Brusca &amp; Wehrtmann 2009 Costa Rica TABLES

Ingo  Wehrtmann

A total of 127 species of sponges distributed in two classes, 14 orders, 42 families, and 72 genera are reported for Costa Rica in this part. Sixty-five species from the Caribbean coast are included here, belonging to 1 class, 10 orders, 29 families, and 45 genera; and 62 species in 2 classes, 13 orders, 31 families, and 44 genera from the Pacific. There are no species in common between both sides of Costa Rica. Twenty-nine species are new records for the Caribbean and 53 species for the Pacific of Costa Rica. Four species, Stelletta pudica, Amorphinopsis atlantica, Axinyssa lithophaga, and Hymeniacidon caerulea, may be new records for the Caribbean Sea. There are probably many more species, since only a few sites have been studied, and several habitats have not been sampled in the Caribbean or Pacific of Costa Rica, for example, caves, mangroves, or deep waters. There are few studies from other Central American countries, with the exception of Belize and Panama.

The African economic path has been largely associated with the continent’s vast natural resources. Mining and oil companies have long been flocking to the region, setting up mines, drilling wells and shipping out its wealth to the international commodity markets. This is changing now. Whereas Zambian copper, Angolan oil and Ghanaian gold have not lost their shine and keep attracting foreign investors, the international business community has begun looking at the region from a slightly different perspective. Domestic consumption and internal markets, which in the past rarely stirred investors’ imaginations, are now becoming business hotspots, and Sub-Saharan Africa has been declared the final frontier for retailers. In the last decade, Sub-Saharan Africa has seen 4% growth in consumer spending, and according to available forecasts, this trend is not a temporary anomaly. Never before have Africans been called “consumers” on the pages of so many influential reports and official documents. The continent has seen global brands and retailers, along with small businesses and start-ups, including a growing number of firms from Central Europe, knocking on its doors on an unprecedented scale. They are all trying to tap into a potential which, for a change, is not trapped under the ground but very much above – in African consumers’ pockets. Make no mistake, the major reason for this is profit. It has been estimated that African consumer markets will inflate to nearly $1 trillion by 2020. With the African buoyant demographics and an emerging – slowly but surely – middle class, the region is poised to become many investors’ darling in the years to come Truth be told, the “Africa rising” gospel preached by so many recently went through particularly rough waters in 2014. In fact, some commentators have already put the Africa rising narrative to sleep, calling it undeserved hype and a sheer statistical stunt. Escalation of Boko Haram’s murderous activity in Nigeria, Somalian Al-Shabaab’s recurrent attacks, the dramatic war that West Africa has been waging against Ebola, continuing instability in Central Africa – it has all captured the imagination of prospective investors and regrettably provided a blow to the notion that Africa is ripe for business and welcomes foreign investors with open arms. However, those who follow Africa more closely, including the authors of this report, are aware that such events hardly paint the continent’s business landscape in true colours. Even so, a series of sombre news events has not helped. As a result, in Central Europe many investors’ appetites for African markets have surely waned. This report attempts to look at African consumer markets through the lenses of a potential investor from the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) region. But instead of providing an overall picture, which, we believe, is redundant and not very useful when it comes to real investment decisions, it breaks down domestic consumer markets, whose size is roughly captured by the size of consumer spending, into individual sectors. This is done according to available data, courtesy of the African Development Bank, which helps understand where (into which sectors) an African consumer’s spending is channelled. This methodology is not without problems. As it is based on nominal spending and its sectoral allocation, it ends up lumping all consumers together. This implies that the strategic problem of African consume segments may not be sufficiently addressed. The report seeks to partly redress this imbalance by devoting a chapter on the middle class in Africa, whose emergence and size should inform investors’ calculations more than other income groups. The report is structured as follows. The first part of the report discusses underlying features of the African consumer market and its future potential, such as demographics and the middle class, in order to analyse and provide a quantitative justification to the selected sectors. In the second and essential part, all the sectors that the authors identify as significant based on the available data are described. This includes, in order of appearance, the following sectors: (1) food and non-alcoholic beverages, (2) housing, electricity, gas and other fuels, (3) transport, (4) clothing and footwear, and (5) other potential sectors. Additionally, the report includes business case studies of Polish companies that have successfully entered African markets and/or appreciate their growing potential. The case studies also discuss a range of issues which Polish entrants regard as challenges and business barriers. It should be stressed that the findings of any report are only as good as the data. Here, the report employs a complete dataset prepared by the African Development Bank. Having in mind the problem of data quality in Africa, one should approach these numbers with caution. Nevertheless, since the report uses the data only to establish spending patterns and sectoral allocation, it should not jeopardise the conclusions in any significant way even if the size of respective sectors are not entirely accurate. Another reason for caution, which this and other CEED Institute reports highlight repeatedly, is the simple truth that Africa is not a country, and the business opportunities should be explored individually (on a country level) instead of “regional lumping”. Additionally, as pointed out by Nielsen, a leading global information and measurement company, following market macro-trends and promising statistics (e.g. growing GDP and consumer base) is not enough. To be successful, companies should also put together three key pieces: who shops, where they shop and what they shop. Moreover, looking at total consumption figures, African consumer markets are in fact dominated by a handful of countries, among which South Africa and Nigeria – two of the continent’s heavy weights – account for 51% of SSA’s total expenditure. Last but not least, the authors of this report do not wish to become simply more names on the long list of uncritical business cheerleaders, ignoring the myriad of challenges the region and individual countries in Africa are still facing. Whereas the harsh realities of many African countries and its inhabitants are fully acknowledged, the focus in this report is to track and follow African consumer spending and establish how the spending patterns may translate into business opportunities for CEE companies. As argued in various parts of this report, companies from Central and Eastern Europe that are looking to establish (or strengthen) their international footprint should turn their eyes towards the African continent. On the one hand, Africa is considered to be the world’s last “mass consumption frontier” (it is predicted that by 2050 one out of four people will live in Africa), with consumers’ money fuelling various sectors across the continent (from food and beverages, through housing, transportation, clothing and footwear to domestic appliances, ICT and financial services – all discussed in this report). On the other hand, companies from the CEE region have experience in operating within a dynamically changing business environment – which is the state that Africa is currently in. This “wind of change”, along with the unique experience of CEE companies and evolving African consumers’ spending habits, have created an unprecedented window of opportunity for both Africa and Central and Eastern Europe.

Africa is on the move, and so is the flow of oil unearthed on the continent. In recent years, the region has become a hot spot on the global map of oil discoveries, with dozens of investors rushing to tap into the crude wealth which is now estimated at 130 billion barrels. This is still not very much compared to the Middle East, but the recent frenzy clearly shows that Africa has certain virtues that investors worldwide cannot resist. The region is called an oil frontier for a reason, and, like a classic frontier, it remains relatively unexplored and unexploited, with opportunities abounding. The oil industry believes that at least another 100 billion barrels are only waiting to be discovered; to some experts this is only a conservative estimate. In recent years, license-awarding rounds have been announced more frequently, with more acreage to take than anywhere in the world. Oil has been flowing in Africa for decades, but recent events have shifted the petroleum sector’s development trajectory in many ways. Firstly, whereas West African oil used to be the region’s hallmark, now the tables have turned, and with recent oil discoveries in Uganda and Kenya, an oil bonanza is increasingly felt in the East. Having said that, as this report demonstrates, nearly half of Sub-Saharan Africa is now either producing oil or about to start production soon. Secondly, in historical terms it was oil supermajors, such as Shell or ExxonMobil, which set the rules of the game and regarded the region as their own exclusive playground. Today the majors are stepping back – both from upstream and downstream – and numerous “independents” such as Tullow Oil and Anadarko have joined the race, with plenty of projects to go around. Also, indigenous host National Oil Companies (NOC) are lining up to secure a larger share of the pie, and some, such as Sonangol, have become true heavy-weights. The industry itself has become increasingly more diverse in terms of nationality. Chinese, Indian, Malaysian, Brazilian and Russian companies are making inroads into the region in ways which make some Western companies’ efforts look rather pale. Things have changed dramatically on a technological front, as well. Whereas onshore and shallow water production were dominant modes of extraction in the past, now the industry has been constantly pushing frontiers further, with offshore deep and ultra-deep water, tarsands and heavy oil.

Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America Edited by Ingo S. Wehrtmann and Jorge Cortés CIMAR and Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica Editors Ingo S. Wehrtmann Unidad Investigación Pesquera y Acuicultura (UNIP) of the Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), and Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología Universidad de Costa Rica 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica ingowehrtmann@gmx.de Jorge Cortés Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), and Escuela de Biología Universidad de Costa Rica 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica jorge.cortes@ucr.ac.cr ISBN: 978-1-4020-8277-1 e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-8278-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008931008 © 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover page: Seagrass habitat at Parque Nacional Cahuita, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Photo: Ingo S. Wehrtmann) Back cover, photo 1: A green algae, Acetabularia calyculus, from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Photo: Ingo S. Wehrtmann) Back cover, photo 2: Carpilius corallinus, a brachyuran crab occurring in the Parque Nacional Cahuita, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Photo: Ingo S. Wehrtmann) Back cover, photo 3: A black turtle, Chelonia agassizi, observed in waters around the offshore island, Isla del Coco, Pacific Costa Rica (Photo: Jaime Nivia) Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Contents of CD – Rom Part 1 Phytoplankton Roxana Víquez and Paul E. Hargraves Species List 1.1 List of phytoplankton species from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... Species List 1.2 Phytoplankton species from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 1 4 Part 2 Marine Benthic Algae Andrea Bernecker Species List 2.1 Marine benthic algae and Cyanobacteria reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ........................................................... Species List 2.2 Marine benthic algae and Cyanobacteria reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ................................................................ 17 53 Part 3 Seagrasses Jorge Cortés and Eva Salas Species List 3.1 Seagrasses found on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... Species List 3.2 Seagrasses found on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ......... 71 72 Part 4 Mangroves Ana Margarita Silva-Benavides Species List 4.1 Mangrove species occurring along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica..................................................................................................... Species List 4.2 Mangrove species occurring along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica..................................................................................................... Part 5 Foraminifera Jorge Cortés, Claudia Mora-Baumgartner, and Vanessa Nielsen 73 75 Contents of CD – Rom Species List 5.1 Species List 5.2 Foraminifera of the Caribbean of Costa Rica .................... Foraminifera of the Pacific of Costa Rica .......................... v 79 79 Part 6 Sponges Jorge Cortés, Noam Van Der Hal, and R.W.M. Van Soest Species List 6.1 Sponges reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica .................................................................................................... Species List 6.2 Sponges from the Pacific of Costa Rica ............................ 83 88 Part 7 Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa (Medusozoa) Karina Rodríguez-Sáenz and Lourdes Segura-Puertas Species List 7.1 Medusozoa (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa) recorded from the Caribbean of Costa Rica ..................................................... Species List 7.2 Medusozoa (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa) recorded from the Pacific of Costa Rica .......................................................... 94 95 Part 8 Siphonophores Karina Rodríguez-Sáenz and Rebeca Gasca Species List 8.1 Siphonophores collected in Caribbean of Costa Rica..................................................................................................... 101 Species List 8.2 Siphonophores collected in Pacific waters of Costa Rica ......................................................................................... 102 Part 9 Zoanthids, Sea Anemones and Corallimorpharians Jorge Cortés Species List 9.1 Zoanthids, actiniarians, and corallimorpharians found on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica............................................................... 105 Species List 9.2 Zoanthids, actiniarians, and corallimorpharians found on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica .................................................................... 107 Part 10 Octocorals Odalisca Breedy Species List 10.1 Octocorals from Caribbean shallow waters of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 108 Species List 10.2 Octocorals from Pacific shallow waters of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 110 Part 11 Stony Corals Jorge Cortés Species List 11.1 Stony corals (hydrocorals and scleractinians) from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica .......................................................................... 112 vi Contents of CD – Rom Species List 11.2 Stony corals (hydrocorals and scleractinians) from the Pacific of Costa Rica.......................................................................... 116 Part 12 Sipunculans José A. Vargas and Harlan K. Dean Species List 12.1 List of sipunculans reported for the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, .......................................................................................... 119 Species List 12.2 List of sipunculan species reported for the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ........................................................................................... 120 Part 13 Polychaetes and Echiurans Harlan K. Dean Species List 13.1 Polychaetes from the Caribbean of Central America....... 122 Species List 13.2 Polychaeta and Echiura from the Pacific of Central America ............................................................................................................. 132 Part 14 Stomatopods Rita Vargas Species List 14.1 Stomatopod taxa from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 160 Species List 14.2 Stomatopod taxa from Pacific coast of Costa Rica .......... 161 Part 15 Euphausiids Iván Castellanos, Eduardo Suárez-Morales, and Álvaro Morales-Ramírez Species List 15.1 Euphausiid species recorded in Caribbean waters of Costa Rica ........................................................................................................ 164 Species List 15.2 Euphausiid species recorded in Costa Rican waters of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. ............................................................... 165 Part 16 Decapod Crustaceans Rita Vargas and Ingo S. Wehrtmann Species List 16.1 Caribbean Costa Rica. Species of Dendrobranchiata, Stenopodidea, Caridea, Astacidea, Thalassinidea, and Palinura ...................... Species List 16.2 Pacific Costa Rica. Species of Dendrobranchiata, Stenopodidea, Caridea, Astacidea, Thalassinidea, and Palinura ...................... Species List 16.3 Caribbean Costa Rica. Species of Anomura .................... Species List 16.4 Pacific Costa Rica. Species of Anomura.......................... Species List 16.5 Caribbean Costa Rica. Species of Brachyura................... Species List 16.6 Pacific Costa Rica. Species of Brachyura ........................ Part 17 Shallow Water Mysids W. Wayne Price, Richard W. Heard, and Rita Vargas 167 170 178 179 185 188 Contents of CD – Rom vii Species List 17.1 Mysida reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 199 Species List 17.2 Mysida reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 200 Part 18 Cumaceans Iorgu Petrescu, Richard W. Heard, Rita Vargas, and Odalisca Breedy Species List 18.1 Cumaceans from the Caribbean waters of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 201 Species List 18.2 Cumaceans from the Pacific waters of Costa Rica .......... 202 Part 19 Tanaidaceans Richard W. Heard, Odalisca Breedy, and Rita Vargas Species List 19.1 Tanaidaceans from the Caribbean waters of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 204 Species List 19.2 Tanaidaceans from the Pacific waters of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 205 Part 20 Isopods Richard C. Brusca and Ingo S. Wehrtmann Species List 20.1 Isopods reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 206 Species List 20.2 Isopods reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 209 Part 21 Gammaridean Amphipods John M. Foster, Sara E. LeCroy, Richard W. Heard, and Rita Vargas Species List 21.1 Distribution of estuarine and marine gammaridean amphipod species occurring on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ................ 212 Species List 21.2 Distribution of estuarine and marine gammaridean amphipod species occurring on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...................... 214 Part 22 Hyperiid Amphipods Rebeca Gasca Species List 22.1 Hyperiid amphipods recorded from the Pacific waters of Costa Rica ......................................................................................... 217 Part 23 Barnacles Robert Van Syoc Species List 23.1 Species List 23.2 Barnacles from the Caribbean of Costa Rica ................... 219 Barnacles from Pacific Costa Rica ................................... 221 viii Contents of CD – Rom Part 24 Copepods Álvaro Morales-Ramírez and Eduardo Suárez-Morales Species List 24.1 Copepod species of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 224 Species List 24.2 List of copepod species of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 228 Part 25 Sea-Spiders Roger N. Bamber Species List 25.1 Pycnogonids recorded from Caribbean waters of Costa Rica ........................................................................................................ 237 Species List 25.2 Pycnogonids recorded from Pacific Costa Rica ........................................................................................................ 238 Part 26 Marine Insects Monika Springer Species List 26.1 Marine Collembola and Hemiptera (Class Insecta) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ................................................................ 239 Part 27 Chitons Enrico Schwabe and Ingo S. Wehrtmann Species List 27.1 Chitons known to occur along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica..................................................................................................... 240 Species List 27.2 Chitons known to occur along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 241 Part 28 Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Leonora Rodríguez-Sevilla, Rita Vargas, and Jorge Cortés Species List 28.1 Benthic, shelled gastropods of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica..................................................................................................... 243 Species List 28.2 Benthic, shelled gastropods of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 275 Part 29 Pelagic Gastropods Eduardo Suárez-Morales, Rebeca Gasca, and Iván Castellanos Species List 29.1 Pelagic gastropod mollusks recorded from Costa Rican waters of the Caribbean Sea. .................................................................. 326 Species List 29.2 Pelagic gastropod mollusks recorded from Costa Rican waters of the Pacific Ocean. ............................................................................. 328 Contents of CD – Rom ix Part 30 Benthic Opisthobranchs Yolanda E. Camacho-García Species List 30.1 Benthic opisthobranchs and “cephalaspidean” heterobranchs from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ................................... 330 Species List 30.2 Benthic opisthobranchs and “cephalaspidean” heterobranchs from Pacific Costa Rica............................................................. 338 Part 31 Bivalves Julio A. Magaña-Cubillo and José Espinosa Species List 31.1 Species List 31.2 Bivalves from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ............ 348 Bivalves from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ................. 358 Part 32 Squids and Octopuses Frederick G. Hochberg and Yolanda E. Camacho-García Species List 32.1 Cephalopods known to occur commonly in waters of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ............................................................... 379 Species List 32.2 Cephalopods known to occur commonly in waters in the Pacific of Costa Rica and Isla del Coco ................................................. 381 Part 33 Phoronids Christian C. Emig Species List 33.1 Phoronida species reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ........................................................................................... 383 Species List 33.2 Phoronida species reported from Pacific Costa Rica Central America ................................................................................................ 384 Part 34 Bryozoans Jorge Cortés, Vanessa Nielsen, and Amalia Herrera-Cubilla Species List 34.1 Species List 34.2 Bryozoans from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ........ 385 Bryozoans from the Pacific of Costa Rica ....................... 386 Part 35 Brachiopods Christian C. Emig Species List 35.1 Brachiopoda species reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ........................................................................................... 389 Species List 35.2 Brachiopoda species reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ........................................................................................... 390 Part 36 Echinoderms Juan José Alvarado and Jorge Cortés x Contents of CD – Rom Species List 36.1 List of echinoderms from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 392 Species List 36.2 List of echinoderms from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 396 Part 37 Chaetognaths or Arrow Worms Eduardo Suárez-Morales, Rosa Ma. Hernández-Flores, and Álvaro Morales-Ramírez Species List 37.1 Chaetognatha effectively recorded in waters of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ......................................................................... 409 Species List 37.2 Chaetognatha effectively recorded in waters of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ............................................................................... 410 Part 38 Appendicularians (Urochordata) Iván A. Castellanos, Álvaro Morales-Ramírez, and Eduardo Suárez-Morales Species List 38.1 List of appendicularian species recorded in Costa Rican waters (eastern tropical Pacific) ........................................................................ 411 Part 39 Marine Fish William A. Bussing and Myrna López Species List 39.1 Fishes reported and expected from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ........................................................................................... 412 Species List 39.2 Fishes reported and expected from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica..................................................................................................... 439 Part 40 Marine Reptiles and Amphibians Mahmood Sasa, Gerardo A. Chaves, and Lisa D. Patrick Species List 40.1 Species of reptiles and amphibians found at marine environments in Costa Rican Caribbean coast ................................................. 474 Species List 40.2 Species of reptiles and amphibians found at marine environments in Costa Rican Pacific Ocean. .................................................... 475 Part 41 Birds in Coastal and Marine Environments Gilbert Barrantes and Johel Chaves-Campos Species List 41.1 Coastal and marine birds in Costa Rica (Pacific and Caribbean) and Central America. ..................................................................... 479 Part 42 Marine Mammals Laura May-Collado Species List 42.1 Marine mammals reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ........................................................................................... 485 Contents of CD – Rom xi Species List 42.2 Marine mammals reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ........................................................................................... 488 Part 43 Other Taxonomic Groups (Fungi, Kinorhynchs, Invertebrate Chordates) Jorge Cortés Species List 43.1 Marine fungi collected in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ........................................................................................................ 491 Species List 43.2 Salps collected off the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ........................................................................................................ 491 Species List 43.3 Kinorynchs and invertebrate chordates collected from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. ........................................................................ 492 Part 44 Marine Fish Parasites Jorge Cortés Species List 44.1 Marine parasites collected from fish from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. ......................................................................... 493 Species List 44.2 Marine parasites collected from fish from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ........................................................................................... 494 Part 45 Sea Turtle Parasites Mario Santoro and Simonetta Mattiucci Species List 45.1 Parasites reported from the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) of the Parque Nacional Tortuguero, north Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ........................................................................................... 497 Species List 45.2 Parasites reported from the olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ............................. 500 Species and common synonyms Phylum CHRYSOPHYTA Class BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Order COSCINODISCALES Actinocyclus curvatulus Janisch Syn. Coscinodiscus curvatulus Grunow Coscinodiscus centralis Gran & Angst. Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutzing Gossleriella tropica Schütt Melosira moniliformis (O. Müller) Agardh Skeletonema costatum (Greville) cleve Order RHIZOSOLENIALES Guinardia striata (Stolterfoth) Hasle Syn. Rhizosolenia stolterfothii Peragallo Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundstrôm Syn. Rhizosolenia alata Brightwell Pseudosolenia calcar-avis (Schulze) Sundström Rhizosolenia imbricata Brightwell Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell Order BIDDULPHIALES Bacteriastrum delicatulum Cleve Bacteriastrum hyalinum Lauder Cerataulina dentata Hasle Chaetoceros affinis Lauder Chaetoceros brevis Schütt Chaetoceros coarctatus Lauder Chaetoceros curvisetus Cleve Chaetoceros dianicus Cleve Chaetoceros diversus Cleve Reports for C.R.a World reportsb References for world reportsc [98] CTP,IO [36, 90] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] Car,IO,GM,Med,NEA Car,EC,GM,IO,Med Ca,Car,IO,SEP EC,GM,NEP,SEP Ca,Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA NWA,SEP [19, 20, 21, 41, 77, 90] [20, 21, 33, 72, 96] [3, 21, 32, 72, 96] [3, 33, 72] [3, 8, 10, 18, 19, 72, 77, 90, 96] [98] Car,EC,ETP,GM,NEA,NWA,SA [8, 9, 10, 18, 19, 21, 37, 72, 77, 88] [98] Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,Med, NEA,NWA,SEP Ca,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, NWA Ca,Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,SA,SEP Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA [3, 8, 10, 18, 19, 21, 41, 77, 90] Ca,Car,ETP,GM,IO,Med, NWP Ca,Car,IO,Med Ca,TP Ca,Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA, SEP Car,GM,Med,NWA,SEP Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med,NWA Car,ETP,GM,IO,NWA,SEP ETP,GM,NEA,NWA Car,ETP,GM,IO [18, 19, 20, 21, 45, 72, 96] [20, 21, 72, 79, 96] [43, 72] [3, 10, 18, 19, 72, 79, 85, 96] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] Phytoplankton Species List 1.1 List of phytoplankton species from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. For diatoms, grouping of genera into Orders follows Hasle & Syvertsen (1996), dinoflagellates are grouped according to Steidinger & Tangen (1996) [8, 18, 19, 72, 73, 90] [3, 9, 10, 18, 19, 21, 72, 90, 96] [10, 18, 19, 72, 77, 90, 96] [3, 20, 79, 85, 88] [19, 20, 72, 79, 85, 90, 96] [3, 18, 19, 21, 79, 85, 90, 96] [10, 18, 19, 85] [18, 19, 79, 90, 96] 1 (continued) 2 Species List 1.1 (continuied) Reports for C.R.a World reportsb References for world reportsc Chaetoceros gracilis Schütt Chaetoceros peruvianus Brightwell Chaetoceros socialis Lauder Ditylum brightwellii (West) Grunow Hemiaulus hauckii Grunow Lithodesmiun undulatum Ehrenberg Order FRAGILARIALES Asterionellopsis glacialis (Catrascane) Round Syn. Asterionella japonica Gran. Thalassionema frauenfeldii (Grunow) Haellegraeff Syn. Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii Grunow Order BACILLARIALES Achnanthes longipes Agardh Amphora granulata Greg. Bacillaria paxillifera (Müller) Hendey Syn. Nitzschia paradoxa (Gmel.) Grun. Syn. Bacillaria paradoxa Gmel. Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reinman & Lewin. Syn. Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenberg) W. Smith Mastogloia biapiculata Schmith Mastogloia biformis Grun. Navicula disparata Hustedt Navicula distans Cleve Navicula hustedtii Krasske Navicula irrorata Grev. Nitzschia bilobata Wm. Smith Nitzschia longissima (Brebisson) Ralfs Pleurosigma elongatum Wm. Smith Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima (Cleve) Heiden. Syn. Nitzschia delicatissima Cleve [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] Ca,GM,SEP Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,NWA EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA,SEP Car,EC,ETP,IO,SA,NEA Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,Med GM,IO,NEA [3, 19, 72] [18, 19, 41, 79, 85, 90, 96] [3, 10, 18, 72, 85, 88, 96] [9, 10, 18, 21, 72, 96] [7, 18, 19, 20, 65, 72, 78] [19, 65, 88, 96] [98] Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, SA,SEP [3, 8, 9, 18, 19, 72, 80, 90, 96] [98] Car,EC,GM,IO,SEP [3, 19, 21, 29, 72, 80, 90, 96] [98] [98] [98] Car,EP,NEA IO Car,GM,IO,NEA,NWP [65, 72, 81] [90] [19, 21, 65, 72, 88, 90, 96] [98] Car,EC,CNP,ETP,GM,IO, Med,NEA,NWA,SA,SEP [3, 8, 9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 21, 72, 90, 96, 101] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] Car Car n.a. GM n.a. Car,GM Car Car,ETP,GM,IO,SEP IO Ant,NEA,SA,SEP [21, 82] [21, 82] n.a. [88] n.a. [21, 82, 88] [21] [3, 18, 19, 21, 96] [96] [9, 10, 45, 86] Species List Species and common synonyms [98] Au,Car,CTP,EC,GM,SA,SEP [9, 19, 21, 30, 40, 41, 72, 86, 88] Surirella lemmermanni Hustedt [98] n.a. n.a. Surirella angusticostata Hustedt DINOPHYTA Class DINOPHYCEAE Order PROROCENTRALES Prorocentrum gracile Schütt Order DINOPHYSIALES Dinophysis caudata Saville-Kent. Syn. Dinophysis homunculus Stein Order GONYAULACALES Ceratium furca Claparede & Lachmann [98] n.a. n.a. [98] Ca,Car,Med,NEA,NWA, SWA,TP [5, 21, 22, 23, 52, 53, 66] [98] Ca,Car,GM,GM,Med,NEA,NEA, SWA,TA [5, 6, 19, 20, 21, 51, 52, 52, 64, 66] [98] Au,Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med, NWA,SA,SEA,SWA [5, 9, 19, 20, 21, 46, 52, 66] [35] [NR] [NR] EC,Med NWA GM [34, 62, 73] [73] [19, 53] [98] Au,CNP,EC,Med [7, 26, 71, 101] CYANOBACTERIA Spirulina subsalsa Ørsted ex Gomont Johannesbaptista pellucida (Dickie) Taylor & Drouet Trichodesmium sp. DINOPHYTA Class DICTYOCHOPHYCEAE (Silicoflagellates) Dictyocha fibula Ehrenberg Phytoplankton Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) Hasle. Syn. Nitzschia pungens Grunow ex Cleve CR = Costa Rica, NR = New record Ant = Antarctic, Au = Australia, BI = British Isles, Ca = Gulf of California and Pacific coast of México, Car = Caribbean, EC = East coast of USA, CNP = Central North Pacific, CTP = Central Tropical Pacific, ETP = Eastern Tropical Pacific, GP = Gulf of Panamá, IO = Indian Ocean, GM = Gulf of México, Med = Mediterranean and adjacent seas, NEA = North Eastern Atlantic, NEP = North Eastern Pacific, NWA = North Western Atlantic, NWP = North Western Pacific, SA = South Africa, SEP = South Eastern Pacific, SWA = South Western Atlantic, SWP = South Western Pacific, TA = Tropical Atlantic, TP = Tropical Pacific c References are indicated by numbers according to the references list. a b 3 4 Species List Species List 1.2 Phytoplankton species from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. For diatoms, grouping of genera into Orders follows Hasle & Syvertsen (1996), dinoflagellates are grouped according to Steidinger & Tangen (1996), Ebriidae as in Hargraves (2002) Species and common synonyms Reports for C.R.a World reportsb References for world reportsc Phylum CHRYSOPHYTA Class BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Order COSCINODISCALES Actinocyclus curvatulus Janisch Syn. Coscinodiscus [103] CTP,IO [36, 90] curvatulus Grunow Actinocyclus octonarius Ehrenberg. Syn. Actinocyclus [100,103] Ca,Car,CTP,GM [17, 21, 33, 36, 77, 102] erhernbergii Ralfs Actinoptichus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenb. Syn. [100,103] Car,GM,IO,SEP [3, 17, 21, 33, 77, 90, 96] Actinoptychus undulatus (Bailey) Ralfs Actinoptichus splendens (Shadbolt) Ralfs [100] IO,GM,SA [9, 17, 19, 90] Asterolampra marylandica Ehernberg [NR] Ca,IO [72, 90] Asteromphalus cleveanus Grunow [100] Ca [50,] Asteromphalus heptactis (Breb.) Ralfs [103] CTP,IO,NEA [41, 65, 90] Corethron hystrix Cleve [100,103] Car,GM,IO [21, 33, 96] Coscinodiscus centralis Gran & Angst. [100,103] Car,GM,IO,Med,NEA [19, 20, 21, 41, 77, 90] Coscinodiscus granii Gough [100,103] Ca,EC,GM,IO,Med,NEA,SA [9, 19, 21, 36, 41, 72, 90, 96] Coscinodiscus perforatus Ehrenberg [100] Ca,Car,GM,IO,NEP [3, 21, 33, 36, 90] Coscinodiscus wailesii Gran & Angst. [103] Ca,Car,NEA,NEP, [8, 21, 36, 41, 89] Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutzing [100,103] Car,EC,GM,IO,Med [20, 21, 33, 72, 96] Cyclotella striata (Kutzing) Grun. [100,103] Car,EC,GM,IO,Med [20, 21, 33, 72, 90, 96] Detonula pumila (Catrascane) Schütt. [NR] Car,EC,GM,IO,SEP [3, 19, 21, 72, 88, 90, 96] Syn: Scrhroederella delicatula (Peragallo) Pavillard Gossleriella tropica Schütt [NR] Ca,Car,IO,SEP [3, 21, 32, 72, 96] Lauderia annulata Cleve. [100,103] Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA, [3, 8, 20, 21, 72, 88, 90, 96] SEP Syn. Lauderia borealis Gran Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve [100,103] Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,Med,SA, [9, 10, 19, 20, 21, 75, 77, 96] SEP Leptocylindrus mediterraneus (Peragallo) Hasle. [103] Ca,CTP,EC,ETP,NEA,SEP [3, 10, 20, 41, 72, 73] Ca,EC,ETP,GM,IO [20, 72, 88, 96] [NR] [NR] EC,GM,NEP,SEP Ca,Car,GM,IO,NEA,NWA [3, 33, 72] [8, 21, 65, 72, 77, 88, 96] [100,103] GM,NEA, [18, 68] [103] [3, 8, 18, 20, 21, 33, 41, 90, 96] [103] [103] [NR] [103] [NR] [PNR] [NR] [NR] [NR] Car,ETP,GM,IO,CTP,Med,NEA, NWA,SEP Ca,Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA, SEP Ca,GM EC,ETP,IO,Med,SA,SEP Ca,GM,NWP Ca,NEA,NWA NWP Ca,Car,CTP,GM,IO,NEA,Med, SA,SEP Car,EC,GM,IO,Med,NWP,SA Ca,GM Ca,Car,CTP Ca,NWP NEA,NWP NEA Ca,CTP,IO,NWP Ca,EC,GM,Med Ca,ETP,GM,IO,Med,SEP [15, 33] [3, 9, 20, 20, 72, 96] [25, 33, 72] [65, 72] [25] [3, 9, 10, 19, 20, 21, 41, 72, 88, 96] [1, 9, 20, 21, 25, 72, 88, 90] [1, 33, 72] [1, 21, 41, 72] [1, 25, 72] [25, 38] [39] [1, 25, 41, 72, 90] [7, 33, 72, 75] [3, 20, 21, 41, 75, 90, 96] [35,103] Ca,EC,ETP,GM,Med,NEA,NWA [8, 10, 20, 37, 72, 88] Melosira moniliformis (O. Müller) Agardh Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve. Syn. Melosira sulcata (Ehrenberg) Kützing Planktoniella muriformis (Loeblich, Wight & Darley) Round. Syn. Coenobiodiscus muriformis Loeblich, Wight & Darley Planktoniella sol (Wallich) Schütt Skeletonema costatum (Greville) cleve [100,103] Skeletonema tropicum Cleve Stephanopyxis turris (Greville & Arnott) Ralfs Thalassiosira binata Fryxell Thalassiosira bioculata (Grun.) Ostenfeld Thalassiosira conferta Hasle Thalassiosira decipiens (Grun.) Jorg. [NR] [100,103] [103] [NR] [NR] [103] Thalassiosira eccentrica (Ehrenberg) Cleve Thalassiosira exigua Fryx. & Hasle Thalassiosira leptopus (Grun.) Hasle & Fryxell Thalassiosira mala Tak. Thalassiosira minima Gaarder Thalassiosira oceanica Hasle Thalassiosira oestrupii (Ostenfeld) Proshkina-Lavrenko Thalassiosira rotula Meunier Thalassiosira subtilis (oestenfeld) Gran Order RHIZOSOLENIALES Dactyliosolen fragilissimus (Bergon) Hasle Phytoplankton Syn. Dactyliosolen mediterraneus (Peragallo) Peragallo [103] Leptocylindrus minimus Gran [3, 8, 10, 19, 20, 72, 77, 90, 96] 5 (continued) 6 Species List 1.2 (continued) Species and common synonyms Syn. Rhizosolenia stolterfothii Peragallo Guinardia delicatula (Cleve) Hasle Syn. Rhizosolenia delicatula Cleve Guinardia flaccida (Catr.) H. Per. World reportsb References for world reportsc [35,100,103] Car,EC,ETP,NEA,NWA,SA,SEP [8, 9, 20, 21, 72, 75] [100,103] Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,Med,NEA, NWA [8, 19, 20, 21, 37, 77, 90, 96] Syn. Rhizosolenia flaccida Catrascane Guinardia striata (Stolterfoth) Hasle [35,100,103] Car,EC,ETP,GM,NEA,NWA,SA [8, 9, 10, 18, 19, 21, 37, 72, 77, 88] Syn. Rhizosolenia stolterfothii Peragallo Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundström. [35,100,103] Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,Med,NEA, SEP [3, 10, 18, 20, 21, 41, 77, 90] Syn. Rhizosolenia alata Brightwell Pseudosolenia calcar-avis (Schulze) Sundström Rhizosolenia acuminata (Perag.) Pav. Rhizosolenia bergonii Perag. [35,100,103] [NR] [35,100,103] [8, 19, 20, 72, 75, 90] [8, 19, 20, 75] [8, 19, 20, 41, 75, 88, 90] Rhizosolenia hebetata var. hebetata Bailey Rhizosolenia imbricata Brightwell Rhizosolenia robusta Norman Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell Rhizosolenia styliformis Brightwell [35,100,103] [100] [35,100,103] [100,103] [NR] Ca,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA Ca,ETP,GM,NEA, NWA Ca,CTP,Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, NWA Ca,Car,GM,IO,NEA,SA, SEP Ca,Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,SA,SEP Ca,Car,EC,GM,IO, Med Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO, NEA Ca,Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, NWA,SEP [3, 9, 10, 19, 21, 75, 90, 96] [3, 9, 10, 19, 20, 21, 75, 90, 96] [19, 20, 72, 75, 77, 90, 96] [10, 19, 20, 72, 77, 90, 96] [3, 8, 19, 20, 21, 41, 75, 77, 90, 96] [NR] [100,103] [100,103] [103] [NR] [NR] BI Ca,Car,ETP,IO Ca,Car,ETP,GM,IO,Med,NWP Med Ca,Car,IO,Med BI,Ca,Car,EC,IO [91] [20, 21, 75, 79, 96] [19, 20, 21, 45, 72, 75, 96] [26] [20, 21, 75, 79, 96] [21, 72, 75, 78, 90, 91] [100,103] Car,ETP,GM,IO,Med,NEA,NWP, SEP [3, 8, 10, 19, 20, 21, 72, 78, 90, 96] Order BIDDULPHIALES Aulacodiscus kittonii Arnott ex Ralfs in Pritchard Bacteriastrum comosum Pavillard Bacteriastrum delicatulum Cleve Bacteriastrum elegans Pavillard Bacteriastrum hyalinum Lauder Biddulphia biddulphiana (J.e. Smith) Boyer Syn. Biddulphia pulchella Gray Cerataulina pelagica (Cleve) Hendey 1937. Syn. Cerataulina bergonii (H. Peragallo) Schütt Species List Reports for C.R.a [100,103] Ca,TP [42, 43, 75] [100,103] [35,100,103] [43, 75] [3, 10, 19, 20, 75, 79, 85, 96] Chaetoceros affinis var. circinalis (Meunier) Hustedt Chaetoceros anastomosans Grunow Chaetoceros brevis Schütt Chaetoceros coarctatus Lauder Chaetoceros compressus Lauder [103] [35,103] [35,100,103] [35,100,103] [35,100,103] Chaetoceros concavicornis Mang. Chaetoceros constrictus Gran Chaetoceros curvisetus Cleve Chaetoceros decipiens Cleve Chaetoceros danicus Cleve Chaetoceros didymus Ehrenberg Chaetoceros diversus Cleve Chaetoceros diversus f. laevis (Leuduger-Fortmorel) Moreno-Ruiz et al. Chaetoceros eibenii (Grunow) Meunier Chaetoceros gracilis Schütt Chaetoceros laciniosus Schütt Chaetoceros lauderi Ralfs Chaetoceros lorenzianus Grunow [35,103] [35,103] [35,103] [35,100,103] [100] [35,100,103] [35,100,103] [103] Ca,TP Ca,Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, NWA,SEP Ca Ca,Car,GM,Med Car,GM,Med,NWA,SEP Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med,NWA Car,ETP,GM,IO,Med,NEA,NWA, SEP Ca Car,ETP,GM,NEA,NWA,SA, SEP Car,ETP,GM,IO,NWA,SEP Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA,SEP ETP,GM,NEA,NWA ETP,Car,GM,IO,NWA,SA,SEP ETP,Car,GM,IO,NEA Ca,EP,ETP [35,100,103] [NR] [35,100,103] [35,103] [35,100,103] Ca,Car,IO,NWA Ca,GM,SEP Ca,Car,IO,NEA,NWA,SEP Ca,Car,GM,IO,NWA Ca,Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,SA,NWA Chaetoceros messanensis Catrascane Chaetoceros pelagicus Cleve Chaetoceros pendulus Karsten Chaetoceros perpusillus Cleve Chaetoceros peruvianus Brightwell Chaetoceros radicans Schutt [NR] [NR] [103] [35,103] [35,100,103] [35,100,103] GM,IO Car,IO,GM Car,EC,ETP Ca,NWA Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,NWA Ca,ETP,IO,NEA,NWA,SEP Phytoplankton Cerataulina bicornis (Ehrenberg) Hasle. Syn. Cerataulina daemon (Greville)Hasle Cerataulina dentata Hasle Chaetoceros affinis Lauder [75] [20, 21, 33, 75, 79] [3, 20, 79, 85, 88] [19, 20, 75, 79, 85, 90, 96] [3, 19, 20, 21, 75, 79, 85, 90, 96] [75] [3, 9, 10, 19, 20, 79, 85] [3, 19, 20, 21, 79, 85, 90, 96] [3, 10, 19, 20, 21, 85, 90] [10, 19, 20, 85] [3, 9, 19, 20, 21, 85, 90, 96] [19, 20, 65, 79, 90, 96] [18, 20, 21, 75] [75, 79, 85, 96] [3, 19, 75] [3, 10, 21, 75, 79, 85, 96] [75, 79, 85, 88, 96] [9, 19, 20, 21, 41, 75, 79, 85, 90, 96] [19, 90, 96] [19, 79, 88, 96] [20, 21, 72] [75, 85] [19, 20, 41, 79, 85, 90, 96] [3, 10, 20, 75, 85, 90] 7 (continued) 8 World reportsb Ca,Car,IO,NWA NEA,NWA EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA,SEP EC,NEA,NWA IO,NWA,SEP ETP,GM,IO Car,EC,ETP,IO,NEA,SA Car,ETP,GM,IO,SEP Car,ETP,GM,IO,SA,SEP Car Car,GM References for world reportsc [75, 79, 85, 90] [10, 85] [3, 10, 20, 72, 85, 88, 96] [10, 65, 72, 85] [3, 85, 96] [20, 88, 90, 96] [9, 10, 20, 21, 72, 96] [20, 21, 78, 90, 96] [3, 9, 19, 20, 21, 90, 96] [77] [19, 21, 37, 77, 88] Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,Med Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO Car,GM,IO,Med CTP,GM,IO,Med,SA EC,IO GM,IO,NEA Car,GM,IO,NEA,SEP [7, 19, 20, 65, 72, 78] [19, 72, 78, 88] [19, 20, 20, 21, 78, 90, 96] [9, 19, 21, 41, 90] [18, 96] [19, 65, 88, 96] [3, 10, 19, 21, 78, 88, 90] EC,IO,SEP Ca,Car,EC,GM,IO,Med,NEA [3, 72, 96] [8, 19, 20, 36, 72, 78, 90, 96] GM,IO,NEA [19, 65, 90, 96] Car,IO Car,EC,GM,IO,NEA [21, 90] [8, 19, 21, 72, 96] GM [19] Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,SA, SEP [3, 8, 9, 19, 20, 72, 80, 90, 96] Species List Species List 1.2 (continued) Species and common synonyms Reports for C.R.a [100,103] Chaetoceros rostratus Lauder [35,103] Chaetoceros simplex Ostenfeld Chaetoceros socialis Lauder [35,100,103] Chaetoceros subtilis Cleve [100,103] Chaetoceros wighami Brightwell [NR] Climacodinium frauenfeldianum Grunow [100] Ditylum brightwellii (West) Grunow [100] Eucampia cornuta (Cleve) Grunow [100] Eucampia zodiacus Ehrenberg [NR] Eupodiscus radiatus Bailey [103] Helicotheca tamesis (Shrubsole) Ricard [NR] Syn. Streptotheca tamesis Shrubsole Hemiaulus hauckii Grunow [100,103] Hemiaulus membranaceus Cleve [100,103] Hemiaulus sinensis Greville [100,103] Hemidiscus cuneiformis Wallich [NR] Isthmia nervosa Kützing [NR] Lithodesmiun undulatum Ehrenberg [NR] Odontella aurita Agardh [NR] Syn. Biddulphia aurita (Lyngbye) Brevisson & Godey Odontella longicruris (Greville) Hoan [103] Odontella mobiliensis Grunow [100,103] Syn. Biddulphia mobiliensis Bailey Odontella rhombus (Ehrenberg) Kützing [NR] Syn. Biddulphia rhombus (Ehrenberg) Smith Roperia tesselata (Roper) Grunow [NR] Trigonium alternans (Bailey) Mann [NR] Syn. Biddulphia alternans (Bail.) V.H. Terpsinoe musica Ehrenberg [NR] Order FRAGILARIALES Asterionellopsis glacialis (Catrascane) Round Syn. [100,103] Asterionella japonica Gran. Phytoplankton Asterionellopsis kariana (Grunow) Round Bleakeleya notata (Grunow) Round Syn. Asterionella bleakeleyi W. Smith, Asterionella formosa var. bleakeleyi Van Heurck Climacosphenia moniligera Ehrenberg Grammatophorta marina (Lyngbie) Kützing Lioloma pacificum (Cupp) Hasle Syn. Thalassiothrix mediterranea Pavillard Rhabdonema adriaticum Kützing Striatella unipunctata (Lyngbye) Agardh Thalassionema frauenfeldii (Grunow) Haellegraeff Syn. Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii Grunow Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky. Syn. Thalassiothrix nitzschioides Grunow Thalassionema nitzschioides var. parva Heiden & Kolbe Thalassionema pseudonitzchioides (Schuette & Schrader) Hasle Class BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Order BACILLARIALES Achnanthes longipes Agardh Amphora spp. Bacillaria paxillifer (Müller) Hendey Syn. Nitzschia paradoxa (Gmel.) Grun. Syn. Bacillaria paradoxa Gmelin Cocconeis placentula Ehreberg Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reinman & Lewin. Syn. Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenberg) W. Smith Entomoneis alata (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg Haslea gretharum Simonsen [NR] [NR] Ca,Car,NEA Ca,Med,NEA [21, 65] [20, 75, 91] [NR] [NR] [100,103] Car,GM,IO Car,GM,IO,SEP Car,EC,GM,IO,Med [21, 80, 88, 96] [3, 80, 90] [19, 20, 72, 80, 88, 90] [NR] [NR] [100,103] Car,GM,IO,Med,NEA,NEP Car,GM,SA Car,EC,GM,IO,NEA,SEP [65, 80, 88, 90] [9, 19, 80] [3, 19, 21, 29, 65, 72, 80, 90, 96] [100,103] Car,CNP,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,Med, NEA,SA,SEP [3, 9,10, 19, 20, 21, 41, 80, 90, 96, 101] [100,103] n.a. n.a. [NR] TP [44] [103] [NR] [100,103] Car,EP,GM,NEA n.a. Car,GM,IO,NEA,NWP [8, 65, 72, 88] [90] [19, 21, 65, 72, 87, 90, 96] [NR] [100,103] Car,EC,IO Car,EC,CNP,ETP,GM,IO,Med, NEA,SA,SEP [21, 72, 90] [3, 9, 10, 19, 20, 21, 72, 90, 96, 101] [NR] [103] Car IO [8] [90] 9 (continued) 10 Reports for C.R.a [100,103] World reportsb Car,GM,IO References for world reportsc [82, 87, 90] [100,103] [100,103] [100] [100,103] [100] [NR] [NR] [103] [NR] ETP,GM,NEA CNP,CTP,IO Car Car,ETP,GM,IO,SEP CTP GM,IO n.a. IO IO [20, 65, 87] [41, 90, 101] [21] [3, 19, 20, 21, 96] [41] [87, 96] n.a. [90] [90] [103] [100,103] [103] [103] Car,EC,GM IO EC Car [8, 21, 72, 88] [96] [18] [21] [100] Ant,NEA,SA,SEP [9, 10, 45, 64, 86] [100,103] SE [86] [NR] Ant,SEP [39, 86] [NR] Au,Car,CTP,EC,GM,SA,SEP [9, 19, 21, 30, 40, 41, 72, 86, 88] [103] GM,IO [90, 39] [100,103] Car,GM,IO [19, 21, 88, 90] Species List Species List 1.2 (continued) Species and common synonyms Haslea wawrikae (Hustedt) Simonsen. Syn. Navicula wawrikae Hustedt Navicula membranacea Cleve Nitzschia bicapitata Cleve Nitzschia bilobata Wm. Smith Nitzschia longissima (Brebisson) Ralfs Nitzschia pacifica Cupp Nitzschia panduriformis Greg. Nitzschia plana Wm. Smith Pachyneis gerlachii Simonsen Plagiotropis subalata (Cleve) Paddock Syn. Tropidoneis maxima var. subsalsa Cleve Pleurosigma angulatum Wm. Smith Pleurosigma elongatum Wm. Smith Pleurosigma nicobaricum Grunow Psammodictyon panduriforme (Gregory) Mann Syn. Nitzschia panduriformis Gregory Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima (Cleve) Heiden. Syn. Nitzschia delicatissima Cleve Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta Cleve. Syn. Nitzschia fraudulenta Cleve Pseudo-nitzschia lineola (Cleve) Hasle. Syn. Nitzschia lineola Cleve Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) Hasle. Syn. Nitzschia pungens Grunow ex Cleve Pseudo-nitzschia subfraudulenta (Hasle) Hasle. Syn. Nitzschia subfraudulenta Hasle Surirella fastuosa (Ehrenberg) Kützing Car,Med,NEA,TA,TP Ca,EP,GM,NEA,NWA,SWA, NWP,NEP Au,Ca,Med,NEA,NWA,NWP, SWA BI,Ca,Med,TA,TP,NWA,NWP Ca,Car,Med,NEA,NWA,SWA, TP Au,Ca,Car,EC,GM,NEA Ca,Car,EP,IO,Med,GP,TP [23] [5, 10, 23, 41, 52, 63, 66] [2, 5, 9, 20, 21, 52, 53, 66, 76] [6, 21, 22, 23, 27, 30, 53, 61, 63] [NR] [NR] Ca,Car,Med,SA,SEP,SWA,TP Au,Ca,Car,Med,NEP,NWP,NWA,S WA,TP Au,Ca,Car,IO,Med,TA,TP,SWA BI,Med,NWA,NWP,SEA,TP [NR] [NR] [35,99,100] Ca,Car,TP,TA,TP Au,Ca,Car,GM,Med,NEA,SWP Ca,Car,GM,Med,NEA,SWA,TA [21, 48, 52, 66] [10, 12, 21, 23, 30, 63, 84] [5, 6, 19, 20, 21, 51, 52, 64, 66] [NR] [NR] [99] [NR] [NR] [NR] [99] Ca,Med,SA,SWA,SWP,TA,TP Ca,Car,BI,GM,TA,TP,NEA,SWA Ca,Car,NEA,NWA,SWA,SWP Ca,Car,GM,NWA,SWA,SWP Ca,Car,Med,GM,TA,TP Car,SWA Au,Car,NEA,NWP,NWA,SA, SWA,SWP [5, 9, 12, 48, 52, 66] [5, 21, 52, 66, 84] [12, 21, 23, 52, 66] [5, 6, 12, 19, 21, 51, 52, 66] [21, 48, 52, 66, 83] [5, 21] [5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 21, 30] [100,104] Au,Ca,NEP,NEA,NWA,NWP, NWA,SA,SEP,TP [6, 9, 23, 30, 52, 106] [NR] [NR] [35,99,100] [NR] [99] [35,99,100] [NR] [5, 23, 47, 48, 52, 66] [22, 23, 52, 53, 66] [5, 21, 22, 23, 48, 52, 53, 66] [21, 23, 30, 48, 52, 63, 66, 72] [21, 22, 23, 36, 41, 52, 53, 66] [5, 21, 22, 23, 48, 52, 53, 66] [21, 22, 23, 53, 69] 11 Prorocentrum rostratum Stein Prorocentrum triestinum Schiller Order DINOPHYSIALES Amphisolenia bidentata Schröder Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg Dinophysis caudata Saville-Kent. Syn. Dinophysis homunculus Stein Dinophysis fortii Pavillard Dinophysis hastata Stei n Dinophysis ovum Schütt Dinophysis tripos Gourret Ornithocercus magnificus Stein Phalacroma mitra Schütt Phalacroma rotundatum (Claparede & Lachmann) Kofoid & Michener Syn. Dinophysis rotundata Claparede & Lachmann Order GONYAULACALES Alexandrium catenella (Whedon & Kofoid) Balech [NR] [99,100,104] Phytoplankton DINOPHYTA Class DINOPHYCEAE Order PROROCENTRALES Prorocentrum aporum (Schiller) Dodge Prorocentrum balticum (Lohmann) Loeblich III Syn. Exuviaella baltica Lohmann Prorocentrum compressum (Bailey) Abé ex Dodge Prorocentrum dentatum Stein Prorocentrum gracile Schütt Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge Prorocentrum maximun (Gourret) Schiller Syn. Prorocentrum mexicanum Osorio-Tafall Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller (continued) 12 Ceratium candelabrum (Ehrenberg) Stein Ceratium dens Ostenfeld & Schmidth Ceratium furca Claparede & Lachmann [100] [NR] [35,100] Ceratium furca var. hircus (Schöeder) Margaleff ex Sournia Ceratium fusus (Ehrenberg) Dujardin [NR] Ceratium kofoidii Jörgensen Ceratium lineatum (Ehrenberg) Cleve [NR] [100] Ceratium macroceros (Ehrenberg) Vanhöffen Ceratium massiliense (Gourret) Jörgensen [100] [NR] Ceratium minutum Jörgensen Ceratium pentagonum Gourret Ceratium tripos (Müller) Nitzsch Ceratocorys horrida Stein Gonyaulax digitale (Pouch.) Kofoid Gonyaulax grindleyi Reinecke Syn. Protoceratium reticulatum (Claparede & Lachmann) Butschli. Gonyaulax polygramma Stein [NR] [NR] [100] [NR] [35,99] [99] Reports for C.R.a World reportsb References for world reportsc [99,100,104] Ca,Car,GM,NWA,SEP [6, 21, 52, 54, 66, 105] [NR] Ca,Car,NEA [10, 21, 23, 52, 66] [NR] Ca,Car,IO,Med,NEA,SEP,SWA, SWP,TP Ca,Car,EP,Med,NEA,TA,SWA Au,Ca,SA,SWA,TP Au,Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med,NWA,SA, SEA,SWA Ca,Car,GM,SWA [5, 8, 20, 21, 23, 46, 48, 52, 66] Ca,Car,EP,GM,Med,NEA,TA,TP, SWA Ca,Car,TP,SWA Au,Ca,Car,BI,NEA,NWA,SA, SEA,SEP,SWA Ca,Car,BI,GM,NEA,SWA,TA,TP Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med,NEA,SEP, SEA,SWA,SWP Au,Ca,Med,NEA,NWA Ca,Car,EP,GM,Med,SWA Ca,Car,GM,Med,NEA,SEP,SWA Ca,Car,Med,SWA,TA Au,Ca,Car,Med,NEA Ca,Med,NEA,SEA,SWA [5, 10, 19, 20, 21, 41, 52, 66] Au,Ca,Car,EP,GM,IO,Med,NEA, TA,TP,SWA [5, 20, 21, 30, 41, 46, 52, 66, 94] [35,100] [99] [5, 20, 21, 23, 41, 48, 52, 66] [5, 9, 16, 47, 48, 108] [5, 9, 19, 20, 21, 46, 52, 66] [5, 52] [5, 21, 52, 66] [5, 9, 21, 23, 46, 48, 52, 66] [5, 19, 21, 23, 48, 52, 66,] [5, 19, 20, 21, 23, 46, 48, 52, 66] [7, 23, 52, 66] [5, 19, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 66] [5, 19, 20, 21, 46, 48, 52, 66] [5, 20, 21, 52, 66] [10, 20, 21, 23, 52, 66, 108] [5, 7, 23, 52, 66] Species List Species List 1.2 (continued) Species and common synonyms Syn. Gonyaulax catenella Whedon & Kofoid Alexandrium monilatum (Howell) Balech Syn. Gessnerium monilatum (Howell) Loeblich Amylax triacanta (Jörgensen) Sournia Syn. Gonyaulax triacanta Jörgensen Ceratium azoricum Cleve Order GYMNODINIALES Akashiwo sanguinea (Hirasaka) Hansen & Moestrup Syn. Gymnodinium sanguineum Hirasaka Gymnodinium splendens Lebour Cochlodinium catenatum Okamura Gymnodinium catenatum Graham Ca,EC,NEA,Sa,SWA,TP,TA Au,NEA,SWA Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SA,SWA,TP [5, 9, 10, 23, 52, 66, 72] [5, 23, 108] [2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 20, 23, 27, 47, 52, 66] [NR] [NR] [NR] EP,GM,NEA,SWA,SWP Ca,Med,SWA Ca,Med,NEA,SWA,SEA [5, 19, 23, 41, 82] [5, 20, 23, 52, 66] [5, 20, 23, 52, 65, 66] [35,72,99,100] Au,Ca,Car,IO,SWP,TP [4, 30, 52, 66, 70] [NR] [NR] Car Au,BI,Ca,Car,GM,Med,NEA, SEA,SWA [4, 21] [5, 20, 21, 23, 46, 52, 53, 66] [NR] Au,BI,Ca,Car,GM,Med,NEA, [7, 23, 27, 30, 48, 52] [35,100] [100,104] [59] [5, 21, 27, 30, 52, 62, 63, 66] [NR] [99] [NR] [NR] NWP,NEP Au,Ca,Car,NEA,TP,NEP,NWP, SEP,SWA Au NEA Med Au,BI,Ca,Car,GM,NEA [NR] [99] [NR] [99] [NR] Ca,Med,NEA NEA,NWA,SWA Car,NEA NEA,NWA,NWP Ca,Car,GM,Med,NEA,NEP [7, 23, 52] [6, 23] [21, 23] [25, 97] [21, 52, 59, 66] [NR] [NR] EC,NEA,NWA NEA,NWA,SEP [55, 72, 95] [11, 23, 76] [31] [23] [7] [7, 23, 31, 66] 13 Gymnodinium biconicum Schiller Gymnodinium micrum (Leadbeater & Dodge) Loeblich Gymnodinium paulseni Pavillard Gymnodinium sanguineum Hirasaka Syn.Gymnodinium splendens Lebour Gymnodinium simplex (Lohman) Kofoid & Swezy Gymnodinium veneficum Ballantine Gyrodinium fusiforme Kofoid & Swezy Gyrodinium instriatum freudenthal & Lee Gyrodinium spirale (Bergh) Kofoid & Swezy Syn. Gymnodinium spirale Bergh Gyrodinium estuariale Hulburt Polykrikos kofoidii Chatton [99] [NR] [99] Phytoplankton Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparede & Lachmann) Diesing Gonyaulax turbynei Murray & Whiting Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge Syn. Gonyaulax polyedra Stein Oxytoxum scolopax Stein Pyrocystis lunula (Schütt) Schütt Pyrocystis noctiluca Murray ex Schütt Syn. Pyrocystis pseudonoctiluca Wyville-Thompson Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum (Böhm) Steidinger Tester & Taylor Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense (Plate) Pyrophacus horologium Stein (continued) Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca (Pouchet) Cachon & Cachon Order PERIDINIALES Blepharocysta splendormaris (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg Diplopsalis lenticula Bergh Diplopelta asymetrica (Manguin) Lebour Syn. Dissodinium assimetricum (Manguin) Loeblich Heterocapsa niei (Loeblich) Morrill Syn. Cachonima niei Loeblich Heterocapsa rotundata (Lohmann) Hansen Syn. Katodinium rotundatum (Lohmann) Fott Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenberg) Balech Syn. Peridinium triquetrum (Ehrenberg) Lebour Oxytoxum scolopax Stein Podolampas palmipes Stein Protoperidinium abei (Paulsen) Balech Protoperidinium bispinum (Schiller) Balech Protoperidinium cassum (Balech) Balech Protoperidinium claudicans (Paulsen) Balech Protoperidinium conicum (Gran) Balech 14 Species List 1.2 (continued) Species and common synonyms Order NOCTILUCALES Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Ehrenberg Reports for C.R.a World reportsb References for world reportsc [35] [5, 9, 20, 21, 23, 30, 52, 63] [NR] Au,Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SA,SEP, SWA,SWP NEA,SA [99] [NR] [99] Car,NEA Au,EC,Med,NEA Ca,Car,EC,SWA [21, 23] [7, 23, 72, 108] [5, 21, 47, 52, 66, 72] [NR] Ca,GM [24, 49, 67] [NR] Car,NEA [23, 109] [NR] Ca,EC,Med,NEA,SWA [5, 7, 10, 23, 25, 52, 72] [NR] [NR] [NR] [NR] [NR] [NR] Ca,ETP Ca,Car,EP,Med,NEA,SWA Ca,Car,TP NEA,SWA GM,Med,SWA Ca,Car,IO,Med,NEA,NWA,SEP,S WA AU,Ca,Car,Med,NEP,NEA,NWA, SWA [41, 52, 66] [5, 10, 20, 21, 23, 41, 48, 52, 66] [21, 48, 52, 66] [5, 92] [5] [5, 20, 21, 23, 48, 52, 66] [99] Protoperidinium divergens (Ehrenberg) Balech [NR] Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med,NEA,SA, SWA Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SWA [5, 10, 20, 21, 46, 49, 52, 66] [5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 21, 46, 49] [5, 10, 20, 21, 23, 48, 49] Species List Syn. Protoperidinium biconicum Dangeard & Balech Protoperidinium depressum (Bailey) Balech [99] [9, 23] CYANOBACTERIA Anabaena sp. Johannesbaptistia pellucida (Dickie) Taylor & Drouet Merismopedia sp. colonies Trichodesmium erythraeum (Ehrenberg) Gomont Class PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE Phaeocystis pouchetti (Hariot) Lagerheim Class RAPHIDOPHYCEAE (Chloromonadophyceae) Chattonella marina (Subrahmanyan) Hara & Chihara Class DICTYOCHOPHYCEAE (Silicoflagellates) Dictyocha fibula Ehrenberg Dictyocha speculum Ehrenberg Syn. Distephanus speculum (Ehrenberg) Haeckel [NR] [100] [NR] [99] [NR] [99] [99] [99] [99] [99] Ca,Car,TA,TP,SWA Ca,IO,NEA,SA,SEP,SWA,SWP Ca,Car,IO,Med,NEA,SEP Ca Au,Ca,Med,SWA Ca,Med,NEA,SWA AU,Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SA,SWA Ca Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SA,SWA Ca,Car,NEA,SWA [5, 21, 48, 49, 52, 66] [5, 23, 46, 49] [21, 46, 48, 52, 66] [49] [5, 20, 52, 66, 108] [5, 7, 10, 23, 48, 49, 66] [5, 9, 20, 21, 46, 49] [49] [5, 7, 9, 21, 23, 49] [5, 21, 23, 48, 49, 66] [99] [NR] [NR] [99] [100] Car,NEA,NWP Car,IO,SWA,TA,TP Ca,IO,Med,NEA,NWP Ca Au,Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SA,SEP, SWA [21, 23, 92] [5, 21] [10, 21, 46, 48] [49, 66] [5, 9, 10, 20, 21, 30, 46, 48, 52, 76] [NR] [NR] [NR] [NR] NWP NWA n.a. GM [25] [73] n.a. [19] [NR] Ant,Au,NA,NEA,NWA,NWP,TA [8, 25, 28, 30, 57, 63] [NR] NWP [25] [100,104] [NR] Au,EC,CNP,Med Au,Med [7, 26, 71, 101] [7, 63, 69] Phytoplankton Protoperidinium elegans (Cleve) Balech Protoperidinium excentricum (Paulsen) Balech Protoperidinium leonis (Pavillard) Balech Protoperidinium mediterraneum (Kofoid) Balech Protoperidinium ovum (Schiller) Balech Protoperidinium pellucidum Bergh Protoperidinium pentagonum (Gran) Balech Protoperidinium punctulatum (Paulsen) Balech Protoperidinium pyriforme (Paulsen) Balech) Protoperidinium quarnerense (Schröder) (Ballech) Syn. Peridinium globulun (Stein) Ballech Protoperidinium quinquecorne Abé Protoperidinium solidicorne (Manguin) Balech Protoperidinium steinii (Jörgensen) Balech Protoperidinium venustum (Matzenauer) Balech Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich III (continued) 15 16 Species List 1.2 (continued) Species and common synonyms Phylum NEOMONADA Class EBRIDEA Ebria tripartita (Schumann) Lemmermann Hermesinum adriaticum Zacharias Phylum PROTOZOA Class CILIATA Order GYMNOSTOMATIDA Myrionecta rubra (lohmann) Jankoski Syn. Mesodinium rubrum (Lohmann) Jankowski Syn. Halteria pulex Claparéde & Lachmann Reports for C.R.a World reportsb References for world reportsc [NR] [NR] EC,GM,Med,NWP,TP,NWP EC,GM,NWP,TP [25, 33, 60, 72] [33] [100,104] Au,Ca,NEA,NWA,SEP,SWP [14, 30, 56, 58, 74, 93, 107] NR = New record. Ant = Antarctic, Au = Australia, BI = British Isles, Ca = Gulf of California and Pacific coast of México, Car = Caribbean, EC = East c coast of USA, CNP = Central North Pacific, CTP = Central Tropical Pacific, ETP = Eastern Tropical Pacific, GP = Gulf of Panamá, IO = Indian Ocean, GM = Gulf of México, Med = Mediterranean and adjacent seas, NEA = North Eastern Atlantic, NEP = North Eastern Pacific, NWA = North Western Atlantic, NWP = North Western Pacific, SA = South Africa, SWA = South Western Atlantic, SEP = South Eastern Pacific, SWP = South Western Pacific, TA = Tropical Atlantic, TP = Tropical Pacific c References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. a b Species List Phylum CHLOROPHYTA Order CHAETOPHORALES Family CHAETOPHORACEAE Pringsheimiella scutata (Reinke) Höhnel ex Marchewianka (as P. “scuttata”) (13 as P. udoteae (Børgesen) Taylor) Order ULVALES Family ULVACEAE * Enteromorpha lingulata J. Agardh Substrate Referencesc [8, 13, 15, 16] NEA,M,SEA,NWA, C,NWP,NEP,I B To 7 m Epiphytic CEP,NEA,M,SWA, SWP,NWP,I G,P Intertidal in shallow calm water Ulva chaetomorphoides (Børgesen) Hayden, Blomster, Maggs, P.C. Silva, M.J. Stanhope & J.R. Waaland (6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 23 as Enteromorpha chaetomorphoides Børgesen) Ulva fasciata Delile NEA,C,NWP,SWP,SWA B Intertidal to 10 m, calm water Mangrove prop [3, 6–8, 13, 16, 23, roots, sunken 24, 26, 27, 31] logs, dead coral and other hard substrates or epiphytic Mangrove prop [6, 8, 13, 15, roots, epiphytic, 16, 19, 23] and tangled with other algae Ulva flexuosa Wulfen (as Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh) NEA,SEA,M,C,SWP, I,AA,NEP,SEP, NWA,RS,NWP,CEP,A * NEA,SEA,M,C,SWA, HW,NWP,SWP,SEP, NEP,I,AA B,G,P Hard substrates [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27] Intertidal to 5 m Mangrove prop roots, wood, or epiphytic in brackish water of estuaries [1, 3, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27, 35] (continued) 17 Intertidal to 10 m Marine Benthic Algae Species List 2.1 Marine benthic algae and Cyanobacteria reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Central Habitat Americab Species World distributiona 18 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Ulva kylinii (Bliding) Hayden, Blomster, Maggs, P.C. Silva, M.J. Stanhope & J.R. Waaland (as Enteromorpha kylinii Bliding) * Ulva lactuca Linnaeus NEA,M,I,SWP,AA ES Rocks Upper intertidal, within fresh water influence SEA,NEA,M,NWA, C,SWA,RS,NWP,SWP,CEP, SEP,I,AA,A,RS G,P Intertidal to 10 m, protected calm water Coral rubble, hard [1, 3, 6–8, 13, 16, substrates (often 23, 24, 26, 27, in shallow coves 31, 35] or harbors) NEA,SEA,M,C,NWA,NWP,SWP, B SEP,CEP,NEP,I,AA Intertidal to 2 m Epiphytic or on shells [8, 15, 16, 19, 23] NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,I,SWP, AA,A B,H,N,P Lower intertidal to 90 m Mangrove prop roots, coral, rocks, or other hard substrates [6–8, 13, 15–17, 19–21, 23, 31, 35] ES,G,N,P Intertidal, wavebeaten Rocks [1, 5–8, 16, 23, 24, 35] P B Shallow, in calm water Intertidal to 50 m P Intertidal Tangled with other [8, 7, 23, 35] algae Tangled with other [8, 15, 16, 23] algae on mangrove prop roots or soft bottom Hard substrates [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27, 35] Family ULVELLACEAE Ulvella lens P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan Order CLADOPHORALES Family ANADYOMENACEAE Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C. Agardh Chaetomorpha gracilis Kützing NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, C,M,I,NWP,SWP,AA,A Substrate Referencesc [5, 6, 8, 13] Species List Family CLADOPHORACEAE NEA,SEA,SWA,C,RS,I,NWP, *Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory de CEP,SWP,AA,HW,NWA Saint-Vincent) Kützing (5, 6, 7, 23, 27 as C. media (C.Agardh) Kützing) SEA,NWA,SWA,C,I,NWP, Chaetomorpha brachygona NEP,SWP,HW,AA Harvey NEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, Chaetomorpha crassa NWP,SWP,AA,A (C. Agardh) Kützing Habitat Cladophora coelothrix Kützing (7 as C. repens (J. Agardh) Harvey) *Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kützing Cladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus) Hoek (6 as C. fascicularis (Mertens ex C. Agardh) Kützing) Rhizoclonium africanum Kützing (6, 7, 13, 21 as R. hookeri Kützing) *Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey P Shallow Rocks [4, 6, 8, 13] NEA,SEA,NWA,C,M, SWA,RS,I,NWP,NEP, SWP,CEP,SEP,AA,A NEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, SWP,CEP,AA B,P To 3 m In high nutrient areas [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 23, 27, 35] P Shallow Dead coral; rocks [7, 8, 13, 23, 35] NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, C,M,RS,I,SWP,CEP,AA B,ES To 70 m NEA,SEA,SWA,NWA, M,RS,C,NWP,NEP,HW, SEP,SWP,I,AA NEA,SEA,C,I,SWP, HW,AA B Subtidal to 2 m N,P Intertidal Fixed or floating, [3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 23, eutrophic environ24, 26] mental conditions Rocks, tree trunks or [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, other hard 23, 31] surfaces Hard substrates [6–8, 13, 21, 23, 35] B,G Intertidal to 1 m Rocks or other hard surfaces [1, 6, 8, 15, 16, 18, 23, 31] G,P Intertidal to 2 m n.a. [1, 4, 6–8, 13, 23, 31] Intertidal n.a. [3, 6, 13, 23, 26, 31] To 1 m Mangrove prop roots, rocks, or other hard substrates [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, 19, 23, 33] NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, C,M,I,NWP,NEP,SWP, CEP,HW,AA,A SEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,I,AA, *Rhizoclonium implexum (Dillwyn) CEP,SWP,NEA,M,CWP Kützing (13, 4, 7 as R. kochianum Kützing; 23, 6, 31 as R. “kockianum” Kützing; 1, 6, 13, 31 as R. kerneri Stockmayer NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C, *Rhizoclonium tortuosum (Dillwyn) M,RS,I,NWP,NEP,SWP,SEP, Kützing (3, 26 as R. lubricum AA,A,CEP Setchell & N.L. Gardner) Family BOODLEACEAE * Phyllodictyon anastomosans (Harvey) NEA,SEA,C,I,NWP, CEP,HW,SWP,AA,RS,M Kraft & M. J. Wynne (6, 19 as Struvea anastomosans (Harvey) Piccone & Grunow ex Piccone) B,ES,N,P 19 RS,I,SWP,CEP,HW,AA Marine Benthic Algae Chaetomorpha indica (Kützing) Kützing Chaetomorpha linum (O.F. Müller) Kützing (continued) 20 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Phyllodictyon pulcherrimum J.E. Gray NEA,C,I,SWP (23 as Struvea ramosa Dickie) C,I,SWP,AA Struvea elegans Børgesen Family SIPHONOCLADACEAE Chamaedoris peniculum (J. Ellis & Solander) Kuntze Cladophoropsis membranacea (Hofman Bang ex C. Agardh) Børgesen Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forsskål) Børgesen Ventricaria ventricosa (J. Agardh) J.L. Olsen & J.A. West (6, 19, 21, 31 as Valonia ventricosa J. Agardh) Family VALONIACEAE Ernodesmis verticillata (Kützing) Børgesen Habitat 2–90 m Rocks or dead coral [8, 14, 16, 23] Substrate Referencesc 2 m (13); Rocks, dead coral or [8, 13, 14, 16] 20–90 m, coral rubble exclusively deepwater (17) C,SWA P To 25 m Generally on limestone surfaces Rocks, submerged wood or other hard substrates Rocks, dead coral [8, 13, 16, 22, 23, 35] [6–8, 13, 15–17, 19, 23, 35] NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, C,M,SWP,CEP,HW,AA B,P Intertidal to 10 m; calm water SEA,SWA,C,RS,I,NWP, SWP,HW,AA SEA,C,M,I,NWP, SWP,HW,AA B,H,N,P To 40 m B,H,N,P To 80 m NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,I,SWP B,P To 45 m, protected bays Mangrove prop roots or other hard substrates [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23, 35] NEA,SEA,NWA,C, SWA,M,RS,I,CEP, HW,SEP,AA B,P Lower intertidal to Mangrove prop [7, 8, 15, 16, 18, 1 m, wavebeaten roots, coral frag23, 35] ments and other hard substrates, or epiphytic [6–8, 13, 15–20, 23, 31, 35] Mangrove prop [6–8, 13, 15–21, roots, coral frag23, 31, 35] ments or other hard substrates Species List Order BRYOPSIDALES Family BRYOPSIDACEAE Bryopsis hypnoides J.V. Lamouroux Central Americab SWA,C,I,CWP Intertidal Rocks [3, 6, 8, 13, 23] NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, C,M,RS,I,NWP, NEP,SEP,SWP,AA n.a. B,P Intertidal to 1 m Hard substrates or epiphytic [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 23, 31, 35] n.a. n.a. [6, 8, 13, 23] B,H,P Lower intertidal to 15 m Subtidal to 20 m Rocks or other hard [6, 8, 13, 15, substrates 16, 18] Rocks or other hard [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, substrates 18–20, 23, 27, 31, 35] Mangrove prop [6–8, 13, 15, 16, roots, coral rub20, 21, 23, 27, ble or other hard 31, 35] substrates Mangrove prop [8, 15, 16, 18, 23] roots, coral rubble or other hard substrates Trichosolen longipedicellata (H.L.Blomquist & Diaz-Pifferer) D.M. John (6, 13 as Pseudobryopsis longipedicellata Blomquist & Díaz-Pifferer; 23 erroneously as Trichosolen duchassaingii (J. Agardh) W.R. Taylor) Family CODIACEAE NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, Codium decorticatum (Woodward) C,M,RS,I,CEP,HW,A M.A. Howe NEA,SEA,SWA,C Codium intertextum F.S. Collins & Hervey B Codium isthmocladum Vickers SEA,NWA,SWA,C B,H,N,P To 15 m Codium taylorii P.C. Silva NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, C,I,SWP B To 10 m NEA,SEA,SWA,C,RS,I, NWP,SWP,HW,AA B,H,N,P To 3 m Family CAULERPACEAE Caulerpa cupressoides (Vahl) C. Agardh (continued) 21 Epiphytic, rocks, [7, 8, 13, 15–19, 21, sandy bottom or 23, 30, 35] fine sediments (mud in mangroves) Marine Benthic Algae Bryopsis pennata var. leprieurii (Kützing) Collins & Hervey Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh * 22 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Habitat Substrate Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium Weber-van Bosse SWA,C,RS,I,NWP,SWP,AA P To 5 m H,P To 10 m SWA,C B,P Shallow Sandy bottom, hard [8, 16, 23, 35] substrates, also in sea grass beds Sandy bottom or [8, 16, 20, 23, 35] hard substrates often present in sea grass beds Sand, rocks [8, 13, 15, 30, 31] NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, SWP,AA C,I,NWP,SWP,CEP,HW,AA B,H,N,P To 15 m, calm H,P Shallow to 110 m H,N,P To 15 m B,N,P SWA,C,I,RS,NWP,SWP Caulerpa cupressoides var. mamillosa SWA,C,I,SWP,AA (Montagne) Weber-van Bosse Intertidal to 50 m Coral rubble, sandy, or muddy bottom Hard substrates, sandy bottom Sandy bottom in seagrass beds Rocks or sandy habitats [8, 13, 15–21, 23, 30, 31, 35] [7, 8, 16, 17, 23, 35] [8, 13, 16, 20, 22, 23, 35] [6–8, 13, 15–19, 21, 23, 27, 31, 35] B,H,P Shallow Hard substrates C,NWP,SWP,NEP,CEP, SEP,I,AA B,H,P To 3 m NEA,C,RS,I,NWP,SWP, CEP,AA,SWA,NWA B,ES,H,P To 80 m Mangrove prop roots or other hard substrates Mangrove prop roots, or other hard substrates [8, 13, 16, 18, 20, 27, 35] [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27, 31, 35] NEA,SEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,RS, SWP NEA,SWA,SEA,C,M,RS, I,CEP,SWP,AA,HW [3, 5–8, 13, 15, 16, 18–20, 23, 24, 27, 32, 35] Species List Caulerpa cupressoides var. turneri Weber-van Bosse Caulerpa mexicana Sonder ex Kützing Caulerpa microphysa (Weber-van Bosse) Feldmann Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) J. V. Lamouroux Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh (27 also as Caulerpa racemosa var. uvifera (C. Agardh) J. Agardh) Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa (Sonder ex Kützing) W.R. Taylor Caulerpa racemosa var. occidentalis (J. Agardh) Børgesen *Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata (J.V. Lamouroux) Eubank (23 as C. racemosa var. laetevirens (Montagne) Weber-van Bosse) Referencesc NEA,SEA,SWA,C,RS,I, NWP,CEP,SWP,HW,AA B,H,N,P To 10 m Caulerpa sertularioides f. brevipes (J. Agardh) Svedelius Caulerpa sertularioides f. farlowii (Weber-van Bosse) Børgesen Caulerpa sertularioides f. longiseta (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Svedelius Caulerpa taxifolia (M.Vahl) C. Agardh SWA,C,I,SWP P To 4 m Sandy bottom, man- [6–8, 13, 15–21, grove prop roots, 23, 27, 35] often present in seagrass beds Rocks [7, 8, 23, 27, 35] SWA,C,I,SWP B To 15 m Coral fragments [8, 16, 19, 23, 27] SWA,C,I,NWP,SWP P Intertidal to 10 m NEA,C,M,SEA,RS,I, NWP,SWP,HW,AA B,P [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27, 31, 35] [8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 35] Caulerpa verticillata J. Agardh SEA,SWA,C,I,NWP, SWP,HW,AA B,H,P To 15 m, protected to moderately wave exposed To 30 m Caulerpa webbiana Montagne NEA,SEA,SWA, C,RS,I,SWP,SEP,HW,AA Sandy or muddy bottom Sandy bottom or other fine sediments Mangrove prop roots, coral, or other hard substrates, often present in seagrass beds Sandy bottom, rocks, dead coral or other hard substrates Mangrove prop roots, coral rubble or other hard substrates B,ES,P Intertidal to 20 m, protected B,P Intertidal to 4 m B,H,N,P To 30 m Sandy bottom, rocks Sandy habitats [6, 8, 15–20, 23, 31, 35] [8, 13, 16, 23, 30, 31] [5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 16, 23, 27, 35] [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 31, 35] [8, 13, 15–17, 20, 21, 35] (continued) 23 SEA,C,I,NWP,SWP,AA Caulerpella ambigua (Okamura) Prud’homme van Reine & Lokhorst (12 as Caulerpa biloba Kemperman & Stegenga; 5, 6, 13, 27 as Caulerpa vickersiae Børgesen) Family UDOTEACEAE NWA,C,SWP Avrainvillea longicaulis (Kützing) G. Murray & Boodle SWA,C,I,NWP,SWP Avrainvillea nigricans Decaisne To 50 m Marine Benthic Algae Caulerpa sertularioides (S.G. Gmelin) M. Howe 24 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc Avrainvillea rawsonii (Dickie) M.A. Howe Boodleopsis pusilla (F.S. Collins) W.R. Taylor, A.B. Joly & Bernatowicz * Halimeda discoidea Decaisne C,I P To 25 m SEA,NWA,SWA,C,I, NWP,SWP,AA Sandy habitats or hard substrates Fine sediments (mud) [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 31, 35] [6, 8, 13, 16, 23] NEA,SEA,C,I,NWP,CEP, SWP,HW,AA B,H,ES,N,P To 80 m Halimeda hummii D. L. Ballantine Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) J. V. Lamouroux C SWA,C,M,I,NWP,CEP,SWP, HW,AA P B,H,N,P 2–15 m To 25 m Coral fragments or sand-covered hard surfaces Hard substrates Sand, rocks, dead coral Halimeda tuna (J. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux NEA,SEA,C,M,RS,I,NWP, CEP,SWP,SEP, AA,A B,H,N,P To 70 m Rocks or other hard substrates Penicillus capitatus Lamarck NEA,SWA,C,M B,H,N,P To 15 m Sandy or muddy bottom Coral fragments [3, 6–8, 15, 16, 18–21, 23, 24, 26, 35] [22, 23, 35] [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 27, 31, 35] [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 31, 35] [6–8, 13, 15–21, 23, 31, 35] [8, 13, 23, 31] To 15 m B,P Intertidal to 11 m B,H,N,P To 20 m Shells, mangrove [7, 8, 16, 17, prop roots, in 23, 35] seagrass beds or on limestone Rocks, sand, often in [7, 8, 13, 15–17, 19, seagrass beds 20, 21, 35] Species List I,SWP,HW,AA,RS,NWP Rhipidosiphon javensis Montagne (13, 23, 31 as Udotea javensis (Montagne) A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp; 13 as Udotea cf. “favensis” Gepp) Rhipiliopsis stri (Earle & J.R.Young) C Farghaly & Denizot (7 as Siphonoclathrus stri S.Earle & J.R.Young) C Rhipocephalus cf. phoenix (J. Ellis & Solander) Kützing Intertidal to 1 m Family POLYPHYSACEAE Acetabularia calyculus J.V. Lamouroux Acetabularia crenulata J.V. Lamouroux C,SWA SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,NWP, SWP,AA B,H,N,P B,N,P To 30 m To 15 m Sandy areas Sandy areas or seagrass beds C,RS,I,NWP,HW,SWP,AA B,H,P Intertidal to 30 m Mangrove prop roots, [6–8, 115, 17–20, coral fragments 23, 31, 35] or rocks SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M, RS,I,NWP,SWP,AA G To 5 m C,I,SWP,NWP,AA B,G,N,P Mangrove prop roots, [1, 6, 13, 16, coral rubble, shell 23, 31] fragments or other hard substrates To 3 m, in protected Mangrove prop roots, [6–8, 16, 17, areas rocks, shells, or 19, 21, 23, 30, coral fragments 35] Intertidal Hard substrates [6, 8, 13] B,P Shallow to 2 m, in protected areas Rocks, shells or coral [8, 15, 16, 30, 35] fragments B,H,P To 15 m Coral fragments, rocks, or epiphytic [8, 16, 19, 20, 23, 35] (continued) 25 C Acetabularia farlowii Solms-Laubach C,SWA,CEP Acetabularia schenckii K. Möbius (30 as Acicularia schenckii (K. Möbius) SolmsLaubach) SEA,NEA,C,RS,I, Parvocaulis polyphysoides NWP,HW,SWP (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) S. Berger, U. Fettweiss, S. Gleissberg, L. B. Liddle, U. Richter, H. Sawitsky, H. & G.C. Zuccarello (16, 19, 20 as Acetabularia polyphysoides P.L. Crouan & H. M. Crouan, 23 as Polyphysa polyphysoides (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Schnetter) [8, 15–21, 23, 35] [7, 8, 13, 15–19, 21, 22, 23, 35] Marine Benthic Algae Udotea cyathiformis Decaisne Udotea flabellum (J. Ellis & Solander) M.A. Howe Order DASYCLADALES Family DASYCLADACEAE Neomeris annulata Dickie 26 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species Phylum HETEROKONTOPHYTA Class PHAEOPHYCEAE Order ECTOCARPALES Family ACTINOSPORACEAE Feldmannia irregularis (Kützing) G. Hamel (6, 13 as Giffordia cf. conifera (Børgesen) W.R. Taylor) Hincksia mitchelliae (Harvey) P.C. Silva in P.C. Silva, Meñez & R.L. Moe (6, 13, 23 as Giffordia mitchellae (Harvey) G. Hamel) Hincksia rallsiae (Vickers) P.C. Silva in P.C. Silva, Meñez & R.L. Moe (6, 13, 23 as Giffordia rallsiae (Vickers) Taylor) Family PYLAIELLACEAE Bachelotia antillarum (Grunow) Gerloff Bachelotia fulvescens (Bornet) Kuckuck ex G. Hamel Family SCYTOSIPHONACEAE *Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier in Castagne World distributiona Central Americab NEA,SEA,SWA,M,C,RS,I, NWP,NEP,HW, SWP,AA NEA,EA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, WP,NEP,SEP,HW,SWP,AA B Habitat Substrate Less than 1 m Mangrove prop roots, [6, 8, 13, 16, 23] rocks, or other hard substrates or epiphytic Epiphytic or on [6, 8, 13, 16, 18, 23] hard substrates Less than 1 m Referencesc Intertidal Rocks [6, 8, 13, 23] NEA,SEA,C,I,NWP,SEP,HW, SWP,AA,A SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M,I n.a. n.a. [8, 23] Shallow Coral reef [6, 8] NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,WP, B,H,P NEP,CEP,SEP,HW,SWP,AA,A Intertidal to 15 m Coral fragments or [3, 6–8, 13, 16, 19, other hard sub20, 23, 24, 26, strates, epiphytic 31, 34] Epiphytic or on hard [8, 13, 16, 20, 23, substrates 30, 31, 34] Epiphytic or on hard [8, 13, 15, 16, 23, substrates 31, 13, 23, 16] SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,NWP, Rosenvingea intricata (J. Agardh) NEP,SEP, CEP,HW,SWP,AA Børgesen Rosenvingea sanctae-crucis Børgesen SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I H,P B Lower intertidal to 35 m Subtidal to 15 m Species List SEA,NEA,I,C,NWP,SWP Intertidal, exposed to spray Rocks [5–8, 13, 23, 27] Intertidal to 3 m Epiphytic, rocks or other hard substrates Epiphytic or on hard substrates [3, 6, 8, 13, 23, 27] Mangrove prop roots, coral fragments or other had substrates, epiphytic Coral fragments, shells, or other hard substrates Mangrove prop roots, coral fragments or other hard substrates Rocks, coral fragments, shells, or other hard substrates [6–8, 13, 15, 19–21, 23, 27, 31, 34] SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,NWP, SEP,HW,SWP,AA B Intertidal to 3 m Order DICTYOTALES Family DICTYOTACEAE Dictyopteris delicatula J.V. Lamouroux SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,NEP,NWP, SWP,AA B,H,N,P Intertidal to 30 m Dictyopteris justii J.V. Lamouroux. SWA,C P Intertidal to 50 m B,P To 1 m, protected Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini Dictyota bartayresiana J.V. Lamouroux NEA,SEA,SWA,C,I,NWP,HW, SWP,AA (6, 7, 13, 23 as D. bartayresii J.V. Lamouroux nom. illeg.) Dictyota cervicornis Kützing SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,RS,NWP,SWP B,H,P To 3 m Marine Benthic Algae Order SCYTOTHAMNALES Family SCYTOTHAMNACEAE SEA,NEA,SWA,I,C,HW,SWP, ES Asteronema breviarticulatum (J. NWP,NEP, AA Agardh) Ouriques & Bouzon (6, 13, 23, 27 as Ectocarpus breviarticulatus J. Agardh) Order SPHACELARIALES Family SPHACELARIACEAE * NEA,SEA,NWA,C,M,RS,I,NWP, Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing NEP,HW, SWP,SEP,AA,A (3, 6 as S. furcigera Kützing) [8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 23] [8, 16, 23, 34] [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 34] [7, 8, 15–19, 23, 31, 34] 27 (continued) 28 Species List 2.1 (continued) Central Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc SEA,NEA,SWA,C,RS,I,NWP, SWP,HW,AA H,P To 25 m [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 31] NEA,SEA,SWA,C,I,NEP,NWP, CEP,SEP,SWP SEA,NEA,SWA,C B,P To 15 m Coral fragments, rocks, or other hard substrates Hard substrates B,P Intertidal to 10 m, often wave exposed B P Shallow Rocks Intertidal to 15 m, Epiphytic moderately wave exposed Shallow to 26 m Rocks, coral fragments Species World distributiona Dictyota ciliolata Kützing *Dictyota crenulata J. Agardh B,N,P B,ES,N,P Intertidal to 70 m, calm water P B,H,ES,N,P 0.5–12 m Shallow to 120 m Rocks, coral fragments [8, 15, 23, 27] [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 31, 34] [8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 31, 32, 34] Epiphytic or on hard [3, 5–9, 13, 15, 16, substrates 18, 19, 21, 23, 31, 34] n.a. [7, 8, 13] Mangrove prop [3, 5–8, 13, 15–21, roots, coral rub23, 31, 34] ble, rocks, or other hard substrates Species List Dictyota guineensis (Kützing) P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan (30 as Dilophus guineensis (Kützing) J. Agardh) C Dictyota jamaicensis W.R. Taylor SEA,NEA,C,NWP,SWP Dictyota mertensii (Martius) Kützing (6, 31 as D. dentata J.V. Lamouroux) Dictyota pinnatifida Kützing (15, 19, SEA,NEA,C,I,NWA,SWA 20, 21, 31 as Dilophus alternans J. Agardh) Dictyota pulchella Hörnig & Schnetter SEA,NEA,C (5, 6, 7, 13, 23, 31 as D. divaricata J.V. Lamouroux; 13, 15, 19, 23 as D. linearis (C. Agardh) Greville; 6, 13, 19, 21, 23, 31 as D. dichotoma (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux) SEA,NEA,C Dictyota volubilis Kützing * SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,M,RS,NEP, Lobophora variegata (J.V. SEP,NWP,HW,SWP,AA Lamouroux) Womersley ex Oliveira (6, 31 as Pocockiella variegata (J.V. Lamouroux) Papenfuss) [3, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 24, 26, 27, 34] [8, 13, 16, 23, 30, 31] B,H,P Intertidal to14 m Mangrove prop [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 20, roots, rocks, or 23, 27, 31, 34] coral rubble [8, 13, 15, 16, 18, Mangrove prop roots, rocks, or 20, 23, 31] coral (rubble) Rocks, shells, dead [8, 13, 15–18, 20, coral, coral rubble 21, 23, 34] Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, SWP,NWP B,H Lower intertidal to 20 m Padina sanctae-crucis Børgesen (as P. “sanctae-crucis”) (23 as P. jamaicensis (Collins) Papenfuss Spatoglossum schroederi (C. Agardh) Kützing Order FUCALES Family SARGASSACEAE Sargassum acinarium (Linnaeus) Setchell SWA,C,I,NWP,HW,SWP,AA B,H,N,P To 5 m SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M,I P 2–46 m Hard substrates SEA,NEA,C,M,I,RS B To 3 m Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh Sargassum filipendula C. Agardh SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,I B,N,P n.a. Subtidal to 33 m Sargassum fluitans (Børgesen) Børgesen Sargassum hystrix J. Agardh NWA,C,I,SWP,NWP B,N,P Pelagic SEA,NEA,SWA,C B,P To 137 m Sargassum hystrix var. buxifolium Chauvin ex J. Agardh Sargassum hystrix var. spinulosum (Kützing) Grunow Sargassum polyceratium Montagne NWA,SWA,C B,H To 15 m SWA,C N Shallow Sandy areas in [8, 15, 16, 23] coral reef, around mangrove islands or in mangrove lagoons [8, 13, 23, 31] Sandy bottom, rocks, [6, 8, 13, 16, 19, 21, shells, or dead 23, 31, 34] coral Beach drift [6–8, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 27, 34] Rocks or coral frag- [6, 8, 16, 19, 23, 27, ments 34] Rocks or coral frag- [8, 16, 19, 20, 23, ments 27] Calcareous rocks [8, 21, 23, 27] SWA,C,SWP,NWP B,G,H,N,P About 14 m Hard substrates Marine Benthic Algae Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,WP,HW, SWP,AA (6 also as Padina vickersiae Hoyt) [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 27, 31, 34] (continued) 29 [1, 7, 8, 13, 15, 19, 20, 21, 34] 30 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Sargassum polyceratium var. ovatum (Collins) W.R. Taylor Sargassum pteropleuron Grunow SWA,C B Sargassum rigidulum Kützing Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh nom. illeg. (according to Silva et al. (1996) considered an illegitimate name with no replacement at present time) Turbinaria turbinata (Linnaeus) Kuntze NEA,SEA,SWA,C,NWA NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,I,NWP, SWP,NWA B,N SWA,C,I,SWP,NWP B,H,P C,NWP,SWP,NWA B Substrate Lower intertidal to 14 m Shallow to 5 m Rocks or coral [6, 8, 13, 16, 18, 19, rubble 23, 31] Rocks or coral frag- [8, 16, 23] ments n.a. [8, 23] Mangrove lagoons or [8, 13, 15, 16, 21, in seagrass beds 23, 27] Shallow To 2 m Referencesc To 5 m, behind reef crest in areas of strong turbulence Hard substrates [8, 15, 16, 18–20, 22, 23, 34] 2–5 m Silt bottom [6, 8] Shallow Epiphytic, epizoic [3, 6, 8, 13, 23] Species List Class XANTHOPHYCEAE Order VAUCHERIALES Family VAUCHERIACEAE NEA,SEA,C,M,NWA Vaucheria dichotoma (Linnaeus) Martius Phylum RHODOPHYTA Class BANGIOPHYCEAE Order PORPHYRIDALES Family PORPHYRIDIACEAE * Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K.M. NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,I,RS, HW,SWP,SEP,AA Drew (6, 13 as Goniotrichum alsidii (Zanardini) M.A. Howe; 3 as Goniotrichum elegans (Chauvin) Zanardini) Habitat NEA,NWA,SWA,M,RS,C,NWP,I, G NEP,CEP,SEP,HW,SWP,A,AA SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,I,NEP, ES NWP,SWP,A,AA Shallow Shallow to 16 m Epiphytic or on rocks Epiphytic [1, 3, 6, 8, 13, 23] [5, 6, 8, 13] C SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,M,RS,I, NWP,SWP,CEP Shallow Epiphytic Shallow, exposed to Epiphytic waves [8, 23, 25] [8, 13, 25] NEA,NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,M, NWP,SWP Shallow Epiphytic [6, 8, 25, 32] C C,AA SWP,NWP To 20 m Shallow Shallow, exposed Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic [8, 13, 25] [6, 8, 31] [8, 13, 23, 25] NEA,SEA,NWA,M,I,RS,CEP, NWP,AA Shallow, exposed Epiphytic [8, 13, 25] 31 (continued) Marine Benthic Algae Order ERYTHROPELTIDALES Family ERYTHROTRICHIACEAE * Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J. Agardh Sahlingia subintegra (Rosenvinge) Kornmann (5, 6, 13 as Erythrocladia subintegra Rosenvinge; 7, 23 erroneously as Erythrocladia irregularis Rosenvinge) Class FLORIDEOPHYCEAE Order ACROCHAETIALES Family ACROCHAETIACEAE Acrochaetium caespitiforme Børgesen Acrochaetium crassipes (Børgesen) Børgesen (including “var. typica”) (13, 25 as Chromastrum crassipes (Børgesen) Papenfuss) Acrochaetium hallandicum (Kylin) G. Hamel (6, 25 as Acrochaetium dufourii Collins, synonym of Audouinella dufourii (Collins) Garbary) Acrochaetium opetigenum Børgesen Acrochaetium phacelorhizum Børgesen Acrochaetium ryukyuensis (Nakamura) Papenfuss Acrochaetium secundatum (Lyngbye) Nägeli (13, 25 as Chromastrum tenuissimum (Collins) H. Stegenga & T. C. M. Kemperman) 32 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Acrochaetium seriatum Børgesen NEA,SEA,C,I,NWP,HW,SWP B Habitat Substrate Referencesc Shallow, protected or exposed n.a. Epiphytic [6, 8, 13, 19, 25] Epiphytic [13, 25] Rocks or dead coral [7, 8, 16, 23] Chromastrum sp. Order CORALLINALES Family SPOROLITHACEAE Sporolithon episporum (M.A. Howe) E.Y. Dawson (7 as Archaeolithothamnion episporum M.A. Howe) Family CORALLINACEAE Amphiroa brasiliana Decaisne Amphiroa fragilissima (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux C,I,NWP,SWP,AA P Intertidal to 30 m NWA,SWA,C,I NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS, I,CEP,SEP,HW,SWP,AA B,H,N,P To 10 m To 60 m Amphiroa hancockii W.R. Taylor C,NWP,SWP H,P SEA,NEA,C,M,I,NEP,HW, Amphiroa rigida var. antillana SWP,AA Børgesen Amphiroa tribulus (J. Ellis & Solander) C,I,SWP J.V. Lamouroux Corallina officinalis Linnaeus NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,I, NWP,AA,A B,H,P Intertidal to subtidal, exposed Intertidal to 15 m Rocks, coral [6, 8, 13, 23] Epiphytic [8, 13, 23] Species List NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,I,HW,NEP Haliptilon subulatum (J. Ellis & Solander) Johansen (as H. “subulata”) B,H,P Epiphytic or on rocks [8, 16, 23] Hard substrates often [6–8, 13, 15–21, 23, intermixed with 27, 31] other algae or seagrass 2–10 m, exposed to Hard substrates [6–8, 13, 16, 20, 23, waves 27, 31] Shallow Among marine pha- [6–8, 13, 15, 17, 19, neogams 23, 31] To 10 m Hard substrates [6–8, 13, 16, 19, 20, 23] NWA,C Mesophyllum incertum (Foslie) M. Lemoine (6 as “Lithothamnium” incertum Foslie) Mesophyllum mesomorphum (Foslie) C,I,HW,AA Adey (6, 7, 13, 23 as Lithothamnion mesomorphum Foslie) Neogoniolithon erosum (Foslie) Adey C (6 as Lithophyllum erosum Foslie) B,P To 15 m Epiphytic, coral [6–8, 13, 16, 18, 19, fragments, shells, 23, 27, 31] or other hard substrates B Subtidal to 67 m Dead coral [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 23, 27] Subtidal Dead coral [6, 8, 13, 23, 31, 32] B,H,N To 35 m B,ES,N,P To 15 m Hard substrates or epiphytic Epiphytic to 5 m Epiphytic [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 27] [3, 5–8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 27] [8, 16, 23] 2m Epiphytic or on rocks Hard substrate [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 23] To 35 m Coral, rocks or epiphytic [6–8, 13, 16, 18, 23] Intertidal Coral [6, 8, 23] ES Intertidal to 3 m B,P Marine Benthic Algae NWA,NEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,NWP, Hydrolithon farinosum (J.V. SWP,CEP,AA,A Lamouroux) D. Penrose & Y.M. Chamberlain (6, 7, 13, 19, 23, 27, 31 as Fosliella farinosa (J. V. Lamouroux) M.A. Howe) Hydrolithon boergesenii (Foslie) Foslie SEA,NEA,C,SWP,NWP (27 as Goniolithon boergesenii Foslie) AA,C Hydrolithon munitum (Foslie & M.A. Howe) Penrose (6, 13 as LithophylIum munitum Foslie & Howe; 23 as Neogoniolithon munitum (Foslie et Howe) Adey; 31 erroneously as Lithothamnium munitum Foslie & Howe) SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, Jania adhaerens J.V. Lamouroux CEP,HW,SWP,AA SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,I, *Jania capillacea Harvey CEP,SWP SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,RS,I, Jania pumila J.V. Lamouroux HW,SWP SEA,NEA,I,RS,NEP,SEP,SWP *Jania tenella (Kützing) Grunow [6, 8, 23] 33 (continued) 34 Species List 2.1 (continued) World distributiona Central Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc *Neogoniolithon trichotomum (Heydrich) Setchell & Mason (6, 13 as Lithophyllum trichotomum (Heydrich) M. Lemoine) Pneophyllum sp. (6 as Heteroderma sp.) Pneophyllum confervicolum (Kützing) Y.M. Chamberlain (5, 6 as Heteroderma minutula (Foslie) Foslie) Pneophyllum fragile Kützing (1, 13, 21 as Fosliella lejolisii (Rosanoff) M.A. Howe. 6 as Heteroderma lejolisii (Rossanoff) Foslie) Titanoderma pustulatum (J.V. Lamouroux) Nägeli (6, 13 as Dermatolithon pustulatum (J.V. Lamouroux) Foslie) Order GELIDIALES Family GELIDIACEAE Gelidium americanum (W.R. Taylor) Santelices (23 as G. americana (W.R. Taylor) Santelices; 6, 13, 27, 31 as Pterocladia americana Taylor) Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon Gelidium floridanum W.R. Taylor *Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis I,NWP,SWP,CEP P Tide pools Rocks [6, 8, 13, 23] n.a. NEA,M,I,SWP,NWP, CEP,AA ES n.a. Shallow, exposed Epiphytic Epiphytic [6] [5, 6, 8, 23] NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,NWP, B,G,N CEP,AA To 10 m Epiphytic [1, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 21, 32] NEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,I,RS,NEP, SWP,AA,A To 5 m Epiphytic [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23, 27] NWA,C,NEA,SWA Intertidal to 8 m, wave exposed Rocks, dead coral or [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27, other hard sub31] strates NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,CEP, HW,SWP,AA,A C NEA,NWA,SWA,M,C,RS,I,NEP, CEP,HW,SWP,AA Intertidal Rocks [6, 8, 13] n.a. Intertidal to 8 m, wave exposed [8, 29] Rocks, shells or other hard substrates [3, 5–8, 13, 16, 23, 26, 27] B ES,P Species List Species SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M,SWP,NWP Pterocladiella bartlettii (W.R. Taylor) Santelices (1, 6, 13, 23 as Pterocladia bartlettii W.R. Taylor) **Pterocladiella beachii Freshwater Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G. Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand (6, 23, 27 as Pterocladia capillacea (S.G. Gmelin) Bornet) Pterocladiella melanoidea (Schousboe ex Bornet) Santelices & Hommersand (6, 23, 13 as P. melanoidea (Schousboe ex Bornet) Dawson, Fredriksen & Rueness) Pterocladiella melanoidea var. gracilis (Feldmann & G.Hamel) M.J. Wynne (6, 23, 13as Pterocladia melanoidea var. gracilis (Feldmann et Hamel) Dawson) Pterocladiella melanoidea var. filamentosa (Bornet) M.J. Wynne (6, 23, 13 as Pterocladia melanoidea var. filamentosa (Bornet) Dawson) Family GELIDIELLACEAE Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskål) Feldmann & G. Hamel Gelidiella trinitatensis W.R. Taylor C Intertidal to 5 m G Shallow Rocks, sponges or other hard substrates Hard substrates [6, 13, 8, 27, 31] [1, 6, 13, 23, 29] Intertidal Intertidal to 5 m Hard substrate Rocks, sponges or other hard substrates [29] [6, 8, 16, 23, 27, 31, 32] SEA,NEA,M n.a. n.a. [6, 8, 13, 23] SEA,NEA,M n.a. n.a. [6, 8, 13, 23, 32] SEA,NEA n.a. n.a. [6, 8, 13, 23] B,H,P Intertidal to 7 m Hard substrates B To 1 m Mangrove prop roots or other hard substrates [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 20, 23, 27, 31] [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23, 27] SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,RS,I, CEP,SEP,HW,SWP,AA SWA,C (continued) 35 Costa Rica NEA,SWA,C,M,RS,CEP,SEP,HW, SWP,AA Marine Benthic Algae Pterocladia pinnata (Hudson) Papenfuss 36 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Order HILDENBRANDIALES Family HILDENBRANDIACEAE * NEA,SWA,C,M,I,NWP,CEP, Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) NEP,AA,A Meneghini (as “Hildenbrandtia”) (6, 24 as H. prototypus Nardo) Order NEMALIALES Family LIAGORACEAE Ganonema farinosum (J.V. Lamouroux) SWA,NWA,C,M,I,RS,HW,SWP, CEP,AA K.C. Fan & Y.C. Wang (as G. “farinosa”) (16, 19, 23 as Liagora farinosa J.V. Lamouroux) NEA,EA,NWA,C,I Helminthocladia calvadosii (J.V. Lamouroux ex Duby) Setchell *Liagora ceranoides J.V. Lamouroux SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,I,CEP, NWP,SWP,HW,AA (23 as “L. ceranioides” J.V. Lamouroux) SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,I,CEP, *Liagora valida Harvey HW,SWP,AA Liagoropsis schrammi (P.L. Crouan & SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,SWP,NWP H.M. Crouan) Doty & I.A. Abbott (as L. “schrammi”) (23 also as Nemalion schrammii (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Børgesen) Central Americab Habitat ES,G,P Intertidal to subtidal Rocks B To 10 m Rocks and coral frag- [8, 16, 19, 23] ments in sandy protected areas Shallow Coral rubble [8, 13, 23, 31] B,H,P To 20 m Rocks or coral fragments [3, 7, 8, 15, 16, 20, 23, 26] B,H,P Intertidal (tide pools) to 2 m, often wave exposed To 10 m Rocks or coral frag- [3, 6–8, 13, 16, 19, ments 20, 23, 24, 26, 31] Substrate Coral or shell fragments Referencesc [1, 3, 6–8, 13, 23, 24] [8, 16, 23] Species List SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,I,HW, B,H,P SWP,SEP,CEP,AA Shallow to 10 m Mangrove prop [6, 7, 13, 15, 18, 20, roots, rocks, on 23, 27, 31] shallow reef flats or in tide pools SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,RS,I, CEP,HW,SWP,AA To 12 m, protected Mangrove prop [6–8, 13, 15, 18, 16, roots, coral frag20, 21, 23, 31] ments or rocks To 30 m Coral fragments on sand plains Coral fragments or rocks in sandy areas [3, 8, 13, 16, 23, 26, 30, 31] [6–8, 13, 16, 19, 27] [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 18–20, 23, 27] B,N,P NEA,NWA,SWA,M,I,CEP SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,I,RS, HW,SWP,AA B,P,N Intertidal to 15 m, protected SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,I,RS, SWP,SEP,HW,AA B,H,P Protected, to 30 m Coral fragments or rocks SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, SEP,NEP,HW,SWP,AA B,G,N To 1–14 m Mangrove prop [1, 8, 16, 19, 21, 23, roots, coral, rocks, 24] or epiphytic 37 (continued) Marine Benthic Algae Family GALAXAURACEAE *Galaxaura marginata (Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux (6 as G. arborea Kjellman; 13, 31 as G. frutescens Kjellmann; 3 as G. veprecula Kjellmann; 3 as G. stupocaula Kjellman; 26 as G. stupocaulon Kjellman) Galaxaura rugosa (J. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux (6, 7, 13, 23, 31 as G. lapidescens (Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux; 6, 7, 13, 20, 21, 31 as G. squalida Kjellman) *Scinaia complanata (F.S. Collins) A.D. Cotton Tricleocarpa cylindrica (J. Ellis & Solander) Huisman & Borowitzka (6, 7, 13, 19, 27 as Galaxaura cylindrica (J. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux) Tricleocarpa fragilis (Linnaeus) Huisman & Townsend (6, 7, 13, 19, 23, 27 as Galaxaura oblongata (J. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux Order BONNEMAISONIALES Family BONNEMAISONIACEAE *Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan de Saint-Léon (by 1, 23 found only as Falkenbergia hillebrandii – sporophytic stage) 38 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Order GIGARTINALES Family CAULACANTHACEAE NEA,SWA,M,C,SWP,NWP,I,SEP B,N,P *Catenella caespitosa (Withering) L.M. Irvine in Parke & P.S.Dixon (7, 19, 21 as C. repens (Lightfoot) Batters; 6 as C. opuntia Greville) SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,SWP,NWP, ES *Catenella impudica (Montagne) SEP J. Agardh Substrate Referencesc Intertidal Mangrove prop roots, rocks, or coral fragments [6–8, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23] Intertidal Mangrove prop roots, rocks, or coral fragments [5, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27] C,NWA N Lower intertidal to 26 m Hard substrates [8, 16, 23] SEA,NEA,NWA,C B,H To 20 m Coral fragments [8, 16, 19, 20, 23] NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,SWP,NWP, I,HW,AA Lower intertidal Rocks [6, 8, 13, 23, 31] SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,M,C,HW, B,G,P SWP,NWP,I,RS,AA SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,RS, B,ES,H,N,P I,HW,SWP,SEP,AA To 26 m SEA,NEA,C n.a. Hard substrates or epiphytic Rocks, coral fragments or epiphytic Hemiparasitic on Hypnea musciformis [1, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 23, 27, 31] [5–8, 13, 15, 16, 19–21, 23, 27, 31] [8, 23] Intertidal to 30 m Species List Family CORYNOMORPHACEAE Corynomorpha clavata (Harvey) J. Agardh Family DUMONTIACEAE Dudresnaya crassa M.A. Howe Family GIGARTINACEAE Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq (6, 13, 23, 31 as Gigartina acicularis (Roth) J.V. Lamouroux) Family HYPNEACEAE Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V. Lamouroux *Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) Kützing (5, 6, 7, 13, 19, 21, 23, 31 also as Hypnea cervicornis J. Agardh) Hypneocolax stellaris Børgesen Habitat To 27 m Hard substrates [6, 8, 16, 23] P Lower intertidal Calcareous encrust- [4, 6–8, 13] ing algae on Laminaria hyperborea holdfasts P Intertidal Rocks in subdued light conditions [6–8, 23, 24, 27, 31] B,P To 15 m, exposed Hard substrates [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 27, 31] P Shallow n.a. [7, 8, 13] B To 20 m Coral [8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 23] 39 (continued) Marine Benthic Algae Family PEYSSONNELIACEAE SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M,I,AA Peyssonnelia armorica (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Weber-van Bosse (cited by 23 as published by 6 as Cruoriella armorica P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan (No. 24214), but in 6 appears only No. 14214a published as Gymnothamnion elegans (Schousboe ex C. Agardh) J. Agardh. Therefore this report remains unclear. NEA,SWA,M,RS,I,SWP,NWP,I, Peyssonnelia dubyi P.L. Crouan & AA H.M. Crouan (as “Peyssonelia”) (4, 6, 7, 13 as Cruoriella dubyi (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) F. Schmitz) NEA,NWA,C,M,RS,HW,SWP,I, *Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) AA J. Agardh Family RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE C Ochtodes secundiramea (Montagne) M.A. Howe Family SOLIERACEAE NWA,SWA,C Meristiella gelidium (J. Agardh) D.P. Cheney & Gabrielson (13 as Eucheuma acanthocladum (Harvey) J. Agardh; 13, 7 as Eucheuma gelidium (J. Agardh) J. Agardh) Meristiella echinocarpum (Areschoug) SEA,NEA,SWA,C D.P.Cheney & Gabrielson in Gabrielson & D.P.Cheney (13, 23 as Eucheuma echinocarpurn Areschoug) 40 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona C Meristiella schrammii (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) D. P. Cheney & P. W. Gabrielson (6, 13, 23, 31 as Eucheuma schrammii (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) J. Agardh) SEA,NEA,NWA,C,AA Solieria filiformis (Kützing) Gabrielson (5, 6, 13 as S. tenera (J. Agardh) M.J. Wynne & W.R. Taylor; 31 as Agardhiella tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz) Order HALYMENIALES Family HALYMENIACEAE C,WA Cryptonemia bengryi W.R. Taylor SEA,NEA,C,SWP,I,SWA,NWA Habitat Substrate Referencesc B To 40 m, in moderate current Rocks [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23, 31] ES 10–30 m Rocks or coral rubble [6, 8, 16, 23, 31] on sand plains Rocks [8, 13, 23, 30, 31] Corals or rocks [6, 8, 13, 16, 20, 23, 31] [6, 8, 13, 23, 31] ES,G,P Intertidal to subtidal, exposed to surf Lower intertidal to 30 m Deeper than 3 m, exposed n.a. Intertidal to 20 m H Shallow to 10 m N 5–40 m H C,SWP,NWP,I,A,SEA NEA,M,SWP,NWP,C A,M,C,SWA,NEP,SWP,NWP,I, RS,SEA,NEA,SEP,HW C,I,SEA,NEA SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, SWP,AA Rocks n.a. Rocks or coral rubble Rocks or coral [6, 8, 13, 23, 27] [1, 5–8, 13, 16, 23, 27] [6, 8, 13, 16, 20, 23, 31] Rocks, corral rubble [8, 16, 21, 23] or other hard substrates Species List Cryptonemia crenulata (J. Agardh) J. Agardh Cryptonemia luxurians (C. Agardh) J. Agardh Grateloupia dichotoma J. Agardh Grateloupia filicina (J.V. Lamouroux) C. Agardh Halymenia duchassaingii (J. Agardh) Kylin Halymenia floresia (Clemente) C. Agardh Central Americab SWA,NWA,C,NEP,I,AA,EA,SWP H 10–55 m NEA,M,C,NEP,SWP,NWP,I,SWA, NWA,RS To 5 m, exposed to Coral rubble, shell [8, 16, 23] moderate surf fragments or other hard substrates 1–2 m, protected Rocks, coral frag[6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 31] ments or other hard substrates in sand plains or seagrass beds To 10 m Coral rubble, shell [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23, fragments or 27, 31] other hard substrates Shallow to 20 m Coral rubble, shell [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 31] fragments or other hard substrates Coral fragments [8, 23] To 10 m Rocks, coral frag[8, 16, 23] ments or other hard substrates Shallow Coral rubble [38, 13, 31, 21a] Gracilaria blodgettii Harvey (6, 13, 23, 31 as G. cylindrica Børgesen) C,SWP,NWP,I,AA Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J. Agardh (6, 7, 13, 31 as G. ferox J. Agardh) SEA,NEA,M,C,I,SWA Gracilaria cuneata Areschoug C,SWA,NWA Gracilaria curtissiae J. Agardh Gracilaria damaecornis J. Agardh C C,SWP,NWP,SEA,NEA Gracilaria debilis (Forsskål) Børgesen SWP,NWP,I,RS,C (23 as Gracilaria wrightii (Turner) J. Agardh) C,SWA Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing) Sonder ex Dickie B,P H To 15 m Rocks or coral rubble Coral fragments or other hard substrates [8, 16, 20, 23] Marine Benthic Algae Sebdenia flabellata (J. Agardh) P.G.Parkinson (23 as Halymenia agardhii De Toni) Order GRACILARIALES Family GRACILARIACEAE Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (S.G. Gmelin) P.C. Silva [6, 8, 13, 16, 20, 23, 27] 41 (continued) 42 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona NEA,M,SWA,SWP,I, C,RS Gracilaria foliifera (Forsskål) Børgesen M,NEP,NWP,I,RS,NEA,SEA, Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) WP,SWP,C,CEP,AA,A Steentoft, L.M. Irvine & Farnham (1, 6, 7, 13, 21, 23 as G. verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss) NWA,C,NEP Gracilaria mammillaris (Montagne) M.A. Howe Gracilaria ornata Areschoug SWA,NWA,C,NEP,SEA,NEA, SWP SWA,C,HW Central Americab Habitat G,P Intertidal to 2 m Substrate Referencesc [6–8, 13, 23] G,N,P Rocks, coral fragments or shells Intertidal to subtidal Rocks B,H,P To 60 m [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 23, 31] [6, 8, 13, 23, 31] Intertidal to 10 m, Rocks or coral frag- [1, 8, 13, 16, 31] in calm estuaries ments and bays n.a. n.a. [8, 23] n.a. n.a. To 30 m Coral or shell fragments often in seagrass beds Intertidal to 9 m Hard substrates [8, 13, 23, 31] [6] [6, 8, 13, 16, 23] [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 20, 23, 31] Species List G Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan (1, 13, 31 as G. foliifera (Forsskål) Børgesen var. angustissima W.R. Taylor) Gracilaria aff. usneoides (C. Agardh) SWA,C J. Agardh (23 as Gracilaria aff. usneoides (Mertens) J. Agardh) Gracilaria venezuelensis W.R. Taylor C,SWP Gracilaria sp. Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Bory de C,SWP,NWP,SEA,NEP,I,AA,SEP, ES SWA,NWA,HW Saint-Vincent) E.Y. Dawson, Acleto & Foldvik (6, 23 as Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bory) Weber-ván Bosse; 6, 7, 8, 13 as Gracilaria sjoestedtii (Kylin) Dawson) B,P Hydropuntia crassissima (P.L. Crouan C & H.M. Crouan) M.J. Wynne (6, 7, 13, 20, 23, 31 as Gracilaria crassissima P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan in Schramm & Mazé) Intertidal to 2 m Mangrove prop roots, rocks, or other hard substrates Coral [1, 6–8, 13, 21, 23] B,H,N To 5 m B Rocks or other hard substrates Intertidal to 55 m Rocks, coral or other hard substrates Intertidal to 10 m Mangrove prop roots or other hard substrates To 1 m, exposed to Mangrove prop moderate surf roots, rocks, or other hard substrates Intertidal to 10 m Hard substrates B n.a. On a nullipore [6, 8, 13, 17, 23] To 30 m Epiphytic [8, 16, 23] 3m Epiphytic [8, 13, 17, 23, 31] B SEA,NEA,C,M,I,AA,SWA,NWA, B HW,SWP Gelidiopsis planicaulis (W.R. Taylor) W.R. Taylor SEA,NEA,C,SWA,NWA B B [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27, 31] [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 23] [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 23, 27] [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27, 31] [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23] 43 C,SWP,I,AA,SWP,NWP,HW Gelidiopsis scoparia (Montagne & Millardet) De Toni Order CERAMIALES Family CERAMIACEAE SEA,NEA,C,I,HW,SWP Acrothamnion butleriae (Collins) Kylin (6 as Antithamnion butleriae Collins) Aglaothamnion cordatum (Børgesen) SEA,NEA,M,SWA,NWA,C, SWP,NWP,NEP,I,HW,AA Feldmann-Mazoyer (23 as Callithamnion cordatum Børgesen) Aglaothamnion halliae (F.S. Collins) C,NEA Aponte, D.L. Ballentine & J.N. Norris (8, 13, 23, 31 as CalIithamnion halliae F. S. Collins) Sandy rocks or epi- [3, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19– phytic 21, 23, 30, 31] Epiphytic [8, 16, 23] Subtidal to 55 m Gelidiopsis intricata (C. Agardh) Vickers * To 15 m Marine Benthic Algae Order RHODYMENIALES Family CHAMPIACEAE * Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey M,SWA,NWA,CEP,I,AA,NEA,S WP,HW SEA,NEA,C,SWP,I,AA,HW Champia vieillardii Kützing Family LOMENTARIACEAE Botryocladia occidentalis (Børgesen) SEA,NEA,C,SWA,NWA Kylin C Botryocladia shanksii E.Y. Dawson (continued) 44 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species Central Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc B,G To 30 m Epiphytic [1, 6, 8, 13, 16, 19, 23] B To 1 m Epiphytic [6, 8, 13, 15, 23] P B,ES,G,N,P n.a. n.a. Intertidal [6, 7] [13] [3, 5–8, 13, 15–19, 21, 23, 27, 31] SWP,I NEA,M,C,NEP,NWP,I,AA,SEP B,G n.a. To 40 m n.a. n.a. Mangrove prop roots, rocks, and other hard substrates, or epiphytic Epiphytic Submerged woods C,SWP,I B Intertidal to 1 m World distributiona Anotrichium tenue (C. Agardh) Nägeli M,C,CEP,I,SEA,SWP,HW,AA, SWA,NWA,RS (6, 13, 23 as Griffithsia tenuis C. Agardh) Antithamnion lherminieri (P.L. Crouan SEA,NEA,M,C,CEP,I,AA, SWA,NWA,HW,SWP & H.M. Crouan) Bornet ex Nasr Antithamnion sp. Antithamnionella sp. *Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) M,C,SWA,NWA,SWP,NWP, CEP,I,SEA,SEP,AA,SWP,HW Montagne M,C,SWP,NWP,I,AA,A,HW,RS,S WA,SEA,NEA NWA,SWA,M,C,NEA,I,SEA, B,ES,N HW,SWP,SEP,AA,CEP I,SWA,NWA Intertidal [1, 8, 13] [1, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 31] Mangrove prop roots [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23] or epiphytic Rocks, coral [6, 8, 13, 23] To 22 m Epiphytic or on sunken logs [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23] Shallow Epiphytic [6, 8] Species List Ceramium brevizonatum H.E. Petersen Ceramium cimbricum H.E. Petersen (1, 6, 13, 23 as C. fastigiatum Harvey in Hooker; 31 also as C. fastigiatum f. flaccidum Petersen) Ceramium cruciatum F.S. Collins & Hervey Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth *Ceramium flaccidum (Kützing) Ardissone (3, 5, 6 as C. gracillimum var. byssoideum; 3, 5 as C. taylorii Dawson) Ceramium leutzelburgii O.C.Schmidt (6 as C. leutzelbergii Schm.) Monosporus sp. Pleonosporium caribaeum (Børgesen) R.E. Norris (13 as Mesothamnion caribeum Børgesen) Ptilothamnion speluncarum (Collins & Hervey) D.L. Ballantine & M.J. Wynne (5, 6, 13, 23 as Spermothamnion speluncarum (Collins & Hervey) M.A. Howe) Spermothamnion investiens (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Vickers Spyridia clavata Kützing *Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey in W.J. Hooker C,SWP,NWP,SEA,NEA B,H To 15 m B,N Shallow n.a. To 20 m C C,M,NEA,NWP,SWP,I,AA, SEP,CEP,RS C SEA,SWA,NWA,C To 20 m Shallow M,C,SWA,NWA,I,HW,SEA To 23 m n.a. n.a. M,CEP,SWP,NWP,I,SEA,AA, SWA,NWA,C,SEP,HW C,I,SWP,AA,SWA,NWA,HW H M,SWP,NWP,I,C,SEA,HW To 15 m Dead corals or epiphytic Submerged logs n.a. Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic or on hard substrates Rocks or epiphytic n.a. n.a. [6, 8, 13, 15–20, 23, 31] [6, 8, 13, 23, 27, 31] [13, 31] [8, 13, 16, 19, 21, 23] [8, 13, 16, 23] [8, 23] Marine Benthic Algae Ceramium nitens (C. Agardh) J. Agardh Ceramium subtile J. Agardh Ceramium sp. Crouania attenuata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh Crouania pleonospora W.R. Taylor Dohrniella antillana (W.R. Taylor) Feldmann-Mazoyer Griffithsia schousboei Montagne Griffithsia sp. Gymnothamnion elegans (Schousboe ex C. Agardh) J. Agardh Haloplegma duperreyi Montagne [8, 13, 16] [13] [6, 8, 13] [8, 16, 20, 23] n.a. Shallow Hard substrates in shaded habitats n.a. Epiphytic [13] [8, 13] SEA,NEA,C,SWP,NWP,I ES Surfy shore Rocks, coral [5, 6, 8, 13, 23] C,SEA,NEA,I B Shallow n.a. [8, 13, 19] SWA,NWA,C,SEA,NEA,I,RS M,C,NEA,I,AA,SEA,SWA, NWA,RS,CEP,HW,SWP B,ES,H,N,P Shallow protected To 8 m, calm protected Hard substrates Hard substrates [8, 13, 23, 31] [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15– 21, 23, 24, 27] (continued) 45 46 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Spyridia hypnoides (Bory de SaintVincent) Papenfuss (13 as S. aculeata (Schimp.) Kützing var. hypnoides J. Agardh) Tiffaniella gorgonea (Montagne) Doty & Meñez Tiffaniella saccorhiza (Setchell & N.L. Gardner) Doty & Meñez Wrangelia argus (Montagne) Montagne Wrangelia bicuspidata Børgesen Family DASYACEAE Dasya rigidula (Kützing) Ardissone Central Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc SEA,NEA,M,SWA,NWA,C,I,SW B P,RS To 8 m, in calm protected areas n.a. [8, 13, 16, 18] SEA,NEA,C To 20 m Epiphytic [8, 13, 16] SEA,NEA,CEP,C,HW Intertidal to 3 m Epiphytic [6, 8, 13, 23] [4, 6–8, 13, 16, 19, 20, 23, 27, 31] [8, 15, 16, 23] B,H,P To 10 m Rocks or epiphytic B To 40 m Epiphytic SEA,NEA,M,I,C B To 10 m Mangrove prop roots, rocks, or other hard substrates or epiphytic Rocks or other hard substrates Mangrove peat, rocks, shell fragments or other hard substrates Mangrove peat, coral fragments or other hard substrates Dictyurus occidentalis J. Agardh C,I Heterosiphonia crispella (C. Agardh) M.J. Wynne M,C,SWP,I,AA,SEA,SWA, NWA,RS B Lower intertidal to 30 m To 20 m, protected Heterosiphonia gibbesii (Harvey) Falkenberg C,SWP,SWA,NWA B To 6 m [8, 13, 15–17, 23] [8, 13, 16, 22, 23] [8, 15, 16, 23] [8, 13, 16, 17, 22, 23] Species List SEA,NEA,C,SWA,NWA,I,SWP, AA C,SWP,NWP,I SWA,NWA,C,SEA,SWP, NWP,I,SEP,AA SWP,NWP,I,AA SWP,C,I,AA,HW B,ES,G,P *Caloglossa stipitata E. Post Martensia fragilis Harvey (16, 19, 23 as M. pavonia (J. Agardh) J. Agardh) Family RHODOMELACEAE Acanthophora muscoides (Linnaeus) Bory de Saint-Vincent Acanthophora spicifera (M. Vahl) Børgesen Amansia multifida J.V. Lamouroux SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,M,C,SWP, P NWP,I,AA C,SEA,NEA,I,SWA,NWA,HW,S B,H,N,P WP,AA C,SWA,NWA,I P *Bostrychia moritziana (Sonder ex Kützing) J. Agardh C,SEA,I,SWP,AA,NWA,SWA,N WP B G ES,G *Bostrychia tenella (J.V. Lamouroux) C,SEA,I,SWA,NWA,CEP,SWP,A A,SEP J. Agardh (1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 13, 23 as Bostrychia binderi Harvey) C,SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,I Bryothamnion seaforthii (Turner) Kützing C,SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA Bryothamnion triquetrum (S.G. Gmelin) M.A. Howe B,ES,N,P P n.a. To 30 m Intertidal to 18 m Intertidal to 8 m Mangrove prop roots, rocks, or other hard substrates n.a. Epiphytic [1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 24] Early colonizer on hard substrates Early colonizer on hard substrates Rocks [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 27] Intertidal – 5 m, calm to exposed to waves Upper intertidal Mangrove prop roots, rocks, or sea walls Mid to lower inter- Mangrove roots, tidal calm water rocks, mud, floating logs or sea walls; in saline or brackish water Upper intertidal Mangrove prop roots, rocks, or sea walls Intertidal to shallow Coral Shallow to 20 m Hard substrates [6, 8, 16, 23] [8, 16, 19, 23] [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 18– 21, 23, 27, 31] [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 27, 30, 31] [1, 8, 13, 16, 23, 31] [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27] [1, 3, 5–7, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 27] [6, 8, 13, 23, 27, 31] [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 27, 31] (continued) 47 C,SEA,NEA,CEP,I,SWP,SWA,S *Bostrychia radicans (Mantagne) EP,AA Montagne (6, 13, 27 as B. rivularis Harvey) Intertidal, protected areas Marine Benthic Algae Family DELESSERIACEAE *Caloglossa leprieurii (Montagne) G. Martens 48 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Chondria baileyana (Montagne) Harvey C,SWP,NWP Habitat Substrate Referencesc Intertidal to 5 m [8, 13, 16, 23, 31] Intertidal to 1 m Epiphytic or on rocks or other hard substrates Coral rubble or fragments Rocks or other hard substrates Hard substrates or epiphytic Hard substrates B,G Intertidal to 3 m Rocks, coral [1, 6, 8, 13, 23, 31] B,N,P To 20 m Coral fragments in seagrass beds [7, 8, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23] B,H,P Intertidal to 7 m Hard substrates [6, 7, 8, 13, 17, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 27, 31] B,G,H,P Lower intertidal to 20 m Coral fragments, rocks, or other hard substrates [1, 3, 6, 7, 13, 15, 16, 18–20, 23, 24, 26, 31] B Intertidal to 5 m Intertidal to 80 m B To 18 m [6, 8, 13, 17, 16, 23] [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 31] [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 23] [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 31] Species List NEA,M,C,CEP,I,SWA,NWP, Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward) SEP,SWP C. Agardh C,SWA,NWA Chondria floridana (F.S. Collins) M.A. Howe M,C,SWA,NWA,SWP,NWP,I, Chondria polyrhiza F.S. Collins & HW Hervey M,C,SWP,NWP,I,NEA,RS Chondria capillaris (Hudson) M.J. Wynne (6, 13, 23, 31 as C. tenuissima (Goodenough & Woodward) C. Agardh) SEA,NEA,C,SWP,NWP,I Chondrophycus corallopsis (Montagne) Nam (1, 6, 13, 23, 31 as Laurencia corallopsis (Montagne) M.A. Howe) Chondrophycus gemmiferus (Harvey) C,SWA,NWA Garbary & Harper (7, 8, 15, 16, 21, 23 as Laurencia gemmifera Harvey) SEA,NEA,M,C,I,AA,SWA,NWA, Chondrophycus papillosus RS,SWP (C. Agardh) Garbary & Harper (6, 7, 13, 17, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 27, 31 as Laurencia papillosa (C. Agardh) Greville) *Digenea simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh SEA,NEA,M,C,CEP,I,AA, SWA,NWA,RS,SWP (6, 19, 31 as “Digenia” simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh) Central Americab Laurencia c.f. lata M.A. Howe & W.R. Taylor Laurencia microcladia Kützing Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux M,SEP,AA,SWA,NWA,SEA,SW P,C C 2m Epiphytic [8, 23] B,N To 2 m C,SWA,NWA,SEA,NEA,M, CEP,SWP,NWP,I,HW,AA SEA,NEA,M,SWA,NWA,C, SWP,CEP,I,AA,RS,SEP B,ES,N,P Intertidal to 2 m ES Intertidal to 2 m Hard substrates or epiphytic Hard substrates or epiphytic Coral or epiphytic [8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23] [3, 5, 7, 8, 17, 16, 19, 21, 23] [3, 5, 8, 16] SEA,NEA,SWP,NWP,I,AA C,SWP,NWP,I,AA,SWA,NWA, SEA,NEA N B 15 m To 2 m [8, 21, 23] [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 23, 27] SEA,NEA,M,C,SWP,NWP,I,AA, RS,CEP B,H To 3 m Rocks Mangrove prop roots or other hard substrates Rocks, shells or coral fragments in protected sandy areas n.a. SWA,NWA,SEA,NEA SEA,NEA,M,C,SWA,NWA,SWP M,C,NEA,SEA,SWA,NWA,RS, HW,SWP,AA B,P B,H,N,P B [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 23, 27] [8, 13] Intertidal Rocks [6–8, 13, 15, 23, 27] Intertidal to 8 m, Rocks or dead coral [6–8, 13, 15, 16, exposed to 18–21, 23, 31] waves or currents Lower intertidal Hard substrates or [8, 13, 16, 19, 23] to 8 m, wave epiphytic exposed areas Lower intertidal to Rocks 5 m, exposed to moderate wave action [8, 16, 23, 30] (continued) 49 Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa (Børgesen) SEA,NEA,M,HW,C,SWP,I,AA M.S. Kim & I.E. Lee (8, 13, 16, 19, 23 as Polysiphonia sphaerocarpa Børgesen) C,SWA,NWA,SWP,NWP,HW Osmundaria obtusiloba (Mertens ex C. Agardh) R.E. Norris (23, 30 as Vidalia obtusiloba (Mertens ex C. Agardh) J. Agardh) n.a. Marine Benthic Algae Dipterosiphonia dendritica (C. Agardh) F. Schmitz Herposiphonia pecten-veneris (Harvey) Falkenberg *Herposiphonia secunda (C. Agardh) Ambronn *Herposiphonia secunda f. tenella (C. Agardh) M.J. Wynne (3, 5 as Herposiphonia tenella (C. Agardh) Ambronn) Laurencia brongniartii J. Agardh Laurencia filiformis (C.Agardh) Montagne (6, 13 also as L. scoparia J. Agardh) Laurencia intricata J.V. Lamouroux 50 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Osmundea sinicola (Setchell & N.L. SEP,CEP,NEP Gardner) K.W. Nam (6, 13, 23 as Laurencia sinicola Setchell & N.L. Gardner) NEA,M,C,SEA,NEA,AA Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun & J.N. Norris (6, 13, 31 as P. macrocarpa Harvey, nom. illeg.) C Polysiphonia binneyi Harvey Central Americab B,N Habitat Substrate Referencesc Intertidal Hard substrates [6, 8, 13, 23] To 1 m Rocks or other hard [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, substrates 21, 23, 31] To 9 m Rocks or coral fragments or epiphytic Lower intertidal to Hard substrates or 36 m epiphytic [8, 13, 16, 23, 31] *Polysiphonia ferulacea Suhr ex J. Agardh SEA,NEA,M,SWA,NWA,C,SWP, B NWP,I,AA Polysiphonia gorgoniae Harvey C,SWP,NWP,I,SEA,NEA,RS To 3 m, protected areas Hard substrates or epiphytic *Polysiphonia howei Hollenberg in W.R. Taylor SWA,NWA,C,SEA,NEA,SWP,I,A G,P A,CEP,HW Intertidal to subtidal Rocks or other hard [1, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, substrates or 23] epiphytic Edge of reef [8, 16, 19, 23] B Surfy shore [8, 13, 16] Species List C,CEP,SWP,I,SEP,NEP Polysiphonia scopulorum var. villum (J. Agardh) Hollenberg (in 23 reported as P. setacea Hollenberg as found by 6 (No.24356), but in 6 published as Lophosiphonia sp. near L. villum (J. Agardh) Setchell & N.L. Gardner). It remains unclear if that specimen is either Polysiphonia setacea or P. scopulorum var. villum) [6, 8, 13, 16, 17, 19, 23, 27] Polysiphonia sp. Phylum CYANOBACTERIA Order NOSTOCALES Family RIVULARIACEAE *Calothrix crustacea Thuret M,C,SWA,SWP,NWP,I,AA,SEA, NEA,HW ES,G n.a. C,I,NEA,M,RS,CEP,SWP,AA N C,CEP,I,SWA,NWA,SEP,SWP,AA *Calothrix pilosa Harvey Order OSCILLATORIALES Family OSCILLATORIACEAE B Lyngbya majuscula (Dillwyn) Harvey NEA,C,CEP,I,AA,RS,HW,SWP ex Gomont *Lyngbya polychroa (Meneghini) Rabenhorst (1, 3, 5, 6 as L. sordida Gomont; 31 as “Lingbya” sordida (Zanardini) Gomont) Family PHORMIDIACEAE Microcoleus chthonoplastes (Mertens) Zanardini ex Gomont Phormidium corallinae (Kützing) Anagnostidis & Komárek (6 as Oscillatoria corallinae (Kützing) Gomont) *Symploca hydnoides (Harvey) Kützing Symploca hydnoides var. fasciculata (Kützing) Gomont Intertidal Intertidal to 30 m Intertidal Intertidal to 2 m Mangrove prop roots [1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23] n.a. [31] Epiphytic, mangrove [3, 6, 8, 11, 21] prop roots, fine sediments (sand or mud) Rocks [3, 6, 8] Marine Benthic Algae *Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne Coral fragments, [8, 15, 16, 23, 31] other hard substrates or floating Epiphytic, rocks, [1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, washed-up logs 18, 31] SWP,RS,C,I B,ES,G Intertidal to 2 m SEA,NEA,M,C,AA ES,G Intertidal to 3 m Rocks, coral [1, 5, 6, 8, 31] NEA,I,RS,AA Intertidal n.a. [6, 8] NEA,C,CEP,I,HW,SWP,AA To 20 m n.a. n.a. Rocks or sandy habi- [3, 6, 8, 16, 24] tats n.a. [6] 51 (continued) 52 Species List 2.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Family PSEUDOANABENACEAE Spirocoleus crosbyanus (Tilden) P. Silva I (6 as Phormidium crosbyanum Tilden) Family SCHIZOTRICHACEAE C,I,AA,NEA,M,HW,SWP *Schizothrix calcicola (C. Agardh) Gomont ex Gomont Order STIGONEMATALES Family MASTIGOCLADACEAE Brachytrichia quoyi (C. Agardh) Bornet NEA,SWP,NWP,C,I,AA & Flahault Central Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc Intertidal Rocks, sea walls [6, 8] B,G,P Intertidal to 2 m Epiphytic, rocks or other hard substrates [1, 6–8, 11, 16, 18] B Intertidal Epiphytic, mangrove [6, 8, 11, 16, 18, 31] prop roots, rocks, pilings, wood, or other hard substrates n.a. = information not available *Species occur also at the Pacific coast **Indicates endemic species a A = Antarctic; AA = Australasia; C = Caribbean; CEP = Central East Pacific; EA/EP = eastern Atlantic/Pacific; HW = Hawaiian Islands; I = Indian Ocean; M = Mediterranean; NEA/NEP = northeastern Atlantic/Pacific; NWA/NWP = northwestern Atlantic/Pacific; RS = Red Sea; SEA/SEP = southeastern Atlantic/ Pacific; SWA/SWP = southwestern Atlantic/Pacific; TEP = tropical eastern Pacific; TWA = tropical west Atlantic; WA/WP = western Atlantic/Pacific b B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List Species World distributiona Central Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc Phylum CHLOROPHYTA Order ULVALES Family MONOSTROMATACEAE Monostroma c.f. ecuadoreanum W.R. Taylor Family ULVACEAE *Enteromorpha lingulata J. Agardh SEP N Intertidal Fine sediments (mud flats) [3, 6, 8] CEP,NEA,M,SWA,SWP,I,NWP G,P Ulva compressa Linnaeus (3 as Enteromorpha compressa (Linnaeus) Nees) SWP,EA,NEA,SEA,SWP,NWA, SWA,C,M,RS,I,NWP,NEP,CEP, AA,SEP,HW,WP,A, *Ulva flexuosa Wulfen (as Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh) NEA,SEA,M,C,SWP,I,AA,NEP, SEP,NWA,RS,NWP,CEP,A *Ulva lactuca Linnaeus NEA, NWP,NEP,CEP,SWP,SEP,M, G,P C,SEA,NWA,SWA,RS,I,AA,A Intertidal in shallow Mangrove prop calm water roots, sunken logs, dead coral and other hard substrates or epiphytic Intertidal to 25 m Epiphytic, mangrove prop roots, rocks, or other hard substrates Intertidal to 5 m Mangrove prop roots, wood, or epiphytic in brackish water of estuaries Intertidal to 10 m, Coral rubble, hard protected calm substrates (often water in shallow coves or harbors) B, G,P Marine Benthic Algae Species List 2.2 Marine benthic algae and Cyanobacteria reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica [3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31, 33] [3, 8, 16] [1, 3, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27, 33] [1, 3, 6–8, 13, 16, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31, 35] (continued) 53 54 Species List 2.2 (continued) Species Order CLADOPHORALES Family ANADYOMENACEAE Willeella mexicana Dawson Family CLADOPHORACEAE *Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Kützing (5, 6, 7, 23 as C. media (C.Agardh) Kützing) Chaetomorpha javanica Kützing Cladophora crystallina (Roth) Kützing Cladophora lehmanniana (Lindenberg) Kützing (6 as C. utriculosa Kützing) *Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kützing World distributiona Central Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc TEP 1–3 m Hard substrate [3] NEA,SWA,RS,NEP,CEP,SEP,HW, ES,G,N,P NWA,SWP,C,I,AA Intertidal, wavebeaten Rocks [1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 23, 24] SWP,I,SEP,SWP,AA NWA,M,C,RS,SWP,I,AA Intertidal 14 m, calm water Rocks Rocks [5, 6, 8, 33] [1, 5, 6, 8] To 8 m Rocks [4, 8] To 70 m Fixed or floating, eutrophic environmental conditions Rocks [3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 23, 24, 26] ES,P ES,G NEA,M,I,SEA,AA,SWP,C NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS, I,SWP,CEP,AA B,ES M,NWA,I,AA,NEA,SEA,C,RS,NE P,CEP,SWP,CWP *Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey *Rhizoclonium implexum (Dillwyn) Kützing (13, 4, 7 as R. kochianum Kützing; 23, 6, 31 as R. “kockianum” Kützing; 1, 6, 13, 31 as R. kerneri Stockmayer NEA,M,C,SEA,NWA,SWA,NWP, B,G,P NEP,CEP,CWP,I,A,HW,AA SEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,I,AA,CEP, G,P SWP,NEA,M,CWP M,SEA,SWP,I,AA,CWP,CEP Intertidal P Intertidal Upper intertidal Intertidal to 2 m [3, 8] Mangrove trees in [3, 8, 33] estuary Mangrove prop roots [1, 6, 8, 15, 16, 18, 28, 33] n.a. [1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 23, 31] Species List Cladophora sericea (Hudson) Kützing (3 as C. rudolphiana (C. Agardh) Kützing) Cladophora socialis Kützing Cladophoropsis sundanensis Reinbold BRYOPSIDALES Family BRYOPSIDACEAE *Bryopsis pennata var. leprieurii (Kützing) Collins & Hervey Family CODIACEAE Codium sp. Family CAULERPACEAE *Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata (J.V. Lamouroux) Eubank (23 as C. racemosa var. laetevirens (Montagne) Weber-van Boss) Family UDOTEACEAE Boodleopsis verticillata E.Y. Dawson NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,M,I, NWP,NEP,SEP,SWP,AA,A, CEP Intertidal n.a. [3, 6, 13, 23, 26, 31] C,NEP,I,NWP,CEP,CWP,HW, SWP,AA,SEA,RS, P To 10 m Hard substrates [3, 8, 33] NEA,C,NWP,M,SEA,I,CEP,HW, SWP,AA,RS B,ES,N,P To 1 m Mangrove prop roots, rocks, or other hard substrates [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, 19, 23, 33] To 2 m, calm Coral fragments [3, 8] Fine sediments (mud) Sandy habitats, seepages [5, 6] CWP, AA SEP,TEP ES Shallow I,C,NWP,AA,CWP,HW,SWP ES Shallow SWA,I,C,CWP Marine Benthic Algae *Rhizoclonium tortuosum (Dillwyn) Kützing (3, 26 as R. lubricum Setchell & N.L. Gardner) Family BOODLEACEAE Boodlea composita (Harvey) F. Brand (3 as B. siamensis Reinbold) *Phyllodictyon anastomosans (Harvey) Kraft & M. J. Wynne (6, 19 as Struvea anastomosans (Harvey) Piccone & Grunow) Family SIPHONOCLADACEAE Cladophoropsis gracillima E.Y. Dawson Cladophoropsis peruviana Howe [3, 5, 8] Intertidal Rocks [3, 6, 8, 13, 23] n.a. n.a. [3] B,ES,H,P To 80 m Mangrove prop roots, or other hard substrates [3, 5–8, 13, 15, 16, 18–20, 23, 24, 32, 33] C,SWP,SEP P Upper intertidal Mangrove prop roots [28, 33] 55 NEA,NWP,I,AA,RS,C,SWA, NWA,CEP,SWP (continued) 56 Species List 2.2 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc Chlorodesmis hildebrandtii A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp *Halimeda discoidea Decaisne I,CWP,NWP,HW,SWP,AA ES Intertidal to 2 m Rocks [3, 5, 8] NEA,SEA,C,I,NWP,CEP,SWP,H W,AA B,H,ES,N,P To 80 m Coral fragments or sand-covered hard surfaces [3, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 33] Subtidal Rocks [3, 8] Intertidal to 14 m Intertidal to 15 m Rocks Coral fragments or other hard substrates, epiphytic n.a. [3, 8, 26] [3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 31] Phylum HETEROKONTOPHYTA Class PHAEOPHYCEAE Order ECTOCARPALES Family CHNOOSPORACEAE Chnoospora implexa Hering ex J. Agardh Family SCYTOSIPHONACEAE Colpomenia ramosa W.R. Taylor *Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier Rosenvingea orientalis (J. Agardh) Børgesen Order SPHACELARIALES Family SPHACELARIACEAE *Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing (3, 6 as S. furcigera Kützing) CEP NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, WP,NEP,CEP,SEP,HW,SWP, AA,A P B,H,P NWA,C,NWP,I,CWP,HW,SWP, AA 6m NEA,EA,SEA,NWA,C,M,RS,I, WP,NEP,HW,SWP,SEP,AA,A Intertidal to 3 m Epiphytic, rocks or other hard substrates [3, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27] Subtidal to 2 m, wave exposed Rocks [3, 5, 8] NEA,NWP,I,CWP,HW,SWP,AA ES [4, 8] Species List Order DICTYOTALES Family DICTYOTACEAE Dictyopteris repens (Okamura) Børgesen I,RS,NWP,CWP,HW,SWP,AA NEP,CEP,NWP,CI,SEP,HW P NEA,SEA,SWA,C,I,NEP,NWP, B,P CEP,SEP,SWP,I NWP,I,CWP,SWP,HW P CEP M,SEA,C,SWA,NWP,CEP,I,CWP, B,ES,N,P HW,AA HW EA,SWA,C,I,M,RS,NEP,SEP, WP,HW,SWP,AA N B,H,ES,N,P Padina caulescens Thivy Padina crispata Thivy CEP CEP N ES Padina durvillaei Bory Order LAMINARIALES Family SARGASSACEAE Sargassum liebmannii J. Agardh Phylum RHODOPHYTA Class BANGIOPHYCEAE Order PORPHYRIDALES Family PORPHYRIDIACEAE SEA,CEP SEP,CEP 21 m Rocks [3, 7, 8, 24, 26] To 15 m Hard substrates Subtidal to 2 m Intertidal 1–3 m Rocks n.a. Rocks and dead coral [3, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 24, 26, 27] [3, 8] [4] [3, 8] Intertidal Shallow to 120 m [6] [3, 5–7, 13, 15–21, 23, 31, 34] N Rocks Mangrove prop roots, coral rubble, rocks, or other hard substrates 5–9 m Rocks Subtidal to 2 m, surf Rocks exposed 0.5–2 m Rocks ES,N Subtidal [3, 5, 6, 8, 21a] Rocks Marine Benthic Algae Dictyota binghamiae J. Agardh (3, 7, 24, 26 as D. flabellata (F.S. Collins) Setchell & N.L. Gardner) *Dictyota crenulata J. Agardh (23, 27 also as D. jamaicensis Taylor) Dictyota c.f. friabilis Setchell Dictyota masonii Setchell & Gardner Dictyota divaricata J.V. Lamouroux (according to De Clerck (pers. com. 2004), name should be restricted to Mediterranean specimens, Pacific specimens require revision) Dictyota stolonifera E.Y. Dawson *Lobophora variegata (J.V. Lamouroux) Womersley ex Oliveira (6, 31 as Pocockiella variegata (Lamouroux) Papenfuss) [3, 6, 8] [3, 5, 8, 24, 26] [3, 6, 8, 24, 26] (continued) 57 58 Species List 2.2 (continued) World distributiona *Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K.M. Drew (6, 13 as Goniotrichum alsidii (Zanardini) M. Howe; 3 as G. elegans (Chauvin) Zanardini) Order ERYTHROPELTIDALES Family ERYTHROPELTIDACEAE Smithora naiadum (C.L. Anderson) G.J. Hollenberg (26 as Porphyra naiadum C.L. Anderson) Family ERYTHROTRICHIACEAE *Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J. Agardh Order BANGIALES Family BANGIACEAE Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C. Agardh (3, 26 as B. fuscopurpurea (Dillwyn) Lyngbye) Porphyra sp. Class FLORIDEOPHYCEAE Order ACROCHAETIALES Family ACROCHAETIACEAE Acrochaetium infestans M.A. Howe & Hoyt Acrochaetium vagum (Drew) Jao (3 as A. penetrale (Drew) Papenfuss) Order CORALLINALES Family SPOROLITHACEAE Central Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,I,RS, B HW,SWP,SEP,AA Shallow Epiphytic, epizoic [3, 6, 8, 13, 23] NEP,CEP Subtidal On barnacles on rocks [8, 26] NEA,NWA,SWA,M,RS,C,NWP,I, G NEP,CEP,SEP,HW,SWP,A,AA Shallow Epiphytic or on rocks [1, 3, 6, 8, 13, 23] NEA,M,SEA,SWA,C,I,NWP,NEP, AA,A,CWP,SEP,HW Shallow, exposed to surf Rocks [3, 8, 26] n.a. n.a. Shells [24] NEA 3m Endozoic in hydroids [4, 8] CEP n.a. n.a. [3, 8] Species List Species Intertidal Rocks [4, 8] SEA,CEP,CWP,SWP CEP Intertidal Intertidal Rocks Rocks [3, 8, 26] [3, 8] To 2 m Tide pools Exposed to waves Intertidal Intertidal, tide pools Intertidal to shallow Intertidal Hard substrates Rocks Rocks Hard substrate [3, 8, 15, 16] [3, 5, 6, 8] [5, 6, 8] [3, 8, 26] [8, 26] Rocks [3, 6, 8] n.a. [4, 8] [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 27] [3, 8] [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 23] SEA,M,C,SWA,SWP,I,A,CWP CEP NWP,CEP,I,SWP,HW,CWP,AA CEP CEP B ES,N ES Amphiroa taylorii E.Y. Dawson CEP N Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Penrose & Woelkerling (4 as Porolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Foslie) *Jania capillacea Harvey NEA,C,SEA,CEP,HW,NWP,I,AA, SWP,RS Jania longiarthra E.Y. Dawson *Jania tenella (Kützing) Grunow Jania tenella var. zacae Dawson Lithophyllum canescens (Foslie) Foslie (3, 5, 6 as Dermatolithon canescens (Foslie) Foslie) Lithothamnion c.f. heteromorphum (Foslie) Foslie Lithothamnion validum Foslie SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,I,CE B,ES,N,P P,SWP M,CEP,SWP,I SEA,NEA,I,RS,NEP,SEP,SWP ES To 15 m Epiphytic 0.5–1 m 2m CEP,SWP CEP To 2 m Intertidal to 10 m Rocks Epiphytic or on rocks Epiphytic Dead coral or epiphytic N ES Marine Benthic Algae Costa Rica **Sporolithon pacificum Dawson Family CORALLINACEAE Amphiroa annulata M. Lemoine Amphiroa c.f. annulata var. pinnata E.Y. Dawson Amphiroa beauvoisii J.V. Lamouroux Amphiroa dimorpha M. Lemoine Amphiroa foliacea J.V. Lamouroux Amphiroa minutissima W.R. Taylor **Amphiroa polymorpha M. Lemoine [3, 6, 8] [3, 5, 6, 8] Costa Rica Shallow Rocks [3, 8] M,CEP 18 m n.a. [3, 8, 26] (continued) 59 60 Species List 2.2 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc *Neogoniolithon trichotomum (Heydrich) Setchell & Mason (6, 13 as Lithophyllum trichotomum (Heydrich) M. Lemoine) **Porolithon castellum Dawson Spongites decipiens (Foslie) Y.M. Chamberlain (3 as Lithophyllum c.f. decipiens (Foslie) Foslie) Order GELIDIALES Family GELIDIACEAE *Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis I,NWP,SWP,CEP P Tide pools Rocks [6, 8, 13, 23] Intertidal to 8 m 2m Coral Coral fragments [4, 8] [3, 8] Rocks, shells or other hard substrates Rocks Hard substrates [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 23, 26, 27] Rocks [3, 5, 8, 26] Rocks Rocks or shell fragments Rocks [4, 8] [3, 8] Rocks [1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 23, 24, 26] Costa Rica NEP,I ES,P Intertidal to 8 m, wave exposed Gelidium sclerophyllum W.R. Taylor Pterocladia mcnabbiana Dawson CEP Costa Rica ES,N ES Pterocladia musciformis W.R. Taylor Family GELIDIELLACEAE Gelidiella hancockii E.Y. Dawson Gelidiella machrisiana E.Y. Dawson Costa Rica ES 5m Subtidal, protected Shallow CEP SEA,M,I,AA,HW,SWP P Intertidal Intertidal ES Intertidal to subtidal ES,G,P Intertidal to subtidal NEA,M,SWP,I,AA,SEA,SWA,C Gelidiella pannosa (Feldmann) WP Feldmann & G. Hamel (3 as G. tenuissima Feldmann & G. Hamel) Order HILDENBRANDIALES Family HILDENBRANDIACEAE NEA,SWA,C,M,I,NWP,CEP, *Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) NEP,AA,A Meneghini (as “Hildenbrandtia”) (6, 24, 26 as H. prototypus Nardo) [3, 5, 6, 8, 26] [3, 5] [3, 8] Species List NEA,NWA,SWA,M,C,RS,I,NEP, CEP,HW,SWP,AA To 20 m SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,I,CEP, HW,SWP,AA Intertidal (tide pools) Rocks or coral frag- [3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, to 2 m, often ments 19, 20, 23, 24, wave exposed 26, 31] SEA,CEP,NWP,I,AA,SWP, CWP,HW SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,I, HW,SWP,SEP,CEP,AA CEP NEA,NWA,SWA,M,I,CEP B,H,P Rocks or coral frag- [3, 7, 8, 15, 16, 20, ments 23, 26] Intertidal Rocks [3, 8, 26] B,H,P Shallow to 10 m [6, 7, 13, 15, 18, 20, Mangrove prop 23, 27, 31] roots, rocks, on shallow reef flats or in tide pools P 1–3 m To 30 m [3, 7, 8] [3, 8, 13, 16, 23, 26, 30, 31] [4, 8] CEP,NEP 25–30 m Rocks, dead coral Coral fragments on sand plains n.a. SEA,CEP 10 m n.a. [3, 8, 26] SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, B,G,N SEP,NEP,HW,SWP,AA To 14 m mangrove prop roots, coral, rocks, or epiphytic [1, 8, 16, 21, 23, 24] 61 Family GALAXAURACEAE Galaxaura filamentosa R. Chou ex W.R.Taylor *Galaxaura marginata (Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux (6 as G. arborea Kjellman; 13, 31, as G. frutescens Kjellman; 3 as G. veprecula Kjellman; 3 as G. stupocaula Kjellman; 26 as G. stupocaulon Kjellman) Galaxaura ramulosa Kjellmann *Scinaia complanata (F.S. Collins) A.D. Cotton Scinaia confusa (Setchell) Huismann (4 as Gloiophloea confusa Setchell) Scinaia johnstoniae Setchell Order BONNEMAISONIALES Family BONNEMAISONIACEAE *Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan (by 1, 23 only found as Falkenbergia hillebrandii – sporophytic stage) Order GIGARTINALES Family CAULACANTHACEAE SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,I,CEP, B,H,P WP,SWP,HW,AA Marine Benthic Algae Order NEMALIALES Family LIAGORACEAE *Liagora ceranoides J.V. Lamouroux (23 as “L. ceranioides” J.V. Lamouroux) *Liagora valida Harvey (continued) 62 Species List 2.2 (continued) Species World distributiona Catenella caespitosa (Withering) L.M. Irvine (7, 19, 21 as C. repens (Lightfoot) Batters; 6 as C. opuntia Greville) * Catenella impudica (Montagne) J. Agardh Caulacanthus ustulatus (Turner) Kützing (3 as C. c.f. indicus Weber-van Bosse) Family HYPNEACEAE Hypnea esperi Bory de Saint-Vincent nom. illeg. Hypnea pannosa J. Agardh * Central Americab Habitat Substrate NEA,SWA,M,C,SWP,NWP,I,SEP B,N,P Intertidal Mangrove prop roots, [6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 18, rocks, or coral 19, 21, 23, 28] fragments SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,SWP,NWP, SEP NEA,M,SWA,SEA,NWP,CEP, CWP,HW,AA,NEP,I Upper intertidal Subtidal Mangrove prop roots Rocks [3, 8] 0.5–2 m Rocks [3, 8] Subtidal, exposed to surf Intertidal to 30 m Rocks [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 24] Rocks, coral fragments or epiphytic [5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 27, 31] Intertidal to subtidal Intertidal to subtidal Rocks [3, 4, 7, 8] Rocks [3, 4, 8] 20–60 m Hard substrates [3, 8, 16] Intertidal Rocks in subdued light conditions [6, 7, 8, 23, 24, 27, 31] ES M,NEP,NWP,I,AA,A,CEP,CWP NEP,CEP,I,AA,SEA,RS,CWP,SW ES,N,P P,HW *Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) Kützing SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,RS,I, B,ES,H,N,P HW,SWP,SEP,AA (5, 6, 7, 13, 19, 23, 31 also as H. cervicornis J. Agardh) Family PEYSSONNELIACEAE CEP,CWP P Cruoriella fissurata E.Y. Dawson P [5, 6, 8, 27, 28] Species List CEP Cruoriella mexicana (E.Y. Dawson) Denizot (3, 4 as Cruoriopsis mexicana E.Y. Dawson) NWA,C,RS,I,CWP,CEP,SWP, Peyssonnelia conchicola Piccone & HW,AA Grunow NEA,NWA,C,M,RS,HW,SWP,I, *Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J. AA Agardh Family PHYLLOPHORACEAE Referencesc Order HALYMENIALES Family HALYMENIACEAE Cryptonemia angustata (Setchell & N.L. Gardner) E.Y. Dawson nom. illeg. Cryptonemia limensis (Kützing) J.A. Lewis (4 as C. guaymasensis (E.Y. Dawson) E.Y. Dawson) Halymenia actinophysa M.A. Howe Order GRACILARIALES Family GRACILARIACEAE Gracilaria crispata Setchell & Gardner **Gracilaria crockeri E.Y. Dawson Gracilaria tepocensis (E.Y. Dawson) E.Y. Dawson Gracilariopsis costaricensis E.Y. Dawson (3 also as Gracilaria costaricensis E.Y. Dawson) Gracilariopsis panamensis (W.R. Taylor) E.Y. Dawson Tidal estuary n.a. [4, 8] 10–50 m n.a. [3, 26] B,ES,N,P Intertidal to 30 m Mangrove prop roots, rocks, or coral fragments [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 19, 21, 26] ES 5–30 m n.a. [4, 5, 8] CEP 8m n.a. [4, 8] SEA,CEP,HW 25–100 m n.a. [4, 8] CEP ES CEP,SEP ES Intertidal, tide pools Rocks [3, 5, 8] Costa Rica CEP,SEP,C ES n.a. Subtidal to 5 m n.a. Hard substate [2, 3] [5, 8, 19a] Intertidal to 10 m Mud flats [2, 3, 8] 3.5–36 m n.a. [3, 8, 26] CEP CEP P Marine Benthic Algae Gymnogongrus johnstonii (Setchell & CEP Gardner) E.Y. Dawson Family SOLIERACEAE CEP Sarcodiotheca ecuadoreana W.R. Taylor Family WURDEMANNIACEAE NEA,NWA,SWA,M,C,CEP,SWP, Wurdemannia miniata (Sprengel) HW,I,AA,A Feldmann & G. Hamel (continued) 63 64 Species List 2.2 (continued) Species Order RHODYMENIALES Family CHAMPIACEAE *Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey Family LOMENTARIACEAE **Botryocladia beaudettei E.Y. Dawson *Gelidiopsis intricate (C. Agardh) Vickers Central Americab Habitat Substrate B,H,N To 15 m Sandy rocks or epi- [3, 8, 13, 16, 19, 20, phytic 21, 23, 30, 31] Costa Rica 6–7 m SEA,NEA,C,M,I,AA,SWA,NWA, B HW,SWP intertidal to 10 m subtidal to 3 m dredged, to 57 m cobble and shell bot- [4, 8] tom mangrove prop roots [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, or other hard sub23, 27] strates rocks, dead coral [3, 5, 8] [8, 26] 8–15 m n.a. [4, 8] 1–13 m Epiphytic [3, 5, 7, 8] 3m n.a. [4, 8] Intertidal Mangrove prop roots, [3, 5, 6, 7, 13, 15, rocks, and other 16, 18, 19, 21, hard substrates, or 23, 27, 31] epiphytic n.a. [4, 8] Rocks [3, 8] World distributiona M,SWA,NWA,CEP,I,AA,NEA,S WP,HW Gelidiopsis tenuis Setchell & Gardner CEP,SEP Lomentaria baileyana (Harvey) Farlow SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,I,CEP,S WP, NWP M,NWP,NEP,CEP,SWP,HW,AA Lomentaria hakodatensis Yendo Order CERAMIALES Family CERAMIACEAE NEA,SEA,NWA,C,M,CEP,SWP,I Antithamnionella elegans (Berthold) J.H. Price & D.M. (3, 5, 7 as Antithamnion breviramosus E.Y. Dawson) CEP Callithamnion marshallense E.Y. Dawson *Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) M,C,SWA,NWA,SWP,NWP, CEP,I,SEA,SEP,AA,SWP,HW Montagne I CEP,SWP P,ES B,ES,G,N,P 5–15 m Subtidal to 2 m Species List Ceramium avalonae E.Y. Dawson Ceramium equisetoides E.Y. Dawson ES B Referencesc NWA,SWA,M,C,NEA,I,SEA,HW, B,ES,N SWP,SEP,AA,CEP To 22 m Epiphytic or on sunken logs [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 31] SWP,I,AA SEA,CEP,SWP,I,AA,HW NWP CEP,SWP, Subtidal to 2 m n.a. Intertidal n.a. n.a. n.a. rocks Epiphytic [3, 8] [3, 5, 8] [3, 8] [3, 8, 26] ES NWP,CEP,I ES 3–9 m n.a. [4, 5, 8] SWP,HW,I ES Intertidal Epiphytic or on rocks [3, 5, 8] Intertidal Subtidal to 2 m To 8 m, calm protected Rocks Rocks Hard substrates P Intertidal Coral fragments [6, 8] [3, 4, 5, 8] [3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, 17, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27] [4, 7, 8] n.a. B Intertidal to 2 m Subtidal to 2 m Rocks Rocks [3] [3, 8, 19] CEP,SWP,I,AA CEP,SWP,SEP ES M,C,NEA,I,AA,SEA,SWA,NWA, B,ES,H,N,P RS,CEP,HW,SWP CEP,SWP Wrangelia dumontii (E.Y. Dawson) I.A. Abbott (4, 7 as Antithamnion dumontii Dawson) Family DASYACEAE Dasya sp. NWA,SEA,C,I,AA,NEA,SWP Heterosiphonia crispella var. laxa (Børgesen) M.J. Wynne (3, 19 as H. wurdemannii var. laxa Børgesen) Marine Benthic Algae *Ceramium flaccidum (Harvey ex Kützing) Ardissone (3, 5, 6 as C. gracillimum var. byssoideum; 3, 5 as C. taylorii Dawson) Ceramium marshallense E.Y. Dawson Ceramium mazatlanense E.Y. Dawson Ceramium nakamurae E.Y. Dawson Ceramium personatum Setchell & N.L. Gardner Ceramium procumbens Setchell & N.L. Gardner Ceramium vagans P.C. Silva in P. Silva, Meñez, & Moe (3, 5 as C. vagabunde E.Y. Dawson) Griffithsia ovalis Harvey Pleonosporium globuliferum Levring *Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey (continued) 65 66 Species List 2.2 (continued) Species World distributiona Family DELESSERIACEAE *Caloglossa leprieurii (Montagne) G. Martens Central Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc SWA,NWA,C,SEA,SWP,NWP,I,S B,ES,G,P EP,AA Intertidal [1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 28] Caloglossa leprieurii var. hookeri Post *Caloglossa stipitata E. Post C,SWP,I,NWA SWP,NWP,I,AA n.a. Intertidal Cryptopleura sp. Hypoglossum abyssicolum Taylor Family RHODOMELACEAE Bostrychia calliptera (Montagne) Montagne *Bostrychia moritziana (Sonder ex Kützing) J. Agardh Bostrychia pinnata J. Tanaka & M. Chijara Bostrychia pilulifera Montagne n.a. SEP,CEP Intertidal to 2 m 24 m Mangrove prop roots, rocks, or other hard substrates n.a. Mangrove prop roots Rocks n.a. C,SEA,CEP,SWP,I N,P C,SEA,I,SWP,AA,NWA,SWA,N WP NWP,AA,SWP G C,SEA,SWA C,SEA,NEA,CEP,I,SWP,SWA,S *Bostrychia radicans (Mantagne) EP,AA Montagne (6, 13, 27 as B. rivularis Harvey) SEA,NWP,I,SWP,AA C,SEA,I,SWA,NWA,CEP,SWP,A A,SEP B,ES,N,P [3] [3, 8, 26] Intertidal Rocks or mangrove [6, 7, 8, 28] roots Upper intertidal Mangrove prop [8, 28] roots Upper intertidal Mangrove prop [8, 28] roots Upper intertidal Mangrove prop [8, 28] roots Mid to lower inter- Mangrove roots, [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, tidal calm water rocks, mud, 23, 27, 28] floating logs or sea walls; in saline or brackish water Intertidal Mud? (“under man- [3, 8] groves”) Upper intertidal Mangrove prop roots, [1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 13, 15, rocks, or sea 16, 18, 21, 23, walls 24, 27] Species List Bostrychia simpliciuscula Harvey ex J. Agardh *Bostrychia tenella (J.V. Lamouroux) J. Agardh (1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 13, 23 as B. binderi Harvey ES,G [3, 8] [6, 8, 28] Dredged Chondria lancifolia Okamura Chondria repens Børgesen Chondria platyclada Taylor *Digenea simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh (6, 31 as “Digenia” simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh) *Herposiphonia secunda (C. Agardh) Ambronn *Herposiphonia secunda f. tenella (C. Agardh) M.J. Wynne (3, 5 as H. tenella (C. Agardh) Ambronn) Herposiphonia subdisticha Okamura Lophosiphonia reptabunda (Suhr) Kylin Polysiphonia beaudettei Hollenberg NWP SWP,I,AA,NWP CEP SEA,NEA,M,C,CEP,I,AA,SWA, NWA,RS,SWP Subtidal to 2 m Intertidal Dredged, 18 m Lower intertidal to 20 m Polysiphonia bifurcata Hollenberg CEP *Polysiphonia ferulacea Suhr ex J. Agardh *Polysiphonia howei Hollenberg SEA,NEA,M,SWA,NWA,C,SWP, B NWP,I,AA SWA,NWA,C,SEA,NEA,SWP,I,A G,P A,CEP,HW Polysiphonia mollis J.D. Hooker & Harvey Polysiphonia scopulorum Harvey (3 as Lophosiphonia scopulorum (Harvey) Wormsley) Polysiphonia sertularioides (Grateloup) J. Agardh (10, 16 as P. flaccidissima Hollenberg) NEP,SEP,SWP,I,AA C,SWA,NWA,SEA,NEA,M,CEP, SWP,NWP,I,HW,AA SEA,NEA,M,SWA,NWA,C,SWP, CEP,I,AA,RS,SEP CEP,NWP,AA,SWP,SEP NEA,M,SEA,SWP,I SWP,HW,AA B,G,H,P B,ES,N,P Intertidal to 2 m ES Intertidal to 2 m ES ES Intertidal to 2 m Intertidal 4–60 m Shells, hard substrates Rocks Rocks n.a. Coral fragments, rocks, or other hard substrates Hard substrates or epiphytic Coral or epiphytic NEA,SEA,M,C,NEP,SWP,I,HW ,AA B Rocks Epiphytic Fine sediments (sand), rocks, or shells 9–92 m Fine sediments (sand, mud) Lower intertidal to Hard substrates or 36 m epiphytic Intertidal to subtidal Rocks or other hard substrates or epiphytic Intertidal to 2 m Epiphytic, rocks, coral Deeper tide pools Rocks M,NWA,C,SEA,I,SWP,AA,NEA B To 50 m Epiphytic [26, 8] [3, 8] [3, 8] [26, 8] [1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 23, 24, 26, 31] [3, 5, 78, 16, 19, 21, 23] [3, 5, 8, 16] [3, 5, 8] [3, 5, 8] [10] [3, 26] [6, 8, 13, 17, 16, 19, 23, 27, 31] [1, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 23] [3, 8] [3, 8] [8, 10, 16] 67 CEP,SEP Marine Benthic Algae Chondria californica (Collins) Kylin (continued) 68 Species List 2.2 (continued) Species World distributiona Polysiphonia simplex Hollenberg CEP,HW *Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne M,C,SWA,SWP,NWP,I,AA,SEA, NEA,HW Central Americab ES,G Habitat Substrate Referencesc Intertidal Rocks or sandy habitat Mangrove prop roots [8, 10] n.a. Rocks [11, 24, 26] Intertidal [1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23] Phylum CYANOBACTERIA Order CHROOCOCCALES Family DERMOCARPELLACEAE NEA,CEP Cyanocystis violacea (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Komárek & Anagnostidis (11, 24, 26 as Dermocarpa violacea P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Family ENTOPHYSALIDACEAE Entophysalis conferta (Kützing) F.E.Drouet & W.A.Daily Entophysalis deusta (Meneghini) F.E. Drouet & W.A. Dailey Entophysalis granulosa Kützing NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,SWP ,AA P Intertidal C,M,NEA,I,SEA,RS,SWP,AA G,P Subtidal NEA,I,CEP,AA G n.a. Epiphytic or fine [3, 7, 8, 11] sediments (sand, mud) Rocks, wood, shells, [1, 3, 7, 8, 11] coral Rocks, epiphytic [26, 24] Intertidal? Rocks Intertidal to 30 m Epiphytic, mangrove [3, 6, 8, 11, 21] prop roots, fine sediments (sand or mud) N [8, 24, 26] Species List Family MERISMOPEDIACEAE I,NEA,HW,AA Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenberg) Kützing Order NOSTOCALES Family RIVULARIACEAE *Calothrix crustacea Thuret in Bornet C,I,NEA,M,RS,CEP, SWP,AA & Thuret C,CEP,I,WA,SEP,SWP,AA NEA,CEP,I,AA Intertidal Intertidal, exposed Rocks Rocks [3, 6, 8] [3, 8, 26] n.a. Intertidal Rocks, tree trunks [3] NEA,CEP,AA B,ES,G Lyngbya confervoides C. Agardh ex Gomont EA,C,SEP,I B,P Lyngbya gracilis (Meneghini) Rabenhorst Lyngbya gracilis var. monilis (Setchell & N.L. Gardner) Drouet Lyngbya semiplena (C. Agardh) J. Agardh (3 as L. semiplena Gomont) *Lyngbya polychroa (Meneghini) Rabenhorst (1, 3, 5, 6 as L. sordida Gomont; 31 as Lyngbya sordida (Zanardini) Gomont) Planktothrix planctonica (Elenkin) Anagnostidis & Komárek (3 as Hydrocoleum lyngbyaceum Kützing) Family PHORMIDIACEAE Hydrocoleum glutinosum (C. Agardh) Gomont I,CEP G CEP On mangrove prop roots Intertidal to 2 m Rocks or other hard surfaces, mangrove prop roots Intertidal Rocks, mangrove prop roots Intertidal, tide pools Rocks NEA,C,RS,CEP,I,SWP,AA Intertidal to 2 m SWP,RS,C,I B,ES,G Intertidal Intertidal to 2 m [1, 3, 5, 8] Marine Benthic Algae *Calothrix pilosa Harvey Isactis plana (Harvey) Thuret ex Bornet & Flahault Family SCYTONEMATACEAE Plectonema norvegicum Gomont Order OSCILLATORIALES Family OSCILLATORIACEAE Lyngbya aestuarii (Mertens) Liebman [3, 7, 8, 16] [1, 3, 8, 11] [8, 26] Hard or soft substrates Epiphytic, rocks, washed-up logs [3, 8, 16, 26] [1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, 18, 31] NEA,C,NEP,HW,AA,CEP Intertidal to 2 m Hard substrates [3, 8, 16] NEA,I,AA Intertidal Mud [3, 8] (continued) 69 70 Species List 2.2 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab *Symploca hydnoides (Harvey) Kützing NEA,C,CEP,I,HW,SWP,AA Family SCHIZOTRICHACEAE *Schizothrix calcicola (C. Agardh) Gomont ex Gomont C,I,AA,NEA,M,HW,SWP Amphithrix violacea (Kützing) Bornet n.a. & Flahault B,G,P Habitat Substrate Referencesc To 20 m Rocks or sandy habitats [3, 6, 8, 16, 24] Intertidal to 2 m Epiphytic, rocks or other hard substrates Rocks [1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 16, 18] 1–2 m above low water level (spray) [3, 8] n.a. = information not available * Species occur also at the Caribbean coast ** Indicates endemic species a A = Antarctic; AA = Australasia; C = Caribbean; CEP = Central East Pacific; EA/EP = eastern Atlantic/Pacific; HW = Hawaiian Islands; I = Indian Ocean; M = Mediterranean; NEA/NEP = northeastern Atlantic/Pacific; NWA/NWP = northwestern Atlantic/Pacific; RS = Red Sea; SEA/SEP = southeastern Atlantic/ Pacific; SWA /SWP = southwestern Atlantic/Pacific; TEP = tropical east Pacific; TWA = tropical west Atlantic; WA /WP = western Atlantic/Pacific b B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List Seagrasses Species List 3.1 Seagrasses found on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Class ANGIOSPERMAE Order ALISMATALES Family HYDROCHARITACEAE Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld, 1902 Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König, 1805 ct Car,GM B,N,P B,G,H,N,P st st 0-–30 0-–10 cr,sb cr,mb,rb,rub,sb [3, 6, 9, 13] [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11] Order NAJADALES Family CYMODOCEACEAE Halodule wrightii Ascherson, 1868 Syringodium filiforme Kützing, 1860 ct Car,GM B,N,P B,N,P st st 0-–15 0-–5 cr,mb,rb,sb cr,rb,rub,sb [3, 6, 9] [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9] Referencesf Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; GM = Gulf of Mexico B = Belize; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panamá c st = Subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost ocurrences (in meters) e cr = coral reefs; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. a b 71 72 Species List 3.2 Seagrasses found on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Order NAJADALES Family RUPPIACEAE Ruppia maritima Linnaeus, 1753 Order ALISMATALES Family HYDROCHARITACEAE Halophila baillonis Ascherson, 1874 World distributiona Central Americab cp Car,EP Costa Rica Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg CA PM st 1–3 sb [1, 3, 6, 9, 12] P PM st 3–10 sb [1, 3, 6, 9] Car = Caribbean; cp = Cosmopolitan; EP = Eastern Pacific CA = all Central American countries; P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland d st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrence (in meters) f sb = sandy bottom g Reference s are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a b Species List Species World distributiona Oceanic Central Americab distributionc Habitat/ communityd Nuclear vegetation Car,WP CA mb X Associated vegetation Referencese Family AVICENNIACEAE Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn, 1958 it Mangroves Species List 4.1 Mangrove species occurring along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica [1–3, 5] Family COMBRETACEAE Conocarpus erecta L., 1753 Car,WP CA it mb X [1–3, 5] Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Car,WP Gaertn.f., 1805 CA it mb X [1–3, 5] CA it mb X [1–3, 5] CA st sb X [3, 5] CA st mb X [3] CA st sb X [3, 5] CA st mb X [1–3, 5] Family RHIZOPHORACEAE Rhizophora mangle L., 1753 Car,WP Family APOCYNACEAE Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacq.) Car,WP Muell. Arg., 1860 Family ARACEAE Montrichardia arborescens Car,WP (L.) Schott, 1854 Family EUPHORBIACEAE Hippomane mancinella L., cp 1753 Family FABACEAE Mora oleifera (Triana) Ducke, 1925 Car,WP (continued) 73 74 Family MELIACEAE Carapa guianensis Aubl., 1775 Car,WP CA st sb X [1,–3, 5] WA,WP CA st sb X [3] ct CA st sb X [1–3, 5] CA st sb X [1–3, 5] CA it sb X [3] Family ARECACEAE Raphia taedigera (Mart.) Mart., 1828 Family PTERIDACEAE Acrostichum aureum L., 1753 Acrostichum danaeifolium Car,WP Langsd. & Fisch., 1810 Family TYPHACEAE Typha latifolia L., 1753 cp Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific CA = all Central American countries c it = intertidal; st = subtidal d mb = muddy bottom; sb = sandy bottom e References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a b Species List World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ communityd Nuclear vegetation Avicennia bicolor Standl., 1923 WP CA it mb X [2, 3, 5] Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn, Car,WP 1958 CA it mb X [1–3, 5] Species Associated vegetation Referencese Family AVICENNIACEAE Mangroves Species List 4.2 Mangrove species occurring along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Family COMBRETACEAE Conocarpus erecta L., 1753 Car,WP CA it mb X [1–3, 5] Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f., 1805 Car,WP CA it mb X [1–5] CR,P it sb X [1–5] Family PELLICIERACEAE Pelliciera rhizophorae Triana & WP Planch., 1862 Family RHIZOPHORACEAE Rhizophora mangle L., 1753 Car,WP CA it mb X [1–5] Rhizophora racemosa G. Mey., 1818 WP CA it mb X [1–5] Rhizophora x harrisonii Leechman, 1918 WP CA it mb X [1–3, 5] WP CA st mb X [3] Car,WP CA st sb X [3, 5] Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Car,WP Schott, 1854 CA st mb X [3] Family ANNONACEAE Annona glabra L., 1753 Family APOCYNACEAE Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacq.) Muell. Arg., 1860 Family ARACEAE 75 (continued) 76 Species List 4.2 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ communityd Nuclear vegetation Associated vegetation Referencese Family BIGNONIACEAE Tabebuia palustris Hemsl., 1882 WP CA st sb X [3, 5] WP CA st sb X [3, 5] WP CA st sb X [3] WP CA st sb X [3] Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl., WP 1805 CA st sb X [3] Mariscus ligularis (L.) Urb., 1900 WP CA st sb X [3] Scirpus californicus (C.D. Meyer) Steudel., 1841 WP CA st mb X [3] CA st sb X [3, 5] Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link, WP 1833 CA st sb X [3] Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) WP Hitchc., 1920 CA st sb X [3] WP CA st sb X [3] Phryganocydia phellosperma (Hemsl.) Sandw., 1941 Family BOMBACACEAE Pachira aquatica Aubl., 1775 Family BORAGINACEAE Heliotropium curassavicum L., 1753 Family CYPERACEAE Family EUPHORBIACEAE Hippomane mancinella L., 1753 cp Family GRAMINEAE Species List Jouvea straminea E. Fourn., 1876 Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., WP 1832 CA st sb X [1–3, 5] Dalbergia brownei (Jacq.) Schinz, 1898 WP CA st mb X [1–3, 5] Mora oleifera (Triana) Ducke, 1925 Car,WP CA st mb X [1–5] Muellera frutescens (Aubl) Stand., 1933 WP CA st sb X [1–3, 5] Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq., 1763 WP CA st mb X [1–3, 5] Crinum erubescens Aitan, 1789 WP CA st sb X [3] WP CA st sb X [3] WP CA st sb X [1–3, 5] Mangroves Family FABACEAE Family AMARYLLIDACEAE Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb., 1812 Family MALVACEAE Hibiscus pernambucensis Arruda, 1810 Hibiscus tiliaceus L. 1753 WP CA st sb X [5] Thespesia populnea (L.) Solander ex Correa, 1807 ct CA st sb X [1–3, 5] Pavonia paludicola Nicolson, 1989 Car,WP CA st sb X [1–3, 5] Pavonia spicata Cav. 1787 Car,WP CA st sb X [1, 5] Family MELIACEAE (continued) 77 78 Species List 4.2 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ communityd WP CA st CA Nuclear vegetation Associated vegetation Referencese sb X [3] st sb X [3, 5] Family ARECACEAE Manicaria saccifera Gaertn., 1791 Raphia taedigera (Mart.) Mart., WA,WP 1828 Family PTERIDACEAE Acrostichum aureum L.,1753 ct CA st sb X [1–5] Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. & Fisch., 1810 WP CA st sb X [1–3, 5] WP CA st sb X [3] WP CA st sb X [3] Family CHRYSOBALANACEAE Chrysobalanus icaco L., 1753 Family RUBIACEAE Rustia occidentalis (Benth.) Hemsl., 1879 Family TYPHACEAE Typha dominguensis Pers., 1807 WP Typha latifolia L., 1753 cp CA st sb X [3] CA it sb X [3] X [3] Species List Family VERBENACEAE CA st sb Clerodendrum pittieri Moldenke, WP 1940 a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; P = Panama c it = intertidal; st = subtidal d mb = muddy bottom; sb = sandy bottom e References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Foraminifera 79 Species List 5.1 Foraminifera of the Caribbean of Costa Rica Location References Phylum PROTOZOA Class SARCODINA SubClass GRANULORETICULOSEA Order FORAMINIFERIDA Family AMPHISTEGINIDAE Amphistegina spp. Cahuita 9°44’N 82°49’W [Mora-Baumgartner, this chapter] Family GLOBIGERINIDAE Globigerinoides ruber (d’Orbigny, 1839) Cahuita 9°44’N 82°49’W Orbulina universa d’Orbigny, 1839 Cahuita 9°44’N 82°49’W [Mora-Baumgartner, this chapter] [Mora-Baumgartner, this chapter] Family NUMMULITIDAE Heterostegina depressa d’Orbigny, 1826 Cahuita 9°44’N 82°48’W [Mora-Baumgartner, this chapter] Species List 5.2 Foraminifera of the Pacific of Costa Rica Location References Phylum PROTOZOA Class SARCODINA SubClass GRANULORETICULOSEA Order FORAMINIFERIDA Family AMMODISCIDAE Glomospira gordialis (Jones Santa Elena Bay [3] and Parker, 1860) Family ANOMALINIDAE Hanzawaia nitidula (Bandy, 1953) Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; [1] 9°15′N 84°15′W; Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48'W Family BAGGINIDAE Cancris panamensis Natland 1938 Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Cancris sagra (d’Orbigny, 1839) Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84° 15′W; [1] Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W Family BOLIVINITIDAE Bolivina advena Cushman, 1925 Salinas Bay [5] Bolivina alata Seguenza, 1862 Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Bolivina argentea Cushman, 1926 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Bolivina costate d’Orbigny, 1839 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Bolivina costata var. bicostata Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Cushman, 1926 (in ref.: Bolivina bicostata) Bolivina humilis Cushman Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] and McCulloch, 1942 Bolivina laevigata Brady, 1881 Isla del Coco [5] Bolivina minuta Natland, 1938 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Bolivina plicata d’Orbigny, 1839 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Culebra Bay [5] Bolivina pygmaea Brady, 1881 [1, 2] Bolivina seminuda Cushman, 1911 Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W and Golfo Dulce Bolivina striatula (Cushman, 1922) Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] (continued) 80 Species List Species List 5.2 (continued) Bolivina subadvena var. acuminata Cushman, 1926 (in ref.: Bolivina acuminata) Bolivina subadvena var. spissa Cushman, 1926 (in ref: Bolivina spissa) Bolivina subexcavata (Cushman and Wickenden, 1929) Bolivina tongi var.filacostata (Cushman and McCulloch, 1942) Bolivina vaughani (Natland, 1938) Family BULIMINIDAE Bulimina pagoda Cushman, 1927 Bulimina pagoda var. denudata Cushman, 1927 (in ref.: Bulimina denudata) Bulimina tenuata Cushman, 1927 Globobulimina pacifica Cushman, 1927 Family CASSIDULINIDAE Cassidulina delicata Cushman, 1927 Cassidulina oblonga Reuss, 1850 Cassidulina suglobosa (Brady, 1881) Cassidulina subglobosa var. subcalifornica Drooger, 1953 (in ref.: Cassidulina. Subcalifornica) Family CIBICIDIDAE Cibicides fletcheri Galloway and Wissler, 1927 Family EGGERELLIDAE Eggerelloides advenus Cushman, 1922 (in ref.: Eggerella advena) Family ELPHIDIIDAE Elphidium crispum (Linné, 1758) Elphidium simplex simplex Cushman, 1936 Epistominella bradyana (Cushman, 1927) Epistominella smithi (R.E. and K.C. Stewart, 1930) Family FUSENKOINIDAE Virgulina schreibersiana Czjzek 1848 (in ref.: Fursenkoina schreibersiana) Family GLOBIGERINIDAE Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady, 1884) Location References Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Salinas Bay [5] Isla del Coco [5] Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84° 15′W; Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] Off Costa Rica 8°40N 84°20′W Off Costa Rica 9°15´N 84°15′W; Costa Rica 10°33´N 85°48′W [1] [1] Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] [1] Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; 9°15′N 84°15′W Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; 9°15´N 84°15´W Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] [1][ [1] Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] Isla del Coco [3] Salinas Bay, Playa Blanca, Culebra Bay Salinas Bay [4] Off Costa Rica 8 40′N 84 20′W; 9° 15´N 84°15´W Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W; Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] Golfo Dulce [1] [4] [1] [2] (continued) Foraminifera 81 Species List 5.2 (continued) Family HAPLOPHRAGMOIDIDAE Haplophragmoides columbiense var. evolutum Cushman and McCulloch, 1939 Haplophragmoides planissimum Cushman, 1927 Family HAUERINIDAE Massilina annectens Schlumberger, 1893 Massilina robustior Cushman and Valentine, 1930 Family HETEROHELICIDAE Bifarina hancocki Cushman and McCulloch, 1942 Bifarina pacifica Cushman and McCulloch, 1942 Family HORMOSINIDAE Reophax curtus (Cushman, 1920) Reophax scorpiurus Denys de Montfort, 1808 Family LAGENIDAE Lagena amphora Reuss, 1863 Lagena hispidula Cushman, 1913 Lagena leaveis (Montagu, 1803) Lagena striata (d’Orbigny, 1839) Lagena sulcata (Walker and Jacob, 1798) Family LITUOLIDAE Ammobaculites foliaceus var. recurva Earland, 1934 Family LOXOSTOMATIDAE Loxostomun limbatum (Brady, 1881) (in ref.: Loxostoma limbatum) Family MILIOLIDAE Ammofrondicularia compressa Cushman and McCulloch, 1939 Quinqueloculina dutemplei (d’Orbigny, 1846) Quinqueloculina lamarckiana (d’Orbigny, 1839) Family NONIONIDAE Nonionella atlantica (Cushman, 1947) Nonionella incisa (Cushman, 1926) Nonionella stella (Cushman and Moyer, 1930) Family PLANORBULINIDAE Planorbulina mediterranensis (d’Orbigny, 1826) Location References Playa Blanca [3] Santa Elena Bay [3] Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] Salinas Bay [5] Santa Elena Bay and Salinas Bay [5] Playa Blanca Santa Elena Bay [3] [3] Playa Blanca and Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; 9°15′N 84°15′W Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W Salinas Bay Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1, 7] [1] [7] [1] Salinas Bay and Playa Blanca. [3] Santa Elena Bay and Culebra Bay [5] Isla del Coco [3] Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48´W [1] Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′σW [1] Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; 9°15′N 84°15′W and Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84° 15′W; Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] [1] [1] [1] (continued) 82 Species List Species List 5.2 (continued) Family PLANULINIDAE Planulina limbata Natland, 1938 Planulina ornata (d’Orbigny, 1839) Family REUSELLIDAE Reusella aequa Cushman and McCulloch, 1948 Reusella pacifica Cushman and McCulloch, 1948 Family SACCAMMINIDAE Saccammina atlantica (Cushman, 1944) Family SPHAEROIDINIDAE Lagenammina hancoki (Cushman and Mc Culloch 1948) Family SPIROLOCULINIDAE Spiroloculina dentata Cushman and Tood, 1944 Family TEXTULARIIDAE Textularia foliacea Heron-Allen and Earland, 1915 Textularia vola Lalicker and McCulloch, 1940 Family TROCHAMMINIDAE Trochammina charlottensis Cushman, 1925 Trochammina nitida Brady, 1881 Trochammina pacifica Cushman, 1925 Trochammina rotaliformis J. Wright, 1911 Family TURRILINIDAE Buliminella curta (Cushman, 1925) Buliminella elegantisima (d’Orbigny, 1839) Buliminella parallela Cushman and Parker, 1931 Family UVIGERINIDAE Angulogerina bella Phleger and Parker, 1951 Trifarina bella (Phleger y Parker, 1951) Trifarina carinata (Cushman, 1927) Uvigerina excellens Tood, 1948 Uvigerina incilis Tood, 1948 Uvigerina peregrina (Cushman, 1923) Family VAGINULINIDAE Vaginulina exilis Cushman and McCulloch, 1950 Family VALVULINIDAE Gaudryina pauperata Earland, 1934 Location References Off Costa Rica 9°04′N 84°17′W Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; 9°15′N 84°15′W [8] [1] Culebra Bay [6] Culebra Bay [6] Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W; Costa Rica 10°33N 85°48′W [1] Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48´W [1] Off Costa Rica 9 15′N 84° 15′W; Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] [1] Bay Salinas, Isla del Coco [3] Cocos Island Salinas Bay, Santa Elena Bay and Culebra Bay Isla del Coco [3] [3] Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W Playa Blanca and 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] [1, 6] Culebra Bay [6] Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′σW [1] Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; 9°15´N 84°15´W Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] [1] [1] [1] Isla del Coco [7] Salinas Bay [4] [3] [1] Class DEMOSPONGIAE SubClass TETRACTINOMORPHA Order SPIROPHORIDA Family TETILLIDAE Cinachyrella alloclada (Uliczka, 1929) Order ASTROPHORIDA Family ANCORINIDAE Ecionemia megastylifera Kilian, 1984 Penares cortius de Laubenfels, 1930 * Penares dominicana (Pulitzer & Finali 1986) * Stelletta pudica (Wiedenmayer, 1977) Family GEODIIDAE Geodia gibberosa (Lamarck, 1814) Order HADROMERIDA Family CLIONAIDAE Cliona caribbaea Carter, 1882 Cliona laticavola Pang, 1971 * Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck, 1815) Family PLACOSPONGIIDAE * Placospongia intermedia (Sollas, 1888) * Placospongia melobesioides (Gray, 1867) Family SPIRASTRELLIDAE * Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Family TETHYIIDAE * Tethya sp. World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ Communityd Referencese CAR P be,st cr [4, 5, 9, 14] Car Car,WP Car BA n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. be,st be,st be,st st cr cr cr cr,rb,rub [4] [4] [11, UCR127] [18] Car B be,st cr [4, 14, 16] Car Car Car,FL B,P n.a. P eb,st eb,st eb,st cr,boring cr,boring cr,rb,rub,sg [4, 5, 14–,15,16] [14] [5, 9, 20] Car,Chile Car B,P n.a. be,st be,st cr,rb,rub cr [5, 13, 16, 20] [14] Car B,P st cr,rb rub [5, 9, 16, 20] Car,EA Car,FL n.a. B be,st eb,st cr,rb,rub cr,rb [13, 20] [16, 20] 83 (continued) Sponges Species List 6.1 Sponges reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Classification as in Hooper & van Soest (2002) World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ Communityd Referencese Car,FL B eb,st cr,rb [16, 20] Car Car B,P B be,st st cr cr,rb [4, 5, 9, 16, 21] [16, 20] Car B,P be,st cr [4, 5, 16] Car,EP,WA,WP B,P be,st cr,rb [4, 9, 16, 21] Car B be,st cr,rb [16, 20] Car,WA B,P be,st cr [4, 5, 9, 14, 16, 21] Car,WA B,P be,st sg [4, 5, 9, 16, 21] Car Car B B be,st be,st cr,rb cr,rb [16, 20] [16, 20] Car,WA B,H,P be,st cr,rb [4, 5, 9, 16, 21] Species List SubClass CERACTINOMORPHA Order CHONDROSIDA Family CHONDRILLIDAE * Chondrosia collectrix Schmidt, 1870 Order POECILOSCLERIDA SubOrder MICROCIONINA Family RASPAILIIDAE Ectyoplasia ferox (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) * Eurypon laughlini (Diaz, Alvarez & van Soest, 1987) SubOrder MYXILLINA Family CRAMBEIDAE Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Family DESMACIDIDAE Desmapsamma anchorata (Carter, 1882) Family DESMACELLIDAE * Biemna cribaria (Alcolado & Gotera, 1986) Family IOTROCHOTIDAE Iotrochota birotulata (Higgin, 1877) Family TEDANIIDAE Tedania (Tedania) ignis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Family MICROCIONIDAE * Clathria (Thalysias) schoenus (de Laubenfels, 1936) * Clathria (Thalysias) virgultosa (Lamarck, 1814) SubOrder MYCALINA Family MYCALIDAE Mycale (Arenochalina) laxissima (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) 84 Species List 6.1 (continued) Family DICTYONELLIDAE Scopalina ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer, 1977) Family HALICHONDRIIDAE * Amorphinopsis atlantica Carvalho, Hajdu, Mothes & van Soest, 2004 * Axinyssa lithophaga (Wiedenmayer, 1977) * Halichondria (Halichondria) magniconulosa Hechtel, 1965 Halichondria (Halichondria) melanodocia de Laubenfels, 1936 * Hymeniacidon caerulea Pulitzer-Finali, 1986 Order AGELASIDA Family AGELASIIDAE Agelas clathrodes (Schmidt, 1870) Order HAPLOSCLERIDA SubOrder HAPLOSCLERINA Family CALLYSPONGIIDAE Callyspongia (Callyspongia) pallida Hechtel, 1965 Callyspongia (Cladochalina) vaginalis (Lamarck, 1814) Family NIPHATIDAE Amphimedon viridis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Niphates alba Van Soest, 1980 Car Car B,P B,P be,ep,st be,st cr cr [4, 5, 9, 14, 16, 21] [4, 5, 14, 16] Car,EA,WA BA,Car,FL P B,P be,st eb,st cr,rb,sb cr,rb [4, 5, 9, 14, 21] [5, 9, 16, 21, UCR26] Car B,P be,st cr [4, 5, 16] SWA n.a. st cr,rb [20] BA Car n.a. B,P eb,st eb,st cr,rb,rub,sg cr,rb [18] [5, 10, 16] Car,WA P be,st cr,m,sg [4, 5, 21] EA B st cr,rb [16, 20] Car,WA B,P be,st cr,rb [4, 9, 21] Car Car,WA n.a. B,G,P be,st be,st cr,rub cr [4, 14, 21] [4, 7, 9, 16, 21] Car,WA Car n.a. n.a. be,st be,st sg cr [14, 21] [4, 21] 85 (continued) Sponges Mycale (Mycale) laevis (Carter, 1882) Mycale (Zygomycale) angulosa (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Order HALICONDRIDA Family AXINELLIDAE Dragmacidon reticulatam (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) + Ptilocaulis walpersi (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) 86 Species List 6.1 (continued) Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ Communityd Referencese Niphates amorpha Wiedenmayer, 1977 * Niphates caycedoi (Zea & van Soest, 1986) Niphates digitalis (Lamarck, 1814) Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Family CHALINIDAE * Haliclona (Reniera) implexiformis (Hechtel, 1965) * Haliclona (Soestela) piscaderaensis (Van Soest, 1980) SubOrder PETROSINA Family PHLOEODICTYIDAE Aka brevitubulata (Pang, 1973) Aka coralliphagum (Rützler, 1971) * Calyx podatypa (de Laubenfels, 1934) * Oceanapia bartschi (de Laubenfels, 1934) Family PETROSIIDAE * Neopetrosia carbonaria (Lamarck, 1814) * Neopetrosia subtriangularis (Duchassaing, 1850) * Petrosia (Petrosia) pellasarca (de Laubenfels, 1934) * Petrosia (Petrosia) weinbergi van Soest, 1980 Xestospongia muta (Schmidt, 1870) Car Car Car Car,WA P n.a. B,G,P B,G,P be,st eb,st be,st be,st cr cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb [9, 14] [20] [4, 7, 9, 16, 21] [4, 7, 9, 13, 16, 21] Car Car B n.a. eb,st eb,st cr,rb cr,rb,rub [16, 21] [12] Car Car Car Car n.a. P B,P P be,st be,st eb,st cr,boring cr,boring cr,rb,rub,sg [15] [9, 15] [9, 12, 16] [9, 17] Car BA,Car,FL Car Car Car,WA n.a. n.a. P B,P B,H,P eb,st be,eb,st eb,st be,eb,st be,st rb,rub cr,rb,rub,sg cr,rb cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub,sg Xestospongia proxima (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Order DICTYOCERATIDA Family DYSIDEIDAE Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels, 1936 * Dysidea janiae (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Family IRCINIIDAE Ircinia campana (Lamarck, 1816) * Ircinia felix (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) * Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck, 1816) Car B,P eb,be,st cr,rb [20] [21] [5, 9, 21] [5, 16, 21] [4, 5, 7, 9, 16, 21] [5, 9, 16, 20] Car Car B,P B be,st eb,st cr,rb cr,rb [4, 5, 9, 16, 21] [16, 20] Car,WA BA,Car,EP Car B,P B,P B,P be,st be,eb,st be,eb,st cr cr,rb,rub,sg cr,rb,rub,sg [4, 5, 9, 14, 16, 21] [5, 9, 16, 21] [5, 9, 16, 21] * Species List World distributiona Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) Aplysina fistularis insularis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1776) Aplysina lacunosa (Pallas, 1776) Verongula rigida (Esper, 1794) Car,IP,WA P be,st cr,m [4, 5, 9, 21] Car,WA B,P be,st cr,rb Car,WA Car Car,WA Car Car P B,P B,P P B,P be,st be,st be,st be,st be,st cr cr,rb cr,sb cr,rb cr [4, 5, 9, 14, 21, 116] [5, 9, 14, 21] [4, 5, 9, 14, 16, 20] [4, 5, 9, 14, 16, 21] [4, 5, 9, 21] [4, 5, 9, 16, 21] Sponges Family SPONGIIDAE Hyattella cavernosa (Pallas, 1766) Order VERONGIDA Family APLYSINIDAE Aiolochoroia crassa (Hyatt, 1875) n.a. = Information not available * New report for Costa Rica by Noam van der Hal +New report for Costa Rica (Sponge Collection, Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica) a BA = Bahamas; Car = Caribbean; FL = Florida; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; FL = Florida; IP = Indo-Pacific; SWA = southwestern Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b B = Belize; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; P = Panama c be = benthic; eb = epibenthic; st = subtidal d cr = coral reefs; m = mangroves; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass e References are indicated by numbers according to the references list 87 Class HEXACTINELLIDA Order AMPHIDISCOSIDA Family HYALONEMATIDAE Hyalonema (Coscinonema) pateriferum Wilson, 1904 Order HEXACTINOSIDA Family APHROCALLISTIDAE Aphrocallistes vastus Schulze, 1886 Family EURITIDAE Eurete erectum Schulze, 1899 Eurete sp. Family TRETODICTYIDAE Hexactinella tubulosa Schulze, 1887 Order LYSSACINOSIDA Family ROSSELLIDAE Acanthascus (Staurocalyptus) sp. Central Americab Costa Ricac EP n.a. EP,NP Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg IC eb 1790 mb [19, USNM8307] n.a. IC eb 245 r,sh [19, USNM8573] EP EP P P IC IC eb eb 245 245 r,sh r,sh [19, USNM8586] [194, USNM8579] EP n.a. IC eb 245 r,sh [19, USNM8572] EP n.a. IC eb 245 r,sh [19, USNM8300] EP,GC n.a. PM eb,st 5 sb [20, UCR42] Car,EP n.a. PM it 0 r [11] Car,EP n.a. PM be,st 3.5 r [11, 13, UCR145] Species List Class DEMOSPONGIAE SubClass TETRACTINOMORPHA Order SPIROPHORIDA Family TETILLIDAE * Cinachyrella mutabilis (de Laubenfels, 1930) * Cinachyrella sp. Order ASTROPHORIDA Family GEODIIDAE * Geodia sp. World distributiona 88 Species List 6.2 Sponges from the Pacific of Costa Rica. Classification of the Demospongiae as in Hooper & van Soest (2002) EP n.a. IC eb 2150 mb,r,sb [19, USNM8286] EP,IO n.a. PM be,st 9 r [8, 20] FL n.a. PM be,st 0–9 r [1, 20] Car,GC Car n.a. n.a. PM PM be,st be,st n.a. 4 r boring coral [20] [11, UCR182] Car,EA,VI n.a. PM be,st 0 r [20] ME n.a. PM be 0 r [21, UCR135] EP n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [USNM32827] Car,EP,ME Worldwide n.a. n.a. PM PM be,st be,st 15 9 r r [2, 20] [11] Car,EP n.a. PM be,st 9 r [11] Sponges Family PACHASTRELLIDAE Thenea fenestrata (Schmidt, 1880) Order HADROMERIDA Family PLACOSPONGIIDEA * Placospongia carinata (Bowerbank, 1858) Family SPIRASTRELLIDAE * Spirastrella sabogae Boury-Esnault et al. 2000 * Spirastrella sp. * Thoosa sp. Family SUBERITIDAE * Terpios aff. fugax Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 * Pseudosuberites aff. sulcatus Thiele, 1905 Family TETHYIDAE ** Tethya sp. SubClass CERACTINOMORPHA Order CHONDROSIDA Family CHONDRILIIDAE * Chondrilla sp. * Chondrosia sp. ‘LITHISTID’ Demospongiae Family DESMANTHIDAE * Desmanthus levii Van Soest & Hajdu, 2000 (continued) 89 Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e PM PM n.a. be,st Referencesg n.a. 8 n.a. r [USNM31932] [11] n.a. PM be,st 0–9 r [11] Car,EP n.a. PM be,st 4 r [11] Car B PM be,st 9 r [20] EP n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [USNM31940] Car n.a. PM be,st n.a. r [20, 21, UCR209] Car,EP n.a. PM be,st 15 r [11] EA n.a. PM eb,st 17 r [20] EP n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [USNM31941] EP P PM eb,st 8–17 r [13, 20] EP,GC n.a. PM be,st 0 r [USNM31931, 31937, UCR174] Central Americab Costa Ricac Order POECILOSCLERIDA SubOrder MICROCIONINA Family MICROCIONIDAE ** Clathria (Microciona) sp. 1 * Clathria (Microciona) sp. 2 Car,EP Car,EP n.a. n.a. Clathria (Thalysias) sp. 1 Car,EP Clathria (Thalysias) sp. 2 Family RASPAILIIDAE * Eurypon laughlini Díaz, Alvarez & Van Soest, 1987 ** Eurypon sp. SubOrder MYXILLINA Family COELOSPHAERIDAE * Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) aff. isodictyalis (Carter, 1882) * Lissodendoryx sp. Family HYMEDESMIIDAE * Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) sp. SubOrder MYCALINA Family ESPERIOPSIDAE ** Ulosa sp. Family MYCALIDAE * Mycale (Carmia) cecilia de Laubenfels, 1936 Order HALICHONDRIDA Family AXINELLIDAE ** Axinella sp. * Species List Habitat/ Communityf World distributiona * 90 Species List 6.2 (continued) EP n.a. n.a. be,st n.a. n.a. [12, UCR114] EP n.a. PM be,st 12–17 r [12, UCR1] EP EP BA,Car,FL,VI n.a. n.a. n.a. IC PM PM eb n.a. be,st 120 n.a. 17–30 rb n.a. r [19, USNM8314] [USNM31935] [21, UCR16, 41, 105] Car n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [20, UCR23] EP,Car,WP n.a. PM be,st n.a. cr [11, UCR178] Car Car,EP EP n.a. n.a. n.a. PM PM PM be,it be,st be,st 0 9 10 m,r r r [11, UCR272] [10, 13, 21] [10] Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide n.a. n.a. n.a. PM PM PM be,st be,st be,st 6–17 5–9 10 r r r [11, UCR20] [11] [11] Callyspongia (Cladochalina) sp. BA,Car n.a. PM be,st 3–15 r [11, UCR141, 143] EP n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [USNM31936] Car,EP,WP Car,EA n.a. n.a. PM PM be,st be,st 10 8–15 rb r [11, 13] [11, 13] * Family CHALINIDAE ** cf. Haliclona (Gellius) (in ref. Rhaphisia sp.) * Haliclona sp. 1 * Haliclona sp. 2 Sponges Dragmacidon mexicanum (de Laubenfels, 1935) * Dragmacidon ophisclera (de Laubenfels, 1935) Phakellia lamelligera Wilson, 1904 ** Dragmacidon sp. (cf. Pseudaxinella) * Ptilocaulis aff. walpersi (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Family DICTYONELLIDAE * Acanthella aff. cubensis (Alcolado, 1984) * Stylissa sp. Family HALICHONDRIIDAE * Amorphinopsis sp. * Halichondria (Halichondria) sp. * Hymeniacidon sp. Order HAPLOSCLERIDA SubOrder HAPLOSCLERINA Family CALLYSPONGIIDAE * Callyspongia sp.1 * Callyspongia sp.2 * Callyspongia sp.3 * (continued) 91 World distributiona Central Americab Costa Ricac Car,EP n.a. EP Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg PM be,st 15 r [11] n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [USNM31942] Car n.a. PM be,st 3 cr [20, UCR24, 269] Worldwide n.a. PM be,st 17 r [11] EP EP,ME n.a. n.a. PM PM n.a. be,st n.a. 17 n.a. r [3, USNM31933] [11] EP EP EP n.a. n.a. n.a. PM PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [13, USNM31938] [USNM31939] [USNM31860, 31934] EP P PM be,st 7–14 r [6, 20, UCR5, 99, 140] EP n.a. PM be,st 17–33 r Car,EP,ME P PM be,st 0 r [20, UCR101, 205] [11] Species List Suborden PETROSINA Family PHLOEODICTYIDAE * Oceanapia sp. Order DICTYOCERATIDA Family THORECTIDAE ** cf. Smenospongia Famiy SPONGIIDAE * Hyattella aff. cavernosa (Pallas, 1766) * Hyattella sp. Family DYSIDEIDAE ** Dysidea sp. * Pleraplysilla sp. Order DENDROCERATIDA Family DARWINELLIDAE ** Aplysilla sp. ** Chelonaplysilla sp. ** Dendrilla verongiformis de Lauberfels, 1954 Order VERONGIDA Family APLYSINIDAE * Aplysina chiriquiensis Díaz, Van Soest, Rützler & Guzman, 2005 * Aplysina gerardogreeni Gomez & Bakus, 1992 * Aplysina sp. 92 Species List 6.2 (continued) Sponges n.a. = Information not available *New report for Costa Rica by Noam van der Hal and Rob W. M. van Soest **New report for Costa Rica (Sponge Collection, Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica) In ref. = species name used in the publication a AU = Australia; BA = Bahamas; B = Belize; Car = Caribbean; EA = Eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; FL = Florida; GC = Gulf of California; IO = Indian Ocean; ME = Mediterranean Sea; NP = northern Pacific; VI = Virgin Islands; WA = western Atlantic b P = Panama c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Mainland d be = benthic; eb = epibenthic; st = subtidal e m = mangrove; mb = muddy bottom; r = rocks; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sh = shells f Depth as reported in paper or depth of collection g References numbered as in the bibliography of this chapter; UCR = Catalogue number, Porifera collection, Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica; USNM = Catalogue number, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 93 94 Species List 7.1 Medusozoa (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa) recorded from the Caribbean of Costa Rica, following the phylogenetic arrangement proposed by Marques & Collins (2004) Central Oceanic Habitat/ Species World distributiona Americab Costa Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf SubPhylum MEDUSOZOA Class HYDROZOA SubClass TRACHYLINA Order TRACHYMEDUSAE Family GERYONIIDAE cp N,P IU n wc [2, 3] Liriope tetraphylla (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821) Family RHOPALON-EMATIDAE EA,EP,IP, WA,WP CA IU ep wc [3, 6] Aglaura hemistoma Péron & Lesuerur, 1810 Order NARCOMEDUSAE Family AEGINIDAE ct CA CC n.a. wc [1] Aegina citrea Eschscholtz, 1829 IP CA CC n,o wc [6] Solmundella bitentaculata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) n.a. = information not available a cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c CC = Caribbean coastal waters; IU = Isla Uvita d ep = epipelagic; n = neritic; o = oceanic e wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa (Medusozoa) 95 Species List 7.2 Medusozoa (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa) recorded from the Pacific of Costa Rica, following the phylogenetic arrangement proposed by Marques & Collins (2004). The new records included in this chapter are marked with (*) World Central Costa Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf SubPhylum MEDUSOZOA Class HYDROZOA Order LIMNOMEDUSAE sedis mutabilis Family OLINDIIDAE * IP Olindias singularis Browne, 1905 SubClass HYDROIDOLINA sedis mutabilis Order LEPTHOTHECATA Family AEQUORIDAE EP Aequorea coerulescens (Brandt, 1838) Aequorea macrodactyla EP (Brandt, 1834) Family CAMPANULARIIDAE IP *Clytia brunescens (Bigelow, 1904) IP,MED *Clytia hemisphaerica (Linnaeus, 1767) Clytia simplex (Browne, EP,IP,IO 1902) EP Clytia uchidai Kramp, 1961 cp Obelia spp. Family DIPLEUROSOMATIDAE Dipleurosoma pacificum EP Agassiz & Mayer, 1902 Family EUTIMIDAE IP Eutima curva Browne, 1905 ct *Eutima orientalis (Browne, 1905) Family EIRENIDAE EA,Med Helgicirrha shultzei Hartlaub, 1909 cp Phialopsis diegensis Torrey, 1909 Family LAODICEIDAE *Laodicea marana Agassiz Fiji,EP & Mayer, 1899 GP n,o wc [6, 10] P GP,CR n wc [10, 11] P GP n wc [3, 6, 10] GP n,o wc [6, 10] GP n wc [6, 10] GP,D n,o wc [6, 10, 12] GP,D n,o wc [6, 10, 12] GP n,o wc [6, 10] GP n,o wc [6, 10] GP n wc [6, 10] GP n wc [6, 10] GD mp,n wc [3, 6, 8] D ep,n wc [3, 5, 12] GP n wc [6, 10] N (continued) 96 Species List Species List 7.2 (continued) Central World distributiona Americab Species Family LOVENELLIDAE ep P Eucheilota comata (Bigelow, 1909) ep *Eucheilota menoni Kramp, 1959 Family MALAGAZZIIDAE WP Malagazzia taenigonia (Chow & Huang, 1958) P *Octophiallucium bigelowi IO,WA Kramp, 1955 Family MELICERTIDAE EA,EP,WA Melicetum sp. Family PHIALELLIDAE Habitat/ Costa Oceanic Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf EP,IP Phialella sp. Order ANTHOATHECATA Family BOUGAINVILLIDAE Bouganvillea fulva Agassiz EA,IP,WA N & Mayer, 1899 EA,EP,IP *Bouganvillea muscus Allmar, 1863 CP Bouganvillea sp. *Koellikerina fasciculata EA,Med (Péron & Lesuerur, 1810) *Koellikerina multicirrata IO (Kramp, 1928) EP ES,N Lizzia ferrarii Segura, 1980 N Lizzia gracilis (Mayer, 1900) IO,WA Family BYTHOTIARIDAE EA,EP,IP, Calycopsis papillata Bigelow, 1818 IO,IP CA Heterotiara minor Vanhöffen, 1911 *Kanaka pelagica Uchida, EP 1947 incerta sedis Family CLAVIDAE Oceania armata Kolliker, CP 1853 Family CORYMORPHIDAE * Vannucia forbesii (Mayer, IP,Med,WA 1894) D,GP n wc [10, 11] GP n wc [10, 11] D n.a. wc [6, 8] GP mp,n wc [3, 10, 11] GP n wc [6, 10] GP n wc [6, 10] GP,CR n wc [6, 10, 11] GP n wc [6, 10] GD GP mp,n wc wc [6, 9] [3, 9, 10] GP ep wc [3, 10] CR n.a. wc [11] CR n wc [11] D n.a. wc [5, 12] GP n wc [10, 11] GP n wc [10, 11] CR,GD mp,n wc [3, 8, 11] GP wc [6, 10] n (continued) Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa (Medusozoa) 97 Species List 7.2 (continued) Species Family CORYNIDAE * Dipurena ophiogaster Haeckel, 1879 Sarsia coccometra Bigelow, 1909 Sarsia spp. Lesson, 1843 Family CYTAEIDIDAE Cytaeis tetrastyla Eschscholtz, 1829 Family EUCODONIIDAE Eucodonium brownei Hartlaub, 1907 Family EUPHYSIDAE * Euphysa aurata Forbes, 1848 * Euphysilla pyramidata Kramp, 1955 Family HYDRACTINIIDAE Hydractinia simplex Kramp, 1928 Family PANDEIDAE * Amphinema australis (Mayer, 1900) * Amphinema dinema (Péron & Lesuerur, 1810) Haliotholus intermedius (Browne, 1902) Haliotholus pauper Hartlaub, 1913 Leukartiara hoepplii Hsu, 1928 Leukartiara octona (Fleming, 1823) Pandea sp. * Pandeopsis ikarii Kramp, 1959 Family POLYORCHIDAE Polyorchis penicillatus (Eschscholtz, 1829) Family PROBOSCIDACTYLA Proboscidactyla ornata (McCrady, 1857) Family PROTIARIDAE * Halitiara formosa Fewkes, 1882 World Central Costa Oceanic Habitat/ distributiona Americab Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf EP,IP GP n wc [6, 9, 11] GP n wc GP n,o wc [5, 6, 10, 11, 12] [6, 10] D mp,n,o wc [3, 11, 12] IP,Med,WA GD mp,n wc [3, 8] cp GP n wc [6, 10] cp GP n wc [3, 10, 11] CR n.a. wc [11] cp GP n wc [3, 10] IP,WA GP n wc [3, 10] Ant,EA, CA EP,WA ct CA D,GP ep wc D,GP n,o wc [3, 5, 10, 12] [10, 12] cp P GP n.a. wc [6, 10] cp P GP n.a. wc [6, 9, 10] cp IP GD GP n.a. n.a. wc wc [6, 8] [6, 10] EP IC n.a. wc [5, 6] CR n wc [11] GP n wc [6, 10] EP CA cp CT cp ct IO,WA P N N (continued) 98 Species List Species List 7.2 (continued) World Central Species distributiona Americab Family TRICHYDRIDAE * N Trichydra pudica Wright, EP 1858 Family TUBULARIIDAE * EA,EP Ectopleura dumortieri (van Beneden, 1844) EP N Ectopleura sacculifera Kramp, 1957 Euphysora bigelowi Mass, EP,IO 1905 Gotoea similis Kramp, 1959 IO Family PORPITIDAE CA Porpita porpita (Linnaeus, cp 1758) Family ZANCLEIDAE cp Zanclea costata Gegenbaur, 1857 SubClass TRACHYLINA Order TRACHYMEDUSAE Family GERYONIIDAE CA Geryonia proboscidalis ct (Forskal, 1775) cp CA Liriope tetraphylla (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821) Family RHOPALONEMATIDAE n.a. Aglantha sp. Arc,EP, CA Aglantha digitale (O.F. WP Muller, 1766) CA Aglaura hemistoma Péron EA,EP, IP,WA, & Lesuerur, 1810 WP EA,EP, Amphogona apicata WA,WP Kramp, 1957 IP,WA Amphogona apsteini (Vanhoffen, 1902) cp Pantachogon sp. Persa incolorata McCrady,cp 1859 ct CA Rhopalonema velatum Gegenbaur, 1857 EA,WA, P Sminthea eurygaster WP Gegenbaur, 1856 Costa Oceanic Habitat/ Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf GP n wc [10, 11] GP n wc [6, 10, 11] CR n wc [11] CR n wc [11] CR n.a. wc [11] GP ep,n wc [3, 10, 11] D,CR n wc [3, 5, 12] D wc [3, 5, 10] D,GN, ep,n,o GP wc [2–5, 10–12] GP GP n n,o wc wc [6, 10, 12] [6, 10, 12] D,GP ep wc [3, 6, 10, 11, 12] D bp wc GD ep wc [3, 4, 11, 12] [3, 8] GD GD bp bp,ep wc wc [3, 8] [3, 8] D,GP ep,n,o wc [3, 10–12] CR bp,mp wc [1] ep (continued) Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa (Medusozoa) 99 Species List 7.2 (continued) World Central Costa Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf Order NARCOMEDUSAE Family AEGINIDAE Solmundella bitentaculata cp (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Family CUNINIDAE ct Cunina octonaria McCrady, 1859 Cunina peregrina Bigelow,ct 1909 Family SOLMARISIDAE Pegantha clara Bigelow, cp 1909 cp Pegantha martagon Haeckel, 1879 Pegantha triloba Haeckel, ct 1879 EP Solmaris rhodoloma (Brandt, 1838) Class SCYPHOZOA Order CORONATEAE Family ATOLLIDAE Atolla wyvillei Haeckel, EA,EP,WA 1880 Family NAUSITHOIDAE EA,EP,WA Nausithoe punctata Kölliker, 1853 Order RHIZOSTOMEAE Family STOMOLOPHIDAE Stomolophus meleagris L. cp Agassiz, 1862 Order SEMAEOSTOMAE Family PELAGIIDAE Pelagia noctiluca Péron cp and Lesueur, 1810 Family ULMARIDAE Aurelia aurita Linné, 1758 cp P,N D,GP n wc [3, 10–12] P D,GP ep,n wc [3, 10–12] D ep,n wc [4, 9–11] ES,P D n wc [5, 12] N D n wc [5, 12] P D o wc [5, 12] D,GP n wc [6, 10, 12] PM bp wc [1, 2] H,G,N,P GP n.a. wc [10, Rodríguez, unpubl.] GN n.a. wc [5] GN,GP mp wc [1, 10, 11] PM wc [5, Rodríguez, unpublished] P CA ep,mp Class CUBOZOA (continued) 100 Species List Family CARYBDEIDAE Species List 7.2 (continued) World Central Costa Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf * Tripedalia cystophora Conant, 1897 IO,WA GN bp wc [6, Rodríguez, unpublished] Family CHIRODROPIDAE WA GN n.a. wc [5, 7] Chiropsalmus sp. n.a. = information not available a Ant = Antarctic; Arc = arctic; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c D = Domo de Costa Rica; GD = Golfo Dulce; GN = Golfo de Nicoya; GP = Golfo de Papagayo; IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d bp = bathypelagic; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic; o = oceanic e wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species World distributiona Central Americab Costa Ricac Oceanic distributiond Depthe(m) Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg ct-t n.a. CC ep 0 p [1, 2, 6, 7] CC Ep 0–200 wc [1, 2, 5, 6]h Siphonophores Species List 8.1 Siphonophores collected in Caribbean of Costa Rica following the taxonomic arrangement and nomenclature proposed by Totton (1965) and Pagès et al. (1992) Order CYSTONECTAE Family PHYSALIIDAE Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Order CALYCOPHORAE Family DIPHYIDAE Abylopsis eschscholtzi (Huxley, 1859) ct-t Chelophyes appendiculata (Eschscholtz, 1829) ct-t CC Ep 0–300 wc [1, 2] Chelophyes contorta (Lens and van Riemsdijk, 1908) t-t N,H IU ep 0–200 wc [1, 2, 9]h Enneagonum hyalinum Quoy and Gaimard, 1827 ct-s CC ep 300–1000 wc [2, 4, 5] Muggiaea atlantica Cunningham, 1892 EA,Med,WA CA IU Ep 0–100 wc [1, 2, 4, 5]h Sulculeolaria quadrivalvis Blainville, 1834 ct-s G,P CC ep 0–100 wc [2, 3, 7, 9]h ct = circumtropical; ct-t = circumtropical-temperate; ct-s = circumtropical-subtropical; t-t = tropical-temperate; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c CC = Caribbean coast; IU = Isla Uvita d ep = epipelagic e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f wc = water column; p = pleuston g References are indicated by numbers according to the Reference list. h Rodríguez, K. unpublished data a 101 Species World distributiona Central Americab Costa Rica Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Depthe (m) Communityf ct-t GP,ICñ surface 0 p [2, 6, 7, F. Pagès, 2000 personal communication] ct GP ep,mp n.a. wc [8, 9] D,GP ep,mp 0–200 wc [2, 6, 8] D,GP ep 0–200 wc [2, 6, 8] 102 Species List 8.2 Siphonophores collected in Pacific waters of Costa Rica. The systematic arrangement and nomenclature used was that proposed by Totton (1965) and Pagés et al. (1992) Referencesg Order CYSTONECTAE Family PHYSALIIDAE Physallia physalis Linnaeus, 1758 Family RHIZOPHYSIDAE Rhysophysa eysenhardti Gegenbaur, 1859 Order PHYSONECTAE Family AGALMIDAE Agalma elegans (Sars, 1846) ct-t Agalma okeni Eschscholtz, 1825 ct-t CA Halistemma sp. Hexley, 1859 n.a. IC mp n.a. wc [8] Nanomia bijuga (Chiaje, 1841) ct-t D,GP ep,mp 0–200 wc [2, 8] ct-t GP ep 0–250 wc [8, 9] ct-t D ep 0–200 wc [2] Family FORSKALIIDAE Forskalia edwarsi Kolliker, 1853 Family PHYSOPHORIDAE Physophora hydrostatica Forskål, 1775 Order CALYCOPHORAE Family PRAYIDAE ct-s D ep 0–200 wc [2] EA,Med,WA GD ep,mp 0–675 wc [4, 5] GP ep 0–50 wc [8] Rosacea flaccida Biggs, Pugh & Carré, 1978 n.a. Species List Amphicaryon ernesti Totton, 1954 Rosacea cymbiformis (Chiaje, 1822) Siphonophores Family HIPPOPODIIDAE Hippopodius hippopus (Forskål, 1776) ct-s D ep 0–200 wc [2, 9] Vogtia pentacantha Kolliker, 1853 ct-t D mp 300–500 wc [2, 4] Family DYPHIDAE Sulculeolaria biloba (Sars, 1846) ct-s D ep 0–200 wc [2, 4] Sulculeolaria chuni (Lens & van Riemsdijk, 1908) ct-s D,GD,GP ep 0–200 wc [2, 5, 8, 9] Sulculeolaria quadrivalvis Blainville, 1834 ct-s D,GD,GP ep 0–200 wc [2, 4, 5, 8] Sulculeolaria turgida (Gegenbaur, 1853) ct-s. D ep 0–200 wc [2, 4] Chelophyes appendiculata (Eschscholtz, 1829) ct-t D ep 0–500 wc [2] D,GD,GP,IC ep 0–200 wc [2, 8, 9] Chelophyes contorta (Lens & van Riemsdijk, t-t 1908) Diphyes bojani (Eschscholtz 1829) ct-t G D,GD,GP,IC ep 0–500 wc [2, 5, 8, 9] Diphyes dispar Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821 ct-t N GD,GP ep 0–500 wc [4, 5, 8, 9] Eudoxoides mitra Huxley, 1859 ct-t D,GD,GP,IC ep 0–200 wc [2, 8] Lensia campanella (Mosser, 1925) ct-s D,GD ep 0–200 wc [2, 6, 9] Lensia challengeri Totton, 1954 EA,EP,IO, WA,WP D ep 0–500 wc [2, 9] Lensia conoidea (Keferstein & Ehlers, 1860) temperate Lensia cossack Totton, 1941 ct-s D ep 0–300 wc [2, 9] D ep,mp 0–200 wc [2, 9] Lensia hotspur Totton, 1941 ct-s D ep 0–200 wc [2, 4] Lensia subtilis (Chun, 1886) ct-s D,GD ep 0–200 wc [2, 5, 9] (continued) 103 104 Species List 8.2 (continued) Species World distributiona Muggiaea atlantica Cunningham, 1892 EA,Med,WA Sphaeronectes gracilis (Claus, 1873) n.a. Central Americab Costa Rica Habitat/ Depthe (m) Communityf Referencesg D,GD,GP,IC ep 0–100 wc [2, 4, 5, 8] GD ep 0–100 wc [5, 6] D ep 0–200 wc [2, 9] GD,GP,IC,D ep GP ep 0–200 0–200 wc wc [2, 5, 6, 8] [6, 8] Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Family ABYLIDAE Abyla haeckeli Lens & van Riemsdijk, 1908 ct-s ct-t ct-t,Med P Bassia bassensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827) ct-s N GD ep 0–200 wc [4, 5] Ceratocymba leuckarti (Huxley, 1859) ct-s D ep 0–200 wc [2, 9] Enneagonum hyalinum Quoy & Gaimard, 1827 ct-s D ep 0–200 wc [2, 4, 5] Abylopsis eschscholtzi (Huxley, 1859) Abylopsis tetragona (Otto, 1823) n.a. = information not available a Ant = Antarctic; Arc = Arctic; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; ct-t = circumtropica-temperate; ct-s = circumtropical-subtropical; t-t = tropical-temperate; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; G = Guatemala, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c D = Costa Rica Dome; GD = Golfo Dulce; GP = Golfo de Papagayo; IC = Isla del Coco; ICñ = Isla del Caño d ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f wc = water column; p = pleuston g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ Communityd Referencese Class ANTHOZOA Order ZOANTHINIARIA Family ZOANTHIDAE Palythoa caribaeorum Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 Car G,H,N it,st,eb rb,cr [1, 2, 3] Palythoa grandis Verrill, 1900 Car st,eb cr [1] Zoanthus pulchellus Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 Car st,eb cr [1] Zoanthus sociatus Ellis & Solander, 1786 Car st,eb rb,cr [1,2] st c,cr [2] H,N,P Family PARAZOANTHIDAE Parazoanthus parasiticus (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Car Order ACTINIARIA Family ACTINIIDAE Anthopleura sp. Car st,eb rb,cr [1] Condylactis gigantea (Weinland, 1860) Car G st,eb rb,cr [1,3] Car G st,eb rb,cr [1,3] Zoanthids, Sea Anemones and Corallimorpharians Species List 9.1 Zoanthids, actiniarians, and corallimorpharians found on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Family AIPTASIIDAE Bartholomea annulata (Lesueur, 1817) Family ALICIIDAE Alicia mirabilis Johnson, 1861 Car st,eb rb,cr [1] Lebrunia coralligens (Wilson, 1890) Car st,eb rb,cr [1] Car st,eb rb,cr [1] Family STICHODACTYLIDAE Stichodactyla helianthus (Ellis, 1768) (continued) 105 106 Species List 9.1 (continued) World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ Communityd Referencese Order CORALLIMORPHARIA Family ACTINODISCIDAE Discosoma sanctithomae (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) Car st,eb rb,cr [2] Family CORALLIMORPHIDAE Ricordea florida (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) st,eb rb,cr [2] Car Car = Caribbean G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal d c = commensal; cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom e References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. a b Species List Zoanthids, Sea Anemones and Corallimorpharians 107 Species List 9.2 Zoanthids, actiniarians, and corallimorpharians found on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica World distributiona Costa Ricab Oceanic Habitat/ distributionc Communityd Referencese Class ANTHOZOA Order ACTINARIA Family Hormathiidae EP Telmatactis cricoides (Duchassaing, 1850) IC st,eb EP = eastern Pacific IC = Isla del Coco c eb = epibenthic; st = subtidal d cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom e References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a b rb,cr [1] Species Eunicea (Euniceopsis) tourneforti tourneforti Edwards & Haime, 1857 World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depthd (m) Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf cp G B 1.5–8 cr,rb [7, 9, 10] Car B,H,P B 0.5–12 cr,rb [7, 10] Car B,G,H,P B 0.5–12 cr,rb [7, 9, 10] Car,WA B,H B 30–35 cr,rb [6] Car B,H B 4–10 cr,rb [7, 10] Car Car B,H B,H B B 3–6 3–6 cr,rb cr,rb [7, 10] [7, 10] Car Car B,H B,H B B 3–6 3–6 cr,rb cr,rb [7, 10] [7, 10] Car B,H B 3–10 cr,rb [7, 10] Species List ALCYONACEA Group STOLONIFERA Family CLAVULARIDAE Carijoa riisei (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) ALCYONACEA Group SCLERAXONIA Family BRIAREIDAE Briareum asbestinum (Pallas, 1766) Family ANTHOTHELIDAE Erythropodium caribaeorum (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) Group CALCAXONIA Family ELLISELLIDAE Ellisella barbadensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Group HOLAXONIA Family PLEXAURIDAE Eunicea (Euniceopsis) fusca (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) Eunicea (Euniceopsis) knighti Bayer, 1961 