.1, Balbuena J.A.1, Blasco-Costa I.2
1
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
2
We evaluated the phylogeny of Ligophorus spp., and of their hosts in the Mediterranean, Black and Azov Seas, assessing
their cophylogenetic relationships. We used partial 28S and complete ITS1 sequences from 14 Ligophorus species and
16S partial sequences from 6 species of mullets available at GenBank, and new 28S and ITS1 sequences from L.
parvicirrus. The phylogeny of hosts (16S) and parasites (concatenated genes) was determined by maximum likelihood
(ML) and Bayesian analyses. PACo (Procrustes Approach to Cophylogeny) was used to assess the congruence between
the ML and Bayesian phylogenies of Ligophorus spp. and mullets, as well as the contribution of each host-parasite
association to the global fit. The host and parasite phylogenies were more congruent than expected by chance. The
most divergent host-parasite associations concerned the Ligophorus spp. on M. cephalus. These Ligophorus spp. formed
a crown group, sister to species occurring on Liza haematocheilus. Given that this host is an introduction from the
Pacific, this points to an ancient host-switch to M. cephalus before colonization of the Mediterranean. Additional
phylogenetic evidence from outside the Mediterranean would be most valuable to fully understand the coevolutionary
history of this host-parasite system.
59
O-081
MONOGENEA IN DEEPWATER CICHLIDS: DECREASE IN HOST SPECIFICITY OR ONGOING SPECIATION?
Kmentová N.1, Gelnar M.1, Mendlová M.1, Van Steenberge M.2, Koblmüller S.3, Vanhove M.P.M.1
1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
3
Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Graz, Austria
2
Lake Tanganyika contains unique species flocks of vertebrate and invertebrate taxa and harbours the most diverse
cichlid species assemblage of all African lakes. This makes it an unrivalled study area in the field of biodiversity and
investigations of parasite evolution processes and mechanisms. Whereas in littoral Tanganyika cichlids the hostspecificity of Cichlidogyrus species (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) is relatively strong, a previous study indicates reduction
of this specificity in deepwater habitats. In our study we examined and analysed monogeneans occurring in deepwater
cichlids from three different tribes (Bathybatini, Trematocarini, Benthochromini). Samples originated from many
localities throughout the lake. Hypotheses were tested by three different techniques including morphometrics,
geomorphometrics and genetic characterization using multivariate statistical approaches. We confirmed the reduction
of host-specifity of Cichlidogyrus casuarinus in the deepwater realm; this parasite is widespread throughout the tribe
Bathybatini. On the other hand, there is evident intraspecific variation in parasite sclerotized structures influenced by
host preference. Since intraspecific genetic variation is independent from the host species, this pattern seems to be
caused by phenotypic changes during ontogenetic development. Moreover, analyses of parasite demographic history on
the basis of COI sequences indicate recent population increase of C. casuarinus.
O-082
GYRODACTYLUS SPP. ON AFRICAN CLARIAS GARIEPINUS: PARASITES WHO PREFERRED CO-EVOLUTION
INSTEAD OF HOST SWITCHING?
Přik lo àI.1,2, Barson M.3, Malherbe W.4, Gelnar M.1, Luus-Powell W.J.2
1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
3
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
4
Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, NorthWest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
2
Sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), is widely distributed in Africa with the exception of Maghreb,
Upper Guinea and Cape provinces of South Africa. On the African continent, C. gariepinus is currently known to be a
host to seven species of the genus Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832.
During the period August 2011 – November 2014, several localities were sampled to establish the diversity of
gyrodactylid parasites in the southern African region. In total 31 specimens of C. gariepinus were collected on several
localities in South Africa (Flag-Boshielo Dam, Loskop Dam, Sand and Barota River in Limpopo Province; Mooi River and
Barberspan Dam, North-West Province) and Zimbabwe (Zambezi River and Lake Kariba). The prevalence of Gyrodactylus
spp. was 45%. Species identification based on opisthaptoral hard parts morphometry and nuclear rDNA ITS sequences
identified the presence of 10 different species of Gyrodactylus, of which four are described, i.e. G. alekosi Přik lo ,à
Blažekà&àVa ho e,à
;à G. gelnari Přik lo ,àBlažekà&àVa ho e,à
;à G. rysavyi Ergens, 1973 and G. transvaalensis
Prudhoe & Hussey, 1977. Present findings reveal unexpected Gyrodactylus species diversity and their wide distribution
across different regions. Phylogenetic analyses based on the ITS rDNA sequences assisted in revealing interspecific
relationships. Analysis of 18S rDNA revealed identical sequences for four species with distant geographical origin which
also differed substantially in morpho-metrical characters. The observed monogenean species richness in a single host
seems to be a signal that co-evolution with intensive diversification occurred in this host-parasite system
60
O-083
ANISAKIDS DOWN UNDER
Shamsi S.
School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
Anisakid nematodes are well known parasites of aquatic and aquatic associated animals, including fish, with a global
distribution. Their larvae cause a disease in humans known as Anisakidosis which occurs after infected fish is consumed.
Employing advanced morphological and molecular techniques to study and elucidate various biological and ecological
aspects of anisakids has had a later start in Australia than in the Northern hemisphere, nevertheless great biodiversity
has been found and unique species have been discovered. This presentation will review the recent advances in our
knowledge of Australian anisakids. Some of the new species recently discovered in Australia, life cycles of selected taxa
and phylogenetic relationships between them and other members of anisakids reported from elsewhere in the world
will be presented. Research on Australian anisakids is essential to have a better understanding of the co-evolution of
these parasites as well as their biology and ecology worldwide. The development of seafood safety guidelines and
establishment of control and preventive strategies to protect consumers and workers are also highly dependent of the
outcomes of this research.
O-084
ANISAKID INFECTION IN COMMERCIAL CEPHALOPODS FROM THE SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN COAST
Picó G.1, Pulleiro-Potel L.1, Abollo E.2, Pascual S.3, Muñoz P.1
1
Department of Animal Health, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
Centro Tecnológico del Mar, Vigo, Spain
3
Ecobiomar. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Vigo - CSIC, Vico, Spain
2
This study aims to investigate the occurrence of anisakid larvae in commercial cephalopods in the Western
Mediterranean Sea. A total of 202 animals comprising 123 Illex coindetii, 34 Loligo vulgaris and 45 Octopus vulgaris were
analysed using enzymatic digestion. Isolated larvae were identified at species level using molecular methods. A total of
31 larvae were recorded (prevalence: 14.6%) parasitizing I. coindetii corresponding to the genus Anisakis (P= 12.2%) and
Hysterothylacium (P= 4.1%). The nematode identified were A. pegreffii (P= 11.4%), A. physeteris (P= 1.6%), a hybrid larva
between A. simplex and A. pegreffi (P= 0.8%) and Hysterothylacium sp. (P= 4.1%). All Anisakis larvae were found within
the visceral cavity; in contrast, most of the Hysterothylacium larvae were isolated from the mantle. A significant
correlation was found between total anisakid prevalence and depth, explained by the presence of largest squids
inhabiting deeper depths; also between anisakid prevalence and geographical sector of capture. Results obtained in the
present study improve the picture of the occurrence of anisakid species in I. coindetii from the Spanish Mediterranean
Sea, confirming the role of the broadtail shortfinned squid as paratenic host in the life cycle and its potential hazard due
to the parasite's ability to cause anisakidosis and associated allergic reactions.
61
Seesao Y.1,2, Verrez-Bagnis V.3, Thébault A.4, Gay M.1, Aliouat-Denis C.M.2, Le Fur B.5, Cuzzucoli D.4, Cos I.5,
Jerome M.3, Audebert C.6, Dupouy-Camet J.7, Dei-Cas E.2, Viscogliosi E.2
O-085
PREVALENCE AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANISAKIDAE PARASITES IN FISH: THE FISH-PARASITES PROJECT
1
ANSES-Laboratory for Food Safety, Boulogne-sur-mer, France
IPL-CIIL-BDPEE, Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
3
IFREMER-BRM-STBM, Nantes, France
4
ANSES-DER-UMA-MSA, Maisons-Alfort, France
5
Platefo eàd i o atio àNou ellesàVagues,àBoulog e-sur-mer, France
6
Gènes Diffusion, Lille, France
7
Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
2
Among parasites frequently present in edible fish, nematode larvae belonging to the Anisakidae family occur in
numerous fish and cephalopods. These larvae may induce digestive or allergic symptoms in human. To better define the
impact of fish parasites on o su e s àhealthàa dàtoài p o eàtheàsafet àofàfishàp odu ts,à eàsetàupàtheàF e hà atio alà
Fish-Parasites network (ANR-10-ALIA-004, http://fish-parasites.com/en/). One axis of this program was to collect
prevalence and identification data on Anisakidae nematodes in fish.
Fifteen species of fish were selected according to a risk-ranking analysis. A total of 1 781 fish were sampled. Anisakid
identification relied on 2 methods: individual Sanger sequencing of a Cox2 fragment or pooled High Throughput
Sequencing based on a Cox2 fragment, method developed and validated during the project.
No Anisakidae were isolated from 44 % of all the fish sampled whereas 33 % of all fish had Anisakidae only in their
viscera and 23 % had Anisakidae either in their fillets only or in their fillets and viscera. Nematodes isolated from 15 fish
species caught in North East Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea were mostly identified as belonging to the genus Anisakis,
mainly A. simplex, but also A. pegreffii. Species belonging to other genera such as Pseudoterranova, Contracaecum and
Hysterothylacium were also identified.
All data were gathered in a database (PARAFISH) specifically designed for the project. Other outcomes of the FishParasites project, such as the internet site, the professional training sessions and the fish parasite identification platform
will also be presented.
O-086
PARASITE RISK IN COMMERCIAL FISH FROM ATLANTIC IBERIAN PENINSULA AND GRAN SOLE FISHING
GROUNDS
Pascual S.1, Rodríguez H.1, Fernández B.2, González A.F.1
1
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
Cooperativa de Armadores de Pesca del Puerto de Vigo, ARVI. Vigo, Spain
2
As part of the ambitious Surveillance Program within the EC Project PARASITE (http://parasite-project.eu/), we analyzed
for nematode presence 1516 fish of 8 species from 3 ICES areas: ICES VII (Gran Sole), ICES VIII (Galician coast) and ICES IX
(Portuguese coast). Upon capture, fish were placed in ice until landing and transport to the lab, where they were
immediately frozen to prevent nematode migration. After thawing, fish were dissected, pressed, examined under UV
light and digested enzymatically. Nematode samples were stored frozen. Data for every fish and nematode sample were
saved and coded in a BioBanking platform for further molecular species identification.
For analyzing risk associated to parasites we used the SADE inspection rating scheme. Results were translated to the
scoring Fish Parasite Rating (FPR) Standard, allowing the classification of the fish lots in five categories: POOR, FAIR,
GOOD, VERY GOOD and EXCELLENT. The application of the above risk ranking tool rendered the following classification
of the fish lots:
- Poor: Lophius budegassa, Lophius piscatorius and Merluccius merluccius from ICES VII; M. merluccius from ICES VIII.
- Fair: Lepidorhombus boscii from ICES VII; L. budegassa, L. piscatorius and Micromesistius poutassou from ICES VIII; M.
merluccius from ICES IX.
- Good: Scomber scombrus from ICES VIII; L. budegassa, M. poutassou and S. scombrus from ICES IX
- Very good: Engraulis encrasicolus and L. boscii from ICES VIII; L. boscii, L. piscatorius and S. japonicus from ICES IX
- Excellent: none
Conclusions are discussed under epidemiological, industrial and food safety perspectives.
62
O-087
GETTING MYXOZOAN PARASITES HOT UNDER THE COLLAR: A REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY TO QUANTIFY
PROLIFERATIVE BLOOD STAGES OF SPHAEROSPORA MOLNARI IN CYPRINUS CARPIO IN A RANGE OF
TEMPERATURES
Hartigan A., Patra S., Holzer A.S.
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade
àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
MONITORING A MYXOZOAN PARASITE FOR MANAGEMENT AND MODELS: LONG-TERM SURVEILLANCE OF
A FISH PATHOGEN BY MOLECULAR QUANTIFICATION OF RIVER-BORNE STAGES
Hallett S.L., Buckles G.R., Hurst C.N., Ray R.A., Alexander J.D., Holt R.A., Atkinson S.D., Bartholomew J.L.
Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Ceratonova shasta causes enteronecrosis in juvenile salmonids in the Pacific Northwest of North America and is
associated with population-level impacts in the Klamath River. Transmission occurs through waterborne stages:
actinospores released from polychaete worms develop into myxospores in salmonid fishes. In response to the high
prevalence and severity of C. shasta infection in Klamath salmonids, we developed a parasite monitoring program that
included sentinel fish exposures, invertebrate host sampling and molecular quantification of parasite DNA in water
samples. In 2006, we established 5 mainstem index sites, which spanned 240 river kilometers, and 4 sites in tributaries.
Water samples were collected approximately weekly, filtered, total DNA extracted and C. shasta quantified using a
TaqMan qPCR (ssrRNA gene). Relative abundance of host-specific C. shasta ITS-1 genotypes was determined using a
SYTO9 qPCR and sequencing. Parasite abundance varied significantly among the 9 years. Direct, regular measurement of
waterborne parasite stages was a pragmatic alternative to host sampling and facilitated semi-real-time reporting via
weekly, online updates. These data inform epidemiological and predictive model development and host management
strategies. A management goal for the system is to reduce salmonid mortality below 40%. Parallel water sampling and
sentinel fish exposures provided disease thresholds for Chinook and coho salmon (10 and 5 spores/L respectively). In
2014, when our real-time monitoring data parasite levels surpassed these thresholds, water was released from the dam
i àaà pulsedàflo àe e t ài àa àeffo tàtoà edu eàdiseaseàse e it ài àout ig ati gàsalmonids; we monitored parasite levels
before, during and after the event.
63
O-088
Climate change is affecting the environment of many fish species globally with increased temperatures, rainfall and
extreme weather. Parasites are also coping with these changes and are likely to adapt their transmission, reproduction
rates and disease effects accordingly. Myxozoan parasites will have to adjust to these changes in both their vertebrate
and invertebrate hosts. Higher temperatures are often linked to faster parasite replication rates, host susceptibility or
altered host immune function. How will Myxozoa react to increased temperatures? How will hosts respond? Will their
relationship be negatively affected? We used Sphaerospora molnari, an emerging myxozoan pathogen in common carp,
to answer some of these questions experimentally. Following entry into the host, the parasite proliferates in the blood
prior to spore formation in the gills. The blood stages of this species are purely proliferative, increasing the number of
circulating parasites in the host. We tested the effect of temperature on the prevalence of these blood stages. SPF carp
fingerlings were acclimatized to temperatures mimicking winter to peak summer temperatures Czech ponds. Fish were
infected with S. molnari blood stages and bled repeatedly over 100 days, parasetemia was measured with real-time PCR
using host and parasite markers. We saw differences in parasite proliferation rates between temperatures, revealing the
complexity and interplay between the host immune system, myxozoan parasitemia and water temperature. These are
the initial steps to understanding the biology behind infection and make some projections about the future of
aquaculture in areas affected by myxozoans and climate change.
Gorgoglione B.1, Unfer G.2, Kotob M.1,3, El-Matbouli M.1
O-089
FI‘“T OUTB‘EAK OF P‘OLIFE‘ATIVE KIDNEY DI“EA“E IN AU“T‘IA LINKING TO THE AETIOLOGY OF BLACK
T‘OUT TH‘EATENING AUTOCTONE B‘OWN T‘OUT POPULATION
1
Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Austria
3
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
2
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW TETRACAPSULOIDES SPECIES AND ITS LIFE CYCLE – WHAT ARE THE FEATURES THAT
BEST DEFINE A MALACOSPOREAN SPECIES?
Patra S.1, Hartigan A.1, Morris D.J.2, Kodadkova A.1,3, Holzer A.S.1
1
Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
3
Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
2
In contrast to approx. 2400 described species of Myxosporea, that utilize annelids as definitive hosts, the evolutionary
older Malacosporea develop in freshwater bryozoans and presently include only three nominal species. However, recent
molecular studies strongly indicate that malacosporean biodiversity is unexpectedly high.
Malacosporeans alternate between bryozoan and fish hosts. To date, three malacosporean life cycles are known, with
only that of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, having been completed in vitro. Two further species (Buddenbrockia
plumatellae and Buddenbrockia sp.) have been transmitted from bryozoan to fish. We recently detected in vitro
transmission of a new malacosporean species belonging to the genus Tetracapsuloides from Fredericella sultana to SPF
common carp Cyprinus carpio and vice-versa., in cohabitation experiments of the two hosts. In fish, this new species
produces monosporous pseudoplasmodia within the renal tubules, whereas a motile, vermiform stage is produced in
the bryozoan. Previously, vermiform stages were only known from the genus Buddenbrockia. All stages from the
different hosts were confirmed by SSU rDNA sequencing.
During compilation of morphological, host and molecular characteristics for the species described herein, we have
noticed that, despite major advances in our understanding of the Malacosporea brought about by studies on
morphology, cellular ultrastructure, development and especially by recently emerged molecular data, a consensus
defi itio à ofà spe ies à o à e e à ge us à e ai sà aà oto iousl à diffi ult concept in this group. We hereby point out the
flaws in malacosporean taxonomy and provide guidelines for the future description of malacosporean taxa.
64
O-090
Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) was diagnosed for the first time from juvenile autoctone brown trout (Salmo trutta) in
Austria during the summer 2014. A highly immuno-compromised condition was indirectly shown due to a massive
ectoparasitosis. Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae sporoblasts were seen on stained kidney impression smears, while
sporogonic (coelozoic) and extrasporogonic (histozoic) proliferations were assessed by histopathology. Malacosporean
ribosomal SSU detection by PCR from DNA, revealed a closely related strain to other European isolates. Infection and
strain high pathogenicity were confirmed following a small scale pre-restocking test with juvenile SPF brown and
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The farm trial resulted in 100% morbidity, mortality occurred between 28 and 46
days post exposure. Fish showed grade 2 of the kidney swelling index and grade 3 of the PKD histological assessment.
Further locations were inspected along the river Kamp, infected sites were demonstrated up to 6 km upstream the
infected farm. Fredericella sultana colonies were collected from these locations and cultivated in laboratory.
Malacospores released elicited PKD in exposed SPF brown trout. This study represents the first isolation of a highly
pathogenic myxozoan parasite from an Austrian river. The immunosuppressant action played by this highly pathogenic
T. bryosalmonae strain could link PKD as a key factor in the context of the syndrome locally so- alledà Bla kàT out à BT .à
Further research is needed to assess the impact of the spread of PKD and BT in this region and to several other European
countries via the river Danube, to which river Kamp is a tributary.
Vanhove M.P.M.1,2,3,4,àŠi ko àá.1, Pariselle A.5,8, Van Steenberge M.3,6,àŘehulko àE.1, Muterezi Bukinga F.7,
Přik lo àI.1, Mendlová M.1, Gelnar M.1, Koblmüller S. 6, Sturmbauer C.6, Volckaert F.A.M.4, Snoeks J.3,4,
Huyse T.3,4
O-091
MONOGENEAN PARASITES OF CICHLID FISHES: FROM ADAPTIVE RADIATION TO A TOOL IN INTRODUCED
SPECIES RESEARCH
1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Capacities for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
3
Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
4
Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
5
I stitutàdesà“ ie esàdeàl E olutio àdeàMo tpellie ,àFrance
6
Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Graz, Austria
7
Section de Parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Hydrobiologie, Uvira, Democratic Republic Congo
8
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement , Yaoundé, Cameroon
2
Studying cichlids enhanced our understanding of speciation and radiation. In contrast, little is known about the
e olutio àofàthei àpa asites.àLakeàTa ga ika sà i hlid à iodi e sit àa dàitsài po ta eàasà adleàa dà ese oi àofàa ie tà
lineages seeding other radiations has resulted in a significant body of literature. Remarkably, until recently virtually no
research was carried out into the Tanganyika parasite fauna. We investigate the monogenean flatworm species flock
infecting Tanganyika cichlids, focusing on the endemic tropheine cichlids and report high host-specificity in
monogeneans belonging to Cichlidogyrus (Dactylogyridae). Congruence between the flatworm and cichlid phylogenies
seems the result of concomitant divergence. Within-host speciation caused this parasite genus to surpass the species
richness of its hosts. Furthermore, we applied Cichlidogyrus species distributions when revising a tropheine cichlid
genus. Investigating other Tanganyika host lineages demonstrated that Cichlidogyrus saw different speciation pathways
in different cichlid tribes, e.g. with variable levels of host-spe ifi it ,àu de s o i gàtheàu i ue essàofàLakeàTa ga ika sà
cichlid flock from a parasitological point-of-view as well. Apart from the Tanganyika biodiversity hotspot, several
primarily riverine cichlids of the Congo Basin are important to fisheries, aquaculture and aquaristics. We explore their
monogenean fauna and its potential as threat and tool in introduced species research: the risk of introduction of nonnative monogeneans together with Nile tilapia, and the potential of monogeneans in stock identification.
Research supported by the Czech Science Foundation (P505/12/G112 – ECIP), the Austrian Science Fund, the Research
Foundation–Flanders, the King Leopold III Fund for Nature Conservation and Exploration, and the Belgian Federal
Sciency Policy (BR/132/PI/TILAPIA).
O-092
PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE CO-PHYLOGENY OF THE DIPLOZOIDAE AND THEIR CYPRINID HOSTS
Dos Santos Q.M., Jansen van Vuuren B., Avenant-Oldewage A.
Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
The Diplozoidae are some of the most intriguing monogenean parasites as a result of their unique reproductive strategy.
However, very little is known about their phylogenetic relationship with their hosts. In an earlier study, the phylogeny of
these parasites appeared to mirror that of the hosts, but due to the increased amount of molecular data available for
the Diplozoidae, it became possible to study this co-phylogeny in more detail. This study aims to further investigate the
phylogenetic relationship of the parasites and their hosts by increasing the number taxa included in the analysis.
Sequences where acquired experimentally from diplozoid taxa for which molecular material was available in the form of
internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), large subunit rDNA (LSU) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) markers, as well
as COI and cytochrome b (cyt b) for the hosts. In addition, representative sequences available from GenBank for both
the parasites and their hosts were retrieved, with mostly ITS2 sequences available for diplozoids and both COI and cyt b
for the hosts. The resulting cyprinid phylogeny showed the expected grouping of taxa according to both taxonomic and
geographic traits. The diplozoid phylogeny also grouped into similar clades, but not as strictly as in the hosts. Thus, the
results show some interesting differences between the phylogeny of these two groups which might add to the
understanding of the evolution and speciation of the Diplozoidae.
Funding from National Research Foundation and University of Johannesburg is acknowledged.
65
O-093
PHYLOGENY OF SPECIFIC GILL MONOGENEANS: A TOOL FOR STUDY HOST BIOGEOGRAPHY?
Ši ko àá.
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
O-094
Species of Dactylogyrus are gill parasites almost specific to cyprinid fish. This highly diversified genus includes many
host-specific species. Many Dactylogyrus spp. coexist on the same host species. Dactylogyrus spp. evolve by intrahost
speciation and the species coexisting in the same host differ in their niche position. Cyprinids originate from Asia and are
classically divided into several subfamilies: Cyprininae, Rasborinae, Acheilognathinae, Cultrininae, Gobioninae, Tincinae,
Leuciscinae and Alburninae. The cyprinids show a specific pattern of biogeographical distribution. Whilst the members
of all subfamilies are widely distributed in Asia, some cyprinid groups are absent in Europe. Only the species of
Cyprininae in Africa and only the species of Leuciscinae in North America are present. Previous study focusing on
molecular phylogeny using European cyprinid fish species showed that Cyprininae represent plesiomorphic host group.
The aims of this study were (1) to analyze the phylogenetic position of Dactylogyrus spp. parasitizing African cyprinid
fish, and (2) to estimate the role of Dactylogyrus spp. for inferring historical biogeographical patterns of cyprinid fish
species. We showed that Dactylogyrus spp. from cyprinins are not monophyletic. Surprisingly, Dactylogyrus spp. from
common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) originated from Asia and recently distributed across
Europe together with Dactylogyrus spp. from Labeo spp. and Barbus spp. (i.e. African cyprinins) form a monophyletic
group. Dactylogyrus spp. from other Asian cyprinids clustered together with Dactylogyrus spp. of European Gobioninae
and Leuciscinae. We demonstrated the nested position of Dogelius and Dactylogyroides in one of two main lineages of
Dactylogyrus which suggests the need of a taxonomic reevaluation.
This study was supported by Czech Science Foundation, project No. P505/12/G112 (ECIP).
COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF TWO MONOGENEAN SPECIES (MAZOCRAEIDAE) ON THE CHUB
MACKEREL, SCOMBER JAPONICUS, ALONG THE COAST OF CHINA
Yan S., Wang M., Yang C., Zhi T.
School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
In the present study, the phylogeography of two monogenean species, Pseudokuhnia minor and Kuhnia scombri,
parasitising Scomber japonicus, was studied. Fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene
were sequenced for 264 individuals of P. minor and 224 individuals of K. scombri collected from 10 localities along the
coast of China. Genetic diversity of K. scombri was higher than that of P. minor, which may imply that P. minor has a low
evolutionary rate and/or is a younger species. The neighbour-joining trees for both parasites were divided into two
clades without any association to sample sites, which might be the signature of remixing populations following past
division. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) and pairwise FST revealed different genetic structures for these two
closely related species: P. minor exhibited a lack of genetic structure in the range investigated, while K. scombri showed
genetic differentiation along the coast of China, which might have resulted from differences in evolution, life histories
and dispersal strategies of the two species. Both neutrality tests and mismatch distribution suggested that the
populations of these two species along the coast of China experienced population expansion in the late Pleistocene due
to the glacial-interglacial cycles induced by climatic oscillations.
66
O-095
OF SNAILS AND WORMS – TREMATODE COMMUNITIES IN A RESERVOIR SYSTEM IN GERMANY
Selbach C.1, Soldánová M.2, Georgieva S.2, Sures B.1,3
1
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen,
Essen, Germany
2
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li à
3
Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
PARASITE BIODIVERSITY IN CORAL REEF FISH AS SHOWN BY RESULTS IN NEW CALEDONIA, SOUTH PACIFIC
Justine J.L.
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
More than 3,000 fish were sampled off New Caledonia, South Pacific, in an 8-year program. Parasites from various
groups were collected, and included helminths (digeneans, monogeneans, cestodes, nematodes) and crustaceans
(isopods and copepods). Thanks to international collaborations with several outstanding colleagues, more than 120
papers, representing more than 1,700 published pages, were written in an attempt to take account of the exceptional
biodiversity of parasites in coral reef fish. Review papers have already been published about groupers (Serranidae),
emperors (Lethrinidae), snappers (Lutjanidae) and breams (Nemipteridae); these include long parasite-host and hostparasite lists and a numerical evaluation of parasite biodiversity. Results about several other fish families have been
published as individual descriptions of new parasite species but were not assembled in a review. Many parasites are still
undescribed or unidentified and currently published results represent only a part of the available information about fish
parasite biodiversity in the coral reef lagoon of New Caledonia. However, minimalist calculations based on four families
of fish suggest a mean number of 10 parasite species and 30 host-parasite combinations per fish. These are only mean
numbers and some large species might have more than 35 species of parasites. Comparisons with other reefs in the
world are difficult since no comparable study is available in the literature. Comparisons with fish of similar families in
other, non-coral reef environments, suggest, again, that fish in coral reefs are exceptionally rich in parasites.
67
O-096
Digenean trematodes are important and integral elements in aquatic ecosystems, especially in eutrophic systems which
create favourable conditions for diverse host and parasite communities. To better understand their role in man-made
waterbodies, we assessed the trematode diversity and community composition and structure in snails in the Ruhr River
reservoir system (Germany). Snails were collected from five reservoirs in 2012 and 2013 and examined for trematode
infections. Trematode species were identified based on morphology and, in cases of questionable taxonomy, using
molecular methods. In total, 6,507 snails belonging to 19 species of eight families were examined. Most abundant were
the lymnaeids Lymnaea stagnalis (n = 245), Radix auricularia (n = 1,909), R. peregra (n = 349) and Stagnicola palustris (n
= 668), and planorbid species Gyraulus albus (1,919) and Segmentina nitida (195). Altogether, these six snail species
harboured a diverse trematode fauna with 34 distinct species. Overall prevalence in these hosts varied considerably and
ranged from 1.4 % (S. nitida) to 37.4 % (R. auricularia). Molecular identification of taxonomically controversial groups
revealed the presence of cryptic species, including groups utilising fish as second intermediate hosts (Diplostomum spp.,
Petasiger spp.). Component community analyses revealed distinctive trematode community composition in different
s ailàhostsàa dàdiffe e tà ese oi sàthatà a àse eàasài di ato sàofàtheàp ese eàofàtheàpa asites àhosts.àOu àstud àsho sà
that this reservoir system offers ideal conditions for a species-rich and diverse trematode fauna, including important
pathogens of fish. The community composition analyses show that trematodes can be valuable bioindicators in
ecosystems.
Mele S.1, Piras M.C.1, Macías D.2, Gómez-Vives M.J.2, Alemany F.3, Montero F.E.4, Merella P.1, Garippa G.1
O-097
DIDYMOZOID TREMATODES OF THE HEAD OF THE ATLANTIC BLACK SKIPJACK EUTHYNNUS ALLETTERATUS
(OSTEICHTHYES: SCOMBRIDAE) FROM THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA
1
Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Fuengirola, Spain
3
Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Palma, Spain
4
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evoultionary Biology, Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
2
The Atlantic black skipjack Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) is a pelagic fish distributed in the Atlantic Ocean
and Mediterranean Sea, where it has a commercial interest for coastal and artisanal fisheries. Nevertheless, the
information on its parasite fauna is limited to the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, and no information is available for the
Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this study is to describe the didymozoid parasites (Trematoda) of the head of E.
alletteratus from the western Mediterranean Sea. Between 2008 and 2011, 105 heads of E. alletteratus from the
western Mediterranean Sea were examined for parasites. Didymozoids were identified using both morphological and
molecular methods.Five didymozoid taxa were found: Melanocystis sp. (prevalence 33%) in the pharynx;
Nematobothriinae gen. sp. (31%) in the opercula and pharynx; Oesophagocystis sp. 1 (43%) in the inner margin of the
gill filaments; Oesophagocystis sp. 2 (10%) in the gill rakers; Oesophagocystis sp. 3 (6%) in the nostril and the tip of the
gill filaments. None of the parasite herein found has been previously reported in this host from the Atlantic Ocean.
Parasite populations of E. alletteratus from the Mediterranean Sea seem to be isolated from the Atlantic ones, partly
because of the limited dispersion of parasite species due to environmental conditions, but also because of the scarce
migratory behaviour of this tuna, as confirmed by these results.
Research supported by the projects funded by Spanish government (MINECO, GPM12-13; MICIN, PARATUN AGL2010-20
892) and the Regione Autonoma della Sardegna grant (S.M., PRR-MAB-A2013-17 605).
O-098
GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF FREE-LIVING INDO-PACIFIC BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS
ADUNCUS) IN THE NORTHERN RED SEA, EGYPT
Kleinertz S.1,2, Hermosilla C.1, Hirzmann J.1, Abdel-Ghaffar F.3, Taubert A.1, Ziltener A.4,5, Kreicker S.4,5
1
Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Germany
3
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
4
Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Switzerland
5
Dolphin Watch Alliance (DWA), Gossau, Switzerland
2
The present study represents the first report on the gastrointestinal parasite fauna infecting the free-living and alive
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) inhabiting waters of the Red Sea at Hurghada, Egypt. A total of 94
individual faecal samples of the examined bottlenose dolphins were collected during several diving expeditions within
their natural habitats. Using classical parasitological techniques, such as SAF-method, carbol-fuchsin stained faecal
smears, coproantigen-ELISA, PCR and macroscopical analyses were applied, the study revealed infections with 21
different parasite species belonging to protozoans and metazoans with some of them bearing zoonotic potential. In
detail the study indicate stages of ten protozoan species (Giardia spp., Sarcocystis spp., Isospora (like) spp.,
Cystoisospora (like) spp., Ciliata indet. I, II, Holotricha indet. Dinoflagellata indet., Hexamita (like) spp., Cryptosporidium
spp.), seven trematode species (Nasitrema attenuata, Nasitrema sp. I, II, Zalophotrema curilensis, Zalophotrema spp.,
Pholeter gastrophilus, Trematoda indet.), one cestode species (Diphyllobothrium spp.), two nematode species
(Ascaridida indet, Capillaria spp.) and one crustacean parasite (Cymothoidae indet.). Additionally we molecularly
identified adult worms of Anisakis typica in individual dolphin vomitus samples by molecular analyses. The present
results may be used as a baseline for future monitoring studies targeting the impact of climate or other environmental
ha gesào àdolphi sàhealthà o ditio sàa dàthe efo eà o t i uteàtoàtheàp ote tio àofàtheseà a i eà a
als.
68
Mendoza Franco E.F., Rosado Tun M.C., Ramos Miranda J., Torres Rojas Y.E.
O-099
PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON OCCURRENCE OF GILL ECTOPARASITES (PLATYHELMINTHES, MONOGENOIDEA)
ON COMMERCIAL MARINE FISH FROM THE SOUTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO
Instituto de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanografía del Golfo de México (EPOMEX), Universidad Autonoma de Campeche,
Mexico
The Campeche Bank (southwestern Gulf of Mexico) constitutes an important marine ecosystem characterized by its high
biodiversity, living resources and energy resources from which this region is considered as strategic in the national plans
for social and economic development of Mexico. However, although the increasing economic importance of fish species
in this region, there is limited information on its parasite fauna in order to understand host–parasite interactions. The
purpose of this study has been to carry out a parasitological analysis on 5 fish species in the context of the presence of
gill monogenoidean ectoparasites. Fish were captured from January to March 2015 from 3 sites along the Campeche
Bank by local fisherman and euthanized by thermal shock in ice. After euthanasia, gills were removed, fixed in 4%
formaldehyde and subsequently examined for the presence of monogenoideans. In this study were found
monogenoidean species of Euryhaliotrema and Haliotrematoides on Lutjanus synagris (100 individuals collected/ mean
total length of 28cm), Lutjanus griseus (Lutjanidae) (65/28), Haemulon plumieri (Haemulidae) (105/26), Archosargus
rhomboidalis (Sparidae) (49/23) and species of Hargitrema and Neotetraonchus on Ariopsis felis (17/34) and Bagre
marinus (Ariidae) (15/34). Co-ocurrence of parasites on its respective hosts seems strongly to be drived by the host
phylogeny instead of local factors. Data obtained until now significantly enhance our knowledge of the distribution and
specificity of species of these monogenoideans infecting marine fishes mentioned above.
O-100
MORE TAXONOMY NEEDED: A SURVEY OF OTSEGO LAKE FISH PARASITES (NEW YORK, USA)
Reyda F.
Biology Department, State University of New York College at Oneonta, USA
A survey of the intestinal parasites of fishes of Otsego Lake and its tributaries (Cooperstown, New York) took place from
2008 to 2014. Over 500 individual fish were collected by hook and line, seine, gill net, or ElectroFisher, and examined for
intestinal parasites, and in many cases, for parasites in other fish organs. Helminths were prepared as whole mounts
using conventional methods and examined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. DNA sequence data
(mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I) was also obtained for a subset of the helminth species, and those data were
compared with other published sequence data. The survey included a total of 27 fish species. Thirteen of the 27 fish
species examined were infected with parasitic worms in the alimentary canal, including four species of
acanthocephalans, nine species of cestodes, six species of digenetic trematodes, and at least five species of nematodes.
Additional species of helminths were encountered as larvae in the body cavity, or the viscera, in most of the fish species
examined. Among the intestinal parasitic worms, the most prevalent and least host specific was the cryptic
acanthocephalan, known as Leptorhynchoides thecatus 'La geà fo . à átà leastà o eà e à spe iesà asà dis o e ed,à ofà
nematode genus Spinitectus. Generic identifications of helminths were possible based on the published literature, but
unequivocal species identifications were often not tenable owing to a deficiency of reference information. This was the
case for species of Neoechinorhynchus, Proteocephalus, Crepidostomum and Spinitectus, signifying the need for
revisionary work in North America on these taxa.
69
Chero J.1,2, Cruces C.1,2, Iannacone J.2,3, Minaya D.1,2, Rodríguez C.1, Sáez G.1, Alvariño L.2, Cárdenas-Callirgos
J.4, Wetzel E.4
O-101
METAZOAN PARASITES OF PANAMA SPADEFISH PARAPSETTUS PANAMENSIS (PERCIFORMES: EPHIPPIDAE)
FROM PUERTO PIZARRO, TUMBES, PERU
1
Laboratory of Parasitology, Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology Faculty of Natural Sciences, Federico Villarreal
University, Peru
2
Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Federico Villarreal University, Peru
3
Faculty of Biological Sciences, Ricardo Palma University, Peru
4
Global Health Initiative, Wabash College, USA
O-102
Parapsettus panamensis (Ephippidae) is a marine fish species distributed from Mexico to Peru. The aim of this study was
to identify the metazoan parasites of P. panamensis on the north coast of Peru. 43 specimens of P. panamensis were
acquired in 2014 from Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru. Parasites were catalogued and evaluated using standard protocols.
A total of 2662 metazoan parasites were collected with a total average abundance of 61.9. 11 parasites were identified:
Monogenea: Sprostoniella sp. and Parancylodiscoides sp. Trematoda: Aponurus sp., Multitestis sp1. and Multitestis sp2.
Nematoda: Anisakis sp. and nematoda gen. sp. Copepoda: Caligus sp, Lernanthropus. sp. and Bomolochus sp. Isopoda:
Cymothoa exigua. The average species richness was 4.49 (0-8). Endoparasites dominated to ectoparasites. 81.82% of
metazoan parasites collected were mature forms of gill and gastrointestinal location and 18.19% correspond to larval
forms. The prevalence, intensity and mean total abundance of infection were 100%, 61.9 and 61.9, respectively. The
four most importance parasites were Aponurus sp., Lernanthropus sp., C. exigua and Multitestis sp2. During this
research the infective stage of Anisakis sp, nematode of zoonotic significance was found in the Peruvian coast. The
parasites Sprostoniella sp., Parancylodiscoides sp., Aponurus sp., Multitestis sp1. and Multitestis sp2. are considered new
records for Peru and P. panamensis is a new host for all parasites, except for C. exigua.
HUNTING FOR THE ALTERNATE HOST OF KUDOA INORNATA (MYXOZOA) AND DOCUMENTING MARINE
MYXOZOAN DIVERSITY IN SOUTH CAROLINA, USA
Atkinson S.D.1, de Buron I.2, Hallett S.L.1, Diaz Morales D.3, Bartholomew J.L.1
1
Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
3
University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
2
Although Kudoa spp. are cosmopolitan myxozoan parasites of marine fishes, no Kudoa life cycle is known. We
hypothesise that they have complex life histories, which involve annelid alternate hosts. Kudoa inornata infects spotted
seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus on the south-eastern coast of the USA. To find its alternate host, we sampled annelids
from 0-8m deep water in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, USA. We individually examined 2553 polychaetes and 931
oligochaetes. We found a low diversity of oligochaetes (2 families, 5 species), but the prevalence of overt myxozoan
infections was relatively high: 42/931 (4.5%). In contrast, polychaete diversity was very high (>20 families), but we found
myxozoans only in 1 species of spionid at low infection prevalence: 6/592 (1%). These are the first myxozoan records
from North American marine annelids, and only the fifth report of infection in a marine polychaete. We found 30 unique
18S rDNA sequences from 34 oligochaete myxozoans, which indicated high local myxozoan diversity. No sequences had
similarities >98% with GenBank myxozoan records. The 6 polychaete myxozoan sequences were identical, and were
most similar to basal Kudoids (i.e. not Kudoa inornata). Phylogenetic analysis showed a striking correlation between
pol haetesà asà hostsà ofà a i e à li eageà
ozoa sà a dà oligo haetesà ithà f esh ate à
ozoa s.à Weà ha eà o à
developed a SYTO9 qPCR assay for detection of K. inornata i à ate ,àtoà ette àlo ateà hotàspots ài àtheàha o àfo àfutu eà
polychaete sampling. We are developing sampling and sequencing protocols to estimate the total myxozoan diversity
from eDNA.
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O-103
DO CLINID FISH FROM THE ROCK POOLS IN SOUTH AFRICA SHARE CERATOMYXA SPP.?
Kodádková A.1,2,àBa tošo -Sojková P.1, Tomková T.3, Reed C.C.4, Fiala I.1,3
1
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBCàCá“,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li à
Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
3
Fa ult àofà“ ie e,àU i e sit àofà“outhàBohe ia,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li à
4
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
2
Intertidal rock pools harbour large numbers of fishes and invertebrates, which are well adapted to life in harsh
conditions with a strong fluctuation of water temperature and salinity. These rock pools with close contact of fish and
invertebrates may represent ideal conditions for myxosporean life cycles. We focused on different host species - clinid
fish (Clinus acuminatus, Clinus brevicristatus, Clinus cottoides, Clinus superciliosus, Muraenoclinus dorsalis) collected
from the rock pools from different localities along the temperature gradient of the South African coast.
Species of the genus Ceratomyxa were found in host gall bladders. Ceratomyxa, the second most numerous
myxosporean genus, has crescent shape of spores with two polar capsules. Its species are generally strongly host
specific. Ceratomyxids are morphologically uniform and individual species commonly differ by host preference and
sequences. The intraspecific variability in ceratomyxids based on their SSU rDNA is lower (up to 0.3%) than in the
remaining myxozoan genera (1%).
We morphologically and molecularly characterise Ceratomyxa species from several clinid fish species and localities.
Based on molecular data (rDNA), seven species were found in five fish hosts in single as well as in co-infections. Four of
Ceratomyxa species were strictly host specific, on the contrary, one ceratomyxid was found in four fish hosts.
Interestingly, Clinus superciliosus was infected by six Ceratomyxa species in three different localities. Phylogenetically, all
ceratomyxids from clinid fish are closely related and sister to ceratomyxids from labrid fish.
Acknowledgement: The present study was funded by the Czech Science Foundation (P505/12/G112).
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BIODIVERSITY OF MYXOZOA INFECTING GILTHEAD SEABREAM AND EUROPEAN SEABASS REARED IN A
PORTUGUESE AQUACULTURE FACILITY
Rocha S.1,2, Rangel L.F. 1,3, Castro R.1, Casal G.1,4,, Severino R.1, Cavaleiro F.1, Azevedo C.1,2, Santos M.J.1,3
1
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
4
Department of Sciences, High Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
2
The exponential growth of fisheries and aquaculture industries worldwide raises interest in the parasitic groups that
may be detrimental for production, such as the case of the phylum Myxozoa Grassé, 1970. The gilthead seabream
Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758, and the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax Linnaeus, 1758, are fish species of high
commercial value for the South European aquaculture industry. Twelve myxozoan species have been reported infecting
these two fish species, some causing serious growth delays and increased morbidity and mortality. In Portugal, however,
the e sà littleà i fo atio à ega di g myxozoan infections in aquaculture environments, with no species registered in
gilthead seabream and European seabass. As such, during 2 years, our group conducted a parasitological survey for
myxozoans in a Portuguese facility, having microscopically analyzed the organs and tissues of 260 specimens of gilthead
seabream and 154 specimens of European seabass. The results revealed high biodiversity of myxozoans. In gilthead
seabream, Sphaerospora sparis was recorded from the kidney, and were performed new records of Zschokkella and
Ceratomyxa from the gallbladder and of Ortholinea from the urinary bladder. In European seabass, Ceratomyxa labracis
and C. diplodae were recorded from the gallbladder, Sphaerospora testicularis from the testis and S. dicentrarchi from
several organs. A new record of Ortholinea in the urinary bladder was also performed. Parasitic material was processed
for light and electron microscopy, as well as for sequencing of the SSU rRNA gene. The combined use of microscopic and
molecular methodologies allowed the apprehension of several aspects of these parasites morphology, phylogeny and
evolution.
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O-105
DIVERSE MYXOZOAN COMMUNITY IN A SMALL RIVER RUNNING AT THE TYPICAL SEMI-RURAL AREA IN
JAPAN
Yanagida T., Li Y.C., Kasai A., Sato H.
Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
Myxozoans are receiving a lot of attention recently in Japan not only as the pathogens of fish but also as a cause of food
poisoning. Because of the lack of effective drags and vaccines, control of the myxozoan infections in fish is basically
relied on breaking the transmission cycles. However, the lifecycle has been elucidated for only about 40 species out of
more than 2,000 described species. Therefore, comprehensive field surveys are needed for the better understanding of
myxozoan lifecycles.
In this study, the community of myxosporeans and actinosporeans inhabiting a small river in front of Yamaguchi
University, Japan, was investigated. We examined 195 oligochates obtained in the river (Kuden River, Yamaguchi City)
from March 2013 to June 2014 for the investigation of actinosporeans. We also examined 59 fish containing 9 species in
the same river from June 2012 to August 2014. Five actinosporean types belonging to the collective groups of
triactinomyxon, raabeia and neoactinomyxum were found to be released from oligochaetes. On the other hand, 7
morphologically distinguishable myxosporeans belonging to the genus Myxobolus were identified from various organs of
6 fish species. BLAST search revealed one of the neoactinomyxum type actinosporean is the alternate stage of
Thelohanellus wangi described in China. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of 18S rDNA could not find any
pairs of myxosporean and actinosporean stages in the collection site. This result indicates the unexpectedly diverse
myxozoan community exists in a small river running at the typical semirural area in Japan.
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EGG DISPERSION STRATEGIES IN APOROCOTYLID TREMATODES AND PATHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Palacios-Abella J.F., Repullés-Albelda A., Montero F.E.
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
The blood-flukes (Trematoda, Aporocotylidae) are parasites specific of fish. Adults live into blood vessels or heart where
they release their eggs into the blood stream. Blood-fluke infections can be very pathogenic as eggs accumulate in gills
until hatching, what provokes the rupture of the gill tissues, bleeding and, sometimes, asphyxia and death. Eggs have
different shapes and sizes among species, what affects their options to reach to the gill, and their capability to penetrate
and disperse along the capillaries or to remain attached in afferent arteries. In fact, final infection-site of the
aporocotylid eggs vary between species; whereas relatively large eggs of Aporocotyle simplex get individually trapped in
the lamellar arterioles of Merluccius merluccius, small eggs of Cardicola spp. in Thunnus spp. penetrate and spread into
the lamellar capillaries. However, the developmental degree of released eggs must be considered as intrauterine eggs
are generally crumple and smaller, getting their final shape and size out of the uterus. Therefore, the period that shells
need to get rigid and enlarge temporarily allows penetrating in smaller vessels. Eggs of Paradeontacylix balearicus would
be too large to advance through the lamellar capillaries of Seriola dumerili, however the adults in gills release soft,
crumple and small eggs, which penetrate into capillaries. In contrast, the intrauterine eggs of Skoulekia spp. from sparid
fish are already elongated and large, hampering their dispersion up to distal vessels. The degree of egg dispersion would
be related with the extension of damages.
JPA benefits from a PhD fellowship, University of Valencia.
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HOST LIFE TRAITS AND PARASITE LOAD IN FISH HYBRIDS
K as o dàV.,àŠi ko aàá.
Depa t e tàofàBota àa dàZoolog ,àFa ult àofà“ ie e,àMasa kàU i e sit ,àKotlařsk à ,àB o,à
à
,àCze hà‘epu li
Hybridization is a very common evolutionary process. Physiology and life traits have been changed in the hybrids when
compared to parentals, consequently this may also affect the qualitative and quantitative composition of parasite
communities in hosts. In addition, it is supposed that hybridization may interrupt the system of host-parasite gene coadaptation, which may affect parasite load in hybrids. In this study, common bream (Abramis brama), roach (Rutilus
rutilus) and their respective hybrids from Hamry reservoir (Czech Republic) were collected from 2011 to 2013 and
investigated for the presence of metazoan parasites. Identification of the fish individuals was performed using
morphological characters and molecular markers (partial cytochrome b gene and microsatellite loci). Fish condition,
vigour and immunocompetence were measured using basic physiological indexes. The aim of this study was to compare
fish life traits, selected physiological and immune parameters as well as parasite infection between each of two parental
species and hybrids. In hybrids, the diversity of parasite communities was higher but parasite abundance was lower
when compared to parental species. Specialist and generalist parasites from both parental species were present in
parasite communities of hybrids. Regarding maternal origin of hybrids the predominance of individuals with common
bream maternal origin was found. The presence of some parental species specific parasites in hybrids was determined
by maternal origin of hybrids. The significant effects of the species and sex on fish condition were found on physiological
conditions. The non-specific immunity measured by lysozyme activity and oxidative burst activity was affected only by
season.
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CYSTATIN: THE CYSTEINE PEPTIDASE INHIBITOR FROM EUDIPLOZOON NIPPONICUM (MONOGENEA)
Ilgová J., Gelnar M.,àKaš ýàM.
Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Monogenea, Diplozooidae) typically inhabiting the gills of carp (Cyprinus carpio) is widely
distributed Eurasian blood-feeding ectoparasite.
The foregoing research of diplozoid Monogenea has been predominatly oriented towards understanding morphology
and ecology of particular species. Nevertheless there is a lack of information regarding functional molecules produced
by this taxonomic group.
Among important molecules produced by various parasitic species belong cystatins (inhibitors of cystein peptidases).
Besides regulation of endogenous processes in parasite bodies they play a substantial role e.g. in manipulation of the
host immune system and/or blood digestion.
The aim of our experimental work is to reveal the presence, structure and function of E. nipponicum cystatin
DNA/protein molecules using bioinformatic, molecular and proteomic methods.
The transcriptomic data of E. nipponicum was screened for the presence of cystatin sequences. The partial nucleotide
se ue eà asàide tified,àa plified,à o pletedàusi gà a dà à‘áCEàPC‘,à lo edàa dàse ue ed.àGe eà odi gà àa i oà
acid cystatin of Eudiplozoon nipponicum with predicted molecular weight 10,85 kDa and theoretical pI 6,27 was inserted
into pET19b expression vector a cloned into E. coli competent cells (BL 21 strain). Expression was induced by IPTG at 37
°C. The production of recombinant cystatin by E. coli host cells was analysed on SDS-PAGE (Coomasie staining) and
verified by mass spectrometry (Orbitrap). Recombinant protein was produced in the insoluble form - incorporated into
inclusion bodies. The cystatin from E. nipponicum will be subsequently solubilized and further tested for its functional
and structural properties.
Acknowledgements: Czech Science Foundation (P506/12/1258, GBP505/12/G112), grants of the Masaryk University
(MUNI/A/1484/2014) and grants of the Charles University in Prague (UNCE 204017, PRVOUK P41, SVV260074/2014).
73
Reverter M.1, Bontemps N.1, Lecchini D.2, Sasal P.2
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CHEMICAL VARIABILITY IN GILL MUCUS OF BUTTERFLYFISH FROM FRENCH POLYNESIA AND RELATIONSHIP
TO THEIR MONOGENEAN LOADS
1
CRIOBE, USR 3278 - CNRS/EPHE/UPVD, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,, Perpignan, France
CRIOBE, USR 3278 - CNRS/EPHE/UPVD, Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l'Environnement, Moorea,
French Polynesia
2
NITROGEN (15N) AND CARBON (13C) STABLE ISOTOPE SIGNATURES OF TROPHIC TRANSMITTED PARASITES:
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON LIFE CYCLE OF SCHISTOCEPHALUS SOLIDUS FROM ITS STICKLEBACK HOST
(GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS)
Nachev M.1, Franke F.2, Scharsack J.P.2, Jochmann M.A.3, Sures B.1,4
1
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen,
Essen, Germany
2
Department of Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
3
Department of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
4
Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Trophically transmitted parasites experience one or several trophic shifts during their life cycles. As their transmission
occurs by predatory-prey relationships, it could be expected that parasites permanently adjust to the respective trophic
level of their host during their life span. Insights into trophic relationship between organisms can be gained analyzing
15
13
the signatures of stable isotopes of nitrogen ( N) and carbon ( C).
In order to study the trophic position of trophically transmitted parasites and their hosts, three-spined sticklebacks
(Gasterosteus aculeatus) experimentally infected with the cestode Schistocephalus solidus were used as a model system.
Tissuesàofà fi stài te ediateà hostà opepods ,à se o dà i te ediateàhostà sti kle a k àasà ellàasàtheàtape o sàla alà
stages (procercoids and plerocercoids) were analyzed using elemental analyser (EA) coupled to isotope ratio mass
spectrometer (IRMS). In order to evaluate the possible trophic shift during parasite development, plerocercoids from
fish hosts collected at 30, 60, 90 and 120 dpi (days post infection) were taken into account. Additionally, the stable
isotope signatures of non-infected (control) groups of first and second intermediate hosts were analysed, in order to
evaluate the influence of the parasite on the composition of stable isotopes in host.
Results of the analyses confirm the assumption that trophically transmitted parasites adjust to the trophic level of their
hosts, whereas no significant changes in the signatures of host liver and muscle tissues were observed.
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Chaetodontidae is one of the most diverse family of coral reef fish and its ecology has been extensively studied.
However, ecology of their gill monogeneans and parameters explaining parasite specificity between sympatric
butterflyfish species is not well understood. Fish mucus is often described as the first line defense against external
attacks. Several studies have reported molecules present in fish mucus with potential protective roles against parasites
such as antimicrobial peptides or immune-related molecules, but until nowadays no study have focused on the bioactive
specialized metabolites which might also play a defensive role against pathogens. We aimed to develop a non-targeted
metabolomic approach to study the chemical fingerprint from gill mucus of several butterflish species in order to
elucidate if there are chemical parameters controlling differences in monogenean loads between different species.
Three sympatric butterflyfish species from French Polynesia have been chosen: 1) Chaetodon ornatissimus who always
presents a high load of parasites, 2) Chaetodon lunula who presents a middle parasite load and 3) Chaetodon lunulatus
who has never been found parasitized. Gill mucus was recollected and extracted through a biphasic extraction (DCM/
MeOH / H20) and then both extracts were analyzed by LC/MS (ESI +) to obtain gill mucus chemical fingerprints. Raw data
were treated with XCMS software and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. An initial method validation was
performed, confirming the suitability of the developped method to study intra-specific and inter-specific gill mucus
chemical fingerprints. Preliminary results show differences in chemical composition between different Chaetodon
species.
Sures B.1, Jochmann M.2, Schulte M.2, Wolbert J.B.2, Schmidt T.2, Nachev M.1
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STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSES REVEAL VARIOUS TROPHIC LEVELS AMONG DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PARASITES
1
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen,
Essen, Germany
2
Department of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
O-112
It is assumed that parasitism evolved from predator-prey relationships and from a variety of probiotic relationships (e.g.
commensalism) or from a combination of both. During their life history, parasites evolved various adaptation traits,
15
which allow them to utilize different energy resources of their hosts. Stable isotope signatures of nitrogen ( N) deliver
insights into the trophic interactions within food webs. It was empirically shown that consumers are enriched in nitrogen
o àa e ageà à . à‰à ithà espe tàtoàthei àdiet.àUsi gàsta leàisotopesàsig atu esàofà it oge à eà ouldà lea l àdisti guishà
parasitic from predator-prey and different commensalistic relationships and determine different degrees of adaptation
to a parasitic life style among the most common taxa of parasites. Several parasitic taxa (e.g. cestodes, trematodes,
15
acanthocephalans) as well as larval nematodes were usually depleted in N. Parasitic crustaceans (copepods, isopods,
cirripedia) and gastropods showed similar or only slightly lower isotope values, whereas parasitic insects, arachnids, fish
15
as well as adult nematodes were usually enriched in Nà i à a e ageà , à ‰ ,à hi hà poi tsà o à aà o pletel à diffe e tà
strategy/mechanism of nutrient assimilation. Accordingly, it appears that monophyletic taxa (taxa with only one
parasitic ancestor) such as Cestoda, Trematoda and Acanthocephala, i.e. those groups which mainly take up their
nutrients via their body surface evolved in a completely different way of nutrition than polyphyletic taxa (exhibiting
more than one parasitic ancestor) such as parasitic Crustacea, Insecta and Arachnida. These differences are critically
evaluated in terms of our common understanding of a parasitic mode of life.
FROM BENTHOS TO SEAGULLS: ON HOST SPECTRA AND TRANSMISSION STRATEGIES OF
CARDIOCEPHALOIDES LONGICOLLIS (STRIGEIDAE, TREMATODA) IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
Born-Torrijos A.1, Poulin R. 2, Pérez-del-Olmo A.1, Culurgioni J.3, Raga J.A.1, Holzer A.S.4
1
Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, New Zealand
3
Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
4
I stituteà ofà Pa asitolog ,à Biolog à Ce t eà ofà theà á ade à ofà “ ie esà ofà theà Cze hà ‘epu li ,à Česk à Budějo i e,à Cze hà
Republic
2
Trophically-transmitted parasites are essential elements in most aquatic food webs, playing an important role in host
community structure and even exerting strong effects on food web structure when a parasite species affects a high
number of host species. However, information on the full spectrum of host species used by parasites is scarce and
unavailable for most parasite species. The trematode Cardiocephaloides longicollis is distributed mainly in the
Mediterranean; it has a complex three-host life cycle, including a snail, a fish and a definitive bird host. In the present
study, we aimed to compile large-scale information on the stage-specific host spectra and transmission strategies that
characterize the life cycle of this trophically-transmitted parasite and that allow it to be so successful. We sampled 3351
molluscs (24 species), 2108 fish (25 species) and 154 birds (17 species), and found 13 new host records at the first and
second intermediate host level, with the latter including two new host families. Statistical analyses of the differences in
infection levels among fish species from different habitats allowed us to determine the marine microhabitat targeted by
infective cercariae. Furthermore, we determined the effect of fish size on the accumulation of metacercariae. The
patterns uncovered in this study will be discussed in relation to factors likely to enhance transmission and parasite
numbers in the food web. These include anthropogenic effects such as aquaculture installations as well as discarded
bycatch from the extensive Mediterranean fisheries.
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CURRENT STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE ON FISH DIGENEANS ASSOCIATED WITH FRESHWATER BIVALVE
MOLLUSKS IN EUROPE
Petke ičiūtėà‘.,à“tu žė asàV.,à“ta e ičiūtėàG.,àKudlaiàO.
Institute of Ecology of Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
Widespread fish digeneans of the families Bucephalidae, Allocreadiidae and Gorgoderidae, using freshwater bivalves of
the families Unionidae, Sphaeriidae and Dreissenidae as primary intermediate hosts, were studied in Central and
Northern Europe. New karyological and molecular data revealed the insufficient and/or mistaken knowledge on species
variety and life cycles. The reports on Bucephalus polymorphus in unionids are misleading because of confusion with
Rhipidocotyle fennica, which occurs not only in Finland but also in Central and Eastern Europe. The adults in fish are still
confused with R. campanula. Data on cercariae are lacking for majority of allocreadiids. The ITS2 and 28S sequences of
cercaria of type-species Allocreadium isoporum,à des i edà à Wiś ie skià
,à e eà ide ti alà toà thoseà ofà adultà
Bunodera luciopercae. Cercariae of B. luciopercae se suàWiś ie skià
ài festi gà Pisidium amnicum were shown to
be larvae of newly described B. acerinae. Molecular analysis support the allocation of Cercariaeum crassum from P.
amnicum to Allocreadium, but its adult remains unknown. Our data disproved life cycle of Phyllodistomum folium
described by Sinitsin (1905). Cystocercous cercariae of P. folium were recorded in sphaeriids. Closely related cercaria of
P. umblae was found in sphaeriids in Norway. Larval and adult of P. elongatum and P. simile showed no karyological and
sequence differences from P. folium. The studies revealed the need for reconsidering some of the accepted but untested
tenets regarding life-cycles and species variety of well-known fish digeneans.
This research was funded by a grant (No. MIP-52/2013) from the Research Council of Lithuania.
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JELLYFISH AS INTERMEDIATE HOST OF DIGENEAN PARASITES OF FISH
Martorelli S.R.
Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CEPAVE (CONICET-UNLP) Buenos Aires, Argentina
In the last 20 years jellyfish have been revalorized as important food items of marine fish. In this context, its importance
as intermediate host of digeneans has increased. Since the 90s I have been examined jellyfish for parasites mainly from
two Marine Ecoregions, Temperate Northern Atlantic and Temperate South America. During these years, more than
50,000 jellyfish were examined. Different metacercariae of Lepocreadiidae, Hemiuridae, Fellodistomidae and
Baccigeridae were found in addition to larval nematodes, metacestods, trichodinid and crustaceans, and four digeneans
life cycles were studied. Some changes in the relation digenean-jellyfish were observed probably associated with
increases in the jellyfish blooms worldwide. At the moment were observed: 1-As the transmission of parasites often
depends on the host densities, during blooms certain parasites such as amphipods, anemones and digeneans can spread
more easily in the population of jellyfish and then the prevalence may increase. 2-The parasites of jellyfish can have
deleterious effects on host populations. 3-There are still few studies that evaluate the effects of jellyfish parasites on
host populations over time. 4-Prevalence values observed in the Gulf of Mexico and southwest Atlantic, contrast with
the idea that the helminth infections is low in the marine zooplankton due to the dilute nature of the pelagic
environment. 5- Carnivorous habits of many jellyfish can transfer parasites among them. 6- The presence of
metacercariae encysted of some digeneans could indicate a change in the host-parasite relationship.
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ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ABUNDANCE OF GREY SEALS (HALICHOERUS GRYPUS) AND INFECTION OF BALTIC
COD WITH CONTRACAECUM OSCULATUM AND PSEUDOTERRANOVA DECIPIENS (ZOONOTIC NEMATODE
LARVAE)
Buchmann K., Skov J., Marana M., Mehrdana F.
University of Copenhagen, Denmark
The abundance of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Baltic Sea has increased significantly during recent years. The
grey seal population has recovered from almost extinction before 1999 and has shown a rapid increase from the year
2000 to 2015. Now heavily colonized haul out sites are observed near the main spawning area east of the island of
Bornholm (Bornholm basin, ICES SD 25) and the total Baltic grey seal population has been estimated to count
approximately 40,000 individuals. During the same period the infection level of the local Baltic stock of the Atlantic cod
(Gadus morhua) increased for third stage nematode larvae comprising Contracaecum osculatum and Pseudoterranova
decipiens. We investigated (by using full digestion by HCl and pepsin) cod samples caught by local fishermen in SD 25
during 2013 and 2014 and found that the liver worm (C. osculatum) reached 100% prevalence and a mean intensity of
84.6 parasites per fish. Intensities up to 320 parasites per fish were recorded. P. decipiens occurred with 28.7 %
prevalence and a mean intensity of 5.2 parasites per fish. Infection was size dependent which was reflected by larger
fish (>50 cm) showing a prevalence of 55 % and up to 56 P. decipiens worms per fish. The impact of the accelerated
infection levels on health of the individual cod, the cod stock size and consumer safety will be discussed.
