Practices, Discrimination and Liberty Rights in the   Mental Health Act of Ghana

Dr. Wilma M Isaboke

This article examines the impact and implication of recognising traditional and spiritual mental therapeutic services in the Mental Health Act of Ghana (2012) for persons with mental disabilities in respect of liberty rights and fight against stigmatisation and discrimination. The article propounds that it is profoundly imperative to legitimately acknowledge and utilize innocuous cultures in providing mental health services in Ghana. The proposition is grounded in the conviction that the inclusion is necessary towards fostering protection of rights, curtailing discrimination and arbitrariness of any nature. The author recommends that all relevant parties, government, healers associations, non governmental organisations, conventional organisations of healing and human rights keep these contextual priorities in mind when developing and providing mental health services in the Ghanaian Society.

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JAHRGANG 25ND YEAR AUSGABE 1/2014 ISSUE 1/2014 Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung Disability and International Development Diskriminierung überwinden/Overcoming Discrimination Impressum/Masthead Inhaltsverzeichnis Table of Contents Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung Disability and International Development Editorial .......................................................................3 Schwerpunkt/Focus Diskriminierung überwinden/Overcoming Discrimination Inclusion from a Socio-Cultural Perspective – A Javanese Example Joyce Dreezens-Fuhrke ...................................................4 Practices, Discrimination and Liberty Rights in the Mental Health Act of Ghana Isaboke Moraa Wilmah .................................................11 Interview: Frauen mit Behinderung werden beinahe überall ausgeschlossen Dorothy Musakanya Mapulanga (Zambia) .....................18 Ich bin anders aber gleichberechtigt Shafiq ur Rehman (Pakistan)..........................................20 Disabled People and the Post-2015 Development Goal Agenda through a Disability Studies Lens Gregor Wolbring/Rachel Mackay/Theresa Rybchinski/ Jacqueline Noga...........................................................22 Governments are not Enough: Disability, Development, and the Role of Broad Based Planning Stephen Meyers/Victor Pineda/Valerie Karr ....................32 Kurzmeldungen/Notes..............................................37 Literatur/Reviews .....................................................43 Veranstaltungen/Events............................................46 Anschrift/Address Wandastr. 9, 45136 Essen Tel.: +49 (0)201/17 89 123 Fax: +49 (0)201/17 89 026 E-Mail: info@inie-inid.org Internet: www.zbdw.de Für blinde und sehbehinderte Menschen ist die Zeit schrift im Internet erhältlich./For persons with visual im pairment, an electronic version of the journal is available at www.zbdw.de Redaktionsgruppe/Editorial Board Isabella Bertmann, Christine Bruker, Jana Offergeld, Prof. Dr. Sabine Schäper, Gabriele Weigt Schriftleitung/Editorship Gabriele Weigt Redaktionsassistenz/Editorial Assistance Katharina Silter Gestaltung/Layout Amund Schmidt Druck/Print Druckerei Nolte, Iserlohn Bankverbindung/Bank Details Bank für Sozialwirtschaft Konto-Nr./Account number: 80 40 702 BLZ/BIC: 370 205 00 / BFSWDE33 IBAN: DE19 3702 0500 0008 0407 02 Die Zeitschrift Behinderung und internationale Entwick lung wird vom Institut für inklusive Entwicklung heraus gegeben. Editor of the journal Disability and International Deve lopment is the Institute for Inclusive Development. Hinweis: Für den Inhalt der Artikel sind die AutorInnen verantwortlich. Veröffentlichte Artikel stellen nicht un bedingt die Meinung der Redaktion dar. Die Veröffentli chung von Beiträgen aus der Zeitschrift in anderen Pub likationen ist möglich, wenn dies unter vollständiger Quellenangabe geschieht und ein Belegexemplar über sandt wird. Please note that the authors are responsible for the content of the articles. Published articles do not neces sarily reflect the opinion of the editorial board. Papers published in the journal Disability and International De velopment may be reprinted in other publications if cor rectly cited and if a copy is forwarded to the contact provided above. ISSN 2191-6888 2 Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development EDITORIAL Editorial Liebe Leserinnen und Leser, Dear Readers, in allen Ländern dieser Welt tragen negative gesellschaftliche Einstellungen gegenüber Men schen mit Behinderung zu sozialer Exklusion, Stigmatisierung und Diskriminierung bei. Die UN-BRK benennt daher in Art. 8 die Bewusst seinsbildung als zentrale Aufgabe in der Um setzung von Menschenrechten. Im Auftakt un serer Schwerpunktreihe zu Barrieren gesell schaftlicher Teilhabe und deren Überwindung beschäftigen wir uns daher mit kulturell, religi ös und spirituell geprägten Bildern von Behin derung sowie ihren Auswirkungen auf die Le benssituation von Menschen mit Behinderung. Joyce Dreezens-Fuhrke liefert Beispiele für kulturelle Vorstellungen über die Rolle von Menschen mit Behinderung in der Gesellschaft auf Java. Isaboke Wilmah beschreibt die Integ ration des traditionellen Heilwesens in die Ver sorgung von Menschen mit psychischen Behin derungen im Rahmen des neuen Mental Health Acts in Ghana und thematisiert damit verbun dene Vorteile und Risiken. Anschließend kom men Dorothy Musakanya Mapulanya aus Zam bia und Shafiq ur Rehman aus Pakistan zu Wort und schildern ihre persönlichen Erfahrungen mit Vorurteilen und Diskriminierung. Die beiden letzten Beiträge beschäftigen sich mit dem Thema Behinderung im Kontext der in ternationalen (Entwicklungs-)Zusammenarbeit: Der Artikel von Gregor Wolbring u.a. zeigt, wie wenig Menschen mit Behinderungen bisher in nerhalb der Post-2015 Agenda und darüber hi naus Berücksichtigung finden. Viktor Pineda und seine KollegInnen plädieren schließlich für eine deutlichere Wahrnehmung der Bedeutung des privaten und zivilgesellschaftlichen Sektors für die Verbesserung der Lebensumstände von Menschen mit Behinderung. Wir wünschen Ihnen viel Vergnügen und in teressante Denkanstöße bei der Lektüre, in countries all around the globe, negative so cial beliefs about persons with disabilities result in their exclusion, stigmatisation and discrimi nation. UNCRPD article 8 therefore calls for awareness raising as a vital strategy for the im plementation of human rights. At the outset of our series on barriers to social participation and the overcoming of such barriers, we take a look at cultural, religious and spiritual image ries of disability and their implications on the lives of persons with disabilities. Joyce Dreezens-Fuhrke provides examples of cultural beliefs about social roles of persons with disabilities in Java. Isaboke Wilmah elabo rates on the integration of the traditional and spiritual healing systems into the care for per sons with mental impairments in the scope of the new Mental Health Act and addresses the advantages and risks that come along with this measure. Afterwards, Dorothy Musakanya Mapulanya from Sambia and Shafiqur Rehuran from Pakistan report on prejudices and dis crimination based on their own experiences. The last two articles focus on the topic of dis ability in the context of international develop ment: Gregor Wolbring et al. demonstrate how little persons with disabilities as a disadvan taged group are considered in the scope of the Post-2015 agenda and beyond. Last but not least, Viktor Pineda and his colleagues advo cate for a stronger acknowledgement of the im portance of the private and civil society sector in the efforts to improve the living conditions of persons with disabilities. We hope this issue provides you with inter esting and new ideas and ways of thinking, Your editorial board Ihr Redaktionsteam Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 3 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE In clusio n from a Socio-Cultural Perspective – A Javanese Example1 Joyce Dreezens-Fuhrke The implementation of the legal framework for social inclusion of persons with disabilities in Indonesia is not yet satisfied, especially in rural areas (Irwanto/Rahmi Kasim et al. 2010). Deep-rooted social and cul tural attitudes are sometimes difficult to identify, but still exist and have an impact on the lives of persons with disabilities. Based on qualitative data from my research on disability in rural Java, both negative and positive perceptions on persons with disabilities are illustrated by two examples of disabled women. It is shown how access to inclusion and interactions with the community are interrelated to the Javanese sym bolic structure on the one hand and to the present socio-cultural factors on the other hand. Introduction Against the background of the ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2011, Indonesia aims to achieve its implementation (UNESCO 2013)2. Through specific programmes and the National Plan of Action on persons with disability 2004 2013 in recent years, progress has been made regarding the improvement of their living con ditions3. However, services and facilities for people who live with a physical, intellectual, or psychiatric, mild or severe impairment are still insufficient. Big discrepancies not only exist be tween the different Indonesian provinces, but also between rural Javanese villages and larger cities. In general, the needs of individuals with disabilities are often not met and their quality of life is rather low (Irwanto/Rahmi Kasim et al. 2010). Moreover, they are neither included in society nor in the social development. The pro cess of implementation of the UN Convention is facing different kinds of barriers. In Indonesia, a country with diverse cultures, traditions and beliefs, different views on per sons with disabilities exist. The underlying so cio-cultural factors of discrimination and social exclusion as well as inclusion of persons with disabilities in a rural Javanese social setting will be exemplified by two case studies4: one woman with a physical, and the other with a visual impairment. A closer look is taken at the social attitudes of community members towards one of the women who is fighting for her rights. Own observations over many years until now and descriptions from older and current litera ture (e.g. Byrne 2003; Irwanto/Rahmi Kasim et al. 2010; Minas/Diatri 2008) confirm that be liefs, attitudes, behaviour patterns and values perpetuate over decades. 4 Persons with Disabilities in the Javanese Symbolic Structure and History To understand the social reactions towards per sons with disabilities in rural Java, it is useful to have an idea of how this group was perceived in early Indonesia and to know about the val ues attached to Javanese symbolic structures to comprehend their cognitive classification. Very little literature exists about the living conditions of persons with disabilities in ancient Indonesia. Only brief information is found in some anthropological monographs. More can be found in the context of symbolic structures. These data are very important, as they form the basis for the current attitudes towards this group. In Javanese symbolic structure5, people with physical impairments are trimala. This means that they are viewed as “dirty”, “un clean” and “evil” (Juynboll 1023:430; Pigeaud 1938:253; Gericke/Roorda 1901, II:504). Ac cording to Van der Tuuk (1897-1912, II:615f.), not only persons with physical impairments are trimala, but also those who live with a visual or hearing impairment, further ‘dwarfs’, ‘hunch backs’, ‘albinos’, ‘insane people’, ‘lepers’, ‘epi leptics’, ‘lame’ and ‘crippled’ ones and those who are considered ugly. Thus trimala is an af fliction of physical and mental impairments and diseases. This must be regarded in the light of the Javanese way of categorising all phenom ena as halus and kasar and the Javanese no tion of physical appearance in general. Bene dict Anderson (1972:38) defined the meaning of these two terms: “The meaning of the term halus (…) is to a certain extent covered by the idea of smooth ness, the quality of not being disturbed, spot ted, uneven, or discoloured. Smoothness of spirit means self-control; smoothness of behav iour means politeness and sensitivity. Con versely, the antithetical quality of being kasar Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development ARTIKEL/ARTICLE means lack of control, irregularity, imbalance, disharmony, ugliness, coarseness, and impu rity.” In Java, a tradition exists that palawija6, i.e. ‘dwarfs’, ‘hunchbacks’, ‘albinos’, and ‘peten gan’, i.e. blind people are kept at the Javanese court. In general it was thought that these peo ple were dangerous. Only a really powerful king was assumed to be able to neutralise the influences of these individuals afflicted by tri mala and to be protected from harm. Due to the hierarchical Javanese society it was be lieved that ordinary people could not be safe in their presence (Pigeaud 1938:58; Gericke/Ro orda 1901, II:298; Moertona 1968:67). These beliefs are characteristic for the Javanese soci ety in the 19th and until the mid 20th century. As the kingdom is part of the country’s past, these beliefs might well be faded out, but could still exist in certain parts of the society in a modernised way. Associated to the symbolic classification described above, attitudes to wards persons with disabilities are often rather negative. Barriers to Inclusion In rural villages, persons with disabilities may have different positions within the community, such as the role of the traditional healer, the ‘fool of the village’, or the position of the ex pelled individual (Dreezens-Fuhrke 1996). Un like the beliefs which were described above (cf. Pigeaud 1938; Gericke/Roorda 1901), I will now show the example of a person with a dis ability who is fighting for her rights and inde pendency, which is a rather new phenomenon in a rural social context. The barriers to social inclusion and the discrimination these people often face are due to various socio-cultural as pects. The Impact of Explanation Models and Cultural Concepts of Behaviour As in many societies all over the globe, disabil ity in Javanese culture entails shame and em barrassment for persons with disabilities and their families7. This feature is related to the ex planation models that disability of children is the consequence of a social and/or cultural of fence committed by the parents (mostly mother) or any ancestor, i.e. a punishment by spirits or God. Due to this belief, those parents feel very malu (ashamed) in general and often hide their child from the social public. Besides, regardless of a disability, every indi vidual in Java is taught since his/her childhood to behave malu as a cultural norm in order to become a real Javanese (Magnis-Suseno 1981:57ff). This behaviour is also expected from a person with impairment, no matter which type. In extreme cases, individuals who are not able to behave malu, e.g. due to men tal health problems, are tied up at the back of the family´s house or at the edge of the village hidden from the rest of the community (Dreezens-Fuhrke 1996; Byrne 2003). Fear for harm is frequently declared by the community as a reason for this treatment, because persons with mental-health problems are often believed to be possessed by a supernatural spirit with bad energies (ibid). All in all, the malu-concept has a huge impact on social attitudes towards persons with disabilities. The principle of non discrimination is embodied in Indonesian poli cies at a legal and theoretical level. However, in practice the right to be treated as an equal member of society has not yet been realised and discrimination can be observed at different levels (Cheshire 2013; Irwanto/Rahmi Kasim et al. 2010; Sirait 2008). In the case of 23 years old Ratna8, who lives with her parents in a small Javanese village, the first time she became aware of stigmatisa tion was when she entered school. She had to suffer from the insulting reactions from her schoolmates and was discriminated because of her different physical appearance (hyperkypho sis). The consequence was psychological stress: “In the past when I went to primary school I stopped going to school for two times. The chil dren laughed at me and were crying: There comes the hunchback again. I could not stand it anymore“ (Ratna)9. The barriers of social inclusion can also be il lustrated by Ratna´s efforts to integrate herself into the village community and to participate in different village organisations. This was often connected with a lot of obstacles or failure. “The grown-ups consider me as minder10. They have never asked me, whether I would like to participate in PKK or Karang Taruna11. Several times I have tried to be active in these organisations, but somehow they have never accepted me. I often have been mocked” (Ratna). Further, her own initiative to participate in a training program in a rehabilitation centre in the city far away from the village was not un derstood and accepted by the community. Some relatives got very angry when they heard of her intention. They expected her to stay at home to help her mother and sisters and to accept her fate as a person with impairment. But Ratna did not belong to the type of people in the village that show a malu behaviour because of their Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 5 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE disability and are caught in their traditional thinking. She was not willing to accept the con ventional role as an orang cacat (person with impairment) in the community that is mostly a stigmatised and dependent one. Contrary to the magic concepts of the villagers, she herself provided medical explanations for the cause of her physical impairment. She embodied a new type of energetic individuals who are trying to escape from their fate, showing ambitious be haviour and action to fight for an equal posi tion among the persons without disabilities. However, this behaviour stands in contrast to the belief embedded in Javanese culture, to consider one´s place in the microcosm as fate that has to be accepted. In the traditional Java nese society, a person with disability carries the stigma of being a burden to other family mem bers, although those who are able to work are given a special task in the household and usu ally enjoy the protection of the family. Yet char acteristic for a recent development is the aspi ration for equal education for all and inde pendence of individuals with disabilities. Refer ring to the case of Ratna, it was her own idea and decision to finance her secondary school education by working as a housemaid, as her parents could not afford the school fee. Unfor tunately, this longing for economic independ ence frequently bears the risk of exploitation by the employer, as Ratna stated: “Once I was working as a housemaid. At the same time I went to the secondary school. But I could endure it with this family only for eight or nine months. I had to work impossibly hard for them. I had to get up every morning at 3:30 to clean the floor and to do the laundry as if I would be a normal human being (orang biasa), but I am a human being with a disability (orang cacat) and I am not strong”. Persons with disabilities in rural areas are generally not encouraged to develop person ally. Although many neighbours denied her am bitious attitude, she wanted to become a seam stress and an economically independent woman. With her high educational level, her certificate of a business course and work expe rience in the city, she was a significant phe nomenon in the traditional village. The goal of the Association of Indonesian Women with Dis abilities, one of the main Disabled People’s Or ganisations (DPOs), is to achieve welfare and to fight for equal rights of women with disabilities as well as to help women to live independently (Irwanto/Rahmi Kasim et al. 2010); Ratna sets a positive example in this regard. However, the transformation to an innova tive type of a woman with disability is con 6 nected with the search of a new identity. The human rights approach to disability in Indone sia is reflected by the increase of DPOs and self-help groups, which is mainly a trend in big cities. Usually persons with disabilities live quite isolated with their families. A lack of informa tion on possibilities of service provision is one reason, a lack of power and will to detach from the family, and a lack of encouragement to ex press oneself are other ones. The fact that per sons with disabilities prefer to be with their peers or equals is a more recent development. But Ratna was able to express her wish: “I would really like to go somewhere, where the people are like me. I don´t know why I don´t feel at home in the village”. In spite of her physical impairment, she had the power and dared to complain. This behav iour is often seen as an offence against the cul tural sabar-concept that prevails on Java. As sa bar (patient) refers to a noble Javanese and is associated with a person of good character, not to be sabar is a non-Javanese behaviour and extremely condemned by the village commu nity. This behaviour is in particular expected from persons with disabilities and is related to the shame and fate-concept. But in contrary to this traditional Javanese concept, Ratna was fighting for her rights and stated: “I feel at ease in the residence, although I am not happy in the shoe section where I was placed instead of the promised seamstress course. The admini stration constantly tries to console me and tell me to be sabar. I have been here for four months and they haven´t transferred me. But I really want to become a seamstress and a suc cessful one. And I won`t stop asking until they place me in the right course“. This unconventional behaviour of a woman with disability no longer necessarily corre sponds to the ideal image of a typical patient Javanese woman, but may show repeatedly a behaviour which is considered to be non-Java nese from the perspective of Javanese ethical principals as described by Magnis-Suseno (1981), i.e. not being satisfied with the as signed place. “Unfortunately, the government didn´t provide me with a workplace after my training course, but only promised me a sewing machine, which I finally received after having made constant demands for many weeks” (Ratna). Being aware of one’s rights and the achieve ment of substantial self-esteem, proactiveness and perseverance as well as self-assertion go along with the development of a new identity (Goffman 1990). However, such a new identity is not easy to maintain in an environment of Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development ARTIKEL/ARTICLE discrimination. Even if a person with disability is able to become economically independent, in clusion in the sense of being a recognised member of the society often fails if the person tries to live independently in the city. Factors as personal attachment to traditional norms and values and strong family bonds have a strong impact on the process of developing a new identity. Ratna longed for her parents and espe cially her sister – for whom she intended to be responsible later. However, the essential factor for her decision to return to her village was the process she went through realising that she was neither accepted by persons without disabilities in the city, but at home she received support from her family. As her one year stay at the re habilitation centre helped her to become aware that she was not alone with her problems of suffering from discrimination, she tried to find her identity by looking for peers in her own vil lage to share her distress. However this en deavour was not very successful. Back to her village and family Ratna was hassled by her peers and faced further unequal treatment. As possibilities of service provision are not equal for the different groups of persons with disabili ties, she felt less accepted than e.g. her blind girl-friend who had received a scholarship for the school for children with a visual impair ment. Much more support for blind people is provided compared to other groups12. Ratna´s painful realisation that in spite of her efforts regarding self-integration, her edu cational status and her working experience in town, she was rejected, continuously lowered her self-esteem and led to further identity cri ses. “Sometimes I have doubts about myself and think what I have done wrong. The guy P. is treated differently than I am. They treat him well. I don`t know why” (Ratna)13. Besides the type of disability, also gender as pects play a crucial role concerning the commu nity attitude. While nobody cared that P., a young man who had a hearing impairment, was not yet married at the age of 25, Ratna was confronted with discriminating statements like: “Although she is already 23 years old, she is not yet married”, or, “Apparently she never will be married”. Nevertheless Ratna herself thought about marrying. Her self-awareness had been evidently increased, and also her self-esteem as a woman. She still felt malu to go out with a man who also has a disability, but marriage had become an alternative now in her mind. Though, the matron´s suggestion to marry a man without disability was unthinkable for her. She would have been afraid to become dependent, since she felt herself inferior to per sons