Eunicea (Euniceopsis) laciniata (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) Eunicea (Euniceopsis) succinea (Pallas, 1766) Eunicea (Euniceopsis) tourneforti atra Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857 108 Species List 10.1 Octocorals from Caribbean shallow waters of Costa Rica Car Car B,H P B B 3–16 4–6 cr,rb cr,rb [7, 10] [13] Muriceopsis flavida (Lamarck, 1815) ? Muriceopsis sulphurea (Donovan, 1825) Plexaura flexuosa Lamouroux, 1821 ? Plexaura nina Bayer & Diechmann, 1958 Plexaurella dichotoma (Esper, 1791) Plexaurella fusifera Kuzne, 1916 Plexaurella grisea Kuzne, 1916 Family GORGONIIDAE Gorgonia flabellum Linnaeus, 1758 Gorgonia ventalina Linnaeus, 1758 Pseudoplexaura flagellosa (Houttuyn, 1772) Pseudoplexaura porosa (Houttuyn, 1772) Pseudopterogorgia acerosa (Pallas, 1766) Pseudopterogorgia americana (Gmelin, 1791) Pseudopterogorgia rigida (Bielschowsky, 1929) Pterogorgia anceps (Pallas, 1766) Car Car Car Car Car Car Car B,H B,H B,H B,H B,H B,H B,H b b b b b b b 3–15 4–6 3–9 2–3 2–5 2–4 2–6 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb [7, 10] [7, 10] [7, 10] [7, 10] [7, 10] [7, 10] [7, 10] Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car B,H B,H,G B,H B,H B,H,P B,H,P B,H B,H b b b b b b b b 0.25–16 2–4 3–6 3–6 3–6 3–7 14 15 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb [7, 10] [7, 9, 10] [7, 10] [7, 10] [7, 10] [7, 10] [7, 10] [11] Octocorals Muricea atlantica (Kükenthal, 1919) Muriceopsis bayeriana Sánchez, 2001 ? = doubtful identification a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan WA = western Atlantic b B = Belize; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras; P = Panama c b = benthic d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e rb = rocky bottom; cr = coral reefs f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 109 110 Species List 10.2 Octocorals from Pacific shallow waters of Costa Rica Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depthe (m) Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg ALCYONACEA Group HOLAXONIA Family GORGONIIDAE Leptogorgia alba (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Leptogorgia cofrini Breedy & Guzmán, 2005 Leptogorgia cuspidata Verrill, 1865 Leptogorgia diffusa Verrill, 1868 Leptogorgia exigua Verrill, 1870 Leptogorgia laxa Hickson, 1928 Leptogorgia pumila Verrill, 1868 Leptogorgia ramulus Valenciennes, 1846 Leptogorgia regis Hickson, 1928 Leptogorgia rigida Verrill, 1864 Leptogorgia taboguilla Hickson, 1928 Eugorgia bradleyi Verrill, 1868 Eugorgia daniana Verrill, 1868 Pacifigorgia adamsii (Verrill, 1868) Pacifigorgia bayeri Breedy, 2001 Pacifigorgia cairnsi Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia curta Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia eximia (Verrill, 1868) Pacifigorgia firma Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia flavimaculata Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia irene Bayer, 1951 Pacifigorgia lacerata Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia rubicunda Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia samarensis Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia senta Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM IC PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b n.a rb rb mb,rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb mb,rb mb,rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb [7, 14] [4] [5] [5, 7, 14] [5, 15] [5] [5] [5] [5] [5] [5] [7, 14] [7, 14] [2, 3, 7, 14] [1, 2, 3] [3] [3] [2, 3] [3] [3] [2, 3] [3] [3] [3] [3] ES,P,N P P,ES P N P P P,ES,N P ES,P P P P N,P P P P P P P P n.a 1–25 5–20 7–26 shallow water 5–20 5–25 10–25 18–73 5–30 3–30 n.a 11–17 20–35 10–12 7–22 20–25 25 0.5–8 3 12–33 18 20–25 8–12 40 Species List World Central distributiona Americab Costa Rica Species EP EP P PM PM b b 12–30 25–28 rb rb [2, 3] [3] EP P PM b shallow water mb,rb [7, 14] EP P IC b shallow water mb [7, 8, 12] EP P PM b dredged mb [7] Octocorals Pacifigorgia stenobrochis (Valenciennes, 1846) Pacifigorgia tupperi Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Family PLEXAURIDAE Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) Order PENNATULACEA Family PENNATULIDAE Ptilosarcus undulatum Verrill, 1865 Family RENILLIDAE Renilla amethystina Verrill, 1861 n.a. = information not available a EP = eastern Pacific b ES = El Salvador; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco d b = benthic e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f rb = rocky bottom; mb = muddy bottom g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 111 112 Species List 11.1 Stony corals (hydrocorals and scleractinians) from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Car,WA B,G be,st 0.5–35 cr,rb [1, 7, 8, 13] Car,WA B,H,N,P be,st 0.1–45 cr Millepora complanata Lamarck, 1816 Car,WA B,G,H,N,P be,st 0.1–45 cr [1, 7, 8, 14, 17, 18, 23] [1, 7, 8, 13, 14, 17, 18, 23] Class ANTHOZOA Order SCLERACTINIA SubOrder ASTROCOENIINA Family ASTROCOENIIDAE Stephanocoenia intersepta (Lamarck, 1816) Car,WA B,G,H,P be,st 0–100 cr [1, 5, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18] Family POCILLOPORIDAE Madracis decactis (Lyman, 1859) Madracis mirabilis (Lyman, 1859) Car,EA,WA Car,WA B,G,H,P B,G,H,P be,st be,st 0–98 0–60 cr cr [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18] [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 25] Family ACROPORIDAE Acropora cervicornis (Lamarck, 1816) Car B,H,N,P be,st 0–50 cr Acropora palmata (Lamarck, 1816) Car B,H,N,P be,st 0–23 cr [1, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18, 23, 24] [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 23, 24] Class HYDROZOA Order FILIFORA Family STYLASTERIDAE SubFamily STYLASTERINAE Stylaster roseus (Pallas, 1766) Order CAPITATA Family MILLEPORIDAE Millepora alcicornis Linnaeus, 1758 Species List World distributiona Species Car,EA,WA B,G,H,N,P be,st 0–70 cr,sg Porites divaricata Lesueur, 1821 Car B,G,H,N,P be,st 0–47 cr Porites furcata Lamarck, 1816 Car B,H,N,P be,st 0–50 cr,sg Porites porites (Pallas, 1766) Car,EA B,G,H,N,P be,st 0–50 cr,sg Family SIDERASTREIDAE Siderastrea radians (Pallas, 1766) Car,EA B,G,H,P be,st 0–33 cr,sg Siderastrea siderea (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Car B,G,H,N,P be,it,st 0–70 cr Family AGARICIIDAE Agaricia agaricites (Linnaeus, 1758) Car,WA B,G,H,N,P be,st 0–75 cr Agaricia agaricites forma carinata (Wells, 1973) Agaricia agaricites forma danai (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851) Agaricia agaricites forma purpurea (Lesueur, 1821) Agaricia fragilis Dana, 1846 Car Car B,P H,N,P be,st be,st 0–75 0–75 n.a. cr Car Car,WA B,H,P B,H,P be,st be,st 0–75 0–102 cr cr Agaricia humilis Verrill, 1902 Car B,H,N,P be,st 0–70 cr Agaricia tenuifolia Dana, 1846 Car B,G,H,P be,st 0–35 cr Leptoseris cucullata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Car B,G,H,N,P be,st 2–108 cr [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 23, 26] [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 23, 26] [1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 23, 26] [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 23, 26] Stony Corals SubOrder FUNGIINA Family PORITIDAE Porites astreoides Lamarck, 1816 [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 25] [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 23, 25] [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19, 23, 25] [1, 10, 18] [10, 18, 23] (continued) 113 [1, 10, 17, 18] [1, 5, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18, 25] [1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 23, 25] [1, 5, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 25] [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 23, 25] Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Car Car B,H H,P be,st be,st 0–35 10–25 cr,sg cr [1, 8, 10, 17, 26] [8, 10, 17, 18] Car B,H,N,P be,st 0–55 cr Diploria clivosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Diploria labyrinthiformis (Linnaeus, 1758) Car Car B,H,P B,H,P be,st be,st 0–41 0–43 cr,sg cr Diploria strigosa (Dana, 1846) Car B,G,H,P be,st 0–47 cr Favia fragum (Esper, 1797) Car,EA,WA B,H,P be,st 0–30 cr,rb Manicina areolata (Linnaeus, 1758) Car B,G,H,N,P be,st 0–65 cr,sb,sg [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 23, 26] [1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 26] [1, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18, 26] [1, 5, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 26] [1, 5, 8, 10, 17, 18, 26] [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 23, 26] SubFamily MONTASTRAEINAE Montastraea annularis (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Montastraea cavernosa (Linnaeus, 1767) Car Car,EA,WA B,G,H,N,P B,G,H,N,P be,st be,st 0–20 0–113 cr cr Car G,H,P be,st 2–50 cr [1, 13, 17, 18, 23, 26] [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 23, 26] [10, 13, 17, 18] Car B,H,N,P be,it,st 0–51 cr,rb [1, 4, 8, 9] Car G,H,P be,st 0–23 cr [8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 25] Car Car H,P B,H,N,P be,st be,st 0–30 0–72 cr cr [8, 10, 17, 18] [1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 23, 25] SubOrder FAVIINA Family FAVIIDAE SubFamily FAVIINAE Cladocora arbuscula (Lesueur, 1821) Colpophyllia breviserialis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 Colpophyllia natans (Houttuyn, 1772) Montastraea franksi (Gregory, 1895) Family RHIZANGIIDAE Astrangia solitaria (Lesueur, 1817) Family OCULINIDAE Oculina diffusa Lamarck, 1816 Family MEANDRINIDAE Dichocoenia stellaris Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 Dichocoenia stokesi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 Species List World distributiona Species 114 Species List 11.1 (continued) Car B,G,H,N,P be,st 0–80 cr [1, 6, 8, 13, 17, 18, 23, 25] Family MUSSIDAE Isophyllastrea rigida (Dana, 1846) Car B,H,P be,st 0–35 cr Isophyllia sinuosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Mussa angulosa (Pallas, 1766) Car Car B,H,P B,G,H,P be,st be,st 0–35 0–59 cr cr Mycetophyllia danaana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 Car B,G,H,P be,st 0–50 cr Mycetophyllia lamarckiana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 Scolymia cubensis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 Scolymia lacera (Pallas, 1766) SubOrder CARYOPHYLLIINA Family CARYOPHYLLIIDAE Colangia immersa Pourtalès, 1871 Eusmilia fastigiata (Pallas, 1766) Car B,H,P be,st 0–75 cr [1, 5, 8, 10, 17, 18, 26] [1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 26] [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 26] [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 26] [1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 26] Car,WA Car B,G,H,P B,H,P be,st be,st 0–92 3–80 cr cr [1, 10, 13, 17, 18, 26] [1, 10, 17, 18] Car Car B,H,P B,G,H,P be,st be,st 0.5–347 0–65 cr,rb cr Phyllangia americana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 Phyllangia dispersa Verrill, 1864 SubOrder DENDROPHYLLIINA Family DENDROPHYLLIIDAE Dendrophyllia sp. Car,WA cp B,G,H,N be,st be,st 0–53 12 cr,rb cr,rb [4, 6, 9] [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 25] [4, 8, 9, 10, 13] [9] be,st n.a. cr [8, 9] Car 115 n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; WA = western Atlantic b B = Belize; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c be = benthic, it = intertidal, st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Stony Corals Meandrina meandrites (Linnaeus, 1758) Species World distributiona Class HYDROZOA Order FILIFORA Family STYLASTERIDAE Errina macrogastra Marenzeller, 1904 Pliobothrus fistulosus Cairns, 1991 Stylaster cocosensis Cairns, 1991 Stylaster galapagensis Cairns, 1986 Stylaster marenzelleri Cairns, 1986 EP EP EP EP EP X X Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg IC IC IC IC IC be,st be,st be,st be,st be,st 549–704 546–631 293–576 549–717 84–631 rb rb cr rb rb [3, 8] [3, 8] [3, 8] [3, 8] [3, 8] EP,WP,IO EP,WP,IO,RS EP,WP,IO EP,WP,IO,RS ES ES,P ES,P P PM IC,PM IC,PM IC,PM be,st be,st be,it,st be,st 0–37 0–26 0–18 1–21 cr cr,sb cr,sb cr [5, 11, 22, 25] [11, 21, 22, 25] [5, 11, 21, 22, 25] [11, 21, 25] EP EP,WP,IO P ES,P PM IC,PM be,st be,st 0–18 cr cr [15] [11, 21, 22, 25] EP,WP,IO,RS EP EP,WP,IO,RS ES,P ES,P IC,PM PM PM be,it,st be,st be,st 0–37 0–45 7 cr cr rb [11, 21, 22, 26] [5, 11, 21, 22, 26] [11, 26] EP,WP,IO EP,WP,IO P P PM IC,PM be,st be,st 3 1–35 cr cr [11, 21, 25] [5, 11, 21, 25] Species List Class ANTHOZOA Order SCLERACTINIA SubOrder ASTROCOENIINA Family POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora capitata Verrill, 1864 Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) Pocillopora elegans Dana, 1846 Pocillopora eydouxi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860 Pocillopora inflata Glynn, 1999 Pocillopora meandrina Dana, 1846 SubOrder FUNGIINA Family PORITIDAE Porites lobata Dana, 1846 Porites panamensis Verrill, 1866 Porites rus (Forskål, 1775) Family SIDERASTREIDAE Psammocora obtusangula (Lamarck, 1816) Psammocora stellata (Verrill, 1866) Costa Rica Central b America Endemic Pacificc 116 Species List 11.2 Stony corals (hydrocorals and scleractinians) from the Pacific of Costa Rica P IC,PM be,st 1–25 cr [11, 21, 25] EP,WP,IO,RS EP,WP,IO EP,WP,IO,RS EP P P IC,PM IC,PM IC IC,PM be,st be,st be,st be,st 6–31 8–16 10–36 3–20 cr cr cr cr EP,WP,IO,RS EP,WP,IO,RS EP,WP,IO EP,WP,IO,RS EP,WP,IO,RS EP,WP,IO,RS P P ES,P P P IC,PM PM IC,PM IC,PM IC,PM IC be,st be,st be,st be,st be,st be,st 1–35 2–16 0–31 13–37 4–79 19 cr cr cr cr cr cr [11, 21, 25] [11, 21, 25] [11, 25] [16, 21, pers. obs.] [11, 21, 25] [11, 21, 25] [5, 11, 21, 22,25] [11, 21, 25] [11, 21, 25] [5, 11] EP,WP,IO,RS EP,WP,IO,RS P P IC,PM IC,PM be,st be,st 24–72 1–85 cr,rub cr,rub [11, 19, 25] [11, 19, 21, 25] EP,WA,Car P IC be,st 46–275 rb [9, 12] IC be,st 45–274 rb [2, 9] P EP EP EP EP P PM IC,PM PM be,st be,st be,st 0–10 0–15 0–15 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb [2, 9] [2, 9] [2, 9] EP EP EP ES,P P ES,P PM IC PM be,st be,st be,st 0–64 0–27 0–63 cr,rb cr cr,rb [8, 9, 12] [2, 9] [2, 8, 9, 12, 22] (continued) 117 Pavona clavus (Dana, 1846) Pavona frondifera (Lamarck, 1816) Pavona gigantea Verrill, 1869 Pavona maldivensis (Gardiner, 1905) Pavona varians Verrill, 1864 Pavona xarifae Scheer & Pillai, 1974 Family FUNGIIDAE Fungia (Cycloseris) curvata Hoeksema, 1989 Fungia (Cycloseris) distorta Michelin, 1842 SubOrder FAVIINA Family FAVIIDAE SubFamily FAVIINAE Cladocora debilis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 Cladocora pacifica Cairns, 1991 Family RHIZANGIIDAE Astrangia browni Palmer, 1928 Astrangia dentata Verrill, 1866 Astrangia equatorialis Durham & Barnard, 1952 Astrangia haimei Verrill, 1866 Culicia stellata Dana 1846 Oulangia bradleyi Verrill, 1866 EP,WP,IO,RS Stony Corals Psammocora superficialis Gardiner, 1898 Family AGARICIIDAE Gardineroseris planulata (Dana, 1846) Leptoseris papyracea (Dana, 1846) Leptoseris scabra Vaughan, 1907 Pavona chiriquensis Glynn et al. 2001 Species List 11.2 (continued) SubOrder CARYOPHYLLIINA Family CARYOPHYLLIIDAE Anomocora carinata Cairns, 1991 Caryophyllia diomedeae Marenzeller, 1904 Caryophyllia perculta Cairns, 1991 Coenocyathus bowersi Vaughan, 1906 Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794) Polycyathus hondaensis (Durham & Barnard, 1952) Tethocyathus prahli Lattig & Cairns 2000 Family FLABELLIDAE Javania cailleti (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) SubOrder DENDROPHYLLIINA Family DENDROPHYLLIIDAE Cladopsammia eguchii (Wells, 1982) Cladopsammia gracilis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848) Dendrophyllia oldroydae Oldroyd, 1924 Endopachys grayi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 Rhizopsammia verrilli Van der Horst, 1922 Tubastrea coccinea Lesson, 1829 EP EP,WP,IO EP EP EP,cp EP Costa Rica Central b America Endemic Pacificc IC IC IC IC IC IC be,st be,st be,st be,st be,st be,st 614–785 245–806 54–316 9–302 373–806 55–84 rb rb rb rb rb rb [2] [2, 5] [2] [2, 9, 12] [2] [2, 12] Car,EP IC be,st 303–333 rb [20] EP,cp IC be,st 86–2165 rb [2, 5] PM PM be,st be,st 1–85 0–12 cr,rb rb [2, 22] [2] IC,PM IC be,st be,st 315–576 20–183 rb cr,rb [2] [2] IC PM be,st be,st 6–20 1.5–54 cr,rb cr,rb [2, 5] [2, 5, 22] EP,WP EP X Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg P P P P ES,P EP EP,WP,IO,RS EP,WP,IO EP,cp ES Species List n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; RS = Red Sea; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b ES = El Salvador; P = Panama c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d be = benthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 118 Species World distributiona Habitat/ Communityd Class SIPUNCULIDEA Order SIPUNCULIFORMES Family SIPUNCULIDAE Sipunculus phalloides phalloides Car,EA,EP Cahuita reefs it,st 0–15 cr,rb,sb (Pallas, 1774) Class PHASCOLOSOMATIDEA Order PHASCOLOSOMATIFORMES Family PHASCOLOSOMATIDAE Antillesoma antillarum (Grube, 1858) Car,WA,EA, IO,IP,EP Cahuita reefs it,st 0–15 ch,cr Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) Car,EA,EP,WP,IO Cahuita reefs it,st 0–15 ch,cr perlucens Baird, 1868 Order ASPIDOSIPHONIFORMES Family ASPIDOSIPHONIDAE Aspidosiphon (Paraspidosiphon) Car,WA Cahuita reefs it,st 0–15 ch,cr parvulus (Gerould, 1913) a Car = Caribbean; EA = Eastern Atlantic; EP = Eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; WA = Western Atlantic b it = intertidal; st = subtidal c Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) in Costa Rica d ch = coral heads; cr = coral reefs; rb = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom e References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Sipunculans Species List 12.1 List of sipunculans reported for the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, Central America World Oceanic distributiona Costa Rica distributionb Depth (m)c Species Referencese [3, 6, 11,12] [3, 5, 11, 12] [3, 5, 11, 12] [3, 7, 11, 12, 17] 119 120 Species List 12.2 List of sipunculan species reported for the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Central America Species Costa Ricab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ communitye Referencesf EP,IP,WA,WP ICa st 5 ur,cf [3, 4, 10, 11, 12] cp Car,EA,EP GN GN,PN it,st it,st 1–18 1–10 sb,mb sb [3, 6, 11, 12, 27] [3, 6, 11, 12] EP,WA GN,PN it 1–3 sb [3, 6, 11, 12] Car,IO,SP,WA GN it 1–3 ur [3, 11, 12, 13] Arc, Ant, Car, EP, Med, RS, SP GN st 18 gs [3, 11, 12] Car,EA,EP,IO,IP,WA ct GD,GN,PN GN,PN it it 1–3 1–3 ed,ur ur [3, 5, 11, 12, 27] [3, 11, 12] ct GN st 7–26 sb,mb [3, 11, 12] ct GD,GN,PN it,st 1–5 ur,cf [3, 5, 11, 12] Species List Class SIPUNCULIDEA Order SIPUNCULIFORMES Family SIPUNCULIDAE Siphonosoma vastum (Selenka & Bulow, 1883) Sipunculus(Sipunculus) nudus Linnaeus, 1766 Sipunculus (Sipunculus) phalloides (Pallas, 1774) Xenosiphon branchiatus (Fisher, 1895) Order GOLFINGIIFORMES Family GOLFINGIIDAE Nephasona pellucidum pellucidum (Keferstein, 1865) Family PHASCOLIONIDAE Phascolion (Phascolion) strombus (Montagu, 1804) Class PHASCOLOSOMATIDEA Order PHASCOLOSOMATIFORMES Family PHASCOLOSOMATIDAE Antillesoma antillarum (Grube, 1858) Apionsoma (Edmondsius) pectinatum (Keferstein, 1867) Apionsoma (Apionsoma) trichocephalus Sluiter, 1902 Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) nigrescens (Keferstein, 1865) World distributiona Car,EA,EP,IO,WP GD,GN,IC,PN it 1–3 ed [3, 5, 11, 12, 27] Car,RS,WP GD st 5 cf [3, 7, 11, 12] Car,EP PN it 1–3 ed [3, 7, 11, 12, 21] EP,SP GN st 18 gs [3, 7, 11, 12] Med,NA,RS,WP GN st 12–18 sb [3, 7, 11, 12] Sipunculans Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) perlucens Baird, 1868 Order ASPIDOSIPHONIFORMES Family ASPIDOSIPHONIDAE Aspidosiphon (Aspidosiphon) elegans (Chamisso and Eysenhardt, 1821) Aspidosiphon (Paraspidosiphon) fischeriten Broeke, 1925 Aspidosiphon (Aspidosiphon) gracilis schnehageni (Fisher, 1913) Aspidosiphon (Aspidosiphon) muelleri Diesing, 1851 a Ant = Antarctic; Arc = Arctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = Cosmopolitan; ct = Circumtropical; EA = Eastern Atlantic; EP = Eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; SP = South Pacific; WA = Western Atlantic; WP = Western Pacific b GN = Golfo de Nicoya; GD = Golfo Dulce; PN = Península de Nicoya; IC = Isla del Coco; ICa = Isla del Caño c it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters), in Costa Rica e cf = coral fragments; cr = coral reefs; ed = endolithic; gs = gastropod shells; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; ur = under rocks f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 121 122 Species List 13.1 Polychaetes from the Caribbean of Central America Species Family ACOETIDAE Acoetes pleei Audouin & Milne-Edwards Family ALCIOPIDAE Rhynchonerella moebii (Apstein) World distributiona Central Costa Rica Oceanic Habitat/ Americab locationc distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg Car,WA P NR it,st n.a. mb,sb [29, 82] Car H NR n.a. pelagic ep [71] Car P NR ep n.a. it [29] Ant,SA,SP ct Car,WA Car B P P,B P NR NR NR NR st it it,st it 5–18 n.a. 4 n.a. sb,ep cr,ep cr ep [114] [29, 69] [29, 71, 110] [29] Family APHRODITIDAE Aphrodita diplops Fauchald Car P NR it n.a. sb [29] cp Car,EA EP,GM EP,GM,WA cp cp B B P B B P NR NR NR NR NR NR st st it st st it 5–18 12 n.a. 5–18 5–18 n.a. ep sb ep ep,sb ep,sb ep,sb [114] [114] [29] [114] [114] [29] n.a. cp B B NR NR st st 5–18 5 ep ep [114] [114] ct n.a. B,P B NR NR it st 23 18 ep,sb ep [29, 69, 114] [114] Family CAPITELLIDAE Capitella capitata (Fabricius) complex Capitella jonesi (Hartman) Dasybranchus lumbricoides Grube Mediomastus ambiseta (Hartman) Notomastus latericeus Sars Notomastus lineatus Claparède Family CHAETOPTERIDAE Chaetopteridae sp. A Spiochaetopterus costarum (Claparède) Family CHRYSOPETALIDAE Bhawania goodei Webster Bhawania sp. A Species List Family AMPHARETIDAE Isolda bipinnata Fauchald Family AMPHINOMIDAE Eurythoë chilensis Kinberg Eurythoe complanata (Pallas) Hermodice carunculata Pallas Linopherus canariensis Langerhans Family DORVILLEIDAE Dorvillea cerasina (Ehlers) Dorvillea rubrovittatus (Grube) Dorvillea (Schistomeringos) longicornis (Ehlers) Protodorvillea kefersteini McIntosh Family EULEPETHIDAE Grubeulepis fimbriata (Treadwell) Family EUNICIDAE Eunice aedificatrix (Monro) Eunice afra Peters Eunice antennata (Savigny) Eunice aphroditois (Pallas) Eunice cariboea Grube Eunice filamentosa Grube Eunice websteri Fauchald Lysidice ninetta Audouin & Milne-Edwards Marphysa amadae Fauchald Nematonereis unicornis (Grube) Palola siciliensis (Grube) Family FLABELLIGERIDAE Pherusa inflata (Treadwell) EA,SA,WA,WP n.a. cp n.a. Car,WA cp B B P B P P NR NR NR NR NR NR st st it st it it 5 5–18 n.a. 12–18 n.a. n.a. ep ep ep ep,sb ep ep [114] [114] [29] [114] [29] [29] Car,EP,WA, Car,WA Car,EP Ant,EA,Med, SA,WA P P P B NR NR NR NR it it it st n.a. n.a. n.a. 5–23 rub ep ep ep,sb [29, 69] [29] [29, 69] [114] Car P NR st 8 n.a. [79] Car,EP ct ct ct Car,EP Car,WA Car,WA ct Car ct ct P P P P P P P B P P P,B NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR it it it it it,st it it st it it it,st n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 5–23 n.a. n.a. n.a. cr,ep cr,ep cr,ep,rub cr,ep cr,ep,rb ep cr ep,sb ep ep cr,ep,rb [29, 69] [29, 69] [29, 69] [29, 69] [29, 69] [29, 69] [29] [114] [29] [29] [29, 69, 114] Car,EP P NR it n.a. cr,ep [29] 123 (continued) Polychaetes and Echiurans Family CIRRATULIDAE Aphelochaeta marioni (Saint -Joseph) Caulleriella sp. Cirratulus cirratus? (Müller) Cirratulus sp. Cirriformia punctata (Grube) Dodecaceria concharum Oersted 124 Species List 13.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Costa Rica Oceanic Habitat/ Americab locationc distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf Family GLYCERIDAE Glycera brevicirris Grube Glycera oxycephala Ehlers Glycera sphyrabranchia Schmarda Glycera tesselata Grube Hemipodia pustatula (Friedrich) cp cp ct ct EP,Car B P H,P P NR M NR NR C,L st it,st it,st it it 5–23 n.a. 34 n.a. n.a. ep,it,sb ep,mb,sb n.a. ep sb [6, 29, 114] [6, 29] [6, 71] [29] [6, 23, 27] ct P NR it n.a. ep [29] Car,WA Car,WA P P NR NR it it,st n.a. 18 cr,ep ep [29] [29, 114] Family LOPADORHYNCHIDAE Lopadorhynchus brevis Grube Lopadorhynchus uncinatus Fauvel Car,EA,EP,WA Car,EP,WA H H NR NR ep ep n.a. n.a. wc wc [71] [71] Family LUMBRINERIDAE Lumbrineris inflata Moore Lumbrineris latreilli (Audouin & Milne-Edwards) Scoletoma tetraura (Schmarda) EP,Car cp cp P B B NR NR NR it st st n.a. 5–12 18–23 ep ep,sb ep,sb [29] [114] [114] Family MAGELONIDAE Magelona pettiboneae Jones Magelona riojai Jones Car Car,EP B B NR NR st st 5–23 5–23 ep,sb ep,sb [114] [114] Family MALDANIDAE Axiothella mucosa (Andrews) Nicomache antillensis Augener Sabaco elongatus (Verrill) Car,WA Car,EP Car,WA,EP B B B NR NR NR st st st 5–23 5–12 6 ep,sb ep,sb n.a. [114] [114] [71] Family NEREIDIDAE Ceratonereis irritabilis (Webster) Car,WA P NR it n.a. Rub [29] Family GONIADIDAE Goniada acicula Hartman Family HESIONIDAE Hesione picta Müller Podarke obscura Verrill Referencesg Species List ct Car,WA Car,WA Car ct Car cp n.a. EP,Car Car Car,EP,WA Car Car,WA ct ct B,P B B P B P P B P P P H P B,P P NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR it,st st it it it it it st it it it st it it it 12–23 12–23 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 5–18 n.a. n.a. n.a. 34 n.a. n.a. n.a. cr,ep,sb ep,sb mb,sb n.a. mb ep ep,rb ep ep cr,ep cr,ep,sb n.a. cr,ep ep,rb cr,ep,rub [27, 29, 69, 114] [114] [36] [36] [36] [29] [29, 69] [114] [29] [29] [2, 29, 69] [71] [29, 69] [29, 69, 114] [29, 69] Family OENONIDAE Arabella iricolor (Montagu) Arabella multidentata (Ehlers) Arabella mutans (Chamberlin) Oenone fulgida (Savigny) cp Car,WA Car,EP ct B P P P NR NR NR NR st st it it,st 12 n.a. n.a. n.a. sb n.a. cr,ep,sb cr,ep [114] [14] [29, 69] [29, 69] Family ONUPHIDAE Americonuphis magna (Andrews) Diopatra cuprea (Bosc) Hirsutonuphis geminata (Fauchald) Kinbergonuphis microcephala (Hartman) Kinbergonuphis pulchra (Fauchald) Kinbergonuphis vermillionensis (Fauchald) Kinbergonuphis virgata (Fauchald) Mooreonuphis dangrigae (Fauchald) EP,Car Car,WA Car EP Car EP,Car Car Car B B,P B B B P B B NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR st st st st st it st st 1 n.a. 0.15 5–23 0.15 n.a. 0.15–1 0.15–1.5 sb mb sb ep,sb sb ep sb rub,sb [30] [29, 30] [30] [114] [30] [29] [30] [30] 125 (continued) Polychaetes and Echiurans Ceratonereis singularis Treadwell Laeonereis culveri (Webster) Namalycastis borealis Glasby Namalycastis macroplatis Glasby Namanereis amboinensis (Pflugfelder) Neanthes galetae Fauchald Neanthes succinea (Frey & Leuckart) Nereidae juv. Nereis callaona (Grube) Nereis panamensis Fauchald Nereis riisei Grube Nereis trifasciata Grube Perinereis anderssoni Kinberg Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne-Edwards) Pseudonereis variegata (Grube) 126 Species List 13.1 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Rica Oceanic Habitat/ Americab locationc distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg Family OPHELIIDAE Polyophthalmus pictus (Dujardin) Car B NR st 4 n.a. [71] Family ORBINIIDAE Naineris setosa (Verrill) Naineris sp. Pettibonella multiuncinata Solis-Weiss & Fauchald Protoaricia pigmentata Solis-Weiss & Fauchald Car Car Car Car B B B B NR NR NR NR st st st st 5 n.a. n.a. n.a. ep,mb mb mb mb [98, 114] [98] [98] [98] Family OWENIIDAE Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje EP,Car P NR it n.a. ep [15, 29] Family PARAONIDAE Paraonis belgicae Fauvel Ant,Car,SA,WA B NR st 5–23 ep,sb [114] Family PHOLOIDAE Taylorpholoe hirsuta (Rullier & Amoureux) Car,WA B NR st 4.5–23 ep,sb [83, 114] Family PHYLLODOCIDAE Eulalia myriacycla (Schmarda) Eulalia viridis (Linnaeus) Eulalia sp. Eulalia sp. indet. Eumida muriatica Eibye-Jacobsen Hesionura coineaui (Laubier) Hesionura elongata (Southern) Mystides near borealis Théel Nereiphylla cf. fragilis (Webster) Nereiphylla mimica Eibye-Jacobsen Nereiphylla sp. Phyllodoce erythrophylla (Schmarda) Phyllodoce madeirensis Langerhans Car,WA EA,SP,WP n.a. Car Car Car,EA,WA Car,EA WA WA Car n.a. Car cp B,P B B P B B B B B B B B,P P NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR it st st it it,st st st st st it,st st it st 0–16 18 22 n.a. 0–18 0.6–12 5–12 4.5–16 1–25 0–28 2–3 0–36 n.a. cr,rub ep rub ep rub rub,sb ep,sb sb rub rub n.a. ep,rub cr [25, 29] [114] [25] [29, 69] [25] [25] [114] [25] [25] [25] [25] [25, 29] [73] Species List Species EP n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Car Car,EA,WA Car B B B B B B B,P B NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR st st st st st it,st it,st it,st 18 n.a. 0.6 –36 25 12 0–1 8 0–28 ep cr rub,sb rub,sb sb rub ep,rub rub [114] [25] [25] [25] [25] [25] [25, 29] [25] Family PILARGIDAE Parandalia americana (Hartman) Synelmis albini (Langerhans) Car ct G B NR NR st st 21–23 5–18 sb ep,sb [45] [114] C it n.a. sb [23, 27] Family PISIONIDAE Pisionidens indica (Aiyar and Alikuhni) Family POLYNOIDAE Halosydna leucohyba (Schmarda) Harmothoe aculeata Andrews Harmothoe benthophila Ehlers Harmothoe crusis (Grube) Lepidasthenia varius Treadwell Lepidonotus humilis Augener Lepidonotus sp. Car,WA Car,SA,WA Car Car Car,EP,WA Car,EP n.a. P B H P P P B NR NR NR NR NR NR NR it st ep st it it st n.a. 5 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 23 cr ep wc n.a. cr cr,ep,rub n.a. [29] [114] [71] [1] [29] [29] [114] Family SABELLARIIDAE Sabellaria floridensis Hartman Car,EP P NR it n.a. cr [29] Family SABELLIDAE Amphiglena lindae Rouse & Gambi Bispira melanostigma (Schmarda) Branchiomma nigromaculata (Baird) Chone duneri Malmgren Car Car,EP Car n.a. B P B B NR NR NR NR st it st st 1–3 n.a. 5 5–18 cr,sb cr,ep ep ep,sb [88] [29] [114] [114] EA,EP,WA 127 (continued) Polychaetes and Echiurans Phyllodoce panamensis Treadwell Phyllodoce sp. A Phyllodoce sp. B Phyllodoce sp. C ?Protomystides sp. Pterocirrus foliosus Claparède Pterocirrus cf. macroceros (Grube) Sige belizensis Malmgren 128 Species List 13.1 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Rica Oceanic Habitat/ Americab locationc distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg Demonax leucaspis? Kinberg Car,EP P NR it n.a. ep,rb [29, 70] Fabricia infratorquata Fitzhugh Fabriciola trilobata Fitzhugh Jasmineira sp. Megalomma lobiferum (Ehlers) Notaulax occidentalis (Baird) Oriopsis androgyne Rouse Perkinsiana fonticula (Hoagland) Pseudofabricioloa quasiincisura Fitzhugh Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Müller) Sabellidae juv. EP EP n.a. Car,WA Car Car Car,WA Car cp n.a. B B B P B,P B P B P B NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR st st st st it,st it it st it st n.a. n.a. 5–23 n.a. 8 n.a. n.a. 1 n.a. 23 mb mb ep,sb cr,ep,rb cr,ep rb cr,ep ep cr sb [32] [32] [114] [29, 77] [29, 70, 77] [87] [29, 59] [33] [29] [114] Car Car,WA Car n.a. P P B B NR NR NR NR st it st st n.a. n.a. 17–47 17–47 n.a. ep rb rb [2, 50] [85] [61] [61] Car,EP SA,WA P B NR NR it st n.a. 18 ep ep [29] [114] P B B,P P NR NR NR C,L it st it it n.a. 5 n.a. n.a. sb ep ep,sb sb [27] [114] [29, 114] [27, 28] Spionidae sp. Car,EP,GM,WA EA,EP,SP,WA WA Car,EA,EP, Med,WA n.a. B NR st 12 sb [114] Family SPIRORBIDAE Janua (Dexiospira) psuedocorrugata (Montagu) ct B NR st 5 ep [114] Family SERPULIDAE Sclerostyla ctenactis (Mörch) Spiraserpula caribensis Pillai & ten Hove Vermiliopsis annulata (Schmarda) Vermiliopsis glandigera infundibulum group Family SIGALIONIDAE Psammolyce spinosa Hartman Sigalion arenicola Verrill Family SPIONIDAE Dispio uncinata Hartman Polydora cornuta Bosc Prionospio heterobranchia Moore Scolelepis (Scolelepis) squamata (Müller) Species List Species P P B B B B B B B B B B,H,P B B P B B B B B B B B B B B B B B NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR it it,st st st st st st st st st st it eb st it st st st st st st st st st st st st st st n.a. n.a. 1 1 1 5–23 5–12 5–23 1 1 1 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 5–23 1 23 1 1 1 1 1 1 5–23 1 1 1 cr,ep,rub cr,ep,rub ep ep ep ep,sb ep,sb ep,sb ep ep ep ep wc mb cr,ep n.a. ep,sb ep sb ep ep ep ep ep ep ep,sb ep ep ep [29, 69] [2, 29] [91] [91] [92] [114] [114] [114] [91] [91] [91] [29, 69, 71] [35] [90] [29, 69] [71] [114] [91] [114] [91] [89] [91] [89] [91] [89] [114] [91] [91] [91] (continued) 129 Car ct Car,EP ct Car EA,Med,RS cp Car,EA,EP,Med EP,WA Car,EP EP ct Car Car Car,EP,WA Car WA WA n.a. cp Car Car,WA Car Car,WA Car n.a. Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Polychaetes and Echiurans Family SYLLIDAE Autolytus anoplos Monro Branchiosyllis exilis (Gravier) Brania mediodentata Westheide Brania oculata (Hartmann-Schröder) Dentatisyllis mangalis Russell Eurysyllis tuberculata Ehlers Eusyllis blomstrandi Malmgren Exogone dispar (Webster) Exogone lourei Berkeley & Berkeley Exogone naidinoides Westheide Exogone occidentalis Westheide Haplosyllis spongicola (Grube) Odontosyllis luminosa San Martìn Odontosyllis twincayensis Russell Opisthosyllis brunnea Langerhans Opisthosyllis nuchalis Verrill Parapionosyllis longicirrata (Webster & Benedict) Plakosyllis quadrioculata Perkins Proceraea sp. Pseudobrania clavata (Claparède) Sphaerosyllis belizensis Russell Sphaerosyllis bilobata Perkins Sphaerosyllis longilamina Russell Sphaerosyllis magnidentata Perkins Sphaerosyllis parvoculata Russell Sphaerosyllis pirifera Claparède Sphaerosyllis piriferopsis Perkins Sphaerosyllis riseri Perkins Sphaerosyllis taylori Perkins 130 Species List 13.1 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Rica Oceanic Habitat/ Americab locationc distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg Typosyllis aciculata Treadwell Typosyllis anops (Ehlers) Typosyllis armillaris (Müller) Typosyllis brachychaeta Schmarda Typosyllis corallicola Verrill Typosyllis cornuta Rathke Typosyllis hyalina Grube Typosyllis mexicana (Rioja) Typosyllis prolifera? (Krohn) Typosyllis variegata (Grube) Car,EP ct Car Car Car cp cp Car ct cp P P P B H,P B,P B P P P NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR it,st it st st st it,st st it it it n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 34 5–18 5–18 n.a. n.a. n.a. ep cr,ep,rub n.a. n.a. n.a. cr,ep,rub,sb ep,sb ep ep cr,ep,rb [29] [29] [2] [71] [2, 71] [29, 69, 114] [114] [29] [29] [29, 69] Family TEREBELLIDAE Eupolymnia nebulosa (Montagu) Lanicides taboguillae (Chamberlin) Loimia medusa (Savigny) Paraeupolymnia carus Young & Kritzler Pista cristata (Muller) Pista fasciata (Grube) Polycirrus sp. Streblosoma crassibranchia Treadwell Terebellidae juv. Thelepus pascua (Fauchald) Thelepus setosus (Quatrefages) ct Car,EP cp Car cp ct n.a. Car,EP n.a. Car cp P P B.P B B,H P B P B P B,P NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR it it it st st it st it st it it,st n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 12–34 n.a. 5–23 n.a. 5 n.a. 23 sb cr ep sb sb cr,ep ep,sb ep,rb,sb ep ep cr [29, 70] [29] [29, 71] [115] [71, 114] [29] [114] [29, 70] [114] [29, 52] [29, 114] Family TOMOPTERIDAE Tomopteris kefersteini Greff ?Tomopteris nisseni Rosa Car,EA Car,EP,WA H H NR NR ep ep n.a. n.a. wc wc [71] [71] Species List Species Car B NR st n.a. mb [99] cp B NR st 5–23 ep,sb [114] n.a. = information not available a Ant = Antarctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; GM = Gulf of Mexico; Med = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; SA = south Atlantic; SP = south Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b B = Belize; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; P = Panama c C = Cahuita; L = Limon; M = Manzanillo; NR = no Costa Rican record d eb = epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters). f cr = coral reef; ep = epiphytic; it = intertidal; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rock bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sand bottom; wc = water column g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Polychaetes and Echiurans Family TRICHOBRANCHIDAE Terebellides parvus Solis-Weiss, Fauchald & Blankenstyn Trichobranchus glacialis Malmgren 131 132 Species List 13.2 Polychaeta and Echiura from the Pacific of Central America Costa Rica Central World distributiona Americab Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg Family ACOETIDAE Acoetes grubei (Kinberg) Acoetes mortenseni (Monro) EP EP G,P G,P NR GN it,st it,st 0–20 12–20 sb mb,sb Acoetes pacifica (Treadwell) Euarche tubifex Ehlers Polyodontes frons Hartman Polyodontes lupinus (Stimpson) Polyodontes oculeus (Treadwell) Polyodontes panamensis (Chamberlin) Car,EP cp EP EP,WA Car,EP EP P P P P P P NR NR NR NR GN NR st st st it it,st n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 13–18 n.a. rub,sb mb,rub mb mb mb,sb n.a. [82] [16, 29, 41, 65, 82, 67, 109] [29, 41, 67] [29, 67] [41] [82] [16, 29, 65, 67] [12] Family ACROCIRRIDAE Acrocirrus sp. n.a. st 64 sb [74] Family ALCIOPIDAE Eulalia magnapupula Treadwell Vanadis fuscapunctata Treadwell EP EP,WA NR NR st ep 900 n.a. n.a. n.a. [103] [104] Family AMPHARETIDAE Amphicteis scaphobranchiata Moore Amphicteis sp. Melinna sp. GM,EP n.a. n.a. GD GN GN st st st n.a. n.a. 15–22 mb mb mb [16] [65, 109] [16, 65, 109] Family AMPHINOMIDAE Chloeia entypa Chamberlin Choeia euglochis Ehlers Chloeia pseudeuglochis Augener Chloeia viridis Schmarda EP EP EP Car,EP,WA IC NR GP GSE,IC it,st st it,st it,st n.a. 63 n.a. 11–90 sb n.a. n.a. cr,mb [29, 41, 42, 69] [103] [2] [29, 42, 43, 68, 69, 102] P P P P P Species List Species P GSE,IC it,st n.a. cr,ep [11, 29, 42, 43, 57, 68, 69, 103] Eurythoe sp. Hermodice carunculata (Pallas) Linopherus kristiani Salazar-Vallejo Linopherus oculata (Treadwell) Linopherus spiralis (Wesenberg-Lund) Notopygos crinita Grube Notopygos maculata (Kinberg) Notopygos ornata Grube n.a. Car,EP EP EP IG,WA P ES P GN GSE GD NR GN st it,st st it it n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. mb ep,wc mb EA,WA EP Car,EP,WA P P n.a. st NR n.a. GN,GSE it 183 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. cr Pherecardia striata (Kinberg) Pseudeurythoe ambigua (Monro) ct EP P P NR NR it st n.a. 11–22 cr mb [62] [43, 103] [17, 66] [4, 29, 67, 103] [65, 105, 107, 109] [102] [12] [11, 29, 38, 42, 55, 57, 68, 69, 103] [29, 42, 68, 69] [69] Family APHRODITIDAE Aphrodita japonica Marenzeller Aphrodita negligens Moore Aphrodita sp. Laetmonice producta Grube Pontogenia laeviseta Hartman EP,WP EP,WP n.a. EP EP P P GN NR PM NR NR st st st st st n.a. 1251 90 999 26–36 rub,sb mb mb sb rb [16, 29, 41, 69] [26] [103] [26] [41] Family CAPITELLIDAE Capitella capitata (Fabricius) complex Dasybranchus lumbricoides Grube cp GM,EP ES,P GD,GN GN it,st it 40–43 n.a. mb,sb ep,sb Decamastus nudus Thomassin Heteromastus filiformis (Claparède) Leiochrides cf. pallidior (Chamberlin) Mastobranchus variabilis Ewing EP,IO cp EP GM,EP GD,GN GN GN GN st it st st 11–42 n.a. 18 18 mb,sb sb sb sb [17, 21, 65, 109] [21, 24, 29, 66, 68] [16, 21, 65, 109] [21] [21] [21] P (continued) 133 ct Polychaetes and Echiurans Eurythoe complanata (Pallas) 134 Species List 13.2 (continued) Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg GD,GN GD,GN it,st st 11–50 9–200 mb,sb mb,sb NR GN it st n.a. 9–46 sb mb,sb GN GN NR GD it st it st n.a. 14–24 n.a. 64 sb sb sb sb P P P P NR NR NR GN it,st it it it,st 26 n.a. n.a. 11–26 cr n.a. sb cr,sb [12, 29, 70] [29, 68] [68] [16, 29, 64, 65, 70, 109] ct EP EP EP P P N,P ES NR NR NR GN it it it it n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ep ep,rb n.a. sb [29, 69] [29, 69] [2, 29, 69] [49] EP ct N P NR NR n.a. st n.a. n.a. n.a. ep [1] [29, 69] Mediomastus ambiseta (Hartman) Mediomastus californiensis Hartman EP,GM,WA EP,GM,WA ES Notodasus dexterae Fauchald Notomastus hemipodus Hartman EP EP,GM,WA P Notomastus lineatus Claparède Notomastus tenuis Moore Notomastus sp. Mediomastus sp. cp EP n.a. n.a. Family CHAETOPTERIDAE Chaetopterus variopedatus (Renier) Mesochaetopterus alipes Monro Mesochaetopterus minuta Potts Spiochaetopterus costarum (Claparède) cp EP EP cp P Endemic Pacificc [16, 17, 21, 49] [16, 17, 21, 63, 64, 65, 105– 109, 24] [27, 28] [16, 21, 63, 64, 65, 105, 109] [21] [21] [68] [74] Species List Family CHRYSOPETALIDAE Bhawania goodei Webster Bhawania riveti (Gravier) Chrysopetalum occidentale Johnson Chrysopetalum macrophthalmum Hartmann-Schröder Chrysopetalum Paessleri Augener Paleanotus chrysolepis Schmarda Costa Rica Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Species Central World distribution Americab a EP GN st 11–44 mb,sb [65, 109, 111] EP EA EP EP GD,GN GD GD GD st st st st 11–18 64 64 64–70 mb,sb sb sb mb,sb [16, 17, 60] [74] [74] [74] EP GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] EP EP n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. cp cp EP EP n.a. n.a. n.a. EP EP ct EP EP EP GN GN GD GN GN GN GD NR NR NR GN GD GD NR GD NR GN GN GN st st st st st st st it st n.a. st st st it st it st st st n.a. 11 64 11–26 18 18 64–254 n.a. 7–9 n.a. 11–26 70 70 n.a. 70 n.a. 11–26 11–18 18 mb sb sb mb,sb sb sb mb,sb sb sb n.a. mb,sb mb mb rb mb rb mb,sb sb sb [17, 60, 65, 109] [16] [74] [16] [16, 64, 65, 109] [16] [74] [27] [11, 68] [68] [16] [74] [74] [29] [74] [29, 70] [16] [16] [16] GN st 11–18 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] EP P P P P P (continued) 135 Caulleriella magnaoculata Hartmann-Schröder Chaetozone corona Berkeley & Berkeley Chaetozone hedgepethi Blake Chaetozone sp. Chaetozone sp. D Chaetozone sp. E Chaetozone sp. X Cirratulus cirratulus (Müller) Cirratulus? cirratulus (Müller) Cirratulus exuberans Chamberlin Cirratulus polytricha Schmarda Cirratulus sp. Cirratulus sp. A Cirratulus sp. B Cirriformia luxuriosa (Moore) Cirriformia spirobrancha (Moore) Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu) Monticellina cryptica Blake Montecellina secunda (Banse & Hobson) Monticellina serratiseta (Banse & Hobson) Monticellina tesselata (Hartman) X Polychaetes and Echiurans Paleaquor nicoyensis Watson-Russel Family CIRRATULIDAE Aphelochaeta glandaria Blake Aphelochaeta marioni (Saint Joseph) Aphelochaeta monilaris (Hartman) Aphelochaeta multifilis (Moore) 136 Species List 13.2 (continued) Costa Rica Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg GN GD GN st st it,st 18–26 64 n.a. mb,sb sb mb,sb GN NR st st 11–26 54 mb,sb sb EP,WA GD,GN st 11–18 mb EP n.a. GN GD st st 11–26 64–70 mb,sb mb [16, 17, 60, 65, 109] [16] [74] GN NR GN st it st n.a. n.a. 11 n.a. rub sb [38] [29, 69] [16] GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] GN GD GN GN GN GD GD st st st st st st st n.a. 70 n.a. 11–18 26 n.a. n.a. n.a. mb mb sb mb mb mb [38] [74] [65, 109] [16] [16] [17, 60] [17, 60] GN st 18 sb [16, 65] Species Central World distribution Americab Monticellina sp. B cf Tharyx epitoca Monro Tharyx parvus Berkeley n.a. Ant EP Tharyx sp. X Timarete perbranchiata (Chamberlin) n.a. EP Family COSSURIDAE Cossura brunnea Fauchald Cossura laeviseta Hartmann-Schröder Cossuridae sp. a EP n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. GM n.a. Family EULEPETHIDAE Grubeulepis ecuadorensis Pettibone EP EP Car,EP,WA EP P X P EP X [16, 65, 105] [74] [65, 105, 107, 109] [16] [29] Species List Family DORVILLEIDAE Dorvillea bioculata (Grube) Dorvillea cerasina (Ehlers) Dorvillea (Schistomeringos) annulata (Moore) Dorvillea (Schistomeringos) pacifica (Westheide) Dorvillea vittata (Grube) Dorvilleidae sp. Meiodorvillea sp. Pettibonea sp. A Pettibonea sp. B Pettiboneia duofurca Wolf Pettiboneia sp. Endemic Pacificc NR NR st it,st 12–20 13–20 mb,sb mb,rub,sb [41] [43, 79] GD st 254 mb [74] P P NR NR it it n.a. n.a. cr,ep cr,ep [29, 68, 69] [29, 69] P P P P P P P P P P P P GN NR NR NR GN NR NR GN NR GSE NR NR GD NR NR GD it st it it,st st it it st it st it st st st n.a. st n.a. 7–9 n.a. n.a. 20–46 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 n.a. 16 70 580–1000 8 36 cr,ep sb cr cr,ep,rb mb,sb ep n.a. n.a. n.a. ep,mb n.a. n.a. mb sb n.a. mb,rub ct P NR it,st 9 cr,ep,rb [29, 38, 44, 69] [68] [29, 44, 69] [29, 44, 69] [16] [29, 69] [43] [38] [68] [29, 43, 44] [31] [29, 44, 69] [43, 74] [12] [43] [17, 29, 60, 65, 69, 109] [29, 68, 69] EP EP P GD NR st it n.a. n.a. mb sb [17] [68] n.a. Family EUNICIDAE Eunice aedificatrix (Monro) Eunice afra Peters Car,EP ct Eunice aphroditois (Pallas) Eunice australis Quatrefages Eunice biannulata Moore Eunice cariboea Grube Eunice cedroensis Fauchald Eunice filamentosa Grube Eunice guanica (Treadwell) Eunice lucei Grube Eunice macrobranchia Schmarda Eunice mutilata Webster Eunice panamena (Chamberlin) Eunice reducta Fauchald Eunice schemacephala Schmarda Eunice segregata (Chamberlin) Eunice vittata (delle Chiaje) Eunice vittatopsis Fauchald ct WP EP Car,EP EP Car,EP,WA EP,WA EP SA Car,EP,WA EP EP EP EP cp EP Lysidice ninetta Audouin & MilneEdwards Marphysa conferta Moore Marphysa mortenseni Monro P G P P X 137 (continued) Polychaetes and Echiurans Car,EP,WA EP Grubeulepis fimbriata (Treadwell) Grubeulepis mexicana Berkeley & Berkeley Pareulepis sp. 138 Species List 13.2 (continued) GN NR NR GSE st it n.a. it,st n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. cr,ep,rb [38] [29, 43, 68, 69] [56] [12, 29, 43, 44, 69] P P NR NR st st 0–81 n.a. mb n.a. [42] [12, 42] EP EP EP n.a. EP P P NR GD GN GD NR st st st st it 3210 75–200 11–26 70–254 n.a. mb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb rub [12] [17] [16] [17, 74, 103] [27, 29, 68] Car,EP,WA P GN it,st n.a. cr,mb,sb cp EP,WA EA EP P P G GN NR NR GN st st st st 10–11 1 9 n.a. sb sb n.a. n.a. [6, 27, 29, 42, 65, 68, 69, 108, 109] [6] [6] [65, 68, 109] [5, 6, 16] EP,WP G NR st 18 n.a. [3] EP ct EP ct P P P Family EUPHROSINIDAE Euphrosyne aurantiaca Johnson Euphrosyne panamica (Chamberlin) EP EP Family FLABELLIGERIDAE Brada irenaia Chamberlin Pherusa capulata (Moore) Pherusa inflata (Treadwell) Pherusa sp. Piromis americana (Monro) Family GLYCERIDAE Glycera americana Leidy Endemic Pacificc X Species List Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg Marphysa quadriocculata (Grube) Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu) Marphysa striata (Kinberg) Palola siciliensis (Grube Glycera brevicirris Grube Glycera dibranchiata Ehlers Glycera gigantea Quatrefages Glycera guatemalensis Böggemann & Fiege Glycera lancadivae Schmarda Costa Rica Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Species Central World distribution Americab a EP,WP Car,EP P P NR GN it,st st 11–16 10–28 sb mb,sb ct cp Car,EP P P ES,P NR GN GN,PM st st it,st n.a. 18–46 n.a. n.a. mb,sb sb Hemipodia californiensis (Hartman) EP ES GN,PM it,st 11–26 mb,sb Family GONIADIDAE Glycinde armigera Moore EP P GD,GN st 4–254 mb [16, 42, 65, 74, 105, 106, 107, 108, 09] EP ES GN it n.a. n.a. [49, 65, 66, 109] GN st 11–18 sb [16, 65, 109] GN GD GN GN NR NR NR GN NR NR GN st st st st it 11–25 n.a. 11 18 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. mb,sb mb sb sb cr,ep n.a. sb mb rb sb mb,sb [18] [17, 60] [16] [16] [12, 29, 68, 69] [12] [49] [65, 109] [29] [49] [65, 109] Glycinde paucignatha HartmannSchröder Goniada brunnea Treadwell Family HESIONIDAE Glyphohesione nicoyensis Dean Gyptis brunnea (Hartman) Gyptis cf. hians Fauchald & Hancock Gyptis sp. A Hesione intertexta Grube Hesione panamena Chamberlin Hesionides arenarius Friedrich Micropthalmus sp. Ophiodromus pugettensis (Johnson) Orseis brevis Hartmann-Schröder Parahesione sp. EP,WA EP EP EP n.a. EP EP EP n.a. EP EP n.a. X P P ES P ES it st it it st [6] [5, 6, 16, 65, 109] [6, 65, 109] [16, 42] [6, 27, 34, 49, 96] [6, 16, 17, 60, 65, 109] 139 (continued) Polychaetes and Echiurans Glycera pacifica Kinberg Glycera prosobranchia Boggemann & Fiege Glycera sphyrabranchia Schmarda Glycera tesselata Grube Hemipodia pustatula (Friedrich) 140 Species List 13.2 (continued) Species Podarke minuta Hartmann-Schröder Podarke pugettensis Johnson Podarkeopsis brevipalpa (HartmannSchröder) Struwela noodti Hartmann-Schröder Family LONGOSOMATIDAE Heterospio catalinensis Hartman Family LOPADORHYNCHIDAE Lopadorhynchus nationalis Reibisch Pelagobia longicirrata Greeff Central World distribution Americab a Costa Rica Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg it st st n.a. 11–26 11–26 sb mb,sb mb,sb ES ES NR GN GD,GN EP ES NR it n.a. sb [49] [16] [16, 17, 49, 60, 65, 66, 109] [49] GN st n.a. mb [65, 109] NR NR ep ep n.a. n.a. wc wc [104] [104] P P P P GD GD GN GD NR NR GD GD,GP st st st st st it it,st st 70 36 18 64 36–54 45 64–70 26–64 mb mb,sb sb sb sb mb,rb ep,mb cr,sb ES GN NR st it 11–18 n.a. sb n.a. [74] [17, 29, 69] [16] [65, 74, 109] [29] [29, 44, 69] [29, 65, 74, 109] [29, 43, 44, 49, 69] [16, 65, 109] [49, 66] NR GD NR GD it st it it,st n.a. 64 n.a. 70 sb sb n.a. mb,sb [27, 28] [74] [49, 66] [27, 28, 74] EP EP,WA cp Family LUMBRINERIDAE n.a. Angeneria (sic) sp. (= Augenaria) EP Eranno chilensis (Kinberg) EP Kuwaita dolichognatha Rioja GM,WA Lumbrinerides acuta (Verrill) EP Lumbrineris cruzensis? Hartman EP Lumbrineris erecta (Moore) Car,EP Lumbrineris inflata Moore Lumbrineris latreilli Audouin & Milne- cp Edwards EP Lumbrineris limicola Hartman Lumbrineris magnanuchalata Hartmann- EP Schröder EP Lumbrineris monroi Fauchald EP Lumbrineris moorei Hartman Lumbrineris uncinigera Hartmann-Schröder EP EP Lumbrineris zonata (Johnson) P P P P ES P Species List EP EP EP Family MAGELONIDAE Magelona (cf) californica Hartman EP,WP Magelona papillicornis Müller Magelona pitelkai Hartman Magelona riojai Jones Magelona sp. A Magelona sp. B cp EP Car,EP n.a. n.a. Family MALDANIDAE Clymenella sp. Isocirrus longiceps (Moore) Isocirrus tropicus (Monro) Maldane cristata Treadwell Maldane gorgonensis Monro Maldane meridionalis (Chamberlin) Mandanella fibrillate Chamberlin Maldanidae sp. indet. Maldanidae sp. A Petaloproctus crenatua Chamberlin n.a. EP EP EP EP EP,WP EP n.a. n.a. EP ES P P P P P G P P P NR GD,GN GD GD GD GD GN GN GD,GN GN,GSE st st st st st st st st st it,st n.a. 11 64 70 70 64 11–26 11–26 26 11–26 cr mb,sb sb mb mb sb mb,sb mb,sb mb mb,sb [65, 96, 109] [16, 17] [74] [74] [74] [74] [16] [16] [16, 17, 60] [16, 29, 44, 65, 69, 105–109] GN st 46 mb [16, 65, 109] NR GN PM GN GD,GN it st it st st n.a. 11–26 n.a. 9–26 11–26 rb mb,sb sb mb,sb mb,sb [29, 70] [16, 65, 109] [27] [16, 65, 109] [16,1 7, 60, 65, 109] GN GN NR NR NR NR NR NR GN NR st st it st st st st it st st n.a. n.a. n.a. 580 54 3520–4609 2648 n.a. n.a. 1393 mb mb sb mb sb n.a. n.a. rb mb sb [65, 109] [65, 109] [68, 93] [26] [29] [37] [12] [29] [65, 109] [12] (continued) 141 n.a. EP EP n.a. n.a. EP EP EP EP ct Polychaetes and Echiurans Lumbrinereis sp. Ninoe foliosa Fauchald Ninoe gemmea Moore Ninoe sp. A Ninoe sp. B Paraninoe fusca (Moore) Scoletoma erecta (Moore) Scoletoma monroi (Fauchald) Scoletoma platylobata (Fauchald) Scoletoma tetraura (Schmarda) 142 Species List 13.2 (continued) Costa Rica Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg GD,GN st 11–18 sb P GN st 11–18 mb,sb EA EP,WA EP P G ES NR NR NR st st it 26 0–26 n.a. sb mb,sb sb EP EP EP ES P P NR NR GN it st it,st n.a. 45 n.a. sb sb mb Nephtys oculata Hartmann-Schröder Nephtys panamensis Monro EP EP ES P NR GN it st n.a. 9–22 n.a. sb Nephtys singularis Hartman EP ES,P GN,PM it,st n.a. sb Nephtys squamosa Ehlers Nephtys sp. Car,EP,WA n.a. P NR GD st st n.a. 64 sb mb Family NEREIDIDAE Ceratonereis singularis Treadwell ct P GD st n.a. cr,mb Ceratonereis sp. n.a. GD st 64 n.a. Species Central World distribution Americab Family NEPHTYIDAE Aglaophamus verrilli (McIntosh) Car,EP,WA P Aglaophamus tabogensis (Monro) EP Aglaophamus longosetosa Oersted Nephtys assimilis Oersted Nephtys brevibranchis HartmannSchröder Nephtys furcifera Hartmann-Schröder Nephtys magellanica Augener Nephtys monroi Hartman a Endemic Pacificc [16, 29, 42, 65, 109] [16, 29, 65, 69, 109] [68] [42] [49] [49] [42] [29, 46, 65, 69, 105, 107, 108, 109] [49, 66] [16, 42, 65, 68, 109] [27, 29, 46, 69, 96] [29, 69] [65, 74, 109] Species List [17, 20, 27, 29, 42, 65, 69, 76, 109] [74] EP EP,GM P NR GD it st n.a. 13–46 rub mb,sb “juvenile” nereid Laeonereis brunnea Hartmann-Schröder Leptonereis laevis Kinberg Neanthes micromma Harper Neanthes pseudonoodti Fauchald Neanthes roosevelti Hartman Neanthes succinea (Frey & Leuckart) EP EP EP EP,GM EP EP cp ES ES NR GD,GN GN GD,GN GD GD GN it it st st it,st st it n.a. n.a. 11–18 11–40 n.a. n.a. n.a. sb mb,sb sb mb,sb ep ep ep,rb Nereidae sp. 1 Nereis callaona (Grube) Nereis costaricaensis Dean n.a. Car,EP EP GN NR GN it it it n.a. n.a. n.a. sb ep mb Nereis rigida Grube Nereis riisei Grube EP Car,EP,WA GN GP it,st it n.a. n.a. n.a. cr,ep,sb Nereis segrex Chamberlin Nereis zonata Malmgren Nereis sp. Perinereis anderssoni Kinberg Perinereis helleri Grube Perinereis seridentata (HartmannSchröder) Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & MilneEdwards) Pseudonereis gallapagensis Kinberg EP cp n.a. EP EP EP ES NR GN GD NR IC GD,GN st st st it st it 1340 11–18 64–254 n.a. n.a. n.a. sb sb n.a. n.a. n.a. sb [20, 39] [1, 20, 29, 42, 43, 69] [12] [16, 20] [74] [43] [102] [20, 49, 66] ct P GP it n.a. ep,rb [20, 29, 43, 69] EP,W P GD it,st n.a. ep,rb [20, 29] P P P X P P P [29] [16, 17, 20, 60, 65, 105–109] [49] [20, 49, 66] [20] [16, 20, 65, 109] [20, 29] [20] [16, 20, 29, 69, 105, 107, 108, 109] [24] [29] [20] 143 (continued) Polychaetes and Echiurans Eunereis paitillae Fauchald Gymnonereis crosslandi (Monro) 144 Species List 13.2 (continued) Family OENONIDAE Arabella mutans (Chamberlin) Arabella panamensis Colbath Car,EP EP Arabella semimaculata (Moore) Arabellida sic) sp. Drilonereis falcata Moore EP n.a. EP Drilonereis mexicana Fauchald Drilonereis nuda Moore cf Notocirrus californiensis Hartman Oenone fulgida (Savigny) EP EP EP ct P P Family ONUPHIDAE Americonuphis reesei Fauchald Australonuphis hartmanae (Friedrich) Diopatra denticulata Fauchald Diopatra farallonensis Hobson Diopatra Krisitiani Paxton Diopatra neotridens Hartman Diopatra obliqua Hartman Diopatra ornata Moore EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP P ES P Diopatra rhizophorae Grube Diopatra splendidissima Kinberg Diopatra tridentata Hartman EP EP EP Costa Rica Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg P P NR GN it st n.a. 18 cr,ep,sb sb P PM GD GN it st st n.a. 64–70 18–26 n.a. mb cr,rub NR n.a. n.a. GSE it it,st st st n.a. 11–26 254 5-9 rb cr,sb mb ep,mb,sb G,P G,P ES,G,P ES,P NR NR NR n.a. NR NR NR GD,GN it st st st it st it st n.a. n.a. 36–54 42 n.a. 5–101 11–18 rb sb mb,sb mb cr,rb,sb sb sb mb,sb ES,N,P P G,P NR it NR st GN,GSE st n.a. 26 11–18 n.a. sb sb P [29, 44, 68, 69] [13, 14, 16, 65, 109] [16] [74] [16, 29, 65, 69, 109] [29] [16, 29, 69] [74] [44] [27, 29, 68, 69] [27, 28, 34, 96] [29, 69] [16, 17, 60] [29, 68, 69, 75] [44, 65, 109] [27, 44, 75] [16, 17, 29, 43, 49, 60, 65, 69, 108, 109] [38, 69, 75] [27, 28, 68] [16, 44, 65, 109] Species List Species Central World distribution Americab a EP EP EP EP EP n.a. GM,EP Mooreonuphis peruana (Hartman) Onuphis eremita Audouin & MilneEdwards Onuphis sp. Paradiopatra cobra (Chamberlin) Paradiopatra crassisetosa (Chamberlin) Paradiopatra lepta (Chamberlin) Paradiopatra solenotecton (Chamberlin) Paranorthia fissurata Fauchald Family OPHELIIDAE Ammotrypane bermudiensis Treadwell WA Armandia bravis (Moore) EP P GSE NR NR GN GN GN GN st st st st st st st n.a. 983–2286 36 3.6–9 11–46 18 11–20 mb mb,sb sb mb,sb mb,sb mb rb,sb EP Car,EA,EP P G NR NR st st n.a. 3.6–9 cr sb [44] [12] [29] [16, 44, 65, 109] [16, 65, 109] [16] [16, 29, 44, 65, 69, 109] [44] [44] n.a. EP EP EP EP EP P P P P P n.a. NR NR NR NR NR st st st st st st 64–354 3190 711–1046 2286 2286 983 mb mb mb,sb n.a. n.a. mb [74] [12] [12] [12] [12] [26] GSE st 6 mb [103] P GD,GN it,st 18 mb,sb [16, 17, 27, 28, 65, 109] ES GN st 7–18 sb P PM GN NR it st it n.a. 18 n.a. sb sb rb [16, 48, 106, 107] [27, 28] [16] [28] P NR st 11–22 mb [29, 70] EP Armandia salvadoriana HartmannSchröder Euzonus (Thoracophelia) furciferus (Ehlers) EP n.a. Ophelina sp. n.a. Ophelina sp. Family ORBINIIDAE Leitoscoloplos panamensis (Monro) EP P P P G 145 (continued) Polychaetes and Echiurans Hyalinoecia juvenalis Moore Hyalinoecia stricta Moore Kinbergonuphis gorgonensis (Monro) Kinbergonuphis microcephala (Hartman) Kinbergonuphis vexillaria Moore Kinbergonuphis sp. A Mooreonuphis nebulosa (Moore) 146 Species List 13.2 (continued) GN it,st 11–26 mb,sb NR GN PM GN GN GN GN GN st st it st st st st st 580 n.a. n.a. 11–22 11–20 18 11–26 11–26 mb mb sb sb sb sb mb,sb mb,sb [16, 24, 65, 66, 109] [12] [65, 109] [27, 28, 47, 96] [16, 49, 65, 109] [16, 65, 109] [16] [16, 65, 109] [16, 65, 109] ES NR it n.a. sb [15, 49] ES GN it n.a. mb Car,EA,EP, Med,WA EP,WA EP GD,GN st 11–44 mb,sb GN GN st st 11–26 11 mb,sb sb [24, 65, 66, 105, 106, 107, 109] [16, 17, 60, 65, 109] [16, 65, 109] [16] WA Ant,EP,WP n.a. EA,GM,WA,[WP GN GN GD GN st st st st 11–18 18–26 n.a. 11–26 sb mb,sb mb mb,sb [16] [16] [17] [16, 65, 109] EP ES Leodamas latum (Chamberlin) Naineris sp. Orbinia johnsoni (Moore) Scoloplos armiger (Müller) Scoloplos ohlini Ehlers Scoloplos riseri (Pettibone) Scoloplos tribulosos (Ehlers) Scoloplos treadwelli Eisig EP n.a. EP cp EP,WP GM,WA EP Car,EP,WA P Family OWENIIDAE Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje EP CP Aricidea (Acmira) catherinae Laubier Aricidea (Acmira) finitima Strezlov Aricidea (Acmira) longicirrata Hartmann-Schröder Aricdea (Acmira) minima Strelzov Aricidea (Acmira) mirifica Strelzov Aricidea (Allia) sp. Aricidea (Aricidea) fragilis Webster ES ES Endemic Pacificc Species List Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg Leitoscoloplos pugettensis (Pettibone) Fanily PARAONIDAE Acesta (Acmira) lopezi Berkeley & Berkeley Costa Rica Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Species Central World distribution Americab a n.a. n.a. n.a. EA,EP,WP EP,WP EA,WA,EP n.a. n.a. EP n.a. Family PECTINARIIDAE Pectinaria californiensis Hartman Pectinaria gouldii Verrill Pectinaria (Lagis) tenera Hartmann-Schröder EP Car,WA EP Family PHOLOIDAE Pholoides asperus (Johnson) Family PHYLLODOCIDAE Eteone sp. Eulalia lobocephalica Kinberg Eulalia sp. Eteone aesturina Hartmann-Schröder Kinbergia longicirris (Grube) ES EP st st st st st st st st it st 11–26 18–26 18 11–44 9–26 64–70 70 70 n.a. n.a. mb,sb mb,sb sb mb,sb mb,sb mb mb mb sb mb [16] [16] [16] [16, 17, 60] [16, 65, 109] [74] [74] [74] [27, 28] [64, 65, 109] GN GN NR it it it n.a. n.a. n.a. sb mb sb [105, 107, 106] [103] [49] GN st 11–18 sb [16] [74] [29, 69] [29, 69] [16, 49, 65, 109, 113] [39] n.a. EP Car,EP EP P P ES GD NR NR GN st it st it,st 70 n.a. n.a. 9–26 mb cr n.a. mb,sb EP N NR it n.a. n.a. P ES,P GD GN NR GD,GN st it,st st it,st n.a. n.a. n.a. 11–24 mb n.a. wc ep,mb,sb n.a. EP EP cp [65, 109] [39] [103] [12, 16, 17, 28, 29, 34, 65, 69, 96, 109] (continued) 147 Paranaitis polynoides Moore Phyllodoce flavescens Grube Phyllodoce groenlandica Oersted Phyllodoce madeirensis (Langerhans) P GN GN GN GD,GN GN GD GD GD NR GN Polychaetes and Echiurans Arididea sp. A Aricidea sp. B Aricidea sp. C Levensenia gracilis (Tauber) Paradoneis (cf) forticirratus (Strelzov) Paradoneis lyra (Southern) Paraoneis sp. A Paraoneis sp. B Paraonides platybranchia (Hartman) Tauberia sp. 148 Species List 13.2 (continued) P P NR NR GN NR GN n.a. it st st it,st n.a. n.a. 9 45 18 n.a. rb mb wc ep,sb EP,IP EP P ES NR NR st it 7–9 n.a. sb sb [12] [28] [16, 101, 102] [103] [12, 16, 29, 69, 94, 100] [68] [49] EP EP P GN NR it it n.a. n.a. n.a. rub [39] [29] EP GD,GN st 11–200 mb,sb EP,WA EP,WA EP ES GD GN NR it st it n.a. 11–26 n.a. sb mb,sb sb [16, 17, 19, 65, 109] [19] [19] [24, 49] ES GN GN GN NR st st st it 11–46 11–26 18 n.a. mb,sb mb,sb sb n.a. [19, 65, 109] [16, 19] [19] [49, 66] ES GN GN NR st st it 11–35 18 n.a. mb,sb sb n.a. [16, 19, 65, 109] [16, 19, 65, 109] [66] EP EP EP EP EP Phyllodoce patagonica (Kinberg) Phyllodoce pseudoseriata HartmannSchröder Phyllodoce puntarenae Grube Sige bifoliata Moore Family PILARGIDAE Ancistrosyllis hamata (Hartman) EP,GM,WA EP,WA EP EP EP,GM,SA EP,GM,SA EP Endemic Pacificc P P X Species List Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg Phyllodoce medipapillata Moore Phyllodoce multiseriata Rioja Phyllodoce nicoyensis Treadwell Phyllodoce oculata Ehlers Phyllodoce panamensis Treadwell Ancistrosyllis hartmanae Pettibone Ancistrosyllis jonesi Pettibone Ancistrosyllis ocellata HartmannSchröder Ancistrosyllis papillosa (Jones) Cabira incerta Webster Loandalia riojai Salazar-Vallejo Parandalia gracilis Hartmann-Schröder Parandalia tricuspis (Müller) Pilargis berkeleyae Saint Joseph Sigambra ocellata (Hartmann-Schröder) Costa Rica Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Species Central World distribution Americab a EP,WP GD it n.a. sb [19] EP,WA GD,GN st 11–200 mb,sb Sigambra vargasi Dean Sigambra sp. A Synelmis albini (Langerhans) EP n.a. ct P GN GD GN st it it,st 11–46 n.a. 9–46 mb,sb sb cr,rub [16, 17, 19, 60, 63, 64, 65, 74, 105, 106, 107, 109] [19] [19] [16, 19, 29, 63, 64, 65, 69, 105, 109] EP P NR st n.a. fw [95] cp EA,EP,WA ES GP,PM NR it st n.a. n.a. sb sb [27] [28, 34, 49, 96, 97] GN st 18 sb [16, 65, 109] NR NR NR NR NR st st it st it 1046 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. sb cr,rub n.a. cr ep [12] [29, 41, 67] [41] [41] [29, 41, 67] it n.a. n.a. [67] st st n.a. 11–26 cr mb,sb [67] [16, 65, 67, 109] Family PISIONIDAE Pisione garciavaldecasasi Martin, Lopez & Camacho Pisione remota (Southern) Pisionidens indica Aiyar & Alikunhi X Family POECILOCHAETIDAE Poecilochaetus tropicus Okuda WP Family POLYNOIDAE Admetella hastigerens Chamberlin Chaetacanthus magnificus (Grube) Eulagisca panamensis Hartman Halosydna fuscomarmorata (Grube) Halosydna glabra Hartman EP ct EP EP EP P P P P P Halosydna galapagensis Monro EP P Halosydnella fuscomaculata (Grube) Harmothoe balboensis Monro Car EP P P NR NR GN 149 (continued) Polychaetes and Echiurans Sigambra pettiboneae HartmannSchröder Sigambra tentaculata (Treadwell) 150 Species List 13.2 (continued) Costa Rica Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg GN it n.a. cr,ep,rb P GN NR GN GSE NR NR NR GSE NR NR NR NR NR NR GN GN NR NR GN NR st st st it,st it it st st it st it st st st st st it it st st 11–26 580 11 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3–7 n.a. 54–90 n.a. 21 n.a. 54–90 18 n.a. n.a. n.a. 11 n.a. mb,sb cr,mb sb cr,rb n.a. cr,ep,rb n.a. cr cr,ep,rb mb,rb,sb cr,ep,rub n.a. cr,ep mb,rb,sb sb n.a. sb rb sb ep,rub,sb P NR st n.a. ep [12, 29, 65, 67, 109] [16, 67] [26, 41] [16] [29, 41, 67, 81] [41] [29, 41, 67] [67] [103] [29, 67] [41] [29, 67] [41] [29] [41] [16] [38] [49] [41, 84] [16] [12, 29, 41, 54, 67] [29] GD st 70 mb [74] Harmothoe hirsuita Johnson EP Harmothoe lunulata (delle Chiaje) Harmothoe mexicana Chamberlin Harmothoinae sp. Iphione ovata Kinberg Leanira fimbriarum Hartman Lepidasthenia gigas (Johnson) Lepidasthenia minikoiensis Potts Lepidasthenia varius Treadwell Lepidonotus crosslandi Monro Lepidonotus furcillatus (Ehlers) Lepidonotus humilis Augener Lepidonotus hupferi Augener Lepidonotus nesophilus Chamberlin Lepidonotus panamensis Hartman Lepidonotus squamatus (Linnaeus) Lepidonotus tomentosus (Grube) Mayella articulata Hartmann-Schröder Pareulagisca panamensis (Hartman) Polynoe sp. Thomora johnstoni (Kinberg) cp EP n.a. EP EP EP IO Car,EP,WA EP EP,IP Car,EP EA,EP EP EP EP EP,WA EP EP n.a. EP Thomora taeniata (Ehlers) EP,WA Family QUESTIDAE Questidae sp. n.a. P P P B1 P P P P P P P P P ES P Endemic Pacificc Species List Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Species Central World distribution Americab a EP,WP EP EP ct Car,EP EP EP EP,WA n.a. Family SABELLIDAE Bispira monroi (Hartman) Chone minuta Hartman Chone mollis (Bush) Chone sp. Demonax leucaspis? Kinberg Euratella sp. Hypsicomus phaeotenia (Schmarda) Megalomma gesae (Hartmann-Schröder) Megalomma pacifici (Grube) Pseudopotamilla intermedia Moore Pseudopotamilla occelata Moore Sabella crassicornis Sars Sabella pacifici Grube EP EP EP n.a. Car,EP n.a. ct EP EP EP EP EP,Car EP P P P P P P P P ES,P P P ES P P X NR GP NR NR NR GN NR NR GD st st it it it st it it st 36 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 70 sb cr,rub n.a. rub cr mb rb rb mb [29, 70] [12, 29, 44, 70] [29, 70] [29] [29] [65, 109] [29, 70] [29, 70] [74] n.a. GP,GSE GN GN NR n.a. NR NR n.a. NR NR GD GN it,st it it st it st it,st it st it it st st n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. cr,sb sb sb n.a. ep,rb mb ep,cr sb n.a. rb rub mb n.a. [29, 68, 70, 78] [27, 66] [105, 107] [64, 65, 109] [29, 70] [65, 109] [29, 70] [49] [11, 12, 40] [29, 70] [29] [78] [40] EP EP P P NR NR st st 9–11 36 sb sb [70] [70] Crucigera websteri Benedict EP P NR st 1–4 rub [51, 68, 70] (continued) 151 Family SERPULIDAE Crosslandiella multispinosa Monro Crosslandiella multispinosa var. inarmata Monro Polychaetes and Echiurans Family SABELLARIIDAE Idanthyrsus armatus Kinberg Idanthyrsus cretus Chamberlin Phragmatopoma attenuata Hartman Sabellaria alcocki Gravier Sabellaria floridensis Hartman Sabellaria gracilis Hartman Sabellaria moorei Monro Sabellaria spinulosa Leuckart Sabellida (Sabellaria?) sp. 152 Species List 13.2 (continued) Species Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg NR GN NR NR NR NR GN GN NR GN NR NR GN NR GD st st st st it st st it,st it st n.a. it it,st st st n.a. n.a. 9 2–4 n.a. 2–4 n.a. 9–18 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7 9 70 rub n.a. ep rub n.a. rub n.a. sb rb mb n.a. n.a. cr,rb ep mb [53] [70, 72] [70] [116] [70] [70] [72] [40, 43, 68, 70] [70] [65, 109] [12] [70] [70, 72] [70] [74] G P NR NR GSE st it it 18 n.a. n.a. n.a. cr,rb,sb,sg rb [3] [29, 69] [41] P NR IC NR IC GN st st it st st 45 73–84 n.a. 20–125 12–18 mb sb sb sb sb [41] [41] [29, 41] [41] [16, 65, 109] Endemic Pacificc P P P P P X P P P P P P G,P Species List EP,WP Hydroides albiceps (Grube) EP Hydroides crucigera Mörch EP Hydroides exalta (Marenzeller) Car,EP,WA Hydroides gairacensis Augener Car Hydroides lunulifera (Claparède) EP Hydroides uncinata (Philippi) EP Pomatostegus kröyeri Mörch EP Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaardi) Protula tubularia var. balboensis Monro EP n.a. Schizocraspedon sp. EP Serpula tricornis (Mörch) Car Spirobranchus contierei (Gravier) Spirobranchus giganteus giganteus Pallas Car,EP,WA EP Vermiliopsis glandigerus Gravier EP cf Vermiliopsis multiannulata (Moore) Family SIGALIONIDAE EP Sigalion lewisii Berkeley & Berkeley EP Sthenelais fusca Johnson Med,WP Psammolyce antipoda (Schmarda) anoculata Hartman EP Psammolyce fimbriata Hartman Car,EP Psammolyce spinosa Hartman EP Sigalion lewisii Berkeley & Berkeley EP,WA Sigalion spinosus (Hartman) n.a. Sigalion sp. Costa Rica Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Central World distribution Americab a n.a. EP Sthenelais helenae Kinberg Sthenelais sp. Sthenelanella uniformis Moore EP EP EP Family SPIONIDAE Apoprionospio pygmaea (Hartman) Boccardia polybranchia (Haswell) Boccardia proboscidea Hartman Boccardia tricuspa (Hartman) Caraziella citrona (Hartman) Dipolydora socialis (Schmarda) Dispio glabrilamellata Blake & Kudenov Dispio schusterae Friedrich Dispio uncinata Hartman st st 11 4–90 sb mb,sb [16, 65] [16, 41, 65, 109] it it st n.a. n.a. n.a. sb n.a. mb [27, 80] [96] [16] EP,WA cp P EP P EP P EP EP,SA,SP,WA,WP SP GN NR NR NR GN GN GN st st it it it st st 9–35 2–26 n.a. n.a. n.a. 11–26 18 mb,sb cr,rub rb rb mb mb,sb sb [16, 65, 109] [29, 70] [29] [29] [65, 106–109] [16] [16] EP Car,EP,WA NR GN st st n.a. 18 sb sb GN NR GD GN GD,GN st it st st st 20 n.a. n.a. 1–18 11–22 sb n.a. mb sb mb,sb GN NR GD GN GD st it st it,st st 11 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. sb fw mb mb mb [34, 96] [16, 27, 28, 65, 109] [16, 65, 109] [29, 70] [16] [16, 65, 109] [16, 24, 64, 65, 70, 86, 105–109] [16] [49] [17] [65, 105–109] [17] Laonice bassensis Blake & Kudenov Laonice japonica (Moore) Laonice sp. Malacoceros indicus (Fauvel) Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers) SP EP n.a. ct EP Polydora cornuta Bosc Polydora punctata Hartmann-Schröder Prionospio (Aquilaspio) sp. Prionospio delta Hartman Prionospio (Prionospio) ehlersi Fauvel EA,EP,SP,WA EP n.a. EA,EP,WA cp P ES ES P P ES,P ES (continued) 153 GN GN,GP, GSE PM NR GD Polychaetes and Echiurans Sigalionidae sp. Sthenelais fusca Johnson 154 Species List 13.2 (continued) GD st n.a. mb [17] GM,EP GN st 11–35 mb,sb WP GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16, 63, 64, 65, 109] [16] n.a. EA,EP,Med,SP, WA,WP n.a. EP GD GN st st n.a. 11–26 mb mb,sb [17, 60] [16] ES GD NR st it 70 n.a. mb sb [74] [49] ES,P GN,IC it n.a. sb [23, 27, 28, 96] GN GN GD GD GN st st st st st 18 13 n.a. 64–70 11–26 sb sb mb mb mb,sb n.a. NR st it n.a. n.a. mb sb [16] [16, 65, 109] [74] [74] [16, 84, 65, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109] [17] [49] GD,P GD,GP it it n.a. n.a. rb n.a. [58] [58] EP Prionospio (Minuspio) multibranchiata Berkeley Prionospio (Minuspio) (cf) pulchra Imajima Prionospio (Minuspio) sp. Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Day Spiophanes kroeyeri Grube Streblospio sp. Family SPIRORBIDAE Pileolaria berkeleyana (Rioja) Pileolaria marginata Knight-Jones Car,EA,EP, Med,WA n.a. EP,SP EP n.a. GM,EP cp EP EP,WP EP ES P Endemic Pacificc Species List Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg Prionospio (Minuspio) lighti Maciolek Pygospio sp. Scolelepis arenicola (HartmannSchröder) Scolelepis (Scolelepis) squamata (Müller) Scolelepis sp. Spio blakei (Blake & Kudenov) Spio maculata (Hartman) Spionidae sp. Spiophanes duplex (Chamberlin) Costa Rica Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Species Central World distribution Americab a P Car,EP,WP EP P P EP,WP P EP GD,GP, PM NR NR it n.a. rb [58] st n.a. n.a. n.a. rb n.a. [58] [10] GD,GP, PM it n.a. rb [10, 58] GN st 11–265 mb,sb [12, 16, 65, 109] EP,SP EP,WA,WP EP EP P P P ES NR NR NR NR st st it it 1–2.5 2.5 n.a. n.a. cr,rub cr,rub ep n.a. [9] [9] [29] [49] EP ct EP EP P P P ES NR NR NR NR st st st it 2–16 1.2–16 2.5–12 n.a. cr,rub cr,ep,rub cr,ep,rub sb [9] [8, 29, 69] [8] [49] ct EP ct P ES P NR NR GN st it st 2–16 n.a. 1.2–22 ep n.a. cr,ep,sb Car,EP,IP P NR st 2–3 ep [9] [49] [9, 16, 49, 65, 109] [9] Car,EA,EP,GM Car,EP n.a. EP P P NR NR GD NR st st st st 2–12 2–16 70 2–18 cr,ep,rub cr,rub mb ep [9] [9] [74] [9] P (continued) 155 Family STERNASPIDAE Sternaspis cf. maior Chamberlin Family SYLLIDAE Amblyosyllis cf. granosa Ehlers Amblyosyllis speciosa Izuka Autolytus cf. magnus Berkeley Autolytus multidentatus HartmannSchröder Autolytus multidenticulatus Westheide Branchiosyllis exilis (Gravier) Branchiosyllis pacifica Rioja Branchiosyllis salina (HartmannSchröder) Eusyllis lamelligera Marion & Bobretsky Eusyllis spirocirrata Hartmann-Schröder Exogone breviantennata HartmannSchröder Exogone exmouthensis HartmannSchröder Exogone lourei Berkeley & Berkeley Exogone naidinoides Westheide Exogone sp. Grubeosyllis concinna (Westheide) EP,WP Polychaetes and Echiurans Pileolaria (Simplicaria) pseudomilitaris Thiriot-Quievreux Spirorbis bidentatus Bailey Spirorbis langerhansi Caullery & Mesnil) Spirorbis marioni (Caullery & Mesnil) 156 Species List 13.2 (continued) Species Haplosyllis spongicola (Grube) Odontosyllis brevipes HartmannSchröder Odontosyllis dugesiana Claparède Odontosyllis fulgurans (Audouin & Milne Edward) Costa Rica Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg ct EP P ES NR NR it it 1–18 n.a. cr,ep,rub sb [7, 30, 69] [49] EP,WA EP,WA,WP P P NR NR it st n.a. 3–16 n.a. ep [68] [9] Car,EP,WA EP P P GN NR it st n.a. 3–6 n.a. cr,ep,rub [29, 65, 69, 109] [9] EP ES NR it n.a. sb [49] ct EP P P NR NR it st 1.4–2.5 2.5 cr,ep n.a. [8, 29, 69] [7] n.a. EP cp n.a. n.a. Car EP EP P P P P P P ES NR NR NR NR NR GN NR NR st st st st st st st it 2.5 2.5–6 1.2–16 n.a. 1 n.a. 2.5–12 n.a. cr,rub cr,ep,rub cr,rub n.a. cr,rub n.a. cr,rub sb [8] [9] [9] [9] [9] [64, 65, 109] [9] [49] Car,EP,WA P NR st 1–2 cr,ep,rub [9] n.a. EP P GN NR it st n.a. 2.5–6 sb cr,ep,rub [106] [9] Species List Odontosyllis polycera (Schmarda) Opisthodonta mitchelli Kudenov & Harris Opisthosyllis arboricola HartmannSchröder Opisthosyllis brunnea Langerhans Parasphaerosyllis malimalii Capa San Martin & López Parasphaerosyllis sp. Pionosyllis articulata Kudenov & Harris Proceraea cf. cornuta (Agassiz) Proceraea sp. Prosphaerosyllis (Prosphaerosyllis) sp. Pseudosyllides curacaoensis Augener Sphaerosyllis californiensis Hartman Sphaerosyllis centroamericana Hartmann-Schröder Sphaerosyllis (Sphaerosyllis) magnidentata Perkins Syllidae sp. 1 (Sphaerosyllis?) Syllides cf. reishi Dorsey Central World distribution Americab a NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR st st st st it,st st it,st st st st 1–6 1.2–6 4.5 n.a. 2.5 2 1–15 1–18 2–12 1–6 cr,rub cr,ep,rub cr,rub n.a. cr,ep,rub cr,rub cr,ep,rub cr,ep,rub cr,rub cr,rub [8] [8] [8] [8] [9, 29] [8] [8, 29] [8] [8] [8] P NR st 1.2–2.5 cr,rub [8] P P P NR NR NR GN st st st st n.a. 2.5–16 2.5–16 9–70 ep cr,rub cr,rub ep,mb,sb Car,EP ES,P NR it,st 2.5–12 cr,ep,rub,sb [29, 69] [8] [8] [16, 17, 29, 64, 65, 69, 74, 109] [9, 49] cp cp EP EP,WP cp P P P P P NR NR NR NR NR st st st st it 1–6 1–6 1–16 2.5–16 n.a. cr,rub cr,ep,rub cr,rub cr,ep,rub cr,ep,rb [8, 29, 69] [8] [8, 29, 69] [8] [29, 69] ct EP Car,EP EP P P P P GD NR NR NR it,st it it it n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ep,mb rb cr n.a. [17, 29, 70] [11, 12, 29, 70] [29, 12] [29, 70] (continued) 157 Typosyllis heterocirrata (HartmannSchröder) Typosyllis hyalina (Grube) Typosyllis prolifera (Krohn) Trypanosyllis taeniaeformis (Haswell) Typosyllis truncata (Haswell) Typosyllis variegata (Grube) Family TEREBELLIDAE Eupolymnia nebulosa (Montagu) Eupolymnia regnans Chamberlin Lanicides taboguillae (Chamberlin) Loimia annulifilis (Grube) P P P P P P P P P P Polychaetes and Echiurans Syllis castroviejoi Capa, San Martín & Lopez EP EA,EP Syllis magna (Westheide) EP,WP Syllis pigmenta (Chamberlin) n.a. Syllis sp. Car,EP Typosyllis aciculata (Treadwell) EP,Med,WA Typosyllis alternate (Moore) ct Typosyllis anops (Ehlers) cp Typosyllis armillaris (Müller) EP Typosyllis bella (Chamberlin) Car,EA,EP Typosyllis beneliahuae WA (Campoy & Alquezar) Car,EP,WA Typosyllis botosaneanui (HartmannSchröder) EP Typosyllis caeca (Monro) EA,EP,WA Typosyllis corallicola (Verrill) Car,EA,EP Typosyllis garciai (Campoy) EP Typosyllis heterochaeta (Moore) Species List 13.2 (continued) GN GN GN GN NR NR st it st st it,st it 15 n.a. 15 22 n.a. n.a. mb ep mb sb n.a. rub [16] [29, 65, 68, 109] [16, 65, 109] [16] [68] [29] NR NR NR NR GD GN GD GN GN it it it st st st st st it,st n.a. n.a. n.a. 26 70 14 n.a. n.a. 20 rb,sb rb n.a. mb,sb mb sb mb n.a. ep,mb,rb,sb P P P P GN GN GSE NR NR NR st st it,st it st n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. rub n.a. [29, 70] [29, 70] [29, 70] [68] [49] [16] [17] [40] [16, 29, 65, 70, 109] [40] [40] [29, 70, 103] [12] [68] [12] P IC NR mp ep n.a. n.a. wc n.a. [103] [104] GD st n.a. mb [17, 60] Loimia ingens (Grube) Loimia medusa (Savigny) Lysilla (?) sp. Neoamphitrite robusta (Johnson) Nicolea chilensis (Schmarda) Pista agassizi Hilbig cp cp n.a. EP EP EP Pista alata Moore Pista elongata Moore Pista herpini? Fauvel Pista sp. Polycerine sp. Pseudampharete sp. Scionides sp. Streblosoma comatus (Grube) Streblosoma crassibranchia Treadwell EP EP EP,IO n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. EP Car,EP Terebella alata Grube Terebella frondosa Grube Terebella gorgonae Monro Terebella panamena Chamberlin Thelepus comatus (Grube) Thelepus pericensis Chamberlin EP EP EP EP EP EP Family TOMOPTERIDAE Tomopteris nisseni Rosa Tomopteris septentrionalis Quatrefages EA,EP,WA EP Family TRICHOBRANCHIDAE Terebellides californica Williams EP Endemic Pacificc P P P P P P P P X X Species List Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg Central World distributiona Americab 158 Costa Rica Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Species EP P GN st 2–36 sb Terebellides stroemi? Sars Thelepus sp. cp n.a. P NR GN st st 54 18–26 sb mb,sb [16, 65, 109, 112] [29, 70] [16] Family TROCHOCHAETIDAE Trochochaeta kirkegaardi Pettibone EA GN st 40 mb [16, 64, 65, 109] NR NR st n.a. 900 n.a. wc n.a. [103] [104] GN it n.a. rb [22] Family TYPHOSCOLECIDAE Travisiopsis lanceolata Southern Travisiopsis kowalevskii Wagner Phylum ECHIURA Order ECHIUROINEA Family THALASSEMIDAE Thalassema steinbecki Fisher EP,WA EP EP P P Polychaetes and Echiurans Terebellides reishi Williams n.a. = information not available a Ant = Antarctic; Arc = Arctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; GM = Gulf of Mexico; IG = Iranian Gulf; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; SA = south Atlantic; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; N = Nicaraugua; P = Panama c GSE = Golfo de Santa Elena; GD = Golfo Dulce; GN = Golfo de Nicoya; GP = Golfo de Papagayo; IC = Isla del Coco; NR = no Costa Rican record; PM = Pacific Mainland d ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; st = subtidal e Uppermost/lowermost occurrences (in meters) f cr = coral reef; ep = epiphytic; fw = freshwater; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rock bottom; sb = sand bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sg = seagrass; wc = water Column g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 159 Species SubPhylum CRUSTACEA Class MALACOSTRACA SubClass HOPLOCARIDA Order STOMATOPODA SuperFamily GONODACTYLOIDEA Family GONODACTYLIDAE Neogonodactylus curacaoensis Schmitt, 1924 Neogonodactylus oerstedii (Hansen, 1895) Family PSEUDOSQUILLIDAE Pseudosquilla ciliata (Fabricius, 1787) Pseudosquillisma oculata (Brullé, 1837) SuperFamily LYSIOSQUILLOIDEA Family LYSIOSQUILLIDAE Lysiosquillina glabriuscula (Lamarck, 1818) SuperFamily SQUILLOIDEA Family SQUILLIDAE Squilla empusa Say, 1818 160 Species List 14.1 Stomatopod taxa from the Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Car,WA Car,WA B,H st it,st 1–38 0–76 cr cr [24, 25, 27] [24, 25, 27] it,st it,st 8–110 0–60 cr,sb,sg rb,sb [10, 17, 24, 25, 27] [13, 24, 25, 27] Car,WA st 1–60 rb,rub [24, 25, 27] Car,WA st 0–54 mb [9, 10, 13, 22, 25, 27] Car,EA,IP,WA Car,EA,IP,WA N Species List n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; EA = eastern Atlantic; IP = Indo-Pacific; WA = western Atlantic b B = Belize; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua c it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cr = coral reefs; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species Oceanic Habitat/ Central Costa Rica World a distribution Americab Endemic Pacificc distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg ETP Subphyllum CRUSTACEA Class MALACOSTRACA SubClass HOPLOCARIDA Order STOMATOPODA SuperFamily GONODACTYLOIDEA Family HEMISQUILLIDAE Hemisquilla californiensis Stephenson, 1967 Family GONODACTYLIDAE Neogonodactylus albicinctus (Manning & Reaka, 1979) Neogonodactylus bahiahondensis (Schmitt, 1940) Neogonodactylus costaricensis (Manning & Reaka, 1978) Neogonodactylus festae (Nobili, 1901) ETP Neogonodactylus stanschi (Schmitt, 1940) Neogonodactylus zacae (Manning, 1972) Family PSEUDOSQUILLIDAE Pseudosquillisma adiastalta Manning, 1964 SuperFamily LYSIOSQUILLOIDEA Family CORONIDIDAE Coronida schmitti Manning, 1976 Neocoronida cocosiana (Manning, 1972) P PM b 33–110 mb,sb [7, 8, 25] PM st 0–17 mb,rb,rub,sb [18, 19, 25] PM it,st cr,mb,rb,rub [14, 19, 23, 25] PM it,st 9–20 [14, 18, 19, 25] ES PM it,st 0–15 bm,rb, rub,sb,sh cl,mb,rb,sb ETP ETP P PM PM,IC it,st it,st 1–17 0–37 cr,rub,sh cr,rb,rub,sb, algae ETP P PM,IC eb 0–6 cr,rb,sb [5, 8, 14, 25] IC IC eb eb rub [7, 25] [15, 19, 25] ETP ETP x P ETP ETP ETP x Stomatopods Species List 14.2 Stomatopod taxa from Pacific coast of Costa Rica [14, 16, 21, 23, 25] [21, 25] [5, 14, 21, 23, 25] 161 (continued) Species Parasquilla similis Manning, 1970 Pseudosquillopsis marmorata (Lockington, 1877) Oceanic Habitat/ Central Costa Rica World a distribution Americab Endemic Pacificc distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf ETP Referencesg PM n.a. 20–48 n.a. [3, 8, 14, 21, 25] ETP,WA ETP ETP P PM PM PM st st b 2–20 9–48 5–23 sb,rb,rub rb,sb,algae sb [4, 13, 21, 25, 26] [8, 21, 25] [8, 11, 18, 23, 25] ETP,WA ETP ETP ETP ETP,SEP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP B,ES,P P P N,P ES,N,P P P ES PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM b b it st it,st n.a. b b b b b To 73 0–28 0–25 5.4–45 0–73 28–518 6–150 27–220 4–60 18–102 7–46 mb mb,sb cl,mb,rb m,rb,rub,sb cl,mb n.a. mb mb sb mb,sb mb,sb [8, 21, 23, 25] [5, 8, 21, 25] [8, 14, 21, 25] [8, 14, 21, 25] [7, 8, 21, 25] [5, 7, 8, 25] [2, 6, 8, 12, 25, 27] [8, 21, 25] [7, 8, 20, 25] [5, 8, 14, 25] [8, 14, 25] ETP P PM st 13–118 mb [8, 25, 27] ETP ETP,NEP P PM PM b b 73–125 0–99 mb,sb mb,rb,sb [7, 8, 21, 25] [8, 21, 25] Species List Family LYSIOSQUILLIDAE Lysiosquillina manningii Boyko, 2000 Family NANNOSQUILLIDAE Bigelowina biminiensis (Biguelow, 1893) Nanosquilla californiensis (Manning, 1961) Nannosquilla canica Manning & Reaka, 1979 SuperFamily SQUILLOIDEA Family SQUILLIDAE Cloridopsis dubia (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) Crenatosquilla oculinova (Glassell, 1942) Meiosquilla dawsoni Manning, 1970 Meiosquilla swetti (Schmitt, 1940) Squilla aculeata aculeata Bigelow, 1893 Squilla biformis Bigelow, 1891 Squilla bigelowi Schmitt, 1940 Squilla hancocki Schimitt, 1940 Squilla mantoidea Bigelow, 1893 Squilla panamensis Bigelow, 1891 Squilla parva Bigelow, 1891 Family EURYSQUILLIDAE Eurysquilla veleronis (Schmitt, 1940) SuperFamily UNCERTAIN Family PARASQUILLIDAE 162 Species List 14.2 (continued) Stomatopods n.a. = information not available a WA = western Atlantic; EPT = eastern tropical Pacific; SEP = southern eastern Pacific; NEP = northeastern Pacific b B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco d b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; mb = muddy bottom; m = mangroves; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sh = shells fragments g References are indicated by numbers according to the references list 163 164 Species List 15.1 Euphausiid species recorded in Caribbean waters of Costa Rica. Systematic account follows Baker et al. (1990) Species World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Class MALACOSTRACA Order EUPHAUSIACEA Family EUPHAUSIIDAE Euphausia americana Hansen, 1911 Euphausia brevis Hansen, 1905 Euphausia gibboides Ortmann, 1893 Euphausia hemigibba Hansen, 1910 Euphausia pseudogibba Ortmann, 1893 Euphausia tenera Hansen, 1905 Nematoscelis atlantica Hansen, 1910 Nematoscelis microps G.O. Sars, 1883 Nematoscelis tenella G.O. Sars, 1883 Stylocheiron carinatum G.O. Sars, 1883 Stylocheiron elongatum G.O. Sars, 1883 Stylocheiron longicorne G.O. Sars, 1883 Stylocheiron maximum Hansen, 1908 Thysanopoda aequalis Hansen, 1905 cp cp cp cp EA,IO,WA,WP cp cp cp cp cp cp cp cp cp B,H,N,P H,P CA B,H B,G,H,N CA CA CA n.a CA CA CA CA CA ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep mp ep mp mp mp ep 0–2500 0–1872 0–750 50–600 0–550 0–1000 50–781 50–820 100–600 0–285 181–820 0–1638 256–805 0–1272 wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc [4] [4] [3] [4,5] [3] [2,4] [3] [5] [4] [5] [5] [3,4] [3,5] [3] n.a = information not available cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; IO = Indian Ocean; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; bp = bathypelagic d uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a Species List Species World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Class MALACOSTRACA Order EUPHAUSIACEA Family EUPHAUSIIDAE Euphausia diomedae Ortmann, 1894 Euphausia distinguenda Hansen, 1911 Euphausia eximia Hansen, 1911 Euphausia gibboides Ortmann, 1893 Euphausia lamelligera Hansen, 1911 Euphausia paragibba Hansen, 1910 Euphausia tenera Hansen, 1905 Nematobrachion boöpis (Calman, 1905) Nematobrachion flexipes (Ortmann, 1893) Nematoscelis gracilis Hansen, 1910 Nyctiphanes simplex Hansen, 1911 Stylocheiron abbreviatum G.O. Sars, 1883 Stylocheiron affine Hansen, 1910 Stylocheiron carinatum G.O. Sars, 1883 Stylocheiron longicorne G.O. Sars, 1883 Stylocheiron maximum Hansen, 1908 Thysanopoda cornuta Illig, 1905 Thysanopoda egregia Hansen, 1905 Thysanopoda monacantha Ortmann, 1893 Thysanopoda orientalis Hansen, 1910 EP,WP EP EP cp EP EP,WP cp cp cp EP,IO,WP EP cp cp cp cp cp EP,WP cp cp cp ES,G,H,N CA CA P CA n.a ES,G,H,N n.a N,P CA n.a P CA CA P P G G n.a n.a ep ep ep ep ep ep ep mp ep ep n mp ep ep mp mp bp bp mp mp 0-200 0-280 0-700 50-500 0-280 0-100 0-500 500-600 300-600 200-600 0-300 100-400 0-300 0-300 100-400 150-300 1000 1000 100-800 500-700 wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc [1, 5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 5, 6] [1, 2, 6] [1, 3, 6] [1, 6] [6] [1] [6] [1, 6] [1, 3, 6] [6] [1, 6] [1, 3, 6] [1, 5, 6] [1, 3, 6] [1, 3, 5, 6] [1] [1] [6] [6] Euphausiids Species List 15.2 Euphausiid species recorded in Costa Rican waters of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Systematic account follows Baker et al. (1990) (continued) 165 166 Species List 15.2 (continued) n.a = information not available a cp = cosmopolitan; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c n = neritic; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; bp = bathypelagic d uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List Species List 16.1 Caribbean Costa Rica. Species of Dendrobranchiata, Stenopodidea, Caridea, Astacidea, Thalassinidea, and Palinura Central Oceanic Depth Americab distributionc (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Car,WA CA b 3–365 sb,mb [111, 124, 129] Car,WA CA b 1–190 mb [101b, 111, 129] st 4–137 sg [112, 134] b b b n.a. 2–50 1–70 rb,sb,cr,sg mb,rub mb,sb [112, 129, 134] [101b, 111, 129] [101b, 113, 129, 130] Car,WA Car Car,WA Car,ETP,WA B,CA CA Car,ETP,WA Car,WA P st sl,l 0–90 sh Up to 83 sb,sg [129, 130] [134, 151] Car,WA P epi 0–42 wc [109] Car,EA,WA epi 6–20 wc [129] IP,RS,WP WA eb epi 0–25 2–4 rb,cr rb,cr,sg [2, 25, 101b, 129] [129] Car,WA sl,l n.a. rb,cr [129] Car,WA st 1–3 sb [151, 134] (continued) 167 Family PENAEIDAE Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817) Farfantepenaeus subtilis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967) Metapenaeopsis martinella PérezFarfante, 1971 Metapenaeopsis smithi (Schmitt, 1924a) Litopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1936a) Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862) Family SICYONIIDAE Sicyonia laevigata Stimpson, 1871 Sicyona parri (Burkenroand, 1934) Family SERGESTIDAE Acetes americanus Ortmann, 1893 Family LUCIFERIDAE Lucifer faxoni Borradaile, 1915 STENOPODIDEA Family STENOPODIDAE Stenopus hispidus Olivier, 1811 Stenopus scutellatus Rankin, 1898 CARIDEA Family RHYNCHOCINETIDAE Cinethorhyncus rigens (Gordon, 1936) Family OGYRIDIDAE Ogyrides hayi Williams, 1981 World distributiona Decapod Crustaceans Species Species List 16.1 (continued) Central Oceanic Depth Americab distributionc (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Car,EA,IP,RS,WA st 1–50 rb,sg,cr [101b, 134, 151] Car eb n.a. m,f [126b] st n b b b st epi epi n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.3–0.6 1–73 11–20 05–1 n.a. cr cr,f,sg mb,m rb,sb, estuary mb,sb,m m,sh,sp cr,sg c (anemones) c [88, 129] [25, 129] [2, 22b, 88, 101b, 129] [88, 129] [22b, 25, 88, 132b] [2, 101b, 134, 151] [25, 129] [25, 134] [87, 129, 151] epi epi b,epi n.a. epi sl,l epi n.a. 8 0–14 0–37 0–42 n.a. >7 n.a. 0–75 c (anemones) rb,sg,sh rb,sb,mb,cr variety of habitats sb (pebbles),cr cr,sg cr variety of habitats [25, 129] [129, 151] [90, 129] [2, 101b, 129] [129] [25, 129] [28, 89, 129, 151] [27, 101b, 129, 130, 151] st,epi it,st l 1–5 1–1.5 1.5–44 rb,sb,mb,sg cl,m,rb,sg,sh variety of habitats [25, 134] [25, 101b, 134] [25, 134] ct ct Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,EA,WA Car,WA Car,WA EA,ETP,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,ETP,WA Car,WA Car,EA,WA Car,EA,WA CA CA CA CA Species List Family GNATHOPHYLLIDAE Gnathophyllum americanum Guérin-Méneville, 1855 Family ATYIDAE Jonga serrei (Bouvier, 1909) Family PALAEMONIDAE Brachycarpus biunguiculatus (Lucas, 1849) Leander tenuicornis (Say, 1818) Macrobrachium acanthurus (Wiegmann, 1836) Macrobrachium carcinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Palaemon northropi (Rankin, 1898) Periclimenes americanus Kingsley, 1878 Periclimenes longicaudatus (Stimpson, 1860) Periclimenes paivai Chace, 1969 Pontonia domestica Gibbes, 1850 Family ALPHEIDAE Alpheus armatus Rathbun, 1901 Alpheus armillatus H. Milne Edwards, 1837 Alpheus floridanus Kingsley, 1878 Alpheus formosus Gibbes, 1850 Alpheus nuttingi (Schmitt, 1924) Alpheus ridleyi Pocok, 1890 Alpheus simus Guérin-Méneville, 1856 Synalpheus fritzmuelleri Coutière, 1909 Family HIPPOLYTIDAE Hippolyte curacaoensis Schmitt, 1924 Latreutes fucorum (Fabricius, 1798) Latreutes parvulus (Stimpson, 1866) World distributiona 168 Species Car Car,EA,ETP,WA Car,WA,EA Car,WA Car,WA it,st sl it it it <3 to 22 0 0–1 0–1.5 rb,mb sg n.a. rb,sb,sg rb,sg [25, 134] [25, 134] [25, 134] [25, 134] [25, 134] Car,WA Car,WA it,st ir,st 0.5–6 0.5–37 sb,sg rb,sg,sh,cr [25, 134] [25, 134] WA epi 8 cr [2, 129] mp epi n.a. 6–70 cr cr,sp [129, 153] [153] Car,WA Car,WA b b 0–90 0–20 mb,cr,rub cr [101b, 122, 126, 129] [101b, 129, 151] Car,WA n.a. n.a. cr [2, 101b, 129] Car n.a. n.a. n.a. [132b] Car,WA Car,WA P B 169 n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; ETP = eastern tropical Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; RS = Red Sea; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belice; ES = El Salvador; H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; epi = epipelagic; it = intertidal; l = litoral; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic; sl = sublitoral; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e c = commensal; cl = coastal lagoon; cr = coral reefs; f = flotsam; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; sh = shells fragments; sp = sponges; wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the references list Decapod Crustaceans Lysmata anchisteus Chace, 1972 Lysmata intermedia Kingsley, 1878 Lysmata moorei (Rathbun, 1901) Thor floridanus Kingsley, 1878 Tozeuma carolinense Kingsley, 1878 Family PROCESSIDAE Ambidexter symmetricus Manning & Chace, 1971 Processa fimbriata Manning & Chace, 1971 THALASSINIDEA Family AXIIDAE Axiopsis hirsutimana (Boesch & Smalley, 1972) Family UPOGEBIIDAE Pomatogebia operculata (Schmitt, 1924) Upogebia acanthura (Coêlho, 1973) PALINURA Family PALINURIDAE Panulirus argus Latreille, 1804 Panulirus guttatus (Latreille, 1804) Family SYNAXIDAE Palinurellus gundlachi (Von Martens, 1881) Family SCYLLARIDAE Scyllarus planorbis Holthuis, 1969 170 Species List 16.2 Pacific Costa Rica. Species of Dendrobranchiata, Stenopodidea, Caridea, Astacidea, Thalassinidea, and Palinura Central Costa Rica Americab Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg ETP P IC b 200–2,406 mb [36, 37, 79b] EP CA PM b 20–180 mb,sb [102, 130] EP CA PM b 2–180 mb,sb [130] ETP CA PM b 5.5–91 sb [113, 130] ETP ETP EP Car,EA,ETP,WP CA CA CA P b b b b 2–160 5–45 5–72 1,280 mb mb,sb mb n.a. [91, 102, 130] [102, 130] [102, 130] [36, 37, 113] Protrachypene precipua Burkenroad, 1934 Rimapenaeus byrdi (Burkenroad, 1934) Rimapenaeus faoe (Obarrio, 1954) Rimapenaeus pacificus (Burkenroad, 1934) Trachysalambria brevisuturae (Burkenroad, 1934) Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862) Family SOLENOCERIDAE Haliporoides diomedeae (Faxon, 1893) Hymenopenaeus doris (Faxon, 1893) ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ES,N,P CA CA CA CA PM PM PM IC type locality PM PM PM PM PM b it,st n.a. b b 40 2–40 24 2–100 4–64 mb mb n.a. sb sb [102, 130] [102, 130] [130] [102, 130] [130] Car,ETP,WA CA PM b 70 sb [102, 129, 130] EP,ETP ETP P CA 240–1,865 549–4,802 mb n.a. Hymenopenaeus nereus (Faxon, 1893) ETP P PM b IC, PM type b locality PM,IC b [36, 37, 130] [36, 37, 111b, 113, 130, 148b] [36, 37, 111b, 113, 130, 148b] Species Family BENTHESICYMIDAE Benthesicymus tanneri Faxon, 1893 Family PENAEIDAE Farfantepenaeus brevirostris (Kingsley, 1878) Farfantepenaeus californienses (Holmes, 1900) Metapenaeopsis beebei (Burkenroad, 1938) Litopenaeus occidentalis (Streets, 1871) Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson, 1874) Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) Pelagopenaeus balboae (Faxon, 1893) 1,300–3,300 n.a. Species List World distributiona PM b 16–384 mb,sb CA CA PM PM b b 13–183 > 90 sb mb [36, 37, 130, 148, 148b] [102, 130] [130, 132] Solenocera florea Burkenroad, 1938 Solenocera mutator Burkenroad, 1938 Family SICYONIIDAE Sicyonia affinis Faxon, 1893 ETP EP,ETP ETP CA b 77–205 rb,sh [75, 77, 130] ETP ETP ETP Car,WA,ETP ETP CA CA CA P CA PM,IC type locality PM PM PM,IC PM PM Sicyonia aliaffinis (Burkenroad, 1934) Sicyonia disdorsalis (Burkenroad, 1934) Sicyonia disedwardsi (Burkenroad, 1934) Sicyonia laevigata Stimpson, 1871 Sicyonia martini Pérez-Farfante & Boothe, 1981 Sicyonia penicillata Lockington, 1879 Sicyonia picta Faxon, 1893 Family SERGESTIDAE Sergestes pestafer Burkenroad, 1937 CARIDEA Family OPLOPHORIDAE Acanthephyra curvirostris Wood-Mason, 1891 Meningodora mollis Smith, 1882 Family PASIPHAEIDAE Leptochela serratorbita Bate, 1888 Pasiphaea magna Faxon, 1893 Family NEMATOCARCINIDAE Nematocarcinus agassizzi Faxon 1893 Nematocarcinus ensifer (Smith, 1882) Family GNATHOPHYLLIDAE Gnathophyllum panamense Faxon, 1893 epi n.a. n.a. st b 2–242 3–100 n.a. 0–90 14–32 sb mb,sb rb,sb sh mb,rb,rub,sb [75, 130] [75, 130] [75, 130] [75, 130, 148] [75, 130, 148] ETP ETP CA PM PM b b 26–139 0–400 mb,sb sb,sh [79c, 148, 148b] [75, 130, 148] EP PM mp 180–250 wc [83, 130] ETP,IP,NEP,WA CA PM mp 3,000–4,970 wc [83, 130] ETP,IP,NEP,WA CA IC mp 0–2,000 wc [83, 130] Car, ETP,WA ETP,NEP PM PM b bp 0–110 n.a. mb,sb wc [83, 130] [83, 130] IC IC b b 41–1,651 mb,rb,sb 1,218–3,212 mb [37, 145, 148b] [37, 145] PM epi 0–20 [130] CA CA ETP EA,ETP,WA ETP CA rb (continued) 171 ETP Decapod Crustaceans Solenocera agassizi Faxon, 1893 Species Family PALAEMONIDAE Ascidonia pusilla (Holthuis, 1951) Brachycarpus biunguiculatus (Lucas, 1849) Fennera chacei Holthuis, 1951 Harpiliopsis depressa (Stimpson, 1860) Macrobrachium americanum Bate, 1868 Macrobrachium hancocki Holthuis, 1952 Macrobrachium panamense Rathbun, 1912 Macrobrachium tenellum (Smith, 1871) 172 Species List 16.2 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Rica Americab Endemic Pacificc ETP ct CA EP,ETP,IP ETP,IP,RS ETP ETP ETP ETP CA CA CA H CA Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg PM PM,IC st st n.a. n.a. c cr [40, 41, 130, 148b] [88, 130] PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM PM epi epi b b b b n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [88, 130] [130, 148] [1b, 88, 130] [1b, 88, 145b] [88, 130] [88, 130] epi b epi b,epi b epi 1–6 n.a. 0–38 2–90 n.a. n.a. cr cr estuary estuary estuary cl,mb,sb,sg, estuary cr (soft coral) cl,estuary cl,cr,rb,sb cr,rb,sb,sg estuary estuary b,epi epi,l epi n.a. 0–90 25 n.a. n.a. n.a. epi n.a. n.a. n.a. 3–13 epi 7–18 ETP ETP ETP,NEP ETP ETP ETP Periclimenes infraspinis (Rathbun, 1902) Periclimenes lucasi Chace, 1937 Periclimenes murcielagensis Vargas, 2000 Pontonia margarita Smith, 1869 Pontonia pinnae Lockington, 1878 Pontonia simplex Holthuis, 1951 Veleronia laevifrons Holthuis, 1951 ETP,NEP ETP ETP CA CA ETP,WA ETP ETP ETP CA CA CA CA PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM type locality PM PM PM type locality PM PM PM PM Veleronia serratifrons Holthuis, 1951 ETP P PM CA P CA P CA X? [134] [88, 130, 148] [87, 88, 130, 148] [87, 130, 148] [130, 133] [87, 121, 130] sb,mb,sg [87, 130] mb,sb [130, 132, 148] cr (black [128] coral) c [14, 87, 130, 148] c [87, 130, 148] c [130, 148] cr,rt,sb (soft [87, 130, 148] coral) cr (soft coral), [87, 130, 148] rb,sh Species List Neopontonides henryvonprahli Ramos, 1995 Palaemon gracilis (Smith, 1871) Palaemon ritteri Holmes, 1895 Palaemonella holmesi (Nobili, 1907) Palaemonetes schmitti Holthuis, 1950 Periclimenaeus spinosus Holthuis, 1951 ETP Family ALPHEIDAE Alpheus aequus Kim & Abele, 1988 ETP CA PM epi n.a. cr (soft coral), [87, 130, 148] rb,sb,sh epi 0–5 rub [90, 148] b n.a. mb,sb [90] cr,mb,rb, rub,sb mb,rub,sb cr,rb cr,rb,sb cr,mb,rb,sb cr,mb,rb,sb m cr,mb,rb,sb cr,rb,sb cr,rb cr,rb,rub c,cr rb,sb mb,rb,sb m,sb rb,sb,sh rb,rub mb,rb,sb cr,sg cr,rb rb (basalt) [90, 130] ETP P ETP P PM st 0–300 Alpheus bouvieri A. Milne Edwards, 1878 Alpheus cristulifrons Rathbun, 1900 Alpheus cylindricus Kingsley, 1878 Alpheus floridanus Kingsley, 1878 Alpheus galapagensis Sivertsen, 1933 Alpheus hamus Kim & Abele, 1988 Alpheus hebes Kim & Abele, 1988 Alpheus hyeyoungae Kim & Abele, 1988 Alpheus leviusculus Dana, 1852 Alpheus longiquus Kim & Abele, 1988 Alpheus lottini Guérin-Méneville, 1829 Alpheus malleator Dana, 1852 Alpheus martini Kim & Abele, 1988 Alpheus mazatlanicus Wicksten, 1983 Alpheus normanni Kingsley, 1878 Alpheus pacificus Dana, 1852 Alpheus panamensis Kingsley, 1878 Alpheus paracrinitus Miers, 1881 Alpheus rostratus Kim & Abele, 1988 Alpheus saxidomus Holthuis, 1980 EA,ETP,WA ETP ETP,WA EA,ETP,WA ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP,IP,WP ETP EP,ETP,IP EA,WA ETP ETP ETP,WA ETP,IO,IP,RS ETP ct ETP ETP P CA CA CA CA P CA CA, P CA CA CA,P CA P CA CA PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM,IC PM PM PM,IC PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM IC,PM type locality epi epi b,epi b,epi epi n.a. b,epi b,epi epi epi epi b,epi b,epi b,epi epi b n.a. epi epi b 0–1 0–1 0–37 0–37 0–37 n.a. 0–47 n.a. 0–68 n.a. n.a. 0–1 0–1 n.a. 0–73 0–20 0–1 n.a. 0–5.5 n.a. CA P [90, 130, 148] [90, 130, 148] [90, 130, 148] [90, 130, 132] [90, 130, 148, 148b] [1, 130] [90, 130, 148] [90, 130, 148] [130, 148] [90, 130, 148] [90, 130] [90, 130] [130, 148] [130, 148] [90, 130, 148] [90, 130, 148] [90, 130] [90, 130] [90, 130, 148] [38, 89, 130, 148] 173 Alpheus antepaenultimus Kim & Abele, 1988 Alpheus bellimanus Lockington, 1877 PM type locality PM Decapod Crustaceans Waldola schmitti Holthuis, 1951 (continued) 174 Species List 16.2 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Costa Rica Americab Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley, 1870 Alpheus umbo Kim & Abele, 1988 Alpheus villus Kim & Abele, 1988 Alpheus websteri Kingsley, 1880 Automate dolichognatha Dellan, 1888 Pomagnathus corallinus Chace, 1962 Synalpheus biunguiculatus (Stimpson, 1860) EA,ETP,IO,IP,RS ETP ETP ETP,WA ETP,RS,WA,WP ETP EP,ETP CA CA P CA PM PM IC PM IC PM PM epi b b b,epi b,epi it,st b,epi 0–1.3 n.a. n.a. 0–6 0–18 n.a. 0–10 [90, 130] [90, 130, 148] [90, 130, 148] [90, 130, 148] [143, 148ab] [130, 143, 149] [130, 143, 148] Synalpheus charon (Heller, 1861) Synalpheus digueti Coutière, 1909 Synalpheus recessus Abele & Kim, 1989 Synalpheus sanjosei Coutière, 1909 Family HIPPOLYTIDAE Hippolyte californiensis Holmes, 1895 ETP,IO,RS,WP ETP ETP ETP CA CA P PM PM PM PM it epi n.a. it,st n.a. 0–10 20 n.a. cr,rb,sb cr,rb rub (pebble) cl,cr,rb,sb sb,rb cr cr,rb,rub (pebbles) cr cr,rb n.a. rb ETP,NEP PM it,st 0–10 [134, 148b] Hippolyte williamsi Schmitt, 1924 Lysmata argentopunctata Wicksten, 2000 Lysmata galapagensis Schmitt, 1924 Thor algicola Wicksten, 1987 ETP,SEP ETP ETP ETP PM PM PM PM st it,st it,st epi 1.5–2 0–35 0–10 0–25 Thor amboinensis (De Man, 1888) Thor cocoensis Wicksten & Vargas, 2001 ETP,IP,WA ETP P epi epi 20 4–25 Trachycaris restricta (A. Milne Edwards, 1878) Family PROCESSIDAE Ambidexter panamensis Abele, 1972 EA,ETP,WA CA IC IC type locality PM c (soft coral), rb,sb,sg, rb,sg cr,rb m,rb cr,f,mb,rb, rub,sb, c (anemones) rb,rub,sb epi 0–100 cr,mb,rb,sb [130, 148ab] ETP P PM b,epi 5 m,rb,sb [130, 134] CA P CA 130, 143, 148 [130, 143, 148] [3, 132, 130] [130, 143] [134, 148b] [134, 147, 148b] [134, 147, 148b] [130, 144] [25, 130, 147] [149] Species List CA PM,IC b 31–107 sb [130, 132, 145] ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP,NEP ETP CA P CA CA CA n.a PM IC PM PM PM PM b b b b b,epi b 1,208–1,244 187–1,900 62–1,454 3–733 28–258 96–500 n.a. mb n.a. mb,rb,sb, mb,sb,sh sb [85, 106, 130] [36, 37, 77, 148b] [85, 106, 132, 130] [85, 106, 132, 130] [85, 132, 130, 143] [85, 130, 132] ETP G IC b 1,789–4,082 n.a. [26, 106] ETP CA PM b 800–1,250 n.a. [77, 130, 145] ETP,SEP CA PM b 600–1,335 n.a. Glyphocrangon sicaria Faxon, 1893 Glyphocrangon vicaria Faxon, 1893 ASTACIDEA Family NEPHROPSIDAE Nephropsis occidentalis Faxon, 1893 THALASSINIDEA Family AXIIDAE Axiopsis serratifrons (A. Milne Edwards, 1873) Family CALLIANASSIDAE Biffarius fragilis (Biffar, 1970) Callichirus seilacheri Bott, 1955 Lepidophthalmus bocourti (A. Milne Edwards, 1870) ETP ETP,NEP P CA PM PM b b 1,454–3,310 n.a. 1,375–3,880 n.a. [26, 106, 130, 139, 148b] [130, 139, 148b] [130, 139, 148b] ETP,SEP CA PM b 270–1,310 mb [77, 78, 130] ETP,IP,RS,WA n.a. PM it 21 mb [78, 99, 130] ETP,WA ETP,SEP ETP n.a. ES CA PM PM PM sl it it n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. sb mb [7, 101, 130] [99, 130] [99, 130] (continued) 175 ETP Decapod Crustaceans Processa peruviana Wicksten, 1983 Family PANDALIDAE Heterocarpus affinis Faxon, 1825 Heterocarpus hostilis Faxon 1893 Heterocarpus vicarius Faxon, 1893 Pantomus affinis Chace, 1937 Plesionika mexicana Chace, 1937 Plesionika trispinus Squires & Barragán, 1976 Family CRANGONIDAE Pontophillus gracilis occidentales Faxon, 1893 Sclerocrangon atrox Faxon, 1893 Family GLYPHOCRANGONIDAE Glyphocrangon alata Faxon, 1893 176 Species List 16.2 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Rica Americab Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg Car,ETP CA PM it,st n.a. n.a. [99, 130] ETP n.a. it n.a. cr [99, 130, 152] Pomatogebia rugosa (Lockington, 1878) Upogebia burkenroadi Williams, 1986 ETP ETP n.a. CA IC type locality PM PM mp b,epi 0–18 [29, 39, 130] [130, 155] Upogebia cortesi Williams & Vargas, 2000 Upogebia dawsoni Williams, 1986 Upogebia jonesi Williams, 1986 Upogebia maccraryae Williams, 1986 ETP ETP ETP ETP n.a. CA,P CA,P ES PM PM PM PM b b b b,epi 40 n.a. 0–73 n.a. Upogebia spinigera (Smith, 1871) ETP ES PM b,epi n.a. Upogebia vargasae Williams, 1997 ETP n.a. PM b n.a. cr holes covered with mud rb estuary mb,sb m,mb, holes in rotten wood variety of habitats holes in mud flats c EP n.a. CA IC PM bp 1,544–2,412 mb,rb,sb b,bp (larvae) 1,000–3,692 mb [37, 145] [78, 130, 140, 145] ETP ETP,IP CA n.a. PM,IC PM,IC b b 15–22 0–8 rb cr,rb [77, 78, 86, 130] [77, 78, 86, 130] ETP n.a. PM b,epi 3–90 mb.sb [78, 130] Species Family CALLIANIDEIDAE Callianidea laevicauda Gill, 1859 Family UPOGEBIIDAE Pomatogebia cocosia (Williams, 1986) X? [155] [130, 152] [130, 152] [130, 152] [130, 152] [130, 154] Species List PALINURA Family POLYCHELIDAE Stereomastis nana (Smith, 1884) Stereomastis sculpta pacifica (Faxon, 1893) Family PALINURIDAE Panulirus gracilis Streets, 1871 Panulirus penicillatus Olivier, 1791 Family SCYLLARIDAE Evibacus princeps S.I. Smith, 1869 X Decapod Crustaceans n.a. = information not available a c = cosmopolitan; Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; ETP = eastern tropical Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; NEP = northeastern Pacific; RS = Red Sea; SEP = southern tropical Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belice; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d b = benthic; bp = bathypelagic; eb = epibenthic; epi = epipelagic; it = intertidal; l = litoral; mp = mesopelagic; sl = sublitoral; st = subtidal. e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f c = commensal; cl = coastal lagoon; cr = coral reefs; f = flotsam; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; n = neuston; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; sh = shells fragments; wc = water column g References are indicated by numbers according to the references list. 177 Species List 16.3 Caribbean Costa Rica. Species of Anomura Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Car,WA n.a. sp sb,t [13, 131, 146] Car,WA Car,WA n.a. n.a. eb b,eb 0–33 18–128 cr,rb mb,sb,sg,sh [18, 131] [2, 131, 146] WA n.a. ep 110–203 wc [6, 23, 131, present study] Car,WA Car,WA Car Car,WA Car,WA Car Car,WA Car Car,EA,WA, Car,ETP,WA P P P P N P n.a. P ES,H,P ES,P n.a. st l l n.a. it,st st st it,st it,l >1.5 n.a. >1.5 n.a. to 29 0–3 1–3 0–6 0–30 0–54 rb,sb rb,sg rb rb c cr,rb cr,rb,rub cr cr,m,mb,rb cr,rb,sp [57, 131, 135, 136] [131, 135, 137] [57, 131, 135, 136] [131, 135, 136] [54, 131, 135] [53, 57, 131] [131, 135, 137] [55, 57, 131, 135] [57, 65, 67, 107, 131, 135] [55, 65, 131, 135] EA,WA Car Car,WA H,P n.a. N l it it 0–38 n.a. 0 sb sb sb [11, 131, 146] [11] [11, 32, 33, 131] Car,WA Car,EA,WA n.a. n.a. it it 0 0 sb sb [32, 35, 131] [2, 32, 131] Depth (m)d Car = Caribbean; EA = eastern Atlantic; WA = western Atlantic CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; l = litoral; sp = supralitoral; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e c = commensal; cr = coral reefs; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sh = shells; sp = sponges; t = terrestrial f References are indicated by numbers according to the references list a b Species List Family COENOBITIDAE Coenobita clypeatus (Herbst, 1791) Family DIOGENIDAE Calcinus tibecens (Herbst, 1791) Petrochirus diogenes (Linnaeus, 1758) Family GALATHEIDAE Munida flinti Benedict, 1902 Family PORCELLANIDAE Megalobrachium mortenseni Haig, 1962 Megalobrachium poeyi (Guérin, 1856) Megalobrachium roseum (Rathbun, 1900) Megalobrachium soriatum (Say, 1818) Minyocerus angustus (Diana, 1852) Pachycheles cristobalensis Gore, 1970 Pachycheles pilosus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) Pachycheles serratus (Benedict, 1901) Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbes, 1850) Petrolisthes galathinus (Bosc, 1801) Family ALBUNEIDAE Albunea paretii Guérin-Meneville, 1853 Lepidopa luciae Boyko, 2002 Lepidopa richmondi Benedict, 1903 Family HIPPIDAE Emerita brasiliensis Schmitt, 1935 Hippa cubensis (de Saussure, 1857) World distributiona 178 Species Species World distributiona Family COENOBITIDAE Coenobita compressus Milne Edwards, 1837 ETP Central Costa Rica Americab Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg CA PM,IC sp sb,t [4, 10, 12, 13, 114, 123, 131] IC type locality PM IC PM IC type locality PM PM PM PM b 70–84 sb [71, 131] eb it it eb 10.