Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 171–180. With 3 figures New species and further additions to the foliicolous lichen flora of Kenya (East Africa), including the first lichenicolous Aulaxina (Ostropales: Gomphillaceae) ROBERT LÜCKING1* and KLAUS KALB2 1 Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605–2496, USA 2 Lichenologisches Institut Neumarkt, Im Tal 12, D-92318 Neumarkt/Opf., Germany Received October 2001; accepted for publication April 2001 An updated list of foliicolous lichens and their lichenicolous fungi known from Kenya (East Africa), chiefly based on a collection by the second author at three different localities, is presented. The new collections yielded 77 species, including three lichenicolous fungi, and two species and one subspecies are described as new: Arthonia pocsii Lücking & Kalb sp. nov., Asterothyrium septemseptatum subsp. africanum Lücking & Kalb ssp. nov. and Aulaxina aggregata Lücking & Kalb sp. nov.. The latter has also been found in material from Costa Rica and is the first known lichenicolous species in the genus. Porina atropunctata Lücking & Vezda is placed into synonymy with P. karnatakensis Makhija et al. and P. multiloculata Makhija et al. into synonymy with P. lucida R. Sant. Furthermore, the following two new combinations are proposed: Coenogonium tanzanicum (Vezda & Farkas) Lücking & Kalb comb. nov. [Bas. Dimerella tanzanica Vezda & Farkas] and Sporopodium pilocarpoides (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Kalb comb. nov. [Lopadium pilocarpoides Zahlbr.]. Byssoloma discordans (Nyl.) Vain., Calenia bullatinoides Lücking, Porina karnatakensis Makhija et al. Sporopodium citrinum (Zahlbr.) Elix, Lumbsch & Lücking, Sporopodium pilocarpoides (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Kalb, Strigula nigrocarpa Lücking, and the lichenicolous fungi Arthonia atropunctata Vain. and Gyalideopsis parvula Haf. & Vezda are new for the African continent (excluding Madagascar). The number of foliicolous lichen species known from Kenya is raised from 27 to 92, together with five lichenicolous fungi growing on them. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 171–180. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Arthonia – Asterothyrium – Costa Rica – India – Porina – Sporopodium. INTRODUCTION Compared with tropical America and Asia, the foliicolous lichen flora of tropical Africa is not well known. As can be expected by the ecological preferences of these lichens (Lücking, 2001), the most important biota for their occurrence in Africa would be the West African lowland rainforest (Congo basin) and the East African montane rainforest. However, extensive floristic studies are only available for Guinea and the Ivory Coast in West Africa, for Tanzania in East Africa, and for Zimbabwe in southern Africa (Vezda, 1973; 1974, *E-mail: rlucking@fieldmuseum.org 1975a, b; Sérusiaux, 1983; Farkas, 1987; Becker & Lücking, 1995; Lücking, Becker & Follmann, 1998; Santesson & Lücking, 1999). Thus, we do not know whether the lower number of species known from Africa compared with America and Asia (Lücking, 1997a) is due to the same Quaternary palaeoclimatic events that have affected vascular plant and, in particular, epiphyte diversity (Axelrod & Raven, 1978; Behrensmeyer et al., 1992), or reflects lack of more detailed knowledge. Regarding East Africa, Tanzania is the best-studied country with respect to its foliicolous lichen flora, thus far comprising about 165 species (including collections presently studied by Schwenk & Kalb, pers. comm. 2001). In contrast, only 27 species have been reported from Kenya (Santesson, © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 171–180 171 172 R. LÜCKING and K. KALB 1952; Sérusiaux, 1979; Vezda, 1979; Arvidsson, 1982; Lücking & Vezda, 1998; Santesson & Lücking, 1999; Lücking et al., 2001), plus two lichenicolous fungi (Matzer, 1996). Based on