without disabilities. Access and Inclusion The classification of persons with disabilities as sages, wise or knowledgeable persons is a phe nomenon we can find in different cultures (Clo erkes 1985; Edgerton 1970). This reflects the association of disability with supernatural and magic power as well as with knowledge. Espe cially the relation of blindness and supernatural power is apparent in many regions of the world, and the ascribed ability of persons who are blind to heal is characteristic in particular (cf. Lowenfeld 1975; Monbeck 1973; Obele 1983). In the Javanese symbolic classification per sons living with blindness, are stigmatised and trimala, but at the same time they are believed to have pramana, the divine principle of human life that is of decisive significance for this type of disability. Blindness as punishment due to so cial or culture failure is a dominant perception among Javanese. However, this perception goes along with the belief of compensation through a special gift: the supernatural power. This is clearly reflected in the social reaction to wards individuals whose eyeballs cannot be seen. Based on my case studies, it is interesting that from the emic perspective, such persons are not classified as disabled (orang cacat), and the blindness is only pointed out in connection with their supernatural power (Dreezens-Fuhrke 1996). In general, individuals with a visual im pairment are not able to take over the tasks of people who are able to see, but this does not automatically lead to their rejection by the community. They often have access to niches and special roles that are blocked for other in dividuals and where they can acquire a high reputation. In case of the shamanic healer Mbah14Yu15, an 80- year old woman, and the 70-year old traditional Gamelan musician Pak16. S.17 in the village of my research, it is particularly their blindness that is related to a high position within the community. Two factors seem to be essential for their recognised social roles: the attribution of supernatural power and the use of this power for the beneficiary of the community, i.e. healing and playing music. As in many cultures, on Java a shaman with magic power has access to special rights in the com munity and represents a respected as well as feared person. However, persons with visual impairments like blindness are not per se as sured such high and outstanding positions in society. Regarding the assessment of blindness various studies state a remarkable intracultural Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 7 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE variability (cf. Obele/Cloerkes 1985; Cloerkes/ Neubert 1987). Compared to other individuals with disabilities in rural village life, the marital position, the number of children, and the socio economic position have no great significance for the social reaction towards ‘blind wise per sons’. They are neither classified according to their impairment nor to their social behaviour, but according to their supernatural knowledge and power. Decisive for their social recognition is their special cultural position within the com munity. These two cases illustrate that certain indi viduals with disabilities are included in the tra ditional Javanese social structure, and can de velop and achieve a position where they are neither discriminated against nor stigmatised in the sense that the physical impairment is asso ciated with bad energy (cf. Goffman 1990:9). Moreover, the role of a blind healer allows par ticipation in the social life of the community (Dreezens-Fuhrke 1996, 1998) in terms of a “modified participation” (Neubert/Cloerkes 1984:54). Conclusion To put the UN-Convention on the Rights for Persons with Disabilities into practice, one has to overcome attitudinal barriers and stigmatisa tion within the society/community. We can see from Ratna’s example that the discriminating and deficit-oriented attitudes by society are based on socio-cultural perceptions still prevail ing in the Javanese society and may have dev astating effects on the individual´s life. Fighting against one´s fate is damned as breaking the social norms. According to the Javanese con cept of society, maintaining the social harmony within the community, i.e. accepting one’s place within the community, is more important than the inner individual will. From a psychological perspective, attributes as ambitious behaviour, intensive activity, increased self-esteem and self-image may be regarded as a personal suc cess that simultaneously may diminish accep tance in the long-established social environ ment. Such social conflicts may further lead to an identity crisis. Hence, all these factors can be considered as barrier to social inclusion. Ratna`s case clearly demonstrates which socio cultural, psychological and economical barriers a person with a physical impairment often en counters in regard to social inclusion. Although she has achieved a recognised educational and professional level, she is still perceived as a person with disability and therefore she main tains such an identity. 8 Yet, on Java also positive perceptions can be observed and not all persons with a disability experience discrimination. The case of Mbah Yu, who is not perceived as being a person with a disability, illustrates that disability is deter mined by the socio-cultural beliefs and not the physical impairment18. But what will happen to her “modified participation” (Neubert/Cloerkes 1984:54) in the village when the shamanic healer is no longer requested due to social change? She might not have anymore a recog nised position as before the social change. While in an achievement-oriented society she would be expected to have an employment and probably be considered as a woman with a dis ability, in a traditional Javanese village, these expectations don’t play any role. So, possible harmful implications of social change should always be taken into consideration. As shown by the two examples, significant for the social inclusion of persons with disabili ties on Java is their social behaviour and action according to the social norms prevailing and less their type of disability. Social and cultural attitudes may hamper the implementation of the UN Convention. However, they cannot be abolished by legal strategies and frameworks alone. Negative social and cultural perceptions need to change so that persons with disabilities can participate in social and community life. To improve the conditions for social inclusion of persons with disabilities much needs to be done at governmental and non-governmental level. Especially in rural areas on Java awareness raising on equality of persons with disabilities within the community should be enhanced through government and NGOs. Individuals with a disability should be empowered to fight for their rights by DPOs and human rights activ ists. With their support the combat against dis crimination towards persons with disability in the employment and education sectors as well as better work place conditions could be pro moted. As we have seen from Ratna`s example social potential and sources of families play an essential role and should therefore be strength ened. Whereas local communities should be supported by the government, providing social services for their members with disability. Notes 1 2 This article is based on many years of living in Indo nesia and medical-anthropological field research on Java in the 90ies (cf. Dreezens-Fuhrke 1996). There is little comprehensive data regarding persons with disabilities in Indonesia. The Asia-Pacific Devel opment Center on Disability estimated the number of persons with disabilities in Indonesia on the basis of Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development ARTIKEL/ARTICLE 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 the International Classification of Functioning, Dis ability and Health (ICF) developed by WHO to be about 1.38 per cent of the total population recorded in 2006 (231 627 000). See http:// www.apcdfoundation.org/?q=content/indonesia, re trieved 16.01.2013. However, recent World Health Organisation (WHO) figures showed that around 10 15 percent of the Indonesian population has a dis ability. For example improvements refer to the welfare of women, education and workers with disability, access to public facilities and transport, and poverty allevia tion. The two case studies were part of my field research, using qualitative methods as narrative interviews and participant observation for data collection. Symbolic structures underlie the culture of the people of a society and shape their apperception of the world about them. They encompass knowledge, beliefs and representations and classify the world in terms of meaning through symbols. The Javanese term for “secondary crop”, that is also used to refer to persons with a disability. The shame-concept is not culture-specific, as I ob served it also in Vietnam and Laos. The name is a pseudonym. Ratna was one of my case studies. All quotations are translated by the author. From the Dutch word minder= inferior. PKK: Pembinaan Kesahtera Keluarga (indon.) is a family welfare organisation on village level. Karang Taruna is a youth organisation. This may be related to several factors, e.g. 1. Much support is given by foreign agencies referring persons with visual impairment. 2. Related to traditional be liefs they are often not perceived as “orang cacat”. Towards deafness, often positive attitudes are ob served in Indonesia. In a community in Bali, for exam ple, hereditary deafness is common and both hearing and hearing impaired members of the community regularly use an ethnic sign language to communi cate. Local cosmology and legend even incorporate devotion to a deaf god. Deafness is considered a part of diversity of nature in this region. And deaf mem bers of the community are integral to the shared community culture and ritual (Byrne 2003). Term of address for an old woman or man. The name is a pseudonym. Short term for mister. These two persons were also part of my case studies. Similar to this statement Cloerkes formulates that ini tially the social reaction “create” the disability (Clo erkes 2007:103). References ANDERSON, B, R. O’G. (1972): The Idea of Power in Ja vanese Culture. Culture and Politics in Indonesia. In: Holt, C. (Ed.), Culture and politics in Indonesia. Itha ca, Cornell University Press, pp. 1-69 BYRNE, J. (2003): Disability in Indonesia. Inside Indone sia, Edition 75, Jul.-Sept. CHESHIRE SERVICE: Country profile; Available at http:// www.lcint.org/?lid=3458tmpl=mainprint. Visited on 07 December 2013. CLOERKES, G. (1983): Einstellung und Verhalten gegen über Behinderten und mögliche Strategien zu ihrer Veränderung. Medizin, Mensch und Gesellschaft (MMG), Vol. 8, pp. 271-278. CLOERKES, G. (1985): Einstellung und Verhalten gegen über Behinderten. Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme der Ergebnisse internationaler Forschung. Berlin. CLOERKES, G. (2007): Soziologie der Behinderten. Hei delberg (3.Aufl.). DREEZENS-FUHRKE, J. (1996): Behinderung als Zeichen. Soziokultureller Umgang mit Behinderung in einer ja vanischen Gesellschaft zwischen Tradition und Ge genwart. Münster. DREEZENS-FUHRKE, J. (1998): Das Phänomen Behinde rung aus ethnologischer Sicht: Die „Schamlosen“ und die „Weisen“. Zur gesellschaftlichen Stellung von Be hinderten auf Java. In: Eberwein, H./Sasse, A. Behin dert sein oder behindert werden? Interdisziplinäre Analysen zum Behindertenbegriff. Berlin. EBERWEIN, H./SASSE, A. (1998): Behindert sein oder be hindert werden? Interdisziplinäre Analysen zum Be hindertenbegriff. Berlin. EDGERTON, R. B. (1970): Mental Retardation in NonWestern Societies: Toward a Cross-cultural Perspecti ve in Incompetence. In: Haywood, H.C. (Ed.), Soci alcultural Aspects of Mental Retardation. New York, pp. 523-560. GERICKE, J./ROORDA, T. (1901): Javaansch Neder landsch Handwoordenboek. Leiden. GOFFMAN, E. (1990): Stigma. Über Techniken der Be wältigung beschädigter Identität. Frankfurt/M. INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANISATION (2013): Inclusi on of people with Disabilities in Indonesia. Fact sheet. IRWANTO/RAHMI KASIM, E./FRANSISKA, A./LUSLI, M./SI RADJ, O. (2010): The Situation of People with Disabi lity in Indonesia: A Desk Review. Centre for Disabili ties Studies. Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Indonesia Depok. Jakarta. JUYNBOLL, H. H. (1923): Oudjavaansch-Nederlandsche Woordenlijst. Leiden. LOWENFELD, B. (1975): The Changing Status of the Blind. From Separation to Integration. Springfield. MAGNIS-SUSENO, F. (1981): Javanische Weisheit und Ethik. Studien zu einer östlichen Moral. München. MINAS, H./DIATR,I H. (2008): Pasung: Physical restraint and confinement of the mentally ill in the community. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, Vol. 2, No. 8. MOERTONO, S. (1968): State and Statecraft in Old Java: A Study of the later Mataram Period 16th to 19th Century. Monograph Series, Modern Indonesia Pro ject. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 9 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE MONBECK, M. (1973): The Meaning of the Blindness. At titudes toward Blindness and Blind People. Blooming ton/London. NEUBERT, D./CLOERKES, G. (1987): Behinderung und Be hinderte in verschiedenen Kulturen. Heidelberg. OBELE, E. (1983): Die soziale Reaktion gegenüber Sehge schädigten in verschiedenen Kulturen und im Laufe der Geschichte. Erziehungswissenschaftliche Hausar beit (unpubl.). Pädagogische Hochschule Heidelberg. OBELE, E./CLOERKES, G. (1985): Die soziale Reaktion auf Sehgeschädigte in verschiedenen Kulturen. Vierteljah resschrift für Heilpädagogik und ihre Nachbargebiete, Vol. 54, pp. 417-431. PIGEAUD, TH. (1938): Javaansche Volkvertoningen, Bata via. SIRAIT, B. (2008): Disabled megalopolitan. Inside Indone sia, Edition 91, Jan-Mar. UNESCO: UNESCO Meeting to Support a National Law on Disability Rights in Indonesia. Available at http:// www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/all-events/. Visited on 07 December 2013. Zusammenfassung: Die Umsetzung der rechtlichen Rah menbedingungen für soziale Inklusion von Menschen mit Behinderungen in Indonesien ist noch nicht zufriedenstel lend, insbesondere in ländlichen Gebieten (Irwanto/Rahmi Kasim et al. 2010). Tief verwurzelte soziale und kulturelle Einstellungen sind manchmal schwierig zu identifizieren, existieren aber dennoch und haben einen Einfluss auf das Leben von Menschen mit Behinderungen. Auf Basis qualita tiver Daten aus meiner Forschung über Behinderung im ländlichen Java werden sowohl negative als auch positive Wahrnehmungen von Menschen mit Behinderungen an hand von zwei Beispielen von Frauen mit Behinderung ver anschaulicht. Es wird gezeigt, wie der Zugang zu Inklusion und die Wechselwirkungen mit der Gesellschaft mit der ja vanesischen symbolischen Struktur auf der einen Seite und den momentanen soziokulturellen Faktoren auf der ande ren Seite zusammenhängen. Résumé: L'implémentation des conditions légales pour l'in clusion sociale des personnes handicapées en Indonésie, particulièrement dans les régions rurales, n'est pas encore 10 satisfaisante (Irwanto et al. 2010). Des attitudes sociales et culturelles profondément ancrées dans les sociétés sont parfois difficilement identifiables, elles existent pourtant et elles ont des répercussions sur les personnes handicapées. Sur la base des données qualitatives résultant de mes re cherches sur le handicap dans les régions rurales de Java, les perceptions positives et négatives envers les personnes handicapées seront expliquée à partir de deux exemples. Le lien entre, de l'un coté, l'accès à l'inclusion et les interac tions avec la communauté avec sa structure symbolique ja vanaise et, de l'autre coté, les facteurs socioculturels con temporains sera démontré dans l'article. Resumen: La aplicación del marco legal para la inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad en Indonesia sobre todo en las zonas rurales, todavía no es satisfactoria (Ir wanto et al. 2010). Las actitudes sociales y culturales pro fundamente arraigadas son a veces difíciles de identificar, sin embargo son existentes y tienen un impacto en las vidas de las personas con discapacidad. En base a datos cualita tivos de mi investigación sobre la discapacidad en las zonas rurales de Java usando dos ejemplos de mujeres con disca pacidad, aclaro las percepciones negativas y positivas fren te a las personas con discapacidad. Se muestra la relación entre el acceso a la inclusión y la interacción con la comu nidad, con la estructura simbólica de Java, por un lado y los factores socio-culturales actuales en el otro lado. Author: Dr. Joyce Dreezens-Fuhrke, MPH, ist Medizin ethnologin und Gesundheitswissenschaftlerin. Sie hat langjährige Forschungs- und Arbeitserfahrung im Be reich Gesundheit/Behinderung/HIV in Indonesien und Vietnam. Von 2007-2009 war sie Programmkoordina torin für Gesundheit/Behinderung beim DED in Ha noi, Vietnam. Seit 2010 arbeitet sie als Consultin/Trai nerin in den Bereichen HIV/Aids, Behinderung, Inter kulturelle Kompetenz und Gesundheit sowie seit 2012 als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin im SPI Forschung GmbH Berlin. Contact: dreezens@web.de Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development ARTIKEL/ARTICLE Practices, Discrimination and Liberty Rights in the Mental Health Act of Ghana Isaboke Moraa Wilmah This article examines the impact and implication of recognising traditional and spiritual mental therapeutic services in the Mental Health Act of Ghana (2012) for persons with mental disabilities in respect of liberty rights and fight against stigmatisation and discrimination. The article propounds that it is profoundly im perative to legitimately acknowledge and utilize innocuous cultures in providing mental health services in Ghana. The proposition is grounded in the conviction that the inclusion is necessary towards fostering pro tection of rights, curtailing discrimination and arbitrariness of any nature. The author recommends that all relevant parties, government, healers associations, non-governmental organisations, conventional organisa tions of healing and human rights keep these contextual priorities in mind when developing and providing mental health services in the Ghanaian Society. Introduction The World Health Organisation (WHO) approxi mates that more than 80% of African popula tions call in on traditional and spiritual healers for health reason. Respectively, these estimates are attributable to practices in Ghana (WHO Aims-Report 2011). Ghana is a country with an estimated population of 21.6 million with three million approximated to be living with severe, mild to moderate mental impairments (WHO 2007:3). Furthermore with a treatment gap of 98% of those with mental impairments, 70-80% are believed to undertake mental health con sultations with one of the 45,000 traditional healers and other spiritual healers (Healers) in the country for health related complications (WHO 2007:28). Even though the efficacy of these methods and outcomes are constantly challenged comparatively with western medi cine (Ministry of Health 2005:22), they none theless continue to be the first line of interven tion in issues of health for the majority of the natives (Waldram 2000:603-604). This evi dently indicates the relevant role of healers within the respective communities. However, re cent documentation of abuse in traditional and spiritual healing centres in some African coun tries such as Kenya, Somalia, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania and Ghana among jurisdic tions have indeed elevated and fortified argu ments against the effectiveness of their inter ventions (Human Rights Watch 2012:1-84; Hooper 2013). From the social, medical and human rights perspectives their validity have essentially been weakened. In spite of this, the 2012 Mental Health Act of Ghana (MHA) which has replaced the anti quated Mental Health Decree of 1972 (Decree) recognises the therapeutic nature of traditional and spiritual services. It includes them among the authorised institutions to provide mental health care services to the people of Ghana on condition that the services are legally accred ited. In addition, the enforcement of the new Act is timely, as the country is in dire need of reforms in the mental health sector and in the fight against discrimination. The MHA emphati cally dictates the application and protection of basic human rights principles of all voluntary and involuntary patients (section 54, 55). It pro scribes all forms of discrimination, cruelty, tor ture and other inhuman treatment through various procedural safeguards and judicial in stitutional mechanisms (section 54, 57, 62). Thus, the article starts by highlighting the patronage towards traditional and spiritual mental health therapeutic processes and con tinues to examine their accordance with liberty rights of persons with mental disabilities. Fi nally, it provides a general overview of the MHA implications in the combat against stigmatisa tion and discrimination of persons with mental disabilities Ghana and Traditional Practices In Ghana, therapeutic systems for mental health are multicultural with both traditional and conventional methods. The exercise of cul tural healing has significantly been recognised from the time of independence and by different sequential Ghanaian governments showing an understanding in the country's traditional medi cine and its practitioners. As early as 1962, the Nkrumah regime sought to recognise the valu able contribution of indigenous healers and en hance their professional status by promoting the creation of the Ghana Psychic and Tradi tional Healing Association (Wyllie 1983:46). Subsequently, in 1999 the Government joined Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 11 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE the traditional medicine associations into one organisation, the Ghana Federation of Tradi tional Medicine Practitioners Associations regu lated by the Traditional Medicine Practice Act (TMPA 2000, Owoahene-Acheampong/Vas coni:1-2). The TMPA established a council to standardise the practice of traditional medicine, record practitioners, license them to practice, regulate the preparation and trade of herbal medicines. The limitation of the TMPA is that it neither regulates nor contains mechanisms for traditional mental health treatment and care. In principle, the power legitimising the exer cise of traditional practices stems from Article 26 of the constitution (1972). When read to gether with the above legislations (TMPA/MHA), it ensures the protection and perpetuity of the innocuous diverse cultures in Ghana in all as pects of life. The Article stipulates that (1) Every person is entitled to enjoy, practice, profess, maintain and promote any culture, language, tradition or religion subject to the provisions of this Constitution. (2) All customary practices which dehumanise or are injurious to the physical and mental well-being of a person are prohibited. Conversely, these legislative measures have not prevented the exercise of offensive practices (BasicNeeds 2011:1-44). Moreover and as highlighted in the following section, the cultural stigmatisation and discrimination that are asso ciated with or emanate from traditional beliefs and methods continue to tremendously affect the lives of persons with disabilities. On the other hand, patronage to the abilities of heal ers continues fervently. Before ascertaining the implications of the MHA in this context, it is per tinent to understand the reasons for the resil ient allegiance to customary and spiritual meth ods of healing. The Patronage As aforementioned, the usage of these meth ods is greatly linked to the cultural beliefs of the inhabitants of Ghana. This aspect should not be overlooked because culture, the intricate relationships of the family and the community in general influence Ghanaians understanding and approach to matters of mental illness and treatment (Kofi 1981). Ghana is constituted of various ethnic groups with an interesting range of belief and support system that influences their lifestyles (Neil 2007:177-178). For exam ple, the majority culturally perceive sickness as a “state of disharmony in the body-and in the person or even in the society- as a whole”, mostly caused by evil spirits or breaking of a 12 social taboo (Manda 2008:126). When an indi vidual becomes sick, and he/she is incapable of maintaining him/herself, the family be account able for others as part of a bigger community (Neil 2007:53), this failure to execute a societal function makes the sick individual including those with mental disability vulnerable to being treated just like a child (Read/Adiibokah./ Nyame 2009:13). Hence, the stripping of an in dividual’s right to autonomy, and subsequent taking of the individual to a prayer camp or tra ditional healer’s centre where treatment is ad ministered through detention and without con sent. Furthermore, since culturally causes of ill ness including mental impairment is attributed to divine punishment, possession of evil juju, or the work of an evil eye, the only place that can offer a remedy are these healing centres (Atin danbila/Thompson 2011). Stigmatisation, discrimination and exclusion from family and community life may transpire if there is a desire to protect the status of the family in the society and