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. cr,rb,rub,sb rb rb,sb cr dead [5, 123, 131] [10, 123, 131] [5, 131] [36, 131] it it b,eb b,mp n.a. n.a. 2–110 40–232 rb rb rub,sb sb PM IC type locality PM PM PM b b 13–60 120 sb rb [107, 108, 123, 131] [5, 79, 108, 131] [5, 102, 123, 131] [83, 108, 123, 131] [123, 131] [36, 131] b b eb >60 0–110 0–9 n.a. mb,sb cr,mb [72, 108, 131] [5, 79, 123, 131] [5, 10, 131] IC b 640–2,450 n.a. [37, 100, 131] Family DIOGENIDAE Allodardanus rugosus Haig & Provenzano, 1965 Aniculus elegans Stimpson, 1859 Calcinus explorator Boone, 1930 Calcinus obscurus Stimpson, 1859 Cancellus tanneri Faxon, 1893 ETP ETP ETP ETP ES,P n.a. ES Clibanarius albidigitus Nobili, 1901 Clibanarius panamensis Stimpson, 1859 Dardanus sinistripes (Stimpson, 1858) Paguristes bakeri Holmes, 1900 ETP ETP ETP ETP,NEP ES,P CA ES,P n.a. Paguristes digueti Bouvier, 1893 Paguristes fecundus Faxon, 1893 ETP ETP n.a. Paguristes praedator Glassell, 1937 Petrochirus californiensis Bouvier, 1895 Trizopagurus magnificus (Bouvier, 1895) Family LITHODIDAE Neolithodes diomedeae (Benedict, 1894) ETP ETP ETP n.a. CA ES ETP X X X ETP,NEP,SEP n.a. 179 (continued) Decapod Crustaceans Species List 16.4 Pacific Costa Rica. Species of Anomura 180 Species List 16.4 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Costa Rica Americab Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg Paralomis longipes Faxon, 1893 SEP n.a. IC b 1,000 n.a. [68, 83, 108, 131, 145] Family PAGURIDAE ETP Catapagurus diomedeae Faxon, 1893 Enallopaguropsis janetae McLaughlin, 1982 ETP n.a. n.a. b,eb 333 146 n.a. n.a. [37, 83, 131] [83, 105, 131] b,eb b,eb b b it,eb,sl 22–121 37–121 36–91 0–40 n.a. n.a. sb n.a. rb,rub ETP ETP ETP,NEP ETP ETP n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Pagurus nanodes Haig & Harvey, 1991 Pagurus vetaultae Harvey & McLaughlin, 1991 Pagurus virgulatus Haig & Harvey Phimochirus californiensis (Benedict, 1892) Phimochirus roseus Benedict, 1892 Phimochirus venustus (Bouvier, 1898) Rhodochirus hirtimanus (Faxon, 1893) Tomopagurus merimaculosus (Glassell, 1937) Tomopagurus purpuratus (Benedict, 1892) Xylopagurus cancellarius Walton, 1950 ETP ETP n.a. n.a. PM PM it,st eb,st 0–3.5 1–7 rb,rub rb [36, 37, 42, 97, 131] [36, 98, 131] [9, 83, 123, 131] [98, 102, 123, 131] [74, 83, 97, 123, 131] [70, 131] [74, 131] ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. PM,IC PM,IC PM PM IC PM n.a. l it,st sl n.a. n.a. 5–40 to 129 0–3 8–20 36–182 35–183 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [70, 131] [72, 104, 131] [104, 131] [104, 131] [37, 104, 131] [103, 131] ETP ETP n.a. n.a. PM PM n.a. n.a. 36–274 >73 n.a. [103, 131] wood, holes [96, 131] in Typha Species List Iridopagurus occidentalis Faxon, 1893 Manucomplanus longimanus (Faxon, 1893) Pagurus albus (Benedict, 1892) Pagurus gladius (Benedict, 1892) Pagurus lepidus (Bouvier, 1898) IC IC type locality IC IC PM PM PM X ETP,SEP ETP n.a. n.a. PM IC n.a. n.a. >200 n.a. 1,145–3,995 n.a. [83, 95, 97, 131] [8, 131, 145] ETP ETP P P PM PM ep eb 280 333–384 mb mb,sh Munida perlata Benedict, 1902 ETP n.a. PM,IC eb 190–3,292 sb,rb Munida refulgens Faxon, 1893 Munidopsis albatrossae Pequenat & Pequenat, 1973 Munidopsis antonii (Filhol, 1884) Munidopsis aspera (A. Milne Edwards, 1880) Munidopsis diomedeae (Faxon, 1893) Munidopsis hamata Faxon, 1893 Munidopsis nitida Milne Edwards, 1880 Munidopsis vicina Faxon, 1893 Pleuroncodes monodon (Milne Edwards, 1837) Family PORCELLANIDAE Euceramus panatelus Glassell, 1938 Euceramus transversilineatus (Lockington, 1878) Megalobrachium erosum (Glassell, 1936) Megalobrachium festai (Nobili, 1901) Megalobrachium garthi Haig, 1957 Megalobrachium pacificum (Gore & Abele, 1973) Megalobrachium tuberculipes (Lockington, 1878) Neopisosoma bicapillatum Haig, 1960 ETP ETP n.a. n.a. PM,IC PM eb n.a. 95–183 3,570 rb,sh n.a. [37, 82, 97, 131] [37, 79, 82, 97, 131] [37, 82, 108, 131, 146] [37, 82, 131, 145] [110, 131, 145] cp EP EP ETP ETP,NEP ETP ETP,SEP n.a. n.a. n.a. P P P n.a. PM IC IC PM IC IC PM n.a. eb eb eb eb eb b 2,519–3,676 104–2,748 768–3,790 936–1,337 2,030–2,875 3,063–3,885 172–523 n.a. rb,sb mb mb,rb mb mb mb,sb [131, 156] [37, 131, 145] [37, 131, 145] [37, 131, 145] [3b, 37, 131, 145] [37, 84, 145] [37, 84, 131] ETP ETP G P PM PM st st 9–40 4–60 [65, 131] [3, 65, 127, 131] ETP ETP ETP ETP P ES,P P P PM PM PM PM l n.a. l it 9–46 0–8 0–7 0 sb mb,rub, sb,sh mb,rb,sb,sh cr,rb rb,rub rb ETP n.a. PM l 0–20 sp [55, 65, 67, 131] ETP n.a. PM l n.a. rb [65, 131] Decapod Crustaceans Family PARAPAGURIDAE Parapagurus holthuisi Lemaitre, 1989 Probeebei mirabilis Boone, 1926 Family GALATHEIDAE Munida gracilipes Faxon, 1893 Munida obesa Faxon, 1893 [55, 65, 131] [55, 131] [64, 65, 131] [55, 56, 131] 181 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Costa Rica Americab Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg Neopisosoma dohenyi Haig, 1960 Neopisosoma mexicanum (Streets, 1871) ETP ETP P ES,N PM PM l l to 8 n.a. cr rb Orthochela pumila Glassell, 1936 Pachycheles biocellatus (Lockington, 1878) Pachycheles calculosus Haig, 1960 Pachycheles chacei Haig, 1956 Pachycheles panamensis Faxon, 1893 Pachycheles spinidactylus Haig, 1957 Pachycheles subsetosus Haig, 1960 Pachycheles velerae Haig, 1960 Pachycheles vicarious Nobili, 1901 Petrolisthes agassizii Faxon, 1893 ETP ETP ETP Car,ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP,SEP ETP ETP P P P ES,G,P ES,P G,P ES n.a. ES ES,P PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM IC PM PM eb eb,l eb,l eb,l it,l it,l st n.a. it,st it,st n.a. to 26 0–8 0–8 0–8 0–8 10–15 36–121 0–8 0–10 c cr,rb cr,rb cr cr,rb,mb rb,sp sh rb cr,rb cr,rb Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbs, 1850) Car,ETP,WA ES,P PM n.a. 0–30 Petrolisthes artifrons Haig, 1960 ETP ES,P PM it,st 0–20 variety of habitats cr,rb Petrolisthes cocoensis Haig, 1960 ETP 0 rb Petrolisthes edwardsii (de Saussure, 1853) ETP N,P IC type it locality PM,IC it,l 0–40 cr,rb Petrolisthes galapagensis Haig, 1960 Petrolisthes galathinus (Bosc, 1801) Petrolisthes glasselli Haig, 1957 Petrolisthes haigae Chace, 1962 Petrolisthes hians Nobili, 1901 ETP Car,WA,ETP ETP ETP ETP n.a. ES,P P P ES,P PM PM PM,IC PM,IC PM 0–5 0–54 0–8 0–12 0–34 rb cr,rb,sp cr cr,rb cr X [131, 138] [65, 107, 108, 131] [66, 72, 131] [55, 65, 131, 138] [55, 65, 131] [55, 63, 67, 131] [55, 65, 131] [55, 64, 65, 131] [65, 107, 131] [65, 73, 131] [57, 65, 131, 138] [55, 65, 67, 131, 138] [65, 67, 131] [55, 65, 67, 107, 131, 138] [65] [55, 65, 67, 131, 138] [55, 65, 131] [55, 65] [57, 65, 67, 131] [24, 55, 131] [55, 65, 67, 131] Species List it,st it,l l n.a. l 182 Species List 16.4 (continued) ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP Car,WA,ETP ETP ETP ES,P N,P N,P n.a. P n.a. ES,P N N,P P ES,P PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM b,l b,it b,it l b,l b,l l b,l b,l b,it it,l n.a. 0 0 0–7 n.a. 0–8 0–6 0–18 n.a. n.a. 0–76 rb rb rb c,cr,rb rb cr,rb,sp mb,m (leaves) rb rb mb c,cr,rub Polyonyx nitidus Lockington, 1878 ETP P PM l,st 6–33 Porcellana cancrisocialis Glassell, 1936 Porcellana paguriconviva Glassell, 1936 Ulloaia perpusillia Glassell, 1938 Family ALBUNEIDAE Albunea lucacia (de Saussure, 1853) Lepidopa deamae Benedict, 1903 ETP ETP ETP P P P PM,IC PM,IC PM n.a. n.a. n.a. 0–108 0–100 0–16 [55, 65, 67, 131] [55, 65, 131] [65, 67, 97, 131] [3, 65, 131] [55, 65, 67, 131] [55, 65, 67, 131] [55, 65, 67, 131] [65, 67, 131] [55, 65, 67, 131] [57, 67, 131] [57, 65, 67, 131, 138] cr,m (leaves [65, 131, 138] on the bottom) c [57, 65, 67, 131] c [57, 65, 67, 131] c [57, 65, 131] ETP ETP G,P CA PM PM n.a. it 0–45 0 sb sb Lepidopa mearnsi Benedict, 1903 ETP N PM it 0 sb Lepidopa mexicana Efford, 1971 ETP P PM n.a. n.a. sb Family HIPPIDAE Emerita rathbunae Schmitt, 1935 ETP CA PM it 0 sb Decapod Crustaceans Petrolisthes holotrichus Nobili, 1901 Petrolisthes lewisi Glassell, 1936 Petrolisthes nobili Haig, 1960 Petrolisthes ortmanni Nobili, 1901 Petrolisthes platymerus Haig, 1960 Petrolisthes polymitus Glassell, 1937 Petrolisthes robsonae Glassell, 1945 Petrolisthes tonsorius Haig, 1960 Petrolisthes tridentatus Stimpson, 1858 Petrolisthes zacae Haig, 1968 Pisidia magdalenensis (Glassell, 1936) [11, 52, 79, 97, 131] [11, 33, 52, 79, 97, 108, 131] [11, 33, 52, 69, 97, 131] [11, 32, 33, 52, 97, 131] (continued) 183 [32, 35, 69, 79, 131] 184 Species List 16.4 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Costa Rica Americab Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg Hippa pacifica (Dana, 1852) Hippa strigillata (Stimpson, 1860) ETP ETP CA n.a. it,st it sb sb PM,IC PM n.a. 0 [9, 34, 69, 131] [34, 108, 131] Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EP = eastern Pacific; ETP= eastern tropical Pacific; NEP= northeastern Pacific; SEP= southern eastern Pacific WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco d b = benthic; eb= epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; l = litoral; mp = mesopelagic; sl = sublitoral; sp = supralitoral; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f c = commensal; cr = coral reefs; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sh = shells; sp = sponges; t = terrestrial g References are indicated by numbers according to the references list a Species List Species Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Car P b,eb 45–240 mb,sh [120, 108] Car,WA,ETP P b 18–73 variety of habitats [108, 120, 151] WA Car,WA WA WA EA,WA n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. l b b b b,eb 14–210 0–10 0–80 0–183 0–49 cr,sb,sh sb sb mb mb,rub,sb [120, 151] [94, 108, 151] [94, 108, 151] [94, 108] [94, 108, 151] Car,WA WA,Car Car,WA n.a. n.a. n.a. eb b b,eb 0–131 8–60 14.6 cr,rb,sg mb,sh mb,algae [94, 151] [120, 132b] [120, present study] WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. eb it it l n.a. l l 48–161 4.5–20 n.a. to 54 3 0–27 0–48 cr,sb cr,rb,sb,sh,sp rub, algae calcareous algae n.a. mb cr,rb,sb,sh,sg [132b, 151] [101b, 108, 115] [94, 101b, 108] [94, 108] [108, 117] [94, 108] [2, 108, 115, 151] Car,WA n.a. eb 0–30 m,cr,sg, algae [108, 151] (continued) 185 Infraorder BRACHYURA Family RANINIDAE Raninoides lamarcki Milne Edwards & Bouvier, 1923 Raninoides loevis (Latreille, 1825) Family CALAPPIDAE Calappa angusta A. Milne Edwards, 1880 Calappa cinerea Holthuis, 1958 Calappa ocellata Holthuis, 1958 Calappa sulcata Rathbun, 1898 Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) Family LEUCOSIIDAE Ebalia cariosa (Stimpson, 1860) Iliacantha liodactylus Rathbun, 1898 Persephona punctata punctata Linnaeus, 1758 Family MAJIDAE Anasimus latus Rathbun, 1894 Chorinus heros (Herbst, 1790) Epialtus bituberculatus Milne Edwards, 1834 Epialtus longirostris Stimpson, 1860 Eucinetops blakiana Rathbun, 1896 Libinia ferreirae Brito-Capello, 1871 Macroceloma trispinosum nodipes (Desbonne, 1867) Microphrys bicornutus (Latreille, 1821) World distributiona Decapod Crustaceans Species List 16.5 Caribbean Costa Rica. Species of Brachyura Species World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Car Car,WA n.a. P it it,st 0–46 0–55 rb,sg cr,mb,rb,sb,sg,sh [94, 108] [94, 108, 115] Car,WA n.a. it,st 0–90 cr,rb [108, 151] Car,WA P st 5–20 rb Car,WA H it 0 cr,rb Car,WA Car,WA n.a. n.a. l l 1–220 0–188 cr,mb,rb,sb,sg,sh cr,rb,sg,rub [108, 115, present study] [94, 101b, 108, 115, 151] [94, 108, 115, 151] [94, 101b, 108, 151] Car,NEP n.a. it,l to 110 mb,sb [94, 115] Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA WA Car,EA,EP,Med,WA EA,ETP,WA Car,WA Car WA WA n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. G,P ES,G,P n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. it,st st it,st b it,st l st b l b,fl 0–68 20 0–15 0–75 0–90 0–105 5–73 13–15 0–393 9–550 sb m,mb,sb m,mb,rb,sb,sg mb,sb variety of habitats cr,rb,sb cr,rb,sb,sg mb,sg sb,sh mb,sb,sg [108, 151] [108, 151] [108, 151] [132b, 151] [151] [51, 151] [108, 115] [94, 118, 132b] [101b, 132b, 151] [132b, 151] Car,WA n.a. it,st,eb 0–46 cr,rb,sb [94, 108, 115] Species List Microphrys interruptus Rathbun, 1920 Mithrax (Mithraculus) coryphe (Herbst, 1801) Mithrax (Mithraculus) forceps (A. Milne Edwards, 1875) Mithrax (Mithrax) pilosus Rathbun, 1892 Mithrax (Mithrax) verrucosus Milne Edwards, 1832 Pitho lherminieri (Schramm, 1867) Stenorhynchus seticornis (Herbst, 1788) Family PARTHENOPIDAE Parthenope serrata (Milne Edwards, 1834) Family PORTUNIDAE Arenaeus cribarius (Lamarck, 1818) Callinectes bocourti Milne Edwards, 1879 Callinectes larvatus Ordway, 1863 Callinectes ornatus Ordway, 1863 Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 Cronius rubber (Lamarck, 1818) Cronius tumidulus (Stimpson, 1871) Lupella forceps (Fabricius, 1756) Portunus gibbesii (Stimpson, 1859) Portunus spinicarpus (Stimpson, 1871) Family XANTHIDAE Carpilius corallinus (Herbst, 1783) 186 Species List 16.5 (continued) Car,WA Car,EA,WA n.a. n.a. St,b st 0–33 5–154 cr,m,mb,rb,sb,sg cr,rb [94, 108, 115] [94, 108, 115] Car Car,EA P n.a. it it,st 0 0–12 rb cr [108, 118] [94, present study] Car,WA Car,ETP,WA n.a. ES,H c c 0 0 m,t t [13, 94, 125] [13, 125] Car G,H,P n.a. 0 t [1] Car,EA,WA Car,EA,ETP,SEP,NEP,WA n.a. P it it,st 0 0–12 rb cr,rb Sesarma crassipes Cano, 1889 Family OCYPODIDAE Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius, 1787) Uca mordax (Smith, 1870) Ucides cordatus cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) Car,WA n.a. n.a. 0 estuary [94, 108] [94, 115, present study] [1] Car,WA Car,EA Car,EA n.a. G,N n.a. sp it it 0 0 0 sb mb m,mb [13, 101b, 116] [31, present study] [13, 116] 187 a Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; ETP = eastern tropical Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; NEP = northeastern Pacific; RS = Red Sea; SEP = southern eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d b = benthic; c= coastal; eb = epibenthic; fl = floating; it = intertidal; l = litoral; sp = supralitoral; st = subtidal; t = terrestrial e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; sh = shells fragments; sp = sponges; t = terrestrial g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Decapod Crustaceans Cataleptodius floridanus (Gibbes, 1850) Chlorodiella longimana (Milne Edwards, 1834) Ozius reticulatus (Desbonne & Schramm, 1867) Xantho denticulatus White, 1848 Family GECARCINIDAE Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825 Gecarcinus lateralis lateralis (Freminville, 1835) Family GRAPSIDAE Armases americanum (de Saussure, 1858) Plagusia depressa (Fabricius, 1775) Percnon gibbesi Milne Edwards, 1853 188 Species List 16.6 Pacific Costa Rica. Species of Brachyura World distributiona Central Costa Rica Americab Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf ETP P PM b,eb 2–183 cr,mb,sb,sh, algae [120, 46, 132] ETP N,P PM,IC b,eb 0–130 mb,rb,rub,sb,sh [46, 108] ETP ETP P IC PM b b,eb 13–183 4–48 cr,mb,sb sh [36, 37, 80, 120] [115, 120, 132] ETP ETP P P PM PM,IC b b,eb 24–410 28–115 Ethusa panamensis Finnegan, 1931 ETP ES,N,P PM b,eb 3.5–63 Ethusina robusta (Miers, 1886) Ethusina smithiana Faxon, 1893 Family CALAPPIDAE Acanthocarpus delsolari Garth, 1973 Calappa convexa Saussure, 1853 ETP,IP ETP n.a. n.a. PM IC b b 460–3,260 245 mb,sb [46, 76, 132] variety of habitats [46, 76, 102, 120, 132] variety of habitats [46, 76, 80, 120, 132] mb [80] rub,sb [37, 79b, 120, 145] ETP ETP n.a. P PM PM,IC b b,eb 93–250 0–58.5 mb cr,rb,rub,sb,sh Calappa saussurei Rathbun, 1898 ETP N,P PM,IC b,eb 13–275 sb,rub Cryptosoma bairdii Rathbun, 1898 ETP,WA P PM,IC b,eb 2.7–229 n.a. Hepatus kossmanni Neumann, 1878 ETP ES,G,P PM b 3.5–46 mb Species Infraorder BRACHYURA Family DROMIIDAE Hypoconcha panamensis Smith, 1869 Family DYNOMENIDAE Dynomene ursula Stimpson, 1860 Family RANINIDAE Ranilia fornicata Faxon, 1893 Raninoides benedicti Rathbun, 1935 Family DORIPPIDAE Ethusa ciliatifrons Faxon, 1893 Ethusa lata Rathbun, 1893 Referencesg Species List [48, 108, 132] [46, 80, 120, 132, 157] [46, 80, 120, 132, 157] [80, 94, 120, 132, 157] [46, 80, 102, 120, 132] PM,IC n.a. 2–219 rb,rub,sb [46, 108, 157] EA,ETP,NEP, SEP P PM b,eb 22–399 mb,sb,sh [46, 80, 108] ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP n.a. n.a. P P N,P IC PM PM PM PM b b,eb b,eb b,eb eb 55–100 3.6–33 9–73 18–275 n.a. Lithadia cumingii Bell, 1855 Persephona orbicularis Bell, 1855 Persephona subovata (Rathbun, 1898) Persephona townsendi (Rathbun, 1893) ETP ETP ETP ETP ES,P P P CA PM PM PM PM b,eb b b,eb b,eb 3.6–93 30–40 36–93 3.5–104 Randallia agaricias Rathbun, 1898 Randallia bulligera Rathbun, 1898 Randallia minuta Rathbun, 1935 ETP ETP ETP CA CA P b,eb b b,eb 5.5–100 3.6–55 18–64 Uhlias elipticus Stimpson, 1871 Family MAJIDAE Acanthonyx petiverii Milne Edwards, 1834 Ala cornuta (Stimpson, 1860) Collodes granosus Stimpson, 1860 Collodes robsonae Garth, 1958 Collodes tenuirostris Rathbun, 1893 Epialtus sulcirostris Stimpson, 1860 ETP P PM PM PM type locality PM rub,sb [157] mb,sb,sh [46, 120] mb,rb,sb,sh, algae [46, 102, 120, 132] mb,rb,sb,sh, algae [46, 120, 132] algae Spyridia fila- [46, 80, 120] mentosa mb,rub,sb,sh [46, 80, 132] mb [108, 132] mb,sb,sh [120] mb,sb,sh, man[46] grove leaves mb,rb,sb,sh, algae [46, 120, 132] mb,rb [120, 132] rb,sb, algae [46, 120, 132] eb 0–2 cr [46, 80, 108] ETP,WA ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP N,P P G,P ES,P P n.a. PM PM PM PM PM PM l l b n.a. b it,l to 30 to 22 3.5–55 30–55 5.5–265 0–5 cl,cr, algae cl,cr,mb,rb,sb mb,sb mb,sb,sh mb,sb, algae rb, on Sargassum liebmanni [81] [81] [81] [44, 108] [44, 81] [43, 81, 108] (continued) 189 P Decapod Crustaceans ETP Osachila kaiserae Zimmerman & Martin, 1999 Platymera gaudichaudii (Milne Edwards, 1837) Family LEUCOSIIDAE Ebalia clarionensis Rathbun, 1935 Ebalia magdalenensis Rathbun, 1933 Iliacantha hancocki Rathbun, 1935 Iliacantha schmitti Rathbun, 1935 Leucosilia jurinei (Saussurre, 1853) Species World distributiona Central Americab Costa Rica Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg ETP ETP P n.a. PM PM it it 0 0 rb rb [43, 81] [43, 81, 108] ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP P n.a. P P P G,N,P P P n.a. PM,IC IC PM PM PM,IC PM PM IC PM l l l st l l l l st 2–175 95 0–59 4–10 0–92 3–102 3.5–128 0–86 4–80 [43, 81] [36, 37, 43] [43, 81] [43, 81] [43, 81, 132] [43, 81] [43, 81] [43, 81] [43, 81] EP ETP ETP ETP P P P N,P PM PM PM PM eb eb l it 7.5–335 9–90 0–73 0 mb,rub,sb mb,rub,sb cr,mb,rb,sb cr cr,rb,sb mb,sb rub,sb,sh sb,rb,rub rb,sb,sh, coralline algae mb,rb,sb cr,mb,rb,sb cr,rb,sb cr,rb, brown algae ETP,NEP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP P P n.a. P ES,G,N,P P N,P PM,IC PM IC PM PM PM PM it it,st l it,l,st it,st l it 0–24 0–46 0–295 0–46 0–36 9–146 0–4 cr,rb, algae cr,sb cr,mb,rb,sb cr,rb,sb mb,sb mb,sb cr,rb [30, 43, 81] [43, 44, 81] [43, 81] [43, 81] [43, 44, 81, 117] [43, 44, 81] [43, 81] [81, 102, 132] [43, 44, 81] [43, 44, 81] [43, 81] Species List Eucinetops panamensis Rathbun, 1923 Eupleurodon trifurcatuss Stimpson, 1871 Euprognatha bifida Rathbun, 1893 Euprognatha granulata Faxon, 1893 Hemus finneganae Garth, 1958 Herbstia pubescens Stimpson, 1871 Herbstia tumida (Stimpson, 1871) Inachoides laevis Stimpson, 1860 Lissa aurivilliusi Rathbun, 1898 Lissa tuberosa Rathbun, 1898 Macrocoeloma maccullochae Garth, 1940 Maiopsis panamensis Faxon, 1893 Microphrys branchialis Rathbun, 1892 Microphrys platysoma (Stimpson, 1860) Mithrax (Mithrax) armatus de Saussure, 1853 Mithrax denticulatus Bell, 1835 Mithrax pygmaeus Bell, 1835 Mithrax spinipes (Bell, 1835) Mithrax tuberculatus Stimpson, 1860 Notolopas lamellatus Stimpson, 1860 Paradasygyius depressus (Bell, 1835) Pelia pacifica A. Milne Edwards, 1857 190 Species List 16.6 (continued) ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP EA,ETP,NEP P N,P P n.a. P P PM PM PM PM PM IC eb l it,st it,st l l 48 0–82 0–37 0–36 9–64 0–166 mb,rb cr,mb,rb,sb cr,rb,sb, algae cr,mb,rb,sb mb,sb,sh mb,rb,sb [3, 144b] [43, 81] [44] [43, 81] [44, 108] [43, 81] ETP P PM st 2–27 [43, 81] Podochela ziesenhennei Garth, 1940 Pyromaia tuberculata (Lockington, 1877) Sphenocarcinus agassizi Rathbun, 1893 Stenocionops ovata (Bell, 1835) Stenorhynchus debilis (Smith, 1871) Teleophrys cristulipes Stimpson, 1860 Thoe sulcata panamensis Nobili, 1901 Tyche lamellifrons Bell, 1835 Family AETHRIDAE Aethra scutata Smith, 1869 Family PARTHENOPIDAE Celatopesia hassleri (Rathbun, 1925) Heterocrypta colombiana Garth, 1940 Heterocrypta macrobrachia Stimpson, 1871 Leiolambrus punctatissimus (Owen, 1839) ETP ETP,NEP P G,P PM PM st l 7–18 0–412 mb, associated with algae Ulva mb,rb,sb mb,rb,sb [43, 81] [43, 81] ETP ETP ETP,SEP ETP ETP ETP P P N,P P N,P P PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM PM l l l l it it,st 55–175 15–275 0–145 0–128 0–45 0–100 mb,rb,sb sb mb,rb,sb,sh cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb,sb, algae [43, 81, 132] [81] [43, 81] [43, 81] [30, 43] [43, 81] ETP P PM,IC it,st 0–34 rb,rub,sb [157] ETP ETP ETP P n.a. ES,G,P PM,IC PM PM st st st 3.6–78 3–27.5 3.6–75 mb,rb,sb cr,rb,sb mb,rub,sb [37, 43, 81] [43] [43, 81] ETP P PM l 22–112 mb,sb [43, 44, 81] 191 (continued) Decapod Crustaceans Pelia tuberculata (Wicksten, 1987) Pitho picteti (de Saussure, 1853) Pitho quinquedentata Bell, 1835 Pitho sexdentata Bell, 1835 Podochela angulata Finnegan, 1931 Podochela hemphilli (Lockington, 1877) Podochela veleronis Garth, 1948 Species World distributiona Central Americab Costa Rica Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg ETP P PM st 3.5–54 cr,mb,sb,sh [43, 44, 81] ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP P N,P P G,P P P PM,IC PM PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC l st st st,l b st 22–160 4–80 3–58 2.5–110 3.5–70 3.5–70 cr,mb,sb,sh mb,sb cr,mb,rb,sb,sh cr,mb,rb,sb,sh cr,rb,rub,sb cr,sh,sb [43, 44, 81] [43, 44, 81] [43, 81] [43, 44, 81, 157] [43, 81] [43, 81, 117, 157] ETP ETP N, P n.a. PM,IC PM it,st l 0–22 11–110 cr,rb mb,sb [43, 44, 81, 157] [43, 44, 81] ETP P PM it,st 0 cr,rb [30, 118] ETP p PM b 90–523 mb [132] ETP ETP ETP EA,ETP,WA ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ES,N,P CA ES,N,P ES,H,G,P P P G,N,P ES,G,N,P n.a. PM,IC PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM IC it,st it,st it,st l b, pelagic b n.a. b b 0–80 0–40 0–30 0–105 0–64 10–66 9–55 to 110 to 110 rb,sb,sg variety of habitats cl,estuary cr,rb,sb n.a. mb,sb cr,mb,sb,sh cr,mb,rb,sb,sh rb,sb [51, 79b] [51, 79b, 150] [51, 79b, 150] [51, 151] [51, 79b] [51, 79b] [51] [51] [51] Species List Parthenope depressiuscula (Stimpson, 1871) Parthenope exilipes (Rathbun, 1893) Parthenope hyponca (Stimpson, 1871) Parthenope stimpsoni Garth, 1958 Solenolambrus arcuatus Stimpson, 1871 Thyrolambrus glasselli Garth, 1958 Thyrolambrus verrucibrachium Zimmerman & Martin, 1999 Family DALDORFIIDAE Daldorfia garthi Glassell, 1940 Mesorhoea belli (Milne Edwards, 1878) Family DAIRIDIDAE Daira americana Stimpson, 1860 Family CANCRIDAE Cancer johngarthi (Carvacho, 1989) Family PORTUNIDAE Arenaeus mexicanus (Gerstaecker, 1856) Callinectes arcuatus Ordway, 1863 Callinectes toxotes Ordway, 1863 Cronius rubber (Lamarck, 1818) Euphylax dovii Stimpson, 1860 Euphylax robustus Milne Edwards, 1874 Portunus acuminatus (Stimpson, 1871) Portunus asper (Milne Edwards, 1861) Portunus brevimanus (Faxon, 1895) 192 Species List 16.6 (continued) P G,P ES,G,P PM PM PM,IC b b b,eb 13–274 0–82 10–270 mb,sb cr,mb,rb,sb,sh cr,mb,rb,sb,sh [51] [51] [51] ETP P PM it 0 rb [30, 79b, 118] ETP P PM it 0 cr,rb [30, 118] ETP,IP,Med P PM st 5–8 cr,rb [30, 115, 118] ETP ETP P N,P PM PM eb it 7–273 0 mb,rub,sb,sh rb [45, 60] [30, 118] ETP,SEP ETP ETP ETP N,P N,P N,P ES,N,P PM,IC PM PM PM it it it it 0 0 0 0 rb rb rb,sb m,mb,sb [30, 118] [30, 118] [30, 118] [30, 118] ETP ETP ES,P n.a. PM PM it st 0 n.a. m,mb cr [3, 30, 45, 118] [30, 47] ETP EA,ETP,NEP, SEP ETP ETP ETP P P PM PM n.a. it,st n.a. 0–18 n.a. cr,rb [79b, 116] [30, 118] P ES,N N,P PM PM PM st st st 5–20 4–27 3.5–29 mb,rub,sb,sh cr,mb,rub,sb,sh mb,rub,sb [45] [45, 118] [45, 118] ETP,IP n.a. PM st 3.5–6 cr [49, 50] (continued) 193 ETP ETP ETP Decapod Crustaceans Portunus iridescens (Rathbun, 1893) Portunus tuberculatus (Stimpson, 1860) Portunus xantussi affinis (Faxon, 1893) Family XANTHIDAE Cataleptodius taboganus (Rathbun, 1912) Cycloxanthops vittatus (Stimpson, 1860) Domecia hispida Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842 Edwardsium lobipes (Rathbun, 1898) Epixanthus tenuidactylus (Lockington, 1877) Eriphia squamata Stimpson, 1859 Eriphides hispida (Stimpson, 1860) Eurypanopeus planus (Smith, 1869) Eurypanopeus transversus (Stimpson, 1860) Eurytium tristani Rathbun, 1906 Globopilumnus xantusii (Stimpson, 1860) Glyptoplax pugnax Smith, 1870 Heteractaea lunata (Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1843) Hexapanopeus costaricensis Garth, 1940 Hexapanopeus orcutti Rathbun, 1930 Hexapanopeus sinaloensis Rathbun, 1930 Jonesius triunguiculatus (Borradaile, 1903) Species World distributiona Central Americab Costa Rica Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg ETP,IP ETP n.a. n.a. PM PM st,eb eb 5–8 2–128 cr cr [30, 108, 118] [45, 118] ETP P PM it,st n.a. cr,rb [30, 118] ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP n.a. N,P ES n.a. P P P N,P PM PM PM PM IC PM PM PM eb it it st eb it it it to 133.5 0 0 2–8 55–274 0 0 0 sb rb,sb rb cr,rb mb,rb,rub,sb rb rb,sb sb [30, 60, 62, 118] [30, 118] [30] [30, 62, 118] [37, 45, 60, 118] [30, 118] [30, 118] [3, 118] ETP P PM it 0 m [3, present study] ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP n.a. P n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ES,P n.a. PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM it eb n.a. n.a. it st n.a. it it 0 5–27 80–180 n.a. 0 4–11 24–288 0–55 0 m,mb,rb cr,rb n.a. n.a. rb rb mb,sb,sh cr rb [45] [30, 108, 118] [48] [79b] [30, 45, 118] [45, 118] [108, 118] [30, 108, 118] [108, 118] Species List Liomera cinctimanus (White, 1847) Lophopanopeus maculatus Rathbun, 1898 Lophoxanthus lamellipes (Stimpson, 1860) “Medaeus” spinulifer (Rathbun, 1898) Menippe obtusa Stimpson, 1859 Metopocarcinus concavatus Crane, 1947 Microcassiope xantusii (Stimpson, 1871) Nanocassiope polita (Rathbun, 1893) Ozius perlatus Stimpson, 1860 Ozius verreauxii Saussure, 1853 Panopeus chilensis Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1844 Panopeus mirafloresensis Abele & kim, 1989 Panopeus purpureus Lockington, 1877 Paractaea sulcata (Stimpson, 1860) Pilumnus fernandezii Garth, 1973 Pilumnus gonzalensis Rathbun, 1893 Pilumnus pygmaeus Boone, 1927 Pilumnus stimpsonii Miers, 1871 Pilumnus townsendi (Rathbun, 1923) Platyactea dovii (Stimpson, 1871) Platypodiella rotundata (Stimpson, 1860) 194 Species List 16.6 (continued) ETP ETP ETP,IP,Med,RS ETP,IO,IP,RS, ETP ETP ETP P P P P P N,P N,P PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM PM b it,st it,st it,st it,st it it 10–137 1–6 1–6 n.a. 0 0 sb, gorgonians cr cr cr cr rb rb [45, 108, 118] [22] [22, 30] [22, 30] [22] [30, 108, 118] [30, 45] ETP ETP ES,P n.a. PM PM b b 24–93 11–27 mb,sb,sh mb,sb,sh, [45] [45, 62] ETP n.a. PM b 74–110 mb,sh [45, 61] ETP ETP ETP n.a. ES,N,P ES PM PM PM b b b 60 7–9 7–60 mb mb mb,sb,sh [102, 108] [45, 61] [45, 102, 116] ETP ETP ES,P ES,N,P PM PM c c 0-land 0-land m,t m,t [12, 13, 125] [12, 13, 125] ETP n.a. IC c 0-land rb,t [13, 125, present study] Car,ETP,WA ETP ETP N P ES,P PM IC PM it c c 0 n.a. n.a. m t t [30, 116] [1] [1] 195 (continued) Decapod Crustaceans Quadrella nitida Smith, 1869 Trapezia corallina Gerstaecker, 1857 Trapezia digitalis Latreille, 1828 Trapezia ferruginea Latreille, 1825 Trapezia formosa Smith, 1869 Xanthodius sternberghii Stimpson, 1859 Xanthodius stimpsoni (Milne Edwards, 1879) Family GONEPLACIDAE Chasmocarcinus latipes Rathbun, 1898 Malacoplax californiensis (Lockington, 1877) Pseudorhombila xanthiformis Garth, 1940 Oediplax granulata Rathbun, 1893 Prionoplax ciliata Smith, 1870 Speocarcinus granulimanus Rathbun, 1893 Family GECARCINIDAE Cardisoma crassum Smith, 1870 Gecarcinus lateralis quadratus de Saussure, 1853 Gecarcinus (Johngarthia) planatus Stimpson, 1898 Family GRAPSIDAE Aratus pisonii (Milne Edwards, 1837) Armases angustum (Smith, 1870) Armases occidentale (Smith, 1870) Species 196 Species List 16.6 (continued) World distributiona Car,ETP,NEP,SEP, WA,WP ETP ETP Car,EA,ETP,NEP, SEP,WA Pachygrapsus transversus (Gibbes, 1850) ct Car,EA,ETP,NEP, Percnon gibbesi Milne Edwards, 1853 SEP,WA IP,ETP Plagusia immaculata Lamarck, 1818 ETP Sesarma aequatoriale Ortmann, 1894 Geograpsus lividus (Milne Edwards, 1837) Glyptograpsus impressus Smith 1870 Goniopsis pulchra (Lockington, 1876) Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758) Costa Rica Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg ES PM it 0 cr,rb,sb [30, 116] ES,P N,P ES,N,P PM PM PM n.a. it it n.a. 0 0 n.a. m rb [3, 108, 116] [30, 116] [30, 116] ES,N,P P PM PM it it,st 0 0–12 m,mb,rb,sb cr,rb P P PM,IC PM type locality PM PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. m [30, 94] [94, 115,present study] [79b, 116] [1] n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. m m m,rb,sb [1, 30] [1] [1, 30] it n.a. 0 80–120 rb,sb commensal [19, 20, 141, 142] [17, 59] it 0 commensal [124b] ETP ETP ETP P P N,P ETP ETP n.a. P ETP n.a. PM PM type locality IC ETP ETP n.a. n.a. PM PM it n.a. n.a. n.a. estuary commensal [119, 142] [16, 21, 58] ETP,SEP ES,N,P PM it 0 sb [13, 14, 116] Species List Sesarma rhizophorae Rathbun, 1906 Sesarma rubinofforum Abele, 1972 Sesarma sulcatum Smith, 1870 Family PINNOTHERIDAE Glassella costaricana (Wicksten, 1982) Clypeasterophilus ususfructus Griffith, 1987 Parapinnixa cortesi Thoma, Heard & Vargas, 2005 Pinnixia valerii Rathbun, 1931 Juxtafabia muliniarum (Rathbun, 1918) Family OCYPODIDAE Ocypode gaudichaudii Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1843 Central Americab ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP n.a. P ES,P ES,N,P ES,N,P P ES,N,P PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM it it it it it it it 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 sb m,mb m,mb mb,sb mb mb,rb,sb m [13, 14, 116] [31] [31] [31] [31, 114] [31] [31] ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ES,P ES,N,P ES,N,P ES,P ES,N,P PM PM PM PM PM it it it it it 0 0 0 0 0 mb m,mb m,mb,sb mb mb,sb [31] [31] [31] [31] [31, 116] ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP N,P ES,N P ES,N,P ES,N,P n.a. ES,P ES,N,P PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM it it it it it it it it 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 mb,sb mb,sb mb rb,sb m,mb,sb mb mb mb,sb [31] [31] [31] [31] [31] [31] [31] [31] ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ES,N,P n.a. ES,P ES N,P PM PM PM PM PM it it it it it 0 0 0 0 0 mb m,mb mb mb,sb mb [31] [31] [31] [31] [31] Decapod Crustaceans 197 Ocypode occidentalis Stimpson, 1860 Uca argillicola Crane, 1941 Uca batuenta Crane, 1941 Uca beebii Crane, 1941 Uca brevifrons (Stimpson, 1860) Uca deichmanni Rathbun, 1935 Uca galapagensis herradurensis Bott, 1954 Uca heteropleura (Smith, 1870) Uca inaequalis Rathbun, 1935 Uca latimanus (Rathbun, 1893) Uca limicola Crane, 1941 Uca maracoani insignis (Milne Edwards, 1852) Uca musica terpsichores Crane, 1941 Uca oerstedi (Rathbun, 1904) Uca ornata (Smith, 1870) Uca panamensis (Stimpson, 1859) Uca princeps princeps (Smith, 1870) Uca pygmaea Crane, 1941 Uca saltitanta Crane, 1941 Uca stenodactylus (Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1847) Uca stylifera (Milne Edwards, 1852) Uca tenuipedis Crane, 1941 Uca thayeri umbratila Crane, 1941 Uca tomentosa Crane, 1941 Uca vocator ecuadoriensis Maccagno, 1928 (continued) Species Uca zacae Crane, 1941 Ucides cordatus occidentalis (Ortmann, 1897) Family PALICIDAE Palicus fragilis Rathbun, 1893 Palicus tuberculatus (Faxon, 1893) Family CRYTOCHIRIDAE Opecarcinus crescentus (Edmondson, 1925) Haplocarcinus marsupialis Stimpson, 1859 198 Species List 16.6 (continued) World distributiona Central Americab Costa Rica Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg ETP ETP,SEP ES,N ES PM PM it it 0 0 m,mb,sb m,mb [31] [13, 14, 116] ETP n.a. IC b 106–130 [37, 116] ETP P PM b 192–280 rb, calcareous algae rb,sh ETP,WP n.a. PM st 0–14 cr [49, 92] ETP,IP,RS,WP n.a. PM st 1–27 cr [93, present study] [37, 108] Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; ETP = eastern tropical Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; NEP = northeastern Pacific; RS = Red Sea; SEP = southern eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d b = benthic; c = coastal; eb = epibenthic; fl = floating; it = intertidal; l = litoral; sp = supralitoral; st = subtidal; t = terrestrial e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; sh = shells fragments; t = terrestrial g References are indicated by numbers according to the references list a Species List Shallow Water Mysids 199 Species List 17.1 Mysida reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Species Depth Habitat/ Central Oceanic World distributiona Americab distributionc (m)d Communitye Referencesf Class MALACOSTRACA, Order MYSIDA Family MYSIDAE Car,WA Bowmaniella dissimilis (Coifmann, 1937) P b,eb,it,st, 1–4 Car = Caribbean; WA = western Atlantic P = Panama c b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e sb = sandy bottom f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a b sb [2, 4] 200 Species List 17.2 Mysida reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Species World Central Distributiona Americab Costa Rica Oceanic Habitat/ Endemic Pacificc Distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg Species List Class MALACOSTRACA, Order MYSIDA Family MYSIDAE EP X PM sut water line c** [7] Antromysis anophelinae W.M. Tattersall, 1951 * Bowmaniella banneri EP PM b,eb,it,st surf sb [1, 3, 5] Băcescu, 1968 EP P PM eb,st 7–12 sb,c*** [6] Heteromysis panamaensis O.S.Tattersall, 1967 Car,EP,WA PM eb,it,st surf sb [3] Metamysidopsis sp. * Dexter (1974) reported Bowmaniella spp. A, B, and C. Examination of specimens deposited in the United States National Museum revealed that all three forms are B. banneri ** This species was collected from burrows of the land crab Cardisoma crassum *** Some specimens were collected from gastropod shells occupied by hermit crabs a Car = Caribbean; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic b P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland d b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal; sut = supratidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f c = commensal; sb = sandy bottom g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Cumaceans 201 Species List 18.1 Cumaceans from the Caribbean waters of Costa Rica Species World distributiona Subphylum CRUSTACEA Class MALACOSTRACA Order CUMACEA Family BODOTRIIDAE Subfamily BODOTRIINAE Cyclaspis jonesi (*) EP,WA Roccatagliata, 1985 Cyclaspis pustulata (*) EP,WA Zimmer, 1943a Subfamily VAUNTHOMSONIIANAE Vaunthompsonia cf. Car,WA cristata Bate, 1856 Family NANNASTACIDAE Cumella biserrata (*) Car Petrescu, 2002 Cumella clavicauda Car,WA Calman, 1911 Cumella garrityi (*) Car,EP,WA Băcescu & Muradian, 1977 Cumella gomoiui (*) Băcescu Car,EP,WA & Muradian, 1977 Cumella medeeae Car Petrescu, Iliffe, and Sarbu, 1994 Cumella ocellata (*) Car,EP,WA Băcescu, 1992b Cumella ruetzleri (*) Car,WA Petrescu, 2002 Cumella somersi (*) Car,WA Petrescu & Sterrer, 2001 Cumella spinifera Car Petrescu & Heard, 2004 Elassocumella micruropus Car,WA (Calman, 1911) Schizotrema agglutinanta Car,WA (Băcescu, 1971) Habitat/ Oceanic Central distribu- Depth CommuReferencesf (m)d nitye Americab tionc b,ep,hpl 1–2 sb [13]** b,ep,hpl 1–2 sb [14, 2]** B b,ep,hpl 2–50 sb [9]** B b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [9]** b,ep,hpl 2–50 cr [9] B b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [5, 9]** B b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [5, 9]** b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [11] B b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [4, 9]** B b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [9]** B b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [9, 10]** b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [12]** b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [5, 15]* b,ep,hpl 1–5 cr [3]** B *Both coasts, Pacific and Caribbean **Present study a Car = Caribbean; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic b B = Belize c b = benthic, eb = epibenthic, hpl = hypoplanktonic d Uppermost/lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cr = coral reef/coral ruble; sb = sandy bottom f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM b,ep,hpl b,ep,hpl b,ep,hpl b,ep,hpl 25–100 3,570 3,400–3,500 3,718 ssl sft sft sft [18]** [8] [1] [2] EP PM b,ep,hpl 1–2 sb [7]** EP Car,EP,WA Car,EP,WA EP X? PM PM PM PM b,ep,hpl b,ep,hpl b,ep,hpl b,ep,hpl 1–2 1–2 1–2 1–2 sb sb sb sb [19]** [13]** [14, 21]** [12]** EP X? PM b,ep,hpl n.a. n.a. [12]** PM b,ep,hpl 1–2 sb ** PM b,ep,hpl 0.5–4 sb,ssl [16, 17]** PM b,ep,hpl 1–2 sb [6, 20]** PM b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [9]** EP EP X EP Car,EP,WA B Species List Phylum ARTHROPODA Subphylum CRUSTACEA Class MALACOSTRACA Order CUMACEA Family DIASTYLIDAE Diastylis californica Zimmer, 1936 ?Diastylis tenebricosa Jones, 1969 Makrokylindrus menziesi Băcescu, 1962 Vemakylindrus costaricanus (Băcescu, 1961) Family BODOTRIIDAE Subfamily BODOTRIINAE Cyclaspis concepcionensis DonathHernández, 1988 Cyclapsis dolera Zimmer, 1936 Cyclaspis jonesi (*) Roccatagliata, 1985 Cyclaspis pustulata (*) Zimmer, 1943 Cyclaspsis breedyae Petrescu & Heard, 2004 Cyclaspis vargasae Petrescu & Heard, 2004 Cyclaspis sp. C (***) Subfamily VAUNTHOMPSONIINAE Coricuma nicoyensis Watling & Breedy, 1988 Leptocuma forsmani Zimmer, 1943 Family NANNASTACIDAE Cumella biserrata (*) Petrescu, 2002 Oceanic Pacificc distributiond Depth (m)e 202 Species List 18.2 Cumaceans from the Pacific waters of Costa Rica Central World Americab Endemic Species distributiona Car,EP,WA B PM b,ep,hpl 1–2 ssl [5, 9]** Car,EP,WA B PM b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [5, 9]** Car,EP,WA Car,EP Car,EP B B B PM PM PM b,ep,hpl b,ep,hpl b,ep,hpl 1–2 1–2 1–2 cr cr cr [4, 9]** [9]** [9, 10]** Cumaceans Cumella garrityi (*) Băcescu & Muradian, 1977 Cumella gomoiui (*) Băcescu & Muradian, 1977 Cumella ocellata (*) Băcescu, 1992 Cumella ruetzleri (*) Petrescu, 2002 Cumella somersi (*) Petrescu & Sterrer, 2001 n.a. = information not available *Previously known from Northwest Atlantic, tentatively recognized form the Pacific coast of Costa Rica **Present study ***Currently being described by Donath- Hernández based upon material from the Mexican Pacific coast a Car = Caribbean; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic b B = Belize c PM = Pacific mainland d b = benthic, eb = epibenthic, hpl = hypoplanktonic e Uppermost/lowermost occurrences (in meters) f cr = coral reef/coral rubble; sb = sandy bottom; ssl = fine sand/silt; sft = soft bottom g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 203 204 Species List Species List 19.1 Tanaidaceans from the Caribbean waters of Costa Rica Species World distributiona Order TANAIDACEA Suborder APSEUDOMORPHA Family APSEUDIDAE Apseudes sp. A Car b,st 1–2 cr Cp n.a. 2–6 cr [3, pers. obs.] [1,3] WA st 1–2 cr [pers. obs.] Car b,st 1–3 cr [8, pers. obs.] WA b,st 1–50 cr [2,5, pers. obs.] EP b,st 1–2 cr [6, pers. obs.] b,st 0–50 cr [3 (L. sp. in part), pers. obs] [3 (L. sp. in part), pers. obs] [pers. obs] Apseudes cf. garthi Menzies, 1953 Apseudes intermedius Hansen, 1895 Family METAPSEUDIDAE Subfamily METAPSEUDINAE Apseudomorpha cf. glebosus (Menzies, 1953) Family PAGURAPSEUDIDAE Subfamily PAGURAPSEUDINAE Pagurotanais bouryi Bouvier, 1918 Family SPHYRAPIDAE Sphrapoides sp. A Suborder TANAIDOMORPHA Superfamily TANAOIDEA Family LEPTOCHELIIDAE Leptochelia dubia (=L. savignyi (Krøyer, 1842) Cp Central Americab ES Oceanic Depthd Habitat/ distributionc (m) Communitye Referencesf Leptochelia foresti (Stebbing, 1896) Car,WA b,st 1–50 cr Pseudoleptochelia sp. A Car b,st 1–2 cr n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic b ES = El Salvador c b = benthic; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cr = coral reefs f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species Order TANAIDACEA Suborder APSEUDOMORPHA Family PARAPSEUDIDAE Disapseudes colombiensis Gutu and Ramos, 1995 Parapseudes pedispinis (Boone, 1923) Suborder NEOTANAIDOMORPHA Family NEOTANAIDAE Neotanais armiger Wolf, 1956 Neotanais pfaffi Wolf, 1956 Suborder TANAIDOMORPHA Superfamily TANAOIDEA Family LEPTOCHELIIDAE Anatanais? Pseudoleptochelia sp. B World distributiona COSTA RICA Central Americab Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depthe (m) Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg EP PM b,it,st 0–1 m,mb [7, pers. obs.] EP PM b,st 1 rb [1, 8, pers. obs.] PM PM b,bp b,bp 2000–6100 2599–3950 mb mb [4,10] [4,10] IC PM b,st b,st n.a. 35 n.a. rb [9] [pers. obs.] EP EP P ES,H EP EP Tanaidaceans Species List 19.2 Tanaidaceans from the Pacific waters of Costa Rica n.a. = information not available ? = doubtful identification a EP = eastern Pacific b ES = El Salvador; H = Honduras, P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco d b = benthic; bp = bathypelagic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. 205 Species World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depthd Habitat/ communitye Referencesf Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car B B eb,it eb,it,st eb eb eb,it,st eb,it eb,it eb eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,st eb,st eb,it,st 0 0–2 1–3 1–3 0–3 1–3 1–3 1–3 1–5 0–24 10–24 12–28 1–3 cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cl,cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car eb,it,st 9–15 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car eb,it,st 0–55 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car,IP Car eb,it eb,st 0–1 10–30 cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car,ct eb,it,st 0–2 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] B B Species List Superorder PERCARIDA Order ISOPODA Suborder ANTHURIDEA Family ANTHURIDAE Amakusanthura geminsula (Kensley, 1982) Apanthura cracenta (Kensley, 1984) Apanthura sp. A Apanthura sp. B Apanthuroides millae Menzies & Glynn, 1968 Colanthura sp. A Cyathura cubana Negoescu, 1979 Cyathura sp. A Mesanthura paucidens Menzies & Glynn, 1968 Mesanthura fasciata Kensley, 1982 Mesanthura reticulata Kensley, 1982 Mesanthura spongicola Kensley & Heard, 1991 Mesanthura sp. A Family EXPANATHURIDAE Heptanthura lewisi (Kensley & Snelgrove, 1987) Family LEPTANTHURIDAE Accalathura crenulata (Richardson, 1901) Family PARANTHURIDAE Colanthura tenuis Richardson, 1902 Paranthura antillensis Barnard, 1925 Suborder ASELLOTA Family JANIRIDAE Carpias algicola Richardson, 1902 206 Species List 20.1 Isopods reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Family JOEROPSIDAE B eb,st eb 1–6 1–3 cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car B eb,it,st 0–2 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car B eb,st 1–6 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car Car eb,it,st eb,it,st 0–50 0–15 cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car eb,st 1–30 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car,EP eb,it,st 0–21 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car eb,st 2–5 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] eb,st eb,st eb,st eb,it,st eb,it,st it eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st 2–5 2–5 0.5–13 0–2 0–3 0 0–3 0.2–127 1–2 cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub sb cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub [8] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st 1–2 0–20 0–20 cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car,EP Car,EP B B CA CA (continued) 207 Car Car Isopods Joeropsis bifasciatus Kensley, 1984 Joeropsis sp. A Family MUNNIDAE Munna petronastes Kensley, 1984 Family SANTIIDAE Santia milleri (Menzies & Glynn, 1968) Family STENETRIIDAE Hansenium stebbingi (Richardson, 1902) Stenetrium serratum Hansen, 1905 Family ACANTHASPIDIIDAE Mexicope kensleyi Hooker, 1985 Suborder FLABELLIFERA Family AEGIDAE Rocinela signata Schioedte & Meinert, 1879 Family ANCINIDAE Ancinus braziliensis Lemos de Castro, 1959 Family SPHAEROMATIDAE Beatricesphaera ruthae Wetzer & Bruce, 1999 Cassidinidea mosaica Kensley & Schotte, 1987 Cymodoce ruetzleri Kensley, 1984 Dynamenella perforata (Moore, 1902) Dynamenella sp. A Exosphaeroma sp. A Geocerceis barbarae Menzies & Glynn, 1968 Paracerceis caudata (Say, 1818) Paracerceis nuttingi (Boone, 1921) Family CIROLANIDAE Cirolana albidoida Kensley & Schotte, 1987 Cirolana parva Hansen, 1890 Excirolana braziliensis Richardson, 1912 Species Metacirolana agaricicola Kensley, 1984 Metacirolana halia Kensley, 1984 Family CORALLANIDAE Excorallana quadricornis (Hansen, 1890) Family LIMNORIIDAE Limnoria indica Becker & Kamph, 1958 Suborder GNATHIIDEA Family GNATHIIDAE Gnathia virginalis Monod, 1926 Suborder VALVIFERA Family IDOTEIDAE Erichsonella floridana Richardson, 1901 Family HOLOGNATHIDAE Cleantioides planicauda (Benedict, 1899) 208 Species List 20.1 (continued) World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depthd Habitat/ communitye Referencesf Car Car B B eb,it,st eb,it,st 3–10 3–10 cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car,WA eb,it,st 3–30 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car,ct eb,it,st 0–4 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car eb,it,st 1–10 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car eb,it,st 0–2 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car eb,it,st 0–44 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; WA = western Atlantic CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize c eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a b Species List Species Superorder PERCARIDA Order ISOPODA Suborder ANTHURIDEA Family ANTHURIDAE Cyathura guaroensis Brusca & Iverson, 1985 Suborder ASELLOTA Family ISCHNOMESIDAE Ischnomesus planus Wolff, 1962 Ischnomesus roseus Wolff, 1962 Family MESOSIGNIDAE Mesosignum admirandum Menzies & Frankenberg, 1967 Mesosignum asperum Menzies & Frankenberg, 1967 Mesosignum macrum Menzies & Frankenberg, 1967 Family MUNNOPSIDIDAE Munnopsis longiremus Richardson, 1912 Paropsurus giganteus Wolff, 1962 Storthyngura pulchra (Hansen, 1897) Suborder EPICARIDEA Family BOPYRIDAE Bopyrissa magellanica Nierstrasz & Brender a Brandis, 1931 Orthione mesoamericana Markham, 2004 Probopyrus pandalicola (Packard, 1879) Stegias angusta Nierstrasz & Brender a Brandis, 1931 World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depthd Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EP it 0 rb [1] EP EP bp bp 3,570 3,270–3,670 n.a. n.a. [9] [9] EP EP EP b,st b,st b,st 1,016–1,892 3,517–3,950 3,254–3,260 mb mb mb [4] [4] [4] EP EP EP b,st b,st b,st 1,485–3,570 3,570–4,400 2,487–3,570 mb mb mb [6] [9] [1] EP it,st n.a. p [5] EP EP,WA EP it,st it,st it,st n.a. n.a. n.a. p p p [3] [2] [5] P Isopods Species List 20.2 Isopods reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (continued) 209 Species World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depthd Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EP EP CA it,st it,st 0–3 0–3 sb,cl sb [1] [1] EP EP EP EP P P B CA it it it,st st 0 0 0–15 0–1 rb sb rb m,cl [1] [1] [1] [1] EP Car,EP EP Car,EP P CA ES,G,N,P CA eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st 0 0–20 0–50 0–30 rb,sb cr,rb,rub rb,rub,sb cr,rb,rub [1] [1] [1] [1] EP ES,G,N,P st 1–30 rb,rub [1] EP EP,WP EP ES,G,N,P ep,mp bp,ep,mp bp,ep,mp 900–1,353 688–2,534 768–1,866 p p p [1] [1] [1] EP EP EP Car,EP,WA ES,G,N,P ES,G,N,P CA st,ep ep,mp,st st,ep ? 0–60 0–300 0–100 p p p p [6] [1] [1] [1] Species List Suborder FLABELLIFERA Family ANCINIDAE Ancinus panamensis Glynn & Glynn1, 974 Ancinus sp. A Family SPHAEROMATIDAE Dynamenella josephi Glynn, 1968 Exosphaeroma sp. B Paraleptosphaeroma glynni Buss & Iverson, 1981 Sphaeroma peruvianum Richardson, 1910 Family CIROLANIDAE Aphantolana costaricensis Brusca & Iverson, 1985 Cirolana parva Hansen, 1890 Eurydice caudata Richardson, 1899 Excirolana braziliensis Richardson, 1912 Family CORALLANIDAE Excorallana tricornis occidentalis Richardson, 1905 Family AEGIDAE Aega acuminata Hansen, 1897 Aega plebia Hansen 1897 Rocinela murilloi Brusca & Iverson, 1985 Family CYMOTHOIDAE Anilocra plebeia Schioedte & Meinert, 1881 Cymothoa exigua Schioedte & Meinert, 1884 Elthusa vulgaris (Stimpson, 1857) Nerocila acuminata Schioedte & Meinert, 1881 210 Species List 20.2 (continued) Suborder VALVIFERA Family HOLOGNATHIDAE Cleantioides occidentalis (Richardson, 1899) EP, IP,WP ep,mp,st EP it,st eb,it,st ct ES,G,N,P p [1] 0–5 rb [1] 0–50 cl,mb,sb [1] Isopods Nerocila excisa (Richardson, 1901) Suborder GNATHIIDEA Family GNATHIIDAE Gnathia sp. A n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c b = benthic; bp = bathypelagic; eb = epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; p = parasitic; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 211 Species List 21.1 Distribution of estuarine and marine gammaridean amphipod species occurring on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Central Americab Oceanic Distributionc Depthd Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Car,EP,WA G,P b,st 0–450 mb,sb,shb [1, 2, 18] n.a. eb,st 1 rub,sb,sg [42] Car,WA n.a. Car,WA eb,st eb,st eb,st 0.5–6 0.5–5 0–7 cl,ep,rub,sg cl,ep,rub,sg ep,sg [23, 28, 42] [42] [20, 42] n.a. eb,st 1–2 rub,sb [42] n.a. eb,st 1–2 cl,sb,sg [42] Car,WA eb,st 1–73 c [12, 21, 42] b,st 1–6 rub,sg [34, 38, 42] n.a. it 0 sb [16] n.a. eb,st 1–2 ep,rub [42] n.a. eb,st 1–2 rub,sb [42] n.a. eb,st 1–2 c [42] eb,st eb,st 1–52 1–2 rub,sb ep,rub,sg [22, 32, 42] [42] Car,WA Car,WA n.a. B B Species List Order AMPHIPODA Suborder GAMMARIDEA Family AMPELISCIDAE Ampelisca agassizi (Judd, 1896) (= A. vera Barnard, 1954) Family AMPHILOCHIDAE Apolochus sp. Family AMPITHOIDAE Ampithoe marcuzzii Ruffo, 1954 Cymadusa spp. Pseudoampithoides incurvaria (Just, 1977) Family AORIDAE Globosolembos sp. Family BATEIDAE Batea sp. Family COLOMASTIGIDAE Colomastix halichondriae Bousfield, 1973 Family CYPROIDEIDAE Hoplopheonoides obesa Shoemaker, 1956 Family HAUSTORIIDAE Haustorius sp. Family HYALIDAE Hyale sp. Family ISAEIDAE Photis sp. Family LEUCOTHOIDAE Leucothoe sp. (spinicarpa complex) Family MELITIDAE Ceradocus sheardi Shoemaker, 1948 Dulichiella sp. World distributiona 212 Species n.a. n.a. n.a. eb,st eb,st eb,st 1–2 1–2 1–2 ep,rub cl,rub,sb rub [42] [42] [42] Car,WA B b,st 1–8 rub,sg [40, 42] Car,WA B b,st 1–20 rub [29, 38, 42] Car,WA B b,st 1–40 mb,rub,sb [39, 42] Car,WA P b,st 0–6 rub,sb [9, 17, 42] eb,st 1–2 sb [42] sp 0 wk [13, 17, 37] n.a. Car,EP P Gammaridean Amphipods Elasmopus sp. Melita sp. Quadrimaera spp. (quadrimana complex) Family OEDICEROTIDAE Perioculodes cerasinus Thomas and Barnard, 1985 Family PHLIANTIDAE Paraphinotus seclusus (Shoemaker, 1933) Family PLATYISCHNOPIDAE Eudevenopus honduranus Thomas and Barnard, 1983 Family PHOXOCEPHALIDAE Metharpinia cf floridana (Shoemaker, 1933) Family SYNOPIIDAE Synopia sp. Family TALITRIDAE Pseudorchestoidea biolleyi (Stebbing, 1908) n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; G = Guatemala; P = Panama c b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; sp = supralittoral; st = subtidal d Uppermost/ lowermost occurrences (in meters) e c = commensal; cl = coastal lagoons; ep = epiphytic; mb = muddy bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; shb = shelly bottom; wk = wrack, leaf litter f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 213 Species World distributiona Central Costa Rica Americab Endemic Oceanic Pacificc distributiond Depthe Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg Car,EP,WA G,P PM b,st 0–450 mb,sb,shb [1, 2, 18] Car,EP Car,EP Car,EP G,P PM PM PM b,st b,st b,st 4–456 0–310 0–137 mb,sb mb,sb,shb mb,sb,shb [1, 2, 18] [1, 2, 18] [1, 2, 7] PM PM PM PM PM PM b,st b,st b,st b,st b,st b,st 0–73 9–210 0–234 4–73 0–188 0–119 sb,shb mb,sb,shb cr,mb,rb,sb,shb mb,sb,shb mb,rb,sb,shb mb,sb,shb [1, 2] [1, 18] [1, 2, 18] [1, 2] [1, 18] [1] PM PM PM PM b,st b,st b,st b,st 3–503 0–128 7–76 0–274 cr,mb,sb,shb rb,sb,shb mb rb,sb,shb [1, 2, 6] [1, 2, 6] [1, 6] [1, 2] EP PM b,eb,st 0–38 mb,sb,sg,shb [7, 26] EP n.a. EP PM PM PM b,eb,st eb,st b,eb,st 4–37 1–2 0–18 mb,sb,shb cl,m,mb sb [3, 26] [42] [8, 26] Car,EP EP Car,EP Car,EP EP EP Car,EP Car,EP,WA EP Car,EP G,P P P P P P P G P Species List Order AMPHIPODA Suborder GAMMARIDEA Family AMPELISCIDAE Ampelisca agassizi (Judd, 1896) (= A. vera Barnard, 1954) Ampelisca brevisimulata Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca cristata Holmes, 1908 Ampelisca cristata forma microdentata Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca cristoides Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca hancocki Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca lobata Holmes, 1908 Ampelisca mexicana Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca milleri Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca pugetica forma macrodentata Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca romigi Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca schellenbergi Shoemaker, 1933 Ampelisca shoemakeri Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca venetiensis Shoemaker, 1916 Family AORIDAE Acuminodeutopus periculosus Barnard, 1969 (= A. heteruropus records of Myers, 1968a) Amphideutopus oculatus Barnard, 1959 Leptocheirus sp. Paramicrodeutopus hancocki (Myers 1968) 214 Species List 21.2 Distribution of estuarine and marine gammaridean amphipod species occurring on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Family HAUSTORIIDAE Acanthohaustorius sp. Family ISAEIDAE Gammaropsis dubia (Shoemaker, 1942) Family ISCHYROCERIDAE Cerapus sp. Family MEGALUROPIDAE Gibberosus myersi (McKinney, 1980) Resupinus coloni Thomas and Barnard, 1986 Family NEOMEGAMPHOPIDAE Neomegamphopus roosevelti Shoemaker, 1942 Pseudomegamphopus barnardi Myers, 1968 Family OEDICEROTIDAE Americhelidium rectipalmum (Mills, 1962) Family PHLIANTIDAE Pariphinotus sp. Family PHOXOCEPHALIDAE Foxiphalus golfensis Barnard and Barnard, 1982 Foxiphalus obtusidens (Alderman, 1936) (sur phenotype) Heterophoxus nitellus Barnard, 1960 Metharpinia oripacifica Barnard, 1980 EP EP P EP,WA,WP EP X? PM b,st 0–221 mb,rub,sb,shb [8, 26, 31] PM eb,st 1–2 m,mb [33, 42] PM eb,st 0–9 rb,sb,sg,shb [15, 30, 33] PM it 0 sb [16] IC b,st n.a. sb [31] PM eb,st 35 mb,sb [42] Car,EP,WA EP P P PM PM eb,st eb,st 0–29 0–9 sb sb [24, 41] [41] EP P PM b,st 0–42 rub,sb,shb [11, 26, 31] PM b,st 3 sb [27] PM b,it,st 0–100 mb,rb,sb,sg [7, 14, 25] PM eb,st 1–2 rub [42] PM b,st 0–91 sb,shb [10] PM b,st 0–55 sb [4, 10, 17] PM PM b,st b,st 18–1280 4–18 mb,shb mb,sb,shb [4, 19] [9] EP X? EP EP EP EP EP P X? 215 (continued) Gammaridean Amphipods Paramicrodeutopus schmitti (Shoemaker, 1942) Family COROPHIIDAE Americorophium panamense (Shoemaker, 1949) Laticorophium baconi (Shoemaker, 1934) Species Microphoxus minimus Barnard, 1960 Family PLATYISCHNOPIDAE Eudevenopus metagracilis (Barnard, 1964) Tiburonella viscana (Barnard, 1964) Family TALITRIDAE Chelorchestia costaricana (Stebbing, 1906) Pseudorchestoidea biolleyi (Stebbing, 1908) Talorchestia fritzi Stebbing, 1903 216 Species List 21.2 (continued) World distributiona Costa Rica Central Americab Endemic EP X? EP Car,EP P B,P EP Car,EP EP P X? X? Oceanic Pacificc distributiond Depthe Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg PM b,st 6–9 sb,shb [4, 9] PM PM b,st b,st 0–73 3–27 mb,sb,shb sb [5, 39] [5, 39] PM PM IC sp sp sp 0 0 0 mb,wk wk wk [36] [13, 16, 37] [35] n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; G = Guatemala; P = Panama c PM = Pacific Mainland; IC = Isla del Coco d b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; sp = supralittoral; st = subtidal e Uppermost/ lowermost occurrences (in meters) f cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; shb = shelly bottom; wk = wrack, leaf litter g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List Order AMPHIPODA Infraorder PHYSOCEPHALATA Superfamily VIBILIOIDEA Family VIBILIIDAE Vibilia armata Bovallius, 1887 Vibilia australis Stebbing, 1888 Family PARAPHRONIMIDAE Paraphronima gracilis Claus, 1879 Superfamily PHRONIMOIDEA Family HYPERIIDAE Bougisia ornata Laval, 1966 Hyperietta vosseleri (Stebbing, 1904) Hyperioides sibaginis (Stebbing, 1888) Hyperoche cryptodactylus Stebbing, 1888 Lestrigonus bengalensis Giles, 1887 Lestrigonus latissimus (Bovallius, 1889) Lestrigonus schizogeneios (Stebbing, 1888) Lestrigonus shoemakeri Bowman, 1973 Phronimopsis spinifera Claus, 1879 Themistella fusca? (Dana, 1852) Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf cp cp ep,mp ep,mp 0–1,756 0–1,300 wc wc [6] [6] ct ep,mp 0–500 wc [4] Med ct IP P ct ct ct EP,WP ct ct G, N bp? ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep,mp ep 0–200 0–200 Surface Surface 0–100 0–200 0–200 0–500 Surface wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc [4, 7] [2, 7] [2, 5] [2, 7] [2, 7] [2, 5, 7, ] [2] [2, 5, 7] [2, 7] [4] ep,mp ep 50–400 0–500 wc wc [3, 4] [3, 4] ep bp,ep,mp ep 50–200 0–1,000 0–200 wc wc wc [3, 4] [4, 5, 7] [1, 4] cp ct co cp EP,WP P (continued) 217 Family PHRONIMIDAE Phronima sedentaria? (Forskål, 1775) Phronimella elongata (Claus, 1862) Family PHROSINIDAE Anchylomera blossevillei Milne-Edwards, 1830 Phrosina semilunata Risso, 1822 Primno brevidens Bowman, 1978 Depth (m)d Hyperiid Amphipods Species List 22.1 Hyperiid amphipods recorded from the Pacific waters of Costa Rica World Oceanic Central Species distributiona distributionc Americab World distributiona Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf ep 0–200 wc [2, 7] ? ep,mp ? 0–500 wc wc [2, 7] [2, 5, 7] n.a. ep? ? wc [2, 8] Family OXYCEPHALIDAE Cranocephalus scleroticus (Streets, 1878) Glossocephalus milneedwardsi Bovallius, 1887 Leptocotis tenuirostris (Claus, 1871) Oxycephalus clausi Bovallius, 1887 Oxycephalus piscator? Milne-Edwards, 1830 Rhabdosoma armatum (Milne-Edwards, 1840) ct ct 46° N–41° S ct ct ct ep ep ep ep ep ep 0–100 50–200 50–200 0–100 65–120 25–50 wc wc wc wc wc wc [2, 3, 7] [2, 3, 5] [2, 3, 7] [2, 7] [2, 3, 7] [2, 7] Family PLATYSCELIDAE Amphithyrus sculpturatus Claus, 1879 EA,IP ep 0–100 wc [2] Family PARASCELIDAE Parascelus edwardsi Claus, 1879 ct ep 0–200 wc [2, 7] Species Superfamily PLATYSCELOIDEA Family PRONOIDAE Parapronoe parva Claus, 1879 Family LYCAEIDAE Lycaea vincentii Stebbing, 1888 Simorhynchotus antennarius Claus, 1871 Family BRACHYSCELIDAE Brachyscelus rapacoides Stephensen, 1925 Central Americab 218 Species List 22.1 (continued) ct ct P Species List n.a. = information not available a cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; WP = western Pacific b G = Guatemala, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c bp = bathypelagic; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species Order LEPADOMORPHA Family LEPADIDAE Lepas anatifera Linnaeus, 1758 Lepas anserifera Linnaeus, 1767 Order BALANOMORPHA Family CHTHAMALIDAE Chthamalus proteus Dando and Southward, 1980 Family CORONULIDAE Chelonibia caretta (Spengler, 1790) Chelonibia manati crenatibasis Pilsbry, 1916 Chelonibia patula (Ranzani, 1818) Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1757) Cylindrolepas darwiniana Pilsbry, 1916 Platylepas decorata Darwin, 1854 Platylepas hexastylos (Fabricius, 1798) Stephanolepas muricata Fischer, 1886 Stomatolepas elegans (Costa, 1838) Stomatolepas transversa Nilson-Cantell, 1930 Family ARCHAEOBALANIDAE Acasta cyathus Darwin, 1854 Conopea galeata (Linnaeus, 1771) Conopea merrilli Zuillo, 1966 Family PYRGOMATIDAE World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf cp cp CA CA ep ep st st f f [14*] [14*] Car,WA b it rb [2] cp WA EA,WA,WP cp Car EP,IP ct WP cp Car n n n n n n n n n n st st st st st st st st st st c,symbiont of Cheloniidae c,symbiont of Cheloniidae c,symbiont of Brachyura c,symbiont of Cheloniidae c,symbiont of Cheloniidae c,symbiont of Cheloniidae c,symbiont of Cheloniidae c,symbiont of Cheloniidae c,symbiont of Cheloniidae c,symbiont of Cheloniidae [7*, CAS] [CAS] [7*, CAS] [7*, 8*, CAS] [CAS] [CAS] [CAS] [CAS] [CAS] [CAS] b b b st 2–540 2–46 c,symbiont of Porifera [USNM] c,symbiont of Alcyonacea [7*] c,symbiont of Alcyonacea [CAS] Car,EA,IP?,RS Car,EP,WA Car,WA P CA 219 (continued) Barnacles Species List 23.1 Barnacles from the Caribbean of Costa Rica 220 Species List 23.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Ceratoconcha paucicostata Young, 1989 Car,WA Family BALANIDAE Amphibalanus amphitrite Darwin, 1854 Amphibalanus improvisus Darwin, 1854 Amphibalanus reticulatus Utinomi, 1964 Fistulobalanus pallidus (Darwin, 1854) Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus, 1758) cp cp ct Car,EA,IP,WA IP,WA Central Americab CA CA CA P P Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye b st cr,c,symbiont of Scleractinia [12] b b b b b it it to 46 it st st rb,m rb,m,cl,ep rb rb rb [r*, 7*] [4] [7*] [7*, 15*] [5] Referencesf = Species with an inferred range within Costa Rica: ranges that span Costa Rica, or “cosmopolitan” species Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; RS = Red Sea; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; P = Panama c b = benthic; ep = epipelagic; n = neritic d it = intertidal; st = subtidal; uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e c = commensal; cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; ep = epizoic; f = flotsam; m = mangroves; rb = rocky bottom f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. Unpublished Museum records are noted with the acronym of the museum. CAS = California Academy of Sciences, USNM = United States National Museum. * a Species List Costa Rica Species Central World distributiona Americab Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Order LEPADOMORPHA Family OXYNASPIDIDAE Oxynaspis sp. cf. rossi Newman, 1972 EP PM b st ep,symbiont of Antipatharia [CAS] Family LEPADIDAE Conchoderma virgata (Spengler, 1790) cp CA PM,IC f,n st [14*] cp cp CA CA PM,IC PM,IC ep,f ep,f st st ep,symbiont of Cetacea ep,f f PM b it rb [USNM] Lepas anatifera Linnaeus, 1758 Lepas anserifera Linnaeus, 1767 Order SCALPELLOMORPHA Family SCALPELLIDAE Pollicipes elegans (Lesson, 1831) Order BALANOMORPHA Family CATOPHRAGMIDAE Catolasmus pilsbryi (Broch, 1922) Family CHTHAMALIDAE Chthamalus sp. cf. anisopoma (Pilsbry, 1916) Chthamalus panamensis Pilsbry, 1916 Microeuraphia eastropacensis (Laguna, 1987) Microeuraphia imperatrix (Pilsbry, 1916) Family CORONULIDAE Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1757) Platylepas hexastylos (Fabricius, 1798) EP Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg [14*] [14*] EP P PM b it rb [CAS, 1, 7, 10] EP EP EP EP P CA CA IC PM PM PM b b b b it it it it rb rb m rb [CAS] [9] [CAS, 6] [9*] cp CA PM,IC n st [7*, 9*] PM n st c,symbiont of Cheloniidae c,symbiont of Hydrophiidae, Cheloniidae ct Barnacles Species List 23.2 Barnacles from Pacific Costa Rica [7*, 9*] 221 (continued) 222 Species List 23.2 (continued) Costa Rica Species Central World distributiona Americab Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Coronula diadema Darwin, 1854 Ct CA PM,IC n st Coronula reginae Darwin, 1854 EP CA PM,IC n st Xenobalanus globicipitis Steenstrup, 1851 cp CA PM,IC n n.a. P P IC PM PM,IC b b b it it it rb rb rb [CAS] [CAS, 11] [CAS, 13] CA P PM PM b b 2–540 st c,on Alcyonacea rb [7*, 9*] [3] CA P PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM b b b b b b b b b b b b it st st it 0–46 it it st 0–18 st it it ep,rb rb ep,rb ep,rb cl,ep,m,rb cl,ep,m,rb cl,ep,m,rb rb ep,rb ep,rb ep,rb rb [4*, 9*] [CAS] [CAS] [4*, 7*] [4*] [CAS] [4, 7] [CAS] [7*, 9*] [CAS] [CAS, 4*, 9*] [4, 7*, 9*] CA CA CA P P CA P CA CA PM PM c,symbiont of Cetacea c,symbiont of Cetacea c,symbiont of Cetacea Referencesg [7*, 9*] [9*] [9*] Species List Family TETRACLITIDAE EP Tetraclita milleporosa Pilsbry, 1916 EP Tetraclita panamensis Pilsbry, 1916 Car,EP,WA Tetraclita stalactifera (Lamarck, 1818) Family ARCHAEOBALANIDAE Car,EP,WA Conopea galeata (Linnaeus, 1771) EP Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) masignotus (Henry & McLaughlin, 1967) Family BALANIDAE cp Amphibalanus amphitrite Darwin 1854 Amphibalanus calidus nonstriatus Kolosváry, 1941 EP EP Amphibalanus crenatus Brugiere, 1789 ct Amphibalanus eburneus Gould, 1841 cp Amphibalanus improvisus Darwin, 1854 EP Amphibalanus inexpectatus Pilsbry, 1916 EP Amphibalanus peruvianus Pilsbry, 1909 EP Amphibalanus poecilus Darwin, 1854 ct Amphibalanus reticulatus Utinomi, 1964 cp Amphibalanus trigonus Darwin, 1854 EP Fistulobalanus dentivarians (Henry, 1973) EP Fistulobalanaus suturaltus (Henry, 1973) Habitat/ Communityf EP EP EP EP G,ES,P P P CA PM IC PM,IC PM b b b b st st st 0–73 Paraconcavus pacificus (Pilsbry, 1916) Tetrabalanus polygenus Cornwall, 1941 EP EP P P PM PM b b 0–91 it rb rb rb ep,on Mollusca and Echinoidea ep,rb rb [CAS, 5, 9*] CAS [5, 9*] [USNM, 4, 9*] Barnacles Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin, 1854) Megabalanus galapaganus Pilsbry, 1916 Megabalanus peninsularis (Pilsbry, 1916) Paraconcavus mexicanus (Henry, 1941) [USNM] [CAS, 9] n.a. = Information not available Unpublished museum records are noted with the acronym of the museum. CAS= California Academy of Sciences, USNM= US National Museum * = Species with ranges that span Costa Rica, or “cosmopolitan” species. The asterisk (*) indicates an inferred range within Costa Rica a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; P = Panama c PM= Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco d b = benthic; ep = epipelagic; f = flotsam; n = neritic e it = intertidal; st = subtidal; uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f c = commensal; cl = coastal lagoons; ep = epizoic; f = flotsam; m = mangroves; p= parasitic; rb = rocky bottom g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 223 Species Superorder GYMNOPLEA Order CALANOIDA Family ACARTIIDAE Acartia lilljeborgii Giesbrecht, 1889 Family AETIDEIDAE Euchirella rostrata (Claus, 1866) Family AUGAPTILIDAE Haloptilus longicornis (Claus, 1863) Family CALANIDAE Nannocalanus minor (Claus, 1863) Undinula vulgaris (Dana, 1849) Family CLAUSOCALANIDAE Clausocalanus furcatus (Brady, 1883) Family CENTROPAGIDAE Centropages velificatus (de Oliveira, 1946) Family EUCALANIDAE Eucalanus monachus Giesbrecht, 1888 Eucalanus subcrassus Giesbrecht, 1888 Rhincalanus cornutus (Dana, 1849) Family EUCHAETIDAE Euchaeta marina (Prestandrea, 1833) Oceanic distributionb Depth (m)c Habitat/ Communityd Referencese Car,EP,WA ep 0–200 wc [13] Car,EA,EP, Med,WA ep,mp 0–600 wc [13] EA,EP,IP,Med,WA,WP mp 200–600 wc [4] IO,Med,WA,WP EA,EP,IO n,ep n,ep,mp 0–200 100–1,000 wc wc [13] [4, 13] cp n,ep 0–200 wc [4, 13] ct,RS n 0–130 wc [13] Car,EA,IO Car,EP,IO,WA, Car,EA,EP,IO, WA,WP n,ep,mp n,ep n,ep 0–600 0–200 0–200 wc wc cl [13] [13] [4, 13] Car,EA,EP,IO, WA,WP n,ep 0–200 wc [4, 13] EA.EP,IO,Med, WA,WP n,ep 0–200 wc [4] World distributiona Endemic Species List Family LUCICUTIIDAE Lucicutia flavicornis (Claus, 1863) 224 Species List 24.1 Copepod species of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Acrocalanus longicornis Giesbrecht, 1888 Family PONTELLIDAE Calanopia americana F. Dahl, 1894 Labidocera aestiva Wheeler, 1901 Labidocera scotti Giesbrecht, 1897 Pontella mimocerami Fleminger, 1957 Pontellopsis villosa Brady, 1883 Family PSEUDODIAPTOMIDAE Pseudodiaptomus acutus (Dahl, 1894) Pseudodiaptomus marshi Wright, 1936 Family SCOLECITHRICIDAE Scolecthrix danae Lubbock, 1856 Family TEMORIDAE Temora turbinata (Dana, 1849) Superorder PODOPLEA Order CYCLOPOIDA Family OITHONIDAE Oithona hebes Giesbrecht, 1891 Oithona nana Giesbrecht, 1892 Oithona plumifera Baird, 1843 Order MORMONILLOIDA Family MORMONILLIDAE Mormonilla minor Giesbrecht, 1891 Mormonilla phasma Giesbrecht, 1891 ct,EP,IO,Med, WA,R,St EP,IO,RS,WA n,ep 0–200 wc [4, 13] n 0–130 wc [13] Car,EA,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,Med,WA n n n n n 0–130 0–130 0–130 0–130 0–130 wc wc wc wc wc [13] [13] [13] [13] [13] Car,EA Car,EA n n 0–130 0–130 wc wc [13] [4, 13] ct,EP,WP ep 0–200 wc [4] Car,IO,WA n 0–10 wc [13] Car,EP,Med,WP EA,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA,WP Car,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA n n n,ep 0–130 0–130 0–200 wc wc wc [4, 13] [4, 13] [4, 13] EA,EP,IP,WA,WP EA,EP,IP,WA,WP ep,mp ep,mp 0–600 0–600 wc wc [4] [4] Copepods Family PARACALANIDAE Paracalanus aculeatus Giesbrecht, 1888 (continued) 225 Species Order HARPACTICOIDA Family AEGISTHIDAE Aegisthus aculeatus Giesbrecht, 1891 Family AMEIRIDAE Nitocra bisetosa Mielke, 1993 Karllangia obscura Mielke, 1994 Karllangia pulchra Mielke, 1994 Family ECTINOSOMIDAE Microsetella rosea (Dana, 1848) Family LONGIPEDIIDAE Longipedia helgolandica Klie, 1949 Family MIRACIIDAE Macrosetella gracilis (Dana 1852) Family TETRAGONOCIPITIDAE Phyllopodopsyllus carinatus Mielke, 1992 Phyllopodopsyllus gertrudi costaricensis Mielke, 1992 Phyllopodopsyllus setouchiensis Kitazima, 1981 Order POECILOSTOMATOIDA Family CORYCAEIDAE Corycaeus furcifer Claus, 1863 Farranula carinata (Giesbrecht, 1891) Farranula gracilis (Dana, 1853) 226 Species List 24.1 (continued) Oceanic distributionb Depth (m)c Habitat/C Communityd Referencese ep 0–200 wc [3] b b b n.a n.a n.a sb mb mb [6, 8] [9] [9] EA,EP,Med,RS,WA,WP b n.a sb [4] Car,EA,WA b n.a sb [13] Car,ct,EA,EP,IO,Med,WA,WP n,ep 0–200 wc [4, 13] b b n.a n.a sb sb [5] [5] EP,WA b n.a sb [5] Car,EP,Med,WA,WP EA,EP,WA,WP EA,EP,WA,WP n n,ep ep 0–130 0–700 0–200 wc wc wc [13] [4] [4] World distributiona Endemic ct,EA,EP,WA,WP, ct n.a n.a n.a n.a X X X X Species List ct,EA,WA Car,EA,EP,IO,Med,WA,WP Car,EA,EP,WA,WP ep n,ep n, ep 0–200 0–200 0–200 wc wc wc [4] [13] [4, 13] Copepods Family ONCAEIDAE Conaea gracilis (Dana, 1853) Oncaea mediterranea Claus, 1883 Oncaea venusta Phillippi, 1843 n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b b = benthic; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic c Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) d cl = coastal lagoons; mb = muddy bottom; sb = sandy bottom; wc = water column e References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 227 Species Haloptilus ornatus (Giesbrecht, 1892) Endemic Pacificb Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EA,EP,Med,WA,WP Car,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA,WP Car,EP,WA EA,EP,IO,Med,RS PM PM PM PM n ep,n ep n 0–130 0–200 0–200 0–130 wc wc wc wc [12, 13] [12, 13, 16] [1, 12, 13] [17] EA,EP EA,EP,IP,Ant,WP ct,EA,EP,WA,WP n.a. EA,WP IO EP,EA,IO,WA,WP ct Ant,Arc,ct EA,EP,IO PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM mp mp ep mp mp ep,mp ep,mp ep ep,mp ep,mp,n 200–600 200–600 0–200 200–600 200–600 0–600 0–600 0–200 0–600 100–1,000 wc wc n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc wc [16] [15] [15] [15] [16] [15] [15, 16] [16] [15] [15, 16] ct PM mp 200–600 wc [15] ct EA,EP,Med,WA,WP EA,EP,IP,Med,WA,WP EA,Med,WA PM PM PM PM mp mp mp mp 200–600 200–600 200–600 200–600 wc wc wc wc [15, 16] [15, 16] [15] [15] EA,EP,WA,WP,Med,Car PM mp 200–600 wc [13, 16] Species List Superorder GYMNOPLEA Order CALANOIDA Family ACARTIIDAE Acartia clausi Giesbrecht, 1889 Acartia danae Giesbrecht, 1889 Acartia lilljeborgii Giesbrecht,1889 Acartia negligens Dana, 1849 Family AETIDEIDAE Aetideopsis rostrata G.O. Sars, 1903 Aetideus armatus (Boeck, 1872) Euaetideus giesbrechti Cleve, 1904 Chiridius sp. Euchirella amoena Giesbrecht, 1888 Gaetanus brevispinus (Sars, 1900) Gaetanus miles Giesbrecht, 1888 Gaetanus minor Farran, 1905 Gaidius tenuispinus (Sars, 1900) Valdiviella brevicornis Sars, 1905 Family ARIETELLIDAE Arietellus sp. Family AUGAPTILIDAE Augaptilus longicaudatus (Claus, 1863) Haloptilus acutifrons (Giesbrecht, 1892) Haloptilus longicornis (Claus, 1863) Haloptilus mucronatus (Claus, 1863) World distributiona 228 Species List 24.2 List of copepod species of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ct,Med PM mp 200–600 wc [15] WP PM n 0–130 wc Cosmocalanus darwini (Dana 1852) Mesocalanus tenuicornis (Dana, 1849) Nannocalanus minor (Claus, 1863) Neocalanus cristatus (Kröyer,1848) Neocalanus gracilis (Dana, 1849) Car,EP EP Med,WA,IO,WP EA,EP,WA,WP EA,Med,WA,WP PM PM PM PM PM ep,n ep ep,n n.a. ep,n 0–100 0–200 0–200 n.a. 0–200 wc wc wc wc wc Neocalanus robustior (Giesbrecht, 1888) Undinula vulgaris (Dana, 1849) EA,EP,IP,WA,WP Car,IO,WA PM PM ep,n ep 0–200 0–200 wc wc [1, 12–14, 16] [15] [16] [12, 13] [15] [1, 12, 13, 16] [15] [1, 12, 13, 16] Car,ct,EA,WP EA,EP,Med,RS,WA,WP Car,ct,EA,WP cp ct PM PM PM PM PM ep ep ep ep mp 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 400–600 wc wc wc wc wc [15] [15, 16] [15] [12, 13] [15] EP,RS EA,EP,WA,WP Car,EA,EP PM PM PM ep,n n n 0–200 0–130 0–200 wc wc wc [12, 13] [1, 16] [16] EP,WP ct,RS PM PM n n 0–200 0–130 wc wc Car,EA,WA PM n 0–130 wc [16] [1, 12–14, 16] [1] Family CALOCALANIDAE Calocalanus contractus Farran, 1926 Calocalanus pavo (Dana, 1849) Calocalanus pavoninus Farran, 1936 Calocalanus styliremis Giesbrecht, 1888 Ishnocalanus plumulosus (Claus, 1863) Family CANDACIIDAE Candacia catula (Giesbrecht, 1889) Candacia pachydactyla (Dana, 1849) Candacia varicans (Giesbrecht, 1892) Family CENTROPAGIDAE Centropages calaninus (Dana, 1849) Centropages furcatus (Dana, 1852) Centropages longicornis (Mori, 1937) Copepods Haloptilus oxycephalus (Giesbrecht, 1889) Family CALANIDAE Canthocalanus pauper (Giesbrecht 1888) (continued) 229 Species Family CLAUSOCALANIDAE Clausocalanus arcuicornis (Dana, 1849) Clausocalanus furcatus (Brady, 1883) 230 Species List 24.2 (continued) World distributiona Endemic Pacificb Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf PM PM ep,n ep,n 0–200 0–200 wc wc [1] [12, 13] PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12, 13] EA,EP,IO PM ep 0–200 wc Eucalanus bungii Giesbrecht, 1892 Eucalanus elongatus (Dana, 1849) Arc,EA,EP ct,EA,EP,IO,WP PM PM ep bp,ep,mp,n 0–200 0–1,300 wc wc Eucalanus inermis Giesbrecht, 1892 Eucalanus monachus Giesbrecht, 1888 Eucalanus mucronatus Giesbrecht, 1888 Eucalanus pileatus Giesbrecht, 1888 Eucalanus sewelli Fleminger, 1973 Eucalanus subcrassus Giesbrecht, 1888 Eucalanus subtenuis (Giesbrecht, 1888) Rhincalanus nasutus Giesbrecht, 1888 Arc,EA,EP EA,Car,IO ct,EP,IO,WP ct,EA,EP,WA,WP,IP cp,ct IP EA,EP,IP,WA,WP Ant,Arc,EP,IO,WA,WP PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM n.a. ep,mp,n n n n ep,n ep,n ep n.a. 0–600 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc [1, 12, 13, 15, 16] [15] [1, 12, 13, 15] [19] [12–, 16] [16] [15] [16] [1, 15] [1, 15, 16] [12, 13, 15, 16] Family EUCHAETIDAE Euchaeta acuta Giesbrecht, 1892 Euchaeta indica Wolfenden, 1905 Euchaeta longicornis Giesbrecht, 1888 Euchaeta rimana Bradford, 1974 Euchaeta media Giesbrecht, 1888 EA,EP,WA,WP EP,WP,IO EP,WP EP,WP,IO EA,WP PM PM PM PM PM ep,mp ep,mp n ep,n bp 0–600 0–600 0–130 0–200 600–2,000 wc wc wc wc wc Clausocalanus pergens Farran, 1926 Family EUCALANIDAE Eucalanus attenuatus (Dana, 1849) [15] [15] [14, 16] [14b] [16] Species List EA,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA,WP cp,ct,EA,EP,IO,Med,RS,W A,WP cp,ct EP,WP IP,EA EP,IO,WP, EA,WA EA PM PM PM PM PM ep,mp ep,mp ep,mp ep,n ep,mp 0–600 0–600 0–600 0–600 0–600 wc wc wc wc wc [15] [15] [15] [15] [15, 16] EA,IO,Med,WA PM mp 200–600 wc [15] EA,EP,WA,WP,IP EA.EP,IO,Med,WA,WP EA EA,EP,IP,WA, EA,EP,WA,WP,IO PM PM PM PM PM ep ep,n ep ep ep,n 500–400 0–200 0–200 300–500 0–200 wc wc wc wc wc [15] [1, 15, 16] [16] [15] [12–14] EP,WP,IP PM ep 0–600 wc [15] EA,WA,EP,WP ct PM PM ep,mp ep,mp 0–600 0–600 wc wc [15] [15] EA,WA,EP,WP PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [15] ct Car,EA,EP,IO,Med EA,EP EA,EP,IO,WA,WP EA,IO,RS n.a. PM PM PM PM PM PM ep,mp ep,mp ep,mp mp mp ep,mp 0–600 0–600 0–600 200–600 200–600 0–600 wc wc wc wc wc wc [5, 15, 16] [12, 13, 16] [16] [15] [12, 13] [15] Copepods Euchaeta tenuis Esterly, 1906 Paraeuchaeta barbata Brady, 1883 Paraeuchaeta hansenii (With, 1915) Paraeuchaeta norvegica (Boeck, 1872) Paraeuchaeta tonsa (Giesbrecht, 1895) Family HETERORHABDIDAE Heterorhabdus papilliger (Claus, 1863) Family LUCICUTIIDAE Lucicutia bicornuta Wolfenden, 1911 Lucicutia flavicornis (Claus, 1863) Lucicutia gemina Farran, 1926 Lucicutia grandis (Giesbrecht, 1895) Lucicutia ovalis (Giesbrecht, 1889) Family MECYNOCERIDAE Mecynocera clausi (Thompson, 1888) Family METRIDINIDAE Metridia sp. Pleuromamma abdominalis f. edentata Steuer, 1931 Pleuromamma abdominalis f.abysalis Steuer, 1931 Pleuromamma abdominalis (Lubbock, 1856) Pleuromamma gracilis (Claus, 1863) Pleuromamma piseki Farran, 1929 Pleuromamma quadrungulata (Dahl, 1893) Pleuromamma robusta (Dahl, 1893) Pleuromamma scutullata Brodsky, 1950 (continued) 231 232 Species List 24.2 (continued) Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [15] EP,IO,RS,WP EA,EP,RS,WA,WP EP,IO,RS,WA ct,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA cp IO,WA PM PM PM PM PM PM n ep n ep,n ep,n n 0–130 0–200 0–130 0–200 0–200 0–200 wc wc wc wc wc wc [12, 13] [15] [1, 12, 13] [12, 13] [1, 12–14] [12–14] Ant,ct Car Ant,ct,EA,EP,IP,WA,WP PM PM PM ep ep ep 0–200 0–200 0–200 mb wc wc [15] [15] [15, 16] EA,EP,IO,WA,WP EP EA,EP EA,EP,WA,WP PM PM PM PM n n mp n 0–130 0–130 200–600 0–130 wc wc wc wc [1, 12, 13] [13, 14] [16] [1] EA,EP,WA EP PM PM n n 0–130 0–130 wc wc [12, 13, 20] [1, 2, 3, 12, 13, 14, 20] ct ct,EA,EP,IP,WA,WP EA,EP,IO,Med,WA,WP ct PM PM PM PM mp mp ep,n mp 200–600 200–600 200–2,000 200–600 wc wc wc wc [15, 16] [15] [15] [15] World distributiona Pleuromamma xiphias (Giesbrecht, 1889) Family PARACALANIDAE Acrocalanus gibber Giesbrecht, 1888 Acrocalanus gracilis Giesbrecht, 1888 Acrocalanus longicornis Giesbrecht, 1888 Paracalanus aculeatus Giesbrecht, 1888 Paracalanus parvus (Claus, 1863) Parvocalanus crassirostris (Dahl, 1894) Family PHAENNIDAE Cephalophanes sp. Cornucalanus sp. Phaenna spinifera (Claus, 1863) Family PONTELLIDAE Labidocera acuta (Dana, 1849) Labidocera lubbockii Giesbrecht, 1889 Pontella agassizii Giesbrecht, 1895 Pontellina plumata (Dana, 1849) Family PSEUDODIAPTOMIDAE Pseudodiaptomus cristobalensis Marsh, 1913 Pseudodiaptomus wrigthi Johnson, 1964 EA,EP,IO,WA,WP Family SCOLECITHRICIDAE Amallothrix gracilis (Sars, 1905) Lophothrix sp. Scaphocalanus sp. Scolecithricella dentata (Giesbrecht, 1892) Endemic Pacificb Species List Oceanic distributionc Species n.a. ct PM PM ep ep,n 0–200 0–200 wc wc [12, 13] [15] EP EA,EP,IP,Med,WA,WP PM PM ep ep 0–200 0–200 wc wc Scolecithrix danae (Lubbock, 1856) Scottocalanus sp. Family TEMORIDAE Eurytemora sp. Temora discaudata Giesbrecht, 1889 EA,EP,IO,Med,WA,WP ct,EP,WP PM PM ep,n ep 0–200 0–200 wc wc [15] [1, 12, 13, 16] [15, 16] [15] cp Car,EP,IO,WA PM PM n ep,n 0–130 0–200 wc wc Temoropia mayumbaensis T. Scott, 1894 Superorder PODOPLEA Order CYCLOPOIDA Family OITHONIDAE Oithona plumifera Baird, 1843 Oithona setigera Dana, 1852 Oithona similis (Claus, 1866) Oithona spinirostris (Claus, 1863) Order MONSTRILLOIDA Family MONSTRILLIDAE Cymbasoma concepcionae Suárez & Morales, 2003 EP,IO,RS,WP PM ep,n 0–200 wc [15] [1, 12, 13, 16] [12, 13] Car,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA EA,EP IO,Med,RS,WA EA,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA,WP Car,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA PM PM PM PM ep,n ep,n ep,n ep 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 wc wc wc wc [1, 12, 13] [1] [1, 12, 13] [15] PM n 0–130 wc [18] PM PM ep,mp ep,mp 400–1,500 0–600 wc wc [15] [15] Order MORMONILLOIDA Family MORMONILLIDAE Mormonilla minor Giesbrecht, 1891 Mormonilla phasma Giesbrecht, 1891 n.a. EA,EP,IP,WA,WP EA,EP,IP,WA,WP X 233 (continued) Copepods Scolecithricella marginata (Giesbrecht, 1888) Scolecithricella tenuiserrata (Giesbrecht, 1892) Scolecithricella vittata (Giesbrecht, [1892)] Scolecithrix bradyi Giesbrecht, 1888 Species 234 Species List 24.2 (continued) World distributiona Order HARPACTICOIDA Family AMEIRIDAE ct Nitocra bisetosa Mielke, 1993 Family CANTHOCAMPTIDAE Orthopsyllus linearis curvaspina (Claus, 1886) cp Family CANUELLIDAE n.a. Microcanuela bisetosa Mielke, 1994 Family CLYTEMNESTRIDAE ct,EA,EP,Med,WA,WP Clytemnestra rostrata (Brady, 1883) Car,EA,EP,IO,Med,RS, Clytemnestra scutellata Dana, 1848 WA,WP Family ECTINOSOMATIDAE ct,EA,EP,Med,WA,WP Microsetella rosea (Dana, 1848) Family DIOSACCIDAE Balucopsylla triarticulata Wells & Rao, 1987 IO n.a. Schizopera nicoyana Mielke, 1995 n.a. Schizopera osana Mielke, 1995 n.a. Schizopera sp. n.a. Schizopera sp. Family HARPACTICIDAE n.a. Zausodes septimus Lang, 1965 Family LAOPHONTIDAE n.a. Afrolaophonte schmidti Mielke, 1981 n.a. Car,Med n.a. Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf PM b n.a. sb [6, 7] X PM b n.a. sb [5, 6] X PM b n.a. sb [8] PM PM ep ep,n 0–200 0–200 wc wc [15] [12–14] PM ep 0–200 wc [15] PM PM PM PM PM b b b b b n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. sb sb sb sb sb [7] [10] [10] [10] [10] PM b n.a. sb [11] PM b n.a. sb [11] PM PM PM b b b n.a. n.a. n.a. sb sb sb [11] [5] [11] X? X? X? X? X Species List Klienychocamptoides itoi Mielke, 1981 Laophontella horrida dentata (Por, 1964) Mexicolaophonte arganoi Cottarelli, 1977 Oceanic distributionc Endemic Pacificb Car,ct,EA,EP,IO,Med,WA ,WP PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12, 13] cp PM n 0–130 wc [12, 13, 14] Car,EP PM b n.a. sb [5] PM PM b b n.a. n.a. sb sb [5] [5] EP,WA PM b n.a. sb [5] Family TACHIDIIDAE Euterpina acutifrons (Dana, 1848) Family TETRAGONICIPITIDAE Oniscopsis robinsoni Chappuis & Delamare, 1956 Phillopodopsyllus ancylus Mielke, 1992 Phillopodopsyllus gertrudi costaricensis Kunz, 1984 Phillopodopsyllus setouchiensis Kitazima, 1981 Order POECILOSTOMATOIDA Family CLAUSIDIIDAE Hemicyclops thalassius Vervoort & Ramírez, 1966 Saphirella tropica Wolfenden, 1906 EP,WA,WP PM n 0–130 wc [12, 13, 14] EA,EP,IP,WA,WP PM ep 0–200 wc [A. Morales pers. obs.] Family CORYCAEIDAE Corycaeus bremhi Dana, 1849 Corycaeus flaccus (Giesbrecht, 1891) Corycaeus speciosus Dana, 1849 Corycaeus ovalis Claus, 1863 Farranula carinata (Giesbrecht, 1891) EP,Med,WP EP,WP,IO,EA,WA,Med,Car ct,EA,EP,Med,WA,WP,IO, EA.EP,IO,Med,WA,WP EA,EP,WA,WP PM PM PM PM PM n n n n ep,n 0–130 0–130 0–130 0–130 0–700 wc wc wc wc wc [1, 12, 13] [12, 13] [12, 13] [1, 15] [SuárezMorales & Morales, pers. obs.] n.a. n.a. X X 235 (continued) Copepods Family MIRACIIDAE Macrosetella gracilis (Dana,1848) Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf PM PM ep,n ep n.a. 0–200 wc wc [15] [15] ct,EA,WA Car,EA,EP,IO,RS,WA,WP Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO,Med,RS, WA,WP Car,EA,EP,Med,IO,WA,WP EA,EP,IP,WA,WP Car,EA,EP,WA,WP PM PM PM ep ep ep,n 0–200 0–200 0–200 wc wc wc [2] [15] [12, 13, 15] PM PM PM ep,n ep,n ep,n 0–200 0–200 0–200 wc wc wc [12, 13] [15] [12, 13] Ant,EP,WA,WP Car,EP ct,EA,EP,IO,WA,WP Car,EA,EP,IO,Med,RS, WA,WP Ant,ct EA,EP,WA,WP PM PM PM PM ep ep ep,n ep,n 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 wc wc wc wc [15] [15] [12, 13] [1] PM PM ep,n ep,n 0–200 0–200 wc wc [1] [12, 13] EA,WA,IP PM ep 0–200 wc [15] Species World distributiona Farranula gibbula(Giesbrecht, 1891) Farranula gracilis (Dana, 1853) Family ONCAEIDAE Conaea gracilis (Dana, 1853) Lubbockia aculeata Giesbrecht, 1891 Oncaea conifera Giesbrecht, 1891 EP,IO,IP,RS,WP EA,EP,WA,WP Oncaea mediterranea Claus, 1863 Oncaea ornata Giesbrecht, 1891 Oncaea venusta Phillippi, 1843 Family SAPPHIRINIDAE Copilia vitrea (Haeckel, 1864) Corissa sp. Sapphirina nigromaculata Claus, 1863 Sapphirina opalina Dana, 1852 Sapphirina ovatolanceolata Dana, 1852 Sapphirina scarlata Giesbrecht, 1891 Order SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA Family RATANIIDAE Ratania sp. Endemic Pacificb Species List n.a. = information not available a Ant = Antarctic; Arc = Arctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = Eastern Atlantic; EP = Eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b PM = Pacific mainland c b = benthic; bp = bathypelagic; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e mb = muddy bottom; sb = sandy bottom; wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 236 Species List 24.2 (continued) Sea-Spiders Species List 25.1 Pycnogonids recorded from Caribbean waters of Costa Rica. Higher taxonomy below is as in Arnaud and Bamber (1987) Species World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Class PYCNOGONIDA Order PANTOPODA Family PHOXICHILIDIIDAE ct B,P b,it,st Anoplodactylus batangensis (Helfer, 1938)* Car P b,it,st Anoplodactylus insigniformis Stock, 1974* n.a. = information not available * = Specimens lodged by Child in the ZMUCR, but not specifically recorded in litt. from Costa Rica a Car = Caribbean;ct = circumtropical b B = Belize; P = Panama c b = benthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Depth (m)d Habitat/ Community Referencese 0–40 n.a. [7] 0–2 n.a. [10] 237 Species Class PYCNOGONIDA Order PANTOPODA Family AMMOTHEIDAE Ammothella symbius Child, 1979 Ascorhynchus paxillum Child, 1992 Tanystylum isthmiacum Stock, 1955 Family CALLIPALLENIDAE Anoropallene palpida (Hilton, 1939)* Callipallene californiensis (Hall, 1913)* Family PHOXICHILIDIIDAE Anoplodactylus californicus Hall, 1912 Anoplodactylus erectus Cole, 1904* Anoplodactylus reimerae Child, 1979* Anoplodactylus typhlops Sars, 1888 Family NYMPHONIDAE Heteronymphon abyssale (Stock, 1968) 238 Species List 25.2 Pycnogonids recorded from Pacific Costa Rica. Higher taxonomy below is as in Arnaud and Bamber (1987) World distributiona Costa Rica Central Oceanic distri- Depthe (m) Americab Endemic Pacificc butiond Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg EP EP EP P P IC D IC b,it,st b,st b,it,st 0–2 1892 0–6 n.a. mb n.a. [2] [3] [8] EP EP G,P P PM PM b,it,st b,it,st 0–2 0–27 mb n.a. [2] [6] ct EP,IP,WP EP EA,EP,WA B,N,P P P PM PM PM D b,it,st b,it,st b,it,st b,st 0–29 0–90 0–9 183–3600 n.a. rb n.a. mb [5] [4] [2] [1] D b,st 3570 mb [9] EP x x Species List n.a. = information not available * Specimens lodged by Child in the ZMUCR, but not specifically recorded in litt. from Costa Rica a Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo Pacific; WA = Western Atlantic b B = Belize; G = Guatemala; N = Nicaragua; P = Panamá c D = deep water off Costa Rica; IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d b = benthic; it =.intertidal; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Costa Rica Species World distributiona Central Americab Endemic Oceanic Pacificc distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Order COLLEMBOLA Family HYPOGASTURIDAE Anurida mara Christiansen & Bellinger, 1988 n.a. n.a. Yes? PM rb [2] Order HEMIPTERA Family GERRIDAE Halobates sobrinus White 1883 Rheumatobates ornatus Polhemus & Cheng, 1976 Rheumatobates prostatus Polhemus, 1975 EP n.a. n.a. CA n.a. P Yes? IC?,PM p PM it PM it ws m,ws m,ws [1] [4, 6] [3, 6] Family MESOVELIIDAE Mesovelia halirrhyta Polhemus, 1975 EP n.a. PM it cl,ws [3, 6] Family SALDIDAE Paralosalda innova Polhemus & Evans, 1969 Pentacora signoreti (Guerin-Meneville, 1969) Pentacora sphacelata (Uhler, 1877) EP P EP,WA CA Car,EP,Med,WA CA PM PM PM it it it rb sb m,mb,rb [6] [6, 7] [6, 7] Family VELIIDAE Microvelia inquilina Polhemus & Hogue 1972 n.a. PM it crab holes of Ucides [5, 6] occidentalis n.a. Yes? it Marine Insects Species List 26.1 Marine Collembola and Hemiptera (Class Insecta) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica n.a.