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PARASITES OF COD GADUS MORHUA IN THE BARENTS SEA
Arneberg P.1, Hemmingsen W.2, MacKenzie K.3, Karlsbakk E.4
1
Institute of Marine Research, Tromso, Norway
Department of Arctic and marine Biology, University of Tromso, Norway
3
Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland
4
Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
2
The early results from the parasite component of a major new research project are presented. The project is TIBIA
(Trophic Interactions in the Barents Sea – Steps towards an Integrated Ecosystem Assessment), the primary objective of
which is to improve understanding of trophic interactions and food web structure in the Barents Sea. One of the main
aims of the parasite component is to search for evidence that parasites might be affecting survival and/or reproduction
of North-east Atlantic (NEA) cod. NEA cod feed in the Barents Sea and migrate in spring to the west coast of Norway to
spawn, mainly around the Lofoten area. A feature of this cod population is the annual occurrence of a significant
p opo tio àofà atu eàfe aleàfishàthatà issàaà ea sàspa i g.àTheseàfishàa eàk o àasà skippe s .àTheàp a ti alàpa asiteà
work started in January-February 2015 with a research vessel cruise in the Barents Sea, followed by another in MarchApril 2015 to the Lofoten area. The main purpose of these cruises was to identify parasites that may contribute to the
skippi g àphe o e o .àO eàhu d edàa dà i et -two female cod were therefore examined for a number of parasites
selected for their known or suspected pathogenicity. The selected parasites are Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova
bulbosa, Contracaecum osculatum and Hysterothylacium aduncum (Nematoda), Abothrium gadi and Pyramicocephalus
phocarum (Cestoda), Echinorhynchus gadi (Acanthocephala), Lernaeocera branchialis and Cresseyus confusus (Copepoda
Parasitica) and Myxidium spp. (Myxozoa). The data collected on these initial cruises are presented and discussed.
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IN SITU EVIDENCE OF PONTOPOREIA FEMORATA (KROYER 1842) ROLE IN INFECTION WITH
ACANTHOCEPHALAN PARASITE ECHINORHYNHUS GADI IN COD GADUS MORHUA L. IN THE BALTIC SEA
Nadolna-Altyn K.1, Pawlak J.2, Podolska M.1, Pachur M.2
1
Department of Fisheries Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland
Department of Logistics and Monitoring, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland
2
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Cod Gadus morhua is one of the most important fish species in the Baltic Sea. Its diet preferences are changing during
the life time and are dependent on the fish capacity to catch and eat the prey. Young cods mostly occur nearby the coast
and feed on the invertebrates, especially crustaceans. Older and bigger cods prefer deeper parts of the Baltic Sea, where
prey mostly on fish. The presence of acanthocephalan parasite Echinorhynhus gadi in digestive tract of cod is well
documented. The general life cycle of that parasite has been also described. Despite that fact there is still little known
about the particular species of crustacean representatives, that play the role of intermediate host in life cycle of E. gadi
in the Baltic Sea. The main aim of the study was to examine Pontoporeia femorata (Kroyer 1842), obtained from the
stomach of Baltic cod, for the presence of the acanthocephalan parasite E. gadi. In October 2013 and February 2014 the
total number of 932 cods stomachs has been sampled and analyzed. The studies revealed the relation between the
presence of amphipods and parasites E. gadi i à ods àsto a hs.àTheàp ese eàofà oth,àa phipodsàa dàa a tho ephala sà
were dependent on the length and the age of fish, that determine the availability of diet components for cods. It is the
first evidence in situ that 80 individuals of P. femorata found in the stomach of Baltic sea cods has been infected with E.
gadi.
INGENUITY IN CHONOPELTIS AUSTRALIS (CRUSTACEA) FEMALE
Neethling L.A.M., Avenant-Oldewage A.
Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Chonopeltis differs from other Branchiura in that they lack antennulae, their maxillulae are relatively larger, and their
carapace shields are relatively short which affects their ability to swim. In order to study their biology, live adult
specimens of C. australis Boxshall, 1976 collected in the Vaal River in South Africa were transported to the laboratory to
sta tà aà eedi gà olo .à Theà fe ale sà eha iou à du i gà spe à t a sfe à a dà eggà depositio à e eà studiedà usi gà
observation and photography. The female reproductive system was studied using light microscopy, histology and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Histological sections were reconstructed to describe the anatomy of the
reproductive system. SEM specimens were either studied whole or after dissection. Despite differences in morphology,
all branchiuran males transfer sperm via a spermatophore and the females store the sperm in spermathecae. The
female reproductive system of C. australis is similar to that of other Branchiura, it consists of an ovary within a gonocoel
he eàeggàde elop e tào u sàa dàaàpai àofào idu ts,ào eàofà hi hàfu tio sàatàaàti e.àTheàspe ies àfee leàs i
i gà
ability and thus inability to quickly re-attach to a host has changed their behaviour in egg deposition. While the host fish
is resting, females deposit eggs on to the surrounding substrate by leaning off, attached only by their large maxillulae. In
this way the eggs and thus the larvae are at the same level as the fish, enhancing infection opportunity.
Chonopeltis australis thus compensates for feeble swimming by a changed behaviour which supports a parasitic
existence.
78
Poynton S.L.1,2, Witwer K.1, Ostrenga L.1, Saghar-Fard M.R.2
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WHY DO SPIRONUCLEUS TROPHOZOITES SWARM, STICK, AND CLUSTER? LIFE CYCLES INSIGHTS FROM IN
VITRO CULTURE
1
Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
2
The diseases caused by Spironucleus species, intestinal flagellates of salmonids, gadids and cichlids, and systemic
invaders of salmonids, are well known, and ultrastructure of trophozoites and cysts is documented. However, little is
known about trophozoite behavior: how do they react to their environment, and interact with each other; what roles do
these behaviors play in the direct life cycle? We addressed these questions by observing Spironucleus trophozoites in
culture. Spironucleus vortens (ATCC 50386, from Angelfish Pterophyllum scalare), were maintained in modified LYI
o
medium, at 23 C. Trophozoites were observed in a hemocytometer chamber and on a slide, and video recordings made.
Spironucleus salmonis from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were maintained in minimal essential medium
o
supplemented with newborn calf serum, at 10 C. Trophozoites were observed in flasks and on slides. In S. vortens: (i)
trophozoite distribution eventually conformed to the shape of the liquid in the hemocytometer chamber, with a 1.5 –
2.0 mm boundary, (ii) spherical swarms of trophozoites, 200 mm in diameter, formed, persisted for several minutes, and
then disassociated. In S. salmonis, trophozoites adhered to each other by their posterior flagella, forming clusters prior
to encystment. We interpret, for S. vortens: (i) adjustment in distribution as response to chemoreception, probably of
oxygen concentration, and (ii) swarming as intercellular communication leading to coordinated movement (possibly
indicative of quorum sensing). For S. salmonis, multifunctional flagella initiate cell adhesion, leading to clusters of cysts,
enhancing buoyancy and ingestion of numerous cysts. These qualities of Spironucleus spp. are rare in flagellates.
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FISH IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST PARASITES ELUCIDATED BY INTEGRATED RESEARCH TOOLS
Buchmann K.
University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
Recent progress within fish immunological research allows a deeper insight into the antiparasitic responses raised by
fish. Due to the wide diversity within the teleost group it may be worthwhile to focus on selected parasite host systems
where access to reproducible experimental models and molecular tools secures a broad approach to both cellular and
humoral responses of the host following infection with a specific parasite. The main aquacultured species including
common carp, sea bass, sea bream, Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, Atlantic cod and eels have already contributed
considerably to our increased knowledge about antiparasitic immune responses towards various types of parasites. The
present work provides an overview of the intricate network in rainbow trout with regard to immune cells, signal
molecules and effector systems put in action upon infection with different types of parasites.
79
Tu
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ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC ASPECTS OF THE ATLANTIC BLUEFIN TUNA THUNUS THYNNUS
(LINNAEUS, 1758) GILL EPITHELIUM INFECTED WITH DIDYMOSULCUS KATSUWONICOLA (POZDNYAKOV,
1990)
ićàŽ.1, Taggart J.B.T.2, Bron J.E.2,àBoči aàI.3, Mladineo I.4
1
University Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Split, Split, Croatia
4
Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
2
ATLANTIC SALMON IMMUNE RESPONSE TO AMOEBIC GILL DISEASE AND INSIGHT INTO THE BIOLOGY OF
THE AMOEBA
Benedicenti O.1,2, Collins C.2, McCarthy U.2, Secombes C.J.1
1
Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen,
Aberdeeen, UK
2
Marine Scotland Science Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is an emerging disease in North European Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture caused
by the amoeba Paramoeba perurans. Non-optimal environmental conditions may affect AGD progression and, to
understand the role of predisposing environmental conditions on the biology of the parasite, amoebae were exposed in
vitro to different temperatures and salinities. Outputs from these experiments are 1) an improved understanding of the
impact of temperature on amoeba growth rate during conditions that potentially influence disease development and 2)
the monitoring of amoeba recovery after exposure at low salinities relevant to current freshwater bath treatments (e.g.
3 ppt).
The host immune response to AGD infection is still not well understood. Atlantic salmon smolts were exposed for 3
-1
weeks to either 500 or 5000 cells l of two cultures of P. perurans. Gene expression analysis of cytokines involved in the
st
different TH pathways was performed on the interbranchial lymphoid tissue of the 1 gill arch. TH1, TH17 and Treg
pathways were found to be significantly down-regulated, mainly in samples from fish given the highest dose. In contrast,
the TH2 pathway was found to be significantly up-regulated by both cultures. Regression analysis of the gene expression
data and the amoeba load, assessed by qPCR of the 18S rRNA, has been investigated. The present results seen during
late stage AGD suggest that either an activation of humoral immunity or an immune evasion strategy is occurring, similar
to the responses driven by helminthic parasites to avoid cell-mediated killing mechanisms.
80
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Didymosulcus katsuwonocila (syn. Didymocystis wedli) is the most abundant didymozoid species infecting farmed
Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus, Scombridae). In most cases infections terminate without any gross pathology,
characterised by a significant decrease of cysts per host after couple of months of tuna rearing, however under certain
conditions inflammatory and necrotic changes in the gill tissue may be induced, making it an interesting case of hostparasite interaction. The main goal of our study was to analize ultrustructural changes of tuna gill tissue parasitised with
D. katsuwonicola and infer functional interpretation at the transcriptomic level. Infected and uninfected gill samples
were collected from T. thynnus at harvest after having been farmed for two years and prepared for transmission
electron microscopy and transcriptomic profiling by DNA microarrays according to standardized protocols. Micrographs
sho edà u e ousàt a siti gà esi lesài àdid ozoid sàtegu e tài àdi e tà o ta tà ithàhost sàlooseà ollage à o e ti eà
tissue capsule comprising fibrocytes, fibroblasts, eosinophilic-granulated mast cells, eosinophils and plasma cells. The
capsule encompassed a nerve composed of three neuronal axons, numerous anastomosing capillaries and was overlaid
with multilayered squamous epithelium abundant with mucous goblet cells. The transcriptional profiling revealed
moderate gene regulation in both directions with fold changes ranging from -10.38 to 4.56 (N=768 statistically selected
features). Pathway analyses based on KEGG sets showed the pertubrations of components of innate immunity,
complement and coagulation cascades, as well as endocrine, digestive and nervous functional pathways. The findings
elucidate vivid cellular and molecular cross-talk between the host and the parasite.
Norte dos Santos C.C.1, Adams M.B.1, Leef M.J.1, Nowak B.1, Bird S.2
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CYTOKINE EXPRESSION WITHIN THE INTERBRANCHIAL LYMPHOID TISSUE OF ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO
SALAR) DURING AMOEBIC GILL DISEASE
1
IMAS Launceston, University of Tasmania, Australia
University of Waikato, New Zealand
2
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is caused by the marine protozoan Neoparamoeba perurans, an ectoparasite that affects the
gills of farmed marine fish. This disease is considered a serious health and welfare challenge, mainly for marine farmed
salmonids, and is emerging in geographical areas where it has not been previously reported. The role of the
interbranchial lymphoid tissue (ILT), which has recently been described in the gills of salmonids, is not fully understood.
Histological studies have shown ILT is composed mainly of T cells supported by a meshwork of epithelial cells, and it has
been suggested that it could function as a secondary lymphoid organ. It is a unique tissue found in fish and does not
resemble any lymphoid tissues previously described in mammals. This investigation aimed to characterise this tissue
during AGD, by measuring immune gene transcription and histopathological changes within the ILT during AGD
progression. Atlantic salmon were sampled prior to exposure and at 5 and 10 days post exposure to N. perurans
trophozoites. Immune gene expression including selected cytokines relevant to innate and adaptive immune responses
was determined using Realtime-PCR. The results from this project will be presented and will contribute towards our
understanding of the role of the ILT in Atlantic salmon AGD.
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FISH CELLS INVOLVED IN MUCOSAL IMMUNITY AGAINST ENTERIC HELMINTHS
Dezfuli B.S.1, Bosi G.2, Manera M.3, Giari L.1
1
Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
3
Faculty of Biosciences, Agro-Alimentary and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
2
In recent decades, the mucosal immunology of higher vertebrates has been an intensively explored area of research and
yet little is known regarding this in fish. The intestinal mucosa is continuously exposed to a broad spectrum of antigens
derived from ingested food, water, commensal flora and pathogens. Recent comparative histological and ultrastructural
studies on the uninfected intestines of chub Squalius cephalus, European eels Anguilla anguilla, and catfish Silurus glanis
and in conspecifics naturally infected with acanthocephalans and platyhelminths, however, have begun to explore this.
Endoparasitic helminths frequently cause intestinal inflammation inducing the recruitment of various immune cells to
the site of infection. In each of the fish-helminth systems that were studied, a massive hyperplastic granulocyte
response involving mast cells (MCs) and neutrophils in the epithelia, lamina propria and submucosa was seen in close
proximity to the point of parasite attachment. An increase in the number of rodlet cells (RCs) in the intestinal epithelium
of parasite-infected specimens was also seen. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucous cells in infected intestines was
evident. In transmission electron microscopy sections of all three infected fish hosts, MCs and mucous cells were
frequently seen in contact with one another with evident degranulation of those MCs in close proximity to mucous cells.
In fish the mechanism by which mucosal MCs might induce the secretion of excess mucus is unknown and is the main
focus of this study. The role of MCs, neutrophils, RCs and mucous cells in the mucosal immune system of fish will be
discussed.
81
Urawa S.1, Tojima T.1, Mizuno S.2
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INTERACTION BETWEEN TRICHODINA TRUTTAE INFECTION AND MUCOUS CELLS IN THE SKIN EPIDERMIS OF
CHUM SALMON ALEVIN AND FRY
1
Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Sapporo, Japan
Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Eniwa, Japan
2
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Trichodina truttae is a parasitic ciliate, causing mortalities of salmonid fishes reared at hatcheries in Japan. The
abundance of T. truttae on the alevin and fry of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) reared at the Nijibetsu Salmon
Hatchery was bi-weekly monitored. The first parasite infection was observed on salmon alevin two weeks before leaving
the gravel. The abundance increased from 3 to 42 parasites on chum salmon fry during 2 weeks after leaving gravel. The
density of mucous cells in the skin epidermis drastically decreased during their transition from alevin to fry stage. It is
known that mucus secretion helps to protect fish skin from parasite infections and physical injury. We have supposed
the reduction of mucous cell density triggers T. truttae infection.
LECTIN HISTOCHEMISTRY OF INTESTINAL MUCOUS AND MAST CELLS IN HELMINTH-INFECTED FISH
Dezfuli B.S. 1, Giari L.1, Shinn A.P.2, Bosi G.3
1
Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Fish Vet Group Asia Limited, Chaengwattana Building, Kwaeng Toongsonghong, Khet Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand
3
Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
2
Lectins, proteins that bind the specific carbohydrate structures, are ubiquitous and are found in animals, plants and
microorganisms. Eight biotinylated lectins linking carbohydrates were used on the deparaffinised, hydrated uninfected
and helminth-infected intestinal sections of chub Squalius cephalus and brown trout, Salmo trutta. The reaction of each
lectin was determined through the use of avidin DH-biotinylated horseradish peroxidase and the DAB chromogen. A
diverse array of lectin/carbohydrate responses were seen across the two fish species. DBA, PNA, UEA I and WGA were
seen on trout mucous cells, while only DBA and PNA were seen on the mucous cells in chub. Parasite presence was seen
to induce changes in the mucus carbohydrate composition of the fish sà i testi e.à Nu e ousà u ousà ellsà ea ti eà toà
DBA-PNA and UEA I subsequently appeared in parasitised chub and trout. The responsiveness of the mucous cells,
however, is not dependent on the type of parasite infecting the host, as similar lectin patterns were seen in trout
intestines infected with acanthocephalans and cestodes. Lectin histochemistry also highlights the responsiveness of
mast cells (MCs), a type of granulocyte which are present in most tissues and are strategically positioned near blood
vessels, in the connective tissue of chub (PNA-SNA) and trout (SNA). This comparative study between cestodes and
acanthocephalans and their effects on the distribution of various lectins in the intestines of two fish represents a first
record.
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O-127
POTAMILUS ALATUS (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE) GLOCHIDIA-INDUCED HISTOPATHOLOGY IN
FRESHWATER DRUM, APLODINOTUS GRUNNIENS RAFINESQUE, FROM THE KANAWHA RIVER, WEST
VIRGINIA, USA.
Joy J.
Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
The gills of 37 of 173 freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque, caught by anglers from two locations on the
Kanawha River, West Virginia, USA, were infected with glochidia of the freshwater mussel, Potamilus alatus Lea. All
infections (37 infected hosts of 85 sampled) were observed between 25 May and 21 June, 1986. No glochidia were
recovered from 88 hosts in monthly collections from 22 June through mid-October. Infections gave rise to granulomas
that caused a distalà lu i g àofàtheàpa asitizedàgillàfila e ts.àTheà esulti gàl phohisto ti à espo seà asà o pa a leà
to a type IV hypersensitive reaction seen in human tissues. Increased vascularization within the granuloma was not
observed. Glochidial development of the defintive and larval mantles, and the gut and digestive glands, corroborated
findings of previous investigators. The transitory larval adductor, pedal retractors, heart, and gill buds were prominent
as well, but the number of glochidia at various stages (ages?) of development was insufficient to completely describe
the origin and subsequent development of these glochidial tissues.
O-128
POTENTIAL PATHOLOGY OF PARASITES FROM THE OROPHARYNGEAL CHAMBER IN OCEAN SUNFISH,
MOLA MOLA (L.)
Ahuir-Baraja A.E.1, Padrós F.2, Raga J.A.1, Montero F.E.1
1
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Servei de Diagnòstic Patològic en Peixos, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
2
The different potential pathological effects of three parasites from the oropharyngeal chamber in the ocean sunfish
Mola mola (L.) is herein reported. Each species live in different microhabitats, with different attachment mechanisms
and live strategies: Gonapodasmius squamata (Pozdnyakov, 1993) (Trematoda: Didymozoidae), an endoparasite
encapsulated in gills; Accacoelium contortum (Rudolphi, 1819) Monticelli (Accacoeliidae Odhner, 1911) (Trematoda:
Accacoeliidae), an ectoparasite living within pits of epithelial swallows; and Cecrops latreillii Leach, 1816 (Copepoda:
Cecropidae), a mobile ectoparasite attached with hooked appendages to the gill surface. Fresh samples of parasitized
gills were studied with standard histological methods and observed under light microscopy. Some sections were stained
with Giemsa in order to detect the presence of secondary bacterial infections. The tissues close to the capsules of G.
squamata were not observed to be related to a noticeable inflammatory response, but the tissues grew together with
the parasite, showing neovascularization. The damage related to C. latreilli depended on the stage and sex of the
copepod with more extensive erosion and inflammatory response in areas parasitized by adult females. The most
pathogenic parasite appeared to be A. contortum. The induction of prominent alterations and intense proliferative and
inflammatory response related to these parasites seem to be an adaptation to the external environment, an unusual
lo atio àfo àt e atodesà ithà e dopa asiti à o pholog .à
Funded by AGL2010-20892, ISIC/2012/003 & PROMETEO 795/2015/018 projects.
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SCANNING AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF HISTOPATHOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF THE
MONOGENEAN MACROGYRODACTYLUS CLARII ON THE GILLS OF THE CATFISH CLARIAS GARIEPINUS AND
POSSIBLE HOST RESPONSE
El-Naggar M.1, Arafa S.2, El-Abbassy S.1, Cable J.3, Kearn G.4
1
Zoology Department, Mansoura University, Egypt
Biology Department, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
3
School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
4
School of Biological Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
2
Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for the first time to study the histopathological
effects of the monogenean Macrogyrodactylus clarii on the gills of the catfish Clarias gariepinus. SEM revealed the
footprint of the haptor to be elevated above the general gill surface and bordered by furrows and depressions produced
by the anterior, posterior and lateral flaps indicating a suction force during attachment. No evidence was found of the
insertion of the marginal hooklets into the gill tissue. TEM revealed blood capillaries and sinuses with compressed
erythrocytes and some types of agranular and granular leucocytes. Erythrocyte contents were observed outside the cells
, indicating haemorrage. Cells adjacent to the lateral flaps appeared to be compressed in some regions and widely
spaced with large intercellular spaces in other regions. Desquamation of the surface epithelia adjacent to the lateral
flaps was revealed. Some of the widely spaced epithelial cells have extensions (pseudopodia-like processes). Many
vacuoles were found inside the cells of the upper surface epithelial layer. Necrotic tissue, damaged cells and cells with
pyknotic nuclei were also detected. Probably accumulation of gland cells was detected in the surface epithelial layer of
the gill tissue. The host response represented in the appearance of cells with fibrotic cytoplasm, presence of granular
cells which may act as phagocytes and accumulation of probably mucous cells in the surface epithelial layer
were discussed.
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COMPETITION AMONG INVASIVE PARASITES: SWIM BLADDER NEMATODES AS AN EXAMPLE
Keppel M.1, Dangel K.C.1, Le T.T.Y.1, Grabner D.1, Sures B.1,2
1
Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
2
Anguillicola crassus is the most invasive species of its genus and a successful colonizer of different eel species
worldwide. It is the only species of the genus whose life cycle has been studied completely under laboratory conditions
so far. In order to analyze if life cycle characteristics may explain invasion success, we collected the congeneric species
Anguillicola novaezelandiae from naturally infected Short-finned eels in New Zealand. Infrapopulations in eels of the
North and the South Island were dominated by larval parasites. This unique composition of infrapopulations has never
been described before for any Anguillicola species and suggests a seasonal occurrence as a possible reason. Apart from
studying A. novaezelandiae individuals under natural conditions, we investigated their development in experimentally
infected European eels. Again, A. novaezelandiae showed a more synchronized development than A. crassus. No
density-dependent effect in parasite development could be found for A. novaezelandiae. Finally, stress markers such as
serum cortisol and heat shock proteins were analyzed in eels experimentally infected with A. crassus and
A. novaezelandiae, respectively. Taken together, our results show that the life cycle of A. crassus differs on final host
level compared to A. novaezelandiae, which may result in a more successful invasion of new host species. However, if
both Anguillicola species are experimentally introduced into a single eel, they can mature together in the same swim
bladder. Furthermore, hybridization of A. crassus males with A. novaezelandiae females occurs as shown by
microsatellite analysis, which might also contribute to the invasion success of A. crassus.
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POMPHORHYNCHUS LAEVIS AS AN INVASIVE ACANTHOCEPHALAN IN THE RIVER RHINE?
Hohenadler M., Sures B.
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen,
Germany
During the past 20 years, many studies have described the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus tereticollis as a common
fish parasite in European water bodies including the river Rhine. However, recent research based on molecular analysis
of Acanthocephala sampled in the Rhine River shows that P. tereticollis was most likely displaced by the invasive
acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we analyzed ITS genes of
Pomphorhynchus parasites that infected eels (Anguilla anguilla), sampled from different sites in the River Rhine and
from some of its tributaries in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2014. Molecular analyses revealed that P. tereticollis and P. laevis
coexisted during the years 2003 and 2004 at some of the most southern sampling sites. In the same period, an invasion
of several gammarid species from the Ponto-Caspian region into the river Rhine has been described in various studies.
Spreading of these gammarids within the Rhine River began at the confluence of the rivers Main and Rhine following the
inauguration of the Main-Danube canal. After successful invasion of these gammarids only P. laevis was detected in the
sampled area. As it is well known that gammarids like Dikerogammarus villosus are infected by Acanthocephala, this
gammarid invasion could possibly be linked to the occurrence of P. laevis, which is naturally found in the Ponto-Caspian
region. Upstream stretches of rivers in the Rhine catchment which are still not invaded by the Ponto-Caspian gammarids
are still inhabited by P. tereticollis.
O-132
ASIAN FISH TAPEWORM, KHAWIA JAPONENSIS (YAMAGUTI, 1934), HAS EXPANDED ITS EUROPEAN
INVASIVE RANGE
O osàM.,àBa č kàD.,àBazsalo i so àE.,àHa zelo àV.
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,à“lo akàá ade
àofà“ ie es,àKoši e,à“lo akia
The invasive fish tapeworm, Khawia japonensis (Yamaguti, 1934) originally described in Japan, is reported for the first
time in Slovakia. The tapeworm was found in farmed common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from East-Slovakian breeding fish
pond. This finding is registered four years after the first announcement of this parasite in Europe (Po River Basin in Italy)
in 2010 and increases its distribution area within this continent. Morphological characterization of K. japonensis
supplemented with DNA sequences of cox1 and ribosomal lsrDNA genes is provided. Specimens from Slovakia
phenotypically corresponded with those from feral and farmed carps from China, Vietnam and Italy. Moreover, 100%
and 98.7% identity of partial ribosomal lsrDNA gene and mitochondrial cox1 genes, respectively, were detected with K.
japonensis from Japan. In addition, other two tapeworms of the Asian origin, a congeneric Khawia sinensis Hsü, 1935
and Atractolytocestus huronensis Anthony, 1958 occurred in mixed infections with K. japonensis in the inspected fish
samples. The invasive and pathogenic potential of K. japonensis in commercial breeding fisheries and its possible further
spread in natural habitats is difficult to estimate for now. As yet, K. japonensis appear to be without a major impact on
commercial breeding fisheries, but call for more attention to the problem of biological invasions.
This study was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (projects nos. APVV-0653-11 and LPP 017109), Grant Agency VEGA (No. 2/0129/12).
85
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ANGUILLICOLA CRASSUS IN THE EUROPEAN EEL: 15 YEARS MONITORING IN LAKE MÜGGELSEE
(BERLIN, GERMANY)
Knopf K.
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries
The infection of European eels (Anguillicola crassus) with the neozoan swim bladder nematode Anguillicola crassus was
monitored in Lake Müggelsee (Berlin, Germany) from 2000 to present. The extensive dataset was used to test
hypothesis on the temperature-induced seasonality and density-dependent regulation of the infrapopulation of the
parasite as well as the correlation between infection intensity and host size, and the occasionally assumed development
of increased resistance in the host.
Although suggested by previous experimental studies on the effect of the water temperature on the development and
survival of A. crassus, the preset field data do not indicate a seasonality of the infection parameters. Despite of slight
annual fluctuations, prevalence, intensity and abundance were largely constant all over the period of surveillance. At a
mean prevalence of 88 %, the mean intensity fluctuated around a value of 7.6 (L3, L4 and adults) and an average of 5.0
adult worms per host. However, the present data do not support the hypothesis of a regulation of the infrapopulation
size by gravid females, but the intensity is slightly correlated with the mass of the host. The frequency distribution of A.
crassus does also not support the hypothesis that the host develops increased resistance. Thus, in conclusion, the
present long term monitoring indicates that the new host-parasite system has stabilized at a high prevalence and
moderate intensity values.
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METAZOAN PARASITES OF THE BARBUS FISHES FROM A HYBRID ZONE
Gettová L.1, Gilles A.2,àŠi ko àá.1
1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Aix-Marseille Université, IMBE, UMR CNRS 7263, Evolution Génome Environnement, Marseille, France
2
Recent introduction of widely distributed Barbus barbus from the Durance River into the habitats of the native and
endangered Barbus meridionalis of the Argens River resulted into the hybridization between these two species.
Generally accepted scenarios (i.e. lower parasite prevalence and species richness in newly established populations
compared to the source populations or higher parasite abundance in the native hosts than the newly arrivals) can be
odifiedàdueàtoàtheàh idizatio àsi eàh idsà ep ese tàtheà idges àfo àtheàpa asiteài fe tio .àI à
-2014, Barbus
individuals sampled from the Durance and Argens Rivers were examined for the presence of metazoan parasites.
Overall, significantly lower prevalence and species richness of metazoan parasites were revealed in B. barbus on the
Argens River compared to the Durance River. Moreover, metazoan parasite abundance found in local B. meridionalis
was significantly lower in contrast to the introduced B. barbus individuals within the Argens River. In hybrids,
intermediate values of abundance and trend towards lower species richness of metazoan parasites compared to the
both parental species was revealed. However, different scenarios of hybrid susceptibility to metazoan parasites in
contrast to the parental species on different localities were detected which might result from the different host-parasite
interactions. Therefore, diversity of MHC IIB genes as a result of co-evolutionary processes between hosts and their
parasite has been analysed in B. meridionalis and B. barbus hybrid zones.
Acknowledgement: This study was founded by the GACR project No P505/12/0375.
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THE EVOLUTION OF DIPLOID-POLYPLOID COMPLEX OF GIBEL CARP (CARASSIUS GIBELIO): THE ROLE OF
PARASITES AND DIFFERENT INVESTMENT IN PSYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS
Pakosta T., Ši ko àá.
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Brno; Czech Republic
PARASITES OF THE LESSEPSIAN SPRINTER FISTULARIA COMMERSONII (OSTEICHTHYES: FISTULARIIDAE): AN
UPDATE AFTER 15 YEARS SINCE ITS ARRIVAL IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Merella P.1, Pais A.2, Follesa M.C.3, Farjallah S.4, Gagliardi F.5, Mele S.1, Piras M.C.1, Garippa G.1
1
Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
3
Dipa ti e toàdià“ ie zeàdellaàVitaàeàdell á ie te,àU i e sit àdiàCaglia i,àCaglia i,àItaly
4
D pa te e tàdeàP ote tio àdeàl E i o e e t,àI stitutà“up ieu àdesà“ ie esàBiologi uesàáppli u esàdeàTu is, Tunisia
5
Acquario Cala Gonone, Dorgali (NU), Italy
2
Fistularia commersonii is a Lessepsian sprinter recorded for the first time in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Israel) in
2000. Within a few years, this species reached the central Mediterranean (2004, Sicily) and, subsequently, the western
Basin (2007, Iberian Peninsula).
Merella et al. (2007) and Pais et al. (2007) described its parasites in the Mediterranean Sea from one fish caught off the
Sardinian coast and six from North Africa, finding native generalist species, but also two Indo-Pacific digeneans:
Allolepidapedon fistulariae and Neoallepidapedon hawaiiense.
From 2007 to 2014, the capture of 24 specimens of F. commersonii in Sardinian waters allowed to add information
about its parasites in the Mediterranean, and to evaluate their dynamics throughout the host migration path.
Twenty parasite species/taxa were found, adding 13 taxa to the former Mediterranean list. The results confirmed earlier
data: A. fistulariae, Nybelinia africana and Phyllobothriidae (Cestoda), Hysterothylacium spp. (Nematoda) and
Gnathiidae (Crustacea) were among the most frequent parasites (P>15%); besides, two other taxa showed prevalence
higher than 15%: Pseudogrillotia sp. (Cestoda) and Breizacanthus cf. ligur (Acanthocephala). Neoallepidapedon
hawaiiense, previously recorded in North Africa, was not found in the present specimens.
The results suggest that a non-indigenous species is not always subjected to the release from its natural enemies.
Actually, the parasite fauna of F. commersonii increased throughout the host migration path, acquiring new generalist
species, but also conserving the natural parasite A. fistulariae, that seemingly has been able to close its life cycle in the
Mediterranean Sea.
Thanks to R.Bray, J.Hernández and H.Palm.
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Carassius gibelio is a unique fish species in which two kinds of reproduction are known i.e. gynogenesis and
gonochoristic reproduction. The former populations of this invasive species entered in the rivers of Czech Republic
about 1975 and were composed of triploid females with gynogenetic reproduction. Recently, the coexistence of
gynogenetic form (mainly triploid females, but occasionally also triploid males and tetraploid specimens have been
identified) and gonochoristic diploid form have been reported. In this study the potential effect of parasitism on the
evolution of diploid-polyploid complex of C. gibelio was analyzed. In addition, the selected measures of immunity and
physiology were analyzed. We hypothesized that some traits in gynogens are weakened in order to compensate the two
fold cost of reproduction in sexual form.
All specimens were determined using morphological traits and mtDNA (D-loop). The presence and intensity of infection
for metazoan parasite species was compared between two different reproductive forms. The parameters of nonadaptive (i.e. respiratory burst, lysozym activity and complement activity) and adaptive immunity (IgM antibodies) were
compared between two forms in three consecutive years.
A weak difference in parasite load was found between two reproductive forms. This study showed that the basic
physiological parameters were primarely affected by sex and were not affected by reproductive form. Blood innate
immunity of gibel carp was not affected by reproductive form. However, trend of higher IgM in gynogenetic females
when compared to sexual diploids was found.
This study will be funded by the Czech Science Foundation, Project No. P505/12/0375.
O-137
HISTORY OF DISCOVERY OF FISH PARASITIC CRUSTACEA WITH A FOCUS ON THE CONTRIBUTIONS BY PAST
AND PRESENT LEADING PARASITOLOGISTS IN THIS FIELD
Hadfield K., Smit N.
Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West
University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Parasitic Crustacea comprise a large and diverse group of parasites on aquatic host species. The copepods are
undoubtedly the most dominant in the group and frequently studied. Isopods which infect fish and other crustaceans as
well as branchiurans infecting mostly freshwater fish, are some of the other well-known parasitic Crustacea. Some of the
lesser known groups like the minute tantulocarids; barnacles (including Thoracica and Rhizocephala); amphipods which
infect numerous hosts (including medusae, siphonophores, ctenophores, and thaliaceans); and the Ascothoracida which
infect various echinoderms and cnidarians, are also important parasitic groups. This presentation revises the history of
discovery in each of these different groups with the focus on those parasitising fishes and highlights some of major
historical influences as well the knowledge development which influenced the group up to the present. The significant
cont i uto sà toà ea hà pa asiti à usta ea à g oupà a eà i t odu edà i à aà Who sà Who à e ie à depi ti gà leadi gà
parasitologists in this field. This basic review of these crustacean parasites will provide a substantial background to these
abundant organisms and will contribute to a better understanding of their unique niche in the aquatic environment.
This review of the history of discovery of parasitic Crustacea will be part of the book Crustacean Parasites by Nico Smit
and Niel Bruce.
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PATTERNS OF HOST SPECIFICITY IN PARASITIC COPEPODS
Boxshall G.
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
Host specificity, the extent to which a parasite species can exploit different host species, is a fundamental property of
parasites and is a key measure of the ability of a parasite to colonise novel hosts. Host specificity data have, correctly,
been treated with great caution since sampling bias is known to be a significant problem. Copepod parasites of marine
invertebrates, for example, utilise fewer hosts than parasites of vertebrates, but baseline parasitological surveys of
potential invertebrate hosts are few and far between. Data on fish parasites are more extensive, however, and a
comparative approach reveals differences in host specificity between certain families: sea lice (Caligidae), for example,
utilise a significantly wider range of hosts than gill parasites such as the Lernanthropidae and Hatschekiidae.
Comparisons between all families of parasitic copepods utilising on fish hosts are presented and analysed with respect
to host taxon, microhabitat and degree of association with the host. The lack of robust phylogenies at the appropriate
levels for parasites and for hosts is identified as an obstacle hindering analysis of the main drivers.
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ADAPTATIONS AND EVOLUTION TOWARDS A PARASITIC WAY OF LIFE
Van As J.G.
Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, South Africa
O-140
This paper is a summary of a chapter in a book on Parasitic Crustacea.
Crustacean symbiotic associations range from facultative to very specialised parasitism where the parasite undergoes
total morphological adaptation, becoming completely reliant on the host for its survival. Many crustaceans are
temporary parasites, only associated with hosts for short period when feeding, such as in the branchiuran genus
Argulus. In some obligate parasites the adults are parasites and larvae free-living, in others the larval stages are parasitic
and adults not. Obligate permanent parasites include ecto- and meso-parasites, some copepods penetrating deep into
vital organs of their fish hosts. Some amphipods colonising sponges display eusocial behaviour where a single queen
reproduce with casts of sexless workers and soldiers collectively rearing larvae.
Parasitism can and probably did evolve at any point between these extremes and the progressive complexity of the type
of parasitism does not mean that temporary parasites will eventually evolve to become permanent parasites or
mutualists. Complex adaptation is not necessarily a more successful strategy. Any kind of association between
crustaceans and their very large spectrum of aquatic hosts existing today is successful and could have come about in
many different ways. The prerequisite for an association to be initiated is that the potential parasite and potential host
must be found in the same habitat and there must be some pre-adaptive morphology that could facilitate the initiation
and eventual consummation of the symbiotic association.
FISH PARASITIC CRUSTACEANS AS DEFINITIVE,
INTERMEDIATE AND PARATENIC HOSTS, AND AS VECTORS
Smit N.J.
Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West
University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Parasitic crustaceans are found among the Class Maxillopoda, Subclass Copepoda, and its constituent families; they are
also found among the subclasses Branchiura, Tantulocarida and Thecostraca of this same class (Class Maxillopoda).
Further parasitic examples occur among crustaceans in the Class Ostracoda and particularly in the large Class
Malacostraca, the latter containing, for example, the orders Amphipoda, Isopoda and Decapoda. In assessing the role of
parasitic crustaceans themselves as definitive, intermediate and paratenic hosts, and as vectors, it is interesting to note
that the relevant literature appears limited, but focussed on the following: Copepods of the genus Caligus and
Lepeophtheirus (Copepoda, Caligidae) may be mechanical vectors or alternative hosts of a number of viral diseases
between fishes and Lepeophtheirus may also transfer some bacteria between fishes. Ergasilids (Copepoda, Ergasilidae)
parasitic on the gill filaments of fishes can support the replication of shrimp viruses, and likely act as viral vectors; they
may also transmit lymphocystis virus of fishes. Branchiurans of the genus Argulus are thought to serve as mechanical
vectors of several viruses to fishes, especially carp, as well as acting as intermediate hosts for dracunculoid nematodes
of fishes. Isopods of the genus Gnathia (Family Gnathiidae) likely act as definitive hosts and vectors of fish blood
parasites of the genus Haemogregarina; they may also transmit some fish viruses, and may be paratenic or intermediate
hosts for nematode larvae. Cymothoids (Isopoda, Family Cymothoidae) may transmit the lymphocystis virus to fishes.
This review will detail the examples cited above and identify areas of future research and will form part of the book
Crustacean Parasites by Nico Smit and Niel Bruce.
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OVERVIEW OF HYPERSYMBIONTS/PARASITES FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH PARASITIC CRUSTACEANS
Van As L.L.
Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, South Africa
Hypersymbionts have been found on parasitic crustaceans (Branchiura and Copepoda) from different freshwater fish
hosts. Doropygus (Notodelphyidae), found in the branchial chamber of ascidians also harbour hypersymbionts.
Hyperparasitic isopods (Cabirops sp.) are found on Bopyroidea, occurring on penaeid shrimps. Udonella spp.
(Monogenea) are recorded from the carapace of caligids found on marine fishes. In free-living plankton water currents
formed by the crustaceans carry food to the epibiont, thus the question that arises is what will the situation be for
hypersymbionts found attached to parasitic crustaceans? Hypersymbionts may compete with the basibiont (parasitic
crustacean) for food. It will not be a problem for the branchiurans that feed on fish blood as the attached peritrichs are
filter feeders. Udonellids feed directly of the fish host using the caligids as a vehicle and feeding platform. With freeliving crustaceans the epibiont may leave the basibiont during moulting. Crustaceans discard epibionts attached to the
carapace through ecdysis. Epibionts adapt their lifecycle that telotrochs (of peritrichs) form when the crustacean moults,
rapidly re-infecting a basibiont. Amongst parasitic crustaceans the situation is different, in most cases it is the adult
stages that are parasitic; thus moulting has no effect on infestation.
Thisà e ie à illà eàpa tàofàtheà ookà C usta ea àPa asites à àNi oà“ itàa dàNielàB u e.
O-142
THE LIFE CYCLE OF SEA LICE (CALIGUS MINIMUS) ON SEABASS (LATES CALCARIFER)
FROM FLOATING CAGE CULTURE
Shaharom-Harrison F.1, Khoa T.N.D2, Suhairi M.3, Mohd Sabri M.3
1
Kenyir Research Institute (IPK), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Viet Nam
3
Institute of Tropical Aquaculture (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
2
Caligus minimus, known as a sea louse, is a very important pathogen of sea floating cage culture. This paper describes
the life cycle of Caligus minimus isolated from seabass culture in cages in Penang, Malaysia. The observations were
made at 30°C, with ambient photoperiod under laboratory conditions. Females of Caligus minimus with matured eggs
were collected and incubated in a beaker with slow aeration. The life cycle consists of nine stages: 2 nauplii, 1
copepodid, 4 chalimi, pre-adult and adult. The copepodid is infective and all subsequent stages were attached on fish
and do not require an intermediate host for its development. The eggs hatched out within 13.83±3.03 hours and two
nauplii stages were recorded after 1.88±0.74 hours. Copepodid stage was observed after 24.91.83±2.24 hours. A single
experiment conducted by exposing an uninfected sea bass fingerling to copepods showed the copepodid immediately
attached to the body, fins and gills of the fish. The chalimus stage was observed after 20.95±3.70 hours followed by preadult stage after 45.88±5.95 hours. Within 44.5±1.08 hours, the adult was observed and showed the female became
mature and laid the eggs after 43.25±3.11 hours. Conclusively, 5.5-6.9 days were needed for Caligus minimus to
complete its life cycle.
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A HITCHHIKER ERGASILUS FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Avenant-Oldewage A.1, Luus-Powell W.2, Oldewage W.3
1
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
3
Analytical Facility, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
2
Ergasilus Nordmann, 1832 is the largest genus of the family Ergasilidae and comprises more than 180 species. Larvae
and males are free swimming and it is only after copulation that inseminated females attach to the gills of their hosts
and then produce eggs. The males remain free swimming. Following attachment, females undergo metamorphosis and
the antennae are transformed to hooks used for attachment to the gills by embracing the filament, causing hyperplasia
and feeding of the gill epithelium. Two previous records reported Ergasilus form the skin of hosts, in both instances the
parasites was not identified to species level and the occurrences were suspected to be incidental. Recently large
numbers of Ergasilus was found attached to the fins of a large variety of fish species from the Vaal and Olifants rivers in
South Africa. Both these rivers have been studied extensively in the preceding 15 years. The parasites and host tissue
were collected and fixed in acetoformaldehyde alcohol and stored in 70% ethanol. This copepod is not host specific and
has been recorded from at least seven different host species from diverse localities. Prevalence ranges from 21 – 100%
with a mean intensity of 1.0 to 66.1, with the highest mean intensity recorded for Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) at Flag Boshielo Dam. Females attach with their antennae through insertion of the
antennal tip into the epidermis of the hosts. This attachment has a very limited pathological effect and no evidence of
inflammation occurs.
O-144
FIRST RECORD OF PARABRACHIELLA INSIDIOSA AND PARABRACHIELLA MERLUCCII
FROM EUROPEAN HAKE, MERLUCCIUS MERLUCCIUS IN TURKEY
álaşàá.1, Öktener A.2,àTü ke àÇakı àD.3
1
Department of Biology, Education Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
Depa e tàofàFishe ies,àBa dı aà“heepà‘esea hà“tatio ,àBalıkesi ,àTu ke à
3
Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
2
In this study, Parabrachiella insidiosa (Heller, 1865) and P. merluccii (Bassett-Smith, 1896) (Copepoda; Lernaeopodidae)
were reported for the first time on European hake in Turkey (Merluccius merluccius). Morphological characters of these
parasitic copepods are given in photographs and drawings. Eight species of the family Lernaeopodidae are reported
from marine habitats, Clavellotis fallax, Clavellisa scombri, Clavellotis strumosa, Lernaeopoda galei, Parabrachiella
impudica, Parabrachiella bispinosa, Parabrachiella exigua, Clavellotis briani in Turkey. One hundred and fifty European
hakes, Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces; Merluccidae) were collected by local gears from Aegean Sea of
Turkey in 2014. The parasites were fixed in 70% ethanol. Some of specimens were later cleared in lactic acid before
dissection of the appendages of copepods. The drawings of appendages were carried with the aid of camera lucida. Also,
the photos were taken with the aid of camera attached to a microscope. The shape of the trunk, longer and width and
morphologic features of all dissected parasites as structure, size of exopod and endopod of maxillule, dental formula of
mandible, denticulation and location of seta on maxilliped, size of exopod and endopod of antenna; number of segment
and seta on antennule, second maxillae with lobate processes permitted identification of these copepods as
Parabrachiella insidiosa and P. merluccii (Copepoda; Lernaeopodidae). The prevalence values of Parabrachiella insidiosa
and Parabrachiella merluccii are found as 9.33% and 6.6% respectively. P. insidiosa was found on gill filaments of host,
while P. merluccii on gill rakers of host.
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BAIKAL COTTOID FISH ACANTHOCEPHALANS: DYNAMICS OF INFECTION AND POPULATION STRUCTURE
IN THE CHANGING CONDITIONS OF ENVIRONMENT
Baldanova D.
Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Ulan-Ude, Russia
Endemic ichthyofauna of Lake Baikal is represented by cottoid fish, 29 species of them inhabit the lake from littoral zone
to maximal depth. Acanthocephalans are one of the dominant groups of parasites of cottoid fish. The aim of the
research was to study the dynamics of changes of infection of cottoid fish by Acanthocephala.
We studied 512 specimens of 18 species of cottoid fish. The species composition of Acanthocephala of cottoids include
Echynorhynchus salmonis, E. borealis and E. truttae. A total of 834 acanthocephalans were found. The highest level of
infection was observed in benthic littoral fish species: Leocottus kesslerii (prevalence 63.4%, abundance - 8.1 sp.) and
Paracottus knerii (62.1 - 4.2). Pelagic fish (Cottocomephorus grewingkii (8 - 0.2) and C. inermis (8 - 0.2) is weakly infected
by Acanthocephala, pelagic fish (Comephorus baicalensis and C. dybovski) are infected by Acanthocephala only
accidental.
Infection of L. kesslerii by Acanthocephala in the spring is significantly lower than in the autumn. Interannual
fluctuations in the relative abundance of parasites in L. kesslerii are small. Infection of L. kesslerii in shallow-water bay
(Chivyrkui Bay) in comparison to the coastal part of the open lake was significantly higher.
Sexual structure of parasite population varies significantly, but in general, females are more numerous. The main part of
acanthocephalan population is localized in the second half of the digestive tract, but acanthocephalans inhabit the
pyloric caeca also.
O-146
BIOLOGY AND VARIABILITY OF ACANTHOCEPHALANS DESCRIBED BY OMAR AMIN
Amin O.
Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
Unique and unusual features in the many species of acanthocephalans described and/or studied by Amin from fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, in various parts of the world including South America, Vietnam, Japan, the
United States, the Middle East, and North and East Africa, are described. The presentation is in five parts. (1) An
introductory section dealing with the classification, general morphology, ecology, and life cycles of the Acanthocephala.
(2) Unusual anatomical features of taxonomic or of questionable taxonomic importance addressing variations in the
proboscis, proboscis hooks, male and female reproductive organs, and lemnisci. Newly described structures including (a)
Para-receptacle structure (PRS) and hoods in certain species as well as a new order of Acanthocephala from Vietnamese
birds, are also featured. (3) Structural and functional relationships explaining the relationship between the
metamorphosis of the giant nuclei in Eoacanthocephala and worm reproductive cycle. (4) Host-parasite relationships
elucidating the relationships between worm anatomy and biology during worm growth. (5) Curiosities in reviews and
revisions highlighting taxonomically based zoo-geographical patterns and trends in the genera Neoechinorhynchus,
Polymorphus, and Pallisentis. A comprehensive treatment of the acanthocephalans of South America and those marine
forms off the Eastern United States is also included here. A look at the September, 2013 classification scheme of the
Acanthocephala is included covering 4 classes, 26 families, 157 genera, and 1298 species are included.
92
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STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND CURIOSITIES IN THE ACANTHOCEPHALA
Amin O.
Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
Omar M. Amin, Institute of Parasitic diseases, Scottsdale, Arizona
This treatment of variability in the Acanthocephala is in 3 parts (1) Structural and functional relationships explaining the
relationship between the metamorphosis of the giant nuclei in Eoacanthocephala and worm reproductive cycle. (2)
Host-parasite relationships elucidating the relationships between worm anatomy and biology during worm growth. (3)
Curiosities in reviews and revisions highlighting taxonomically based zoo-geographical patterns and trends in the genera
Neoechinorhynchus, Polymorphus, and Pallisentis. A comprehensive treatment of the acanthocephalans of South
America and those marine forms off the Eastern United States is also included here. A look at the September, 2013
classification scheme of the Acanthocephala is included covering 4 classes, 26 families, 157 genera, and 1298 species.
O-148
ANATOMICAL VARIABILITY IN THE ACANTHOCEPHALA
Amin O.
Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
Omar M. Amin, Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Scottsdale, Arizona
Unique and unusual features in the many species of acanthocephalans described and/or studied by Amin from fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, in various parts of the world including South America, Vietnam, Japan, the
United States, the Middle East, and North and East Africa, are described. The presentation is in 2 parts. (1) An
introductory section dealing with the classification, general morphology, ecology, and life cycles of the Acanthocephala.
(2) Unusual anatomical features of taxonomic or of questionable taxonomic importance addressing variations in the
proboscis, proboscis hooks, male and female reproductive organs, and lemnisci. Newly described structures including (a)
Para-receptacle structure (PRS) and hoods in certain species as well as a new order of Acanthocephala from Vietnamese
birds, are also featured.
93
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COMPARATIVE FUNCTIONAL ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MATURE VITELLOCYTES OF FOUR SPECIES OF
TRYPANORHYNCH CESTODE PARASITES OF ELASMOBRANCHS
Conn D.B.1,à” ide skià).2, Miquel J.3
1
One Health Center, Berry College and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, USA
W.à“tefańskiàI stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àPolishàá ade àofà“ ie es,àWa sa ,àPola dà
3
Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitaries, Facultat de Farmacia and Institut de Recerca de la
Biodiversitat, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
2
Cestode vitellocytes function in formation of protective coverings and nutrients for embryos and larvae. These functions
vary among different taxa depending on the type of embryonic development, degree of ovoviviparity and life cycles. This
study provides comparative analysis of data on the ultrastructure and cytochemistry of mature vitellocytes of
Parachristianella trygonis and Dolfusiella spinulifera, (Eutetrarhynchidae), Progrillotia pastinacae (Progrillotiidae) and
Grillotia erinaceus (Lacistorhynchidae), to assess if these features have phylogenetic variability or represent adaptations
to different hosts and/or life cycles. The general pattern of vitellogenesis in P. trygonis is similar to that in other lower
cestode taxa, showing no trace glycan vesicles. The most important differences in the mature vitellocyte of P. trygonis
and those D. spinulifera and P. pastinacae relate to glycogenesis. Only P. trygonis has large amounts of glycogen. In D.
spinulifera, cytochemical staining indicated a strongly positive reaction for membrane-bound glycoproteins in all
e
a ousà st u tu es.à “i ila à stai i gà e ealedà βà -glycogen scattered in the cytoplasm of maturing vitellocytes.
T pi alà toplas i àβ-glycogen particles appeared seldom during early vitellocyte maturation and were seldom visible in
mature vitellocytes of D. spinulifera and P. pastinacae. Different species also varied in content and chemical nature of
lipid droplets. In P. trygonis, massive concentrations of saturated lipids were like those of G. erinaceus and P. pastinacae.
Lack of data on the life cycles and development of Trypanorhyncha makes speculation difficult regarding functional
ultrastructure of vitellogenesis and vitellocytes. Differing concentrations of glycogen and lipids may support adaptations
that enhance transmission, but further research is needed.
O-150
CRYOTECHNIQUES REVEAL NOVEL ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF EMBRYONATED EGGS OF THE
MONOZOIC BASAL CESTODE GYROCOTYLE URNA (CESTODARIA)
Levron C.1, Scholz T.1, Vancová M.1, Kuchta R.1, Conn D.B.2
1
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li à
One Health Center, Berry College, Mount Berry GA and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge
MA, USA
2
The cestodarian, Gyrocotyle urna, is a primitive monozoic cestode that live in the spiral valve of holocephalan fishes.
Unlike the well-studied polyzoic eucestodes that have diverse hexacanth larvae, cestodarians produce unique decacanth
larvae within their thick-shelled eggs. Ultrastructure of eggs of this basal taxon with fully formed shells and early
embryonic stages is described for the first time. Multiple techniques used included cryomethods of high-pressure
freezing with freeze substitution (HPF/FS) combined with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and
transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After 20 days of in vitro maturation, eggs are composed, from the exterior to
the interior, of a thick egg shell of vitelline origin, an early embryonic envelope, a ring of numerous large vitellocytes,
and a group of differentiating blastomeres situated in the centre, forming the early presumptive larva. The thick
resistant egg shell is similar to that reported from other polylecithal neodermatan flatworms. The embryonic envelope is
poorly formed at this stage, and not yet divided into inner and outer envelopes as occurs in all neodermatans described
to date. Vitellocytes are separate, not forming a syncytium, and are filled with diverse vitelline materials as well as lipid
droplets and associated endomembrane components having ultrastructure consistent with macroautophagy systems
seen among many animals in apoptotic or autophagic cells. These results largely corroborate the basic observations and
interpretations of previous TEM studies on other neodermatans, while showing additional details and providing insight
into powerful cryotechniques that can enhance our work with these challenging subjects.
94
” ide skià).1, Conn D.B.2
O-151
COMPARATIVE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF EGGS AND HEXACANTHS OF BOTHRIOCEPHALUS CLAVIBOTHRIUM
AND EUBOTHRIUM SALVELINI (CESTODA: BOTHRIOCEPHALIDEA)
1
W.à“tefańskiàI stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àPolishàá ademy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
One Health Center, Berry College and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, USA
2
METAL SEQUESTRATION AND REACTIVE OXYGEN INTERMEDIATES IN PARADIPLOZOON ICHTHYOXANTHON
AVENANT-OLDEWAGE, 2013 FROM THE VAAL DAM, SOUTH AFRICA
Gilbert B.M., Avenant-Oldewage A.
Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
Accumulated metals can be removed and detoxified through binding to specific proteins and structures within the
bodies of exposed organisms. Parasites accumulate trace elements and heavy metals at levels which are orders of
magnitude higher than their hosts. This study aims to determine where in the body of Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon
metals are sequestered and to further determine if accumulation of metals by these monogeneans is associated with
the production of reactive oxygen intermediates. Labeobarbus aeneus were collected from the Vaal Dam, South Africa
with the use of gill nets. Gills were dissected out, assessed and P. ichthyoxanthon were removed, placed into Eppendorf
TM
tubes and flash frozen. Cryosections (5 - 10 µm) of parasites were made and stained with Phen-Green FL Cell permant
diacetate, CellROX® Deep Red and NucBlue® fluorochromes. Results of the present study indicate positive reactions for
metals throughout the tissues of P. ichthyoxanthon, with the vitellaria and clamp sclerites being principle sequestration
sites for metals, while egg shells indicated negative results for metals. Positive reactions for reactive oxygen
intermediates were noted for the tegument epithelium while no reactions were found for the visceral tissues. This study
indicates that diplozoid parasites possibly accumulate metals and certain tissues could function as sequestration sites in
a manner so as to regulate metal concentrations within their bodies. The tegumental epithelium may be the route for
metal accumulation, resulting in high levels of oxidative stress while due to the sequestration mechanisms present the
production of oxidative by-products in the viscera is reduced.
95
O-152
Data on cestode ontogeny represent useful criteria for studying phylogeny. Oviparous Bothriocephalus clavibothrium
releases eggs at early cleavage into seawater. The embryonated egg consists of the eggshell, outer envelope, and
coracidium, each comprising a hexacanth larva within a ciliated envelope. Hexacanths include subtegumental, nerve,
germinative, penetration gland and flame cells, somatic and hook myocytons, and small embryonic cells. Conversely, the
entire embryonic and larval development of Eubothrium salvelini occurs in the uterus; eggs comprise three non-ciliated
envelopes surrounding the infective hexacanth. The nonoperculated eggshell is thin, with thickness of the capsule the
same as in proteocephalideans, perhaps because embryonic development entirely in the uterus reduces the need for
embryo protection, whereas oviparous B. clavibothrium require robust eggshells for embryo protection in the open
marine environment. Infective E. salvelini hexacanths contain all the other cell types as B. clavibothrium, plus a unique
interstitial cell, but lack flame cells. These results and literature on oncospheres of other bothriocephalideans and
diph llo oth iidea s,àsuggestàph loge eti à ite iaàfo àtheseàta a.àB àdefi itio à Co àa dà” ide skià
àaà o a idiu à
is a hexacanth enclosed by a ciliated inner envelope. Coracidia generally have a protonephridial system with flame cells.
Besides lacking these features, the ultrastructure of E. salvelini oncospheres is more similar to cyclophyllideans than
bothriocephalideans and diphyllobothriideans. Thus the term coracidia is inappropriate for E. salvelini. Currently, E.
salvelini and B. clavibothrium are regarded as confamilial. Differences in ultrastructure of the oncospheres presented
here, along with some molecular data, indicate need for phylogenetic revision of Eubothrium.
Nachev M.1, Rozdina D.2, Michler-Kozma D.1, Sures B.1,3
O-153
MONOGENEAN PARASITE MAZOCRAES ALOSAE FROM ITS HOST THE PONTIC SHAD (ALOSA IMMACULATA)
AS BIOINDICATOR FOR METAL POLLUTION
1
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen,
Essen, Germany
2
Department of General and Applied Hydrobiology, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
3
Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
USE OF SERRASENTIS SAGITTIFER (ACANTHOCEPHALA) INHABITING THE BENTHIC FISH NEMIPTERUS
PERONII (NOTCHEDFIN THREADFIN BREAM) AS INDICATOR OF METAL BIOACCUMULATION IN THE EASTERN
COASTAL WATER OF SOUTH CHINA
Mazhar R.1, Shazlli A.N.2, Harrison S.F.1
1
Akuatrop University Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
INOS University Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
2
The eastern states of peninsular Malaysia receive intensive effluents of industries along the coastline. Sewage effluents,
tourism and oil pollution are major anthropogenic stressors that contribute to environmental degradation. The purpose
of the present research is to determine the effectiveness of Serrasentis sagittifer, inhabiting the benthic fish species
Nemipterus peronii, as indicator to provide synoptic information of marine ecosystem health; discriminating between
polluted and non-polluted sites located at the east coast of South China sea, possibly helping to monitor trace element
contamination in a tropical ecosystem. During northeast monsoon period up to 40 bream were collected each month
from four selected sites located at the east coast of the South China Sea. All selected sites were quite distant from each
other and impacted by different types of anthropogenic activities. The concentrations of ten metals were determined in
different tissues of hosts and in their parasites using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).The
present findings showed that all the metals were found in higher concentrations in the acanthoceplans than in tissues of
the host. As, Al, Cr and Sr were found in higher concentrations in all samples collected from Besut, samples
of P.kambing showed highest concentration of Pb. On the other hand, Zn and Ni were found in maximum
concentration in samples collected from Kuantan. S. sagittifer is extremely sensitive in indicating environmental
differences in metal uptake. It can be used as a promising biomonitor of metal contamination in tropical ecosystems as
it shows a consistent bioaccumulation behaviour and high tolerance to contamination, wide abundance, is easy
collected and identified.
96
O-154
Many studies demonstrated that various fish heminths are applicable as sensitive accumulation indicators. Due to their
remarkable accumulation properties, metal concentrations in parasites can exceed many times those in host tissues,
water and sediments as well as in different free living sentinels. Until now most of the investigations focused on
acanthocephalans, cestodes and nematodes, whereas information concerning the metal accumulation capacity of fish
monogeneans is completely missing. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the indication potential of the fish
monogenean (Mazocreas alosae) recovered from its Pontic shad host (Alosa immaculata).
Fish were caught in 2012 and 2013 between May and June in the Danube River in Bulgaria during their spawning
migration. They were infected with M. alosae and the nematode Hysterothylatium aduncum. Both parasites as well as
fish tissues (gills, muscle, liver, intestine) were collected for metal analyses. Samples were digested and subsequently
the nine elements (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, V, Zn) were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(ICP-MS).
Six elements (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn) were found in higher concentrations in monogeneans in comparison to host
muscle, with the elements Pb and Zn being significantly higher accumulated in the parasite compared with the other
host tissues and nematodes. The results demonstrated that the monogeneans exhibit excellent metal accumulation
capacity and could therefore be used in future metal monitoring studies.
O-155
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC DRIVERS AFFECTING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
ONCOMEGAS WAGENERI (CESTODA:TRYPANORHYNCHA) IN THE SOUTHERN GULF OF MEXICO
Vidal-Martínez V.1, Torres-Irineo E.1, Gold-Bouchot G.1, Martínez-Meyer E.2, Aguirre-Macedo M.1
1
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Yucatán, México
Dpto. Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
2
The aim of this study was to determine whether physicochemical variables, polyaromatic hydrocarbons or sewage
discharge affect the spatial distribution and individual numbers of the larval cestode Oncomegas wageneri, infecting the
shoal flounder Syacium gunteri, in the southern Gulf of Mexico. We used boosted generalised additive models (boosted
GAM) and MaxEnt to examine potential statistical relationships between the environmental variables and the
probability of occurrence of this parasite. The models were calibrated using all of the sampling sites with (29/162) and
without parasite occurrences. The boosted GAM accurately predicted the probability of occurrence of O. wageneri in
the study area. By contrast, poor probabilities of occurrence were obtained with the MaxEnt models for the same areas.
The variables with the highest frequencies of appearance in the models (proxies for the explained variability) were the
polyaromatic hydrocarbons of high molecular weight (PAHH, 95%), followed by a combination of nutrients, spatial
variables and polyaromatic hydrocarbons of low molecular weight (5%). The PAHH contribution to variability was
explained by the fact that these compounds together with N and P are carried by rivers discharging into the ocean
enhancing growth of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, productivity and the number of intermediate hosts. The poor
performance of the MaxEnt models was not improved by changing the size of the background area for O. wageneri.
Overall, the results indicated that PAHH apparently affect the geographical distribution and number of individuals of this
helminth parasite.
O-156
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WATER QUALITY AND THE INFESTATION OF CONTRACAECUM (NEMATODA:
ANISAKIDAE) LARVAE IN OREOCHROMIS SP. FROM THE NORTH EASTERN REGION OF SOUTH AFRICA
Sara J.R., Marr S.M., Smit W.J., Luus-Powell W.J.
Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
The culture of Oreochromis spp. constitutes about 80% of the global tilapia production. Species from this genus have
been investigated to establish their suitability for intensive culture in the northern South Africa. However, increased
infestation of farmed fish by Contracaecum sppà a à i pa tà eatà ualit à a dà p odu ti it à he à theà fish sà i
u eà
system is compromised due to poor water quality. In this study we investigated the relationship between infestation of
Contracaecum larvae and water quality in a species representative of the genus Oreochromis, O. mossambicus from ten
localities in northern South Africa.
Fish were caught using gill nets, sacrificed and examined for parasites. An environmental database was compiled and
regression analyses performed to determine relationships between water variables and the level of infestation by
Contracaecum larvae. At all localities Contracaecum spp. were present in fishes sampled. At one locality no
O. mossambicus were found to be infected with Contracaecum spp. Initial findings indicate that concentrations of
calcium and copper display a positive correlation (R = 0.8) with regard to parasite burden. Similarly, conductivity and
chlorine concentrations were positively correlated (R = 0.7). Conversely, dissolved oxygen (R = - 0.8), pH (R = - 0.7) and
phosphorus (R = - 0.7) were negatively correlated in relation to parasite burden. Results, therefore, indicate these
variables to be important in determining Contracaecum larvae infection levels in O. mossambicus.
97
POSTERS
P-001
EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION WITH PROPOLIS AND ALOE BARBADENSIS EXTRACTS ON
PARASITISM IN NILE TILAPIA
Dotta G.1, Jerônimo G.T.1, Brum A.1, Maraschin M.2, Martins M.L.1
1
AQUOS - Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Health, Departament of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina,
Florianópolis/SC, Brazil
2
Departament of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/SC, Brazil
This study evaluated the influence of diet supplementation with propolis and Aloe barbadensis on parasitism in tilapia.
One hundred and eighty fish were distributed among 12 water tanks forming four treatments: fish supplemented with a
1:1 mixture of 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% propolis and aloe extracts. After the fish had been fed on the experimental diets for
15 and 21 days, parasites were collected. The monogeneans Cichlidogyrus sclerosus, C. halli, C. thurstonae and
Scutogyrus longicornis were identified in the gills. Supplementation with the mixture of propolis and aloe for 15 days
showed the highest efficacy against the parasites. This was possibly due to the association between the two compounds,
that provided in the diet for 21 days, negatively influenced the results from this study, possibly due to stress
containment and/or accumulation of the products. The results demonstrated that supplementation with mixtures of
extracts favored a significant reduction in the number of gill parasites. The best results were achieved after 15 days of
feeding with a diet with 0.5% and 1% supplementation with the extract mixture, wich increased efficiency by 83 and
85% respectively. However, it is known that one of the main factors that influence fish health is dietary balance, such
that a combination of compounds is needed in order to meet the appropriate nutritional requirements. Dietary
supplements can also stimulate the action of nonspecific defense mechanisms and immune responses in fish.
P-002
A SURVEY OF ECTOPARASITES IN FARMED NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS L.) IN BRAZIL,
WITH DESCRIPTION OF PARASITE INTENSITY SCORE
Jerônimo G.T.1, Pádua S.B.2, Menezes Filho R.N.2, Martins M.L.1, Belo M.A.A.3, Ishikawa M.M.4
1
AQUOS - Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Health, Departament of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina,
Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
2
Aquivet Aquatic Health, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
3
College of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Clinical Pathology, Camilo Castelo Branco University
(Unicastelo), Descalvado, SP, Brazil
4
Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
Parasitic diseases are responsible for important economic losses in tilapia culture, favoring infections by opportunistic
bacteria. We performed a parasitological study in 28 tilapia farms to investigate the cause of mortality in different
culture cycle stages and we also describe the use of parasite intensity score. Parasitological analyses were performed in
fish obtained from hatchery and grow out farms in different regions of Brazil. We diagnosed 20 parasite taxa in Nile
tilapia cultured in ponds and net cages. Ciliate protozoa and Monogenea were the most prevalent groups of parasite in
all Nile tilapia culture cycle stages, affecting all studies fish farms. On the other hand, parasites like Myxobolus
sp., Lamproglena monodi, Lasidium larvae and Nematoda larvae had diagnosis restricted to some culture cycle stages
and and were detected in just a few farms. We verified that 84.2% of the diversity of parasite taxa diagnosed in the
larvae, masculinization, juvenile and grow out stages were also present in the broodstock of hatchery farms. Therefore,
we suggest that the main source for dissemination of the most prevalent parasites in tilapia culture are hatchery farms
that provide parasitized juvenile to the further stages of the culture cycle.
99
P-003
ESSENTIAL OILS OF LIPPIA SIDOIDES AND MENTHA PIPERITA AGAINST THE MONOGENEAN PARASITES AND
THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE HEMATOLOGY OF NILE TILAPIA, OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS
Steckert L.D.1, Hashimoto G.1, Marinho Neto F. A.2, Ruiz M. L.1, Acchile M.1, Chagas E.C.3, Chaves F.C.M.3,
Martins M.L.1
1
AQUOS – Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC),
Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
2
Department of Veterinary Pathology, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
3
EMBRAPA Western Amazon, Manaus, AM, Brazil
Therapeutic bathes with essential oils of Lippia sidoides (pepper rosemary) and Mentha piperita (peppermint) against
the monogeneans Cichlidogyrus tilapiae, C. thurstonae, C. halli and Scutogyrus longicornis and hematological
parameters of tilapia were studied. 320 juvenile fish were distributed in 16 tanks, 20 fish per tank, divided in 4
-1
-1
treatments in quadruplicates: fish exposed to 20 mg.L L. sidoides bath; 40 mg.L M. piperita bath; fish exposed only to
water bath and to water + DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) bath. Three bathes for 10 min were realized with intervals of 24 h.
After the third bath the parasitological and hematological analysis were performed and calculated the efficacy of the
oils. Parasite prevalence showed a reduction of 70% in essential oils treated fish. The efficacy obtained in L. sidoides
treated fish compared to water and water + DMSO was 1.96% and 14.16%, respectively, and in M. piperita treated fish
was 33.33% and 41.63%, respectively. Total numbers of erythrocytes and thrombocytes were lower in L. sidoides treated
fish. Glucose concentration and the number of neutrophils were significantly higher in L. sidoides treated fish. Due to
-1
efficacy and positive hematological results, the authors suggest the use of 40 mg.L M. piperita bathes as anthelmintic.
P-004
THE POSSIBILITY OF TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF PARASITE DISEASES
IN AQUACULTURE IN CZECH REPUBLIC
Kolarova J., Zuskova E., Velisek J.
University of South Bohemia in Ceské Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian
Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fi, Czech Republic
Prosperity of aquaculture in Czech Republic directly depends on health condition of fish. According to the Act on
veterinary care (No 166/1999 Col., as amended) the breeder must monitor state of health of animals and give skilled
veterinary aid. Prevention and treatment are part of technological proceedings in all types of aquacultured species. In
practice, the health state examination is more frequently required in fish, which is followed by the recommendation of
treatment. Parasitic infections are frequently diagnosed. However, the recommended treatment for these parasitic
diseases can be suppo tedà o l à à offà la el à p o edu es.à The eà a eà oà autho izedà a tipa asiti à p odu tsà fo à thei à
commercial use in fish culture in Czech Republic.
The authors show some real cases of treatment and prevention in Czech aquaculture: Ichthyophthiriosis
(Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) in catfish fingerlings, monogenean infection (Dactylogyrus sp., Gyrodactylus sp.) and in carp
fingerling and eye fluke (metacercariae of Diplostomum sp.) in grass carp fingerlings.
This study was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic - projects
„CENáKVá No.àC). . / . . / .
àa dà CENáKVáàII à No.àLO
àu de àtheàNPUàIàp og a .
100
P-005
SEX-BIASED GENE EXPRESSION REVEALS MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
IN THE SALMON LOUSE (LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS)
Poley J.1, Sutherland B.2, Minkley D.2, Koop B.2, Fast M.1
1
Department of Pathology & Microbiology, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
2
Sexual dimorphism is ubiquitous across the animal kingdom providing a comparative platform to study physiology,
ontogeny, behaviour, and evolution. Males and females of the same species are nearly identical genetically, with the
exception of sex chromosomes, and therefore sexual dimorphism is largely controlled by differences in gene expression
(sex-biased gene expression). The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) has become an important ectoparasitic
odelà dueà toà it sà det i e tal impacts on the salmonid aquaculture industry. Salmon lice display many sexually
dimorphic traits including differences in size, development rate, feeding patterns, drug tolerance, and behaviour, to
name a few. Here, we apply a 38K oligonucleotide microarray to analyze sex-biased gene expression in L. salmonis from
Atlantic and Pacific Canada. Principal component analysis indicated basal gene expression differences were greatest
between gender, regardless of population or life stage. A total of 771 probes showed female-biased expression while
629 probes showed male-biased expression across all populations. Despite less genes being overexpressed in males
compared to females, more orphan transcripts (non-annotated probes) showed differential expression in males
suggesting increased rates of gene-specific functional divergence. Males also showed overexpression of several
peptidase inhibitors containing kunitz domains, which function in sperm protection and/or possibly in inhibiting host
blood coagulation. Female-biased genes were enriched for in utero embryonic development (8 genes) providing insight
on egg production and mating. This study presents gene expression profiles of L. salmonis responsible for sexual
dimorphism, offering a scaffold for future studies examining sex-determination, drug response, and lice behaviour.
P-006
DEVELOPING AN IN VITRO CULTURE SYSTEM FOR THE SALMON LOUSE, LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS
Andrews M., Horsberg T.E.
Norwegian University of Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
The current experimental method to test treatment efficacy on the Lepeophtheirus salmonis chalimus stages is to infect
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, with infectious copepodites allow them to develop to the chalimus stage, treat the fish and
then sacrifice the fish to remove the chalimus. This results in the use of high numbers of experimental fish, in addition to
unpredictability of experimental conditions and difficulty to determine the effect that treatment may have on individual
parasites. The aim of this study, which is ongoing, is to reduce the use of experimental fish by only requiring reservoir
hosts to allow for production of egg strings and to develop a system allowing for the development of chalimus stages in
vitro. We will discuss the process of developing a closed seawater system allowing for the tracking of individual
parasites; the identification of a suitable substrate that encourages the copepodites to attach and extrude their frontal
filament; and finally the possibility of studying the effect of treatments on the survival and moulting of individual
parasites.
101
P-007
EFFECT OF HOST NUTRITION ON HOST-PARASITE INTERACTION OF FISH
Hosan A., Barber I.
University of Leicester, UK
Diseases caused by parasites, bacteria and viruses represent a major threat to fish, both in natural and managed
(aquaculture) populations, and the importance of diseases is likely to be exacerbated in the face of rapid global
environmental change. Changes in the type and availability of food can arise as a consequence of changing husbandry
practices or because of changes in prey availability, and understanding how this impact the biology of host-parasite
interactions represents an important challenge. In the current study, we are examining the effects of host nutrition on
interactions between three-spined sticklebacks and the parasite Schistocephalus solidus. Here we present the results of
a diet manipulation study in which we fed infected and non-infected sticklebacks on a diet of either Artemia spp.,
Daphnia or bloodworms (Chironomus larvae) at a rate 10% fish body mass per day for 8 weeks under controlled lab
conditions. We report the consequences of diet for the growth rate, energetic condition (body condition,
hepatosomatic index) and health status (splenosomatic index, haematocrit) and sexual development (ornamentation,
kidney somatic index, gonadosomatic index). Our results indicate that diet type had a significant effect on the
performance of both infected and non-infected fish in the study, and suggest that host diet plays an important role in
determining the emergent phenotypes of infected fish.
P-008
THE COMPLEXITY OF STUDYING MESOZOOPLANKTON PARASITES AND SOME GUIDELINES
UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO
Gregori M., González A.F., Pascual S.
Department of Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
Climate change is addressed as a cause of potential effects on parasitism in marine ecosystems. From an ecological
perspective, habitat loss or fragmentation, overfishing, pollution, invasive alien species, hypoxia, acidification, altered
hydrology, etc. are some examples of these other stressors that play an additive role in the climate change effect. These
stressors interact at different levels with both the mesozooplankton community and their parasites, eventually
interacting with human ecosystems. Mesozooplankton has been considered a good indicator of climate change in the
marine environment as well as their parasites, which in fact represents an extended phenotype of their hosts. Marine
parasites, as component of the marine ecosystems, are important, but very often neglected at the mesozooplankton
level in the pelagic realm. This is mainly due to the difficulty of finding them in or on the little components of the
mesozooplankton in a three-dimensional and very diluted realm. Their study implies lot of material and personal
resources as well as the development of an interdisciplinary work in which taxonomists, genetics, statisticians and
oceanographers work together. The aim in this work was (i) to provide some important impacts under the climate
change scenario that affect both mesozooplankton community and human activities, (ii) to provide the guidelines to
address the study of parasitism at the mesozooplankton level, (iii) to give some solutions with could help in this huge
task.
102
P-009
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFECTIVE STAGES OF
SCHISTOCEPHALUS SOLIDUS IN THE FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOST
Ismail Z., Barber I.
Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Changes to thermal regimes resulting from global environmental changes have the potential to alter the growth and
development of the life cycle stages of parasites, with consequences for their infectivity to fish hosts. Such changes have
the potential to increase, decrease, or alter the level of infection faced by fish, or alter the timing of infections. Here, we
describe the results of experimental studies examining how water temperature affects the survival, growth and
development of life stages of the diphyllobothriidean cestode Schistocephalus solidus, the plerocercoids of which are
ecologically important parasites of stickleback fish. Following the in vitro culture of adult worms, individual copepods
(Cyclops strenuus abyssorum) were exposed to a controlled dose of newly hatched S. solidus coracidia and held under
controlled temperatures of 15C, 19C or 23C. Infectivity of the parasite under the different temperatures was quantified
by screening copepods after 7d, and the subsequent growth rates of procercoids was tracked over 6 weeks postinfection, by microscopic examination and image analysis at 7d intervals. Our results provide detailed information on the
role of temperature dependent development of key developmental life stages of this parasite life cycle, and give insight
into how life cycle completion rates might be altered under environmental warming.
P-010
DEVELOPING LIGULA INTESTINALIS AS AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR EXAMINING THE IMPACTS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS
Yaqub S., Barber I.
Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
nd
A wide range of both temperate and tropical cyprinid fish is the suitable 2 intermediate hosts for the cestode parasite
Ligula intestinalis. Infections have economic as well as ecological importance, because the parasite castrates host fish
and hence reduces productivity in commercial or subsistence fisheries. Yet, despite being a well-studied ecological
system, most studies are undertaken on naturally infected fish hosts, and the experimental model is not well developed,
precluding experimental studies that could otherwise shed light on important questions such as how altering climates
affect the relative performance of hosts and parasites. In this presentation we outline the work we are doing to develop
experimental infection systems to utilise the model cyprinds Pimephales promelas – which is a natural host of Ligula in
North America - and Danio rerio as experimental hosts fish.
103
P-011
FISH SAMPLING METHODS MAY AFFECT OBSERVED PARASITE COMMUNITY
K a hàJ.,àO d ačko àM.,àJu ajdaàP.
Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of CR, Brno, Czech Republic
COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY BETWEEN A MARINE FISH WITH LOW VAGILITY AND ITS DIGENEAN
PARASITE
Valdivia I.M.1, Cárdenas L.1, Oliva M.E.2
1
Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos,
Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile
2
Phylogeography or the study of genetic lineages and their association with the space has advanced the understanding of
biogeographic patterns and their relationship with the history of the species and the historical and contemporary events
that influence. Incorporating phylogeographic information of a complex association such as a parasite and its host, can
help us to improve the understanding of processes driving the evolution of both members of the association, as well for
predicting the potential dispersion of a parasite over a broad spatial range. We expect that the pattern of genetic
di e sit àfo à othàtheàhostàa dàpa asiteà a à eà e auseàtheàdiffe e tàhost sàpopulatio sàa eài te o e ted.à We test the
congruence between population genetic structure of a host species with little displacement ability (Sicyases sanguineus)
and its digenean parasite (P. cf. lintoni) over a wide geographic range. Using the COI gene, we assess whether the
population genetic structure of this parasite is determined by the vagility of its host or alternatively respond to macros aleàp o essesàthatàha eàesta lishedàtheà iogeog aphi à ha a te isti sàofàtheàa ea.àOu à esultsàsho sàthatàhost sàspe iesà
do not show population genetic structure along their geographic range, unlike what is observed in the pattern of genetic
diversity of P. cf. lintoni.
Acknowledgements: Postdoctoral FONDECYT Project 3130659 to IMV and Regular FONDECYT Project 1140173.
104
P-012
Parasite communities observed in host fishes may be biased by the fish sampling method used. First, habitat-specific
sampling methods may miss target species (or sex, age, size-class) if the parasite(s) affect host habitat utilisation (use of
shelte ,à otto à o à uppe à ate à la e ,à et . .à “e o d,à aà fishà spe ies à ea tio à toà pa ti ula à sa pli gà gea à e.g.à es apeà
response) may be affected where the parasite(s) affect host behaviour. Third, certain sampling methods may affect the
parasite community (especially ectoparasites) due to physical contact (manipulation) with the fish host (e.g. gill nets).
Here, we compare the parasite community of a freshwater fish species sampled from the same site using three common
lentic-water sampling methods: electrofishing, beach seine and gill-nets.
Our results indicate that level of physical manipulation appears to be associated with an absence of some ectoparasite
spe ies,à hileà hostà fishà pe so alit ,à e.g.à i uisiti e ess,à a à otà o l à e poseà i di idualsà toà highe à u e sà ofà
endoparasites but also increase their likelihood of capture. In order to obtain a representative assessment of a fish
spe ies àpa asiteà o
u it ,àthe efo e,àt oài po ta tàfa to sà eedàtoà eàtake ài toàa ou tàdu i gàsa pli g,ài.e.àle elà
ofàph si alà a ipulatio àa dà pe so alit àofàtheàhostàfish.
This study was supported by a grant of the Czech Science Foundation (project P505/12/G112).
P-013
MICROHABITAT DISTRIBUTION OF A DIPLOZOID PARASITE (PLATYHELMINTHES: MONOGENOIDEA)
ON GILLS OF BARILIUS BENDELISIS (TELEOSTEI) FROM INDIA
Tripathi A., Chetry D.B.
Department of Zoology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar, India
Microhabitat distribution (among and within the gill arches) of a parasitic monogenoid, tentatively identified as
Paradiplozoon sp., was studied on gills of Barilius bendelisis from the River Dikrong (state of Arunachal Pradesh, India)
between January 2013 and December 2014. Of the 340 fish examined, 154 were infected by 190 individuals of
Paradiplozoon sp. (prevalence 45.29%; mean intensity 1.31). Results were analysed by nonparametric statistical tests:
Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test and Mann-Whitney U test in relation to the general occurrence of the parasite in all
examined fish. Paradiplozoon sp. appeared to have a clear statistical preference for the posterior face of proximalventral segment of the fourth gill arches. Barilius bendelisis is a new host record for diplozoid parasites.
P-014
DOES HOST MOBILITY PREDICT PARASITE DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS?
Paterson R.1, Knudsen R.2, Blasco-Costa I.3, Dunn A.M.4, Poulin R.1, Hytterød S.5, Hansen H.5
1
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway
3
Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Genève, Switzerland
4
School of Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
5
National Veterinary Institute, Section for Parasitology, Oslo, Norway
2
Parasite distribution patterns in lotic environments may be influenced by the combined influences of unidirectional
water flow and the mobility of the most agile host. However, the relative importance of these processes to parasite
distribution patterns in limnic environments is unclear. We investigate these processes as part of a larger study
assessing the re-establishment of fish parasites in a Norwegian catchment where all fish (and many intermediate hosts)
were completely eradicated by the use of the indiscriminate poison rotenone. We assessed the pre-rotenone
distribution patterns of parasites of two salmonids with differing dispersal tendencies; non-anadromous/resident Arctic
charr Salvelinus alpinus (genetically distinct populations per lake) and migratory brown trout Salmo trutta (mixed
populations between lakes). We hypothesised that prior to rotenone application, parasite abundance and prevalence
would increase in a downstream direction for species using fish as definitive hosts, whereas parasite distributions would
be mixed for species using birds as definitive hosts. Here, we present preliminary findings with particular focus on the
distribution patterns of Diplostomum sp. and Phyllodistomum umblae, which utilise bird and fish as definitive hosts,
respectively.
105
Dugarov Z.1, Batueva M.1, Burdukovskaya T.1, Sondueva L.1, Zhepkholova O.1, Baldanova D.1, Pronina S.2
P-015
PATTERNS OF THE DYNAMICS OF PARASITE COMMUNITY SPECIES RICHNESS IN
AGE SERIES OF FOUR SPECIES OF FISH IN THE LAKE BAIKAL BASIN
1
Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Russia
2
Four species of fish from reservoirs of the Lake Baikal basin divided into 2 clusters depending on the dynamics of
parasite community species richness in the age groups of host age series. Species richness of parasites in the age groups
of fishes from the first cluster increases with host age. The one of parasites in the age groups of fishes from the second
cluster has a non-linear relationship with host age. The first cluster includes the Baikal whitefish and roach and the
second cluster includes the Baikal omul and European perch. Species richness of parasite communities of age groups of
the Baikal omul first increases and then decreases in older groups. Species richness of parasite communities of age
groups of European perch or first increases and then decreases (Lake Gusinoye), or decreases in age series (Chivyrkuisky
Bay of the Lake Baikal). This division of the four fish species into two clusters depending on dynamics of parasite
communities of host age groups is connected, first of all, with the difference in the changes of the food spectra of these
fish species during ontogeny. The similarity of the dynamics of species richness of parasite communities in the age series
of Baikal whitefish and roach are caused by the resemblance of the food type (both hosts being benthophagic). The
change in food specialisation in the Baikal omul and European perch in the middle of their life cycles is the cause of the
similarity of the dynamics of species richness of parasite communities in the age series of these fish species.
P-016
GOUSSIA CRUCIATA AND G. CLUPEARUM (APICOMPLEXA) IN CARANGID AND
SCOMBRID FISHES FROM SOUTHEASTERN PACIFIC COAST
González-Kother P.1,2, Fajardo M.3, Oliva M.4, González M.T.4
1
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Doctorado en Ciencias Aplicadas mención Sistemas Marinos Costeros, Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile
3
Programa de Magister en Ecología de Sistemas Acuáticos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
4
I stitutoàdeàCie iasàNatu alesà ále a de à o àHu oldt ,àU i e sidadàdeàá tofagasta,àá tofagasta,àChile
2
The liver coccidian Goussia cruciata is considered as a specific parasite of species of the genus Trachurus from the
Atlantic (T. picturatus, T. lathami, T. trachurus and T. mediterraneus) and Pacific (T. murphyi) oceans. Goussia
clupearum, has been recorded in fish species of different families (e.g. T. trachurus and Scomber scombrus). In this
study, fish species of the Carangidae (T. murphyi and Seriola lalandi) and Scombridae (Scomber japonicus and Sarda
chilensis) captured along the Southeastern Pacific coast were examined for liver coccidians. The relationships of the
parasites with host variables including total length, condition factor and hepatosomatic index were evaluated for T.
murphyi and S. japonicus. The coccidian species were determined and quantified via observation of liver smears, using
light microscopy. Parasitological descriptors such as prevalence (P%) and abundance (A) and the distribution of parasites
were calculated using the coefficient of distribution (CD) and index of aggregation (K). Correlations between fish length,
o ditio àfa to ,àhepatoso ati ài de àa dàa u da eàofàpa asitesà e eàa al zedà ithà“pea a sà o elatio s.àGoussia
cruciata was recorded only in T. murphyi (P=100%, A= range 2-1500) and G. clupearum was recorded in livers of S.
lalandi (P=33%, A= range 2–35), S. japonicus (P=50%, A= range 11–130) and one specimen of T. murphyi (P= 0.07%, A=
10). No coccidian infections were recorded in S. chilensis. Goussia cruciata and G. clupearum showed an aggregate
distribution. The abundance of the coccidia was correlated with host length in T. murphy, but not in S. japonicus. The
infection levels apparently do not produce negative effects on fish condition.
106
P-017
ECOLOGY AND SEASONIAL DISRIBUTION OF TAPEWORM LIGULA INTESTINALIS (LINNAEUS, 1758)
(CESTODE) INFECTING BARBUS CALLENSIS (VALENCIENNES, 1842) (CYPRINIDAE) FROM FOUM EL KHANGA
DAM (SOUK AHRAS, EASTERN ALGERIA)
Menasria A.1, Kaouachi N.1, Boualleg C.1, Sahtout F.1, Khelifi N.1, Bensouilah M.2
1
Departement of Biology, Lab LEAT, University of Souk-Ahras, Algeria
Departement of Marine Biology, Lab EMMAL, University of Annaba, Algeria
2
SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF PARASITE COMMUNITIES OF SCOMBER COLIAS (OSTEICHTHYES: SCOMBRIDAE)
FROM THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Morán J.T.1, García E.2, Mele S.3, Vivas M.2, Villora-Montero M.1, Piras M.C.3, Bellido J.M.2, Montero F.E.1,
Pérez-del-Olmo A.1
1
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
3
Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Universita di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
2
The Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789) is a pelagic fish inhabiting temperate and warm waters of the
Atlantic Ocean and associated seas. In the Mediterranean, the parasite fauna of S. colias is poorly known and parasite
communities in this host have not been studied yet. This study describes the parasite fauna and assesses the seasonal
variability of the parasite communities of S. colias from the Gulf of Alicante throughout the year 2011. Twenty-four
metazoan parasite species were found in 102 fish examined; of these two were new host records. There were significant
differences in infracommunity parameters between seasons, the richness and total abundance being greater in summer,
Brillouin's diversity index significantly lower in winter and Berger-Parker's dominance index in spring. PERMANCOVA
performed with total fish length as a covariate provided strong support for the differentiation of parasite
infracommunities associated with the factor season (pseudo-F(1,99)=10.82, P(perm)<0.0001). The overall dissimilarity
between parasite communities of different seasons was relatively high (78.13–79.60%) with nine species contributing
most to this dissimilarity: the digeneans Allonematobothrioides sp., Lecithocladium excisum, Nematobothrioides
filiforme, Neonematobothrioides faciale, Opechona bacillaris, Prodistomum orientalis, the monogenean Pseudokuhnia
minor, the larval nematode Anisakis sp. type I and the acanthocephalan Rhadinorhynchus lintoni. GLMs built on
abundance and presence/absence data of these key species also revealed seasonal variability. The seasonal changes
observed in parasite communities of S. colias may be associated with the seasonal variability of water conditions and
unequal exploitation of trophic resources or with differences in the occurrence of intermediate hosts.
107
P-018
In this research, intestinal parasite (plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm Ligula intestinalis) of Cyprinid fish (Barbus
callensis) from lake of Foum El Khanga dam (Souk-Ahras, Algeria) was studied. Fish sample were obtained seasonally (90
fish individuals per season) during 2014. However, L. intestinalis was recorded in several fish hosts, the ecological
studies of this parasite are limited and there are none pointed on B. callensis. During the seasonal study of this Cestode,
many individuals of B. callensis were found infested with the tapeworm Ligula intestinalis (Linne´, 1758), which led us to
study the effect of this parasite on Barbus callensis usi gà theà e ologi alà pa asites à i de à p e ale e,à a u da eà a dà
parasite intensity). The prevalence of L. intestinalis was 68.33% and the average intensity was 3.92 parasites per infected
fish. We note, moreover, that the infection rates and parasite loads vary from one season to another. The parasite
infection indeces were high in the autumn period and low during the spring season, which coincides with the fish
breeding period.
Walter I.1, Luus-Powell W.J.1, Barson M.2,àPřik lo àI.3
P-019
SEASONAL DIVERSITY OF METAZOAN PARASITES OF PSEUDOCRENILABRUS PHILANDER (WEBER, 1897)
FROM THE MIDDLE LIMPOPO RIVER BASIN
1
Department of Biodiversity, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
3
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
2
The importance of Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Weber, 1897) as an ornamental fish, has received attention due to its
opalescence blue and pale yellow colour. This fish species is already utilized by subsistence fishermen in the Limpopo
Province as an additional source of protein.
Eighty-six specimens of P. philander (total length = 5.46 ± 0.99 cm) were collected during summer period in November
2013 and February 2014 and during winter in July and August 2014 from Nwanedi River (South Africa) and Bubi River
(Zimbabwe), respectively. Fish were sacrificed by severing the spinal cord. All parasites found were isolated from
different organs and fixed by appropriate methods. Parasite identification studying important structures and
documentation were done using an Olympus BX50 microscope. Morphometric evaluations revealed the presence of six
species of monogeneans, Enterogyrus coronatus, Cichlidogyrus tilapiae, Cichlidogyrus spp. (three different species) and
Gyrodactylogyrus sp.; three species of digenean metacercariae, Petasiger sp., Clinostomum sp. and Neodiplostomum
sp.; eight species of cestode larvae Neogryporhynchus spp., Paradilepis scolecina, Paradilepis sp., Parvitaenia
macropeos, Parvitaenia spp. and Valipora minuta; and L3 stage larvae of five nematode species, Procamallanus sp.,
Camallanus spp. and Contracaecum sp. NMDS was used to visualize the differences in the multivariate parasite species.
PERMDISP and PERMANOVA pairwise tests showed significant difference in dispersion for parasite species in Bubi River
(p=0.05, p=0.001) and a non-significant difference in Nwanedi River (p>0.05, p=0.004) for summer and winter. Many of
the observations are first geographical and host records for both localities.
P-020
SEASONAL CHANGES IN PARASITE COMMUNITIES OF THREE-SPINED STICKLEBACK
GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS
Shalal R., Barber I.
Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus occupy a wide variety of aquatic ecosystems across the Northern
hemisphere, and are often present at high population densities. Sticklebacks occupy central positions in food webs, and
so play an important role in ecosystem processes, as well as acting as a host for wide variety of parasites. Hence
sticklebacks frequently act as hosts to a wide range of parasite organisms, and make ideal subjects for the study of
parasite communities. In our study, samples of between 30-60 young-of-the-year sticklebacks were collected from the
River Soar, Leicesterhire (N 52°37'42.7", W 1°08'33.0") at approximately monthly intervals over an annual cycle. The
prevalence and intensity of a range of parasite infections were quantified, alongside data on host growth rates and
energetic indices. Here we present the findings of this study, which identify seasonality in the acquisition of infections,
the development of parasite communities, and associations between infection levels and a range of host fitness
correlates, including energetic condition and sexual development.
108
P-021
A NEW SPECIES OF HEMIPERA NICOLL, 1913 (DIGENEA: DEROGENIDAE) FROM THE INTERTIDAL FISH
SCARTICHTHYS VIRIDIS (PISCES: BLENNIIDAE) FROM OFF CENTRAL CHILE
Díaz P.E.1, Muñoz G.2, George-Nascimento M.3
1
School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaiso, PO Box 5080, Viña del Mar, Chile
3
Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
2
NEW SPECIES OF PARADISCOGASTER (DIGENEA: FAUSTULIDAE) FROM BATFISHES ON LIZARD ISLAND,
GREAT BARRIER REEF: FIRST REPORT OF FAUSTULIDAE IN EPHIPPIDAE WITH MORPHOLOGICAL AND
MOLECULAR DATA
Diaz P.E., Cutmore S., Cribb T.H.
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Combined morphological and molecular analyses allow us to describe two new Paradiscogaster species from six
Ephippidae specimens collected from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef (GBR): Paradiscogaster new species 1 from Platax
pinnatus and Paradiscogaster new species 2 from Platax orbicularis. Molecular analysis of the ITS2 region of rDNA from
the two species confirm the distinction between the two morphotypes proposed. Each Platax species was infected by
only one Paradiscogaster species despite similar diet and distribution. This is the first study to identify faustulids from
the genus Paradiscogaster in Ephippidae. A Neighbour Joining Tree was generated to evidence the comparison of these
two new species with published sequences from other congeneric Paradiscogaster.
109
P-022
A new digenean species from the genus Hemipera Nicoll, 1913 is described from the intertidal fish Scartichthys viridis
(Valenciennes) off the central coast of Chile. A total of 1,514 specimens of S. viridis was examined, 24 of which hosted
this parasite at an intensity of 1–12 worms. The new species is distinguishable from the five known congeneric species in
the body size, being the smallest and narrowest species, reaching five times longer than wide. This is the first species of
the genus described from the South Pacific Ocean off South America. The ITS2 rDNA sequence data for the new species
of Hemipera were deposited in the GenBank.
Soldánová M.1, Selbach C.2, Georgieva S.1, Sures B.2,3, Kostadinova A.1
P-023
CRYPTIC DIVERSITY OF DIPLOSTOMUM SPP. IN LYMNAEID SNAILS FROM THE RUHR AREA, GERMANY, WITH
A FOCU“ ON THE DIPLOSTOMUM MERGI “PECIE“ COMPLEX
1
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
Department of Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
3
Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
2
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF HIMASTHLINAE
(DIGENEA: ECHINOSTOMATIDAE) METACERCARIAE, PARASITES OF CERASTODERMA EDULE (BIVALVIA)
IN AVEIRO ESTUARY, PORTUGAL
Pina S.1, Santos M.J.2, Rodrigues P.1
1
IBMC – Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology and ICBAS – Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University
of Porto, Porto, Portugal
2
CIMAR-CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research and Faculty of Sciences, University of
Porto, Porto, Portugal
Most adult trematodes of Himasthlinae (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) are intestinal parasites found in birds as adults,
and occasionally in humans. In Aveiro estuary (northwestern coast of Portugal), three congeneric trematode species,
namely Himasthla quissetensis, H. elongata, H. interrupta and another species, Curtuteria arguinae, often co-occur as
encysted metacercariae in bivalves, and, in particularly, in edible cockles, as Cerastoderma edule. These four species
utilize prosobranch snails and bivalves as their first and second intermediate hosts, respectively, and various seabirds,
mostly seagulls (predators of second intermediate host) as definitive hosts. In the performed survey, metacercariae
were found infecting the foot, digestive gland, gonads and the mantle of the cockles. The isolated cysts presented
distinct diameters between the different species of Himasthlinae. However, cyst dimension is not sufficient to identify
species. Thus, chemically excysted metacercariae were studied by scanning electron microscopy. A specific and
distinctive character that was recorded was the number of oral sucker collar spines. Moreover, when this feature is
constant, their differentiation could be made by differences in the morphology of the tegument, namely the number
and shape of spines that cover the body, and also the distribution of the sensory papillae. This study also aims to present
preliminary results of the development of molecular markers, based on ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA sequences, which would
allow us to easily differentiate Himasthlinae metacercariae, parasites of C. edule. In addition, a comprehensive
phylogenetic analysis was performed within Echinostomatidae, including new Himasthlinae sequences.
110
P-024
Trematodes of the genus Diplostomum, important pathogens with serious impacts on fish populations utilise freshwater
lymnaeid snails, fish and fish-eating birds as hosts. Recent molecular studies indicate greater species diversity than
previously estimated, including three species complexes in North America and Europe. However, data on the diversity
and distribution in snail hosts are scarce. This study applies morphological and molecular approaches to the species
diversity of Diplostomum spp. in lymnaeid snail populations in a reservoir system of the Ruhr River, Germany with a
fo usào àtheà D. mergi àspe iesà o ple .àDetailedà o phologi alàa dà ole ula àdataà asedào à cox1 and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2
sequences from 52 isolates gathered in an extensive sampling of four snail species (1,909 Radix auricularia, 349 R.
peregra, 668 Stagnicola palustris and 245 Lymnaea stagnalis) provided evidence for three named species: Diplostomum
spathaceum, D. pseudospathaceum and D. parviventosum,à a dà fou à disti tà li eages:à D. mergi Lineages 2– à a dà
Diplostomum sp. CladeàQ .àTheà la ifi atio àthatà D. mergi Li eageà ài àfa tà ep ese tsàD. parviventosum and evidence
ofàtheàfi stàli kà et ee à D. mergi Li eageà àf o àisolatesàofà eta e a iaeài àfishà Geo gie aàetàal.à
àa dà e a iaeà
in snails substantially cont i uteà toà ou à k o ledgeà ofà theà D. mergi à spe iesà o ple .à Theseà esultsà suggestà aà di e seà
fauna of Diplostomum spp. in snail populations in the Ruhr reservoirs and represent an important step to the knowledge
on species identification of these important parasites of snails and fish in Europe.
This study was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project No. 15-14198S).
P-025
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF DIDYMOSULCUS SPP. (DIGENEA:
DIDYMOZOIDAE), PARASITES OF THE ATLANTIC BLUEFIN TUNA THUNNUS THYNNUS (SCOMBRIDAE)
Mele S.1, Piras M.C.1, Georgieva S.2, Rodríguez-Llanos J.3, Culurgioni J.4, Palacios-Abella J.3, Garippa G.1,
Kostadinova A.2, Montero F.E.3, Merella P.1
1
Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li à
3
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
4
Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
2
ACANTHOSTOMUM SP. (DIGENEA: CRYPTOGONIMIDAE) PARASITE OF SMOOTH STARGAZER
KATHETOSTOMA AVERRUNCUS (PERCIFORMES: URONOSCOPIDAE) OF THE NORTH COAST OF PERU
Iannacone J.1,2, Chero J.2,3, Cruces C.2,3, Minaya D.2,3, Rodríguez C.3, Sáez G.3, Alvariño L2, Cárdenas-Callirgos
J.1,4, Wetzel E.4
1
Faculty of Biological Sciences. Ricardo Palma University. Peru
Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences. Federico Villarreal University. Peru
3
Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Natural Sciences. Federico Villarreal University. Peru
4
Global Health Initiative. Wabash College, USA
2
Kathetostoma averruncus (Uronoscopidae) is a bentoneritic species buried on sandy and muddy bottoms at depths up
to 300 m and distributed from California (USA) to Lobos de Tierra Islands (Peru). According to the International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, K. averruncus is listed as a species of least concern. The aim of this study
was to identify the flukes that parasitize K. averruncus on the north coast of Peru. Specimens of K. averruncus were
acquired in December 2014 from Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes, Peru. The flukes were collected, fixed, preserved in 70%
ethanol, stained with Semichon acetic carmine and mounted in Canada balsam. Sampling throughout a total of 740
trematode parasites was collected. The flukes were identified as Acanthostomum sp. (Cryptogonimidae) due to the
following characteristics: (1) spiny tegument; (2) funnel-shaped oral sucker, surrounded by a circular row of spines; (3)
subspherical tandem and contiguous testes; (4) bipartite and sinuous seminal vesicle; (5) preacetabular genital pore; (6)
spherical and pretesticular ovary, and (7) vitelline follicles in two lateral fields. Acanthostomum sp. is a new record for
Peru and the South Pacific. Kathetostoma averruncus is a new host for this species.
111
P-026
The genus Didymosulcus Pozdnyakov, 1990 comprises hermaphroditic species of the family Didymozoidae (Trematoda:
Digenea) in which the body is divided into two distinct regions: an elongate, narrow forebody and a greatly enlarged
comma shaped hindbody, with an anterior dorsal median furrow. They occur encapsulated in pairs in the tissues of the
head of scombrid fishes, especially Thunnus spp. The aim of this study is the morphological and molecular
characterisation of Didymosulcus spp. of the Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus from the North East Atlantic and the
Western Mediterranean. Heads of 779 T. thynnus were examined for parasites between 2008 and 2014. A total of
23,606 specimens of Didymosulcus sp. was collected and assigned based on morphology to four types: Didymosulcus cf.
soleiformis (prevalence 19%), Didymosulcus wedli (53%); Didymosulcus sp. 1 (9%), Didymosulcus sp. 2 (3%). Sequence
analysis using partial sequences from the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA confirmed the morphological
results for the distinctness of the morphotypes. Results of the phylogenetic analysis including didymozoid sequences
available on GenBank will be discussed; these indicate the existence of a putative new species of Didymosulcus.
This research was supported by the Spanish MICIN project PARATUN (AGL2010-20 892) and the Regione Autonoma della
Sardegna grant (S.M., PRR-MAB-A2013-17 605).
P-027
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE) EXTRACT AS A TREATMENT AGAINST
NEOBENEDENIA SP.
Trasviña-Moreno A.1, Pérez J.1, Ascencio F.1, Angulo C.1, Avilés A.2, Hutson K.3, Inohuye R.1
1
Department of Aquaculture, CIBNOR, La Paz B.C.S., Mexico
INAPESCA, La Paz B.C.S., Mexico
3
Collage of Marine and Enviromental Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
2
Capsalid monogeneans Benedenia seriolae and Neobenedenia sp. cause severe problems in Yellowtail Kingfish, Seriola
lalandi, aquaculture. We investigated the use of natural extracts from ginger, Zingiber officinale, as an alternative to
synthetic chemicals for capsalid monogenean treatment in aquaculture. Toxicity of three dilutions of methanolic ginger
extract (1:10, 1:50 and 1:100 mL, applied in continuous immersion), were evaluated in vitro against Neobenedenia sp.
life stages (i.e. eggs, oncomiracidia and adults). Temperature was maintained at 25±1°C in natural light. Adult parasites
and oncomiracidia were monitored following immersion every hour over an 8 h period. Eggs were monitored every 24 h
over nine days. The effect of the treatments was measured as percentage survival (adults and oncomiracidia), egg
production by adults parasites, and egg hatching success. The 1:10 mL ginger extract was lethal for Neobenedenia sp. All
adult Neobenedenia sp. died and no eggs were laid following 2h of continuous immersion. Furthermore, no
oncomiracidia survived following 1h immersion in 1:10mL and no eggs hatched. The concentration of 1:100 mL had no
measurable effect on any life stage. The 1:50 mL treatment did not affect survival of adults, but it reduced egg
production to 2% and hatching success to 6% compared to seawater controls where adults yielded 405 eggs (100%) and
72% hatching success. Similarly oncomiracidia survival was reduced to 3% after 5h immersion in 1:50 mL ginger extract
compared to 97% obtained in seawater controls. This research indicates that ginger extracts may be an effective natural
treatment against capsalid monogenean infections.
P-028
A SURVEY OF ACTINOSPORES FROM ANNELIDS IN A PORTUGUESE FISH FARM
Rangel L.F.1,2, Castro R.1, Severino R.1, Rocha S.1,3, Casal G.1,4, Azevedo C.1,3, Cavaleiro F.1, Santos M.J.1,2
1
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
3
Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
4
Department of Sciences, High Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
2
The Myxosporea Bütschli, 1881 are obligate microscopic endoparasites of vertebrate and invertebrates species. They
infect fishes, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals, and alternate their life cycle in annelids and sipunculids. A fish
farm is the ideal environment for the dissemination of these parasites since it settles advantageous conditions in terms
of the presence of possibly both the vertebrate and the invertebrate hosts. Studying the extrapiscine development of
Myxosporea in annelids is important for the understanding of their full life cycle, which in turn allows the development
of better tools for the control of myxosporidioses in culture environments. For this purpose, a parasitological survey in
annelids was conducted in a fish farm located in the Algarve. The results of the survey, which included the microscopic
analysis of 1900 oligochaetes and 4275 polychaetes, revealed the presence of actinospores belonging to 5 different
collective groups. In oligochaetes, 2 triactinomyxon morphotypes (with a prevalence of infection of 1.8 to 1.9%), and
about 3 sphaeractinomyxon morphotypes (2.8% in total) were registered. In polychaetes, 1 tetractinomyxon
morphotype (0.1%), 1 echinactinomyxon morphotype (0.2%) and 1 unicapsulactinomyxon morphotype (4.2%) were
registered.
Acknowledgements: The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), within the aim of the Project
DIRDAMyx (Reference: FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-020726 / FCT- PTDC/MAR/116838/2010) for the grants attributed to F.
Cavaleiro and R. Castro, and the Ph.D. fellowship grants attributed to L. Rangel (SFRH/BD/82237/2011) and to S. Rocha
(SFRH/BD/92661/2013) through the programme QREN-POPH/FSE; and the project EUCVOA (NORTE-07-0162-FEDER000116).
112
P-029
ZSCHOKKELLA AURATIS (MYXOZOA) INFECTING THE GALLBLADDER OF THE GILTHEAD SEA BREAM,
SPARUS AURATA (SPARIDAE): PARASITE-HOST-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS
Castro R.1, Cavaleiro F.1, Rangel L.1,2, Rocha S.1,3, Severino R.1, Casal G.1-4, Santos M.J.1,2
1
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto, Portugal
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
3
Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
4
Department of Sciences, High Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
2
The infection with myxozoans has generally been recognized among the most important causes of economic losses in
fish farm facilities. Zschokkella auratis, a parasite recently described by Rocha et al. 2013, is found infecting the
gallbladder of the gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata (Sparidae). In this work, the relationships between that parasite, its
host and the environment in which it lives is investigated, based on the parasitological records for 288 fish reared in an
aquaculture facility located in Southern Portugal. The occurrence of Z. auratis was related with host (total weight and
length, condition factor and sex) and environmental (season and water temperature and salinity) characteristics. Z.
auratis recorded a prevalence of 11.3% for the gallbladder. Concerning the host characteristics, the statistical analyses
(Mann-Whit e sàUàtest àsuggestedàaàsig ifi a tà egati eài pa tàofàZ. auratis i àtheàhost sàtotalà eightàa dàle gthàa dà
condition factor (P < 0.007). As for the environment, a significant difference was found for water salinity (P = 0.000),
with higher salinities favoring the occurrence of the infection. These results suggest that myxozoan parasites infecting
the gallbladder, usually reported as innocuous for their hosts, may have been overlooked and could actually affect their
hosts.
Acknowledgements: The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), within the aim of the Project
DIRDAMyx (Reference: FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-020726 / FCT- PTDC/MAR/116838/2010) for the grants attributed to F.
Cavaleiro and R. Castro, and the Ph.D. fellowship grants attributed to S. Rocha (SFRH/BD/92661/2013) and to L. Rangel
(SFRH/BD/82237/2011) through the programme QREN-POPH/FSE; and the project EUCVOA (NORTE-07-0162-FEDER000116).
P-030
PRESENCE OF NEOBENEDENIA MELLENI ON SPANISH ATLANTIC CULTURES OF SERIOLA DUMERILI
Sánchez-García N.1, Repullés-Albelda A.1, Costa J.Z.2, Raga J.A.1, Montero F.E.1
1
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Moredun Research Institute, Aquaculture Research Group, Penicuik, UK
2
This study documents recent outbreaks of Neobenedia melleni on Seriola dumerili cultured in Canary Islands.
Monogenan capsalids of the genus Neobenedenia are common skin and gill parasites of marine fishes, frequently highly
pathogenic. Moreover, the species of this genus usually show low host specificity, what hampers their control and
epidemiological follow-up. Neobenedenia spp. have been described parasitising some commercial important species as
Seriola dumerili and S. quinquerata, being related to high mortalities in marine aquaculture facilities in the western
Pacific (Japan and Australia), dealing in important economic loses.
The aim of present study is to identify the species of Neobenedenia sp. parasitising the cultures of S. dumerili in Canary
Islands (Eastern Atlantic). The species of Neobenedenia was identified through their morphology and confirmed with
molecular analyses due to the puzzling taxonomy of the group. Specimens isolated were compared with morphologic
and morphometric descriptions and available sequences of N. melleni and N. girellae.
We conclude that the monogeneans herein analysed correspond to the species N. melleni. Until now, N. melleni has not
been reported from wild or cultured fish in the Atlantic waters. The presence of N. melleni can deal in health fish
problems and in economic loses in the Atlantic cultures of S. dumerili, showing the importance to develop a proper
monitoring and management planning in the aquaculture installations.
Funded by ISIC/2012/003 & PROMETEO 795/2015/018 projects.
113
Palacios-Abella J.F.1, Rodríguez-Llanos J.1, Villora-Montero M.1, Merella P.2, Constenla M.3, Padrós F.3, Mele
S.2, Montero F.E.1
P-031
DISTRIBUTION OF CARDICOLA SPP. IN THE GILL FILAMENTS OF THE ATLANTIC BLUEFIN TUNA
THUNNUS THYNNUS: DESIGN OF USER-FRIENDLY DIAGNOSIS METHODS
1
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
3
Departament de Biologia á i al,à deà Biologiaà Vegetalà ià d E ologiaà a dà “e eià deà Diag òsti à Patològi à e à Pei os,à
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
2
FOUR SPECIES OF CARDICOLA (TREMATODA: APOROCOTYLIDAE) INFECTING THE ATLANTIC BLUEFIN TUNA
THUNNUS THYNNUS (L.) IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Palacios-Abella J.F. 1, Rodríguez-Llanos J.1, Mele S.2, Montero F.E.1
1
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
2
Blood flukes (Trematoda, Aporocotylidae) are the one of the most pathogenic parasites infecting pelagic fish in
aquaculture. Pathologies associated to these aporocotylids of the genus Cardicola Short, 1953 have been reported in
tunas (Thunnus spp.) from Australia and Japan. Two Cardicola species have been reported to date in the Atlantic Bluefin
Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) from the Mediterranean, although no significant damages have been described. Morphological
and genetic analyses of ribosomal ITS-2 sequences revealed the occurrence of four aporocotylid species in 274 tuna
fished from the wild and 147 tuna from sea-cages. Adults of three species were recovered: C. forsteri, C. opisthorchis
and C. orientalis. A fourth undescribed species was found, based on molecular analyses of eggs apparently
indistinguishable in size and shape from the eggs of C. orientalis. The findings provided evidence that infections with
Cardicola spp. differed in relation to locality, host origin (wild vs cage-reared) and site of infection. This is the first time
that four species of Cardicola (and to our knowledge, of any aporocotylid species) are cited together in the same species
and area, and the first record of C. orientalis and Cardicola sp. in T. thynnus. It is necessary to estimate the possible
different pathogenic effects of each species of Cardicola in order to take appropriate control measures.
JPA and JRL benefit from a PhD fellowship from the University of Valencia and the Spanish Government respectively.
Funded by project AGL2010-20892 of the Spanish Government.
114
P-032
Blood-flukes of the genus Cardicola (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae) are highly pathogenic parasites for bluefin tuna
farming worldwide. The aim of this study is to describe the distribution of blood-flukes in the gills of farmed Atlantic
bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus and, based on this information, to provide an efficient and user-friendly diagnostic
method. The gills of 100 Mediterranean farmed tuna were analysed: holobranchs were divided into five transversal
areas, a pair of gill filaments was cut from each area and processed by gill clarification and observation under
stereomicroscope. The results from each area and the whole gills were compared. No adults of Cardicola spp. were
found in the gill filaments, while eggs were detected in 92% of the samples. They were uniformly distributed among
holobranchs (prevalences from 45% to 57%), whereas they were aggregated among transversal areas: the dorso-distal
ones had the highest prevalence (80%). Caution must be taken to extrapolate the results to other bluefin tuna species,
as the observed distribution differs to those reported in other studies. Based on the observations, accurate, cheap and
low time-consuming diagnostic method, also utilizable by fish producers, is proposed.
JPA and JRL benefit from a PhD fellowship from the University of Valencia and the Spanish Government respectively.
Funded by project AGL2010-20892 of the Spanish Government.
P-033
PARASITE FAUNA AND RISK ASSESSMENT FOR AQUACULTURE OF SERIOLA DUMERILI
IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Repullés-Albelda A., Alonso-Peralo I., Raga J.A., Montero F.E.
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
The greater amberjack Seriola dumerili is a fish species with high economical value and very appreciated by consumers,
mainly in Japan but also in the Mediterranean region. Whereas this species is intensively cultured in Japan, incipient
attempts of culture in the Mediterranean have been truncated by illnesses associated to parasites among other causes.
Therefore management of parasite infections is critical to enhance the culture of this fish species. The aim of this work is
to describe the parasite fauna of greater amberjack in the western Mediterranean Sea and to assess the potential risks
of the recorded parasite species for cultures. To attain this objective 165 greater amberjacks from Majorca were
periodically sampled and analysed. Parasites were collected, mounted and identified and thereafter, different species
were arranged into groups representing gradual risk levels for cultured greater amberjacks. As a result of this study, a
total number of 36,824 specimens from 26 species belonging to three different phyla (Arthropoda, Nematoda and
Platyhelminthes) were recorded: 1 isopod, 3 copepods, 4 nematodes, 15 trematodes, 2 cestodes and 1 monogenean.
Monogeneans and aporocotylid trematodes were considered the most hazardous species, with fast proliferation and
transmission and causing severe pathological effects on host. Copepods, isopods and nematodes represent thus a
moderate hazard for greater amberjack in culture conditions. Finally, most of the trematodes, as well as accidental
parasite species with low prevalences and without severe associated pathologies were considered harmless.
Funded by AGL2010-20892, ISIC/2012/003 & PROMETEO 795/2015/018 projects
P-034
ECTOPARASITES VERSUS SHARK SQUAMATION: IMPLICATIONS OF GROUPING BEHAVIOUR
ON SHARKS PARASITISM
Ferrón H.G.1, Palacios-Abella J.F.2
1
Área de Paleontología, Departamento de Geología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
2
Grouping behavior is widespread among sharks being present in almost all lifestyles or ecological groups. It is well
known that there are some costs associated with schooling or shoaling such as decrease in foraging efficiency or the
increase of the risk of pathogen transmission. In this sense, this work aims to analyze the abundance of ectoparasites
with direct life cycles in schooling and non-schooling sharks and to detect adaptative responses of their squamation
pattern to this selection pressure. For this purpose, we have reviewed 195 shark species and their parasite richness have
been compared between schooling and non-schooling species using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Furthermore, the
squamation pattern and the scales morphology of 10 specimens of each ecological group of sharks have been studied in
the Museum für Naturkunde (Berlin, Germany). Our results suggest that ectoparasites with direct life cycles are more
abundant in schooling species. Interestingly, squamation seems to respond to a trade-off where hydrodynamic and
protective functions prevail over defense against ectoparasites. As a consequence, only schooling species which are not
strong swimmers or benthic species living on hard substrates have optimized some aspects of their squamations in order
to avoid the settlement of ectoparasites (reducing the scale density and increasing the angle of crown insertion). The
location of the ectoparasites on these species provides some evidence in this regard, being found mainly on gill bars and
areas without scales or with smooth scales, such as the snout, eyes and fin leading edges, where the attachment is
easier.
115
Oda F.H.1, Graça R.J.1, Bellay S.2, Balbuena J.A.3, Takemoto R.M.1
P-035
WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION INFLUENCES FISH PARASITE ABUNDANCE IN SEMI-LOTIC ENVIRONMENTS
IN A LONGITUDINAL GRADIENT OF A TROPICAL RIVER
1
Laboratory of Ichthyoparasitology, Center of Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture, State University of
Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
2
Laboratory of Ecology of fish community, Center of Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture, State
University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
3
Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
DOES THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPHAEROSPORA DICENTRARCHI (MYXOZOA: SPHAEROSPORIDAE)
VA‘IE“ ACCO‘DING TO HO“T “ AGE?
Cavaleiro F.1,2, Castro R.1,2, Rangel L.1,2, Rocha S.1,3, Casal G.1,4, Azevedo C.1,3, Santos M.1,2
1
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
3
Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
4
Department of Sciences, High Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
2
Sphaerospora dicentrarchi (Myxozoa: Sphaerosporidae) is a histozoic parasite, commonly found infecting Dicentrarchus
labrax (Teleostei: Moronidae). It is usually found in the connective tissue of different organs and both in wild and
cultured fish. However, despite the numerous studies conducted so far, only little information is available on the
pa asite sà spatialà dist i utio à ithi à theà host sà od .à Thisà stud à ai edà atà e aluati gà hethe à su hà dist i utio à a ies
du i gàtheà ou seàofàtheàhost sàlife.àPa asiteà e o dsà espe ti gàaàtotalàofà
àspe i e sàofà D. labrax – 78.9±38.2 (21.1257) g; N0 years=7, N1 year=152, N2 years=188, N3 years=54 and N≥ à ea s=8 –, collected in the Ria deàá ei oà º . N,à º . W à
between July 1993 and March 1996, were used in the analysis. S. dicentrarchi was isolated from different sites,
including: the posterior kidney (overall prevalence: 38.1%); the gall (39.9%), swimming (44.0%) and urinary (36.7%)
bladders; the gonads (45.7%); the stomach (24.4%); the pyloric caeca (36.4%); and the anterior (38.6%), medium (39.4%)
and posterior (38.9%) intestine. A correspondence analysis was conducted to evaluate whether the infection spreads
within the body as the host grows older. According to the results found, older fish tended to present a higher number of
sites infected with S. dicentrarchi. Furthermore, in older fish, the prevalence of infection was maximum for the gall and
urinary bladders, the pyloric caeca and the intestine. In the posterior kidney, gonads and swimming bladder, the
prevalence reached the maximum level in the third year, decreasing thereafter. This result is of interest, in the
perspective of infection control.
116
P-036
The structure and dynamics of populations and communities in floodplains can be explained by physical and chemical
features of these ecosystems. Although the effects of these properties on free-living communities are relatively well
studied in Upper Paraná River floodplain (UPRF), this prediction has not been effectively tested for parasites.
Multivariate analyses were performed to determine which physical environmental descriptors (distance among
e i o e ts,àlo atio ào àtheàisla dà ightàa dàleftàside ,àand water level) that influence the abundance of fish parasite
species in five semi-lotic environments within fluvial islands in a longitudinal gradient from Paraná River, southern Brazil.
Six hundred individuals of Moenkhausia forestii were collected between June 2011 and April 2012 at periods of low and
high water levels. A total of 5939 parasites belonging to 17 species were found parasitizing the fishes. Due to the
intimate relationship of parasites with their hosts, the parasite community also reports a similar pattern in free-living
communities from the UPRF. The decrease in water level reduces the connectivity among environments (low similarity)
with different hydrological features, and local processes act in different intensities on host populations. On the other
hand, the increase in water level permits connectivity (high similarity) among environments with different hydrological
features and as a result, host populations tend to be more similar among environments. Our results show that water
level variation is the main environmental descriptor that affects the parasite abundance due to influence on abiotic and
biotic variables from each environment along the longitudinal gradient.
P-037
SEASONAL VARIABILITY IN THE PARASITE FAUNA OF SOLEA SENEGALENSIS (KAUP, 1858) FROM EBRO
DELTA (NW MEDITERRANEAN) RELATED TO HOST DIET AND HISTOPATHOLOGY: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Monje-Ruiz M. 1,2, Dallarés S.1,2, Pérez-i-García D. 1,2, Carrassón M. 1,2, Constenla M. 1,2
1
Depa ta e tàdeàBiologiaàá i al,àdeàBiologiaàVegetalàiàd E ologia,àU i e sitatàáutò o aàdeàBa elo a,àBa elo a,à“pai
Xarxa de R+D+I en Aqüicultura de Catalunya, Spain
2
PATTERNS ON ABUNDANCE OF METAZOAN FISH PARASITES ON THE MEDITERRANEAN PLATFORM OFF
CATALONIA: HOST- AND ENVIRONMENT-RELATED FACTORS
Carrassón M.1,2, Pérez-del-Olmo A.3, Cartes J.E.4, Kostadinova A.5
1
Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d E ologia,àU i e sitatàáutò o aàdeàBa elo a,àCe da ola del
Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
2
Xarxa de R+D+I en Aqüicultura de Catalunya, Spain
3
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
4
Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
5
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
A total of 683 fish representing ten species (Scyliorhinus canicula, Trisopterus minutes, Merluccius merluccius, Pagellus
acarne, Pagellus erythrinus, Boops boops, Spicara maena, Mullus barbatus, Trachinus draco, Citharus linguatula) was
collected in 2007 during an extensive survey of macroparasites from off Barcelona in the Western Mediterranean at
depths ranging from 53 to 68 m. A total of 99 parasite taxa were identified. Relationships between infracommunity
abundance and biotic factors characterising host-species (condition factor, fish density, swimming capacity, diet and
trophic level) and environmental factors (temperature, turbidity, etc.) were analysed. The abundance of parasites
sharply contrasted among host species, Citharus linguatula exhibiting the lowest total abundance (TA) (2.53±0.40
parasites/fish) and Scyliorhinus canicula the greatest (46.94±6.46). Abundance of Proleptus obtusus and Anisakis
physeteris was associated with polychaetes and shrimps, in turn linked as preferential prey with S. canicula. High nearbottom temperature was linked to the abundance of Lernaeocera lusci, Helicometra fasciata and Ascarophis mullusi,
coinciding with the hauls performed in summer and autumn. Infracommunity abundance of endoparasites showed a
positive relationship with host size and swimming capacity and a negative relationship with condition factor and trophic
level, but these positive relationships were not observed for TA of ectoparasites. Species richness and Brillouin's
diversity index showed a positive relationship with fish density. We provide strong evidence that several factors
determine parasite abundance, with a prominent role of host species, individual fish size, condition factor, swimming
capacity and trophic level of host.
The study was supported by the MICINN projects BIOMARE (CTM2006-13508-C02-01) and ANTROMARE (CTM200912214-C02-02).
117
P-038
Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858 (Teleostei: Pleuronectiforme) is a commercially important benthic species frequently
found in Ebro Delta platform. Despite some studies dealing with metal concentrations and enzymatic activity levels have
been done for this species, its parasite fauna is poorly known and, as far as we are aware, no data on its parasite
communities from the Mediterranean Sea exist. The aim of this study is to assess the seasonal variability on the parasite
fauna of S. senegalensis and to evaluate its relationship with host diet and histopathology. A total of 120 specimens of S.
senegalensis was collected in Ebro Delta (NW Mediterranean) in autumn 2014 and winter and spring 2015 at a depth of
10-12m. Half of the specimens of each season were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histopathological study and the
rest were frozen for parasitological study. Parasitological, dietary and histological analyses were performed according to
standardized protocols. A total of nine parasite taxa was found: two digeneans, one cestode, two acantocephalans,
three nematodes and one copepod. The most prevalent and abundant parasites were the copepod Bomolochus cf.
bellones, the digenean Galactosomum sp., and the acanthocephalan Pseudorhadinorhynchus sp. Total mean abundance
and total mean species richness values were relatively uniform throughout the year. However, differences in prevalence
and abundance among seasons were observed at the component population level for some taxa, probably related to
seasonal dietary changes of the hosts.