guarding that status from the stigma associated with mental ill nesses (Neil 2007:182-186). The same may oc cur as an outcome of the impact of the behav iour of the person with mental impairment that might be considered embarrassing and damag ing to the concerned families particularly in family or community gatherings (Neil 2007:86). In addition, discrimination may happen from distancing from the person considered to have been bewitched for the fear of receiving the same (McKenzie/Formanek 2011). Contextu ally, it may result from the imperativeness of ascertaining the cause of such an illness which can only be understood by the healers (Kofi 1981:12-14). The cumulative effect of all these factors together with the confidence in the ex pertise of the healers at fixing the social dishar mony caused, pilots the families or individuals concerned to the first line of intervention in the community, the healers shrine (Danquah 1988). It should be noted, however, poverty and other social issues have been pointed out as the push factors to these methods of healing which often leads to neglect and abuse. Adequate evidence exists of the efficacy and social outcomes of African traditional or indige nous diagnosis of psychotic illness and other lesser forms of mental illnesses though critically disputed by various experts and researchers (Bartlet 2010; Sodi 1996; Waldram 2000:603 604). Nonetheless, the healers strongly believe in their abilities to heal various forms of mental disorders and so do the communities they serve. Research undertaken in various African countries points towards the fact that communi- Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development ARTIKEL/ARTICLE ties have different ethnic names referring to psychoses such as mania, schizophrenia and psychotic depression with manifold elucidatory models and methods of healing (Abbo 2011; Osei 2001; WHO 2002). The methods used normally depend on the diagnosis of the ail ment and the powers so bequeathed to the healer. The common method of divination is used in diagnosis particularly with the inexpli cable and often takes place in enigmatic cere monial healing sessions (Atindanbila/Thompson 2011). This process involves the diviner, be lieved to have supernatural abilities giving fore sight as to the cause of illnesses or misfortunes. Other approaches could include – but are not limited to – confessions, chants, exorcisms, pre scription of healing herbs, sacrifices, fasting to beating away of spirits from the individual whose mental illness is considered to be caused by witchcraft (Jocelyn 2014:1-2). Patronage to the healer’s methods and powers notwithstand ing is very resilient. The benefaction to the methods, powers and healing nature of the healers is situated in the healer’s capacity to correct an inacceptable so cial conduct and bring about social harmony (Kofi 1981). The capacity emerges from the conviction of being chosen by supernatural agents like the ancestors, deities and Supreme Being as believed by the Akan’s in religious healing (Mufamadi/Sodi 1999). Furthermore, the allegiance and widespread use of these methods resonates therapeutic outcomes when compared with the western approach to medi cine (Madu 1997). In essence, healers commu nicate with their clients on an unconscious emotive and emblematic level rather than knowledgably (Kakar 1982). They control signs which align with the desires of those in their communities. The traditional thinking practiced by users follows a layout equivalent to that of healers. Generally, practitioners carry out as tounding actions and participants subcon sciously assent or heighten their belief in a spe cific healing dogma. Faith is not constructed considerably on a body of systematic informa tion, but on the empirical confirmations the user gains from discerning the rite. This convic tion influences the vicissitudes in attitudinal and physiological conditions that coincide with heal ing. However, in our contemporary world gov erned by international human rights standards and norms, exercise of certain traditional and spiritual methods of healing stand to violate a considerable number of human rights stan dards. Flogging, chaining and seclusions in de plorable conditions for lengthy durations shred every bit of any individual’s human dignity, autonomy, equality, protection from torture, ill treatment, liberty and security of persons (Selby 2008). Moreover, in situations where legislative frameworks do not exist, the right to equal rec ognition before the law and right to justice are extremely breached. Traditions and Liberty Rights From above, it is ostensible that certain suppos edly therapeutic methods may in essence amount to serious violations of human rights. Equally, in particular situations and when cer tain circumstances are not fulfilled, voluntary or involuntary treatment of individuals in tradi tional healing facilities may amount to arbitrary deprivation of liberty and security of persons. Deprivation of liberty in a lawful manner with out arbitrariness is a fundamental guarantee of contemporary liberal nations, with confinement of citizens only undertaken in accordance with a due process of law. It is also dependent on lawful challenge, periodic review and proper conditions of detention (E/CN.4/2005/6:para 66). This principle regulates not only criminal incarceration, but all other lawfully permissible deprivations of liberty attributable to the state. In some cases the positive obligation of a State is engaged where it involves private parties (Jacobs/White/Ovey 2010:210-211). States ought to establish legislative and other measures to protect citizens vertically and horizontally. Prohibition of arbitrary deprivation of liberty or detention is also an internationally recog nised principle. Numerous international treaties sanction arbitrariness and emphatically pro scribe guarantees of procedural protections and restrictions on detention. For example Ghana has ratified some of these instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Ar ticle 9 UDHR), International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (Article 9, ICCPR, Communi cation No. 702/1996) and Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Article 14 CRPD), the African Charter on Human and Peo ples Rights (Article 6, ACHR/Communication No. 241/2001(2003)). Therefore, Ghana as a party to the above mentioned human rights documents is required to implement its obligations legislatively and through the establishment of enforcement mechanisms. Essentially, article 15 of the con stitution (1972) emphasises the inviolability of human dignity of every person “whether ar rested, restricted or retained, proscribes torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and any other condition that de- Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 13 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE tracts or is likely to detract from his dignity and worth as a human being”. Consequently, in all conduct associated with restrictions on liberty human dignity has to be respected. The consti tution also provides the framework for mental health access through involuntary detention and treatment under article 14. In spite of it’s archaic and deficit oriented reference to per sons with mental disability, it recognises the deprivation of liberty of persons with mental disorders for the purpose of care, treatment or protection of the community by declaring inter alia, “(1) Every person shall be entitled to his personal liberty and no person shall be deprived of his personal liberty except in the following cases and in accordance with procedure permitted by law (d) in the case of a person suffering from an infectious or contagious disease, a person of un sound mind, a person addicted to drugs or alco hol or a vagrant, for the purpose of his care or treatment or the protection of the community; (2) A person who is arrested, restricted or de tained shall be informed immediately, in a lan guage that he understands, of the reasons for his arrest, restriction or detention and of his right to a lawyer of his choice.” Notwithstanding the proscriptive nature of the constitutional provisos, experiences of ill treatment and arbitrariness in detention of per sons with mental disabilities is a constantly happening phenomenon in Ghana’s psychiatric hospitals, traditional and spiritual centres of healing (Human Rights Watch 2012; Robert 2001). Individuals are greatly coerced to these centres and dumped there by relatives. Restric tion of movement is enforced through the chaining of legs around trees or in tree stumps and in unhygienic surroundings for extensive durations (BasicNeeds 2011). These actions taken in totality amount to arbitrary deprivation of liberty and security of persons with mental disorders. With the enactment of the MHA, it is antici pated that it shall guarantee the strengthening of the legal framework regulating mental health. In this manner, it optimises the fighting and elimination of arbitrariness through the procedural safeguards within the legislations. For example, the MHA promotes principles of autonomy, humane treatment and observance of human rights norms for all voluntary and in voluntary patients. Admissions into a mental health care facility can be induced with or with out referrals if in the opinion of the head or psychiatrist the patient’s mental disorder war rants an admission and depending on the availability of adequate facilities to treat the pa 14 tient. At the centre of admission the MHA cate gorically requires the consent of the patient, personal representative and family. In circum stances where the patient or the personal rep resentative is unable to give consent, the courts and tribunals are empowered to act in the best interest of the patient. Additionally, the patient is to be provided with relevant information per taining to treatment and discharge. Involuntary patient rights in the MHA are safeguarded through detailed procedural safe guards highlighting the reasons for admission, detaining durations and discharging conditions. Equality before the law and the protection of the law is guaranteed by the functions of the mental health tribunal and courts with the power of determining certain admission deci sions, discharge, appeal and review of deten tions. Admissions under involuntary detention may arise from emergency situations, through temporary treatment orders and from admis sions that converse from voluntary to involun tary during treatment process. The duration of holding patients under the mentioned arrange ments are within a period of 48 hours, 72 hours and according to the court order which shall not be more than month. Finally, to war rant admission, sufficient evidence indicating that an individual is (a) suffering from a severe mental disorder, (b) patient’s health is deterio rating and (c) possess a risk to the public safety of others has to be presented. Hitherto these provisions are effective and practical in a systemised psychiatric or mental health hospital and where there are strong ju dicial processes in place. Presently, the same situation cannot be maintained for Ghana. Moreover, the operation and practicability of such a structure within the traditional and spiri tual healing systems is unknown. A report by WHO (2012) expresses factually that in Ghana expenditure on mental health is truncated with the majority of services concentrated on the heavily inhabited capital city of Accra, thus leaving a great part of the country with only scarce provisions. In addition, there is a lack of regional and district administration structures for mental health with numerous adverse con cerns including very insufficient systems for de signing and monitoring service and quality de velopment. Furthermore, there is no use of leg islation to regulate detention of patients within traditional healing centres. Traditional practitio ners exercise unchecked powers of admission, treatment and detention of individuals with mental disorders. Needless to mention, that these powers are perpetuated by government for non-supervision on the one hand, and fami- Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development ARTIKEL/ARTICLE lies and relatives on the other for dumping and forgetting their persons at these centres. It is therefore not surprising that the majority of pa tients are sequestered and confined when not formally detained, thus resulting in the preva lent breach of human rights. Tradition and Spiritual Services in the MHA: The Perks and Perils of Inclusion It is strongly maintained that in the application and promotion of human rights, the culture of ethnic people must be given due considera tions. This is in order to guarantee that human rights initiatives do not weaken the customary therapeutic processes of ethnic people (General comment E/C.12/2000/4: Para 27). In view of the complex connection between mental health and human rights, there is a persistent neces sity to intensify the degree of discussion and re inforce an inclusive review of this needed con nection (Dudley/Silove/Gale 2012). Progressive and inclusive mental health laws may promote the safety of people with mental disorders in a globalised yet culturally diverse world (Dudley/ Silove/Gale 2012). It is crucial that in construct ing assimilated mental health and human rights structures that advance and support rights based practices in mental health, proofs of effi ciency of clinical, traditional and human rights interventions are acquired. Accordingly, the recognition of traditional healing services in the MHA is substantially positively and negatively manifold. The positive side includes: promotion of mental health pa tient’s rights through undertaking consultancies and receiving treatments in accredited and ac countable health institutions. Giving protection through the requirements of review, inspections and monitoring of these establishments. Also, providing standardised affordable and accessi ble alternative therapeutic treatments, treat ments whose efficacy is supported by empirical research and data collection. This is imperative because it reduces the costs of pharmaceuticals consequentially providing accessible medicine for many poor families in Ghana. Furthermore the recognition implies inclusion of these serv ices in the overall mental health system, im perative for the promotion of collaborations for effective service delivery, assessing the quality of service delivery, improvements and future planning. It has duly been noted that in Ghana, there is a prevalence of scarcity and sparsity of mental health services for persons in the rural areas. Thus, traditional and spiritual healers continue to be the primary care giver of mental health services albeit many repercussions. The downside of recognition may entail the lack of regulations and mechanisms providing legal authority and safeguards in regards to treatment of involuntary mental health patients in the healing centres. There is a nonexistence of a policy and directive regarding the practice of psychiatry by faith-based practitioners and referrals systems between psychiatric hospitals and healing centres (WHO 2012). It is impor tant to annotate that there have been cases where referrals have been made though in lim ited numbers. Furthermore, the tensions as to the efficacy of traditional medicine still looms. All in all, it is a belief that the inclusion will do more good than harm. Above and beyond it is not an easily eradicable system. Tenacity in curbing arbitrariness and prosecuting the of fenders in cases where traditional interventions lead to abuse or mistreatment of a patient is imperative. Conclusion It is a deep-seated opinion of this discourse that Ghana through the MHA is in a position to effectively guarantee individuals with mental disabilities respect of their rights and access to mental health services without discrimination. However, in order to be in alignment with inter national human rights standards, procedural and institutional changes have to be put in place to overcome challenges that manifest. Similarly, it reckons that traditional and spiritual service can be tailored to uphold and respect human rights guarantees if proper structures and procedural safeguards are put in place. It underscores that traditional beliefs should be acknowledged and taken into reason by con ventional trained doctors, human rights activists in their advocacies and policy makers, because these beliefs have a meaning within the socio cultural and environmental context of Ghana ian people. Furthermore, it is important to con cede that traditional healers and spiritual heal ers take into account the world view of the cul ture within which they work and that their min istrations are for that reason consonant with the prevailing beliefs of their communities. Conversely, the healers and their associa tions have the burden of providing quality and human rights oriented mental health services to individuals. Communities and their leaders have the task of seeking and receiving informa tion for the best interests of their peoples. In addition, they have a duty of fighting stigmati sation and discrimination within their societies. Power tussles between methods of healing, ig- Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 15 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE norance, lack of information and sensitisation should not stand in the way of individuals with mental disability living a normal life like any other individual without impairment. Partner ships with tertiary mental health providers need to be pursued to effectively provide a high stan dard of mental health for individuals in the Ghanaian society. References ABBO, C. (2011): Profiles and Outcome of Traditional He aling Practices for Severe Mental Illnesses in Two Dis tricts of Eastern Uganda. Global Health Action, Vol.4, No.10, 3402/gha.v4i0.7117. AFRICAN UNION (1986): African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. ATINDANBILA, S./THOMPSON, C. E. (2011): The role of African traditional healers in the management of mental challenges in Africa. 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GHANA (2012): Act No. 846 of 2012, Mental Health Act [Ghana], 31 May 2012. Available at: http:// www.refworld.org/docid/528f243e4.html. GHANA MENTAL HEALTH DECREE, (1972). HOOPER, R. (2013): Where Hyenas are used to Treat Mental Illness. London, BBC World Service. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (2012): Like a Death Sentence: Abuses against Persons with mental disabilities in Ghana. Available at: http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/ 10/02/ghana-people-mental-disabilities-face-se rious-abuse. JOCELYN, E. (2014): Ghana’s mental health patients con fined to prayer camps. The Lancet, Vol. 383, No.4. pp. 15-16. KAKAR, S. (1982): Shamans, Mystics and Doctors: A Psy chological Inquiry into India and its Healing Traditi ons. Bombay, Oxford University Press. 16 KOFI, A. (1981): Man cures, God Heals: Religion and Me dical Practice among the Akans of Ghana. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. MADU, M. (1997): Traditional Healing Systems and (Wes tern) Psychotherapy in Africa. In: Madu, S. /Baguna, K. /Prity, A. (Eds.) African Traditional Healing: Psycho therapeutic Investigation Kampala. Vienna, Facultas Univesitaestsverlang, pp.22-48. MCKENZIE, D. /FORMANEK, I. (2011) Kenya's mentally ill locked up and forgotten. CNN. Available at: http:// edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/02/25/ kenya.forgotten.health/. MUFAMADI, J./SODI, T. (1999): The process of becoming an indigenous healer among the Venda speaking pe ople of South Africa. In: Madu, S. N./Baguma, P. K./ Pritz, A. (Eds.). Cross-cultural dialogue on psychothe rapy in Africa. World Council for Psychotherapy Afri can Chapter. Pietersburg: UNIN PRESS, pp.172-183. NEIL, Q. (2007): Beliefs and Community Responses to Mental Illness in Ghana: The Experiences of Family Carers. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol.53, No.2, pp. 175-188. OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS (1976): International covenant on civil and political rights. OSEI, O (2001): Types of psychiatric Illness at Traditional Healing Centres in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal, Vol.35, No.3, pp. 106-110. OWOAHENE-ACHEAMPONG, S/VASCONI, E (2010): Re cognition and Integration of Traditional Medicine in Ghana: A perspective. Research Review (University of Ghana. Institute of African Studies), Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 1-17. PUROHIT AND MOORE v. The Gambia, (2003) Commu nication No. 241/2001, Sixteenth Activity report 2002-2003, Annex VII. READ, U. M./ADIIBOKAH, E./NYAME, S. (2009): Local Suffering and the Global Discourse of Mental Health and Human Rights: An Ethnographic Study of Respon ses to Mental Illness in Rural Ghana, Globalization and Health Vol.5. No.13, pp.1-16. REPUBLIC OF GHANA (1992): Constitution of the republic of Ghana. SELBY, H. (2008): Mental illness, Prayer Camps and So ciety: A Factor of Human Rights Abuse. Accra, The Ghanaian Chronicle. SODI, T. (1996): Towards Recognition of Indigenous Hea ling: Prospects and Constraints. Journal of compre hensive health, Vol. 7, No.1, pp. 5-9. WALDRAM, J. (2000): The Efficacy of Traditional Medicine: Current Theoretical and Methodological Issues. Medi cal Anthropology Quarterly, Vol. 14. No. 4, pp. 603 625. WHITE, R/OVEY, C. (2010): The European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford, Oxford University Press. WHO (2002): WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002–2005. Geneva. Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development ARTIKEL/ARTICLE WHO (2007): The Country Summary Series. Ghana. WHO (2011): WHO-Aims Report on Mental Health Sys tem in Ghana. Accra. WHO (2012): Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine: A Worldwide Review. Geneva. WYLLIE, R. (1983): Ghanaian Spiritual and Traditional Healer’s Explanations of Illness: A Preliminary Survey. Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol. 14, No.1, pp. 46 57. Zusammenfassung: Dieser Beitrag untersucht den Einfluss und die Auswirkungen des Menthal Health Act of Ghana (2012) hinsichtlich traditioneller und spiritueller therapeuti scher Angebote für Menschen mit psychischen Behinderun gen unter besonderer Betrachtung ihrer Freiheitsrechte und dem Kampf gegen Stigmatisierung und Diskriminierung. Der Beitrag legt dar, dass es vollkommen unerlässlich ist, unbedenkliche kulturelle Bräuche bei der Bereitstellung von psychisch therapeutischen Diensten in Ghana berechtigter weise anzuerkennen und zu nutzen. Der Vorschlag gründet sich auf der Überzeugung, dass der Einbezug notwendig ist, um den Schutz von Rechten und den Abbau von Diskri minierung und Willkür jeder Art zu unterstützen. Die Auto rin empfiehlt, dass alle relevanten Akteure, Regierungen, Verbände traditioneller Heiler, Nicht-Regierungsorganisatio nen und herkömmliche Organisationen von Gesundheits und Menschenrechten diese kontextabhängigen Prioritäten bei der Entwicklung und Versorgung mit Dienstleistungen zur psychischen Gesundheit in der ghanaischen Gesell schaft beachten. Résumé: Cet article examine les effets et implications du Mental Health Act of Ghana (2012) pour la reconnaissance des services psychothérapeutiques traditionnelles et spiritu elles pour les personnes avec un handicap mental tout en le mettant en lien avec leurs libertés individuelles et la lutte contre leurs stigmatisation et discrimination. Cet article dé montre l'extrême urgence de reconnaitre comme légitime l'utilisation d'institutions anodines de soins médicaux pour la santé psychique au Ghana. Cette thèse est fondée sur la conviction que l'inclusion est nécessaire pour la promotion de la protection des droits et la réduction de la discriminati on et de l'arbitraire de toute forme. L'auteur recommande que tous les acteurs concernés, gouvernements, associati ons de guérisseurs, organisations non-gouvernementales, organisations conventionnelles de guérisseurs et groupe ments des droits de l'homme prennent en compte ces priori tés dans le développement et l'approvisionnement des ser vices médicaux dans le domaine de la santé psychique dans la société ghanéenne. Resumen: En este artículo se examinan los efectos e impli caciones de la Ley de Salud Mental de Ghana (2012 ) para el reconocimiento de los servicios de psicoterapia tradicio nales y espirituales para las personas con discapacidades mentales en términos de sus derechos de libertad y la lucha contra el estigma y la discriminación. El artículo demuestra que es sumamente urgente reconocer el uso de institucio nes inofensivas para el suministro de servicios de la salud mental. La tesis se basa en la convicción de la necesidad de la inclusión para fortalecer la protección de los de rechos y disminuir la discriminación y la arbitrariedad de cualquier tipo. El autor recomienda que todas las partes in teresadas, los gobiernos, las asociaciones de curanderos, organizaciones no gubernamentales, las organizaciones de derechos humanos, tengan en cuenta estas prioridades en el desarrollo y suministro de servicios en el campo de la sa lud mental en la sociedad ghanesa. Author: Isaboke Moraa Wilmah is of Kenyan descent and a Human Rights Advocate. She is currently a PHD candidate in Central European University-Hungary. Her PHD research conducted under the supervision of Professor Károly Bárd, is focused on the challenges posed by accessing mental health care and treatment for persons with mental disabilities Vis a Vis liberty rights and other interconnected rights Contact: Isaboke_Wilmah@ceu-budapest.edu Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 17 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE Interview: Frauen mit Behinderung werden beinahe überall ausgeschlossen Dorothy Musakanya Mapulanga (Zambia) Was bedeutet es konkret für einen Menschen in einem Entwicklungsland mit einer Behinderung aufzuwach sen? Im folgenden Interview stellt Dorothy Musakanya Mapulanga ihr Leben als Frau mit einer körperlichen Beeinträchtigung in Zambia vor. Bitte stellen Sie sich kurz vor: Wo und wie leben Sie? Mein Name ist Dorothy Musakanya Ma pulanga, geboren bin ich 1965 in Mumb wa in Sambia. Derzeit lebe ich zusammen mit meinem Ehemann und meinen zwei Söhnen in Lusaka, der Hauptstadt von Sambia. Als ich zwei Jahre alt war habe ich mich mit Polio infiziert, was zu einer Lähmung meines rechten Beines geführt hat. Trotz einer stationären und einer tra ditionellen Behandlung blieb das Bein ge lähmt. Es macht mir beim Gehen teilweise Schwierigkeiten, da ich hauptsächlich mit nur einem Bein die Balance halte. Im Al ter von 22 Jahren wurde ich im Universi tätsklinikum Lusaka operiert, seitdem kann ich Schuhe tragen. Wann haben Sie zum ersten Mal festgestellt, dass es Barrieren in ihrem Alltag gibt? Was waren das für Barrieren? Wie hat sich das ausgewirkt? Die ersten Barrieren habe ich in der Schu le wahrgenommen. Damals gab es so gut wie keine Aufklärungsarbeit, was Men schen mit Behinderung betrifft. Man wur de wie ein krankes Kind angesehen. So wurde ich von beinahe allen Aktivitäten ausgeschlossen. Zu dieser Zeit hielten sich Mitschüler und Lehrer fern von mir, da sie dachten eine Behinderung sei anste ckend. Die schlimmsten Barrieren waren jedoch die physischen, wie zum Beispiel Stufen. Sie haben mich ausgeschlossen und isoliert. Diese Barrieren waren Teil meines täglichen Lebens und sorgten da für, dass ich mein Selbstbewusstsein und meine Selbstachtung eingebüßt hatte. Würden Sie kurz ihre Kindheitserlebnisse bis zur Schule schildern, bitte? Während meiner Kindheit riefen mir die Kinder Namen zu wie „Chatyoka”, was soviel heißt wie „etwas ist kaputt“. Andere nannten mich “Akaloshi kailowa akakulu”, was übersetzt bedeutet „die Hexe, die ihr eigenes Bein verhext hat“. Niemand woll 18 te mit mir zu tun haben, noch nicht ein mal Bücher tauschen oder am selben Tisch sitzen. Als einziges von acht Kindern mit einer Behinderung hatte ich in meiner Familie viele Einschränkungen und Verbo te durchzustehen. Zuerst kamen immer die anderen an die Reihe, ich war die letzte. War es für Sie möglich eine Schule zu besuchen? Wenn ja, was haben Sie für einen Abschluss? In meiner Schulzeit musste ich viele ver schiedene Schulen besuchen, da mein Va ter an unterschiedlichen Orten arbeiten musste. Meine mittlere Reife bzw. Hoch schulberechtigung habe ich in einem In ternat gemacht. Hier war die große He rausforderung die Hygiene in den SanitärAnlagen, da ich zu dieser Zeit noch keine Schuhe tragen konnte. 