= information not available a Car = Caribbean; EP = eastern Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco d it = intertidal; p = pelagic e cl = coastal lagoons; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; ws = water surface f References indicated by numbers according to the reference list 239 Species Class POLYPLACOPHORA Order CHITONIDA Family ISCHNOCHITONIDAE Ischnochiton erythronotus (C.B. Adams, 1845) Ischnoplax pectinata (Sowerby 1840) Stenoplax boogii (Haddon, 1886) Stenoplax purpurascens (C.B. Adams, 1845) Family CHITONIDAE Acanthopleura granulata (Gmelin, 1791) Chiton marmoratus Gmelin, 1791 Chiton tuberculatus Linnaeus, 1758 Family ACANTHOCHITONIDAE Acanthochitona rhodea (Pilsbry, 1893) World distributiona Central Americab Car,WA 240 Species List 27.1 Chitons known to occur along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Oceanic distributionc Depthd (m) Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf eb,it,st 0–5 cr,rb,rub [18] Car,WA Car,EP,WA Car,WA CA CA P eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st 0–3 0–64 0–90 rb,rub,sb rb,rub rb,sb [15] [13, 17] [2] Car Car Car,WA CA CA CA eb,it eb,it,st eb,it,st 0–1 0–3 0–5 rb Rb Rb [12, 15] [15] [15] Car P eb,it,st 0–53 Rb [15, 22] Car = Caribbean; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; P = Panama c eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a Species List Species Class POLYPLACOPHORA Order CHITONIDA Family ISCHNOCHITONIDAE Callistochiton colimensis (A.G. Smith, 1961) Callistochiton expressus (Carpenter, 1865) Callistochiton pulchrior Carpenter MS, Pilsbry, 1893 Callistoplax retusa (Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby 1832) Ceratozona angusta Thiele, 1909 Chaetopleura lurida (Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby 1832) Chaetopleura roddai Ferreira, 1983 Chaetopleura unilineata Leloup, 1954 Ischnochiton dispar (Sowerby, 1832) Ischnochiton guatemalensis Thiele, 1910 Ischnochiton victoriae Ferreira, 1987 Lepidozona allynsmithi Ferreira, 1974 Lepidozona rothi Ferreira, 1983 Stenoplax boogii (Haddon, 1886) Stenoplax limaciformis (Sowerby, 1832) ? Stenoplax petaloides (Gould, 1846) Family MOPALIIDAE Central World distributiona Americab Costa Rica Endemic Chitons Species List 27.2 Chitons known to occur along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depthe Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg EP CA PM eb,it,st 0–340 cr,rub [7] EP EP CA N,P PM PM eb,it,st eb,it,st 0–90 0–55 n.a cr [7 (as elenensis), 19 ] [7 (as periconis), 19 ] EP CA PM eb,it,st n.a. n.a. [19] EP EP ES,N CA PM PM eb,it eb,it,st 0–1 0–30 rb rb,rub, [19 ] [10 (as scabricula)] EP EP EP EP EP EP EP Car,EA,EP EP EP P CA ES,N,P CA PM PM PM PM IC PM IC PM,IC PM PM eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it eb,it,st eb,st eb,it,st ep,eb,st eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st 0–90 0–90 n.a. n.a. 18–95 2–20 46–110 0–64 n.a 0–100 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. cr,sb n.a. n.a. rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub present study [10] [18 ] [18, 24 ] [13 ] [6 ] [11, 13] [13, 17] [2, 17] [25] X CA CA CA CA 241 (continued) Species Family CHITONIDAE Chiton goodallii Broderip in Broderip & Sowerby 1832 Chiton stokesii Broderip, 1832 Tonicia forbesi Carpenter, 1857 Family ACANTHOCHITONIDAE Acanthochitona angelica Dall, 1919 Acanthochitona exquisita (Pilsbry, 1893) Acanthochitona ferreirai Lyons, 1988 Acanthochitona hirudiniformis (Sowerby, 1832) 242 Species List 27.2 (continued) Central World distributiona Americab Costa Rica Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depthe Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg EP ES IC eb,it n.a. rb [3, 21] EP EP CA CA PM, IC PM eb,it eb,it,st n.a. 0–10 rb rb [1, 3, 14] [20] EP EP EP EP P CA CA CA IC PM PM PM, IC eb,st eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it 40–69 n.a. n.a. 0–2 cr,rub sb n.a. rb,rub,sb [26] [26] [22] [22] n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d eb = epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List Species World distributiona Central Americab Class GASTROPODA Subclass EOGASTROPODA Order PATELLOGASTROPODA Suborder NACELLINA Superfamily ACMAEOIDEA Family LOTTIIDAE Lottia jamaicensis (Gmelin, 1791) Lottia leucopleura (Gmelin, 1791) F, G, C F, G, C, Br Patelloida pustulata (Helbling, 1779) Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f B, P B c, cr, ma, of cr, it, of, sb s r, sh n.a. n.a. Ber, F, G, C B, P cr, it, of r n.a. Tectura antillarum (Sowerby, 1834) F, G, C P it, sb co, r n.a. Subclass ORTHOGASTROPODA Superorder VETIGASTROPODA Superfamily FISSURELLOIDEA Family FISSURELLIDAE Diodora arcuata (Sowerby, 1862) F, C, Br P cr, it, of –/80 NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Gu, Br F, G, C, Br Ber, F, G, C, Gu, Br B, P c, cr, it, ma, of, rl B B, P sb c, cr, it, of a, co, r, ru, s, sg a, as, co, o, r, ru, s, sh, so r, ru, sh a, as, co, r, ru, s, w B cr, it, of, sb Diodora cayenensis (Lamarck, 1822) Diodora jaumei Aguayo & Rehder, 1936 Diodora listeri (d’Orbigny, 1842) Diodora minuta (Lamarck, 1822) F, G, C, Br Costa Ricac r –/42 –/400 –/42 1/30 Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Species List 28.1 Benthic, shelled gastropods of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Referencesg [267, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 2, 84, 89, 130, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [84, 89, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383] (continued) 243 [1, 84, 130, 187, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 383] [1, 2, 6, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 383, 387] [1, 84, 89, 130, 302, 377] [84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 383, 384] [1, 2, 84, 89, 307, 307a, 377, 383] Species World distributiona Emarginula phrixodes Dall, 1927 Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f NWA, F, C, Br P n.a co, g, ru Fissurella angusta (Gmelin, 1791) F, G, C, Gu B, P cr, it, of co, r Fissurella barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791) Ber, F, G, C B, P cr, it, oc, of, sb co, r Fissurella fascicularis Lamarck, 1822 Fissurella nodosa (Born, 1778) F, G, C F, G, C, Br B, P B, P cr, it, of cr, it, of r a, co, r Fissurella rosea (Gmelin, 1791) F, C, Br B, P it a, r Hemitoma octoradiata (Gmelin, 1791) Ber, F, G, C, Gu, Br F, C, Br, SCA F, G, C, Br B, P c, cr, it, of a, co, r, s, sh co, r r, s Lucapina aegis (Reeve, 1850) Lucapina sowerbii (Sowerby, 1835) Lucapina suffusa (Reeve, 1850) Lucapinella limatula (Reeve, 1850) Arene laguairana Weisbord, 1962 Arene riisei Rehder, 1943 NWA, Ber, B, P F, G, C, Br NWA, F, G, C, B, P Br NWA, F, C, Br Costa Ricac 10/1,936 Referencesg it c, cr, it, of, sb cr, it, of, rl, sb c, cr, it, of a, bo, co, r, s as, r, s, sh –/21 –/150 [84, 89, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 383] [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 2, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] [1, 84, 130, 267, 377] [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 89, 130, 302] [1, 84, 89, 130, 223, 302, 377] [1, 2, 88, 89, 130, 267, 302, 307a, 377] [1, 6, 89, 130, 267, 302, 377] n.a r, ru –/400 [1, 84, 130, 302] [1, 84, 89, 130, 307a, 377, 383] [89, 130, 307a] [1, 84, 130, 267, 302] –/18 –/45 F, G, C B cr, of g, r, s –/180 C C, Br P n.a it g, s co, r, s –/36 Species List Rimula frenulata (Dall, 1889) Superfamily TROCHOIDEA Family TURBINIDAE Arene cruentata (Mühlfeld, 1829) Central Americab 244 Species List 28.1 (continued) a, co, g, ru, s, sg, sh, so r a, bo, co, m, r, s, sg r, s –/180 Cyclostrema tortuganum (Dall, 1927) Eulithidium adamsi (Philippi, 1853) F, C, Br G, C, Br B, P cr c, cr, it, ma 4/70 4/8 b, c, cr, it, ma, of c, it, ma, of, cr c, cr, of co, m, s co, m, r, s, sg a, bo, co, g, r, s, sg a, co, m, r, ru, s, sg co, g, s, sg Eulithidium affine cruentum (Robertson, 1958) Eulithidium bellum (M. Smith, 1937) F, G, C, Br B, P F, G, C, Br B, P Eulithidium tessellatum (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) Eulithidium thalassicola (Robertson, 1958) G, C B, P c, cr, ma, of r, s, sg –/64 Lithopoma caelatum (Gmelin, 1791) NWA, F, G, C, B Br F, G, C B, P cr, it, of, rl, sb bo, co, r, ru, s –/10 Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786) G, C, Br cr, of, rl co, r, ru, s 1/20 Lithopoma tuber (Linnaeus, 1758) F, C it, sb co, r –/10 Turbo cailletii P. Fischer & Bernardi, 1856 Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791 F, G, C, Br NWA, F, G, C, B Gu, Br cr, of c, cr, of, sb co a, as, co, r, s, sg 3/37 –/42 F, G, C, Br c, cr, of co, r, s 1/35 Astralium brevispina (Lamarck, 1822) Astralium phoebium (Röding, 1798) Family TROCHIDAE Calliostoma javanicum (Lamarck, 1822) P B n.a c, cr, it, of c, cr, of 13/15 4/10 2/100 –/10 1/10 n.a. [84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [18, 89, 307, 307a, 384] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, 302, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 84, 130, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 89, 223, 307a, ] [84, 89, 130, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 89, 130, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 84, 89, 130, 302, 377] Benthic, Shelled Gastropods cr, it, of, rl Cyclostrema cancellatum Marryat, 1818 NWA, F, G, C, B Gu, Br NWA, F, C NWA, Ber, B , G, C, Br F, G, C, Br B, P Arene tricarinata (Stearns, 1872) [1, 2, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [2, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 387] [2, 84, 89, 187, 307, 307a, 383] [1, 89, 130, 223, 377] [1, 2, 84, 89, 130, 132, 244, 295, 302, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 2, 84, 89, 130, 223, 307, 307a, 377, 383] 245 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Costa Ricac Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f NWA, F, G, C, B, P Gu, Br cr, it, of a, co, g, r, s, 1/145 sh, so Calliostoma sarcodum Dall, 1927 Cittarium pica (Linnaeus, 1758) C NWA, F, G, C B, P cr cr, it, of, sb, sp co a, bo, co, r n.a. –/2 Tegula excavata (Lamarck, 1822) F, G, C B cr, it, of, sb bo, co, r –/1 Tegula fasciata (Born, 1778) NWA, F, G, C, B, P Gu, Br, P c, cr, it, ma, of, rl, sb a, bo, co, r, s, sg 1/15 Tegula gruneri (Philippi, 1849) Tegula lividomaculata (C.B. Adams, 1845) Tegula viridula (Gmelin, 1791) C F, G, C B n.a c, cr, it, of n.a. r, s C, Gu, Br P it a, di, r, s, sg C C, Br F P n.a cr n.a n.a. co, g, m, s n.a. bw, fw, it, ma, sp as, co, r, s, sg Family SKENEIDAE Haplocochlias costaricensis Robinson, 1991 Haplocochlias swifti Vanatta, 1913 Parviturbo calidimaris Pilsbry & McGinty, 1945 Superorder NERITOPSINA Superfamily NERITOIDEA Family NERITIDAE Nerita fulgurans Gmelin, 1791 Ber, F, G, C, Br B, P Pac 15 4/45 20 Referencesg [1, 2, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 383, 387] [1, 84, 130] [1, 2, 12, 18, 84, 89, 130, 183, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [2, 84, 89, 130, 183, 187, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [1, 6, 18, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 216, 247, 250, 267, 279, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 387] [130] [1, 84, 89, 130, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a] [306, 307, 307a] [1, 84, 89, 130, 302, 307a] [1, 307, 307a] [1, 2, 6, 12, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] Species List Calliostoma jujubinum (Gmelin, 1791) 246 Species List 28.1 (continued) B, P cr, it, of, sp co, r B, P c, cr, it, of, sb, sp as, co, r, s Nerita versicolor Gmelin, 1791 Ber, F, G, C, Br B, P fw, cr, it, of, sp Neritina meleagris Lamarck, 1822 C, Br B n.a Neritina piratica Russell, 1940 C, Br cl, fw, ma as, co, l, m, r, s, w r, ru, s, sg, sh l, m, s, w Neritina usnea (Röding, 1798) F, G, C Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758) NWA, Ber, B, P F, G, C, Gu, Br C n.a. bw, cl, fw, ma, sb b, bw, c, cl, es, as, m, r, s, fw, cr, it, sg, sh ma, of, sp cl, it bo, co, r, ru, s, sg b, c, cr, it, r, s, sg 1/18 ma, of [1, 6, 12, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 387] [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 307, 307a] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 307, 307a, 377] b, c, d, cr, it, ma, of, rl, sb c, cr, it, ma, of, sb [1, 6, 84, 88, 89, 130, 151, 187, 192, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307a, 367, 377] [1, 2, 6, 84, 89, 132, 244, 302, 307, 307a, 377] Nerita tessellata Gmelin, 1791 Puperita pupa (Linnaeus, 1767) Smaragdia viridis viridemaris Maury, 1917 Superorder CAENOGASTROPODA Order SORBEOCONCHA Superfamily CERITHIOIDEA Family CERITHIIDAE Bittiolum varium (Pfeiffer, 1840) Cerithium atratum (Born, 1778) Ber, F, G, C, Br B, P NWA, F, G, C, B, P Br NWA, F, G, C, B Br, NEA, SEA a, as, co, di, m, r, ru, s, sg, sh co, m, r, s, sg –/90 [1, 84, 89, 130, 184, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 384] [1, 12, 84, 89, 130, 184, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] [1, 84, 89, 130, 132, 184, 187, 244, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] [84, 89, 130, 187, 307, 307a, 383] [187, 307, 307a, 307a, 383, 384] [1, 244, 307a, 383, 384] 247 (continued) Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Ber, F, G, C, Br Ber, F, G, C, Gu, Br Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, 1758 World distributiona Central Americab Cerithium eburneum Bruguière, 1792 NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br B, P Cerithium guinaicum Philippi, 1849 F, C, NEA, SEA NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br Species Cerithium litteratum (Born, 1778) Cerithium lutosum Menke, 1828 Family LITIOPIDAE Alaba incerta (d’Orbigny, 1842) Family SILIQUARIIDAE Stephopoma myrakeenae Olsson & McGinty, 1958 Tenagodus squamatus (de Blainville, 1827) Family PLANAXIDAE Fossarus orbignyi P. Fischer, 1864 B Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f c, cr, it, ma, of, rl, sb a, bo, co, r, ru, s, sg –/15 cr, it, sb g, r, s –/20 c, cr, it, of, rl, sb, sp a, bo, co, m, r, s, sg, sh b, c, it, ls, a, co, r, s, ma, cr, of sg 0.5/40 n.a. Referencesg [1, 2, 12, 18, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [1, 2, 84, 89, 187, 306, 307, 307a] [1, 2, 12, 18, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 316, 377] [1, 6, 12, 84, 89, 130, 132, 187, 244, 307, 307a, 377, 387] NWA, Ber, B, P F, G, C, Br, SWA b, c, ma, oc, cr, of g, r, ru, s, sg 2/15 [1, 12, 18, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 387] C cr, sb co, m, s 2/8 cr, of a, co, sh, so 25/732 [1, 136, 187, 256, 267, 306, 307, 307a] [1, 2, 84, 89, 130, 252, 302, 307a, 383] P NWA, Ber, F, C, Br Ber, F, G, C, Br, NEA B, P cr, it, sb a, bo, co, m, –/8 p, r, s Ber, F, G, C, Br, SCA, NEA B, P b, cr, cl, it, of a, bo, co, g, r, ru, s, sh 1/5 [1, 89, 132, 187, 191, 223, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 387] [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 190, 223, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 387] Species List Hinea lineata (E.M. da Costa, 1778) NWA, Ber, F, G, C B, P Costa Ricac 248 Species List 28.1 (continued) Family MODULIDAE Modulus carchedonius (Lamarck, 1822) Modulus modulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Family SCALIOLIDAE Finella adamsi (Dall, 1889) Finella dubia (d’Orbigny, 1842) Suborder HYPSOGASTROPODA Infraorder LITTORINIMORPHA Superfamily LITTORINOIDEA Family LITTORINIDAE Cenchritis muricatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Littoraria angulifera (Lamarck, 1822) Littoraria nebulosa (Lamarck, 1822) Littoraria tessellata (Philippi, 1847) Nodilittorina angustior (Mörch, 1876) Nodilittorina interrupta (Philippi, 1847) Nodilittorina lineolata (d’Orbigny, 1840) Nodilittorina meleagris (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) Ber, F, G, C B, P a, bo, co, r n.a. [84, 89, 130, 187, 190, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] C, Br P NWA, Ber, B, P F, G, C, Br, SCA it c, cr, d, it, ma, of, rl, sp a, m, r, s, sg as, bo, co, g, m, r, s, sg n.a. 0.5/15 [89, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a] [1, 6, 12, 18, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384] Ber, F, G, C B NWA, F, G, C, B Br c, cr, it, of c, cr, ma, of r, s a, r, s, sg 2/8 –/72 [84, 89, 307, 307a, 377] [84, 89, 130, 132, 244, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] Ber, F, G, C, Co Ber, F, G, C, Gu, Br, NEA, P Ber, F, G, C, Br, P C Ber, F, G, C, Br C Ber, F, G, C, Br Ber, F, G, C, NEA r, w n.a. as, r, s, sg, w n.a. B cr, d, it, of, sp bw, c, cr, ma, of, sp, sw bw, it, sp n.a. P B N B n.a cr, it, of, sp sp it, ma, sp as, co, r, ru, w r as, r r as, r, sg n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. B, P it, sp a, as, r n.a. [12, 28, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [1, 6, 12, 89, 130, 187, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] [84, 130, 267] [1, 84, 89, 130, 244, 377] [84, 89] [1, 6, 187, 244, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 387] [1, 6, 12, 84, 89, 130, 244, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 387] B, P B, P (continued) 249 it, sp Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Supplanaxis nucleus (Bruguière, 1789) Species World distributiona Central Americab Nodilittorina tuberculata (Menke, 1828) Ber, F, G, C Nodilittorina ziczac (Gmelin, 1791) Ber, F, G, C, Br, SWA, P, TP Family PICKWORTHIIDAE Sansonia tuberculata (Watson, 1886) Superfamily RISSOOIDEA Family RISSOIDAE Alvania auberiana (d’Orbigny, 1842) Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f B, P cr, of, sp co, r n.a. B, P cr, it, of, sp co, as, r n.a. [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 12, 75, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] of ru 5/713 [1, 84, 306, 307, 307a, 312] [1, 84, 89, 130, 134, 187, 223, 267, 295, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 75, 84, 89, 130, 187, 216, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [130, 267, 302] [84, 223] [1, 84, 307, ] [84, 89, 302, 306, 307] [1, 84, 89, 130] [84, 89, 302, 307, 377, 383] [1, 84, 89, 130, 133, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [6, 84, 89, 130, 244, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 267] F, C Costa Ricac B, P c, cr, it, ma, of a, co, m, r, ru, s, sh 2/80 Rissoina cancellata Philippi, 1847 Ber, F, G, C, Br, P B, P c, cr, it, ma, of a, r, s n.a. Rissoina decussata (Montagu, 1803) NWA, G, C, Br F, C, Br C, Br C C, Br Ber, G, C F, G, C, Br NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br, SCA NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br C B, P it, ma r, s n.a. P n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a it c, cr, ma, of a n.a. n.a. s s a, s a, r, s, sg n.a. 1/5 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Schwartziella catesbyana (d’Orbigny, 1842) Schwartziella chesnelii (Michaud, 1830) P B, P B P bw, c, cr, ma, as, m, r, s, of sg n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. Referencesg Species List Ber, F, G, C, Br Rissoina elegantissima (d’Orbigny, 1842) Rissoina cf. fenestrata Schwartz, 1860 Rissoina labrosa Schwartz, 1860 Rissoina princeps (C.B. Adams, 1850) Rissoina sagraiana (d’Orbigny, 1842) Rissoina striosa (C.B. Adams, 1850) Schwartziella bryerea (Montagu, 1803) 250 Species List 28.1 (continued) Ber, G, C, Br B, P cr, of co, m, r, s 4/8 Stosicia aberrans (C.B. Adams, 1850) G, C, Br B, P c, cr, ma co, m, s, sg 1/8 Zebina browniana (d’Orbigny, 1842) NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br B, P c, cr, ma, of a, as, r, ru, s, sg, sh –/5.5 Zebina laevigata (C.B. Adams, 1850) Family BARLEEIDAE Barleeia creutzbergi (de Jong & Coomans, 1988) Lirobarleeia chiriquiensis (Olsson & McGinty, 1958) Family TRUNCATELLIDAE Truncatella pulchella Pfeiffer, 1839 C n.a n.a. n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 223, 267, 302, 377, 383] [84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [84, 130] G, C n.a a 4/12 [84, 130, 308] Family CAECIDAE Caecum clava Folin, 1867 Caecum condylum Moore, 1969 Caecum cycloferum Folin, 1867 Caecum floridanum Stimpson, 1851 Caecum imbricatum Carpenter, 1858 Caecum jucundum Folin, 1867 Caecum nitidum Stimpson, 1851 Caecum pulchellum Stimpson, 1851 P n.a n.a. n.a. [1, 136, 187, 267, 307] NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br B, P c, ma, sp, sw as, co, l, m, r, rt, ru, s, sg, sh n.a. [1, 84, 89, 187, 244, 267, 302, 377] P of of n.a m, s n.a. a, sg n.a. 30/250 –/25 B, P c, cr, ma, of [1, 84, 89, 187, 306, 307] [1, 84, 302, 307] [1, 84, 89, 187, 223, 267, 302, 307] [84, 88, 89, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 6, 88, 84, 89, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [187, 307] [6, 84, 89, 244, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 6, 84, 89, 187, 223, 244, 267, 295, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 387] G, C G, C, Br NWA, F, C, Br NWA, F, G, C, Br NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br C F, G, C, Br, SWA NWA, F, G, C, Br, SWA B, P B, P B, P co, g, m, ru, s, so b, cr, c, ma, co, g, r, ru, s, of, rl sg, sh, so n.a n.a. c, it, ma, of, a, as, co, o, r, cr s, sg, so b, c, cl, cr, d, a, as, co, m, it, ma, of o, r, s, sg, sh, so –/40 –/50 6 –/10 (continued) 251 C Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Schwartziella fischeri (Desjardin, 1949) Species World distributiona Caecum ryssotitum Folin, 1867 Central Americab Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg F, G, C, Br cr, it, of Caecum aff. tornatum Verrill & Bush, 1900 Family VITRINELLIDAE Circulus multistriatus (A.E. Verrill, 1884) Ber, C n.a a, g, m, p, r, 10/100 sg, sh g, m, r 0/7 [1, 84, 89, 187, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 387] [1, 253, 307] NWA, F, G, C B, P n.a n.a. 90/180 Circulus semisculptus (Olsson & McGinty, 1958) Cyclostremiscus beauii (P. Fischer, 1857) F, C P n.a n.a. n.a. [1, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 84, 187, 267, 307] c n.a. of a, b, m, r, s, sg, st n.a. –/45 B it, of m, s 13/31 NWA, F, G, C, B Br F, G, C P Cyclostremiscus jeannae Pilsbry & McGinty, 1946 Cyclostremiscus pentagonus (Gabb, 1873) NWA, F, G, C Costa Ricac 252 Species List 28.1 (continued) G, C B, P cr, of n.a. n.a. F, C, Br, I P n.a n.a. n.a. NWA, F, G, C, B, P Br, SWA c, of, re 6/90 Solariorbis bartschi (Vanatta, 1913) Solariorbis blakei (Rehder, 1944) Solariorbis corylus Olsson & McGinty, 1958 Solariorbis infracarinatus (Gabb, 1881) C, Br NWA, F, G, C C n.a b n.a a, as, co, o, p, r, ru, s, sg, so s n.a. s b s n.a. Teinostoma megastoma (C.B. Adams, 1850) NWA, G, C c, ma r, s n.a. G, P P P NWA, F, G, C P n.a. n.a. n.a. [1, 6, 89, 130, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [89, 187, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [187, 223, 251, 267, 302, 307] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [84, 89, 267, 302, 307] [1, 6, 118, 187, 267, 307] [89, 267, 307] [6, 89, 187, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [84, 89, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377] Species List Cyclostremiscus schrammii (P. Fischer, 1857) Pachystremiscus ornatus (Olsson & McGinty, 1958) Parviturboides interruptus (C.B. Adams, 1850) [26, 84, 89, 244, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [6, 89, 187, 267, 307] Vitrinorbis elegans Olsson & McGinty, 1958 Superfamily STROMBOIDEA Family STROMBIDAE Strombus gigas Linnaeus, 1758 C, Gu, Br C P n.a n.a n.a. s n.a. n.a. [84, 302, 307] [89, 187, 267, 307] NWA, Ber, F, G, C C P n.a r n.a. P n.a n.a. n.a. [6, 84, 89, 187, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 187, 267, 307] NWA, Ber, F, G, C B, P cr, it, of a, co, s, sg 2/73 [1, 2, 18, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [32, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 383, 384, 387] [1, 12, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 383, 384, 387] Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758 NWA, F, G, C, P Gu, Br c, cr, ma co, m, r, s, sg 2/15 Strombus raninus Gmelin, 1791 NWA, Ber, B, P F, G, C, Gu, Br cr, of, sb r, s, sg n.a. NWA, F, G, B, P C, Br, SCA, NEA, NEP, P NWA, F, G, C, B, P Br, SCA, NEA, IP, P, PC c, cr, it, of, rl a, bo, co, o, r, ru, s, sh, so –/4 [1, 18, 75, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 223, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384] hs, it co, r n.a. [75, 84, 89, 187, 223, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] C n.a n.a. n.a. [130] Superfamily VANIKOROIDEA Family HIPPONICIDAE Hipponix antiquatus (Linnaeus, 1767) Hipponix subrufus subrufus (Lamarck, 1822) Family VANIKORIDAE Macromphalina garcesi Rolán & Rubio, 1998 P 253 (continued) Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Teinostoma schumoi Vanatta, 1913 Vitrinella elegans Olsson & McGinty, 1958 Vitrinella helicoidea C.B. Adams, 1850 Species Megalomphalus pilsbryi (Olsson & McGinty, 1958) Vanikoro oxychone Mörch, 1877 Superfamily CALYPTRAEOIDEA Family CALYPTRAEIDAE Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus, 1758) Crepidula convexa Say, 1822 Crepidula plana Say, 1822 Superfamily CAPULOIDEA Family CAPULIDAE Capulus incurvus (Gmelin, 1791) World distributiona Central Americab C Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg P n.a n.a. n.a. [130, 267] Ber, F, G, C P cr co, m, s –/8 [1, 84, 267, 377] F, C, Br, SCA, NEA, IP, NWP, CtP, Me, P, PC, Ga NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Ca B, P cr, of, rl, sb co, r, ru, s, so –/20 [1, 75, 84, 85, 88, 89, 132, 187, 223, 267, 276, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 383] P cr, d, it, ma, of, rl NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Gu, Br B [1, 6, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, 267, 307, 307a, 383, 384] cr, it, of, sb co, r, ru –/80 [1, 84, 89, 223, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 383] B cr, it, of co, r, sh n.a. B, H it, ma, sp as, r, sg –/5 [1, 187, 254, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [1, 89, 244, 254, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 387] Ber, F, G, C, Br [1, 6, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, 295, 302, 377] Species List Petaloconchus varians (d’Orbigny, 1839) a, as, co, m, –/210 r, s, sg, sh, w c, d, cr, it, a, as, bo, co, –/27 ma, of, rl m, o, r, s, sg, sh, so, w NWA, F, C, Br Superfamily VERMETOIDEA Family VERMETIDAE Dendropoma irregulare (d’Orbigny, 1842) Ber, F, C, Br Costa Ricac 254 Species List 28.1 (continued) cr, of, rl, sb co, g, o, r, ru, s, so 2/175 cr, it, of, rl a, bo, co, o, r, ru, s, so co, o, r, ru, s, so –/140 NWA, Ber, B, P F, G, C, Br, SCA c, cr, of, rl NWA, Ber, G, C P cr, rl, sb Cyphoma signatum Pilsbry & McGinty, 1939 Superfamily VELUTINOIDEA Family TRIVIIDAE Hespererato maugeriae (J.E. Gray, 1832) Ber, F, G, C, Gu, Br B Talparia cinerea (Gmelin, 1791) Family OVULIDAE Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758) 1/175 2/12 NWA, F, G, C, P Br, Ga c, cr, of a, co, s 4/115 Niveria antillarum (Schilder, 1922) Niveria leucosphaera Schilder, 1931 NWA, F, C, Br F, G, C cr, rl n.a co, g, s, sh n.a. 20/180 Niveria nix (Schilder, 1922) Niveria pediculus (Linnaeus, 1758) F, G, C, Gu, Br NWA, Ber, B, P F, G, C, Br cr c, cr, it, of, rl, sb co, o, r 30/90 ad, as, co, o, 0.5/100 r, s, so Niveria quadripunctata (J.E. Gray, 1827) Ber, F, G, C Niveria suffusa (J.E. Gray, 1827) F, G, C, Gu, Br B c, cr, of, rl, sb c, cr, ma, of co, o, r, s, so a, co, o, r, s, tu B, P –/25 0.5/50 12/91 [84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 316, 383, 384, 387] [1, 71, 84, 88, 89, 302, 377] [1, 84, 89, 130, 216, 267, 279, 295, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [84, 88, 89, 301, 307, 307a] [54, 84, 130, 187, 307, 307a, 383] [84, 88, 89, 130, 302, 307] [1, 2, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 384] [2, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 6, 84, 88, 89, 223, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] (continued) 255 cr a, bo, co, o, r, ru, s, so co, o, so [1, 11, 12, 84, 88, 89, 130, 148, 223, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 387] [2, 11, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 223, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [11, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 223, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 384] Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Superfamily CYPRAEOIDEA Family CYPRAEIDAE B, P Erosaria spurca acicularis (Gmelin, 1791) NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Gu, Br, SCA NWA, F, G, C, B, P Macrocypraea zebra (Linnaeus, 1758) Gu, Br Species Family LAMELLARIIDAE Lamellaria perspicua (Linnaeus, 1758) Superfamily NATICOIDEA Family NATICIDAE Natica marochiensis (Gmelin, 1791) Naticarius canrena (Linnaeus, 1758) Polinices hepaticus (Röding, 1798) Polinices lacteus (Guilding, 1834) Sinum perspectivum (Say, 1831) World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f F, G, C, Br, SWA, EA, M, IP, Co, PC cr, it, of a, as, co, r, s, tu –/1,287 [1, 130, 244, 295, 307a, 383] F, G, C, Gu, Br, NEA, SEA NWA, Ber, F, G, B, P C, Gu, Br F, G, C, Gu, Br B, P it s, sh n.a. b, c, cr, ma, of, sb of r, s, sh n.a. r, s –/15 c, cr, it, of r, s –/175 c, cr, it, ma, of s, sh –/55 [1, 84, 89, 130, 223, 302, 377] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 223, 267, 302, 377] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 223, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 384, 387] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 302, 377] –/30 NWA, Ber, F, G, B, P C, Br, SCA, NEA, SEA NWA, Ber, F, G, B C, Gu, Br Costa Ricac 256 Species List 28.1 (continued) NWA, F, G, C, B, P Gu, Br, IP cr, it, of, rl a, bo, co, o, r, ru, so Bursa rhodostoma thomae (d’Orbigny, 1842) NWA, F, C, Br, SCA, NEA cr, of, rl a, co, o, r, 5/80 ru, sh, so [84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 223, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] [1, 2, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 302, 307a] Species List Superfamily TONNOIDEA Family BURSIDAE Bursa granularis cubaniana (d’Orbigny, 1842) Referencesg Cypraecassis testiculus (Linnaeus, 1758) Phalium granulatum (Born, 1778) Semicassis cicatricosum (Gmelin, 1791) Family RANELLIDAE Charonia variegata (Lamarck, 1816) NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Gu, Br, NEA NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br, SCA, NEA NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Gu, Br, SWA, SCA, NEA G, C cr, of a, s, sg 1/10 [84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 384] B, P cr, it, of s, sg –/10 B, P of r, s n.a. [6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 223, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 383, 384] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 223, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 384, 387] B n.a n.a. n.a. [84, 377] B, P c, cr, of a, bo, co, r, s, sh 1/384 c, cr, ma, of [1, 2, 12, 84, 88, 89, 110, 130, 187, 243, 267, 289, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 383, 384] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 302, 307a, 377, 384] B P c, cr, of as, ci, co, m, –/60 r, s, sg, sh a, co, s, sg 10/30 B cr, it, of r –/2 P n.a n.a. n.a. [84, 223, 244, 267, 306, 307, 307a] c, cl, cr, it, of, rl, sb a, bo, co, r, s, sh –/100 [1, 2, 6, 21, 84, 85, 88, 89, 109, 130, 204, 214, 215, 244, 250, 302, 307a, 326, 377, 384, 387] B Pac Pac [1, 89, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 2, 84, 89, 130, 223, 244, 302, 307a, 377, 383] (continued) 257 NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br, SCA, NEA, M NWA, Ber, F, Cymatium aquatile (Reeve, 1844) G, C, Gu, Br, SCA Cymatium cynocephalum (Lamarck, 1816) NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br NWA, F, G, C, Cymatium labiosum (W. Wood, 1828) Br, NEA, I, IP, CtP Cymatium martinianum (d’Orbigny, 1846) NWA, Ber, F, C, Br, SCA, NEA, SEA, CtP Ber, F, G, C, Cymatium nicobaricum (Röding, 1798) Br, SCA, EA, I, IP, NWP, CtP, P, Cl, Ga B, P Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Family CASSIDAE Cassis tuberosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Species Cymatium vespaceum (Lamarck, 1822) Family TONNIDAE Tonna galea (Linnaeus, 1758) Tonna pennata (Mörch, 1852) Infraorder PTENOGLOSSA Superfamily TRIPHOROIDEA Family TRIPHORIDAE Cosmotriphora decorata (C.B. Adams, 1850) Cosmotriphora melanura (C.B. Adams, 1850) Cosmotriphora olivacea (Dall, 1889) Iniforis turristhomae (Holten, 1802) World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg NWA, Ber, C, Br sb n.a. [1, 84, 130] NWA, F, G, B C, Gu, Br, SWA, SCA, EA, M, I, IP, NWP, CtP Ber, F, G, C, B, P Br, NEA b, c, cr, of h, r, s, sh 5/80 [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 302, 306, 307a, 377, 383] c, cr, of co, r, s n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 223, 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] c, cr, of, rl a, bo, co, m, –/200 r, ru, s, sg, so co, ru, s, sh, –/91 so NWA, Ber, B, P F, G, C, Br, NEA NWA, F, G, C, B Br, SCA, NEA C NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br C NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br P B Similiphora intermedia (C.B. Adams, 1850) NWA, F, G, C, B Br, SWA c, cr, ma, rl n.a c, cr, ma, of, rl n.a. n.a. co, ru, s, sg, 2/27 so n.a c, cr, d, es, hs, ma, of, rl c, ma s n.a. a, as, co, m, –/6 o, r, ru, s, sg, sh, so g, r, s, sh –/102 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 267, 302, 377] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 302, 377] [130] [84, 88, 89, 130, 132, 187, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [84, 89, 130, 267] [1, 6, 88, 89, 187, 244, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] Species List Marshallora modesta (C.B. Adams, 1850) Marshallora nigrocincta (C.B. Adams, 1839) Costa Ricac 258 Species List 28.1 (continued) Triphora orteai Espinosa, 2001 Family CERITHIOPSIDAE Cerithiopsis caribbaeus (Gabb, 1881) Cerithiopsis fusiformis (C.B. Adams, 1850) Cerithiopsis gemmulosa (C.B. Adams, 1850) Cerithiopsis greenii (C.B. Adams, 1839) Cerithiopsis lata (C.B. Adams, 1850) NWA, F, G, C, P Br C c, cr, of s, sg 10/90 n.a n.a. n.a. C F, G, C n.a c, ma n.a. m, s 15 –/164 C, Br n.a m, s n.a. NWA, Ber, B, P F, G, C, Br, SWA Ber, C b, c, cr, es, of, rl 4/40 [6, 88, 89, 187, 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 309, 377] n.a a, as, co, g, m, r, ru, s, sg, sh a n.a. n.a n.a n.a. m, s n.a. 6/50 [84, 89, 130, 187, 306, 307, 307a, 383] [1, 187, 307, 307a, 383] [84, 130, 135, 302, 307, 307a, 311] [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 295, 306, 307, 307a, 311, 377] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 387] [1, 6, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 295, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] B Horologica pupa (Dall & Stimpson, 1901) Ber, C Metaxia excelsa Faber & Moolenbeek, 1991 C, Br Ber, F, G, C B, P c, cr, of Retilaskeya bicolor (C.B. Adams, 1845) F, G, C, Br B, P b, c, cr, of Seila adamsii (H.C. Lea, 1845) NWA, Ber, B, P F, G, C, Br, SWA b, c, cr, hs, it, ma, of, rl a, co, o, ru, 4/128 s, so a, as, co, m, 2/65 p, r, s, sg, sh, so a, as, co, m, –/80 o, r, ru, s, sg, sh NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br NWA, Ber, F, G, B, P C, Gu, Br, SWA, NEA of s 20/118 c, cr, it, ma, of an, r, s –/360 Superfamily JANTHINOIDEA Family EPITONIIDAE Depressiscala nautlae (Mörch, 1875) Epitonium albidum (d’Orbigny, 1842) [306, 307, 307a] [1, 84, 89, 130, 307, 307a, 309, 377] [1, 84, 130, 302] [6, 84, 89, 302, 307, 307a, 383] [6, 84, 89, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] 259 Metaxia rugulosa (C.B. Adams, 1850) [84, 89, 187, 223, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] 130 Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Triphora ornata (Deshayes, 1832) (continued) Species World distributiona Ber, F, G, C, Br, SWA Epitonium cf. denticulatum (Sowerby, 1844) F, C, Br Epitonium echinaticosta (d’Orbigny, 1842) Ber, F, G, C, Br Epitonium foliaceicosta (d’Orbigny, 1842) F, G, C, Br NWA, Ber, Epitonium krebsii (Mörch, 1874) F, G, C, Br Ber, F, G, C, Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) NEA Epitonium candeanum (d’Orbigny, 1842) Epitonium novangliae (Couthouy, 1838) Epitonium occidentale (Nyst, 1871) Epitonium unifasciatum (Sowerby, 1844) Opalia crenata (Linnaeus, 1758) Opalia pumilio (Mörch, 1874) Superfamily EULIMOIDEA Family EULIMIDAE Eulima auricincta (Abbott, 1958) Melanella arcuata (C.B. Adams, 1850) Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f P c, sb s –/548 P cr, sb c, cr, of co, m, s s 4/1,473 2/400 P B, P n.a c, ma n.a. co, r, s, sg –/219 –/292 B, P c, cr, it, of, rl, sb co, r, s –/60 c, cr, ma, of r, s, sh –/400 P n.a n.a n.a. r, s –/270 n.a. P n.a an, r, s n.a. P of co, r 5/183 c e, s 2/183 c, cr h, or, s, sg n.a. c, cr, ma, of a, co, h, o, ru, s, so 6/80 NWA, F, G, C, B Br, SWA F, G, C, Br, SWA NWA, F, G, C, P Br Costa Ricac Referencesg [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 84, 89, 302, 383] [84, 89, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 377] [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 223, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] [1, 6, 84, 89, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [84, 130, 302, 307, 307a] [84, 89, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 31, 84, 130, 267, 301, 302, 307, 307a, 383] [1, 84, 89, 130, 223, 267, 302] [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 223, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 84, 88, 89, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 267, 295, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] Species List Eulima bifasciata d’Orbigny, 1842 NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br Ber, F, C, Br F, G, C, Br, SWA Ber, F, C, Br, EA NWA, Ber, F, C, Br Central Americab 260 Species List 28.1 (continued) Scalenostoma subulatum (Broderip, 1832) Vitreolina zugnigae (Espinosa, Ortea & Magaña, 2001) Infraorder NEOGASTROPODA Superfamily MURICOIDEA Family MURICIDAE Chicoreus florifer (Reeve, 1846) Chicoreus mergus E.H. Vokes, 1974 Chicoreus pomum (Gmelin, 1791) Dermomurex pauperculus (C.B. Adams, 1850) Favartia alveata (Kiener, 1842) Favartia cellulosa (Conrad, 1846) cr, h, r, s, sg n.a. B, P c, cr, ma, of, rl h, or, r, s, sg 2/366 P cr, of n.a. 120 n.a n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. B n.a n.a. n.a. B, P n.a c, cr, ma, of n.a. co, r, ru, s, sg, sh 73/91 2/30 B, P cr, of, rl a, bo, co, g, r, s, sg, sh a, bo, co, r n.a. a, bo, co, r, ru, s, sh, so n.a. m, s r n.a. G, C C F, C F, C, Gu NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Gu, Br NWA, F, G, C, Br Ber, F, G, C, Br NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br C C NWA, F, C cr, of, rl B H, P P c, cr, it, ma, rl n.a n.a cr, it n.a. n.a. 9/97 [1, 88, 89, 187, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 387] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 387] [1, 84, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377] [187, 255, 307, 307a, 377] [130] [1, 66, 130, 244, 307, 307a, 377] [2, 307, 307a, 370] [1, 6, 18, 84, 89, 130, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 302, 377] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 302, 377] [137, 307] [89, 306, 307] [1, 18, 84, 89, 130, 187, 307] (continued) 261 Murex alabastrum A. Adams, 1864 Murex olssoni E.H. Vokes, 1967 Muricopsis caribbaea (Bartsch & Rehder, 1939) c, cr, ma, rl Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Ber, F, G, C, Melanella conoidea (Kurtz & Br, SWA Stimpson, 1851) Melanella jamaicensis (C.B. Adams, 1845) NWA, Ber, G, C, Br, SWA F, G, C Oceanida graduata de Folin, 1870 Species World distributiona Central Americab Muricopsis oxytata (M. Smith, 1938) Plicopurpura patula (Linnaeus, 1758) F, G, C Ber, F, G, C B B, P Pterotyphis pinnatus (Broderip, 1833) F, G, C, NEA Pterotyphis triangularis (A. Adams, 1855) Risomurex deformis (Reeve, 1846) F, G, C G, C Risomurex roseus (Reeve, 1846) Stramonita haemastoma floridana (Conrad, 1837) G, C P NWA, F, G, C, B, P Br, SWA, NEA, SEA, M Ber, F, G, C, B, P Br, SCA Stramonita rustica (Lamarck, 1822) Costa Ricac Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f r co, r –/55 n.a. P cr, of cr, it, of, sb, sp n.a g, s –/40 B H, P cr, of n.a co, ru –/15 it co, r b, c, cr, it, of, a, as, ci, co, sp r, s, sg, sh 2/10 –/42 b, cr, it, of, sp a, co, r n.a. NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br B, P cr, it, of, sb a, co, r –/5 Trachypollia nodulosa (C.B. Adams, 1845) NWA, Ber, F, G, B, P C, Br, NEA cr, it, of, rl, sb n.a. Trachypollia sclera Woodring, 1928 Family CORALLIOPHILIDAE Coralliophila caribaea Abbott, 1958 F, G, C n.a a, as, bo, ci, co, r, s, sg, so n.a. NWA, Ber, F, G, B C, Br, NEA NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br cr, of, rl Coralliophila galea (Reeve, 1846) cr, rl, sb n.a. co, o, r, s, 3.5/4.5 sg, so a, bo, co, o, 4/30 r, ru, s, so Referencesg [1, 84, 89, 130, 377] [1, 12, 89, 130, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] [1, 89, 130, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 2, 130, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 89, 130, 306, 307, 307a, 376] [1, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 383] [1, 6, 12, 84, 89, 198, 223, 244, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] [84, 89, 130, 187, 198, 223, 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 18, 84, 89, 130, 187, 198, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 198, 223, 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] [374] [1, 84, 89, 130, 132, 187, 223, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [84, 88, 89, 130, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] Species List Thais deltoidea (Lamarck, 1822) 262 Species List 28.1 (continued) F, G, C B, P Vasum muricatum (Born, 1778) F, G, C B, P Family BUCCINIDAE Antillophos candeanus (d’Orbigny, 1842) c, cr, ma, of, m, r, s, sg sb c, cr, it, rl, sb, co, o, r, ru, sp s, sg, so –/50 –/20 n.a a, co, s, sg 2/183 Bailya intricata (Dall, 1884) NWA, F, G, C, Br F, G, C P c, cr, ma, of g, r, s, sg 2/90 Bailya parva (C.B. Adams, 1850) F, G, C B cr, of co, r, s, sg n.a. Colubraria antillana Sarasúa, 1978 Engina turbinella (Kiener, 1835) C F, G, C, Br B, P n.a cr, of n.a. 2/10 Metula lintea Guppy, 1882 Pisania pusio (Linnaeus, 1758) C, Gu Ber, F, G, C, Gu, Br, SCA Ber, F, G, C, Br C P B, P cr, sb cr, it, of, rl n.a. a, bo, co, o, r, s, sg, so n.a. ci, co, r, ru, s P cr, it, of co, r cr, rl co, o, ru, s, so 10/50 it a, m, r, sg Pollia auritula (Link, 1807) Pollia karinae (Nowell-Usticke, 1959) Family COLUMBELLIDAE Anachis lyrata (Sowerby, 1832) Astyris lunata (Say, 1826) C, Br, P NWA, Ber, P F, G, C, Gu, Br Pac b, c, cr, d, hs, a, as, co, g, ma, of, sb m, o, r, ru, s, sg, sh, so 10/86 n.a. n.a. n.a. –/80 [1, 89, 130, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384] [1, 12, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384] [1, 84, 89, 187, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 84, 130, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 387] [1, 89, 130, 187, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [130] [84, 88, 89, 130, 132, 187, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [306, 307, 307a] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 223, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [88, 89, 130] Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Family TURBINELLIDAE Turbinella angulata (Lightfoot, 1786) [1, 89, 185, 216, 249, 276, 290, 291, 302, 307, 307a] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 244, 267, 295, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] 263 (continued) World distributiona Central Americab Columbella mercatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br B, P Columbellopsis nycteis (Duclos, 1846) F, C Species F, G, C Conella ovulata (Lamarck, 1822) C Conella ovuloides (C.B. Adams, 1850) Cosmioconcha nitens (C.B. Adams, 1850) G, C, Br Costa Ricac Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f b, c, cl, cr, it, co, r, ru, s, ma, of sg cr 0/15 B, P cr, of n.a n.a co, ru, s, sg, –/50 so co, r 5/10 n.a. a, g, r, s, sg 15/50 B, P Ber, F, C, Br P it co, r Costoanachis sparsa (Reeve, 1859) Ber, F, G, C, Br B c, cr, ma, of Costoanachis varia (Sowerby, 1832) C, Co, Me, P, Ga F, C, Ca, Mg, Me, P, TP F, G, C, Br P it a, as, bo, co, 0/80 g, o, r, ru, s, sg, so r n.a. it s n.a. c, sb r, s, sg n.a. Ber, F, G, C, Br, SCA, NEA, IP, Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga Ber, F, G, C, Br B, P c, cr, it, ma, of, sb bo, m, r, s, sg 0/34 cr, of, sb co, p, r, ru, sg 0/2 Mazatlania cosentini (Philippi, 1836) Mitrella dichroa (Sowerby I, 1844) Mitrella ocellata (Gmelin, 1791) Nitidella nitida (Lamarck, 1822) Pac B, P B Pac n.a. Referencesg [1, 12, 15, 18, 84, 89, 130, 132, 187, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] [1, 88, 89, 130] [1, 84, 267, 307, 377, 383] [1, 84, 130] [1, 89, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 187, 267, 291, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 383] [1, 15, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, 291, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [14, 87, 138, 204, 216, 267, 276, 307, 307a] [130, 292, 306, 307, 307a] [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 307a, 377] [1, 15, 18, 75, 84, 89, 113, 130, 185, 187, 223, 244, 247, 250, 267, 276, 279, 292, 302, 307, 307a, 324, 360, 377, 379, 38]7 [15, 84, 89, 130, 244, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 387] Species List Costoanachis catenata (Sowerby, 1844) 264 Species List 28.1 (continued) Rhombinella laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758) Steironepion minor (C.B. Adams, 1845) Steironepion moniliferum (Sowerby, 1844) Zafrona idalina (Duclos, 1840) Zafrona pulchella (de Blainville, 1829) Family NASSARIIDAE Nassarius albus (Say, 1826) Nassarius antillarum (d’Orbigny, 1842) Nassarius consensus (Ravenel, 1861) Nassarius karinae Nowell-Usticke, 1971 Nassarius polygonatus (Lamarck, 1822) Nassarius vibex (Say, 1822) Family MELONGENIDAE Melongena melongena (Linnaeus, 1758) Family FASCIOLARIIDAE Fasciolaria tulipa (Linnaeus, 1758) Latirus angulatus (Röding, 1798) NWA, Ber, P F, G, C, Gu, Br, SWA Ber, F, G, C B, P NWA, F, G, C, Br Ber, F, G, C B, P C, Br NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br NWA, Ber, P F, G, C, Br Ber, F, C, Br G, C P NWA, F, C, Gu, Br C NWA, F, G, C, P Br G, C, Gu c, cr, it, ma a, co, m, r, s, –/20 sg, sh cr, it, of, sb a, bo, r, sg cr, of, rl, sb a, co, ru, s, sg, so cr, of a, co, o, s, so n.a r c, cl, cr, it, of co, r, ru, s, sg –/220 6/70 [1, 6, 15, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 291, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 15, 84, 89, 130, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] [1, 84, 88, 130, 223, 295, 302, 307, 307a] [84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 291, 295, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [130, 302] [1, 15, 18, 84, 89, 130, 187, 307, 307a, 377, 383] cr m, r, ru, s 2/10 cr cr n.a s co, ru, s, so c, s, sg –/10 n.a b, bw, c, d, ma m, sg as, c, m, r, s, sg –/3 c, ma r, s [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384] NWA, F, G, C, B, P Gu, Br c, it, ma, of, cr, rl a, co, r, ru, s, 3/50 sg, sh, so F, G, C, Br c, cr, of, sb a, bo, co, r, ru, s, sh, so [1, 6, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 302, 377] B, P B 20/72 Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Parvanachis obesa (C.B. Adams, 1845) [1, 84, 130, 187, 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 384, 387] [84, 89, 130, 302] [84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 377] [132, 187, 302, 307, 307a] [2, 84, 307, 307a] [1, 6, 89, 187, 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] 265 (continued) Species World distributiona Latirus carinifer Lamarck, 1822 Central Americab Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f F, G, C, Br cr, of a, co, r, s Latirus infundibulum (Gmelin, 1791) F, C, Gu, Br cr, of, rl Leucozonia nassa (Gmelin, 1791) F, G, C, Br B, P c, cr, it, of, sb, sp co, g, r, ru, s, 2/60 sh, so a, bo, co, o, p, r, s, sh, so Leucozonia ocellata (Gmelin, 1791) F, G, C, Br B, P it r 1 Teralatirus cayohuesonicus (Sowerby, 1878) Family VOLUTIDAE Voluta virescens Lightfoot, 1786 Family OLIVIDAE Agaronia testacea Lamarck, 1811 F, C P cr, rl a, bo, co, r, s n.a. [1, 41, 84, 89, 130, 295, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 2, 84, 88, 89, 302, 383, 307, 307a] [1, 12, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 198, 223, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] [1, 84, 89, 130, 132, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267] C H, N sb m, s, sh 6/99 [89, 306, 307, 307a] C, Co, Me, P, PC P es, it m, r, s, sg 0/1 Oliva reticularis Lamarck, 1811 Ber, F, G, C, Br B, P ma, cr, of, rl c, co, s, sh –/125 Oliva scripta Lamarck, 1811 G, C, Br c, of m, r, s 20/80 Olivella dealbata (Reeve, 1850) Olivella minuta (Link, 1807) NWA, F, G, C G, C, Gu, Br Olivella myrmecoon Dall, 1912 Olivella nivea (Gmelin, 1791) C H, P NWA, Ber, F, G, B C, Gu, Br [1, 2, 74, 75, 86, 130, 187, 216, 230, 267, 276, 307, 307a, 384] [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 275, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 384] [1, 89, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 6, 84, 130, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 6, 84, 89, 187, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 387] [89, 267, 306, 307] [1, 84, 89, 130, 223, 302, 377] Pac –/42 b, c, cr, ma, of r, s c, cr, b, ma co, m, r, s –/8 n.a c, cr, ma, of –/34 –/46 m, s r, s Referencesg Species List B B Costa Ricac 266 Species List 28.1 (continued) Family MARGINELLIDAE Dentimargo cruzmoralai Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 Dentimargo eburneolus (Conrad, 1834) Dentimargo zaidettae Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 Hyalina chicoi Espinosa & Ortea, 1999 Hyalina pallida (Linnaeus, 1758) Prunum apicinum (Menke, 1828) Prunum chumi Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 Prunum holandae Espinosa & Ortea, 1999 Volvarina avena (Kiener, 1834) Volvarina socoae Espinosa & Ortea, 1999 Volvarina yolandae Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 Family CYSTISCIDAE Furcilla tica Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 Gibberula bribri Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 Gibberula lavalleeana (d’Orbigny, 1842) cr, of, rl, sb a, bo, co, g, r, s, sh 1.5/12 [84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] C cr co 12/15 [129, 130, 307a] NWA, F, G, C C c, cr, of, sb n.a s n.a. –/1,095 12/15 [1, 187, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [129, 130, 307a] cr cr co a, bo, co, r 5/12 NWA, F, G, C, B Br C C P b, c, cr, d, ma, of n.a n.a a, as, c, m, r, s, sg n.a. n.a. –/25 [128, 130, 307a] [1, 84, 88, 89, 187, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 6, 84, 89, 244, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [130] [127, 130, 307a] NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br C c, cr, it, of, rl –/80 rl a, bo, co, r, ru, s, so n.a. 1/1.5 [1, 18, 84, 88, 89, 187, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [127, 130, 307a] C n.a n.a. 10/25 [129, 130, 307a] C C NWA, Ber, B F, G, C, Br, SCA, NEA C C cr n.a c, cr, ma, of, rl co n.a. a, as, co, m, o, r, cr, s, so co n.a. 30 10/15 4/72 [129, 130, 307a] [129, 130, 307a] [1, 84, 88, 89, 187, 244, 295, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] 30 10/15 [129, 130, 307a] [129, 130, 307a] C F, G, C B, P B B cr n.a n.a. n.a. (continued) 267 Gibberula marioi Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 Gibberula sierrai Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 Ber, F, G, C, Br Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Family HARPIDAE Morum oniscus (Linnaeus, 1767) Species Gibberula ubitaensis Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 Granulina minae Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 Granulina ovuliformis (d’Orbigny, 1841) Persicula fluctuata (C.B. Adams, 1850) Persicula weberi Olsson & McGinty, 1958 Plesiocystiscus genecoani Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 Family MITRIDAE Mitra barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791) World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg C n.a n.a. 12/15 [129, 130, 307a] C NWA, F, G, C, B Br, SWA G, C B n.a c, cr, of 12/15 5/90 C, Gu, NEA C sb n.a n.a. a, as, m, r, s, sg co, g, ru, s, so m, s n.a. [129, 130, 307a] [1, 84, 89, 187, 244, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 88, 89, 130, 307, 307a, 377] [187, 267, 306, 307, 307a] [129, 130] P Costa Ricac 268 Species List 28.1 (continued) cr, of, rl 2/15 –/15 25 n.a co, r, s –/80 [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] c, cr, it, ma, of, rl co, o, r, ru, s, so 5/50 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 132, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] Family COSTELLARIIDAE Vexillum dermestinum (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum epiphaneum (Rehder, 1943) Vexillum exiguum (C.B. Adams, 1845) G, C Ber, F, C F, C, Br ma sb cr, rl n.a. –/2 30/80 Vexillum gemmatum (Sowerby, 1874) F, G, C cr, it, of co, g co co, m, ru, sg, so a, co, r Vexillum laterculatum (Sowerby, 1874) F, C n.a a, g 25/60 [84, 89, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 307, 307a] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 132, 302, 307a] [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 84, 89, 187, 306, 307, 316] Mitra nodulosa (Gmelin, 1791) P n.a. Species List NWA, Ber, B, P F, G, C, Gu, Br, SCA NWA, Ber, B, P F, G, C, Br Superfamily CANCELLARIOIDEA Family CANCELLARIIDAE Cancellaria reticulata (Linnaeus, 1767) Tritonoharpa lanceolata (Menke, 1828) Superfamily CONOIDEA Family TEREBRIDAE Hastula cinerea (Born, 1778) Hastula hastata (Gmelin, 1791) Hastula salleana Deshayes, 1859 Terebra dislocata (Say, 1822) Terebra protexta (Conrad, 1846) Family TURRIDAE Crassispira adamsi de Jong & Coomans, 1988 Crassispira fuscescens (Reeve, 1845) Leptadrillia cookei (E.A. Smith, 1888) F, C, Br F, C Ber, C, Br n.a cr, of cr co, r a, co, s co, s 45/60 42 10/30 [130, 223, 302] [84, 130, 295, 307, 307a, 316] [1, 84, 130, 306, 307, 307a, 316] NWA, F, G, C, Gu, Br NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br c, ma, of m, s, sg –/38 cr, of, rl co, g, o, r, ru, s, so –/80 [1, 6, 89, 150, 244, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 295, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] c, it, of m, p, r, s, sh 0/27 B, P it s 5/75 B, P cr, it p, s B b, c, it, ma m, r, s –/52 B, P c, ma, of s 2/90 [1, 36, 45, 55, 84, 86, 130, 216, 276, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 384] [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 377, 383] [1, 6, 89, 244, 267, 302, 307a, 377] [1, 6, 216, 244, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 6, 89, 130, 267, 302, 377] P n.a n.a. n.a. [84, 267, 307, 307a] c, it, ma co, r, s –/70 n.a m, s 30/420 [84, 89, 130, 187, 223, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 84, 89, 187, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 316] F, G, C, Br, EA, Co, Me, P Ber, F, G, C, Br NWA, F, G, C, Br NWA, F, G, C, Br, Ca, P NWA, F, G, C, Br C NWA, F, G, C, Br F, G, C, Br B Pac 269 (continued) Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Vexillum pulchellum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum sykesi (Melvill, 1925) Vexillum variatum (Reeve, 1845) World distributiona Central Americab Pilsbryspira albomaculata (d’Orbigny, 1842) Pilsbryspira harfordiana (Reeve, 1843) Pilsbryspira jayana (C.B. Adams, 1850) Pilsbryspira leucocyma (Dall, 1884) F, G, C, Br G, C F, C F, G, C, Br Strictispira paxillus (Reeve, 1845) Family CONIDAE Brachycythara biconica (C.B. Adams, 1850) Conus cardinalis Hwass, 1792 Conus daucus Hwass, 1792 C, Br Species Conus aff. delessertii Recluz, 1843 Conus ermineus Born, 1778 Conus granulatus Linnaeus, 1758 Conus jaspideus Gmelin, 1791 Conus mindanus Hwass, 1792 Conus mus Hwass, 1792 Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f B cr, it, of, rl a, bo, co, r, s –/42 B, P B, P P c, cr, ma cr, of c, cr, ma, of a, bo, co, r, s a, co, s 42 a, bo, co, r, n.a. ru, s, sg, so n.a. n.a. n.a B, P P P B c, cr, it, ma, of, cr n.a cr, rl cr, of cr, of, rl cr, of co, r, ru, s, so n.a. co, o, r, ru, s, so n.a. co, r, ru, s, so co, r, s –/90 n.a. 5/175 n.a. 20/99 1.5 NWA, F, G, C, B, P Gu, Br NWA, Ber, F, C, Br Ber, F, G, C, B, P Gu, P c, cr, it, ma, of cr co, g, m, r, s –/70 co 50/100 cr, it, of, sb, sp a, bo, co, r, so n.a. C, Br, Me, P n.a s –/10 Referencesg [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 295, 301, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [88, 130, 267, 307, 307a, 377] [130, 267, 295, 307a, 377] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [84, 307] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 310, 377] [1, 130, 267] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 132, 223, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 384] [267, 307, 307a380] [1, 84, 88, 89, 307, 307a, 377, 384] [1, 84, 89, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [84, 89, 130, 302] [1, 12, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] [2, 84, 89, 130, 307] Species List Conus puncticulatus Hwass, 1792 NWA, G, C, Br C NWA, F, G, C, Gu, Br NWA, F, G, C F, G, C, Br, NEA F, G, C Costa Ricac 270 Species List 28.1 (continued) F, G, C, Br B, P cr, of, rl, sb a, bo, co, r, ru –/5 Cryoturris quadrilineata (C.B. Adams, 1850) Daphnella lymneiformis (Kiener, 1840) F, G, C B, P c, cr, ma, of n.a. NWA, F, C, Br B it co, r, ru, s, so ru NWA, Ber, G, C, Br NWA, F, G, C, Br Ber, F, G, C, Br NWA, F, G, C, Br Ber, F, G, C, Br G, C NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br F, C, P P cr, it, of, rl co, g, ru, s, so co, sg 5/52 co, g, m, s a, co, m, s 20/100 –/103 Glyphoturris quadrata (Reeve, 1845) Glyphoturris rugirima (Dall, 1889) Kurtziella serga (Dall, 1881) Nannodiella vespuciana (d’Orbigny, 1842) Pyrgocythara candidissima (C.B. Adams, 1845) Pyrgocythara caribaea (d’Orbigny, 1842) Tenaturris cf. inepta (E.A. Smith, 1882) Thelecythara floridana Fargo, 1953 Superorder HETEROBRANCHIA Superfamily ARCHITECTONICOIDEA Family ARCHITECTONICIDAE Architectonica nobilis Röding, 1798 Heliacus bisulcatus (d’Orbigny, 1842) Heliacus cylindricus (Gmelin, 1791) cr B, P B B NWA, F, G, C, P Gu, Br, NEA, SEA, Me, P NWA, Ber, F, B, P G, C, Gu, Br, EA Ber, F, G, C, P Br Pac 5/46 2/366 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 223, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 377] [1, 84, 89, 132, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377] [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 302, 306, 307, 307a383] c, cr, of c, cr, it, ma, of c, cr, ma, of, rl c, ma c, cr, ma, of co, m, r, s 2/103 r, s, sg s n.a. 1/823 [1, 89, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 84, 88, 187, 223, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [84, 187, 307, 307a377, 383] [1, 84, 89, 302, 377] n.a m, s n.a. [84, 89, 130] cr, sb an, co, r, s, sh 1/250 cr, it, of as, co, r, ru, tu 20/366 sb an, r –/46 [1, 2, 6, 25, 45, 72, 75, 84, 89, 244, 250, 267, 276, 302, 307, 307a, 342, 377, 387] [1, 6, 84, 187, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 383, 387] [1, 84, 89, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 383, 384, 387] 271 (continued) Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Conus regius Gmelin, 1791 Species Heliacus perrieri (Rochebrune, 1881) Psilaxis krebsii (Mörch, 1875) Superfamily RISSOELLOIDEA Family RISSOELLIDAE Rissoella gandocaensis Ortea & Espinosa, 2001 Superfamily PYRAMIDELLOIDEA Family PYRAMIDELLIDAE Chrysallida jadisi (Olsson & McGinty, 1958) Chrysallida toroensis (Olsson & McGinty, 1958) Iselica globosa (H.C. Lea, 1843) Ividia abbotti (Olsson & McGinty, 1958) World distributiona Central Americab F, C, Br, EA, Me, P NWA, Ber, F, C, Br B C Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Depth (m)f n.a an, r n.a. cr co, s 25/115 n.a n.a. n.a. [130] [84, 89, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 368, 377] [1, 84, 136, 187, 267, 302, 307] [1, 89, 267, 302, 307] [84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377] [84, 89, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 84, 132, 187, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [130] [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 377] [130] [84, 89, 130] [84, 130] [1, 84, 130] [1, 84, 89, 130] B, P n.a sg n.a. P cr co, m, s 4/234 F, C, Br, SWA G, C P P it, of c a r, s 5/550 n.a. B, P cr, of n.a. n.a. c, of s n.a. n.a c, cr, ma, of n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a. s n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Odostomia babylonia (C.B. Adams, 1845) Ber, G, C, Br C F, G, C C C C NWA, C NWA, C B, P Referencesg [1, 187, 216, 302, 307, 307a, 377] [1, 84, 89, 130, 302, 307, 307a] Species List F, C, Gu, Br, SWA F, C, Br Ividia havanensis (Pilsbry & Aguayo, 1933) F, G, C, Br Pyramidella suturalis H.C. Lea, 1843 Triptychus niveus Mörch, 1875 Turbonilla coomansi van Aartsen, 1994 Turbonilla levis (C.B. Adams, 1850) Turbonilla rixtae de Jong & Coomans, 1988 Turbonilla stimpsoni Bush, 1899 Turbonilla textilis (Kurtz, 1860) Costa Ricac 272 Species List 28.1 (continued) Order EUPULMONATA Suborder ACTOPHILA Superfamily ELLOBIOIDEA Family ELLOBIIDAE Melampus coffeus (Linnaeus, 1758) Benthic, Shelled Gastropods PULMONATA Order BASOMMATOPHORA Superfamily SIPHONARIOIDEA Family SIPHONARIIDAE Williamia krebsii (Mörch, 1877) NWA, Ber, F, G, P C, Br it Ber, F, G, C, Gu, B Br, SWA f, r, sh –/37 Melampus monile (Bruguière, 1789) Ber, F, G, C, Br B Pedipes mirabilis (Mühlfeld, 1816) Ber, F, G, C, Br, B, P SCA c, cr, es, hs, co, m, r, rt, n.a. ma, of, ru, s sp, sw c, es, hs, it, m, r n.a. ma, sb, sp bw, c, es, it, as, co, p, r, s n.a. ma, sp Tralia ovula (Bruguière, 1789) Ber, F, G, C c, sp B, P co, r, rt, s, sg n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] [1, 84, 89, 130, 146, 187, 244, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 384] [1, 84, 89, 130, 302, 377] [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 387] [1, 84, 89, 130, 132, 146, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377] (continued) 273 274 Species List 28.1 (continued) n.a. = information not available a A = Atlantic; Ber = Bermuda; Br = Brazil (including Fernando de Noronha and Trinidade islands); C = Caribbean; Ca = California; Cl = Clipperton Island; Co = Gulf of California; CtP = Central Pacific; EA = East Atlantic; F = Florida; G = Gulf of Mexico; Ga = Galapagos Islands; Gu = Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana; I = Indian; IP = Indo-Pacific; M = Mediterranean; Me = Mexican; Mg = Magdalena Bay; NEA = Northeast Atlantic; NEP = Northeast Pacific; (transition area from the Californian province to the Mexican province); NWA = North-West Atlantic; NWP = North-West Pacific; P = Panamic; PC = Peruvian-Chilean; SCA = South-Central Atlantic (Ascension and Saint Helena islands); SEA = Southeast Atlantic; SWA = Southwest Atlantic; TP = (transition area from the Panamic province to the Peruvian Chilean province); Note: the classification of the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific provinces are based on Díaz Merlano and Puyana Hegedus (1994), and Reid (2002), respectively; but with modifications as indicated above b B = Belize; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c Pac = also present on the Pacific coast d b = bays and coves; bw = brackish water; c = cienaga facies; cl = coastal lagoons, d = Drift; es = estuaries; fw = freshwater seepage; hs = high salinity; it = intertidal; ls = low salinity; ma = mangroves; oc = oceanic; of = offshore; cr = reefs; rl = reef lagoons; sb = subtidal (on continental shelf); sp = supratidal; sw = stagnant water e a = algae; ad = ascidians; an = anemones; as = artificial substrates (jetties, pilings); b = bacteria; bo = boulders; c = carrion; ci = cirripeds; co = corals; di = diatoms; e = equinoderms; g = gravel; h = holothurians; l = leaves; m = mud, o = octocorals; or = ophiurids; p = polychaetes; r = rocks; rt = rotten vegetation; ru = rubble; s = sand; sg = sea grasses; sh = shells; so = sponges; st = stomatopods; tu = tunicates; w = wood f Lowermost occurrence (m)/uppermost occurrence (m) g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Species List 28.2 Benthic, shelled gastropods of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Species World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Class GASTROPODA Subclass EOGASTROPODA Order PATELLOGASTROPODA Suborder NACELLINA Superfamily ACMAEOIDEA Family LOTTIIDAE Lottia mesoleuca (Menke, 1851) Me, P N PM, IC it, sb bo, m, r, ru, s n.a. PM IC sb it r n.a. n.a. -/33 ES, N, P PM IC cr, it it, sp r bo, r, s n.a. n.a. P ES, P PM, IC PM PM PM PM of, sb cr, it, ma it sb it r bo, m, r bo, r bo, r r –/95 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [216, 276, 324, 360, 361] [1, 30, 90, 216, 247, 250, 276, 279, 317, 341, 386] [185, 216, 250] [74, 216, 276, 345, 360, 361] [1, 216, 276, 285, 349, 360] [204, 216, 276, 360] [185, 216] IC it n.a. –/10 [226, 250] Lottia pediculus (Philippi, 1846) Lottia rothi (Lindberg & McLean, 1981) Lottia stipulata (Reeve, 1855) Lottia strigatella (Carpenter, 1864) Patelloida semirubida (Dall, 1914) Tectura biradiata (Reeve, 1855) Tectura fascicularis (Menke, 1851) Tectura filosa (Carpenter, 1865) Tectura subrotundata (Carpenter, 1865) Tectura ubiquita (Lindberg & McLean, 1981) Me, P P, Ga P NWP, Ca, Co, Me, P Co, Me, P P Co, Me, P P, Ga P Mg, Co, Me, P ES, N, P ES, P [1, 2, 13, 45, 75, 216, 247, 250, 276, 279, 280, 349, 360] [1, 45, 113, 216, 276, 360] [204, 226, 250] (continued) 275 Species List 28.2 (continued) World distributiona Subclass ORTHOGASTROPODA Superorder VETIGASTROPODA Superfamily PLEUROTOMARIOIDEA Family HALIOTIDAE Haliotis roberti McLean, 1970 P Superfamily FISSURELLOIDEA Family FISSURELLIDAE Diodora cf. digueti (Mabille, 1895) Co, Me, P Diodora inaequalis (Sowerby, 1835) Ca, Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga Me, P, Ma, Ga Diodora punctifissa McLean, 1970 Co, Me, P Diodora cf. pusilla Berry, 1959 Diodora saturnalis (Carpenter, 1864) Ca, Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga, PC P, Ga Fissurella deroyae McLean, 1970 Fissurella longifissa Sowerby, 1863 P Fissurella microtrema Sowerby, 1835 Me, P, TP Central Costa Americab Ricac ES, N, P P N P Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg of a, co, g, r, ru, s 30/174 [63, 195, 216, 237, 247, 250] PM PM, IC n.a. it, sb n.a. bo, r n.a. –/27 IC PM PM, IC of it n.a. r g r 9/275 9/27 12/36 IC PM PM, IC sb cr, it it r m, r a, co, m, r 21/27 [185, 216] [1, 2, 75, 113, 185, 204, 212, 216, 276, 279, 349, 360] [113, 204, 212, 238, 250] [185, 216, 284, 324] [1, 75, 113, 140, 204, 212, 216, 250, 273, 284] [204, 216, 237] [216, 360, 361] [1, 45, 113, 176, 185, 216, 250, 360] [18, 75, 276, 285] [2, 12, 75, 185, 216, 247, 250, 268, 269, 270, 276, 279, 280, 360, 361, 364, 365, 379] [75, 216, 276] [216, 349] [216, 250] [72, 158, 216, 285, 349] –/12 Fissurella rugosa Sowerby, 1835 Fissurella virescens Sowerby, 1835 Co, Me, P, TP, Ga N Me, P, TP, PC N, P PM PM, IC it cr, it, sb a, r bo, m, r, ru, s –/18 n.a. Lucapinella aequalis Sowerby, 1835 Lucapinella crenifera Sowerby, 1835 Lucapinella milleri Berry, 1959 Stromboli beebei (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Me, P P, PC Co, Me, P Co, Me, P PM PM IC PM it n.a. it, of of r n.a. n.a. s n.a. n.a. –/18 65/183 P P Species List IC 276 Species Turbo saxosus Wood, 1828 Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843 Family TROCHIDAE Bathybembix bairdii (Dall, 1889) Co, P, Ma Co, Me, P P, Ga Me, P, TP Me, P P, Ma, Ga Me, P, TP Me, P ES, N, P N n.a. n.a. n.a. [212, 349] IC IC PM PM IC PM of sb it, sb n.a. it it, of n.a. r r, s n.a. n.a. r 46/120 12/183 n.a. n.a. 7/275 n.a. [1, 216, 247, 250, 349] [204, 216, 239, 250, 334] [2, 75, 153, 185, 109, 276] 216 [204, 212, 216, 237, 250, 334] [185, 216, 379] PM it, of r n.a. [185, 216, 276, 360, 379] IC cr, it a –/100 [214, 331] EA, I, IP, NWP, CtP, P Me, P, TP ES, N, P PM, IC it, of, sb bo, r, s –/60 Co, Me, P, TP P IC of r 15/70 [2, 45, 75, 153, 185, 216, 247, 276, 349, 360] [75, 113, 216, 250, 276, 284, 379] PM of n.a. 10/1, 200 [1, 2, 216] IC of n.a. [1, 216, 247, 250] P, Ga IC n.a. n.a. 1, 830/2, 190 91/183 P, Ga P P, Ga NWA, F, G, C, Gu, Br, P IC PM IC Car, IC n.a. it, of it c, cr, it, ma, of, rl, sb n.a. n.a. r a, bo, co, r, s, sg 37/128 –/18 [216, 247, 250] 216 [18, 45, 204, 216, 247, 279] [1, 6, 18, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 216, 247, 250, 267, 279, 302, 307, 377, 383, 387] NEP, Ca, Me, P, PC Calliotropis equatorialis (Dall, 1896) Ca.Me, P Mirachelus galapagensis McLean, 1970 Solariella diomedea Dall, 1919 Tegula bergeroni McLean, 1970 Tegula cooksoni (E.A. Smith, 1877) Tegula fasciata (Born, 1778) P IC P 1/15 Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Superfamily SCISSURELLOIDEA Family SCISSURELLIDAE Sinezona rimuloides (Carpenter, 1865) Superfamily TROCHOIDEA Family TURBINIDAE Arene ferruginosa McLean, 1970 Arene guttata McLean, 1970 Astraea buschii (Philippi, 1844) Astraea spirata (Dall, 1911) Eulithidium diantha (McLean, 1970) Eulithidium perforatum (Philippi, 1848) Eulithidium phasianellum (Philippi, 1849) Tricolia variabilis (Pease, 1861) [204, 216, 247, 250] 277 (continued) 278 Species List 28.2 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Tegula panamensis (Philippi, 1849) Tegula pellisserpentis (Wood, 1828) P, TP P ES, N, P ES, N, P PM PM it, sb it, ma, sb bo, m, r, s bo, r, s n.a. n.a. Tegula picta McLean, 1970, ex Dall, MS Tegula verrucosa McLean, 1970 Turcica admirabilis Berry, 1969 Family SKENEIDAE Haplocochlias lucasensis (Strong, 1934) Pachystremiscus solitarius (Hertlein & Allison, 1968) Parviturbo erici (Strong & Hertlein, 1939) Parviturbo stearnsii (Dall, 1918) Family CALLIOSTOMATIDAE Calliostoma aequisculptum Carpenter, 1865 Calliostoma antonii Koch (in Philippi, 1843) Calliostoma bonita Strong, Hanna & Hertlein, 1933 Calliostoma nepheloide Dall, 1913 Calliostoma santacruzanum McLean, 1970 Calliostoma veleroae McLean, 1970 Family PELYCIDIIDAE Pelycidion kelseyi (Bartsch, 1911) P, TP PM it n.a. n.a. [12, 45, 75, 185, 216, 276, 360] [2, 12, 153, 216, 245, 276, 349, 360] [216] PM PM it, sb of m, r, ru, s n.a. n.a. 20/180 [185, 216, 237, 276, 280, 379] [1, 72, 216, 265] Co, Me, P PM it n.a. –/25 [216, 349] P, Cl, Ma IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [212] Co, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. 10/50 [185, 216] Mg, Co, Me, P PM, IC n.a. g 3/122 [185, 216, 250, 284, 324, 337] Me, P PM sb r n.a. [29, 216] PM it r n.a. [1, 216, 276] PM of n.a. 37/100 [216, 285] Me, P, PC Ca, Co, Me, P Me, P, TP ES, N, P P ES, N, P Co, Me, P Me, P P, Ga P PM PM of n.a. n.a. n.a. 64/256 45/134 [1, 2, 216, 240, 265] [202, 216] P P PM n.a. n.a. 59/100 [72, 73, 216, 218, 240, 265] P, Ma P IC it n.a. –/38 [212, 337] Species List Species Me, P, Ga, TP ES, N, P PM, IC cr, es, it, ma Nerita scabricosta Lamarck, 1822 Me, P, Ma, Ga ES, N, P PM, IC it, ma, sb, sp bo, r, s, sh, w 0/4 Neritina latissima Broderip, 1833 Me, P ES, P PM, IC es, fw, ls, ma, sp bw, fw, it, ma r n.a. [1, 45, 74, 75, 113, 185, 204, 216, 245, 247, 250, 268, 270, 276, 279, 360, 361, 364, 365] [1, 12, 13, 45, 74, 75, 113, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 222, 245, 247, 250, 269, 270, 276, 360] [2, 38, 74, 216, 247, 276, 379] m, r n.a. [1, 74, 185, 216, 276, 354, 379] IC n.a. n.a. 17 [65, 212, 216, 250, 324] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] PM, IC bo, m, r, s 0/15 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [2, 18, 45, 75, 185, 204, 216, 218, 247, 250, 272, 276, 285, 360] [185, 216] [185, 204, 216] n.a. 9/12 Co, Me, P, TP ES, P Theodoxus luteofasciatus (Miller, 1879) Family PHENACOLEPADIDAE RS, NWP, CtP, Co, P Plesiothyreus osculans Me, P, Ma (C.B. Adams, 1852) P Plesiothyreus puntarene (Mörch, 1860) Superorder CAENOGASTROPODA Order SORBEOCONCHA Superfamily CERITHIOIDEA Family CERITHIIDAE Me, P Bittium cf. cerralvoense (Bartsch, 1911) Me, P, Ga, TP P Cerithium adustum Kiener, 1841 Cerithium browni (Bartsch, 1928) Cerithium gallapaginis Sowerby, 1855, ex A. Adams, MS Cerithium maculosum Kiener, 1841 PM P P, Ga P ES, P PM PM fw, it, sb, sp n.a. it Mg, Me, P, Ga ES, P IC cr bo, r n.a. (continued) 279 [1, 75, 113, 138, 153, 216, 247, 250, 276, 279] Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Superorder NERITOPSINA Superfamily NERITOIDEA Family NERITIDAE Nerita funiculata Menke, 1851 Species Cerithium cf. nicaraguense Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Cerithium stercusmuscarum Valenciennes, 1833 Cerithium uncinatum (Gmelin, 1791) Rhinoclavis gemmata (Hinds, 1844) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg P, Ga N, P PM it, of n.a. –/37 [45, 185, 204, 216] Co, Me, P, Ga, TP N, P PM bo, m, r, s n.a. Co, Me, P, Ga PM, IC cl, es, it, ma it, of a, r, s 2/37 PM, IC of, sb m, s, sg 2/130 [1, 74, 75, 138, 185, 204, 216, 276, 360] [1, 18, 45, 138, 185, 204, 216, 250, 276, 279] [2, 18, 45, 113, 189, 204, 216, 250, 276] P Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga Co, P, Ga, PC N, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. Me, P, Ga P PM, IC n.a. m, s, sg 2/25 [105, 169, 185, 204, 216, 272, 341, 379] [138, 204, 216, 250] Co, Me, P Co, Me, P P P PM PM, IC cr of r, s co, m, r n.a. 40/105 [216, 276] [72, 158, 216, 250] PM n.a. n.a. 0/2 [4, 5, 185, 216, 272] N, P PM PM n.a. it n.a. m 1/200 [216] [214, 72, 160, 216, 276, 379] P PM of m, s 4/170 P PM IC of n.a. n.a. 27/55 n.a. ES PM, IC it co, g, r, ru –/110 Co, Me, P, PC Me, P Co, Me, P Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P P, Ma Ca, Me, P, Ma, Ga [1, 72, 103, 204, 216, 276, 284, 285] [75, 113, 216, 284] [212] [1, 45, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 254] Species List Family LITIOPIDAE Alaba cf. interruptelineata Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Alaba supralirata Carpenter, 1857 Family TURRITELLIDAE Turritella banksi Reeve, 1849 Turritella clarionensis (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Turritella gonostoma Valenciennes, 1832 Turritella lentiginosa Reeve, 1849 Turritella leucostoma Valenciennes, 1832 Turritella nodulosa King & Broderip, 1832 Turritella rubescens Reeve, 1849 Vermicularia cf. frisbeyae McLean, 1970 Vermicularia pellucida eburnea (Reeve, 1842) 280 Species List 28.2 (continued) Family POTAMIDIDAE Cerithidea californica mazatlanica Carpenter, 1857 Cerithidea montagnei (d’Orbigny, 1839) Cerithidea pulchra (C.B. Adams, 1852) Cerithidea valida (C.B. Adams, 1852) Family MODULIDAE Modulus catenulatus (Philippi, 1849) Modulus cerodes (A. Adams, 1851) Modulus disculus (Philippi, 1846) Family SCALIOLIDAE Finella cf. veraguaensis Strong & Hertlein, 1939 P N PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216, 254] Co, Me, P, PC ES, P PM es, it, ma, of m, s –/27 [1, 74, 75, 185, 216, 276] Me, P, Ma, Ga Me, P Me, P, Ga N, P PM, IC IC PM, IC it n.a. it, sb, sp r, ru n.a. bo, m, r, sh –/30 n.a. n.a. [204, 212, 216, 250, 333] [216, 250, 324] [12, 13, 45, 75, 138, 185, 204, 216, 222, 247, 250, 276, 279, 360] Co, Me, P, TP P PM it n.a. [185, 216, 272] Co, Me, P, TP, PC P, TP P PM it, ma m, w n.a. [1, 74, 75, 216, 272, 276] ES, N, P PM ma, sp m, s n.a. [74, 153, 185, 216, 272, 276] P ES, N, P PM ma m n.a. [74, 185, 216, 276] Co, Me, P, TP Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga Co, Me, P ES, P P PM PM, IC es n.a. n.a. 12/61 P PM es, ma m bo, co, m, r, ru m n.a. [74, 185, 216, 272, 276] [45, 113, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 276, 279, 324, 360] [45, 74, 113, 185, 216, 276, 324] P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 324] Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Family SILIQUARIIDAE Stephopoma pennatum Mörch, 1860 Family BATILLARIIDAE Rhinocoryne humboldti (Valenciennes, 1832) Family PLANAXIDAE Fossarus angulatus Carpenter, 1857 Fossarus tuberosus Carpenter, 1857 Planaxis planicostatus Sowerby, 1825 (continued) 281 Species Suborder HYPSOGASTROPODA Infraorder LITTORINIMORPHA Superfamily LITTORINOIDEA Family LITTORINIDAE Littoraria aberrans (Philippi, 1846) Littoraria coccinea (Gmelin, 1791) Littoraria pintado pullata (Carpenter, 1864) Littoraria rosewateri Reid, 1999 282 Species List 28.2 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Co, Me, P I, IP, CtP, P, Cl Me, P, Cl, Ma P P PM IC IC it, ma, sp d sp l, w as, r, w a, as, r n.a. n.a. n.a. [74, 185, 216, 284, 298] [214, 300] [212, 250, 298] Co, Me, P, TP P PM bw, cl, fw, ma, sm, sp d, ma bo, l, m, sd, w n.a. [298] as, r, w n.a. [214, 300] IC PM PM l, m, r, w m, r, s, w n.a. n.a. [298] [207, 298] PM IC ma, sp bw, cl, it, ma, sp it, ma, sp cr, it, sp r, w r n.a. n.a. PM b, sp as, ba, r, sh n.a. [2, 14, 74, 75, 185, 216, 276, 298] [2, 18, 30, 149, 216, 233, 247, 250] [299] PM, IC it, ma, sp 0/60 [250, 299] IC it, sp as, ba, m, r, sh as, ba, r, sh n.a. [250, 299] PM, IC fw, sp ba, r n.a. [299] PM sp ba, r n.a. [299] Species List SEA, I, IP, NWP, SWP, CtP, P ES, P Littoraria varia (G.B. Sowerby, 1832) P, TP Co, Me, P, TP ES, P Littoraria variegata (Souleyet in Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852) P P Littoraria zebra (Donovan, 1825) NEP, Ca, Mg, Littorina keenae Rosewater, 1978 Me, P ES, H, Nodilittorina apicina (Menke, 1851) Ca, Me, P N, P P, Ga, TP ES, H, Nodilittorina atrata (C.B. Adams, N, P 1852) Me, P, Ga, TP ES, N, P Nodilittorina conspersa (Philippi, 1847) ES, N Nodilittorina dubiosa (C.B. Adams, P, Ga 1852) ES, P Nodilittorina fuscolineata Reid, 2002 P Littoraria undulata (Gray, 1839) Superfamily RISSOOIDEA Family RISSOIDAE Alvania inconspicua C.B. Adams, 1852 Folinia ericana (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Lapsigyrus mutans (Carpenter, 1857) Rissoina alarconi Hertlein & Strong, 1951 Rissoina allemani Bartsch, 1931 Rissoina burragei Bartsch, 1915 Rissoina clandestina (C.B. Adams, 1852). Rissoina effusa Mörch, 1860 Rissoina firmata (C.B. Adams, 1852) Rissoina peninsularis Bartsch, 1915 Rissoina stricta Menke, 1850 PM PM sp ma, sp P, TP N, P I, IP, NWP, SWP, CtP, P PM PM Co, P, Ma, Ga P n.a. n.a. [299] [299] fw, sp cr, it ba, r, sh as, ba, m, r, s, w as, m, r ba, co, r, ru n.a. 37 [299] [300] PM, IC n.a. n.a. 10/95 PM, IC of g, m, s, sh 10/183 Me, P Co, P P N PM PM n.a. ma, of n.a. l, m, sh n.a. –/35 [10, 91, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 250, 324, 341] [158, 185, 204, 212, 216, 250, 285, 324, 333, 350] [158, 216] [158, 285] P Co, P Co, P, Ma P P PM IC PM it it it, of n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 9/32 –/20 [216, 350] [92, 216, 250, 337, 350] [92, 178, 185, 212, 216, 324, 350] P, Ma Co, Me, P N, P IC PM n.a. it, sb ru r 9/25 n.a. N, P PM PM, IC n.a. it, sb r r, ru n.a. 9/25 PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [212, 216, 250, 324] [1, 10, 17, 105, 185, 216, 324, 350] [1, 92, 216] [1, 17, 92, 113, 138, 204, 212, 216, 250, 276, 279] [216, 282] IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [212] IC PM, IC n.a. it n.a. n.a. 22 6/33 [216, 250] [91, 185, 216, 250, 350] Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga Co, Me, P Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga Co, P P, Ma Mg, Co, P Co, P P (continued) 283 Zebina preposterum (Berry, 1958) Family BARLEEIDAE Barleeia cf. bifasciata (Carpenter, 1857) Barleeia orcutti Bartsch, 1920 Barleeia paupercula (C.B. Adams, 1852) Co, Me, P, Cl P.TP, PC Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Nodilittorina modesta (Philippi, 1846) Nodilittorina paytensis (Philippi, 1847) Nodilittorina tenuistriata Reid, 2002 Peasiella conoidalis (Pease, 1868) 284 Species List 28.2 (continued) Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg P P P P IC PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [216, 250] [216] CtP, Ca, Mg, Me, P P, Cl, Ga IC n.a. co, ru 6/33 [1, 156, 204, 216, 324, 329, 333] P IC n.a. rt, w n.a. [216, 250] IC it, of n.a. 18/70 [204, 216, 250, 283, 350] PM it, of n.a. –/35 [105, 185, 216, 285, 350] Co, Me, P IC it, sp n.a. –/25 Caecum cf. corrugulatum Carpenter, 1857 Caecum elongatum Carpenter, 1857 Caecum cf. farcimen (Carpenter, 1857) Caecum firmatum C.B. Adams, 1852 Caecum laqueatum C.B. Adams, 1852 Caecum lohri (Strong & Hertlein, 1939) Caecum paradoxum de Folin, 1867 Caecum parvum C.B. Adams, 1852 P, Ma IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [105, 167, 178, 216, 224, 250, 324, 350] [212] Co, Me, P Co, Me, P Co, Me, P P Co, P n.a. of, sp P P P PM PM PM PM, IC PM, IC of sp n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0/40 n.a. 60 0/183 [185, 216, 224] [185, 216, 225, 324, 350] [185, 216, 224, 324, 341] [185, 216, 250, 324] [185, 204, 216, 250, 350] P Co, Me, P P P IC PM, IC of of, sp n.a. n.a. 9/60 0/95 Caecum quadratum Carpenter, 1857 Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga P PM of, sb g, s –/35 [216, 250] [175, 185, 216, 225, 250, 324, 350] [30, 138, 174, 185, 204, 216, 224, 285, 324, 350] Barleeia polychroma (de Folin, 1870) Lirobarleeia cf. granti (Strong, 1938) Family ANABATHRIDAE Amphithalamus inclusus Carpenter, 1864 Family TRUNCATELLIDAE Truncatella bairdiana C.B. Adams, 1852 Family ELACHISINIDAE Elachisina johnstoni (Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930) Family CAECIDAE Caecum cf. bahiahondaense Strong & Hertlein, 1939 Caecum clathratum Carpenter, 1857 P Co, Me, P, Ga Co, P P Species List World distributiona Species PM n.a. n.a. 16/17 [138, 216, 324, 350] PM of n.a. –/35 [175, 185, 204, 216, 225, 285, 324, 333, 350] [185, 216, 225] Me, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. Mg, Co, Me, P P PM, IC of, sp n.a. 0/95 Mg, Co, Me, P P IC it, of n.a. –/70 [167, 185, 216, 224, 250, 324, 350] [144, 167, 216, 250, 350] Co, P, Ga PM n.a. n.a. 6/183 [138, 216, 324, 350] Co, Me, P PM of n.a. –/35 [185, 216, 285] PM of n.a. 2/10 [143, 185, 216, 225, 350] PM of, sb g, s 2/16 P IC it, of n.a. –/95 P PM it n.a. n.a. Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga P PM of n.a. 6/16 [30, 149, 167, 175, 185, 204, 216, 225, 324, 333, 350] [167, 175, 212, 216, 225, 250, 350] [143, 185, 216, 225, 324, 345, 350] [185, 204, 216, 225, 350] Co, Me, P Co, P PM PM n.a. it n.a. m, s, sh n.a. –/27 [1, 94, 166, 216] [91, 95, 158, 216] PM it, of m, sh –/60 [1, 93, 158, 216, 350] PM n.a. n.a. 6/15 [216, 350] Mg, Me, P Ca, Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga Mg, Co, Me, P, Ma Co, Me, P P P Mg, Co, Me, P P P (continued) 285 Elephantulum cf. abnormale (Carpenter, 1857) Elephantulum heptagonum (Carpenter, 1857) Elephantulum liratocinctum (Carpenter, 1857) Elephantulum mirificum (de Folin, 1867) Elephantulum subobsoletum (Carpenter, 1857) Elephantulum cf. subspirale (Carpenter, 1857) Fartulum cf. dextroversum (Carpenter, 1857) Fartulum glabriforme (Carpenter, 1857) Fartulum cf. laeve (C.B. Adams, 1852) Fartulum teres (Carpenter, 1857) Family VITRINELLIDAE Alleorus deprellus Strong, 1938 Anticlimax willetti Hertlein & Strong, 1951 Aorotrema humboldti (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Cyclostremiscus pauli Pilsbry & Olsson, 1952 P Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Caecum richthofeni Strong & Hertlein, P, Ga 1939 Caecum cf. semilaeve Carpenter, 1857 Co, Me, P, Ga Species World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Co, Me, P Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg PM of n.a. 1/55 [165, 350] Co, Me, P, PC P PM, IC n.a. n.a. 25 [94, 185, 216, 235, 250, 259] P P PM n.a. n.a. 2/7 [95, 216] Me, P IC n.a. n.a. 9/18 [216, 250] P IC n.a. n.a. 12/21 [216, 250, 324] Co, Me, P P PM n.a. n.a. 2/7 [95, 216, 259, 324, 350] Co, P P PM of n.a. 12/35 [95, 185, 216, 285] Co, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [95, 185, 216, 341] Co, Me, P P IC n.a. n.a. 18/25 [95, 105, 216, 250] Co, P P PM of n.a. 35 [185, 216, 285] PM of m, s, sh 3/35 PM it n.a. n.a. [95, 158, 166, 185, 216, 278, 285, 350] [95, 185, 216, 259, 278] PM sp n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 350] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Mg, Co, P Co, P, TP P Me, P P P Species List Cyclostremiscus salvatierrensis Hertz, Myers & Gemmell, 1992 Cyclostremiscus trigonatus (Carpenter, 1857) Panastoma azulense Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945 Parviturboides monilifer (Carpenter, 1857) Solariorbis allomphalus Pilsbry & Olsson, 1952 Solariorbis carinatus (Carpenter, 1857) Solariorbis hannai (Strong & Hertlein, 1939) Solariorbis cf. minutus (C.B. Adams, 1852) Solariorbis regularis (C.B. Adams, 1852) Teinostoma concavaxis Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945 Teinostoma herbertianum Hertlein & Strong, 1951 Teinostoma imperfectum Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945 Teinostoma millepunctatum Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945 Teinostoma cf. ochsneri Strong & Hertlein, 1939 286 Species List 28.2 (continued) Pilosabia pilosa (Deshayes, 1832) Co, P PM it n.a. n.a. [1, 172, 185, 284] PM of n.a. 6/18 [95, 185, 216, 278, 350] Co, P PM of m, sh 6/22 [158, 216, 350] P PM n.a. n.a. 6/15 [216, 350] Co, Me, P P P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [206, 216] P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P, TP Co, Me, P, Ga N N, P PM PM PM, IC sb it, of of, sb n.a. 2/45 2/100 Co, Me, P, TP PM it, sb n.a. m, s, sg bo, co, g, m, r, ru, s r, s [1, 45, 138, 204, 216, 276] [1, 2, 45, 75, 113, 185, 216, 276] [45, 75, 138, 185, 201, 204, 216, 276] [1, 12, 45, 75, 216, 276] Ca, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga Br, SCA, Me, P, N, P Ma, Ga, TP IP, CtP, Me, P, Cl, N Ga, TP PM, IC it r 5/27 PM, IC it r, sh –/24 PM, IC b, cr, it a, bo, r n.a. n.a. Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Teinostoma cf. politum A. Adams, 1853 Teinostoma aff. soror Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945 Teinostoma zacae Hertlein & Strong, 1951 Vitridomus fragilis Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945 Vitrinella cf. modesta C.B. Adams, 1852 Vitrinella cf. ponceliana de Folin, 1867 Vitrinella aff. proxima Pilsbry & Olsson, 1952 Superfamily STROMBOIDEA Family STROMBIDAE Strombus galeatus Swainson, 1823 Strombus gracilior Sowerby, 1825 Strombus granulatus Swainson, 1822 Strombus peruvianus Swainson, 1823 Superfamily VANIKOROIDEA Family HIPPONICIDAE Hipponix antiquatus panamensis C.B. Adams, 1852 Hipponix grayanus Menke, 1853 [18, 45, 75, 113, 138, 204, 212, 216, 218, 250, 276] [45, 75, 113, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 247, 272, 276, 302] [1, 18, 75, 112, 113, 138, 185, 204, 214, 216, 247, 250, 272, 276, 360, 379] 287 (continued) Species Family VANIKORIDAE Macromphalina cf. carinata (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945) Macromphalina cf. recticeps (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945) Macromphalina cf. symmetrica (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945) Vanikoro acuta Récluz, 1844 Vanikoro aperta (Carpenter, 1864) Superfamily CALYPTRAEOIDEA Family CALYPTRAEIDAE Calyptraea conica Broderip, 1834 Calyptraea cf. lichen Broderip, 1834 Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip, 1834 Cheilea cepacea (Broderip, 1834) 288 Species List 28.2 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg PM sp n.a. 0/10 [185, 277, 350] Mg, Co, P PM of n.a. 2/16 [185, 216, 350] Co, P PM it, of n.a. –/52 [185, 216, 285, 350] IP, CtP, P Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga IC IC n.a. of r n.a. 100/133 100 [214, 329] [141, 204, 212, 216, 250, 324] PM PM PM PM, IC of n.a. ma, of it, sb bo –/183 n.a. m, r, s, sg, sh 2/39 r, sh –/20 [216, 276, 342, 360] [185, 216] [74, 75, 103, 185, 216, 276, 379] [45, 138, 204, 212, 216, 250] PM, IC it, of r N, P PM c, cr, it, ma, a, as, bo, co, –/42 of, sb m, o, r, ru, s, sh, so [1, 18, 75, 138, 204, 212, 216, 250, 279, 336, 339] [1, 30, 84, 89, 113, 138, 181, 204, 212, 214, 216, 276, 279, 295, 302, 360, 377, 387] P PM of a, m, r, s, sh 5/100 ES, N, P PM PM it, of, sb es, it, ma e, m, r, sh r Mg, Co, Me, P P Co, Me, P, TP Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga, PC Cheilea corrugata (Broderip, 1834) Me, P, Ma, Ga, PC NWA, Ber, F, G, Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791) C, Br, SWA, NWP, SWP, CtP, Ca, Me, P, Ma, Ga, PC Crepidula excavata (Broderip, 1834) Ca, Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga, PC Crepidula incurva (Broderip, 1834) Ca, Co, Me, P, TP Crepidula lessonii (Broderip, 1834) Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga, TP N ES, P –/30 –/33 n.a. [1, 18, 75, 103, 138, 181, 204, 216, 272, 276] [30, 75, 103, 181, 185, 216, 276] [74, 216, 276, 284] Species List Co, P Crepidula onyx Sowerby, 1824 Crepidula striolata Menke, 1851 Crucibulum concameratum Reeve, 1859 Crucibulum cyclopium Berry, 1969 Crucibulum lignarium (Broderip, 1834) Crucibulum monticulus Berry, 1969 Crucibulum cf. pectinatum Carpenter, 1856 Crucibulum personatum Keen, 1958 Crucibulum scutellatum (Wood, 1928) Crucibulum serratum (Broderip, 1834) Crucibulum spinosum (Sowerby, 1824) Crucibulum umbrella (Deshayes, 1830) Superfamily XENOPHOROIDEA Family XENOPHORIDAE Xenophora conchyliophora (Born, 1780) Ca, Me, P G PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [181] NEP, Ca, Mg, Me, P Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga, PC Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga, PC Co, Me, P ES, P PM sb a, r, s, sh 18/27 [1, 18, 181, 276, 386] P PM es, it, ma, of m, r, s, sh –/91 N, P PM it, ma m, r, s, sh 0/20 P PM n.a. m, ru, sh 7/90 [1, 30, 75, 103, 138, 181, 204, 216, 276, 279, 379] [75, 103, 138, 181, 204, 216, 276, 324] [210, 216, 284, 285] Mg, Me, P Co, Me, P PM PM it it bo m, r, sh –/6 N [1, 216] [216, 276, 284] PM PM of of n.a. n.a. 64/183 –/27 [1, 216, 285, 342] [143, 185, 216] ES, N, P ES, N, P PM PM, IC of it, of, sb n.a. –/75 N ES, N, P PM PM n.a. b, it, of, sb [1, 103, 182, 216, 218, 276, 296] [2, 45, 72, 75, 103, 138, 185, 204, 216, 250, 272, 276] [216] [1, 2, 18, 30, 45, 75, 103, 185, 214, 216, 276] N, P PM it m, r, s, sh m, r, ru, s, sh n.a. a, co, m, r, ru, s, sh, sg bo, r P PM c, of Co, Me, P Co, Me, P Co, Me, P Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga, PC P CtP, Ca, Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga, PC Me, P NWA, Ber, F, G, C, Br, Co, Me, P a, co, g, ru, p, s, sh n.a. 2/60 –/10 [216, 276, 360] 2/635 [1, 2, 84, 89, 197, 216, 281, 302, 306, 345, 377] 289 (continued) Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Crepidula naticarium Wiliamson, 1905 Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1846 Species Superfamily VERMETOIDEA Family VERMETIDAE Eualetes centiquadra (Valenciennes, 1846) Eualetes tulipa (Chenu, 1843, ex Rousseau, MS) Petaloconchus complicatus Dall, 1908 Petaloconchus innumerabilis Pilsbry & Olsson, 1935 Petaloconchus macrophragma (Carpenter, 1856) Serpulorbis margaritaceus (Chenu, 1844, ex Rousseau, MS) Superfamily CYPRAEOIDEA Family CYPRAEIDAE Blasicrura alisonae Burgess, 1983 Blasicrura rashleighana (Melvill, 1888) Blascicrura teres Gmelin, 1791 Erosaria albuginosa Gray, 1825 World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Co, Me, P ES PM n.a. as, r n.a. [216, 217, 254, 276] Me, P P PM, IC n.a. ru, sh –/100 [1, 72, 216, 254] IC PM of of co, ru, s n.a. 35/275 35 [204, 216, 217, 247, 250, 285] [216, 285] PM, IC it r n.a. [1, 185, 204, 216, 254] Me, P, Ma, Ga PM sb r, sh n.a. [1, 138, 204, 212, 216, 217, 324] SWP, CtP, P, Cl, Ma, Ga CtP, P IC sb co, ru 0/100 [43, 148, 204, 212, 250, 322] IC of co, r 0/37 [2, 43, 50, 214, 216, 247] IC cr, of co, r, s, so 2/30 PM, IC n.a. co, r 5/27 IC cr, it, of, rl, sb, sp cr, it, rl, sb bo, co, r 0/15 co, r, ru, s 1/27 [2, 11, 43, 49, 108, 110, 116, 122, 123, 148, 204, 214, 215, 216, 379] [1, 2, 11, 27, 43, 45, 50, 75, 113, 204, 212, 216, 250, 279, 276] [2, 43, 44, 49, 85, 148, 204, 214, 215, 216, 250, 271, 323] [1, 2, 11, 43, 45, 50, 85, 157, 199, 204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 274, 276] Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P, TP Me, P, Ga I, IP, NWP, CtP, P, Cl, Ga P P Co, Me, P, Cl, P Ma, Ga I, IP, NWP, SWP, P CtP, P, Cl, Ga RS, I, NWP, SWP, P CtP, Co, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga PM, IC Species List Erosaria caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758 Luria isabellamexicana Stearns, 1893 290 Species List 28.2 (continued) Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga, TP, PC Mauritia depressa (Gray, 1824) Monetaria moneta Linnaeus, 1758 I, CtP, P, Cl, Ga I, IP, NWP, SWP, P CtP, P, Cl, Ga I, IP, NWP, SWP, P CtP, P, Ma P N, P Talparia talpa Linnaeus, 1758 Zonaria aequinoctialis (Schilder, 1933) Zonaria arabicula (Lamarck, 1811) Zonaria robertsi (Hidalgo, 1906) Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga, TP Co, Me, P, Ga, TP, PC Family OVULIDAE Co, Me, P Cyphoma emarginatum (Sowerby, 1830) Jenneria pustulata ([Lightfoot, 1786], Co, Me, P, Ga, TP ex Solander, MS) Neosimnia aequalis (Sowerby, 1832) Ca, Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga Co, Me, P, Ga, Neosimnia avena (Sowerby, 1832) TP P, Ga Neosimnia macleani Cate, 1976 Pseudocypraea adamsonii (Sowerby, I, NWP, P, Ma, Ga 1832) Simnialena inflexa (Sowerby, 1832) P P, Ma Simnialena rufa (Sowerby, 1832) Turbovula lenoreae (Cardin & Walls, P 1980) N, P PM, IC it, sb a, bo, co, r, s 2/20 IC IC r a, co, m, r, ru, s co, r, ru, s n.a. 1/4 PM, IC cr b, cr, it, rl, sb cr, it, rl, sb PM n.a. ru, s 9 N, P PM it, sb m, r, s 0/10 N, P PM, IC it, of, sb r, s –/60 P PM it co, o n.a. [1, 2, 48, 75, 216] P PM, IC sb co, r, s 1/45 P PM, IC sb co 1/40 P IC n.a. co 18/27 PM IC n.a. sb n.a. co, r n.a. 9/24 [1, 45, 48, 72, 138, 148, 204, 216, 250, 272] [1, 30, 48, 51, 141, 148, 204, 212, 216, 234, 250, 354] [1, 48, 141, 148, 204, 216, 250, 272] [52, 204] [204, 212, 216, 250, 323] PM IC IC n.a. n.a. sb n.a. co n.a. n.a. n.a. 18/33 [216, 354] [212] [46, 148, 250] P P 1/36 [1, 2, 11, 12, 43, 45, 50, 148, 185, 204, 212, 216, 250, 272, 276, 279, 360] [49, 85, 157, 199, 216] [2, 43, 49, 50, 85, 111, 157, 199, 204, 214, 216, 247, 250] [2, 43, 49, 85, 108, 205, 212, 214, 250, 323] [2, 43, 216, 228] Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Macrocypraea cervinetta (Kiener, 1843) [1, 2, 11, 12, 43, 45, 50, 75, 113, 204, 212, 216, 276] [1, 2, 11, 12, 43, 45, 50, 75, 148, 204, 216, 250, 272, 276] 291 (continued) Species Superfamily VELUTINOIDEA Family TRIVIIDAE Hespererato oligostata (Dall, 1902) Hespererato scabriuscula (Sowerby, 1832) Trivia atomaria Dall, 1902 Trivia pacifica (Sowerby, 1832, ex Gray, MS) Trivia panamensis Dall, 1902 Trivia radians (Lamarck, 1811) 292 Species List 28.2 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg P Me, P, Ma, Ga, TP P, Ga Me, P, Ga, TP P N PM, IC PM n.a. it P P IC IC N, P P 3/60 0/3 33 n.a. IC PM n.a. it, sb n.a. r 33 n.a. [53, 148, 216, 250] [75, 204, 212, 216, 272, 276, 360, 379] [54, 148, 204, 216, 250] [1, 45, 75, 204, 216, 247, 250, 276, 279] [54, 247, 276] [45, 54, 75, 216, 272, 276] PM it, of r n.a. [1, 45, 54, 138, 204, 216, 272] N, P PM it, sb r n.a. [1, 30, 75, 138, 204, 216, 276] N IC of ru 17/75 [204, 216, 236, 250, 272] N, P PM it, of m 2/70 PM n.a. s –/184 [72, 75, 103, 216, 236, 276, 320, 379] [2, 72, 216, 236] N PM m, s –/18 [45, 74, 75, 85, 86, 139, 185, 204, 216, 236, 276] P PM PM, IC b, cr, es, it, ma, of, rl, sb of it, of n.a. n.a. 20/200 15/200 [72, 216, 236, 303] [72, 204, 216, 236, 250, 272, 285, 304, 320] Species List P Mg, Me, P, PC, PC Trivia sanguinea (Sowerby, 1832, ex Co, Me, P, Ga, TP Gray, MS) Ca, Co, Me, P, Trivia solandri (Sowerby, 1832, ex Ga Gray, MS) Superfamily NATICOIDEA Family NATICIDAE Mg, Co, Me, P, Eunaticina insculpta (Carpenter, Ga, TP 1865) Ca, Co, Me, P, Natica broderipiana Récluz, 1844 TP Natica caneloensis Hertlein & Strong, Me, P 1955 RS, I, CtP, Mg, Natica chemnitzii Pfeiffer, 1840 Co, Me, P, Ga, TP Natica colima Strong & Hertlein, 1937 Ca, Me, P, TP Mg, Co, Me, P, Natica elenae Récluz, 1844 Ga, TP of sb r bo, m, r, s, sh n.a. r Natica idiopoma Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Natica cf. inexpectans Olsson, 1971 Natica unifasciata Lamarck, 1822 Polinices cf. amiculatus (Philippi, 1849) Polinices helicoides (Gray, 1825) Polinices intemeratus (Philippi, 1851) Polinices otis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Polinices pardoanus Dall, 1908 Polinices simiae (Deshayes in Deshayes & Edwards, 1838) Polinices uber (Valenciennes, 1832) Sinum debile (Gould, 1853) Sinum grayi (Deshayes, 1843) Superfamily TONNOIDEA Family BURSIDAE Bursa calcipicta Dall, 1908 Bursa corrugata corrugata (Perry, 1811) Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga, TP Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga P Me, P, TP N, P PM, IC it, of m, s 2/70 N, P IC es, ma, of s –/61 P ES, N, P PM PM n.a. m, s 117/119 n.a. P, TP P PM n.a. es, it, ma, of, sb n.a. [72, 204, 216, 236, 250, 272, 276, 285, 320, 379] [2, 74, 103, 113, 204, 216, 236, 250, 276, 336, 379] [185, 216, 265, 304] [2, 74, 75, 86, 216, 236, 276] n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 236] Mg, Me, P, TP, PC Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga, TP Me, P, TP ES, N PM, IC it, of, sb n.a. –/46 P PM n.a. s 9/333 [1, 2, 45, 75, 216, 236, 247, 250, 276] [103, 204, 216, 236, 272] N, P PM, IC it, of m, r, s –/297 [45, 75, 216, 236, 250, 276] P, Ga P IC of n.a. [204, 216, 236, 247, 250] IP, P, Cl P IC n.a. n.a. 1, 620/2, 690 10/100 Ca, Me, P, Ga, TP, PC Co, Me, P, TP Co, Me, P ES, N, P PM m, r, s 2/100 P P PM PM es, it, ma, of, sb it, of, sb n.a. n.a. n.a. –/73 25/160 PM, IC PM, IC it, of cr, it, of, sb n.a. bo, co, m, p, r, s –/121 0/45 Me, P, Ga P Ber, F, G, C, Br, N, P SCA, RS, Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga, TP Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Natica grayi Philippi, 1852 [64, 186] [1, 72, 74, 75, 103, 113, 185, 204, 216, 236, 250, 276, 279, 379] [1, 91, 216, 236, 272, 276] [1, 72, 216, 236, 341] [1, 21, 138, 204, 216, 247, 250] [1, 2, 45, 72, 75, 84, 89, 185, 204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 276, 302, 360, 377] 293 (continued) Species Bursa granularis (Röding, 1798) Marsupina nana (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Family CASSIDAE Casmaria vibexmexicana (Stearns, 1894) Cypraecassis coarctata (Sowerby, 1825) Cypraecassis tenuis (Wood, 1928) Cymatium amictum (Reeve, 1844) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg F, C, EA, I, IP, NWP, SWP, CtP, Me, P, Cl, Ma Co, Me, P N, P PM, IC cr, it, sb co, r –/30 [2, 21, 85, 110, 113, 157, 212, 214, 216, 250, 323] PM, IC it, of n.a. –/80 [2, 72, 113, 216, 276, 321] Co, Me, P, Ga P IC cr, it, of co, m, r, s –/24 Co, Me, P, Ga N PM, IC it, of n.a. –/18 [98, 113, 120, 121, 138, 193, 204, 216, 218, 250, 379] [1, 45, 138, 204, 216, 250, 276] Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga Co, Me, P, Ga, TP P IC of n.a. n.a. ES PM, IC it, of s –/15 Mg, Co, Me, P, TP N, P PM it, of m, s –/67 [45, 72, 103, 216, 276, 320] Co, Me, P, TP P PM, IC it, of n.a. –/200 Co, Me, P, TP P PM, IC it, of m, r, s 0/100 Me, P, Ga P IC it n.a. –/137 [1, 72, 75, 110, 124, 216, 321, 379] [1, 2, 72, 113, 216, 250, 272, 276, 306, 320] [63, 124] I, IP, NWP, SWP, CtP, P, Ga A, M, Ca, Me, P P, Ga IC b, cl, cr, of co, s 3/42 PM, IC of n.a. 27/100 [1, 108, 112, 113, 138, 204, 212, 216, 250, 276, 279, 336] [2, 45, 72, 113, 204, 216, 247, 250, 276] [2, 85, 109, 204, 214, 246, 250, 322] [1, 23, 72, 110, 138, 185, 204, 216] Species List Semicassis centiquadrata (Valenciennes, 1832) Family FICIDAE Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby, 1825) Family PERSONIDAE Distorsio constricta constricta (Broderip, 1833) Distorsio decussata (Valenciennes, 1832) Distorsio jenniernestae Emerson & Piech, 1992 Family RANELLIDAE Charonia tritonis Linnaeus, 1758 294 Species List 28.2 (continued) IC, Car PM PM PM, IC n.a. it, sb n.a. it, sb co r, s m, s r 10 –/50 13/22 –/27 [2, 21, 23, 63, 110, 214, 250] [1, 24, 39, 47, 75, 204, 216, 276] [39, 75, 185, 216, 276] [23, 45, 75, 110, 204, 212, 216, 247] [1, 108, 204, 205, 214] P IC cr, it ru, s, sg –/15 IC, Car c, cl, cr, it, a, bo, co, r, of, rl, sb s, sh –/100 [1, 2, 6, 21, 84, 85, 88, 89, 109, 130, 204, 214, 215, 244, 250, 302, 326, 377, 384, 387] PM, IC it, of n.a. –/100 N, P N, P IC PM PM, IC n.a. of, sb it, sb n.a. m, r, s bo, r, s n.a. –/20 –/2 ES, N PM it, ma m, r 20 [1, 23, 110, 185, 204, 216, 250, 285] [22, 331, 337] [1, 2, 39, 216, 276] [1, 23, 45, 75, 112, 185, 204, 216, 247, 250, 272, 276, 360] [72, 74, 75, 216, 276] ES, P PM, IC es, it, ma, sb r, s –/40 [45, 72, 74, 75, 112, 138, 204, 212, 216, 250, 272, 276] P IC PM, IC it, of n.a. co n.a. 20/100 n.a. [214, 250, 326] [30, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 241] N, P PM, IC of co, ru 20/100 P IC PM, IC n.a. n.a. n.a. r, ru 4/35 9/30 [91, 168, 185, 204, 216, 250, 276, 285, 324] [8, 216, 250, 285] [91, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 250] (continued) 295 ES, N, P N, P P Benthic, Shelled Gastropods A, IP, CtP, Me, P Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga Me, P, TP IP, Ca, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga Ber, F, C, Br, IP, CtP, P, Ga Ber, F, G, C, Br, Cymatium nicobaricum (Röding, SCA, EA, I, 1798) IP, NWP, CtP, P, Cl, Ga NWP, Co, Me, Cymatium cf. keenae (Beu, 1970) P, Ga Cymatium succincta (Linnaeus, 1771) IP, P, Ga Cymatium tigrinum (Broderip, 1833) Me, P Me, P, Cl, Ga, TP, Cymatium vestitum (Hinds, 1844) PC Cymatium wiegmanni (Anton, 1839) Co, Me, P, TP Family TONNIDAE Co, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Malea ringens (Swainson, 1822) Ga, TP, PC Infraorder PTENOGLOSSA Superfamily TRIPHOROIDEA Family TRIPHORIDAE Metaxia brunnicephata (Kay, 1979) CtP, P Ca, Me, P, Ma, Metaxia convexa (Carpenter, 1857) Ga Co, P, Ga Triphora alternata C.B. Adams, 1852 Co, P Triphora chamberlini Baker, 1926 Co, Me, P, Ma, Triphora dalli Bartsch, 1907 Ga Cymatium aquatile (Reeve, 1844) Cymatium gibbosum (Broderip, 1833) Cymatium lignarium (Broderip, 1833) Cymatium macrodon (Valenciennes, 1832) Cymatium muricinum (Röding, 1798 Species Triphora cf. inconspicua C.B. Adams, 1852 Triphora oweni Baker, 1926 Triphora stephensi Baker & Spicer, 1935 Triphora triticea Pease, 1861 Viriola samoana Cernohorsky, 1977 Family CERITHIOPSIDAE Cerithiopsis adamsi Bartsch, 1911 Cerithiopsis cf. eiseni Strong & Hertlein, 1939 Cerithiopsis cf. gissleri Strong & Hertlein, 1939 Cerithiopsis guanacastensis Hertlein & Strong, 1951 Cerithiopsis cf. infrequens (C.B. Adams, 1852) Cerithiopsis aff. io Dall & Bartsch, 1911 Cerithiopsis cf. neglecta (C.B. Adams, 1852) Seila assimilata (C.B. Adams, 1852) 296 Species List 28.2 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Me, P, Ga P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 204, 216, 324] Co, P, Ga Co, P PM, IC IC of n.a. co, ru n.a. 5/40 n.a. [8, 185, 204, 216, 250, 285, 333] [216, 250] I, NWP, CtP, P, Ga CtP, P IC b, cr, it r 10/33 [204, 214, 250, 327, 333] IC n.a. n.a. –/50 [214, 250, 323] P P IC PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 9/18 n.a. [216, 250, 324] [138, 185, 204, 216] P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [158, 204, 333] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [1, 185] P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 204, 216] P PM, IC it m, r, s 2/70 [75, 103, 104, 204, 212, 216, 250, 272, 379] P PM, IC PM PM, IC sb it, sb it n.a. r ru –/28 –/67 –/75 [104, 185, 212] [1, 30, 91, 104] [104, 185, 212, 324] P, Ga P P Ber, P P, Ga Ca, Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga, TP, PC Co, P, Ma Seila kanoni (de Folin, 1867) Seila cf. montereyensis Bartsch, 1907 Ca, Co, Me, P Seila pulmoensis DuShane & Draper, Co, P, Ma 1975 P Species List P P, Ga Epitonium aciculinum (Hinds, 1844) Epitonium billeeanum (DuShane & Bratcher, 1965) Epitonium eutaenium (Dall, 1917) Epitonium hancocki DuShane, 1970 Epitonium indistinctum (Sowerby, 1844) Epitonium cf. mitraeforme (Sowerby, 1844) Epitonium obtusum (Sowerby, 1844) Epitonium replicata (Sowerby, 1844) Co, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [16, 91, 216, 324] Ca, Me, P Me, P, Ga Me, P Me, P P P PM IC PM PM n.a. n.a. of n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 9/72 36/162 20/1,333 –/73 [19, 97, 216] [97, 204, 216, 250] [1, 2, 72, 97, 216] [101, 216] Co, Me, P, Ga P PM n.a. 32/113 [97, 102, 158, 204, 216, 265, 284] Mg, Me, P, Ma, Ga Me, P I, NWP, SWP, P Me, P, Ma, Ga Me, P, Ga P, Ga Co, P, Ga P IC it g, m, r, s, sh n.a. –/30 [97, 204, 212, 216, 250] IC PM, IC n.a. n.a. n.a. co, r, ru, s 9/54 2/30 [97, 216, 336] [1, 97, 100, 204, 212, 216, 250] PM IC IC it, of n.a. it s n.a. n.a. –/24 26/200 –/20 [97, 158, 185, 204, 216] [97, 204, 216, 250, 324] [63, 101, 143, 204, 216] Me, P P PM it n.a. –/27 [97, 101, 185, 216] Co, Me, P Co, Me, P, Ga N, P P PM PM, IC it it, of m, r, s s –/11 –/60 Me, P P PM it n.a. –/12 [1, 75, 97, 145, 216, 276] [97, 145, 158, 185, 204, 216, 250, 336, 379] [97, 185, 338] Co, Me, P P Me, P, Ma P IC IC IC it it n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. –/100 –/126 9/17 [97, 145, 216, 250] [97, 338] [97, 212, 250, 324] (continued) 297 Epitonium cf. suprastriatum (Carpenter, 1857) Opalia crystallina (Carpenter, 1864) Opalia infrequens (C.B. Adams, 1852) Opalia paulula DuShane, 1974 Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Family TRIFORIDAE Eumetula bimarginata (C.B. Adams, 1852) Superfamily JANTHINOIDEA Family EPITONIIDAE Amaea brunneopicta (Dall, 1908) Amaea deroyae DuShane, 1970 Amaea ferminiana (Dall, 1908) Amaea tehuanarum DuShane & McLean, 1968 Cirsotrema togatum (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Epitonium acapulcanum Dall, 1917 Species Opalia sanjuanensis (Lowe, 1932) Sthenorytis dianae (Hinds, 1844) Superfamily EULIMOIDEA Family EULIMIDAE Eulima aff. barthelowi (Bartsch, 1917) Eulima elegantissima de Folin, 18867 Eulimetta pagoda Warén, 1992 Eulimostraca macleani Warén, 1992 Melanella ogasawarana (Pilsbry, 1905) Melanella cf. solitaria (C.B. Adams, 1852) Melanella townsendi Bartsch, 1917 Microeulima terebralis (Carpenter, 1857) Niso aeglees Bush, 1885 Niso interrupta (Sowerby, 1834) Sabinella shaskyi Warén, 1992 Scalenostoma subulata (Broderip, 1832) Stilapex cookeana (Bartsch, 1917) Subniso hipolitensis (Bartsch, 1917) Subniso rangii (de Folin, 1867) 298 Species List 28.2 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Co, P Me, P N, P P IC PM n.a. it n.a. n.a. n.a. –/200 [97, 216, 338] [1, 72, 97, 101, 216] PM IC PM PM IC n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. co n.a. 6/25 3/44 23 1/20 [185, 216] [139, 204, 216, 250, 324] [382] [382] [330] Me, P P, Ga Co, Me, P P NWP, P P G P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Co, P Co, Me, P P IC PM n.a. it n.a. n.a. 9/30 0/30 [216, 250] [382] WA, P, Ga Co, P Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga P, ct IC PM, IC IC of of n.a. n.a. s e, r 33/200 20/105 2/105 [204, 216, 250] [216, 250, 356] [204, 212, 216, 324, 382] IC sb co, ru 9/27 [180, 250, 323, 381, 382] P Ca, Co, P Me, P PM PM PM, IC n.a. of n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 35 2/30 [185] [163, 216, 285, 324] [216, 324, 382] ES, P Species List Acanthotrophon sentus Berry, 1969 Aspella hastula (Reeve, 1844) Aspella pollux Radwin & d’Attilio, 1976 Aspella pyramidalis (Broderip, 1833) Me, P, Ga P, Ma, Ga Co, Me, P, Ga P IC IC IC of it of n.a. co, ru, s co, g, ru 30/110 –/100 2/110 Me, P, Ma, Ga N, P PM, IC cr, it, sb bo, r n.a. Bizetiella micaela Radwin & d’Attilio, 1972 Chicoreus eversoni d’Attilio, Myers & Shasky, 1987 Chicoreus peratus (Keen, 1960) Chicoreus regius (Swainson, 1821) Cymia tecta (Wood, 1828) Dermomurex cf. cunninghamae (Berry, 1964) Dermomurex obeliscus (A. Adams, 1853) Eupleura muriciformis (Broderip, 1833) Favartia cocosensis Myers & d’Attilio, 1990 Favartia diomedaea (Dall, 1908) Favartia erosa (Broderip, 1833) Favartia humilis (Broderip, 1833) Me, P, Ma IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [2, 12, 45, 75, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 222, 245, 247, 250, 268, 269, 270, 280, 360, 361, 364, 365] [204, 216, 250, 324, 371] [204, 212, 216, 250, 336, 351] [204, 247, 250, 285, 294, 324, 333] [38, 204, 212, 216, 276, 285, 294, 360, 379] [212, 293, 324, 336] P, Ma IC of ru, s 15/97 [82, 209, 212] 27/100 0/65 P PM, IC cr, it, sb bo, m, r, ru, s, sh n.a. Me, P Co, Me, P P Co, P P N N, P P PM PM PM PM n.a. it, sb it, sb n.a. n.a. m, r, s r n.a. 27/100 [1, 72, 203, 216] [1, 72, 75, 143, 216, 276] [75, 185, 216, 249, 276] [185, 216, 284, 372] Me, P N, P PM it, sb r n.a. [216, 276, 294, 372] Ca, Co, Me, P, TP P, Ma N, P PM g, m, s, sh 9/80 IC cr, it, ma, of, sb n.a. co, r 7/27 [1, 38, 45, 74, 75, 103, 216, 232, 272, 276] [209, 212, 258] Ca, Co, P Me, P Co, Me, P, Ga P P N, P IC PM PM, IC of of, sb it, of n.a. r g, r –/155 n.a. –/33 PM, IC of sg, sh 2/100 Mg, Me, P, Ma, Ga [63, 162, 216, 288, 369] [185, 216, 324, 379] [1, 2, 75, 138, 204, 216, 247, 250, 284, 