collections gathered by the second author in 1985, the present paper reports 74 species of foliicolous lichens and three lichenicolous fungi from Kenya, including five taxa new to science (two new species of Gyalectidium described in a parallel paper; Ferraro, Lücking & Sérusiaux, 2001). This implies eight new records for the African continent (excluding Madagascar) and 68 new records for Kenya, raising the number of species known from that country to 97 (92 lichens plus five lichenicolous fungi). STUDY AREA Collections of leaves with foliicolous lichens have been gathered at the following three localities (locality numbers according to field numbering system of the second author): K11: Kenya. Eastern Province: Machacos District, Ol Doinyo Sapuk E of Thika, 1°03¢ S, 37°05¢ E, 2100 m, upper montane rainforest, ix. 1985, leg. Kalb & Schrögl (hb. Kalb). K16: Kenya. Coast Province: Taita District, near Wundanyi, 3°24¢ S, 38°22¢ E, 1300 m, montane rainforest, foliicolous, ix. 1985, leg. Kalb & Schrögl (hb. Kalb). K17: Kenya. Coast Province: Kwale District, Shimba Hills, 4°19¢ S, 39°21¢ E, 300 m, coastal rainforest, foliicolous, ix. 1985, leg. Kalb & Schrögl (hb. Kalb). TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT In order to save space, only the new species and a few otherwise interesting taxa are discussed in detail, while all species are compiled separately (Table 1). ARTHONIA LÜCKING & KALB (FIGS 1, 3A) POCSII SP. NOV. Sicut Arthonia lecythidicola sed ascosporis 2-septatis et cellulis algarum angulo-rotundatis differt. Type: Kenya. Coast Province: Kwale District, Shimba Hills, 4°19¢ S, 39°21¢ E, 300 m, coastal rainforest, foliicolous, ix. 1985, Kalb & Schrögl s.n. (hb. Kalb, holotype). Description: Thallus epiphyllous, continuous or marginally dispersed, smooth, pale brownish grey. Photobiont a species of Phycopeltis, cells angularrounded, in dense, irregular plates, 7–11 ¥ 3–5 mm. Apothecia adnate, rounded or slightly irregular, 0.6–1.1 mm diam.; disc dark brown to blackish brown, partly with a slight purplish tinge, in marginal parts with a very thin greyish pruina. Hypothecium 5–10 mm high, pale brownish; hymenium 35–40 mm high, colourless to very pale brownish; epithecium composed of periclinal hyphae, pale brownish. Paraphyses 1 mm thick, branched and anastomosing; asci broadly ovoid, fissitunicate, 30–35 ¥ 12–17 mm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, broadly clavate (macrocephalic), 2-septate, colourless, 14–17 ¥ 4–5 mm. Pycnidia applanate, round, 0.2–0.25 mm diam., greyish black, their wall composed of a single layer of dark brown, slightly meandering hyphae. Conidia bacillar, nonseptate, 4–5 ¥ 1.0–1.2 mm. Etymology: This new species is dedicated to the Hungarian bryologist, botanist, and ecologist Dr Tamás Pócs, who has contributed significantly to our understanding of tropical bryophytes and the ecology of East African montane rainforest. Notes: This new species was previously detected in material from Ivory Coast and so far assigned to Arthonia accolens (Lücking et al., 1998; Santesson & Lücking, 1999). The present material confirms the differences from A. accolens and justifies its formal description as a new species: the larger, darker apothecia with a very thin marginal pruina, the applanate pycnidia (conical in A. accolens), and the angular-rounded, irregularly arranged photobiont cells (rectangular and in radiate rows in A. accolens). As pointed out by Santesson & Lücking (1999), the species somewhat resembles A. obesa (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant., known from sparse collections in the Neotropics (Santesson, 1952). The latter has very similar thallus and apothecia morphology, but its ascospores are 3-septate and microcephalic, with the largest cell above the middle. On the other hand, the species coming closest to A. pocsii are the neotropical A. lecythidicola (Bat. & H. Maia) Lücking & Sérus. and