A PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF THE MOLLUSCS OF SINGAPORE Siong Kiat Tan and Henrietta P. M. Woo Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research National University of Singapore Singapore 2010 A PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF THE MOLLUSCS OF SINGAPORE Siong Kiat Tan Henrietta P. M. Woo Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block S6, Science Drive 2, #03-01, Singapore 117546, Email: dbstsk@nus.edu.sg (SKT) Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research National University of Singapore Singapore 2010 A Preliminary Checklist of the Molluscs of Singapore by Siong Kiat Tan and Henrietta P. M. Woo is published by the: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research and Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science National University of Singapore Blk S6, #03-01, Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Republic Of Singapore Website: http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/ Email: ask.rmbr@gmail.com Editor: Typesetter: Hugh T. W. Tan Chua Keng Soon Cover photograph: A subadult Cyclophorus perdix aquila (Sowerby, 1843) in Fern Valley, Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. (Photograph by: Kelvin Lim). ISBN 978-981-08-5834-6 (online) © 2010 Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holder. For information regarding permission(s) please write to: ask.rmbr@gmail.com CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Methods .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Discussion........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Checklist of Singapore Mollusca........................................................................................................................................ 3 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................... 68 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................... 69 Literature Cited................................................................................................................................................................. 69 Citation of this Book......................................................................................................................................................... 72 Index ................................................................................................................................................................................. 72 INTRODUCTION The tropical malacofauna of Southeast Asia is well known for its species richness because this region is situated at the crossroads of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and although Singapore occupies only a tiny area in the heart of Southeast Asia, the molluscan species diversity is rather remarkable. There is however, hitherto no functional malacofauna list or reliable estimates on the number of species found in Singapore. Most of us would have at some point wondered about the approximate numbers or which species have been recorded. Some of these questions can be effectively answered with a checklist. The use of checklists as an effective means to illustrate the molluscan diversity of Singapore is not new. Chuang (1973) listed more than 400 species of shelled molluscs, and almost 500 are included by Chou et al. (1994b). More than 100 gastropod species and about 100 bivalve species were also mentioned in Way & Purchon (1981), and Morris & Purchon (1981), respectively. Although impressive during their time, these checklists are today rather dated, and/or inadequate. This is inferred by recent works that have uncovered a disproportionately large number of new records, as well as some obsolete names. Revisionary work regarding the molluscs of Singapore is generally lacking, and we believe that a revised checklist will facilitate research. With the fundamental purposes of a working list being a source of information, as well as an aid for checking identifications, researchers will appreciate the availability of a checklist as a handy reference. By providing an overview of the species that have been recorded in Singapore, a checklist can even be regarded as a launch pad to the study and understanding of the local malacofauna. These reasons have in part, given impetus to the