369, 379] [75, 204, 209, 212, 216, 250] (continued) 299 Favartia incisa (Broderip, 1833) Me, P, Ma, Ga, TP, PC Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Infraorder NEOGASTROPODA Superfamily MURICOIDEA Family MURICIDAE Acanthais brevidentata (Wood, 1828) Species List 28.2 (continued) World distributiona Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga Me, P Favartia laurae (Vokes, 1970) Favartia mildredae (Poorman, 1980) Co, P Favartia purdyae Vokes & d’Attilio, P, Ga 1980 P, Ga Favartia radwini (Emerson & d’Attilio, 1970) Favartia shaskyi d’Attilio & Myers, 1988 Me, P, Ga, TP Favartia vittata (Broderip, 1833) Hexaplex brassica (Lamarck, 1822) Co, Me, P Hexaplex princeps (Broderip, 1833) Co, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga, TP Homalocantha oxyacantha (Broderip, Me, P 1833) Mancinella speciosa (Valenciennes, Mg, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga 1832) Mancinella triangularis (Blainville, Me, P, Ma, Ga, TP 1832) I, IP, SWP, CtP, Morula uva (Röding, 1798) Ca, P, Cl Muricanthus ambiguus (Reeve, 1845) Me, P Me, P, TP Muricanthus radix (Gmelin, 1791) Costa Central Americab Ricac PM of r –/37 [38, 113, 185, 204, 216, 285] IC IC IC n.a. n.a. it n.a. n.a. co, r 30/45 70/200 –/26 [216, 250] [257] [204, 250, 336, 375] IC n.a. n.a. 100 [115, 204, 336] IC n.a. co, s 11/24 [81] N N, P PM PM PM, IC it it, ma, of cr, it, of, sb m, s n.a. bo, co, m, r –/20 –/100 1/30 N PM n.a. m, r, s 1/15 [38, 185, 204, 216, 272] [1, 72, 74, 75, 216, 276, 379] [38, 45, 105, 138, 204, 209, 212, 216, 250, 276, 279, 341, 360] [1, 38, 45, 75, 185, 216, 276] N, P PM, IC cr, it, sb bo, r, s –/2 N, P PM, IC it co, m, r –/29 IC cr, it, rl co, r –/18 PM PM IC n.a. m, r, s cr, es, it, ma, m, r, s sb n.a. ba, co, r PM, IC it, ma PM, IC it Favartia cf. lappa (Broderip, 1833) G, P N, P N, P 1/2 1/15 9/40 a, bo, co, g, l, 2/21 m, r, s, sh m, r, s 0/65 [45, 112, 113, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 276, 360, 361] [45, 75, 139, 185, 204, 206, 212, 216, 247, 250, 276] [2, 56, 85, 214, 216, 250, 336] [185, 216] [1, 2, 38, 74, 75, 113, 216, 227, 272, 276, 373] [209, 212, 258] [45, 144, 158, 185, 204, 216, 276, 294, 360] [45, 63, 72, 75, 103, 204, 212, 216, 272, 276, 333] Species List P, Ma Muricopsis westonensis Myers & d’Attilio, 1990 Muricopsis zeteki Hertlein & Strong, Co, Me, P, Ga 1951 Co, Me, P, Ma, Neorapana muricata (Broderip, Ga, TP 1832) Habitat/ Oceanic distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg 300 Species n.a. it, of co, r r n.a. –/60 Pteropurpura centrifuga centrifuga (Hinds, 1844) Pterotyphis fimbriatus (A. Adams, 1854) Pterotyphis lowei lowei (Pilsbry, 1931) Stramonita biserialis (Blainville, 1832) P PM, IC it co, r –/15 N, P PM, IC it, sb r n.a. N, P PM, IC cr, it, sb bo, r, s, sh n.a. Mg, Me, P, Ga P PM n.a. a, m, s, sh 64/280 [2, 12, 18, 45, 75, 138, 204, 216, 247, 250, 276, 279] [1, 12, 13, 18, 45, 112, 113, 204, 212, 216, 222, 245, 247, 250, 272, 276, 27][9, 285, 360, 361] [1, 72, 158, 216, 294] Me, P P PM sb n.a. n.a. [1, 2, 7, 152, 216, 286] IC cr, it, of, sb r, ru, s 1/60 PM, IC cr, it, ma n.a. ES, N, P PM es, it, ma as, ba, bo, m, r, sh, w m, r, sh, w n.a. [1, 77, 171, 204, 212, 216, 250, 276, 284, 336] [2, 45, 74, 75, 185, 204, 209, 212, 216, 235, 247, 250, 276, 302, 360, 361] [74, 75, 216, 276] Thaisella kiosquiformis (Duclos, 1832) Trachypollia lugubris (C.B. Adams, 1852) Tribulus planospira (Lamarck, 1822) P PM, IC it, of bo, r –/40 IC sb r, ru 0/25 Typhis coronatus Broderip, 1833 Typhis cumingii (Broderip, 1833) Typhis grandis (A. Adams, 1855) Typhis wendita (C. Hertz, 1995) Vasula melones (Duclos, 1832) PM PM PM PM PM, IC of it of of cr, it, sb, sp m m, s m n.a. bo, m, r, ru, s, sh –/37 –/70 –/37 6/24 0/1 SWP, Co, Me, P, P Ma, Ga Ca, Co, Me, P, Cl, ES, N Ma, Ga, PC Ca, Mg, Me, P, TP, PC Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga Mg, Co, Me, P C, Me, P Co, P P Me, P, Ga, PC P N, P [2, 38, 75, 216, 294] [204, 209, 212, 216, 250, 285, 293, 324] [2, 45, 204, 216, 250, 336] [27, 185, 204, 209, 216, 284, 293, 324, 360, 379] [2, 45, 75, 112, 131, 138, 204, 206, 212, 216, 247, 250, 279] [79, 216] [38, 72, 216, 294] [79, 216, 294] [161] [2, 12, 13, 18, 75, 177, 185, 204, 206, 216, 222, 247, 250, 268, 270, 276, 279, 280, 360, 361, 379] (continued) 301 PM IC Benthic, Shelled Gastropods P, TP Co, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga Phyllocoma scalariformis (Broderip, Co, Me, P, Ga 1833) Plicopurpura columellaris (Lamarck, Me, P, Ga, PC 1822) Mg, Co, Me, P, Plicopurpura patula pansa (Gould, Cl, Ma, Ga, 1853) TP Ocenebra lugubris (Broderip, 1833) Pascula rufonotata (Carpenter, 1864) Species Vitularia salebrosa (King & Broderip, 1832) Vokesimurex elenensis (Dall, 1909) Vokesimurex recurvirostris (Broderip, 1833) Vokesimurex tricoronis Berry, 1960 Family CORALLIOPHILIDAE Babelomurex hindsii (Carpenter, 1857) Babelomurex santacruzensis (Emerson & d’Attilio, 1970) Coralliophila macleani Shasky, 1970 Coralliophila neritoidea (Lamarck, 1816) Coralliophila parva (E.A. Smith, 1877) Coralliophila rocasuciae Myers & d’Attilio, 1990 Quoyula madreporarum (Sowerby, 1834) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Ca, Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga Co, Me, P, TP WA, Co, Me, P N, P PM, IC it, sb m, r, s, sh –/90 N, P PM PM n.a. it, sb s m, s 20 –/200 PM of n.a. –/75 IC of r 12/37 IC of n.a. 100/150 IC n.a. co, o, r 2/60 PM, IC cr, rl, sb co, s 10/160 IC it, sb co, r –/32 IC n.a. co, r 7/36 PM, IC cr, it, rl, sb co -/20 [1, 2, 45, 85, 108, 110, 138, 204, 209, 212, 214, 216, 250, 276] PM, IC n.a. co, r 12 [18, 45, 204, 216, 220, 250, 336] IC n.a. co 20/60 [213, 250] Ca, Co, Me, P Co, Me, P, Ga P P, Ga Co, Me, P, Ma ES I, IP, NWP, SWP, P CtP, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga IP, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga P, Ma EA, RS, I, IP, NWP, SWP, CtP, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga I, P, Cl, Ga RS, I, IP, CtP, Co, P, Cl N, P [2, 103, 204, 209, 212, 216, 276, 294, 324, 373] [2, 75, 103, 216, 272, 276, 373] [1, 2, 38, 72, 75, 80, 185, 216, 276] [72, 80, 216, 285] [1, 2, 113, 138, 204, 209, 216, 250, 324, 345] [2, 63, 115, 204] [1, 154, 209, 212, 216, 250, 313, 319] [2, 61, 85, 112, 141, 204, 211, 212, 214, 216, 250, 323] [2, 18, 61, 113, 204, 209, 212, 216, 250] [209, 212, 258] Species List Reliquiaecava robillardi (Liénard, 1870) Rhizochilus antipathum Steenstrup, 1850 302 Species List 28.2 (continued) Family BUCCINIDAE Antillophos veraguensis (Hinds, 1843) Bailya anomala (Hinds, 1844) Caducifer cinis (Reeve, 1846) Cantharus gatesi (Berry, 1963) Cantharus gemmatus (Reeve, 1846) P C, Ca, Co, Me, P, TP N, P IC, E PM n.a. sb n.a. m, r, s 1, 953 2/65 [216, 247, 250] [39, 45, 72, 75, 216, 272, 276] of it sb of it, sb 37/402 n.a. 2/27 27/200 1/2 [1, 2, 72, 216] [185, 216, 336, 351, 360] [204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 279] [1, 72, 153, 216, 345] [75, 185, 216, 247, 250, 272, 276, 280, 360] 216 [72, 103, 143, 153, 216] [72, 158, 204, 216, 265] Co, Me, P Co, Me, P Me, P, Ma, Ga Co, Me, P Me, P, TP ES N, P PM PM, IC IC PM PM, IC Me, P Co, P Co, Me, P, Ga ES P PM PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. Ca, Me, P, TP Me, P, Ga, TP P N, P PM, IC PM of it Cantharus sanguinolentus (Duclos, 1833) Co, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga N, P PM, IC it, sb bo, co, r, s –/2 Cantharus shaskyi Berry, 1959 Cantharus vibex (Broderip, 1833) Clivipollia fragarius (Wood, 1828) Colubraria lucasensis Strong & Hertlein, 1937 Colubraria ochsneri Hertlein & Allison, 1968 Engina jugosa (C.B. Adams, 1852) Engina maura (Sowerby, 1832) Co, Me, P Mg, P, TP I, IP, CtP, P, Cl Co, Me, P, Ga PM PM IC PM, IC of it, of of of n.a. n.a. n.a. bo, r, s 70/100 –/22 15/30 9/100 [63, 72, 75, 216] [18, 45, 75, 138, 185, 204, 216, 272, 276] [2, 18, 45, 75, 112, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 276, 279, 360] [1, 216, 285] [75, 185, 216, 272, 276] [2, 112, 214, 328] [179, 204, 216, 250, 332, 379] IC of co, r, s 9/100 [27, 138, 179, 204, 212, 216, 250] Co, Me, P Me, P, Ga P N, P PM, IC PM of it, sb n.a. bo, m, r, s 37/133 0/1 Engina pulchra (Reeve, 1846) Me, P, Ga ES, N, P PM it r n.a. [2, 185, 216, 250, 276] [18, 45, 75, 138, 185, 204, 216, 276, 360] [45, 58, 154, 204, 216, 276] N, P P P, Cl, Ma, Ga n.a. 11/33 60/91 46/333 0/1 (continued) 303 Cantharus lautus (Reeve, 1846) Cantharus macrospira (Berry, 1957) Cantharus panamicus (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Cantharus rehderi Berry, 1962 Cantharus ringens (Reeve, 1846) r, s bo co, r n.a. bo, m, r, ru, s n.a. s a, co, m, r, s, sh n.a. m, r, s N, P Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Family TURBINELLIDAE Surculina blanda (Dall, 1908) Vasum caestus (Broderip, 1833) Species 304 Species List 28.2 (continued) World distributiona Anachis scalarina (Sowerby, 1832) Me, P Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg N, P PM it bo, m, r, s 0/1 P PM PM PM PM PM of of n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. m n.a. –/50 9/24 n.a. n.a. 65 [1, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 272, 276, 360, 379] [2, 72, 216] [266, 344] [78, 276] [216] [72, 75, 153, 216, 272, 276] PM n.a. n.a. 13 [2, 216] P P P P PM, IC PM, IC PM PM PM of n.a. it, of n.a. n.a. a, co, r, ru, s n.a. m, s m, ru, s, sh n.a. 20/232 7/100 –/110 17/91 65/75 [2, 72, 216, 247, 250, 285] [72, 216] [2, 72, 103, 216, 276, 285, 379] [72, 210, 216, 276] [72, 73] ES, P PM it, ma m, r n.a. [74, 75, 216, 276, 272] IC it n.a. –/60 [103, 241, 285, 337] PM n.a. n.a. 6/15 [216, 337] N, P IC PM PM, Car n.a. it, sb it n.a. r a, m, r, sg 18/25 –/23 n.a. N, P PM it m, r, s 1/2 [173, 216, 250, 324] [385] [1, 89, 185, 216, 249, 276, 290, 291, 302, 307] [216, 276] N ES, N, P Species List Co, Me, P, Ma, TP Co, Me, P Metula amosi Vanatta, 1913 Metula ellena Olsson & Bayer, 1972 Me, P Neoteron ariel (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) P Me, P Nicema subrostrata (Wood, 1828) Northia northiae (Griffith & Pidgeon, Me, P, TP 1834, ex Gray, MS) Northia pristis (Deshayes in Lamarck, Me, P 1844) Co, P, PC Phos articulatus Hinds, 1844 Me, P Phos crassus Hinds, 1843 Co, Me, P Phos gaudens Hinds, 1844 Co, Me, P Trajana perideris (Dall, 1910) P Truncaria filosa (Adams & Reeve, 1846) Family PSEUDOLIVIDAE P, TP Triumphis distorta (Wood, 1828) Family COLUMBELLIDAE Ca, Co, P Aesopus chrysalloides (Carpenter, 1864) Aesopus osborni Hertlein & Strong, Me, P 1951 Ca, Co, Me, P Aesopus sanctus Dall, 1919 Co, Me, P Anachis lillianae Whitney, 1978 C, Br, P Anachis lyrata (Sowerby, 1832 Engina tabogaensis Bartsch, 1931 Central Costa Americab Ricac Columbella labiosa Sowerby, 1822 G, ES, P PM es, it, of, sb m, s –/55 [74, 142, 164, 200, 204, 216] Me, P, TP ES, P PM it, of, sb m, r, s –/46 [200, 216] Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga, TP P N, P PM it bo, r, s –/2 N, P PM, IC it, sb bo, m, r, s 0/24 Me, P, TP Co, Me, P, Ga N, P N, P PM PM, IC it sb bo, m, r, s bo, r –/4 n.a. PM it r n.a. [2, 18, 45, 75, 113, 138, 204, 216, 276, 279, 285, 360] [12, 45, 75, 216, 247, 250, 276, 279, 360] [45, 75, 216, 276, 360] [138, 204, 216, 221, 260, 276, 360, 379] [75, 185, 216, 276] PM PM PM it, sb of m, r m, s m, sh –/30 7/52 22/48 [72, 164, 216, 276] [103, 164, 216, 276, 324] [158, 185, 216] PM PM it, sb n.a. r n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 270, 276] [113, 185, 216, 324] PM cr r n.a. [216, 360, 361] 0/1 n.a. [2, 74, 75, 154, 185, 216, 276, 280, 353, 360] [185, 216] Co, Me, P, TP, PC P Co, Me, P Me, P P Me, P ES, N, P ES N, P P Me, P, TP P, TP ES, N, P PM es, it, sb P P PM n.a. bo, m, r, ru, s n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Ca, Me, P Co, Me, P N PM it, sb r n.a. [216, 276] Me, P, TP G, N, P PM cr, it, sb bo, m, r, s 0/1 [75, 185, 216, 276, 360, 361] (continued) 305 Columbella major Sowerby, 1832 Columbella sonsonatensis (Mörch, 1860) Columbella strombiformis Lamarck, 1822 Cosmioconcha modesta (Powys, 1835) Cosmioconcha palmeri (Dall, 1913) Cosmioconcha rehderi (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Costoanachis boivini (Kiener, 1841) Costoanachis cf. coronata (Sowerby, 1832) Costoanachis costellata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Costoanachis fluctuata (Sowerby, 1832) Costoanachis cf. gracilis (C.B. Adams, 1852) Costoanachis hannana (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Costoanachis hilli (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) Costoanachis lentiginosa (Hinds, 1844) Me, P, Ga Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Bifurcium bicanaliferum (Sowerby, 1832) Clavistrombina clavulus (Sowerby, 1834) Columbella fuscata Sowerby, 1832 Species Costoanachis moesta (C.B. Adams, 1852) Costoanachis nigricans (Sowerby, 1844) Costoanachis oerstedi (von Martens, 1897) Costoanachis rugosa (Sowerby, 1832) Costoanachis rugulosa (Sowerby, 1844) Costoanachis varia (Sowerby, 1832) Costoanachis cf. vexillum (Reeve, 1858) Cotonopsis deroyae (Emerson & d’Attilio, 1969) Cotonopsis hirundo (Gaskoin, 1852) Cotonopsis mendozana (Shasky, 1970) Cotonopsis panacostaricensis (Olsson, 1942) Cotonopsis suteri Jung, 1989 Cotonopsis turrita (Sowerby, 1832) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg P, TP ES, P PM es, it, ma m, r, w n.a. [74, 185, 216, 272, 276] Me, P, Ga, TP ES, N, P PM it, ma bo, m, r, s 0/11 PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [74, 103, 185, 204, 216, 272, 276, 360] [216] P Me, P, TP P, Ga, TP ES, N, P P PM PM es, it, ma cr m, r, sh, w r n.a. n.a. [74, 75, 153, 185, 272, 276, 379] [75, 204, 216, 272, 360, 361] C, Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P ES, N, P PM, Car it r n.a. PM it r n.a. [14, 87, 138, 204, 216, 267, 276, 307] [185, 216] IC n.a. co, g, ru, s 95/200 [2, 63, 114, 200, 204, 216] PM PM PM of n.a. n.a. g, m, s, sh r m, r 2/236 27/110 40/183 [200, 216, 218] [72, 185, 200, 216, 319] [200] PM PM n.a. it, of n.a. g, m, r, s 25/110 –/25 [200] [72, 75, 200, 216, 276, 296, 320] PM IC it, sb of r, s ru, s n.a. 12/70 PM sb m, r, ru, s n.a. [164, 216, 272, 276, 290, 292] [75, 138, 204, 216, 250, 276, 336, 379] [280] P, Ga, TP Co, Me, P, Ga Me, P P Co, Me, P Me, P G, C, Me, P, TP Me, P, Ga P, TP G, N, P ES P G, ES, N, P N, P Species List Mazatlania fulgurata (Philippi, 1846) Microcithara uncinata (Sowerby, 1832) Mitrella loisae Pitt & Kohl, 1979 306 Species List 28.2 (continued) Sincola dorsata (Sowerby, 1832) Sincola gibberula (Sowerby, 1832) Steironepion melanosticta (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) Strombina angularis (Sowerby, 1832) Strombina carmencita Lowe, 1935 Strombina elegans (Sowerby, 1832) Strombina fusinoidea Dall, 1916 Strombina maculosa (Sowerby, 1832) Strombina pulcherrima (Sowerby, 1832) Strombina recurva (Sowerby, 1832) Zafrona incerta (Stearns, 1892) P P N, P N, P PM, IC, Car c, cr, it, ma, bo, m, r, s, of, sb sg 0/34 PM PM PM PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. it cr, it n.a. n.a. m, r, s bo, r bo, m, r, s 27/55 n.a. 5/11 n.a. 0/1 PM it, of –/88 PM it co, m, r, ru, s, sh a, bo, g, m, r, ru, s, sg, sh bo Ca, Co, Me, P, TP Ca, Mg, Co, Me, P, TP, PC G, ES, N, P G, ES, N, P Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga Co, Me, P Co, Me, P Me, P Co, Me, P, TP Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga Me, P N PM, IC n.a. P P P ES, N, P P PM PM PM PM PM of of b, of of it, of G, P PM it, of Co, Me, P, Ga, TP Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga Co, P G, N, P PM it, of IC PM [1, 15, 18, 75, 84, 89, 113, 130, 185, 187, 223, 244, 247, 250, 267, 276, 279, 292, 302, 307, 324, 360, 377, 379, 387] [216, 324] [185, 212, 216, 272] [103, 185, 216] [216, 276, 324, 360] [75, 185, 216, 272, 276, 360, 361, 379] [72, 103, 200, 216, 320] –/165 [18, 75, 103, 200, 216, 218, 276, 284, 353, 379] 9/25 m, r, s, sh m, r, s, sh m, r, s, sg, sh m, s, sh co, g, m, r, s, sh m, s, sh 37/300 9/165 0/90 4/278 –/110 [91, 138, 204, 212, 216, 250, 276, 324, 360] [200, 216] [200, 216] [200, 216, 218, 353] [2, 72, 200, 216] [200, 204, 216, 324] –/91 [200, 216, 353] –/128 [72, 75, 138, 200, 204, 216, 276] of bo, g, m, r, s, sg, sh r 13 [204, 212, 216, 250] of s 33/55 [91, 103, 185, 216] (continued) 307 Zanassarina cf. anitae (Campbell, 1961) N, P Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Ber, F, G, C, Br, SCA, NEA, IP, Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga Me, P Nassarina vespera Keen, 1971 Parvanachis cf. dalli (Bartsch, 1931) P, Ma, TP Parvanachis cf. milium (Dall, 1916) P Parvanachis pardalis (Hinds, 1843) P Parvanachis pygmaea (Sowerby, 1832)Me, P, TP Mitrella ocellata (Gmelin, 1791) Species Zanassarina poecila (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) Family NASSARIIDAE Nassarius catallus (Dall, 1908) Nassarius complanatus (Powys, 1835) Nassarius gallegosi Strong & Hertlein, 1937 Nassarius luteostomus (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Nassarius myristicatus (Hinds, 1844) Nassarius nassiformis Leson, 1842 Nassarius nodicinctus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius pagodus (Reeve, 1844) Nassarius shaskyi McLean, 1970 World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Me, P N PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216, 337] ES, N, P PM PM of it, ma, sb n.a. a, m, s 37/333 –/11 [72, 112, 113, 185, 204, 216, 285] [57, 74, 75, 103, 216, 272, 276] PM n.a. m 18/110 [72, 216] Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P, TP, PC Co, Me, P Co, Me, P, TP ES, N, P PM it, ma, sb, sp m, s n.a. [74, 75, 185, 216, 276, 379] P Co, Me, P, Ga ES, N, P N, P PM PM, IC it, of it, sb n.a. m, ru, s –/37 –/61 Co, Me, P N, P PM, IC it, of –/50 Mg, Co, Me, P Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga P P PM PM sb of a, ru, s, sg, sh m, s n.a. [154, 185, 216] [45, 113, 185, 204, 216, 250, 276, 324] [72, 216, 276, 324, 337, 379] 5/37 65/100 [103, 185, 216, 276] [72, 204, 212, 216, 261, 285] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185] Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga, TP P, TP N PM –/50 ES, P PM es, it, ma, of, m, r, ru, s, sb sg, sh ma n.a. n.a. [45, 57, 74, 75, 103, 113, 185, 204, 216, 276] [74, 216, 218] Co, Me, P, TP N, P PM es, it m, s n.a. [1, 2, 74, 75, 216, 272, 276] IC of co, ru, s 46/146 [63, 204, 216, 239, 247, 250] P, Ga Species List Nassarius cf. stimpsonianus (C.B. Adams, 1852) Nassarius versicolor (C.B. Adams, 1852) Nassarius wilsoni (C.B. Adams, 1852) Family MELONGENIDAE Melongena patula (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Family FASCIOLARIIDAE Fusinus allyni McLean, 1970 308 Species List 28.2 (continued) Leucozonia tuberculata (Broderip, 1833) Opeatostoma pseudodon (Burrow, 1815) Pleuroploca granosa (Broderip, 1832) Pleuroploca princeps (Sowerby, 1825) Pleuroploca salmo (Woods, 1828) Family VOLUTIDAE Enaeta barnesii (Gray, 1825) Family OLIVIDAE Agaronia griseoalba (von Martens, 1897) Agaronia nica A. López, Montoya & J. López, 1988 Agaronia propatula (Conrad, 1849) Co, Me, P Co, Me, P, Ga, TP Co, P Co, Me, P, TP PM PM, IC of it, of m, s 110/165 –/200 PM PM n.a. of n.a. n.a. n.a. 7/275 [216, 296] [1, 2, 18, 103, 138, 204, 216, 250, 287] [216] [72, 216, 272, 285] P, Ma Co, Me, P, Ga Mg, Co, Me, P P P IC PM PM n.a. it of n.a. n.a. m, s, sg, sh n.a. n.a. 2/45 [212] [45, 138, 204, 216, 320] [72, 158, 216, 285] Me, P N, P PM it r 8 [45, 158, 185, 216, 276, 320] Co, P Co, Me, P, Ga P PM PM, IC n.a. it, sb n.a. bo, r 10/20 0/2 P, Ma, Ga IC it, sb bo, r 2/24 [185, 216] [45, 75, 185, 204, 216, 231, 250, 279, 360] [18, 39, 204, 212, 216, 247, 250] Me, P, Ma PM cr, it, sb bo, m, r, s 0/2 [12, 45, 185, 212, 216, 360, 361] es, it, ma, sb m of r, s it, of m –/9 9/27 –/7 [2, 37, 74, 75, 216, 276] [204, 212, 250] [1, 216, 276] Me, P P, Ma, Ga Me, P ES, P P PM PM, IC PM Me, P N, P PM it, of m, s –/80 [2, 216, 276, 320, 379] P G, N PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216, 229, 230] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [230] PM n.a. n.a. 36 [216, 230, 343] Me, P Me, P P 309 (continued) Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Fusinus colpoicus Dall, 1915 Fusinus dupetitthouarsi (Kiener, 1840) Fusinus felipensis Lowe, 1935 Fusinus spectrum (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848) Fusinus turris (Valenciennes, 1832) Latirus concentricus (Reeve, 1847) Latirus hemphilli Hertlein & Strong, 1951 Latirus mediamericanus Hertlein & Strong, 1951 Latirus cf. praestantior Melvill, 1892 Leucozonia cerata (Wood, 1828) Species Agaronia testacea Lamarck, 1811 Oliva foxi Stingley, 1984 Oliva incrassata (Lightfoot, 1786) Oliva julieta Duclos, 1835 Oliva polpasta Duclos, 1833 Oliva porphyria (Linnaeus, 1758) Oliva spicata (Röding, 1798) Oliva spicata deynzerae Petuch & Sargent, 1986 Oliva splendidula Sowerby, 1825 Oliva truncata Marrat, 1867 Oliva undatella Lamarck, 1811 310 Species List 28.2 (continued) Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg C, Co, Me, P, PC P Mg, Co, Me, P Me, P Mg, Co, Me, P, TP Me, P Co, Me, P, TP P N, P PM, Car es, it m, r, s, sg 0/1 P N N N, P IC PM PM PM of b, sb of it, sb co, ru, s s n.a. m, s 10/60 6 n.a. –/73 [1, 2, 74, 75, 86, 130, 187, 216, 230, 267, 276, 307, 384] [208, 250, 362] [1, 75, 216, 276, 379] [2, 216] [1, 72, 216, 272, 276, 284, 379] P P PM PM, IC IC it of n.a. s s n.a. –/20 11/60 15/46 [1, 2, 216, 276, 379] [1, 12, 103, 216, 247, 250, 379] [275] P P N, P PM PM PM it, of of it s n.a. m, s –/34 n.a. –/11 n.a. [1, 2, 45, 216, 345] [275] [103, 216, 272, 276] N N P IC PM PM of it n.a. s m, r n.a. 10/105 n.a. 60/70 [216, 247, 250, 324, 325] [216] [185, 216, 318] PM PM PM PM PM n.a. it, sb n.a. es of n.a. s n.a. m, s m, s 7/11 –/9 n.a. n.a. 3/7 [185, 216] [75, 86, 216] [75, 216] [74, 75, 216, 273, 276] [216] PM, IC of n.a. –/100 [2, 72, 216, 247, 250, 272, 276, 297] Me, P P Mg, Co, Me, P, TP P Olivella cocosensis Olsson, 1956 Olivella columellaris (Sowerby, 1825) P Olivella cf. inconspicua (C.B. Adams, Me, P 1852) P Olivella cf. riverae Olsson, 1956 Me, P, TP Olivella semistriata (Gray, 1839) Mg, Me, P, TP Olivella tergina (Duclos, 1835) Me, P, TP Olivella volutella (Lamarck, 1811) Co, Me, P Olivella zanoeta (Duclos, 1835) Family HARPIDAE Mg, Co, Me, P, Harpa crenata Swainson, 1822 TP ES, N, P N Species List World distributiona Persicula pulchella (Kiener, 1834) Family MITRIDAE Mitra belcheri Hinds, 1843 Mitra crenata Broderip, 1836 Mitra effusa Broderip, 1836 Mitra ferruginea Lamarck, 1811 N, P P, Ga P P Me, P, TP, PC Ca, Me, P, Ga P ES, P P PM it, sb r 8 [1, 45, 138, 204, 216, 276] IC of co, g, ru, s 50/110 [2, 63, 106, 204, 216, 247, 250] PM PM PM IC it, of of n.a. it, of m, s, sh r, sh s n.a. –/55 3/82 2/65 –/100 [314] [314] [72, 75, 154, 216] [113, 170, 204, 216, 250] IC, E n.a. co, ru, s 24/100 [247, 250, 315] P, Ga Ca, Me, P, Ga Ca, Me, P N P PM, IC IC IC it it it, sb n.a. co, r, ru a, s –/120 –/100 –/100 [18, 185, 204, 216, 247, 250, 276] [1, 138, 204, 216, 250, 324] [30, 113, 216] NEP, Ca, Me, P, Ga Me, P, Ga Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga I, IP, P, Ma P PM it sg –/110 [30, 113, 185, 204, 216] P N, P PM PM n.a. it ru, s, sg, sh n.a. 2/60 –/20 [45, 204, 216, 276] [18, 204, 216, 276] IC n.a. ru, s 9/70 [83, 196, 212, 250, 322] PM PM, IC of n.a. n.a. bo, g, r, ru 37/100 5/55 PM, IC it m, r, s –/30 IC cr, it co –/100 [2, 59, 216, 285] [91, 204, 212, 216, 250, 359, 360, 379] [40, 45, 59, 75, 112, 204, 212, 216, 250] [2, 59, 212, 214, 250, 326] IC PM, IC it, of, sb n.a. n.a. g, r –/90 9/18 [1, 216, 218, 247, 250, 285, 357] [185, 216, 250] Mg, Co, Me, P P Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga Me, P, Cl, Ma, P Ga RS, IP, NWP, CtP, P, Cl, Ma Ca, Co, P Co, Me, P, TP (continued) 311 Mitra fultoni E.A. Smith, 1892 Mitra inca d’Orbigny, 1841 Me, P, TP, Ga Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Morum tuberculosum (Reeve, 1842, ex Sowerby, MS) Morum veleroae Emerson, 1968 Family MARGINELLIDAE Dentimargo zetetes Roth, 1978 Prunum aletes Roth, 1978 Prunum curtum (Sowerby, 1832) Volvarina taeniolata taeniolata Mörch, 1860 Family CYSTISCIDAE Gibberula achenea Roth & Coan, 1971 Gibberula minor (C.B. Adams, 1852) Gibberula polita (Carpenter, 1857) Gibberula subtrigona (Carpenter, 1864) Granulina cf. margaritula (Carpenter, 1857) Persicula imbricata (Hinds, 1844) Persicula phrygia (Sowerby, 1846) Species Mitra lens Wood, 1828 Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758) Mitra papalis (Linnaeus, 1758) 312 Species List 28.2 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Co, Me, P, Ga, N, P TP I, IP, NWP, SWP, P CtP, P, Ga I, IP, NWP, CtP, P, Cl P P Co, Me, P, Ga PM, IC it, of, sb bo, g, m, r, s –/28 PM, IC cl, cr, it a, co, m, r, s –/130 IC n.a. co, m, ru, s 1/50 [2, 45, 75, 185, 204, 216, 247, 250, 276, 279, 359, 360] [2, 59, 85, 108, 110, 204, 214, 250, 359, 378] [2, 214, 216, 250, 336] IC IC it, of, sb of co r, ru, s –/21 1/31 [216, 250] [59, 60, 204, 216, 250, 324, 359] PM, IC sb n.a. 5/200 [1, 2, 72, 216, 250, 272] N, P PM, IC it, sb bo, m, r, s 0/22 P PM, IC of bo, r 9/91 [1, 45, 75, 113, 204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 272, 276, 360] [40, 62, 72, 216, 250, 360] N PM IC of it, of n.a. ru, s 18/46 –/165 N, P PM it, of n.a. –/73 [216] [1, 62, 204, 216, 250, 276, 324, 379] [62, 216, 249, 285, 296, 320] G PM, IC it m, r, s –/112 [20, 62, 75, 216, 250, 379] P IC PM of it, sb n.a. bo, r 45/110 n.a. [204, 250, 334, 358] [3, 204, 216, 358, 360] PM n.a. n.a. 150/200 [72, 204, 216] Species List Mitra rupicola Reeve, 1844 Mitra sphoni Shasky & Campbell, 1964 Mitra swainsonii swainsonii Broderip, Co, Me, P, TP 1836 Co, Me, P, Ma, Mitra tristis Broderip, 1836 Ga, TP Co, Me, P Subcancilla attenuata (Broderip, 1836) Subcancilla calodinota (Berry, 1960) Co, Me, P Subcancilla erythrogramma (Tomlin, Co, Me, P, Ga 1931) Subcancilla gigantea (Reeve, 1844, Co, Me, P ex Swainson, MS) Co, Me, P Subcancilla sulcata (Swainson in Sowerby, 1825) Family COSTELLARIIDAE P, Ga Thala jeancateae Sphon, 1969 Thala solitaria (C.B. Adams, 1852) Me, P, Ga Superfamily CANCELLARIOIDEA Family CANCELLARIIDAE P, Ga Admetula deroyae (Petit, 1970) Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg PM PM PM PM n.a. of of, sb of n.a. n.a. n.a. m, s 18/91 65 20/128 13/27 [1, 216, 344] [72, 216, 379] [72, 75, 216, 276] [216, 352] ES, N, P PM PM it, of it, of, sb m m, s –/40 –/40 [72, 153, 216, 276, 320, 348] [72, 103, 216] P P PM PM PM PM PM IC it, of it, of of it, of it, of of m, s m, s n.a. n.a. m, s n.a. -/120 –/73 50/110 –/100 –/90 –/55 [72, 216, 285, 320, 352] [72, 204, 216, 320, 352] [72, 204, 216, 285] [72, 216, 320] [1, 75, 138, 204, 216, 276, 352] [1, 45, 63, 204, 216, 303, 333] N, P N, P P PM PM PM it, of of of s n.a. n.a. –/37 30/100 37/184 [216, 276, 320, 352] [72, 216, 276, 345] [204, 216, 276, 285] P P N, P P PM PM, IC IC PM it, of of it, of, sb of n.a. n.a. n.a. m –/110 –/200 –/25 13/200 [75, 216, 276, 320] [2, 63, 72, 216, 247, 250, 285] [216, 250, 347] [1, 72, 216, 352] P PM it, of, sb s –/24 [216, 352] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [42, 138, 204, 216, 348] PM, Car c, it, of m, p, r, s, sh 0/27 PM it, of n.a. P N, P –/27 [1, 36, 45, 55, 84, 86, 130, 216, 276, 302, 307, 377, 384] [34, 36, 216] (continued) 313 P P N N Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Co, Me, P Axelella campbelli (Shasky, 1961) Mg, Me, P Axelella funiculatum (Hinds, 1843) Me, P Cancellaria albida Hinds, 1843 P, PC Cancellaria buccinoides Sowerby, 1832 Cancellaria bulbulus Sowerby, 1832 Me, P Cancellaria cassidiformis Sowerby, Co, Me, P 1832 Cancellaria decussata Sowerby, 1832 Mg, Co, Me, P Cancellaria gemmulata Sowerby, 1832Me, P, Ga Cancellaria indentata Sowerby, 1832 Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P Cancellaria jayana Keen, 1958 Ca, Me, P, Ga Cancellaria obesa Sowerby, 1832 Cancellaria pulchra Sowerby, 1832 Co, Me, P, Ga, TP Me, P Cancellaria solida Sowerby, 1832 Mg, Co, Me, P Cancellaria urceolata Hinds, 1843 Cancellaria ventricosa Hinds, 1843 Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga Me, P, TP Narona clavatula (Sowerby, 1832) Co, Me, P Sveltia centrota (Dall, 1896) Trigonostoma breve (Sowerby, 1832) Me, P Co, Me, P Trigonostoma bullatum (Sowerby, 1832) Trigonostoma goniostoma (Sowerby, Co, Me, P 1832) Co, P, Ga Trigonostoma milleri Burch, 1949 Superfamily CONOIDEA Family TEREBRIDAE F, G, C, Br, EA, Hastula cinerea (Born, 1778) Co, Me, P Terebra allyni Bratcher & Burch, 1970 Co, Me, P 314 Species List 28.2 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Terebra armillata Hinds, 1844 Mg, Me, P, Ga G, N, P PM, IC it, of m, s –/110 N IC IC it, of of n.a. n.a. –/60 13/135 [35, 36, 55, 72, 103, 204, 216, 248, 250, 276] [1, 35, 216, 247, 250, 324] [33, 216, 250, 276, 285] IC cl, cr, it, sb s –/100 [2, 85, 110, 214, 216, 248] PM, IC PM, IC it it n.a. m, s –/70 –/110 IC it m, s –/80 N, P PM, IC it, of n.a. –/90 [36, 55, 216, 248, 250, 276, 284] [34, 36, 55, 72, 75, 103, 204, 216, 248, 250, 276, 284] [36, 75, 103, 138, 204, 248, 250, 276] [2, 34, 72, 216, 248, 250] G, N, P P PM IC it, of cl, sb n.a. s –/146 1/200 [36, 55, 75, 216, 272, 276, 285] [2, 18, 36, 85, 110, 113, 214, 216, 247, 250] PM, IC it, of n.a. –/82 P PM, IC it, of n.a. –/110 P PM n.a. n.a. 7/27 [1, 2, 72, 113, 204, 216, 248, 250, 284] [2, 14, 36, 55, 72, 204, 216, 248, 250, 276, 285] [36, 216, 276, 324] Co, Me, P Terebra berryi Campbell, 1961 Terebra corintoensis Pilsbry & Lowe, Co, Me, P 1932 Terebra crenulata (Linnaeus, 1758) RS, PG, I, IP, NWP, SWP, CtP, Me, P, Cl Co, Me, P Terebra elata Hinds, 1844 I, Co, Me, P, Ga, Terebra glauca Hinds, 1844 TP Terebra guayaquilensis (E.A. Smith, Co, Me, P, Ga 1880) Terebra hancocki Bratcher & Burch, Me, P 1970 Co, Me, P, TP Terebra larvaeformis Hinds, 1844 RS, PG, I, IP, Terebra maculata (Linnaeus, 1758) NWP, SWP, CtP, Me, P, Cl Co, Me, P, Ga Terebra ornata Gray, 1834 Terebra robusta Hinds, 1844 Co, Me, P, Ga Species List Terebra sanjuanensis Pilsbry & Lowe, Me, P 1932 N, P G, N, P Terebra variegata Gray, 1834 Family TURRIDAE Agathotoma alcippe (Dall, 1918) Agathotoma stellata (Mörch, 1860) Bellaspira melea Dall, 1919 Buchema granulosa (Sowerby, 1834) Calliclava jaliscoensis McLean & Poorman, 1971 Calliclava pallida (Sowerby, 1834) Calliclava subtilis McLean & Poorman, 1971 Carinodrillia adonis Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Carinodrillia alboangulata (E.A. Smith, 1882) Clathurella rigida (Hinds, 1843) PM, IC it, of n.a. –/55 PM, IC it, of m, s –/300 Co, Me, P, Ga Mg, Me, P Co, Me, P Co, Me, P Me, P, Ga PM, IC PM IC IC PM sb n.a. of n.a. n.a. g, r n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. –/133 n.a. 20/183 20/55 10/50 [185, 204, 216, 250] [185, 216] [216, 250, 342] [216, 276] [204, 216] PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. s 10/25 9/30 [216] [216, 344] Co, Me, P, Ga PM n.a. m, s 29/80 [72, 103, 204, 216] Me, P PM sb g, r –/30 [185, 216] P IC of, sb r, s 11/25 [1, 103, 204, 212, 216, 250, 333] P PM PM PM n.a. n.a. of n.a. m, s n.a. 50/275 20/90 95/140 [1, 72, 204, 216] [72, 103, 216] [185, 216, 285] N IC PM of, sb of n.a. m, s 33/133 20/90 [216, 250] [72, 158, 216] IC of r 20/70 [216, 250, 336] PM IC sb n.a. g, r n.a. –/25 20/60 [1, 75, 216, 276, 341] [216, 250] Me, P P Ca, Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga Cochlespira cedonulli (Reeve, 1843) Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P Compsodrillia alcestis (Dall, 1919) Compsodrillia aff. opaca McLean & Ca, Co, Me, P Poorman, 1971 P Crassispira abdera (Dall, 1919) Crassispira ballenaensis Hertlein & Me, P Strong, 1951 Me, P Crassispira cerithoidea (Carpenter, 1857) Crassispira discors (Sowerby, 1834) Co, Me, P Co, Me, P Crassispira erigone Dall, 1919 P N [2, 36, 75, 113, 204, 216, 248, 250, 276, 379] [2, 36, 55, 103, 204, 216, 248, 250, 272, 276, 341] (continued) 315 Co, Me, P, Ga, TP Co, Me, P, Ga, TP Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Terebra strigata Sowerby, 1825 Species World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Co, Me, P PM of, sb s –/35 [185, 216] Co, Me, P Mg, Co, Me, P Co, Me, P PM PM, IC PM n.a. of ma m, s n.a. l, s, sh –/65 20/133 7/55 [72, 216, 284] [75, 216, 250, 276] [1, 158, 216, 284] N Me, P Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P, Ga P P PM IC IC n.a. it, of n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 30/119 –/60 25/40 [1, 72, 216, 265] [204, 216, 250, 285] [204, 216, 250] Co, Me, P P IC n.a. n.a. 14/75 [216, 250, 324] P P P PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 20/75 n.a. [216] [185] Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4/70 50/100 [204, 216, 346] [216] P, Ga Co, Me, P PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 9/30 10/55 [204, 344] [72, 216] Co, Me, P ES PM of m 6/45 [158, 216, 346] Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P P Co, Me, P P P PM PM PM PM, IC of n.a. n.a. n.a. a, m, s, sh n.a. n.a. m, s 40/280 10/30 30/200 11/67 [1, 72, 204, 158, 216] [216, 276] [72, 216] [103, 216, 250, 276] N, P Species List Crassispira incrassata (Sowerby, 1834) Crassispira maura (Sowerby, 1834) Crassispira turricula (Sowerby, 1834) Crassispira xanti Hertlein & Strong, 1951 Cruziturricula arcuata (Reeve, 1843) Daphnella allemani (Bartsch, 1931) Daphnella mazatlanica Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Daphnella retusa McLean & Poorman, 1971 Doxospira hertleini Shasky, 1971 “Drillia” aff. actinocycla Dall & Simpson, 1901 Drillia clavata (Sowerby, 1834) Drillia inornata McLean & Poorman, 1971 Drillia macleani Tucker, 1992 Drillia roseola (Hertlein & Strong, 1955) Drillia salvadorica (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Fusiturricula armilda (Dall, 1908) Globidrillia micans (Hinds, 1843) Glyphostoma bayeri Olsson, 1971 Glyphostoma neglecta (Hinds, 1843) 316 Species List 28.2 (continued) Kylix impressa (Hinds, 1843) Microdaphne trichodes (Dall, 1919) Microdrillia zeuxippe (Dall, 1919) Mitromorpha filosa (Carpenter, 1865) IC n.a. n.a. 20/200 [204, 216, 247, 250] Mg, Co, Me, P PM of s, so 20/90 [72, 103, 125, 159, 216] PM, IC PM PM PM PM, IC IC of n.a. of n.a. sb of n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. g, r s 15/245 35/90 11/123 10/70 9 20/70 [72, 216, 247] [72, 216] [1, 73, 216] [72, 216] [216, 250, 276, 324] [216, 250, 285] P Mg, Me, P Co, Me, P Co, Me, P Co, Me, P Co, Me, P P ES P N, P Co, Me, P, Ga P P IC PM of of n.a. m, r, sh 20/70 77/112 [204, 216, 250, 324] [158, 185] Co, Me, P Co, Me, P N N PM PM it, of, sb n.a. n.a. n.a. –/50 20/50 [1, 75, 216, 276] [1, 216, 276] P PM PM IC of n.a. n.a. n.a. g, r co 40/70 20/40 10/50 [72, 185, 216] [216, 284, 324] [216, 250, 337, 340] P P PM PM, IC n.a. it n.a. g 10/30 –/146 P IC IC n.a. of, sb n.a. r 20/110 –/33 [216] [108, 110, 185, 204, 212, 214, 216, 250] [204, 216, 247, 250] [1, 30, 204, 212, 216, 250] IC PM of of n.a. r 20/70 –/20 [216, 250, 324] [216] PM of, sb r n.a. [185, 216] Co, Me, P Mg, Co, Me, P NEP, Ca, Co, Me, P P I, IP, Ca, Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga P, Ga Ca, Me, P, Ma, Ga Co, Me, P Me, P Me, P 317 Nannodiella nana (Dall, 1919) Pilsbryspira loxospira (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) Pilsbryspira cf. melchersi (Menke, 1851) P, Ga Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Glyphostoma scobina McLean & Poorman, 1971 Hindsiclava militaris (Reeve, 1843, ex Hinds, MS) Hindsiclava resina (Dall, 1908) Hormospira libya (Dall, 1919) Hormospira spectabilis Berry, 1958 Imaclava pilsbryi Bartsch, 1950 Iredalea ella (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) Iredalea perfecta (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) Ithycythara penelope (Dall, 1919) Knefastia howelli (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Knefastia olivacea (Sowerby, 1833) Knefastia tuberculifera (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Knefastia walkeri Berry, 1958 Kurtzia granulatissima (Mörch, 1860) Kurtziella plumbea (Hinds, 1843) (continued) Species Polystira nobilis (Hinds, 1843) Polystira oxytropis (Sowerby, 1834) Polystira picta (Reeve, 1843, ex Beck, MS) Pyrgocythara fuscoligata (Carpenter, 1856) Strictispira stillmani Shasky, 1971 Strombinoturris crockeri Hertlein & Strong, 1951 Tenaturris cf. concinna (C.B. Adams, 1852) Tenaturris merita (Hinds, 1843) Xanthodaphne agonia (Dall, 1890) Xanthodaphne encella (Dall, 1908) Zonulispira grandimaculata (C.B. Adams, 1852) Family CONIDAE Conus archon Broderip, 1833 Conus arcuatus Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 Conus bartschi Hanna & Strong, 1949 Conus brunneus Wood, 1828 Conus chaldaeus (Röding, 1798) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Co, Me, P Ca, Co, Me, P Co, Me, P P N PM PM PM of of n.a. m, s, sh, so s, so s, so 20/200 13/200 11/70 [1, 2, 72, 103, 216, 276] [1, 72, 103, 185, 216, 276, 379] [1, 14, 72, 103, 216, 276] P P PM ma, sb n.a. n.a. [216] Co, Me, P Co, Me, P P P PM PM it, of of bo, r, s n.a. a, m, r, s, sh 25/112 [216, 324, 360] [72, 105, 158, 216] PM it n.a. –/20 [185, 216] it of of it, of, sb r n.a. n.a. r –/33 1,159/1,850 1,950 n.a. [1, 216, 250, 276] [204, 216, 247, 250] [216, 247, 250] [216, 276] Me, P Co, Me, P P, Ga P Co, Me, P N N, P PM, IC IC IC PM Co, Me, P Co, Me, P P P PM PM of of n.a. n.a. 20/400 10/100 [2, 45, 72, 216, 276, 284, 345] [1, 2, 14, 72, 216, 263, 276] N, P PM PM, IC of it, of, sb n.a. r 10/50 –/40 P PM, IC p, r, s n.a. P PM, IC cr, it, of, rl, sb it r, s –/15 [1, 2, 68, 219, 379, 380] [1, 2, 45, 68, 75, 112, 113, 204, 216, 247, 250, 276, 279] [2, 69, 85, 108, 110, 204, 214, 216, 250, 379] [1, 45, 70, 204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 262, 276] Me, P Mg, Me, P, Cl, Ga I, IP, NWP, SWP, CtP, P, Cl, Ga Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga Species List Conus dalli Stearns, 1873 318 Species List 28.2 (continued) Conus ebraeus Linnaeus, 1758 Conus emarginatus Reeve, 1844 Conus fergusoni Sowerby, 1873 Conus gladiator Broderip, 1833 Conus gradatus Wood, 1828, ex Mawe, MS Conus lucidus Wood, 1828 Conus mahogani Reeve, 1843 Conus nux Broderip, 1833 Conus orion Broderip, 1833 Conus patricius Hinds, 1843 Co, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga RS, I, IP, NWP, SWP, CtP, P, Cl, Ga Me, P, Ga Mg, Me, P, Ga, TP Mg, Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga, TP Ca, Me, P, Cl Mg, Me, P, Ga, TP Co, Me, P, Ga, TP Mg, Co, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga C, Co, Me, P Me, P, Ga Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P Conus poormani Berry, 1968 Co, Me, P, TP Conus princeps Linnaeus, 1758 Conus purpurascens Sowerby, 1833, Mg, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga, TP ex Broderip, MS Conus perplexus Sowerby, 1857 Conus recurvus Broderip, 1833 IC cr, it co, r, s –/30 G, P PM, IC cr, it, of, rl co, r n.a. N, P IC PM n.a. it, of n.a. r 37 –/165 N, P PM, IC it bo, m, r, s n.a. P IC of n.a. 28/119 P PM, IC it, of n.a. –/33 P PM, IC sb m n.a. N, P PM, IC it, sb bo, r, s –/2.5 P ES, N, P PM PM it of, sb r, s n.a. –/30 16 P PM of s 15/37 P N, P N, P PM PM PM, IC of cr, it, sb it, sb s co, m, r, s bo, m, r, s 20/100 n.a. n.a. PM, IC of g 18/210 PM it, of, sb a, m, s –/100 N, P [1, 2, 18, 70, 113, 204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 262, 285, 379] [2, 85, 107, 110, 147, 155, 157, 188, 204, 214, 216, 250, 336, 366] [204, 276, 345] [2, 72, 75, 204, 216, 272, 276, 279, 379] [2, 113, 185, 204, 212, 216, 247, 272, 276, 355, 360, 379] [1, 2, 216, 247, 263] [2, 45, 75, 138, 204, 216, 250, 320] [139, 194, 204, 272, 276] [12, 18, 45, 113, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 250, 262, 274, 276, 355, 360] [1, 2, 216, 320, 355, 379] [2, 76, 117, 153, 204, 216, 263, 264, 276, 379] [72, 103, 126, 138, 185, 204, 216] [1, 2, 103, 216, 263, 285] [2, 45, 75, 216, 276, 355] [1, 2, 12, 18, 45, 75, 113, 138, 204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 272, 274, 276, 279, 355, 360] [1, 2, 75, 119, 138, 204, 216, 247, 250, 263] [1, 18, 72, 216, 276, 355] (continued) 319 Conus regularis Sowerby, 1833 Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga Mg, Co, Me, P P Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Conus diadema Sowerby, 1834 Species Conus tessulatus Born, 1778 Conus tiaratus Sowerby, 1833, ex Broderip, MS Conus tornatus Sowerby, 1833, ex Broderip, MS Conus virgatus Reeve, 1849 Conus vittatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 Conus ximenes Gray, 1839 Superorder HETEROBRANCHIA Superfamily ARCHITECTONICOIDEA Family ARCHITECTONICIDAE Architectonica nobilis Röding, 1798 World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg I, IP, NWP, SWP, P CtP, Co, Me, P, Cl, Ga Co, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Ga Ca, Co, Me, P P IC it, of n.a. –/30 [2, 108, 110, 113, 143, 204, 216, 250, 333, 335] PM, IC it r, s –/5 PM it, of m, s –/45 Ca, Me, P Co, Me, P N PM PM it, of of n.a. n.a. –/100 18/50 [2, 18, 113, 138, 204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 262, 274, 285, 355] [1, 72, 75, 103, 216, 276, 320, 355] [2, 216, 276, 379] [45, 216, 345] Me, P, Ga, TP P PM it, of n.a. –/90 [75, 138, 204, 216, 276, 379] PM, IC, Car cr, sb an, co, r, s, sh 1/250 IC n.a. co, g, m, ru 12/200 [1, 2, 6, 24, 45, 72, 75, 84, 89, 244, 250, 267, 276, 302, 307, 342, 377, 387] [1, 25, 172, 204, 216, 250] PM it, sb an n.a. [1, 25, 113, 185, 204, 216, 276] PM, IC it n.a. 10/136 [25, 185, 204, 212, 216, 250] IC n.a. n.a. 17/201 [25, 250] IC n.a. a, co, m, ru, s –/50 NWA, F, G, C, P Gu, Br, NEA, SEA, Me, P Mg, Co, Me, P, P Ga Co, Me, P, Ga P Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga, TP Ca, Me, P, Ga RS, IP, NWP, SWP, CtP, P, Cl P [108, 214, 250, 305, 336] Species List Discotectonica placentalis (Hinds, 1844) Heliacus areola bicanaliculatus (Valenciennes, 1832) Heliacus mazatlanicus Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Pseudotorinia architae (O.G. Costa, 1841) Psilaxis radiata (Röding, 1798) 320 Species List 28.2 (continued) Me, P PM n.a. n.a. 18/88 [25] Co, Me, P, Ga IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [105, 204, 216, 250, 324, 333] P PM n.a. m, s, sh 27 [158] P, Ga PM ma n.a. n.a. [204] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 272] PM n.a. m, s, sh 22/27 [158, 216] P, TP P P Co, Me, P P P PM PM ma n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [9, 91, 216] [185, 216] Co, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [91, 185, 216] P P PM of n.a. 5/15 [185, 216] Co, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. 18 [185, 216, 232, 363] P PM n.a. m, s, sh 22/27 [158] PM ma l, m, s, sh 22/27 [1, 158] IC cr, it sh –/65 [204, 212, 214, 250, 329, 333] PM n.a. n.a. 5/15 [96, 185, 216] P N SWP, CtP, Me, Co, P, Ma, Ga Co, P P 321 (continued) Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Solatisonax propinqua Bieler, 1993 Superfamily RISSOELLOIDEA Family RISSOELLIDAE Rissoella tumens (Carpenter, 1857) Superfamily PYRAMIDELLOIDEA Family PYRAMIDELLIDAE Besla caneloensis (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Chrysallida clathratula (C.B. Adams, 1852) Chrysallida cf. communis (C.B. Adams, 1852) Chrysallida costaricensis (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Chrysallida fasciata (Carpenter, 1857) Chrysallida inconspicua (C.B. Adams, 1852) Chrysallida cf. paupercula (C.B. Adams, 1852) Chrysallida cf. swetti (Strong & Hertlein, 1939) Chrysallida cf. telescopium (Carpenter, 1857) Chrysallida woodbridgei Hertlein & Strong, 1951 Eulimastoma dotella (Dall & Bartsch, 1909) Herviera gliriella (Melvill & Standen, 1896) Iselica cf. kochi Strong & Hertlein, 1939 Species World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg P Me, P PM IC ma n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 18/25 MZUCR 5304 and 3684 [216, 250] Co, Me, P, Ga IC of n.a. 9/60 [204, 250, 285, 333] P PM n.a. m, s, sh 22/27 [158, 216] Me, P P P IC PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 25 5/15 [216, 250, 324] [216] Co, P P PM, IC it co, ru, s 9/33 [91, 185, 216, 250, 324, 341] Ca, Me, P PM ma sh n.a. [1] Me, .P PM n.a. n.a. P PM n.a. m, sh 22 [158] Me, P Co, P Co, P PM PM PM n.a. n.a. of n.a. n.a. m, sh n.a. n.a. 22/35 [216] [216, 285] [158, 285] [185, 216, 324] P N PM ma l, m, s, sh 22/27 [158] P N PM ma l, m, s, sh 22/27 [158] PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. m, s, sh 55 27 [216] [158] P P Species List Iselica maculosa Carpenter, 1857 Menestho aequisculpta (Carpenter, 1864) Menestho grijalvae (Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1928) Menestho nicoyana (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Miralda armata (Carpenter, 1857) Miralda cf. azteca (Strong & Hertlein, 1939) Miralda terebellum (C.B. Adams, 1852) Odostomia fetella Dall & Bartsch, 1909 Odostomia cf. mammillata Carpenter, 1857 Ptycheulimella portoparkerensis (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Pyramidella bicolor Menke, 1854 Pyramidella elenensis Bartsch, 1924 Pyrgiscus amiriana (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Pyrgiscus ayamana (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Pyrgiscus biolleyi (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Pyrgiscus craticulata (Mörch, 1859) Pyrgiscus ekidana (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) 322 Species List 28.2 (continued) P PM n.a. m, s, sh 22/27 [158] Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Co, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. –/18 [185, 216] P PM n.a. m, s, sh 22/27 [158] P P PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. m, sh n.a. 22 [216] [158] P PM n.a. m, s, sh 27 [158] Ca, Me, P P PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. m, sh n.a. 22 [1, 185, 216] [158] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] IC n.a. n.a. 90/100 [138, 204, 216, 242, 250, 285] P P Co, Me, P, Ga Co, P P PM of n.a. 35 [185, 216, 285] Co, P P PM of n.a. 35 [185, 216, 285, 324] P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] P P P N PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] [185, 216] Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Pyrgiscus guanacastensis (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Pyrgiscus cf. indentata (Carpenter, 1857) Pyrgiscus cf. lara (Dall & Bartsch, 1909) Pyrgiscus macbridei (Dall & Bartsch, 1909) Pyrgiscus nicoyana (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Pyrgiscus subula (Mörch, 1859) Pyrgiscus sulacana (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Pyrgiscus templetonis (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Pyrgiscus tenuicula (Gould, 1853) Pyrgiscus zacae (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Salassia cf. tropidita Dall & Bartsch, 1909 Triptychus incantatus (Hertlein & Strong, 1939) Turbonilla cf. aculeus (C.B. Adams, 1852) Turbonilla cf. andrewsi Dall & Bartsch, 1909 Turbonilla excolpa Dall & Bartsch, 1909 Turbonilla cf. festiva de Folin, 1867 Turbonilla masayana Hertlein & Strong, 1951 323 (continued) Species List 28.2 (continued) World distributiona Central Costa Americab Ricac Oceanic Habitat/ distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Turbonilla cf. muricata (Carpenter, 1857) Turbonilla paucilirata (Carpenter, 1857) Turbonilla subangulata (Carpenter, 1857) Turbonilla utuana Hertlein & Strong, 1951 Turbonilla vestae Hertlein & Strong, 1951 Family AMATHINIDAE Cyclothyca corrugata Stearns, 1890 Phasianema saxicola (C.B. Adams, 1852) PULMONATA Order BASOMMATOPHORA Superfamily SIPHONARIOIDEA Family SIPHONARIIDAE Siphonaria gigas Sowerby, 1825 Co, Me, P PM of n.a. 35 [9, 185, 216, 285, 363] Me, P IC n.a. n.a. 12/18 [216, 250] Co, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [9, 185, 216, 232] P PM n.a. m, s, sh 27 [158] Siphonaria maura Sowerby, 1835 N PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 324] P P, Ga ES, N, P P PM IC n.a. n.a. n.a. ru, s n.a. 30/35 [99, 216, 218, 153] [204, 216, 333] Me, P, Ga, PC N, P PM, IC cr, it, sb r, s, sh n.a. Mg, Co, Me, P, PC Me, P Ca, Me, P, Ma, Ga N PM cr, it bo, r, s, sh n.a. P P PM PM, IC n.a. it, sb, sp m, r, s a, r 0/1 0/33 [2, 12, 13, 45, 75, 138, 185, 204, 216, 222, 247, 250, 268, 269, 270, 276, 279, 360, 361, 364, 365] [75, 216, 222, 268, 270, 276, 360, 361, 364, 365] [216, 379] [1, 67, 185, 204, 212, 216, 250] Species List Siphonaria palmata Carpenter, 1857 Williamia cf. peltoides (Carpenter, 1864) P 324 Species P P P P P, Ga P, TP P P P ES, P P PM PM PM PM PM, IC PM ma ma n.a. ma ma, sp ma rt, w n.a. n.a. ru, rt, w rt, w l, rt n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [74, 75, 216] [75, 216] [216] [74, 216] [74, 75, 141, 204, 216, 247, 250] [74, 216, 272] P, Ga, TP Co, Me, P, Ga P P PM, IC PM, IC ma it, sb, sp rt, w bo, r, ru, w n.a. n.a. [74, 75, 204, 216, 247, 250, 272] [45, 204, 216, 247, 250, 285] Ca, Me, P, Ga P P P PM, IC PM ma, sp ma bo, r n.a. –/60 n.a. [1, 204, 216, 250, 324] [216] P P PM, IC sp bo, r n.a. [216, 247, 250] 325 n.a. = information not available a A = Atlantic; Ber = Bermuda; Br = Brazil (including Fernando de Noronha and Trinidade islands); C = Caribbean; Ca = California; Cl = Clipperton Island; Co = Gulf of California; ct = circumtropical; CtP = Central Pacific; EA = East Atlantic; F = Florida; G = Gulf of Mexico; Ga = Galapagos Islands; Gu = Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana; I = Indian; IP = Indo-Pacific; M = Mediterranean; Ma = Malpelo Island; Me = Mexican; Mg = Magdalena Bay (transition area from the Californian province to the Mexican province); NEA = Northeast Atlantic; NEP = Northeast Pacific; NWA = Northwest Atlantic; NWP = Northwest Pacific; P = Panamic; PC = Peruvian-Chilean; PG = Persian Gulf; RS = Red Sea; SCA = South-Central Atlantic (Ascension and Saint Helena islands); SEA = Southeast Atlantic; SWA = Southwest Atlantic; SWP = Southwest Pacific; TP = (transition area from the Panamic province to the Peruvian Chilean province); WA = West Atlantic; Note: the classification of the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific provinces are based on Díaz Merlano and Puyana Hegedus (1994) and Reid (2002), respectively; but with modifications as indicated above. b ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c Car = also present on the Caribbean coast; IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d b = bays and coves; bw = brackish water; c = cienaga facies; cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; d = drift; es = estuaries; fw = freshwater seepage; it = intertidal; ls = low salinity; ma = mangroves; of = offshore; rl = reef lagoons; sb = subtidal (on continental shelf); sm = salt marsh; sp = supratidal e a = algae; an = anemones; as = artificial substrates (jetties, pilings); ba = barnacles; bo = boulders; co = corals; e= equinoderms; g = gravel; l = leaves; m = mud; o = octocorals; p = polychaetes; r = rocks; rt = rotten vegetation; ru = rubble; s = sand; sd = sedge tussocks; sg = sea grasses; sh = shells; So = sponges; W = wood f Lowermost occurrence (m)/uppermost occurrence (m) g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. MZUCR refers to catalogue numbers from the Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Order EUPULMONATA Suborder ACTOPHILA Superfamily ELLOBIOIDEA Family ELLOBIIDAE Creedonia acuta (d’Orbigny, 1835) Detracia globulus (d’Orbigny, 1837) Detracia strigosa (von Martens, 1900) Detracia zeteki Pilsbry, 1920 Ellobium stagnalis (d’Orbigny, 1835) Marinula concinna (C.B. Adams, 1852) Melampus carolianus (Lesson, 1842) Melampus tabogensis C.B. Adams, 1852 Pedipes angulatus C.B. Adams, 1852 Phytia (?) infrequens (C.B. Adams, 1852) Tralia panamensis (C.B. Adams, 1852) 326 Species List 29.1 Pelagic gastropod mollusks recorded from Costa Rican waters of the Caribbean Sea. Systematic arrangement follows that proposed by Lalli and Gilmer (1989), Van der Spoel (1996a, b), Van der Spoel and Dadón (1999), and Richter and Seapy (1999) Habitat/ Oceanic World Referencesf Comunity Depth (m)e Central Americab distributionc Species distributiona Subclass PROSOBRANCHIA Order MESOGASTROPODA Superfamily HETEROPODA Family ATLANTIDAE Protatlanta souleyeti (Smith, 1888) ct N,P ep wc n.a. [7] Family CARINARIIDAE Cardiapoda placenta (Lesson, 1830) n.a. ep,o wc 100–200 [7] Carinaria lamarcki f. lamarcki Péron ct CA ep wc 0–300 [7, 8] & Lesueur, 1810 Subclass OPISTHOBRANCHIA Order THECOSOMATA Suborder EUTHECOSOMATA Family LIMACINIDAE Limacina inflata (d’Orbigny, 1836) ct CA ep,mp wc 0–700 [2] Limacina trochiformis (d’Orbigny, 1836) ct CA ep wc 0–200 [2] Family CAVOLINIIDAE Cavolinia inflexa f. inflexa (Lesueur, 1813) cp CA ep,mp wc 0–500 [2] Creseis acicula (Rang, 1828) ct ep wc 0–200 [2] Diacavolinia longirostris f. longirostris ct CA ep wc 0–250 [4] (d’Blainville, 1821) Species List Pelagic Gastropods Diacria trispinosa (d’Blainville, 1827) Diacria danae Van der Spoel, 1968 Styliola subula (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827) Suborder PSEUDOTHECOSOMATA Family DESMOPTERIDAE Desmopterus papilio Chun 1889 ct n.a. ct ct CA CA ep,mp n.a. ep wc n.a. wc 0–500 n.a. 0–250 [2] [9] [2] ep,mp wc 50–500 [2] n.a. = information not available a cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical b CA = all Central American countries; N= Nicaragua; P = Panama c ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; o = offshore d Uppermost/lowermost occurrence (in meters) e wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 327 Species Subclass PROSOBRANCHIA Order MESOGASTROPODA Superfamily HETEROPODA Family ATLANTIDAE Atlanta fusca Souleyet, 1852 Atlanta gaudichaudi Souleyet, 1852 Atlanta helicinoides Souleyet, 1852 Atlanta inclinata Souleyet, 1852 Atlanta lesueuri Souleyet, 1852 Atlanta peroni Lesueur, 1817 Atlanta turriculata d’Orbigny, 1836 Oxygyrus keraudrenii (Lesueur, 1817) Protatlanta souleyeti (Smith, 1888) Family CARINARIIDAE Cardiapoda placenta (Lesson, 1830) Cardiapoda richardi Vayssière, 1904 Carinaria lamarcki f. lamarcki Peron & Lesueur, 1810 Carinaria cristata f. cristata (Linnaeus, 1776) Pterosoma planum Lesson, 1827 Family PTEROTRACHEIDAE Firoloida desmaresti Lesueur, 1817 n.a. n.a. n.a. Ant,cp,EP,IP,Med Ant,cp,EP,IP,Med ct Ant,EP,IP Med,EP,IP,WA ct Car,EA,EP,IP Ant,EP,IP n.a. Central Americab CA CA CA CA CA CA P n.a. n.a. Car,EP,IP,Med, WA EP,IP,IO,Med, WA Oceanic distributionc Habitat\ Community Depthe (m) Referencesf n.a n.a n.a. ep,n,o ep,n,o n.a. ep,n,o ep,n,o n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc n.a n.a n.a. 48–350 48–350 n.a. 48–200 48–350 n.a. [7] [7] [7, 8] [5, 6, 7, 11] [5, 6, 7, 11] [7] [7, 8] [5, 6, 7, 11] [7] ep,o ep,o n.a. wc wc wc 100–200 100–350 n.a. [5, 6, 7, 11] [5, 6, 11] [7, 8] n.a. n.a. n.a. wc n.a. n.a. [7] [7, 8] ep,o wc 143–350 [5, 6, 11] ep,o wc 200 [5, 6, 7, 8, 11] Species List Pterotrachea coronata Forskål, 1775 World distributiona 328 Species List 29.2 Pelagic gastropod mollusks recorded from Costa Rican waters of the Pacific Ocean. Systematic arrangement follows that proposed by Lalli and Gilmer (1989), Van der Spoel (1996a, b), Van der Spoel and Dadón (1999), and Richter and Seapy (1999) ct n.a. CA ep,m n.a. wc n.a. 0–700 n.a. [3, 5, 6, 11] [3] ct ct n.a. Ct ct n.a. ct EP,IP EP ct CA CA CA CA P CA ep ep n.a. ep ep n.a. ep ep n.a. ep wc wc n.a. wc wc n.a. wc wc n.a. wc 60–250 50–200 n.a. 0–80 50–250 n.a. 0–250 0–200 n.a. 80–250 [3, 5, 6, 11] [9] [3, 5, 6, 11] [1, 5, 6, 11] [3, 5, 6, 11] [5, 6, 11] [3, 4, 5, 6, 11] [3, 5, 6, 10, 11] [9] [3, 5, 6, 11] ct N ep wc n.a. [5, 6, 11] P CA Pelagic Gastropods Subclass OPISTHOBRANCHIA Order THECOSOMATA Suborder EUTHECOSOMATA Family LIMACINIDAE Limacina inflata (d’Orbigny, 1836) Limacina trochiformis (d’Orbigny, 1836) Family CAVOLINIIDAE Cavolinia uncinata (Rang, 1829) Clio pyramidata f. lanceolata (Lesueur, 1813) Clio pyramidata f. pyramidata Linnaeus, 1767 Creseis virgula f. conica Eschscholtz, 1829 Creseis acicula f. acicula (Rang, 1828) Creseis acicula f. clava (Rang, 1828) Diacavolinia longirostris (d’Blainville, 1821) Diacria quadridentata (d’Blainville, 1821) Diacria schmidti Van der Spoel, 1971 Hyalocylis striata (Rang, 1828) Suborder PSEUDOTHECOSOMATA Family DESMOPTERIDAE Desmopterus pacificus Chun, 1889 n.a.= Information not available Ant = Antarctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c ep = epipelagic; m = mesopelagic n = neritic; o = offshore d wc = water column e Uppermost/Lowermost occurrences (in meters) f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a 329 Species World distributiona Central Americab Habitatc 330 Species List 30.1 Benthic opisthobranchs and “cephalaspidean” heterobranchs from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Substrated Depth (m)e Referencesf sb a, sb, rub n.a. 0–124 0–366 0–110 [1, 71, 104, 106, 108] [1, 55, 106, 108] [1, 30, 33, 65] Car, WA Car, WA Car, WA P it, sb it, mp ep, it ct H, P it, sb a, rb, sb, sp 0–15 [1, 30, 33, 39, 78, 104, 108, 113] CEPHALASPIDEA Family CYLICHNIDAE Acteocina canaliculata (Say, 1826) Acteocina candei (d’Orbigny, 1841) WA Car, WA P it, sb it, sb a, mb, sb, sg rb, re, sb 0–49 0–51 WA P it, sb n.a. 0–16 [1, 33, 55, 104, 106, 108] [1, 30, 33, 65, 80, 104, 105, 106, 108] [55, 106, 108] sb n.a. sb it, mp co, mb, sb n.a. rb a, sb 27–79 n.a. 5–174 0–800 [1, 106, 108] [55] [1, 30, 33, 104] [1, 30, 33, 53, 71, 106, 108] n.a sb rb 9 [33, 100] Car, WA sb a 1–2 [33, 74] Car, EA, WA it, sb rb 1–18 [33] Acteocina inconspicua Olsson & McGinty, 1958 Family RETUSIDAE Pyrunculus aff. caelatus (Bush, 1885) Retusa oxytatus Born, 1885 Retusa sulcata (d’Orbigny, 1841) Volvulella persimilis (Mörch, 1875) Family PHILINIDAE Philine caballeri Ortea, Espinosa & Moro, 2001 Family RUNCINIDAE Runcina divae (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1963) Family AGLAJIDAE Navanax orbygnianus (Rochebrune, 1881) Car, WA Car, WA Car, WA Car, WA P Species List “Lower” HETEROBRANCHIA Family ACTEONIDAE Acteon candens Rehder, 1939 Acteon finlayi McGinty, 1955 Rictaxis punctostriatus (C.B. Adams, 1840) Family APLUSTRIDAE Micromelo undatus (Bruguière, 1792) Car, WA Car, EA, WA Car, WA WA Car Car, WA SACOGLOSSA Family JULIIDAE Berthelinia caribbea Edmunds, 1963 Family OXYNOIDAE Lobiger souverbii P. Fisher, 1857 Car, WA a 6 [33, 92, 108] it, sb sb sb sb sb sb a, co, rb, re, rub mb rb rb a, sb, sg sb, sg 0–183 23–60 2–93 26 2–3 10–52 [1, 30, 32, 104, 106, 108] [106] [1, 30, 33, 106, 107] [33a, 71] [104] [1, 62, 77, 114] it, sb a, rb, rub, sb, sg, mb 0–30 [1, 33, 55, 56, 62, 71, 78, 96, 104, 106, 108, 114] sb a 1–25 [1, 33, 71, 104, 113] it, sb a, rb 0–11 P P it a, sg a 0 [1, 5, 28c, 30, 33, 55, 56, 58, 63, 71, 75, 78, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 113] [104, 108, 113] [1, 28c, 33] B, H, P it, sb a, rb, re, rub, sg 0–24 sb it sb it, sb sb it, sb sb a a a, rb a, re, sg a a a 16 0 16 0–30 8 0–8 2 P P Car, EA, WA P ct Car, WA Oxynoe antillarum Mörch, 1863 Oxynoe panamensis Pilsbry & Olsson, 1943 EP, WA Family PLACOBRANCHIDAE Car, WA Elysia crispata Mörch, 1863 Elysia eugeniae Ortea & Espinosa, 2002 Elysia evelinae Er. Marcus, 1957 Elysia flava Verrill, 1901 Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1840) Elysia papillosa Verrill, 1901 Elysia patina Ev. Marcus, 1980 Elysia purchoni Thompson, 1977 sb n.a. WA ct ct Car, WA Car, WA Car, WA Benthic Opisthobranchs n.a Philinopsis aeci Ortea & Espinosa, 2001 Family HAMINOEIDAE Atys caribaeus (d’Orbigny, 1841) Atys macandrewi Smith, 1872 Atys riiseanus Mörch, 1875 Atys sandersoni Dall, 1881 Atys sharpi Vanatta, 1901 Haminoea elegans (Gray, 1825) Family BULLIDAE Bulla striata Bruguière, 1792 [1, 33, 69, 71, 78, 104, 108, 113] [94] [1, 33, 63, 69] [1, 33, 63, 69, 108, 113] [1, 33, 56, 71, 77, 78, 104, 108] [1, 33, 71, 74, 77, 104] [33, 72, 108] [112] 331 (continued) 332 Species List 30.1 (continued) World distributiona Elysia tuca Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 Car, WA Elysia zuleicae Ortea & Espinosa, 2002 Thuridilla mazda Ortea & Espinosa, 2000 Family BOSELLIIDAE Bosellia marcusi Ev. Marcus, 1972 *Bosellia mimetica Trinchese, 1891 Family HERMAEIDAE Hermaea bifida (Montagu, 1815) Hermaea cruciata Gould, 1870 Family LIMAPONTIIDAE *Costasiella nonatoi Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1966 Costasiella ocellifera (Simroth, 1895) Ercolania selva Ortea & Espinosa, 2001 Placida kingstoni T.E.Thompson, 1977 Placida verticilata Ortea, 1981 Family CALIPHYLLIDAE *Caliphylla mediterranea A. Costa, 1867 Cyerce habanensis Ortea & Templado, 1989 Mourgona germaineae Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1970 Polybranchia viridis (Deshayes, 1857) Car, EP ANASPIDEA Family APLYSIIDAE Aplysia brasiliana Rang, 1828 Car, WA Central Americab Habitatc Substrated Depth (m)e Referencesf it, sb a 0.5–30 Car Car sb sb a rb, re 5–20 20 [1, 33, 69, 71, 77, 78, 104, 108, 114] [94] [33, 89, 108] WA Car it, sb sb a a 0–25 9 [33, 71, 113] [77] EA WA n.a. sb n.a. a n.a. 8 [33, 110] [1, 71, 104, 108, 115] Car sb a 1.5 [73a] Car, WA n.a Car, WA Car, EA it it sb sb n.a. a a a 0 0 16 7 [33, 104] [33, 91] [33, 108, 113] [33, 83, 108] Car Car Car, WA it, sb sb it, sb a a n.a. 0–1.5 16 0–9 [77] [33, 87, 108] [33, 77, 104] it, sb a, rb 0–7 [28c, 33, 71, 78, 79, 108, 110, 114] it, sb a, co, rb 0–13 [1, 55, 71, 108] P Species List Species ct H, P it, sb a, co, rb, re, sg 0–37 Aplysia parvula Guilding in Mörch, 1863 ct ES, P it, sb a, rb, sb, rub 0–30 Bursatella learchii de Blainville, 1817 Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang, 1828) ct ct it, sb it, sb sg a, rb, sb 0.5–15 0–16 Notarchus punctatus Philippi, 1836 Petalifera ramosa Baba, 1959 Car, WA IP, WA sb sb sb, sg a, mb 25 6–37 Phyllaplysia engeli Er. Marcus, 1955 Stylocheilus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) TYLODINOIDEA Family UMBRACULIDAE Umbraculum umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1786) PLEUROBRANCHOMORPHA Family PLEUROBRANCHIDAE * Pleurobranchus sp. Pleurobranchus areolatus Mörch,1863 Car, WA ct it, sb it, sb a, rb a, rb, rub, sb, sg 0–23 0–30 NUDIBRANCHIA Doridacea Family GONIODORIDIDAE Ancula espinosai Ortea, 2001 Family POLYCERATIDAE Polycera hedgpethi Er. Marcus, 1964 B, ES, N, P [1, 30, 33, 55, 56, 58, 64, 70, 71, 75, 78, 104, 113] [6, 28c, 30, 33, 37, 46, 56, 58, 65, 70, 75, 104, 107, 108, 110, 113] [1, 33, 56, 70, 71] [1, 28c, 35, 58, 59, 81, 109, 110, 111] [33, 71, 113] [1, 33, 70, 71, 75, 104, 108, 113] [33, 62, 70, 71, 104, 108] [1, 28c, 33, 37, 56, 58, 70, 71, 75, 78, 108, 113] Car, EP, IP P it, mp rb 0–203 [1, 30, 58, 108, 110, 111] n.a Car, EP, WA ES, N, P sb it, sb rb rb, re 7.5 0–31 LACM [1, 17, 28c, 33, 37, 56, 58, 59, 71, 73, 75, 77, 81, 108, 110, 111, 113] n.a sb rb 9 [33, 84] EA, EP, IP, Med sb b 25 [33, 66] 333 (continued) Benthic Opisthobranchs Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 Species Polycera manzanilloensis Ortea, Espinosa & Camacho, 1999 Tambja oliva Meyer, 1977 Family AEGIRETIDAE *Aegires gomezi Ortea, Luque & Templado, 1990 Aegires sublaevis Odhner, 1932 Family HEXABRANCHIDAE Hexabranchus morsomus Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1962 Family DENDRODORIDIDAE Dendrodoris krebsii (Mörch, 1863) World distributiona Central Americab Habitatc Substrated Depth (m)e Referencesf sb a 8 [33, 97, 108] sb rb 8–25 [33, 79] sb rb 7.5 [95a] sb n.a. 12 [33, 79, 104] sb a, re 6–33 [33, 55, 71, 108, 116] it, sb co, sp 0–25 n.a sb rb 20 [1, 33, 56, 71, 75, 79, 104, 108, 114] [33, 90] Car, EA, WA, WP H WA P ep, sb sb a, rb, co, sp rb 2–185 3–15 [1, 33, 56, 71, 75, 108, 114] [33, 80] Car sb rb 7.5 [74] Car WA P Car Car, EA, EP, WA P Car Car, WA P Car, WA Car Car, WA Car, WA P P P H it, sb it, sb sb sb co, rb, rub co, rb re, sp a, rb, re, rub, sp 0–30 0.5–12 6, 37 3–15 [1, 33, 57, 72, 80, 110, 116] [16, 56, 114] [33, 56, 71, 108] [1, 33, 56, 71, 108] Car, WA P it, sb a, re, rub, sp 0.5–20 [33, 56, 71, 78, 79, 108, 114] Species List Dendrodoris magagnai Ortea & Espinosa, 2001 Family PHYLLIDIIDAE Ceratophyllidia papilligera (Bergh, 1890) Phyllidiella molaensis (Meyer, 1977) Family CHROMODORIDIDAE *Chromodoris binza Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1963 Chromodoris clenchi (Russell, 1935) Chromodoris grahami T.E.Thompson, 1980 Chromodoris kempfi Ev. Marcus, 1971 Hypselodoris acriba Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 Hypselodoris ruthae Ev. Marcus & Hughes, 1974 334 Species List 30.1 (continued) Discodoris phoca Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 *Jorunna spazzola Er. Marcus, 1955 Paradoris mulciber (Ev. Marcus, 1970) Platydoris angustipes (Mörch, 1863) Taringa tritorquis Ortea, Pérez & Llera, 1982 Family DORIDIDAE Aphelodoris antillensis Bergh, 1879 Doris verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 DENDRONOTACEA Family BORNELLIDAE Bornella calcarata Mörch, 1863 sb rb 9 [99] Car, EA, EP, WA it, sb rb 0–14 [1, 6, 15, 33, 37, 58, 59, 75] it, sb co, rb 0–30 WA sb rb, sp 12 [33, 56, 62, 71, 75, 79, 104, 108] [1, 33, 71, 75] Med, WA WA Car, WA Car, EA sb sb it, sb sb rb a, rb re rb 7.5 12–52 0–11 10 [70a] [33, 68, 108] [33, 56, 71, 75, 77, 79] [33, 95] sb co, re 1–16 it, sb rb 0–12 [1, 33, 56, 71, 75, 77, 79, 104, 108, 114] [1, 33, 62, 63, 71] ep, sb co, rub, sg 4–103 [33, 56, 64, 71, 75, 108, 114] n.a Car Car, WA n.a n.a WA sb sb sb sb sb it, sb h h h, rb rb h h 10 20 4–9 6 10–19 1–2 [33, 85] [77, 85] [33, 71, 85, 103] [33, 85] [33, 85] [33, 85, 108] n.a n.a Car, WA, EA sb sb sb rb h h 25 9 23 [33, 85] [33, 85] [1, 33, 71, 85, 104] Car, WA Car, WA P P P EA, Med, WA Car, WA P (continued) 335 Family DOTIDAE Doto awapa Ortea, 2001 Doto cabecar Ortea, 2001 Doto chica Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1960 Doto curere Ortea, 2001 Doto duao Ortea, 2001 Doto escatllari Ortea, Moro & Espinosa, 1999 Doto iugula Ortea, 2001 Doto kekoldi Ortea, 2001 Doto pita Er. Marcus 1955 n.a Benthic Opisthobranchs Noumea regalis Ortea, Caballer & Moro, 2001 Tyrinna evelinae (Er. Marcus, 1958) Family DISCODORIDIDAE Discodoris evelinae Er. Marcus, 1955 Species World distributiona Central Americab Habitatc Substrated Depth (m)e Referencesf n.a sb h 9 [33, 85] EP it, sb a 0–5 [2, 22, 28c, 103, 109, 110] ct it, sb a 0–16 [1, 33, 56, 104, 108] WA sb co, g 3–8 [1, 33, 71, 75, 108] Car sb re 20 [33, 88] Car WA sb sb rb h 7.5 16 LACM [33, 76] Car, WA n.a sb sb a a 8 1 [33, 64, 78, 104] [93] n.a sb a 9 [26, 33] n.a Car Car, WA sb sb sb n.a. h n.a. 5–15 6 9 [33, 82, 107] [33, 98] [33, 63, 103] Car, WA sb h 0–30 [1, 33, 56, 64, 77, 104, 114] Species List Doto proranao Ortea, 2001 Family SCYLLAEIDAE *Crosslandia cf. daedali Poorman & Mulliner, 1981 Scyllaea pelagica Linnaeus, 1758 Family TRITONIIDAE Tritonia wellsi Er. Marcus, 1961 JANOLIDACEA Family PROCTONOTIDAE Janolus costacubensis Ortea & Espinosa, 2000 AEOLIDACEA Family FLABELLINIDAE *Flabellina sp. Flabellina engeli Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1968 Family EUBRANCHIDAE Eubranchus conicla (Er. Marcus, 1958) Eubranchus convenientis Ortea & Caballer, 2002 Eubranchus leopoldoi Caballer, Ortea & Espinosa, 2001 Family TERGIPEDIDAE Cuthona genovae (O’Donoghue, 1929) Cuthona iris Edmunds & Just, 1983 Cuthona tina (Er. Marcus, 1957) Family FACELINIDAE Dondice occidentalis (Engel, 1925) 336 Species List 30.1 (continued) Car, WA it, sb h, rb 0.5–18 [1, 33, 55, 77, 104, 114] Car, WA n.a. sb sb a rb 20 8 [33, 63, 77, 104, 108] [101a] Car, EP, WA it, sb a, rb 0–23 Flabellina marcusorum Gosliner & Kuzirian, 1990 Family AEOLIDIIDAE Berghia creutzbergi Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1970 Berghia verrucicornis (A.Costa, 1864) Millereolidia ritmica (Ortea, Caballer & Espinosa, 2003) Spurilla neapolitana (delle Chiaje, 1823) Car, EP, WA it, sb rb 0–22 [1, 33, 56, 75, 77, 78, 104, 108, 114] [6, 10, 28c, 33, 52, 56, 110, 111] Car it a 3 [33a, 77] Arc, EA, Med, WA P n.a it, sb it an a 0–9 0 [33, 113] [101] ct it, sb a, an, rb, sb 0–20 [1, 28c, 33, 63, 71, 75, 108, 110] sb a 4 [101] Family GLAUCIDAE Cratena piutaensis Ortea, Caballer & Espinosa, 2003 n.a P P 337 n.a. = information not available *New records for the Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica LACM = specimens deposited at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County a Arc = Arctic; Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; M = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic (no Caribbean); WP = western Pacific b B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; sb = subtidal (on continental shelf) d a = Algae; an = Anemones; b = Bryozoans; co = Coral; g = Gorgonians; h = Hydroid colonies; mb = Muddy bottom; rb = Rocky bottom; re = Reefs; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = sea grass; sp = sponges e Uppermost/lowermost occurrences (in meters) f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Benthic Opisthobranchs Learchis poica Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1960 Nanuca sebastiani Er. Marcus, 1957 Phidiana adiuncta Ortea, Caballer & Moro, 2004 Phidiana lynceus Bergh, 1867 338 Species List 30.2 Benthic opisthobranchs and “cephalaspidean” heterobranchs from Pacific Costa Rica Pacific Costa Ricac Habitatd Substratee Depth (m)f Referencesg EP EP P P PM PM sb sb n.a. n.a. 3–64 18–64 [28c, 58, 110, 119] [28b, 58] EP P PM it mb 0–30 Acteocina infrequens (C.B. Adams, 1852) EP EP Acteocina sp. 1 EP Acteocina sp. 2 EP Cylichna atahualpa (Dall, 1908) EP Cylichnella goslineri Valdés & Camacho-García, 2004 EP Cylichnella tabogaensis (Strong & Hertlein, 1939) Family RETUSIDAE EP Retusa paziana Dall, 1919 EP Retusa sp. EP Volvulella catharia Dall, 1919 Volvulella cylindrica (Carpenter, 1864) EP P PM PM PM PM PM sb sb it ep, mp, sb it n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1–35 16–18 0–2 25–590 0 [6, 28c, 53d, 54, 58, 109, 110, 119] [28c, 58, 119] [28c, 119] [28c, 119] [28c, 58, 110, 119] [28c, 119] P PM sb n.a. 1–90 [28c, 58, 110, 119] P P PM PM IC, PM PM it, sb sb ep, mp, sb sb n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0–42 3–15 26–457 75 EP P PM ep, mp n.a. 4–137 [28c, 58, 110, 119] [28c, 119] [28c, 58, 110, 119] [1, 6, 28c, 53d, 54, 60, 110, 119] [28c, 58, 119] EP Car, EA, EP, WA ES, N, P PM PM sb it, sb rb rb 2 0–18 “Lower” HETEROBRANCHIA Family ACTEONIDAE Acteon traskii Stearns, 1897 Crenilabium venustus (d’Orbigny, 1840) CEPHALASPIDEA Family CYLICHNIDAE Acteocina carinata (Carpenter, 1857) Volvulella panamica Dall, 1919 Family AGLAJIDAE Aglaja regiscorona Bertsch, 1972 Navanax aenigmaticus (Bergh, 1893) P [9, 28c, 37, 41, 109, 110, 119] [6, 28c, 41, 46, 53d, 56, 58, 109, 110, 119] Species List Central World distributiona Americab Species Oxynoe panamensis Pilsbry & Olsson, 1943 Family PLACOBRANCHIDAE Elysia diomedea (Bergh, 1894) Elysia pusilla (Bergh, 1872) Elysia sp. 1 Elysia sp. 2 Elysia sp. 3 Family HERMAEIDAE Hermaea sp. 1 EP P PM it, sb mb, rb 0–3 EP, IP P PM sb rb 44–47 [6, 9, 28c, 37, 52, 53d, 109, 110, 119] [28c, 53a, 53d] EP ES, P IC, PM it, sb rb 0–15 [1, 28c, 53d, 58, 109, 110, 119] P PM PM PM sb ep, it, sb it, sb n.a. n.a. rb, re 9–30 0–90 0–15 [1, 28c, 109, 119] [28c, 119] [28c, 53a, 53d, 102, 109, 119] EP EP PM IC it sb a n.a. 0 20 [1, 6, 28c, 53d, 58, 110] [28c, 81, 109] ct PM it, sb a, rb 0–11 0 [1, 5, 28c, 30, 33, 53d, 55, 56, 58, 63, 71, 75, 78, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 113] [1, 28c, 33, 53d] EP EP EP, IP EP, WA P PM it a EP ES, N, P PM it, sb rb, re, sb, sg 0–23 IP n.a. n.a. n.a. PM PM PM PM it, sb it it it a a a a 0–30 0 0 0 [1, 17, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 75, 110] [28c, 31, 53d, 57] [28c, 53d] [28c, 53b, 53d] [28c] n.a. PM it rb 0 [28c] 339 (continued) Benthic Opisthobranchs Navanax polyalphos (Gosliner & Williams, 1972) *Philinopsis cf. cyanea (Martens, 1879) Family BULLIDAE Bulla punctulata A. Adams in Sowerby, 1850 Family HAMINOEIDAE Atys defuncta (Baker & Hanna, 1927) Atys exarata (Carpenter, 1857) Haminoea ovalis Pease, 1868 SACOGLOSSA Family JULIIDAE Berthelinia chloris (Dall, 1918) Julia thecaphora (Carpenter, 1857) Family OXYNOIDAE Lobiger souverbii Fischer, 1857 Species Hermaea sp. 2 Hermaea sp. 3 Family LIMAPONTIIDAE Placida cremoniana (Thrinchese, 1872) Placida sp. Family CALIPHYLLIDAE Caliphylla sp. Cyerce orteai Valdés & Camacho-García, 2000 Polybranchia viridis (Deshayes, 1857) ANASPIDEA Family APLYSIIDAE Aplysia californica Cooper, 1863 Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 340 Species List 30.2 (continued) World Central distributiona Americab Pacific Costa Ricac Habitatd Substratee Depth (m)f Referencesg n.a. n.a. PM PM it it a a 0 0 [28c] [28c] Med, WP n.a. PM PM it, sb it rb a 0–12 0 [4, 28c, 53d] [28c] EP EP, IP PM PM it it, sb a a, rb 0 0–10 [28c] [28c, 53d, 110, 118] P PM it, sb rb 0–7 [28c, 33, 53d, 75, 79, 111, 112] EP ct H, P PM PM it, sb it, sb rb rb, re, sg 0–20 0–37 Aplysia parvula Guilding in Mörch, 1863 ct ES, P PM it, sb a, rb, sb, rub 0–30 Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786) ct P PM it, sb rb 0–18 Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang, 1828) ct B, ES, N, P PM it, sb a, rb, sb 0–16 Notarchus indicus Scheigger, 1820 Phyllaplysia padinae Williams & Gosliner, 1973 Stylocheilus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) ct EP P PM PM sb it, sb a a 6 0–20 PM it, sb a, rb, rub, sb, sg 0–30 [28c, 53b, 53d] [1, 28c, 30, 33, 53d, 55, 56, 58, 64, 70, 71, 75, 78, 104,113] [6, 28c, 30, 33, 37, 46, 53d, 56, 58, 65, 70, 75, 104, 107, 108, 110, 113] [1, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 109, 110] [1, 28c, 35, 53d, 58, 59, 81, 109, 110, 111] [3, 28b, 31, 53d] [28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 96, 110, 120] [1, 28c, 33, 37, 53d, 56, 58, 70, 71, 75, 78, 108, 113] ct Species List Car, EP Car, EP, IP P PM it, mp rb 0–203 [1, 28c, 30, 53d, 58, 108, 110, 111] EP P PM it, sb rb, sp 0–25 [1, 6, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 81, 109, 110, 111] PLEUROBRANCHOMORPHA Family PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Berthella agassizi (MacFarland, 1909) Car, EP P PM it, sb rb 0–6 EP, IP ct EP P P P PM PM IC, PM it, sb it, sb it, sb rb rb rb 0–30 0–10 0–31 IC, PM it, sb rb, re 0–31 [6, 28c, 36, 53a, 53d, 50, 109, 110] [28c, 36, 50, 53d, 109, 110] [6, 28c, 50, 53d, 109, 110] [6, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 81, 109, 110] [1, 17, 28c, 33, 37, 53d, 56, 58, 59, 71, 73, 75, 77, 81, 108, 110, 111, 1113] PM it rb 0 [28a, 28c, ] Berthella martensi (Pilsbry, 1896) Berthella stellata (Risso, 1826) Berthellina ilisima Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 Pleurobranchus areolatus (Mörch, 1863) Car, EP, WA ES, N, P NUDIBRANCHIA DORIDACEA Family GONIODORIDIDAE Okenia academica Camacho-García & n.a. Gosliner, 2004 Trapania inbiotica Camacho-García & EP Ortea, 2000 Family POLYCERIDAE Limacia janssi (Bertsch & Ferreira, 1974) EP Polycera alabe Collier & Farmer, 1964 EP P PM sb rb 2 [27, 28c, 109] P P PM PM it, sb it, sb sb b, rb 0–20 0–14 EP P PM sb b 7–31 [1, 25, 28c, 53d, 75, 105] [1, 6, 28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 58, 59, 109, 110] [28c, 53a, 53d] (continued) 341 *Polycera gnupa Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 Benthic Opisthobranchs TYLODINOIDEA Family UMBRACULIDAE Umbraculum umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1786) Family TYLODINIDAE Tylodina fungina Gabb, 1865 Species Polycera sp. Polycerella glandulosa, Behrens & Gosliner, 1988 *Roboastra leonis Pola, Cervera & Gosliner, 2005 Tambja abdere Farmer, 1978 Tambja eliora (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967) Family DENDRODORIDIDAE Dendrodoris fumata (Rüpell & Leuckart, 1831) Doriopsilla janaina Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 Doriopsilla rowena Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Cadlina luarna (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967) Cadlina sparsa (Odhner, 1921) Cadlina sp. Chromodoris norrisi Farmer, 1963 Chromodoris sphoni Ev. Marcus, 1971 342 Species List 30.2 (continued) World Central distributiona Americab Pacific Costa Ricac Habitatd Substratee Depth (m)f Referencesg EP EP PM PM it, sb it, sb b b 0–16 0–20 [28c, 53b] [6, 8, 28c, 53a, 53d, 109, 110] EP PM sb rb 18–31 [28c, 102a] EP EP IC, PM PM sb it, sb rb rb 3–61 0–46 [28c, 36, 37, 53d, 59, 109, 110] [1, 6, 28c, 36, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 75] P P P IC, PM it, sb rb 0–21 [24, 28c, 53d, 81, 109, 110] EP P PM it, sb rb 0–18 EP P PM it, sb rb 0–20 [1, 28c, 37, 53b, 53d, 58, 72, 109, 110] [28c, 37, 57, 74, 107] EP P PM it, sb rb 0–40 EP, WA EP EP EP ES, P PM PM PM IC, PM it, sb it, sb it, sb it, sb rb rb rb rb 0–9 0–22 15 0–21 Glossodoris baumanni (Bertsch, 1970) EP P IC, PM it, sb g, rb 0–21 Glossodoris dalli (Bergh, 1879) EP P PM it, sb rb 0–30 [1, 6, 28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 58, 110, 117] [1, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 75, 110] [28c, 53b, 53d] [28c, 37, 59, 110] [14, 20, 23, 28c, 37, 53d, 59, 109, 110] [1, 6, 11, 14, 23, 28c, 53d, 58, 75, 81, 109] [1, 11, 23, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 75, 109] Species List EP, IP Car, EP, WA ES, H, P PM it, sb rb 0–19 EP ES, P PM it, sb rb 0–19 Hypselodoris ghiselini Bertsch, 1978 Mexichromis antonii (Bertsch, 1976) EP EP P PM PM it, sb it, sb rb rb 0–5 0–28 Mexichromis tica Gosliner, Ortea & Valdés, 2004 Mexichromis tura (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967) Tyrinna evelinae (Er. Marcus, 1958) EP PM sb rb 23 PM it, sb rb 0–20 PM it, sb rb 0–14 Family DISCODORIDIDAE Atagema sp. Diaulula aurila (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967) Diaulula greeleyi (MacFarland, 1909) Discodoris ketos Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 Geitodoris mavis (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967) Hoplodoris bramale Fahey & Gosliner, 2003 Jorunna osde Camacho-Garcia & Gosliner, 2008 Jorunna temspisquensi Camocho-Garcia & Gosliner, 2008 EP P Car, EA, EP, WA [1, 11, 13, 14, 23, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 75, 109, 110] [1, 11, 13, 14, 28c, 37, 53d, 61, 113, 114] [6, 28c, 53d, 59, 110] [5, 10, 12, 14, 20, 28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 59, 109, 110] [28c, 52a] [1, 12, 14, 23, 28c, 37, 53d, 59, 112] [1, 6, 15, 28c, 33, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 75] EP EP P ES, P PM PM it it, sb rb rb 0 0–6 [28c, 53d] [28, 28c, 53d, 75] EP, WA P PM it, sb rb 0–10 Car, EP P PM it, sb rb 0–18 PM it, sb rb 0–7 [1, 22, 28, 28c, 53a, 53d, 86, 110] 1, 28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 58, 109, 110 [28c, 75] PM it rb 0 [28c, 34, 53a, 53d] EP PM it rb 0 [28c, 28d, 53d] EP PM it rb 0 [28c, 28d] EP EP P Benthic Opisthobranchs Glossodoris sedna Ev.Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 Hypselodoris agassizii (Bergh, 1894) (continued) 343 Species World Central distributiona Americab Pacific Costa Ricac Habitatd Substratee Depth (m)f Referencesg EP P PM it, sb rb 0–16 EP P PM it rb 0–1 [1, 6, 7, 28, 28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 58, 75, 109] [28c, 53d] EP P PM it, sb rb, sp 0–9 [28c, 28e] PM it, sb rb 0–17 PM PM it, sb it, sb rb rb 0–9 0–6 [1, 6, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 109, 110] [28c, 115a] [1, 28c, 37, 53d, 58] EP PM it, sb rb 0–10 [6, 28c, 53d, 110] Ct PM it, sb h 1–12 [6, 28c] EP PM sb h n.a PM it, sb h 2–16 [28c] EP PM sb rb 16 [1, 6, 28c, 53d, 61] EP PM it, sb a 0–5 [2, 22, 28c, 53d, 103, 109, 110] n.a PM it a 0 [28c] EP PM sb co 20 [28c, 53d] EP EP EP P [28c, 53d] Species List Taringa aivica Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 Taringa Thordisa nieseni Chan & Gosliner, 2007 Thordisa sp. Family DORIDIDAE Conualevia alba Collier & Farmer, 1964 Doris immonda (Risbec, 1928) Doris pickensi Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 Doris tanya (Ev. Marcus, 1971) DENDRONOTACEA Family LOMANOTIDAE *Lomanotus vermiformis Eliot, 1908 Family DOTIDAE Doto lancei Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 Doto sp. Family HANCOCKIIDAE Hancockia californica MacFarland, 1923 Family SCYLLAEIDAE Crosslandia daedali Poorman & Mulliner, 1981 Notobryon sp. Family TRITONIIDAE Marionia sp. 344 Species List 30.2 (continued) PM it n.a. 0 [6, 21, 28c, 53d] EP P PM it, sb g 0–18 [1, 19, 28c, 53a, 53d, 58, 75, 109, 110] EP ES, P PM it, mp mb, sb 0–227 EP EP P PM PM n.a. sb n.a. n.a. 44–47 15 [1, 6, 28c, 53d, 58, 61, 109, 110] [53a] [28c, 53d, 58] PM PM sb sb rb rb 6 6 [28b, 28c, 43, 53d] [28b, 28c, 53d] EP EP EP P PM it, sb h, rb 0–18 [10, 28c, 51, 53d, 96, 110] EP P PM it, sb re, sb 0–18 Car, EP, WA P PM it, sb rb 0–22 EP P PM it, sb rb 0–21 EP P PM sb rb 10 [1, 28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 58, 59, 109, 110] [6, 10, 28c, 33, 51, 53d, 56, 58, 109, 110] [1, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 75, 110] [22, 28c, 47, 53d, 110] PM sb rb 0 [28c, 53d] PM it rb 0 [28c, 53c, 53d, ] IP, EP P (continued) 345 Armina sp. Histiomena convolvula (Lance, 1962) JANOLIDACEA Family PROCTONOTIDAE Janolus barbarensis (Cooper, 1863) Janolus anulatus Camacho-García & Gosliner, 2006 AEOLIDACEA Family FLABELLINIDAE Flabellina bertschi Gosliner & Kuzirian, 1990 Flabellina cynara (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967) Flabellina marcusorum Gosliner & Kuzirian, 1990 Flabellina telja Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 Flabellina vansyoci Gosliner, 1994 Family EUBRANCHIDAE Eubranchus sp. Family TERGIPEDIDAE Cuthona destinyae Hermosillo & Valdés, 2007 * EP Benthic Opisthobranchs Tritonia myrakeenae Bertsch & Mosqueira, 1986 Tritonia pickensi Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 ARMINACEA Family ARMINIDAE Armina californica (Cooper, 1863) Species World Central distributiona Americab Pacific Costa Ricac Habitatd Substratee Depth (m)f Referencesg n.a PM sb h 5 [28c, 53c] it sb sb it sb it it, sb h rb rb rb rb rb co, rb 0 14–18 14–18 0 14–18 0 0–21 [6, 28c, 42] [28c, 53d] [28c] [28c] [28c] [28c] [28c, 31, 53d, 109, 110] EP EP n.a n.a n.a EP IP P PM PM PM PM PM PM IC, PM EP P PM sb h 18 [28c, 38, 49, 53d, 59, 109, 110] EP EP P PM PM it, sb it, sb rb rb 0–18 0–18 [28c] [28c, 39, 53d, 110] CT EP P PM PM ep sb s h 0 12 [53d] [28c, 53a, 53d, 101] EP EP P PM PM sb sb rb rb 10 2–20 [28c, 67] [8, 28c, 45, 53a, 53d, 110] EP H, P PM it, sb rb, sb 0–22 [28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 109, 110] Ct EP P N, P PM PM it, sb it, sb rb rb 0–10 0–18 [1, 28c, 44, 53c, 58, 109, 110 [1, 6, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 75, 110] P Species List Cuthona millenae Hermosillo & Valdés, 2007 Cuthona phoenix Gosliner, 1981 Cuthona sp. 1 Cuthona sp. 2 Cuthona sp. 3 Cuthona sp. 4 Cuthona sp. 5 Phestilla lugubris (Bergh, 1870) Family FACELINIDAE Bajaeolis bertschi Gosliner & Behrens, 1986 Facelina sp. Favorinus elenalexiarum (García & Troncoso, 2001) *Glaucus atlanticus Förester, 1777 Hermosita hakunamatata (Ortea, Caballer & Espinosa, 2003) Noumeaella rehderi Er. Marcus, 1965 Noumeaella rubrofasciata Gosliner, 1991 Phidiana lascrucensis Bertsch & Ferreira, 1974 Family AEOLIDIIDAE Aeolidiella alba (Risbec, 1928) Aeolidiella chromosoma (Cockerell & Eliot, 1905) 346 Species List 30.2 (continued) Ct Car, EP, IP, Baeolidiella nodosa (Haefelfinger & Med Stamm, 1958) * EP, IP Berghia major (Eliot, 1903) Spurilla neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1823) Ct P P P IC, PM it, sb rb 0–24 PM sb rb 1–4 PM PM it it, sb rb 1 a, an, rb, sb 0–20 [1, 18, 28c, 48, 53b, 53d, 109, 110] [28c, 40, 53b, 53d] [44, 53d] [1, 28c, 33, 53d, 63, 71, 75, 108, 110] n.a. = information not available * New records for the Pacific coast of Costa Rica a Car = Caribbean; CT = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic (no Caribbean); WP = western Pacific b B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; sb = subtidal (on continental shelf) e a = algae; an = anemones; b = bryozoans; co = coral; g = gorgonians; h = hydroid colonies; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; re = reefs; s = siphonophores; sb = sandy bottom; sg = sea grass; sp = sponges; rub = rubble bottom f Uppermost/lowermost occurrences (in meters) g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Benthic Opisthobranchs Aeolidiella indica Bergh, 1888 347 Species Depthb (m) Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ Communityd Referencese Car,WA Car,WA 0 0 st st m,s m,s [1, 41, 43] [1, 41] Car Car,WA 5–10 12–23 of of m m [73] [1, 41] Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA 8–12 3–12 12–23 4 6–12 0–12 of of,st of st st it,st r r r r r r [1, 41, 43, 59a] [1, 41, 43, 59a] [1, 41, 43, 76] [1, 41, 43, 76] [1, 41, 43, 76] [1, 41, 43, 76] Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA 6–10 5–10 12 6–12 0–5 of,st of of of st m,s m,s m,s m,s m,s [1, 41, 43, 76] [1, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43] [43, 59a, 76] Species List Subclass PROTOBRANCHIA Order NUCULOIDA Superfamily NUCULOIDEA Family NUCULIDAE Nucula crenulata A. Adams, 1856 Nucula proxima Say, 1822 Superfamily NUCULANOIDEA Family NUCULANIDAE * Adrana elizabethae Ortea & Espinosa, 2001 Nuculana (Saccella) acuta (Conrad, 1832) Subclass PTERIOMORPHIA Order ARCOIDA Superfamily ARCOIDEA Family ARCIDAE Subfamily ARCINAE Acar dominguensis (Lamarck, 1819) Arca imbricata Bruguière, 1789 Arca zebra (Swainson, 1833) Barbatia (Barbatia) cancellaria (Lamarck, 1819) Barbatia (Cucullaearca) candida (Helbling, 1779) Fugleria tenera (C.B. Adams, 1845) Subfamily ANADARINAE Anadara (Coloosarca) notabilis (Röding, 1798) Anadara (Larkina) transversa (Say, 1822) Anadara (Scapharca) brasiliana (Lamarck, 1819) Anadara (Scapharca) chemnitzii (Philippi, 1851) Lunarca ovalis (Bruguière, 1798) World distributiona 348 Species List 31.1 Bivalves from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica; the higher-level taxonomy as proposed by Coan et al. (2000) Bivalves Car,WA 0–5 st m,s [76] Car,WA 4–12 of,st m,s [1, 41, 43, 59a] Car Car,WA Car,WA 0–5 6–12 0–12 st st st s s s [76] [1, 41] [1, 41, 43, 75] Car,WA Car,WA n.a. 9 st st r r [1, 42, 43, 75] [1, 41, 43] Car Car,WA Car Car,WA 9 10 9 7–29 of of of of r r r r [41] [1, 33, 41, 75] [1, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43, 75] Car,EP,I,IP,WA Car Car,WA 0–532 15 9 it,of,st of of co,sh r co,sh [4, 43, 62, 75, 97] [1, 41, 43, 75] [1, 41, 43, 75] Car,EP,WA 0–20 it,of,st r [1, 41, 43, 62, 75] 349 Family NOETIIDAE Subfamily NOETIINAE Noetia (Noetia) bisulcata (Lamarck, 1819) Subfamily STRIARCINAE Arcopsis adamsi (Dall, 1886) Superfamily GLYCYMERIDOIDEA Family GLYCYMERIDIDAE Glycymeris (Glycymeris) spectralis Nicol, 1952 Glycymeris (Glycymeris) undata (Linnaeus, 1758) Glycymeris (Tucetona) pectinata (Gmelin, 1791) Order MYTILOIDA Superfamily MYTILOIDEA Family MYTILIDAE Subfamily MYTILINAE Brachidontes (Hormomya) domingensis (Lamarck, 1819) Brachidontes ( Hormomya) exustus (Linnaeus, 1758) Subfamily Crenellinae Crenella abbotti Altena, 1968 Crenella decussata (Montagu, 1808) Lioberus castaneus (Say, 1822) Musculus lateralis (Say, 1822) Subfamily LITHOPHAGINAE Botula fusca (Gmelin, 1791) Lithophaga antillarum (d’Orbigny, 1853) Lithophaga bisulcata (d’Orbigny, 1853) Subfamily MODIOLINAE Modiolus ( Modiolus ) americanus (Leach, 1815) Order PTERIOIDA Suborder PTERIINA Superfamily PTERIOIDEA Family PTERIIDAE (continued) Species World distributiona Depthb (m) Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ Communityd Referencese Car,WA Car,WA 6–12 3–52 of of r r [1, 41, 43, 62, 75] [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75] Car Car Car 0 3 8 it of of w r r [59a] [1, 41, 43, 75] [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75, 67c] Car,EP 8–23 of sh,sp [1, 41, 43, 62, 81, 82] Car Car 2–10 2–52 of of r r [1, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43] Car Car Car Car,WA 4–15 1–14 0–52 10–12 of of,st it,of,st of r r r r [41, 43, 67b, 75] [41, 43, 59a, 75] [1, 41, 43, 75, 67c] [1, 41, 43, 75] Car,WA 0–12 of r [1, 41, 43, 75] Species List Pinctada imbricata Röding, 1798 Pteria colymbus (Röding, 1798) Family ISOGNOMONIDAE Isognomon alatus (Gmelin, 1791) Isognomon bicolor (C.B. Adams, 1845) Isognomon radiatus (Anton, 1838) Family MALLEIDAE Malleus (Malvifundus) regulus (Forskål, 1775) Suborder PINNINA Superfamily PINNOIDEA Family PINNIDAE Atrina seminuda (Lamarck, 1819) Pinna carnea (Lightfoot, 1786) Order LIMOIDA Superfamily LIMOIDEA Family LIMIDAE Ctenoides mitis (Lamarck, 1807) Ctenoides scabra (Born, 1778) Lima caribaea d’Orbigny, 1853 Limaria pellucida (C.B. Adams, 1846) Order OSTREOIDA Suborder OSTREINA Superfamily OSTREOIDEA Family OSTREIDAE Subfamily CRASSOSTREINAE Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) 350 Species List 31.1 (continued) Bivalves Subfamily LOPHINAE Dendostrea frons (Linnaeus, 1758) Family GRYPHAEIDAE Subfamily PYCNODONTEINAE Hyotissa mcgintyi Harry, 1985 Superfamily PLICATULOIDEA Family PLICATULIDAE Plicatula gibbosa Lamarck, 1801 Suborder PECTININA Superfamily PECTIONIDEA Family PECTINIDAE Subfamily PECTININAE Bractechlamys antillarum (Récluz, 1853) Subfamily CHLAMYDINAE Argopecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Caribachlamys ornata (Lamarck, 1819) Caribachlamys sentis (Reeve, 1853) Nodipecten nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pacipecten leucophaeus (Reeve, 1852) Spathochlamys benedicti (Verrill & Bush, 1897) Family SPONDYLIDAE Spondylus americanus Hermann, 1781 Superfamily ANOMIOIDEA Family ANOMIIDAE Pododesmus rudis (Broderip, 1834) Subclass HETERODONTA Order VENEROIDA Superfamily CORBICULOIDEA Family CORBICULIDAE Polymesoda arctata Deshayes, 1854 Car 3–23 of r [1, 41, 43] Car 0–23 of r [41, 43] Car,WA 10–12 of r [41, 43, 75] Car,WA 1–10 of,st r,s [1, 41, 43, 75] Car,WA Car Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car 9–365 1–23 1–15 0–5 0–5 10 of of,st of,st of,st of of r r r r,s r r [1, 41, 43, 75] [1, 41, 43, 75] [1, 41, 43, 75] [1, 76] [1, 41, 75] [1, 41, 43, 75] Car,WA 9–45 of r [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75] Car,WA 2–46 of r [1, 42, 43] Car 0 of r [41] 351 (continued) World distributiona Depthb (m) Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ Communityd Referencese Car,WA 4–12 of r [1, 41, 59a] Car Car Car Car Car Car 1–10 8–12 2–9 6–182 12 0 of,st of of of of it s s s s s s [1, 41, 43, 59a, 67c] [1, 41, 43, 59a] [1, 41, 43, 59a] [41, 43] [1, 41, 43] [41, 43, 59a] Car Car 0–95 0–12 it,of,st it,of,st s s [1, 41, 43, 67c] [41] Car,WA 0–23 it,of,st s [1, 41, 59a, 67c] Car Car,WA Car,WA 2–12 1–60 12–52 it,of,st of,st it,of,st ru,s ru,s ru,s [41, 43, 59a, 75] [41, 43, 75] [41, 75] Car Car,WA Car,WA n.a. 0–58 8–60 n.a. it,of,st of,st n.a. ru,s ru,s [59a, 67c] [41, 43, 75] [1, 43, 75, 76, 67c] Species List Species Superfamily DREISSENOIDEA Family DREISSENIDAE Mytilopsis dominguensis Récluz, 1852 Superfamily LUCINOIDEA Family LUCINIDAE Subfamily LUCININAE Codakia costata (d’Orbigny, 1953) Codakia orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) Ctena orbiculata (Montagu, 1808) Ctena pectinella (C.B. Adams, 1852) Lucinisca muricata (Spengler, 1778) Phacoides pectinata (Gmelin, 1791) Subfamily DIVARICELLINAE Divalinga quadrisulcata (d’Orbigny, 1845) Divalinga weberi Olsson & McGinty, 1958 Subfamily MILTHINAE Anodontia (Pegophysema) alba Link, 1807 Family UNGULINIDAE Diplodonta notata Dall & Simpson, 1901 Diplodonta punctata (Say, 1822) Diplodonta semiaspera Philippi, 1836 Superfamily CRASSATELLOIDEA Family CRASSATELLIDAE Subfamily SCAMBULINAE Crassinella guadalupensis (d’Orbigny, 1853) Crassinella lunulata (Conrad, 1834) Crassinella martinicensis (d’Orbigny, 1853) 352 Species List 31.1 (continued) Bivalves Superfamily CARDITOIDEA Family CARDITIDAE Carditamera gracilis (Shuttleworth, 1856) Carditamera dominguensis (d’Orbigny, 1853) Family CONDYLOCARDIIDAE Carditopsis bernardi (Dall, 1903) Superfamily CHAMOIDEA Familia CHAMIDAE Arcinella arcinella Linnaeus, 1858 Chama congregata Conrad, 1833 Chama florida Lamarck, 1819 Chama inezae Bayer, 1943 Chama macerophylla (Gmelin, 1791) Chama radians Lamarck, 1819 Superfamily ARCTICOIDEA Family TRAPEZIDAE Coralliophaga coralliophaga (Gmelin, 1791) Superfamily CARDIOIDEA Family CARDIIDAE Subfamily CARDIINAE Papyridea semisulcata (Gray, 1825) Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguière, 1789) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) muricatum (Linnaeus, 1758) Subfamily FRAGINAE Americardia media (Linnaeus, 1758) Trigoniocardia antillarum (d’Orbigny 1853) Subfamily LAEVICARDIINAE Laevicardium pictum Ravanel, 1861 Car Car,WA 4 1–128 of,st of,st s s [1, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43] Car 5–42 of,st s [1, 59a, 75, 76] Car Car,WA Car Car Car,WA Car,WA 6–73 n.a. 1–88 5–18 0 4–72 of of of of it of r sh r r,sh r r,sh [1, 41] [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75] [1, 41, 43, 75] [1, 11a, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75] [1, 11a, 41, 43, 75] Car,WA 0–52 it,of,st r [1, 41, 43, 75] Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA 2–73 2–10 9–30 of of,st of s s s [1, 41, 43, 75] [1, 41, 43, 75] [1, 41, 43, 75] Car,WA Car 1–60 5–332 of,st of,st s s [1, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43, 67c] Car,WA 155 of s [1, 41, 43] (continued) 353 Species World distributiona Depthb (m) Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ Communityd Referencese Car Car 14–54 1–5 of,st st s s [1, 41, 43] [1, 43, 75, 76] Car Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA 1 1–25 1–85 1–100 st of,st of,st of,st s s s s [41, 43] [1, 41, 43, 59a] [1, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43, 75] Car 12 st s [1, 41, 43] Car,WA 1–173 of,st s [1, 41, 43, 75] Car Car 0–5 0–12 it,st of,st s s [1, 43, 75, 76] [1, 41, 43, 59a] Car,WA Car Car Car Car,WA Car 12–23 8 0–12 0–14 12 9–12 of,st st of,st of,st of,st of s s s s s s [1, 41, 43] [41, 43] [41, 43] [1, 41, 43, 59a, 67c] [1, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43, 75, 67c] Car,WA 0–8 it,of,st s [1, 41, 43] Species List Superfamily VENEROIDEA Family VENERIDAE Subfamily VENERINAE Globivenus rigida (Dillwyn, 1817) Periglypta listeri (Gray, 1838) Subfamily CHIONINAE Anomalocardia brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791) Chione cancellata (Linnaeus, 1767) Chiatropsis intapurpurea (Conrad, 1849) Lirophora paphia (Linnaeus, 1767) Subfamily DOSINIINAE Dosinia concentrica (Born, 1778) Subfamily GOULDIINAE Gouldia cerina (C.B. Adams, 1845) Subfamily MERETRICINAE Tivela abaconis Dall, 1902 Tivela mactroides (Born, 1778) Subfamily PITARINAE Macrocallista maculata (Linnaeus, 1758) Pitar (Hysteroconcha) drone (Gmelin, 1758) Pitar (Hysteroconcha) circinatus (Born, 1778) Pitar albidus (Gmelin, 1791) Pitar fulminatus (Menke, 1828) Transennella cubaniana (d’Orbigny, 1853) Family PETRICOLIDAE Choristodon robustum (Sowerby, 1834) 354 Species List 31.1 (continued) Bivalves Superfamily MACTROIDEA Family MACTRIDAE Subfamily MACTRINAE Mactrellona alata (Spengler, 1802) Mactrotoma fragilis (Gmelin, 1791) Mactrotoma petitii (d’Orbigny 1846) Mulinia cleryana (d’Orbigny, 1846) Subfamily PTEROPSELLINAE Anatina anatina (Spengler, 1802) Superfamily SOLENOIDEA Family SOLENIDAE Solen obliquus Spengler, 1794 Solen tayrona Cosel, 1985 Superfamily TELLINOIDEA Family TELLINIDAE Subfamily TELLININAE Strigilla (Pisostrigilla) pisiformis (Linnaeus, 1758) Strigilla (Strigilla) carnaria (Linnaeus, 1758) Strigilla (Strigilla) producta Tryon, 1870 Strigilla (Strigilla) pseudocarnaria Boss, 1969 Tellina (Angulus) exerythara Boss, 1964 Tellina (Angulus) mera Say, 1834 Tellina (Arcopagia) fausta (Pulteney, 1799) Tellina (Eurytellina) alternata Say, 1822 Tellina (Eurytellina) angulosa Gmelin, 1791 Tellina (Eurytellina) lineata Turton, 1819 Tellina (Eurytellina) nitens C.B. Adams, 1845 Tellina (Eurytellina) punicea Born, 1778 Tellina (Laciolina) laevigata Linnaeus, 1758 Tellina (Merisca) aequistriata Say, 1824 Car,WA Car,WA Car Car 2–18 5–10 12–40 1–12 of,st of,st of of,st s s s s [1, 41, 43, 59a] [1, 41, 43, 75] [41] [1, 41, 43, 59a] Car,WA 5–35 of s [76] Car Car 0–5 8 it,st of,st s s [76, 96] [43, 76] Car Car,WA Car Car Car Car Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car Car,WA Car Car,WA Car,WA 8 0–12 0–5 0–5 0–5 0–5 1–3 0–5 0–5 0–5 5–100 0–12 23 5–12 of of,st of,st of,st it,st it,st of,st it,st it,st it,st st it,st of of,st s s s s s s s s s s s s s s [1, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75] [1, 76] [1, 41, 43] [43, 76] [43, 76, 96] [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75] [1, 59a, 76] [1, 43, 76] [1, 43, 59a, 75, 76] [1, 41, 43] [41] [41, 43] [1, 41, 43, 75] 355 (continued) Species World distributiona Depthb (m) Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ Communityd Referencese Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car 0–23 5–10 2–12 0–12 of,st of,st of,st it,of,st s s s s [1, 41] [1, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43, 75] [41] Car 0 it s [41, 43] Car Car Car 0–12 0–12 0–5 it,of,st of,st it,st s s s [1, 41, 43, 59a] [1, 41, 43] [1, 43, 59a, 76] Car,IP Car 1 1–14 it it,st s s [1, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43, 75] Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA 0–5 15 0–5 st of,st it,st s s s [1, 43, 59a, 76] [1, 43, 41] [1, 43, 76] Car,WA Car,WA 7–60 2–12 of of s s [1, 41, 43] [1, 41, 43] Car,EP,WA 6–12 of s [1, 8, 29, 33, 41, 43, 62] Car 5–12 of s [41, 43, 67c] Species List Tellina (Merisca) cristallina Spengler, 1798 Tellina (Scissula) sandix Boss, 1968 Tellina (Tellinella) listeri Röding, 1798 Temnoconcha brasiliana (Dall, 1921) Subfamily MACOMINAE Macoma (Psammacoma) brevifrons (Say, 1844) Family DONACIDAE Donax denticulatus Linnaeus, 1758 Donax striatus Linnaeus, 1758 Iphigenia brasiliana (Lamarck, 1818) Family PSAMMOBIIDAE Asaphis deflorata (Linnaeus, 1758) Psammotella cruenta (Lightfoot, 1786) Family SEMELIDAE Semele (Semele) purpurascens (Gmelin, 1791) Semele (Semele) proficua (Pulteney, 1799) Semelina nuculoides (Conrad, 1841) Family SOLECURTIDAE Solecurtus cumingianus Dunker, 1861 Tagelus (Mesopleura) divisus (Spengler, 1794) Order MYOIDA Suborder MYINA Superfamily MYOIDEA Family MYIDAE Sphenia fragilis (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854) Family CORBULIDAE Subfamily CORBULINAE Corbula (Caryocorbula) caribaea (d’Orbigny, 1853) 356 Species List 31.1 (continued) Car Car 10 10 of of s s [41, 43] [41, 43, 67a, 67c] Car 0 it r [41, 43] Car 0 it r [43, 59a, 76] cp 0–15 it w [1, 43, 59a, 62, 76] Car 0–15 it r [41, 43] Car 0–15 it r [42, 43, 67c] Car 0–15 it r [41, 59a, 76] 357 n.a. = information not available Species in bold font = present in both Caribbean and Pacific coasts * = endemic species a Car = Caribbean; cp = Cosmopolitan; EP = Eastern Pacific; I = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; WA = Western Atlantic b Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) c it = intertidal; of = offshore; st = subtidial d co = coral reef; m = mangrove; r = rocks; ru = rubble; s = sand; sh = shells; sp = sponges; w = wood e References are indicated by numbers according to the references list; numbers in bold font correspond to references where the species is reported as present in Costa Rica. Bivalves Corbula (Juliacorbula) aequivalvis Philippi, 1836 Corbula (Varicorbula) limatula (Conrad, 1846) Superfamily GASTROCHAENOIDEA Familia GASTROCHAENIDAE Gastrochaena (Spengleria) rostrata (Spengler, 1783) Suborder PHOLADINA Superfamily PHOLADOIDEA Family PHOLADIDAE Subfamily PHOLADINAE Pholas (Thovana) campechiensis Gmelin, 1791 Subfamily MARTESIINAE Martesia (Martesia) striata (Linnaeus, 1758) Subclass ANOMALODESMATA Order PHOLADOMYOIDA Superfamily PANDOROIDEA Family PANDORIDAE Pandora bushiana Dall, 1886 Family LYONSIIDAE Entodesma beana (d’Orbigny, 1853) Superfamily THRACIOIDEA Family PERIPLOMATIDAE Periploma (Periploma) margaritaceus (Lamarck 1801) Species World distributiona Costa Ricab Depthc Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EP EP PM PM 10–1900 13–45 of of m,s m,s [34, 62, IB] [62, 71, IB] EP PM 7–80 of,st m,s [62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM 20 0 26–37 18–42 65–100 of it of of of n.a. s s m m [36, 62] [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM PM 30–100 480–470 13–112 4–150 20–50 37–4 of of of of,st of of,st m m m m m m [62, 74, IB] [62] [62, IB] [34, 62, IB] [34, 62] [34, 62, IB] EP PM 73–13 of m [62, IB] Species List Subclass PROTOBRANCHIA Order NUCULOIDA Superfamily NUCULOIDEA Family NUCULIDAE Nucula (Lamellinucula) exigua Sowerby, 1833 Nucula (Lamellinucula) shencki Hertlein & Strong, 1940 Nucula (Nucula) declivis Hinds, 1843 Superfamily NUCULANOIDEA Family NUCULANIDAE Subfamily NUCULANINAE Adrana crenifera Sowerby, 1833 Adrana suprema (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1935) Adrana tonosiana (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1935) Nuculana (Costelloleda) costellata Sowerby, 1833 Nuculana (Costelloleda) marella Hertlein, Hanna & Strong, 1940 Nuculana (Saccella) Acrua Dall, 1908. Nuculana (Jupiteria) callimene (Dall, 1908) Nuculana (Saccella) eburnea Sowerby, 1833 Nuculana (Saccella) elenensis Sowerby, 1833 Nuculana (Saccella) hindsii (Hanley, 1860) Nuculana (Saccella) impar (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) Nuculana (Politoleda) polita Sowerby, 1833 Subclass PTERIOMORPHIA Order ARCOIDA 358 Species List 31.2 Bivalves from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica; the higher-level taxonomy as proposed by Coan et al. (2000) Bivalves Superfamily ARCOIDEA Family ARCIDAE Subfamily ARCINAE Acar bailyi Bartsch, 1931 Acar gradata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Acar rostae (Berry, 1954) Arca (Arca) mutabilis (Sowerby, 1833) Arca (Arca) pacifica (Sowerby, 1833) Barbatia (Barbatia) lurida (Sowerby, 1833) Barbatia (Calloarca) alternata (Sowerby, 1833) Barbatia (Cucullaearca) reeveana (d’Orbigny, 1846) Fugleria illota (Sowerby, 1833) Subfamily ANADARINAE Anadara (Anadara) adamsi Olsson, 1961 Anadara (Anadara) concinna (Sowerby, 1833) Anadara (Anadara) obesa (Sowerby, 1833) Anadara (Anadara) similis (C.B. Adams, 1852) Anadara (Anadara) tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833) Anadara (Cunearca) aequitorialis (d’Orbigny, 1846) Anadara (Cunearca) bifrons (Carpenter, 1857) Anadara (Cunearca) esmeralda (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941) Anadara (Cunearca) perlabiata (Grant & Gale, 1931) Anadara (Esmerarca) reinharti (Lowe, 1935) Anadara (Grandiarca) grandis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Anadara (Larkinia) multicostata (Sowerby, 1833) EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM PM,IC PM PM,IC PM,IC PM PM PM,IC 0–5 0–37 0–20 0–82 0–137 0–22 7–27 0–120 it,st it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st of,st it,of,st r r r r r r r r [34, 62, IB] [1, 62, IB] [1, 62, IB] [8, 62] [8, 62] [62, IB] [62, IB] [8, 62] EP PM 0–70 it,of,st r [62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM PM 2 0–90 22–112 24 0–5 11–73 st it,of,st of,st of it,of,st of m,s m m m m m [62, IB] [1, 62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [34, 48, 62, 78, IB] [62, IB] EP EP PM PM 0 73–55 it of m m [62, IB] [62, IB] EP PM 0–82 it,of,st s [62, IB] EP EP PM,IC PM,IC 2–91 0 st it m,s m,s [62, 68] [62, 68] EP PM 0–230 it,of,st m,s [48, 62, 78, IB] 359 (continued) Species World distributiona Costa Ricab Depthc Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM 4–74 5–51 11–82 5–80 0–44 it,of,st of,st of st it,of,st m,s m,s m,s m,s r [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [8, 62, IB] [8, 62, IB] EP EP PM PM 22–73 37–100 of of m,s m,s [8, 62, IB] [62, IB] EP PM,IC 20–50 of m,s [8, 62] EP EP PM PM 0–2 4–24 it,st of,st m,s m,s [62, IB] [8, 62] EP PM 90 of r,s [62, 68, 70] EP EP EP IC IC PM 7–60 n.a. 5–45 of,st n.a. st s n.a. s [62, IB] [8, 62, 64] [62, IB] PM,IC 13–110 of m,s [8, 62] PM 0–40 it,st r,s [34, 62, 89] EP Species List Anadara (Potiarca) nux (Sowerby, 1833) Anadara (Rasia) emarginata (Sowerby, 1833) Anadara (Rasia) formosa (Sowerby, 1833) Anadara (Scapharca) biangulata (Sowerby, 1833) Lunarca breviforns (Sowerby, 1833) Family NOETIIDAE Subfamily NOETIINAE Noetia (Noetia) reversa (Sowerby, 1833) Noetia (Sheldonella) delgada (Lowe, 1935) Subfamily STRIARCINAE Arcopsis solida (Sowerby, 1833) Superfamily GLYCYMERIDOIDEA Family GLYCYMERIDIDAE Glycymeris (Axinactis) delessertii (Reeve, 1843) Glycymeris (Axinactis) inaequalis (Sowerby, 1833) Glycymeris (Ballaxinaea) multicostata (Sowerby, 1833) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) gigantea (Reeve, 1843) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) lintea Olsson, 1961 Glycymeris (Glycymeris) maculata (Broderip, 1832) Glycymeris (Tucetona) strigilata (Sowerby, 1833) Superfamily PHILOBRYOIDEA Family PHILOBRYIDAE Philobrya setosa (Carpenter, 1864) Order MYTILOIDA Superfamily MYTILOIDEA 360 Species List 31.2 (continued) Gregariella coarctata (Carpenter, 1857) Lioberus salvadoricus (Hertlein & Strong, 1946) Subfamily LITHOPHAGINAE Botula cylista Berry, 1959 Leiosolenus spatiosa (Carpenter, 1857) Lithophaga (Diberus) plumula (Hanley, 1843) Lithophaga (Labis) attenuata (Deshayes, 1836) Lithophaga (Myoforceps) aristata (Dillwyn, 1817) Lithophaga (Stumpiella) calyculata (Carpenter, 1857) Subfamily MODIOLINAE Amygdalum americanum Soot-Ryen, 1955 Modiolus (Modiolus) americanus (Leach, 1815) Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad, 1837) Modiolus (Modiolus) eiseni Strong & Hertlein, 1937 Bivalves Family MYTILIDAE Subfamily MYTILINAE Brachidontes adamsianus (Dunker, 1857) Brachidontes puntarenensis, (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) Brachidontes semilaevis (Menke, 1849) Mytella charruamis d’Orbigny, 1842 Mytella speciosa (Reeve, 1857) Mytella strigata (Hanley, 1843) Mytilus strigatus Hanley, 1843 Subfamily CRENELLINAE Crenella decussata (Montagu, 1808) EP EP PM PM 0 0–15 it it,of,st r r [62, 88] [62] EP Car,EP EP Car,EP,Ca,WA EP PM PM PM PM PM 31 0 10 0 10–12 of it st it of r m,s,r. m,s m m [1, 62, IB] [34, 62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] Arc,Car,EA,EP,IP, WA,WP EP EP PM,IC 0–492 it,of,st mr [5, 49, 62, 88, 92, IB] PM PM 0–100 4–30 it,of,st of,st r r [34, 62, IB] [62] Car,EP,I,IP,WA EP EP EP EP PM PM PM,IC PM PM,IC 0–532 0–27 0–40 0–15 0–15 it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st co,sh sh co,sh r r,sh EP PM,IC n.a. n.a. sh [4, 43, 62, 75, 97, IB] [62, IB] [8, 34, 49, 59, 62, 88] [49, 62, 88, IB] [10, 11, 34, 49, 62, 88, 91] [1, 8] EP Car,EP,WA EP EP PM PM PM PM 4–37 0–20 0–46 4–360 st it,of,st it,of,st of,st r r m,r m,s,sh [62, IB] [1, 41, 43, 62, 75] [8, 34, 62, IB] [62, IB] 361 (continued) Species World distributiona Costa Ricab Depthc Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EP PM,IC 90 of r [8, 62] EP EP PM PM,IC 0–27 1–25 of st r,s r,s [62, IB] [8, 34, 48, 62, IB] EP EP PM,IC IC 0–35 0–5 st it,st m,s,r r [8, 39, 62, 69] [34, 38, 48, 62] Car,EP PM,IC 8–23 of sh,sp [1, 41, 43, 62, 81, 82] EP EP EP EP,IP PM PM,IC PM PM,IC 0 27 0 1–2 it,of of it st m m m,s m [62, 64, IB] [8, 39, 62, 69] [62, 80, IB] [61, 83] EP EP EP EP PM,IC PM PM,IC PM 9–110 7–22 0–2 55–42 of st st of Rs Rs r m [6, 8, 62] [6, 8, 34, 62, IB] [8, 62] [6, 8, 33, 34, 62] Species List Subfamily Septiferinae Septifer zeteki Hertlein & Strong, 1946 Order PTERIOIDA Suborder PTERIINA Superfamily PTERIOIDEA Family PTERIIDAE Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley, 1856) Pteria sterna (Gould, 1851) Family ISOGNOMONIDAE Isognomon (Melina) janus Carpenter, 1857 Isognomon (Melina) recognitus (Mabille, 1895) Family MALLEIDAE Malleus (Malvufundus) regulus (Forskål, 1775) Suborder PINNINA Superfamily PINNOIDEA Family PINNIDAE Atrina (Servatrina) maura (Sowerby, 1835) Atrina (Servatrina) tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1835) Pinna rugosa Sowerby, 1835 Steptopinna saccata (Linnaeus, 1758) Order LIMOIDA Superfamily LIMOIDEA Family LIMIDAE Lima tetrica Gould, 1851 Limaria orbignyi (Lamy, 1930) Limaria pacifica (d’Orbigny, 1846) Limatula similaris (Dall, 1908) 362 Species List 31.2 (continued) Bivalves EP EP PM PM 0–10 0–110 n.a. of r r [34, 62, IB] [8, 62, IB] EP M,NEP,NWA,NWP EP EP PM PM PM,IC PM,IC 0 0 0 0 it it it it r,m r,m r,m r [8, 62, IB] [34, 94] [2, 62] [8, 62, 68] ct IC 0 it r [6, 8, 81] EP,IO,IP,WP EP PM IC 0–22 n.a. it,st it,st r r [8, 39, 62, IB] [8] EP EP EP PM PM PM 45–140 20–80 8–13 st st st r r,sh r [62, 84] [8, 62, IB] [8, 62] EP EP EP EP IC PM,IC IC PM,IC 86 8–22 2–155 13–183 of st of,st of,st m,s m,s m,s m,s [62] [8, 62] [8, 34, 46, 49, 62, 77] [8, 62, 68, IB] (continued) 363 Order OSTREOIDA Suborder OSTREINA Superfamily OSTREOIDA Family OSTREIDAE Subfamily OSTREINAE Ostrea conchaphila Carpenter, 1857 Undulostrea megodon (Hanley, 1846) Subfamily CRASSOSTREINAE Crassostrea columbiensis (Hanley, 1846) Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) Crassostrea palmula (Carpenter, 1857) Crassostrea prismatica (Gray, 1825) Subfamily LOPHINAE Dendostrea folium (Linnaeus, 1758) Family GRYPHAEIDAE Subfamily PYCNODONTEINAE Hyotissa hyotis (Linnaeus, 1758) Hyotissa solida (Sowerby, 1871) Superfamily PLICATULOIDEA Family PLICATULIDAE Plicatula inezana Durham, 1950 Plicatula penicillata Carpenter, 1857 Plicatula spondylopsis Rochebrune, 1895 Suborder PECTININA Superfamily PECTINOIDEA Family PECTINIDAE Subfamily PECTININAE Euvola galapagensis (Grau, 1959) Envola perulus (Olsson, 1961) Euvola vogdesi (Arnold, 1906) Leopecten sericeus (Hinds, 1845) 364 Species List 31.2 (continued) Species World distributiona Costa Ricab Depthc Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Subfamily CHLAMYDINAE Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby, 1842) EP PM 1–55 st s EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM,IC PM PM 18–220 5–100 0–110 0–128 2–85 of of,st it,of,st of,st of,st s s s s s [34, 46, 49, 62, 77, 95, IB] [49, 62] [8, 49, 62, IB] [6, 26a, 62, 68] [62, IB] [46, 49, 62, 77, IB] EP EP EP IC IC PM 95–113 22–274 8–355 of of of,st s s s [26a, 62] [62, 68] [8, 46, 62, 77, IB] EP EP EP PM,IC IC PM 0–55 0 3–32 it,of,st it of,st r r r [2, 8, 33a, 62, 86] [6, 8, 38 61, 66, 85] [8, 62, 86, IB] EP PM,IC 0–130 it,of,st r [8, 34, 62, IB] EP EP PM PM 0 0–20 it it,st m,s m [62, IB] [62, 64, IB] Species List Leptopecten biolleyi (Hertlein & Strong, 1946) Leptopecten velero (Hertlein, 1935) Nodipecten subnodosus (Sowerby, 1853) Pacipecten tumbezensis (d’Orbigny, 1846) Spathochlamys vestalis (Reeve, 1853) Family PROPEAMUSSIIDAE Cyclopecten cocosensis (Dall, 1908) Cyclopecten exquisitus Grau, 1959 Cyclopecten rotundus (Dall, 1908) Family SPONDYLIDAE Spondylus limbatus G.B. Sowerby II, 1847 Spondylus linguaefelis Sowerby, 1847 Spondylus princeps Broderip, 1833 Superfamily ANOMIOIDEA Family ANOMIIDAE Anomia (Anomia) peruviana d’Orbigny, 1846 Subclass HETERODONTA Order VENEROIDA Superfamily CORBICULOIDEA Family CORBICULIDAE Polymesoda (Egeta) anomala (Deshayes, 1855) Polymesoda (Egeta) inflata (Philippi, 1851) Referencesf EP PM 0 It m [62, IB] EP PM 0–12 it,st m [62] EP PM 0 it m [62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM PM,IC IC PM PM PM PM PM PM PM 30–90 20–50 20–50 0–37 20–50 0–100 13–73 0–14 4–14 7–70 of of of it,of,st of it,st it,st it,of,st of,st of,st s s s s s s s s s s [62, IB] [8, 62] [40, 62] [62, 64, IB] [8, 62, IB] [6, 8, 62, IB] [6, 62, IB] [50, 58, 62, IB] [58, 62, IB] [6, 8, 9, 62, IB] EP EP PM,IC PM,IC 0–55 30 it,st st s s [8, 62] [8, 62] EP PM 0–75 it,of,st m,ru [51, 62, IB] Bivalves Polymesoda (Neocyrena) nicaraguana (Prime, 1869) Polymesoda (Polymesoda) notabilis (Deshayes, 1855) Superfamily CYRENOIDOIDEA Family CYRENOIDIDAE Cyrenoida panamensis Pilsbry & Zetek, 1931 Superfamily GLOSSOIDEA Family VESICOMYIDAE Calyptogena costaricana Krylova & Sahling, 2006 Genus Calyptogena Dall, 1891 *Calyptogena costaricana Krylova & Sahling, 2006 Superfamily LUCINOIDEA Family LUCINIDAE Subfamily LUCININAE Callucina prolongata (Carpenter, 1857) Codakia distinguenda (Tryon, 1872) Ctena clarionensis Hertlein & Strong, 1946 Ctena galapagana (Dall, 1901) Ctena mexicana (Dall, 1901) Lucinisca centrifuga (Dall, 1901) Lucinisca fenestrata (Hinds, 1845) Parvilucina approximata (Dall, 1901) Parvilucina mazatlanica (Carpenter, 1857) Radiolucina cancellaris (Philippi, 1846) Subfamily DIVARICELLINAE Divalinga eburnea (Reeve, 1850) Divalinga perparvula (Dall, 1901) Family UNGULINIDAE Diplodonta (Diplodonta) sericata (Reeve, 1850) 365 (continued) Species World distributiona Costa Ricab Depthc Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EP PM 30–137 of m [6, 8, 55, 62] EP PM 11–64 of,st m,ru [62, IB] EP EP EP PM PM PM 0 0–18 0 it it,of it r m,r r [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] EP PM 22–37 of s [8, 18, 62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM 9–100 0–55 0–62 0–158 0–113 of,st it,of,st it,st it,of,st it,of,st s s s s s [15, 18, 62, IB] [15, 62, IB] [15, 18, IB] [8, 15, 62, IB] [8, 15, IB] EP EP PM PM 0–27 24 it,of,st of m,s m [6, 62, IB] [62, IB] EP EP EP PM PM,IC PM,IC 0–55 0–27 30–100 it,of it,of,st of m r,s s [8, 62, IB] [8, 62] [8, 62] Species List Diplodonta (Diplodonta) subquadrata Carpenter, 1857 Diplodonta (Phlyenderma) inezensis (Hertlein & Strong 1947) Diplodoma (Phycuderata) caclata Reeve, 1850) Diplodonia (Phycuderma) insula (Olsson, 1961) Diplodoma (Timothynus) inezensts (Hertlein & Strong 1947) Superfamily CRASSATELLOIDEA Family CRASSATELLIDAE Subfamily CRASSATELLINAE Eucrassatella gibbosa (Sowerby, 1832) Subfamily SCAMBULINAE Crassinella adamsi Olsson, 1961 Crassinella ecuadoriana Olsson, 1961 Crassinella nuculiformis Berry, 1940 Crassinella pacifica (C.B. Adams, 1852) Crassinella varians (Carpenter, 1857) Superfamily CARDITOIDEA Family CARDITIDAE Subfamily CARDITAMERINAE Carditamera affinis (Sowerby, 1833) Carditamera radiata (Sowerby, 1833) Subfamily CARDITESINAE Cardites crassicostata (Sowerby, 1825) Cardites laticostata (Sowerby 1833) Strophocardia megastropha (Gray, 1825) 366 Species List 31.2 (continued) Lasaea adansoni (Gmelin, 1791) Rochefortia compressa (Dall, 1913) Solecardia eburnea Conrad, 1849 Superfamily CHAMOIDEA Family CHAMIDAE Arcinella californica (Dall, 1903) Chama buddiana C.B. Adams, 1852 Chama echinata Broderip, 1835 Chama frondosa Broderip, 1835 Chama sordida Broderip, 1835 Chama squamuligera Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Chama venosa Reeve, 1847 Pseudochama clarionensis Willett, 1938 Pseudochama corrugata (Broderip, 1835) EP EP EP PM PM,IC PM 20–50 0–50 20–50 of of,st of r,s r,s s [8, 32, 62, IB] [8, 32, 62, IB] [32, IB] EP PM 20–30 st s [6, 8, 62, IB] EP EP EP EP Arc,EP,Med, WA,WP Arc,cp PM IC PM PM PM 25 0–24 10–50 2–35 0–20 of it,of,st of of,st it,of,st an,m m,s m s r [8, 62, IB] [8, 62, IB] [62, IB] [27, 28, 62, IB] [10, 51, 62, 67, IB] PM 0–10 it,st r EP EP PM PM,IC 5–40 0–60 of,st it,of,st m,s s [21, 34, 35, 44, 51, 62, IB] [62, 92] [8, 62] EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM IC PM 25–77 0–2 2–15 0–20 0–82 0–20 0–16 27–55 0–5 of it,st of,st it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st of it,st s r,s r,s r,s r,s r r,s r,s r,s [4, 62, IB] [4, 55, 62] [4, 8, 55, 62, IB] [4, 8, 55, 62, IB] [4, 62, 72, IB] [4, 8, 62] [4, 62, IB] [4, 8, 62] [4, 8, 62, IB] 367 (continued) Bivalves Family CONDYLOCARDIIDAE Condylocardia digueti Lamy, 1916 Condylocardia hippopus (Mörch, 1861) Condylocardia sparsa Coan, 2003 Superfamily GALEOMMATOIDEA Family GALEOMMATIDAE Galeomella peruviana (Olsson, 1961) Family LASAEIDAE Aligena cokeri Dall, 1909 Amerycina colpoica (Dall, 1913) Bornia papyracea (Deshayes, 1856) Ensitellops hertleini Emerson & Puffer, 1957 Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu, 1803) Species World distributiona Costa Ricab Depthc Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EP EP EP EP EP PM PM,IC PM PM PM 0–90 0–60 30–157 0–8 0–40 it,of,st it,of,st of of,st it,of,st s s s s s [62, 93, IB] [8, 51, 62, IB] [36, 62] [62, IB] [51, 62, IB] EP PM 0–50 it,of,st s [8, 51, 62, IB] EP PM 35–140 of s [51, 62, 63, IB] EP PM 0–45 it,of,st s [51, 62, IB] EP EP PM,IC PM 0–80 0–100 it,of,st it,of,st s s [8, 51, 62, 63, IB] [34, 51, 62, IB] EP PM 0–80 it,of,st s [6, 51, 62, IB] EP PM 0–35 it,of,st s [51, 62, IB] EP EP PM PM 0–20 1–90 it,of,st it,of,st s s [34, 62, IB] [51, 62, IB] EP PM 22–26 of s [62, 87, IB] Species List Superfamily CARDIOIDEA Family CARDIIDAE Subfamily CARDIINAE Acrosterigma pristipleura (Dall, 1901) Papyridea aspersa (Sowerby, 1833) Papyridea crockeri Strong & Hertlein, 1937 Papyridea mantaensis Olsson, 1961 Trachycardium (Dallocardia) senticosum (Sowerby, 1833) Trachycardium (Mexicardia) procerum (Sowerby, 1833) Trachycardium (Phlogocardia) belcheri (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Trachycardium (Trachycardium) consors (Sowerby, 1833) Subfamily FRAGINAE Americardia planicostata (Sowerby, 1833) Americardia biangulata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Trigoniocardia (Apiocardia) obovale (Sowerby, 1833) Trigoniocardia (Trigoniocardia) granifera (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833) Subfamily LAEVICARDIINAE Laevicardium elatum (Sowerby, 1833) Nemocardium (Lophocardium) annettae (Dall, 1889) Nemocardium (Lophocardium) cumingii (Broderip, 1833) 368 Species List 31.2 (continued) EP PM 20–100 it,of,st s [8, 51, 62, IB] EP EP PM,IC PM 20–90 2–20 of of,st s,m s [8, 62] [62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM 18–39 13 0–28 73 10–33 0–18 30–80 0–17 110 18 0 0–9 0 0–390 0 it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st of of it,of,st of it,of,st of of it it,st it it,of,st it m s s s s s s m s s s s,r r,s m s [6, 62, IB] [8, 62, IB] [62, IB] [6, 62, IB] [62, IB] [62] [62, 84] [8, 62, IB] [8, 62, IB] [6, 62, IB] [62, IB] [8, 33b, 62, IB] [62, 33b, IB] [62, 33b, IB] [62, 33b, IB] EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM 0 14–90 0–100 60 12–28 it of it,of,st of of m s m,s s s [62, IB] [8, 62] [8, 62, IB] [8, 62, IB] [62, IB] 369 (continued) Bivalves Nemocardium (Microcardium) pazianum (Dall, 1916) Superfamily VENEROIDEA Family VENERIDAE Subfamily VENERINAE Globivenus isocardia (Verrill, 1870) Periglypta multicostata (Sowerby, 1835) Subfamily CHIONINAE Chione compta (Broderip, 1835) Chione guatulcoensis Hertlein & Strong, 1948 Chione subimbricata (Sowerby, 1835) Chionopsis amathusia (Philippi, 1844) Chionopsis gnidia (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Chionopsis pulicaria (Broderip, 1835) Chionopsis purpurissata (Dall, 1902) Iliochione subrugosa (Wood, 1828) Lirophora mariae (d’Orbigny, 1846) Lirophora obliterata (Dall, 1902) Notochione columbiensis (Sowerby, 1835) Leukoma asperrima (Sowerby, 1835) Leukoma beili (Olsson, 1961) Leukoma grata (Say, 1831) Leukoma metodon (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) Subfamily DOSINIINAE Cyclinella producta (Carpenter, 1856) Cyclinella subquadrata (Hanley, 1845) Dosinia (Dosinia) dunkeri (Philippi, 1844) Dosinia (Dosinia) ponderosa (Schumacher, 1817) Dosinia (Dosinia) semiobliterata Deshayes, 1853 Species World distributiona Costa Ricab Depthc Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EP PM 3–160 of,st s [1, 8, 62, IB] EP PM 0 I s [62, IB] EP EP PM PM 0–73 0 it,of,st it s s [8, 62, IB] [62, IB] EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM 0–10 0–160 35–100 4–80 it,of,st it,of,st of of,st s s s s [6, 62, IB] [6, 8, 62, IB] [8, 62, IB] [1, 6, 62, IB] EP PM 77–110 of s,m [47, 62, IB] EP EP EP PM,IC PM PM 17 24 0 of of it s s s [8, 47, 62] [62, IB] [62, IB] EP PM 10–73 of s [1, 62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM PM PM 0–55 18–73 0–73 91 10–90 0–11 0–12 it of it,of,st of of it,st it,st s s s s m,s s s [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [1, 62, IB] [62, IB] Species List Subfamily GAFRARIINAE Gouldia (Gouldia) californica Dall, 1917 Subfamily METETRICINAE Tivela (Planitivela) planulata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1830) Tivela (Tivela) byronensis (Gray, 1838) Tivela (Tivela) lineata (Sowerby, 1851) Subfamily PITARINAE Megapitaria aurantiaca (Sowerby, 1831) Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby, 1835) Pitar (Agriopoma) catharius (Dall, 1902) Pitar (Agriopoma) mexicanus Hertlein & Strong, 1948 Pitar (Hyphantosoma) aletes Hertlein & Strong, 1948 Pitar (Hyphantosoma) hertleini Olsson, 1961 Pitar (Hysteroconcha) lupanaria (Lesson, 1830) Pitar (Hysteroconcha) multispinosus (Sowerby, 1851) Pitar (Hysteroconcha) roseus (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Pitar (Lamelliconcha) alternatus (Sowerby, 1851) Pitar (Lamelliconcha) callicomatus (Dall, 1902) Pitar (Lamelliconcha) concinnus (Sowerby, 1835) Pitar (Lamelliconcha) paytensis d’Orbigny, 1845 Pitar (Lamelliconcha) tortuosus (Broderip, 1835) Pitar (Lamelliconcha) unicolor (Sowerby, 1835) Pitar (Lamelliconcha) vinaceus (Olsson, 1961) 370 Species List 31.2 (continued) EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM 5–44 45 14–183 0–15 90 of,st of of it,of,st of s s m,s s s [6, 62, IB] [62, IB] [8, 62, 72, 84] [62, IB] [6, 8, 62, IB] EP PM 0–24 it,of,st r,m [62, IB] EP PM,IC 90–10 of r,s [8, 19, 62, 79] EP EP EP PM PM PM 37–46 0 0–30 of it it,of,st s r co,sh [34, 62, IB] [25, 26, 62, IB] [25, 26, 62, IB] EP PM 0–22 it,of,st r [25, 26, 62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM 70–26 0 0 0–24 0–15 40 0–15 0–30 0–25 18–60 of it it of it,of,st of it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st of s m s s s m m s s,m s,m [54, 62, IB] [8, 62, IB] [54, 62, IB] [6, 8, 54, 62, IB] [54, 62, IB] [54, 62, 74, IB] [34, 62] [54, 62, IB] [54, 62, IB] [62, IB] 371 (continued) Bivalves Pitar (Pitar) consanguineus (C.B. Adams, 1852) Pitar (Pitar) helenae Olsson, 1961 Pitar (Pitar) perfragilis Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Pitar (Tinctoria) vulneratus (Broderip, 1835) Transennella modesta (Sowerby, 1835) Subfamily TAPETINAE Notopaphia ellipticus (Sowerby, 1834) Family NEOLEPTONIDAE Neolepton (Neolepton) subtrigonum (Carpenter, 1857) Family PETRICOLIDAE Cooperella subdiaphana (Carpenter, 1864) Petricola exarata (Carpenter, 1857) Petricola (Petricola) lucasana Hertlein & Strong, 1948 Petricola (Petricolirus) denticulata Sowerby, 1834 Superfamily MACTROIDEA Family MACTRIDAE Subfamily MACTRINAE Harvella elegans (Sowerby, 1825) Mactoderma velata (Philippi, 1849) Mactrellona clisia (Dall, 1915) Mactrellona exoleta (Gray, 1837) Mactrellona subalata (Mörch, 1860) Mactrinula goniocyma (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) Mactrotoma californica (Conrad, 1837) Mactrotoma isthmica Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Mulinia pallida (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Spisula williamsi (Berry, 1960) Species World distributiona Costa Ricab Depthc Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EP PM 0–10 of m [62, IB] EP PM 0–20 of,st s,m [34, 54, 62, IB] EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM 9–29 n.a. 7–24 n.a. of n.a. of,st n.a. s s,m s,m s,m [62, IB] [62, 68a] [62, IB] [62] EP PM 0–50 it,of,st s,m [62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM IC PM PM 0–100 0–90 20–50 0 14–90 0–90 0–15 0 29–50 0 12–50 4–55 18–33 it,of,st it,of,st of it of it,of,st it,of,st it of it of of of s,m s s,m s s s s s s m m m m [8, 62, IB] [62, IB] [8, 62, 64, IB] [8, 62, IB] [62, IB] [6, 62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [8, 62] [62, IB] [62, 72, IB] EP EP EP Species List Tumbeziconcha thracioides (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) Subfamily PTEROPSELLINAE Raeta undulata (Gould, 1851) Superfamily SOLENOIDEA Family SOLENIDAE Solen (Solen) crockeri Hertlein & Strong, 1950 *Solen (Solen) oerstedii Mörch, 1860 Solen (Solen) pfeifferi Dunker, 1935 Solen (Solena) rudis (C.B. Adams, 1852) Family PHARIDAE Ensis nitidus (Clessin, in Küster & Clessin, 1888) Superfamily TELLINOIDEA Family TELLINIDAE Subfamily TELLININAE Cymatoica undulata (Hanley, 1844) Strigilla (Pisostrigilla) interrupta Mörch, 1860 Strigilla (Simplistrigilla) serrata Mörch, 1860 Strigilla (Strigilla) chroma Salisbury, 1934 Strigilla (Strigilla) cicercula (Philippi, 1846) Strigilla (Strigilla) dichotoma (Philippi, 1846) Strigilla (Strigilla) disjuncta (Carpenter, 1856) Strigilla (Strigilla) ervilia (Philippi, 1846) Tellidora burneti (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Tellina (Ellipidollina) decumbens Carpenter, 1865 Tellina (Elliptotellina) pacifica Dall, 1900 Tellina (Eurytellina) hiberna Hanley, 1844 Tellina (Eurytellina) inaequistriata Donovan, 1802 372 Species List 31.2 (continued) Tellina (Moerella) coani Keen, 1971 Tellina (Moerella) felix Hanley, 1844 Tellina (Moerella) meropsis Dall, 1900 Tellina (Moerella) subtrigona Sowerby II in Reeve, 1866 Tellina (Phyllodella) insculpta Hanley, 1844 Tellina (Phyllodina) pristiphora Dall, 1900 Tellina (Scissula) virgo Hanley, 1844 Tellina (Tellinella) cumingii Hanley, 1844 Tellina (Tellinidella) purpurea Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 Temnoconcha cognata (C.B. Adams, 1852) Subfamily MACOMINAE Macoma (Psammacoma) elytrum Keen, 1958 Macoma (Psammacoma) siliqua (C.B. Adams, 1852) EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM 0 0–2 0–10 64 it it,st it,st of m m,s m m,s [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [62] EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM PM PM 80 10–603 0–30 0–90 22–48 5–70 10–28 0–823 of of it,of,st it,of,st of of of it,of,st m,s m,s m,s m,s m,s m,s m ru EP EP EP EP IC PM PM PM 30 0–73 0–180 0–22 of it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st m,s m m,s m [8, 36, 62, 84] [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] [56, 62, IB] [12, 34, 52, 62, 92, IB] [8, 62] [62] [12, 62, 72] [62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM,IC PM 6–26 22–155 0–30 9–73 0–10 of of it,of,st of it,of s m,s s m,s s [62, IB] [62, 72] [62, IB] [6, 8, 62] [62, IB] EP PM 8–73 of s [62, IB] EP EP PM PM 10–110 10–150 of of m m [62, IB] [6, 62, IB] Bivalves Tellina (Eurytellina) laceridens Hanley, 1844 Tellina (Eurytellina) regia Hanley, 1844 Tellina (Eurytellina) rubescens Hanley, 1844 *Tellina (Hertellina) nicoyana Hertlein & Strong, 1949 Tellina (Laciolina) ochracea Carpenter, 1864 Tellina (Lyratellina) lyrica Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Tellina (Merisca) brevirostris Deshayes 1855 Tellina (Merisca) cristallina Spengler, 1798 Tellina (Merisca) martinicensis d’orbigny, 1853 Tellina (Merisca) reclusa Dall, 1900 Tellina (Moerella) amianta Dall, 1900 Tellina (Moerella) carpenteri Dall, 1900 373 (continued) Species World distributiona Costa Ricab Depthc Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EP PM 15–100 of s [62, IB] EP EP PM PM 22 33 of of m s [62, 36] [6, 8, 62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM 0–3 0–1 0–6 0 0 0 0–12 0 it,st it,t it,st it it it it,of,st it s s s s s s s s [16, 20] [16, 62, IB] [16, 62, IB] [16, 62, IB] [16, IB] [16, 20, 62, IB] [16, 62, IB] [16, 62, IB] EP EP EP PM PM PM 0 0–50 0–24 it it,of,st it,of,st s s s [8, 16, 62, IB] [8, 16, 62, IB] [16, 62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM PM 0–155 0–18 15–17 0–2 0 0 it,of,st it,of,st of it,st it it s s s s s s [30, 62, IB] [30, 62, IB] [30, 62, IB] [14, 54, 62, IB] [62, IB] [62, IB] EP EP PM PM 10–165 0–24 of it,of,st m,s m [1, 62, IB] [62, IB] Species List Psammotreta (Leporimetis) cognata (Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902) Psammotreta (Leporimetis) dombei (Hanley, 1844) Psammotreta (Psammotreta) aurora (Hanley, 1844) Family DONACIDAE Donax (Chion) caelatus Carpenter, 1857 Donax (Chion) ecuadorianus Olsson, 1961 Donax (Chion) obesus d’Orbigny, 1845 Donax (Donax) asper Hanley, 1845 Donax (Donax) assimilis Hanley, 1845 Donax (Donax) dentifer Hanley, 1843 Donax (Macherodonax) carinatus Hanley, 1843 Donax (Macherodonax) transversus Sowerby, 1825 Donax (Paradonax) californicus Conrad, 1837 Donax (Paradonax) gracilis Hanley, 1845 Iphigenia altior (Sowerby, 1833) Family PSAMMOBIIDAE Gari (Dysmea) helenae Olsson, 1961 Gari (Gobraeus) lata (Deshayes, 1855) Gari (Gobraeus) maxima (Deshayes, 1855) Heterodonax pacificus (Conrad, 1837) Sanguinolaria ovalis Reeve, 1857 Sanguinolaria tellinoides A. Adams, 1850 Family SEMELIDAE Abra palmeri Dall, 1915 Cumingia lamellosa Sowerby, 1833 374 Species List 31.2 (continued) EP EP EP EP PM PM,IC PM PM,IC 0–10 1–68 13–128 0–78 it,st of,st of it,of,st m s s s [62, IB] [17, 23, 62] [17, 23, 62, IB] [22, 23, 62] EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM IC PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM 1–200 1–73 0–9 0–5 0–44 5–161 0–100 0–23 35 of,st of,st it,st it,st it,of,st of,st it,of,st it,of,st of s,ru s s s s s s s s [23, 53, 62, IB] [23, 62] [23, 62, IB] [23, 62, 64, IB] [23, 62, IB] [23, 62] [23, 62] [23, 62] [62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP EP PM PM PM PM PM PM 30–110 0–73 0 0–10 0–35 0–90 of it,of,st it it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st m,s m m,s m,s s s [33, 34, 62, IB] [8, 13, 62, IB] [13, 34, 54, 62] [62, 64, IB] [62, IB] [62, 64, IB] Car,EP PM 0–55 it,of,st r [1, 8, 29, 33, 41, 43, 62] IB Bivalves Leptomya ecuadoriana Soot-Ryen, 1957 Semele (Amphidesma) formosa (Sowerby, 1833) Semele (Amphidesma) pallida (Sowerby, 1833) Semele (Amphidesma) purpurascens (Gmelin, 1791) Semele (Amphidesma) venusta (Reeve, 1853) Semele (Elegantula) rupium (Sowerby, 1833) Semele (Semele) elliptica (Sowerby, 1833) Semele (Semele) flavescens (Gould, 1851) Semele (Semele) lenticularis (Sowerby, 1833) Semele jamesi Coan, 1988 Semele jovis (Reeve, 1853) Semele verrucosa Mörch, 1860 Semelina subquadrata (Carpenter, 1857) Family SOLECURTIDAE Solecurtus guaymasensis Lowe, 1935 Tagelus affinis (C.B. Adams, 1852) Tagelus californianus (Conrad, 1837) Tagelus peruanus (Dunker, 1862) Tagelus peruvianus Pilsbry & Olsson, 1971 Tagelus politus (Carpenter, 1857) Order MYOIDA Suborder MYINA Superfamily MYOIDEA Family MYIDAE Subfamily CRYPTOMYINAE Sphenia fragilis (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854) (continued) 375 Species Family CORBULIDAE Corbula (Caryocorbula) amythestina (Olsson 1961) Corbula (Caryocorbula) nasuta Sowerby, 1833 Corbula (Caryocorbula) otra Coan, 2002 Corbula (Caryocorbula) ovulata Sowerby, 1833 Corbula (Panamicorbula) ventricosa A. Adams & Reeve, 1850 Corbula (Tenuicorbula) tenuis Sowerby, 1833 Corbula biradiata Sowerby, 1833 Corbula marmorata Hinds, 1843 Corbula speciosa Sowerby, 1833 Superfamily GASTROCHAENOIDEA Family GASTROCHAENIDAE Lamychaena truncata Sowerby, 1834 Superfamily HIATELLOIDEA Family HIATELLIDAE Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus, 1767) World distributiona Costa Ricab Depthc Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EP PM n.a. it,of,st m,s [31, 62] EP EP EP EP PM,IC PM PM PM 2–152 0–55 0–55 0–22 it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st m,s s s s [31, 62] [31, IB] [31, 62] [31, 62, IB] EP EP EP,WA EP PM PM PM PM 0–73 0–57 0–137 4–30 it,of,st it,of,st it,of,st it,st s s s s [31, 62, IB] [31, 62, IB] [31, 62, IB] [31, 62, IB] EP PM 0–40 it,of,st co,s [62, IB] Arc,EP,WP PM 0–390 it,of,st r [5, 34, 37, 45, 62, 92, IB] EP PM 0–30 it,of,st m,r [34, 54, 62, 90, IB] EP EP PM PM 0 0 st it w r [1, 62, IB] [62, IB] Species List Suborder PHOLADINA Superfamily PHOLADOIDEA Family PHOLADIDAE Subfamily PHOLADINAE Barnea (Anchomasa) subtruncata (Sowerby, 1834) Cyrtopleura crucigera (Sowerby, 1834) Pholas (Thovana) chiloensis Molina, 1782 376 Species List 31.2 (continued) Bivalves Subfamily JOUANNETIINAE Jouannetia duchassaingi Fischer, 1862 Pholadopsis pectinata (Conrad, 1849) Subfamily MARTESIINAE Martesia (Martesia) striata (Linnaeus, 1758) Parapholas acuminata (Sowerby, 1834) Parapholas calva (Sowerby, 1834) Family TEREDINIDAE Subfamily Teredininae Lyrodus pedicellatus (Quatrefages, 1849) Psiloteredo healdi (Bartsch, 1931) Subfamily Bankiinae Bankia zeteki Bartsch, 1921 Subclass ANOMALODESMATA Order PHOLADOMYOIDA Superfamily PANDOROIDEA Family PANDORIDAE Pandora cornuta C.B. Adams, 1852 Pandora uncifera Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Family LYONSIIDAE Entodesma sechuranum Pilsbry & Olsson, 1935 Superfamily THRACIOIDEA Family THRACIIDAE Astheonthaerus villosior Carpenter, 1964 Bushia galapagana (Dall, 1915) Cyathodonta undulata Conrad, 1847 Thracia (Ixartia) curta Conrad, 1837 Thracia (Odontocineta) bereniceae Coan, 1990 Thracia (Odontocineta) squamosa Carpenter, 1856 EP EP PM PM 0 0 n.a. it n.a. r [62, 65] [62, IB] Cp EP EP PM PM PM 0–15 0 8–35 it,st it of w r r [1, 43, 59a, 62, 76] [62, IB] [6, 8, 62, IB] Cp EP PM PM 0 0 it st w w [60, IB] [62, IB] EP PM 0 st w [62, IB] EP EP PM PM 30–50 35–50 of of m,ru m,ru [57, 62, IB] [62, IB] EP PM 20 of m,ru [62, IB] EP EP EP EP EP EP PM IC PM PM PM PM 0–73 57–83 9–39 0–48 0–46 90 it,of,st of of it,of,st it,of,st of r r r r r r [24, 62] [24] [24, 34, 62, IB] [24, 34, 50, 62] [24] [24, 62, IB] 377 (continued) Species List 31.2 (continued) Family SPHENIOPSIDAE Grippina californica Dall, 1912 Spheniopsis frankbernardi Coan, 1990 Family PERIPLOMATIDAE Albimanus pentadactulus (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1935) Periploma (Cricoploma) carpenteri Dall, 1896 Periploma (Cricoploma) discus Stearns, 1890 Periploma (Periploma) planiusculum Sowerby, 1834 Order SEPTIBRANCHIDA Superfamily CUSPIDARIOIDEA Family CUSPIDARIIDAE Cardiomya costata (Sowerby, 1834) Cardiomya ecuadoriana (Olsson, 1961) Cuspidaria parapodema Bernard, 1969 Superfamily VERTICORDIOIDEA Family VERTICORDIIDAE Subfamily VERTICORDIINAE Haliris aequacostata (Howard, 1950) Trigonulina novemcostams (A Adaras & Reeva, 1850) World distributiona Costa Ricab Depthc Oceanic distributiond Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf EP EP PM PM 0–42 13–91 it,of,st of ru,s s [24, 62] [24] EP PM 0 st s [7, 62, IB] EP EP EP PM PM PM 91–110 0–40 0 of it,of,st st s s s [7, 62, IB] [7, 62, 92] [7, 34, 62, IB] EP EP EP PM PM PM 0–39 20–50 40–100 it,of,st of of m,s m,s s [3, 33, 62, IB] [3, 62, IB] [62, 92, IB] EP EP IC PM 175–190 30–66 of of m,s m,s [8, 62] [8, 33b, 62, IB] Species List n.a. = information not available Species in bold font = present in both Caribbean and Pacific coasts * = endemic species a Arc = Arctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = Cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EP = Eastern Pacific; I = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; M = Mediterranean; NEP = North-east Pacific; NWA = North-west Atlantic; NWP = North-west Pacific; WA = Western Atlantic; WP = Western Pacific b IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific Mainland c Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) d it = intertidal; of = offshore; st = subtidal e an = annelid (commensal, parasitic); co = coral reef; m = mangrove; r = rocks; ru = rubble; s = sand; sh = shells; sp = sponges; w = wood f References are indicated by numbers according to the references list; IB = new records for Costa Rica from the National Biodiversity Institute (INBio) Data Base; numbers in bold font correspond to references where the species is reported as present in Costa Rica. 378 Species Species Order SEPIOLIDA Family SEPIOLIDAE Semirossia equalis (Voss, 1950) Semirossia tenera (Verrill, 1880) Order MYOPSIDA Family LOLIGINIDAE Doryteuthis (Amerigo) pealei LeSueur, 1821 Doryteuthis (Doryteuthis) plei Blainville, 1823 Doryteuthis (Doryteuthis) roperi Cohen, 1976 Lolliguncula (Lolliguncula) brevis (Blainville, 1823) Pickfordiateuthis pulcella Voss, 1953 Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Blainville, 1823) Order OEGOPSIDA Family LEPIDOTEUTHIDAE Pholidoteuthis adami Voss, 1956 Family OMMASTREPHIDAE Illex coindetii (Verany, 1839) Ommastrephes bartrami (LeSueur, 1821) Ornithoteuthis antillarum Adam, 1957 Sthenoteuthis pteropus (Steenstrup, 1855) Family THYSANOTEUTHIDAE Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857 Order OCTOPODA Family OCTOPODIDAE Amphioctopus burryi (Voss, 1950) Muusoctopus januarii (Hoyle, 1885) Benthoctopus oregonae Toll, 1981 World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Car, WA Car, WA CA M b, n b, n 130–260 80–150 s/mb s/mb [Voss 1950] [25, 26, 33] WA WA Car WA WA Car CA CA CA CA CA CA n n n eb, st eb, st eb, st 0–400 0–350 45–300 <20 <20 <20 sb, wc sb, wc sb, wc s/mb, wc sg, sb cr, sg, wc [7, 24, 25, 33] [7, 9, 24, 25] [24, 25, 28, 33] [24, 25, 33] [4, 32, 33] [16, 22, 24, 25, 33] Car, WA CA eb, oc 80–935 wc [8a, 15a, 33] EA, WA Cp Ct EA, WA CA CA CA CA oc oc oc oc 0–1, 000 0–1, 500 0–1, 200 0–1, 500 wc wc wc wc [25] [25] [25, 35] [25] Cp CA oc 0–500 wc [24, 25] EA?, WA Car, WA M CA b, st b 10–200 350–750 sb, rub mb Car V b 600–1, 000 mb [12, 25, 31, 33] [25, 29, 31 Gleadall] [29] 379 (continued) Squids and Octopuses Species List 32.1 Cephalopods known to occur commonly in waters of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica 380 Species List 32.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Callistoctopus cf. macropus (Risso, 1826) Euaxoctopus pillsburyae Voss, 1975 Macrotritopus cf. defilippi (Verany, 1851) EA, WA? WA EA, WA? CA S CA b, st b, st b, st 5–100 20–60 5–200 cr, sb, rub sb s/mb Octopus filosus Howell, 1868 [= hummelincki Adam, 1936] Octopus maya Voss & Solis, 1966 Octopus cf. vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 Pteroctopus schmidti (Joubin, 1933) Tetracheledone spinicirrhus Voss, 1955 Generic placement not determined “Octopus” briareus Robson, 1929 Car, WA CA b, st 5–200 cr, rub, sb [11, 19, 25, 34] [25, 39] [11, 14, 17, 25, 36] [1, 6, 19, 20, 25] Car EA, WA? Car, WA Car M, B CA CA CA b, st b, it, st b b 10–100 0–100 200–800 200–400 rb, sg rb, rub, sb mb s/mb [25, 30, 40] [11, 15, 19, 25] [25, 33] [25, 33] Car, WA M, C b, it, st 0–20 cr, rb, sb, sg [10, 13, 21, 25, 33] [8, 11, 20, 25] [25, 37] Referencesf “Octopus” joubini Robson, 1929 Car, WA CA b, it, st 0–100 cr, rub, sb “Octopus” zonatus Voss, 1968 Car C b, st 10–75 sb Family ARGONAUTIDAE Argonauta argo Linneus, 1758 Cp CA ep 0–20 wc [25, 33] a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; C = Colombia; M = Mexico; S = Surinam; V = Venezuela c b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; n = neritic; oc = oceanic; st = subtidal d Shallowest and deepest records of occurrence (in meters; rounded off) e cr = coral reefs; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; s/mb = sand-mud bottom; wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List Species Family LOLIGINIDAE Lolliguncula (Lolliguncula) argus Brakonieki & Roper, 1985 Lolliguncula (L.) panamensis Berry, 1911 [= tydeus Brakoniecki, 1980] Lolliguncula (Loliolopsis) diomedeae (Hoyle, 1904) Order OEGOPSIDA Family ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE Onychoteuthis banksi (Leach, 1817) Family OMMASTREPHIDAE Dosidicus gigas (d’Orbigny, 1835 [in 1834–1847]) Ommastrephes bartrami (LeSueur, 1821) Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson, 1830) Family THYSANOTEUTHIDAE Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857 Order OCTOPODA Family OCTOPODIDAE Euaxoctopus panamensis Voss, 1971 Octopus cf. hubbsorum Berry, 1953 Paroctopus digueti (Perrier & Rochebrune, 1894) Generic placement not determined “Octopus” alecto Berry, 1953 “Octopus” balboai Voss, 1971 “Octopus” chierchiae (Jatta, 1889) Costa Rica Oceanic Pacificc distributiond Habitat/ Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg EP CA PM n <50 sb, wc [5, 25, 26] EP C, G, M, P PM n <75 sb, wc [3, 25–27] EP CA IC, PM n <100 sb, wc [25, 26, 38] Cp CA IC, PM ep, mp 0–500 wc [25, 26] EP Cp EP, IO, WP CA CA CA IC, PM IC, PM IC, PM ep, mp ep, mp ep, mp 0–500 0–1, 500 0–500 wc wc wc [25, 26] [25, 26] [25, 26] Cp CA IC, PM ep, mp 0–500 wc [25] EP C, P PM b, st <50 sb EP EP CA M, P PM PM b, it, st b, it, st 0–20 0–10 sb sb [18, 26, 38, H] [26, H] [26, H] EP EP EP CA ES, P CA IC, PM PM PM b, it, st b, st b, pit, st 0–20 20–100 0–100 rb, sb s/mb rub, sb EP EP CA M, P PM PM b, it, st b, st 0–20 20–40 rb sb [26, H] [38, H] [23, 26, 38, H] H [2, 26, 38, H] (continued) 381 “Octopus” fitchi Berry, 1953 “Octopus” penicillifer Berry, 1954 [= stictochrus Voss, 1971] World Central distributiona Americab Squids and Octopuses Species List 32.2 Cephalopods known to occur commonly in waters in the Pacific of Costa Rica and Isla del Coco Species “Octopus” selene Voss, 1971 Family ARGONAUTIDAE Argonauta cornutus Conrad, 1854 Argonauta nouryi Lorois, 1852 Argonauta pacifica Dall, 1871 382 Species List 32.2 (continued) World Central distributiona Americab Costa Rica Oceanic Pacificc distributiond Habitat/ Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg EP P, C PM b 50–200 rb, sb [26, 38, H] EP EP EP CA CA CA IC, PM IC, PM IC, PM ep ep ep 0–20 0–20 0–20 wc wc wc [38, H] [38, H] [38, H] cp = cosmopolitan; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; WP = western Pacific CA = all Central American countries; C = Colombia; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; M = Mexico; P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco d b = benthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic; st = subtidal e Shallowest and deepest records of occurrence (in meters; rounded off) f rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; s/mb = sand-mud bottom; wc = water column g References are indicated by numbers according to the references list; H = Hochberg, unpublished a b Species List Phoronids Species List 33.1 Phoronida species reported from the Caribbean Sea Species Superphylum LOPHOPHORATA Phylum PHORONIDA Phoronis hippocrepia Wright, 1856 Phoronis muelleri SelysLongchamps, 1903 Phoronis psammophila Cori, 1889 World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depthd Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Larvae (planktonic) Car, EA,EP, Med, WA,WP cp P b,it,st 0–55 rb [1, 2] Actinotrocha hippocrepia Silén, 1954 P b,st 10–400 mb,sb [1, 2, 3] Actinotrocha branchiata Müller, 1846 cp P b,it,st 0–69 cl,mb,sb,sg [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] Actinotrocha sabatieri Roule, 1896 Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific P = Panama c b = benthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cl = coastal lagoons; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. a b 383 384 Species List 33.2 Phoronida species reported from the Pacific Central America Species Superphylum LOPHOPHORATA Phylum PHORONIDA Phoronis hippocrepia Wright, 1856 Phoronis muelleri SelysLongchamps, 1903 Phoronis psammophila Cori, 1889 Phoronopsis albomaculata Gilchrist, 1907 Phoronopsis harmeri Pixell, 1912 World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depthd Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Larvae (planktonic) Car,EA,EP, Med,WA,WP cp P b,it,st 0–55 rb [1, 2] P b,st 10–400 mb,sb [1, 2, 3] cp P b,it,st 0–69 cl,mb,sb,sg [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] cp P b,st 1–55 cl,mb,sb [2, 4, 5] Actinotrocha hippocrepia Silén, 1954 Actinotrocha branchiata Müller, 1846 Actinotrocha sabatieri Roule, 1896 unkown b,it,st 0–100 cl,mb,sb,sg [2, 3, 4] EA,EP,Med,WP,WA P Actinotrocha harmeri Zimmer, 1964 Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific P = Panama c b = benthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cl = coastal lagoons; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a b Species List Bryozoans 385 Species List 34.1 Bryozoans from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Species Class GYMNOLAEMATA Order CHEILOSTOMATA Family ARACHNOPUSIIDAE Poricella mucronata (Smitt, 1873) Family BRYOCRYPTELLIDAE Rhamphostomella sp. Family CALLOPORIDAE Parellisina latirostris Osburn, 1940 Family CRIBILINIDAE Cribrilaria flabellifera (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Family HIPPOPODINIDAE Hippopodina feegeensis (Busk, 1884) Family MEMBRANIPORIDAE Membranipora tuberculata (Bosc, 1802) Family PHIDOLOPORIDAE Rhynchozoon sp. 1 Rhynchozoon sp. 2 Family STEGINOPORELLIDAE Labioporella granulosa (Canu and Bassler, 1928) (in ref.: Labioporella sinuosa) Family STOMACHETOSELLIDAE Trematooecia aviculifera (Canu and Bassler, 1923) (in ref.: Cigclisula aviculifera) Trematooecia turrita (Smitt, 1873) (in ref.: Cigclisula turrita) Family TEUCHOPORIDAE Teuchopora sp. Unplaced Cheilostome Escharina porosa (Smitt, 1873) a Location in Costa Rica Referencea Portete [1] Portete [1] Portete [1] Portete [1] Portete [1] Portete [1] Portete Portete [1] [1] Portete [1] Portete [1] Portete [1] Portete [1] Portete [1] References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 386 Species List Species List 34.2 Bryozoans from the Pacific of Costa Rica Species Class STENOLAEMATA Order CYCLOSTOMATA Family CRISIIDAE Crisia elongata Milne Edwards, 1838 Crisia occidentalis Trask, 1857 Family DIAPEROECIIDAE Diaperoecia californica (d’Orbigny, 1852) Family LICHENOPORIDAE Disporella californica (d’Orbigny, 1853) Family ONCOUSOECIIDAE Proboscina major (Johnston, 1847) Family TUBULIPORIDAE Tubulipora pulchra (MacGillivray, 1885) Class GYMNOLAEMATA Order CTENOSTOMATA Family VESICULARIIDAE Amathia convoluta Lamarck, 1816 Order CHEILOSTOMATA Family ADEONIDAE Reptadonella violacea (Johnston, 1847) (in ref. 4 as: Adeona violacea) Family BEANIIDAE Beania hirtissima (Heller, 1867) Family BITECTIPORIDAE Hippoporina porcellana Busk, 1860 Family BRYOCRYPTELLIDAE Cyclocolposa ? parva (Marcus, 1938) Porella patens Osburn, 1952 Porella porifera (Hincks, 1884) Family BUFFONELLODIDAE Aimulosia uvulifera (Osburn, 1914) Family BUGULIDAE Bugula minima Waters, 1909 Sessibugula translucens Osburn, 1950 Family CALLOPORIDAE Aplousina filum (Jullien & Calvet, 1903) Copidozoum spinatum Osburn, 1950 Family CANDIDAE Amastigia rudis (Busk, 1852) Scrupocellaria bertholetti (Audouin, 1826) Scrupocellaria bertholetti var tenuirostris Osburn, 1950 Location in Costa Ricaa Referenceb PC BSE [1] [5] PB [1, 5] BSE [5] IC [5] BSE [5] BC [6] PC,IC [1, 4] BC [3] Costa Rica [4] PC IC BC [1] [4] [4] BC,BCo,IC [4] IC BSE [3] [3] IC GD [3] [3] BCo PC Off Costa Rica [3] [1, 3] [3] (continued) Bryozoans 387 Species List 34.2 (continued) Species Family CELLEPORIDAE Celleporina marginata Canu & Bassler, 1930 Family CREPIDACANTHIDAE Crepidacantha setigera (Smitt, 1873) Family CUPULADRIIDAE Cupuladria canariensis Busk, 1859 (probably a mis-identification, not in the tropical Americas) Discoporella aff. umbellata (Defrance, 1823) (in ref.: Discoporella umbellata) Family ELECTRIDAE Electra cf. angulata (Levinsen, 1909) Conopeum commensale (Kirkpatrick & Metzelaar, 1922) Family EXECHONELLIDAE Anexechona ancorata Osburn, 1950 Triporula manica (Canu & Bassler, 1930) Family HIPPOPODINIDAE Hippopodina feegeensis (Busk, 1884) (probably a mis-identification) Family HIPPOPORIDRIDAE Hippoporella costulata Canu and bassler, 1923 Hippoporella gorgonensis Hastings, 1930 Odontoporella adpressa (Busk, 1854) Family HIPPOTHOIDAE Hippothoa divaricata Lamouroux, 1821 Trypostega venusta (Norman, 1864) Family LACERNIDAE Arthropoma cecili (Audouin, 1826) Family MAMILLOPORIDAE Mamillopora cupula Smitt, 1873 Family MEMBRANIPORIDAE Membranipora arborescens (Canu & Bassler, 1928) Membranipora savarti (Audouin,1826) Family MICROPORELLIDAE Microporella gibbosula Canu & Bassler, 1930 Microporella umbracula (Audoin, 1826) Family PETRALIIDAE Hippopetraliella japonica (Busk, 1884) (in ref.: Petralia japonica) Family PHIDOLOPORIDAE Reteporellina denticulata var. gracilis (Busk, 1884) Location in Costa Ricaa Referenceb IC [4] IC [4] Costa Rica [3] Costa Rica [3] GD BCo [2] [3] BSE IC [3] [4] PC [1] PC Costa Rica Costa Rica [1] [4] [4] Costa Rica IC [4] [4] IC [4] BC,IC [4] PC BC [1] [3] BC PC [4] [1] BC,BSE [4] BS,IC [4] (continued) 388 Species List 34.2 (continued) Species Rhynchozoon rostratum (Busk, 1855) (only found on the Caribbean in Panamá) Rhynchozoon sp. 3. Family SCHIZOPORELLIDAE Schizoporella linearis var. inarmata (Hincks, 1884) Schizoporella ?serialis (Séller, 1867) Family SMITTINIDAE Parasmittina crosslandi (Hastings, 1930) Family WATERSIPORIDAE Watersipora biserialis (Hincks, 1885) Species List Location in Costa Ricaa Referenceb PB [4] PC [1] BSE PC [4] [1] PC [1] IC [4] BC = Bahía Culebra; BCo = Bahía del Coco; BS = Bahía Salinas; BSE = Bahía de Santa Elena; GD = Golfo Dulce; IC = Isla del Coco; PB = Playa Blanca; PC = Playas del Coco b References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a Brachiopods 389 Species List 35.1 Brachiopoda species reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Species ReferHabitat/ World Central Oceanic distributiona America distributionb Depth (m)c Communityd encese Order TEREBRATULIDA Suborder TEREBRATULIDINA Superfamily TEREBRATULOIDEA Family TEREBRATULIDAE Subfamily TEREBRATULINAE EP,Car,IO Liothyrella moseleyi (Davidson, 1878) b,st 250–4,000 mb,sb Car = Caribbean; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean st = subtidal; b = benthic c Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) d sb = sandy bottom; mb = muddy bottom e References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a b [2, 3] Species World distributiona Central Americab Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Referencesg EP EP P PM PM b,it,st b,it,st 0–477 0–3 sb sb [4,] [4, 5, 7] it,b b,st 0–33 90–5,530 rb rb [6] [2, 3, 7, 8] IC b,st 1–4,513 mb [2, 3] IC IC b,st b,st 2,149–3,721 250–4,000 mb mb,sb [2, 3] [2, 3] EP cp Ant,EP EP Car,EP,IO P P Species List Subphylum LINGULIFORMEA Class LINGULATA Order LINGULIDA Superfamily LINGULOIDEA Family LINGULIDAE Glottidia albida (Hinds, 1844) Glottidia audebarti (Broderip, 1835) Superfamily DISCINOIDEA Family DISCINIDAE Discradisca strigata (Broderip, 1834) Pelagodiscus atlanticus (King, 1868) Subphylum RHYNCHONELLIFORMEA Class RHYNCHONELLATA Order RHYNCHONELLIDA Superfamily BASILIOLOIDEA Family BASILIOLIDAE Subfamily BASILIOLINAE Neorhynchia strebeli (Dall, 1908) Order TEREBRATULIDA Suborder TEREBRATULIDINA Superfamily TEREBRATULOIDEA Family TEREBRATULIDAE Subfamily TEREBRATULINAE Liothyrella clarkeana (Dall, 1895) Liothyrella moseleyi (Davidson, 1878) Costa Rica 390 Species List 35.2 Brachiopoda species reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Brachiopods Suborder TEREBRATELLIDINA Superfamily ZEILLERIOIDEA Family ZEILLERIIDAE Subfamily MACANDREVIINAE Macandrevia americana Dall, 1895 Macandrevia craniella Dall, 1895 Macandrevia diamantina (Dall, 1895) Ant,EP EP Ant,EP P P IC IC type-locality IC type-locality b,st b,st b,st 112–4,062 2,149 2,150–4,600 mb,sb mb mb [2, 3] [2, 3] [1, 2, 3] Ant = Antarctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco d it = intertidal; st = subtidal; b = benthic e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; mb = muddy bottom g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a b 391 World distributiona Class CRINOIDEA Order COMATULIDA Family COLOBOMETRIDAE Analcidometra armata (Pourtalès, 1869) Family COMASTERIDAE Comactinia echinoptera (Müller, 1840) Car Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf eb,st 3–148 cr [36, USNM E18729, new record] Car G,H,N,P eb,st 2–92 cr,rb Car Car CA CA eb,st eb,st 20–40 6–15 cr rb [36, UCR 161, UCR 201, new record] [36,51, pers. obs., new record] [18, 36, 51] Car Car Car CA eb,st n.a n.a. 0–165 55–69 19 sb n.a. n.a. [36, 69] [USNM E18415, new record] [USNM E18387, new record] st 0–46 cl,mb,sb [36] Car Car B,P eb,it,st 3–339 cr,rb [36, USNM E18074, new record] Car B eb,st 18–27 cr [36, 69] Car G,B,P eb,st 1–37 sg [19, 28, 31, 36, 69] Species List Nemaster discoideus (Carpenter, 1888) Nemaster rubiginosa (Pourtalès, 1869) Class ASTEROIDEA Order PAXILLLOSIDA Family ASTROPECTINIDAE Astropecten articulatus (Say, 1825) Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1833 Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840 Family LUIDIIDAE Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816) Order VALVATIDA Family ASTEROPSIDAE Poraniella echinulata (Perrier, 1881) Family OPHIDIASTERIDAE Linckia guildingii Gray, 1840 Family OREASTERIDAE Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Central Americab 392 Species List 36.1 List of echinoderms from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Echinoderms Class OPHIUROIDEA Order PHRYNOPHIURIDA Family GORGONOCEPHALIDAE Astrophyton muricatum (Lamarck, 1816) Order OPHIURIDA Family OPHIURIDAE Ophiolepis impressa Lütken, 1859 Family OPHIOCOMIDAE Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck, 1816) Ophiocoma paucigranulata Devaney, 1974 Ophiocoma wendtii Müller & Troschel, 1842 Ophiocomella sp. Ophiopsila hartmeyeri Koehler, 1913 Family OPHIONEREIDIDAE Ophionereis reticulata (Say, 1825) Family OPHIODERMATIDAE Ophioderma appresum (Say, 1825) Ophioderma brevispinum (Say, 1825) Ophioderma cinereum Müller & Troschel, 1842 Family OPHIACTIDAE Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Family AMPHIURIDAE Ophiostigma isocanthum (Say, 1825) Car CA st 2–70 m cr,rb,sb [36] Car B,P it 0–24 cr,rb [7, 36] Car Car CA B,P it it 0–24 1–24 cr,m,sg cr,rb [36, 40, pers. obs., new record] [7, 24, 36] Car it 1–27 cr,sg [36, UCR 461, new record] Car Car n.a. it,st n.a. 12–161 n.a. cr,rb,sb [UCR 498, new record] [36, UCR 300, new record] Car B,P it,st 1–221 cr,rb,sg [36, UCR 463, new record] Car Car Car B,P B B it it,st it 0–50 1–223 0–24 cr,sg mb,sg,sb cr,sg [7, 36] [7, 36] [7, 36] it,st 0–518 sg,sr,rb [36] it 1–223 sg,cr [36] Car Car B,P (continued) 393 World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf Car Car Car Car P B P B it it it it,st 0–10 0–49 0–10 0–479 sg,cr cr cr cr,rb [35] [7, 36] [35] [7, 36] Car G,B,H,P eb,st 0–50 cr,rb,sg [18, 28, 36, 44, 68, 69] Car G,B,H,P eb,st 0–50 cr,rb [15, 17, 19, 28, 44, 56, 65, 68, 69] Car Car G,B,H,P B,H,P eb,st eb,st 0–50 0–55 sg sg [28, 36, 43, 44, 68, 69] [37, 44, 69] Car CA eb,st 0–45 cr,rb [16, 18–20, 36, 44, 69] Car G,B,H,P it 0–40 cr,rb [7, 36] ct eb,st 5–570 cr,rb [20, 36] Car it 5–50 sb,sg [36, USNM E14506, new record] Species List Family OPHIOTHRICHIDAE Ophiothrix cimar Hendler, 2005 Ophiothrix lineate Lyman, 1860 Ophiothrix stri Hendler, 2005 Ophiothrix suensonii Lütken, 1856 Class ECHINOIDEA Order CIDAROIDA Family CIDARIDAE Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) Order DIADEMATOIDA Family DIADEMATIDAE Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845) Order TEMNOPLEUROIDA Family TOXOPNEUSTIDAE Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816) Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck, 1816) Order ECHINOIDA Family ECHINOMETRIDAE Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758) Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz, 1863 Order HOLECTYPOIDA Family ECHINONEIDAE Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778 Order CLYPEASTEROIDA Family CLYPEASTERIDAE Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray, 1825) 394 Species List 36.1 (continued) Car Car P P eb eb,st 0–60 n.a. sb sb [36, 43, pers. obs., new record] [10, 68] Car Car,Med Car H,P CA n.a. eb,st eb,st 55 0–240 2–200 n.a. rb,sb cr,sg,sb [USNM E12973, new record] [10, 36, 44, 68] [20, 36, 44] Car Car G,B,H,P G,B,H st,eb eb,st 0–54 0.5–20 cr,rb,sg sg [7, 36] [17, 28, 32, 36, 61, 62] Car Car B,P B it it 0–24 1–7 cr,sg cr,sg [7, 36] [36, UCR 459, new record] Echinoderms Family MELLITIDAE Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske, 1778) Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske, 1778) Order SPATANGOIDA Family BRISSIDAE Brissopsis atlantica Mortensen, 1908 Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck, 1816) Class HOLOTHUROIDEA Order ASPIDOCHIROTA Family HOLOTHURIDAE Actinopyga agassizi (Selenka, 1867) Holothuria mexicana Ludwig, 1875 Order APODIDA Family SYNAPTIDAE Euapta lappa (Müller, 1850) Synaptula hydriformis (Lesueur, 1824) n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; Med = Mediterranean b B = Belize; CA = all Central American countries; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cr = coral reefs; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 395 Species Class CRINOIDEA Order COMATULIDA Family ANTEDONIDAE Fariometra parvula (Hartlaub, 1895) Family THALASSOMETRIDAE Thalassometra agassizii (Hartlaub, 1895) Class ASTEROIDEA Order PAXILLLOSIDA Family ASTROPECTINIDAE Astropecten armatus Gray, 1840 Astropecten benthophilus Ludwig, 1905 Astropecten regalis Gray, 1840 396 Species List 36.2 List of echinoderms from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Costa Rica World Central b a distribution America Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf References EP IC bp 589–1,969 rb [52, 53] EP IC bp 596–1,429 rb [52, 53] PM IC PM eb,st eb eb 0–160 1,408 n.a. sb n.a. n.a. IC IC IC st eb n.a. 121 732–1,593 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [6, 9, 13, 42] [49, 52] [UCR 135–001, new record] [49, 52] [27, 49, 53] [49, 52] EP EP EP ES,P X EP EP EP EP EP IC PM st eb,st 95 n.a. n.a. n.a. Luidia tessellata Lütken, 1859 EP PM n.a. n.a. n.a. Family PORCELLANASTERIDAE Eremicaster pacificus (Ludwig, 1905) Porcellanaster ceruleus Thomson, 1877 EP EP,WP IC IC eb eb 1,571–5,780 1,158–6,035 n.a. n.a. P X [49, 52] [UCR 19, UCR 213, new record] [USNM E28834, new record] [49, 53] [53] Species List Astropecten sulcatus Ludwig, 1905 Leptychaster inermis (Ludwig,1905) Persephonaster armiger Ludwig, 1905 Family LUIDIIDAE Luidia armata Ludwig, 1905 Luidia brevispina Lütken, 1871 Family ASTERINIDAE Asterope sp. Family GONIASTERIDAE Mediaster elegans Ludwig, 1905 Nymphaster diomedeae Ludwig, 1905 Pillsburiaster ernesti (Ludwig, 1905) Family ASTERODISCIDIDAE Pauliella aenigma Ludwig, 1905 Family OPHIDIASTERIDAE Leiaster sp. Linckia columbiae Gray, 1840 Narcissia gracilis A.H. Clark, 1916 Ophidiaster sp. Pharia pyramidatus (Gray, 1840) Phataria unifascialis (Gray, 1840) Tamaria obstipa Ziesenhenne, 1942 Family OREASTERIDAE Nidorellia armata (Gray, 1840) EP EP IC IC eb eb 1,618–2,323 790–2,323 n.a. n.a. [49, 53] [49, 53] EP IC eb 1,789–1,847 n.a. [49] EP PM it 3 n.a. [USNM E11398, new record] EP IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [UCR 391, new record] IC IC IC n.a. eb eb n.a. 702–1,618 2,149 n.a. n.a. n.a. [49] [27, 49, 53] [49] EP IC,PM eb,st 80–121 n.a. [38, 49, 70] EP EP EP EP EP EP EP IC IC IC IC PM PM IC,PM n.a. it,st st n.a. eb,st eb,st eb,st n.a. 0–100 57–91 n.a. 1–130 1–50 n.a. rb n.a. n.a. n.a. rb rb n.a. [UCR 268, new record] [53] [53] [UCR 356, new record] [6, 9, 13, 39, 64] [6,.8, 13, 39, 64] [38, 53, 71] IC,PM eb,st 0–183 rb [6, 9, 13, 42, 59, 69, UCR 124, new record] EP EP EP EP P P Echinoderms Order NOTOMYOTIDA Family BENTHOPECTINIDAE Benthopecten spinuliger (Ludwig, 1905) Pectinaster agassizii (Ludwig, 1905) Order VALVATIDA Family ARCHASTERIDAE Parachaster spinuliger Ludwig, 1905 Family ASTEROPSEIDAE Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1816) P ES,P ES,N,P ES,N,P 397 (continued) 398 Species List 36.2 (continued) Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf References EP IC,PM eb,st 10 sg [9, 13, 53] IC IC,PM st eb,st 15 n.a. cr cr [5] [8, 30, 33] IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [UCR 351, new record] PM eb,st n.a. ep [9,67] EP EP IC IC eb eb n.a. 1,408 n.a. n.a. [52] [49, 52] EP PM eb,st n.a. rb [52, 53] EP IC eb,st 52–84 cr,rb [37, 53, 72] EP EP IC IC eb st 1,618–2,418 121 n.a. n.a. Sclerasterias heteropaes Fisher, 1924 EP IC st 80–88 n.a. Taraster cocosanus (Ludwig, 1905) EP IC eb 245 n.a. [52, 53] [USNM E34363, new record] [USNM E1020062, new record] [52] Species Pentaceraster cummingi (Gray, 1840) Family ACANTHASTERIDAE Acanthaster ellisii (Gray, 1840) Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) Family MITHRODIIDAE Mithrodia sp. Order SPINDULOSIDA Family ECHINASTERIDAE Echinaster (Othilia) aculeata (Gary, 1840) Family PTERASTERIDAE Hymenaster purpureus Ludwig, 1905 Pteraster diaphanous Ludwig, 1905 Order FORCIPULATIDA Family HELIASTERIDAE Heliaster solaris A.H. Clark, 1920 Family ASTERIDAE Coronaster marchenus Ziesenhenne, 1942 Hydrasterias improvisa (Ludwig, 1905) Sclerasterias alexandri (Ludwig, 1905) EP,WP EP,WP P EP EP B,N Species List Costa Rica Central World b a distribution America Endemic Pacificc Order BRISINGIDA Family BRISINGIDAE Astrolirus panamensis (Ludwig, 1905) Class OPHIUROIDEA Order PHRYNOPHIURIDA Family OPHIOMYXIDAE Ophiomyxa panamensis Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Family GORGONOCEPHALIDAE Astrocaneum spinosum (Lyman, 1875) Order OPHIURIDA Family OPHIURIDAE Amphiophiura abcisa (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Ophiocten hastatum Lyman, 1878 Ophiolepis grisea Clark, 1940 Ophiolepis pacifica Lütken, 1856 Ophiolepis plateia Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophiolepis variegata Lütken, 1856 IC eb 2,149 n.a. [USNM E34432, new record] EP IC eb,st 48–2,418 n.a. [53] IC eb,st n.a. n.a. [13, 38, 53] EP PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [UCR 25, new record] EP IC eb 245 n.a. [50, 52] IC PM PM PM PM eb eb,st eb,st n.a. n.a. 825–4,700 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. m,mb cr n.a. n.a. EP EP IC IC eb,st eb 51–2,906 878–5,203 n.a. n.a. [53] [13, 52] [13] [71] [UCR 35, UCR 96, new record] [53] [53] EP IC eb 1,400–2,500 mb [49, 52, 53] EP,WP EP IC IC eb eb 405–5,869 1,650 n.a. n.a. [53] [50, 52] EP EP EP EP EP EP P ES,H,N,P P (continued) 399 Ophiomusium lymani Thomson, 1873 Ophiosphalma glabrum (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Ophiozonella alba (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Ophiura irrorata (Lyman, 1860) Ophiura nana (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) EP Echinoderms Family PEDICELLASTERIDAE Pedicellaster improvisus Ludwig, 1905 Species Family OPHIOCOMIDAE Ophiocoma aethiops Lütken, 1859 Ophiocoma alexandri Lyman, 1860 Ophiocomella sexradia (Duncan, 1887) Family OPHIONEREIDIDAE Ophionereis annulata (Le Conte, 1851) Ophionereis dictyota Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophionereis eurybrachiplax Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophionereis nuda Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Family OPHIODERMATIDAE Diopederma danianum (Verrill, 1867) Ophiocrytus granulosus Nielsen, 1932 Ophioderma appressum (Say, 1825) Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf References EP EP n.a. CA CA IC,PM IC,PM IC it it st,eb 0–30.5 0–70 n.a. cr cr,sb cr,rb [6, 7, 13, 42, 53, 68, 69] [6, 9, 13, 42, 52, 53, 67] [53] EP EP n.a. ES,P IC,PM PM IC it,st n.a. n.a. 0–60 n.a. n.a. cr,sb n.a. mb [6, 13, 53, 54, 64, 66] [38, 71] [52] IC st 73–155 n.a. [52] st,eb n.a. st,eb n.a. n.a. n.a. cr n.a. rb EP EP EP EP G,ES,P B,P IC,PM IC PM EP EP EP EP ES,N,P ES,N,P N,P P IC,PM PM IC,PM PM st,eb st,eb st,eb st,eb 0–20 0–45 0–110 n.a. cr cr rb,sb mb [9, 13, 64] [73] [41, UCR 111, new record] [6, 13, 42, 53, 63, 73] [6, 13, 39, 64, 66] [13, 40, 53, 64, 73] [13] EP P IC st 43–183 cr [13, 38, 53] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. IC,PM it,st 0–128 rb,m [USNM E28342, new record] [6, 9, 53, 62, UCR 16, UCR 20, new record] EP EP B,ES,P Species List Ophioderma panamense Lütken, 1859 Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) Ophioderma variegatum Lütken, 1856 Ophiopaepale diplax (Nielsen, 1932) Family HEMIEURYALIDAE Sigsbeia lineata Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Family OPHIACTIDAE Hemipholis gracilis Verrill, 1867 Costa Rica Central World b a distribution America Endemic Pacificc 400 Species List 36.2 (continued) IC,PM it,st 0–302 n.a. [53] EP PM n.a. n.a. n.a. Amphiodia tabogae Nielsen, 1932 Amphiodia urtica (Lyman, 1860) EP EP IC,PM PM it,st n.a. 0–118 n.a. n.a. n.a. Amphiodia vicina H.L. Clark, 1940 Amphiodia violacea (Lütken, 1856) Amphipholis germinata (Le Conte, 1851) Amphipholis platydisca Nielsen, 1932 EP EP EP EP PM IC PM PM st st st n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. mb n.a. mb n.a. Amphipholis pugetana (Lyman, 1860) Amphiopholis puntarenae (Lütken, 1856) Amphiopholis squamata (delle Chiaje, 1828) Amphiura arcystata H.L. Clark, 1911 Amphiura diomedeae Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiophragmus marginatus (Lütken, 1859) Ophiophragmus ophiactoides Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophiophragmus paucispinus Nielsen, 1932 Ophiophragmus tabogensis Nielsen, 1932 Triodia abdita Clark, 1970 Family OPHIOTRICHIDAE Ophiothela gracilis Nielsen, 1932 Ophiothela mirabilis Verrill, 1867 Ophiothrix spiculata Le Conte, 1851 EP EP P PM PM n.a. st,eb n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [USNM E28248, new record] [53] [USNM E28346, new record] [13] [11, 38] [13, 57, 62, 66] [USNM E28338, new record] [UCR 486, new record] [57, 67] EP G,B,H,N,P PM st n.a. mb [13, 57] EP EP IC PM eb,it,st n.a. 6–849 n.a. n.a. n.a. [53] [UCR 499, new record] EP IC,PM it,st 0–134 n.a. [53] EP PM st n.a. n.a. [70] EP IC it,st 0–134 n.a. [53] EP PM n.a. n.a. n.a. EP IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [USNM E28344, new record] [52] PM PM IC,PM n.a. n.a. eb,it,st n.a. n.a. 0–730 n.a. n.a. cr [13] [2] [6, 13, 53, 59] EP EP EP B ES,P P ES,N,P (continued) 401 EP Echinoderms Ophiactis simplex (Le Conte, 1851) Family AMPHIURIDAE Amphiodia oerstedii (Lütken, 1856) Species Family OPHIACANTHIDAE Ophiacantha phragma Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophiophthalmus normani (Lyman, 1879) Ophiotoma paucispina (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Class ECHINOIDEA Order CIDAROIDA Family CIDARIDAE Centrocidaris doerderleini (A. Agassiz, 1898) Eucidaris galapagensis Döderleini, 1887 Eucidaris thouarsii (Valenciennes, 1846) Hesperocidaris asteriscus Clark, 1948 Hesperocidaris panamensis (A. Agassiz, 1898) Order ECHINOTHURIOIDA Family ECHINOTHURIIDAE Tromikosoma hispidum (A. Agassiz, 1898) 402 Species List 36.2 (continued) Costa Rica Central World b a distribution America Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf References EP IC eb,st 13–644 n.a. [38, 53, 71] EP PM eb 540 n.a. [UCR 500, new record] EP IC eb 1,643–1,974 n.a. [50] IC eb 100–250 n.a. [14, 53] IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [47] EP P EP EP ES,P IC,PM eb,st 0–150 cr EP P PM eb 54–183 mb,rb IC,PM eb 100–600 n.a. [6, 13, 14, 29, 42, 59, 60, 64, 68] [14, UCR 60, UCR 67, new record] [14, 38] IC eb 1,820–2,763 n.a. [53] EP EP P Species List ES,P P PM IC,PM eb,st eb,st 0–37 1–125 mb,rb,sb rb [6, 9, 14, 39, 59] [2, 39, 45, 53] EP ES,P IC,PM eb,st 0–104 cr,rb EP,WP EP,WP IC IC st st 3–5 46 n.a. n.a. [6, 14, 26, 29,30, 59, 64] [46] [46] EP IC eb 1,625–3,241 n.a. [53] EP P IC eb 1,200–3,058 n.a. [53] EP ES,P PM eb,st 0–92 rb [6, 9, 14, 64, UCR 50, UCR 99, new record] EP EP EP P ES,P P IC IC,PM IC,PM st eb,st n.a. 0–300 0–24 n.a. n.a. rb n.a. [13, 64] [6, 8, 14, 62] [46] IC it n.a. n.a. [58] IC,PM eb,st 0–53 cr [6, 13, 37, 53, 54, 64, 67] EP,WP EP CA (continued) 403 Order TEMNOPLEUROIDA Family TOXOPNEUSTIDAE Lytechinus pictus (Verrill, 1867) Toxopneustes roseus (A. Agassiz, 1863) Tripneustes depressus A. Agassiz, 1863 Order ECHINOIDA Family ECHINOMETRIDAE Echinometra oblonga (Blainville, 1825) Echinometra vanbrunti (Linnaeus, 1758) EP EP Echinoderms Order DIADEMATOIDA Family DIADEMATIDAE Astropyga pulvinata (Lamarck, 1816) Centrostephanus coronatus (Verrill, 1867) Diadema mexicanum (A. Agassiz, 1863) Echinothrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758) Echinothrix calamaris (Pallas, 1774) Family ASPIDODIADEMATIDAE Plesiodiadema horridum (A.Agassiz, 1898) Order SALENIOIDA Family SALENIIDAE Salenocidaris miliaris (A.Agassiz, 1898) Order ARBACIOIDA Family ARBACIIDAE Arbacia incisa (A. Agassiz, 1863) Species 404 Species List 36.2 (continued) Costa Rica Central World b a distribution America Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf References EP P IC,PM it 0–110 mb [13, 14, 42, 53, 64] EP EP EP P CA IC IC,PM IC it it it 0–84 0–92 0–92 sb rb n.a. [13, 14, 39, 64] [14, 37, 64] [13] EP EP EP P IC PM PM it it eb 4–8 3–34 3–90 sb sb sb Encope micropora L. Agassiz 1841 EP ES,P IC,PM it 0–30 sb Encope perspectiva L. Agassiz, 1841 Mellitela stokessi L. Agassiz, 1841 Mellita longifissa Michelin, 1858 Order CASSIDULOIDA Family CASSIDULIDAE Cassidulus pacificus (A. Agassiz, 1898) Order SPATANGOIDA Family AEROPSIDAE Aeropsis fulva (A.Agassiz, 1898) Family SCHIZASTERIDAE Agassizia scrobiculata Valenciennes, 1846 EP EP EP ES,P CA PM PM PM it it it 8–25 n.a. 0–60 sb sb sb [14,38] [14] [41, UCR 27, UCR 75, UCR 92, new record] [6, 9, 14, 53, UCR 166, new record] [12, 14] [6, 65] [6, 14, 37, 42, 67] EP PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [pers. obs., new record] EP IC eb 1,974–2,471 n.a. [1] PM eb,st 0–76 sb,rb,mb [6, 14, 42, UCR 160, UCR 168, UCR 169, new record] EP X ES,P Species List Order CLYPEASTEROIDA Family CLYPEASTERIDAE Clypeaster europacificus H.L Cark, 1914 Clypeaster ochrus H.L. Clark, 1914 Clypeaster rotundus (A. Agassiz, 1863) Clypeaster speciosus Verrill, 1870 Family MELLITIDAE Encope cocosi H.L. Clark, 1948 Encope irregularis H.L. Clark, 1948 Encope michelini L. Agassiz, 1841 EP CT EP EP P PM it 20 mb [13, 14, 64] P P IC PM IC,PM IC eb,it,st it it,st it,st 9–1,430 0–45 0–110 50 n.a. sb sb sb [53] [3, 55] [9, 14, 64] [10, 14] IC,PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [13] IC IC eb it,st n.a. 0–200 n.a. sb [1, 52] [9, 13, 14, 64] IC eb 1,952 n.a. [1, 52] EP EP EP P EP EP P PM eb EP ES PM eb tide marks to rb few meters n.a. rb EP EP P PM PM eb it n.a. 1–10 n.a. rb PM PM PM eb,it eb eb 0–73 73 0–183 rb n.a. n.a. [22] [63, new record, pers. obs.] [9, 21, 22] [21, 22] [23] PM eb n.a. n.a. [21, 22] EP EP EP EP P CA [21, 22] [6, 9, 22, 64] (continued) 405 Neothyone gibbosa Deichmann, 1938 Family CUCUMARIIDAE Cucumaria dubiosa Semper, 1868 Cucumaria flamma Solís-Marín & Laguarda-Figueras, 1999 Pentamera chierchia (Ludwig, 1887) Pentamera beebi Deichmann, 1938 Pseudoconus californicus (Semper, 1868) Family PHYLLOPHORORIDAE Euthyonidium ovulum Deichmann, 1938 EP Echinoderms Moira clotho (Michelin, 1855) Family BRISSIDAE Brissopsis pacifica (A.Agassiz, 1898) Brissus latecarinatus (Leske, 1778) Meoma grandis Gray, 1851 Plagiobrissus pacificus H.L. Clark, 1940 Stylocidaris dubia (H.L. Clark, 1907) Family LOVENIIDAE Homolampas hastata (A.Agassiz, 1879) Lovenia cordiformis A. Agassiz, 1872 Family ASTEROSTOMATIDAE Argopatagus aculeata (A.Agassiz, 1898) Class HOLOTHURIA Order DENDROCHIROTA Family SCLERODACTYLIDAE Neothyone gibber (Selenka, 1867) Species 406 Species List 36.2 (continued) Costa Rica Central World b a distribution America Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf References EP ES PM eb shore sb, cr [6, 22] EP EP P IC IC,PM eb eb 11–133 4–37 n.a. n.a. [21, 22, 48, 64] [21, 22] IC eb 225–4,082 n.a. [53] IC,PM IC eb,it n.a. 0–61 n.a. rb n.a. [6, 9, 23, 37, 42, 64] [UCR 354, new record] IC IC,PM n.a. eb,st Shallow water n.a. Shallow water rb n.a. EP Holothuria atra (Jaeger, 1833) Holothuria difficilis (Semper, 1868) Holothuria gyrifer (Selenka, 1867) Holothuria hilla Lesson, 1830 EP,WP EP EP EP P CA IC IC,PM PM IC,PM eb eb,st eb n.a. Shallow water Shore n.a. n.a. n.a. rb,sb n.a. n.a. Holothuria imitans (Ludwig, 1875) Holothuria impatiens (Forskål, 1775) EP EP P ES,P IC IC,PM eb,st eb,st rb cr Holothuria inhabilis Selenka, 1867 Holothuria inornata Semper, 1868 EP EP IC PM eb,st eb Shallow water Shallow water to few meters 1–25 n.a. [4] [21, 24, 26, 32, 41, 49, 64] [23, 38] [23, 36] [2114] [3, UCR 361 new record] [23, 38] [6, 23, 37] n.a. n.a. [21, 23] [21] EP EP EP CA CA Species List Euthyonidium veleronis Deichmann, 1937 Family PSOLIDAE Psolus diomedeae Ludwig, 1894 Thyonepsolus beebi Deichmann, 1937 Order DACTYLOCHIROTIDA Family YPSILOTHURIIDAE Ypsolothuria bitentaculata (Ludwig, 1893) Order ASPIDOCHIROTA Family STICHOPODIDAE Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig,1875) Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867 Family HOLOTHURIDAE Bohadschia? sp. Holothuria arenicola (Semper, 1868) EP EP EP,WP EP EP ES,P P eb,st eb,st it eb,st eb,st Shallow water n.a. n.a. 0–55 n.a. rb rb n.a. mb,rb,sb n.a. [6, 23, 38] [21, 23, 64] [53] [6, 21, 42, 64] [23] IC eb 0–64 cr [23, 38] IC PM eb,st eb,st 1–306 n.a. rb rb [23, 38, 39, 48] [23] PM eb,st Shallow water sb [23, 38] IC IC,PM eb,st eb 55–92 n.a. rb n.a. [29, 23] [6, 21, 23] EP EP IC IC eb eb 725–4,064 n.a. n.a. n.a. [53] [52] EP,WP IC eb 100–5,203 n.a. [53] EP IC eb 1,618–2,487 n.a. [53] EP,WP IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [53] EP IC eb 1,160–4,507 n.a. [53] IC eb,it,st 0–540 n.a. [53] ES P EP EP,CT EP H,P P EP EP,RS,WP EP EP ES P (continued) 407 IC,PM PM IC PM PM Echinoderms Holothuria kefersteini (Selenka, 1867) Holothuria languens (Selenka, 1867) Holothuria leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) Holothuria lubricans Selenka, 1867 Holothuria maccullochi Diechmann, 1958 Holothuria paraprinceps (Deichmann, 1937) Holothuria pardalis Selenka, 1867 Holothuria portovallartensis (Caso, 1954) Holothuria rigida f. atipica (Selenka, 1867) Holothuria theeli (Deichmann, 1938) Labidodemas americanum Deichmann, 1938 Family SYNALLACTIDAE Mesothuria multiples (Ludwig, 1893) Pseudostichopus macdonaldi (Ludwig, 1894) Pseudostichopus mollis Theel, 1886 Order ELASIPODIDA Family DEIMATIDAE Deima validum pacificum Ludwig, 1894 Family PSYCHROPOTIDAE Benthodytes sanguinolenta Theel, 1882 Family ELPIDIIDAE Peniagone vitrea Theel, 1882 Family PELAGOTHURIIDAE Pelagothuria natatrix Ludwig, 1894 Species Order MOLPADONIA Family CAUDINIDAE Paracaudina chilensis (Müller, 1850) Order APODIDA Family SYNAPTIDAE Euapta godeffroyi (Semper 1868) Family CHIRIDOTIDAE Chiridota pacifica Heding, 1928 408 Species List 36.2 (continued) Costa Rica Central World b a distribution America Endemic Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf References EP PM eb 0–10 n.a. [21, 54] PM eb 0–24 cr [36, UCR 112, new record] IC eb n.a. n.a. [UCR 381, new record] EP EP CA n.a. = information not available a ct = circumtropical; EP = eastern Pacific; RS = Red Sea; WP = western Pacific b B = Belize; CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N= Nicaragua; P = Panama c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d bp = bathypelagic eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f cr = coral reefs; ep = epiphytic; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List Species Class SAGITTOIDEA Order MONOPHRAGMOPHORA Family EUKROHNIIDAE Eukrohnia bathypelagica Alvariño, 1962 Eukrohnia fowleri Ritter-Záhony, 1909 Order APHRAGMOPHORA Family KROHNITTIDAE Krohnitta pacifica (Aida, 1897) Family SAGITTIDAE Caecosagitta macrocephala (Fowler, 1904) Mesosagitta minima (Grassi, 1881) Parasagitta tenuis (Conant, 1896) Serratosagitta serratodentata (Krohn, 1853) Solidosagitta zetesios (Fowler, 1905) Family PTEROSAGITTIDAE Pterosagitta draco (Krohn, 1853) World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye ReferencesfS Cp Cp n.a n.a bp,mp bp,mp 200–1,000+ 200–1,000+ wc wc [7] [7] Cp CA ep,mp,n (semi) 0–500 wc [5, 8] Cp Cp EA,EP,WA EA,IO,WA Cp P n.a CA CA n.a bp,mp ep,n (semi) n ep ep,mp 200–1,000+ 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–1,000 wc wc wc wc wc [7] [7] [1, 5, 8] [1, 5, 8] [7] Cp CA ep 0–200 wc [5, 8] Chaetognaths or Arrow Worms Species List 37.1 Chaetognatha effectively recorded in waters of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Taxonomic arrangement and generic names follows classification proposed by Bieri (1991) cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; P = Panama; n.a= information not available c n = neritic; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; bp = bathypelagic d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a 409 Species List 37.2 Chaetognatha effectively recorded in waters of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Taxonomic arrangement and generic names follows classification proposed by Bieri (1991) Referencesf n(semi), ep, mp 0–500 ep, mp 0–500 wc wc [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] [4, 6] ES,G,H,N,P CA ES,G,N,P ES,G,N,P ES,G,H,N,P ES,G,H,N,P H,N ES,G,H,N,P P CA G, P G CA CA CA ES,G,N,P ep ep ep ep ep ep,mp mp ep ep,n ep,n ep ep ep,n ep ep,n ep,n 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–500 200–1000 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 0–200 wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10] [1, 2, 6] [1, 4, 6, 9, 10] [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10] [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10] [4, 9, 10] [1, 2, 6] [1, 6] [3, 5, 6] [1, 6] [1, 3] [5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10] [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10] CA ep 0–200 wc [2, 4, 5, 6] Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Cp Cp CA ES,G,H,N,P IP IP IP IP Cp Cp Cp Cp EP EA,EP,WA EP EP EP IP IP IP Cp Depth (m)d cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; WA = western Atlantic CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N= Nicaragua; P = Panama c ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic d Uppermost and lowermost occurrence (in meters) e wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a b Species List Class SAGITTOIDEA Order APHRAGMOPHORA Family KROHNITTIDAE Krohnitta pacifica (Aida, 1897) Krohnitta subtilis (Grassi, 1881) Family SAGITTIDAE Aidanosagitta neglecta (Aida, 1897) Aidanosagitta regularis (Aida, 1897) Ferosagitta ferox (Doncaster, 1902) Ferosagitta robusta (Doncaster, 1902) Flaccisagtita enflata (Grassi, 1881) Flaccisagitta hexaptera (d’Orbigny, 1836) Mesosagitta decipiens (Fowler, 1905) Mesosagitta minima (Grassi, 1881) Parasagitta euneritica (Alvariño, 1962) Parasagitta friderici (Ritter-Záhony, 1911) Parasagitta peruviana (Sund, 1961) Zonosagitta popovicii (Sund, 1961) Serratosagitta bieri (Alvariño, 1961) Serratosagitta pacifica (Tokioka, 1940) Zonosagitta bedotii (Beraneck, 1895) Zonosagitta pulchra (Doncaster, 1902) Family PTEROSAGITTIDAE Pterosagitta draco (Krohn, 1853) Habitat/ Communitye World distributiona 410 Species Species Class APPENDICULARIA Family OIKOPLEURIDAE Subfamily BATHOCHORDAEINAE Bathocordaeus charon Chun, 1900 Subfamily OIKOPLEURINAE Oikopleura fusiformis Fol, 1872 Oikopleura longicauda (Vogt, 1854) Oikopleura rufescens Fol, 1872 Family FRITILLARIDAE Subfamily FRITILLARINAE Fritillaria formica Fol, 1872 Fritillaria haplostoma Fol, 1872 Costa Rica World distributiona Central America Pacificb Oceanic distributionC Depth (m)d Habitat/ Communitye Referencesf ct n.a. os mp 0–700 wc [1] ct ct ct n.a. n.a. n.a. PM PM PM ep,n ep,n ep,n 0–500 0–300 0–462 cl,wc cl,wc cl,wc * ct ct n.a. n.a. PM PM ep,n ep,n 0–300 0–500 cl,wc cl,wc * Appendicularians (Urochordata) Species List 38.1 List of appendicularian species recorded in Costa Rican waters (eastern tropical Pacific). Systematic arrangement follows that proposed by Fenaux (1998) * * * n.a. = information not available * personal observation a ct = circumtropical b os = offshore; PM = Pacific mainland c ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cl = coastal lagoons; wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 411 Species World distributiona Central Americab UCRc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Car N X mp 240 wc X b 20–35 sb ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 29–42 n.a. n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc Car,EA,EP Car ct Car Car cp Car Car,WP Car Car Car Car Car Car N CA CA CA CA CA CA H CA CA CA P H,N,P Car CA ep n.a. wc ct CA ep n.a. wc ct Car ct CA P CA ep ep ep n.a. n.a. n.a. wc wc wc X X Species List CARTILAGINOUS FISHES Family HEXANCHIDAE Hexanchus vitulus Family GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE Ginglymostoma cirratum Family CARCHARHINIDAE Carcharhinus altimus Carcharhinus falciformis Carcharhinus leucas Carcharhinus limbatus Carcharhinus longimanus Carcharhinus obscurus Carcharhinus plumbeus Carcharhinus signatus Galeocerdo cuvier Negaprion brevirostris Prionace glauca Rhizoprionodon lalandii Rhizoprionodon porosus Family LAMNIDAE Isurus oxyrinchus Family RHINCODONTIDAE Rhincodon typus Family SPHYRNIDAE Sphyrna lewini Sphyma media Sphyma mokarran 412 Species List 39.1 Fishes reported and expected from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Car CA Car Car X ep 6–27 wc N n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Car N eb n.a. mb Car CA n.a. n.a. n.a. WA CA b 6–20 mb WA CA b n.a. mb Car Car WA CA CA CA b b b 1–18 20–24 n.a. mb mb mb WA CA b 12–49 mb WA CA wc n.a. wc WA P b n.a. mb Car WA CA b b n.a. 1–53 mb mb WA CA b n.a. mb WA WA CA CA b b,mb n.a. n.a. mb X X X X X X 413 (continued) Marine Fish Sphyma tiburo Family SCYLIORHINIDAE Scyliorhinus boa Scyliorhinus hesperius Family SQUATINIDAE Squatina dumeril Family SQUALIDAE Squalus cubensis Family RHINOBATIDAE Rhinobatos percellens Family RAJIDAE Raja ackleyi Family DASYATIDAE Dasyatis americana Dasyatis guttatus Himantura schmardae Family UROLOPHIDAE Urolophus jamaicensis Family RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera bonasus Family TORPEDINIDAE Torpedo nobiliana Family NARCINIDAE Diplobatis colombiensis Narcine bancroftii Family GYMNURIDAE Gymnura micrura Family PRISTIDAE Pristis pectinata Pristis pristis Species World distributiona Central Americab ct Car Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf CA CA ep ep n.a. n.a. wc wc cp Car CA CA ep ep n.a. n.a. wc wc Car CA X n 2 wc Car,EA,EP CA X n 1 wc Car Car CA CA X X n n 7–31 6–27 wc wc Car P X b 0.3–2 mb Car WA CA CA X b b n.a. n.a. sb sb WA Car Car CA CA CA X X b b b 2 0.5–7 n.a. sb sb sb WA Car WA CA CA CA X X b b b 0.3–8 0.5–8 n.a. cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb UCRc Species List Family MYLIOBATIDAE Aetobatus narinari Myliobatis goodie Family MOBULIDAE Manta birostris Mobula hypostoma BONY FISHES Family ELOPIDAE Elops saurus Family MEGALOPIDAE Megalops atlanticus Family ALBULIDAE Albula nemoptera Albula vulpes Family ANGUILLIDAE Anguilla rostrata Family MORINGUIDAE Moringa edwardsi Neoconger mucronatus Family CHLOPSIDAE Chilorhinus suensoni Kaupichthys hyoproroides Kaupichthys nuchalis Family MURAENIDAE Echidna catenata Enchelycore nigricans Enchelocyne carychroa 414 Species List 39.1 (continued) Car Car Car Car Car WA WA CA CA CA CA CA P CA Car X X X X X X b b b b b b b 0.3–2 0.5–8 0.3–35 12–33 0.5–7 n.a. 0.5–3 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb mb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb X b n.a. mb Car H,N,P X eb n.a. mb WA CA X eb 0.5–3 mb Car Car P H b b n.a. n.a. mb mb WA Car WA WA WA Car Car Car Car CA b b b b b b b b b 0.5–8 3 n.a. 3 0.4–2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb Car WA Car CA CA CA n n n 11–91 2 n.a. wc wc wc CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X X 415 (continued) Marine Fish Gymnothorax funebris Gymnothorax miliaris Gymnothorax moringa Gymnothorax ocellatus Gymnothorax vicinus Muraena robusta Uropterygius macularius Family HETERENCHELYIDAE Pythonichthys sanguineus Family MURAENESOCIDAE Cynoponticus savanna Family NETASTOMATIDAE Hoplunnis macrura Family CONGRIDAE Ariosoma anale Ariosoma balearicum Family OPHICHTHIDAE Ahlia egmontis Caralophia loxochila Echiophis intertinctus Myrophis platyrhynchus Myrophis punctatus Myrichthys ocellatus Myrichthys breviceps Ophichthys gomesi Ophicththys ophis Family CLUPEIDAE Harengula clupeola Harengula humeralis Harengula jaguana Species World distributiona Central Americab UCRc Car Car WA Car Car,WP Car CA CA H,N,P CA CA CA X WA WA WA CA P P X X Car Car Car Car Car Car WA Car WA Car Car WA CA CA H CA CA CA CA CA G,P CA CA P WA WA Car CA B CA X X X X X Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf n n n n n n 2 n.a. n.a. 1–18 n.a. n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc n n P 18 18 n.a. wc wc wc n n n n n n n n n n n n n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 6–55 n.a. 15 n.a. n.a. n.a. 6–27 n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc b b b 18–110 n.a. 180–192 sb sb sb Species List Jenkinsia lamprotaenia Jenkinsia majua Jenkinsia stolifera Opisthonema oglinum Sardinella aurita Sardinela brasiliensis Family PRISTIGASTERIDAE Chirocentrodon bleekerianus Pellona harroweri Odontognathus compressus Family ENGRAULIDAE Anchoa colonensis Anchoa cubana Anchoa filifera Anchoa lamprotenia Anchoa lyolepis Anchoa parva Anchoa spinifer Anchovia clupeoides Anchoviella elongata Anchoviella perfasciata Cetengraulis edentulis Lycengraulis grossidens Family SYNODONTIDAE Saurida brasiliensis Saurida caribbaea Saurida normani 416 Species List 39.1 (continued) WA WA WA WA WA CA CA N CA CA Car WA WA WA WA Car n.a. WA WA CA P N P WA WA WA WA WA WA WA CA CA H,N P CA CA P Car Car WA Car WA CA CA CA P CA CA X X X X X X X X X CA X X X X X X X X b b b b b 7–20 0.5–8 11–33 0.5–8 18–35 sb sb sb sb sb b b b b b b mb mb mb mb mb mb b b n.a. n.a. 15–18 n.a. n.a. 11–20 n.a. n.a. n.a. b b b b b b b n.a. n.a. 15–18 2–6 11–75 n.a. 18–110 sb sb sb sb sb sb sb b b b b b 1.3 0.5–8 n.a. n.a. 0.3–8 rb rb rb rb rb Marine Fish Synodus foetens Synodon intermedius Synodon poeyi Synodon synodus Trachinocephalus myops Family ARIIDAE Ariopsis assimilis Ariopsis bonillai Arius melanopus Arius proops Bagre bagre Bagre marinus Cathorops melanopus Cathorops spixii Selanaspis herzbergii Family BATRACHOIDIDAE Amphichthys cryptocentrus Batrachoides gilberti Batrachoides surinamensis Porichthys plectrodon Porichthys porosissimus Sanopus barbatus Thalassophryne maculosa Family GOBIESOCIDAE Acyrtops beryllina Arcos rubiginosus Gobiesox punctulatus Rimicola brevis Tomicodon fasciatus mb mb 417 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab UCRc Car WA WA WA CA CA CA CA X Car WA Car WA Car WA CA CA CA H,N,P CA N WA H WA WA WA WA Car CA CA CA CA WA Car WA WA H CA Car CA Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf b b b n 0.5–2 35–55 6–18 n.a. rb rb rb wc b b b b b b 33–44 110 15 12–49 15 180–192 sb sb sb sb sb mb n.a. 180–220 wc b b b b b n.a. 11–31 n.a. 1–8 0.5–2 sb sb sb sb sb X X b b b b n.a. n.a. 1–2 n.a. sb sb rb X n 0.4–1 c X X X X X X X X X X Species List Family ANTENNARIIDAE Antennarius multiocellatus Antennarius ocellatus Antennarius striatus Histrio histrioi Family OGCOCEPHALIDAE Halieutichthys aculeatus Halieutichthys caribbaeus Ogcocephalus nasutus Ogcocephalus parvus Ogcocephalus pumilus Zalieutes mcgintyi Family BREGMACEROTIDAE Bregmaceros atlanticus Family OPHIDIIDAE Brotula barbata Lepophidium brevibarbe Ophidion holbrookii Parophidion schmidti Petrotyx sanguineus Family BYTHITIDAE Calamopteryx goslinei Dinematichthys minyomma Ogilbia cayorum Ogilbia sp. Family CARAPIDAE Carapus bermudensis 418 Species List 39.1 (continued) Car,EA Car WA Car CA CA CA CA ep ep ep ep 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. wc wc wc wc Car,EA Car Car Car,EP,IO Car Car Car CA CA CA CA CA CA CA ep ep ep ep ep ep ep 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 wc wc wc wc wc wc wc ct ct WA WA Car ct ct CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X ep ep ep ep ep ep ep 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 wc wc wc wc wc wc wc Car CA X n 0.5–7 wc Car WA Car Car Car Car P CA P CA CA H,N n n n n n n n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 8 n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc X X X X 419 (continued) Marine Fish Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE Hemiramphus balao Hemiramphus brasiliensis Hyporhamphus roberti Hyporhamphus unifasciatus Family EXOCOETIDAE Cypselurus cyanopterus Cypselurus furcatus Cypselurus melanurus Exocoetus obtusirostris Exocoetus volitans Hirundichthys affinis Parexocoetus hillianus Family BELONIDAE Ablennes hians Platybelone argalus Strongylura marina Strongylura notata Strongylura timucu Tylosurus acus Tylosurus crocodilus Family ATHERINIDAE Atherinomorus stipes Family ATHERINOPSIDAE Atherinella beani Atherinella blackburni Atherinella chagresi Atherinella milleri Melanorhinus microps Membras sp. Species World distributiona Central Americab UCRc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf WA CA X n.a. 256 n.a. Car Car Car Car Car WA Car Car Car CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb 0.5–3 2–35 2–8 180 n.a. n.a. 0.5–8 4–8 1–4 cr,rb rb, cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb WA P X n.a. 256 n.a. Car CA X n 3–35 wc Car Car CA CA X ep ep n.a. 2–49 wc wc Car n.a. Car WA WA WA WA CA CA CA P P P B b b b b b b b 3–4 n.a. 33–49 33–49 0.4 0.4–0.5 n.a. sb,rb sb,rb rb,rub rb,rub sb,rb sb,rb sb,rb X X X X X X Species List Family POLYMIXIIDAE Polymixia nobilis Family HOLOCENTRIDAE Holocentrus ascensionis Holocentrus rufus Myripristis jacobus Myripristis trachypoma Neoniphon marianus Ostichthys trachypoma Plectrypops retrospinis Sargocentron coruscus Sargocentron vexillarium Family ZENIONTIDAE Zenion hololepis Family AULOSTOMIDAE Aulostomus maculatus Family FISTULARIIDAE Fistularia petimba Fistularia tabacaria Family SYNGNATHIDAE Bryx dunckeri Cosmocampus elucens Hippocampus erectus Hippocampus reidi Oosthethus brachyurus Pseudophallus mindii Syngnathus caribbaeus 420 Species List 39.1 (continued) Car Car Car P WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA Car Car WA Car H,P CA CA CA CA CA N CA CA CA CA CA WA WA WA WA WA Car Car WA WA WA CA CA H H,N N N,H CA N CA CA Car CA X P X X X X X X X X X b b b n.a. n.a. n.a. sb,rb sb,rb sb,rb b b b b b b b b b b b b 180–256 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 6–49 6–33 1–4 6–55 1–73 1–8 18 rub,cr rub,cr rub,cr rub,cr rub,cr rub,cr rub,cr rub,cr rub,cr rub,cr rub,cr rub,cr b b b b b b b b b b 180 n.a. n.a. n.a. 12–40 12–35 7–18 12–40 n.a. n.a. rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb b,rub,sb rub,sb b 2–35 rub,sb 421 (continued) Marine Fish Syngnathus floridae Syngnathus pelagicus Syngnathus scovelli Family SCORPAENIDAE Neomerinthe beanorum Pontinus longispinus Scorpaena albifimbria Scorpaena bergii Scorpaena brachyptera Scorpaena brasiliensis Scorpaena calcarata Scorpaena grandicornis Scorpaena isthmensis Scorpaena plumieri Scorpenodes caribbaeus Scorpenodes tredecimspinosus Family TRIGLIDAE Bellator brachychir Bellator militaris Bellator ribeiroi Prionotus beani Prionotus evolans ? Prionotus ophryas Prionotus punctatus Prionotus roseus Prionotus scitulus Prionotus stearnsi Family DACTYLOPTERIDAE Dactylopterus volitans Species World distributiona Central Americab UCRc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf Car Car Car Car CA CA CA CA X X X X n n n n 0.3–6 n.a. 0.2–28 0.3–2 m,cl m,cl m,cl m,cl Car Car Car Car Car,EA Car Car Car Car Car Car WA WA WA WA WA Car WA n.a. Car WA Car CA CA CA CA CA CA P P CA CA CA H P CA CA CA CA CA n.a. CA CA CA X X X X X X eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb n eb eb eb n n eb eb eb eb eb eb 2 0.5–8 0.5–8 n.a. n.a. 2–35 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 11–180 35–55 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 12–40 11–18 11–75 2–12 11–15 7–10 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb mb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub wc rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub wc wc rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub X X X X X X X Species List Family CENTROPOMIDAE Centropomus ensiferus Centropomus paralellus Centropomus pectinatus Centropomus undecimalis Family SERRANIDAE Alphestes afer Cephalopholis cruentata Cephalopholis fulva Diplectrum bivitattum Epinephelus adscencionis Epinephelus guttatus Epinephelus itajara Epinephelus morio Epinephelus niveatus Epinephelus striatus Hemanthias vivanus Hypoplectrus puella Mycteroperca acutirostris Mycteroperca bonaci Paranthias furcifer Pronotogrammus martinicensis Serranus annularis Serranus atrobranchus Serranus baldwini Serranus flaviventris Serranus phoebe Serranus tigrinus 422 Species List 39.1 (continued) Car N X eb 12–35 rb,rub Car EA,WA WA Car,EA WA CA CA P CA CA X X X X eb eb eb eb eb 0.5–8 12–40 7–20 0.5–8 0.5–8 rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rub,mb rb,rub WA CA X eb n.a. rb,rub ct Car,EA WA CA CA CA X n n n n.a. 31–49 n.a. wc wc wc EA,WA WA WA WA WA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X eb eb eb eb eb 11–75 0.5–8 8 2–12 0.5–8 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb Car WA N CA X n b? n.a. 2–8 wc sb cp CA X 7–240 wc ct CA X n 4–7 wc cp cp CA CA ep ep n.a. n.a. wc wc 423 (continued) Marine Fish Serranus tortugarum Family GRAMMISTIDAE Pseudogramma gregoryi Rypticus bistripinus Rypticus randalli Rypticus saponaceus Rypticus subbifrenatus Family GRAMMATIDAE Gramma loreto Family PRIACANTHIDAE Heteropriacanthus cruentatus Priacanthus arenatus Pristigenys alta Family APOGONIDAE Apogon affinis Apogon maculates Apogon townsendi Astrapogon stellatus Phaeptyx pigmentaria Family MALACANTHIDAE Caulolatilus cyanops Malacanthus plumieri Family RACHYCENTRIDAE Rachycentron canadum Family ECHENEIDAE Echeneis naucrates Family CORYPHAENIDAE Coryphaena hippurus Coryphaena equiselis Family CARANGIDAE Species World distributiona Central Americab UCRc ct Car Car WA ct Car,EA Car Car Car Car ct Car ct WA WA Car ct Car Car ct ct Car Car Car Car WA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA G H CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X Car CA X X X X X X X X Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n 6–64 2 15 2 0.2–30 1–6 2–6 9–31 n.a. 35–49 n.a. 2–18 15 n.a. 15 n.a. n.a. 11–31 1–6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc eb 1–2 m,sg Species List Alectis ciliaris Caranx bartholomaei Caranx crysos Caranx fusus Caranx hippos Caranx latus Caranx rubber Chloroscombrus chrysurus Decapterus macarellus Decapterus punctatus Elagatis bipinnulatus Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus Naucrates doctor Oligoplites palometa Oligoplites saliens Oligoplites saurus Selar crumenophthalmus Selene setapinnis Selene vomer Seriola dumerili Seriola rivoliana Seriola zonata Trachinotus carolinus Trachinotus falcatus Trachinotus goodie Trachiurus lathami Family LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus analis 424 Species List 39.1 (continued) Car Car Car Car,EA Car Car Car Car Car Car,EA Car WA Car Car CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA P,B G,P CA X X X X X X cp CA WA Car Car Car WA Car WA Car Car CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X Car Car Car CA CA CA X X X X X X X eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb n.a. eb eb 0.3–3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.5–7 0.3–76 2–49 n.a. 1–35 18 n.a. n.a. n.a. sg,sb rb m,rb m,sb rb sb,sg n.a. sb sb wc n.a. n.a. n.a. sb eb n.a. wc eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb n.a. n.a. 2 2–31 n.a. 0.2–18 0–3 1–7 n.a. mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb eb eb 2–4 2–8 1–18 mb rb mb 425 (continued) Marine Fish Lutjanus apodus Lutjanus bucanella Lutjanus cyanopterus Lutjanus griseus Lutjanus jocu Lutjanus mahogany Lutjanus purpureus Lutjanus synagris Lutjanus vivanus Ocyurus chrysurus Pristipomoides aquilonaris Pristipomoides freemani Pristipomoides macrophthalmus Rhomboplites aurorubens Family LOBOTIDAE Lobotes surinamensis Family GERREIDAE Diapterus auratus Diapterus rhombeus Eucinostomus argenteus Eucinostomus gula Eucinostomus harengulus Eucinostomus melanopterus Eugerres brasilianus Eugerres plumieri Gerres cinereus Family HAEMULIDAE Anisostremus surinamensis Anisostremus virginicus Conodon nobilis Species World distributiona Central Americab Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car WA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA H WA WA Car Car Car WA CA CA CA CA CA CA Car Car WA CA CA N UCRc X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf eb eb V eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb n.a. 2–49 2–6 0.5–4 n.a. 1–8 0.5–8 n.a. 0.5–8 2–12 2 2–18 n.a. 7–18 0.4–2 n.a. rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb mb sb mb eb eb eb eb eb eb n.a. n.a. n.a. 6–27 18–49 n.a. sb sb sb sb sb sb eb eb eb 7–37 2–18 11–31 mb mb mb Species List Haemulon album Haemulon aurolineatum Haemulon bonariense Haemulon carbonarium Haemulon chrysargyreum Haemulon flavolineatum Haemulon macrostomum Haemulon melanurum Haemulon parrai Haemulon plumieri Haemulon sciurus Haemulon steindachneri Haemulon striatum Haemulopsis corvinaeformis Pomadasys croco Orthopristis rubber Family SPARIDAE Archosargus probatocephalus Archosargus rhomboidalis Calamus bajonado Calamus penna Calamus pennatula Pagrus pagrus Family SCIAENIDAE Bairdiella ronchus Corvula sanctaeluciae Ctenosciaena gracilicirrhus 426 Species List 39.1 (continued) WA Car WA WA WA Car WA Car Car WA Car Car WA WA WA Car WA WA WA Car WA WA Car Car P CA P N CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA P P CA CA CA P P P H CA P Car Car Car Car CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X X X X eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb n.a. eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb n.a. 7–18 n.a. 15 n.a. 8–10 n.a. 7–18 7–18 n.a. 2–18 2–8 n.a. 15–18 n.a. 1–8 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 9–20 n.a. mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb n.a. mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb eb eb eb eb 2–4 n.a. n.a. 11–18 cr sb sb,mb sb 427 (continued) Marine Fish Cynoscion acoupa Cynoscion jamaicensis Cynoscion leiarchus Cynoscion virescens Equetus lanceolatus Equetus punctatus Isopisthus parvipinnis Larimus breviceps Menticirrhus americanus Menticirrhus littoralis Micropogonias furnieri Odontoscion dentex Ophioscion punctatissimus Paralonchurus brasiliensis Paraloncherus trewavasae Pareques acuminatus Pareques iwamotoi Pareques umbrosus Protsciaena bathytatos Stellifer colonensis Stellifer stellifer Stellifer venezuelae Umbrina broussonnetii Umbrina coroides Family MULLIDAE Mulloidichthys martinicus Mullus auratus Pseudupeneus maculatus Upeneus parvus Species World distributiona Central Americab UCRc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf WA CA X n 0.5–2 wc Car Car CA CA X X n.a. n 2 1–2 wc wc Car CA X eb 6–18 wc Car WA WA EA,WA Car,WA CA CA CA CA X X X eb eb eb eb eb 2–8 0.5–35 n.a. 0.5–35 n.a. cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb Car Car Car Car Car,EA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X eb eb eb eb eb 12 2–8 8 2–35 2–4 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb Car Car Car Car EA,WA Car EA,WA Car WA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA it,st it,st n n it,st it,st it,st it,st it,st 0.3–7 0.3–8 8–10 2–8 0.5–8 1–8 0.5–8 0.5–8 2–7 cr,rb cr,rb wc wc cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb X X X X X X X X Species List Family PEMPHERIDAE Pempherus schomburgki Family KYPHOSIDAE Kyphosus incisor Kyphosus sectatrix Family EPHIPPIDAE Chaetodipterus faber Family CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon capistratus Chaetodon ocellatus Chaetodon sedentarius Chaetodon striatus Prognathodes aculeatus Family POMACANTHIDAE Centropyge argi Holacanthus ciliaris Holocathus tricolor Pomacanthus arcuatus Pomacanthus paru Family POMACENTRIDAE Abudefduf saxatilis Abudefduf taurus Chromis cyanea Chromis multilineata Microspathodon chrysurus Stegastes adustus Stegastes leucostictus Stegastes planifrons Stegastes variabilis 428 Species List 39.1 (continued) Car CA X b 3–8 rb,rub WA WA ct Car,EP WA Car Car CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X n n st st st st st n.a. n.a. 0.2 n.a. 2 n.a. n.a. rb rb cl,m,sb cl,m,sb cl,m,sb cl,m,sb cl,m,sb Car,EA Car,EA Car CA CA CA X X X n n n 2 4–15 18–22 wc wc wc WA Car CA CA X b b n.a. 1–18 sb sb Car Car WA Car WA WA WA WA Car Car Car,EA,Med CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA st st st st st n.a. 0.5–8 n.a. 2–4 0.5–2 n.a. 7–10 0.3–8 0.5–8 0.5–3 n.a. cr,rb rb rb cr cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb sb X X X X X X st st st st st 429 (continued) Marine Fish Family CIRRHITIDAE Amblycirrhitus pinos Family MUGILIDAE Agonostomus monticola Joturus pichardi Mugil cephalus Mugil curema Mugil incilis Mugil lisa Mugil trichodon Family SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena barracuda Sphyraena guachancho Sphyraena borealis Family POLYNEMIDAE Polydactylus octonemus Polydactylus virginicus Family LABRIDAE Bodianus pulchellus Bodianus rufus Decodon puellaris Doratonotus megalepis Halichoeres bivittatus Halichoeres caudalis Halichoeres garnoti Halichoeres maculipinna Halichoeres poeyi Halichoeres radiatus Hemipteronotus novacula Species World distributiona Central Americab UCRc WA Car EA,WA WA WA WA CA CA CA CA CA CA Car Car Car Car Car Car,EA Car Car Car Car Car,EA Car,EA Car CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA Car Car Car n.a. CA CA CA WA CA Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf X X X st st st st st st 4 n.a. 0.3–8 n.a. n.a. n.a. sb rb cr,rb sb sb sb X X X st st st st st st st st st st st st st 6–31 2 n.a. 2–3 3 n.a. 1–8 8–44 0.5–8 1–31 0.5–4 0.5–8 cl,sb,sg rb rb rb rb,sg rb rb rb rb rb rb rb,sg rb,sg b b b b 180 6–7 n.a. 1–7 n.a. sb sb sb n.a. 18 n.a. X X X X X X X X X X Species List Hemipteronotus splendens Lachnolaimus maximus Thalassoma bifasciatum Xyrichtys martinicensis Xyrichtys novacula Xyrichtys splendens Family SCARIDAE Cryptotomus roseus Nicholsina usta Scarus coelestinus Scarus coeruleus Scarus iseri Scarus guacamaia Scarus taeniopterus Scarus vetula Sparisoma aurofrenatum Sparisoma chrysopterum Sparisoma radians Sparisoma rubripinne Sparisoma viride Family OPISTOGNATHIDAE Lonchistium lemur Lonchopisthus higmani Opistognathus macrognathus Opistognathus maxillosus Family PERCOPHIDAE Bembrops anatirostris 430 Species List 39.1 (continued) WA Car WA WA WA Car CA P CA CA,B CA B,P X b b b 12 n.a. 0.5–4 n.a. 0.5–7 n.a. sb sb sb sb sb sb X b WA WA H H b b n.a. 180 sb sb WA Car WA WA WA WA Car WA CA CA CA P CA CA CA CA X X X b b b b b b b b 0.5–8 n.a. 2 8 0.5–3 n.a. 0.5–4 0.5–8 rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb Car Car Car Car CA CA CA CA X X X X b b b b 7–8 2–8 0.5–8 0.5–8 rb rb rb rb WA Car WA Car WA CA CA CA B CA X b b b b b 1–4 2–8 n.a. n.a. 0.5–3 rb rb rb rb rb X X X 431 (continued) Marine Fish Family DACTYLOSCOPIDAE Dactyloscopus crossotus Dactyloscopus peratikos Dactyloscopus tridigitatus Gillelus greyae Gillelus rubrocinctus Gillelus uranidea Family URANOSCOPIDAE Astroscopus y-graecum Kathetostoma cubana Family BLENNIIDAE Entomacrodus nigricans Hypleurochilus bermudensis Hypleurochilus springeri Hypsoblennius invemar Lupinoblennius nicholsi Lupinoblennius vinctus Ophioblennius atlanticus Scartella cristata Family TRIPTERYGIIDAE Enneanectes altivelis Enneanectes atrorus Enneanectes boehlkei Enneanectes pectoralis Family LABRISOMIDAE Labrisomus bucciferus Labrisomus gobio Labrisomus guppyi Labrisomus haitiensis Labrisomus kalisherae Species World distributiona Central Americab WA EA,WA WA WA Car WA WA Car Car Car WA WA Car Car Car CA CA CA CA H CA P CA CA H CA CA P CA H Car WA WA Car Car Car Car WA Car Car Car CA CA P CA CA CA CA P CA H H UCRc X X X X X X X X X X X X Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b n.a. 0.5–4 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1–8 n.a. 0.5–8 1–30 n.a. n.a. 1–4 n.a. 0.5–7 n.a. rb rb n.a. rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb b b b b b b b b b b b 8 7–8 0.5–8 n.a. n.a. n.a. 2–8 1–4 n.a. n.a. n.a. rb rb rb rb sb sb rb n.a. n.a. sb sb Species List Labrisomus nigricinctus Labrisomus nuchipinnis Malacoctenus aurolineatus Melacoctenus delalandi Melacoctenus gilli Melacoctenus triangulatus Malacoctenus sp. Paraclinus cingulatus Paraclinus fasciatus Paraclinus grandicornis Paraclinus marmoratus Paraclinus nigripinnis Starksia occidentalis Starksia sluiteri Starksia starcki Family CHAENOPSIDAE Acanthemblemaria aspera Acanthe betinensis Acanthe rivasi Acanthe spinosa Chaenopsis limbaughi Chaenopsis ocellata Coralliozetus cardonae Ekemblemaria nigra Emblemaria pandionis Emblemaria hyltoni Hemiemblemaria simulus 432 Species List 39.1 (continued) Car Car CA H X b b 2 n.a. rb rb WA WA WA WA WA WA CA CA CA CA CA P X X X b b b b b b n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. mb mb,rb mb,rb mb rb,sb sb WA Car Car,EA WA Car WA Car WA Car WA WA WA WA Car Car WA Car WA WA WA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA P CA CA CA CA CA P CA P CA b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b n.a. b 1 n.a. 0.5–6 n.a. 0.5–8 n.a. n.a. 1–2 0.3–2 2–8 4 1–3 0.3–2 n.a. 0.5–8 n.a. n.a. 7–18 8 n.a. n.a. sb,mb rb mb sb sb sb sb sb sb mb mb sb n.a. rb sb mb sb mb mb X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 433 (continued) Marine Fish Stathmonotus gymnodermis Stathmonotus stahli Family ELEOTRIDAE Dormitator maculatus Eleotris amblyoposis Eleotris pisonis Erotelis smaragdus Gobiomorus dormitor Guavina guavina Family GOBIIDAE Barbulifer ceuthoecus Bathygobius mystacium Bathygobius soporator Bollmannia boqueronensis Coryphopterus dicrus Corythopterus glaucofraenum Corythopterus lipernes Ctenogobius boleosoma Ctenogonius fasciatus Ctenogonius saepepallens Elacatinus illecebrosum Elacatinus multifasciatum Evorthodus lyricus Ginsburgellus novemlineatus Gnatholepis thompsoni Gobioides broussonetti Gobionellus hildebrandi Gobionellus oceanicus Gobionellus spilotum Gobiosoma spes Species World distributiona Central Americab WA WA Car Car Car WA WA WA WA WA WA CA CA CA CA CA N P P CA H H WA Car Car CA CA P Car Car Car CA CA CA Car CA cp cp Car,EA,Med cp WA CA CA CA CA CA Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf b b b b b b b b b b b n.a. n.a. n.a. 8 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.5–8 n.a. n.a. sb mb rb rb sb sb mb n.a. rb n.a. n.a. b b b n.a. n.a. n.a. mb,sb mb mb X X X st st st 0.5–8 0.3–8 0.5–7 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb X n 11–46 wc X ep ep ep ep ep n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4–40 wc wc wc wc wc UCRc X X X Species List Gobulus myersi Lophogobius cyprinoides Lythrypnus mowbrayi Lythrypnus nesiotes Lythrypnus phorellus Microgobius signatus Nes longus Palatogobius paradoxus Priolepis hipoliti Psilotris batrachoides Psilotris kaufmani Family MICRODESMIDAE Cerdale floridana Microdesmus carri Microdesmus luscus Family ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus bahianus Acanthurus chirurgus Acanthurus coerulus Family TRICHIURIDAE Trichiurus lepturus Family SCOMBRIDAE Acanthocybium solandri Auxis rochei Euthynnus alletteratus Katsuwonus pelamis Scomberomorus brasiliensis 434 Species List 39.1 (continued) ct Car ct CA CA CA ep ep ep n.a. n.a. n.a. wc wc wc WA WA CA CA ep ep n.a. n.a. wc wc ct CA X ep 240 wc Car CA X n 18 wc Car Car WA WA WA WA CA CA CA CA CA CA b b b b b b n.a. n.a. 1–35 n.a. 18 n.a. sb sb sb sb mb mb WA WA WA WA WA WA Car WA WA EP,WA WA WA N H CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA P CA b b b b b b b b b b b b n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.2–20 1–2 9–60 35 n.a. n.a. 15–20 sb mb sb sb sb mb mb mb mb sb mb mb X X X X X X X 435 (continued) Marine Fish Thunnus albacares Thunnus atlanticus Thunnus obesus Family ISTIOPHORIDAE Istioiphorus albicans Tetrapturus albidus Family GEMPYLIDAE Ruvettus pretiosus Family STROMATEIDAE Peprilus paru Family BOTHIDAE Bothus lunatus Bothus maculiferus Bothus ocellatus Bothus robinsi Engyophrys senta Trichopsetta caribbea Family PARALICHTHYIDAE Ancylopsetta cycloidea Citharichthys arctifrons Citharichthys gymnorhinus Citharichthys cornutus Citharichthys macrops Citharichthys spilopterus Citharichthys uhleri Cyclopsetta chittendeni Cyclopsetta fimbriata Etropus crossotus Paralichthys albigutta Syacium gunteri Species World distributiona Central Americab UCRc EA,WA WA CA CA n.a. WA WA Car WA WA CA CA CA CA Car Car Car Car WA Car WA Car CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA Car,EA Car,EA Ct WA Car,EA,EP WA CA CA CA CA CA CA Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf X b b 2–15 2–31 mb mb X X X X n.a. b b b b b n.a. 1–20 6 1 n.a. 0.4–18 n.a. mb mb mb mb mb b b b b b b b b n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 9–20 n.a. mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb n n n n n n 2–31 0.5–49 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. cr,rb cr,rb wc wc cr,rb wc X X X Species List Syacium micrurum Syacium papillosum Family ACHIRIDAE Achirus declivifrons Achirus lineatus Gymnachirus nudus Trinectes inscriptus Trinectes maculates Trinectes paulistamus Family CYNOGLOSSIDAE Symphurus arawak Symphurus caribbeanus Symphurus diomedianus Symphurus marginatus Symphurus parvus Symphurus pelicanus Symphurus plagusia Symphurus tessellatus Family BALISTIDAE Balistes capriscus Balistes vetula Canthidermis maculata Canthidermis sufflamen Melichthys niger Xanthichthys ringens 436 Species List 39.1 (continued) CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA WA Car,EA Car Car Car CA CA CA CA CA Car,EA Car,EA ct WA Car Car ct Car Car WA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA H Car WA Car ct CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X X n n n n n n n n n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2–35 6–35 n.a. n.a. wc wc f,wc wc rb wc wc wc n eb eb eb eb n.a. 6–35 2–3 0.5–2 35 cr,rb cr,rb rb rb rb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb 0.5–44 6 n.a. 12–31 12 6 n.a. 2–35 2 n.a. cr,rb n.a. n.a. mb mb mb n.a. mb mb n.a. eb eb eb eb 12 7–35 n.a. n.a. rb rb rb rb (continued) 437 EA,WA WA Car WA Car,EA Car,EA WA Car Marine Fish Family MONACANTHIDAE Alutera heudolotii Alutera monoceros Alutera schoepfii Alutera scriptus Cantherhines pullus Monacanthus ciliatus Stephanolepis hispidus Stephanolepis setifer Family OSTRACIONTIDAE Acanthostracion polygonius Acanthostracion quadricornis Lactophrys trigonus Lactophrys triqueter Rhinesomus bicaudalis Family TETRAODONTIDAE Canthigaster rostrate Lagocephalus laevigatus Lagocephalus lagocephalus Sphoeroides dorsalis Sphoeroides greeleyi Sphoeroides nephelus Sphoeroides pachygaster Sphoeroides spengleri Sphoeroides testudineus Sphoeroides yergeri Family DIODONTIDAE Chilomycterus antennatus Chilomycterus antillarum Diodon hystrix Diodon holocanthus 438 Species List 39.1 (continued) Species World distributiona Central Americab Family MOLIDAE Mola mola Ranzania laevis ct ct CA CA UCRc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf ep ep n.a. n.a. wc wc n.a.