Rodríguez-Tornero A.1,2, Pérez-i-García D. 1,2, Dallarés S. 1,2, Constenla M. 1,2, Carrassón M. 1,2
P-039
PARASITE COMMUNITIES OF ALEPOCEPHALUS ROSTRATUS (RISSO, 1820) IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
BETWEEN 1000 AND 2000 M DEPTH
1
Departament de Biologiaàá i al,àdeàBiologiaàVegetalàiàd E ologia,àU i e sitatàáutò o aàdeàBa elo a,àCe da ola del
Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
2
Xarxa de R+D+I en Aqüicultura de Catalunya, Spain
DESCRIPTION OF THE PARASITE COMMUNITY OF PHYCIS BLENNOIDES (BRÜNNICH, 1768) FROM DEEP
WATERS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Castañeda-Cobo C. 1,2, Pérez-i-García D. 1,2, Dallarés S. 1,2, Constenla M. 1,2, Carrassón M. 1,2
1
Depa ta e tàdeàBiologiaàá i al,àdeàBiologiaàVegetalàiàd E ologia,àU i e sitatàáutò o aàdeàBa elo a,àCe da olaàdelà
Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
2
Xarxa de R+D+I en Aqüicultura de Catalunya, Spain
The greater forkbeard, Phycis blennoides (Brünnich, 1768) (Gadiformes), an important constituent of the western
Mediterranean demersal fisheries, is distributed in the central and eastern Atlantic Ocean as well as in the
Mediterranean Sea. A total of 80 specimens of P. blennoides were collected in the Balearic Sea (W Mediterranean).
Samples were obtained from the continental slope of two different areas: the coast of Catalonia (off Barcelona) and the
Balearic Islands, at depths between 400 and 1400 m in summer (July 2010, June 2011) and autumn (October 2011).
Environmental variables were recorded at 5 m above the sea-bottom. The fishes were dissected and examined in the
laboratory for parasitological study. Parasitological data were analyzed by comparing areas, depth strata, and seasons.
The parasite community of P. blennoides was dominated by nematodes, which constituted more than half of the total
number of taxa, followed in importance by digeneans. Most parasites were adult stages, except some nematodes such
us Anisakis type 1 and 2, which were found as larvae. The most prevalent parasites were the nematodes Collarinema cf.
collaris, Hysterothylacium cf. aduncum, Capillaria cf. gracilis and Cucullanus spp. and the digeneans Bathycreadium brayi
and Lepidapedon spp. Other remarkable taxa were the copepod Clavella sp. and the acantocephalan Echinorhynchus sp.
Parasite infracommunities showed differences between depth strata, areas and seasons, probably related to changes in
host diet.
The study was supported by the MICINN project ANTROMARE (CTM2009-12214-C02-02).
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P-040
Alepocephalus rostratus Risso, 1820 is the second most important fish species, in terms of biomass, inhabiting the deep
slope of the Catalan Sea. A total of 152 individuals of A. rostratus were collected on board the R/V García del Cid in the
Catalan Sea (Western Mediterranean) during July 2010 and October 2011 with a semi-balloon otter-trawl (OTSB-14).
Fish were captured between 1000 and 2000 m depth at two different localities (Barcelona coast and Balearic Islands).
Fish were dissected according to a standardized parasitological protocol. The most abundant and prevalent parasites
were the cestode Scolex pleuronectis (Müller, 1788), the nematode Cucullaninae gen. sp. and the monogenean
Paracyclocotyla cherbonnieri (Dollfus, 1970). Scolex pleuronectis showed the highest prevalence along the slope, mainly
in summer when this parasite achieved a 100% prevalence. Cucullaninae gen. sp. was the parasite with the highest total
abundance at 1000-1400 m depth, whereas at 1400-2000 m its abundance decreased. This could be explained by a diet
shift of the hosts at increasing depths. This tendency has also been reported in previous studies. The digenean
Paraccacladium sp. exhibited seasonal and bathymetric variability in terms of prevalence and abundance, achieving
highest values in autumn and at 1400-2000 m depth. The bathymetric effect is probably related to higher water
temperatures at 1400-2000 m as it has been observed in the same area in summer.
This study was supported by the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry project ANTROMARE (CTM2009-12214-C0202).
P-041
NATURAL VARIABILITY OF PARASITE COMMUNITIES OF MACROURID FISHES
IN MEDITERRANEAN LOWER SLOPE
Pérez-i-García D., Constenla M., Carreras-Colon E., Carrassón M.
Department de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès,
Spain
PARASITE FAUNA OF PAGRUS PAGRUS (L.) AND SESONAL VARIATION OF ITS PARASITE COMMUNITIES
ALONG THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN COASTS OF ALGERIA
Lablack L.1, Pérez-del-Olmo A.2, Marzoug D.1, Boutiba Z.1
1
Laboratoire Réseau de Surveillance Environnementale, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de
la Vie, Universit àd O a ,àO a ,àálge ia
2
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
The red porgy, Pagrus pagrus, is a benthopelagic sparid fish with a high commercial value, which occurs in warm
temperate and subtropical areas of the Atlantic including the Mediterranean. It closely resembles to Pagrus major, one
of the most valuable and widely farmed marine fishes, and thus, there is an increase of interest in its culture in the
Mediterranean. However, the parasite fauna of P. pagrus is relatively unknown in this area. Our study describes for the
first time the parasite fauna of P. pagrus and assesses the seasonal variability of its parasite communities in the
Mediterranean. Sixty P. pagrus collected in summer and autumn of 2013 were examined and a total of 926 parasites of
22 species was collected: four monogeneans (Choricotyle chrysophryi, Encotyllabe sp., Lamellodiscus cf. baeri and
Microchotyle erythrini), nine digeneans (Allopodocotyle jaffensis, Aphallus tubarium, Cardicola sp., Derogenes latus,
Diphterostomum brusinae, Holorchis pycnoporus, Macvicaria crassigula, Pachycreadium carnosum and Stephanostomum
euzeti met.), one larval cestode (Scolex pleuronectis), four nematodes (Anisakis sp. larva), Ascarophis sp., Capillariidae
gen. sp. and Hysterothylacium sp. larva), one acanthocephalan (Neoechinorhyncus sp.) and three crustaceans
(Clavellopsis sp., Gnathia sp. and Caligus sp.). Analyses of the composition and structure of parasite communities in P.
pagrus showed a seasonal variation associated with the higher abundance in autumn than in summer of the
ectoparasites Gnathia sp., Lamellodiscus cf. baeri and Microcotye erythrini.
119
P-042
The parasite communities of the three macrourids with their bathymetric centre of gravity in the deep lower slope
(below 1400 m depth) of the Catalan Sea (Western Mediterranean) were analysed for the first time. Specimens of
Coryphaenoides guentheri (n=126), Coryphaenoides mediterraneus (n=45) and Coelorinchus mediterraneus (n=102) were
collected on board the R/V García del Cid in July 2010, September 2011 and May 2012. The parasite fauna infecting
macrourids was relatively poor, being lower for the fishes of the genus Coryphaenoides (5 species in each host) than for
Coelorinchus mediterraneus (9). These three hosts shared only two parasite species: the nematode Hysterothylacium
aduncum and the copepod Hamaticolax sp. Hysterothylacium aduncum was the most abundant and prevalent parasite
for the genus Coryphaenoides, reaching 100% prevalence at the lowest depth in Coryphaenoides guentheri. Likewise, the
abundance of this nematode increased with depth in all hosts. This pattern has also been observed in other fishes of the
same area (i.e. Alepocephalus rostratus and Bathypterois mediterraneus). The copepod Hamaticolax sp. was mostly
present in both Coryphaenoides mediterraneus and Coelorinchus mediterraneus, and its abundance tends to increase at
lower depths. The digenean Lepidapedon desclersae was the most abundant and most prevalent parasite in
Coelorinchus mediterraneus and it exhibited its higher abundance and prevalence in summer. Overall, nematodes
seemed to be the main group parasitizing the Mediterranean Macrouridae since they represented almost half of the
parasite fauna in these fishes.
The study was supported by the MICINN project ANTROMARE (CTM2009-12214-C02-02).
Boualleg C.1, Kaouachi N.1, Menasria A.1, Djebbari N.2, Gouasmia G.1, Quilichini Y.3, Ternengo S.3, Marchand
B.3, Bensouilah M.2
P-043
SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INDEX OF HATSHEKIIDAE PARASITES
IN THIRTEEN TELEOST FISH SPECIES FROM EAST OF ALGERIAN COAST
1
Departement of Biology, Lab LEAT, University of Souk-Ahras, Algeria
Departement of Marine Biology, Lab EMMAL, University of Annaba, Algeria
3
CNRS UMR 6134, Université de Corse. France
2
This work focuses on the study of the infestation by Hatshekeidae parasites collected on 2060 fish belonging to 13
species known for their economic interest. Six species were used for the spatial study (Diplodus vulgaris, D. sargus, D.
annularis, Pagellus erythrinus, P. bogaraveo, P. acarne) collected in 2004 from off the Algerian East coast (Annaba, El
Kala and Skikda Gulf and El Mellah lagoon), and three were used for a seasonal study (D. annularis, Lithognathus
mormyrus, Mullus barbatus) sampled in 2007 from gulf of Annaba. Additionally, Scorpaena scrofa, D. cervinus, D.
puntazzo, D. marrocanus, M. surmuletus were collected from Annaba gulf in 2008 for the Inventory Study. A total of
2519 Hatschekeidae parasites was found belonging to three species (Hatschekia pagellibogneravei (Hesse 1879); H. mulli
(Van Benden, 1851); Prohatschekia mediterranea (Hamza et al, 2007). The infection levels of H. pagellibogneravei
(Hesse, 1879) were significantly higher in D. vulgaris from Skikda gulf. We note, in fact, the absence of the other two
copepods species on the three species of the genus Diplodus which have been the subject of a spatial study. Seasonal
samples of the three host species collected revealed higher infection levels of Hastchekia pagellibogneravei (Hesse,
2
1879) and Hatschekiamulli (Van Benden, 1851) during the summer. The results of the application of χ test of
independence by using the software Statistica 8 show that the site presents an influence on the fish infestation rates by
Hatschekeidae.
P-044
INFECTIONS WITH DIPLOSTOMUM SPATHACEUM IN THE EYES OF FISHES FROM
THE ARAS RESERVOIR LAKE IN IRAN
Jalilzadeh Tabrizi S.1, Azadikhah D.2
1
Young researcher and elite clubs, Urmia branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
2
In this survey infections with Diplostomum spathaceum in 240 fish specimens of seven species (Sander lucioperca, Siluris
glanis, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, H. nobilis, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Abramis brama) samples
in the Aras Reservoir Lake was evaluated from spring to winter in 2012. The results indicate that 40% of fish (96 fish)
harboured this parasite thus indicating a high rate of infection in the fish in this water resource. The mean abundance
was 6.07±1.34 and the range for intensity was between 1–52 parasites. Statistically significant differences were
observed in the intensity of infection with D. spathaceum between different seasons (P > 0.05) with the highest
infestation rate of 25% in summer and the lowest rate of 5% in winter. Infections with metacercariae of D. spathaceum
were observed in all host species studied, but H. molitrix was most heavily infected.
120
P-045
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PARASITES OF OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS FROM
TWO RESERVOIRS IN BURKINA FASO
Sinaré Y., Boungou M., Ouéda A., Gnémé A., Kabré B.G.
Department of Animals Biology and Ecology, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
The study aimed to investigate the diversity, abundance, intensity and seasonal distribution of parasites of Oreochromis
niloticus. A total of 254 specimens of Oreochromis niloticus was sampled in Loumbila and Ziga reservoirs, in both rainy
and dry season and examined for parasites. The total prevalence was 55.90% and the highest seasonal prevalence,
abundance and intensity were observed during the rainy season. Parasites recovered were the myxozoan Myxobollus
tilapiae, the copepode Lamproglena monodi, the monogeneans Cichlidogyrus tilapiae and Cichlidogyrus sp., the
digenetic trematode Clinostomum sp., the nematode Paracamalanus cyathopharynx and the acanthocephalan
Acanthogyrus tilapiae. The latter species had higher prevalence (45.67%) and high abundance. Lamproglena monodi,
Cichlidogyrus sp., P. cyathopharynx were only observed in Loumbila reservoir. Acanthogyrus tilapiae, Clinostomum sp.
and Myxobolus tilapiae were found in both reservoirs with a high abundance.
P-046
PARASITES OF JENYNSIA MULTIDENTATA (CYPRINODONTIFORMES: ANABLEPIDAE) FROM
TWO ESTUARIAL ENVIROMENTS OF BUENOS AIRES PROVINCE, ARGENTINA
Montes M., Martorelli S.R.
Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas,
Universidad Nacional de La Plata (CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
The aim of this work was to describe and compare the parasites of Jenynsia multidentata collected in two estuarial
environments of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The Salado River Channel (Samborombón Bay) and the Sauce
Chico River near the Bahía Blanca estuary. Fishes were grouped together according to their sex and age. Parasites were
studied alive and fixed with heat without pressure under slides and cover slips, then conserved in 10% formalin, stained
and mounted in Canada balsam. We calculated the prevalence, median intensity and abundance. Sixteen species of
parasites were found: one adult digeneans (Lecithaster confusus ); eigth metacercariae (Ascocotyle (P.) diminuta,
Ascocotyle (P.) angeloi, Ascocotyle (P.) felippei, Ascocotyle (P.) hadra, Pygidiopsis macrostomum, Hemiuridae gen. sp.,
Thylodelphys sp., Echinostomatidae gen. sp.); one metacestod ( Cyclophyllidea) , two larval nematods (L4 Order
Spirurida and Contracecum sp.), one monogenean (Gyrodactylus sp), two copepods (Ergasilus sieboldii and Lernaea
cyprinacea) and one acanthocephalan (Wolffhugelia matercula). The high number of larval stages is in relation with the
role of this fish as a link with the plankton species and upper stages in the food chain. The species number and
abundance of parasites was bigger in Sauce Chico, this was probably for an increase in the ratio of encounter between
parasite and fish due to the smaller size of this water body. We observed niche differentiation (or differential
susceptibility) between males and females depending on the environment and the parasite considered.
121
P-047
STRUCTURE OF PARASITIE FAUNA IN TWO NATIVE FISH SPECIES FROM THE AGUAPEÍ RIVER,
UPPER PARANÁ RIVER, BRAZIL
Yamada P.O.F.1, Yamada F.H.1, Silva R.J.1, Anjos L.A.2
1
Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Ilha Solteira, Brazil
2
The Neotropical region is known for the high diversity of freshwater fishes, with approximately 6,025 species. The
Aguapeí river is an aquatic ecosystems with a fish fauna comprising over 310 species, including the two native species,
Auchenipterus osteomystax and Parauchenipterus galeatus (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae), which exhibit biological and
ecological similarities. This study aims to survey the parasite fauna of these hosts and the influence of the flood pulse
imposed by the environment on the structure and composition of their parasite faunas. The results were compared with
previous studies carried out in the same hosts from the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Fish specimens (n = 112) of A.
osteomyxtax (n = 59) and P. galeatus (n = 53) were analyzed. We collected 7,282 parasite specimens, of which 1,556 in
A. osteomyxtax and 5,726 in P. galeatus. The higher quantity of parasites in P. galeatus was related to the presence of
digenetic metacercariae in the eyes of these hosts, in which 3,201 individuals were recovered. More than 70% of the
parasites (5,217) were present in the hosts collected during January 2014, indicating a likely effect of the rainy season on
the parasites. Auchenipterus osteomystax and P. galeatus shared the digenetic Microrchis oligovitelum and eye
metacercariae. The host populations from the Aguapeí River and from the Upper Paraná River floodplain present
parasitic similarity. All parasites collected are new location records, and some these are new species, increasing the
knowledge about the diversity of Neotropical fish parasites.
Financial Support: FAPESP (2013/25786-7), CNPq (307808/2014-9).
P-048
PARASITES OF SATANOPERCA PAPPATERRA (CICHLIDAE) IN A BIOLOGICAL RESERVE IN
SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Zica É.O.P, Wunderlich A.C, Zago A.C, Franceschini L., Silva R.J.
Department of Parasitology, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
Parasites are extremely diverse and have key roles in ecological processes in several ecosystems. Although many studies
on fish parasites have been realized in the last years in Brazil, there are still many freshwater fish species unexploited,
especially in relation to forage species. We therefore conducted a study to investigate the parasite fauna of an
important forage fish species, Satanoperca pappaterra, in a biological reserve in restoration process. Fish were collected
on the rainy (January 2014) and dry (June 2014) seasons in ponds in the Biological Reserve of the Foz do Rio Aguapeí,
Southeastern Brazil. Once collected, fish were weighed (g), measured (cm) and dissected in the field to obtain the
parasites. We tested whether differences between seasons had an effect on parasite abundances but no significant
statistical association was found, according to an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA, F 4,55 = 1.73; p = 0.15). In contrast, we
observed a positive correlation between the standard length of S. pappaterra and abundance of metacercariae of
Clinostomum sp. (r = 0.397; p = 0.0014). A potential explanation for the association between length and this digenean
larval stage is that the increase of the surface area of the body influenced the increment in the abundance of this
parasite with the advance ofà theà host sà age.à Ou à esultà suggestsà thatà S. pappaterra has an important role in the
transmission of Clinostomum sp. in ponds and lotic rivers in Brazilian freshwater ecosystems
Financial Support: FAPESP 2012/09771-7.
122
P-049
A NEW SPECIES OF ECHINOBOTHRIUM VAN BENEDEN, 1849 (CESTODA: DIPHYLLIDEA),
PARASITE OF RAJA MIRALETUS (ELASMOBRANCHII: RAJIDAE) OFF ALGERIAN COASTS
Tazerouti F.1, Caira J.2
1
Faculté des Sciences biologiques, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie, Algeria
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA
2
A new species of diphyllidean cestode, Echinobothrium n. sp., is described from the spiral intestine of Raja miraletus
Linnaeus collected off the Algerian coasts near Algiers. The four closest species of Echinobothrium Van Beneden, 1849
are E. longicolle Southwell, 1925 from Dasyatis kuhlii, E. pigmentatum Ostrowski de Nurfez, 1971 from Zapteryx
brevirostris, E. elegans Tyler, 2001 from Taeniura lymma, and E. hoffmanorum Tyler, 2001 from Urobatis maculatus. E.
algeriensis n. sp. is similar to these four species in possessing 19 large rostellar hooks but differs from them by the hook
arrangement, number of lateral hooklets, morphology and number of cephalic peduncle spines, and number of testes
per proglottids.
P-050
BARCODING OLD PARASITES – HIGH LEVEL OF VARIATION WITHIN THE GYROCOTYLIDS
Hansen H.1, Hemmingsen W.2, Halvorsen O.3
1
Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Section for Parasitology, Norway
University of Tromsø, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
3
Natural History Museum, Oslo, Norway
2
The Gyrocotylidea are parasites in the spiral valve intestine of cartilaginous fish (order Chimaeriformes). They may be
the earliest divergent lineage among the tapeworms, and their association with the Chimaeriformes may go as far back
as 350 - 420 Ma. Three taxa of gyrocotylids have been described from the North East Atlantic Chimaera monstrosa;
Gyrocotyle urna, G. confusa and Gyrocotyloides nybelini.
Colin, Williams, and Halvorsen (1986) examined Gyrocotylid material from C. monstrosa caught off the Norwegian coast
to evaluate characters previously applied by other authors when describing the three species from C. monstrosa and six
other species of Gyrocotyle. The material included living worms, non-relaxed and relaxed (using various anaesthetics),
worms killed in different fixatives, and deep frozen worms. They concluded that the morphological characters applied to
gyrocotylid systematics were of little value for identifying G. urna or to distinguish it from the other species. No clear
and undisputed morphological differences were identified, and they therefore synonymised G. confusa and
Gyrocotyloides nybelini with G .urna. Later, Berland, Bristow, and Grahl-Nielsen (1990) analysed the chemometry of the
fatty acids of G. urna, G. confusa and G. nybelini and four gyrocotylids from the Pacific ratfish Hydrolagus colliei. Based
on the results they suggested that all species could be completely separated.
To elucidate the taxonomic status of the gyrocotylids infecting C. monstrosa we sequenced mitochondrial (CO1) and
ribosomal markers (18S and 28S) from a large number of specimens and recovered several phylogenetically supported
groups/species and a high level of molecular variation.
123
P-051
REVISION OF ANISAKIS SPP. OF INDONESIAN WATERS
Theisen S.1, Damriyasa I.M.2, Palm H.W.1
1
Aquaculture & Sea-Ranching, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
2
The nematode genus Anisakis parasitizes marine mammals, fishes and squids. Some species cause zoonotic diseases,
triggering severe pathological effects such as gastro-intestinal inflammation or life-threatening anaphylactic shocks. DNA
a al sesàsho edàthatàtheàge usà o sistàofàt oà lades àa dàdiffe e tà o ple es :à ladeào eài ludesàA. typica and A.
ziphidarum, and three siblings forming the A. simplex (sensu lato) complex (A. simplex (sensu stricto), A. pegreffii, A.
simplex C). The second clade consists of three species forming the A. physteris (s.l.) complex (A. paggiae, A.
brevispiculata, A. physeteris (s.s. .àádditio all ,àsi li gsàsu hàasà Anisakis HCàa eà epo ted,ài di ati gàta o o i à
complexity. Another sibling was reported from Indonesia in 2008, distinguishable from A. typica by 4 base pairs in the
ITS-1 region, similar to the distance between A. simplex (s.s.) and A. simplex C (4 bp). Until today, this Indonesian A.
typica was recorded as A. sp. 1/I/2/II in four further publications, all from Indonesian and surrounding waters. We
analyzed all genetically identified Anisakis spp. (ITS region) from Indonesia (233 individuals, mostly sampled in the
present study) and GenBank, and present an overview of their identities (81 % are the Indonesian A. typica), host
distributions and records from 53 teleosts. A. simplex C and A. pegreffii are documented for the first time between
Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn.
P-052
PROTEOMIC ANALYSES OF SOFT TUNIC IN ASCIDIAN HALOCYNTHIA RORETZI INFECTED
WITH A KINETOPLASTID, AZUMIOBODO HOYAMUSHI
Kitamura S.I.1, Nozawa A.1, Koyama Y.1, Nakayama K.1, Odaka T.2, Yamada L.3, Hirose E.4
1
Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
Faculty of Marine Biosciences, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
3
Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Sugashima, Toba, Japan
4
Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
2
Soft tunic syndrome, an infectious disease of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi, causes mass mortality in the aquaculture
in Japan and Korea. We isolated a kinetoplastid from diseased ascidian, and identified it as a new species, Azumiobodo
hoyamushi belonging to the order Neobodonida (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastea).
In this study, we carried out proteomic analysis for tunic protein to identify the protein(s) involved in tunic softening.
Healthy and soft tunics were employed for the proteomic analyses. Trypsin digested tunic peptides were analyzed by LCMS/MS. The data was subjected to MASCOT program and BLASTX.
From the results of proteomic analysis, some decreased proteins were detected in the softening tunic. Among topseven decreased proteins, five proteins were annotated to be myofibril-related proteins such as actin, myosin, calponin
and HR-29 by BLASTX. Since protein function in tunic is less well understood, it is difficult to explain the relationship
between tunic softening and decrease of these proteins. Here, we focused on the most decreased protein, HR-29
because the protein is suspected to stabilize the fibrillar structure. The degradation of synthetic HR-29 by extracellular
proteases of the parasite, and localization and changes of the protein in the softening tunic will be shown in this
presentation.
124
P-053
STRAIN IDENTIFICATION OF SAPROLEGNIA PARASITICA IN DISEASED FISH POPULATION
Luptakova L.1, Petrovova E.2, Belbahri L.3
1
Institute of Biology, Zoology and Radiobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
3
Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
2
Oomycetes represent a ubiquitous group of eukaryotic organisms. They are common inhabitants of terrestrial and
aquatic environments and include saprophytes as well as pathogens living mainly in wet soils or freshwater
environments. Oomycetes have been traditionally considered as fungi because of their morphology (mycelial growth),
ecology and they also share the same nutritional mode. Several species have developed parasitic lifestyles and belong to
the most devastating organisms on farmed and wildlife population of plant and aquatic animals. One representatives of
parasitic water mold with the impact on aquaculture and animal health is Saprolegnia parasitica. At the beginning of our
research we had diseased fish with unknown reason because abnormally high mortality was observed among fish in
rivers Doubs and Loue in 2009. The most affected fish were trouts (Salmo trutta) and graylings (Thymallus thymallus). All
affected individuals have shown similar symptoms: whitish spots or patches (mycoses) on the different parts of their
bodies. Initial findings isolated a species of the genus Saprolegnia from lesions of diseased fishes mainly Thymallus
thymallus. And also in 2011 fish with the same symptoms were observed in Sorne, totally disconnected from the river
Doubs. Molecular studies using Internal Transcribed Spacer region sequencing (ITS-rRNA) show that this species is
closely related to the complex S. diclina/S. parasitica and S. salmonis (hereafter Saprolegnia parasitica s.l.). These results
indicate the extension of the disease that warrants immediate large scale environmental survey of Swiss rivers and
aquatic ecosystems to prevent the destruction of these fragile ecosystems.
P-054
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF AN AFRICAN FRESHWATER FISH
TRYPANOSOME, INCLUDING ITS DEVELOPMENT IN A LEECH VECTOR
Smit N.J.1, Joubert A.1, Lawton S.P.2, Hayes P.M.2,3
1
Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West
University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
2
Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, UK
3
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
Trypanosomes are ubiquitous blood parasites of fishes and at least 13 species were originally described infecting African
f esh ate àfishes.àThisà u e à asàlate à edu edàtoàth eeàa dài àtheàlateà
sàità asàp oposedàthatà ostà e o dsàofà
freshwater fish trypanosomes across Africa might be Trypanosoma mukasai Hoare, 1932. Recently, results from a
molecular analysis of fish trypanosomes from the Okavango Delta, Botswana reported the presence of at least two
genotypic groups and concluded that the identification of T. mukasai remains problematic. The aims of the present
study were thus to elucidate the life cycle of the freshwater fish trypanosome from southern Africa and to do a
morphological and molecular characterisation of the parasites from both the fish host and leech vector. To locate
trypanosome stages, leeches were removed from fishes captured in the Phongolo River, South Africa, and fish blood
films and leech squashes were Giemsa-stained and screened. To determine whether trypanosome stages in fishes and
leeches were of the same genotype, DNA was extracted and fragments of the 18S rRNA gene were amplified and
sequenced. Trypanosomes were detected in the fish families Cichlidae, Clariidae, Mochokidae and Schilbeidae.
Sequence data showed that trypanosomes from leeches, identified as Batracobdelloides tricarinata (Blanchard, 1897),
were identical to those obtained from fish. This paper presents the first completely life cycle of a freshwater fish
trypanosome from southern Africa as well as the first study to link the vertebrate hosts and vector of an African
freshwater fish trypanosome by molecular means.
125
P-055
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CILIATE TRICHODINA RECTUNCINATA (CILIOPHORA:
TRICHODINIDAE), PARASITE OF MARINE FISHES IN SEVERAL LOCALITIES IN MEXICO
Islas-Ortega A.G.1, Pérez-Ponce de León G.2, Aguilar-Aguilar R.3
1
Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
3
Department of Comparative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
2
GENETIC DIFFERENCES AMONG GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTINCT ICHTHYOPHTHIRIUS MULTIFILIIS ISOLATES
Eszterbauer E.1, Guti C.F.1, Ursu K.2, Kallert D.M.3
1
Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest,
Hungary
2
Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
3
Kallert & Loy GbR, Adelsdorf, Germany
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet 1876 (Ciliophora), commonly known as Ich, is the highly pathogenic fish endoparasite
responsible for white spot disease which causes severe declines among natural fish populations and significant
economic losses in freshwater aquaculture. The cosmopolitan parasite has an extremely broad host range, which
involves exotic fish species as well. A severe infection, particularly of the gills of fish fry, often results in asphyxiation and
death. Fish that recover from infection usually develop acquired immunity for a certain period. Previous studies
identified a family of abundant glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane proteins (immobilization antigens, or iantigens, IAG) that are important targets of the host immune response. Genomic studies detected high variations in the
expression of IAGs, and indicated that intra- and intergenic recombination might play a role in the evolution of these
genes. In the present study, we genetically characterized and compared I. multifiliis isolates originating from natural fish
populations, from various farmed fish species and from common ornamental fish species. The partial DNA sequences of
the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and the IAG genes (among others IAG48 and IAG52) encoded in
the genome of the somatic macronucleus were amplified. The DNA sequence comparison revealed notable differences
among geographically distinct isolates, while the most common genotype was found both in isolates from ornamental
and farmed fish (with 100% sequence identity for COI). The relatively high variability found among IAG sequences seems
to confirm the theory that a rapid genetic drift influences the evolution of IAGs.
Financial support: AQUAFUTURE project (VKSZ_12-1-2013-0078).
126
P-056
Among the fish parasites, the ciliated protozoans are considered as one of the most common. The family of ciliates with
the highest number of parasitic species is Trichodinidae family. The species Trichodina rectuncinata is one of the most
widely distributed among trichodinids, and has been frequently recorded parasitizing gills of numerous marine fish
species. The morphological description is an important part in the characterization of a species, however, the use of
molecular tools integrated to the taxonomy of parasites have evidenced the presence of cryptic species in diverse
groups of parasites. Since the species T. rectuncinata has been recorded from numerous localities around the world,
showing very low host specificity, we consider that the different populations could be recognized as cryptic species. The
aim of this study is to evidence the genetic diversity in some populations of T. rectuncinata geographically distant, based
on the analysis of18s rRNA genes. Specimens of some host fish species were collected and examined for trichodinid
parasites. A few individuals were isolated in a PCR tube. DNA was extracted using REDExtract-N-AmpTM tissue PCR Kit.
The genes were amplified by PCR with the Universal Eukaryotic Primers. The nucleotide sequences were analysed by
Maximum likelihood and Bayesian Inference in RaxML and Mr. Bayes respectively. Our data suggest the presence of
cryptic species based on the genetic divergence found. Further analysis integrating molecular and morphological
approaches are suggested to confirm the specific status of each analysed population.
P-057
SHOCKING HOST REVEALS NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF HETEROCOTYLINAE (MONOGENEA)
Vaughan D.1, Chisholm L.2, Hansen H.3
1
Marine Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture,College of Marine and Environmental
Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
2
Monogenean Research Laboratory, Parasitology Section, The South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South
Australia, Australia
3
National Veterinary Institute, Section for Parasitology, Oslo, Norway
AFRODIPLOZOON KHOTENOVSKY, 1981 (MONOGENEA: DIPLOZOIDAE): REVISION OF THE GENUS USING
MULTIDISCIPLIONARY APPROACH
Přik lo
I.1,2, Mašo àŠ.1, Matla M.M.2, Gelnar M.1, Luus-Powell W.J.2
1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
2
The genus Afrodiplozoon was proposed by Khotenovsky in 1981 when Afrodiplozoon polycotyleus (Paperna, 1963) has
been exluded from the genus Neodiplozoon Tripathi, 1959 based on the number of clamps on the attachment
apparatus. Since then, the inconsistency in the use of the name for this parasite can be seen in the literature.
Specimens of A. polycotyleus were collected during a fish survey carried out in April and July 2014 in the Venda region,
Limpopo Province, South Africa, from Labeobarbus maraquensis (n=36; mean total length=7.9 cm) and Barbus
paludinosus (n=1; total length=6.6 cm). A prevalences of 64% and 59% were recorded for A. polycotyleus during April
and July, respectively. Morphological analysis of the composition of the internal organs and attachment clamps using
different microscopic methods (light microscopy of stained/unstained specimens and scanning electron microscopy,
SEM) provided details for the redescription of the genus. The type material was also studied. Molecular characterization
based on the variabily of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) rDNA showed the taxonomic relationship to other
representatives of Diplozoidae.
Parasites can bear asymetrically from 7 up to 10 clamps in one row on each side of the attachment apparatus, with the
first clamp is significantly smaller. The connection sclerite of posterior end of the central plate is wide in all its length.
The anterior end of the central plate has short processes. The SEM observations showed the presence of numerous
papilae around the mouth of the worm.
127
P-058
A new genus and species of Heterocotylinae (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) is proposed from off the gills of a Onefin
electric ray (Narke capensis) collected for public exhibition for Two Oceans Aquarium in Cape Town, South Africa. All
representatives of Heterocotylinae are gill parasites of stingrays, guitarfishes or sawfishes. The majority of these
monogeneans are found in marine waters and at least one known representative is considered pathogenic on hosts kept
in captivity. During a mandatory quarantine period the ray exhibited laboured breathing and refused all food offered. A
monogenean infestation of the gills was suspected and confirmed using a non-invasive sampling technique. An unknown
heterocotyline was observed that could not be placed into any of the known genera representing the Heterocotylinae,
or Decacotylinae. The new taxon is the first monogenean reported from Narke capensis and is morphologically similar to
members of Heterocotyle and Potamotrygonocotyle, but differs from them by the absence of any sclerotisation of the
dorsal haptoral accessory structures, the presence of sclerotised walls of the vagina, and the hamulus and egg
morphology. The absence of sclerotisation of the dorsal haptoral accessory structures is significant because this feature
was previously only reserved for Decacotyle species. The new taxon differs from Decacotyle species in the number of
haptoral loculi and the presence of deep longitudinal grooves on the sclerotised male copulatory organ. These grooves
were previously only recorded from representatives of Dasybatotrema (Dasybatotreminae). A phylogenetic analysis
showing the placement of the new genus will be presented.
P-059
A NEW SPECIES OF TRILOCULOTREMA KEARN, 1993 (MONOGENEA: MONOCOTYLIDAE) FROM
THE NASAL FOSSAE OF MUSTELUS PUNCTULATUS FROM OFF TUNISIA
Boudaya L., Neifar L.
Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW GYRODACTYLUS
SPECIES (MONOGENEA:GYRODACTYLIDAE) PARASITIZING CICHLIDS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
)ah ad íčko àP.1, Barson M.2, Luus-Powell W.J.3, Přik lo àI.1
1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
3
Department of Biodiversity, School of Molecular and Life Sciences University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
2
Viviparous monogeneans belonging to family Gyrodactylidae Cobbold, 1864 are microscopic ectoparasitic flatworms
with direct and extremely short life cycle. In Africa, 48 species from five genera parasitizing hosts belonging in 14
families, including freshwater fishes and frogs, have been recorded. The highest number of Gyrodactylus species has
been described from hosts from Clariidae Bonaparte, 1846 and Cichlidae Heckel, 1840. Fishes from Cichlidae are a highly
diverse group within the African bony fishes and have noteworthy economic importance especially on local scale. The
present study deals with the parasites of the genus Gyrodactylus parasitizing cichlids collected in Zimbabwe and South
Africa. Fishes were sampled from Nwanedi River in South Africa and at three localities in Zimbabwe; Zambezi River, Lake
Kariba and Lake Chivero. Results from analyses of metrical parameters and shape of hard parts of attachement organ
supported by molecular sequences of rDNA ITS fragment were compared with those available in the nucleotide
database. The comparison revealed the presence of three new Gyrodactylus species. Gyrodactylus sp.1 was observed on
gills of Coptodon rendalli and Pseudocrenilabrus philander. Gyrodactylus sp. 2 was found on fins of Oreochromis
niloticus, Pharyngochromis acuticeps and P. philander, and Gyrodactylus sp. 3 was identified from P. philander, O.
niloticus and Tilapia sp. Space visualization of individuals based on the combination of 12 metric parameters using
principal components analyses shown differences between species. Phylogenetic positions based on molecular
sequences applying Bayesian Interference and Neighbour Joining evaluated positions of new species within the clusters
of Gyrodactylus species of African cichlids.
128
P-060
Examination of the nasal fossae of the Smooth hound Mustelus punctulatus Risso,1826 from the gulf of Tunis (Central
Mediterranean) revealed a new Merizocotylinae (Monogenea : Monocotylidae) belonging the genus Triloculotrema
Kearn, 1993. Until now there are two described species in this genus: T. japanicae Kearn, 1993 from Hemitriakis japanica
(Muller & Henle, 1839) and T. chisholmae Justine, 2009 from Squalus melanurus Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979. We
describe here the third species. Triloculotrema n. sp. is easily distinguished by the morphology of the sclerotised male
copulatory organ with longitudinal ridges and slightly curved (versus without any ridges and straight in T. chisholmae
and curved in T. japanicae). The body size, ((3700-5700 µm) long and (600-1450 µm) wide), is distinctively bigger than
those of T. chisholmae ((990-1260 µm) long and (350-675 µm) wide) and T. japanicae ((2830-3110 µm) long and (350675 µm) wide). The morphology of the hamuli is variable and the presence of the three loculi in the haptor is
questionable. Triloculotrema euzeti is the first species of the genus reported from the Mediterranean.
P-061
A NEW SPECIES OF ANACANTHORUS (DACTYLOGYRIDAE) PARASITIC ON MARKIANA NIGRIPINNIS
(CHARACIDAE) FROM THE PANTANAL, BRAZIL
Mota M.E.B.P.1, Paiva F.2, Tavares L.E.R.2
1
Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
2
P-062
Anacanthorus was proposed to accommodate three species that shared absence of dorsal and ventral anchors and bars,
and actually comprises 70 species parasitic on Characiformes fishes from the Neotropical region. Markiana nigripinnis is
a small benthopelagic fish with known distribution in Paraguay and Paraná River basins, and thus far, there is no record
of parasites from this fish species. Between December 2013 and September 2014, 57 specimens of M. nigripinnis were
o
o
caught in a perennial lagoon (19 ,
à“,à
,
àW àf o àtheàPa ta alàfloodplai ,à“ateàofàMatoàG ossoàdoà“ul,à
Brazil. Gills were removed and observed under a stereomicroscope. Monogeneans were fixed in 5% hot formalin, and
some specimens were mounted in G e àa dàWess sà ediu à he easàothe sà e eàstai edà ithàGo o i sàt i h o eàa dà
mounted in Canada balsam. Measurements, in micrometers, are followed by the range within parentheses. Brief
description: body 545.21 (314.65-1034) long, fusiform, maximum width 130.85 (87-155); haptor 54.4 (37.6-84.7) long,
80,2 (46-114.9) wide; hooks 25.9 (25-27) long; dorsal and ventral pairs of 4A hooks 10.2 (8-12.3); MCO 73.6 (57.7-106.6)
long, slight curved; accessory piece 65.4 (47-106.6) long, proximally articulated to MCO, bifurcated, one branch longer
and another smaller slightly sigmoidal branch, both distally pointed and presenting a hatchet-like projection on the
medial portion. This species is most similar to Anacanthorus dipelecinus mainly because it shares a bifurcated accessory
piece with hatchet-like processes in the branches. However, the Anacanthorus species from M. nigripinnis do not
present terminal spines in each branch of its accessory piece like A. dipelecinus.
A NEW SPECIES OF MEXICANA FROM ORTHOPRISTIS RUBER (CUVIER, 1930) FROM
THE BRAZILAN COAST OFF RIO DE JANEIRO
Camargo A.C.A.1, Luque J.L.2, Santos C.P.1
1
Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental – Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
2
The genus Mexicana was described by Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1959 from a Sciaenid fish from Mexico. The genus is
mainly characterized by having 3 head organs, bi-lobed haptor with 2 pairs of anchors, 2 pairs of sclerotized plates, 2
dissimilar bars (the ventral one with wing-like projections). During studies on the monogeneans of corocoro (Orthopristis
ruber) captured off Urca area, Brazilian coast of Rio de Janeiro, specimens of a different Mexicana species were
collected from the gills. The worms were fixed and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol, cleared in Gray & Wess and
alte ati el à stai edà i à Go o i sà T i h o eà o à Ma e 'sà pa a a i e.à Theà illust atio sà e eà adeà ithà theà aidà ofà aà
drawing apparatus and finalized with Adobe Illustrator. The morphological study by light microscopy revealed it to be a
new species that can be differentiated from its congeners by the size and shape of the sclerotized male copulatory
organ, shape of pharynx and the sclerotized structures of the haptor.
129
Machkevskyi V.1, Al-Jufaili S.1,2, Khalfan R.1, Al-Mazrooei N.1
P-063
NEW SPECIES OF PARASITE FAUNA OF SANTER SEABREAM CHEIMERIUS NUFAR (VALENCIENNES, 1830)
(SPARIDAE)
1
Fishery Quality Control Center, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
Universitat Rostock, Rostock, Germany
2
The Sultanate of Oman is set to establish an aquaculture industry which initiates an intensive research project in Oman
in 2012 aiming to study the parasites fauna of several fishes which are considered as promising targets for aquaculture.
Cheimerius nufar being among selected fish species. The parasite fauna of C.nufar is one of the least studied among
other species of seabreams (Bray,1986). Our investigation resulted in recording of 23 parasites. Some of them were
already described as new species to science. This paper describes a new monogenea species from gills of C.nufar.
Aim: Detection parasites that are potential harmful to C.nufar farming.
Methods: 15 specimens of C.nufar sampled from Shuwaymiyyah (Dhofar Governorate, Oman) were examined.
Results: In one fish a new monogenean was found, 27 morphological parameters were obtained to describe this new
spp. The structure of the atrium revealed is consistent with monogenea of the genus Lutianicola Lebedev, 1970
(Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1870). Mamaev (1990) described two new microcotylid species of Lutianicola vittae
Mamaev, 1990 and Lutianicotyle indica Mamaev, 1990 from the Lutjanus vitta, L. fulviflammus, L. malabaricus and L.
sanguineus, respectively. Investigation of the descriptions of three detected specimens showed the similarity of the
monogenean species in C. nufar with the atrium structure and shape, number of hooks to Lutianicola haifonensis.
However, some morphological and anatomical differences were also observed suggesting that monogenea of the C.
nufar could be a new species.
Conclusion: Genus Lutianicola are exclusively found in Snappers (Lutjanidae), however newly discovered in fish of
another family.
P-064
THE TAXONOMY OF MICROCOTYLE ERYTHRINI: NEW CONSIDERATIONS FOR
MICROCOTYLID MONOGENEANS
Villora-Montero M., Fraija-Fernández N., Raga J.A., Montero F.E., Pérez-del-Olmo A.
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Microcotylidae is a large monogenean family recurrently revised in the past century. Many species from the type-genus
Microcotyle were transferred to new genera; however, the validity of many species of this genus is also often doubtful.
One of the main problems that taxonomists must face is that many species of this group are often characterized by
quantitative traits such as the number of clamps or testes. Ranges of numeric traits are often close, especially when
ranges are increased in descriptions in new host records. Moreover, descriptions are based on the traditional twodimensional representations of mounted specimens that impede to appreciate differences only visible in 3D (SEM,
confocal, in vivo studies). Microcotyle erythrini is reported in several sparid fishes in the Mediterranean. We have
performed a detailed morphological and molecular analysis on specimens collected from Boops boops and Pagellus
erythrinus in order to assess the validity of the species M. erythrini. SEM observations revealed that the body is
perpendicularly connected to the haptor, a previously undescribed morphological characteristic and most likely typical
of the genus. This feature together with a number of other morphological features differs among the specimens found
in the two hosts, suggesting the presence of two species of Microcotyle. The molecular analyses based on cytochrome c
oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) mitochondrial gene confirmed the existence of two different species.
Partially funded by projects UV-INV-PRECOMP14-206687, Fundación Biodiversidad, PROMETEO 795 2015-018 and
ISIC/2012/003.
130
P-065
DACTYLOGYRIDS (MONOGENEA: DACTYLOGYRIDAE) OF CATFISHES (SILURIFORMES) FROM SUDAN
F a o àK.,àŘehulko àE.,à“eife to àM.
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Survey on dactylogyrids parasitizing catfishes was carried out in White Nile and Blue Nile, Sudan, in 2014. Except this
study, no records about monogeneans from this country exist. Dactylogyrids were isolated from 12 siluriform species,
belonging to six families (Bagridae, Clariidae, Claroteidae, Malapteruridae, Mochokidae and Schilbeidae). Dactylogyrid
species of the following genera were found: Bagrobdella, Protoancylodiscoides, Quadriacanthus, Schilbetrema and
Synodontella. The taxonomic evaluation has been made on the basis of morphology, and also the partial 28S rDNA (LSU)
sequences have been analysed for a purpose of species identification and evaluation of the phylogenetic positions of
representatives of dactylogyrids infecting African catfishes wihin the family Dactylogyridae.
We acknowledge the financial support from ECIP – Centre of excellence, Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, No.
P505/12/G112.
P-066
SCLERITE COMPARISON OF DIPLOZOIDAE SPECIES USING SEM
Dos Santos Q.M.1, Dzika E.2, Avenant-Oldewage A.1
1
Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Department of Medical Biology, Warmia and Mazury University, Olsztyn, Poland
2
As with most of the Monogenea, the sclerite structures of Diplozoidae are essential for the study of their taxonomy.
However, these sclerites are situated within the tissue of the haptor and visibility with light microscopy can be
problematic. In a recent study, the tissue was digested away from the sclerites of Paradiplozoon vaalense to expose the
sclerites for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To expand on the application of this technique, a comparison of the
sclerites of P. vaalense and two other diplozoid species was performed. The two species were Paradiplozoon
ichthyoxanthon, a recently described African species, and Diplozoon paradoxum, the type species for the Diplozoinae. A
haptor from each individual parasite pair was removed, halved and digested on separate concavity slides. The digested
tissue was used for molecular analysis, while the remainder of the parasite body was prepared for light microscopy.
Much of the clamp ultrastructure for these species was very similar, with only certain features showing variation. For
example, the trapezoid projection of the anterior end of the median sclerite in P. vaalense was shallowly forked to
truncate, in D. paradoxum the projection was more sharply forked while in P. ichthyoxanthon there are fragile lobed
ends to the projection. The results obtained match the morphology seen in light microscopy, but bring a new dimension
to the study and understanding of these structures.
Funding from National Research Foundation and University of Johannesburg is acknowledged.
131
P-067
MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FOR IMPROVED RESOLUTION OF STRAINS OF GYRODACTYLUS SALARIS
Aisala H.1, Hansen H.2, Lumme J.1
1
Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
2
GENETIC CO-STRUCTURE IN THE PARASITE-HOST SYSTEM ZEUXAPTA SERIOLAE AND SERIOLA LALANDI
FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN
Sepúlveda F.A.1, González M.T.2
1
Programa Doctorado en Ciencias Aplicadas mención Sistemas Marinos Costeros, Universidad de Antofagasta,
Antofagasta, Chile
2
Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos,
Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
Information about the parasite population genetic structures is important for an understanding of parasite dispersion
and ultimately the co-evolution with their hosts. The genetic structure of parasite populations depends on the intrinsic
host-parasite relationship and environmental conditions. However, parasites often have shorter generation times and,
in some cases, faster mutation rates than their hosts, which can lead to greater population differentiation in the parasite
relative to the host. The monogenean, Zeuxapta seriolae is a host-specific parasite with extensive geographical
distribution on its host, Seriola lalandi, which is a highly migratory pelagic fish. In this study, the population genetic
structure of Z. seriolae and S. lalandi are compared to evaluate factors that affect parasite gene flow. Wild fish and their
parasites were sampled from two geographical fishery areas: northern Chilean coast (NCC: 20°S to 30°S) were S. lalandi
arrives annually in the summer; and oceanic island (JFA: 80°W) distant about 700 km from continental Chile where fish
are present permanently. Fragments between 700 and 816 bp of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were
sequenced for 212 fish and 175 parasites between 2012-2014 and compared using AMOVA. Genetic diversity,
demographic history and mismatch distribution were calculated for the host and parasite. Geographical genetic
structuring was detected in Z. seriolae but not in the host S. lalandi. However, temporal genetic structuring was
detected in the host. These different genetic patterns for this host-parasite system suggest that host behavior can play a
role in the geographic structure detected by this parasite.
Financial-support: 1130629.
132
P-068
Previous studies on the Norwegian epidemic of Gyrodactylus salaris using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 markers
found three haplotypes (A, B and F), each unique to each historically known introduction route. Later, a fourth route of
introduction was also found. Here, the Norwegian epidemic of G. salaris on susceptible Atlantic salmon was revisited by
investigation of 10 nuclear microsatellite loci in order to refine the division of the mitochondrial matrilines.
The previous mtDNA analyses found that all parasites from populations/infected rivers originating from the main
introduction to Norway in 1975 (Norwegian main epidemic, NME) carried only one invariable haplotype, the haplotype
A. The microsatellite loci of all specimens with this haplotype from several infection regions were almost invariable and
confirmed that this lineage was indeed a clone of single origin, imported to Norway via stocking.
The introduced parasites in two northern rivers were characterized as haplotype B. However, the nuclear genome
consisted of alleles of two different origins, recognized as haplotypes B and A, suggesting that this strain originated from
a hybridization between these two haplotypes on Atlantic salmon.
The third introduction to Atlantic salmon in Norway carries the mtDNA-F, a strain common for G. salaris on rainbow
trout in Northern Europe. The rainbow trout is no longer stocked in Norway, but our analyses show the impacts of
historical farming. Based on the msat analyses, the non-pathogenic strain on rainbow trout seems to have hybridized
with NME and created a pathogenic mtDNA-F strain. Thus, rainbow trout was acting as a vector.
P-069
EUDIPLOZOON NIPPONICUM (MONOGENEA): CHALLENGE FOR NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING
D oř ko àH.1,àJedličko àL.1,àKaš ýàM.1,2, Ilgová J.2,àB ožàP.3, Strnad H.4,àLeo to ičà‘.1, Skipalová K.1,
Roudnický P.2, Vorel J.2, Dzika E.5,àMikešàL.1, Gelnar M.2
1
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
3
Bioinformatician Institute of Applied Biotechnologies, Prague, Czech Republic
4
Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
5
Faculty of Medical Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
2
Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Polyopisthocotylea: Diplozoidae) is a haematophagous ectoparasite from the gills of the
cyprinid fish Cyprinus carpio. The properties of genes (e.g. identity, structure, evolution) and proteins (e.g. function) of
monogeneans are among the less investigated in the phylum Platyhelminthes. Up to now only two genomes and one
transcriptome of monogenean species have been sequenced: the genome of Protopolystoma xenopodis
(Polyopisthocotylea) and Gyrodactylus salaris (Monopisthocotylea) and the transcriptome of Neobenedenia melleni.
Therefore we adopted the Illumina MiSeq/HiSeq techniques for sequencing the genomic DNA and RNA isolated from
adult worms of E. nipponicum. This was followed by comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of sequence data.
Acknowledgements: Czech Science Foundation (P506/12/1258, GBP505/12/G112), grants of the Masaryk University
(MUNI/A/1484/2014) and grants of the Charles University in Prague (UNCE 204017, PRVOUK P41, SVV260074/2014,
GAUK 502313).
P-070
METAZOAN PARASITES OF BRAMA AUSTRALIS AS BIOLOGICAL TAGS FOR STOCK
IDENTIFICATION IN SOUTHERN CHILE
Oliva M.1, Espinola J.2, Nacari L.3,4
1
Facultad Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biologicos, Universidad de Antofagasta & IInstituto Milenium de OceanografiaUDEC, Chile
2
Doctorado cs. Aplicadas mención Sistemas Marinos Costeros, Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile
3
Magister Ecologia Sistemas Acuaticos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile
4
Instituto Milenium de Oceanografia-UDEC, Chile
The "Southern rays bream" Brama australis is an important pelagic fish with landing of ca 12.000 ton (2013). Despite this
importance, Chilean fishery regulations only assume that there is a single stock along the Chilean coast. Knowledge of
stock structure and the degree of transfer among populations is crucial for the sustainable management of marine
resources. Parasites as biological tags for stock identification purposes have recently been used successfully in both,
pelagic and demersal Chilean fish. We studied metazoan parasites from 380 specimens obtained from three fishing
g ou dà i à southe à Chileà F o à Le u:à ° “à toà Pu taà á e asà °“ .à Weà fou dà aà totalà ofà à spe iesà ofà etazoa à
parasites, being the copepod Hatschekia conifera the most prevalent parasite, accounting for more than 95% of the
total metazoan parasite abundance. The second most important parasite was the larval cestode Hepatoxylon trichiuri (<
3.0%). Univariate and multivariate analysis (Correspondence analysis and Discriminant analysis) were unable to detect
significant differences between metazoan parasites from the three fishing ground suggesting the existence of a unique
stock of B. australis in the studied zone, but migratory movements from the southern area northward are not discarded.
133
P-071
PARASITES OF JUVENILE MEDITERRANEAN BLUEFIN TUNA THUNNUS THYNNUS L. AS
TAGS TO IDENTIFY NURSERY AREAS
Rodríguez-Llanos J.1, Palacios-Abella J.1, Culurgioni J.2, Macías D.3, Addis P.2, Garibaldi F.4, Rodríguez-Marín E.5,
Sanna N.2, Garau S.2, Merella P.6, Garippa G.6, Pérez-del-Olmo A.1, Montero F.E.1, Mele S.6
1
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
3
Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Fuengirola, Spain
4
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
5
Centro Oceanográfico de Santander, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Santander, Spain
6
Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
2
The stock management of the Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT), Thunnus thynnus, is particularly difficult due to the complex
biology of this migratory fish with a wide geographic distribution. Moreover this species is under a high fishing pressure
as it is one of the most valued fish worldwide. During the first year of life ABFT are non-migrant, living in nursery areas
that in the case of the Eastern Atlantic population is restricted to the Mediterranean. This is one of the most vulnerable
and critical periods of tuna life, therefore it is crucial to obtain tools to characterize young-of-the-year (YOY) fish of each
nursery area in order to develop adequate management strategies. The heads of 102 YOY specimens of ABFT from four
nursery areas of the Mediterranean (Balearic, Ionian, Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas) were analysed for parasites during
2009–2013. A total of 11 parasite species was found: the monogeneans Capsala magronum, Capsala onchidiocotyle,
Capsala paucispinosa, Nasicola klawei, Hexostoma thynni and the digeneans Didymocystis sp. 2 (sensu Rodríguez-Marín
et al., 2008), Didymosulcus sp. 2 (sensu Rodríguez-Marín et al. 2008), Didymosulcus wedli, Didymozoon pretiosus,
Nematobothriinae gen. sp. and Wedlia sp. The significant differences observed on prevalence and abundance of some
food-borne parasites among localities suggests that parasites of ABFT could be used as biological tags to identify the
different populations from the corresponding nursery areas.
JRL and JPA benefit of doctoral fellowships of the Spanish Government and the University of Valencia, respectively.
Funded by projects AGL2010-20892, PROMETEO 795 2015-018 and ISIC/2012/003.
P-072
ARE FISH PARASITES USEFUL BIOINDICATORS OF THE "RESERVE EFFECT" IN
THE MARINE PROTECTED AREA OF MEDES ISLANDS?
Isbert W.1, Pérez-del-Olmo A.1, Montero F.E.3, López-Sanz À.2, Orejas C.2,3
1
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
3
Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares (COB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
2
Parasites are useful bioindicators of anthropogenic impacts such as pollution or overfishing, but also to assess the role of
marine protected areas (MPAs) and effects of fisheries management on ecosystems. This study evaluates potential
differences in metazoan parasite communities of Diplodus sargus (Sparidae) inside and outside the marine reserve of
Medes Islands (NW Mediterranean), in order to exploreàtheàuseàofàpa asitesàasài di ato sàofàtheà ese eàeffe t .àI àtheà
framework of the project MAPUCHE, 54 specimens of D. sargus were captured outside (fished area), within the partially
protected zone (buffer area) and inside the fully protected zone (no-take area) of the marine reserve. Fish specimens
were captured with long line, gillnet and fishing rod by artisanal fishermen. Samples were gathered in winter, spring and
summer in the fished and buffer areas and in spring in the no-take area (2008–2009). PERMANCOVA and GLM analyses
of data among seasons revealed non-significant differences between fished and buffer area and an effect of season on
parasite communities. Thus, pooled abundance data for spring of fished and buffer areas was compared with data from
the no-take area. Multivariate analyses revealed a good differentiation of the parasite communities between the fishedbuffer area and the no-take area. The higher abundance of the monoxenous parasites (Lamellodiscus spp.) agrees with
previous studies indicating a higher density of D. sargus in the no-take area. Moreover, the homogeneous distribution of
heteroxenous parasites in the no-take area reflects the already described site fidelity of this species.
134
P-073
ANISAKIS SIMPLEX COMPLEX (NEMATODA: ANISAKIDAE) IN ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES
FROM TEMPERATE NE ATLANTIC WATERS
Gregori M.1, Roura A.2, Abollo E.3, González A.F.1, Pascual S.1
1
Department of Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
Departament of Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
3
Centro Tecnológico del Mar, Fundación CETMAR, Vigo, Spain
2
The euphausiid Nyctiphanes couchii and an unidentified mysid have been found, for the first time, with third-stage
larvae (L3) of the Anisakis simplex complex in the mesozooplanktonic community of the coastal upwelling system in
Galicia (NW Spain). Parasite larvae were molecularly identified using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The
prevalence of these parasites in the euphausiid population was 0.0019%. The existence of parasites in a variety of
mesozooplankton organisms suggests that the transmission routes of A. simplex sensu stricto and A. pegrefii are wider
than expected. The results suggest that these two Anisakis species are not specific to their intermediate hosts. Finally,
the recruitment of A. simplex complex may be affected by oceanography, differing under upwelling or downwelling
conditions.
P-074
RISK ANALYSIS OF HUMAN ANISAKIDOSIS THROUGH THE CONSUMPTION OF FRESH FISH SOLD
AT SPANISH SUPERMARKETS – AN OVERVIEW
Debenedetti A.L., Madrid E., Galán-Puchades M.T., Trelis M., Fuentes M.V.
Department of Cellular Biology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Human anisakidosis is a serious health problem in Spain owing to the frequent consumption of fresh raw fish and some
modes of preparation, which do not inactivate parasites. The aim of this study was to analyse the presence of anisakid
larvae in fresh fish and to evaluate the risk for consumers. A total of 1786 fish specimens belonging to nine species
frequently consumed in Spain (Micromesistius poutassou, Merluccius merluccius, M. bilinearis, Mullus barbatus,
Engraulis encrasicolus, Sardina pilchardus, Trachurus trachurus, Scomber scombrus and S. japonicus), acquired at various
supermarket chains across greater Valencia, were examined for anisakid larvae, both by visual microscopic inspection of
the viscera and artificial digestion of the flesh. Prevalence and abundance of anisakids were registered, and the
influence of origin, season of capture, body size and days of storage was analysed. All species were infected with
anisakid larvae, which were morphologically classified as Anisakis spp., in all host species, while Contracaecum spp.
occurred only in M. bilinearis. M. poutassou, Merlucius spp., T. trachurus and S. scombrus were the heaviest infected
while S. pilchardus and M. barbatus presented the lowest infection level. Atlantic fish with a large size posed the highest
risk; and the number of days of storage seemed to influence larval migration into the flesh in most fish species. The risk
of infection can be minimized following the measures established by the European Commission Regulation 1276/2011
concerning the inactivation of viable parasites in fishery products.
135
Ouedraogo A.1, Ouéda A.1, Savadogo L.2, Barro N.3, Kabre G.1
P-075
ANALYSIS OF PARASITES AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FISH FROM OUAGADOUGOU MARKETS
1
Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Animales, Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
3
Laboratoire de Technologie Alimentaire, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologiques, Alimentaires et Nutritionnelles,
Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
2
Fish is a source of digestible proteins, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fat acids and vitamins. However, it is a
food very perishable, which becomes rapidly inappropriate to consumption after the capture. The purpose of this study
is to analyze the parasitological and microbiological quality of most currently consumed fish in Ouagadougou.
A total of 40 samples of fish have been analyzed from May to November 2013. The study method based on 3 points: an
investigation conducted with fish sellers, aiming to evaluate handling hygienic conditions of fish; microbiological
analysis, to determinate the microbiological quality of fish in total and faecal coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus , fungic
flora, and to isolate Salmonella sp., Shigella sp. and E. coli; parasitological analysis, to research and identify fish
helminthes.
Fish sellers are in majority illiterate, without any training in good hygienic practices. The consequences on
microbiological level, is an abundance of Staphylococcus aureus mainly on smoked fish. 57,5% , 55% and 7,5 of samples
have been found unsatisfactory in relation to Staphylococcus aureus, faecal coliforms and fungus. Besides, 1%, 15% and
25% of samples were positive in Shigella sp., E. coli, and Salmonella sp. Fried and braised fish were not contaminated in
parasites, but, we noticed a massive presence of Mucidae larva on smoked fish, trematoda and some nematoda on fresh
fish. Those results must draw the attention of responsible of medical structures, to bend over seriously on the questions
of aliments sanitary monitoring, in order to guarantee the microbiological a parasitological quality of fish.
P-076
ANISAKIS SP. MIGRATION PROCESS AFTER DEATH IN TRACHURUS TRACHURUS
Canals X., Delgado E., Casadevall M.
Environmental Sciences Department, Girona University, Girona, Spain
The aim of this study is to describe the post-mortem migration of Anisakis sp. larvae in Trachurus trachurus, in order to
establish the best hygienic procedure and prevent consumer health. We have analysed 50 individuals of the horse
mackerel, T. trachurus, coming from Tarragona fishing port. During 7 days, each fish was examined in detail and all
nematodes were localised. Fishes were kept in refrigerator and covered with ice until the next day. Each day we tried to
localize excapsulated parasites.
We never found parasites encapsulated in the muscle in fresh fishes, but occasionally, some parasites seemed to
encapsulate in this tissue after the death of the fish. We already observed penetration of some parasites in the flesh.
Although encapsulation could not be completed after the fish death, this penetration of the parasite in the muscle must
be considered as a possible transmission focus. The last day, after repeating the same process, parasites were removed
and classified. All parasites were Anisakis sp. type I. For this reason, even if not encapsulated parasites were found in
flesh, either fresh or death fishes, we recommend to eviscerate this fishes as soon as possible, in order to prevent this
post-mortem Anisakis migrations.
136
P-077
BROAD FISH TAPEWORMS: DIFFERENT FISH HOST – DIFFERENT CAUSATIVE AGENT
OF HUMAN DIPHYLLOBOTHRIOSIS
Kuchta R.
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade
àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li à
ANISAKIS INFECTION IN ALLIS SHAD, ALOSA ALOSA (LINNAEUS, 1758), AND TWAITE SHAD, ALOSA FALLAX
(LACÉPÈDE, 1803) FROM WESTERN IBERIAN PENINSULA RIVERS: ZOONOTIC AND ECOLOGICAL
IMPLICATIONS
Bao M.1,2,3, Mota M.4,5,6, Nachón D.J.7,8, Antunes C.5,6, Cobo F.7,8, Garci M.E.3, Pierce G.J.2,9; Pascual S.3.
1
College of Physical Science, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
OCEANLAB, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, UK
3
ECOBIOMAR, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
4
ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
5
CIIMAR, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
6
Aquamuseum of Minho River, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal
7
Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela,
Spain
8
“tatio àofàH d o iolog à E o oàdoàCo ,àVilaga íaàdeàá ousa,à“pai
9
CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
2
Spawning individuals of allis shad, Alosa alosa (Linnaeus, 1758), and twaite shad, Alosa fallax (Lacépède, 1803) were
sampled from three rivers on the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula (Ulla, Minho, Mondego) during 2008 to 2013 to
assess the presence of potentially zoonotic marine parasite Anisakis spp. larvae. The results revealed that both shad
species were infected by third-larval stage Anisakis simplex s.s. and Anisakis pegreffii. The latter is reported in mixed
infections in both shad species from the Western Iberian Peninsula for the first time. In Alosa alosa the prevalence of
Anisakis infection can reach 100%, while in Alosa fallax prevalence was up to 83%. Infected individuals of the former
species also show higher parasite intensities in the internal organs and flesh, ranging1 - 1138 Anisakis spp. larvae, as
compared to 1 - 121 larvae in A. fallax. In general, numbers of A. pegreffii were higher than those of A. simplex s.s. Our
results suggest that in the marine environment of the Western Iberian Peninsula both anadromous shad species act as
paratenic hosts for A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii, thus widening the distribution of the infective nematode larvae from
the marine to the freshwater ecosystem. This finding is of great epidemiological relevance for wildlife managers and
consumers, considering the zoonotic and gastro-allergic threats posed of these parasites.