embarkation of this project. It is also hoped that this updated checklist will aid in elucidating some aspects of our present knowledge of the molluscan biodiversity in Singapore. METHODS This checklist is largely compiled from a review of available literature, accompanied with information from online databases and websites (see Literature Cited). Entries follow the order of: species name (in italics), author(s) and year described―in bold, followed by reference(s) where the entry was obtained. Synonyms and/or misspellings mentioned were amalgamated into single entries, and expressed in brackets following the cited reference where the names were found in. In a source where two or more names (misspellings included) are regarded as referring to the same taxon, the names identical to the ones adopted here are not shown. As an example, only Teredo manii is listed following the citation of Chou et al. (1994b) even though both Dicyathifer manni and Teredo manii were mentioned. Synonymy generally follows the literature cited or available taxonomic works consulted. Usually, prevalent names and placements are adopted, and where possible, material was examined to complement verification. Previously unpublished data, affirmed by examining material in collections or compelling photographic records, were also included―indicated by a dagger symbol (†). Dubious and unverifiable names gleaned from the literature were omitted. The higher classifications employed in this checklist follow a combination of Vaught (1989), Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), and Brands (1989–2005), while the genera and species are arranged alphabetically for ease of reference. DISCUSSION In an attempt to provide a better and more updated examination of the Singapore mollusc species composition, some nomenclatural changes to existing records in the literature were made. A number of dubious or seemingly non-existent taxa mentioned in the literature was excluded. For example, we were unable to find information on Venus subnudosa [mentioned in Chou et al. (1994b)], and this was consequently omitted. Species that are not known from Southeast Asia were also excluded. For instance, Limaria tuberculata [mentioned in Chou et al., (1994b)] is known to be a Mediterranean or temperate southern hemisphere species. We would imagine that doubtful species mentioned in the literature are misidentifications, but as there is no way to determine the circumstances of these records, all untraceable 1 dubious taxa were treated as species inquirendae (species of doubtful identity and that require further investigation) and omitted from this checklist. Known distributional records were employed as additional evidence during the vetting of the early versions of the checklist. Personal communications with local amateur malacologists with immense field experience also provided valuable information―some of which were included as unpublished data. We have endeavoured to be conscientious during the vetting of the initial list that was compiled, but were often hampered by our scant knowledge of many groups and the lack of references. Thus judgement calls were inevitable and the inclusion of each species, and taxonomic decisions, were unavoidably, and ultimately, based on our own opinions. Unlike most parts of the world where empty shells found on the beach are an explicit indication of a species’ presence, shells found on Singapore beaches may not be unequivocal evidence of occurrence. Shells of many species are evidently extrinsic, such as those of Turbinella pyrum (Linnaeus, 1758), and Busycon sinistrum Hollister, 1958, both of which have been found at Changi. These are definitely not from this region and are known to be used in religious rites by the Hindus. Micro-shells of many species are often present in the shell grit and amongst debris along the tide line of beaches, and the vast majority of these have not been found alive too. Hence with few exceptions, benefit of the doubt is usually assigned and discoveries of empty shells were regarded as sufficient proof of occurrence if the species is known from Southeast Asia based on the literature. In the process of collating data for this checklist, we realised that many local species well-known to the local shell collectors and malacologists are not found