= information not available a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c UCR: X = specimens deposited at University of Costa Rica (Museo de Zoología) d b= benthic; eb epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences in Costa Rican samples (trawl, seine, ichthyocide, etc.). f c = commensal; cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; f = flotsam; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; wc = water column Species List Species CARTILAGINOUS FISHES Family HETERODONTIDAE Heterodontus mexicanus Family LAMNIDAE Carcharodon carcharias Family ALOPIIDAE Alopias superciliosus Alopias vulpinus Alopias pelagicus Family GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE Ginglymostoma cirratum Family RHINCODONTIDAE Rhincodon typus Family TRIAKIDAE Mustelus dorsalis Mustelus lunulatus Family CARCHARHINIDAE Carcharhinus albimarginatus Carcharhinus altimus Carcharhinus falciformis Carcharhinus galapagensis Carcharhinus leucas Carcharhinus limbatus Carcharhinus porosus Carcharhinus signatus Galeocerdo cuvier Costa Rica World distributiona Central America UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf EP CA X PM b 46–72 rb,sb ct CA IC mp n.a. wc n.a. n.a. n.a. CA CA CA X X PM PM,IC PM n n n 180 51 n.a. wc wc wc EP,EA,WA CA X PM b 35–55 sb ct CA PM,IC ep n.a. wc n.a. n.a. CA CA X X PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. 10–194 wc wc IP,EP ct ct ct EP,WA ct EP,WA n.a. ct CA CA CA CA CA CA CA H,N,P CA X PM,IC PM IC IC PM PM,IC PM PM PM,IC ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3–27 10–56 n.a. n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc b X X X X X 439 (continued) Marine Fish Species List 39.2 Fishes reported and expected from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Species Costa Rica World distributiona Central America UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf EP ct ct IP,EP CA CA CA P X PM PM PM,IC PM,IC ep ep ep b n.a. n.a. 3–36 13 wc wc wc sb EP ct EP,WA ct EP,WA ct CA CA CA CA CA CA X X PM PM,IC PM PM,IC PM PM ep ep ep ep ep ep 15–48 36 n.a. n.a. 6–27 n.a. wc wc wc wc n.a. n.a. n.a. CA X PM n.a. 770–880 n.a. n.a. CA X PM ep 275–329 eb n.a. CA X PM b 80 b ct CA X PM b n.a. mb,sb EP EP EP EP CA CA X X X X PM PM PM,IC PM b b b b n.a. 9–64 n.a. 5–82 mb mb mb mb EP EP P CA PM PM b b n.a. 15–90 mb mb b CA X X X Species List Nasolamia velox Negaprion brevirostris Rhizoprionodon longurio Triaenodon obesus Family SPHYRNIDAE Sphyrna corona Sphyrna lewinii Sphyrna media Sphyrna mokarran Sphyrna tiburo Sphyrna zygaena Family DALATIIDAE Centroscylllum nigrum Family ECHINORHINIDAE Echinorhinus cookei Family SQUATINIDAE Squatina californica Family PRISTIDAE Pristis pristis Family RHINOBATIDAE Rhinobatos glaucostigma Rhinobatos leucorhyncus Rhinobatos planiceps Zapteryx xyster Family RAJIDAE Raja badia Raja cortezensis 440 Species List 39.2 (continued) EP EP EP CA CA CA X X X PM PM PM b b b 20–91 15–91 36–91 mb mb mb EP EP EP IP,EP CA CA CA X X X PM PM PM IC b b b eb 0–20 n.a. n.a. 10–20 mb mb mb sb EP EP CA CA X X PM PM b b n.a. n.a. mb mb EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA P CA CA P CA P X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM b b b b b b b b b b 11–53 0.6–11 10–20 5–130 10 9 5–156 n.a. 10–17 n.a. mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb ct EP EP CA P CA X PM,IC PM IC ep n.a. ep 7–40 n.a. 36 wc n.a. wc ct ct n.a. CA CA CA PM,IC PM PM,IC ep ep ep n.a. n.a. n.a. wc wc wc X X 441 (continued) Marine Fish Raja equatorialis Raja velezi Raja sp. Family DASYATIDAE Dasyatis dipterura Dasyatis longa Himantura pacifica Taeniura meyeni Family GYMNURIDAE Gymnura afuerae Gymnura marmorata Family UROLOPHIDAE Urobatis concentricus Urobatis halleri Urotrygon aspidura Urotrygon chilensis Urotrygon cimar Urotrygon munda Urotrygon nana Urotrygon reticulata Urotrygon rogersi Urotrygon simulatrix Family MYLIOBATIDAE Aetobatus narinari Pteromylaeus asperrimus Rhinoptera steindachneri Family MOBULIDAE Manta birostris Mobula japonica Mobula munkiana Species Costa Rica Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf PM PM,IC ep ep n.a. n.a. wc wc X X X PM PM PM b b b 12–106 18–60 13–40 mb mb mb CA X PM b 80–274 mb EP CA X PM n 3–16 wc EP EP,Car CA CA X X PM PM n n 1–42 23 wc wc EP CA X PM b 4–36 sb EP EP CA CA X PM PM n n 55–108 n.a. n.a. n.a. EP EP EP EP IP,EP IP,EP CA CA CA CA CA P X X X X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC b b b b b b 1–18 0.2–15 n.a. 0.5–18 0.3–9 0–15 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb World distributiona Central America ct IP,EA,EP CA CA EP EP EP CA CA CA EP b UCR Species List Mobula thurstoni Mobula tarapacana Family NARCINIDAE Diplobatis ommata Narcine entemedor Narcine vermiculatus Family TORPEDINIDAE Torpedo peruana BONY FISHES Family ELOPIDAE Elops affinis Family ALBULIDAE Albula esuncla Albula nemoptera Family MORINGUIDAE Neoconger vermiformis Family CHLOPSIDAE Chlopsis apterus Chlopsis kazuko Family MURAENIDAE Anarchias galapagensis Echidna nebulosa Echidna nocturna Enchelycore octaviana Gymnomuraena zebra Gymnothorax buroensis 442 Species List 39.2 (continued) EP EP EP IP,EP n.a. n.a. EP EP IP,EP EP EP EP EP EP IP,EP IO,EP EP CA P CA P n.a. n.a. CA CA P CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X n.a. n.a. X X X X X X X X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM PM,IC IC IC PM,IC PM PM PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC b b b b n.a. n.a. b b b b b b b b b b b 1–30 0.2–11 21–130 0.3–12 n.a. n.a. 0.2–12 54–295 3–12 12–35 53–94 0.2–57 0.2–12 9–15 n.a. 0.3–6 0.3–30 cr,rb cr,rb mb cr,rb n.a. n.a. cr,rb mb cr,rb cr,rb sb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb EP ES,N,P X PM b 13–36 mb EP CA X PM eb 3–30 mb EP EP CA X X PM PM n.a. b 500 47–275 n.a. mb EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA P X X PM,IC PM PM PM PM b b b b b 18–73 n.a. n.a. 55–200 n.a. mb mb mb mb mb X 443 (continued) Marine Fish Gymnothorax castaneus Gymnothorax dovii Gymnothorax equatorialis Gymnothorax flavimarginatus Gymnothorax javanicus Gymnothorax meleagris Gymnothorax panamensis Gymnothorax phalarus Gymnothorax undulatus Gymnothorax verrilli Muraena argus Muraena clepsydra Muraena lentiginosa Scuticaria tigrina Sideria picta Uropterygius macrocephalus Uropterygius versutus Family HETERENCHELIDAE Pythonichthys asodes Family MURAENESOCIDAE Cynoponticus coniceps Family NETTASTOMATIDAE Facciolella equatorialis Hoplunnis pacifica Family CONGRIDAE Ariosoma gilberti Bathycongrus macrurus Bathycongrus varidens Chiloconger obtusus Congrosoma evermanni Species World distributiona Costa Rica Central America b EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA P CA CA CA CA CA UCR X X X X X X X X P CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X X Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf PM PM PM IC PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM b b b b b b b b b b n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 130–275 n.a. n.a. 15–284 n.a. n.a. mb sb sb sb mb mb mb mb mb mb PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM PM PM,IC PM,IC PM PM n.a. b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 15–145 5–6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2–98 n.a. 110 2–17 n.a. 8–15 0.3–83 15–79 0.1–55 98 n.a. sb sb sb sb sb mb sb mb mb mb mb sb mb mb mb Species List Gnathophis cinctus Gorgasia punctata Heteroconger pellegrini Heteroconger klausewitzi Japanoconger proriger Paraconger californiensis Paraconger similes Rhynchoconger nitens Uroconger varidens Xenomystax atrarius Family OPHICHTHIDAE Apterictus equatorialis Bascanichthys bascanoides Bascanichthys cylindricus Bascanichthys panamensis Callechelys cliffi Callechelys eristigma Echiophis brunneus Gordichthys combibus Herpetoichthys fossatus Ichthyapus selachops Leptenchelys vermiformis Letharchus rosenblatti Myrichthys tigrinus Myrichthys aspetocheiros Myrophis vafer Ophichthus frontalis 444 Species List 39.2 (continued) EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP n.a. EP EP CA CA P N,P X X X X X X X X X X X X n.a. X X PM PM PM PM IC PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM IC PM IC b b b b b b b b b b b b n.a. b b 55–69 43–64 110–224 0.6–295 n.a. 900 80–280 2–37 14–21 8–12 n.a. 43–188 n.a. 6–14 n.a. mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb n.a. mb mb IP,EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM n n n n n n 67–106 6–23 0.3–26 15–37 0.5–16 15–56 wc wc wc wc wc wc EP EP EP EP EP EP EP ES,H,N,P CA CA CA CA P CA X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM n n n n n n n 3–47 0.2–50 0.5–48 0.5–220 3–42 18 0.5–37 wc wc wc wc wc wc wc P CA CA CA CA P CA n.a. CA 445 (continued) Marine Fish Ophichthus longipenis Ophichthus mecopterus Ophichthus melope Ophichthus remiger Ophichthus rugifer Ophichthus tetratrema Ophichthus triserialis Ophichthus zophochir Paraletharchus pacificus Phaenomonas pinnata Pisodonophis daspilotus Pseudomyrophis micropinna Quassiremus evionthas Quassiremus nothochir Scytalichthys miurus Family CLUPEIDAE Etrumeus acuminatus Harengula thrissina Lile stolifera Opisthonema bulleri Opisthonema libertate Opisthonema medirastre Family PRISTIGASTERIDAE Ilisha furthii Neopisthopterus tropicus Odontognathus panamensis Opisthopterus dovii Opisthopterus equatorialis Opisthopterus macrops Pliosteostoma lutipinnis Species Costa Rica World distributiona Central America EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP P CA CA P CA CA CA CA CA P P ES,H,N,P CA CA P CA ES,H,N,P EP P b EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n 0.5–102 18 0.3–18 0.5–49 18–80 n.a. 0.3–34 n.a. 18–44 0.7–18 7.3–55 0.3–34 0.3–17 0.2–37 n.a. 13–55 1–50 wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc X PM n 71–195 wc X IC n 95–180 wc X X X X PM PM,IC PM PM b b b b 23–284 0.6–73 1–91 25–40 mb sb mb mb UCR X X X X X X X X X X X X X Species List Family ENGRAULIDAE Anchoa argentivittata Anchoa chamensis Anchoa curta Anchoa eigenmannia Anchoa exigua Anchoa ishana Anchoa lucida Anchoa mundeola Anchoa nasus Anchoa panamensis Anchoa spinifer Anchoa starksi Anchoa walkeri Anchovia macrolepidota Anchoviella balboae Cetengraulis mysticetus Lycengraulis poeyi Family ARGENTINIDAE Argentina aliceae Family AULOPIDAE Aulopus bajacali Family SYNODONTIDAE Synodus evermanni Synodus lacertinus Synodus scituliceps Synodus sechurae 446 Species List 39.2 (continued) EP P X PM,IC mp 128–360 wc EA,EP P X PM n 200–700 eb IP,EP CA X PM,IC n 0.4–1 wc EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA P CA CA CA P P CA CA P CA CA CA P CA CA CA P P CA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 1.5–11 17–40 0.5–15 7–47 10–47 n.a. 7–32 9–91 0.3–91 0.1–18 9–30 1–56 1–22 n.a. n.a. 0.1–18 n.a. 10–18 0.5–9 3–28 mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb EP EP P P X X PM PM b b 1–5 9–50 mb,sb mb,sb 447 (continued) Marine Fish Family CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE Chlorophthalmus mento Family ATELEOPODIDAE Guentherus altivela Family CHANIDAE Chanos chanos Family ARIIDAE Ariopsis guatemalensis Ariopsis dasycephalus Ariopsis seemanni Arius cookei Arius kessleri Arius lentiginosus Arius osculus Arius planiceps Arius platypogon Arius sp. A Bagre panamensis Bagre pinnimaculatus Cathorops fuerthii Cathorops hypophthalmus Cathorops multiradiatus Cathorops steindachneri Cathorops taylori Cathorops tuyra Sciadeichthys dowii Sciadeops troschelii Family BATRACHOIDIDAE Batrachoides boulengeri Batrachoides pacifici Species Costa Rica World distributiona Central America EP EP EP EP EP EP EP P CA P P P CA CA EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP P P CA CA N,P EP EP CA CA b CA Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf PM PM PM PM PM PM PM b b b b b b b n.a. 13 n.a. n.a. 0.3–8 2–200 43–293 mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb mb X X PM PM,IC PM PM PM IC PM PM PM IC PM PM PM PM IC b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 3–21 0.2–5 0.2–3 n.a. n.a. 0–1 36 0.5–2 n.a. 0.3 <1 n.a. n.a. 0.2–5 0.3 rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb m rb rb rb cr X X PM,IC PM b b 20–295 101–410 mb mb UCR X X X X X X X X X X X X X X P CA CA Species List Batrachoides walkeri Batrachoides waltersi Daector dowi Daector reticulata Daector schmitti Porichthys greenei Porichthys margaritatus Family GOBIESOCIDAE Arcos decoris Arcos rhodospilus Gobiesox adustus Gobiesox crassicorpas Gobiesox daedeleus brachysoma Gobiesox fulvus Gobiesox milleri Gobiesox papillifer Gobiesox stenocephalus Gobiesox woodsi Tomicodon abuelorum Tomicodon bidens Tomicodon myersi Tomicodon petersi Tomicodon vermiculatus Family LOPHIIDAE Lophiodes caulinaris Lophiodes spilurus 448 Species List 39.2 (continued) EP ct ct EP EP CA P P CA CA EP EP X X b b b b b 9–284 7–30 n.a. 0.4–64 0.2–27 rb rb rb rb rb CA X X IC PM,IC b b 29–137 50–284 sb sb EP EP EP P CA CA X X PM PM PM b b b n.a. 17–256 220–275 mb mb mb n.a. CA X PM n.a. 36–191 n.a. EP P X PM,IC eb 110–320 mb,sb EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA P CA CA CA CA CA P P CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM,IC b b b b b b b b b b b b b 13–329 n.a. 108–410 53–200 67–220 53–118 8–80 73–295 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb X X X (continued) 449 X X PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM Marine Fish Family ANTENNARIIDAE Antennarius avalonis Antennarius coccineus Antennarius commersoni Antennarius sanguineus Antennatus strigatus Family OGCOCEPHALIDAE Ogcocephalus porrectus Zalientes elater Family MORIDAE Antimora rostrata Physiculus nematopus Physiculus rastrelliger Family BREGMACEROTIDAE Bregmaceros bathymaster Family MERLUCCIIDAE Merluccius angustimanus Family OPHIDIIDAE Brotula clarkae Brotula ordwayi Cherublemma emmelas Lepophidium microlepis Lepophidium negropinna Lepophidium pardale Lepophidium prorates Neobythites stelliferoides Ophidion fulvum Ophidion galeoides Ophidion sp. #1 Ophidion sp. #2 Otophidium indefatigable Species Costa Rica World distributiona Central America UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf EP CA X PM,IC b 1–20 rb EP EP EP EP CA CA P X X X X PM PM IC PM b b b b 73 0.5–27 n.a. 73–91 rb rb cr n.a. EP EP EP CA P CA X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC n n n 0.6–85 n.a. 2–128 symbiont symbiont symbiont n.a. n.a. EP EP ct EP,WA,EA n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA P CA PM PM PM PM,IC PM,IC PM PM PM,IC PM PM,IC ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep surface surface surface surface surface surface surface surface surface surface wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc IP,EP EP n.a. EP n.a. CA CA CA CA CA PM,IC PM PM PM PM ep ep ep ep ep surface surface surface surface surface wc wc wc wc wc b X X X X X X X X Species List Petrotyx hopkinsi Family BYTHITIDAE Grammonus diagrammus Ogilbia spp. Ogilbia n. sp. Saccogaster normae Family CARAPIDAE Encheliophis dubius Encheliophis vermicularius Echiodon exsilium Family EXOCOETIDAE (Flying fishes) Cheilopogon papilio Cheilopogon xenopterus Cypselurus callopterus Exocoetus monocirrhus Exocoetus volitans Fodiator acutus Hirundichthys marginatus Hirundichthys speculiger Parexocoetus brachypterus Prognichthys tringa Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE Euleptorhamphus viridis Hemiramphus saltator Hyporhamphus gilli Hyporhamphus naos Hyporhamphus snyderi 450 Species List 39.2 (continued) EP,WA ct CA CA X PM PM,IC ep ep surface surface wc wc ct ct n.a. EP ct ct CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X PM PM,IC PM,IC PM PM,IC PM,IC ep ep ep ep ep ep surface surface surface surface surface surface wc wc wc wc wc wc EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA ES,H,N,P P P P P X X X X X X X PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM n n n n.a. n n n n n 0.3–4 0.4–6 0.5 0–20 n.a. n.a. 1.3–1.5 6–18 1.5 wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc IP,EP EP IP,EP EP CA CA CA X X X X PM,IC PM,IC IC PM,IC eb eb eb eb 1–21 0.3–27 7 0.2–21 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb ct P X PM,IC n 3–15 wc ct n.a. CA CA X X PM,IC PM ep ep 2–53 9–80 wc wc X 451 (continued) Marine Fish Hyporhamphus unifasciatus Oxyphorhamphus micropterus Family BELONIDAE Ablennes hians Platybelone argalus Strongylara exilis Strongylara scapularis Tylosurus acus pacificus Tylosurus crocodiles fodiator Family ATHERINOPSIDAE Atherinella argentea Atherinella eriarcha Atherinella nepenthe Atherinella nesiotes Atherinella pachylepis Atherinella panamensis Atherinella starksi Melanorhinus cyanellus Membras gilberti Family HOLOCENTRIDAE Myripristis berndti Myripristis leiognathus Plectrypops lima Sargocentron suborbitalis Family AULOSTOMIDAE Aulostomus chinensis Family FISTULARIIDAE Fistularia commersonii Fistularia corneta Species Costa Rica World distributiona Central America UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf EP n.a. IP,EP EP EP CA CA CA CA CA X X X X PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM b b b b b n.a. 3–14 0.2–27 6–119 2 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb,rub rb X X X X X PM,IC PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC IC PM,IC b b b b b b b b b b b 110–180 98–191 15–284 120–144 60–200 n.a. 2–165 1–120 8–128 n.a. 0.2–90 cr,rb rub rub cr,rb rub cr,rub cr,rub cr,rub cr,rub cr,rub cr,rub X X X X X X n.a. X PM PM,IC PM PM PM,IC IC IC PM b b b b b b n.a. b 19–295 55–165 32–284 50–295 200–295 19–55 n.a. 40–120 rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb n.a. rub,sb EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP n.a. EP b CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA P P n.a. CA X X X X X Species List Family SYNGNATHIDAE Cosmocampus arctus Bryx veleronis Doryrhamphus excisus Hippocampus ingens Syngnathus auliscus Family SCORPAENIDAE Pontinus clemensi Pontinus furcirhinus Pontinus sierra Pontinus strigatus Pontinus n. sp. Scorpaena afuerae Scorpaena histrio Scorpaena mystes Scorpaena russula Scorpaena n. sp. Scorpaenodes xyris Family TRIGLIDAE Bellator gymnostethus Bellator loxias Bellator xenisma Peristedion barbiger Peristedion crustosum Peristedion n. sp. Prionotus n. sp. Prionotus albirostris 452 Species List 39.2 (continued) EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM b b b b b 9–23 9–60 9–73 21–188 17–284 rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA CA ES,H,N,P X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM n n n n n n 0.1–25 0.3–1 0.3–2 0.8–16 0.8–1 0.1–28 cl,m cl,m cl,m cl,m cl,m cl,m EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP,WA EP CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PM,IC PM PM,IC PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM,IC PM,IC eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb 0.3–15 1–60 1–20 1–31 40–120 80–284 42–120 5–220 44–293 9–195 36–201 19–141 3–82 19–120 20–82 n.a. 1–120 cr,rub rb,rub cr,rub mb,rub mb,rub mb,rub mb,rub mb,rub mb,rub mb,rub mb,rub rb,rub rb,rub cr,rub rb,rub cr,rub cr,rub 453 (continued) Marine Fish Prionotus birostratus Prionotus horrens Prionotus ruscarius Prionotus stephanophrys Prionotus teaguei Family CENTROPOMIDAE Centropomus armatus Centropomus medius Centropomus nigrescens Centropomus robalito Centropomus viridis Centropomus unionensis Family SERRANIDAE Alphestes immaculatus Alphestes multiguttatus Cephalopholis panamensis Dermatolepis dermatolepis Diplectrum eumelum Diplectrum euryplectrum Diplectrum labarum Diplectrum macropoma Diplectrum maximum Diplectrum pacificum Diplectrum rostrum Epinephelus acanthistius Epinephelus analogus Epinephelus cifuentesi Epinephelus exsul Epinephelus itajara Epinephelus labriformis Species Costa Rica Central America UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA P CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X X X X X CA CA X X X X PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM,IC PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM PM IC PM,IC PM eb n n eb eb eb eb n eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb 18–120 64–201 44–275 73 110–192 27–31 11 7–64 21–110 40–284 70–192 2–17 15–220 n.a. 2–118 17–82 1–53 0.6–77 rb,rub wc wc rb,rub rb,rub cr,rub rb,rub wc rb,rub wc wc rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub IP,EP CA X PM,IC n 0.3–3 wc ct ct EP CA CA CA X X PM,IC PM,IC PM n n n n.a. 1–30 20–190 wc wc wc EP EP CA X X IC PM,IC eb eb 11–40 1–30 cr,rb cr,rb World distributiona b Species List Epinephelus niphobles Hemanthias peruanus Hemanthias signfer Liopropoma fasciatum Liopropoma longilepis Mycteroperca olfax Mycteroperca xenarcha Paranthias colonus Paralabrax loro Pronotogrammus eos Pronotogrammus multifasciatus Pseudogramma thaumasium Serranus aequidens Serranus huascarii Serranus psittacinus Serranus tico Rypticus bicolor Rypticus nigripinnis Family KUHLIIDAE Kuhlia mugil Family PRIACANTHIDAE Cookeolus japonicus Heteropriacanthus cruentatus Pristigenys serrula Family APOGONIDAE Apogon atradorsatus Apogon dovii 454 Species List 39.2 (continued) EP EP CA CA X X PM PM eb eb 4–68 5–11 rb rb EP n.a. EP IP,EP CA n.a. CA P X X X X PM,IC IC PM PM,IC n n.a. n b 60–329 n.a. 27–119 8–21 wc n.a. wc sb ct n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ct n.a. CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X PM PM PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC n n n n n n n 4–7 n.a. n.a. 200–250 250 4–91 n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc wc ct IP,EP EP EP EP ct n.a. IP,EP EP EP n.a. ct ct IP,EP CA CA CA CA CA CA n.a. CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC IC PM,IC PM PM PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC n n n n n n n.a. n n n n n n n 2–35 n.a. 4–195 3–83 1–36 n.a. n.a. 1–9 8–310 10–40 3–108 20–170 27 1–59 wc wc wc wc wc wc n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc wc X X X X X X X X X X X 455 (continued) Marine Fish Apogon pacifici Apogon retrosella Family MALACANTHIDAE Caulolatilus affinis Caulolatilus hubbsi Caulolatilus princeps Malacanthus brevirostris Family EGHENEIDAE Echeneis naucrates Phtheirichthys lineatus Remora australis Remora brachyptera Remora osteochir Remora remora Remorina albescens Family CARANGIDAE Alectis ciliaris Carangoides orthogrammus Carangoides otrynter Caranx caballus Caranx caninus Caranx lugubris Caranx melampygus Caranx sexfasciatus Caranx vinctus Chloroscombrus orqueta Decapterus muroadsi Decapterus macarellus Elagatis bipinnulata Gnathanodon speciosus Species Costa Rica World distributiona Central America UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf EP EP ct EP EP EP ct EP EP EP ct EP ct EP EP EP EP ct CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM PM PM PM,IC PM,IC n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n 4–156 7–20 n.a. 0.5–19 1–30 0.5–6 9–219 2–73 2–60 8–73 68–77 5–120 101–119 1.5–4 23–130 1–10 9 n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc EP CA X PM ep 1 wc ct ct CA CA X X PM,IC PM,IC ep ep n.a. 34–549 wc wc IP,EP EP CA X X IC PM,IC eb eb 27–29 12–42 wc rb b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Species List Hemicaranx leucurus Hemicaranx zelotes Naucrates ductor Oligoplites altus Oligoplites refulgens Oligoplites saurus Selar crumenophthalmus Selene brevoortii Selene oerstedii Selene peruviana Seriola lalandi Seriola peruana Seriola rivoliana Trachinotus kennedyi Trachinotus paitensis Trachinotus rhodopus Trachinotus stilbe Uraspis helvola Family NEMATISTIIDAE Nematistius pectoralis Family CORYPHAENIDAE Coryphaena equiselis Coryphaena hippurus Family LUTJANIDAE Aphareus furca Hoplopagrus guntheri 456 Species List 39.2 (continued) EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM PM,IC eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb 0.2–64 0.2–49 0.5–49 0.5–156 6–18 1–60 0.2–73 6–73 0.3–25 cr,rb cl,m rb mb cr,wc cr,m cl,m mb cr ct CA X PM n 1–13 f,wc EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb 2–194 0.3–50 0.2–220 0.2–54 0.2–8 0.5–91 0.2–1 n.a. 0.2–30 mb,sb mb mb,sb cl,m,sb mb mb mb,sb sb sb EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X PM,IC PM PM,IC PM PM,IC PM PM PM eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb 2–27 0.3–195 0.2–7 7–17 3–53 1–52 20 7 rb mb rb mb cr mb rb rb 457 (continued) Marine Fish Lutjanus aratus Lutjanus argentiventris Lutjanus colorado Lutjanus guttatus Lutjanus inermis Lutjanus jordani Lutjanus novemfasciatus Lutjanus peru Lutjanus viridis Family LOBOTIDAE Lobotes surinamensis Family GERREIDAE Diapterus aureolus Diapterus peruvianus Eucinostomus argenteus Eucinostomus currani Eucinostomus entomelas Eucinostomus gracilis Eugerres brevimanus Eugerres lineatus Gerres cinereus Family HAEMULIDAE Anisotremus caesius Anisotremus dovii Anisotremus interruptus Anisotremus pacifici Anisotremus taeniatus Conodon serrifer Haemulon flaviguttatum Haemulon maculicauda Species Costa Rica Central America UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf EP EP EP,WA EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb 1–42 3–60 1–77 8–60 2–29 1–29 5–29 1–42 15–213 0.2–80 0.5–165 1 0.3–19 9–44 2–42 rb rb rb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb mb,sb sb sb sb mb,sb mb,sb sb mb mb,sb EP CA X PM eb 4–130 sb EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA ES,H,n,P CA ES,H,N,P CA CA P CA X X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb 0.3–15 1–56 10–14 3–247 123–295 8–101 9–29 10–220 mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb World distributiona b Species List Haemulon scudderi Haemulon sexfasciatam Haemulon steindachneri Haemulopsis axillaris Haemulopsis elongatus Haemulopsis leuciscus Haemulopsis nitidus Microlepidotus brevipinnis Orthopristis chalceus Pomadasys bayanus Pomadasys branickii Pomadasys. empherus Pomadasys macracanthus Pomadasys panamensis Xenichthys xanti Family SPARIDAE Calamus brachysomus Family SCIAENIDAE Bairdiella armata Bairdiella ensifera Corvula macrops Cynoscion albus Cynoscion nannus Cynoscion phoxocephalus Cynoscion praedatorius Cynoscion reticulatus 458 Species List 39.2 (continued) EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA P CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA P CA P P ES,H,N,P CA ES,H,N,P P P CA CA H,N,P X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb 10–30 3–220 1–40 9–19 10–56 13–31 0.4–37 9–82 n.a. 2–56 4–156 n.a. 9–50 0.3–47 9–47 3–37 9–42 0.5–50 2–4 8–25 3–36 n.a. 3–36 9–56 7–40 31–52 3–27 8–18 0.4–275 3–50 mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb cr mb mb mb 459 (continued) Marine Fish Cynoscion squamipinnis Cynoscion stolzmanni Elattarchus archidium Isopisthus remifer Larimus acclivis Larimus argenteus Larimus effulgens Larimus pacificus Macrodon mordax Menticirrhus elongatus Menticirrhus nasus Menticirrhus paitensis Menticirrhus panamensis Micropogonias altipinnis Nebris occidentalis Odontoscion xanthops Ophioscion imiceps Ophioscion scierus Ophioscion simulus Ophioscion strabo Ophioscion typicus Ophioscion vermicularis Paralonchurus dumerilii Paralonchurus goodei Paralonchurus petersi Paralonchurus rathbuni Pareques viola Stellifer chrysoleuca Stellifer ericymba Stellifer furthii Species Costa Rica World distributiona Central America UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA P ES,H,N,P P CA CA CA CA X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM,IC eb eb eb eb eb eb eb eb 9–47 0.4–37 2–50 3–50 n.a. 49–239 n.a. 1–49 mb mb mb mb sb mb sb sb EP EP CA CA X X PM,IC PM eb eb 5–52 3–72 cr mb,sb EP EP WP,EP CA CA CA X X X PM PM,IC PM,IC n n n n.a. 0.3–47 4–64 wc wc wc EP EP CA CA X X PM PM eb eb 2–275 3–183 mb mb EP IP,EP EP,IP,RS EP EP CA n.a. CA CA X X n.a. X X PM,IC IC IC PM,IC PM,IC eb eb eb eb eb 1–239 n.a. <92 3–64 n.a. cr,rb cr,rb n.a. cr,rb cr,rb EP EP CA CA X X PM,IC PM,IC eb eb 2–59 0.3–83 cr,rb cr,rb b X Species List Stellifer illecebrosus Stellifer mancorensis Stellifer oscitans Stellifer zestocarus Umbrina analis Umbrina bussingi Umbrina dorsalis Umbrina xanti Family MULLIDAE Mulloidichthys dentatus Pseudupeneus grandisquamis Family KYPHOSIDAE Kyphosus analogus Kyphosus elegans Sectator ocyurus Family EPHIPPIDAE Chaetodipterus zonatus Parapsettus panamensis Family CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon humeralis Chaetodon lunula Forcipiger flavissimus Johnrandallia nigrirostris Prognathodes falcifer Family POMACANTHIDAE Holacanthus passer Pomacanthus zonipectus 460 Species List 39.2 (continued) EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X X X PM,IC PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC it,st it,st it,st n st it,st it,st it,st it,st it,st st 0.3–17 0.6–1 0.3–10 n.a. 2–10 0.2–10 0.2–20 0.3–20 0.3–21 0.2–27 7–33 rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb EP EP IP,EP CA CA CA X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM b b eb 2–37 0.3–120 >30 cr,rb cr,rb rb EP,WA EP ct EP,WA EP,WA n.a. CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM PM,IC PM PM n st st st st st 0.2–2 0.2–3 n.a. 0.3–22 n.a. n.a. sb,cl cr,rb cl,m,sb cl,m,sb m,mb,sb n.a. EP EP CA CA X PM IC n n 2–72 n.a. wc wc EP EP CA CA X X PM,IC PM b b 0.3–37 3–42 sb sb CA CA CA CA 461 (continued) Marine Fish Family POMACENTRIDAE Abudefduf concolor Abudefduf declivifrons Abudefduf troschelli Chromis alta Chromis atrilobata Microspathodon bairdii Microspathodon dorsalis Stegastes acapulcoensis Stegastes arcifrons Stegastes flavilatus Stegastes leucorus beebei Family CIRRHITIDAE Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus Cirrhitus rivulatus Oxycirrhites typus Family MUGILIDAE Agonostomus monticola Chaenomugil proboscidens Mugil cephalus Mugil curema Mugil hospes Xenomugil thoburni Family SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena ensis Sphyraena idiastes Family POLYNEMIDAE Polydactylus approximans Polydactylus opercularis Species World distributiona EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP IP,EP IP,EP EP IP,EP EP EP EP EP EP IP,EP EP IP,EP Costa Rica Central America UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf CA CA P CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM PM IC PM,IC PM PM,IC PM IC IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC IC st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st 3–49 80 0.3–7 0.3–1 1–18 5–31 2–30 n.a. 1–18 1–6 n.a. 91 8–12 3–21 136–201 0.3–11 0.3–21 0.3–64 17 cr,rb sb cr,rb rb,m rb cr,rb cr,rb rb cr,rb rb cr,rb rub sb sb mb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb sb X PM PM PM PM PM,IC st st st st st 7 n.a. 4–14 1–8 3–12 rb rb rb rb cr,rb b CA CA CA P CA CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X Species List Family LABRIDAE Bodianus diplotaenia Decodon melasma Halichoeres adustus Halichoeres aestuaricola Halichoeres chierchiae Halichoeres discolor Halichoeres dispilus Halichoeres melanotis Halichoeres nicholsi Halichoeres notospilus Halichoeres salmofasciatus Halichoeres n. sp.? Iniistius pavo Novaculichthys taeniourus Polylepion cruentum Stethojulis bandanensis Thalassoma grammaticum Thalassoma lucasanum Xyrichthys victori Family SCARIDAE Nicholsina denticulata Scarus compressus Scarus ghobban Scarus perrico Scarus rubroviolaceus 462 Species List 39.2 (continued) CA EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA ES,H,N,P EP EP CA CA P P CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA P P X X X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM b n.a. n.a. b b b b b b 40–73 20–5574 n.a. 8–31 2–34 n.a. 31–37 27–40 9–20 sb n.a. n.a. sb sb sb sb sb sb X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM IC PM PM PM PM PM PM PM b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 0.1 n.a. 0.5–2 n.a. n.a. 8–9 3 1–10 n.a. 7–73 12–14 12–21 9–15 n.a. n.a. 27 1–6 sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb X X PM PM b b n.a. 80 sb sb X X X X X X X X X (continued) 463 EP n.a. n.a. EP EP EP EP EP EP Marine Fish Family OPISTOGNATHIDAE Lonchopisthus sinuscalifornicus Opistognathus brochus Opistognathus fenmutis Opistognathus galapagensis Opistognathus panamaensis Opistognathus punctatus Opistognathus rhomaleus Opistognathus scops Opistognathus smithvanizi Family DACTYLOSCOPIDAE Dactylagnus mundus Dactylagnus parvus Dactyloscopus amnis Dactyloscopus byersi Dactyloscopus fimbriatus Dactyloscopus lunaticus Dactyloscopus minutus Dactyloscopus pectoralis Dactyloscopus zelotes Gillellus chathamensis Gillellus searcheri Gillellus semicinctus Heteristius cinctus Myxodagnus opercularis Myxodagnus macrognathas Platygillellus altivelis Platygillellus bussingi Family URANOSCOPIDAE Astroscopus zephyreus Kathestostoma averruncus Species Costa Rica World distributiona Central America UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA N,P P P P CA P CA X X X X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM,IC b b b b b b b b b 0.4–7 0.5–21 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.3–1 0.3–50 0.5 0.4–27 rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb,wc EP EP EP EP CA CA P X X X X IC PM PM PM b b b b 0.3–37 0.2–27 0.4–12 0.4–27 rb rb rb rb X X X X X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM,IC b b b b b b b b b b b 0.5 0.5–27 0.2–4 0.4–27 0.6–12 0.2–3 0.3–5 n.a. 0.2–6 0.2–6 18–21 rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP b CA CA CA CA CA CA CA P CA CA X Species List Family BLENNIIDAE Entomacrodus chiostictus Hypsoblennius brevipinnis Hypsoblennius caulopus Hypsoblennius maculipinna Hypsoblennius paytensis Hypsoblennius striatus Ophioblennius steindachneri Parahypsos piersoni Plagiotremus azaleus Family TRIPTERYGIIDAE Axoclinus cocoensis Axoclinus lucillae Enneanectes sexmaculatus Lepidonectes clarkhubbsi Family LABRISOMIDAE Labrisomus multiporosus Malacoctenus tetranemus Malacoctenus costaricanus Malacoctenus ebisui Malacoctenus margaritae Malacoctenus zonifer Mnierpes macrocephalus Paraclinus altivelis Paraclinus beebei Paraclinus magdalenae Paraclinus mexicanus 464 Species List 39.2 (continued) EP EP EP EP X X X X PM PM PM IC b b b b 0.2–12 0.4–37 5–34 n.a. rb rb rb rb CA P CA P CA P CA P X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IC PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 5–35 1–27 0.4–21 n.a. 8–9 17 1–27 0.4–27 0.2–14 11–46 5–27 8–21 4–27 1–27 rb rb rb sb sb rb rb rb rb sb rb rb rb rb EP CA X PM b n.a. sb EP CA X PM,IC b 55–275 mb,sb EP EP CA X X PM,IC IC b b 1–3 0.1–1 cl,rb cl,rb EP EP EP CA P CA X X X PM PM PM,IC b b b n.a. 0.2–1 0.1–3 mb mb,sb,m rb EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP P P P ES,H,N,P P P P 465 (continued) Marine Fish Paraclinus monophthalmus Starksia fulva Starksia posthon Starksia n. sp. Family CHAENOPSIDAE Acanthemblemaria atrata Acanthemblemaria exilispinus Acanthemblemaria hancocki Chaenopsis deltarrhis Chaenopsis schmitti Chaenopsis n. sp. Coralliozetus boehlkei Coralliozetus springeri Ekemblemaria myersi Emblemaria nivipes Emblemaria piratica Mccoskerichthys sandae Protemblemaria bicirrus Stathmonotus culebrai Family AMMODYTIDAE Ammodytoides gilli Family CALLIONYMIDAE Synchiropus atrilabiatus Family ELEOTRIDAE Eleotris picta Eleotris tubularis Family GOBIIDAE Akko brevis Bathygobius andrei Bathygobius ramosus 466 Species List 39.2 (continued) Bollmannia chlamydes Bollmannia macropoma Bollmannia marginalis Bollmannia ocellata Bollmannia stigmatura Bollmannia umbrosa Bollmannia n. sp. Chriolepis atrimelum Chriolepis cuneatus Chriolepis dialepta Coryphopterus urospilus Ctenogobius manglicola Ctenogobius sagittula Elacatinus puncticulatus Elacatinus inornatus Elacatinus janssi Elacatinus nesiotes Enypnias aceras Enypnias seminudus Erotelis armiger Evermannia erici Evermannia panamensis Evermannia zosterura Evorthodus minutus Gobioides peruanus Gobionellus daguae Gobionellus liolepis EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP Costa Rica Central America UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf P CA CA CA CA CA P X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM IC PM IC PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM IC PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 10–220 36–220 15–100 16–48 18–256 36–189 n.a. n.a. n.a. 7–31 0.4–27 0.7–2 −.3–4 n.a. 10–27 1–18 5–12 n.a. 1–13 0.2–1 <1 0.1 0.1–4 0.7–4 1–47 n.a. 1–25 sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb,rub sb,rub sb,rub sb sb sb,m cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb n.a. n.a. sb sb sb sb sb mb sb sb b CA CA CA CA CA P P P CA CA P CA CA H,N,P P P X X X X X X X X X Species List Species World distributiona EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA P P CA CA P CA CA CA CA P CA ES,H,N,P P CA CA CA CA CA P P P CA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM IC IC IC IC PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM IC b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 0.5–4 n.a. 0.5–3 n.a. n.a. 0.1–9 1 n.a. n.a. 2–18 0.2–14 0.2–3 0.3–0.5 n.a. 30–91 n.a. 5–31 n.a. 0.3–2 1–12 n.a. n.a. 15–98 0.7–1 1–2 n.a. n.a. 1 n.a. 0.1–11 sb,m sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb rb sb rub rb rub rb sb sb sb sb sb mb sb sb sb sb cl,sb sb cl,sb 467 (continued) Marine Fish Gobionellus microdon Gobionellus mystax Gobiosoma etheostoma Gobiosoma hildebrandi Gobiosoma homochroma Gobiosoma nudum Gobiosoma paradoxum Gobiosoma sp. 1 Gobiosoma sp. 2 Gobulus crescentalis Gobulus hancocki Gymneleotris seminudus Lophogobius cristulatus Lythrypnus alphigena Lythrypnus cobalus Lythrypnus lavenbergi Lythrypnus rhizophora Microgobius brevispinis Microgobius crocatus Microgobius curtus Microgobius cyclolepis Microgobius emblematicus Microgobius erectus Microgobius miraflorensis Microgobius tabogensis Parella fusca Parella ginsburgi Parella lucretiae Parella maxillaris Sicydium cocoensis Species Costa Rica Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf X X X PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM b b b b b b b b b b b b b n.a. 0.3 n.a. 0.3–3 n.a. 0.7 0.2–4 n.a. 0.7–3 n.a. 0.2–1 0.2–1 15 mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb sb CA CA CA CA CA CA X X X X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC st st st st st st n.a. 0.3–11 0.3–13 3–15 2–27 3–17 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb EP? EP? EP? CA CA CA X X PM PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.7–3 n.a. 240 wc wc wc ct CA X PM n 9–275 wc World distributiona Central America EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP P P P CA CA CA CA P P P P CA CA EP IP,EP IP,EP WP,EP EP IP,EP b UCR X X X X X Species List Family MICRODESMIDAE Cerdale ionthas Cerdale paludicola Cerdale prolata Clarkichthys bilineatus Microdesmus affinis Microdesmus dipus Microdesmus dorsipunctatus Microdesmus hildebrandi Microdesmus intermedius Microdesmus multiradiatus Microdesmus retropinnis Microdesmus suttkusi Ptereleotris carinata Family ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus nigricans Acanthurus triostegus Acanthurus xanthopterus Ctenochaetus marginatus Prionurus laticlavius Zanclus cornutus Family GEMPYLIDAE Gempylus serpens Lepidocybium flavobrunneum Ruvettus pretiosus Family TRICHIURIDAE Trichiurus lepturus 468 Species List 39.2 (continued) ct ct ct EP ct IP,EP ct EP ct CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA ct IP,EP ct IP,EP IP,EP ct CA CA CA CA CA CA ct ct ct? CA P P EP EP EP IP,EP EP EP EP PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM PM,IC PM,IC ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep 1–27 10 n.a. 107–549 n.a. 108 20–102 1–549 549 wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc PM,IC PM PM,IC PM PM,IC PM ep ep ep ep ep ep n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc X X X PM PM PM ep ep ep 62–107 n.a. 275 wc wc wc CA CA X X PM PM n n 4–220 26–235 wc wc CA X X X X X PM,IC IC PM PM PM b b b b b 3–110 12–15 40–294 68–255 107–200 sb sb mb mb mb CA CA P X X X X X X X X X 469 (continued) Marine Fish Family SCOMBRIDAE Acanthocybium solandri Auxis rochei Auxis thazard Euthynnus lineatus Katsuwonus pelamis Sarda orientalis Scomber japonicus Scomberomorus sierra Thunnus albacares Family XIPHIIDAE Istiophorus platypterus Makaira indica Makaira mazara Tetrapturus angustirostris Tetrapturus audax Xiphius gladius Family NOMEIDAE Cubiceps carinatus Psenes cyanophrys Psenes sio Family STROMATEIDAE Peprilus medius Peprilus snyderi Family BOTHIDAE Bothus leopardinus Bothus mancus Engyophrys sanctilaurentii Monolene asaedai Monolene danae 470 Species List 39.2 (continued) Species Central Americab UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf EP EP P CA X X PM PM b b 65–256 41–203 mb sb EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA P X X CA X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM,IC PM IC PM b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 13–66 0.3–1 n.a. 13–18 18–275 n.a. 2–56 5–141 13–60 n.a. 12–19 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 20–247 mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb,sb mb mb mb,sb mb sb mb EP EP EP P CA CA X X X PM PM PM b b b 10–59 0.3–275 0.3–34 mb mb mb X X X X X X X X X X Species List Monolene maculipinna Perissias taeniopterus Family PARALICHTHYIDAE Ancylopsetta dendritica Citharichthys gilberti Citharichthys gordae Citharichthys mariajorisae Citharichthys platophrys Citharichthys xanthostigma Cyclopsetta panamensis Cyclopsetta querna Etropus crossotus Etropus delsmani Etropus peruvianus Hippoglossina bollmani Hippoglossina tetrophthalmus Paralichthys woolmani Syacium latifrons Syacium longidorsale Syacium maculiferum Syacium ovale Family ACHIRIDAE Achirus klunzingeri Achirus mazatlanus Achirus scutum Costa Rica World distributiona EP EP EP EP EP ES,H,N,P P CA X X X X PM PM PM PM PM b b b b b 0.3–30 1 0.3–275 n.a. 2–70 mb mb mb mb mb ES,H,N,P EP CA X IC b 5–21 sb EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA P CA CA CA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM IC PM b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 8–19 25–224 2–275 9–220 8–60 21–200 2–210 9–60 21–55 n.a. 73–295 n.a. 22–136 88–180 10–36 mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb sb mb EP ct ct ct EP CA CA CA X X X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC IC PM,IC n n n n n 2–80 13–212 3–15 10 1–53 cr,rb f,wc cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb CA CA 471 (continued) Species List Trinectes fimbriatus Trinectes fluviatilis Trinectes fonsecensis Trinectes opercularis Trinectes xanthurus Family SOLEIDAE Aseraggodes herrei Family CYNOGLOSSIDAE Symphurus atramentatus Symphurus callopterus Symphurus chabanaudi Symphurus elongatus Symphurus fasciolaris Symphurus gorgonae Symphurus leei Symphurus melanurus Symphurus melasmatotheca Symphurus microlepis Symphurus oligomerus Symphurus prolatinarus Symphurus undecimplerus Symphurus varius Symphurus williamsi Family BALISTIDAE Balistes polylepis Canthidermis maculatus Melichthys niger Melichthys vidua Pseudobalistes naufragium 472 Species List 39.2 (continued) Species Costa Rica Central America UCR Pacificc Oceanic distributiond Depth (m)e Habitat/ Communityf EP IP,EP IP,EP CA X X X PM,IC IC IC eb n n 2–82 n.a. 10 cr,rb cr cr ct ct WP,EP P CA X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC n n eb 17–82 1–13 n.a. f,wc f,wc cr IP,EP CA X PM,IC eb 14–20 cr,rb IP,EP IP,EP EP EP n.a. EP EP EP EP EP EP EP CA CA CA P CA X X X X X CA P CA P CA P X X X X X X PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM PM IC PM PM PM,IC PM PM PM eb eb eb eb ep eb eb eb eb eb eb eb 1–56 03–21 0.4–27 3–9 35–60 n.a. 0.5–56 2–64 2–91 0.3–4 8–72 3–52 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb mb,sb,m wc cr,rb mb mb cr,rb mb mb mb EP CA X PM,IC eb n.a. cr,rb b Species List Sufflamen verres Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Xanthichthys mento Family MONACANTHIDAE Aluterus monoceros Aluterus scriptus Cantherhines dumerili Family OSTRACIIDAE Ostracion meleagris Family TETRAODONTIDAE Arothron hispidus Arothron meleagris Canthigaster punctatissima Guentheridia formosa Lagocephalus lagocephalus Sphoeroides angusticeps Sphoeroides annulatus Sphoeroides kendalli Sphoeroides lobatus Sphoeroides rosenblatti Sphoeroides sechurae Sphoeroides tricocephalus Family DIODONTIDAE Chilomycterus reticulatus World distributiona n.a. ct ct CA CA CA ct ct CA CA X X X PM PM,IC PM,IC ep eb eb n.a. 0.4–53 5–11 wc cr,rb cr,rb PM PM ep ep n.a. n.a. wc wc Marine Fish Diodon eydouxii Diodon holocanthus Diodon hystrix Family MOLIDAE Mola mola Ranzania laevis n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama UCR: X = specimen deposited at University of Costa Rica (Museo de Zoología) c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d b= benthic; eb epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrence in Costa Rican sample (trawl, seine, ichthyocide, etc.) f cl = costal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; f = flotsam; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; wc = water column 473 Species List 40.1 Species of reptiles and amphibians found at marine environments in Costa Rican Caribbean coast. See text for our definition of marine environment World distributiona Central American distributionb Life modec Marine habitatd Costa Rican distributione Class AMPHIBIA Order ANURA Family BUFONIDAE Chaunus marinus Linné, 1758 Pan*,ET B,G,ES,H,N,P t sb,m t Family HYLIDAE Osteopilus septentrionalis (Duméril & Bribon, 1841) Class REPTILIA Order TESTUDINATA Family DERMOCHELYIDAE Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) Family CHELONIIDAE Caretta caretta (Linné, 1758) Chelonia mydas (Linné, 1758) Eretmochelys imbricata (Linné, 1766) Order CROCODILIA Family CROCODYLIDAE Caiman crocodilus (Linné, 1758) Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) Order SQUAMATA Family BOIDAE Boa constrictor Linné, 1758 Family COLUBRIDAE Tretanorhinus nigroluteus Cope, 1861 Car* Abundancef Referencesg Cc,Pc,ICh, PN,PO,ISL c [26, 28, 29] sb,m Cc r [28, 29] Cp B,G,ES,H,N,P aq wc,sb Cc,Pc i [7, 28] Cp Pan Pan B,G,H,N,P N,P aq aq aq wc,sb wc,sb wc,sb,rb Cc Cc Cc,Pc r u r [10, 11] [5, 16, 17] [24] ICA,NCA,NSA ICA,NCA,Car,NSA B,G,ES,H,N,P B,G,ES,H,N,P aq aq m wc,sb,m,cl Cc,Pc Cc,Pc u u [20] [2, 26] ICA,NCA, SA B,G,ES,H,N,P t sb,m Cc,Pc u [31] ICA,NCA B,G,H,N,P aq,t m Cc r [W. Lamar, pers. obs.] Species List n.a. = information not available * Introduced exotic a Car = Caribbean; Cp = cosmopolitan; ET = Extra Tropical; NCA = Nuclear Central America; ICA = Isthmian Central America; NSA = northern South America; Pan = Pantropical b Distribution in Central America other than Costa Rica: B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c aq = aquatic most of the life cycle; t = terrestrial d cl = coastal lagoon; m = mangrove; rb = rocky beach; sb = sand beach; wc = water column e Cc = Caribbean coast; ICh = Isla Chira; PN = Península de Nicoya; PO = Península de Osa; Pc = Pacific coast; ISL = Isla San Lucas f c = common (can find many individuals); i = infrequent (not predictable); r = rarely seen; u = usual (can be found in the appropriate habitat and season g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 474 Species Species Class AMPHIBIA Order GYMNOPHIONA Family CAECILIIDAE Gymnopis multiplicata Peters, 1874 Order ANURA Family BUFONIDAE Chaunus marinus Linné, 1758 Family LEPTODACTYLIDAE Craugastor stejnegerianus (Schmidt, 1857) Craugastor stejnegerianus (Cope, 1893) Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Hallowell, 1860) Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti, 1768) Family HYLIDAE Smilisca phaeota (Cope, 1862) Class REPTILIA Order TESTUDINATA Family DERMOCHELYIDAE Dermochelys coriacea (Vandellli, 1761) World distributiona Central Americab Life modec Marine habitatd Costa Rican distributione Abundancef Referencesg ICA,NCA B,G,ES,H,N,P t i ICa r [26, 28] Pan*,ET B,G,ES,H,N,P t m,sb Cc,Pc c [26, 28, 29] ICA,NCA,NSA ICA ICA,NCA,NSA H,N,P N,P B,G,ES,H,N,P t t t m,sb sb m ICa ICa Pc c c c [28] [28] [28] ICA,SA H,N,P t i Cc,ICa,Pc c [28] ICA,NCA H,N,P t i PO, ICa c [28] Cp B,G,ES,H,N,P aq sb,wc Cc,Pc i [32] Marine Reptiles and Amphibians Species List 40.2 Species of reptiles and amphibians found at marine environments in Costa Rican Pacific Ocean. See text for our definition of marine environment (continued) 475 Species World distributiona Life Central Americab modec Marine habitatd Costa Rican distributione Abundancef Referencesg EP,SP Pan WP,EP,WA G,ES,H,N,P G,H,N,P G,ES,N,P aq aq aq sb,wc wc,rb,sb sb,wc Pc,PG,PN,PO Cc,Pc,PG,PN,PO Pc i r u [6, 28] [21, 22] [1, 8] ICA,NCA,NSA B,G,ES,H,N,P ICA,NCA,Car,NSA B,G,ES,H,N,P aq aq m cl,m,sb,wc Cc,Pc Cc,Pc u u [20] [2, 27] ICA,NCA,NSA N,P t i,sb ICa c [34] NCA G,ES,H,N t i ICh,PN r [9, 32] ICA N,P t i Cc,PO,ICa r [28] ICA P t i,sb PO,ICa i [28] t i IC u [28] t i,sb Cc,ICa,Pc i [28] ICA ICA,NCA B,G,S,H,N,P Species List Family CHELONIIDAE Chelonia agassizi Bocourt, 1868 Eretmochelys imbricata (Linné, 1766) Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) Order CROCODILIA Family CROCODYLIDAE Caiman crocodilus (Linné, 1758) Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) Order SQUAMATA Suborder SAURIA Family CORYTOPHANIDAE Basiliscus basiliscus (Linné, 1758) Family EUBLEPHARIDAE Coleonyx mitratus (Peters, 1863) Family GEKKONIDAE Lepidoblepharis xanthostigma Noble 1916 Sphaerodactylus graptolaemus Harris and Kluge, 1984 Sphaerodactylus pacificus Stejneger, 1903 Thecadactylus rapicauda (Houttoyn, 1782) 476 Species List 40.2 (continued) ICA P t i ICa i [28] ICA,NCA NSA,Car B,G,ES,H,N,P B,G,ES,H,N,P t t m,sb wc,sb,m MI,Pc Cc,Pc c u [26] [3, 25] ICA,NCA G,ES,H,N t sb PN c [30] ICA,NCA ICA H,N,P t t i,sb i ICa IC c c [12, 19] [4] ICA ICA,NCA P G,ES,H,N t t i,sb i,sb ICa IS c c [12, 13] [12, 13] ICA,NCA,SA ICA,SA B,G,ES,H,N,P P t t i,m m ICa,ISL PO u u [14] [15] ICA,NSA ICA,NCA,SA ICA,NCA,SA ICA ICA,NCA ICA,NCA ET,ICA,NCA,SA ICA,NCA,SA P B,G,ES,H,N,P B,G,ES,H,N,P P G,ES,H,N G,ES,H,N,P B,G,ES,H,N,P B,G,ES,H,N,P t t t t t t t t m,sb i, m i m m,sb m,sb m sb PO Pc,ICa ICa PO PN Pc,ICa Cc,Pc Cc,Pc i i c r r c c u [28] [31] [28] [31] [26] [28] [31] [28] Marine Reptiles and Amphibians Family GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE Leposoma southi Ruthven & Gaige, 1924 Family IGUANIDAE Ctenosaura similis (Gray, 1831) Iguana iguana (Linné, 1758) Family PHRYNOSOMATIDAE Sceloporus variabilis Wiegmann, 1834 FAMILY POLYCHROTIDAE Norops limifrons (Cope, 1862) Norops townsendi (Stejneger, 1900) Family TEIIDAE Ameiva quadrilineata (Hallowell, 1860) Cnemidophorus deppii Wiegmann, 1834 Suborder SERPENTES Family BOIDAE Boa constrictor Linné, 1758 Corallus ruschenbergerii (Cope, 1876) Family COLUBRIDAE Chironius carinatus (Linné, 1758) Coniophanes fissidens (Gunther, 1858) Imantodes cenchoa (Linné, 1758) Leptodeira rubricata (Cope, 1893) Leptodrymus pulcherrymus (Cope, 1874) Mastigodryas melanolomus (Cope, 1868) Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824) Pseustes poecilonotus (Gunther, 1858) (continued) 477 Species Family ELAPIDAE Pelamis platurus (Linné, 1766) Family LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE Leptotyphlops ater Taylor, 1939 Family LOXOCEMIDAE Loxocemus bicolor Cope, 1861 478 Species List 40.2 (continued) World distributiona Life Central Americab modec Marine habitatd Costa Rican distributione Abundancef Referencesg Pan ES,G,H,N,P aq wc Pc u [18] ICA N,P t i MI r [31] ICA,NCA G,ES,H,N t sb PN i [23] n.a. = Information not available * Introduced exotic a Car = Caribbean; Cp = cosmopolitan; EP = eastern Pacific; ET = extra Tropical; NCA = Nuclear Central America; ICA = Isthmian Central America; NSA = northern South America; SA = South America; Pan = Pantropical; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific; SP = south Pacific b Distribution in Central America other than Costa Rica: B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c aq = aquatic most of the life cycle; t = terrestrial d cl = coastal lagoon; i = island; m = mangrove; rb = rocky beach; sb = sand beach; wc = water column e Cc = Caribbean coast; ICa = Isla del Caño; IC = Isla del Coco; ICh = Isla Chira; MI = Islas Murciélago; PN = Península de Nicoya; PO = Península de Osa; Pc = whole Pacific coast; PG = Golfo de Papagayo; ISL = Isla San Lucas f c = common (one can find many individuals); i = infrequent (not predictable); r = rarely seen; u = usual (can be found in the appropriate habitat and season g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List Species English name World distributiona Central Americab Waved Albatross EP P Cory’s Shearwater Parkinson’s Petrel Black-capped Petrel Dark-rumped Petrel Pink-footed Shearwater Sooty Shearwater Audubon’s Shearwater Wedge-tailed Shearwater Short-tailed Shearwater Car,WA,WP,IP EP,WP Car,WA EP EP EA,EP,IP,WA,WP Car,EP,IO,WA,WP EP,IO,WP Arc,EP,IO,WP Wilson’s Storm-Petrel Ant,Car,EA,EP,IO, IP,RS,WA,WP EA,EP,WA,WP Costa Rica Costa Rica Habitate Referencesf Caribbeanc Pacificd Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE Phoebastria irrorata (Salvin, 1883) Family PROCELLARIIDAE Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli, 1769) Procellaria parkinsoni G.R. Gray, 1862 Pterodroma hasitata (Kuhl, 1820) Pterodroma phaeopygia (Salvin, 1876) Puffinus creatopus Coues, 1864 Puffinus griseus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Puffinus lherminieri Lesson, 1839 Puffinus pacificus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck, 1836) Family HYDROBATIDAE Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820) Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt, 1851) Band-rumped Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot, 1818) Leach’s Storm-Petrel o,s [1, 4, 7] IC,Off IC,Off PM,Off IC,Off PM,IC Off o,s o,s s o,s o,s o,s o,s s o,s * [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] [2, 4, 6, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 4, 6, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] [2, 4, 6, 9] Off o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] PM,IC,Off o,s [2, 4, 6, 8, 9] ES,G,H,N PM,IC,Off o,s [2, 4, 6, 8, 9] ES,G,H,N,P ES,G,H,N,P ES,G,H,N,P IC,Off PM,IC,Off PM,Off PM,IC,Off [2, 4, 6, 8, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] CM ES,G,H,N,P Off Off P ES,G,H,N,P CA P P P Off Off o,s o,s o,s o,s 479 Car,EA,EP,IO,WA, WP Oceanodroma markhami (Salvin, 1883) Markham’s Storm-Petrel EP Oceanodroma melania (Bonaparte, 1854) Black Storm-Petrel EP Oceanodroma microsoma (Coues, 1864) Least Storm-Petrel EP Oceanodroma tethys (Bonaparte, 1852) Wedge-rumped EP Storm-Petrel IC,Off Birds in Coastal and Marine Environments Species List 41.1 Coastal and marine birds in Costa Rica (Pacific and Caribbean) and Central America. Nomenclature and species order follow Dickinson (2003) 480 Species List 41.1 (continued) Central Americab Species English name World distributiona Pelagodroma marina (Latham, 1790) White-faced Storm-Petrel EA,EP,IO,IP,WA, WP Red-billed Tropicbird CA White-tailed Tropicbird Car,EA,EP,IO,RS, WA,WP Ct Magnificent Frigatebird Great Frigatebird Car,EA,EP,WA EA,EP,IO,WA,WP CA Order PELECANIFORMES Family PHAETHONTIDAE Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus, 1758 Off B,G,P? CM IC,Off o,s [2, 4, 8, 9] Off o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] IC,Off o,s [3, 4, 6, 7, 9] PM,IC IC s s [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 4, 8, 9] PM cr,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] American White Pelican EP,WA ES,G,H,N,P Brown Pelican Car,EP,WA CA CM PM,IC cr,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] Masked Booby Brown Booby Blue-footed Booby Red-footed Booby Ct Ct EP Ct CA CA ES,H,N,P CA Off CM Off IC,Off PM,IC PM,IC IC,Off cr,o,s cr,s cr,s cr,s,o [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 8,9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] Neotropical Cormorant Car,EP,WA CA CM PM cl,m [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] American Oystercatcher Car,EP,WA CA CM PM cr,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Black-necked Stilt CA CM PM cl,m [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Car,EP,WA Species List Phaethon lepturus Daudin, 1802 Family FREGATIDAE Fregata magnificens Mathews, 1914 Fregata minor (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Family PELECANIDAE Pelecanus erythrorhynchos J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Pelecanus occidentales Linnaeus, 1766 Family SULIDAE Sula dactylatra Lesson, 1831 Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards, 1882 Sula sula (Linnaeus, 1766) Family PHALACROCORACIDAE Phalacrocorax brasilianus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Order CHARADRIIFORMES Family HAEMATOPODIDAE Haematopus palliates Temminck, 1820 Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE Himantopus mexicanus (Statius Müller, 1776) Costa Rica Costa Rica Habitate Referencesf Caribbeanc Pacificd Car,EP,WA PM cl,m [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] CA CM PM cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] CA CA CA CA CM CM CM CM PM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC cl,m,s cl,cr,m,s cl,m,s cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] CA CM PM,IC cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] CA ES,G,H,N,P CA CM CM PM,IC PM PM,IC cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] CA CM PM,IC cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] CA PM cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] ES,G,H,N,P CA PM,IC PM cl,m,s cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] PM cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 9] PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC cl,m,s cl,m,s cl,m,s cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] CA CA CA CA CM CM CM (continued) 481 Car,EA,EP,IO,Med, RS,WA,WP Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818 Collared Plover Car,EP,WA Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, 1825 Semipalmated Plover Arc,Car,EP,WA Charadrius wilsonia Ord, 1814 Wilson’s Plover Car,EP,WA Pluvialis dominica (Statius Müller, 1776) American Golden-Plover Arc,Car,EA,EP, WA,WP Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758) Black-bellied Plover Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, Med,RS,WA,WP Family SCOLOPACIDAE Actitis macularia (Linnaeus, 1766) Spotted Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA Aphriza virgata (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Surfbird EP Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758) Ruddy Turnstone Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, Med,RS,WA,WP Calidris alba (Pallas, 1764) Sanderling Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, IP,Med,RS, WA,WP Calidris alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) Dunlin Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, Med,RS,WA,WP Calidris bairdii (Coues, 1861) Baird’s Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA Calidris canutus (Linnaeus, 1758) Red Knot Arc,Car,EA,EP,IP, Med,WA,WP Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan, 1763) Curlew Sandpiper Arc,EA,EP,IO,IP, RS,WA,WP Calidris fuscicollis (Vieillot, 1819) White-rumped Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA Calidris himantopus (Bonaparte, 1826) Stilt Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA Calidris mauri (Cabanis, 1857) Western Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA Calidris melanotos (Vieillot, 1819) Pectoral Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA CA Birds in Coastal and Marine Environments Recurvirostra americana J.F. Gmelin, American Avocet 1789 Family CHARADRIIDAE Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758 Snowy Plover 482 Species List 41.1 (continued) Central Americab Costa Rica Costa Rica Habitate Referencesf Caribbeanc Pacificd Least Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA Semipalmated Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA Willet Car,EP,WA CA CA CA CM CM CM Wandering Tattler Short-billed Dowitcher Long-billed Dowitcher Marbled Godwit Hudsonian Godwit Long-billed Curlew Whimbrel ES,G,H,N,P CA CA CA CA CA CA Lesser Yellowlegs Greater Yellowlegs Solitary Sandpiper EP,WP Arc,Car,EP,WA Arc,Car,EP,WA Car,EP,WA Arc,Car,EP,WA Car,EP,WA Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, IP,RS,WA,WP Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, IP,Med,RS, WA,WP Arc,Car,EP,WA Arc,Car,EP,WA Arc,Car,EP,WA Red Phalarope Red-necked Phalarope Wilson’s Phalarope Arc,EA,EP Arc,EP,IO,WP Arc,Car,EP,WA ES,G,H,N ES,G,H,N,P CA Black Noddy Brown Noddy Car,EA,EP,WA,WP B Car,EA,EP,IO,WA, CA WP Car,EA,EP,Med, CA WA,WP English name Calidris minutilla (Vieillot, 1819) Calidris pusilla (Linnaeus, 1766) Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Heteroscelus incanus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Limnodromus griseus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Limnodromus scolopaceus (Say, 1823) Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus, 1758) Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus, 1758) Numenius americanus Bechstein, 1812 Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758) Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus, 1758) Ruff Tringa flavipes (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Tringa melanoleuca (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Tringa solitaria A. Wilson, 1813 Family PHALAROPODIDAE Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Phalaropus lobatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Steganopus tricolor (Vieillot, 1819) Family LARIDAE Anous minutus Boie, 1844 Anous stolidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus, 1758) Black Tern World distributiona CM CM CM CM G,P CA CA CA CM CM CM PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] PM,IC PM PM PM PM PM PM,IC cr cl,m,s cl,m cl,m,s cl,m,s cl,cr,m,s cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] PM cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] PM,IC PM,IC PM,IC cl,m,s cl,m,s cl,m [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] PM,IC,Off o,s [2, 5, 6, 9] PM,Off cl,m,o,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] PM,IC?,Off cl,m,o,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Off IC IC,Off cr,o cr,o [2, 4, 6, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] CM,Off PM,Off cl,m,o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] Species List Species Swallow-tailed Gull White Tern Herring Gull Larus atricilla Linnaeus, 1758 Larus delawarensis Ord, 1815 Larus heermanni Cassin, 1852 Larus modestus Tschudi, 1843 Larus philadelphia (Ord, 1815) Larus pipixcan Wagler, 1831 Phaetusa simplex (Gmelin, 1789) Sterna anaethetus Scopoli, 1786 Laughing Gull Ring-billed Gull Heermann’s Gull Gray Gull Bonaparte’s Gull Franklin’s Gull Large-billed Tern Bridled Tern Sterna antillarum (Lesson, 1847) Sterna caspia Pallas, 1770 Least Tern Caspian Tern Sterna elegans Gambel, 1849 Sterna forsteri Nuttall, 1834 Sterna fuscata Linnaeus, 1766 Elegant Tern Forster’s Tern Sooty Tern Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 Common Tern Sterna nilotica J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Gull-billed Tern Sterna sandvicensis Latham, 1787 Sterna maxima Boddaert, 1783 Xema sabini (Sabine, 1819) Family RYNCHOPIDAE Rynchops niger Linnaeus, 1758 Sandwich Tern Royal Tern Sabine’s Gull EP Car,EA,EP,WA,WP Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, WA,WP Car,EA,EP,WA Car,EA,EP,WA EP EP,WA Car,EA,EP,WA Car,EA,EP,WA WA Car,EA,EP,IO,IP, RS,WA,WP Car,EP,WA,WP Car,EA,EP,IO,IP, Med,RS,WA,WP Car,EA,EP,WA Car,EA,EP,WA Car,EA,EP,IO,WA, WP Car,EA,EP,IO,IP, Med,RS,WA,WP Car,EA,EP,IO,IP, Med,RS,WA,WP Car,EA,EP,Med,WA Car,EA,EP,WA Arc,Car,EP,WP Black Skimmer Car,EP,WA P P CA CA CA G P CA CA P CA CM CM CM CM CM CM Off PM,IC,Off o,s IC,Off cr,o PM,IC m,s [1, 4, 7, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] PM,IC PM PM PM,IC PM PM,IC [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] [2, 4, 6, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] PM,OFF m,s m,s cl,m,s s m,s m,s o,s cr,o * [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] CA CA CM PM PM cl,m,s cl,m,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] ES,G,H,N,P CA CA CM CM PM,IC? PM IC,Off cl,m,s cl,m,s o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] CA CM PM cl,m,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] CA CM PM cl,m,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] CA CA CA CM,Off CM PM,IC,Off cl,m,o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] PM s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] PM,IC,Off o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] CA CM PM cl,m,s Birds in Coastal and Marine Environments Creagrus furcatus (Neboux, 1846) Gygis alba (Sparrman, 1786) Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 2,4,6,7,9 483 (continued) 484 Species List 41.1 (continued) Species English name Family STERCORARIIDAE Catharacta maccormicki Saunders, 1893 South Polar Skua Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot, 1819 Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck, 1815) Pomarine Jaeger World distributiona Ant,Car,EA,EP,IP, WA,WP Arc,Car,EA,EP, WA,WP Ant,Car,EA,EP,IO, IP,WA,WP Ant,Car,EA,EP,IO, IP,WA,WP Central Americab Costa Rica Costa Rica Habitate Referencesf Caribbeanc Pacificd ES,G,H,N,P CM,Off PM,Off o,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] ES,G,H,N,P PM,Off o,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] CA PM,IC,Off o,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] PM,IC,Off o,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] CA CM,Off * Unpublished; confirmed during the preparation of this document a Ant = Antarctic; Arc = Arctic; Car = Caribbean; Ct = circumtropical; EA = Eastern Atlantic; EP = Eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indopacific; Med = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; WA = Western Atlantic; WP = Western Pacific b CA = All Central American Countries; B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panamá c CM = Caribbean mainland; Off = Offshore d IC = Isla del Coco; Off = Offshore; PM = Pacific mainland e cl = Coastal lagoon; cr = Coastal rock; m = Mangrove; o = Oversea; s = Shore f References are indicated by numbers according to the references list Species List Species Order CARNIVORA Suborder PINNIPEDIA Family PHOCIDAE Monachus tropicalis Gray, 1850 Order SIRENIA Family TRICHECHIDAE Trichechus manatus manatus Linnaeus, 1778 Order CETACEA Suborder MYSTICETI Family BALAENOPTERIDAE Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804 Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828 Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1878 Balaenoptera musculus, Linnaeus 1758 Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758 Suborder ODONTOCETI Family PHYSETERIDAE Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758 Family KOGIIDAE Kogia breviceps de Blainville, 1838 Kogia sima Owen, 1866 Family ZIPHIIDAE Mesoplodon densirostris de Blainville, 1817 Americab Ocurrencec distributiond Statuse Referencesf Car CA, B – – Ex [5, 17, 25, 26] Car, EA, WA B, G, H, N, P O C, R VUA1cd C2a [8, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29] cp(except RS) cp Car, EA, EP, IO, IP, WP, WA cp (except RS, Med) cp (except RS) CA, P CA, P CA, P CA, P CA, P E E E E E P P CP P P LR/nt, I ENA1 abd, I DD, I ENA1 abd, I ENA1 abd, I [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] Ant, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med CA, P E CP VUA1bd I [10, 19, 25] EA, EP, WA, WP, IO EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP CA, P CA, P E E P P LR/lc LR/lc [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med CA, P E P DD [10, 19, 25] (continued) 485 World distributiona Marine Mammals Species List 42.1 Marine mammals reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, Central America; taxonomic nomenclature based on Rice (1998) Costa Rica Oceanic Central 486 Species List 42.1 (continued) Ocurrencec Oceanic distributiond Statuse Referencesf Mesoplodon europaeus Gervais, 1855 Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier, 1823 Family DELPHINIDAE Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758 Car, EA EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med CA CA, P E E P CP DD DD [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med, RS Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med, RS EP, WA, IO Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, RS cp Car, WA Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, RS Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, RS Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med, RS Car, EA, WA Car, EA, WA Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med, RS Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med, RS CA, B, P E CP DD* [10, 19, 25] CA, B, P E P DD [10, 19, 25] CA, B, P CA, B, P O E CP P LR/cd DD [10, 19, 25, 32] [10, 19, 25] CA, B, P CA, B, P CA, B, P E E E P P CP DD LR/lc* LR/lc* [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] CA, B, P N, P CA, B, P E C O CP C CP LR/cd DD, I LR/cd [10, 19, 25] [8, 9, 12, 25, 32] [10, 19, 25] CA, B, P E CP LR/cd [10, 19, 25] CA, B, P E P LR/cd [10, 19, 25] CA, B, P CA, B, P CA, B, P E F F P CP CP DD DD DD [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25, 31] [10, 19, 25] CA, B, P C CP DD [10, 19, 12, 25, 32] Feresa attenuata Gray, 1874 Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846 Grampus griseus Cuvier, 1812 Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser, 1956 Peponocephala electra Gray, 1846 Pseudorca crassidens Owen, 1846 Orcinus orca Linnaeus, 1758 Sotalia guianensis Van Bénéden, 1864 Stenella attenuata Gray, 1846 Stenella longirostris Gray, 1828 Stenella coeruleoalba Meyen, 1833 Stenella clymene Gray, 1850 Stenella frontalis Cuvier, 1829 Steno bredanensis Lesson, 1828 Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821 Species List World distributiona Central Americab Costa Rica Species Marine Mammals Ant = Antarctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c C = common; E = expected; F = frequent; O = occasional d C = Costal populations, P = Pelagic populations, CP = both coastal and pelagic populations, R = riverine e UICN Red List (1996, 2000, http://www/redlist.org). DD = data deficient; LR/cd = lower risk taxon-specific or habitat-specific; LR/nt = Lower Risk taxa close to be qualify as Vulnerable; LR/lc = ; Lower Risk taxa do not qualify for conservation-dependent or near-threatened; ENA1abd = Endangered, population reduction in form of direct observation, index of abundance appropriate to the taxon, decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and/or quality of habitat; VUA1cdC2a = vulnerable, observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected reduction of at least 20% the last 10 years or three generations based on decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat, actual, or potential levels of exploitation, population estimated to less than 10,000 mature individuals and either continuing decline, severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1,000 mature individuals); VUA1bd = vulnerable observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected reduction of at least 20% the last 10 years or three generations based on an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon and actual or potential levels of exploitation; Ex = extinct, I = Appendix I of CITES (http://www.cites.org/) f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a 487 Species List 42.2 Marine mammals reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Central America; taxonomic nomenclature based on Rice (1998) Species Order CARNIVORA Suborder PINNIPEDIA Family OTARIIDAE Zalophus californianus Lesson, 1828 Zalophus wollebaeki Sivertsen, 1953 Order CETACEA Family BALAENOPTERIDAE Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804 Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828 Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1878 World distributiona Oceanic Costa Rica Central Occurrenced distributione Statusf Americab Pacificc Referencesg EP EP CA CA PM, IC IC A A C C LC/cd DD [1, 11, 15, 25] [15, 25] cp (except RS) CA, P O E P LR/nt, I [10, 19, 25, 31] cp CA, P O, IC E P ENA1 abd, I [6, 10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] DD, I [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] ENA1 abd, I [10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 28, 31] ENA1 abd, I [6, 10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] VUA1ad, I [2, 6, 7, 10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 30, 31] PM, O, IC O CP Balaenoptera musculus, Linnaeus, 1758 Car, EA, EP, IO, IP, WP, CA, P WA Cp (exceptRS, Med) N, P IC, O O P Balaenoptera physalus, Linnaeus, 1758 Cp (exceptRS) CA, P O, IC E P CA, P PM, IC F C CA, P O, IC O CP VUA1bd, I [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] CA, P CA, P O O E O P P LR/lc* LR/lc* [10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] [10, 17, 18, 19, 25, 31] Megaptera novaeangliae Borowski, 1781 Ant, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med Family PHYSETERIDAE Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1766 Ant, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med Family KOGIIDAE Kogia breviceps de Blainville, 1838 EA, EP, WA, WP, IO Kogia sima Owen, 1866 EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP Family ZIPHIIDAE Mesoplodon densirostris Blainville, 1817 Mesoplodon peruvianus Reyes, Mead, & Van-Waerebeek, 1991 Mesoplodon spp. Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier, 1823 Family DELPHINIDAE Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758 Feresa attenuata Gray, 1874 Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846 Grampus griseus Cuvier, 1812 Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser, 1956 Peponocephala electra Gray, 1846 Pseudorca crassidens Owen, 1846 Orcinus orca Linnaeus, 1758 Stenella attenuata Gray, 1846 Stenella longirostris Gray, 1828 Stenella coeruleoalba Meyen, 1833 Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med EP CA, P O, IC R P DD [10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] CA, P O E P DD [10, 17, 18, 19, 25, 31] EP EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IPMed CA CA, P PM, O, IC O PM, O, IC O P CP ? DD [10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25] [3, 10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med, RS Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med, RS EP, WA, IO Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, RS cp CA, P O C P DD* CA, P O E P DD [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] [10, 17, 18, 19, 25, 31] CA, P PM, O, IC C CP LR/cd CA, P O, IC C P DD CA, P CA, P O O R R P P DD LR/lc* CA, P O R CP LR/lc* CA, P PM, O, IC R CP LR/cd CA, P PM, O C CP LR/cd CA PM, O, IC F CP LR/cd CA, P PM, O, IC C P LR/cd Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, RS Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, RS Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med, RS [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 31] [10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] [10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31 [4, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] [6, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 31] [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] [10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] (continued) Species List 42.2 (continued) Species Steno bredanensis Lesson, 1828 Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821 World distributiona Oceanic Costa Rica Central Occurrenced distributione Statusf Americab Pacificc Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med, RS Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med, RS CA, P PM, O F CP DD CA, P PM, O, IC C CP DD Referencesg [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] [3, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18.19, 21, 25, 31] a Ant = Antarctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco; O = Pacific offshore d A = accidental; C = common; E = expected; F = frequent; O = occasional; R = rare e C = Costal populations, P = Pelagic populations; CP = both coastal and pelagic populations f UICN Red List (1996, 2000, http://www/redlist.org) DD = data deficient; LR/cd = lower risk taxon-specific or habitat-specific; LR/nt = lower risk taxa close to be qualify as vulnerable; LR/lc = lower risk taxa do not qualify for conservation-dependent or near-threatened; ENA1abd = endangered, population reduction in form of direct observation, index of abundance appropriate to the taxon, decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and/or quality of habitat; VUA1ad = vulnerable, observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected reduction of at least 20% the last 10 years or three generations based on direct observation and actual or potential levels of exploitation; VUA1bd = vulnerable observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 20% the last 10 years or three generations based on an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon and actual or potential levels of exploitation; Ex = extinct, I = Appendix I of CITES (http://www.cites.org/) g References specified by numbers in the reference list Other Taxonomic Groups (Fungi, Kinorhynchs, Invertebrate Chordates) 491 Species List 43.1 Marine fungi collected in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Systematics according to http://www.plantbio.uga.edu/zoosporicfungi/index.html Species Kingdom FUNGI Phylum CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Class CHYTRIDIOMYCETES Chytridiomycota, genus unidentified Dermocystidium sp. Phylum STRAMENOPILA Class LABYRINTHULOMYCOTA Family LABYRINTHULACEAE Labyrinthula sp. Family THRAUSTOCHYTRIACEAE Thraustochytrium sp. Schizochytrium sp. Ulkenia sp. Costa Ricaa Habitatb Referencesc GN GN m m [6] [6] GN m [6] GN GN GN m m m [6] [6] [6] GN = Golfo de Nicoya m = mangrove c References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a b Species List 43.2 Salps collected off the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Systematics of higher taxa as in Brusca and Brusca (2003) and Myers et al. (2006) Species Habitata Referencesb Phylum CHORDATA Subphylum UROCHORDATA Class THALIACEA Order SALPIDA Family SALPIDAE Thalia democratica (Forskål, 1775) Weelia cylindrica (Cuvier, 1804) pl pl [1] [1] a b pl = planktonic Reference are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 492 Species List Species List 43.3 Kinorynchs and invertebrate chordates collected from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Systematics of higher taxa as in Brusca & Brusca (2003) and Catalogue of Life (http:// annual.sp2000.org/2006) Species Phylum KINORHYNCHA Order CYCLORHAGIDA Family CENTRODERIDAE Campyloderes cf. vanhoeffeni Family ECHINODERIDAE * Fissuroderes thermoi Neuhaus and Blasche 2006 Phylum CHORDATA Class ASCIDIACEA Order ENTEROGONA Family ASCIDIIDAE Ascidia ceratodes (Huntsman, 1912) Ascidia sp. Family DIAZONIDAE * Rhopalaea birkelandi Tokioka 1971 Family DIDEMNIDAE Didemnum (Didemnum) candidum Savigny, 1816 Didemnum (Didemnum) moseleyi (Herman, 1886) Lissoclinum caulleryi Ritter and Forsyth, 1917 Lissoclinum fragile (Van Name, 1902) Family POLYCLINIDAE Amaroucium constellatum Verrill, 1871 Polyclinum laxum Van Name, 1945 Order PLEUROGONA Family PYURIDAE Pyura lignosa Michaelsen, 1908 Pyura sp. aff. vittata Family STYELIDAE Polyandrocarpa (Eusyntyela) tincta Van Name, 1902 Symplegma pizoni Ritter and Forsyth, 1917 Styela partita Stimpson, 1852 Class CEPHALOCHORDATA Family BRANCHIOSTOMIDAE Branchiostoma californiense Andrews, 1893 Costa Ricaa Habitatb Referencesc CR be [2] CR be [3] PC PC be,rb be,rb [5] [5] PC be,rb [4,5] PC PC PC PC be,rb be,rb be,rb be,rb [5] [5] [5] [5] PC PC be,rb be,rb [5] [5] PC PC be,rb be,rb [5] [5] PC PC PC be,rb be,rb be,rb [5] [5] [5] GN be,sb [7] * = Species described with specimens collected in Costa Rica CR = Cocos ridge; G = Guanacaste; GN = Golfo de Nicoya; PC = Playas del Coco b be = benthic; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom c References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list a Marine Fish Parasites 493 Species List 44.1 Marine parasites collected from fish from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Taxonomy of higher taxa as in Brusca and Brusca (2003), and Rodíguez-Ortíz et al. (2004) Species Phylum ARTHROPODA Subphylum CRUSTACEA Class MAXILLOPODA Subclass COPEPODA Order SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA Family CALIGIDAE Caligus mutabilis Wilson, 1905 Family PSEUDOCYCNIDAE Pseudocycnoides buccata (Wilson, 1922) a Host Referencesa Scomberomorus brasiliensis [7] Scomberomorus brasiliensis [7] References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 494 Species List Species List 44.2 Marine parasites collected from fish from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Taxonomy of higher taxa as in Brusca and Brusca (2003), and Rodíguez-Ortíz et al. (2004) Species Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class MONOGENOIDEA Subclass POLYONCHOINEA Family ALLODISCOCOTYLIDAE Hargicola oligoplites (Hargis, 1957) Lebedev, 1970 Family CEMOCOTYLIDAE Cemocotylella elongata (Meserve, 1938) Price, 1962 Family CHAUHANEIDAE Ahpua piscicola Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1973 Family DICLIDOPHORIDAE Hargicotyle louisianensis (Hargis, 1955) Mamaev, 1972 Originally described as Choricotyle louisiana Family DISCOCOTYLIDAE Heterobothrium ecuadori (Meserve, 1938) Originally described as Tagia ecuadori Pseudomazocraes monsivaisae Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1955 Family MICROCOTYLIDAE Jaliscia caballeroi (Bravo-Hollis, 1960) Mamaev & Egorova, 1977 Polymicrocotyle manteri LamotheArgumedo, 1967 Family PROTOMICROCOTYLIDAE * Neomicrocotyle pacifica (Meserve, 1938) Yamaguti, 1968 Originally described as Protomicrocotyle pacifica Class TREMATODA Subclass DIGENEA Family ACANTHOCOLPIDAE Helicometra sinuata (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1902 Manteria brachydera (Manter, 1940) Caballero, 1950 Stephanostomum casum (Linton, 1910) McFarlane, 1934 Family BUCEPHALIDAE Bucephalopsis sp. Bucephalus introversus Manter, 1940 Family DIDYMOZOIDAE Didymozoidae gen. sp. nov. (metacercariae) Host Sitesa Referencesb Oligoplites altus GN [18] Caranx caballus GN [18] Caranx caballus, Oligoplites altus GN [9,18] Menticirrhus sp. P [2] Sphoeroides sp. ML [3,5,14] Vomer declivifrons P [9, 18] Tuna GN [18] Luytjanus colorado GN [9, 18] Caranx marginatus BC [3, 14, 18] Moray BC [10] Caranx caballus, Oligoplites altus, Oligoplites refulgens Epinephelus itajara GN [17] J [16] Caranx caballus Caranx hippos, Seriola sp. PC BC [18] [9, 10, 18] Haemulon maculicauda BC [16] (continued) Marine Fish Parasites 495 Species List 44.2 (continued) Species Family FELLODISTOMATIDAE Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi 1819) Stossich, 1899 Family HEMIURIDAE Ectenurus virgulus Linton, 1910 Lecithochirium microstomum Chandelr, 1935 Lecithochirium monticelli (Linton, 1898) Crowcroft, 1946 Mecoderus oligoplites Manter, 1940 Pseudolecithaster sp. Theletrum lamothei Pérez-Ponce de León, León-Règagnon & Monks 1998 Family LEPOCREADIIDAE Bianium plicitum (Linton, 1928) in Brenes (1961) as Diploproctodaeum plicitum (Linstow, 1928) Bianium simonei (Travarssos, Freitas & Buhrheim1965) Yamaguti, 1971 Hypocreadium myohelicatum Bravo-Hollis & Manter, 1957 Family MONORCHIIDAE * Lasiotocus costaricae (Manter, 1940) Yamaguti, 1954 Originally described as Proctptrema costaricae Family OPECOELIDAE Helicometra sinuata (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1902 Class CESTODA Subclass EUCESTODA Family ONCHOBOTHRIIDAE * Acanthobothrium campbelli Marques, Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothrium cimari Marques, Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothrium costarricense Marques, Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothrium franus Marques, Centritto & Stewart, 1997 * Acanthobothrium inbiorium Marques, Centritto & Stewart, 1997 * Acanthobothrium puntarenasense Marques, Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothrium nicoyaense Brooks & McCorquodale, 1995 * Host Sitesa Referencesb Caranx caballus BC,O [3, 10, 16] Fistularia commersoni Fistularia commersoni O O [16] [16] Synodus sp. O [2] Oligoplites altus, Oligoplites refulgens, Oligoplites sp. Echidna nocturna Echidna nocturna GN,P [2, 17] J J [16] [16] Sphoeroides sp. ML [3, 5] Arothron hispidus N [15] Epinephelus itajara C [16] Yellow-striped grunt or porgy BC [3, 8, 10, 18] Moray BC [3, 10] Urotrygon chilensis GN [11] Dasyatis longus GN [11] Dasyatis longus GN [11] Narcine entemedor J [13] Narcine entemedor J [13] Dasyatis longus GN [11] Aetobatus narinari GN [4] (continued) 496 Species List Species List 44.2 (continued) Species Host Sitesa Referencesb * Acanthobothrium vargasi Marques, Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothroides pacificus Marques, Brooks & Molina-Ureña, 1996 Family PHYLLOBOTHRIIDAE * Rhinebothrium geminum Marques, Brooks & Molina-Ureña, 1996 Family PTEROBOTHRIIDAE Pterobothrioides carvajali Campbell & Beveridge, 1997 Family TRILOCULARIIDAE * Escherbothrium molinae Berman & Brooks, 1994 Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA Class PALAEACANTHOCEPHALA Order ECHINORHYNCHIDA Family ILLIOSENTIDAE * Koronacatha pectinarius (Van Cleave, 1940) Monks et al., 1997; originally described as Tegorhynchus pectinarius Phylum NEMATODA Class ADENOPHOREA Family GNATHOSTOMATIDAE * Echinocephalus janzeni Hoberg, Brooks, Molina-Ureña & Erbe, 1998 Phylum ARTHROPODA Subphylum CRUSTACEA Class MAXILLOPODA Subclass COPEPODA Order SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA Family BOMOLOCHIDAE Unicolax collateralis Cressey & Cressey 1980 Family CALIGIDAE Caligus omissus Cressey & Cressey, 1980 Caligus chorinemi Kroyer, 1863 Family LERNANTHROPIDAE Lernanthropus micropterygis Richiardi, 1885 Family PANDARIDAE Pandarus satyrus Dana, 1852 Family PSEUDOCYCNIDAE Peudocycnoides buccata (Wilson, 1922) Peudocycnus appendiculatus Heller, 1868 Dasyatis longus GN [11] Himantura pacifica BC [12] Himantura pacifica BC [12] Dasytis longus J [6] Urotrygon chilensis GN [1] “Medialuna”, BC,J Microlepidotus brevipinnis [15, 20] Himantura pacifica BC [8] Euthynnus lineatus PC [7] Scomberomorus sierra Seriola dorsalis PC BC [7] [21] Seriola sp. BC [21] Prionace glauca PC [19] Scomberomorus sierra Thunnus albacares PC PC [7] [7] * = species described with material collected in Costa Rica a BC = Bahía Culebra; C = Playa Cuajiniquil; GN = Golfo de Nicoya; J = Playa Junquillal; ML = Mata de Limón; N = Playa Nacascolo; O = Playa Ocotal; P = Puntarenas; PC = Pacific coast of Costa Rica, no specific location given b References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Parasites Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class TREMATODA Subclass DIGENEA Family ANGIODICTYIDAE Deuterobaris intestinalis Mehrotra, 1973 Microscaphidium reticulare van Beneden, 1859 Microscaphidium warui Blair, 1986 Octangium hiphalum Blair, 1987 Polyangium linguatula Looss, 1899 Family CLINOSTOMIDAE Clinostomum complanatum Rudolphi, 1814 Family PARAMPHISTOMIDAE Schizamphistomoides erratum Blair, 1983 Schizamphistomoides scleroporum Creplin, 1844 Family PRONOCEPHALIDAE Charaxicephaloides sp. Charaxicephalus robustus Looss, 1901 Cricocephalus albus Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822 Cricocephalus megastomus Looss, 1902 Cricocephalus resectus Looss, 1902 Desmogonius desmogonius Stephens, 1911 Himasomum lobatus Looss, 1901 Pleurogonius linearis Looss, 1901 Pleurogonius longiusculus Looss, 1901 Pleurogonius sindhii Mehra, 1939 Microhabitat Geographical distributiona Other sea turtle hostsb Referencesc Intestine Intestine I A,C,E,G,J,M,NS,PR None None [31, 45] [6, 15] Urinary bladder Lower intestine Intestine A,P,T A,I,T A,B,C,E,F,H,I,PR,S None None 1 [6] [7, 16, 31] [6, 13, 14, 15] Oesophagus Cosmopolitan None [24] Lower intestine Stomach/Intestine A,K,M,PR,SL,T A,C,EU,NA,TR 4 4 [5] [5] Stomach Oesophagus/Stomach Oesophagus/Stomach C E A,B,E,I,IC,J,P,PR,S,T,TR None None 4 [20, 21] [26, 41] [17, 25, 48] Oesophagus/Stomach Oesophagus/Stomach Oesophagus/Stomach Intestine Intestine Intestine Intestine C,E,I,PR,T CE,E,I,T JA,T,F B,E,F,FI,JA,ME,P,PR,T B,E,J,ME,PR B,E,I,P P,PK 4 None None 4,5 4 None None [9, 15, 16, 17, 20, 27] [9, 16, 41, 48] [10, 16, 29, 44] [14, 16, 17, 34, 48] [17, 48] [9, 48] [48] 497 (continued) Sea Turtle Parasites Species List 45.1 Parasites reported from the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) of the Parque Nacional Tortuguero, north Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Santoro et al. 2006, 2007a, b, c) 498 Species List 45.1 (continued) Microhabitat Geographical distributiona Other sea turtle hostsb Referencesc Pleurogonius solidus Looss, 1901 Pleurogonius tortugueroi Santoro et al. 2007c Pronocephalus obliquus Looss, 1899 Pyelosomum cochlear Looss, 1899 Rameshwarotrema uterocrescens Rao, 1975 Family RHYTIDODIDAE Rhytidodoides intestinalis Price, 1939 Rhytidodoides similis Price, 1939 Family SPIRORCHIIDAE Amphiorchis solus Simha & Chattopadhyaya, 1970 Hapalotrema postorchis Rao, 1976 Learedius learedi Price, 1934 Intestine Lower intestine C,E n. sp. 4 None [48] [40] High intestine Urinary bladder Oesophagus B,E,J,P,PK E,F,H,ME,P,PR I,PR None 5 4 [9, 48] [13, 14, 15, 33, 48] [14, 36] Gall bladder Gall bladder/Liver NZPW,P NZPW,P None None [8, 35] [8, 35] Intestine I None [42] Great vessels/Heart Great vessels/Heart/ Oesophagus/Gall bladder/Liver/Intestine Heart Heart/Small vessels of oesophagus, stomach, intestine, urinary bladder A,I,H A,B,BE,F,GC,H,I,ME, NZPW,P,PK,PR None 2,3,4 [12, 13, 37] [1, 22, 30, 43] PK A,BE,F,NZPW None 1 [30] [19, 23, 43] Monticellius indicum Mehra, 1939 Neospirorchis sp.*, ** Species List Parasites Skin ct,ME 5 [18, 32] n. sp. = new species * Only histological finding. ** Two Neospirorchis species have been described to date: N. pricei Manter & Larson, 1950 from C. caretta and N. schistosomatoides Price, 1934 from C. mydas. a A = Australia; B = Brazil; BE = Bermuda; C = Cuba; CE = Ceylon; Ct = circumtropical; E = Egypt; EU = Europe; F = Florida; FI = Filipinas; G = Ghana; GC = Grand Cayman; H = Hawaii; I = India; IC = Iles de Cocotiers; J = Japan; JA = Jamaica; K = Kiribati; M = Malaysia; ME = Mexico; NA = North America; NS = North Sea; NZPW = National Zoological Park of Washington, USA; P = Panama; PK = Pakistan; PR = Puerto Rico; S = Singapore; SL = Sri Lanka; T = Taiwan; TR = Trinidad b 1 = Caretta caretta; 2 = Chelonia agassizii; 3 = Chelonia mydas; 4 = Eretmochelys imbricata; 5 = Lepidochelys olivacea c References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Sea Turtle Parasites Phylum ANNELIDA Class CLITELLATA Subclass HIRUDINEA Family OZOBRANCHIDAE Ozobranchus branchiatus Menzies, 1791 499 Parasites Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class TREMATODA Subclass DIGENEA Family GORGODERIDAE Plesiochorus cymbiformis (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1901 Family PACHYPSOLIDAE Pachypsolus irroratus (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1902 Family PLAGIORCHIIDAE Enodiotrema megachondrus Looss, 1899 Family SPIRORCHIIDAE Spirorchiid eggs* Phylum ANNELIDA Class CLITELLATA Subclass HIRUDINEA Family OZOBRANCHIDAE Ozobranchus branchiatus Menzies, 1791 Geographical distributionb Microhabitat Localitya Urinary bladder ONWR A,E,F,G,I,IT,J,ME, NG,P,PR 1, 3, 4 [4, 28, 33, 48] Stomach ONWR A,F,FR,IT,ME,NA, NG,P,PR,RS,S 1, 3, 4 [2, 3, 4, 28, 34] Intestine GN C,E,FR,IT,ME,S 1, 3, 4 [2, 20, 28, 34, 48] Lungs/Spleen/Intestine GN A,AS,BWI,CS,CR, F,GC,H,ME,US 1, 2, 3, 4 [1, 11, 19, 38, 39, 43, 47] Skin Nan,ONWR ct,ME 3, 5 [personal observation 2002, 2004, 32] 500 Species List 45.2 Parasites reported from the olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (Santoro & Morales 2007) Other sea turtle hostsc Referencesd Species List * Only histological finding. a GN = Golfo de Nicoya; ONWR = Ostional National Wildlife Refuge, Nan = Nancite nesting beach b A = Australia; AS = Atlantic seaboard (Florida to Massachussetts); BWI = British West Indies; C = Cuba; CR = Costa Rica; CS = Caribbean Sea; Ct = circumtropical; E = Egypt; F = Florida; FR = France; G = Greece; GC = Grand Cayman; H = Hawaii; I = India; IT = Italy; J = Japan; ME = Mexico; NA = Northwest Atlantic coast of Africa; NG = New Guinea; P = Panama; PR = Puerto Rico; RS = Red Sea; S = Spain; US = USA c 1 = Caretta caretta; 2 = Chelonia agassizii; 3 = Chelonia mydas; 4 = Eretmochelys imbricata; 5 = Lepidochelys olivacea d References are indicated by numbers according to the references list

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Brusca & Wehrtmann 2009 Costa Rica TABLES

Brusca & Wehrtmann 2009 Costa Rica TABLES

Brusca & Wehrtmann 2009 Costa Rica TABLES

Brusca & Wehrtmann 2009 Costa Rica TABLES

Brusca & Wehrtmann 2009 Costa Rica TABLES

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