137
P-078
Fourteen species of diphyllobothriid tapeworms have been reported to cause human diphyllobothriosis. Marine as well
freshwater fishes of several orders represent source of human infections if eaten raw or undercooked. Cestode larvae
named plerocercoids may be located in the body cavity, internal organs or in the musculature. Complete life cycles are
known for three human-infecting species only, but the spectrum of the second intermediate, i.e. fish hosts is known also
for the fourth most common causative agent of diphyllobothriosis, Adenocephalus pacificus (syn. Diphyllobothrium
pacificum). This species matures in otariid seals and different groups of marine fish serve as its second intermediate
hosts. Two freshwater species, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and D. latum, use freshwater fishes as their intermediate
hosts, namely coregonids, salmonids and sticklebacks in the case of the former species and pike, percids and burbot in
the case of D. latum, which was also found in trouts, but exclusively in Chile. Pacific salmons of the genus Oncorhynchus
are exclusive intermediate hosts for the marine D. nihonkaiense. The plerocercoids in fish are devoid of developed
genital organs and thus provide only a limited number of morphological characteristics suitable for species
differentiation. Despite this limitation, identification of plerocercoids of the above-mentioned four human-infecting
species is possible based on their gross morphology (size and shape of the body, presence/absence of transverse
wrinkles on the body, and degree of retraction of the scolex), the number of the longitudinal muscles (seen in
histological sections), and the length and density of microtriches.
P-079
RISK ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN INFECTION WITH ANISAKIS SPP. IN THE EUROPEAN ANCHOVY
AND SARDINE FROM THE EASTERN ADRIATIC SEA
BušelićàI.1, Hrabar J.1,àČalićàá.1,à‘ado ićàI.1, Poljak V.2, Mladineo I.1
1
I stituteàofàO ea og aph àa dàFishe ies,àŠetališteàI a aàMešt o ića,à“plit,àC oatia
Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Rockefellerova, Zagreb, Croatia
2
The consumption of thermally unprocessed or lightly processed traditional seafood represents a risk of anisakiasis,
considered one of the most significant fish-borne parasitic infections in humans today. Thermally unprocessed or lightly
processed anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardines (Sardina pilchardus) are basic ingredients of numerous
traditional Mediterranean dishes. Therefore, our objective was to genetically identify Anisakis spp. and determine its
prevalence and intensity in the European anchovies (N= 785) and sardines (N=789) collected during 2 years from the
eastern Adriatic Sea. The UV-Press method was used for visual inspection of flattened, deep-frozen fillets and viscera as
it conveniently utilizes fluorescence of frozen anisakids. A subsample of isolated anisakid larvae was identified to species
level using mitochondrial marker cytochrome oxidase 2 (CO2). Larvae isolated from anchovy and sardine confirmed their
clustering within Anisakis pegreffii sister group, as usually recorded in the Adriatic Sea. The overall prevalence in the
European anchovy was 29.70% (95% CI 26.56–32.98) and mean intensity 2.41 (bootstrap 95% CI 2.13–2.73) in contrast
to 2.50% (95% CI 1.63–3.90) overall prevalence and 1.30 (bootstrap 95% CI 1.05–1.60) mean intensity in sardine.
Prevalence in fillets was 3.2% (95% CI 2.15–4.69) in anchovy and 0.5% (95% CI 0.18–1.3) in sardine. Subsequently,
collected epidemiological data were used to perform risk assessment of human Anisakis spp. infection, indicating a
greater risk of consumption of unprocessed European anchovies than sardines.
P-080
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF KUDOA NOVA (MYXOSPOREA: KUDOIDAE) SPORES IN SALINE
AND FRESH WATER
Yurakhno V.M.
A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Russia
On June 20, 2014 marine myxosporean Kudoa nova Najdenova, 1975 was found in the muscle of 12 out of 25 round
goby Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) specimens, caught in the Sea of Azov (Zolotoye, Crimea). Two percent of
the myxospores appeared to be abnormal (deformed). 30 isolated parasite cysts were kept in twice-filtered sea (17.6
‰ ào àf eshà . à‰ à ate àatàaà o sta tàte pe atu eà ofà °Сà olu eà à l .àTheà e ai i gài fe tedà us leàtissuesà
were placed in sea or fresh water and put on the sill of a deep niche behind the window (water temperature at day time
i àshado à °С,à olu eà . àl àPe i illi à g àa dàst epto
i à àg à e eàadded to 1 l of water as anti-microbial and antifungal agents. It was found that placing of K. nova spores into fresh water influences more negatively their structure and
preservation when spores are in cysts isolated from muscles. The percentage of anomalous spores in these cysts at day
34 reached 87 %, while deformation of 48% of spores was observed already at the third day. By day 20, the majority of
spores and polar capsules darkened, polar filaments did not eject when placed to 8% solution of KOH. When cysts of K.
nova were placed into sea water and kept at 16 ºC the percentage of deformed spores was only 2-6% and spores were
not dark. If the spores of K. nova were contained in muscle tissue and kept in waters of different salinity under natural
weather conditions, the maximum proportion of deformed spores was 17 % in fresh water and 20 %in the sea water.
138
P-081
MYXOSPOREAN (MYXOZOA) PARASITES OF FRESHWATER FISH FROM DIFFERENT IRANIAN REGIONS
Pazooki J.1, Masoumian M.2
1
Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Department of fish disease, Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, Iran
2
Iranian freshwater fish habitats can be categorized according to three different faunal regions: the Ponto-Caspian
Territory of northern Iran, as a part of the Palaearctic zone; south-eastern Iran that is greatly influenced by the Indian
faunal region and south-western Iran that falls within the Mesopotamian intermediate faunal region. The composition
of the fish fauna distribution in Iran reflects these territorial differences. Fifty-two species of myxosporean parasites
were found from the studied Iranian freshwater fish. The parasites found were recorded including data from host
species, parasitized organs, province, faunal region and reference number. Several aspects of parasite infections will be
presented and discussed: records of the most predominant parasites, the richest regions of parasite fauna, records of
parasites according to province and the most severely infected fish species and finally host specificity in terms of exotic
or endemic fish.
P-082
BIODIVERSITY OF MYXOSPOREAN (MYXOZOA) PARASITES OF FRESHWATER FISH
IN CAMEROON (CENTRAL AFRICA)
Lekeufack Folefack G.B.1, Fomena A1
1
Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
This study shows the result of research conducted from 1985 to date, on the Myxosporean parasites of freshwater fish
from Cameroon rivers.The methodology used is a combination of classical methods that involve fishing, necropsy of fish,
and the coloration, mounting and study of parasites using a light microscope. The examination of these fish revealed
that the Myxosporean fauna was abundant and diversified. A total of seventy-three myxosporean species were
recorded. They belong to the genera Myxobolus (38 species), Henneguya (12), Myxidium (9), Thelohanellus (9),
Sphaerospora (4) and Chloromyxum (1). Among the recorded parasites species, fifty were new and belong to the genera
Myxobolus (20 species), Henneguya (11), Myxidium (6), Thelohanellus (6), Sphaerospora (4) and Chloromyxum (1).
Twenty-three species were previously described in other geographical areas: some widened their host range, whereas
others widened their target organs relative to their original descriptions. The use of myxospore morphology as the
major criterion for the identification and description of new myxosporean species was not feasible in several cases,
because of the high degree of similarity with other species and the variability within a given species. Therefore, the main
task for the future is a rigorous, detailed morphological description combined with molecular techniques in the
establishment of new species and revision of the existing ones. The classification of Myxozoa acceptable from
morphological, biological and phylogenetical points of view is necessary in Cameroon.
139
P-083
THREE NEW MYXOBOLUS SPP. (MYXOZOA: MYXOBOLIDAE) INFECTING THE COMMON
NASE CHONDROSTOMA NASUS (L.) IN THE RIVER DANUBE
Cech G., Borzák R., Molnár K., Székely C.
Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest,
Hungary
The common nase Chondrostoma nasus (L.) is a frequent cyprinid fish of the river Danube. In a survey on its infection
with myxosporeans, eight different Myxobolus spore types were found in the gills, swimbladder, fins and intestinal wall.
Of them, spore types representing three species were studied in detail by morphological and molecular biological
methods. Based on differences in 18S rDNA sequences, two new Myxobolus species from the gills and one from the
swim bladder will be described. In their spore size and location in the host the new species resembled M. muelleri
Bütschli, 1882, M. intimus Zaika, 1965 and M. cycloides Gurley, 1893, respectively, the parasites of leuciscine cyprinids,
but showed the following differences from these latter species in partial 18S rDNA sequences: Myxobolus sp. 1. – M.
muelleri 1.4 %, Myxobolus sp. 2. – M. intimus 2.8 %, Myxobolus sp. 3. – M. cycloides 2.4 %. The authors conclude that
based on the significant differences in DNA sequences, the three species represent new, hitherto undescribed species
despite their morphological similarities to some Myxobolus spp. forming spores in identical locations in genetically
closely related cyprinids of the Leuciscinae subfamily.
This study was supported by KTIA-AIK-12-1-2013-0017 and OTKA 100132 grants.
P-084
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW MYXOBOLUS SP. (MYXOZOA: MYXOBOLIDAE) FROM
THE COMMON CARP CYPRINUS CARPIO L. IN LAKE BALATON, HUNGARY
Székely C., Molnár K., Cech G.
Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest,
Hungary
The common carp Cyprinus carpio L. is the most important species of freshwater fish culture. Its parasite fauna is well
studied all over the world. To date, 21 species of the genus Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 from Asia and ten species from
other parts of the world have been described (Eiras et al., 2005, 2014). In a long-term parasitological survey conducted
on fishes from Lake Balaton in Hungary, a new species of the genus Myxobolus was found. This poster provides a
description of a new Myxobolus sp. in the gills of the common carp and differentiates the new form from the known
Myxobolus spp. based on its morphology, site selection and 18S rDNA sequences. The new Myxobolus sp. was detected
in the gill filaments of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. collected in Lake Balaton, Hungary. Its oval plasmodia
measuring 600–800 300–400 µm were located intravasally in the filamental arteries. The spores measured 11.2 ± 0.92
9.5 ± 0.41 7.4 ± 0.33 µm and had two equal polar capsules with six polar filament coils. Both morphology and DNA
sequence analysis revealed that the new Myxobolus sp. is distinct from all of the Myxobolus spp. described from the
European common carp and from the Asian common carp subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new Myxobolus
sp. in a clade of gill-infecting myxobolids.
Acknowledgements: This study was supported by KTIA-AIK-12-1-2013-0017 and OTKA 100132 grants.
140
P-085
IN VITRO INACTIVATION OF KUDOA SEPTEMPUNCTATA SPORES,
THE CAUSATIVE MYXOSPOREAN OF A FOOD POISONING IN HUMANS
Yokoyama H.1, Funaguma N.1, Kobayashi S.2
1
Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
2
Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
Kudoa septempunctata, a myxosporean parasite infecting the trunk muscles of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus),
has been recently reported to be the causative agent of a type of food poisoning in humans. Patients showed acute
diarrhea and vomiting after ingestion of the raw flesh of infected flounder. Recent increase in number of food poisoning
cases has urged us to develop a control strategy of this parasite. To prevent food poisoning caused by K.
septempunctata, freezing at –15°C to –20°C for > 4 h or heating at 75°C for > 5 min have been recommended by the
Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan. However, such treatments are impractical because olive flounder are
commonly eaten raw. Thus, an alternative treatment method to inactivate K. septempunctata is still required. In this
study, we applied the vital staining assay with the fluorescent dyes Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide to determine
the viability of K. septempunctata spores. Screening tests of treatment methods against K. septempunctata spores
suggested that 25%-etha olàfo à à i ,à ºCàfo à àse ,àli o e eàatà àμl/ làfo à à i ,àa dàsali itiesàatà ‰àa dà
‰à
for 5 min were effective for killing spores. To verify toxicity loss in treated spores, tight junction barrier assays with Caco2 cells were conducted. The results of the Caco-2 assays corresponded well with those of the Hoechst-PI staining assay.
Further studies are required to determine a practical treatment procedure for inactivating spores considering the
treatment application in the production process of cultured olive flounder.
P-086
PROLIFERATIVE KIDNEY DISEASE (PKD) – THE CAUSE FOR DECLINING STOCKS OF
ARCTIC CHARR, SALVELINUS ALPINUS, IN ICELAND?
Svavarsdóttir F.R.1, Antonsson T.H.2, Freeman M.1, Árnason F.2, Kristmundsson Á.1
1
Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Iceland
Institute of Freshwater fisheries, Iceland
2
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), a serious disease of salmonids caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (T.b), was
first identified in Iceland in 2008. The disease is temperature dependant and only emerges when water temperature
exceeds 12-14°C for several weeks. Paralleled with increasing water temperature over the last decades, populations of
Arctic charr have severely declined in many lowland lakes in Iceland.
In 2008 – 2014, Arctic charr were regularly sampled from two lowland lakes in SW-Iceland experiencing severe declines
in Arctic charr populations. Clinical signs of PKD were determined and kidney samples examined by histology and PCR.
Furthermore, samples from fish caught in theses lakes in the 1990s were examined by PCR for the presence of T.b.
The prevalence of T.b. was high in all years 2008-2014, irrespective of fish age. Clinical signs of PKD were also common
in younger fish (1-3 years) but varied between years of sampling. Similarly, T.b. infections were prevalent in Arctic charr
in the lakes in the 1990s, but no data on clinical signs of PKD exist for those fish.
T.b. existed in Icelandic freshwater in the 1990s and hence is not new in the ecosystem. In the early 1990s the first
indications of the decline in Arctic charr became evident. At the same time the water temperature reached the critical
level necessary for PKD to emerge. The results of this study indicate that PKD has played a significant role in the decline
of populations of Arctic charr in Iceland.
141
P-087
MYXOBOLUS ANATOLICUS (MYXOZOA) INFECTING THE GILL OF ANATOLIAN KHRAMULYA
CAPOETA TINCA (CYPRINIDAE) IN TURKEY
Pekmezci G.Z.1, Yardimci B.1, Yilmaz S.2, Polat N.2
1
Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Ma ıs,à“a su ,àTu ke
Depa t e tàofàBiolog ,àFa ult àofàá tàa dà“ ie e,àU i e sit àofàO dokuzàMa ıs,à“a su ,àTu ke
2
This work is part of an ongoing investigation into the characteristics of myxozoan parasites of freshwater fish in Turkey
and was carried out using morphology, histopathology and molecular analysis. Myxobolus anatolicus was found
infecting the gills of 3 of 34 specimens (8.8%) of Anatolian khramulya Capoeta tinca from the Samsun Province, Northern
Turkey. Both morphology and 18S rDNA sequence data revealed that M. anatolicus was distinct from other Myxobolus
species found in the gills of cyprinid fishes. The small, white and round-shaped plasmodia, measuring 0.2 to 1.4 mm in
diameter, were observed macroscopically in the gills. Histological analysis revealed that the cyst-like plasmodia have an
intralamellar-vascular type development. Mature spores of M. anatolicus were oval in both frontal and sutural views,
a dàtape edàatàtheàa te io àpoles.àTheàspo esà e eà . à±à . à . àtoà . àμ àlo g,à . à±à . à . àtoà . àμ à ide,à
a dà . à±à . à . àtoà . àμ àthi k.àTheà àpola à apsulesà e eàp ifo ,àe ualài àsize,à . à±à . à . àtoà . àμ àlo gàa dà
. à ±à . à à toà . à μ à ide.à Pola à fila e tsà ithi à theà pola à apsulesà e eà oiledà ithà à o à à tu s.à Pathologi alà
changes or deformities were not observed, and no other myxozoans were found in other organs of the C. tinca.
Phylogenetic analysis placed M. anatolicus in a clade of gill-infecting myxobolids. This is the first record of a Myxobolus
species infecting Anatolian khramulya Capoeta tinca, and the first record of this species from Eurasia.
P-088
MORPHOMETRY AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO CERATOMYXA SPECIES
FROM THE GALL BLADDER OF THE BOGUE, BOOPS BOOPS, IN THE GULF OF GABES
Thabet A.1, Mansour L.2, Zouari T.S.1
1
Unité de Biologie Intégrative et Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive des Milieux Aquatiques, Faculté des Sciences de
Tunis, Université Tunis-El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
2
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
During serial campaigns extended from July 2013 to August 2014 in the Gulf of Gabes (South Eastern of Tunisia), 180
specimens of the bogue Boops boops (Linnaeus) were examined for Myxozoan parasites. Two morphologically distinct
Ceratomyxid mature myxospores were found floating in the bile. Morphometric and molecular analyses pointed out as
new species of the genus Ceratomyxa
Myxospores of Ceratomyxa-1 were crescent-shaped with two symmetrical valves and are formed in mono- , di- or
polysporous spherical plasmodia. Mature spores measured 31. 5 ± 0.63 (30-33) µm in length and 5.5 ± 0.21 (5-6) µm in
thickness. The polar capsules were spherical, equal in size and measured 2.75 ± 0.03 (2.5-3) µm in diameter.
Mature myxospores of Ceratomyxa-2 were stubby-shaped with convex anterior and almost straight to slightly concave
posterior. They measured 6 ± 0.39 (5-7) µm in length and 12.5 ± 0.42 (11-14) µm in thickness. Valves were unequal. The
polar capsules were equal, spherical and measured 2 µm in diameter.
The PCR products of the SSU rDNA sequence obtained from the two species showed a difference in size of about 100 bp
in gel electrophoresis. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the membership of these two parasites to the Ceratomyxa genus
and the absence of any identical previously reported species.
142
Thabet A.1, Mansour L.2, Zouari T.S.1
P-089
CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE MYXOZOAN PARASITES INFECTING THE GALL BLADDER OF EUROPEAN
PILCHARD SARDINA PILCHARDUS FROM TUNISIAN COAST
1
Unité de Biologie Intégrative et Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive des Milieux Aquatiques, Faculté des Sciences de
Tunis, Université Tunis-El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
2
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University; Saudi Arabia
VIABILITY OF CRYPTOCOTYLE LINGUA METACERCARIAE FROM ATLANTIC COD (GADUS MORHUA) AFTER
EXPOSURE TO FREEZING AND HEATING IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE FROM -80 °C TO 100 °C
Borges J.N.1, Borges J.N.1, Skov J.2, Bahlool Q.Z.M.2, Moller O.S.2, Kania P.W.2, Santos C.P.1, Buchmann K.2
1
Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
2
The presence of parasites in fish products is a problem that concerns consumers and authorities due to the potential
hazards it may cause. Few studies on the viability of parasites in marine fish products are concerned with trematodes. In
this study the trematodes Cryptocotyle lingua were identified by morphometric and molecular techniques and isolated
metacercariae from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were incubated in cod muscle tissue at different temperatures ranging
from -80 °C to 100 °C for subsequent test on their viability. SEM images were made to assess the physical damage
caused to parasites exposed to different temperatures. Temperatures between 50°C and 100°C and between -80°C and 20°C killed the metacercariae present in fish flesh in less than two hours. Controls kept at 5°C survived for nine days.
Extreme freezing temperatures caused minimal visual physical damage to cysts, but the tegument of metacercariae was
severely affected at all temperatures when incubated for long periods. The current legislation requires freezing of fish at
a temperature not higher than -20 °C for at least 24 hours. Although this treatment is sufficient to inactivate C. lingua
metacercariae, cod is not present in the list of fish species that should go through freezing before smoking process.
Based on this investigation we recommend the industry to freeze cod before cold smoking procedures are performed.
143
P-090
During a biodiversity survey on the occurrence of myxozoan parasites in the European pilchard, Sardina pilchardus in
Gulf of Gabes, hundreds of specimens were sampled and examined. Three new species belonging to three different
genera Ceratomyxa, Trilospora and Thelohanellus were identified infecting the gall bladder in 46% of examined fish.
Characterization of these parasites was based on the mature spores. The first species belonging to the genus
Ceratomyxa, is characterized by elongated mature spores having two symmetrical shell valves and two small spherical
polar capsules. Spores (n = 30) measured 23.5 (18-25) × 7 (5-9) µm in size and a diameter of polar capsules around 2.75
µm. Spores occurs in disporous or polysporous trophozoites. The spores of Thelohanellus are identified by their unique
polar capsules measuring (n = 30), 12.5 (10-15) × 5.5 (5- àμ àa dà . à -7) × 3.5 (3- àμ àfo àtheàpola à apsule.àTheà
myxospores of Trilospora sp. in apical view show three equal shell valves and three spherical polar capsules arranged in
the center. Spore measurements (n = 25) were 22 (20-24) × 15 (14- ൠ.àTheàpola à apsulesàha eà . àμ àofàdia ete .à
Infections with these three myxozoan parasites could be single or mixed. Hosts having less than 15 cm in length are the
most infected ones. Currently, characterization based on the small subunit rDNA sequence for the three species is under
process to finalize their specific identification.
Gustinelli A.1, Menconi V.1, Cavazza G.1, Caffara M.1, Righetti M.2, Scanzio T.2, Prearo M.2, Fioravanti M.L.1
P-091
ZOONOTIC HELMINTHS IN LACUSTRINE FISH FROM NORTHERN ITALY
1
Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle D'Aosta, Italy
2
P-092
According to EFSA Scientific Opinion on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products issued in 2010, all wild fish
should be considered at risk of containing any viable zoonotic parasites if eaten raw or almost raw, pointing out the
need to carry out epidemiological surveys on presence/diffusion of zoonotic parasites in all fishery grounds. With this
regard, in the framework of a research project (RF-2010-2311360) financed by the Italian Ministry of Health, a
parasitological survey aimed at assessing qualitative and quantitative data on zoonotic helminths in commercially
important fish caught in lakes (Maggiore, Como, Iseo, Garda) from northern Italy has been carried out from March 2013
to December 2014. Concerning Diphyllobothriid plerocercoids, abdominal cavity and fillets of 2216 fish (1820 perch, 172
shad, 104 whitefish, 92 burbot and 28 pike) were examined by visual inspection. Diphyllobothrium latum plerocercoids
were found in perch (Maggiore 6.6%; Como 25.4%; Iseo 7.8%), pike (Maggiore 100%; Como 84.2%; Iseo 71.4%) and
burbot (Como 3.6%; Iseo 3.8%), while shad and whitefish were negative. All the fish from Garda Lake were negative.
Moreover, 239 cyprinids were analyzed for Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae by microscopical examination of
compressed/digested muscular tissue. All the cyprinids were negative for O. felineus, while metacercariae of the
Opisthorchiid Pseudamphistomum truncatum were detected in 2 tench and 1 rud from Como Lake. These data confirm
D. latum as the most important fish-borne zoonotic helminth in the areas under study and identify the consumption of
a àpe hà pe hàcarpaccio àasàtheà ai àsou eàofài fe tio .
REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COX2 GENE FOR
THE DETECTION OF ANISAKID SPECIES OF THE GENERA ANISAKIS AND PSEUDOTERRANOVA IN FISH
Paoletti M.1, Nascetti G.1, Mattiucci S.2
1
Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza-University of Rome, Rome, Italy
2
Larval stages of anisakid nematodes of the genera Anisakis and Pseudoterranova have been reported as responsible of
human infections (anisakiasis) caused by the consumption of raw, undercooked seafood, harbouring zoonotic anisakid
larvae. Aim of the present work was to develop primers/probes based on mitochondrial cox2 gene, to be used in RTPCR, for the DNA detection of the most frequent species of the genera Anisakis and Pseudoterranova occurring in
European fish. Starting from sequences of mtDNA cox2 previously carried out on those anisakid species, new primers
were designed for six anisakid species of the genera Anisakis (i.e. A. pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.), A. physeteris) and
Pseudoterranova (i.e. P. decipiens (s. s.), P. bulbosa and P. krabbei). Shorter DNA fragments were obtained using the new
internal primers. Further, species-specific probes for each species were designed and labeled with different fluorescent
colors, able to detect and identify those anisakid species. DNA was extracted using DNAeasy blood and tissue kit
(Qiagen).The primers/probe combinations were tested using different serial quantity of parasite larvae, taking fixed the
amount of fish fillet. The real-time PCR assay was capable of detecting 1/2 of a single L3 in 10 gr of fish tissue, it
exhibited a high level of specificity. The limit of DNA detection, based on hybridation probes in Real Time PCR, was 0,02
ng/µl. RT-PCR based on hybridation probes represents a rapid, sensitive and inexpensive method to detect anisakids in
fish fillets.
The research received funding from the EU7FP grant agreement n°312068 PARASITE.
144
González A.F.1, Rodríguez H.1, Fernández B.2, Pascual S.1
1
P-093
REEVALUATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF ATLANTIC ANCHOVIES (ENGRAULIS ENCRASICOLUS) AS A MAIN
RISK FACTOR FOR ANISAKIOSIS AND/OR SENSITIZATION TO ANISAKIS IN SPAIN
2
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-CSIC, Vigo, Spain. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
Cooperativa de Armadores de Pesca del Puerto de Vigo, ARVI. Vigo, Spain
2
ANISAKIS SPP. AND VALUABLE LARGE PELAGIC FISH OFF EASTERN ADRIATIC – EPIDEMIOLOGY, MOLECULAR
IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ANALYSIS
Hrabar J.1,àBušelićàI.1,à‘ado ićàI.1, Poljak V.2, Mladineo I. 1
1
I stituteàofàO ea og aph àa dàFishe ies,àŠetališteàI a aàMešt o ića,à“plit,àC oatiaà
Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
2
Nematodes of the genus Anisakis are considered an emerging public health issue due to anisakiasis, a zoonotic disease
caused by consumption of raw or lightly processed infected seafood. Previous study conducted in Dalmatia, Croatia,
showed high anti-Anisakis IgE seroprevalence among island population.
In order to assess occurrence of Anisakis larvae in fish consumed among Dalmatian island population and possible
health risks, large and valuable pelagic fish species caught off the coast of Dalmatian islands (chub macekerel, Scomber
japonicus, horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus, little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus and atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus
thynnus) were examined. UV-Press method was used to reveal the presence of larvae in visceral mass and fillets. For
molecular identification a ~650 bp fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 2 (COX2) was sequenced and
phylogenetic tree has been inferred using Bayesian Inference.
In total 349 Anisakis larvae were isolated, while total prevalence was 64.4% (Sterne's exact 95% CI 0,48 to 0,77) and
mean intensity 12,03 (bootstrap 95% CI 7,03 to 20,55). Both values differ between species with highest prevalence
observed in little tunny, while highest mean intensity was observed in chub mackerel. Molecular identification revealed
A. pegreffii to be the predominant species, while only few A. simplex were identified. Although both A. pegreffii and A.
simplex are capable of penetrating into fish muscle, the later has up to 12 times higher ability to migrate postmortem
into fillets. Given this fact and epidemiological data collected, the risk of infection by consumption of targeted fish
among Dalmatian island population is moderate.
145
P-094
Clinical studies pointed to the ingestion of boquerones (raw Engraulis encrasicolus in vinegar) as the main potential risk
for anisakiasis and IgE sensitization to A. simplex in Spain. Conversely, most epidemiological surveys showed parasitefree fish lots or with prevalences around 10%, with only a few exceptions. In the surveillance program for PARASITE
Project (http://parasite-project.eu/) we analyzed 178 anchovies from NE Atlantic waters. Upon capture, fish were kept
in ice until landing, later transported to the lab and immediately frozen to prevent nematode migration. After thawing,
fish were dissected, pressed, examined under UV light and digested enzymatically. Nematode samples were then stored
frozen. Data for every fish and nematode sample were saved and coded in a BioBanking platform for further molecular
species identification. Anchovy prevalence was 87% (viscera 83%; flesh 29%), representing larger numbers than any
other reported for this species in EU fish production value chains. The nearest data in bibliography was reported for the
Adriatic Sea (76%) but with much lower flesh prevalence (2%). Reasons for this dissimilarity may be attributable to the
different geographical fish origin but also to complex interactions of different host-related and environmental
conditions. More remarkably, probably also reflects differences between detection methods. The high prevalence of
Anisakis in this species is of public health concern, considering that flesh prevalence may reach 29% in pre-harvest
condition, besides the traditional raw consumption of this fish in Spain. An enhanced risk communication focus on
control measures may clearly contribute to avoid this biohazard in seafood.
P-095
OCCURRENCE OF ANISAKIS SIMPLEX SENSU STRICTO IN IMPORTED ATLANTIC MACKEREL
(SCOMBER SCOMBRUS) REPRESENTS A RISK FOR TURKISH CONSUMERS
Pekmezci G.Z.
Depa t e tàofàá uati àá i alàDiseases,àFa ult àofàVete i a àMedi i e,àU i e sit àofàO dokuzàMa ıs,à“a su ,àTu ke
MYXOZOAN PARASITE FAUNA OF SIGANIDS FROM OMANI WATERS: NINE SPECIES FROM A SINGLE HOST
Al Jufaili S.1,2, Freeman M.3, Machkevskyi V.1, Palm H.2
1
Department of Microbiology, Fishery Quality Control Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Oman
Department of Aquaculture and Sea-ranching, Faculty of Agricultural and Environment, Rostock University, Rostock,
Germany
3
Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
2
Myxosporea is an important group of aquatic parasites gaining increasing interest in the Arabian Peninsula region. Many
new myxosporean species have been recorded from waters of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Red Sea and Arabian Gulf).
However, similar investigations are lacking from the waters of the Sultanate of Oman, with only a single record of Kudoa
amamiensis from Nemipterus peronii to date (Al Jufaili, unpublished data). Parasitological examination of Siganus
canaliculatus caught from several locations off the Omani coasts of the Arabian Gulf, the Sea of Oman and the Arabian
Sea revealed several unknown coelozoic and histozoic myxosporean parasites. The parasites belong to five different
genera and were detected from different host organs. Three Kudoid myxosporean were detected from cysts located at
the basal region of the gill filaments. Cysts harbouring Unicapsula spores were found infecting the surface of the
endothelium lining of the oesophagus and stomach. Ortholinea spores were recovered from the urine and urinary
bladder of the host, whereas the gall bladder had one species of Zschokkella and three forms of Ceratomyxid
myxosporeans. Spore morphometric data using light microscope, scanning and transmission electron microscope
combined with molecular analysis of the 18s region of the SSU rDNA sequence data were used for species identification.
In addition, histological investigations were carried out to analyse host-parasite relationship and evaluate possible
pathological implications associated with these myxosporeans. Based on the obtained data, this study will provide new
information on nine unknown species of myxosporean parasites from a single host caught off Omani waters.
146
P-096
Anisakid larvae are prevalent fish-borne potential pathogens that are found in numerous fish species destined for
human consumption. The presence of A. simplex (s.s.) in seafood products may present a health risk for consumers. In
Turkey, Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) is marketed frozen, mainly imported from Norway. The aim of this study
was to identify the Anisakis species found in deep-frozen whole Atlantic mackerel destined for human consumption,
obtained at fish markets that imported fish from Norway to Turkey. All Anisakis larvae isolated from imported Atlantic
mackerel were identified by morphology as third larvae of Anisakis Type I. The ITS region was amplified and digested
with the restriction enzymes Hinf I and Hha I. The larvae were identified via PCR-RFLP as belonging to A. simplex (s.s.),
and this was confirmed by sequencing the cox2 gene. The overall prevalence of Anisakis larvae was 25% (95%
confidence limits: 13–41%), and the mean intensity was 19.1 (bootstrap 95% confidence limits: 15.3–25.5). A. simplex
(s.s.) larvae found in imported Atlantic mackerel could represent a risk since consumers could acquire parasitic allergies.
The results will have an important impact on public health risk assessment in that they suggest reviewing critical control
points at the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) programs to reduce the risk of anisakid-induced allergies
among consumers. Consequently, the present study provides the first data regarding the occurrence of A. simplex (s.s.)
larvae in imported Atlantic mackerel in Turkish markets.
P-097
UNEXPLORED MEXICAN MYXOZOANS: FIRST SCREENING ON DIVERSITY OF
MYXOZOANS IN FRESHWATER FISHES IN MEXICO
Alama-Bermejo G.1,2,3, Pinacho-Pinacho C.D.4, Hernández-Cruz E.5, Andrade-Gómez L.5, García-Varela M.5,
Bartholomew J.1, Hernández-Orts J.S.5
1
Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
I stituteà ofà Pa asitolog ,à Biolog à Ce t eà ofà theà á ade à ofà “ ie esà ofà theà Cze hà ‘epu li ,à Česk à Budějo i e,à Cze hà
Republic
3
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain
4
Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
5
Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico city, Mexico
2
Myxozoans are cnidarian microparasites that are well known in fisheries and aquaculture for causing disease and
mortality in their fish host. These parasites are widely spread affecting freshwater and marine habitats, with about 2500
species described worldwide. Despite its importance, myxozoan species reports in Mexico are practically inexistent and
there is a need to explore the presence of this group of parasites in a country with growing aquaculture sector. This
study explores for the first time the diversity of myxozoan species in freshwater fishes in some rivers from southeastern
Mexico. Fish belonging to 9 families and 18 species were captured with electrofishing and gillnets from 8 localities: Río la
Palma and Tlacotalpan (Veracruz State); Río Negro (Oaxaca State); Río San Juan, Pijijiapan, Río Xuixtla, El Triunfo and
Nueva Francia (Chiapas State). Samples were taken of gall bladder, kidney and intestine to be screened molecularly by
sequencing of the SSU rDNA with universal myxozoan primers. Preliminary results detected myxozoans in 30% of the
fish sampled, with members belonging or closely related to different freshwater genera e.g Zschokkella, Myxidium,
Myxobolus and Henneguya. PCR positive host species were screened microscopically (light microscopy, scanning
electron microscopy, histological sections) to identify the new myxozoan species. This study provides the first details
about the morphology, prevalence, habitat, distribution and diversity of myxozoans in rivers of the neotropical region of
Mexico.
P-098
OCCURRENCE OF GLOBOSPORA SP. IN EUROPEAN SEABASS, DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX L.
REARED IN A PORTUGUESE FISH FARM
Santos M.J.1,2, Rocha S.1,3, Rangel L.1,2, Castro R.1,2, Casal G.1,4, Cavaleiro F.1,2, Azevedo C.1,3
1
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
3
Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto,Portugal
4
Department of Sciences, High Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
2
Myxozoa are among the parasites that may cause growth delays in aquaculture fish. This motivated a survey for them, in
European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus,à
à ea edài àaàfishàfa àlo atedàatàtheàá ei o sàEstua à Po tugal .à
In a sample of 20 fish, only one was found infected with Globospora sp. Free spores and disporic plasmodia (diameter
14-16 mm) were detected in the gall bladder and co-occurring with Ceratomyxa diplodae Lubat, Radujkovic, Marques &
Bouix, 1989 infection. The spores were fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde buffered in 0.2 M sodium cacodylate for processing
for transmission electron microscopy, differential interference contrast microphotographs were taken and
morphometry was recorded. The spores were sub spherical to ovoid (9.6-9.5 x 6.5-6.4 mm) in lateral view, and circular
in apical view, presenting one single pyriform polar capsule (2.6-2.4 x 2.3-2.0 mm); by its turn, inside this capsule is a
filament with around 4 turns.
Globospora Lom, Noble et Laird, 1975 genus has, so far, one single species described, G. sphaerica which was reported
from Odontesthes incisa (Actinopterygii: Atherinopsidae) off Argentina Atlantic coast, thus this is the second occurrence
for this genus worldwide.
Acknowledgements: The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), within the aim of the Project
DIRDAMyx (Reference: FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-020726 / FCT- PTDC/MAR/116838/2010) for the grants attributed to F.
Cavaleiro and R. Castro, and the Ph.D. fellowship grants attributed to S. Rocha (SFRH/BD/92661/2013) and to L. Rangel
(SFRH/BD/82237/2011) through the programme QREN-POPH/FSE; and the project EUCVOA (NORTE-07-0162-FEDER000116).
147
P-099
A SURVEY OF ACTINOSPORES FROM ANNELIDS IN A PORTUGUESE ESTUARY
Rangel L.F.1,2, Castro R.1, Cavaleiro F.1, Santos M.J.1,2
1
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
2
A NEW SPECIES OF HENNEGUYA (MYXOBOLIDAE) PARASITIC ON MARKIANA NIGRIPINNIS (CHARACIDAE)
FROM THE PANTANAL, BRAZIL
Mota M.E.B.P.1, Paiva F.2, Elisei C.3, Capodifoglio K.R.H.4, Tavares L.E.R.2
1
Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
3
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil
4
Graduate Program in Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
2
Henneguya comprises approximately 200 species, of which 50 species have been reported to be parasitic on Brazilian
fishes. Markiana nigripinnis is a small characid fish from South America and reports about its parasites are unknown.
Between December 2013 and September 2014, 57 specimens of M. nigripinnis were caught in a perennial lagoon
o
o
(19 34,5 à “,à
,
W à f o à Pa ta alà floodplai ,à “ateà ofà Matoà G ossoà doà “ul,à B azil.à Gillsà e eà e o edà a dà
observed under a stereomicroscope. Cysts were removed from the gills, and some were stored in ethanol 70% for
molecular analysis, whereas others were ruptured for the morphological study of the spores (fresh and Giemsa stained
mounts). Measurements, in micrometers, are expressed by the range. Partial 18S rDNA sequence was obtained from
spores and compared to the sequences available from GenBank. Mature spores: elongated, total length 25-34.6; spore
body 8.9-12.6 long, 2.7-5.7 wide; caudal process 16-22.9; polar capsules 4.4-6.5 long, 1.0-1.9 wide; polar filaments 4-5
turns. Partial sequence of 678 base pairs did not match any with of the previous Myxozoa sequences. Phylogenetic
analysis of the sequence using maximum likelihood showed that this species clustered with H. rotunda, Myxobolus
pantanalis, H. visibilis, H. pellucida and M. oliveriai, all of which are parasites of Characiformes fishes from Brazil.
Henneguya pellucida was the most closely related species. However, H. pellucida was found in the visceral cavity and
organs of Piaractus mesotamicus and presented 6-7 turns of polar filaments, whereas the species found in the gills of M.
nigripinnis presented 4-5 turns of polar filaments.
148
P-100
The Myxosporea Bütschli, 1881 are obligate microscopic endoparasites of vertebrate and invertebrates species. They
infect fishes, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals, and alternate their life cycle in annelids and sipunculids. Aveiro
estuary is a vast enclosed estuary with an area of 11,000 hectares and is used by several species of fishes as home and
nursery. Several fish farms grow fishes in this environment. The study of the myxosporean extrapiscine development in
annelids is important to understand the biology and ecology of these parasites. The results of the survey, which included
the microscopic analysis of 503 oligochaetes and 1621 polychaetes, revealed the presence of actinospores belonging to
3 different collective groups. In oligochaetes, 1 triactinomyxon morphotype (with a prevalence of infection of 0.6%), and
more than 4 sphaeractinomyxon morphotypes (23.0% in total) were registered. In polychaetes we found 1
tetractinomyxon morphotype (6.0%).
Acknowledgements: The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), within the aim of the Project
DIRDAMyx (Reference: FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-020726 / FCT- PTDC/MAR/116838/2010) for the grants attributed to F.
Cavaleiro and R. Castro, and the Ph.D. fellowship grant attributed to L. Rangel (SFRH/BD/82237/2011) through the
programme QREN-POPH/FSE.
Nogueira S.1,2, Santos M.J.1,2, Cavaleiro F.1,2
P-101
THE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY OF ACANTHOCHONDRIA CORNUTA (COPEPODA: CHONDRACANTHIDAE)
1
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
2
Acanthochondria cornuta (Müller O.F., 1776) is a chondracanthid copepod, commonly found in the branchial chambers
of the European flounder, Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae). Information on this parasite is
still scarce, namely as concerns its reproduction. In an attempt to characterize its reproductive strategy, the existence of
seasonal variations in body size and measures of reproductive effort (egg sac size and egg number and size) was
evaluated. A total of 120 ovigerous females, 30 from each season of the year, were included in the analysis. In winter,
females tended to be larger (6.2±0.7 [5.0-8.0] mm [summer]; 6.4±0.5 [5.4-7.8] mm [autumn]; 7.2±0.6 [6.0-8.4] mm
[winter]; and 6.7±0.6 [5.7-8.4] mm [spring]) and to produce (i) larger egg sacs (3.1±0.6 [2.2-5.5] mm [summer]; 3.7±0.4
[2.7-4.6] mm [autumn]; 5.0±0.6 [4.2-6.3] mm [winter]; and 4.7±0.5 [4.1-6.2] mm [spring]), (ii) a larger number of eggs
(623.2±263.8 [268-1183] eggs [summer]; 812.5±283.3 [396-1620] eggs [autumn]; 1523.1±421.4 [759-2486] eggs
[winter]; and 1360.9±452.7 [737-2439] eggs [spring]) and (iii) smaller eggs (0.001571±0.000306 [0.001073-0.002333]
3
3
mm ; [summer]; 0.001528±0.000256 [0.001017-0.002036] mm ; [autumn]; 0.001237±0.000132 [0.000991-0.001621]
3
3
mm ; [winter]; and 0.001266±0.000137 [0.001040-0.001638] mm ; [spring]), contrary to that found for the summer
season. The results found are similar to those previously reported for a copepod parasitic on an invertebrate host,
supporting the existence of a reproductive strategy common to all parasitic copepods.
P-102
THE ROLE OF MYXOZOAN POLAR CAPSULES: INJECTING AS WELL AS ANCHORING
Ben-David J.1, Atkinson S.D.2, Bartholomew J.L. 2, Lotan T.1
1
Charney School of Marine Sciences, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
2
The first crucial step in the infection process of myxozoans is the discharge of their polar capsules, whereby an evertable
tubule is fired rapidly into the host cell. We set out to characterize the dynamics and function of this process, of which
little is currently known. We used myxospores of Myxobolus cerebralis which had their polar capsules content labeled,
to clearly visualize and investigate the discharge process. Capsule discharge was triggered under the microscope, and
documented using a high-speed video camera.
We discovered several distinct steps in the discharge process: (i) tubule inversion to full outward extension, (ii) violent
contraction of the tubule to about half its extended length, leading to (iii) rapid injection of a solution out through
openings in the tubule. Additionally, spores were seen to be pulled strongly in the direction of the anchorage point, due
to the fast contraction of the tubule.
The entire process lasts ~300 milliseconds. Our findings provide evidence that myxozoan polar capsules could function
as more than anchor mechanisms: they can actively inject compounds into the host. The possible functions of such
injection are intriguing, and include facilitating adherence and/or penetration to the host tissue (via adhesive or
digestive substances), or rapidly decreasing the internal pressure inside the tubule, thereby leading to its rapid
contraction - which then leads to the parasites pulling itself closer to the point of contact to aid sporoplasm penetration.
149
P-103
MYXOSPOREAN INFECTIONS ON GILTHEAD SEA BREAM SPARUS AURATA L. IN TURKEY
Şi i àC.,àTokşe àE.
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Aquaculture production has been expanding rapidly over recent years in Turkey. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)
culture have important proportion of aquaculture production. Diseases are most significant factor affecting to this
industry such as infections of myxozoan parasites. The aim of this work was to state myxosporean parasite on seabream
culture. total 120 seabream obtained from different four commercial enterprise in Izmir, were studied for myxosporean
parasites. Parasites were identified and histopathological examinations were carried out for several tissues such as
kidney, gall bladder, intestine and spleen. Prevalence and intensity of infection were determined.
P-104
INFECTION DYNAMICS OF MYXOZOANS IN BLACK SCORPIONFISH SCORPAENA PORCUS L.
FROM TUNISIAN COASTS
Garbouj M., Azizi R., Bahri S.
Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092 El-Manar II, Tunisia
The Black Scorpionfish, Scorpaena porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a venomous Scorpionfish and one of the most common
species of Scorpaenidae family along the Tunisian coasts. The specimens of Scorpaena porcus were collected from three
localities situated in North-East of Tunisia: Bay of Bizerte, Gulf of Tunis and Gulf of Hammamet.
During the parasitological survey, a total of six coelozoic myxosporean species belonging to five genera are found in the
gallbladder of Scorpaena porcus. The presence of myxsospores in the bile is easily detectable under light microscope by
the polar capsules which are highly refractive.
Morphological and morphometric characteristics of these species based on light microscopic observations of fresh and
stained spores are presented. We have identify Myxidium incurvatum Thélohan, 1892 which has been recorded in
Scorpaena scrofa L. and other hosts from France (Eiras et al., 2011).The five other species are Ceratomyxa sp. 1,
Ceratomyxa sp. 2, Pseudoalatospora sp., Ortholenia sp. and Zschokkella sp. These species are different by their
dimensions and shape from the species described worldwide.
The infection prevalence of described myxosporean species differs from one locality to other. Parasitism and its
relationship with host sex and host size revealed that fish males are more infected than fish females. Furthermore,
myxozoan infection increases with increased size of the host. Adults are more infected than juveniles.
150
P-105
GILL MYXOSPOROSES AFFECTING AQUACULTURED FISH IN PUNJAB (INDIA)
Kaur H., Katoch A.
Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
In Punjab (India), polyculture consist of Indian major carps - Catla (Catla catla Ham.), rohu (Labeo rohita Ham.) and
mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus Ham.), and exotic carps - silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valen.), grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idellus Valen.) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linn.). In this system, carps are prone to several
diseases like trichodiniosis, haemorrhagic septicemia and various parasitic infectious diseases especially those due to
Myxozoa. The gills were examined under a trinocular stereo microscope for the presence of pseudocysts of
myxosporeans and clinical symptomatology, if any. Intensity of the infection was measured with a gill pseudocyst index
(GPI): countable number of pseudocysts present per gill. For identification, myxospores were studied fresh and in
stained preparations with iron-haematoxylin and Ziehl-Neelsen. The histological study was made on paraffin sections (3ൠàthi k àofài fe tedàgills,ààstai edà ithàLu a sà ethod.àTheàpseudo stsà e eàlo atedài àtheàgillàla ellae,àgill filament
and also in the gill arch. A total of 19 species of myxosporean were found infecting various tissues in the gills. Among
them, 14 species belong to the genus Myxobolus, 3 species to the genus Thelohanellus and 2 species to the genus
Henneguya. Parasitism was of three type- bi, tri and polyparasitism. Clinical presentation and principal lesions caused by
each species are described.
The financial grant by University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, in the form of Major Research Project (MRP) is
fully acknowledged.
P-106
NEW COLONY DEVELOPMENT FROM MIGRATING AUTOZOOIDS OF FREDERICELLA SULTANA UNDER
UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS
Gorgoglione B.1, Kotob M.1,2, El-Matbouli M.1
1
Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
2
The Bryozoa Fredericella sultana acts as an essential invertebrate host within the life cycle of the myxozoan parasite
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the aetiological agent of Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) for salmonid fish. During the
summer 2014, following the first PKD outbreak affecting brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Austria, several locations along
the river Kamp were inspected and infected sites found several km upstream the infected farm. Fredericella sultana
colonies were collected from these locations and attached to plastic petri dishes to be cultivated under laboratory
conditions. Daily colony inspection revealed the dislocation of single zooids from larger branching colonies followed by
its attachment in another place to start a new colony. Zooids kept under unfavourable conditions, e.g. hypertrophication
or sudden temperature changes, retracted their funiculus, twitched to the top of the branch and actively separated from
the remaining dying colony. Migrating individual autozooid, showed fully developed and contracting organs but no
exoskeleton. Following attachment to a substrate they growth similarly as for those newly hatched from statoblasts, but
without statoblast chitinous valves. Lateral budding is a common phenomenon occurring to mechanically damaged
bryozoans; however this kind of zooid migration is not previously seen. Further study is required to better precisely
assess this phenomenon and its relevance for F. sultana colonization of new habitats with the possibility of spreading T.
bryosalmonae malacospores.
151
P-107
PARASITOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SILURIDAE AND PERCIDAE SPECIES IN IRAN
Azadikhah D.1, Jalilzadeh Tabrizi S.2, Nekuie Fard A.3
1
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
Young researcher and elite clubs, Urmia branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
3
Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, Iranian Artemia Research Center, Urmia, Iran
2
FIRST REPORT OF THE NEMATODE CONTRACAECUM N. SP. AND THE ACANTHOCEPHALAN TENUIOSENTIS
NILOTICUS IN THE JAPANESE THREADFIN BREAM (NEMIPTERUS JAPONICUS) IN THE PERSIAN GULF
Nematollahi A.1, Shahbazi P.1, Mobedi I.2, Abbasi M.F.3, Ghaemmaghami S.S.H.1
1
Department of Pathobiology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Parasitology, University of Medical Science of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Aquaculture, Islamic Azad University of Shabestar, Shabestar, Iran
2
The threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) is one of the most important commercial fishes in the Persian Gulf,
however parasite infections of this fish cause economical losses. In this study 649 Japanese threadfin breams from the
Persian Gulf were captured and necropsied. The parasites of each organ were separated and stained. Diagnosis of the
parasites was done by identification keys. In total, 109 fish (17%) were infected by parasites, being the intestine the
most infected microhabitat. In this study one nematode (Contracaecum n. sp.), two acanthocephala (Serrasentis
sagittifer, Tenuiosentis niloticus) and their larval stages were diagnosed. The helminth infection levels were higher in
male than in female fish. This is the first record of Contracaecum n. sp. and T. niloticus in Japanese threadfin breams of
the Persian Gulf. Serrasentis sagittifer has been already recorded in this host at this area.
152
P-108
The parasitological survey of Siluridae (Silurus glanis and Parasilurus triostegus) and Percidae (Sander lucioperca, Perca
fluviatilis) species was carried out during 2010 to 2014, with the aim of contribute to the knowledge of the fish parasites
fauna from a less known or somewhat unstudied species in Iran. The only protozoan parasites recorded from Sander
lucioperca were Tripanosoma percae in the blood and Trichodina sp and Vorticella sp on the skin. Perca fluviatilis was
infected by Anisakisschupakovi and Camallanuslacustris (Nematoda) in intestine, and Ancyrocephalusparadoxus
(Monogenea) and Achtheres percarum (Copepoda) in gills. Silurus glanis was found to be infected by two monogeneans,
Silurodiscoides siluri and S.vistulensis in gills and one cestode Protocephalus osculatus;two digeneans Aphanurus
stossichi and Bunocotile cingulata ; two nematodes,Anisakis sp and Cuculanus sphaerocephalus and two
acanthocephalans: Corynosoma strumosum and Pomphorhynchus perforator all from intestine of examined fishes. The
only parasite species found in Parasilurus triostegus, a native fish of Tigris region was the monogenean Silurodiscoides
vistulensis typical Ponto-Caspian species recently introduced to the Tigris region. This species needs further studies due
to longer dorso-apical length rather than S.vistulenses found on gills of the Silurus glanis of the Caspian region. In the
present paper parasitic fauna of Percidae and Siluridae species are reported and morphological and biometrical
similarity/differences of Silurodiscoides vistulensis from two hosts are stressed.
P-109
INFESTATION OF PLANKTON CRUSTACEAN BY METACERCARIAE OF BRACHYPHALLUS CRENATUS
(RUDOLPHI, 1802) (TREMATODA: HEMIURIDAE) IN THE PROSTOR GULF (ITURUP ISLAND, RUSSIA)
Sokolov S.1, Frenkel S.2, Gordeev I.2
1
The Center of Parasitology IPEE RAS, Moscow, Russia
Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow, Russia
2
P-110
Brachyphallus crenatus Rudolphi, 1802 is one of the most common parasite of fishes in the Arctic and subarctic. In the
North Pacific it is often found in anadromous pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and its life cycle is partly described in the
North Atlantic (Reimer, 1971; Køie, 1992) and the Arctic Ocean (Grozdilova&Makrushin, 1985 etc). In May - July 2013, a
plankton survey (44 samples) was performed in the Prostor Gulf (Iturup Island, Kuril Islands) in feeding area of wild
salmon populations and young fishes from the near located hatcheries. Samples were obtained by Jedi plankton net
(upper ring Ø 370 mm, gauze 168 µ) at depths between 10 and 100 m. Metacercariae of B. crenatus were found only in
the samples collected in June and the beginning of July. Among all found plankton taxa only adults and 5 copepodid
stages of Pseudocalanus newmani Frost, 1989 and adults of Acartia longiremis Lilljeborg, 1853 were infected. These
copepods were caught mainly in the coastal zone at a depth up to 20 m, where 70% of twenty collected samples at this
depth contained metacercariae. The metacercariae was located in haemocoel of the thoracic segments. Removed from
crustaceans metacercariae (10 ind.) body length was 0.484—0.583 mm, maximal width - 0.137—0.174 mm. Thus, P.
newmani and A. longiremis are recorded as second intermediate host of B. crenatus in the North Pacific for the first
time.
CHECKLIST OF PARASITES OF LABRID FISHES (PISCES: LABRIDAE)
Muñoz G.1, Díaz P.E.2
1
Universidad de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Valparaíso, Chile
The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Queensland, Australia
2
Labrid fishes, commonly known as wrasses, are distributed in tropical and subtropical seas globally. This study provides a
list of the parasite species reported in labrids around the world based on published references from different sources. In
addition, we record new data on parasites of 17 wrasses, one species from Robinson Crusoe Island in Chile, and the
remaining 16 species from the GBR. The majority of biological knowledge of labrids, including parasitological studies,
derives from the Tropical Indo Pacific, especially from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. A total of 338 records of
parasite taxa were found for 127 labrid species. From these records, 212 parasites were identified at the species level,
67 were identified at the genus level, and the remaining records were identified at a higher taxonomic level.
Endoparasites were more diverse than ectoparasites. Trematodes were the richest endoparasites group (134 species)
and crustaceans were the richest ectoparasites group (44 species). This checklist was based on 176 published articles,
adding some unpublished parasitological records in 17 wrasse species.
153
P-111
PARASITE PREVALENCE, INTENSITY AND ABUNDANCE COMPARISON IN PERUVIAN HAKE
DURING SPRING SEASON 2013 AND 2014
Gárate I., Jiménez P., Flores K., Orellana J., Guerrero J., Chávez L., Gutiérrez J.
Laboratory of Human and Animal Parasitology, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
Merluccius gayi peruanus is a demersal fish, whose distribution in the Peruvian coast varies according to seasonal and
interannual fluctuations of the Cromwell Flow. The purpose of this research was to compare the prevalence, intensity
and parasite abundance in Peruvian hake during the spring season 2013 and 2014. Between October and November
2013 and 2014, 30 and 21 specimens of M. gayi peruanus, respectively, were acquired in the Fishing Terminal of
Ventanilla-Callao, recording the length and weight of each individual. For parasitological examination outer surface, gills,
arterial bulb, gut, visceral surface and muscle tissue were checked. Trematodes, cestodes and acanthocephalans were
fixed using AFA 50% and nematodes were fixed in hot alcohol 70°. The coloration was made with acetic carmine and
lactophenol was used for clarifying. The length and average weight of specimens of M. gayi peruanus examined in the
spring of 2013, was 33.5 cm and 288.7 g, respectively; parasites belonging to the species Aporocotyle wilhelmi (20%),
Clestobothrium crassiceps (16.7%), Anisakis simplex (6.7%) and a plerocercoid larva of the order Tetraphyllidea (6.7%)
were found. In the spring of 2014, individuals examined had an average length and weight of 30.6 cm and 193.9 g,
respectively; the parasite species found were Aporocotyle wilhelmi (14.3%), Clestobothrium crassiceps (4.8%) and
Corynosoma sp. (4.8%). The comparative study of the parasitic fauna of M. gayi peruanus, between spring 2013 and
2014, shows a decrease in the prevalence of A. wilhelmi and C. crassiceps; however, the mean intensity and mean
abundance of A. wilhelmi increased in 2014.
P-112
HELMINTH PARASITES OF PERUVIAN HAKE MERLUCCIUS GAYI PERUANUS,
ACQUIRED AT THE FISHING TERMINAL OF VILLA MARIA DEL TRIUNFO – LIMA, PERÚ
Gárate I., Flores K., Jiménez P., Pimentel J., Ayala M., Ávalos C.
Laboratory of Human and Animal Parasitology, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
Merluccius gayi peruanus is the most abundant and economically important species in the trawl fishing industry in Peru.
The present study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the helminth fauna in the Peruvian hake.
30 individuals of M. gayi peruanus were acquired in the Fishing Terminal of Villa Maria del Triunfo, Lima, between
October and December 2014. Morphometric data and sex of each specimen were recorded. Also, parasitological
examination was performed on surface, gills, arterial bulb, gastrointestinal tract, muscle tissue and visceral surface of
each fish. The parasites found were fixed in AFA and preserved with alcohol 70 °. Carmin acetic coloration was used for
the flatworms identification, as was clarified with lactophenol for observation of internal structures in the case of
nematodes.
Of the examined fishes, 16 were males and 14 females. The average total length was 37.1 cm and the average weight
364.1 g. The prevalence of infected fish with helminth parasites was 40%. We identified adults of Clestobothrium
crassiceps (20%), Aporocotyle wilhelmi (16.6%), Anthocotyle sp. (10%), and third stage larvae of Anisakis simplex (13.3%).
In the present study, the prevalence of parasitic A. wilhelmi and Anisakis simplex was higher than that recorded by
Chero et al. (2014) in Peruvian hake acquired at the Fishing Terminal of Ventanilla, Callao. These findings represent an
update of the helminth fauna in Merluccius gayi peruanus coming from the Peruvian sea and allow to make
recommendations on how this fish should be consumed to prevent zoonotic parasitic infections.
154
P-113
PARASITES IN SILURIFORMES FISHES FROM ECUADOR
Rodríguez Haro C.1,2, Gamboa M.I.3, Lopez J.1, Martorelli S.R.4
1
Escuela Superior Politecnica, Chimborazo, Ecuador
SENESCYT, Ecuador
3
Cátedra de Parasitología Comparada, Laboratorio de Parasitosis Humanas y Zoonosis Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias
Veterinarias, UNLP, Argentina
4
Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores CEPAVE CCT-CONICET- UNLP, Argentina
2
This contribution is part of a PhD study on parasites of Siluriformes fishes from rivers of the Pastaza Province in the
Amazon region of Ecuador. In this area a rural and peri-urban population depends on fishing as an important source of
food. The fish consumption levels are one of the highest in the world. The main objective is to make an initial
contribution of parasites found from Loricariidae fishes (Hypostomus oculeus. Hypostomus sp, and Ancystrus sp). These
fishes are usually caught by artisanal fishermen in Puyo and Bobonaza rivers, and their parasitological fauna is still
unknown. Fishes were collected during two years along the rain and short rainy seasons, fixed in 10% formalin and then
transferred to 70% until their study for external and internal parasites. For each fish, musculature was also revised
according to the protocol for searching larval stages of Gnathostoma (zoonotic in Ecuador). At moment, eleven parasite
species were identified. These included two Myxozoa morphotypes (Myxobolus sp. from gills and external surface of the
gut.), four monogeneans from gills and skin surface (Unilatus sp.1, Unilatus sp.2, Demidospermus sp. and
Phanerothecioides sp.), three trematodes from intestine belonging to the genera Saccocoelioides and Crassicutis, one
hirudinean from the mouth (Glossiphonidae) and one isopod from body cavity (Riggia sp.). All these species are
currently being studied to determine its correct systematic identification.
P-114
LARVAL FISH SPECIES AS SOURCE OF DIVERSITY OF TRIFUR SPP. (COPEPODA: PENNELLIDAE)
IN HUMBOLDT CURRENT SYSTEM, INFERRED BY MOLECULAR ANALYSES.
González M.T.1, López Z.1, Paredes L.1, Landaeta M.F.2, Muñoz G.2
1
Instituto de Ciencias Naturales "AvH", Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile
Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Rec Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
2
Parasite diversity in fish species tends to increase with the use of molecular markers, which allow to identify
morphologically similar species or species in larval stages that have no distinctive characters. The genus Trifur Wilson,
1917 is composed by five species: T. tortuosus Wilson, 1917; T. puntaniger Thomé, 1963; T. chlorophthalmi Yamaguti,
1939; T. physiculi Heegaard, 1962; and Trifur lotellae (Thomson, 1890). Two of these species have been recorded in the
Humboldt Current System (HCS): T. puntaniger on Merluccius australis and T. tortuosus infesting fishes of different
families (Bovichthidae; Labrisomidae; Merluccidae; Sebastidae; Moridae). In a recent study evaluating the presence of
ectoparasites in ichthyoplankton from HCS, larval parasites belonging to genus Trifur were recorded on larval fish
species (Helcogrammoides spp., Gobiesox marmoratus, Myxodes viridis; Auchenionchus spp.). Molecular analyses, based
on gen CO-I, were performed to those larval parasites and two adults of Trifur spp. present in Sebastes oculatus and
Scartichthys viridis. Sequences of 697 bp were compared and phylogenetic trees were constructed using NJ-K2P Model.
Our results showed five species of Trifur, four were on larval fishes. The genetic distance among Trifur spp. varied
between 11.9 and 13%. One of them, here called Trifur sp. 1, was present on larval fishes from different families (H.
cunninghami; G. marmoratus and M. viridis) corresponding to Trifur sp. present in adult fish S. viridis (Blenniidae). The
larval fish G. marmoratus was infested by three different species of Trifur. Morphological characters and importance of
larval fish in the transmission of Trifur spp. are discussed. Financial support: FONDECYT 1120868.
155
Moreno A.B.1, Pérez-del-Olmo A.2, Santos C.P.1
P-115
HELMINTH PARASITES OF SCOMBER COLIAS GMELIN, 1789 (SCOMBRIDAE) FROM RIO DE JANEIRO COAST
1
Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
2
Previous studies on the helminth fauna of scombrid fish from the Brazilian coast included reports on Scomber japonicus
Houttuyn, 1782 and Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789. Nowadays it is considered that only S. colias occurs in the Atlantic
Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, forming different populations. To assess and revise the parasite biodiversity of
S. colias off the coast of Rio de Janeiro State, 69 fish were examined from March 2013 to November 2014. We report
herein the presence of nine taxa: the monogeneans Grubea cochlear and Kuhnia scombri, the digeneans Aponurus
laguncula, Lecithocladium harpodontis and Allonematobothrioides scombri, the larval cestode Scolex pleuronectis and
the nematodes (Raphidascaris sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Anisakidae gen. sp. larvae). Raphidascaris sp. was the most
prevalent (64%) parasites, followed by K. scombri (60%) and A. laguncula (38%). The most abundant species was K.
scombri (2.30 ± 3.73). The mean infracommunity richness was 2.14 ± 1.09 species/fish and the total mean abundance
was 7.08 ± 7.24 worms/fish. The mean Berger-Parker dominance index was 0.67 ± 0.27, K. scombri, Raphidascaris sp.
and A. laguncula being the most dominant species. The Bray-Curtis similarity index between infracommunities was
relatively low (32.78 ± 26.20) and Raphidascaris sp. and Hysterothylacium sp. were contributing most to the similarity
between infracommunities of the S. colias studied.