A. grubei Lücking (Lücking, 1998): both have the same apothecial morphology, but while A. lecythidicola has predominantly 3-septate ascospores, those of A. grubei are distinctly thick-walled (Fig. 3B–D). The collections from the Ivory Coast [Man : 55 km S of Guiglo, VIII. 1954, Santesson 10446 : 1 (UPS); ibid., viii. 1954, Santesson 10476 : 2a (UPS)] identified as Arthonia aff. obesa by Santesson & Lücking (1999) seem indeed to belong to that species and not to A. pocsii. The four species seem to form a natural group, characterized by irregular, marginally pruinose apothecia, applanate pycnidia (as far as known), and irregular photobiont, and might be distinguished as follows: © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 171–180 FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS FROM KENYA 173 Table 1. Foliicolous lichens and their lichenicolous fungi [in brackets] from Kenya, including previous reports. New records for the country are marked with one *asterisk, new records for the African continent (excluding Madagascar) with two **asterisks, and taxa new to science with three ***asterisks. Material of uncertain taxonomic position is excluded Species Localities and/or References *Anisomeridium foliicola R. Sant. & Tibell *Arthonia accolens Stirt. [*Arthonia atropunctata Vain. (on Echinoplaca sp.)] *Arthonia cyanea Müll. Arg. ***Arthonia pocsii Lücking & Kalb *Arthonia trilocularis Müll. Arg. Asterothyrium argenteum Müll. Arg. Asterothyrium leucophthalmum (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Asterothyrium rotuliforme (Müll. Arg.) Sérus. ***Asterothyrium septemseptatum ssp. africanum Lücking & Kalb [***Aulaxina aggregata Lücking & Kalb *Aulaxina quadrangula (Stirt.) R. Sant. *Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Vezda *Byssolecania hymenocarpa (Vain.) Kalb, Vezda & Lücking *Byssolecania variabilis Vezda, Kalb & Lücking *Byssoloma chlorinum (Vain.) Zahlbr. **Byssoloma discordans (Nyl.) Vain. *Byssoloma fadenii Vezda *Byssoloma leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vain. *Byssoloma subdiscordans (Nyl.) P. James *Byssoloma subpolychromum Vezda *Byssoloma usambarense Vezda **Calenia bullatinoides Lücking *Calenia depressa Müll. Arg. *Calenia phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. *Calenia thelotremella Vain. *Calopadia foliicola (Fée) Vezda Calopadia fusca (Müll. Arg.) Vezda Calopadia puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) Vezda Chroodiscus verrucosus R. Sant et al. Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinsc. & Krog Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.) Arv. & D. J. Gall. Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Coccocarpia stellata Tuck. *Coenogonium fallaciosum (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking *Coenogonium subluteum (Rehm) Kalb & Lücking *Coenogonium tanzanicum (Vezda & Farkas) Lücking & Kalb *Echinoplaca epiphylla Fée *Echinoplaca leucotrichoides (Vain.) R. Sant. *Echinoplaca pellicula (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. *Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vezda Fellhanera fragilis (Vezda) Lücking & Kalb ***Gyalectidium atrosquamulatum Lücking & Kalb Gyalectidium caucasicum (Elenk. & Woron.) Vezda *Gyalectidium eskuchei Sérus. Gyalectidium filicinum Müll. Arg. *Gyalectidium imperfectum Vezda ***Gyalectidium kenyanum Lücking & Kalb Gyalidea epiphylla Vezda *Gyalidea phyllophila Vezda [*Gyalideopsis parvula Hafellner & Vezda (on Loflammia epiphylla)] *Lasioloma arachnoideum (Kremp.) R. Sant. K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 Santesson (1952) Santesson (1952) Santesson (1952) K17 K17(on Echinoplaca sp.] K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 Santesson (1952) Santesson (1952); K11, K16, K17 Santesson & Lücking (1999) Arvidsson (1982) (ubiquitous) Arvidsson (1982) (ubiquitous) Arvidsson (1982) (ubiquitous) Arvidsson (1982) (ubiquitous) K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 Lücking et al. (2001); K17 Ferraro et al. (2001): K11 Sérusiaux (1979) K11 Santesson (1952) K11 Ferraro et al. (2001): K11 Vezda (1979) K17 K17 K17, K11 © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 171–180 174 R. LÜCKING and K. KALB Table 1. Continued Species Localities and/or References *Loflammia epiphylla (Fée) Lücking & Vezda Mazosia melanophthalma (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. *Mazosia phyllosema (Nyl.) Zahlbr. *Mazosia rotula (Mont.) A. Massal. *Opegrapha filicina Mont. [Opegrapha phylloporinae Müll. Arg. (on Porina spp.)] *Porina aspera Vezda **Porina karnatakensis Makhija et al. Porina epiphylla (Fée) Fée *Porina epiphylloides Vezda *Porina follmanniana Becker & Lücking Porina lucida R. Sant. Porina mazosioides Lücking & Vezda *Porina nitidula Müll. Arg. Porina pallescens R. Sant. *Porina rubentior (Stirt.) Müll. Arg. Porina rufula (Kremp.) Vain. *Porina semecarpi Vain. *Porina tetracerae (Afz. in Ach.) Müll. Arg. Porina trichothelioides R. Sant. **Sporopodium citrinum (Zahlbr.) Elix, Lumbsch & Lücking *Sporopodium leprieurii Mont. *Sporopodium phyllocharis (Mont.) A. Massal. **Sporopodium pilocarpoides (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Kalb Sporopodium xantholeucum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. *Strigula antillarum (Fée) Müll. Arg. *Strigula janeirensis (Müll. Arg.) Lücking *Strigula macrocarpa Vain. Strigula maculata (Cooke & Massee) R. Sant. *Strigula melanobapha (Kremp.) R. Sant. Strigula nemathora Mont. **Strigula nigrocarpa Lücking *Strigula nitidula Mont. *Strigula orbicularis Fr. *Strigula phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) R. C. Harris Strigula prasina Müll. Arg. Strigula smaragdula Fr. *Strigula subelegans Vain. *Strigula subtilissima (Fée) Müll. Arg. *Tapellaria nigrata (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. *Tapellaria phyllophila (Stirt.) R. Sant. *Tricharia albostrigosa R. Sant. *Tricharia vainioi R. Sant. [Trichophyma bunchosiae Rehm (on Strigula orbicularis)] Trichothelium alboatrum Vain. K17 Sérusiaux (1979); K17 K17 K17 K17 Matzer (1996) K17 K17 Lücking & Vezda (1998); K17 K17 K17 Lücking & Vezda (1998); K17 Lücking & Vezda (1998) K17, K11 Santesson (1952) K17 Sérusiaux (1979); K17 K17 K17 Santesson (1952) K17 K17 K17 K17 Sérusiaux (1979) K17 K17 K17 Sérusiaux (1979) K17 Santesson 1979; K17, K16 K17 K17 K16 K17 Sérusiaux (1979) Santesson 1979; K17 K11, K16 K17 K17 K17 K17 K17 Matzer (1996) Santesson (1952); K17 1 Ascospores predominantly 2-septate . . . . . . . . .2 1* Ascospores predominantly 3-septate . . . . . . . . .3 2 Ascospores thin-walled; tropical Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arthonia pocsii 2* Ascospores thick-walled; tropical America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arthonia grubei 3 Ascospores microcephalic, the upper median cell enlarged; tropical America and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arthonia obesa 3* Ascospores macrocephalic, the distal cell enlarged; tropical America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arthonia lecythidicola © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 171–180 FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS FROM KENYA 175 Figures 1–2. Fig 1. Arthonia pocsii sp. nov., thallus with apothecia and pycnidia (holotypus). Fig 2. Aulaxina aggregata sp. nov., apothecia growing lichenicolous on Echinoplaca sp. (an isotype). Scale bar = 1 mm. Additional specimen of Arthonia pocsii examined: Ivory Coast. Taï National Park, 5°52¢ N, 7°27¢ W, 200 m, foliicolous, ix-x. 1992, Becker s.n. (KOELN). ASTEROTHYRIUM SEPTEMSEPTATUM SUBSP. LÜCKING & KALB SSP. NOV. (FIG. 3E). AFRICANUM Sicut Asterothyrium septemseptatum ssp. septemseptatum sed apotheciis rotundatis et ascosporis irregulariter 3(– 7)-septatis differt. Type: Kenya. Eastern Province: Machacos District, Ol