1987 habe ich mich ins College eingeschrieben und habe Management studiert. Nebenbei habe ich Kurse zu Mikrokrediten für Frau en mit Behinderung besucht und an einer Ausbildung für Nachwuchsführungskräfte teilgenommen. Mein Ziel ist es, Frauen in meiner Situation zu unterstützen und ge meinsam mit ihnen für ihre Rechte zu kämpfen. Derzeit forsche ich mit Aids & Rights Alliance for South Africa (ARASA) im Bereich AIDS/HIV und Menschrechte. Sind Sie derzeit berufstätig? Wenn nein, bekommen Sie eine Unterstützung (materiell oder immateriell) vom Staat? Nein, ich habe zurzeit keine feste Arbeit. Zuerst habe ich als Assistentin der Ge schäftsleitung der Gehörlosen-Organisati on Deaf Association in Sambia gearbeitet und war Gebärdensprach-Dolmetscherin. 1994 bin ich nach Simbabwe gezogen und habe als Frauenbeauftragte für die Organisation South African Federation for the Disabled (SAFOD) gearbeitet. Seit 2010 bin ich leider ohne feste Arbeit, die meiner Qualifikation entspricht. Gele- Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development ARTIKEL/ARTICLE gentlich arbeite ich als Haushaltshilfe. Derzeit bekomme ich keinerlei Unterstüt zung vom Staat, ich habe nur den unre gelmäßigen Verdienst aus dem Haus haltsjob. Haben Sie das Gefühl, als Frau anders behandelt zu werden als ein Mann? Frauen mit Behinderung werden in den meisten Fällen anders behandelt. Sie wer den wie Kinder gesehen und ihnen wird nicht zugetraut, Verantwortung zu über nehmen. Frauen mit Behinderung werden beinahe überall ausgeschlossen: aus der Bildung, von der medizinischen Versor gung, vom Landbesitz und sogar von Fa milientreffen. Aufgrund von kulturellen Vorstellungen ist eine Heirat für Frauen mit Behinderung ein viel größeres Prob lem als für Männer mit Behinderung. Ei ner Frau mit Behinderung wird in der Re gel nicht zugetraut, dass sie für ihr Kind sorgen kann. Das führt dazu, dass sie ih rer natürlichen Aufgabe beraubt wird und so an emotionaler und persönlicher Wür de verliert. Welche Erfahrungen haben Sie als Mutter mit einer Behinderung gemacht? Als ich mich entschied, ein Kind zu be kommen habe ich viele negative Erfah rungen gemacht. In einer Klinik zeigte der Arzt auf meinen Bauch und fragte: „Wel cher grausame Mann hat Ihnen das an getan?“ Als die Wehen einsetzten, wurde ich in der nächstgelegenen Klinik wegen meiner Behinderung einfach abgelehnt. In der nächsten Klinik passierte genau das Gleiche mit der Begründung, dass angeb lich kein Doktor anwesend war. Die nächste Klinik war weitere 60 Kilometer entfernt. Dort rief die Schwester - ohne mit mir zu reden - direkt die Ärztin an. Glücklicherweise kam die Ärztin sofort und belehrte die Schwester, dass ich trotz meiner Behinderung ganz normal mein Kind zur Welt bringen würde. So habe ich am Weltbehinderten-Tag im Jahr 1992 ei nen strammen Jungen zur Welt gebracht. Die negativen Einstellungen mir gegen über bekam ich später auch in den Kin derkliniken zu spüren. In einer Klinik sprach mich eine Schwester an, zeigte auf mein Baby und fragte, wo bitte die Mutter des Kindes sei. Ohne zu antworten habe ich mein Baby hochgenommen, ihm die Brust gegeben und so gezeigt, dass ich die Mutter des Jungen war. Auch in der eigenen Familie habe ich viele schwierige Situationen erlebt. So wollte meine Mutter mir das Kind wegnehmen, weil sie dachte, ich könnte allein nicht für das Kind sor gen. Was ist für Sie die größte Schwierigkeit, mit der Menschen mit Behinderungen in Ihrem Land zu kämpfen haben? Die größten Herausforderungen für Men schen mit Behinderungen in meinem Land sind: - Fehlende Möglichkeiten der Bildung oder Weiterbildung, was zu einem Ver lust an Selbstvertrauen, Selbstachtung und zu Minderwertigkeitskomplexen führt. - Die Menschen sind oft isoliert und kön nen ihre Häuser nicht verlassen. Vers chärft wird diese Situation durch einge fahren Denkmuster und soziokulturelle Gegebenheiten - Die negativen Verhaltensweisen der Be schäftigten im Gesundheitssektor spie geln im Wesentlichen die Sicht der Ge sellschaft wider, dass Menschen mit Be hinderung keinen Sex haben und des halb keine Informationen über Verhü tung brauchen. Was müsste sich Ihrer Meinung nach ändern, um die Situation von Menschen mit Behinderungen in Ihrem Land zu verbessern? Die Verfassung und Gesetze müssen eine Gleichberechtigung in allen Teilen der Gesellschaft sicherstellen. Wir brauchen inklusive Programme, obwohl fälschlicher weise häufig angenommen wird, dass ge trennte Programme das Beste wären. Menschen mit Behinderung brauchen mehr Informationen, wie sie ihre Gesund heit besser schützen können und außer dem muss der Zugang zur medizinischen Versorgung ebenfalls verbessert werden. Quelle: Behinderung und Entwicklungszusammenar beit (2011): Ich bin anders, aber gleich. Lebensge schichten von Menschen mit Behinderung weltweit. Essen, S. 17-20 Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 19 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE Ich bin anders aber gleichberechtigt Shafiq ur Rehman (Pakistan) Shafiq ur Rehman wurden die gleichen Fragen gestellt wie Dorothy Musakanya Mapulanga. Anstatt diese zu beantworten, erstellte er den folgenden Beitrag. Die größte Sünde der Welt ist es, den Men schen zu kategorisieren. Normalerweise disku tieren wir untereinander und versuchen die Re alität zu verstehen, versuchen das Beste zu ge ben, aber aufgrund unserer beschränkten Fä higkeiten klappt das leider nicht immer. Was ist die Wirklichkeit? Wer weiß das schon? Jeder lebt in seiner eigenen Realität und sogar Menschen aus ähnlichen Verhältnissen sehen die Dinge unterschiedlich. Als ich noch jung war, wollte ich schnellstmöglich erwachsen wer den. Aber jetzt in meinem 34. Lebensjahr be ginne ich, meine Kindheit zu vermissen, obwohl ich meine Kindheit nicht wirklich genießen konnte. Ich konnte wegen meiner Polioerkran kung nicht laufen und Rollstühle waren zu die ser Zeit in Pakistan nicht vorgesehen. Rollstühle haben ein so schlechtes Image, dass derjenige, der einen benutzt, sich inoffiziell für tot erklärt. Die Schule, die ich besucht habe, war eine Spe zialschule für Menschen mit Behinderung und die einzige ihrer Art in der Region. Leider stan den in der Schule nur vier Rollstühle zur Verfü gung, aber ca. 20 Schüler waren darauf ange wiesen. Nur um zur Toilette zu gelangen oder die Klassenräume zu wechseln durfte man ei nen Rollstuhl benutzen. Teilweise haben meine Mitschüler einfach gelogen und gesagt, sie müssten zur Toilette nur um einen Rollstuhl zu bekommen. Ich war zu dieser Zeit noch sehr unsicher und habe mich nicht getraut, mir solche Dinge auszudenken. Aber dann passierte eine für mich schreckliche Sache. Ein Schüler malte ein anzügliches Bild von einem gutaussehenden Menschen auf die Toilettentür. Das war ein gro ßer Zwischenfall, denn das Konzept der Schule war, dass Menschen mit Behinderung Mitleid und Barmherzigkeit brauchen. Obwohl ich es nicht war, wurde ich dafür bestraft. Die Schul leiterin schlug mich so hart, dass der Schmerz nicht nur Tage anhielt, sondern auch mein Herz gebrochen war. Damals wurde mir klar, dass ich mich nicht bemühen musste, ein guter Jun ge zu sein. Es nützt nichts, ich bin anders, und ich bin was ich bin. Ich war gerade 15 Jahre alt, als Freunde von mir die erste Selbsthilfeorganisation von Men schen mit Behinderung in Pakistan gründeten. 20 Milestone wurde zu dem Rückgrat der Behin dertenbewegung in Pakistan. Jetzt gerade sitze ich in einem Büro und arbeite bei der Direktion für die Gleichberechtigung für Menschen mit Behinderung als Berater. Das ist eine sehr ein flussreiche Position. Trotzdem denke ich das Gleiche wie in meiner Kindheit. Ich werde vom System ausgenutzt. Ich bin sozusagen ein Aus hängeschild, das vom System präsentiert wird. Mit mir wird Geld verdient und die Leute glau ben, sie würden etwas Nobles tun. Wer bin ich? Ich wurde von einem Menschen geboren, also bin ich auch ein Mensch. Aber ich bin nicht so Mensch wie meine Mutter und mein Vater. Ich bin anders. Niemand hat mich wirklich ak zeptiert. Es hat eine ganze Zeit gedauert, bis ich verstanden habe, dass ich zwar anders aber trotzdem gleichberechtigt bin. Ich habe in Ja pan an einem Ausbildungsprogramm teilge nommen und eine Menge von den Menschen mit Behinderung aus Japan gelernt. Ich fühlte mich meinen Kollegen und Mitschülern in Ja pan so nahe, wie ich mich zuhause in Pakistan bei meiner Familie nicht gefühlt habe. Men schen mit Behinderung sind eine universelle Gemeinschaft und eine sehr wichtige Gruppe für die Entwicklung von Frieden auf der Welt. Wir sind die einzige Gemeinschaft mit den glei chen Schwierigkeiten, denen aber in ihren Län dern sehr unterschiedliche Systeme gegen überstehen. Ich frage mich, warum 15 % der Weltbevölkerung nicht ihre Stimme erheben, obwohl viele internationale Plattformen vorhan den sind. Die Ursache die ich fand ist, dass all das Geld und die Ressourcen, die in unserem Namen genutzt werden in den Händen von so genannten „Professionellen“ liegen, die aus noblen oder religiösen Gründen handeln. Ich arbeite mit mächtigen Regierungsbeamten zu sammen, aber obwohl ich teilweise ihr Vorge setzter bin, behandeln sie mich manchmal wie ein kleines Kind oder verhätscheln mich wie ei nen Heiligen. Wir können die Welt ändern, wenn wir wol len. Es scheint so, als ob wir Diskriminierungen akzeptiert haben, sonst würden wir unsere Stimme viel stärker erheben. Wir wollen ein Teil der Gesellschaft werden und nicht außen vor stehen. Wann immer ein Unglück passiert, wie Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development ARTIKEL/ARTICLE 2010 in Pakistan, werden Menschen mit Behin derungen vom System vernachlässigt oder ver gessen. Teilweise haben sich Retter gescheut, mit Menschen mit Behinderungen zu arbeiten. Warum? Wir sehen oft anders aus, wir sind nicht so stark und wir benötigen manchmal mehr Aufmerksamkeit. Nach meiner Meinung ist es doch generell eine sehr merkwürdige Idee, die Menschen in Gruppen zu unterteilen und körperliche und mentale Fähigkeiten als Grundlage zu nehmen. Immer wieder begeg nen mir im alltäglichen und beruflichen Leben Einstufungen wie „normal“, „schlau“ und „hübsch“. Aber ich habe in meinem Leben noch keine plausible Definition von „normal“ gese hen. Nicht die Frage, wer wir sind und was wir sind, ist entscheidend. Sondern die Frage muss lauten, wie behandelt uns die Gesellschaft? Welche Leistungen gibt es für uns in der Gesell schaft? Tatsächlich sind wir die Grundlage der Ge sellschaft und ohne uns anzuerkennen, kann es keine Entwicklung geben. Ohne die Bedürfnisse von Menschen mit Behinderung anzuerkennen, kann es keinen Fortschritt geben. Im Alter wer den alle Menschen gebrechlicher und haben besondere Bedürfnisse, die sie in jungen Jahren noch nicht hatten. Als ich noch ein Kind war, war ich so dumm, dass ich nach Berühmtheit strebte. Entweder durch gute oder schlechte Ta ten. Als Teenager habe ich mir traurige Liebes lieder angehört, in denen Liebende getrennt waren, ohne jedoch selber eine Beziehung er lebt zu haben. Jetzt, in der Hälfte meines Le bens denke ich nicht mehr daran, berühmt zu sein. Ich frage mich, was kann ich für die Ge sellschaft tun, und nicht, was kann sie für mich tun. Wenn ich heute sterben würde, auf was für ein Leben kann ich zurück blicken? Wer war ich, was habe ich geleistet? Diese Fragen trei ben mich an, mich zu engagieren und meinen Teil für die Gesellschaft beizutragen. Einmal nur möchte ich gesehen werden, wie ich bin. Ich bin gleichberechtigt, weil ich anders bin. Quelle: Behinderung und Entwicklungszusam menarbeit (2011): Ich bin anders, aber gleich. Lebensgeschichten von Menschen mit Behinde rung weltweit. Essen, S. 28-32 Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 21 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE Disabled People and the Post-2015 Development Goal Agenda through a Disability Studies Lens Gregor Wolbring/Rachel Mackay1/Theresa Rybchinski1/Jacqueline Noga1 The purpose of the study Disabled People and the Post-2015 Development Goal Agenda through a Disabil ity Studies Lens was to examine the role and visibility of disabled people in global policy processes related to various sustainable development (SD) discourses such as social sustainability, sustainable consumption, Rio+ 20 and the Post-2015 development. The study found that disabled people were barely visible to invisible in the SD literature covered, that the goals and actions proposed in the SD discourses are of high relevance to disabled people, but that these discussions have generally not been explicitly linked to disabled people. It found further that disabled people have clear ideas why they are invisible, what the problems with develop ment policies are and what needs to happen to rectify the problems. It found also that there was a lack of visibility of various SD areas such as social sustainability and goals such as energy security within the discus sion of SD in the disability community. Our quantitative data also highlights other forms of social group visi bility unevenness in the literature and as such we argue that the data we present in this paper is also of use for other stakeholders such as young persons, women and indigenous people and also for NGO’s and pol icy makers. The paper presented here is a two-third shorter version of the original (Wolbring/Mackay et al. 2013)2. Introduction Sustainable development (SD) has been dis cussed for quite some time (DSD n.d.) and in creasingly since SD was defined in the Brundt land Report (WCED 1987) as development that meets the needs of the present without com promising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. One of the outcomes of the SD discourse was the generation of the Mil lennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000. Efforts are underway to link sustainable devel opment goals with the Post-2015 development agenda. It is well documented that disabled people are missing from the MDG discourse (Groce 2011; Godziek 2009; IDA n.d.; DPI n.d.) despite the facts that a) article 32 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities covers the demand that international co-operation, in cluding international development programs have to be inclusive of and accessible to per sons with disabilities (UN-CRPD n.d.); b) the United Nations General Assembly had numerous resolutions on the topic of the MDGs and disabled people since 2007 (UN Enable The MDGs and Disability n.d.); c) that numerous reports from the Secretary General of the United Nations covered the topic (UN Enable The MDGs and Disability n.d.) and d) that the Secretary General report, Keeping the Promise: Realising MDGs for Persons with Disabilities Towards 2015 and Beyond (UN 2010) had many recommendations as to how to solve the problem. 22 The online consultation for a disability inclu sive development agenda towards 2015 and beyond moderated by a member of the Inter national Disability Alliance that took place be tween March 8th-April 5th, 20133, which is analysed as a part of this paper, is just one ef fort to ensure a higher visibility of disabled people than before. The original full length paper provides miss ing but needed qualitative and quantitative data highlighting the situation of disabled peo ple in the social sustainability, sustainable con sumption, Rio+20 and Post-2015 development agenda proposals and the Post-2015 develop ment discourses. It provides furthermore data on the views of disabled people on their situa tion related to development discourses. We also provide quantitative data related to other social groups and in general, we submit that the data we report is of use to NGO’s, INGO’s, policy makers, academics and others involved in SD discourses whether they work on disability is sues or focus on other social groups. Methods4 Data Sources To investigate the academic sustainability con sumption and social sustainability discourse, we searched the following databases: Scopus (full text), EBSCO (All) (full text), Web of Science (topic) and JSTOR (full text) for the keywords ‘social sustainability’ or ‘sustainable consump tion’ (no time frame limit beside what is cov ered by the databases). We ended up with Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development ARTIKEL/ARTICLE 1909 abstracts covering social sustainability and 1122 abstracts covering sustainable con sumption. To investigate the Rio+20 Discourse, we searched academic literature (articles from peer-reviewed journals n=99), non-academic sources (International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) reporting service n=79 arti cle) and newspapers (New York Times and n= 300 newspapers from the Canadian Newsstand, n=312 article) and the Rio+20 (n.d.) outcome document The Future we Want. To analyse the discussion forum of disability and the Post-2015 development goal agenda dis course, we downloaded on April 7th all the comments of the online consultation for a dis ability inclusive development agenda towards 2015 & beyond3. To gain information as to goals envisioned for the Post-2015 develop ment agenda, we downloaded on March 12th all the Post-2015 development proposals col lected by Post2015.org5. We searched Google Scholar (on March 20, 2013) for the phrase “sustainable consumption of”, which yielded 848 results of which 656 were usable (English and covering the topic) in order to generate quantitative data on what is seen in need of being sustainable consumed. Results Section 3 of the original paper is organised into three sections covering the three research questions. Section 3.1. provides quantitative data on who is mentioned as a stakeholder in our data sources, including academic coverage of social sustainability and sustainable con sumption, the Rio+20 outcome document, the Post-2015 development agenda proposals and the views of participants of the discussion forum of disability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda3. Section 3.1 provides furthermore qualitative data on the views of participants of the disability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda on their own visibility in the devel opment discourses and how it should be recti fied. Section 3.2 provides qualitative data on what participants of the disability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda view as the at titude toward them and the problems it causes and what is needed to fix it. Section 3.3 pro vides quantitative data on what goals and ac tions are seen in need of being tackled as evi dent in the academic coverage of social sus tainability and sustainable consumption, the Post-2015 development agenda proposals and the views of participants of the discussion forum of disability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda3. It provides also qualitative data on goals evident in the Rio+20 outcome docu ment The Future we Want (n.d)6. Discussion7 Stakeholders Visibility of disabled people Our study provides quantitative and qualitative evidence for the lack of visibility of disabled people and their topics within many SD dis courses. Our results show that disabled people are not a topic which academics working on SD topics pursue to understand, nor do they ana lyse the relationship between disabled people and social sustainability, sustainable consump tion or Rio+20. This finding is also not surpris ing as disabled people are not part of many of the discourses that make up the targets and goals of MDG and SD. Disabled people are not part of the energy discourse and are rarely visi ble in the climate change discourse (Wolbring 2009) or the education for sustainable develop ment discourse (Wolbring/Burke 2013). Disa bled people are also invisible in many water re lated discourses including sanitation and hy giene (Noga/Wolbring 2012). None of the World Water Reports (a collaboration between various UN agencies) cover disabled people (ibid.). As to the water discourse, the invisibility could be linked to certain ability expectations and utilities one expects stakeholders to have (Wolbring 2011). Another reason could be linked to how disabled people are perceived. Indeed participants of the discussion forum dis ability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda3 highlighted that the stereotypical un derstanding of disabled people within a medi cal framework precludes them from being part of certain discourses as the focus towards them is about preventing disability as in ill health not about decreasing their low social health. In deed if one searches for the term disability within the World Water reports one only finds medical references, including terms such as dis ability adjusted life years and terms that look at disability as something to be prevented (Noga/ Wolbring 2012). However, although this finding is not surprising we posit that there are no practical reasons why disabled people could not be part of SD discourses. Numerous recom mendations are in existence that highlight what should be done in general to increase the in clusion of people with disabilities (see for ex ample World Report on Disability, WHO 2011). Or recommendations in the 2011 United Nations report Disability and the Millennium Development Goals: A Review of the MDG Pro cess and Strategies for Inclusion of Disability Is- Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 23 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE sues in Millennium Development Goal Efforts (Groce 2011) and the latest Secretary General report, Keeping the Promise: Realising MDGs for Persons with Disabilities Towards 2015 and Beyond (UN 2010). Furthermore the participants of the discus sion forum disability and the Post 2015 devel opment goal agenda3 voiced many ideas as to what worked and what prevents the improve ment of the development agenda for disabled people. We posit that the problem is not one of lack of knowledge of what should and could be done. Many participants of the discussion forum disability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda3 stated the problem is a lack of political and societal will to better the situation of per sons with disabilities and to implement existing legal documents such as the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD n.d.). Many strategies exist for achieving participa tory realities. For example, within the design field participatory design processes are em ployed (Millen/Cobb/Patel 2011; Alper/Hour cade/Gilutz 2012) where