in the literature. Hence for an updated list to be viable, and to provide a more comprehensive examinaton of the local malacofauna, we deemed it necessary to include unpublished data. An example is the shells mixed in the sand imported for Singapore’s extensive reclamation works. Empty shells of some species rarely or never found alive in Singapore, are relatively plentiful in newly-reclaimed areas. However, live animals have since been recorded for some species whose shells are quite common in reclaimed areas but were initially thought unlikely to occur locally. Some examples are Phalium decussatum (Linnaeus, 1758), Polinices powisianus (Récluz, 1844), and Xenophora solarioides (Reeve, 1845). The inclusion of some species may also seem debatable. An example is Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758, which is included even though there are no known populations in the waters of Singapore. Empty shells have however, been sporadically discovered on the eastern and southern shores of Singapore Island, and we felt that these observations were sufficient evidence to warrant inclusion. To date there is still no universal consensus on the classification of molluscs, and disagreements remain unresolved over the placements of many species and/or families. The advancement of molecular techniques in recent years has also caused some major upheavals to the traditional Linnean system of classification. While being aware of alternative classification systems advocated by other authors (e.g., Ponder & Lindberg, 1997), the higher classification schemes employed in this checklist largely follow the recent work of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) for Gastropoda, and a combination of Vaught (1989), and Brands (1989–2005) for the other classes. Although far from perfect, we felt that this combination represents a viable compromise. Generic placements adopted in this checklist largely follow popular usage, and the use of subgenera was not adopted. In this list, one may find instances of “species” following a valid genus (e.g., Parmarion species). These are species that are identifiable only to the generic level, but recognised as distinct from the other congeners listed. The abbreviation “cf.” (Latin confer, compare) is used where identification of the species is uncertain. Some trinomial names of well-known or widely-accepted subspecies were also included in this list. However, no names of forms or geographical races were knowingly included. 2 CHECKLIST OF SINGAPORE MOLLUSCA CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA ORDER NEOLORICATA FAMILY ISCHNOCHITONIDAE Callochiton schilfi Schwabe & Ruthensteiner, 2001 {Schwabe & Ruthensteiner, 2001; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Lepidozona luzonica (Sowerby, 1842) {Kaas & van Belle, 1990} FAMILY CHITONIDAE Acanthopleura gemmata (Blainville, 1825) {Tan & Chou, 2000 [Acanthopleura sp.]; Chou & Tan, 2008} CLASS BIVALVIA ORDER NUCULOIDA SUPERFAMILY NUCULOIDEA FAMILY NUCULIDAE Nucula layardi A. Adams, 1856 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} SUPERFAMILY NUCULANOIDEA FAMILY NUCULANIDAE Nuculana confusa (Hanley, 1860) {Chuang, 1973 [Saccella confusa]; Chou et al., 1994b} FAMILY YOLDIIDAE Yoldia serotina Hinds, 1843 {Hanley, 1860 [Lena serotina]} Yoldia tenella Hinds, 1843 {Hanley, 1860 [Lena tenella]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} 3 ORDER ARCOIDA SUPERFAMILY ARCOIDEA FAMILY ARCIDAE Anadara antiquata (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} Anadara auriculata (Lamarck, 1819) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Arca auriculata]} Anadara granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) {Lim, 1963; Tweedie, 1967 [Arca granosa]; Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008} Anadara inaequivalvis (Bruguière, 1789) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Scapharca inaequivalvis]; Tan & Chou, 2000} Anadara indica (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Scapharca indica]; Chou et al., 1994b [Arca indica]} Anadara nodifera (Martens, 1860) {Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008} Anadara trapezia (Deshayes, 1840) {Chuang, 1973 [Anadara anomala]} Arca avellana Lamarck, 1819 {Chuang, 1973 [Anadara cuneata; Arca cuneata; Arca