Doinyo Sapuk E of Thika, 1°03¢-S, 37°05¢-E, 2100 m, montane rain forest, foliicolous, viii. 1985, Kalb & Schrögl s.n. (hb. Kalb, holotype). Description: Thallus epiphyllous, in small patches 1–3 mm diam., slightly inflated, with smooth surface, silvery grey but whitish in central parts, corticate. Cortex composed of rectangular cells arranged in radiate rows when seen from above, colourless, © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 171–180 176 R. LÜCKING and K. KALB septate in the latter. The differences are too small to justify the description of a new species, but on the other hand are too large to allow for uncritical identification with the Neotropical material. We therefore adopt the rank of a subspecies for this gathering. AULAXINA LÜCKING & KALB (FIGS 2, 3F). AGGREGATA SP. NOV. Sicut Aulaxina uniseptata sed apotheciis irregulariter elongatis in thallo Echinoplacae lichenicola differt. Type: Kenya. Coast Province: Kwale District, Shimba Hills, 4°19¢ S, 39°21¢ E, 300 m, coastal rainforest, foliicolous, ix. 1985, Kalb & Schrögl s.n. (hb. Kalb, holotype). Figure 3. A, Arthonia pocsii sp. nov., ascospores (holotype). B, A. grubei, ascospores (holotype). C, A. lecythidicola, ascospores (holotype). D, A. obesa, ascospores (holotype). E, Asterothyrium septemseptatum subsp. africanum ssp. nov., ascospores (holotype). F, Aulaxina aggregata sp. nov., ascospores (holotype). Scale bar = 10 mm. 6–9 ¥ 4–5 mm. Photobiont a species of Chlorococcaceae, cells sparse, 6–8 mm diam. Apothecia numerous on each thallus patch, concentrically arranged, immersed-erumpent, round, 0.15–0.25 mm diam.; disc yellowish grey, translucent; margin distinct, at first irregularly lobate but soon smooth, moderately thick and slightly prominent, of the same colour as the thallus. Proper excipulum paraplectenchymatous, 4–7 mm broad, colourless to pale yellowish, externally covered by a corticate thalline layer with few algal cells; hypothecium 10–15 mm high, colourless; hymenium 40–50 mm high, colourless. Paraphyses 0.7–1.0 mm thick, unbranched; asci clavate to ovoid, 35–40 ¥ 10–15 mm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, oblongfusiform, 3(–7)-septate, thin-walled, colourless, 16–20 ¥ 3–4 mm. Conidiomata not seen. Notes: This taxon comes close to Asterothyrium septemseptatum Lücking, which forms a distinctive group within the genus together with A. rotuliforme (Müll. Arg.) Sérus. The species are morphologically very similar, having continuous but small, rounded, polycarpous thalli with a whitish centre (Lücking, 1999). Whereas A. septemseptatum has 7-septate ascospores, A. rotuliforme is distinguished by its muriform ascospores and the presence of epithecial algae. The African collection is very close to A. septemseptatum, but its apothecia are more regularly rounded, and the ascospores are mostly 3-septate (sometimes 5-septate and very rarely 7-septate) vs. regularly 7- Description: Thallus not developed, the species growing lichenicolous on sterile thalli of Echinoplaca sp. with pale setae, probably E. epiphylla. Apothecia immersed-erumpent on the host thallus, usually developed at the margin and often arranged in radiate lines, angular-rounded to irregularly elongate, usually aggregate or fused, 0.2–0.5 mm long and 0.1–0.2 mm wide; disc pale yellowish grey, translucent; margin brownish black to black. Excipulum reduced, prosoplectenchymatous, 3–5 mm broad, colourless, laterally covered by a carbonaceous thallus margin. Hypothecium 5–10 mm high, pale yellowish; hymenium 30– 40 mm high, colourless; epithecium indistinct. Paraphyses 1 mm thick, branched and anastomosing; asci clavate, annelascaceous, 30–35 ¥ 6–8 mm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, ellipsoid to slightly drop-shaped, 1-septate, colourless, 6–8 ¥ 3–4 mm. Hyphophores not seen. Notes: This is the first lichenicolous species in the genus Aulaxina, which so far comprises 12 lichenized