P-116
BIODIVERSITY OF HELMINTH PARASITES OF CHARACIFORMES FISHES FROM
THE SAPUCAÍ-MIRIM RIVER, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Zago A.C., Franceschini L., Silva R J.
Department of Parasitology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, municipality of Botucatu, São
Paulo State, Brazil
Parasites were recently recognized as important components of the global biodiversity because of the essential roles
played by these organisms in natural ecosystems. Although knowledge about the diversity of parasites has increased in
recent decades, there are still many species to be identified. The aim of this study is to survey the biodiversity of
helminth parasites of fishes of Characiformes order from an area under influence of Small Hydro Power Plants (SHPP) in
the Sapucaí-Mirim River, São Paulo State, Brazil, and to evaluate the structure of their parasitic communities. During
2012 and 2013, two annual samples (dry/rainy seasons) were carried out, in four sites situated among SHPP Palmeiras,
Anhanguera, and Retiro. Specimens of Astyanax altiparanae (n=40), Astyanax bockmanni (n=40), Astyanax fasciatus
(n=40), Leporinus amblyrhynchus (n=24), Leporinus elongatus (n=22), Leporinus friderici (n=20), Leporinus octofasciatus
(n=17), Prochilodus lineatus (n=20), Schizodon nasutus (n=40), and Steindachnerina insculpta (n=34) were analyzed,
totaling 297 fishes. Two hundred and sixty-three fishes (Prevalence = 88.6%) were parasitized by at least one taxon of
helminth. It was found 68 helminth taxa belonging to Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, and Acanthocephala,
totaling 2587 specimens. The Class Monogenea presented the highest richness (39 taxa), and 11 new species of this
group were found: four species of Urocleidoides sp., five species of Tereancistrum sp., and one species of
Characithecium sp. and Dactylogyridae gen. sp. This study provides data of new host records and geographic
distribution, as well as is an important contribution to the knowledge about the helminthological fauna of Brazilian
fishes.
Financial support: FAPESP (2011/23588-8), CNPq (307808/2014-9).
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P-117
BIODIVERSITY OF THE PARASITES OF HYPOSTOMUS SPP. (SILURIFORMES, LORICARIIDAE)
FROM THE SAPUCAÍ-MIRIM RIVER, BRAZIL
Franceschini L., Zago A.C., Silva R.J.
Department of Parasitology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, municipality of Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
TRICHODINIDS (CILIOPHORA: PERITRICHIDA) OF CORYDORAS PALEATUS (SILURIFORMES: CALLICHTHYIDAE)
AND JENYNSIA MULTIDENTATA (CYPRINODONTIFORMES: ANABLEPIDAE) FROM ARGENTINA
Marcotegui P., Martorelli S.R.
Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CEPAVE (CONICET-UNLP) Buenos Aires, Argentina
Trichodinid ciliophorans remain a poorly studied group in Argentina and still not formally described in freshwater fishes.
In this study, 32 specimens of the pepper Cory Corydoras paletus Jenyns, 1842 and 25 specimens of the sided-livebearer
Jenynsia multidentata Jenyns, 1842 were examined for gills and skin parasites. Fish were collected from Samborombón
River (Buenos Aires, Argentina) (35°10'39.79"S and 58°15'29.70"W) between April 2013 and August 2013. Four
trichodinids were found: Trichodina cribbi, Dove and O´Donoghue 2005, Trichodina gobii, Raabe, 1959, Trichodina
pediculus Ehrenberg, 1838 and a new species of Paratrichodina. Taxonomic and morphometric data for these
trichodinids based on dry silver nitrate-impregnated specimens are presented. The new species of Paratrichodina is
characterized mainly by a prominent blade apophysis, the short section connecting the blade and central part, and by
the adoral ciliary spiral that makes a turn of 370°–380°. This study is the first formal report of these trichodinid species
from South America and from freshwater fishes in Argentina. Moreover, this is the first record of Paratrichodina sp. in
Argentina.
157
P-118
The limited knowledge about the biological aspects, biogeographic patterns of distribution and high morphological
variability of Loricariidae fishes are factors that make difficult the studies on biodiversity of this group, including the
parasitic diversity of these fishes. The aim of this study is to survey the biodiversity and composition at both the
component community and infracommunity levels of Hypostomus species collected in an area under the influence of the
construction of Small Hydroelectric Power Plants in the Sapucaí-Mirim River, São Paulo State, Brazil. Specimens of
Hypostomus regani (n=50), Hypostomus ancistroides (n=50), Hypostomus strigaticeps (n=50), Hypostomus heraldoi
(n=9), Hypostomus margaritifer (n=23), Hypostomus cf. margaritifer (n=18); Hypostomus topavae (n=10); Hypostomus
aff. topavae (n=36) and Hypostomus n. sp. (n=23), were analyzed, totaling 269 fishes. It was found 16 parasite taxa,
totaling 2,769 specimens, with the Monogenea Class showing the greatest richness (nine taxa). The parasites showed
aggregated pattern of distribution, and were identified as follows: Dactylogyridae, Gyrodactylidae and Microcotylidae in
the gills and skin (Monogenea); metacercariae in the vitreous humor, crystalline lens, liver and skin (Trematoda:
Diplostomidae); third-stage larvae of Contracaecum (Anisakidae) and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus
(Camallanidae) in the intestine (Nematoda); hirudineans (Glossiphonidae) were found infesting all the fish species
(overall Prevalence [P]=57.2%); and Myxobolus sp. (Myxozoa) were observed in H. ancistroides gills (P=10%).
Monogenean new species were found, belonging to Trinigyrus and Heteropriapulus genus (Dactylogyridae). These new
records increased the understanding about host-parasite relationships, their geographical distribution and patterns of
composition of the parasite community.
Financial support: FAPESP 2012/07850-7; CNPq (307808/2014-9).
P-119
METAZOAN PARASITES FROM THE OAXACA KILLIFISH PROFUNDULUS OAXACAE (MEEK),
FROM OAXACA STATE, MEXICO
Pinacho-Pinacho C.D.1, Alama-Bermejo G.2, Hernández-Orts J.S.3, Mendoza-Palmero C.A.3, García-Varela M.3,
Martínez-Ramírez E.4
1
Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal,
México
2
Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
3
Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México
4
Departamento de Investigación, Área de Acuacultura, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo
Integral Regional, Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Oaxaca, México
P-120
Oaxaca killifish Profundulus oaxacae (Meek, 1902) (Cyprinodontiformes, Profunduliade) are an indigenous freshwater
fish species exclusively found at Oaxaca State (Southern Mexico). In March 2015 we undertook the first comprehensive
assessment of parasite assemblages from this fish species, collecting 64 killifish from 3 localities (Arroyo los Sabinos, El
Toronjo and Río Grande) from Oaxaca. A total of 10 parasite species was found. The following species had gravid
individuals: the digeneans Paracreptotrema blancoi (prevalence (P) : 54.7% ; mean intensity (I) : 6.0 [4.0-9.4]),
Paracreptotrema profundulusi (P= 17.2%; I= 2.6 [1.6-3.8]), and Phyllodistomum spinopapillatum (P= 1.6%; I= 1); the
monogeneans Gyrodactylus sp. (4.7% [1.3-13.1]; 1) and Urocleidoides sp. (14.1% [7.3-24.9]; 12.7 [6.1-22.7]); and the
nematodes Rhabdochona salgadoi (45.3% [33.5-57.9]; 4.5 [3.1-7.3]) and Freitascapillaria sp. (14.1% [7.3-24.6]; 6.4 [4.19.7]) . We also found metacercaries of Uvulifer sp. (7.8% [3.1-17.0]; 2.8 [1.0-5.6]) and a single juvenile specimen of
Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (1.6% [0.9-8.3]; 1). Additionally, spores of the myxozoan Myxobolus sp. were observed in
the gall bladder. Our results showed that the Oaxaca killifish harbors some of the metazoan parasites that were
previously reported for other species of killifish (i.e., species of the genera Paracreptotrema, Phyllodistomum and
Rhabdochona). However, at least 3 parasite taxa (Freitascapillaria sp., Myxobollus sp. and Uvulifer sp.) represent new
parasite records for species of Profundulus.
METAZOAN PARASITE ASSEMBLAGES OF LEPORINUS FRIDERICI (CHARACIFORMES, ANOSTOMIDAE)
FROM THE PARANAPANEMA RIVER, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Yamada F.H.1, Yamada P.O.F.1, Bongiovani M.F.1, Silva R.J.2
1
Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Ilha Solteira, Brazil
2
The Neotropical region is recognized by high diversity of fishes with more than 6,025 species, and approximately 4,000
species are found in Brazilian rivers. Leporinus friderici isà aà f esh ate à fishà popula l à k o à asà pia a à o à piau-trêspi tas ài àB azil, and is widely distributed along South American rivers. The main purpose of this study is to perform a
survey of the metazoan parasites of L. friderici from three tributaries under the influence of the Jurumirim reservoir,
Upper Paranapanema River, Southeastern Brazil. A total of 94 specimens of L. friderici were sampled in three tributaries
from April/2012 to March/2013, with 34 in the Taquari River, 30 in the Paranapanema River and 30 in the Veados River.
Sixty-six individuals (71.30%) were parasitized by at least one parasite species. The component community was
composed of 15 taxa, seven belonging to Monogenea Class (Jainus sp.1, Jainus sp.2, Urocleidoides sp.1, Urocleidoides
sp.2, Tereancistrum sp., Dactylogyridae sp.1, Dactylogyridae sp.2.), five Nematoda (Contracaecum sp., Rabdochona
acuminata, Spinitectus asperus, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) amarali and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus)
iheringi), one Digenea (metacercaria), one Cestoda (plerocercoid) and one crustacean. The component community in
the host population of the Paranapanema River showed highest diversity (Shannon-Wiener Index H´=1.99) despite the
lowest richness with nine species. In some studies, the biodiversity of fish parasites from Brazil is underestimated and
even neglected. Leporinus friderici showed high parasite species richness in the Upper Paranapanema River and some of
these taxa are possible new species. This study contributes to the biogeographical knowledge of metazoan parasites in
Neotropical fishes.
Financial support: FAPESP (2011/22603-3, 2014/14298-4), CNPq (307808/2014-9).
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P-121
METAZOAN PARASITES OF EASTERN PACIFIC BONITO SARDA CHILIENSIS CUVIER,
1832 (PERCIFORMES: SCOMBRIDAE) IN THE PERUVIAN COAST
Chero J.1,2, Iannacone J.2,3, Sáez G.1, Cruces C.1,2, Diestro A.4, Alvariño L.2
1
Laboratory of Parasitology, Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Federico Villarreal
University, Peru
2
Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Federico Villarreal University, Peru
3
Faculty of Biological Sciences, Ricardo Palma University, Peru
4
Laboratory of Medical Entomology and Veterinary, Faculty of Biological Sciences, San Marcos National University, Peru
P-122
The aim of this study was to evaluate the metazoan parasites of Sarda chiliensis, endemic to the eastern Pacific,
acquired by artisanal fishery in Chorrillos, Lima, Peru. Parasites were catalogued and evaluated using standard protocols.
During all the sampling a total of 267 metazoan parasites were collected with a total mean abundance of 2.67. Of
percentage of individuals collected, endoparasites dominated (97%) against ectoparasites (3%). 26.6% of the parasites
collected were metazoan mature forms of gill and gastrointestinal location and 73.4% corresponds to larval forms. The
prevalence, mean intensity and the total mean abundance of infection was 58%, 2.67 and 4.60, respectively. The three
parasites with more specific importance were Sphyriocephalus viridis, Anisakis physeteris and Unitubulotestis pelamydis.
The dispersion index for these three parasites showed the typical pattern of distribution aggregated. In ten parasites,
distribution type was not determined due to present lower prevalence of 10% (Caligus bonito, Tentacularia
coryphaenae, Nybelinia sp., Diphyllobothrium pacificum, Anisakis simplex, Contracaecum sp., Nematoda gen. sp,
Corynosoma obtuscens, Bolbosoma sp. and Rhadinorhynchus sp.). The infective stages of A. simplex, A. physeteris,
Contracaecum sp., D. pacificum and C. obtuscens have zoonotic importance in the Peruvian coast. The parasites S. viridis
and U. pelamydis were considered new records for Peru and S. chiliensis was a new host for T. coryphaenae, Nybelinia
sp., A. simplex, Contracaecum sp., Nematoda gen. sp., C. obtuscens, Bolbosoma sp. and Rhadinorhynchus sp.
FISH PARASITES IN NORTH EUROPEAN FRESHWATER BODIES
Pikalov E., Palm H.W.
Department of Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, University of Rostock, Germany
The parasite fauna and feeding ecology of 376 freshwater fishes belonging to ten different species mainly from northern
Germany (Lake Malchin, Lake Hohen Sprenz, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania) and Latvia (Lake Baltezers) were studied
between 2011 to 2015. Abramis brama, Alburnus alburnus, Anguilla anguilla, Blicca bjoerkna, Carassius gibelio,
Gymnocephalus cernuus, Perca fluviatilis, Scardinius erythrophthalmus and Tinca tinca were examined only from Lake
Malchin for the presence of protozoan and metazoan parasites. Roach, Rutilus rutilus, was studied from all sites. So far,
63 different protozoan (11) and metazoan (52) parasite taxa could be identified, including new host and locality records
also for German freshwaters bodies. The composition of the parasite fauna differed according to the fish species, based
on their different feeding behaviour. Comparison of the northern German freshwater fish parasite fauna with more
southern and eastern (Poland, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania) localities revealed a close similarity, predominated by
generalists. The two helminths Diplostomum spathaceum and Tylodelphys clavata as well as the crustacean genus
Ergasilus had a wide geographical range and lowest host specificity. Most new host records were recorded from G.
cernuus. The Digenea Azygia could be detected in already well-studied A. anguilla and P. fluviatilis. The parasite fauna of
Lake Malchin is as commonly described for medium sized lakes. Only few parasite species with relevance to fisheries and
aquaculture could be detected in Lake Malchin. However, parasites with a high disease potential such as Dactylogyrus
spp., Trichodina spp. and a typical pond or aquarium ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis could be identified.
159
P-123
SMALL BUT MIGHTY-TREMATODE DIVERSITY IN SMALL PLANORBID SNAILS FROM
A RESERVOIR IN GERMANY
Schwelm J.1, Selbach C.1, Georgieva S.2, Sures B.1,3
1
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen,
Essen, Germany
2
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
3
Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
P-124
Man-made reservoir systems have been shown to offer ideal conditions for species-rich and diverse trematode
communities. The recent discovery of cryptic and unknown species from the Ruhr area in Germany highlight the
importance of extensive screenings of snails that serve as first intermediate hosts for trematodes. In this study we
assessed the diversity of trematodes in small planorbids in a reservoir to estimate their contribution to theàe os ste sà
biodiversity. Snails were collected from the reservoir Hennetalsperre in 2014. Each snail was examined for trematode
infections; trematode species were identified morphologically and molecularly. Altogether, 1,516 snails belonging to
two species were examined: Gyraulus albus (n = 1,289) and Segmentina nitida (n = 226). The sampling revealed a diverse
trematode fauna and seven trematode species were identified (Australapatemon burti, Apharyngostrigea cornu,
Cathaemasia hians, Hysteromorpha triloba, Petasiger sp. 3, Paryphostomum radiatum, Gigantobilharzia sp.). G. albus
showed a higher overall prevalence (7.8 %) and more diverse trematode fauna (seven species), whereas S. nitida was
infected with only one species and showed a lower prevalence (0.9 %). The survey provides the first report of C. hians
from Germany and the first report of both C. hians and A. cornu ex G. albus. Despite their small size, G. albus serves as
an important first intermediate host for trematodes and contributes to the biodiversity in the studied reservoir. The
findings of rare species that have not yet been reported from this region show the importance of extensive screening
approaches to better understand the distribution of trematode species.
MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF METACERCARIAE OF DIPLOSTOMUM SPP. IN FISHES FROM
THE RIVER DANUBE
Kudlai O.1, Georgieva S.1, Oros M.2, Kostadinova A.1
1
Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Česk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li à
Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
2
Species of Diplostomum are important parasites of fish but reliable data on their diversity in natural populations are
virtually lacking due to the simple morphology of the metacercariae and the lack of reliable differentiating features. This
study is the first to apply a barcoding approach to the diversity of Diplostomum in fishes from a large river in Europe. A
total of 18 species of fish (81 specimens) was sampled opportunistically in the River Danube near Nyergesújfalu in
Hungary. Specimens of Diplostomum spp. were recovered only from the lenses of nine fish species (Alburnus alburnus,
Ballerus sapa, Blicca bjoerkna, Chondrostoma nasus, Gymnocephalus schraetser, Leuciscus aspius, Lota lota, Rutilus
rutilus and Vimba vimba). Overall parasite intensity was low (1–15 metacercariae per fish) and nine species of fish, for
which fewer specimens were examined, were not infected (Abramis brama, Barbus barbus, Gobio gobio, Leuciscus idus,
Ponticola kessleri, Sander lucioperca, S. volgensis, Zingel streber and Zingel zingel). Barcoding of representative isolates
(cox1; n=18) provided molecular identification of three species: D. spathaceum in L. aspius, B. bjoerkna, C. nasus and R.
rutilus; D. pseudospathaceum in L. aspius, B. bjoerkna, G. schraetser, L. lota and V. vimba;àa dà D. mergi Li eageà ài àA.
alburnus and B. sapa (both new host records). This study is the first to establish a link between cercariae from Radix
auricularia and metacercariae of theà D. mergi Li eageà à i à fishà hostsà thusà pa tiall à elu idati gà theà life-cycle of this
putative species.
This study was funded by the project ECIP P505/12/G112.
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P-125
PARASITATION OF SEA TROUT (SALMO TRUTTA TRUTTA L.) FROM THE SPAWNING GROUND AND
GERMAN COASTAL WATERS OFF MECKLENBURG-WESTERN POMERANIA, BALTIC SEA
Unger P., Palm H.W.
Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
P-126
A total of 52 sea trout, Salmo trutta trutta were studied for parasites, originating from freshwater streams and the
German coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. While 35 specimens were caught mainly close to the shoreline in the Baltic Sea,
17 specimens were sampled during their spawning migration in Warnow River and other neighbouring rivers of
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. A total of twelve different parasite species were found in sea trout originating from
the Baltic Sea, including five digeneans, two cestodes, three nematodes and two acanthocephalans. Below these taxa,
marine and freshwater species were present. In the migratory trout, seven different parasite species were found,
demonstrating lower parasite richness and load during the spawning migration compared with the fish from the Baltic
Sea. The nematodes Anisakis simplex (sensu stricto), Contraceacum rudolphii and Hysterothylacium aduncum were
identified by molecular analyses of the ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2 and flanking sequences of the rDNA. These sequences were
deposited in GenBank (Accession numbers: KM406484, KP119838 and KP119839).Together with the digenean
Derogenes varicus, Hemiurus communis and H. luehei, they represent six new host records for sea trout from the
German part of the Baltic Sea.
MACROPARASITES OF ALLIS SHAD (ALOSA ALOSA) AND TWAITE SHAD (ALOSA FALLAX) OF
THE WESTERN IBERIAN PENINSULA RIVERS
Bao M.1,2,3, Roura A.3,4, Mota M.5,6,7, Nachón D.J.8,9, Antunes C.6,7, Cobo F.8,9, MacKenzie K.10, Pascual S.3
1
College of Physical Science, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
OCEANLAB, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, UK
3
ECOBIOMAR, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
4
Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
5
ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
6
CIIMAR, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
7
Aquamuseum of Minho River, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal
8
Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela,
Spain.
9
Station of Hydrobiology E o oàdoàCo ,àVilaga íaàdeàá ousa,à“pai
10
School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
2
Samples of Alosa alosa (n= 163) and Alosa fallax (n= 223), caught in Western Iberian Peninsula Rivers from 2008 to 2013,
were examined for macroparasites. Alosa alosa were infected with Anisakis simplex s.s., Anisakis pegreffii,
Hysterothylacium aduncum, Rhadinorhynchus pristis, Mazocraes alosae, Hemiurus appendiculatus, Ceratothoa italica
and an unidentified ergasilid copepod. The isopod C. italica represents a new host record for A. alosa. Alosa fallax were
infected with A. simplex s.s., A. pegreffii, H. aduncum, H. appendiculatus, Clavellisa emarginata and an unidentified
cymothoid isopod. This is the first report of the occurrence of C. italica, C. emarginata and M. alosae in the Iberian
Peninsula. The phylogenetic positions of M. alosae, H. appendiculatus and C. emarginata were assessed using partial
regions of the small and large subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the parasite
faunas of these two shad species are consistent with different feeding strategies (i.e. A. alosa zooplanktophagous and A.
fallax ichthyophagous). The results provide information about host migration behaviour and transmission pathways
th oughà dietà du i gà theà a i eà t ophi à phaseà ofà theà shad sà lifeà
le,à thei à olesà asà pa ate i à o à fi alà hostsà a dà
transporters of parasites between seawater and freshwater environments. The presence of the zoonotic parasites A.
simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii might entail a risk for consumers or riverine mammals that should be considered by
authorities. Furthermore, the use of parasites as biological tags for shad stocks in Western Iberian Rivers could be a
useful approach in multidisciplinary studies concerning fish stock delimitation and characterization.
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P-127
NEW PARASITE RECORDS FROM OCEAN SUNFISH MOLA MOLA (L.)
Ahuir-Baraja A.E., Sánchez-García N., Raga J.A., Montero F.E.
Institute Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
During the study of 106 ocean sunfish Mola mola (L.) collected and analysed from 2005 to 2008 in La Azohía (Cartagena,
Murcia, Spain) and Canet de Berenguer and Almazora (Valencian Community, Spain) a total of 21,703 metazoan
parasites were collected and identified. All parasites were examined in saline solution under stereomicroscope (up to
80X) for initial classification and identification. Twenty seven species of metazoan parasites were identified: 10
trematodes, 1 monogenean, 4 cestodes, 1 acanthocephalan, 3 nematodes, 7 copepods and 1 isopod. With this study the
richness of the parasite fauna of M. mola is increased, as 10 species previously not recorded in sunfish were identified: 1
trematode, 1 acanthocephala, 3 nematodes, 4 copepods and 1 isopod are new host records. To date, this is the most
comprehensive study on the metazoan parasitefauna of this fish species worldwide.
Funded by AGL2010-20892, ISIC/2012/003 & PROMETEO 795/2015/018 projects.
P-128
DIGENEAN PARASITES OF TWO CLOSELY RELATED SPARID FISHES, THE BOGUE BOOPS BOOPS AND
THE BLOTCHED PICAREL SPICARA MAENA IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN OF ALGERIA
Benhamou F.1, Marzoug D.1, Boutiba Z.1, Pérez-del-Olmo A.2
1
Laboratoire Réseau de Surveillance Environnementale, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de
laàVie,àU i e sit àd O a ,àO a ,àálge iaà
2
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
The genus Spicara has recently been transferred from the family Centracanthidae to the family Sparidae. Although this
genus is not monophyletic, in most of the published phylogenies Spicara maena and S. smaris appear closely related to
species of the genera Salpa, Spondyliosoma and Boops. We carried out a comparative analysis of the digenean richness
and abundance in two of these closely related sparid hosts, Boops boops and Spicara maena, in order to assess whether
these differ in relation to trophically transmitted parasites. Totals of 237 S. maena and 238 B. boops were examined
during 2013-2014 off the Algerian coasts. We identified 17 species (including metacercariae of 4 species) in Boops boops
and 13 species (including metacercariae of 3 species) in S. maena. The two hosts shared 11 species representing 85%
and 65% of the species found in S. maena and B. boops, respectively. Of these, four species (Aphanurus stossichii,
Hemiurus communis, Magnibursatus bartolii and Prosorhynchus crucibulum met.) were more abundant in B. boops
whereas three (Ectenurus lepidus, Lepocreadium album and juvenile lepocreadiids) were more abundant in S. maena (all
p<0.02). Finally, two of the six species found in our study exclusively in B. boops and the two species found exclusively in
S. maena, have been previously recorded in both hosts in the Mediterranean. The substantial overlap observed in the
digenean fauna of the two hosts may be associated with both their phylogenetic proximity and the similar feeding habits
(i.e. omnivorous diet based on suction feeding).
Partially funded by projects UV-INV-PRECOMP14-206687, Fundación Biodiversidad.
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P-129
DIGENEAN PARASITES OF THREE MARINE TELEOST FISH OF COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE (MERLUCCIUS
MERLUCCIUS, PAGELLUS ERYTHRINUS AND TRACHURUS TRACHURUS) FROM WESTERN ALGERIA
Abid Kachour S., Boutiba Z.
Laboratoire Réseau de Surveillance Environnementale. Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de
la Vie, Université Oran, Oran, Algeria
BIODIVERSITY AND SPECIFICITY OF COPEPODS PARASITES OF CHONDRICHTHYAN FISH OFF THE TUNISIAN
COASTS
Benmansour B., Jmil I., Youssef F., Ben Jemaa S., Ben Hassine O.K.
Research Unit Integrative Biology and evolutionary and functional ecology of aquatic environments, Faculty of Sciences
of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
The parasitic crustaceans are common ectoparasites of fishes. Parasitic copepods on fish are well known in teleosts from
the Mediterranean Sea and in Tunisia in particular, but those living on chondrichthyans remain poorly known. Thus, in
order to update and complete the knowledge, we collect 300 chondrichthyans, belonging to five families and seven
species, mainly from the gulf of Tunis and the gulf of Gabes. This study allowed us to collect seven species of parasitic
copepods belonging to five families (Lernaeopodidae, Eudactylinidae, Kroyeriidae, Trebiidae and Sphyriidae). The
Lernaeopodidae and Eudactylinudae were the more representative families. We report for the first time in Tunisia, the
presence of Tripaphylus musteli on Mustelus mustelus (P=3.12% ; Im= 1 ; A= 0.031), Nemesis lamna vermi on Dasyatis
centroura (P=12.76% ; Im= 6.33 ; A= 0.12). We also reveal the infection of Dasyatis centroura by Eudactylina insolens
(P=2,12% ; Im = 1 ; A = 0.021) and by Pseudocharopinus bicaudatus (P=6.38% ; Im=2 ; A=0.063) for the first time in the
Mediterranean area and off the Tunisian coasts. This work has contributed to the enrichment of the knowledge of the
Mediterranean and Tunisian parasitic copepod diversity. We have found that parasitic copepods in chondrichthyans are
generalist infecting from the largest to the smallest species.
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The investigation into the digenean fauna of three teleost fishes (Merluccius merluccius, Pagellus erythrinus, Trachurus
trachurus) was performed in the Algerian coasts of the western Mediterranean. These fishes of commercial importance
represent an important biological resource in marine food webs and for the human population along Mediterranean
coasts. However, the data on their digenean parasites in Algeria are incomplete. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
provide new data on the diversity and species composition of digeneans from these hosts. A total of 720 fish (200 M.
merluccius, 200 P.erythrinus and 320 T. trachurus) were collected off Oran, north western Algeria during 24 months
(September 2010–October 2012). Ten species of digeneans were found in the three fish hosts: (i) Aporocotyle sp.
(Aporocotylidae) and Derogenes varicus Müller, 1784 (Hemiuridae) in Merluccius merluccius (L); the former species is
reported from Algeria for the first time; (ii) Sphinteristomum sp. (Apocreadiidae), Lepocreadium pegorchis Stossich, 1901
(Lepocreadiidae), Ectenurus lepidus Looss, 1907 (Hemiuridae) and Opecoeloides sp. (Opecoelidae) in Pagellus erythrinus
(L); and (iii) Ectenurus lepidus, Lecithochirium fusiforme (both Hemiuridae), Monascus filiformis Rudolphi,1819
(Fellodistomidae) and Pseudopecoeloides chloroscombri Fischthal & Thomas, 1970 (Opecoelidae). Aporocotyle sp. and
Derogenes varicus found in Merluccius merluccius are recorded from Algerian for the first time. Even though the fish
species studied share the same habitat, they harbour different species of digeneans with the exception of the
euryxenous Ectenurus Lepidus.
P-131
PARASITES OF FISH FROM TUNISIA
Gargouri L.
Research Unit Animal Bio-Ecology and Systematic Evolutionary, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis,
Tunisia
THE PARASITE DIVERSITY OF AMPHILIUS URANOSCOPUS AND CHILOGLANIS PRETORIAE IN THE VHEMBE
BIOSPHERE RESERVE, LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
Luus-Powell W.J.1, Molele R.A.1, Tavakol S.1, Matla M.M.1, Halajian A.1, Fouché P.S.O.2
1
Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
Zoology Department, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
2
The parasite diversity of smaller fish species from tributaries of the Luvuvhu River in the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve
(VBR) is unknown. Despite considerable progress in fish parasitology around the world in the last decades, some gaps
still exist in understanding of the taxonomy, epizootiology, biology and control of some fish parasites, especially in South
Africa. In the present study, an assessment of the parasite composition of the Stargazer mountain catfish, Amphilius
uranoscopus (Pfeffer, 1889) and Shortspine rock catlet, Chiloglanis pretoriae Van der Horst, 1931 was done during April
and August 2014 from four tributaries (Barotta, Dzindi, Lutanandwa and Mvudi) of the Luvuvhu River in VBR. Fishes
were collected using electro-fishing gear, weighed, measured and examined for endo- and ectoparasites. All parasites
were fixed and preserved according to standard methods for each parasite group. Parasites included digenean
metacercariae, i.e. Diplostomum sp. (Diplostomatidae) and Clinostomum sp. (Clinostomidae) and nematode larvae
Contracaecum sp. (Anisakidae) in the body cavity, recorded from both fish species. Amphilius uranoscopus was also
infected by Paracamallanus sp. (Camallanidae) and an unidentified nematode of the Quimperiidae family in the
intestine. No parasites were recorded from the latter fish species collected at Mvudi River (more polluted site).
Moreover, C. pretoriae which occurred only in three rivers (Barotta, Dzindi and Lutanandwa) was infected with an
unidentified monogenean from the Ancyrocephalidae family. The results of this study provide information on new
distribution and host records of fish parasites from South Africa and can be implemented in the management and
conservation of the VBR.
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In the past, little attention has been paid to parasites and their importance in the functioning of ecosystems. At present,
parasites are considered as actors playing a crucial role in ecological studies because they provide valuable information
on host populations, ecosystem structure, evolutionary hypotheses and biodiversity. Moreover, because of the complex
life cycles of the majority of parasites, they can also provide important information (distribution, food habits and
migration of the host) often unavailable by other means.
In fish, the most numerous and diverse vertebrate group, a high number of parasites (Protista, myxozoans, helminths,
crustaceans and others) have been found, with most comprehensive data available from Europe and North America. In
contrast, data on the parasites of fish in Africa are still scarce. In Tunisia, fish parasites have been studied since 1970,
with focus on marine fish of commercial importance. Until now, about 6 species of protists, 30 species of myxozoans,
150 monogeneans, 110 digeneans, 90 cestodes, 10 nematodes, 10 acanthocephalans, 100 copepods and 8 isopods have
been found. The parasites of freshwater fish are little known and only one species of nematodes and one species of
tapeworms have been recorded from this country. Various approaches (morphological, ultrastructural and molecular)
have been used to identify the various parasites groups of our coasts.
P-133
PARASITE INFECTIONS OF PSEUDOCRENILABRUS PHILANDER AND BARBUS PALUDINOSUS FROM
A RAMSAR WETLAND IN SOUTH AFRICA
Truter M.1, Malherbe W.1,àPřik lo àI.2, Smit N.1
1
Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University,
Potchefstroom, South Africa
2
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Barberspan Bird Sanctuary, a RAMSAR wetland of international importance, is situated in the North-West province of
South Africa. Fish parasites have previously been recorded from many of the larger fish species from this locality but a
paucity of information is available on parasites of the smaller fish species. Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Weber, 1897)
and Barbus paludinosus Peters, 1852 were collected during October 2014 and March 2015 using small fyke nets, seine
nets and electrofishing techniques. Collected fishes were comprehensively screened for metazoan parasites.
Pseudocrenilabrus philander was found to be parasitised by Gryporhynchidae cestode larvae with prevalences of 77%
and 67% in October 2014 and March 2015 respectively, with the intensity of infection (IF) ranging from 1 to 11
specimens per host. These cestodes were represented by 5 different species - Paradilepis scolesina (Rudolphi, 1819),
Paradilepis sp., Valipora campylancristrota (Wedell, 1855), Parvitaenia sp. 1 and Parvitaenia sp. 2. Nematode larvae and
cysts with metecercaria were also found in the mesenteria of a few specimens of P. philander. During March 2015,
Gyrodactylus sp. (47% prevalence) and Lernaea sp. (6% prevalence) ectoparasites of P. philander were also recorded.
Only ectoparasites were collected from B. paludinosus during both sampling periods. Monogeneans of Dactylogyrus spp.
were present in prevalences of 100% (2014) and 53% (2015), respectively, with IF ranging from 2 to 18 specimens.
Moreover, Myxozoan plasmodiums, Dolops sp. and Ergasilus sp. were also found on this small cyprinid. This is the first
study reporting parasite biodiversity of small fishes from this RAMSAR wetland.
P-134
ASPECTS OF ECOLOGY OF METAZOAN PARASITES FROM LABEO SPECIES IN
THE MIDDLE LIMPOPO RIVER BASIN
Nyagura I. 1, Barson M.2, Olivier P.A.S.1, Luus-Powell W.J.1, Tavakol S. 1, Hattingh H.E.1, Matla M.M.1,
Halajian A.1
1
Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Sovenga, South Africa
Biological Sciences Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167 Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
2
Theà p ese tà stud à epo tsà etazoa à fishà pa asitesà f o à fou à Labeo species in the middle Limpopo River Basin which
forms international boundaries between Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Totally 149 specimens of
Labeo cylindricus, Labeo molybdinus, Labeo rosae and Labeo ruddi were collected from Bubiana Dam and Bubi River in
Zimbabwe whereas in South Africa they were collected from Nwanedi River and Nwanedi-Luphephe Dam. Gill nets and
electro-fishing were used for sampling. Fishes were sacrificed and parasites were isolated from the gills, skin, muscle,
body cavity, gall bladder, stomach and intestine. Standard methods for fixing and preserving the parasites were followed
and they were identified based on morphology features. Seventeen parasite species were found comprising
monogeneans (Dactylogyrus spp., Dogielius spp. and Diplozoon sp.), copepods (Lamproglena sp.), nematodes
(Philometroides khalili), digeneans (Nematobothrium sp. and one unidentified metacercariae). This current study
contributes to knowledge of the parasitic fauna by recording new host species and new geographic records. Future
studies are essential in order to verify the diverse spectrum of metazoan parasites infesting many Labeo fish species in
this area.
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METAZOAN PARASITES OF THE MOZAMBIQUE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS) FROM
TWO WATER BODIES IN MOZAMBIQUE
Smit W.J.1, Sara J.R.1, Tavakol S.1, Hattingh H.E.1, Govender D.2, Luus-Powell W.J.1
1
Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
SANParks, Skukuza, South Africa
2
CAPTIVE AND WILD HOSTS OF GYRODACTYLUS CORLEONIS PALADINI, CABLE, FIORAVANTI, FARIA & SHINN,
2010 (MONOGENEA: GYRODACTYLIDAE) IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Dmitrieva E.V.1, Gerasev P.I.2, Garippa G.3, Piras M.C.3, Merella P.3
1
Department of Ecological Parasitology, Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Crimea
Department of Parasitic Worms, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab.1, St
Petersburg, Russia
3
Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
2
Gyrodactylus corleonis Paladini, Cable, Fioravanti, Faria & Shinn, 2010 is a gyrodactylid monogenean originally described
from captive Syngnathus typhle L. held in aquarium in Emilia-Romagna (Italy), and afterwards no more recorded. The
finding of this monogenean in Gobius cobitis Pallas caught off northwestern Sardinia (western Mediterranean Sea,
41°08'05''N 9°06'05''E), represents a new host record, but above all the first description of this parasite in the wild.
Nine specimens of G. cobitis were examined for monogenean parasites, and several specimens of G. corleonis were
collected from the body and fins. These specimens are practically identical in the morphology to the original description.
A detailed comparison of G. corleonis ex S. typhle with all known Gyrodactylus spp. from syngnathids was already
presented by Paladini et al. (2010). Taking into account the present finding of G. corleonis on a gobiid in the wild, its
comparison with other Gyrodactylus spp. of gobies is presented. Among all known gyrodactylids from gobiidaes,
Gyrodactylus bubyri Osmanov, 1965 from Knipowitschia caucasica (Berg) is the most similar to G. corleonis. Moreover, in
a o da eà ithàtheàph loge eti à elatio shipsàofà a i eàg oda t lidsài di atedà àDNáàa al sisà )ięta aàetàal.,à
,à
Gyrodactylus spp. from sand gobies are very close relatives to G. corleonis and two other species from syngnathids.
The finding of G. corleonis on G. cobitis suggests that genetic and morphological data may need to be looked at again in
terms of the relationships of gyrodactylids from syngnathids and gobiids.
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Since fish parasitology has not received much attention in Mozambique this study investigated metazoan parasites
associated with Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Lake Urema (n = 30), which is located in Sofala
Province during October 2011, and from Massingir Dam (n = 15) within Gaza Province during February 2013. Fish
specimens were collected using gill nets. Monogenean parasites were removed and mounted on slides using glycerine
jelly while others were fixed and preserved according to standard methods prescribed for each group. Results revealed
eight different species, with three occurring at both localities. In both systems, Cichlidogyrus halli (monogenean) was
reported from the gills, Contracaecum larvae (nematode) from the body cavity and Lernaea cyprinacea (copepod) on the
skin of fish sampled. While in Lake Urema the trematode metacercaria Euclinostomum sp. was embedded in the muscle
tissue with Ergasilus mirabilis (copepod) attached to the gills. From Massingir Dam an unidentified digenean
metacercaria was recorded in the body cavity with gryporhynchid cestode larvae and Acanthogyrus sp.
(achanthocephalan) occurring in the intestine. At Lake Urema the parasite community was dominated by ectoparasites
with all hosts infested with E. mirabilis and C. halli and 86.7% with L. cyprinacea. Similarly in Massingir Dam all fish were
infected with C. halli, however, endoparasites were dominant. This study provides a valuable contribution towards the
known fish parasite fauna of Mozambique resulting in four new parasite species and three new host records for this
country, as well as a first host record for E. mirabilis from O. mossambicus, being documented.
1
P-137
THE CYPRINIDAE OF MOROCCO AND ITS GILL MONOGENEA: SYSTEMATIC AND BIOGEOGRAPHY
Rahmouni I.1, Berrada Rkhami O.1,àŠi ko àá.2, Pariselle A.3,4
Department of Zoology, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
3
Institut desà“ ie esàdeàl É olutio àdeàMo tpellie ,àF a e
4
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Yaoundé, Cameroun
2
The Moroccan continental water is rare, and the Cyprinidae the most frequent freshwater fish group. Native and
endemic cyprinids in Morocco included 7 Luciobarbus species, two Carassobarbus species and Ptercapoeta maroccana.
Climate change is likely to endanger the rare and precious water resources. If we want to mitigate their effects through
a careful management, we should first identify fish species with certainty and also understand their complex
evolutionary history (different origins), which is a challenge because of their polyploidization and intra- and inter-generic
hybridization phenomena. One of the solutions, in addition to conventional methods (morphology and genetics), is to
study host specific parasites (Monogenea), which can be used as biological markers (systematic, phylogenetic and
biogeography of hosts). Three sampling campaigns were carried out in Southern part of Morocco in 2014-15. More than
500 fishes were sampled from 16 localities. Their examination confirmed that the fishes belong to three genera
Luciobarbus, Carassobarbus and Ptercapoeta The examination of the gill arches revealed the presence of 24
Dactylogyrus species, including twenty likely new species. One monogenean species collected on the fish gills possessed
no anchors in its haptor. Our study also shows a specificity of the parasites at a species level, but also at a lower level
with a clear difference between Northern and Southern Atlas monogenean populations of Carassobarbus fritshii.
P-138
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MONOGENEAN PARASITES GILL OF THREE TELEOST FISH
(DIPLODUS ANNULARIS, PAGELLUS ERYTHRINUS AND LITHOGNATUS MORMYRUS) FROM
THE GULF OF ANNABA (NORTHEASTERN ALGERIA)
Kaouachi N.1, Boualleg C.1, Rezaiguia W.2, Menasria A.1, Djebbari N.2, Bernard M.3, Bensouilah M.2
1
LEAT Lab, Department of Biology, University of Souk-Ahras, Algeria
EMMAL Lab Department of Marine Biology, University of Annaba, Algeria
3
CNRS UMR 6134, University of Corse, Corte, France
2
A seasonal distribution study of parasite populations of gills from 720 specimens belonging to three species of teleost
fish: Pagellus erythrinus, Diplodus annularis and Lithognathus mormyrus (Sparidae) was realized from the gulf of Annaba
(northeastern Algeria). A preliminary description allows to distinguish ten parasite species belonging to two subclasses:
Monopisthocotylea and Polyopisthocotylea.Parasitic indices were calculated for the host species and parasite species,
and a statistical test of independence highlighted a significant variation between the seasons and the parasitic indices
for each fish species, probably caused to the period of reproduction of each hosts. The study of population structure of
identified parasites (S, H ', H'max and E), shows maximum values in autumn.
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MONOGENEA OF LABEO SPECIES FROM THE OLIFANTS AND LIMPOPO RIVER SYSTEMS IN SOUTHERN
AFRICA
Matla M.M.1, Nyagura I.1, Luus-Powell W.J.1, Tavakol S.1, Barson M.2, Nadat H.Y.2
1
Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Sovenga, South Africa
Biological Sciences Department, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
2
P-140
The knowledge of the diversity of monogeneans is important, but more so in their prevention or treatment when their
fish hosts are subjected to aquaculture. This study identifies monogeneans on the gills of Labeo species found in the
Olifants and Limpopo River systems in southern Africa. Fish hosts (n=177) were sampled from both river systems and
consisted of Labeo molybdinus (n=35), L. rosae (n=46), L. rudii (n=34) and L. cylindricus (n=62). The hosts were collected
using electro-fishing and gill nets. Fish were sacrificed by cutting the spinal cord just behind the brain, examined for gill
monogeneans, and the parasites were mounted on slides using either glycerine jelly or glycerine ammonium picrate
(GAP). The monogeneans were identified by morphometric variations of the hard parts of the opisthaptor and
copulatory organ using a BX50 microscope fitted with a camera and a drawing tube.
There were eight species of Dactylogyrus (D. brevicirrus, D. cyclocirrus, D. falcilocus, D. longiphallus, D. longiphalloides,
D. senegalensis, D. pienaari and Dactylogyrus sp.), three species of Dogielius (D. dublicornis, Dogielius sp. 1 and Dogielius
sp. 2) and one Diplozoon sp.
This study has shown that each of the four fish species investigated harbours at least three to eight different
monogeneans on its gills. Again, some of these monogeneans are genus specific and not species specific. Most of these
monogeneans are first records for southern Africa and some are first host records.
MONOGENEAN INFECTIONS ON SOME FISHES FROM LESSER ZAB RIVER,
NEAR KYSINJAQ CITY, KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ
Abdullah S.M.A.1, Nasraddin M.O. 2
1
Department of Fish Production, College of Agriculture, University Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
Department of Biology, College of Education, University Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
2
A total of 362 fishes, belonged to six species namely: Barbus kersin, Capoeta trutta, Carassobarbus luteus, Cyprinion
macrostomum, Cyprinus carpio (Family Cyprinidae) and Liza abu (Family Muglidae) were collected from Lesser Zab river,
southeast of Koysinjaq city, east of Erbil province, Kurdistan region, Iraq, from April 2012 to the end of January 2013.
The fishes were examined for monogenean parasites. The study revealed the existence of 14 species including: six
species of Dactylogyrus (D. barburli, D. baueri, D. elegantis, D. extensus, D. formosus and D. vistulae), two species of
Dogilus (D. mokhayeri and D. persicus) four species of Gyrodactylus (G. elegans, G. khathrineri, G. schulmani and G.
sprostonae), two species of Paradiplozoon (P. homoion and P. tadjikistanicum), and one species of Microcotyle (M.
donavini). Three of these species (G. khathrineri, G. schulmani and P. tadjikistanicum) were recorded for the first time in
Iraq, and two species (M. donavini and P. homoion) in Kurdistan region. Also, three species of fishes were regarded as
new host in Iraq for nine species of the studied monogeneans.
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ON THE ECOLOGY OF MONOGENEAN PARASITES OF FRESHWATER FISHES OF IRAN
Azadikhah D.1, Shamsi Sh.2
1
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia
2
SEASONAL VARIATION OF MONOGENEANS ON THE YELLOWTAIL SCAD ATULE MATE (CUVIER, 1833) AND
YELLOW-STRIPE SCAD SELAROIDES LEPTOLEPIS (CUVIER, 1833) FROM THE GULF OF THAILAND
Intamong J.1, Keawviyudth S.1, Yooyen T.2
1
Department of Zoology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Department of Biology, Thaksin University, Patthalung, Thailand
2
The seasonal occurrence of monogeneans was examined in two species of commercial carangid fishes, Atule mate and
Selaroides leptolepis, collected monthly from the upper gulf of Thailand from December, 2013 to November, 2014. From
a total of 203 A. mate samples two monogenean species were found, Gastrocotyle sp. and Monaxinoides austronensis,
with prevalence and intensity of infection as 12.81%, 1.27 and 8.37%, 1.27, respectively. Both species of monogenean
parasites from A. mate showed peaks of infection in winter and slightly decreasing in summer and rainy season.
Examination of 265 S. leptolepis samples were investigated two monogenean species, Pseudaxinoides vientnamensis and
Pseudaxine bivaginalis with the prevalence and intensity of infection as 17.36%, 1.50 and 30.19%, 2.88, respectively. The
highest of prevalence and intensity of infection in both monogenean species from S. leptolepis occurred in summer,
followed by winter and rainy season. The size of fish hosts did not have an influence on monogenean infection. These
finding suggested that period of peak prevalence of discovered parasitic infestation were well corresponded to the
spawning season of both A. mate and S. leptolepis.
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Monogenean parasites of freshwater fishes of Iran have received most attention from fish parasitologists in two last
decades. While around 280 parasites species have been known so far, at least 140 species are belonging to class
monogenea. The main reason of such attention was the rapid developing of fish culture, intensification and applying
new technologies during 30 years or so in Iran, which consequently favoured various parasitoses mostly monogenoses
appearing and endangering the success of production. Over 85% of known monogeneans belong to two families,
Dactylogiridae and Gyrodactylidae, which are highly pathogenic for their fish hosts. It seems that problems specially
appeared when common carp and Chinese carp where introduced to make progress in polyculture systems in Iran
through zoogeographical barriers. Among these species Gyrodactylus derjavini, Dactylogyrus extensus and D. vastator
can be mentioned. In kutum fish, Rutilus frisii kutum, D. frisii proved to be the most common species in both freshwater
and Caspian Sea environment and found to be most invasive species in fingerlings during their short period (2-3 months)
in ponds. Endemic monogenean parasites in Iranian freshwater fishes are apparently narrow specific species such type
of specificity may also be encountered amongst the endemic host species which inhabit in old region like Tigris and
Oriental where situated in east, west and south of the country. In the present paper species composition, specificity and
endemicity of monogenean parasites (particularly Dactylogyridae) are discussed and their geographical distribution is
stressed.
P-143
MONOGENEANS OF THE ARMORED CATFISH PTERYGOPLICHTHYS ANISITSI EIGENMANN & KENNEDY,
1903 FROM THE AGUAPEÍ RIVER, AGUAPEÍ RIVER MOUTH, MUNICIPALITY OF CASTILHO,
SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL
Acosta A.A., Silva R.J.
Department of Parasitology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
This study aims to characterize the composition and structure of the monogenean ectoparasites of the Neotropical
armored catfish Pterygoplichthys anisitsi, one of the dominant species in the Aguapeí River, Aguapeí River Mouth,
municipality of Castilho, São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 80 fish specimens (standard length in centimeters 28.86±4.57
[20.5-45] and weight in grams 492.32±205.49 [191.5-1,520]) were collected in four sampling expeditions, from
August/2013 to November/2014, two in the rainy season and two in the dry season. The skin, nasal cavity and gills were
analyzed to find monogenean ectoparasites. The monogenean species found were: Pavanelliella pavanellii - Prevalence
(P)=43.75%, Mean Intensity of Infection (MII)=4.11±0.68, Mean Abundance (MA)=1.8±0.37; Heteropriapulus heterotylus
- P=66.25%, MII=12.32±2.45, MA=8.16±1.74; Heteropriapulus simplex - P=62.5%, MII=11.3±1.96, MA=7.06±1.37;
Heteropriapulus n. sp. 1 - P=60%, MII=3.56±0.53; MA=2.13±0.37; Heteropriapulus n. sp. 2 - P=35%, MII=3.07±0.57,
MA=1.07±0.25; Trinigyrus n. sp. - P=12.5%, MII=29.4±24, MA=3.67±3; Unilatus brittani - P=12.5%, MII=1.4±0.16,
MA=0.17±0.05; Unilatus unilatus - P=10%, MII=3±1.03, MA=0.3±0.14; and Dactylogyridae gen. sp. - P=43.75%,
MII=2.71±0.66 (1-20), MA=1.18±0.32. The monogenean species found are new geographical records, and the species P.
pavanellii, H. heterotylus and H. simplex are new host records. This study represents an important contribution due to
the new records and new species found, broadening the knowledge on fish monogeneans in the Neotropical region.
Acknowledgements: Fapesp Doctorate Fellowship 2012/22895-7; CNPq (307808/2014-9), and CESP (Electric Company of
São Paulo State).
P-144
INFESTATION OF CHAETODON STRIATUS BY A MONOGENEAN GILL PARASITE
(MONOGENEA: POLYOPISTHOCOTYLEA)
Gonçalves E.L.T.1, Tancredo K.R.1, Vieira Cristina M.1, da Costa Marchiori N.2, Gomes Sanches E.3, Martins
M.L.1
1
AQUOS - Laboratório de Sanidade de Organismos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC,
Brazil
2
EPAGRI - Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina, Campo Experimental de Piscicultura de
Camboriú, Camboriú, SC, Brazil
3
Instituto de Pesca, Ubatuba, Brazil
Representatives of the Chaetodontidae (Actinopterygii: Perciformes) are widely appreciated in the ornamental fish
market, frequently suffering from overexploitation. Aquaculture offers an alternative to extractive fishing activities,
promoting a conservation strategy that is more reliable than catch restrictions. Nevertheless, in order to develop culture
protocols for a fish, it is first necessary to understand aspects associated with its biology. In this study, we aimed to
gather information on the parasitic fauna of the butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus Linnaeus, 1758. From May 2014 to
February 2015, specimens of C. striatus were collected using fish traps in the southeast coast of Brazil and transferred to
a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) where they were kept for further research. Fifteen specimens were
anesthetized, biometrically measured and euthanized for parasitological analysis of their gills. Gills were fixed in 10%
formalin, scraped and analyzed under stereomicroscope for detection of parasites. Parasitological indexes were
al ulatedàa o di gàtoàBushàetàalà
àa dàpa asitesà e eà ou tedài àHo e sà ediu ào àaàslideàfo àide tifi atio .à
Data is presented as mean ± standard deviation. Fish had total length of 12.7 ± 1.1 and weight of 60 ± 17.1. Prevalence
of parasitism by Monogenea was 53%, mean intensity was 6 ± 1.8 and mean abundance was 2.7 ± 3.4. Monogenean
parasites belonged to a single species, representative of the subclass Polyopisthocotylea and belonging to the
Heteraxinidae family. This is the first report of this group of Monogenea in this fish species.
170
Heglasova I.1, Zahradnickova P.2, Jurajda P.3, Gelnar M.2, Přik lo
P-145
MONOGENEAN ECTOPARASITES (GYRODATYLIDEA) FROM THE ANTARCTIC FISHES IN
PRINCE GUSTAV CHANNEL, WEDDEL SEA
I.2,4
1
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
3
Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
4
Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
2
P-146
Gyrodactylidea Bychowsky, 1937 (Monogenea) includes species that parasitize predominantly on the gills or the fins of
fish. To date, only nine species of the genus Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832 (Gyrodactylidae Cobbold, 1864) and five
species of the three genera of Tetraonchoididae (Allotetraonchoides Dillon & Hargis, 1968, Neopavlovskioides Dillon &
Hargis, 1968 and Pavlovskioides Bychowsky, Gusev & Nagibina, 1965) have been described from fishes living in Antarctic
waters. The fish were sampled in Prince Gustav Channel, Weddell Sea during the Antarctic summers of 2013 and 2014.
Examined fish belong to genera Notothenia Richardson, 1844 and Trematomus Boulenger, 1902 (both Nototheniidae
Günther, 1861) and Parachaenichthys Boulenger, 1902 (Bathydraconidae Regan, 1914). A prevalence of 38% (44/115)
was recorded for monogeneans. Species identification based on morphometric analysis of hard parts of attachment
organ shown the presence of seven species from genera Gyrodactylus and Pavloskoides. From Notothenia coriceps two
Gyrodactylus species were identified, Gyrodactylus coriicepsi and Gyrodactylus sp. 1. From the fish of Trematomus (T.
newnesi, T. bernacchi, T. eulepidotus and T. hansoni) four Gyrodactylus species and two Pavlovskoides species were
recognized, namely G. australis, Gyrodactylus sp. 1, Gyrodactylus sp. 2, Gyrodactylus sp. 3 and Pavlovskoides sp. 1 and
Pavlovskoides sp. 2. No monogeneans were observed from fish of the genus Parachaenichthys. The highest species
richness, 4 species of Gyrodactylus and 2 species of Pavlovskoides, was observed on T. bernacchi. The highest prevalence
of 54% was observed for G. australis on T. newnesi. This study significantly extends the knowledge about monogeneans
in the Antarctic region.
PROTEOCEPHALIDEAN TAPEWORMS (CESTODA) FROM FRESHWATER FISHES IN
SOUTH AMERICA: WHAT DO WE KNOW?
Alves P.V.1, de Chambrier A.2, Scholz T.3, Luque J.L.4
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Geneva, Switzerland
3
I stituteàofàPa asitolog ,àBiolog àCe t eàofàtheàCze hàá ade àofà“ ie es,àČesk àBudějo i e,àCze hà‘epu li
4
Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
2
The order Proteocephalidea (= Onchoproteocephalidea pro parte) comprises 315 valid species with a worldwide
distribution parasitizing freshwater teleosts, reptiles and amphibians; one species is known from a mammal. So far,
freshwater catfishes (Siluriformes) inhabiting the major river basins of South America represent the dominant host
group. Here we provide the information based on literature search of records of proteocephalidean tapeworms from
freshwater fishes in South America. The compiled database provides records of 132 valid species representing 37 genera
within 9 subfamilies and 1 family, associated with 64 species of fishes. Besides the order Siluriformes, which represents
≈ %à ofà theà hosts,à e e sà ofà theà o de sà áthe i ifo es,à Cha a ifo es,à G
otifo esà a dà Pe ifo esà ha eà alsoà
been found as hosts. The proteocephalidean with the highest number of host associations (5) is Choanoscolex abscisus
reported from the Orinoco, Amazon and Paraná River basins, whereas most of the other taxa exhibit rather narrow host
specificity, being recorded from a single host (oioxenous specificity; 44%) or a single host genus (mesostenoxenous
specificity; 23%). The Paraná and Amazon River basins host the highest number of species; only three cestode species
were described from other hydrological drainage basins. Since the Neotropical region hosts the highest diversity of
freshwater fishes on the Earth, it can be assumed that the proteocephalidean biodiversity in South America in not yet
well known. Some insufficiently studied hydrological drainages such as São Francisco and the Tocantins-Araguaia River
basins may host unknown cestode taxa.
171
P-147
COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY OF HELMINTH FAUNA OF THE SHORTFIN MAKO (ISURUS OXYRINCHUS) IN
THE NE ATLANTIC: AN EXAMPLE OF THE PELAGIC PREDATOR SYNDROME
Penades-Suay J.1, Merchán M.2, Castro A.2, Tomás J.1, Aznar F.J.1
1
Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Asociacion Chelonia, Madrid, Spain
2
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF CUCULLANUS SP. (NEMATODA: CUCULLANIDAE) PARASITIC IN TILAPIA ZILLI
FROM LEKKI LAGOON, LAGOS, NIGERIA
Bamidele A.
Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Nigeria
Based on the parasitologic examination of three hundred and twenty one specimens of Tilapia zilli (n=321), thirty three
(n=33) individuals of Cucullanus sp. Muller 1777 were recovered. Cucullanus sp. had an overall prevalence (P) of 9.6%,
with a P of 16.4% in female hosts and of 8.5% in male. The specimens of Cucullanus sp. were recovered from the fish
host. SEM description of the recovered Cucullanus sp. shows some distinguishing features which place it apart from
most of its congeners. The submedian papillae were located on the cuticle, single amphid in between the two upper
submedian papillae, short spicule and 23 upper teeth and 34 lower teeth on the dorsoventrally elongate mouth. The
tissue sections of the parasitized host revealed marked sloughing of cells into the lumen and intraluminal adult
nematode mixed with necrotic debris.
172
P-148
In the present study we describe the intestinal parasite community of 29 juvenile and adult specimens of shortfin mako
(Isurus oxyrinchus). The specimens were captured by longline fishery in the northeast Atlantic Ocean open waters west
from Portugal and Spain. Adult specimens of 4 species of cestodes were identified: Molicola sp. (Trypanorhyncha) with a
prevalence of 3.4%, two species of Rhodobothrium (Tetraphyllidea) with prevalences of 82.8%, and 10.3%, respectively,
and Crossobothrium sp. with a prevalence of 17.2%. Immature specimens of Nybelinia sp. (Trypanorhyncha, prevalence:
17.2%) and Dinobothrium sp. (Tetraphyllidea; 3.4%) were also found. Mean species richness (± S.D.) and mean total
helminth abundance per host were 1.34 and 28.93, respectively. Species composition at infracommunity level did not
depart from the null hypothesis of independent colonization of each species. Host size and sex were not significant
predictors of the intensity of any cestode species or infracommunity species richness. The species-poor, randomly
assembled helminth infracommunities found in shortfin makos contrast with those found in coastal, benthic-pelagic
elasmobranchs, rather resembling those described in other large oceanic predators such as cetaceans, marine turtles
and marine birds. We suggest that the vagile behavior and opportunistic diet of these predators, coupled with a
dilutio à effe tà o à i fective stages in the pelagic realm, could generate poor and unpredictable helminth
i fa o
u ities,àge e ati gàaà Pelagi àP edato à“ d o e .
P-149
PRESENCE OF ANISAKIS SPP. LARVAE IN MESOPELAGIC AND BATHYPELAGIC FISH OF THE CENTRAL
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Costa A.1, Gaglio G.2, Battaglia P.3, Cammilleri G.1, Marino F.2
1
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
3
ISPRA, Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Laboratory of Milazzo, Messina, Italy
2
Aim of the present paper was to report and identify by morphological and molecular methods the presence of anisakid
larvae found in mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish belonging to the Myctophidae (Electrona risso and Diaphus
metopoclampus) and Phosichthyidae (Vinciguerria attenuata) families. The study was performed in central
Mediterranean Sea, precisely in the Strait of Sicily and the Strait of Messina where a lot of species of cetaceans known as
host for Anisakids were reported (such as Delphinus delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, Physeter
macrocephalus, Globicephalus melas and Ziphius cavirostris). On the studied fish, a parasitological study was performed
examining the coelomic cavity for nematode larvae, by visual and stereoscopic evaluation. Twenty two larvae isolated,
fixed in ethanol and cleared in glycerol, were morphologically identified at genus level by light microscopy as L3 stages
of Anisakis belonging to Type I and to Type II (sensu Berland 1961) and fixed in 70% ethanol for molecular
characterization. In the molecular identification with PCR-‘FLPà a al sisà D á elioà età alà
,à theà spe ifi restriction
profile obtained allowed to identify the anisakid parasites as Anisakis pegreffii and Anisakis physeteris. Particularly A.
pegreffii larvae were isolated in 16/296 D. metopoclampus, A. physeteris larvae were found in 3/105 E. risso and in 3/36
V. attenuata. Anisakid larvae belonging to Anisakis pegreffii and Anisakis physeteris are here reported for the first time
in these species of deep water fish. Some ecological considerations were consequently provided.
P-150
DIVERSITY OF NEMATODES INFECTING THE GREATER WEEVER
TRACHINUS DRACO L. FROM THE BAY OF BIZERTE
Azizi R., Garbouj M., Bahri S.
Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, El-Manar II, Tunisia
Several studies have reported the diversity of parasitic nematodes from the marine fishes of the Mediterranean. In
some cases, these parasites can cause massive infections with high fish mortality, leading to a noticeable decline in fish
stocks especially species of Philometridae. On the other hand, some nematodes particularly Anisakid species are known
for their zoonotic contribution to human anisakiasis. Between March 2013 and December 2014, 197 Greater weever
Trachinus draco Linnaeus, 1785 (Trachinidae) were collected from the Bay of Bizerte (North-East of Tunisia). Fishes were
dissected and all organs were inspected for the presence of parasitic nematodes. In the present study we report the
presence of four nematodes species belonging to Anisakidae and Philometridae families. The nematodes species were
found infecting the abdominal cavity, mesentery, liver, stomach, intestine and ovaries. The identification of nematodes
th
th
species revealed the presence of Anisakis simplex, Hysterothylacium sp., Hysterothylacium fabri (3 and 4 larval stages)
and Philometra sp. (gravid females). Morphological and morphometric characteristics of those species are presented in
this work. Anisakis simplex appeared with a prevalence (P) of 79 %, mean intensity (MI) of 34.2 and mean abundance
th
(MA) of 32.6; Hysterothylacium sp. with P = 78 %, MI= 46.1 and MA= 20.7; Hysterothylacium fabri (3 larval stage) with
th
P= 52 %, MI= 68.1 and MA= 16.4; Hysterothylacium fabri (4 larval stage) with P= 64 %, MI= 72.3 and MA= 20.3 and
Philometra sp. with P= 15.7 % , MI= 16.2 and MA= 12.8. Two species of the genus Philometra Costa, 1845 were
previously reported from Trachinus draco: Philometra filiformis (Stossich, 1896) infecting the gonads of their host from
the Adriatic Sea and Italy (Stossich, 1896; Orecchia and Paggi, 1978) and Philometra globiceps (Rudolphi, 1819)
parasitizing the body cavity. We report for the first time the presence of Philometra sp. in T. draco from Tunisia coasts.