maculata]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Barbatia maculata]} Arca navicularis (Bruguière, 1789) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} Arca ventricosa Lamarck, 1819 {Chou et al., 1994b} Barbatia amygdalumtostum (Röding, 1798) {Chuang, 1973 [Barbatia fusca]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Barbatia fusca]; Chou et al., 1994b [Barbatia fusca]} Barbatia foliata (Forsskål, 1775) {Chuang, 1973 [Barbatia complanata]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Barbatia helblingi]; Chou et al., 1994b [Barbatia bullata]} Barbatia grayana (Dunker, 1858) {Chuang, 1973 [Barbatia decussata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Barbatia decussata]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Barbatia fusca]} Barbatia lacerata (Bruguière, 1789) {Chuang, 1973 [Striarca lacerata]; Morris & Purchon, 1981} Barbatia obliquata (Wood, 1828) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al, 1994b [Barbatia obtusa]} Barbatia plicata (Dillwyn, 1817) {Chuang, 1973 [Acar plicata]} Barbatia signata (Dunker, 1868) {Chuang, 1973 [Arca signata]; García & Oliver, 2008} Barbatia tenella (Reeve, 1844) {Chuang, 1973} Scapharca gubernaculum (Reeve, 1844) {Chou et al., 1994b [Arca gubernaculum]} Scapharca rufescens (Reeve, 1844) {Chou et al., 1994b [Arca rufescens]} Scapharca secticostata (Reeve, 1844) {Chuang, 1973 [Anadara secticosta]} Trisidos semitorta (Lamarck, 1819) {Chuang, 1973 [Trisidos semitoria]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Trisidos tortuosa (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981} 4 FAMILY CUCULLAEIDAE Cucullaea labiata (Lightfoot, 1786) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Cucullaea granulosa]} FAMILY NOETIIDAE Arcopsis pectunculiformis (Dunker, 1866) {Chuang, 1973 [Striarca pectunculiformis]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Striarca pectunculiformis]; Chou et al., 1994b [Arca pectunculiformis]} Striarca sculptilis (Reeve, 1844) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Arca sculptilis]} Striarca symmetrica (Reeve, 1844) {Vongpanich & Matsukuma, 2004} Striarca tenebrica (Reeve, 1844) {Chuang, 1973} ORDER MYTILOIDA SUPERFAMILY MYTILOIDEA FAMILY MYTILIDAE Arcuatula arcuatula (Hanley, 1844) {Chuang, 1973 [Modiolus arcuatulus]; Chou et al., 1994b [Modiola arcuatula]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Botula cinnamomea (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973 [Botula cinnamomina]} Brachidontes striatulus (Hanley, 1844) {Morton & Tan, 2006} Lithophaga gracilis (Philippi, 1847) {Chou et al., 1994b} Lithophaga lima (Lamy, 1919) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Lithophaga malaccana (Reeve, 1858) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Lithophaga nasuta (Philippi, 1846) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Lithophaga obesa (Philippi, 1847) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Lithophaga teres (Philippi, 1846) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} Modiolus albicostus Lamarck, 1819 {Chuang, 1973} Modiolus aratus (Dunker, 1856) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Modiola aratus]} Modiolus auriculatus (Krauss, 1848) {Chuang, 1973} Modiolus elongatus (Swainson, 1821) {Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Modiolusia elongatus]} Modiolus ligneus (Reeve, 1858) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Modiola lignea]} Modiolus metcalfei (Hanley, 1844) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Modiola metacalfi]; Tan & Chou, 2000} Modiolus micropterus Deshayes, 1836 {Chou et al., 1994b [Modiolus penelegans]} Modiolus nitidus Reeve, 1857 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} 5 Modiolus philippinarum (Hanley, 1843) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Modiola philippinarum]} Modiolus proclivis Iredale, 1939 {Chuang, 1973} Modiolus trailii Reeve, 1857 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Musculista senhousia (Benson, 1842) {Chuang, 1973 [Modiolus senhausii]; Chou et al., 1994b [Modiolus senhausii]; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Musculus cumingiana (Reeve, 1857) {Chuang, 1973 [Musculus cumingianus]; Morris & Purchon, 1981} Musculus panhai Moolenbeek, 2009 {Chou et al., 1994b [Modiolaria nana]} Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) {Tweedie, 