species growing on leaves and bark (Santesson, 1952; Farkas & Sipman, 1997; Lücking, 1997b). In spite of careful study, we could not establish any differences relating to apothecial morphology and anatomy between the lichenicolous and the related lichenized species, such as Aulaxina minuta R. Sant. and A. uniseptata R. Sant. Even the partly elongate apothecia are known among other species of the genus, viz. A. epiphylla (Zahlbr.) R. Sant. and A. opegraphina Fée. We also considered the possibility of A. aggregata being a facultatively lichenicolous population of a known species, but the species with similar ascospores, A. minuta and A. uniseptata, have regularly rounded, never fused apothecia. A. aggregata has also been found in material from Costa Rica, growing lichenicolous on thalli of Gyalectidium filicinum. Lichenicolous fungi are common in the Ostropales, but in the family Gomphillaceae, they were so far only known from the genus Gyalideopsis, with three © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 171–180 FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS FROM KENYA species (Lücking, 1997b; Lücking & Sérusiaux, 1998). Aulaxina aggregata might in fact be confused with the pantropical Gyalideopsis cochlearifera, which also grows on thalli of Gomphillaceae and further agrees in the apothecia with black margin and the 1-septate ascospores. However, in the latter species, the apothecia are sessile on the thallus, their black margin representing the proper excipulum. In addition, the apothecia are smaller, regularly rounded, and never aggregate or fused (Lücking & Sérusiaux, 1998). Additional specimen examined: Costa Rica. Puntarenas: La Amistad International Park, Pittier Biological Station, 9°02¢ N, 82°57¢ W 1800 m, montane rainforest, foliicolous, vi. 1996, Schubert 226, 302, 304 (hb. Lücking). BYSSOLECANIA VARIABILIS VEZDA, KALB & LÜCKING Notes: Species of Byssolecania usually have a smooth to very minutely farinose thallus. The present rich collection agrees with B. variabilis in the morphology of the apothecia and the size and septation of the ascospores (Lücking & Kalb, 2000), but differs in the bright green, distinctly farinose to granulose thallus. Since such a variation is known from related taxa in the Pilocarpaceae, e.g. Byssoloma leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vain. and Fellhanera fuscatula (Müll. Arg.) Vezda, we refrain from considering this population as taxonomically distinct. Specimen examined: Kenya. Coast Province: Kwale District, Shimba Hills, 4°19¢ S, 39°21¢ E, 300 m, coastal rainforest, foliicolous, ix. 1985, Kalb & Schrögl s.n. (hb. Kalb). COENOGONIUM TANZANICUM (VEZDA & FARKAS) LÜCKING & KALB COMB. NOV. Basionym: Dimerella tanzanica Vezda & Farkas, Folia Geobot. Phytotax., Praha, 23: 195 (1988). Type: Tanzania, Pócs 6464 (hb. Vezda, holotype!). Notes: This combination is proposed in light of the recent synonymy of Dimerella with Coenogonium (Lücking & Kalb, 2000). Specimen examined: Kenya. Coast Province: Kwale District, Shimba Hills, 4°19¢ S, 39°21¢ E, 300 m, coastal rainforest, foliicolous, ix. 1985, Kalb & Schrögl s.n. (hb. Kalb). ECHINOPLACA SP. Notes: This collection is characterized by a setose thallus, pale greyish brown apothecia and (5-)7septate ascospores 30–35 ¥ 6–8 mm in size. The 177 ascospores are similar to those of Echinoplaca pellicula but larger. Externally the material resembles E. handelii (Zahlbr.) Lücking, which differs by its submuriform ascospores. It probably deals with an undescribed taxon but the specimen is too small for a definitive decision. Specimen examined: Kenya. Coast Province: Kwale District, Shimba Hills, 4°19¢ S, 39°21¢ E, 300 m, coastal rainforest, foliicolous, ix. 1985, Kalb & Schrögl s.n. (hb. Kalb). PORINA KARNATAKENSIS MAKHIJA, ADAWADKAR & PATWARDHAN J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 18: 538 (1994). Type: India, Patwardhan & Prabhu 74.3642 (AMH, holotype!). Syn. nov.: Porina atropunctata Lücking & Vezda, Willdenowia 28: 192 (1998). Type: Costa Rica, Lücking 91–2742 (M, holotype!). ?Porina santessonii Makhija, Adawadkar & Patwardhan, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 18: 542 (1994). Type: India, Nagarkar 74.3663 (AMH, holotype!). Notes: The first author recently had the possibility to study the type material of three species of Porina described by Makhija, Adawakdar & Patwardhan (1994) from India: Porina karnatakensis, P. multiloculata (see below), and P. santessonii. The first proved to be conspecific with the more recently described, pantropical P. atropunctata (Lücking & Vezda, 1998), and represents an earlier name for that species. P. santessonii is most probably also identical with P. karnatakensis; it agrees in all morphological features except that the ascospores are larger (35–42 mm vs. 27–35 mm in P. karnatakensis). Specimen examined: Kenya. Coast Province: Kwale District, Shimba Hills, 4°19¢ S, 39°21¢ E, 300 m, coastal rainforest, foliicolous, ix. 1985, Kalb & Schrögl s.n. (hb. Kalb). PORINA LUCIDA R. SANT. Syn. nov.: Porina multiloculata Makhija, Adawadkar & Patwardhan, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 18: 540 (1994). Type: India, Patwardhan & Kulkarni 74.3644 (AMH, holotypus!). Notes: Porina multiloculata, described from India (Makhija et al., 1994), was said to be distinguished by its 9–11-septate ascospores. However, in the type material of this taxon, most ascospores are 7-septate and only a few are 9-septate, while the erroneous detection of more septa is probably due to the study of © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 171–180 178 R. LÜCKING and K. KALB ascospores within the asci. Occasionally 9-septate ascospores are found in several species of the Porina epiphylla aggregate with typically 7-septate ascospores (Lücking & Vezda, 1998), and since the material morphologically agrees perfectly with P. lucida, it is here reduced into synonymy. Specimen examined: Kenya. Coast Province: Kwale District, Shimba Hills, 4°19¢ S, 39°21¢ E, 300 m, coastal rainforest, foliicolous, ix. 1985, Kalb & Schrögl s.n. (hb. Kalb). SPOROPODIUM CF. PHYLLOCHARIS (MONT.) MASSAL. Notes: The collection cited below differs from typical Sporopodium phyllocharis by the brownish red apothecial disc. The whole population is very constant in this character but probably represents only a modification. Specimen examined: Kenya. Coast Province: Kwale District, Shimba Hills, 4°19¢-S, 39°21¢-E, 300 m, coastal rainforest, foliicolous, ix. 1985, Kalb & Schrögl s.n. (hb. Kalb). SPOROPODIUM PILOCARPOIDES (ZAHLBR.) LÜCKING & KALB COMB. NOV. Basionym: Lopadium pilocarpoides Zahlbr., Denkschr. Math.-Nat. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien 83: 132 (1909). Type: Brazil, Wettstein & Schiffner s.n. (W, holotype!). Notes: The species of Sporopodium can be distinguished by their thallus and apothecial morphology and their chemistry. A group of species centred around the type species, S. leprieurii Mont., and including S. antonianum Elix, Lumbsch & Lücking and S. argillaceum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., is characterized by a regularly verrucose, pale greenish grey thallus containing argopsin, zeorin, arthothelin, isoarthothelin, asemone, and thiophanic acid as secondary substances (Elix et al., 1995; Lücking & Lumbsch, 2001). The species differ from each other in the apothecial and campylidial morphology: S. antonianum has a woolly prothallus and marginally pilose apothecia, while S. argillaceum has very thick apothecial margins, compared to the thin, glabrous apothecial margins of S. leprieurii. The latter two species have campylidia with a distinct, pale sockle and a small, dark brown lobe, while S. antonianum features campylidia without sockle and with a larger, brownish grey lobe. A further, widespread and common taxon with regularly