The present material cannot be identified to species due to the absence of the males. In the Mediterranean Sea,
anisakid nematodes have been found in several economically fish species and in many countries (Italy, Greece, Turkey,
Spain, F a e,àTu isia… .àAnisakis and Hysterothylacium larvae have been recorded in 43.8% of all fish marketed in two
towns of the Adriatic coast of central Italy (Fioravanti et al., 2004). Contracaecum fabri (Rudolphi, 1819) was reported in
T. draco from Turkey (Akmirza, 2004). In Tunisia, only the work of Farjallah et al. (2008) has reported the presence of
larval forms of Anisakis species in several fish and Anisakis pegreffii in T. draco. However, species of the genus
Hysterothylacium were not recorded. In the present work we report for the first time the presence of two
Hysterothylacium spp. in Trachinus draco from Tunisia waters.Data on the prevalence of anisakid spp. found in T. draco
in Mediterranean region are scarce. However, the prevalence of anisakid spp. is relatively higher in the present study.
173
P-151
NEMATODE PARASITES OF CONGER EEL CONGER CONGER FROM SICILIAN WATERS (ITALY)
Costa A., Graci S., Cammilleri G., Ferrara P., Ferrantelli V.
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
The authors report preliminary data on the occurrence of nematode parasites in Conger conger sampled in Sicilian
waters. Between December 2013 and January 2014, 25 specimens of conger eel Conger conger, caught from waters
near Sciacca on the south coast of Sicily, were examined for parasitic infections. A total of 42 nematodes (larval forms
and adults) was detected in visceral cavity in 13 samples by visual and stereoscopic evaluation: the parasites isolated,
fixed in ethanol and cleared in glycerol, were morphologically identified at genus level by light microscopy. Five taxa of
Nematoda, belonging to different families, were morphologically identified: L3 Anisakis Type I and Anisakis Type II (sensu
Berland 1961) (Anisakidae), Hysterothylacium sp (L3, L4 and one adults) (Rhapidascarididae), Cucullanus sp.
(Cucullanidae) and Cristitectus congeri (Cystidicolidae). Cucullanid nematodes (28.6%) were morphologically similar to
Cucullanus bioccai which was previously reported by Orecchia & Paggi (1978). The Anisakidae larve recovered were
identified and characterized at species level by molecular techniques. Molecular analysis with PCR-RFLP identified the
Type I larvae as belonging to A. pegreffii (28.6%) and the Type II larvae belonging to A. physeteris (2.4 %). The
nematodes identified as Hysterothylacium (38.1%), were characterized by sequencing of nuclear (internal transcribed
spacer, ITS) markers as Hysterothylacium fabri compared with the most similar sequences available in GenBank. Most of
this nematode parasites have been previously reported in conger eel from Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. The
authors also report the molecular characterization of Anisakidae.
P-152
REPRODUCTION AND INFECTIOUS BIOLOGY OF CAPSALID MONOGENEA NEOBENEDENIA GIRELLAE
Shirakashi S.1, Hirano C.1, Ogawa K.2
1
Fisheries Laboratory, Kinki University, Shirahama, Japan
Meguro Parasitological Museum, Tokyo, Japan
2
Skin fluke infections have long been one of the most problematic parasitic diseases in aquaculture. Since the
i t odu tio ài toàJapa eseà ate ài à
sàNeobenedenia girellae has become widespread due to its low host specificity
and high reproduction rate. We have investigated various aspects of its biology by a series of in vivo and in vitro
experiments. N. girellae inseminates by planting spermatophores on the body of itself or other individuals. The egg
production occurs throughout the day regardless of light condition with the maximum daily egg output of over 700 per
worm. The eggs are easily attached to the culture cage with a filament. In a culture cage, significantly higher
proportions, 50-80%, of eggs were found near the surface. Hatching is strongly influenced by light, showing a
monomodal daily peak in the morning. The oncomiracidia possess positive phototaxis and the majority of infection at
farming sites occurs close to the water surface, but the larvae are capable of infecting fish in the darkness. In the
experiment using circulating water channel, infections occurred under high water current of 50 cm/sec, suggesting the
odeàofài fe tio àisà otào l àaàsi pleàatta h e tào toàhost sà od àsu fa e.
174
Pavanelli G.C.1,2, Ueda B.H.3, Santos T.4, Takemoto R.M.4
P-153
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MORPHOLOGY OF MONOGENEA EGGS AND HABITAT OF FRESHWATER FISH
1
Postgraduate program in Aquaculture and Sustainable Development, Federal University of Paraná, Palotina, Parana,
Brazil
2
Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, Unicesumar, Maringá, PR, Brazil
3
Postgraduate Program in Comparative Biology, State University of Maringá, Parana, Brazil
4
Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Aquatic Environments Continental, State University of Maringá, Parana, Brazil
The eggs of monogeneans have great diversity of shapes, sizes and appendices; they may have mainly oval, tetrahedral
shape, appendages hook shape, appendage with adhesive material, without appendices, or some may have more than
one filament. It is assumed that these shapes and appendices serve to facilitate the attachment of eggs to new hosts.
Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the different shapes and the presence of appendages of Monogenea
eggs, predicting that the kinds of host habits are the main factors responsible for the morphological changes observed in
the eggs. For this, scientific publications were obtained in ISI Web of Knowledge, Scielo, BioOne, Scopus and Biomed.
Some specimens of monogenean were obtained from fishes in the Ichthyoparasitology Laboratory of the Núcleo de
Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia). The ten kinds of eggs found were categorized according
with their morphology e with appendages. The appendices of monogeneans appear to have evolved independently,
because correlated species have different shapes appendages. This shows that the similar appendages are the result of
similar environmental selective pressures. Throughout their evolution, the eggs of monogeneans had to adapt to the
host and the environment in which they live. During that time various appendages have developed eggs in order to
facilitate the infestation of the host and become specialized for different types of environment host.
P-154
THE ROLE OF THREE SEAGULL SPECIES IN THE TRANSMISSION OF DIGENEANS
INFECTING COMMERCIAL FISH IN WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Miquel-Mazzetti L., Blanco-Antón L.C., Raga J.A., Montero F.E., Aznar F.J., Born-Torrijos A.
Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Several digenean species infecting seagulls use fish as second intermediate hosts, often manipulating fish behaviour to
enhance transmission to their definitive hosts, and sometimes causing also zoonotic diseases. In this study we report on
potentially harmful digeneans infecting three species of seagull from the Mediterranean coast of Spain, an area where
aquaculture and fishery are important economic activities. We examined the intestinal helminth fauna of 56 yellowlegged gulls (Larus michahellis), 6 Adouin's gulls (Larus audouinii) and 6 black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus)
olle tedài àaà ostalàlagoo àa dàsu ou di gà oastalàa eaà ea àVale iaà “pai ,ài.e.à Laàál ufe a àa dà Elà“ale .à Larus
michahellis was heavily infected with Cardiocephaloides longicollis (prevalence [95% C.I.]: 60% [50%-70%]; mean
intensity [95% C.I.]: 11.5 [7.8-17]), and had lower infection levels of Ascocotyle sp. (4% [1%-13%]; 1261.5 [2-1261.5]),
Diplostomum pseudospathaceum (8% [3%-18%]; 4.3 [1-9.3]) and Galactosomum sp. (21% [12%-34%]; 1.6 [1.2-2.3]).
Individuals of L. audouinii harboured C. longicollis (33% [6%-73%]; 24.5 [5-24.5]) and Galactosomum sp. (17% [1%-59%]),
whereas only D. pseudospathaceum was found in C. ridibundus (50% [15%-85%]; 8 [1-12.7]). Infection levels of C.
longicollis and D. pseudospathaceum were significantly higher in L. michahellis than in the other seagulls, suggesting
that this host species might act as an important transmission vector of digeneans infecting fish of commercial interest in
the area, including several sparid species.
Funded by ISIC/2012/003 and PROMETEO 795/2015/018 projects.
175
Colon B.L.1, Siegel S.V.1, de Buron I.2, Kyle D.E.1
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APOROCOTYLIDS IN SCIAENID CYNOSCION NEBULOSUS: EVIDENCE FOR TWO SPECIES AND ONE LIFE CYCLE
1
Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida USA
Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston South Carolina USA
3
Aporocotylids are fish blood flukes whose larval forms develop in polychaetes or bivalves. Recently we identified two
terebellid polychaetes, Enoplobranchus sanguineus and Amphitrite ornata, as intermediate hosts for blood flukes along
the Atlantic coast of South Carolina (SC) U.S.A. Analysis of ITS-2 and lsrDNA sequences from sporocysts and cercariae
dissected from the coelom of both polychaetes showed 100% identity. Whereas all sequences obtained revealed close
identity with the Cardicola clade of the Aporocotylidae, these were not identical to any sequence available from
GenBank or to sequences obtained from flukes collected from two other local fishes. Sequences however matched
specimens collected from seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus. Cardicola laruei is the only species described from C. nebulosus
but no sequence data is available in GenBank for this organism. We extended our observations of C. nebulosus from four
sites along the SC coast and found adult flukes in seatrout from all four sites. However, two genotypes that differed by
~10% in both ITS-2 and lsrDNA were identified and found in different frequencies at the sites sampled. One genotype
was identical to sequences obtained from larvae in polychaetes. Our data strongly suggest there are two Cardicola
species that infect C. nebulosus and that one of these species uses A. ornata and E. sanguineus as intermediate hosts.
No polychaetes were yet found infected by the second species. Differences in ecosystems, and thus annelid habitats,
between sites sampled could explain the heterogeneous distribution of seatrout fluke genotypes observed.
P-156
DIVERSITY OF BLOOD FLUKE LARVAL STAGES IN TWO TEREBELLID POLYCHAETES IN U.S. ESTUARIES
Kyle D.E.1, de Buron I.2, Colon B.L.1, Siegel S.V.1, Rivero A.1
1
Morsani College of Medicine and Department of GLobal Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida USA
Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
2
Annelids are known vectors to three aporocotylid blood fluke species that infect marine fishes. The scarcity of cycles
resolved to date is in large part due to the impossibility of associating larval and adult stages using classical
morphological characters. While such associations can nowadays be made via DNA sequencing, the challenge remains
for the corresponding stages to be found in both hosts. In the context of a search for the annelid intermediate host of
fish blood flukes from South Carolina U.S.A., we encountered multiple infections in the terebellid polychaetes Amphitrite
ornata and Enoplobranchus sanguineus. Out of 322 annelids observed, 3% of A. ornata and 16.7% of E. sanguineus were
infected by sporocysts or rediae in their hemocoel. For each individual, sporocysts and rediae were collected in filtered
seawater and either observed fresh using a compound microscope, heat killed and fixed in neutral buffered formalin for
morphological study, or fixed in 95% ethanol for molecular studies. We encountered five morphotypes, one of which
was common to both A. ornata and E. sanguineous. ITS-2 and lsrDNA sequences of parasites from nine A. ornata and
eight E. sanguineus annelids were obtained and the five morphotypes were each matched with a different set of
sequences. Sequences were BLASTed on Genbank but no match closer than 96% identity was found. Sequences of
sporocysts common to both A. ornata and E. sanguineus were matched to those from a blood fluke that infects the
spotted seatrout but which remains to be identified.
176
P-157
THE POTENTIAL INFECTION OF ELASMOBRANCHS WITH NYBELINIA SP. USING ITS
INTERMEDIATE HOST, OCTOPUS VULGARIS CUVIER 1797 (CEPHALOPODA: OCTOPODIDAE)
Falcao A.1,2, Cavaleiro F. 1,2, Santos M. 1,2, Santos M.J. 1,2
1
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
2
Trypanorhynch cestodes represent one of the most common metazoan parasites in marine fishes. Their life cycle is
known to be highly complex, but the way in which it unfolds is still largely unknown. Elasmobranchs are the final hosts,
whereas cephalopods or teleosts are the precedent intermediate or paratenic hosts.
The main aim of the present work was to determine the infection levels of Nybelinia sp. larvae for the octopus host, so
that the risk of infection of the final hosts could somehow be evaluated. Samples of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797
(N=30/sample) were collected at two different localities off Portugal, i.e. Figueira da Foz and Portimão,
Prevalence and mean intensity ranged, respectively, from 12.5% (Portimão) to 50.0% (Figueira da Foz), and from 2.13
worms/host (Figueira da Foz) to 1.0 (Portimão) worms/host. Larvae were mainly found in the stomach and oesophagus,
but they were also found free, within the body cavity. The low prevalence values recorded for Portimão, along with the
low intensity values, suggest that the main route of infection of elasmobranchs is only occasionally related with the
consumption of O. vulgaris (trophic transmission).
Acknowledgments: Financial support from Projects DIRDAMyx FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-020726 (FCT–
PTDC/MAR/116838/2010), AQUAIMPROV– Sustainable Aquaculture and Animal Welfare (NORTE-07-0124-FEDER000038) and PEst-C/MAR/LA0015/2013.
P-158
IS THE BLACKMOUTH CATSHARK GALEUS MELASTOMUS (CARCHARHINIFORMES; PENTACHIDAE)
THE FINAL HOST OF DITRACHYBOTHRIDIUM MACROCEPHALUM?
Rodríguez-Cabello C.1, Bray R.A.2
1
Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Santander, Spain
Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
2
Several specimens of blackmouth catshark (G. melastomus, Rafinesque, 1810) were examined for the analysis of
stomach contents and parasite fauna. Individuals were caught during the bottom trawl surveys carried out annually in
the north of Spain waters (Cantabrian Sea) during 2012-2014. A total of 53 specimens (size range 17-54 cm) were
examined on board. Sex ratio was balanced (♂ 49.1- ♀ 50.9). Only the stomach and spiral valve were scrutinized. Three
parasitic taxa were identified: cestoda, nematoda and isopoda (only in one specimen). The main parasite taxa was
cestoda (Ditrachybothridium macrocephalum Rees, 1959), both larvae and adult specimens of this species were
observed in sharks of 15-32 cm. The abundance of larvae and adults was 0.35±1.03 and 5.58±10.89 and the prevalence
15% and 40.0% respectively. All cestoda and nematoda were observed free in the spiral valve/stomach not in the
musculature. The stomach content analysis revealed crustacean, fish and cephalopoda as main prey. Among crustacean,
euphasiids were the dominant prey (and the species Meganyctiphanes norvegica in particular). Among fishes the blue
whiting Micromesistius poutassou was identified.
177
P-159
THE ROLE OF MESOZOOPLANKTON AS INTERMEDIATE HOSTS OF SYMBIONTS
IN NE ATLANTIC ECOSYSTEMS: PARASITES AND EPIBIONTS
Gregori M., González A.F., Pascual S.
Department of Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
Worldwide, mesozooplankton is a key component in the dietary habits of the early stages of development of many
cephalopods, fishes as well as some marine mammals, and occupies one of the lowest trophic levels, becoming an
important link between parasite larvae and their definitive host through predator-prey interactions. Many fish species of
commercial interest from Galician and European waters are affected by parasites that reduce flesh quality and cause
diseases involving economic losses to the fishery industry. Some of these parasites constitute a potential risk for public
health because they are responsible of gastroalergic disorders in fish-consuming population. Other parasites constitute a
potential risk for host population increasing their predation risk, reducing fertility or castration. Nevertheless, both their
arrival and impact into the highest levels of the food web, such as fishes, is unknown.
Our research revealed that the mesozooplaktonic euphausiid Nyctiphanes couchii plays an important role for
acanthocephalans and nematode larvae transmission. Additionally, we identified Muggiaea sp. (Siphonophora) as the
second intermediate host for trematoda. In addition to those, Calanoid copepods were encountered infected by
protozoans, showing different specificity and intensity of infection. Finally, some Gnathiidae, Bopiridae, Epicaridean,
Aegidae, Pennellidae and Caligus were detected among the mesozooplankton communities.
P-160
EFFECT OF MONOGENEAN PARASITES ON THE GILLS TISSUES AND CHLORIDE CELLS
IN THE CASPIAN SEA WHITE FISH (RUTILUS FRISSI KUTUM)
Pazooki J., Vahedi Z.
Department of Marin Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C. Tehran, Iran
The aim of the study was to identify Monogeneans and gill chloride cells changes in terms of number and diameter of
their positions with respect to the density of parasites. Histopathological effects of the parasites in the gill tissue of also
were studied. 33 Rutilus frisii kutum specimens were caught in December 2014 from the Southern coast of the Caspian
Sea. The weight and length were 190 - 1200 gr and 20 -405cm. The gill filaments were collected and studied for parasites
under the microscope, the collected parasites were fixed in Glycerin-Gelatin and the gills were fixed in 10% formalin.
Theà μà tissueà se tio sà e eà adeà a dà sa plesà stai edà à He ato li -Eosin. Lesions caused by the presence of
parasites, size and number of chloride cells was counting by optical microscope. According to the results three
monogenean parasites were identified Dactylogyrus frissi, D.nybelini and Diplozoon paradoxum. Mean intensity and
prevalence of Dactylogyrus frissi, D.nybelini were (118,100%) and Diplozoon paradoxum (4/53, 78/78) respectively.
Lesions observed were: the destruction of the gill filaments and lamellae adhesion, epithelial cell hypertrophy and
hyperplasia blades gill, detachment of the epithelial basement membrane blades, aneurysm and development of the
clubbing. The results show; in the presence of parasites, the total number of chloride cells were reduced, but their size
was unchanged. Correlation test results showed that the strong and significant inverse relationship between the number
parasites and the number of total chloride cells. Reduce the chloride cells, may have a negative impact on migratory fish
Osmoregulation.
178
P-161
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SILVER CATFISH (RHAMDIA QUELEN) IMMUNIZED AND
CHALLENGED WITH ICHTHYOPHTHIRIUS MULTIFILIIS THERONTS
Tancredo K., Gonçalves E.L.T., Martins M.L.
Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
The development of vaccines as a prophylactic method in aquaculture has increased significantly. Ichthyophthirius
multifiliis is the most important ciliate affecting the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) due to its low host specificity and
wide geographic distribution. This study analysed the histopathology of fish immunized after challenge with live
theronts of I. multifiliis in two assays: I - immunization via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) and II- via immersion bath with
the following groups: control (non-immunized no challenged); non-immunized and challenged with 12,000
theronts/fish; non-immunized and challenged with 22,000 theronts/fish; immunized and challenged with 12,000
theronts/fish; immunized and challenged with 22,000 theronts/fish. Six days after challenge, the samples for
histopathological and parasitological analysis were collected. Either in the assay I or in the assay II, the prevalence of I.
multifillis in the gills was higher in non-immunized fish (PBS) (33.33 % and 27.77 %, respectively). The
melanomacrophages were present in 53 % and 50 % of the samples in non-immunized fish (PBS 12,000 and 22,000),
respectively (assay I). Fish from the assay II, immunized and challenged showed more atrophied areas of the
hepatocytes. Higher number of melanomacrophages in the kidney of non-immunized fish in the assay I was observed
when compared to control. The results showed no difference in the gill lesions in both immunized and non-immunized
fish compared to control. Histological alterations in the organs of silver catfish were considered light and of eventual
occurrence except for the liver that presented significant atrophy and hypertrophy of hepatocytes after immunization
via i.p.
P-162
HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF LEECH, AUSTROBDELLA SP. AND HOST REACTION OF
THE FLOUNDER, PARALICHTYS OLIVACEUS
Kim S., Park M., Park J.
National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan, Korea
This study described the morphological ultrastructure using the scanning electron microscope of the leech, which
identified as Austrobdella sp. based on molecular analysis, and histopathological reaction of the host in Korea.
Seven flounder was found to be infected with thirteen leeches. Eight leeches on the caudal fin (61.5%), two leeches on
the pelvic fin (15.4%) and three leeches on the body (23.1%) were found. The average total length of P. olivaceus and
Austrobdella sp. were 40.2±3.8 and 12.13±0.21, respectively. Linear regression analysis showed that there was both no
2
significant relationship between the length of host and the length of leeches (r =0.271, F=4.085, p=0.068), and length of
2
host and number of leeches on parasitized host (r =0.003, F=0.013, p=0.915).
Infected region of the host is showing the tissue of the fin lifting into the posterior sucker, destruction of the epidermal
layer, and inflammation and necrosis of connective tissue (Ct). H-E stain. Host-parasite interface is showing the T1 cell,
T2 cell and epithelial cell on dorsal surface of the tegument. The fin attached parasite is showing the hypertrophy and
hyperplasia mucous cell, and note that existed mucosubstance between posterior sucker and epidermal layer of the fin.
The fin adjacent to posterior sucker note that pushed epidermal layer and showing the decreased mucous cell,
karyolysis and pyknosis nucleus of epithelial cell, and necrotic region in the epidermal layer.
179
P-163
NEW DATA ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROTAENIA MALOPTERURI (FRITSCH, 1886)
(CESTODA: PROTEOCEPHALIDAE) AND THE ATTENDANT HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
ON MALAPTERURUS ELECTRICUS (SILURIFORMES: MALAPTER)
Bamidele A.1, Hassan A.2, Adeogun A.2
1
Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Nigeria
Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
2
A parasitologic investigation was carried out on Malapterurus electricus from Lekki Lagoon (n = 340). The
proteocephalidean cedstode, Electrotaenia malopteruri (Fritsch, 1886) (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae: Gangesiinae) which
is the type and only species of Electrotaenia Nybelin, 1942 was the dominant parasites species recovered. The parasite is
specific to the fish host. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed sharp differences in the scolex morphology of the
new species with the existing species of Electrotaenia malopteruri.
The new sub-species have a wider spherical scolex, the four uniloculate suckers groove are bean shaped and not
spherical in the existing species. The suckers of this new species are not widely closed to one another but distinctly large
with a wider external surface and a wider groove. The disc shaped rostellum-like organ is also wider. There is no median
line in-between the Uniloculate suckers. The overall incidence of infection was 30.2% with higher incidence of infection
in the male (n = 210 (31.7%) and (n = 130 (27.6%) in the female specimens. A total of 254 helminthes were recovered
from the three hundred and forty specimens examined of the fish hosts. The tissue sections of the fish host revealed
diffuse oedema of epithelium with sloughing of epithelium into lumen, marked shortening and matting of villi with
diffuse lymphocytic propria together with thickened wall of the intestine and the observation of the localized area of
calcification.
P-164
SURVEY OF INFECTIONS OF EYES CAUSED BY DIPLOSTOMUM SPATHACEUM (RUDOLPHI, 1819)
METACERCARIA IN HASSANLOO RESERVOIR FISHES IN THE WEST AZERBAIJAN
Azadikhah D.1, Dilmaghanian A.2, Amniattalab A.3
1
Department of Clinical Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Urmia, Umia, Iran
Department of Basic Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Pathobiology, Islamic Azad University of Urmia, Umia, Iran
2
Infestation with Diplostomum spathaceum in 120 fishes (phytophage, common carp and caras) in West Azerbaijan
Hasanloo reservoir was evaluated from spring to winter in 2008. The results indicate that 70% of fish (84 fish) showed
infestation with this parasite which presents a high rate of infestation in the fishes in this water resource. Comparing
sessions reveals the highest infestation rate of 96.7% in summer and the lowest rate of 46.7% in winter. The range of
parasite number was between 1 and 259 with the mean abaundance was 20.04(±3.681) and the mean intensity was
28.631(±4.98)
Pathologically most lesions are characterized by penetration of metacercariae, subcapsular vacuolation and
degeneration of lens fibers, liquefaction of fibers which gives them a basophilic appearance, and the acute parasitic
cataract causes rupture of lens capsule and deposition of lens parts in vitreous body. In cornea pathologic lesions are
characterized by keratitis by hydropic degeneration, infiltration of granulocytes containing orange granules with
epithelial sloughing of epithelial cells. It is supposed that sloughing is due to host defense against parasite penetration.
No characteristic lesion was observed in other parts of the eye. In a phytophage case, however, due to a heavy parasitic
infection, lens in the left eye was completely destroyed such that only the compact nucleolus was remained and a
constant miosis could be observed.
180
P-165
PATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EUCLINOSTOMUM HETEROSTOMUM IN NATURALLY INFECTED
CHANNA STRIATUS INHABITING CENTRAL INDIA
Kaur P. 1, Shrivastav R.2, Qureshi T.A.1
1
Department of Zoology and Applied Aquaculture, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, MP, India
Department of Zoology, Sarojini Naidu Govt Girls PG College, Bhopal, MP, India
2
Present study was conducted to reveal the pathogenicity of Euclinostomum heterostomum infection in Channa striatus,
different infected tissues were assessed as histo-pathological biomarkers for detail comprehension of infection.
Collected parasites (E. heterostomum) were fixed in AFA solution and stained with aceto-carmine, clarified in xylene and
ou tedà i à DPX.à Fo à pathologi alà stud à theà i fe tedà tissuesà e eà fi edà i à al oholi à oui sà fluidà a dà p o essedà toà
prepare paraffin blocks. They were cut at 4-5 µm in thickness for the preparation of histological slides. The percentage
of infection was calculated as per Margolis et al. (1982). Encysted metacercariae of E. hetereostomum were found in fish
flesh (muscles), liver and kidney showing a maximum prevalence and intensity of 48.0 % and 12.0, respectively.
Pathological signs included degeneration, splitting and necrosis of longitudinal and circular muscles, presence of fat
droplets, necrosis, indistinguishable and shrunk hepatocytes with nuclei shifted to cell periphery in the liver, while
reduced size of glomeruli, severe degeneration and necrosis of haematopoietic tissue and detached epithelial cells of
renal tubules in the kidney of C. striatus were observed. Metacercariae trematodes are extensively distributed in
freshwater bodies and fishes inhabiting them. They damage the organ on which they subsist. The physiological activities
of the parasitized fish are hindered and their growth is retarded which cause economic loss to the fishery industry.
P-166
HISTOMETRY OF LIVER AND CYST-NEMATODES IN GYMNOTUS INAEQUILABIATUS
(GYMNOTIFORMES: GYMNOTIDAE) OF BRAZILIAN PANTANAL
Fernandes C.E.1, Galindo G.M.2, Ribas N.O.1, Rodrigues R.A.2, Marcondes S.F.1
1
Laboratory of Pathology, CCBS, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.
Laboratory of Pathology, CCBS, Post-graduate Program, Animal Science, FAMEZ, Federal University of Mato Grosso do
Sul Campo Grande, Brazil
2
Nematodes are typically found in fish digestive tracts, however eventually they can migrate to other organs as muscle,
liver and serous membrane. The aim of this study was to evaluate some histometric features of the cysts-nematodes
and liver in wild-fish from Pantanal biome. Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (125.5 ±43.4g; 32.8 ±4.5 cm), were collected in
Paraguay River, Porto Morrinho, Brazil (21º41'56"S, 57º52'57" W) in the flood (n=40) and in the dry season (n=49). After
biometric evaluation and euthanasia, cyst-nematodes were counted macroscopically/liver. Liver fragments were
prepared for histological analysis in H&E and Masson Trichrome staining. In bright-field microscopy, different
measurements on the cysts and liver structures were evaluated by histomorphometric digital technique. Cystnematodes count were higher in the dry season compared to flood (71.8 ±9.6 x 26.4 ±10.6, p<0.01). Diameter (µm),
Cyst-wall (µm) and collagen layer (µm) were also higher (p<0.01) in dry season (323.8 ±12.0; 20.0 ±0.8 and 16.2 ±1.5,
respectively) in contrast to flood season (259.7 ±19.2; 13.5 ±1.3 and 12.0 ±2.4, respectively). Percentiles of sinusoidal
space, melanomacrophage centers (MMC) aggregates, hepatocytes and cysts differed (p<0.05) between seasons. Area
2
(µm ) of MMC in liver and mast cells count pericystic were higher in the dry season. The different values found in the
cysts measurements, density of liver structures and immune response, suggest that Gymnotus inaequilabiatus is a
paratenic host species of Nematodes in Pantanal, Brazil. River-pulse inundation is a critical factor to comprehend the
biology of parasitism and pathogeny-dynamics of Nematode in wildlife fish.
181
P-167
PO“ITIVE IMPACT OF PA‘A“ITE“ ON HO“T“ PE‘FO‘MANCE: A NEGLECTED OCCU‘‘ENCE?
McElroy E.J., de Buron I.
Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
The mechanisms underlying parasite-altered host behavior and fitness remain largely unanswered. We argue that
performance capacity is an important target of parasitic manipulation and we aim to integrate the study of performance
with that of parasitic manipulations of host behavior and fitness. We performed a meta-analysis of 101 measures of the
effect of parasites on host performance capacity from the published literature. Although negligible-small effect sizes
were detected in 40/101 measures, host performance capacity was overall affected by parasitic infection with a
negative direction and medium-large magnitude in 58/101 measures and an increase in performance capacity in 3/101
measures. Diagnostic tests of these results suggested that the small number of cases of increased host performance
capacity was due to bias in the published literature. Thus, it is expected that there are more cases of parasite-enhanced
host performance capacity than reported and that such occurrences may be overlooked by scientists. We present results
from a fish-myxozoan system in which increasing density of myxospores in the fish muscle results in increased fish
performance capacity. We discuss parasite-enhanced host performance capacity in light of its possible adaptive value to
some parasites and argue for the value to acknowledge and report such occurrences.
P-168
METACERCARIAE OF HYSTEROMORPHA TRILOBA (DIGENEA: DIPLOSTOMIDAE)
IN WILD AND FARMED FISH IN ITALY
Gustinelli A.1, Menconi V.1, Caffara M.1, Quaglio F.2, Giani G.3, Fioravanti M.L.1
1
Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Nutrition, University of Padova, Italy
3
AUSL Imola, Bologna, Italy
2
During 2013 two outbreaks of massive infestation by metacercariae in wild chub Squalius cephalus and farmed black
bullhead Ictalurus melas were observed. The metacercariae were about 1 mm, whitish and scattered in muscle. The
morphological study allowed identifying the parasites as Hysteromorpha triloba, a cosmopolitan Diplostomidae
previously reported in Italy only at the adult stage in Ciconiiformes. Histological examination of skeletal muscle of
infected chub revealed a massive presence of metacercariae within large elliptical cavities containing amorphous
basophilic substance. At opposite ends of the cavities a mild inflammatory reaction with fibroblasts, lymphocytes,
macrophages and rodlet cells was observed. Muscular fibres around the metacercariae presented hyaline degeneration
and in some sections appeared replaced by granulation tissue. In black bullhead inflammatory reaction toward H. triloba
appeared more severe than observed in chub; metacercariae were enclosed in roundish cysts characterized by a thick
wall of granulation tissue, fibroblasts, epithelioid cells and macrophages. The differences observed regarding the tissue
reactivity and pathogenic effects of H. triloba metacercariae in chub and black bullhead may be related to a different
degree of adaptation of the parasite to autochthonous (the former) and allochthonous (the latter) host. The
macroscopic evidence of metacercariae of H. triloba in the muscle, even in the absence of zoonotic implications, could
adversely affect the marketability of parasitized fish species.
182
Honka K.I., Dangel K.C., Koch C.,, Keppel M., Sures B.
P-169
BIOMARKER RESPONSES OF EELS AFTER INFECTION WITH THE NEMATODES OF THE GENUS ANGUILLICOLA
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany
ONCHOCLEIDUS DISPAR (MUELLER, 1936) (MONOGENEA: ANCYROCEPHALINAE) ON THE LARGEMOUTH
BASS MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES IN SOUTH AFRICA: A TRANSCONTINENTAL TRAVELLER
Přik lo
I.1, Malherbe W.2, Davidova M.1, Smit N.2
1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University,
Potchefstroom, South Africa
2
The largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802) is an alien invasive species in South Africa (SA) that was
introduced into the country in 1928 from England. Interestingly, these fish were originally bred in Holland. Following
introduction it was stocked for angling throughout SA. In North America, its native range, M. salmoides host several
monogenean species. The aim of this study was thus to determine whether any of these monogeneans were introduced
via its hosts into SA. Micropterus salmoides were collected during October 2014 from Boskop Dam, North-West
Province, SA and screened for gill monogeneans. High prevalence (100%) as well as intensity of infections (up to 400
parasites per host) was found, without noticeable signs of pathological changes to the gills. Based on the morphometrics
of the hard structures of the attachment organs, these monogeneans were identified as Onchocleidus dispar (Mueller,
1936). South African specimens were also compared with specimens of O. dispar previously found on Lepomis gibbosus
L., 1758 from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Croatia. Molecular characterization of 18S and 28S regions of
rRNA confirmed identification at the genus level as the only closest hit in the nucleotide database was Onchocleidus
similis Mueller, 1936. This is the first ti eàthatàthisàpa asiteàhasà ee à o fi edàf o àáf i aàa dàit sàe ide tàthatàitàhasà
been introduced to South Africa with its host. More research should focus on the distribution of this parasite in other
localities in order to manage its potential risk as invasive parasites of native fish.
183
P-170
Nematodes of the genus Anguillicola are swim bladder parasites of eels. During their life cycle they infect copepods as
first intermediate hosts before they infect eels as definitive hosts. The oldest known definitive host of Anguillicola
crassus is the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), while Anguillicola novaezelandiae appears to be an original parasite of
the Short-finned eel (Anguilla australis). Both Anguillicola species have been recorded as nonindigenous parasites of the
European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in Europe but differ with respect to their establishment success. Whilst A. crassus can
be considered an established nonindigenous species, A. novaezelandiae was not able to build a stable population in
Europe. A part of this establishment success is assumed to be associated with the physiological interaction between the
host and its parasites. We evaluated a set of physiological responses (so called biomarkers) in European and Japanese
eels infected by A. crassus and A. novaezelandiae under laboratory conditions using a common garden experiment
including uninfected European and Japanese eels. Each group of infected eels was repeatedly investigated following
initial experimental infection to elucidate the temporal development of biomarker levels. We focused on changes of the
following biomarkers: catalase, lipid peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione. Detailed results will be
presented and discussed in the light of the establishment success differences of both Anguillicola species.
P-171
ECTOPARASITES OF PLAGIOSCION SQUAMOSISSIMUS (HECKEL, 1840) (PERCIFORMES, SCIAENIDAE)
UNDER THE ENEMY RELEASE HYPOTHESIS PERSPECTIVE
Pavanelli G.C.1,2, Karling L.C.3, Takemoto R.M.3
1
Postgraduate program in Aquaculture and Sustainable Development, Federal University of Paraná, Palotina, Parana,
Brazil
2
Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, Unicesumar, Maringá, PR, Brazil
3
Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Aquatic Environments Continental, State University of Maringá, Parana, Brazil
Biological invasions are considered one of the major leading causes of global biodiversity loss.When a non-native
organism is inserted into a new area, many of its natural enemies can be left in the region of origin. The Enemy Release
Hypothesis explains the success of the introduction of species by the loss of their natural predators and parasites. Thus,
the aim of this study was to verify the parasitic fauna from gills of Plagioscion squamosissimus native from the Amazon
and Negro rivers and introduced in Paraná and São Francisco rivers from the perspective of the Enemy Release
Hypothesis. Twenty specimens of hosts from each river were analyzed and the total richness of parasites in native basin
was significantly higher than that introduced in the basin, suggesting that during the introduction process the fish
species lost over 90% of the richness of gill parasites. The only common species in the four basins was the monogenetic
Diplectanum piscinarius. The successful establishment of P. squamosissimus is not only related to favorable
environmental factors in the new region, but also to the loss of their gill ectoparasites.The introduction of piscivorous
species such as P. squamosissimus have great potential to disrupt the native fauna, thus the better the knowledge on
details of its introduction, the higher the chances of successful management and conservation plans.
P-172
THE PARASITE COMMUNITY OF CYPRINUS CARPIO FROM THE RHINE RIVER
Pitronaci S., Nachev M., Sures B.
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen,
Essen, Germany
The common carp, Cyprinus carpio, is distributed all over the world due to its commercial importance. Although the wild
population in the Danube River, which is assumed to be the origin of the European lineages, is currently under threat
populations in many other regions of the world are stable and even increasing. As a cosmopolitan fish species it might
be expected that the common carb also harbors a variety of cosmopolitan parasites. However, after the inauguration of
the Main-Danube-canal in the early 1990, a massive invasion of a large number of Ponto-Caspian species occurred.
Various invertebrates (e.g. amphipods) as well as fish species, mainly gobies, from the Danube River system established
and became dominant in the Rhine River system. Together with these free-living invaders various Ponto-Caspian
parasites were also introduced into the Rhine River system.
Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to analyze whether the parasite community of carp is dominated by
cosmopolitan parasites, by parasites from the Ponto-Caspian region or by parasites being native in the region of
sampling. In order to address these aspects, we have sampled carp from the river Rhine in autumn und spring and
investigated the composition of the parasite communities. Detailed data on the parasite composition of carp will be
presented and discussed in the light of invasion biology.
184
P-173
ARE EXOTIC AND NATIVE FISH SWITCHED THEIR DIGENEAN PARASITES? THE CASE OF
HERBIVOROUS FISHES IN MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Boussellaa W., Derbel H., Neifar L.
Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunsia
Despite their potential ecological and environmental effects, parasites of exotic fish remain an underestimated
component of ecosystem functioning. Among these parasites, Digenea have the most complex life cycles that make
them difficult to be introduced. In the Gulf of Gabes (Central Mediterranean Sea), four herbivorous fish are present: two
native Sarpa salpa and Sparisoma cretense and two lessepsian Siganus rivulatus and Siganus luridus. These fishes are
assumed to have feeding analogies that increase the possibility to be infested by the same digenean species.
Comparative parasitological studies of these fishes in sympatric sites are crucial to understand parasite circulation.
Thirteen S. rivulatus, 33 S. luridus, 30 S. cretense and 20 S. salpa were studied for their digenean parasites. The two
lessepsian S. rivulatus and S. luridus have the same and only parasite Aponorus sigani. Sparisoma cretense has only one
species Schikhobalotrema sparisomae and S. salpa is parasitised with 6 species Centroderma spinosissima, Mesometra
orbicularis, Mesometra brachycoelia, Wardula capitellata, Lepocreadium pegorchis, Robphildollfusium fractum.
No parasites switching between these herbivorous fish were observed. Absence of intermediate host and phylogenetic
barrier may prevent transfer of parasite. The introduced species was considerably less parasitised than those from
native locality (10 species were reported from S. rivulatus and S. luridus of Red Sea and only one species from
Mediterranean Sea). A. sigani is a co-introduced parasite established with its host and its intermediate host in
Mediterranean Sea.
P-174
A NEW SPECIES OF MYRACETYMA (COPEPODA: ERGASILIDAE: ACUSICOLINAE) FROM GILLS OF
PROCHILODUS LINEATUS (OSTEICHTHYES: PROCHILODONTIDAE) IN THE MIDDLE PARANÁ SYSTEM,
PROVINCE OF SANTA FE, ARGENTINA
Chemes, S.1, Gervasoni, S.2, De Marco, S.1, Takemoto, R.3
1
School of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
School of Veterinarys Sciences, National University of Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
3
Center for Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
2
A new species of Myracetyma Malta, 1993 (Copepoda: Ergasilidae: Acusicolinae) is described from the gills of
Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae). Seventy-three specimens of Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae) were
collected in lagoons of the Northern Salado River (31°41'S, 60°44'W) and San Javier River (31°13'32"S, 60°10'20"W),
both located in the Middle Paraná River floodplain (Santa Fe, Argentina) in March 2004 and June 2008. Specimens of
opepodàpa asitesà e eàfi edài à %àfo aldeh deàsolutio àa dà ou tedào àslidesà ithàHo e sà ediu àtoàstud àthei à
structures. Myracetyma n. sp. exhibits the main characteristic of the genus, namely, subcylindrical, slender and elongate
second segment of the endopod of the first leg. The new species differs from other species of the same genus by
possessing a larger egg-sac with up to 80 eggs per sac. Another remarkable difference is the presence of an expansion in
the lateral inner margin along three-quarters of the total length of the third antennal segment. The three species
described for this genus, Myracetyma etimaruya Malta, 1993, M. kawa Malta, 1993 and M. piraya Malta, 1993 were
described from fish of the Amazon basin. This is the first record of this genus in the middle Paraná River system,
Argentina.
185
P-175
NEW COPEPOD PARASITES OF ISACIA CONCEPTIONIS (PERCIFORMES: HAEMULIDAE) COLLECTED IN
NORTHERN CHILE AND A REEXAMINATION OF CLAVELLA SIMPLEX (CASTRO ET BAEZA, 1985)
USING SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Montes M.M.1, Castro R.2, Martorelli S.R.1
1
Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CEPAVE (CONICET-UNLP) Buenos Aires, Argentina
Universidad de Antofagasta, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Depto. de Ciencias Acuáticas y Ambientales, Antofagasta,
Chile
2
Copepods were collected from recently captured fish, Isacia conceptionis, from northern Chile, fixed in 70% alcohol and
then appendages dissected. Some fixed specimens were dehydrated in a series of increasing concentrations of ethanol,
dried to a critical point and studied by scanning electron microscope. The first type of specimens were first determined
as Clavella simplex Castro et Baeza, 1985, and presents more simple characteristics than other Clavella sp., including the
armature and segmentation of antennules, the endopod armature of antenna, and diminutive bulla. These
characteristics have precluded inclusion of this species in Clavella Oken 1815. Although this simple characteristic leads
us to believe this species belong to a new genus in the Clavella branch. Another type specimen was detected inhabiting
the olfactory sacs and included in the Clavella branch. Yet there is no other genus or species in the Clavella branch that
colonizes such a particular site. Several characteristics differentiate this last specimen from all other Clavella branch
genera, including antennae with exopods shorter than endopods, a large lobular projection and smaller subcircular
projection at the base of the cephalothorax, a subspherical and flat bulla, mandibles without secondary dentition, and a
suboval male body type with two modified caudal rami. Males of both types of specimens differ from each other in
several ways (e.g. the position of the buccal area, oriented ventrally in the first while distally in the second type and this
last with caudal rami).
P-176
ADDITIONAL MORPHOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON YOUNG FEMALE CALIGUS KUWAITENSIS
(COPEPODA, SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA) FROM AN EGYPTIAN MARINE FISH (PAGRUS PAGRUS)
Mahdy O.A.1, Abu El Ezz N.T.2
1
Department of Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Egypt
Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
2
In the present study, identified Caligus kuwaitensis were detected from the gills of the Egyptian marine water fish
(Pagrus pagrus). Additional morphological features of the young female Caligus kuwaitensis (Copepoda,
Siphonostomatoida) were described with light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sub-orbicular
cephalothoraxes shield, with ridged inner wall of lunules were observed by SEM. The lunules appeared as finely striated
and the distance between them larger than their diameters. The most characteristic feature of C. kuwaitensis was the
distinct structure (arc-like) described as the sucker "apparatus" or "rugose" area in-between the lunules and used as a
sensory organ.
On the first pair of legs, the first exopod bears a number of fine setules on the basal segment and has a distal spine-like
bristle. The second exopodal segment was bearing four terminal optical stout setae nearly equal in length. In addition,
the exopod of the second leg bears two unequal setae with large plumose seta on the posterior edge. Distinct
spermatophores were attached with the genital complex of the young female C. kuwaitensis. These additional
morphological features were important and significant in accurate identifications of this Caligus species. Furthermore, P.
pagrus is considered as a new host in the new locality (Egypt) for C. kuwaitensis.
186
álaşàá1, Öktener A2,àTü ke àÇakı àD3
P-177
BOMOLOCHUS BELLONES AND CALIGUS DIAPHANUS WITH MORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERS FROM TURKEY
1
Department of Biology, Education Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
Deparment ofàFishe ies,àBa dı aà“heepà‘esea hà“tatio ,àBalıkesi ,àTu ke
3
Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
2
Bomolochus bellones Burmeister, 1833 (Copepoda; Bomolochidae) and Caligus diaphanus Nordmann, 1832 (Copepoda;
Caligidae) were reported for the first time from Turkey. Morphological characters of these parasitic copepods are given
in photographs and drawings. Hitherto, only ten species of the family Caligidae have been recorded parasitising fishes in
Turkish marine habitats. They are Caligus apodus, C. bonito, C. brevicaudatus, C. lagocephali, C. minimus, C. pageti, C.
pelamydis, C. solea, C. temnodontis, and Lepeophtheirus europaensis Bakı àetàal.à
,àDe i kaleàetàal.à
,àÖkte e à
and Trilles, 2009). Bomolochus soleae and B. bellones were the most commonly-reported bomolochid species in the
Mediterranean. 18 of tub gurnard, Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758) and 55 of garfish, Belone belone (Linnaeus,
1761) were collected by local gears from the Aegean Sea, Turkey, in 2014. The parasites collected were fixed in 70%
ethanol. The drawings of appendages were carried out with the aid of a camera lucida. Photos were taken with the aid
of a camera attached to a microscope. The antennae, maxillule, mandible, maxilliped, maxilla, caudal rami, setal and
spinal formulae of the legs permitted identification of this copepod as Bomolochus bellones. It was recorded on gill
filaments and inside the operculum of Belone belone with 43.6% prevalence. Morphologic features of all dissected
parasites identified these copepods as Caligus diaphanus. It was recorded for the first time on gill chambers and inside
the operculum of Chelidonichthys lucerna with 16.6% prevalence. Consequently, the report is very useful for updating
the geographical distribution of these parasites in the Mediterranean.
P-178
OCCURRENCE OF NAOBRANCHIA CYGNIFORMIS AND LERNAEOCERA BRANCHIALIS FROM TURKEY
álaşàá1, Öktener A2,àTü ke àÇakı àD3
1
Department of Biology, Education Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
Depa e tàofàFishe ies,àBa dı aà“heepà‘esea hà“tatio ,àBalıkesi ,àTu ke
3
Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
2
Naobranchia cygniformis Hesse, 1863 (Copepoda, Lernaeopodidae) and Lernaeocera branchialis (Linnaeus, 1767)
(Copepoda: Pennellidae) were reported for the first time from Turkey. The aim of this study is to contribute to the
parasite fauna of fish from Turkey.
Eight species of the family Lernaeopodidae are reported from Turkey: Clavellotis fallax, Clavellisa scombri, Clavellotis
strumosa, Lernaeopoda galei, Parabrachiella impudica, Parabrachiella bispinosa, Parabrachiella exigua, and Clavellotis
briani. Five species of the family Pennellidae are reported from marine habitats of Turkey, Pennella instructa, Pennella
filosa, Lernaeenicus neglectus, Lernaeolophus sultanus, and Peniculus fistula.150 of Poor cod, Trisopterus minutus
(Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces; Gadidae) and 63 of picarel, Spicara maena (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces; Centracanthidae) were
collected by local gears from Aegean Sea, Turkey, in 2014. The parasites collected were fixed in 70% ethanol. Specimens
were later cleared in lactic acid before dissection of the copepod appendages. The drawings of appendages were carried
out with the aid of camera lucida. In addition photos were taken with the aid of a camera attached to a microscope.
Characteristic features of Naobranchia cygniformis were determined by the cephalothorax two times as long as the
trunk and egg sacs posterolateral to trunk. The cephalothorax with a holdfast composed of one dorsal and two lateral
branches/antlers, egg sacs, and the large size permitted identification of the other copepod as Lernaeocera branchialis.
The prevalence values of Naobranchia cygniformis and Lernaeocera branchialis were 12.6% and 6.15% respectively.
Naobranchia cygniformis was found on gill filaments of Spicara maena, while Lernaeocera branchialis was on the mouth
of Trisopterus minutus.
187
P-179
ANALYSIS OF THE BIODIVERSITY OF THE HATSCHEKIIDAE (COPEPODA, SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA),
ON PERCIFORMES FISHES OFF ALGERIA
Hamza F.1, Boxshall G.2, Kechemir-Issad N.1
1
Laboratory Biodiversity and Environment: Interactions and Genomes, Biological Faculty of Science, University of Sciences
and Technology, Houari Boumediene, El Alia, Algiers, Algeria.
2
Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London, UK
SEA LICE (LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS) AND ANCHOR WORMS (LERNAEA CYPRINACEA) FOUND ON SEA
TROUT (SALMO TRUTTA) IN THE RIVER MINHO CATCHMENT, AN IMPORTANT AREA FOR CONSERVATION IN
NW SPAIN
Bao M.1,2,3, Costal D.4, Garci M.E.3, Pascual S.3, Hastie L.C.2
1
College of Physical Science, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
OCEANLAB, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, UK
3
ECOBIOMAR, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
4
Service Nature Conservation of the Xunta de Galicia, Spain
2
The International Stretch of the River Minho (ISRM), in NW Spain, is an important area for marine and freshwater
conservation. It constitutes the southern limit of distribution of migratory sea trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar), where their populations are considered as vulnerable and endangered respectively. A sample of sea trout
from the River Minho catchment (NW Spain) was examined for ectoparasites. Sea lice (Lepeoptheirus salmonis) were
found on 10/113 fish (9%). Infection levels ranged from 0–8 lice/fish. Anchor worms (Lernaea cyprinacea) were also
found, on three fish (3%). Lice identifications were confirmed by taxonomic and molecular analysis. This is the first time
the presence of L. salmonis has been confirmed in NW Iberia. The confirmed presence of these parasites, will inform
conservation agencies, wild fisheries and sustainable aquaculture initiatives in this important area.
188
P-180
The Copepoda parasitic of fishes are still poorly known in Algeria. A survey was conducted by Rose & Vaissière in 1952
reporting 30 species belonging to 15 genera, which represent a small proportion of the copepods reported from
Mediterranean sea (Raibaut et al., 1998). So in order to update and complete this research, we performed a new survey.
This allowed us to collect 37 species belonging to 19 genus and 17 families. Among these species those belonging to the
family Hatschekiidae Kabata, 1979, appeared particularly interesting. This group is currently represented in the
Mediterranean by eight species of Hatschekia Poche, 1902 and a single species of Congericola van Beneden, 1854; Our study
allowed us to collect, from the gills of the slender rockfish Scorpaena elongata (Cadenat) a new species called Prohatschekia
mediterranea. This is the first record of this genus Prohatschekia Nunes-Ruivo, 1954 from the Mediterranean (Hamza,
2007). Four members of the genus Hatschekia Poche, 1902 were also collected: Hatschekia cadenati Nunes-Ruivo, 1954
from Epinephelus guaza, Hatschekia ischnon from Pagellus erythrinus, Hatschekia mulli van Beneden, 1851 from Mullus
barabatus and Mullus surmuletus; Hatschekia pagellibogneravei Hesse, 1879 from Diplodus annularis, Diplodus sargus,
Diplodus vulgaris, Pagellus bogaraveo and the new Mediterranean host Diplodus cervinus; Hatschekia subpinguis Brian,
1913 from Symphodus tinca and two new Mediterranean hosts, Symphodus mediterraneus and Symphodus roissali . A
description of the female and unknown male is also given.
P-181
INFESTATION BY SPHYRION LUMPI AND ABNORMALITIES IN SEBASTES MENTELLA IN
ICELANDIC WATERS DURING 1995-2013
Erlingsdottir A., Kristinsson K., Freeman M., Marteinsdottir G., Kristmundsson A.
Marine Research Institute of Iceland, The Institute For Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, Iceland
USING INTEGRATIVE TAXONOMY TO DEFINE THE IDENTITY OF SPECIMENS IN THE GENUS PENICULUS AND
TRIFUR (COPEPODA: PENNELLIDAE), PARASITES OF MARINE FISHES FROM ANTOFAGASTA BAY, CHILE
Castro R.1, Martorelli S.R.2, Martinez-Aquino A.3,4, Sepulveda D.1, Montes M.M.2, Tapia S.1
1
Universidad de Antofagasta, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Depto. de Ciencias Acuáticas y Ambientales, Antofagasta,
Chile
2
Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores CEPAVE (CONICET-UNLP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
3
División Zoología Invertebrados, Museo de la Plata, FCNyM, UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
4
CONACyT-MEXICO-UNLP, Mexico
Peniculus is a genus of copepod parasites of marine fishes of the family Pennellidae, widely distributed. Peniculus
currently includes 8 species. These species are usually morphologically differentiated by the cephalothorax, neck, trunk
and abdomen shape; however, these characters show high polymorphism and therefore the delimitation at level species
of this genus is difficult using only this type of data. The genetic distances of 25 Peniculus specimens associated with
nine marine fish species in Antofagasta Bay, Chile, was calculated from sequences of DNA barcoding marker (COI mt)
(678 base pairs). The genetic distance among the specimens from the different host species was 0.10%. We analysed the
barcoding gene fragment using Bayesian Inference (BI) for phylogenetic reconstruction (using three outgroups). Based
on the phylogenetic analysis, an ultrametric tree was built and a general mixed Yule-coalescent (bGMYC) model for
species delimitation was conducted. Results show that based on morphology, the individuals collected in this study can
be assigned to Peniculus cf. fistula. However, the high morphologic polymorphism observed into the lineage of Peniculus
associated to several host species of marine fishes, can be interpreted as speciation incipient pattern. Similar results
were obtained for Trifur tortuosus parasites on Chilean marine fishes. Therefore, the molecular analysis for Peniculus
species, especially for European Peniculus fistula is needed.
189
P-182
Sphyrion lumpi is a marine ectoparasitic copepod that has a significant negative impact on fisheries of redfish, Sebastes
spp. in the North Atlantic as it reduces the commercial value of the fillets. Long-term data of infestation by Sphyrion
lumpi and abnormalities in S. mentella, in Icelandic waters were analysed. Five categories of external abnormalities were
applied in this study; black spots, red spots, mixed spots, remnants or lesions caused by S. lumpi and the parasite itself.
Infestation intensity of the copepod was not found to be related to redfish condition (K). During the period, the
prevalence of S. lumpi infections have declined from 25% in 1995 to 9% in 2013. Significant differences in infestations
were found between female and male fish and also between the pelagic and deep-sea stock. These results give a good
overall view of trends in S. lumpi infestation, which could be a contributing factor towards defining S. mentella
population stock structure, which remains a debate within the scientific community.
P-183
MOLECULAR MARKERS: A TOOL FOR DISTINGUISHING SPECIES OF THE FAMILY ERGASILIDAE
(CRUSTACEA: COPEPODA)
Lima F.S.1, Graça R.J.1, Gasques L.S.2, Prioli S.M.P.2, Prioli A.J.1, Takemoto R.M.1
1
Center for Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (NUPELIA) State University of Maringá, Maringá, State
of Paraná, Brazil
2
Institute of Health, Medical and Biological Sciences, Paranaense University, Umuarama, State of Paraná, Brazil
In recent decades, Neotropical biodiversity surveys consider fish parasites an important component of species lists. The
wide range of hosts and the parasitic fauna still unknown have been the subject of research aimed at identifying and
studying new species. Among the most recorded parasites, copepods are the second largest group found in marine fish
and the third largest in freshwater fish. The family Ergasilidae has been the focus of an increasing number of
publications involving the taxonomic description. The identification of the group is extremely difficult and based on a set
of morphological characters with small interspecific variations. Molecular biology techniques have played a key role in
the study of phylogenetic relationships among species of parasites. This study assessed the effectiveness of sequence
analysis of cytochrome C oxidase gene (COI) of the species Ergasilus jaraquensis collected from the gills of Prochilodus
lineatus (curimba) in distinguishing this parasite species from this family. Fish were collected in the Upper Paraná River
floodplain - Brazil. DNA extraction and amplification of the COI gene enabled the sequencing of a region of
approximately 659 bp of 5 specimens. The interspecific p-distance was 0.002 for E. jaraquensis. When compared with
the sequence of Sinergasilus polycolpus, members of the family Ergasilidae, available at NCBI, the sequence indicates a
p-distance of 0.2. Data indicate a divergence that can distinguish the genera by means of these sequences, but first it is
necessary to check the effectiveness of these sequences in distinguishing species within the same genus.
P-184
SEASONALITY IN REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT OF LEPEOPHTHEIRUS PECTORALIS (COPEPODA: CALIGIDAE)
Frade D. 1,2, Santos M. 1,2, Cavaleiro F. 1,2
1
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
2
Lepeophtheirus pectoralis is an ectoparasite of flatfish, for which, high infection levels were reported in the literature.
O ige ousà fe alesà t pi all à i fe tà theà host sà pe to alà a dà pel i à fi s,à a dà a eà easil à o tai ed.à Thisà stud à ai edà atà
developing the body of knowledge on its population dynamics. A total of 120 ovigerous females (30 per season), isolated
from Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758), were characterised with respect to total length, genital complex length, egg sac
length and width, mean egg length, egg volume, fecundity and total reproductive effort. Pairwise sample comparisons
e eà o du tedà usi gà theà Tuke sà test.à “ig ifi a tà diffe e esà e eà e o dedà fo à allà a ia lesà e eptà ge italà o ple à
length. For most variables, differences were greater between summer and winter. Moreover, summer females were
smaller, had shorter and thinner egg sacs and a smaller number of eggs per sac, while winter females were larger, and
had larger and wider sacs containing more eggs. Accordingly, the total reproductive effort was smaller for summer. Egg
volume decreased from winter to spring, but no other significant differences were recorded for this variable. Autumn
females were similar to those of winter in size, but were intermediate between summer and winter females for most
variables; spring females ranged from large females, similar to those of winter, to small summer-like females. These
trends suggest a pattern of at least two alternating generations: an overwintering generation with larger, more prolific
females that endure autumn, winter and spring, and a summer generation with smaller, less fertile females, that
undergo maturation more rapidly.
Acknowledgments: BYT/CIIMAR.
190
P-185
PREVALENCE AND INTENSITY OF CALIGUS ELONGATUS (COPEPODA: CALIGIDAE) INFECTING MULLUS
SURMULETUS (ACTINOPTERYGII: MULLIDAE) OFF AZORES ARCHIPELAGO, PORTUGAL
Rodrigues A.1,2, Cavaleiro F.1,2, Narvaez P.3, Furtado M.3, Soares M.C.3, Santos M.J.1,2
1
Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
3
Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
2
Surmullet, Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758, ectoparasite infections are yet to be studied in detail, with only a few
records for localities around the world; moreover, sea lice infections occurring on fish off the Azores Islands (Portugal)
are still poorly investigated. With the aim of determining the prevalence and intensity of sea lice in surmullet, an
ectoparasite survey was performed. Eight fishes, caught randomly with a barrier net off São Miguel Island (Azores
archipelago, Portugal), were found infected with 60 specimens of Caligus elongatus Nordmann, 1832, which were 37
♀♀ and 23 ♂♂. The prevalence recorded the maximum possible level, i.e. 100%; and the mean intensity + S.D. (range)
were of 7.5 + 3.9 (3 – 14). These values are comparatively higher than those reported for North Sea; furthermore, it is
noteworthy that the infection has not been recorded so far for Mediterranean Sea fish. C. elongatus is one of the most
common species of sea lice infecting farmed salmon, and it is also widely distributed, with records found in the
literature for several fish species. According to our results, wild surmullet may represent an important reservoir for
those parasites.
P-186
INVESTIGATION OF CRUSTACEAN PARASITES OF MARINE FISHES NEAR GÖKÇEADA,
TU‘KEY İN THE NO‘THEA“TE‘N AEGEAN “EA
ák ı za A.
Fisheries Faculty, University of Istanbul, Turkey
In this study realized to determine the crustacean parasites of fishes caught near Gökçeada which is an important area
in terms of fisheries, a total of 913 fish samples belong to 52 different fish species caught by using various fishing
methods such as gillnet, longline, vertical longline, gig were investigated acording to standart methods. In the result of
this study, a total of 12 species of crustacean parasites belonging to 5 species of Isopoda and 7 species of Copepoda
were found on 21 fish species of 52 fish species. The found species, their host and prevalence are the following:
Ceratothoa oestroides on Diplodus annularis (11.1%), Diplodus vulgaris (2.86%), Trachurus mediterraneus (3.57%), Boops
boops (10.53%); Ceratothoa paralella on D. annularis (8.33%), B. boops (12.28%); Anilocra physoides on Pagellus
erythrinus (7.69%), D. annularis (1.39%), Oblada melanura (2.86%), B. boops (3.51%); Nerocila bivatata on Sciaena
umbra (1.89%), Spicara flexuosa (5.71%); Gnathidae gen. sp. praniza larvae on D. annularis (6.94%), D. vulgaris (8.57%),
Diplodus sargus (16.67%), Dentex macrophtalmus (12.5%), Sciaena umbra (16.98%), Conger conger (11.54%),
Lithognathus mormyrus (13.33%), Symphodus sp.( 18.92%), Phycis phycis (43.75%), S. flexuosa (%2.86), Coris julis
(33.33%); Hatschekia mulli on Mullus surmuletus (17.39%); Hatschekia pagellibogneravei on D. annularis (2.78%), P.
erythrinus (7.69%), C. conger (46.15%); Pennella instructa on Xiphias gladius (16.67%); Lernanthropus kroyeri on
Dicentrarchus labrax (20%); Clavellopsis fallax on Diplodus sargus (8.33%), Spondyliosoma canthharus (15.7%9), Sarpa
sarpa (9.38%), Pagellus erythrinus (7.69%); Sphyrion lumpi on Squalus blanvillei (14.29%); Lernaea sp. on Boops boops
(1.75%), O. melanura (5.71%), M. surmuletus (8.69%). It was determined that Praniza larvae of Gnathidae gen. sp. was
the dominant parasite species of this region; D. anularis was the fish species most parasitised, by 5 parasite species.
191
Khosheghbal Ghorabaei M., Pazooki J., Shokri M.R.
P-187
CRUSTACEAN PARASITES OF OTOLITHES RUBER (PERCIFORMES: SCIAENIDAE) IN BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN
Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Crustaceans are the most various and diversified in all the metazoan groups. Due to their feeding activities on the host
they are economically important parasites and should not be neglected by researches. This study was conducted to
determine the presence of crustacean parasites of Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider) in coastal waters of Hormozgan
province, Persian Gulf, Iran. A total of 118 specimens were caught seasonally by bottom trawl and by hook in Bandar
Abbas from summer 2013 to spring 2014. All samples were immediately placed on ice and frozen samples were
transferred to the laboratory of Shahid Beheshti University. After biometry of fish, parasitological examinations were
conducted by stereo and light microscopes on the body surface, fins and gill cavities of the host. Three species of
parasitic copepods Lernanthropus sp., Caligus sp. and Parabrachiela sp. and one species of parasitic isopod Gnathia sp.
were removed from the inner surface of the operculum and gill filaments of the host. The prevalence, mean intensity
and abundance of parasites are as follows: Caligus sp. (1.69%, 1± 0.31 and 0.01), Parabrachiela sp. (6.77%, 1.62 ± 0.12
and 0.11), Lernanthropus sp. (3.38%, 1± 0.52 and 0.03) and Gnathia sp. (1.69%, 1± 0.31 and 0.01). There were no
significant differences among crustaceans abundance in different seasons. No significant differences were observed
among the crustaceans analysed with respect to the sex of the host. And also no significant correlation was found
between parasites abundance and total length of fish.
P-188
ESTABLISHING INTRA-SPECIFIC VARIABILITY OF A FISH PARASITIC CYMOTHOID ISOPOD, CYMOTHOA
EREMITA (BRÜNNICH, 1783), FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA USING MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR
TECHNIQUES
Van der Wal S., Smit N., Hadfield K.
Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West
University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Parasitic cymothoids from the order Isopoda are large obligate parasites on various fish species worldwide. They are
fou dàatta hedàtoàtheàhost sàgills,àe te nal surfaces, in the mouth or inside the body cavity, and this attachment position
can be genus or species specific. Cymothoids are notoriously known to exhibit a high level of variability and over the
years intra-specific variation has often become confused with interspecific differences. One of the most poorly
understood and least studied cymothoid genera is the mouth-inhabiting genus Cymothoa Fabricius, 1793. Currently
there are six known species found in southern Africa including Cymothoa borbonica Schioedte & Meinert, 1884; C.
epimerica Avdeev, 1979; C. eremita Brünnich, 1783; C. hermani Hadfield, Bruce & Smit, 2011; C. sodwana Hadfield,
Bruce & Smit, 2013; and C. selari Avdeev, 1978. During a sampling trip to Santa Maria, Mozambique, parasitic
cymothoids closely resembling Cymothoa eremita (Brünnich, 1783) were collected from Liza macrolepis (Smith, 1846), a
mullet species. Extensive morphological techniques were used to accurately identify the species; however, many of the
characters showed variability in certain species characteristics. Although minor, these variations observed in the
Mozambique specimens have in the past been used to describe new Cymothoa species. Thus molecular studies were
employed to prove the existence of intraspecific morphological variation within a cymothoid species and prevent
erroneous identifications or dubious new species from being named. This is the first comprehensive work using both
morphological and molecular techniques to identify a cymothoid and conclusively establish the intra-specific variability
of a single species.
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FIRST MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF FISH PARASITIC MARINE CYMOTHOID ISOPODS
FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA
Hadfield K.A.1, Hayes P.M.2,3, Smit N.J.1
1
Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North
West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
2
School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, UK
3
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
P-190
Isopods from the family Cymothoidae are parasitic on numerous marine, brackish and freshwater fishes where they can
eà fou dà o à theà host sà e te alà su fa es,à i sideà theà od à a it ,à o à ithi à theà gillà o à u alà a it .à álthoughà eas à toà
observe with the naked eye, these isopods are not often studied and as a result there are many aspects of their life
history and taxonomy that remain unknown. One such area with a paucity of information is their phylogeny and
taxonomy based on molecular data. With only a few species of cymothoids having been sequenced, and many genera
without any sequences on GenBank, the need for good quality cymothoid sequences is evident. This is especially
important due to the difficulty arising in accurately identifying species in this morphologically variable group of parasitic
isopods. A number of cymothoid species from Ceratothoa Dana, 1852, Cymothoa Fabricius, 1793 and Mothocya Costa,
in Hope, 1851 were collected from the south and east coasts of South Africa as well as from southern Mozambique. DNA
was extracted and fragments of two mitochondrial genes (16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I) from each species were
amplified and sequenced. Resulting sequences were compared to each other as well as selected sequences from
GenBank and aligned using the software package Genious. This preliminary work resulted in a number of new
cymothoid sequences being added to GenBank which will aid future research and molecular phylogentic studies in
cymothoid isopods, as well as clarifying several morphologically ambiguous species based on their molecular
configuration.
OCCURRENCE OF CYMOTHOID ISOPOD PARASITES IN SOME COMMERCIAL FISHES
FROM THE GULF OF THAILAND
Wongissarakul K., Jantrarotai P., Kaewviyudth S., Intamong J.
Department of Zoology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Two hundred and eighty samples of four commercial fish species; Yellow Scad (Atule mate), Torpedo Scad (Megalapis
codyla), Butterfly Whiptail (Pentapodus setosus) and Bigeye Scad (Selar crumenopthalus) were collected from the Gulf of
Thailand. The fish samples were examined for the cymothoid isopod infestation during December 2013 to November
2014. The results showed three species of parasitic isopods with their prevalence and intensity as follows: Livoneca sp.
found in buccal cavity of A. mate (5.00%, 1.33) and in M. codyla (5.00%, 1.00), Norileca indica found on gills of A. mate
(7.05%, 1.33) and on S. crumenopthalus (71.25%, 1.50). For the isopod Smenispa irregularis found in buccal cavity of fish
species P. setosus (5.00%, 1.00). In this research, the results showed that Butterfly Whiptail, P. setosus, is a new host for
the isopod S. irregularis.
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REVIEW OF THE PARASITIC MARINE CYMOTHOID ISOPODS FROM THE GENUS MOTHOCYA COSTA,
IN HOPE, 1851 FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA
Hadfield K.1, Bruce N.1,2, Smit N.1
1
Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, Potchefstroom,
South Africa
2
Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville, Australia
Cymothoid isopods from the genus Mothocya Costa, in Hope, 1851 are known to occur inside the gill chambers of their
host fish. Many of these gill-inhabiting species are recognised by the laterally twisted body shape of the female, a
resulting character from the shape of the gill cavity in which they reside. After collecting infected fish from the Maputo
fish market, Mozambique, as well as Sodwana Bay, St Lucia and Mhlathuze estuaries in South Africa, isopods were
removed and identified. Three species were identified, two known and one species new to science. Mothocya
plagulophora (Haller, 1880) was obtained from Maputo, Mozambique, from the gills of Hemiramphus far (Forsskål,
1775) and can be identified by the characteristically large and extremely wide pleon and pleotelson. Mothocya renardi
(Bleeker, 1857) was identified from various localities in South Africa and Mozambique, from the hosts Strongylura leiura
(Bleeker, 1850) and Tylosurus choram (Rüppell, 1837), and can be distinguished by their large size (24–36 mm in length)
as well as the narrow pleon and extended uropods. Lastly, a new species Mothocya affinis Hadfield, Bruce & Smit, 2015,
was discovered from Sodwana Bay, South Africa, from the gills of Hyporamphus affinis (Günther, 1866), possessing
distinctively large coxae which extend over the pleon. This paper thus presents the first comprehensive revision of all
the Mothocya species from southern Africa as well as a key to the south-western Indian Ocean Mothocya. The latter will
aid all future researchers in identifying representatives of this important group of fish parasites.
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IMPACT OF OSTRACODS ON WILD SERIOLA DUMERILI FROM FISHERIES
Repullés-Albelda A.1, Ahuir-Baraja A.E.1, García-March J.R.2, Raga J.A.1, Montero F.E.1
1
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Instituto de investigación en medioambiente y ciencia marina (imedmar), Universidad católica de Valencia SVM,
Valencia, Spain
2
Feeding habits of marine ostracods are diverse, from herbivorism to carnivorism, opportunistic or parasitic. Many
ostracods are scavengers capable of micropredator activity and cause extensive injuries, mostly on fish already harmed
by natural causes or human actions (fisheries). The aim of this work is to describe invasion patterns and effects of large
ostracods affecting greater amberjack Seriola dumerili in the western Mediterranean. To assess this objective, 60 fish
from two different localities, Majorca and Alicante, were analysed in two different samplings during winter (2005-2006).
Ostracods were collected and fish injures were registered. As a result of this study, 188 cypridinid ostracods were
obtained. In spite of their low prevalence (10 out of 60 fish), infection sites varied among fish individuals: gills,
oesophagus, stomach, pericardial cavity and visceral cavity. Concerning to injuries, ostracods dug circular orifices, similar
in size to their body section, which were detected between buccal and pericardial cavities, as well as between
pericardial and visceral cavities. These findings suggest that ostracods found in greater amberjack entered by the mouth
and went through one cavity to another. The healthy external appearance of the affected greater amberjacks together
with the fact that the ostracods were still alive when collected point to a fast invasion after fish capture. The significance
of scavengers for fisheries has been disregarded to date but it is obvious that the presence of these ostracods on fish
would devaluate them as products.
Funded by AGL2010-20892, ISIC/2012/003 & PROMETEO 795/2015/018 projects.
194
Pazooki J., Khosheghbal M., Shokri M.R.
P-193
ACANTHOCEPHALAN PARASITES OF OTOLITHES RUBER (OSTEICHTHYES: SCIAENIDAE) IN CHABAHAR, IRAN
Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Parasites play a very important role in the lives of their hosts, not only in fish health but also to understand ecological
problems. Acanthocephalans are relatively poorly known helminth group in marine fishes. A survey on acanthocephalan
parasites of Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider) was carried out in Chabahar, Sistan and Baluchestan province. Totally,
90 specimens were caught by gill net and hook seasonality from summer 2013 to spring 2014. Samples were
immediately frozen and transferred to laboratory of Shahid Beheshti University. After measuring fish weight and length,
parasitological survey was implemented by stereo-and light microscopes on internal organs of specimens. Two species
of parasites were removed from stomach, intestine and abdominal cavity of the host. The parasites were Tegorhynchus
sp. and Serrasentis sp. The prevalence, mean intensity and abundance of parasites were as follows: Tegorhynchus sp.
(6.6%, 2 ± 0.71 and 0.13) and Serrasentis sp. (1.11%, 1 ± 0.03 and 0.01), respectively. A significant difference was
observed among the acanthocephalans analyzed with respect to the sex of the host (P < 0.05). There were no significant
differences between parasites abundance in different seasons. And also no significant correlation was found between
parasites abundance and total length of fish.
P-194
DIVERSITY OF ACANTHOCEPHALAN PARASITES OF TELEOST FISH FROM TUNISIAN LAGOONS
Jemii H., Antar R., Gargouri L.
Research Unit Animal Bio-Ecology and Systematic Evolutionary, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis,
Tunisia
Acanthocephala is a well studied group of fish parasites in North America, Europe and India; however researches
concerning the diversity of this group in Africa are few. Hitherto, no study has been conducted on the acanthocephalans
of teleost fish from the Tunisian coasts hence the importance of this study.
Fish were collected from two lagoons in northern east of Tunisia, Ichkeul and Bizerte; 98 specimens from Bizerte lagoon
belonging to 4 families: Atherinidae, Carangidae, Mugilidae and Sparidae, and 70 specimens from Ichkeul lagoon
belonging to Mugilidae.
Seven species of acanthocephalans belonging to 5 families were found in the digestive tract of examined fish:
Neoechinorynchidae (Neoechinorhynchus (Hebesoma) agilis; N.(Neoechinorynchus) rutili), Arhythmacanthidae
(Acanthocephaloides propinqus, A.incrassatus), Pomphorynchidae (Longicollum pagrosomi), Rhadinorhynchidae
(Rhadinorhynchus cadenati) and Illiosentidae (Telosentis exiguus).
A. propinquus, L. pagrosomi and R. cadenati were restricted to the rectum and posterior intestine, whereas the
remaining species colonized two or three parts of the intestine. The most diverse acanthocephalan fauna was recorded
in Lithognatus mormyrus with three species.
L. pagrosomi and R. cadenati attained the lowest prevalence of less than 6% and were considered as rare species. A.
incrassatus, A. propinquus, T. exiguus were satellite species. N.(H) agilis showed the highest prevalence (65%) and was
considered as a dominant species. The diversity of the acanthocephalan fauna in the fish from the Bizerte lagoon is
compared with previous studies from other localities. The report of A. incrassatus, A. propinquus and N. (N.) rutili in L.
mormyrus presents new host records in Mediterranean waters.
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ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF THE SPERMATOZOON OF THE DIGENEAN TERGESTIA
ACANTHOCEPHALA (FELLODISTOMIDAE), PARASITE OF BELONE BELONE GRACILIS IN TUNISIA
Kacem H.1, Ndiaye P.I.2, Neifar L.1, Torres J.3, Miquel J.3
1
Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Département des Sciences de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences de
Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
2
Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Management of Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques,
Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Senegal
3
Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat
de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
SPERMATOZOON ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE DIGENEAN LECITHOSTAPHYLUS RETROFLEXUS
(MICROPHALLOIDEA: ZOOGONIDAE), AN INTESTINAL PARASITE OF BELONE BELONE GRACILIS IN TUNISIA
Kacem H.1, Ndiaye P.I.2, Neifar L.1, Torres J.3, Miquel J.3
1
Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Département des Sciences de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences de
Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
2
Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Management of Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques,
Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Senegal
3
Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat
de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
During last years, the use of spermatological data for phylogenetic inference in the parasitic Platyhelminthes has been
widely demonstrated. Concerning the family Zoogonidae, the ultrastructural studies of the spermatozoon are currently
limited to a single species, Diphterostomum brusinae. In the present work, we present the first ultrastructural results on
the sperm cell of a second genus of this family with the study of Lecithostaphylus retroflexus by means of transmission
electron microscopy (TEM). Adult specimens of L. retroflexus were removed from the intestine of several specimens of
Belone belone gracilis caught off the Gulf of Gabès in Chebba (Tunisia). The living digeneans were routinely processed
for TEM examination.
The mature spermatozoon of L. retroflexus p ese tsàt oàa o e esàofàdiffe e tàle gthsà ithàtheà + àT epa o e ata à
pattern, a nucleus, two mitochondria, two bundles of parallel cortical microtubules and granules of glycogen.
Additionally, the sperm cell of L. retroflexus exhibits the type 2 of the external ornamentation of Quilichini et al., spinelike bodies and a continuous layer of parallel cortical microtubules surrounding the axonemes at their anterior end.
Moreover, the morphology of the posterior spermatozoon extremity corresponds to the fasciolidean type of Quilichini
et al.
Study partly supported by the Spanish Project (no. á/
/ à f o à theà áge iaà Espa õlaà deà Coope a ió à
Internacionalàpa aàelàDesa olloà áECID .
196
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The contribution of ultrastructural studies of the spermatozoon to understanding the taxonomy and phylogeny of the
parasitic Platyhelminthes is now widely accepted. In the present study, we describe the ultrastructural organisation of
the spermatozoon of the digenean Tergestia acanthocephala (Gymnophalloidea: Fellodistomidae) by means of
transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Adult specimens of T. acanthocephala were removed from the intestine of
several specimens of Belone belone gracilis caught off the Gulf of Gabès in Chebba (Tunisia). The living digeneans were
routinely processed for TEM examination.
The mature male gamete of T. acanthocephala presents most of the structures previously described in digenean
spe atozoaà su hàasàt oàa o e esàofàdiffe e tàle gthsàofàtheà + àt epa o e ata àpatte ,àt oà u dlesàofàpa allelà
cortical microtubules, mitochondrion, nucleus and granules of glycogen. However, several characteristics of the
spermatozoon differ from those described in other previously studied digenean species: (i) the filiform morphology of
the anterior extremity and the presence of a continuous layer of cortical microtubules surrounding the axonemes at
their anterior end, (ii) the presence of spine-like bodies, (iii) the presence of 2 mitochondria, and (iv) the morphology of
the posterior extremity presenting only the nucleus with a very few granules of glycogen.
Study partly supported by the Spanish Project (no. á/
/ à f o à theà áge iaà Españolaà deà Coope a ió à
I te a io alàpa aàelàDesa olloà áECID .
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ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF MATURE SPERMATOZOA OF THE HEMIUROIDEA (DIGENEA)
Ndiaye P.I.1, Quilichini Y.2, Miquel J.3, Bâ C.T.1, Marchand B.2
1
Département de Biologie animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal
La o atoi eà Pa asitesàetàÉ os st esàM dite a e s ,àU i e sit àdeàCo se,àF a e
3
Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
2
The ultrastructural features of the spermatozoon are very good tools for establishing the phylogeny of Platyhelminthes.
The phylogenetic relationships of many digenean parasites of teleostean fish are unknown. This is the case of
Hemiuroidea. Thus, we focused on this group of helminths and performed the ultrastructural study of the spermatozoa
of three species of Hemiuridae. These are Lecithocladium excisum from Scomber japonicus (Scombridae) and Decapterus
rhonchus (Carangidae), Parahemiurus merus from Sardinella aurita (Clupeidae), S. maderensis (Clupeidae) and the
Sclerodistomidae: Prosorchis palinurichthi from Schedophilus velanei (Centrolophidae), all captured in the Atlantic Ocean
coast near to Senegal. Specimens were processed according to conventional methods for transmission electron
microscopy and the grids were examined in a Hitachi H-7650 electron microscope operated at 80 kV, at the University of
Co si aàà F a e àa dàaà JEOLà
àt a s issio àele t o à à i os opeàope atedàatà àkV,àatàtheà Ce t esàCie tífi sàià
Tecnològics de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCiT-UB à “pai . We show the most outstanding features of the
spermatozooa of Hemiuridae and Sclerodistomidae, namely the lack of spine-like body, the presence of the external
ornamentation of the plasma membrane in the anterior extremity of the spermatozoon without cortical microtubules,
the disposition of the cortical microtubules in only one side of the spermatozoon when they are present, and the
presence of a reduced quantity of glycogen granules. These ultrastructural characters can be good tools for phylogenetic
purposes of the Hemiuroidea.
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PARADIPLOZOON HOMOION (MONOGENEA): DIGESTIVE TRACT ON THE FINE STRUCTURE LEVEL
Konstanzová V., Koubková B., Ilgová J., Gelnar M.
Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Diplozoons (Monogenea) are blood-feeding ectoparasites of fish with specific cross body arrangement of two
permanently fused adult individuals. Each has two large bucal suckers and a muscular pharynx in the anterior part and
an opisthaptor with scleroprotein clamps and hooks in the posterior part of body. Whereas these conspicuous
morphological structures have been frequently studied, details of internal morphology and ultrastructure are little
known.
Specimens of P. homoion were obtained from the gills of common bleak Alburnus alburnus; the fish were caught in the
litto alà zo eà ofà Mušo à lo la dà ese oi à “outhà Mo a ia,à Cze hà ‘epu li .à Theà fishà gillsà e eà he kedà usi gà ste eoà
microscope for the presence of all diplozoid ontogenetic stages. Found parasites were fixed by 2% osmium tetroxide,
dehydrated through ascending acetone series and immediately embedded in a Spurr resin. All sections were obtained by
Leica EM UC6i ultramicrotome. Semi-thin sections were stained by toluidine blue and ultra-thin sections were
contrasted by uranyl acetate lead citrate. Ultra-thin sections were examined by transmission electron microscope
operating at 60 kV (JEOL JEM-1010) equipped with Megaview II software.
In this study, the ultrastructural details of the gastrointestinal tract of this worm which represent a unique
documentation of specialised structures such as buccal suckers, pharynx with pharyngeal glandular cells, haematin cells
and the ultrastructural view of the gut lumen with intact erythrocytes, were documented. Our findings support the
hypothesis that the mechanism of P. homoion digestion is predominantly intracellular.
This study was supported by the Czech Science Foundation – Grant no. GAP506/12/1258.
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THE ORGANISATION OF THE BODY WALL AND RELATED STRUCTURES IN PARADIPLOZOON BLICCAE
Hodová I.1,àVaško i o àN.2, Gelnar M.1, Valigurová A.1
1
Depa t e tàofàBota àa dàZoolog ,àFa ult àofà“ ie e,àMasa kàU i e sit ,àKotl řsk 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
Institute of Scientific Instruments of the AS CR, v. v. i., Brno, Czech Republic
2
ACCUMULATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS IN HYSTEROTHYLACIUM ADUNCUM (NEMATODA, ANISAKIDAE)
INFECTING THE COMMON SOLE SOLEA SOLEA (SOLEIDAE) AND ITS ROLE AS A BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF
POLLUTION FROM MEDITERRANEAN
Abdel-Gaber R.
Department of Zoology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Nematode parasites were isolated from the intestine of the common sole Solea solea (Soleidae) collected from coasts
along Alexandria City at the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that this
nematode belongs to the family Anisakidae and to the genus Hysterothylacium. The type species is named H. aduncum,
based on the presence of three interlocked lips with the interlabium in between, the presence of cephalic papillae, and
large numbers of caudal papillae in males. The morphological characteristics of this species was confirmed by molecular
analysis of 18S rDNA for these parasites followed by comparison with sequence data from the Genbank showing that H.
aduncum is deeply embedded in the genus Hysterothylacium with a sequence similarity between 95.5–94.3% with close
relationships to other H. aduncum specimens and Hysterothylacium sp. Concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd,
Ni, and Pb) accumulated in the parasites were higher than those in the tissues of the host fish with the exception for Zn
which was found in higher quantity in fish kidney than in the parasite tissues. The results of this study supported the
hypothesis that fish parasites can be regarded as a useful bio-indicator when evaluating environmental pollution of
aquatic ecosystems by heavy metals.
198
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The species Paradiplozoon bliccae belongs to the family Diplozoidae (Monogenea), representing blood-feeding gill
ectoparasites of freshwater fish. Diplozoid monogeneans exhibit unusual body organisation and a life cycle involving a
permanent fusion of two larval worms that subsequently transform into one individual. The body wall of parasitic
Platyhelminthes, including adult monogeneans, is covered by a tegument consisting of a syncytial layer and underlying
cell bodies, connected to the syncytium via cytoplasmic projections. The subtegumental position of their nuclei is
thought to protect them from host defence. Besides conventional transmission electron microscopy, the freeze-etching
technique proved to be a strong tool to reveal the membranous structures of tegumentary cells and body wall muscles.
Direct labelling of filamentous actin with fluorescent phalloidin was used to visualize the general organization of the
major muscular structures and three muscle layers separated from the syncytium by a lamina basalis. The body wall
musculature appears well-developed and highly organized, comprising circular, intermediate longitudinal and inner
diagonal muscle fibres. In contrast to other so far investigated diplozoids, the muscle fibres of P. bliccae are wavy.
Scanning electron microscopy helped to explore the topology of tegument surface with sensory receptors. Combined
microscopic approaches enabled a multidimensional depiction of the body wall organisation. For first time, the freezeetching was used to investigate the tegument organisation in monogeneans. Comparison of data obtained from P.
bliccae and other diplozoids allow to evaluate the degree of their diversification and adaptation to the ectoparasitic life.
Financed by the Czech Science Foundation project No. GAP506/12/1258.
P-201
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS AND PARASITES,
FOOD AND HABITAT IN SOME MEDITERRANEAN EDIBLE FISHES
Casadevall M.1, Torres J.2, Delgado E.1, El Aoussimi A.3, Carbonell A.4, Bellido J.M.5
1
Environmental Sciences Department, Girona University, Girona, Spain
Health Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
3
Hydraulic Engineering and Environment Department, Valencia Politechnic University, Valencia, Spain
4
Balearic Oceanographic Centre, Spanish Oceanographic Institute, Mallorca, Spain
5
Murcia Oceanographic Centre, Spanish Oceanographic Institute, Murcia, Spain
2
P-202
Heavy metals are recognized as important pollutants in marine ecosystems that bioaccumulate in fishes, producing
potential risk to human health. The capacity of some helminth parasites to bioaccumulate heavy metals has been widely
demonstrated and it seems that some parasites (Cestoda) would reduce heavy metal load. We have evaluated
concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in muscle of several fish species from the South Western
Mediterranean and we have compared infected fishes (79) and uninfected ones (143). The parasites found were mainly
nematodes and some monogeneans and digeneans. The relationship between presence of parasites and the amount of
heavy metals in flesh, altogether, showed that infested fishes had higher amounts of Pb, As and Hg. Contrary to the
aforementioned antagonistic effect, in the present study both parameters seem to follow the same trend, and they will
reinforce each other in weakening the fish. It is known that deep sea species show higher levels of Hg, and that trophic
position should also explain different concentrations. In fact we found that there are higher lead and mercury
concentrations in carnivorous species than the planktivorous ones. Pollutant levels also increase from pelagic to
demersal and to littoral benthic species, the latter with higher metal concentrations.
INFLUENCE OF INTESTINAL TAPEWORMS IN THE MUSCULAR SE:HG MOLAR RATIO OF
MERLUCCIUS MERLUCCIUS FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST OF GIRONA
Torres J.1, Ferrer D.2, Delgado E.2, Casadevall M.2, Miquel J.1, Eira C.3
1
Health Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Pharmacy, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
Environmental Sciences Department, Girona University, Girona, Spain
3
Centre for Environment and Marine Studies, Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal
2
Fishes have been used to monitor marine mercury pollution which is related to the effect that methylmercury exerts on
selenium-dependent enzymes. Selenium has some protective effect against mercury toxicity sequestering
methylmercury and reducing its bioavailability. It has also been argued that higher Se:Hg molar ratios indicate a more
protective effect of selenium against mercury toxicity. Nowadays, it is also accepted that some helminth parasites can
accumulate high amounts of toxic elements.
In this context, we have quantified mercury and selenium as well as the Se:Hg molar ratio in the muscle of M. merluccius
from the NW Mediterranean coast (50% infested by Clestobothrium crassiceps), in order to know if the presence of
tapeworms modifies the concentrations of both elements as well as the Se:Hg molar ratio.
Total mercury in the muscle of non-parasitized hakes was higher than in infested specimens. Contrarily, concentration of
selenium was higher in infested individuals by C. crassiceps than in specimens free of cestodes. Consequently, the Se:Hg
molar ratio in infested hakes was higher (2.6 ± 0.8) than in non-parasitized ones (1.9 ± 0.9). These results indicate that
fish parasites may be implicated in the amount of Se and Hg available in different tissues of their hosts modifying the
Se:Hg molar ratios. Present data show that intestinal cestodes reduces the mercury level in hakes which by themselves
tend to have large amounts of this element as a consequence of their predatory behaviour.
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P-203
CAN PARASITES AND EROD ACTIVITY IN FISH INDICATE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IN
TROPICAL/SUBTROPICAL RESERVOIRS?
Wunderlich A.C.1, Vidal-Martínez V.M.2, Zica E.O.P.1, Parente T.E.M.3, Silva R.J.1
1
Department of Parasitology, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional,
Mérida, Mexico
3
Department of Biological Sciences, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2
PARASITE DIVERSITY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF METAL POLLUTION IN AFRICAN CATFISH
(CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) FROM A SUBTROPICAL RIVER SYSTEM IN ZIMBABWE
Barson M.1, Mabika N.1, Cooper R.G.2, Nhiwatiwa T.1
1
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
2
African catfish Clarias gariepinus from the Gwebi, Manyame and Mukuvisi rivers in Zimbabwe were analysed to assess
the effect of metal pollution on the histopathology and component parasite communities, as well as to determine
selected metal levels in gill, liver, kidney and muscle tissues. The histopathology of these tissues was assessed while
metazoan parasite diversity and species composition in fish along different sites of the rivers were compared. Levels of
Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn were lowest in the Gwebi, Cr and Cu in the Manyame, and Ni in the Mukuvisi River. There were
significant differences (p < 0.05) in concentration of iron and nickel in the gills and liver of fish among the three rivers
while significant differences in concentration of iron and lead were observed in muscle tissue. Gill chronic inflammation
and ossification were significantly different (p < 0.05) in fish from among the three rivers. Chronic inflammation,
hemosiderin deposits and bile accumulation in the liver were also significantly different (p < 0.05) among the three
rivers and so was the extent of chronic inflammation in the kidney. Lamellar fusion was slightly more prevalent in gills of
catfish from the Mukuvisi than the Gwebi River. The parasite community of C. gariepinus comprised three monogenean,
two cestode and three nematode species. The least polluted Gwebi River had the highest parasite diversity while the
most polluted Mukuvisi River had the least. Fish parasite community structure is thus a potential indicator of river
pollution, while metal pollution is a threat to public health in the system.
200
P-204
Fish parasites and pollution biomarkers have been considered useful tools to indicate environmental impact in
freshwater ecosystems. We therefore examined whether the parasite burden and EROD activity of the South American
silver croaker Plagioscion squamosissimus were affected in a pollution gradient, considering host related-factors, and
seasonality. We collected fish and parasites and determined EROD levels from three localities during three seasons from
Tietê River, Southeast Brazil. The monogenean Diplectanum piscinarius had the higher abundance in Barra Bonita
reservoir (the most polluted locality) on the early-rainy and rainy seasons, with a significant decrease of this species in
the dry season in all localities. Austrodiplostomum sp., abundance was very variable with high abundance on the earlyrainy season at Barra Bonita and Bariri. We observed an influence of the higher pollution levels on the abundance of D.
piscinarius and on EROD activity levels in comparison to Promissão reservoir (the reference site). We also found that
reproductive status in croaker females and D. piscinarius had a significant negative effect on the seasonal variability of
EROD levels in the most polluted locality (near São Paulo). Our results suggest that the pollutants could be acting as
immunosuppressors in croaker, enhancing parasitism. Our results also suggest that parasites and reproductive status
can be significant confounding factors for determining EROD activity in P. squamosissimus in freshwater ecosystems.
Moreover, our results suggest that the presence of phenanthrene during the dry season at Barra Bonita reservoir might
explain the highest EROD activity responses found in this locality
Financial support: FAPESP 2012/00561-0; CAPES/PDSE 13836/2013-07.
Neubert K.1, Yulianto I.2, Theisen S.1, Kleinertz S.1, Palm H.W.1
P-205
PARASITES OF EPINEPHELUS COIOIDES (EPINEPHELIDAE) AS ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS IN INDONESIAN
COASTAL WATERS: MISSING LINK JAKARTA BAY
1
Department of Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of
Rostock, Germany
2
Department of Marine Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE ON THE PARASITIC FAUNA IN HYPOSTOMUS
ANCISTROIDES (IHERING 1911) (OSTEICHTHYES, LORICARIIDAE) IN A NEOTROPICAL RIVER
Lizama M.A.P., Fernandes E.S., Takemoto R.M.
Center for Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (NUPELIA) State University of Maringá, Maringá, State of
Paraná, Brazil
Parasites can be used as biomarkers because they are highly sensitive to environmental changes. In this context, 121
specimens of Hypostomus ancistroides were collected in the Pirapó river, Paraná State, Brazil, between Summer and
Winter of 2014, and analyzed for parasites. Eight parasite species were recorded, of the groups Nematoda, Monogenea,
Digenea and Acantocephala. The nematode Raphidascaris sp. was the dominant with DI=0.80. There was no significant
difference between the prevalence and abundance of parasitism in males and females (G = 2.0472, p = 0.1525; Z (U) =
0.8562, p = 0.3919, respectively). A significant difference between the seasons was verified for Rhaphidascaris sp. (Z (U)
= 2.9677, p = 0.033) with the summer season showing the highest abundance. Significant differences in the abundance
of parasitism were observed between sampling points (H = 6.2415, p = 0.004), being more abundant in the intermediate
and downstream sections of the river. There was a significant positive correlation between the prevalence/abundance
of parasitism and host total length (r = 0.8931, p = 0.0005; rs = 0.3607, p = <0.0001, respectively). The increase in the
prevalence and abundance of parasites may reflect the cumulative effect. The parasitized hosts presented relative
condition factor greater than non-parasitized (Z (U) = 3.47694, p = 0.0005). No differences were found between
sampling points, which may suggest that, despite the intermediate and the downstream points are under anthropogenic
influence, this is not reflected in the general condition of the hosts. The presence of Raphidascaris in the sampling sites
suggests that this parasite serves as pollution indicator, since it supports polluted environments.
201
P-206
Fish parasites have been applied in many ways to indicate anthropogenic degradation of ecosystems. The approach of
this study is to assess the pollution situation of marine areas by using definite parameters that describe the fish parasite
fauna. Epinephelus coioides (Epinephelidae), from the heavily polluted Jakarta Bay as well as off Jakarta were analysed
for metazoan parasites. The findings enabled us to develop a pollution indicator system for Indonesian coastal waters by
taking into account the results of previous studies of less affected localities. The system is based on a total of 300
examined fish. The documented parasite fauna consisted of 38 taxa. Seven of these parasites and five parasitological
indices were used to visualise the results with a star graph. The obtained two-dimensional chart, combining twelve
selected parasitological parameters, illustrates the altered environmental conditions at the sampling sites. A highly
significant difference (ANOVA: F= 6.47, P< 0.01) demonstrates that the megacity Jakarta heavily influences the
environment, close to the coast as well as more off the coast towards the Thousand Islands National Park. The present
study provides a fish parasite based indicator system of environmental conditions in Indonesian coastal habitats. It is
suggested to apply this system in other marine and freshwater areas in the future.
Khelia I., Ben Jemaa S., Ben Hassine O.K.
Faculty of Sciences of Tunis - University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
Macroectoparasites can be excellent bioindicators that are able to reveal possible changes in environmental conditions.
Indeed, these parasites are in direct contact with the aquatic environment by their external location on their hosts. The
environmental conditions of the aquatic environment have a great impact on the survival life cycle and population
dynamics of these parasites. The Northand South lagoons of Tunis went through some environmental restoration work
in 1988 and 2000. These changes led to a marked improvement of water quality, an intensified exchange with the
marine environment and reduction of the degree of confinement. Therefore, it seems to be a good example to estimate
the impact of these changes on the ichthyoparasitofauna. Accordingly, a comparative study on the diversity and
ecology of ectoparasites of Mugilidae fishes was conducted, in comparison with a previous work to estimate the impact
of the two restoration works. Similarly, the study of ectoparasites of Sparidae fishes has allowed us to compare this
ichtyoparasite fauna with other Tunisian lagoons already scrutinized. This has permitted us to examine 1056 fish
including 313 fish from North 743 from South lagoon. The Mugilidae family is represented by 5 species and Sparidae
family by 6 species in the North lagoon and 13 species of fish in the South lagoon. We collected nine species of
ectoparasites on the Mugilidae fishes and we found 11 species of ectoparasites, on the13 species of Sparidae studied,
including 10 species that have been cited for the first time in the lagoons of Tunis. Five species of the parasites have
been reported for the first time in Tunisian lagoons.
202
P-207
MACROECTOPARASITES (COPEPODS AND ISOPODS) OF MUGILIDAE AND SPARIDAE, IN THE NORTH AND
SOUTH LAGOON OF TUNIS, TUNISIA
LIST OF AUTHORS
203
Abbasi M.F. 152
Abdel-Gaber R. 55,198
Abdel-Ghaffar F. 55,68
Abdullah S.M.A. 168
Abid Kachour S. 163
Abollo E. 61,135
Abu El Ezz N.T. 186
Acchile M. 100
Acerra V. 47,49,50
Acosta A.A. 170
Adams M.B. 81
Addis P. 46,134
Adeogun A. 180
Aguilar-Aguilar R. 126
Aguirre-Macedo M.L. 25,26,97
Agusti C. 22
Aho T. 25
Ahuir-Baraja A.E. 83,162,194
Aisala H. 132
ák ı zaàá.à191
Al Jufaili S. 146
Al Quraishy S. 55
Alama-Bermejo G. 51,147,158
álaşàá. 91,187
Alemany F. 68
Alexander J.D. 4,63
Alfjorden A. 42
Aliouat-Denis C.M. 62
Al-Jufaili S. 130
Al-Mazrooei N. 130
Alonso-Peralo I. 115
Alvariño L. 70,111,159
Alves P.V. 171
Amin O. 92,93
Amniattalab A. 180
Andrade-Gómez L. 147
Andrews M. 101
Angulo C. 112
Anjos L.A. 122
Antar R. 31,195
Antonsson T.H. 141
Antunes C. 137,161
Arafa S. 84
Árnason F. 141
Arneberg P. 77
Artim J. 38
Ascencio F. 112
Atkinson S.D. 51,52,63,70,149
Audebert C. 62
Ávalos C. 154
Avenant-Oldewage A. 65,78,91,95,131
Avilés A. 112
Ayala M. 154
Azadikhah D. 120,152,169,180
Azevedo C. 71,112,116,147
Azizi R. 150,173
Aznar F.J. 172,175
Bâ C.T. 197
Bahlool Q.Z.M. 143
Bahri S. 150,173
Balbuena J.A. 44,59,116
Baldanova D. 92,106
Bali K. 53
Bamidele A. 172,180
Bao M. 47,137,161,188
Barber I. 26,37,102,103,108
Ba č kàD. 40,85
Barro N. 136
Barson M. 58,60,108,128,165,168,200
Bartholomew J.L. 4,51,63,70,147,149
Ba tošo -Sojková P. 71
Bashtar A.R. 55
Basson L. 43
Battaglia P. 173
Batueva M. 106
Bazsalovicsová E. 40,85
Behrmann-Godel J. 25
Belbahri L. 125
Bellay S. 116
Bellido J.M. 107,199
Bellisario B. 49
Belo M.A.A. 99
Ben Hassine O.K. 163,202
Ben Jemaa S. 163,202
Ben-David J. 51,149
Benedicenti O. 80
Benhamou F. 162
Benmansour B. 163
Bensouilah M. 107,120,167
Bernard M. 167
Berrada Rkhami O. 167
Bertozzi T. 56
Bird S. 81
Björklund M. 25
204
Blanco-Antón L.C. 175
Blasco-Costa I. 14,27,59,105
Boči aàI. 80
Bongiovani M.F. 158
Bontemps N. 74
Borges J.N. 143
Born-Torrijos A. 75,175
Borzák R. 140
Bosi G. 81,82
Boualleg C. 107,120,167
Boudaya L. 128
Boungou M. 121
Boussellaa W. 185
Boutiba Z. 119,162,163
Bowker J. 48
Boxshall G. 12,88,188
Braicoovich P.E. 46
Bravo S. 22
Bray R.A. 10,11,13,30,31,177
Brazenor A. 56
Briscoe A. 13
Bron J. E. 80
B ožàP. 133
Bruce N. 194
Brum A. 99
Buchmann K. 35,77,79,143
Buckles G.R. 63
Bullard S. 33
Burdukovskaya T. 106
BušelićàI. 138,145
Cable J. 84
Caffara M.144,182
Caira J. 28,123
Čalićàá. 138
Camargo A.C.A. 129
Cammilleri G. 173,174
Canals X. 136
Canestrelli D. 50
Capodifoglio K.R.H. 148
Carbonell A. 199
Cárdenas L. 104
Cárdenas-Callirgos J. 70,111
Carpio Y. 24
Carrassón M. 29,117,118,119
Carreras-Colon E. 119
Cartes J.E. 29,117
Casadevall M. 136,199
Casal G. 71,112,113,116,147
Castañeda-Cobo C. 118
Castro R. 49,71,112,113,116,147,148
Castro R. 186,189
Castro A. 172
Cavaleiro F. 49,71,112,113,116,147,148,149,177,190,191
Cavallero S. 50
Cavazza G. 144
Cech G. 140
Chaabane A. 57
Chagas E.C. 100
Chaves F.C.M. 100
Chávez L. 154
Cheleschi R. 49
Chemes S. 185
Cheney K.L. 24
Chero J. 70,111,159
Chetry D.B. 105
Chick R. 33
Chisholm L. 127
Chotnipat S. 56
Cipriani P. 47,49,50
Ci ňová K. 45
Cobo F. 137,161
Collins C. 20,42,80
Colon B.L. 176
Conn D. B. 94,95
Constantinoiu C.C. 39
Constenla M. 29,114,117,118,119
Contreras G. 22
Cooper R.G. 200
Cos I. 62
Costa A. 173,174
Costa J.Z. 113
Costal D. 188
Cribb T.H. 10,11,24,27,30,31,32,33,109
Cruces C. 70,111,159
Culurgioni J. 46,75,111,134
Curran S.S. 33
Cutmore S.C. 11,14,27,30,31,32,33,109
Cuzzucoli D. 62
da Costa Marchiori N. 170
Dallarés S. 29,117,118
D'Amelio S. 50
Damriyasa I. M. 124
Dangel K.C. 84,183
Davidova M. 183,
205
De Brauwer M. 24
de Buron I. 52,70,176,182
de Chambrier A. 171
De Leenheer P. 4
De Marco S. 185
Debenedetti A.L. 135
Dei-Cas E. 62
Delgado E. 136,199
Dellinger M. 41
Demopoulos A. 38
Derbel H. 185
Despos J. 46
Dezfuli B.S. 81,82
Diaz Morales D. 70
Díaz P.E. 11,31,109,153
Diestro A. 159
Dilmaghanian A. 180
Djebbari N. 120,167
Dmitrieva E.V. 166
Dobson A.P. 39
Dos Santos Q.M. 65,131
Dotta G. 99
Dugarov Z. 106
Dunn A.M. 105
Dupouy-Camet J. 62
D oř ko àH. 133
Dzika E. 45,131,133
Eira C. 199
Ek-Huchim J.P. 34
El Aoussimi A. 199
El-Abbassy S. 84
Elisei C. 148
El-Matbouli M. 64,151
El-Naggar M. 84
Erlingsdottir A. 43,189
Espinola J. 133
Estensoro I. 53
Estrada M.P. 24
Eszterbauer E. 53,126
Fajardo M. 106
Falcao A. 177
Faltýnková A. 12,32
Farjallah S. 87
Fast M. 22,101
Hamza F. 188
Feng J. 21
Fernandes C.E. 181
Fernandes E.S. 201
Fernández B. 62,145
Ferrantelli V. 174
Ferrara P. 174
Ferrer D. 199
Ferrón H.G. 115
Fiala I. 54,71
Fioravanti M.L. 144,182
Flores K. 154
Follesa M.C. 87
Fomena A. 139
Fordyce M. 42
Forró F. 53
Fouché P.S.O. 164
Frade D. 190
Fraija-Fernández N. 130
Franceschini L. 122,156,157
Francová K. 131
Franke F. 74
Freeman M. 20, 43, 55, 141,146,189
Frenkel S. 153
Frutos I. 28
Fuentes M.V. 135
Funaguma N. 141
Furtado M. 191
Gagliardi F. 87
Gaglio G. 173
Galán-Puchades M.T. 135
Galindo G.M. 181
Gamboa M.I. 155
Gárate I. 154
Garau S. 134
Garbouj M. 150,173
Garci M.E. 137,188
García C. 24
García E. 107
García-March J.R. 194
García-Varela M. 147,158
Gargouri L. 31,164,195
Garibaldi F. 46,134
Garippa G. 68,87,111,134,166
Gasques L.S. 190
Gay M. 47,62
Gelnar M. 18,45,57,60,65,73,127,133,171,197,198
George-Nascimento M. 47,109
Georgieva S. 29,31,32,67,110,111,160
Gerasev P. I. 166
206
Gervasoni S. 185
Gettová L. 86
Ghaemmaghami S.S.H. 152
Giani G. 182
Giari L. 81,82
Gibson D.I. 10
Gilbert B. M. 95
Gilles A. 86
Gnémé Awa 121
Gold-Bouchot G. 97
Gomes Sanches E. 170
Gómez-Vives M.J. 68
Gonçalves E.L.T. 170,179
González A.F. 16,47,62102,135,145,178
González M.T. 106,132,155
González-Kother P. 106
Gordeev I. 153, 214
Gorgoglione B 64,151
Gouasmia G. 120
Govender D. 166
Grabner D. 84
Graça R.J. 116,190
Graci S. 174
Gregori M. 102,135,178
Grellier P. 41
Grutter A.S. 24
Guerrero J. 154
Gustinelli A. 144,182
Guti C.F. 126
Gutiérrez J. 154
Hadfield K. 88,192,193,194
Halajian A. 164,165
Hall M. 42
Hallett S. L. 63,70
Halvorsen O. 123
Hamza F. 188
Hansen H. 105,127,132
Hanzelová V. 40,85
Harrison S.F. 96
Hartigan A. 54,63,64
Haselden L. 52
Hashimoto G. 100
Haslach A. 40
Hassan A. 180
Hastie L.C. 47,188
Hattingh H.E. 165,166
Hayes P.M. 125,193
Heglasova I. 171
Helgesen K.O. 22
Hemmingsen W. 77,123
Hermosilla C. 68
Hernández-Cruz E. 147
Hernández-Orts J. S. 147,158
Herrera F. 24
Hill-Spanik K.M. 52
Hirano C. 174
Hirose E. 124
Hirzmann J. 68
Hoai T.D. 36
Hodová I. 45,198
Hohenadler M. 85
Højgaard D.P. 47
Holt R.A. 63
Holzer A.S. 51,54,63,64,75
Honka K.I. 183
Horsberg T.E. 22,101
Hosan A. 102
Hrabar J. 138,145
Hurst C.N. 63
Huston D.C 11
Hutson K.S. 36,39,56,112
Huyse T. 65
Hytterød S. 105
Iannacone J. 70,111,159
Ieno E. 46
Ilgová J. 45,73,133,197
Inohuye R. 112
Intamong J. 169,193
Isbert W. 28,134
Ishikawa M.M. 99
Islas-Ortega A.G. 126
Ismail Z. 103
Jalilzadeh Tabrizi S. 120,152
Jansen van Vuuren B. 65
Jantrarotai P. 193
Jedličko àL. 133
Jemii H. 195
Jerome M. 62
Jerônimo G.T. 99
Jiménez García I. 34
Jiménez P. 154
Jmil I. 163
Jochmann M. 74,75
Joensen M.M. 47
207
Johnson D. 33
Joubert A. 125
Joy J. 83
Jurajda P. 18,32,104,171
Justine J.L. 57,67
Kabré B.G. 121,136
Kacem H. 196
Kaewviyudth S. 193
Kallert D.M. 126
Kania P.W. 143
Kaouachi N. 107,120,167
Karling L.C. 184
Karlsbakk, E. 77
Kasai A. 72
Kaš ýàM.à45,73,133
Katoch A. 151
Kaur H. 151
Kaur K. 23
Kaur P. 181
Kearn G. 84
Keawviyudth S. 169
Kechemir-Issad N. 188
Keppel M. 84,183
Khalfan R. 130
Khechemir-Isaad N. 188
Khelia I. 202
Khelifi N. 107
Khoa T.N.D. 23,90
Khosheghbal Ghorabaei M. 192,195
Kianmehr A. 43
Kiči jao àM.L.à
Kim S. 179
Kitamura S.I. 124
Kleinertz S. 68,201
Kmentová N. 59,60
Knopf K. 37,86
Knuckey R.M. 56
Knudsen R. 105
Kobayashi S. 141
Koblmüller S. 60,65
Koch C. 183
Kodádková A. 54,64,71
Kolarova J. 100
Konstanzová V. 45,197
Koop B. 22,101
Kostadinova A. 10,12,13,29,31,32,110,111,117,160
Kotob M. 64,151
Koubková B. 45,197
Koyama Y. 124
Krasnovyd V. 73
Kreicker S. 68
Kristinsson K. 189
Kristmundsson A. 20,43,55,141,189
Kuchta R. 94,137
Kudlai O. 76,160
Kvach J. 104
Kyle D.E. 176
Kyslík J. 54
Lablack L. 119
Landaeta M.F. 155
Lawton S.P. 125
Le Fur B. 62
Le Roux J. 48
Le T.T.Y. 84
Lecchini D. 74
Leef M.J. 81
Lekeufack Folefack G.B. 139
Leo to ičà‘. 133
Levron C. 94
Levsen A. 47,50
Li Y.C. 72
Lima F.S. 190
Littlewood D.T.J. 6,13
Liu X.H. 21
Lizama M.A.P. 201
Llopis-Belenguer C. 44
Lopez J. 155
López Z. 155
López-Sanz À. 134
Lotan T. 51,149
Lugo J.M. 24
Lumme J. 132
Luptakova L. 125
Luque J.L. 129,171
Luus-Powell W.J. 58,60,91,97,108,127,128,164,
165,166,168
Mabika N. 200
Machkevskyi V. 130,146
Macías D. 46,68,134
MacKenzie K. 47,48,77,161
Macnab V. 26
Madrid E. 135
Mahdy O.A. 186
Malherbe W. 60,165,183
208
Manera M. 81
Mansour L. 142,143
Marana M.H. 35,77
Maraschin M. 99
Marchand B. 120,197
Marcondes S.F. 181
Marcotegui P. 157
Marinho Neto F.A. 100
Marino F. 173
Marr S.M. 97
Marteinsdottir G. 189
Martin S. 11,30
Martinez-Aquino A. 189
Martínez-Meyer E. 97
Martínez-Ramírez E. 158
Martins M.L. 99,100,170,179
Martorelli S. R. 76,121,155,157,186,189
Marzoug D. 119,162
Masoumian M. 139
Mašo àŠ. 32,127
Matla M.M. 127,164,165,168
Mattiucci S. 47,49,50,144
May-Tec A.L. 25,26
Mazhar R. 96
McCarthy U. 80
McClure E.C. 24
MCElroy E.J. 182
Mehlhorn H. 55
Mehrdana F. 35,77
Mele S. 46,68,87,107,111,114,134
Menasria A. 46,107,120,167
Menconi V. 144,182
Mendlová M. 59,60,65
Mendoza Franco E.F. 69
Mendoza J. 22
Mendoza-Palmero C.A. 158
Menezes Filho R.N. 99
Merchán M. 172
Merella P. 46,68,87,111,114,134,166
Meyer E. 51
Michálková V. 38
Michler-Kozma D. 96
Míguez-Lozano R. 59
MikešàL. 45,133
Miller T.L. 14,30,56
Minaya D. 70,111
Minkley D. 101
Miquel J. 94,196,197,199
Miquel-Mazzetti L. 175
Mizuno S. 82
Mladineo I. 80,138,145
Mobedi I. 152
Mohd Sabri M. 23,90
Molele R.A. 164
Moller O.S. 143
Molnár K. 140
Monje-Ruiz M. 117
Montero F.E. 9,28,36,46,68,72,83,107,111,113,
114,115,130,134,162,175,194
Montes M.M. 121,186,189
Morales A. 24
Morales R. 24
Morán J.T. 107
Moreno A.B. 156
Morris D.J. 64
Morris T. 48
Morsy K. 55
Mota M. 137,161
Mota M.E.B.P. 129,148
Muñoz S.A. 39
Muñoz G. 109,153,155
Muñoz P. 61
Muterezi Bukinga F. 65
Myrenås M. 42
Nacari L. 133
Nachev M. 74,75,96,184
Nachón D.J. 137,161
Nadat H.Y. 168
Nadolna-Altyn K. 78
Nakayama K. 124
Narvaez P. 191
Nascetti G. 49,50,144
Nasraddin M.O. 168
Ndiaye P.I. 196,197
Neethling L.A.M. 78
Neifar L. 57,128,185,196
Nekuie Fard A. 152
Nematollahi A. 152
Neubert K. 201
Nhiwatiwa T. 200
Nilsen F. 7
Nogueira S. 149
Nolan M.J. 14,33
209
Norte dos Santos C.C. 81
Nowak B. 5,9,81
Nozawa A. 124
Nunkoo I. 48
Nyagura I. 165,168
O Co o à“.à 3
O'Connor W. 33
Oda F.H. 116
Odaka T. 124
Ogawa K. 35,174
Öktener A. 91,187
Oldewage W. 91
Oliva M.E. 47,104,106,133
Olivier P.A.S. 165
O d ačko àM.à38, 104
Orejas C. 134
Orellana J. 154
Oros M. 40,85,160
Ostrenga L. 79
Ostrowski de Núñez M.C. 11
Ouéda A. 121,136
Ouedraogo A. 136
Overstreet R.M. 14
Pachur M. 78
Padrós F. 29,83,114
Pádua S.B. 99
Pais A. 87
Paiva F. 129,148
Pakosta T. 87
Palacios-Abella J. 46,72,111,114,115,134
Palm H. W. 28,49,124,146,159,161,201
Paoletti M. 50,144
Paredes L. 155
Parente T.E.M. 200
Pariselle A. 65,167
Park M. 179
Park J. 179
Pascual S. 16,47,61,62,102,135,137,145,161,178,
188
Paterson R. 105
Patra S. 63,64
Pavanelli G.C. 175,184
Pawlak J. 78
Pazooki J. 139,178,192,195
Pekmezci G.Z. 142,146
Penades-Suay J. 172
Pérez J. 112
Pérez-Cordón G. 53
Pérez-del-Olmo A. 10,28,29,46,75,107,117,119,126,
130, 134,156,162
Pérez-i-García D. 117,118,119
Pérez-Ponce de León G. 126
Pert C.C. 20
Petke ičiūtėà‘.à76
Petrovova E. 125
Piatkowski U. 28
Picó G. 61
Pierce G. 47
Pierce G.J. 47,137
Pikalov E. 159
Pimentel J. 154
Pina S. 110
Pinacho-Pinacho C.D. 147,158
Piras M.C. 68,87,107,111,166
Piriatinskiy G. 51
Pitronaci S. 184
Podolska M. 78
Polat N. 142
Poley J. 22,101
Poljak V. 138,145
Pons T. 24
Poulin R. 15,27,75,105
Poupa, 214
Poynton S.L. 79
Prearo M. 144
Preciado I. 28
Přik lo àI.à58,60,65,108,127,128,165,171,183
Prioli A.J. 190
Prioli S.M.P. 190
Pronina S. 106
Pulleiro-Potel L. 61
Quaglio F. 182
Quilichini Y. 120,197
Qureshi T.A. 181
‘ado ićàI.à
,
Raga J.A. 36,75,83,113,115,130,162,175,194
Rahmouni C. 59
Rahmouni I. 167
Ramos Miranda J. 69
Ramos Y. 24
Rangel L.F. 49,71,112,113,116,147,148
Ray R.A. 4,63
Reed C.C. 48,71
Řehulko àE. 57,58,65,131
Reineck-Bosaeus H. 42
210
Repullés-Albelda A. 36,72,113,115,194
Reverter M. 27,74
Reyda F. 40,69
Rezaiguia W. 167
Ribas N.O. 181
Righetti M. 144
Rivero A. 176
Rocha S. 71,112,113,116,147
Rodrigo O. 24
Rodrigues A. 191
Rodrigues P. 110
Rodrigues R.A. 181
Rodríguez C. 70,111
Rodríguez H. 16,62,145
Rodríguez Haro C. 155
Rodríguez-Cabello C. 28,177
Rodriguez-Canul R. 34
Rodríguez-González A. 44
Rodríguez-Llanos J. 46,111,114,134
Rodríguez-Marín E. 46,134
Rodríguez-Tornero A. 118
Romdhane M.S. 41
Rosado T.M.C. 69
Rouco C. 27
Roudnický P. 133
Roura A. 135,161
Rowe R. 39
Rozdina D. 96
Ruhnke T. 40
Ruiz M.L. 100
Saes M. 46
Sáez G. 70,111,159
Saghar-Fard M.R. 79
Sahtout F. 107
Salama N.K.G. 20
Sánchez-García N. 113,162
Sanna N. 134
Santos C.P. 129,143,156
Santos M. 177,190
Santos M.J. 49,71,110,112,113,116,147,148,149,
177,191
Santos T. 175
Sara J.R. 97,166,
Sasal P. 27,32,74
Sato H. 72
Savadogo L. 136
Sbaraglia G.L. 49
Scanzio T. 144
Schaeffner B. 41
Scharsack J.P. 74
Schmid M. 25
Schmidt T. 75
Scholz T. 4,11,18,40,94,171
Schulte M. 75
Schwelm J. 160
Secombes C.J. 80
Seesao Y. 62
Seifertová M. 57,58,131
Selbach C. 67,110,160
Semarariana I.W.Y. 30
Sepulveda D. 189
Sepúlveda F.A. 132
Severino R. 71,112,113
Shaharom-Harrison F. 23,90
Shahbazi P. 152
Shalal, R. 108
Shamsi S. 61,169,214
Shazlli A.N. 96
Shin S. 35,52
Shinn A.P. 82
Shirakashi S. 35,174
Shoemaker C. 34
Shokri M.R. 192,195
Shrivastav R. 181
Siegel S.V. 176
Sikkel P. 24,38
Silva A. 49
Silva R.J. 122,156,157,158,170,200
Ši ko àá.à 9, 65,66,73,86,87,167
Simmonds N.E. 26
Sinaré Y. 121
Singh L. 48
Şi i àC.à ,
Sitjà-Bobadilla A. 53
Skipalová K. 133
Skov J. 35,77,143
Smit N. 11,88,89,125,165,183,192,193,194
Smit W.J. 97,166
Snoeks J. 65
Soares M.C. 191
Sokolov S. 153
Soldánová M. 67,110
Solé M. 29
Sondueva L. 106
211
Souidenne D. 41
Š
o àE. 59
Ssempa N. 48
“ta e ičiūtėàG. 76
Steckert L.D. 100
Strnad H. 133
“tu žė asàV. 76
Sturmbauer C. 65
Suhairi M. 23,90
Sun D. 24
Sures B. 7,12,13,67,74,75,84,85,96,110,160,183,184
Sutherland B. 22,101
Svavarsdóttir F.R. 141
” ide skià). 94,95
Székely C. 140
Taggart J.B.T. 80
Takemoto R.M. 116,175,184,185,190,201
Tancredo K.R. 170,179
Tani K. 35
Tapia S. 189
Taubert A. 68
Tavakol S. 164,165,166,168
Tavares L.E.R. 129,148
Tazerouti F. 123
Ternengo S. 120
Thabet A. 142,143
Thébault A. 62
Theisen S. 124,201
Thieltges D.W. 6
Tilley C.A. 37
Timi J.T. 5,15,46
Tojima T. 82
Tokşe àE.à ,150
Tomás J. 172
Tomková T. 71
Torres J. 196,199
Torres Rojas Y.E. 69
Torres-Irineo E. 97
Trasviña-Moreno A. 112
Trelis M. 135
Tripathi A. 105
Trujillo González A. 39
T u ićàŽ.à80
Truter M. 165
Tü ke àÇakı àD.à91,187
Uchida H. 35
Ueda B.H. 175
Umehara A. 50
Unfer G. 64
Unger P. 161
Urawa S. 82
Ursu K. 126
Vahedi Z. 178
Valdivia I.M. 104
Valigurová A. 45,198
Van As L.L. 90
Van As J.G. 43,89
van der Lingen C.D. 48
van der Wal S. 192
Van Steenberge M. 60,65
Vancová M. 94
Vanhove M.P.M. 59,60,65
Vaško i o àN. 198
Vaughan D. 127
Velisek J. 100
Verrez-Bagnis V. 62
Vidal-Martínez V.M. 25,26,97,200
Vieira Cristina M. 170
Villar-Torres M. 36
Villora-Montero M. 107,114,130
Viscogliosi E. 62
Vivas M. 107
Vivas-Muñoz J.C. 37
Volckaert F.A.M. 65
Vorel J. 133
Waeschenbach A. 13
Walter I. 108
Wang M. 66
Ward S. 31
Welicky R. 38
Werminghausen J. 24
Weston L. 48
Wetzel E. 70,111
White P. 42
Whittington I. 56
Whyte S. 22
Winkler C. 22
Witwer K. 79
Wolbert J.B. 75
Wongissarakul K. 193
Wunderlich A.C. 122,200
Xu D. 34
Xu L.W. 21
Yamada F.H. 122,158
212
Yamada L. 124
Yamada P.O.F. 122,158
Yan S. 66
Yanagida T. 72
Yang Amri A. 43
Yang C. 66
Yaqub S. 103
Yardimci B. 142
Yilmaz S. 142
Yokoyama H. 52,141
Yong R.Q-Y. 11,30
Yooyen T. 169
Yoshinaga T. 52
Youssef F. 163
Yulianto I. 28,201
Yurakhno V.M. 138
Zago A. C. 122,156,157
)ah ad íčko àP. 58, 128, 171
Zenke K. 52
Zhang J.Y. 21
Zhepkholova O. 106
Zhi T. 66
Zica É.O.P. 122,200
Ziltener A. 68
Zoral M.A. 21
Zouari T.S. 142,143
Zuskova E. 100
213
ERRATUM AND LAST MINUTE MODIFICATIONS
O
NEW DATA ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND HOST SPECIFICITY OF SOME CESTODES IN THE
ANTARCTIC
Gordeev I.
Laboratory of Arctic and Antarctic, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow, Russia
OCCURENCE OF ASCARIDOID LARVAE IN MARINE FISH OFF NEW CALEDONIA, WITH DESCRIPTION
AND GENETIC CHARACTERISATION OF NEW HYSTEROTHYLACIUM LARVAL TYPES XIII AND XIV
Poupa A.1, Shamsi S.2, Justine J.L.3
1
School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
ISYEB, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR7205 CNRS, EPHE, MNHN, UPMC), Muséum National
d Histoi e Naturelle, Paris, France
2
Here we report occurrence of various morphotypes of ascaridoid type larvae from 58 species of fish and adult
nematodes from one species of whale collected from New Caledonian waters. So far we found Anisakis type I,
Hysterothylacium type VI and new larval types XIII and XIV, Raphidascaris larval type and Terranova larval type II in fish.
Representatives of each morphotype were subjected to the amplification of the second internal transcribed spacers
(ITS-2) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and those sequences were compared with ITS-2 sequences of other ascaridoid
nematodes previously deposited in GenBank. ITS-2 sequences of Anisakis larval type I were identical to those of A.
typica. ITS-2 sequences of Hysterothylacium larval type VI in the present study were identical to those previously found
in Eastern Australian waters. No match was found for ITS-2 sequences of Hysterothylacium larval types XIII and XIV;
therefore, the specific identity of these larvae remains unclear. ITS-2 sequences of Raphidascaris larval type were
identical to those of R. trichiuri, previously reported in Taiwan waters. Terranova larval type II in the present study had
identical ITS-2 sequence with those Terranova larval type reported from Australian waters, however, the specific
identity is unknown. Morphological and molecular results are yet to be obtained for many of the specimens. This
taxonomic work is essential if further research on these zoonotic parasites is to be effective, including investigations into
aspects such as life cycles, impacts on human health and risk assessment for their transmission to humans.
214
O
In 2010-2014 thirteen species of bony and cartilaginous fishes (Dissostichus mawsoni, D. eleginoides, Macrourus
whitsoni, Pogonophryne sp., Muraenolepis marmorata, Muraenolepis sp., Chionobathyschus dewitti, Paraliparis sp.,
Amblyraja georgiana, Bathyraja maccaini, Bathyraja cf. eatonii & Bathyraja meridionalis) were examined for cestode
infestation in the Ross Sea, the Amundsen Sea, the Scotia Sea and the Weddell Sea. All fishes were caught during
longline fishing at a depth from 552 to 1938 m. DNA of adult cestodes from different hosts - Otobothrium antarcticum
(Tetraphyllidea), Echeneibothrium maculatum (Rhinebothriidea), Calyptrobothrium sp., Clistobothrium montaukensis
(Tetraphyllidea), Echinobothrium sp. (Diphyllidea) and four morphological types of plerocercoids from intestine of the
examined bony species were sequenced using primers 1200R (5`-GCATAGTTCACCATCTTTCGG–3`) (Lockyer et al., 2003)
and LSU5 5`-TAGGTCGACCCGCTGAAYTTAAGCA–3`) (Littlewood et al., 2000). As a result three found morphological types
of plerocercoids were unambiguously correlated to the adult forms. Nucleotide sequences of adult Otobothrium
antarcticum collected from rays Bathyraja meridionalis иà Amblyraja georgiana in the Ross Sea and the Scotia Sea
showed exact match with sequences of large larvae with trilocular bothridia collected from D. mawsoni in the Ross Sea,
the Amundsen Sea and the Weddell Sea. Sequences of small larvae with bilocular bothridia collected from intestine of all
the examined species except rays showed exact match with Calyptrobothrium sp., сolle tedàf o àAmblyraja georgiana,
Bathyraja maccaini and Bathyraja cf. eatonii at the Ross Sea. Sequences of plerocercoids whose bilocular bothridia bear
loculi of a different size showed reliable similarity to Clistobothrium montaukensis (GenBank). Supported by RFBR 14-0431950..