1967 [Mytilus viridis]; Chuang, 1973[Mytilus viridis]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988; Chou et al., 1994b [Mytilus viridis]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Goh et al., 2002} Septifer bilocularis (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Septifer excisus (Wiegmann, 1837) {Chuang, 1973; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Septifer bilocularis]} Trichomya hirsuta (Lamarck, 1819) {Morris & Purchon, 1981} Xenostrobus cf. atratus (Lischke, 1871) {Ng & Sivasothi, 1999} Xenostrobus species {Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Ng et al., 2008} SUPERFAMILY LIMOPSOIDEA FAMILY LIMOPSIDAE Limopsis multistriatus Forsskål, 1775 {Chuang, 1973 [Pectunculus cancellata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Pectunculus cancellata]} ORDER PTERIOIDA SUPERFAMILY PTERIOIDEA FAMILY PTERIIDAE Electroma ovata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) {Chuang, 1973} Electroma physoides (Lamarck, 1819) † Pinctada albina sugillata (Reeve, 1857) {Chuang, 1973 [Pinctada sugillata]} Pinctada fucata (Gould, 1850) {Chuang, 1973 [Pinctada vulgaris]; Chou et al., 1994b [Pinctada vulgaria]} Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814) {Morris & Purchon, 1981} Pteria castanea (Reeve, 1857), (Reeve, 1858) {Chou et al., 1994b} Pteria inquinata (Reeve, 1857) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} 6 Pteria macroptera (Lamarck, 1819) {Chuang, 1973 [Pteria (Magnavicula) macroptera]; Morris & Purchon, 1981} Pteria penguin (Röding, 1798) † FAMILY MALLEIDAE Malleus albus Lamarck, 1819 {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Malleus decurtatus Lamarck, 1819 † Malleus malleus (Linnaeus, 1758) † Malleus regula (Forsskål, 1775) {Chuang, 1973 [Malleus regulus]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Vulsella vulsella (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Vulsella rugosa]; Morris & Purchon, 1981} FAMILY ISOGNOMONIDAE Isognomon ephippium (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Tan & Ng, 1988 ; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Tan & Chou, 2000; Goh et al., 2002; Ng et al., 2008; Project Semakau} Isognomon isognomon (Linnaeus, 1758) {Lim, 1963; Chuang, 1973 [Isognomon isognomum]; Chou et al., 1994b [Isognomon isognomum]} Isognomon legumen (Gmelin, 1791) {Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} Isognomon perna (Linnaeus, 1767) † SUPERFAMILY PINNOIDEA FAMILY PINNIDAE Atrina pectinata (Linnaeus, 1767) {Chuang, 1973 [Atrina hanleyi; Pinna hanleyi; Pinna lurida]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Pinna lurida]} Atrina vexillum (Born, 1778) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Pinna bicolor]; Chou & Tan, 2008} Pinna bicolor Gmelin, 1791 {Tweedie, 1967 [Pinna atropurpurea]; Chuang, 1973 [Pinna atropurpurea]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Pinna atropurpurea; Pinna stropurpurea]; Chou & Tan, 2008; Project Semakau} Pinna incurva Gmelin, 1791 {Chuang, 1973 [Pinna curva]; Morris & Purchon, 1981} ORDER LIMOIDA SUPERFAMILY LIMOIDEA FAMILY LIMIDAE Lima vulgaris (Link, 1807) {Chuang, 1973 [Lima lima]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Lima lima]; Tan & Ng, 1988; Chou et al., 1994b [Lima lima]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Lima lima]} 7 Lima sowerbyi (Deshayes, 1863) {Chuang, 1973} Limaria fragilis (Gmelin, 1791) {Tweedie, 1967 [Lima fragilis]; Chuang, 1973 [Mantellum fragilis]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Lima fragilis]; Ng et al., 2007 [Lima lima]} Limaria orientalis (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) {Chuang, 1973 [Mantellum orientalis]} Limatula bullata (Born, 1780) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} ORDER OSTREOIDA SUPERFAMILY OSTREOIDEA FAMILY OSTREIDAE Alectryonella plicatula (Gmelin, 1791) {Morris & Purchon, 1981; Lam & Morton, 2009} Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) {Tan & Chou, 2000; Lam & Morton, 2009} Dendostrea folium (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Ostrea (Dendostrea) folium]} Dendostrea sandvichensis (Sowerby in Reeve, 1871) {Chuang, 1973 [Ostrea nomades]} Lopha cristagalli (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Ostrea (Lopha) cristagalli]} Planostrea