co-designing of prod ucts are explored as possible avenue to perform participatory design (Hussain/Sanders 2012). Participatory action research is developed to generate research that is informed from the start by non-academics (Fals-Borda/Rahman 1991; Stoudt/Fox/Fine 2012). Participatory pol icy development is employed in various SD re lated discourses (Majdzadeh/Forouzan et al. 2009; Bijlsma/Bots/Wolters 2011). It is just not often applied to increase the inclusion of disa bled people. The lessons learned within other discourses around participatory policy develop ment should be applicable to disabled people and SD discourses. We posit that the invisibility often exists be cause certain topics are simply not associated as being topics of concerns to disabled people. This is especially true on a local level. Many small scale initiatives often do not think about disabled people when they start, because the members were never exposed to disabled peo ple who point out how the topic impacts them. Furthermore even if a group would look for in put from disabled people they might not get useful answers. If we look at all the issues disa bled people face its evident that many basic is sues such as employment and education or ac cess to transportation still are far from achieved by disabled people. This makes it hard for many disabled people to formulate their opin ions and voice their concerns especially on new topics. Indeed the participants of the discussion forum disability and the Post 2015 development 24 goal agenda3 stated clearly that capacity build ing of disabled people is also needed so they could hold their own in other discourses when they want to voice their opinions. We posit that capacity building of disabled people should be a main focus of the education part of various SD fields (Wolbring/Burke 2013). Role of Academics Finally we would like to draw the attention to the triangle of role of academics in SD, aca demics and their relationship to disabled peo ple and disabled people being involved in aca demic and other SD discourses. Academics are mentioned in all SD discourses, however we want to engage with what participants of the discussion forum disability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda3 felt academics and its institutions should do related to disabled people. As a disability studies scholar, one has to think about who one serves and how (Wol bring 2012). The view of the participants of the discussion forum disability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda3 on the role of aca demics and academic institutions can be summed up to reflect that academics have the duty to perform participatory action research that ensures relevance of the research for disa bled people. It is expected that research per formed fills the gaps identified regarding data and evidence and that it contributes to decreas ing barriers of all type disabled people experi ence. It is also expected that researchers per form outreach and be instrumental in decreas ing the negative perception of disabled people and in decreasing barriers. Moreover, it also is expected that the material of the research reaches disabled people. These expectations pose numerous problems for academics includ ing disability studies scholars (for a discussion around problems regarding disability studies scholars which is linked to many of the here re corded expectations see (Wolbring 2012). Challenges for Academia We posit that the expectations of academia ex hibited by participants of the discussion forum disability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda3 also pose challenges to the academic system. The reality is that a disability studies angle is still vastly under-represented in acade mia in general (Wolbring 1012) and that the key analytical lens used within disability studies (ableism) is not broadly used within other aca demic fields (ibid.). It is stated elsewhere (Wolbring/Burke 2013) that ableism is a useful an gle for the education for sustainable develop ment discourse and we submit an ableism lens Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development ARTIKEL/ARTICLE is useful for all SD discourses covered in this paper. The highlighted expectations also pose challenges for academia given the low level of disabled people within academia and the prob lematic sentiment toward disabled students (Hutcheon/Wolbring 2012) and to the output academics generate (open access or not or both; academic language or lay language or both) (Wolbring 2012). To be more concrete, the expectations pose challenges for academics involved in SD discourses and academic de grees covering SD topics to include a disability studies lens within their programs, to educate their students on the disability angle of the topic, looking at disability beyond the medical label and to find ways to build capacity of disa bled people to be involved in SD discourses. The suggestions also pose challenges to fun ders and their priorities of academic funding in general and in regards to disabled people (so cial or medical nature of question investigated) as well as to what governments see as impor tant to support within academic institutions. Need for capacity building of disabled people Finally the vision poses challenges for disabled people because if participatory action research is to be the norm that means there have to be disabled people who want to be part of it, ei ther as people willing to give their opinion or people who want to be involved in research projects. The question is which research pro jects disabled people do feel competent to be involved in. Especially if one looks at emerging issues of relevance to disabled people, do enough disabled people exist to answer emerg ing research questions? We posit that capacity building on emerging topics of relevance to dis abled people is needed beside the increase of knowledge of disabled people in general. This has to happen through the use of academic in stitutions but it also has to happen through means developed outside of academia through informal learning, learning by doing and life long learning. This entails the need for NGO’s to be involved to provide some form of capacity building of disabled people. We submit the use of knowledge brokers (Meyer 2010) could be expanded who would provide disability NGO’s with knowledge needed to train their staff and board members and to increase capacity of their membership to be involved in SD dis courses, especially on local levels. Indeed what is needed is a strategy that allows disabled people to constantly build their knowledge on topics in order to be able to influence as ac knowledged experts a given discourse – a diffi cult tasks acknowledged by others (UN 2013a). If we look at the stakeholder visibility num bers outside of the disability studies lens one can question also other invisibilities such as the invisibility of indigenous people. However this goes beyond the scope of this article but the authors hope that others use the data to look at it through other lenses. Attitude Toward Disabled People Problems related to the imagery of disabled people is not a new one but is seen for a long time a pervasive issue (Wolbring/Burke 2013; Yumakulov/Yergens/Wolbring 2012; Billawala/ Gregor 2014) whether on the one hand the tragedy imagery the participants of the discus sion forum disability and the Post 2015 devel opment goal agenda [12] questioned a lot or the ‘supercrip’ image where disabled people are portrait as heroically overcoming ‘their limi tation’ (Shear 1986; Harnett 2000; Myers Har din/Hardin 2004; Kama 2004; Booher 2010; Silva/Howe 2012; Tynedal/Wolbring 2013). These imageries are detrimental to disabled people taking part in SD discourses as normal citizens. Indeed they were seen as one cause of the lack of political and societal will to increase the social health of disabled people by the par ticipants of the discussion forum disability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda3. We posit exclusionary language has to be abol ished so that disabled people are not seen as “special need” anymore which is often used to not involve them (as special is often not seen as something particular deserving but something that requires additional actions and allows for other-ism to take hold). Goals, Themes and Action Issues Evident in the Discourses Covered In this section we discuss how the goals and ac tions identified are linked to and influenced by disabled people or not and how they and the discussion around them could impact disabled people for example in their endeavour to par ticipate in SD and Post 2015 development dis courses and their ability to increase their quality of life. Comparison of goals and action items men tioned in the disability and non-disability related sources There were many challenges voiced in the dis ability consultation3 that are also seen as action items for SD/MDG/Post-2015 development goals such as education, health, poverty/in come, employment, infrastructure, transporta tion, water, sanitation, food and basic needs. This makes it paramount that disabled people Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 25 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE be part of the discourses so they can ensure that remedies developed would also be of use to them. There were many issues mentioned as targets in the discussion forum disability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda3 that did not show up in the other sources. This is an indicator of a lack of diffusion of issues faced by disabled people into other discourses. Finally certain terms such as social sustainabil ity and sustainable consumption were not men tioned once in the discussion forum disability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda3. We submit this is also problematic, suggesting a total disconnect between the discourses and disabled people, not only from the SD discourse end as covered before but also from the end of disabled people not being familiar with the so cial sustainability and sustainable consumption discourses and the impact they have on disa bled people. In this case, disabled people do not seem to even know the terms enough to identify the lack of visibility in these discourses as a problem. Furthermore certain issues seen as action items in need of being fixed in the SD dis courses were not mentioned in the disability consultation, such as energy insecurity and bio diversity. That biodiversity was not mentioned might be understandable as the biodiversity discourse is about non-human biological struc tures such as animals and plants but not about human biological diversity. However we posit it being a problem as human biological diversity is an area of engagement of disabled people for example in their discourse of questioning the medical model of disability and they should link it to the term biodiversity. The lack of men tioning of energy as an issue of concern is sur prising and troubling given that many of the adaptation solutions for disabled people need energy whether fuel (special transportation of disabled people) or electricity (e.g. buttons to doors, or batteries for electric wheelchairs) and that in general disabled people have higher than average energy needs (House of Parlia ment 2009). This lack of highlighting certain ar eas of problems and the lack of mentioning key SD discourse terms suggests a need for drastic capacity building increase among disabled peo ple. We posit there has to be a greater integra tion and cross-fertilisation between the disabil ity and non-disability development discourses. Disability as a cross-cutting theme The topics for actions mentioned in the social sustainability, sustainable consumption, Rio+20 outcome document and the Post-2015 develop ment goal proposals nearly all impact disabled 26 people. For example, how we deal with topics such as sustainable consumption of food and food security impacts disabled people greatly. Indeed food was mentioned (n=267) in the dis cussion forum of disability and the Post 2015 development goal agenda. To give one quote: “In a time of insecurity for food, water, jobs, and public monies the general social preference to ward ‘/us and people like us/versus ‘/others’/ becomes more intense. There are more people without visible disability and therefore the‘/with out’ disability//group’/has a louder voice in the social struggle for resources. Even in places with comparative wealth there is a remarkable outcry against ‘entitlement’ of people who seek public monies or even civil right legislation for the less numerous ‘/other/’, while ignoring the public monies and legislation that continue to give preference to their own group”3. This quote highlights that food insecurity does not only impact the access of disabled people to food but that it increases the division within society making it even more difficult for disabled people to achieve all kind of other in clusion related goals. The quote highlights simi lar dynamics for other shortages and insecuri ties felt by disabled people. The quote suggests that disabled people might be best served by being a cross-cutting theme in SD discourses to be incorporated into all goals although other options may be possible. The cross-cutting op tion is supported by the latest United Nations Secretary General report of July 26, 2013, A Life of Dignity for All: Accelerating Progress To wards the Millennium Development Goals and Advancing the United Nations Development Agenda Beyond 2015 which indicates that cross-cutting is seen as the preferred option: “111. Goals and targets should take into ac count cross-cutting issues such as gender, dis ability, age and other factors leading to inequal ity, human rights, demographics, migration and partnerships“ (UN 2013b, 45). This wording suggests that cross cutting should also be employed for youth and indige nous people two other social groups we found underrepresented as stakeholders in our data sources. Universal design is pushed by the disability community for some time (Audirac 2008; Ellis 2008; Design 2010; Udo/Fels 2010; Darcy/ Cameron/Pegg 2010; Ruiz/Pajares/Utray et al. 2011; Sanford 2012; Street/Fields et al. 2012) as a means to fix their special status and the special status of their problems by designing for more holistic needs in mind so one does not have to do it special for ‘the disabled’. Univer sal design could be seen as one tool to main- Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development stream disabled people concerns as well as making disability a cross-cutting topic. The importance of evidence All discourses perceive indicators, measure ments, frameworks and standards as important. They are seen to provide means to generate us able evidence. We submit it is essential for dis abled people to be part of the development of such indicators, measurements, frameworks and standards as disabled people do not nec essarily have the same needs and problems and solutions to a given problem might be dif ferent for disabled people. The Rio+ 20 out come document The Future We Want (UN n.d.) for example acknowledges the necessity of measures of sustainable development which are universal, unified, and grounded in scien tific knowledge. We posit for it to be universal it has to be able to and to actually measure the reality of disabled people. Given that there is an increasing push for evidence based actions, the reasoning that lack of data leads to invisibility as mentioned in the sources we covered seems to be sound because if there is no evidence, it cannot be discussed; to take the example of water and sanitation various datasets exist as to GDP lost and em ployment lost due to lack of access to clean wa ter and sanitation but these datasets do not in dicate disabled people and as such one cannot point for example the finger at the magnitude of the problem for disabled people (Noga/Wol bring 2012). Lack of data is a well-known prob lem which is flagged as an issue to be solved in various MDG related documents and in the WHO World report on disability (WHO 2011). However so far no cohesive strategy has been implemented to generate the data needed in a consistent and methodological accepted way. One problem with data generation is that no consistent use of the term disability is evident meaning that often different groups of people are covered under the term disability. Also not every person with a disability is encountering the same problem or needs the same solution. Someone with arthritis is differently situated than a wheelchair user or a blind or deaf person or a person with autism or Down Syn drome. Furthermore, data reported under the header disability often does not report data based on the severity of the disability which is problematic as people with less ‘severe’ dis abilities have less problems such as obtaining employment than people with more severe dis abilities (Buckup 2009). Given the importance of evidence we posit that more evidence based data has to be produced related to disabled people and that this data has to be stratified for different disabilities based on severity with a clear indication what severity scales are used (for discussion on severity scale see for example ibid.) with the mentioning of examples of dis abilities for better understanding by the public as to which disabilities might fall into which se verity category. So far there is no global stan dard on severity scales or even whether to use them. This makes it very hard to compare dis ability data generated by different sources. Conclusions Our study highlights that disabled people are still underrepresented in SD discourses and that disabled people have clear ideas as to what the problems are and what the solutions should be. We posit there is an urgent need for more visi bility of disabled people; better imagery of dis abled people; cross fertilisation between the disability and non-disability SD and Post-2015 development discourses; involvement of disa bled people in the design of SD and Post-2015 development indicators, measures and frame works and generation of disability data linked to SD and Post-2015 development topics to in form SD and Post-2015 development policies. Our data suggest that there is a need for the academic system (the academic institutions, academics, funding systems….) to be much more relevant to disabled people and that there is a need for capacity building of disabled people through formal and informal education in order for them to be able to contribute in a broader way to SD discourses. We posit that the knowledge of what should be done exists and it is an issue of implementation and monitoring of the numerous recommendations of various UN and other documents and of making use of the knowledge of disabled people. However there are challenges to overcome to achieve the goal of establishing disability as a cross-cutting theme and increasing the visibil ity of disabled people and their use as experts. Numerous challenges were identified within the disability inclusive development agenda to wards 2015 & beyond3 such as attitudes to wards disabled people and their needs, stigma related to disabled people, lack of political will, the lack of awareness of the needs of disabled people, their rights and the non-medical mod els of disability. Lack of capacity of disabled people was also mentioned as a barrier as was lack of data. We submit these are all areas in need of action from academics and academia, governments, funding agencies, policy makers and NGO’s if the goal of inclusion of disabled Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 27 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE people in SD and Post-2015 development is to become a reality. We further submit that de creasing invisibility of disabled people requires a fundamental shift in how we perceive and treat disabled people and how they are en gaged and empowered to self-advocate on lo cal to global level of all segments of society. Acknowledgments We would like to express our gratitude that the organisers of the online consultation for a disability inclusive devel opment agenda towards 2015 & beyond that took place March 8th-April 5th, 2013 allowed us to analyse the data and use it in our study. Notes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The students contributed equally to the study We cover in the here presented piece only some se lected areas from the original publication with the un derstanding that the reader goes to the full open ac cess original article available at http:// www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/5/10/4152/pdf. Participants of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) and UNICEF organised On line Consultation - 8 March - 5 April Disability inclu sive development agenda towards 2015 & beyond Disability inclusive development agenda towards 2015 & beyond,. Available online: http:// www.worldwewant2015.org/node/314874 (19th Sep tember, 2013). Please go to the online full length article version at http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/5/10/4152/pdf for the full description of how the study was performed. Post2015.org – what comes after the MDGs? //track ing future development goals. Available online: http:/ /tracker.post2015.org/ (19th September, 2013). 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Zusammenfassung: Die Absicht der Studie Disabled Pe ople and the Post-2015 Development Goal Agenda through a Disability Studies Lens war, die Rolle und Sichtbarkeit von Menschen mit Behinderung in globalen politischen Prozes sen in Bezug auf unterschiedliche nachhaltige Entwick lungs- (sustainable development, SD) Diskurse, wie zum Beispiel die soziale Nachhaltigkeit, nachhaltigen Konsum, Rio+20 und die Post-2015 Entwicklung zu untersuchen. In der Studie wurde festgestellt, dass Menschen mit Behinde rung kaum sichtbar bis unsichtbar in der untersuchten SD Literatur waren, dass die vorgeschlagenen Ziele und Maß nahmen im SD Diskurs von hoher Relevanz für Menschen mit Behinderung sind, aber dass diese Diskussionen gene rell nicht explizit mit Menschen mit Behinderung verknüpft wurden. Es wurde außerdem herausgefunden, dass Men schen mit Behinderung klare Ideen davon haben warum sie unsichtbar sind, was die Probleme in der Entwicklungspoli tik sind und was passieren muss um diese Probleme zu kor rigieren. Es wurde auch herausgefunden, dass ein Mangel an Sichtbarkeit von unterschiedlichen SD Bereichen in der Behindertengemeinschaft herrscht, wie zum Beispiel The men der sozialen Nachhaltigkeit und Ziele wie die Energie sicherheit in der Diskussion um SD. Unsere quantitativen Daten heben außerdem Ungleichgewichte in der Sichtbar keit anderer Formen sozialer Gruppen in der Literatur her vor und damit vertreten wir die Auffassung, dass die Daten, die wir in diesem Beitrag vorstellen, auch für andere Stake holder, wie zum Beispiel für junge Menschen, Frauen und Indigene, als auch für NGO’s und politische Entscheidungs träger von Nutzen sein können. Der hier dargestellte Bei trag ist eine zwei drittel kürzere Version der Orignialversion (Wolbring/Mackay et al. 2013)2. Résumé: L‘étude « Disabled People and the Post-2015 De velopment Goal Agenda through a Disability Studies Lens » visait d’analyser le rôle et la visibilité des personnes handi capées dans les processus politiques globaux en relation avec les discours divers sur le développement durable (sus tainable development, SD), comme par exemple la durabi lité sociale, la consommation durable, Rio+20 et le déve loppement post-2015. L’étude a démontré que les person nes handicapées étaient guère visibles voire invisibles dans 30 la littérature SD et que les résultats et actions recommandés dans le discours SD sont d’une grande importance pour les personnes handicapées, mais que ces mêmes discussions ne sont pourtant pas explicitement mis en lien avec les per sonnes handicapées. L’étude a également révélé que les personnes handicapées ont des idées claires sur les raisons pour leur propre invisibilité, les problèmes dans la politique de développement et les actions et mesures nécessaires pour corriger ces problèmes. De plus, on a découvert qu’il existe, auprès de la communauté des handicapés, un manque de visibilité dans les différents domaines du SD, comme par exemple dans la durabilité sociale ou dans les objectifs au sein de la discussion SD tels que la sécurité énergétique. De surcroit, nos données quantitatives soulig nent d’autres formes de déséquilibre en ce qui concerne la visibilité des groupes sociaux dans la littérature. Pour cela, nous argumentons que les données présentées dans ce rapport peuvent être également utiles pour les organisati ons non-gouvernementales (ONGs) et les décideurs politi ques. Resumen: La intención de este estudio fue investigar el pa pel y la visibilidad de las personas con discapacidad en los procesos de la política global y en el contexto de los dife rentes discursos de desarrollo sostenible (DS). El estudio en contró que las personas con discapacidad en la literatura del DS eran casi invisibles y que los objetivos y las acciones recomendadas en el discurso SD son de alta relevancia para las personas con discapacidad, pero que estas discusi ones generalmente no incluyen la situación de las personas con la discapacidad. También se encontró que éstas tienen una idea clara de por qué son invisibles, cuáles son los problemas de la política del desarrollo y lo que hay que ha cer para corregir estos problemas. También se encontró que existe una falta de visibilidad de varias áreas del SD en la discusión dentro de la comunidad de los discapacitados como por ejemplo en los objetivos sociales y de la sosteni bilidad o en la seguridad energética. Nuestros datos cuan titativos también destacan otras formas de desequilibrio de la visibilidad de los grupos sociales en la literatura y por eso opinamos que los datos presentados en este informe también pueden ser útiles para las ONG y los responsables políticos. Authors: Gregor Wolbring is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Medicine, Dept. Community Health Sci ences, stream of Community Rehabilitation and Disa bility Studies, University of Calgary. He is also a Visi ting Professor of Ability Expectation and Ableism Stu dies at American University of Sovereign Nations (AUSN); scientific staff at the Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis in Karlsruhe, Ger many; a Fellow at the Institute for Science, Policy and Society at the University of Ottawa, Canada; adjunct faculty in Critical Disability Studies at York University, Toronto, Canada; and Affiliated Scholar at the Center for Nanotechnology and Society at Arizona State Uni- Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development ARTIKEL/ARTICLE versity. He serves on a number of boards, including the Society for Disability Studies and the Council of Canadians with Disabilities. He is past-President of the Canadian Disability Studies Association, and has served on a variety of boards such as the Canadian Commission for UNESCO. Rachel Mackay, Theresa Rybchinski and Jacqueline Noga are undergraduate students in the Bachelor of Health Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, Univer sity of Calgary. More information about the work of the students can be found at http://www.crds.org/re search/faculty/Gregor_Wolbring.shtml Contact: E-Mail: Gregor Wolbring: gwolbrin@ucalgary.ca, Rachel Mackay: ramackay@ucalgary.ca; Theresa Rybchinski: tkrybchi@ucalgary.ca; Jaqueline Noga: jmnoga@ucalgary.ca. Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 31 ARTIKEL/ARTICLE Governments are not Enough: Disability, Development, and the Role of Broad Based Planning Stephen Meyers/Victor Pineda/Valerie Karr1 Disability inclusive development requires that states, civil society organisation, and the private sector work together to actively engage persons with disabilities in larger development processes. This paper reviews core features of development and how they affect the nearly 1 billion persons with disabilities worldwide. The paper recommends that disability inclusive development must be continuously re-examined, refined, measured, and linked to tangible outcomes. Comprehensive national and international development strate gies must not only focus on creating rights but also tangible opportunities and resources. Redefining Empowerment and Participation In many countries where civil society organisa tions are more robust, new political spaces are opening up for large segments of the popula tion that have been historically marginalised, such as persons with disabilities. These political spaces allow for new forms of engagement and open up venues for the individual and collective aspirations of too often invisible constituents to be seen. But it is not enough for disability advo cates to mobilise in the streets, nor is it enough to only look at political action, if they are to en ter the halls of power. Truly empowered indi viduals are citizens that enjoy an equitable dis tribution of political, economic, and social power. This power allows empowered citizens to take part in deciding how states, markets, and civil society function. Empowerment is a notoriously difficult word to define, often described as a “process rather than an event” (Chamberlin 1997:3) and given as many as twenty dimensions (Bolton/Brook ings 1996). Amongst those many dimensions, participation, voice, and choice are by far the most common. This paper, however, argues that at the centre of any definition of empowerment must be a concept of power (Page/Czuba 1999) by which secondary concepts such as participa tion, voice, and choice must be evaluated. The underlying principles of the CRPD embrace a framework for inclusive development. Such a framework is predicated upon the notion of participatory governance and is based on the disability rights motto, “Nothing about us, with out us”. This does not simply mean persons with disabilities have a voice, but also have a vote and a veto over every aspect of the way political, social, and corporate power affects their everyday life. Despite the almost ubiquity of participation in public discourse regarding governance and development, what it means in practice and 32 how it can be measured and assessed is poorly understood. Some academics and practitioners have argued that a focus on participation means a shift from focusing on development outcomes and the concrete what of service de livery, to the whom and how in regards to the way in which impoverished or marginalised persons are included in programming (Chap man 2009) and the political knowledge they have gained (Williams 2004). This is a process based understanding of participation, which usually focuses on measures such as the num ber of people who participated in a public event or attended workshops or, perhaps, whether civil society leaders were able to meet with government officials or otherwise be politi cally recognised. Process based understandings do not focus on concrete outcomes. One rea son for a focus on participative processes rather than outcomes is based upon a recent shift, among many social scientists and political phi losophers, to discourse analysis wherein the way people, problems, and phenomena are de scribed and seen as enactments of power (Fou cault 1994, 2002). Related is the ethical im perative popularised by Jurgen Habermas that everyone is given voice in the public sphere (Habermas 1991). When these views are re lated to development, agency amongst the beneficiaries of development is defined as their ability to participate, speak, or otherwise ex press views publically (Everett 1997). Thus, de velopment and empowerment are linked. Both advance individual and collective capacity to participate in shaping ideas, values, and out comes. While language and culture are assuredly powerful, these views are called Post-Structural ist for a reason: they no longer concern them selves with the hard, concrete institutions that populate our political, economic, and social structures. As demonstrated by the recent upris ings in Madrid, Sao Paolo, Istanbul, and Cairo, Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development language and culture is key to shaping political outcomes (Tejerina/Perugorría et al. 2013). Fur thermore, persons with disabilities form part of each movement and are in some degree work ing with others to shape a more equitable and accountable public sphere. Proactively Engaging with Equity Protecting and promoting the rights of persons with disabilities through inclusive development is everyone’s responsibility. Traditionally, minis tries of health and social welfare have had the responsibility for developing and implementing national disability policies, of which the primary focus was service provision, reflecting a health and welfare perspective on disability. More re cently, as disability rights advocates have be come successful in advocating for the right to participate in their communities on an equal basis with others. Ministries of education, la bour, and transportation have begun to play significant roles in developing disability policies that increase access for persons with disabilities to education, work, and public transportation, respectively. Equally, ministries of justice have begun adjudicating more cases protecting per sons with disabilities from discriminatory treat ment. Ministries of health, social welfare, edu cation, labour, transportation, and justice will remain central in their role of promoting and protecting many of the rights specified in the CRPD. At the same time, every ministry must be held accountable for developing disability inclu sive policies. For example, the G8 announced the Deau ville Partnership and released a Declaration on the Arab Spring in May 2011. The partnership outlines a donor and development strategy fo cused on Egypt, Tunisia, and other countries for private sector development and job creation. As donors, the G8 members who are state parties to the CRPD have the responsibility (under Arti cle 32) to ensure that persons with disabilities are included in international cooperation agreements, including international develop ment programs. Many of the promises made by the G8 are for trade agreements. Ministries of finance, trade, and/or commerce must be en gaged to ensure that provisions within trade treaties are made requiring that products and services provided by international firms are dis ability inclusive. Ministries of commerce should be engaged to include protections for the rights of persons with disabilities in commercial law and develop the capacity to monitor both na tional and international businesses active within countries not furthering discrimination. In addi tion to engaging donor countries and ministries of trade and commerce, businesses should also be engaged with disability rights advocates di rectly. Private corporations should not be seen as secondary actors in the realisation of human rights. In March 2011, John Ruggie, Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corpo rations and other business enterprises, submit ted a landmark report to the United Nations Human Rights Council outlining Guiding Princi ples on Business and Human Rights (field notes 2013). In addition to reiterating the state’s duty to protect human rights through policies, legis lation, regulation, and adjudication focused on preventing human rights abuses perpetrated by private businesses or committed by state owned businesses, the report also promotes the norm that businesses should respect human rights and must develop and maintain appro priate policies and processes to promote hu man rights. This norm, advanced by the inter national community, parallels private corpora tions’ voluntary efforts at corporate social re sponsibility and diversity, often fulfilled through partnerships with civil society organisations or through commitments to corporate social re sponsibility networks such as the UN Global Compact (field notes 2013). In addition, as was evidenced during the High-level meeting of the General Assembly on the realisation of the Mil lennium Development Goals and other interna tionally agreed development goals for persons with disabilities (HLMDD), governments are in creasingly aware that the Post-2015 Develop ment deliberations needs to include a wider set of metrics and must incorporate the needs of persons with disabilities (United Nations 2013). All corporations doing business in a country should be educated and engaged on the rights of persons with disabilities, encouraged to de velop disability inclusion policies, and moni tored and held accountable to them. Addition ally, DPOs should partner with businesses to train and assist them in providing reasonable accommodation and connecting them to quali fied job candidates with disabilities. The Inter national Labour Organisation has taken a lead in engaging the private sector, oftentimes put ting it in touch with civil society organisations in order to promote the right to decent work for persons with disabilities. In 2012, the ILO Better Work Project in Nicaragua found that 95% of garment manufacturers in Nicaragua were not achieving their obligations to include persons with disabilities in the workplace under Nicara guan Labour Law (ILO/IFC 2013). Rather than simply advocate for more legislation or simply Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 33 report those companies to the Ministry of La health, and employment outcomes. If persons bour, the Better Work country office got to the with disabilities are to benefit from the activities root of the problem: even when companies of all civil society organisations, CSOs must be wanted to hire persons with disabilities, they educated about the rights of persons with dis were unable to recruit them nor find local ex abilities, encouraged to develop disability inclu pertise in accessibility and workplace accom sion policies and practices, and held account modation. As a result, the Better Work office able to involving persons with disabilities in partnered with a local CSO that had more than their project planning and implementation. a decade experience working with the private Ministries of foreign affairs that certify or li sector on disability inclusion to begin educating cense international civil society organisations manufacturers on best practice in disability in should require CSOs to develop disability inclu clusion and helping human resources offices sion policies. Ministries of social affairs and lo connect with DPOs in order to identify potential cal governments working with grassroots CSOs employees (ILO/IFC 2012). The ILO has also should likewise require disability inclusion poli begun engaging multinational corporations at cies. In many places, mainstream development the global level, such as IBM, PepsiCo, and NGOs and local social movements are not in Volvo, by supporting the ILO Global Business clusive, as was found in a recent study in Cam and Disability Network, which connects busi bodia and Indonesia (Meyers/Karr/Pineda nesses to one another to share knowledge on 2014), despite the fact that these civil society disability inclusion and helps them identify DPO actors are major providers of opportunities and partners on the ground to help them implement have mission statements oriented towards so disability inclusion down the supply chain (ILO cial justice or the common good. In many 2014). In each case, the central development cases, these organisations had not received actors providing the opportunities are private outreach from the disability community, which enterprises who, when supported, willingly hire was focuses all of their efforts on educating and persons with disabilities, thus helping them advocating towards the state. Examples of en achieve their right to employment. gaging with equity across all three actors in de Lastly, CSOs across the world not only pro velopment can be illustrated most simply in a vide important goods and services to members table (Figure 1). Each actor provides a range of of the community, but are also involved in specific resources and services. Each actor also shaping or reforming social policies. Goods and engages in transactions on different scales, that services provided by CSOs need to work harder of the individual and the society. on training and providing services to persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others. A 2009 study (Bwire 2009) on the economic in clusion of persons with disabilities in develop ing countries, unfortu nately, found that State Private Market Civil Society amongst microfinance Resources & Services Resources & Services Resources & Services institutions, many of Individual Individuals control Individuals are parti Individuals are which were civil society Level how personal rehabi cipants as employees equally included as organisations, the perlitation services & be and business owners volunteers and staff centage of clients with nefits are spent (as in the labor market in mainstream CSOs disabilities who were opposed to doctors & and as consumers in & all of the services provided access to mi social workers deci the private market and products are croloans ranged be ding who provides equally accessible. tween 0-0.5% of the services) majority of microfi Social DPOs have a vote DPOs are involved in DPOs are part of nance organisations’ Level and veto in how businesses creating CSO networks and clientele, well below communities and sta human resource poli all CSOs are regula the average percent of tes spend tax money cies and regulating ted to ensure equal PWDs (10%) in the products and services access to goods and general population. sold (i.e. to ensure services provided CSOs provide impor accessible resources tant goods and serv exist) ices, as well as other opportunities to improve education, Figure 1: Engaging with Equity in Development 34 Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development Need for New Approaches While participation in public discourse is an im portant aspect of citizenship, this paper argues that these process-based measures can and should never be separated from concretely measurable outcomes regarding access to and control over the distribution of goods and serv ices through a given country’s institutions. Poli tics, by definition, means social relations involv ing authority or power normally thought of in terms of government, but equally true in the spheres of civil society and the market. Thus, if the political participation of persons with dis abilities is to be more than symbolic, policies, projects, campaigns, and institutions must be assessed from the perspective of power, espe cially the power to have true access to competi tive employment and public schools, for exam ple. As such persons with disabilities should have real influence over the ways in which both goods and services are regulated and distrib uted in all social spheres. In order to have true access and influence institutions, all develop ment actors have an obligation to positively in clude persons with disabilities and their repre sentative organisations (DPOs). Inclusive de mocracy involves more than the formal equality of all individuals and groups to enter the politi cal process, but entails taking special measures to compensate for the social and economic ine qualities of unjust social structures. Such special measures may require forms of group repre sentation, so that the particular social perspec tive of group members gains voice (Young 1990). For example, disability networks should be represented on National Disability Boards that go beyond advisory status to propose legis lation, make budget decisions, and write policy. In addition, mainstream CSOs should do more than simply take persons with disabilities into account in their needs assessments, but rather actively engage persons with disabilities in significant roles during the proposal and budget-writing process, project implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of development projects. Likewise, corporations should not only be held accountable to core labour standards regarding non-discrimination and Corporate Social Responsibility norms, but actively be working with persons with disabilities to de velop effective human resources and consumer access strategies that ensure persons with dis abilities can both benefit from the products and services they sell, but also gain employment and advance within the firms. It is important that the advancement of the rights of PWDs in developing countries be carried out holistically, through a synchronised engagement of these three key actors: governments, private enter prises, and civil society organisations (including DPOs). Under this holistic approach, those indi viduals and organisations that are advocating for change understand that states are still the primary guarantors of rights, while corporations offer opportunities for innovation and employ ment. As such, these actors in development each have a role in removing unnecessary barriers that exclude persons with disabilities. The inter national community has publicly stated its com mitment to nations that are democratic, trans parent and responsive to the aspirations of their people. Inevitably, different sectors may be at the forefront of change and reform depend ing on the specific country, but it is always im portant for the individuals, corporations, or government agencies advocating for the inclu sion of persons with disabilities to establish and maintain an inclusive and comprehensive agenda that engages all three actors. For per sons with disabilities to fully share in the bene fits of reform and development, meaningful participation, access, and social inclusion must crosscut all sectors of society. Notes 1 This article was the result of substantial collaborative efforts of the three authors. 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(2004): Evaluating participatory develop ment: tyranny, power and (re)politicisation. Third World Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 557-578 . Zusammenfassung: Behinderung und inklusive Entwick lungszusammenarbeit erfordert, dass Staaten, zivilgesell schaftliche Organisationen und der private Sektor zusam menarbeiten, um Menschen mit Behinderungen in umfang reichen Entwicklungsprozessen aktiv einzubinden. Dieser Beitrag überprüft Kernpunkte der Entwicklungsprozesse und wie diese die nahezu eine Milliarde Menschen mit Be hinderung weltweit beeinflussen. Der Beitrag empfiehlt, dass Behinderung und inklusive Entwicklungszusammenar beit kontinuierlich neu geprüft, verfeinert, gemessen und mit konkreten Ergebnissen verbunden werden muss. Um fassende nationale und internationale Entwicklungsstrategi 36 en sollen ihren Fokus nicht nur auf die Schaffung von Rech ten, sondern auch auf konkrete Möglichkeiten und Ressour cen legen. Résumé: Le développement inclusif exige la collaboration d’Etats, d’organisations de société civile et du secteur privé dans l’engagement actif pour les personnes handicapées dans les divers processus de développement. Cet article examine les point fondamentaux du développement et comment ils affectent presque 1 billion de personnes au tour du monde. L’article recommande que le développe ment inclusif soit régulièrement contrôlé, mesuré et lié aux résultats concrets. Des stratégies de développement com préhensibles nationales et internationales ne devraient pas seulement se focaliser sur la création des droits, mais aussi sur les possibilités concrètes et les ressources. Resumen: El desarrollo inclusivo requiere que los estados, las organizaciones de la sociedad civil y el sector privado trabajen juntos para cooperar activamente a favor de las personas con discapacidad en los procesos más amplios del desarrollo. Este artículo analiza los temas claves del desar rollo y como éstas afectan a casi un billón de personas en todo el mundo. El artículo recomienda que el desarrollo in clusivo tiene que ser revisado constantemente, refinado, medido y conectado con resultados concretos. Estrategias nacionales e internacionales de desarrollo comprensibles deben centrarse no solo en el diseño de los derechos, sino también en las oportunidades y recursos específicos. Authors: Victor Santiago Pineda, PhD, Chancellor's Research Fellow at the University of California Berke ley, Department of City and Regional Planning. He is also a Adjunct Professor at American University's Insti tute for Disability and Public Policy. Stephen Meyers, PhD Candidate in Sociology at the University of California, San Diego. He has worked with a landmine survivors assistance NGO and with the International Labour Organisations' Disability In clusion Project. At present, he is an Associate with World ENABLED. Valerie Karr, Ph.D. Adjunct Professor, University of New Hampshire, and Director, World ENABLED , the only youth-focused international disability rights orga nisation. She authored a UNICEF's human rights edu cation manual for youth with disabilities based on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabili ties and co-authored several papers in the field of ed ucation curricula for children with disabilities. Contact: E-Mail: Victor Santiago Pineda: vsp@berkeley.edu; Stephen Meyers: stephen@worldenabled.org; Valerie Karr: valerie.karr@unh.edu. Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development Kurzmeldungen/Announcements Eighth Session of the UN Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals At the eighth session of the UN Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in New York (6th February 2014), a post-2015 sustainable devel opment agenda that is inclusive of persons with disabili ties was discussed. IDA (International Disability Alliance) members stated the importance of mainstreaming the rights of persons with disabilities across the sustainable development agenda. The theme of the session was Promoting Equality, Including Social Equity, Gender Equality and Women’s Em powerment and the participants demanded that the Sus tainable Development Goals must be based on a human rights framework incorporating non-discrimination and equality, in compliance with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD). OWG Member States, including co-chair Hungary, the Republic of Korea, Israel, Switzerland, Nicaragua, Brazil, Egypt, Japan, Poland, Cuba and Palau voiced their support for the inclusion of persons with disabilities in the SDGs. In particular, the Republic of Korea emphasised the impor tance of recognising disability as a cross-cutting issue in the post-2015 process, while the United States and Israel supported the inclusion of disability status in disaggre gated data as a priority area for the OWG to address. In the afternoon, IDA, in cooperation with the Interna tional Disability and Development Consortium (IDDC), the Permanent Mission of Greece to the UN, and the Euro pean Union Delegation to the UN held a panel discussion on the inclusion of persons with disabilities in the sustain able development agenda. Representatives from Member States, UN agencies and civil society, discussed the impor tance of targets and indicators inclusive of persons with disabilities, to be included in all goals. Information: www.internationaldisabilityalliance.org/en. Third Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Disability Forum The third ASEAN Disability Forum was held in Brunei Da russalam from 11th to 12th December 2013. It was con cluded with a set of recommendations aimed towards al leviating poverty and enhancing employment. Outcomes of the forum are expected to assist govern ments as well as relevant agencies in the formulation of policies and programmes for citizens with disabilities in the region. Whilst these recommendations are action lines in themselves, they should also serve as a framework for a more integrated approach in pursuing development strategies that include social, economic and environ mental policies to empower persons with disabilities. In Brunei, the outcomes of the forum were presented to the Special Committee on Persons with Disabilities and the Elderly to be considered in their review of current poli cies and programmes as well as to develop new strategies to improve the ASEAN Action Plan on persons with dis abilities. Through its mission statement, the Action Plan serves to protect and empower persons with disabilities to become independent and productive members of society. The Action Plan covers issues on legislation, advocacy, ed ucation, health, employment, accessibility to buildings and transport, participation, data collection and protection from exploitation, abuse and violence. The theme of re ducing poverty and enhancing employment prospects was also discussed. Information: http://www.dpiap.org/news/detail.php? typeid=1&newsid=0001230; https://www.dropbox.com/ s/xdyidowhvyz7wn4/3rd-adf-statement.docx. Global Campaign for Education Launches Send All My Friends to School Project 2014 The Global Campaign for Education (GCE) launches a campaign called “Equal Right, Equal Opportunity. Educa tion and Disability” that focuses on inclusive education for the 2014 Global Action Week to raise the awareness of is sues around disability. The Global Action Week is one of the major focal points for the education movement. Cre ated and led by the Global Campaign for Education, Global Action Week provides everyone campaigning for the right to education with an opportunity to highlight a core area of the Education For All agenda and make tar geted efforts to achieve change on the ground, with the added support of millions of members of the public world wide joining together for the same cause. Teachers, stu dents, education campaigners and members of the public are asked to take part in the Global Action Week events happening all around the world, 4th to10th May 2014. In most low- and middle-income countries, children with disabilities are more likely to be out of school than any other group of children; even if they do attend school, children living with disabilities are often more likely to drop out and leave school early. In some countries, having a disability can more than double the chance of a child not being in school, compared to their non-disabled peers. It is, therefore, unsurprising that in many countries children with disabilities make up the vast majority of those out of school. For those children with disabilities who actually manage to enter classrooms, the quality and form of schooling received – often in segregated schools – can act to powerfully compound exclusion from the main stream and confirm pre-existing societal notions about disability. The Global Campaign for Education (GCE) issued a re port calling for inclusive education for children with dis abilities urging national governments to adopt appropri- Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 37 ate legislative frameworks and set out national plans for inclusive education. The report on education and disability summarises current evidence of exclusion from education faced by children with disabilities as well as the obstacles to quality education in developed and developing coun tries. It sets out the recommendations for national govern ments to create inclusive educational systems which can help bring down the barriers in quality learning. The re port points out that disability is a major reason for drop ping out school for children in developing countries. An other problem is the segregated schools systems. In many countries children with disabilities are obliged to receive education in segregated classes, which limits their contact with non-disabled peers. Moreover, quality of this educa tion is often inferior to the mainstream one and restricts the possibilities of children with disabilities to continue learning at secondary and higher education institutions. The report calls on all countries to ratify the Conven tion on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and implement this commitment in national plans for inclusive educational policies. Properly trained teachers, accessible classrooms and supporting facilities must be put in place to sustain inclusive learning. Raising awareness and data evidence must ensure that rights of children with disabili ties are promoted to receive quality education. Furthermore, the report provides also policy recom mendations for bi-lateral donors and international com munity to enhance inclusive education building. Countries should allocate at least 10% of aid budgets to basic edu cation. Measurable global targets for inclusive education and disability must be set into the post 2015 agenda (http://www.campaignforeducation.org/docs/reports/ Equal%20Right,%20Equal%20Opportunity_WEB.pdf). The campaign invites UK school pupils to remind world leaders that children with disabilities are missing out most on education. In 2000, world leaders promised to get all children a primary education by 2015. A lot has been achieved: the number of children out of school has actu ally halved. That still leaves 57 million children without an education and more than one in three have a disability. Last year, over half a million pupils from 5,000 UK schools took part in the campaign. This year, the campaign is ask ing young people to get creative and raise awareness of the right of every child everywhere, regardless of disabili ties, to have an education. Information: http://www.campaignforeducation.org/en/ global-action-week/global-action-week-2014; http://www.campaignforeducation.org/en/campaigns/ education-and-disability; http://www.sendmyfriend.org. Access to Justice for Crime Victims with Disabilities Set as a Priority in Eastern Africa More than 30 representatives of human rights and devel opment NGOs, families of persons with intellectual im pairments, self-advocates and human rights lawyers came together at a roundtable discussion on access to justices 38 for persons with disabilities who were victims of a crime. The event was held on 11th September 2013 in Nairobi in Kenya and was hosted by Inclusion Africa and Inclusion International together with the Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa (OSIEA). Lack of knowledge, inability to re port an abuse, outdated laws and failure to provide proper procedure in a case were highlighted as the main obstacles encountered by persons with intellectual dis abilities in Eastern Africa when seeking justice. Participants in the consultation shared their experience of these diffi culties and expressed their concern about violence and impunity. Based on the evidence and examples from partici pants, the roundtable brainstormed on the options for persons with disabilities to effectively respond to situations of abuse or crime and preventing such violations on per sons with intellectual impairments to happen.ｯMoreover, participants expressed that this discussion was only a first step in the process on how to equip organisations in the region with tools to protect persons with intellectual dis abilities from violence and reinforce effective justice sys tem. The Eastern African coalition will set up its agenda on the discussions’ outcomes to assure the continuation of activities on access to justice for persons with intellectual disabilities. Information: http://inclusion-international.org/ii-ia open-society-initiative-eastern-africa-osiea-host-first roundtable-access-justice/. Celebrating the International Day of Persons with Disabilities The International Day of Persons with Disabilities was celebrated worldwide on 3rd December. Break Barriers, Open Doors: for an Inclusive Society and Development for All was a featured topic of last year’s International Day, stressing the importance of inclusion of persons with dis abilities in the post-2015 development framework. Ban Ki moon, the UN Secretary General addressed a speech to all countries celebrating this occasion, emphasising the UN engagement for a disability inclusive development agenda in 2015. There are over one billion persons with disabilities worldwide. More than 80% of them are living in develop ing countries, overrepresented among those living in ab solute poverty. Despite this fact, persons with disabilities as a vulnerable social group were excluded from the Mil lennium Development Goals, the United Nations develop ment agenda 2000-2015. The worlds’ celebration of last year’s International Day of Persons with Disabilities was therefore an opportunity to raise awareness of disability and accessibility as a cross-cutting development issue and further the global efforts to promote accessibility, to real ise the full and equal participation of persons with dis abilities in society. Various events around the world took place on 3rd De cember to commemorate the International Day of Persons with Disabilities. Governments, organisations of persons Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development with disabilities and public institutions organised numer ous events to raise awareness about accessibility of per sons with disabilities. Information: http://www.un.org/disabilities/ default.asp?id=1607; http://www.un.org/en/ga/president/68/news/ international_day_for_persons_with_disabilities 2013.shtml; http://www.un.org/disabilities/ default.asp?id=1607#events. Fachtagung Katastrophenvorsorge für Alle Weltweite Katastrophen treffen immer wieder besonders die Menschen, die zu den schwächeren sozialen Gruppen gehören: Alte Menschen, Schwangere, Kinder – und Men schen mit Behinderungen. Vor dem Hintergrund des jähr lichen Internationalen Tages der Katastrophenvorsorge am 13. Oktober standen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit der inklu siven Katastrophenvorsorge im Mittelpunkt des ersten Fachkongresses Katastrophenvorsorge für Alle, der am 10. Oktober unter der Schirmherrschaft des Bundesministeri ums für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit (BMZ) in Koope ration mit Aktion Deutschland Hilft und dem Deutschen Komitee für Katastrophenvorsorge (DKKV) in Bonn statt fand. Es sei nicht hinnehmbar, dass Menschen aufgrund von Behinderungen der Schutz vor Katastrophen verwehrt bleibe, so Ursula Müller vom Bundesministerium für wirt schaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung. Auf der Fachtagung diskutierten die Teilnehmer mit Vertretern ver schiedener Organisationen das Thema Inklusion in der Katastrophenvorsorge und tauschten sich über bewährte und neue Ansätze zur Einbeziehung von Menschen mit Behinderungen in Maßnahmen der Katastrophenvorsorge aus. Nichtregierungsorganisationen, Vereine und Politik unterstrichen hier gleichsam die Dringlichkeit des Themas für die gesamte humanitäre Hilfe. Eine Erkenntnis nach dem Ende der Fachtagung war, dass zum Thema Inklusi on, obschon es einen ersten Eintritt in die öffentliche Wahrnehmung gefunden hat, der Dialog noch ausgebaut werden sollte und Inklusion auch nachhaltig mit finanziel ler Unterstützung für langfristige Maßnahmen in der Kata strophenvorsorge zu verankern sei. Information: http://www.katastrophenvorsorge.info/ start.html. Wie soll die Welt von morgen aussehen? Im Jahr 2015 endet die Frist für die Millenniumsentwick lungsziele (MDG). Die Diskussionen, wie es nach 2015 mit den MDGs weiter geht, wurden bereits begonnen. Die Vereinten Nationen haben ein hochrangiges Panel (Gre mium) ins Leben gerufen, das Vorschläge für eine neue Entwicklungsagenda erarbeitet hat. In Deutschland hat es sich auch der Verband Entwicklungspolitik Deutscher Nicht regierungsorganisationen (VENRO) zur Aufgabe gemacht, diese Frage aus Sicht der Zivilgesellschaft zu beantworten. Das Thema Behinderung wurde bisher nur am Rande dis kutiert. Aus diesem Grund organisierte bezev vom 1. -2. No vember 2013 in Köln den Workshop Wie soll die Welt von morgen aussehen? Zukunftsfähige Entwicklung inklusiv ge stalten. bezev gab mit dem Workshop Menschen mit und ohne Behinderung die Möglichkeit, sich an der Debatte um eine zukünftige Entwicklungsagenda zu beteiligen. Ziel des Workshops war, den Stand der aktuellen Debatten aufzuzeigen und zu erörtern, wie eine inklusive Entwick lungsagenda aussehen kann. Anhand zentraler Themen (z.B. Ungleichheit, Gesundheit, Bildung, Umwelt, Nah rungssicherheit und Ernährung) wurden Fragen diskutiert wie: Wie soll die Welt in Zukunft aussehen? Welche Bar rieren sind zu überwinden? Was muss geschehen? Wer ist verantwortlich? Zu dem Workshop waren interessierte Menschen mit und ohne Behinderung eingeladen. Ergeb nisse und weitere Informationen finden Sie unter www.bezev.de/post2015.html. Am Anschluss an den Workshop (3.-24.11.2013) wur de eine Online-Konsultation durchgeführt. Aus Sicht der Teilnehmenden sind die Hindernisse vielfältig, die die in klusive Welt von morgen (noch) behindern. Schwerpunkte wurden beim Zugang zu Bildung, der Schaffung inklusiver Arbeitsplätze, der Stärkung der Mobilität, der inklusiven Gestaltung des Gesundheitssystems und der Gestaltung der Umwelt erkennbar. Eine engere Zusammenarbeit zwi schen Zivilgesellschaft, Experten und Selbsthilfegruppen wurde als wichtiger Einflussfaktor für die Entwicklung ei ner inklusiven Gesellschaft herausgestellt. Die Ergebnisse des Workshops und der online-Diskus sion fließen in die barrierefreie Publikation Wie soll die Welt von morgen aussehen? ein, die Anfang 2014 veröf fentlicht wird. Sie kann online (www.bezev.de/ post2015.html.) oder per Mail (kampagnen@bezev.de) bezogen werden. Information: www.bezev.de. Menschenrechts-Tagung Armut und Behinderung weltweit - Ein vernachlässigtes Problem? Weltweit leben 1,29 Milliarden Menschen in absoluter Ar mut. Armut bedeutet nicht nur geringes Einkommen: Sie betrifft auch soziale Aspekte wie beispielsweise den Zu gang zu Nahrung, zu sauberem Trinkwasser, Gesundheit, Bildung und zu menschenwürdigen Unterkünften. Men schen mit Behinderung haben weltweit ein größeres Risi ko, in Armut leben zu müssen als andere Bevölkerungs gruppen. Die meisten Menschen in Armut leben in soge nannten Entwicklungsländern. Doch auch in Deutschland leben Menschen, die als arm gelten. Laut Statistischem Bundesamt sind bundesweit 13 Millionen Menschen von Armut bedroht. Menschen, die in Armut leben, sind häufig Opfer von Menschenrechtsverletzungen und werden von gesell schaftlichen Entwicklungen ausgeschlossen. Wer nicht le sen kann, wird seine Rechte schwer einklagen können. Andererseits ist Armut in vielen Fällen eine Folge von Menschenrechtsverletzungen. Die internationale Gemein- Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 39 schaft hat im Rahmen eines Treffens bei den Vereinten Nationen im September 2013 noch einmal bekräftigt, alle Anstrengungen zu unternehmen, die Armut bis zum Jahr 2015 zu halbieren. Menschen mit Behinderung sind bei den bisherigen Maßnahmen der Armutsreduzierung zu wenig berücksichtigt worden. Es ist daher wichtig, sie vers tärkt einzubeziehen – dies gilt besonders für die Entwick lungsagenda nach 2015. Die Tagung nahm den Kontext zwischen Menschen rechten, Armut und Behinderung auf internationaler und nationaler Ebene in den Blick. Es wurden Perspektiven zur Berücksichtigung von Menschenrechten von Menschen mit Behinderung in der aktuellen und zukünftigen Entwick lungsagenda herausgearbeitet. Die Ergebnisse der Tagung sind auf Anfrage erhältlich (kampagnen@bezev.de). Information: http://www.bezev.de/post2015.html. Resolution on the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Ethiopia On 24th November 2013 the International Disability and Development Consortium (IDDC) organised an event on the rights of persons with disabilities and the role of inter national cooperation in advancing these rights in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This event took place in the margins of a major parliamentary gathering between Parliamentarians of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries and the European Union (EU), which is called the ACP - EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly (JPA). The objective of this side event was to offer JPA Members an insight into the reality of persons with disabilities in Ethiopia. Parliamentarians visited different health and educational projects followed by a debate during which Ethiopian Disabled People’s Or ganisations shared their main hopes, aspirations and con cerns with JPA Members. The Ethiopian hosts underlined the favourable policy framework which their country has put in place in crucial areas such as employment and education. However, those policies often lack follow-up and implementation. Accessi bility was also identified as an obstacle to including per sons with disabilities in Ethiopian society. This was as sumed to be true for all aspects of accessibility. As another challenge, data collection was mentioned. The discussion revealed that there is a huge discrepancy between the of ficial statistics that estimate the percentage of persons with disabilities at 1% of the population, and other sources believing this percentage close to the 15% figure as contained in the World Disability Report. On a positive note, the Ethiopian authorities stated to wish to address this matter in the upcoming census, in order to get more accurate data. During the debate, Parliamentarians highlighted the importance of existing international mechanisms to pro mote the rights of persons with disabilities. Since the event took place in the context of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamen tary Assembly, the 2011 Resolution on the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Developing Countries was mentioned. The upcoming progress report of that resolu 40 tion was highlighted as an important opportunity to share with the international community good examples, but also to address remaining challenges in countries such as Ethiopia. There was also agreement amongst panelists to showcase role models that could inspire many more per sons with disabilities, but also helpｯto remove the many barriers that still exist. Information: http://www.iddcconsortium.net/news; http:/ /www.europarl.europa.eu/intcoop/acp/2011_lome/pdf/ adopted_ap100.954_collated_en.pdf. First Regional Conference for the Establishment of the Arab Office for Disabled People's International The first regional conference for the establishment of the Arab Office for Disabled People’s International (DPI) was held in Beirut, between 12th to 14th December 2013, under the slogan of Towards Strategies of Revival - A Move ment of Empowerment, Partnership, and Inclusion. The conference was held following discussions between Disa bled People’s Organisations (DPOs) and several experts on the rights of persons with disabilities in the Arab world. It is based on an initiative by the Lebanese Physically Handicapped Union (LPHU) and Disabled People's Inter national (DPI) in partnership with Diakonia World Federa tion. Participants from various Arab countries came to gether on one platform where voices from the Arab Re gion were heard. The conference led to the establishment of a new DPI Arab region, the office of which will be based out of Beirut, Lebanon. Sixteen Arab countries have signed and ratified the CRPD since 2007. Nevertheless, attending representatives from DPOs stated that there has not been any noted pro gress in the field of enacting and implementing the CRPD in the Arab World, nor in the areas of national and re gional coordination mechanisms. Persons with disabilities in the Arab world still suffer from ongoing exclusion and isolation; according to World Bank estimates, 20% of the poor are disabled persons. They still suffer from high un employment and illiteracy rates, weak inclusive mecha nisms, and a total absence of some disability sectors in cluding issues related to persons with psychosocial dis abilities and short people. The conference aimed to set up a positive and efficient regional civil society framework reviving the Arab disability movement in favor of a qualitative transformation and the institutionalisation of a new regional rights-based move ment. Decisions that where taken during the conference are summarised in an outcome document. Information: http://de.scribd.com/doc/192280162/DPI Statement-First-Regional-Conference-for-the Establishment-of-the-Arab-Office-for-the-Disabled People-s-International-DPI; http://www.usicd.org/ index.cfm/news_dpi-statement-on-first-arab-regional conference. Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development VENRO: Stellungnahme zum Koalitionsvertrag veröffentlicht Der Verband Entwicklungspolitik Deutscher Nichtregie rungsorganisationen (VENRO) bescheinigt der Bundesre gierung in einer Stellungnahme vom 17. Dezember 2013 einen verfehlten Politikwechsel in der Entwicklungszusam menarbeit und sieht trotz positiven Ansätzen keine Trendwende in der deutschen Entwicklungshilfepolitik. Die For derung nach einem Ausbau des Bundesministeriums für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung zu einem Ressort für globale Strukturfragen wurde nicht erfüllt. Auf die Fragen nach der Bekämpfung weltweiter Armut, glo baler Ungleichgewichte, des Klimawandels sowie der res sourcenschonenden Entwicklung werde zwar eingegan gen: Eine zufriedenstellende Antwort habe es jedoch nicht gegeben. Positiv sei zu vermerken, dass die Bunderegie rung eine aktive Rolle bei der Weiterentwicklung der Mil lenniumsentwicklungsziele (MDG) zu universellen Entwick lungs- und Nachhaltigkeitszielen spielen wolle. Außerdem wolle die Bundesregierung die Einbeziehung von Men schen mit Behinderung in der Entwicklungszusammenar beit stärken. Information: http://venro.org/uploads/tx_ igpublikationen/Venro-Standpunkt_Ausgabe4-2013.pdf. WHO MiNDbank: More Inclusiveness Needed in Disability and Development The WHO launches a database, called the WHO MiND bank that is an online platform which brings together a range of country and international resources, covering mental health, substance abuse, disability, general health, human rights and development. These include policies, strategies, laws, and service standards. MiNDbank aims to facilitate debate, dialogue, advocacy and research in or der to promote national reform in these areas, in line with international human rights standards and best practice. MiNDbank has been made possible thanks to the collecti ve efforts of WHO Member States in sharing their national resources, with a view to achieving better health and hu man rights outcomes for all. Information: http://www.mindbank.info. UNESCO-Gipfel: Bonner Erklärung zur Inklusiven Bildung in Deutschland verabschiedet Die Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission richtete am 19. und 20. März 2014 den Gipfel Inklusion - Die Zukunft der Bil dung in Bonn aus. An der zweitägigen Konferenz nahmen rund 350 politisch Verantwortliche, Schulträger, Bildungs akteure, Lehrkräfte und Experten aus Wissenschaft und Verbänden teil. Ziel war es, eine Bestandsaufnahme der inklusiven Bildung in Deutschland vorzunehmen, einen Er fahrungsaustausch zu initiieren und das Thema Inklusion in der Bildung zu stärken. Mit der Abschlusserklärung Bon ner Erklärung zur inklusiven Bildung in Deutschland forder ten die rund 350 Teilnehmenden des Gipfels den Deut schen Bundestag, die Bundesregierung, Länder, Kommu nen, die Wirtschaft, Zivilgesellschaft, Wissenschaft und Ak teure der Bildungspraxis auf, systematische Anstrengun gen zu unternehmen, um Exklusion im deutschen Bil dungswesen zu überwinden und Inklusion als Leitbild für Bildungspolitik und -praxis zu etablieren. Die Kernforderungen der Bonner Erklärung zur inklusi ven Bildung in Deutschland beziehen sich auf das Recht auf Bildung, das in der Allgemeinen Erklärung der Men schenrechte festgeschrieben ist. Die UNESCO sieht eines ihrer wichtigsten Ziele darin, dass alle Menschen weltweit Zugang zu qualitativ hochwertiger Bildung erhalten und ihre Potenziale entfalten können. Inklusion im Bildungs wesen sei Voraussetzung, um die Ziele des weltweiten Ak tionsplans Bildung für Alle erreichen zu können und die Bildungsqualität zu steigern. Es wurde betont, dass Inklu sion die unterschiedlichen Bedürfnisse aller Lernenden in den Mittelpunkt rückt und Vielfalt als Ressource und Chance für Lern- und Bildungsprozesse begreift. Inklusive Bildung erfordert flexible Bildungsangebote, dementspre chende strukturelle und inhaltliche Anpassungen und indi viduell angemessene Vorkehrungen in der frühkindlichen Bildung, dem Schulwesen, der