verrucose thallus and rather large, brownish grey campylidia, but lacking a woolly prothallus, could not be identified so far due to the absence of apothecia. These have been found, however, in the present material: they are similar to those of S. leprieurii but have a distinct, pale pruina on the disc and margin. In this respect, the taxon is identical with the type material of Lopadium pilocarpoides, considered a synonym of Sporopodium leprieurii by Santesson (1952), but found to be different from that species (Elix et al., 1995). There also seem to be differences in the 1 Campylidia bright yellow; thallus typically pale bluish grey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1* Campylidia brownish grey to dark brown; thallus mostly pale greenish grey, rarely with a bluish tinge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 2 Thallus verrucae irregularly papillose, with a thinly pruinose to pilose surface; thallus containing usnic and isousnic acid and a number of dichloro- and trichlorolichexanthones; tropical America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sporopodium aeruginascens 2* Thallus verrucae regular, smooth; thallus containing zeorin and a number of chloroand dichlorolichexanthones; pantropical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sporopodium citrinum 3 Campylidia with distinct, pale sockle and small, dark brown lobe; apothecial disc dark brown, nonpruinose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 3* Campylidia without sockle and with rather large, brownish grey lobe; apothecial disc either light to dark brown (then margin pilose) or greyish pruinose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 4 Apothecial margin thin, hardly prominent; thallus containing argopsin, zeorin, and a number of trichlorolichexanthones; pantropical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sporopodium leprieurii 4* Apothecial margin very thick, often irregular and partly covering the disc; chemistry unknown; tropical Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sporopodium argillaceum 5 Apothecial disc nonpruinose, margin pilose; thallus with a woolly prothallus of loosely interwoven hyphae; thallus containing argopsin, zeorin, and a number of trichlorolichexanthones; pantropical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sporopodium antonianum 5* Apothecial disc with a pale pruina, margin glabrous; thallus lacking a woolly prothallus; thallus containing atranorin, pannarin, and zeorin; tropical America and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sporopodium pilocarpoides © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 171–180 FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS FROM KENYA chemical profile, such as the absence of lichexanthones, otherwise present in all other species of the genus (Lücking & Lumbsch, 2001), but these have to be confirmed by more material. We therefore have to adopt the epithet pilocarpoides for the present taxon, although it might be misleading since the species does not have a pilose apothecial margin. The distinguishing features between species of Sporopodium with regularly or distinctly verrucose thallus (including those with yellow campylidia) are given in the key. Additional specimen of Sporopodium pilocarpoides examined: Kenya. Coast Province: Kwale District, Shimba Hills, 4°19¢ S, 39°21¢ E, 300 m, coastal rainforest, foliicolous, ix. 1985, Kalb & Schrögl s.n. (hb. Kalb). REFERENCES Arvidsson L. 1982. A monograph of the lichen genus Coccocarpia. Opera Botanica 67: 1–96. Axelrod DI, Raven PH. 1978. Late Cretaceous and Tertiary vegetation history of Africa. In: Werger MJA, ed. Biogeography and ecology of Southern Africa. The Hague: D. W. Junk Publishers, 77–130. Becker U, Lücking R. 1995. Foliikole Flechten aus dem Taï–Nationalpark, Elfenbeinküste (Tropisches Afrika). I. Neue Arten. 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