pestigris (Hanley, 1846) {Chuang, 1973 [Ostrea rivularis]} Pretostrea rosacea (Deshayes, 1836) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1778) {Chuang, 1973 [Ostrea (Crassostrea) cucullata; Ostrea gravida]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Ostrea cucullata]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Goh et al., 2002; Ng et al., 2007; Ng et al., 2008; Lam & Morton, 2009; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Saccostrea mordax (Gould, 1850) {Chuang, 1973 [Ostrea (Crassostrea) mordax; Ostrea (Crassostrea) amasa]; Lam & Morton, 2004; Lam & Morton, 2009} Striostrea mytiloides (Lamarck, 1819) {Chuang, 1973 [Ostrea (Saxostrea) gradiva]} FAMILY GRYPHAEIDAE Hyotissa hyotis (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Ostrea (Dendostrea) hyotis]} Parahyotissa imbricata (Lamarck, 1819) {Chuang, 1973 [Ostrea quirites]} SUPERFAMILY PLICATULOIDEA FAMILY PLICATULIDAE Plicatula australis Lamarck, 1819 † Plicatula chinensis Mörch, 1853 † Plicatula simplex Gould, 1861 † 8 SUPERFAMILY ANOMIOIDEA FAMILY ANOMIIDAE Anomia chinensis Philippi, 1849 {Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Anomia cytaeum]} Anomia sol Reeve, 1859 {Chuang, 1973} Anomia solidula Reeve, 1859 {Chuang, 1973} Enigmonia aenigmatica (Holten, 1803) {Lim, 1963 [Aenigma rosea]; Chuang, 1973 [Anomia aenigmatica]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988 [Enignomia rosea]; Chou et al., 1994b [Aenigma rosea]; Sigurdsson & Sundari, 1990; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al, 2007; Ng et al, 2008; Project Semakau} Pododesmus caelata (Reeve, 1859) {Chuang, 1973 [Anomia caelata]} FAMILY PLACUNIDAE Placuna ephippium (Philippson in Retzius, 1788) {Chuang, 1973 [Placuna sella]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Placuna sella]; Chou et al., 1994b [Placuna sella]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Placuna sella]} Placuna placenta (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} SUPERFAMILY PECTINOIDEA FAMILY PECTINIDAE Chlamys madreporarum (Petit in Sowerby, 1842) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Chlamys madreporara]; Chou et al., 1994b} Laevichlamys squamosa (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973 [Chlamys squamosus]; Chou et al., 1994b [Chlamys squamosus]} Comptopallium radula (Linnaeus, 1758) {Tweedie, 1967 [Chlamys radula]; Chuang, 1973 [Chlamys radula]; Chou et al., 1994b [Chlamys radula]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Chlamys singaporinus]; Ng et al, 2007 [Chlamys sp.]; Ng, 2009 [Chlamys sp.]; Project Semakau} Decatopecten velutinus (Sowerby, 1842) † Minnivola pyxidata (Born, 1778) † Pedum spondyloideum (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Pedum spondyioidum]} Volachlamys singaporina (Sowerby, 1842) {Chuang, 1973 [Chlamys transquebaricus]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Chlamys tranquebaria]; Chou et al., 1994b [Chlamys tranquebaricus]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Chlamys radula]} FAMILY PROPEAMUSSIIDAE Amusium pleuronectes (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} FAMILY SPONDYLIDAE Spondylus croceus Schreibers, 1793 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} 9 Spondylus echinatus Schreibers, 1793 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Spondylus longitudinalis Lamarck, 1819 † Spondylus nicobaricus Schreibers, 1793 {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Spondylus hystrix]} Spondylus regius Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973} Spondylus versicolor Schreibers, 1793 † ORDER UNIONOIDA SUPERFAMILY UNIONOIDEA FAMILY UNIONIDAE Anodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) {Yang, 1990 [Pseudodon vondembuschianus]; Ng, 1991 [Pseudodon vondembuschianus]; Chan, 1996c; Maasen, 2001; Clements et al., 2006} Ensidens ingallsianus ingallsianus (Lea, 1852) {Chan, 2008} Pilsbryconcha exilis (Lea, 1839) {Clements et al., 2006} ORDER LUCINOIDA SUPERFAMILY LUCINOIDEA FAMILY LUCINIDAE Anodontia edentula (Linnaeus, 1758) {Ng & Sivasothi, 1999} Anodontia philippiana (Reeve, 1850) † Austriella corrugata (Deshayes, 1843) {Tan & Chou, 2000 [Austriella sp.]; Ng et al., 2007; Glover et al, 2008; Ng et al., 2008; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Anodontia (Anodontia) philippinarum]}} Cardiolucina eucosmia (Dall, 1901) {Chuang, 1973 [Lucina pisum]; Chou et al., 1994b [Lucina pisum]} Codakia interrupta (Lamarck, 1816) {Chuang, 1973 [Kodakia interrupta]} Indoaustriella dalli (Lynge, 1909) {Glover et al., 2008} FAMILY UNGULINIDAE Cycladicama cumingii (Hanley, 1844) {Chuang, 1973 [Diplodonta cumingii]; Chou et al., 1994b [Diplodonta cumingii]} Diplodonta species {Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008} 10 SUPERFAMILY GALEOMMATOIDEA FAMILY GALEOMMATIDAE Galeomma layardi Deshayes, 1856 {Lützen & Nielsen, 2005} Galeomma formosa (Deshayes, 1855) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Galeomma formosum]} Galeomma paucistriata Deshayes, 1856 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Montacuta species {Chuang, 1973} Scintilla cumingii Deshayes, 1856 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Scintilla philippinensis Deshayes, 1856 † Scintilla rosea Deshayes, 1856 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Scintilla timoriensis (Deshayes, 1855) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} ORDER VENEROIDA SUPERFAMILY CARDITOIDEA FAMILY CARDITIDAE Beguina semiorbiculata (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Mytilicardia semiorbiculata]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Cardita variegata (Bruguière, 1792) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Carditella pulchella Lynge, 1909 {Chuang, 1973 [Carditellona pulchella]; Chou et al., 1994b; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} SUPERFAMILY CHAMOIDEA FAMILY CHAMIDAE Chama brassica Reeve, 1847 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Chama fibula Reeve, 1846 † Chama jukesi Reeve, 1847 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Chama jukesii]} Chama lazarus Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Chama limbula Lamarck, 1819 {Chuang, 1973 [Chama iostoma]} Chama multisquamosa Reeve, 1846 {Chuang, 1973} Chama reflexa Reeve, 1846 {Chuang, 1973} 11 SUPERFAMILY CRASSATELLOIDEA FAMILY CRASSATELLIDAE Crassatellites radiata (Sowerby, 1825) {Tweedie, 1967 [Crassatella radiata]; Chuang, 1973 [Crassatellites radiatus]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Crassatella radiata]; Chou et al., 1994b} SUPERFAMILY CARDIOIDEA FAMILY CARDIIDAE Acrosterigma angulatum (Lamarck, 1819) {Chuang, 1973 [Trachycardium alternatum]} Acrosterigma discus Vidal, 1999 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Acrosterigma elongata (Bruguière, 1789) † Acrosterigma flava flava (Linnaeus, 1758) {Tweedie, 1967 [Laevicardium flavum]; Chuang, 1973 [Trachycardium flavum]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Trachycardium flavum]; Chou et al., 1994b [Cardium flavium; Trachycardium flavum]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Vasticardium flavum]} Acrosterigma flava subrugosum (Sowerby, 1840) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Acrosterigma impolitum (Sowerby, 1833) {Chuang, 1973 [Trachycardium impolitam]; Chou et al., 1994b [Cardium impolitum; Trachycardium impolitum]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Acrosterigma luteomarginata (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Vasticardium luteomarginatum]} Acrosterigma maculosum (Wood, 1815) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Acrosterigma transcendens (Melvill & Standen, 1899) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Acrosterigma vertebrata (Jonas, 1844) { The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Vasticardium vertebratum]} Corculum cardissa (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng et al., 2007 [Corculum sp.]; Wang & Jaafar, 2007a; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Fragum hemicardium (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Lunulicardia subretusa]; Morris & Purchon, 1981} Fragum retusum (Linnaeus, 1767) {Chuang, 1973 [Corculum retusum; Lunulicardia retusa]; Chou et al., 1994b [Hemicardia retusum; Lanulicardia retusa]} Fragum unedo (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Cardium unedo]; Chou et al., 1994b} Fulvia aperta (Bruguière, 1789) {Chuang, 1973 [Fulvia asperata; Papyridea rugatum]; Chou et al., 1994b [Fulvia asperata]} Fulvia australe (Sowerby, 1834) † Fulvia papyracea (Bruguière, 1789) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Papyridea