beruflichen Bildung, dem Hochschulwesen, der Erwachsenenbildung sowie weiteren für das Bildungswesen relevanten Einrichtungen. Individu elle Förderung und Lernen in heterogenen Gruppen sind die Grundlage für eine inklusive Entwicklung. Inklusion beinhaltet das Recht auf gemeinsames Lernen im allge meinen Bildungssystem. Dies ist als Menschenrecht im An schluss an den UN-Pakt für wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte in der von Deutschland und der Europäi schen Union ratifizierten UN-Konvention über die Rechte von Menschen mit Behinderungen festgeschrieben. Deutschland hat sich insbesondere seit der Ratifikation der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention auf den Weg zu ei nem inklusiven Bildungssystem gemacht. Es wurde ange merkt, dass die Rahmenbedingungen, die gesetzlichen Re gelungen und der Stand der Umsetzung in den einzelnen Ländern in Deutschland jedoch noch weit auseinanderge hen. Im Vergleich mit vielen seiner europäischen Nach barn habe Deutschland einen erheblichen Nachholbedarf bei der Schaffung inklusiver Bildungsangebote. Es wurden systematische Anstrengungen gefordert, um Exklusion im deutschen Bildungswesen zu überwinden und Inklusion als Leitbild für Bildungspolitik und -praxis zu etablieren. Bar rieren müssten zügig abgebaut und die erforderlichen Strukturen eines inklusiven Bildungssystems weiter aufge baut werden, um Inklusion umfassend in allen Bildungs bereichen zu ermöglichen und die Teilhabe aller am allge meinen Bildungswesen sicherzustellen. Es wurde betont, dass dies eine Aufgabe der Gesamtgesellschaft sei. Die Teilnehmenden des Gipfels Inklusion – Die Zukunft der Bildung forderten alle an der Umsetzung inklusiver Bil dung Beteiligten zu einer Schaffung eines öffentlichen Be wusstseins für inklusive Bildung, zum Abbau von Vorurtei len und zum Wissensaustausch über inklusive Bildungs praxis, sowie zur Gewährleistung von Barrierefreiheit im Bildungssystem auf. Außerdem müssten professionelle Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 41 und niedrigschwellige Beratungsangebote zur Umsetzung von Inklusion für Lernende, Lehrende, Eltern und Wirt schaft geschaffen werden. Der Deutsche Bundestag wurde aufgefordert, eine Enquete-Kommission zu bilden, die sich mit den Anforderungen inklusiver Bildung auseinander setzt. Die Bundesregierung wurde aufgefordert, das Men schenrecht auf inklusive Bildung in allen gesetzlichen Re gelungen auf Bundesebene zu verankern und im Zusam menwirken mit den Ländern eine qualitativ hochwertige inklusive Bildung umzusetzen. Durch intensive Begleitfor schung soll der Transfer von wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis in die Praxis unterstützt werden. Auch in der betrieblichen Aus- und Weiterbildung solle ein Dialog mit der Wirtschaft angestrengt werden, um den Berufsbildungs- und Arbeits bereich für Menschen mit Behinderung zu öffnen und Ar beitsplätze auf dem ersten Arbeitsmarkt zu schaffen. Wei terhin wurde gefordert, dass inklusive Bildung auch in der deutschen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und bei der Um setzung der weltweiten Post-2015 Entwicklungsagenda gefördert wird. Die Länder wurden aufgefordert in Zusammenarbeit mit der Bundesregierung, den Kommunen, der Wissen schaft, der Zivilgesellschaft, insbesondere mit den Selbst vertreterorganisationen von im Bildungswesen marginali sierten Gruppen, Gewerkschaften und der Wirtschaft ei nen Aktionsplan für die Umsetzung inklusiver Bildung von der frühen Kindheit bis ins Erwachsenenalter zu entwi ckeln, der bundesländerübergreifende Standards für Rah menbedingungen, Organisation, Lehr- und Lerngestaltung beinhaltet, Übergänge zwischen den Bildungsstufen regelt und das komplementäre Handeln der politisch Verant wortlichen beschreibt. Die Teilnehmenden konstatierten, 42 dass die in den Bildungsgesetzen der Länder enthaltenen Vorbehalte gegenüber Inklusion aufzuheben seien, um das individuelle Recht auf den Besuch inklusiver Bildungs einrichtungen zu verankern und in der Praxis durch die Gestaltung inklusiver Bildungs-, Lehrpläne und Curricula sowie Leistungsbewertungen Abschlüsse zu verwirklichen. Dies bezieht sich auch auf die Hochschulgesetze der Län der. Auch eine Verankerung inklusiver Bildung in der Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung in allen pädagogischen Berufen, insbesondere der Lehrämter, sei dringend erforderlich. Gleichzeitig wurde gefordert, das bestehende Doppelsys tem aus Sonder- und Regelschulen in Zusammenarbeit mit den Schulträgern planvoll zu einem inklusiven Schulsys tem zusammenzuführen und die vorhandene Expertise und außerschulische Unterstützungsangebote zu nutzen. Die Einbindung der Kommunen durch die Zusammen arbeit von Jugendhilfe und sozialen Diensten mit Bil dungseinrichtungen und die Zusammenarbeit mit Akteu ren vor Ort zur Erarbeitung und Umsetzung von Aktions plänen sei zwingend notwendig. Auch die Zivilgesellschaft wird aufgefordert in Zusammenarbeit mit der Wissen schaft, der Wirtschaft, den Kirchen, Gewerkschaften und Vertretern der Praxis Qualitätskriterien für Inklusion für alle Bildungsbereiche zu entwickeln sowie an deren Um setzung und kritischer Evaluation mitzuwirken. Die Wis senschaft wird aufgefordert, durch Forschung und Lehre zur Entwicklung eines inklusiven Bildungssystems und zur Verbesserung inklusiver Maßnahmen und ihrer Evaluation beizutragen. Information: http://www.unesco.de/gipfel_inklusion_ erklaerung.html; https://twitter.com/search?q=%23 inklusion14. Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development Literatur United Nations Development Programme Humanity Divided: Confronting Inequality in Developing Countries The report was presented on the 29th January 2014 and analyses global inequality trends around the world. It identifies their causes, their impact, and the ways in which they can be reduced. It clearly shows that, although we are living in a much richer world overall, the inequali tiesｯwithin and between countries are sharper and more extreme, and potentially form a threat to long-term social and economic development. As reported in this article by the United Nations Development Programme, women in rural areas are still up to three times more likely to die while giving birth than women living in urban centres. Women are also participating more in the work force, but remain disproportionately overrepresented in vulnerable and informal employment and underrepresented among political decision makers, while continuing to earn signifi cantly less than men. Furthermore, children in the lowest wealth quintiles were up to three times more likely to die before their fifth birthday than children born in the highest wealth quintiles in some regions. The report shows that persons with disabilities are up to five times more likely than average to incur catastrophic health expenditures. Bezug: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ librarypage/poverty-reduction/humanity-divided- confronting-inequality-in-developing-countries.html; http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Poverty %20Reduction/Inclusive%20development/Humanity %20Divided/HumanityDivided_Full-Report.pdf. Behinderung und Entwicklungszusammenarbeit e.V. (bezev) Dokumentation inklusiver Klima-Projekte zum Globalen Lernen im Rahmen des Projekts Jugend inklusive – global engagiert In dieser Broschüre stellen sich einige der entstandenen Klimaprojekte von schulischen und außerschulischen Ak teuren vor, welche im Rahmen des Projekts Jugend inklusi ve – global engagiert entstanden sind. Die Broschüre dient LeserInnen als Inspiration und Motivation für eigene Pro jekte rund ums Thema Klimawandel und Klimaschutz in der Bildungsarbeit mit heterogenen Gruppen. Bezug: http://www.bezev.de/globales-lernen/jugend inklusive-global-engagiert-klimaprojekt.html. World Bank Inclusive Mobility: Improving the Accessibility of Road Infrastructure Through Public Participation - East Asia and Pacific Region Transport This working paper describes a number of innovations taken by some Chinese cities, in particular Jinzhou, Liaon ing province, to ensure that urban transport systems are more accessible for mobility-challenged persons. Public participation by residents with disabilities in Liaoning province in northeast China has increased awareness and consideration for special needs in the design and imple mentation of road infrastructure. Jinzhou has convened a series of meetings inviting public participation on the issue of improving traffic infrastructure for use by persons with disabilities. With the introduction of some low or no-cost features, the principle of people first for urban transport has been put into practice. Bezug: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/ WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/01/24/ 000442464_20140124115129/Rendered/PDF/ 841770WP0inclu0Box0382094B00PUBLIC0.pdf; http:// www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability. Plan International Include Us! – A study of Disability Among Plan International’s Sponsored Children This report, produced in collaboration with the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, reveals that chil dren with disabilities in developing countries are being held back from an education. Based upon Plan’s dataset of 1.4 million sponsored children, the report compares sponsored children with disabilities to those without, from 30 countries worldwide. Key findings show that children with disabilities are 10 times more likely not to attend school. When they do attend school, their level of schooling is be low that of their peers; children with disabilities are much more likely to have had a serious illness in the last 12 months, including malaria and malnutrition. The findings should help to improve responses to the needs of children with disabilities, particularly regarding their health and education. Bezug: http://disabilitycentre.lshtm.ac.uk/files/2013/12/ Include-us-full-report.pdf; http://disabilitycentre.lshtm.ac.uk/files/2013/12/ Include-us.pdf; http://plan-international.org/about-plan/ resources/publications/participation/disability-report. IKV Pax Christi Worldwide Investments in Cluster Munitions: A Shared Responsibility Gemäß dem am 12.12.2013 von IKV Pax Christi (Nieder landen) veröffentlichten Bericht Worldwide Investments In Cluster Munitions: A Shared Responsibility, sind noch im mer deutsche Finanzinstitute auf der Schwarzen Liste von Unternehmen, die in Streubombenhersteller investieren. Das sind, wie bereits im Jahr 2012, vor allem die Deut sche Bank sowie die Allianz – auch wenn neue Richtlinien derｯDeutschen Bank erstmals Anzeichen einer positiven Veränderung vermuten lassen. Firmen in einigen Ländern, die die Oslo-Konvention über ein Verbot von Streubom ben noch nicht unterzeichnet haben, produzieren diese Waffen noch immer in großer Stückzahl und erhalten da für Kredite und Kapital auchｯvon Finanzinstituten welt weit. Allerdings ist die Höhe der Finanzmittel seit dem Be- Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 43 richt 2012 deutlich zurückgegangen: von vormals 46 Mrd. US$ auf nun 24 Mrd. US$. Insgesamt investierten laut dem neuesten Bericht 139 Finanzinstitute in Hersteller von Streubomben. Was die deutschen Investments betrifft, hat sich dieｯLage seit dem Erscheinen des letzten Berichtes etwas gebessert: Die Produktion von Streubomben wird aus Deutschland jedoch weiterhin indirekt unterstützt. Bezug: http://www.paxvoorvrede.nl/media/files/worldwi de-investments-in-clustermunitions-2013.pdf; http://www.streubomben.de/investitionen-verbieten/. Jody Heymann/Michael Ashley Stein/Gonzalo Morena Disability and Equity at Work Despite international and national guarantees of equal rights, there remains a great deal to be done to achieve global employment equality for individuals with disabili ties. In OECD countries, the employment rate of persons with disabilities was just over 40%, compared to 75% for persons without disabilities; in many low- and middle-in come countries, the employment rates are even lower. There are numerous reasons why persons with disabilities fare poorly in the labor market; Disability and Equity at Work is a book to document what can be done to improve this imbalance. Bezug: https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/8608264/ Disability%20and%20Equity%20at%20Work.pdf; http://global.oup.com/academic/product/disability and-equity-at-work-9780199981212?q= Equity%20at%20work&lang=en&cc=de; New York: Ox ford University Press (2014). Center for Election Access of Citizens with Disabilities/General Election Network for Disability Access Accessible Elections for Persons with Disabilities in Five Southeast Asian Countries This report is the first systematic attempt to gather data on election access from Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, the Phil ippines and Vietnam. The report reviews, for persons with disabilities, existing legal frameworks, challenges and bar riers in exercising political rights and participation; best practices and innovations; and examples of how disabled persons organisations have been involved in electoral is sues. Bezug: http://www.ifes.org/Content/Publications/Reports/ 2013/Accessible-Elections-for-Persons-with-Disabilities-in Five-Southeast-Asian-Countries.aspx. AusAid Triple Jeopardy: Violence Against Women with Disabilities in Cambodia closure and services, policy directions, and policy and pro gram recommendations Bezug: http://www.ausaid.gov.au/research/Documents/ triple-jeopardy-policy-brief.pdf. Handicap International Sport and Play for All: A Manual for Including Children and Youth with Disabilities This training manual Sport and Play for All provides tips, guidance and advice on disability and inclusion, with the primary aim of enhancing users’ knowledge and practice on inclusion. It brings together many training materials used during the Sports for All Project in Sri Lanka, includ ing materials on disability, social inclusion and models of inclusive sport. It features many games and sports which have been field tested and adapted to enable children with disabilities to participate. Bezug: http://assets.sportanddev.org/downloads/ sport_and_play_for_all.pdf. Leonard Cheshire Disability and Inclusive Devel opment Centre Maternal and New-Born Care Practices among Disabled Women, and Their Attendance in Community Groups in Rural Makwanpur, Nepal This paper presents qualitative and quantitative research that describes the type and severity of disability of married women in the study area, describes their participation in community groups and analyses associations between maternal and new-born care behaviours and disability. Health workers and field researchers were also inter viewed about their experience with disabled women in ru ral Makwanpur. Bezug: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/lc-ccr/ccdrp/downloads/ briefs/Mira_Nepal_Background_Brief.pdf. Jo Sanson/Michael Felix Disability, Poverty, and Livelihoods Guide: Guidance from Trickle Up This guide is intended to encourage and assist organisa tions seeking to include persons with disabilities in their economic strengthening and livelihood programs. It con tains lessons for organisations that aim to move house holds out of poverty, and those that seek to economically and socially empower particularly vulnerable members of poor household. Bezug: http://www.trickleup.org/media/publications/ upload/Disability-Poverty-Livelihoods-Guidance-from Trickle-Up-small-file-2.pdf. This policy brief paper presents an overview of a participa tory research project developed collaboratively between Australian and Cambodian partners that sought to provide comparative information about the lives of women with disabilities and those without in Cambodia. Information is provided about the experience of violence, barriers to dis 44 Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development Lena M.C. Andersson/Isabell Schierenbeck/Jo hanita Strumpher/Gunilla Krantz/Kegan Topper/ Gunilla Backman/Esmeralda Ricks/Dalena Van Rooyen Help-Seeking Behaviour, Barriers to Care and Experiences of Care Among Persons with Depression in Eastern Cape, South Africa Little is known about the help-seeking behaviour and bar riers to care among people with depression in poor re source settings in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is a cross-sec tional population-based study including 977 persons aged 18-40 living in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The prevalence of depression was investigated with the help of a questionnaire (the Mini International Neuropsy chiatric Interview). Several socio-economic variables, statements on help-seeking and perceptions of earlier mental health care were included. Data collection was performed from March to July 2012. The prevalence of depression was 31.4%. People aged 18-29 and those with no or low incomes were less likely to seek help. Promotive factors for help-seeking included having social support and tuberculosis comorbidity. Of all people with depres sion in this sample, 57% did not seek health care at all even though they felt they needed it. Of the variety of bar riers identified, those of most significance were related to stigma, lack of knowledge of their own illness and its treatability as well as financial constraints. Recall bias may be present and the people identified with depression were asked if they ever felt so emotionally troubled that they felt they should seek help; however, we do not know if they had depression at the time they referred to. Depres sion is highly prevalent among young adults in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; however, many do not seek help. Health planners should increase mental health liter acy in the communities and improve the competence of the health staff. Bezug: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0165032713005028. Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 1/2014 Disability and International Development 45 VERANSTALTUNGEN/EVENTS 24.04. - 27.04.2014 World Conference on Health Sciences, Turkey. Information: http://www.worldeducationcenter.eu/new/index.php/H-SCI2014/H-SCI2014; Kontakt: Zeynep Sentido Hotel Convention Center, Belek, Antalya, Turkey; E-mail: h sci.editor@globalcenter.info. 06.05. - 08.05.2014 1st Global Conference: Sexuality and Disability, Lisbon, Portugal. Information: http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/gender-and-sexuality/sexuality and-disability/call-for-presentations/; Kontakt: Inter-Disciplinary.net, Priory House, 149B Wroslyn Road, Freeland, Oxfordshire OX29 8HR, United Kingdom; Tel.: +44 1993 8820 87; Fax: 0044 870 4601 132; E-mail: Colette Balmain: cb@inter-disciplinary.net, Rob Fisher: sd1@inter-disciplinary.net. 14.05. - 17.05.2014 Annual International Conference of Cognitive, Social, and Behavioural Sciences (icCSBs), Mersin, Turkey. Information: http://iccsbs.c-crcs.org ; Kontakt: Cognitive, Counselling, Research & Confe rence Services, Post Box 24333, Post Code 1703, Nicosia – Cyprus. 17.05.2014 Pre Conference: Pacific Rim International Forum on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Ho nolulu, Hawaii. Information: http://pacrim.hawaii.edu/; Kontakt: Tel.: 808 956 7539; E-mail: prin fo@hawaii.edu. 19.05. - 20.05.2014 30th Pacific Rim International Conference on Disability and Diversity, Honolulu, Hawaii. Information: http://pacrim.hawaii.edu/; Kontakt: Tel.: 808 956 7539; E-mail: prin fo@hawaii.edu. 10.06. - 13.06.2014 16th Inclusion International World Congress: A Better World for All- No One Left Behind, Nairobi; Kenya. Information: http://inclusion-international.org/world-congress/; Kontakt: Inclusion Internati onal, KD.2.03, 4 -6 University Way, London E16 2RD, United Kingdom; Kontakt: Tel: +44 (0)208 223 7709; Fax: +44 (0) 208 223 6081; E-mail: info@inclusion-international.org. 10.06. -13.06.2014 12th Global Conference on Ageing: Be Healthy, Be Safe, Become a Community, Hyderabad, India. Information: http://www.ifa2014.in/; Kontakt: Heritage Foundation, 37 Kamalapuri Colony Phase-III, Hyderabad, AP. India; Tel: +91-40-6516-2846; Fax: +91-40-23-114-421; E-mail: secretariat@ifa2014.in. 16.06. -18.06.2014 International Conference on Universal Design, Lund, Sweden. Information: http://www.ud2014.se; Kontakt: E-mail: ud2014@design.lth.se. 03.07. - 04.07.2014 International Conference on Global Public Health, Negombo, Sri Lanka. Information: http://www.health3000.org/; Kontakt:＂#858/6, Kaduwela Road,Thalangama North, Sri Lanka.; Tel:＂+94 777 799915; E-mail:＂info@theicrd.org. 14.07. -16.07.2014 Public Health Conference 2014, Bangkok, Thailand. Information: www.tomorrowpeople.org; http://www.publichealth-conference.org; Kontakt: Dusana Vukasovica 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Tel:ｯ+ 381 62 680 683; E-mail: con tact@tomorrowpeople.org. 19.07. - 24.07.2014 16th Biennial Conference of the International Society of Augmentative and Alternative Com munication (ISAAC), Lisbon, Portugal. Information: https://www.isaac-online.org/english/conference-2014/; Kontakt: E-mail: con ference2014@isaac-online.org. 46 Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 3/2013 Disability and International Development Schwerpunktthemen kommender Ausgaben der Zeitschrift Focal Topics of Upcoming Issues 2/2014: Barrierefreiheit in den Bereichen Information und Kommunikation/Information and Communicati on without Barriers (verantwortlich/responsible: Christine Bruker/Isabella Bertmann) 3/2014: Physische Barrierefreiheit/Physical Access without Barriers (verantwortlich/responsible: Christine Bruker/Isabella Bertmann) 1/2015: Inklusion in der Humanitären Hilfe und Katastrophenvorsorge/Inclusion in Humantarian Aid and Disaster Risk Reduction (verantwortlich/responsible: Gabriele Weigt) Interessierte Autorinnen und Autoren mögen sich für nähere Informationen und unseren Leitfaden für Auto rInnen bitte an die oben genannten Verantwortlichen wenden. Darüber hinaus sind Vorschläge für weitere Schwerpunktthemen willkommen unter info@inie-inid.org. If you are interested in contributing, please contact the respective member of the editorial board mentioned above for more information and our Guidelines for Submissions. Moreover, we welcome ideas and suggesti ons for future focal topics which you can submit to our editorship at info@inie-inid.org. Deadlines for the upcoming issues: 2/2014 3/2014 1/2015 Hauptbeiträge/Focal articles 21.03.2014 25.07.2014 15.10.2014 Kurzbeiträge/Other contributions 21.03.2014 25.07.2014 15.10.2014 Liebe Leserinnen und Leser, bitte informieren Sie uns unter info@inie-inid.org über eine Adressänderung bzw. wenn Sie die Zeitschrift nicht mehr beziehen möchten oder falls Ihnen die Zeitschrift nicht zugestellt worden ist. Dear Reader! Please notify any changes of address, if you wish to end your subscription or have not received the print edi tion to info@inie-inid.org. Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 3/2013 Disability and International Development 47 Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung Disability and International Development Die Zeitschrift Behinderung und internationale Ent wicklung erscheint seit 1990 dreimal jährlich mit Beiträgen sowohl in deutscher als auch englischer Sprache. Ihr Anspruch ist es, ein Medium für einen grenzüberschreitenden Informationsaustausch zur Thematik zu bieten sowie die fachliche Diskussion zu pädagogischen, sozial- und entwicklungspoliti schen sowie interkulturellen Fragen im Zusam menhang mit Behinderung in Entwicklungsländern weiterzuentwickeln. Jede Ausgabe ist einem Schwerpunktthema gewidmet, das durch Einzel beiträge und einen aktuellen Informationsteil er gänzt wird. Bezugsmöglichkeiten: • Kostenfreier Versand der Ausgabe im pdf-For mat per E-Mail (für die Aufnahme in den Ver teiler: info@inie-inid.org) • Kostenpflichtiger Bezug der Printausgaben für 18 EUR/Jahr (3 Ausgaben) innerhalb Deutsch lands und 27 EUR im europäischen Ausland (info@inie-inid.org) Darüber hinaus kostenlos im Internet unter www.zbdw.de The journal Disability and International Develop ment is published three times a year since 1990, featuring contributions in both English and German. Its objective is the scholarly and practice-ori ented discourse on disability in low-income coun tries. The journal aims at providing a platform for a cross-border dialogue and promoting the pro fessional discussion of related development policy, pedagogical/educational, socio-political and intercultural questions. Each issue is dedicated to a fo cal topic, complemented by single contributions on other subjects and up-to-date information. Subscription: • Free pdf version via e-mail (info@inie-inid.org for subscription) • Print version at a rate of 18 EUR/year (3 issues) within Germany and 27 EUR to other European countries (info@inie-inid.org for subscription) In addition, a free online version is available at www.zbdw.de. Institut für inklusive Entwicklung Wandastr. 9, 45136 Essen, Germany Tel.: +49-(0)201/17 89 123, Fax: +49-(0)201/17 89 026 E-Mail: info@inie-inid.org Internet: www.inie-inid.org/ nt e rna t iio ona le E nt wiicck llu un g wird unterstützt Die Zeitschrift B e hi nd e ru ng u nd iin on a l De v e l op me n t is supported by: durch/The journal D iissa biillliiitty and In te r na t iio Kindernothilfe Misereor Caritas International Handicap International Christoffel-Blindenmission Behinderung und Entwicklungs zusammenarbeit e.V.

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