papyraceum]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Fulvia (Fulvia) papyracea]} Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguière, 1789) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Acrosterigma biradiatum]} Maoricardium setosum (Redfield, 1846) {Chuang, 1973 [Cardium latum]} Vepricardium asiaticum (Bruguière, 1792) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Cardium asiaticum]} 12 Vepricardium coronatum (Schröter, 1786) {Chou et al., 1994b [Cardium coronatum]} Vepricardium multispinosum (Sowerby, 1838) {Chou et al., 1994b [Acanthocardia multispinosum]} Vepricardium sinense (Sowerby, 1838) {Chuang, 1973 [Cardium sinense]; Chou et al., 1994b [Cardium sinense]} SUPERFAMILY TRIDACNOIDEA FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758) {Rosewater, 1965; Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} Tridacna crocea Lamarck, 1819 {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988; Chou et al., 1994b; Lim et al., 1994; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2007} Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798) {Rosewater, 1965; Tan & Chou, 2000} Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819 {Rosewater, 1965; Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988 ; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Lim et al., 1994; Tan & Chou, 2000; Lee, 2003 [Tridacna crocea]; Ng et al., 2007; Wang & Jaafar, 2007a; Chou & Tan, 2008; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} SUPERFAMILY MACTROIDEA FAMILY MACTRIDAE Heterocardia gibbosula Stoliczka, 1871 {Morris & Purchon, 1981; Wong, 2009; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Lutraria australis Reeve, 1854 {Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Lutraria rhynchaena]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Lutraria rhynchaena]} Lutraria cf. maxima Jonas, 1844 {Wong, 2009} Mactra achatina Holten, 1802 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b; Wong, 2009} Mactra cuneata Gmelin, 1791 {Wong, 2009} Mactra dissimilis Reeve, 1854 {Wong, 2009} Mactra hepatica Deshayes, 1854 {Chuang, 1973} Mactra inaequalis Reeve, 1854 {Wong, 2009} Mactra mera Reeve, 1854 {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Wong, 2009; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Mactra violacea Chemnitz, 1782 {Wong, 2009} Mactrinula dolabrata (Reeve, 1852) {Wong, 2009} Meropesta nicobarica (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973 [Standella nicobarica]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Standella nicobarica]; Wong, 2009; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Meropesta pellucida (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973 [Standella pellucida]; Chou et al., 1994b [Standella pellucida]; Wong, 2009} 13 Micromactra angulifera (Deshayes, 1854) {Wong, 2009} Raeta pellicula (Reeve, 1854) {Wong, 2009} Raeta pulchella (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) {Chuang, 1973 [Standella plicatilis]; Chou et al., 1994b [Standella plicatilis]; Wong, 2009} Spisula transversa (Reeve, 1854) {Chuang, 1973 [Mactra transversa]; Chou et al., 1994b [Mactra transversa]; Wong, 2009} FAMILY MESODESMATIDAE Coecella horsfieldii (Gray, 1853) {Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Caecella horsfieldi]; Tan & Ng, 1988 [Coecella horsfieldi]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Caecella horsfieldi]} Davila plana (Hanley, 1843) {Morris & Purchon, 1981; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Paphies striata (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973 [Atactodea glabrata; Atactodea striata]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Atactodea glabrata]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Atactodea glabrata]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Paphies (Atactodea) glabrata]} SUPERFAMILY SOLENOIDEA FAMILY SOLENIDAE Solen brevissimus Martens, 1865 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Solen delesserti Sowerby, 1874 {Lim, 1963; Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Solen linearis Spengler, 1794 † Solen pseudolinearis Cosel, 2002 † Solen vagina Linnaeus, 1758 {Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Solen brevis]} FAMILY PHARIDAE Cultellus attenuatus Dunker, 1862 † Ensiculus cultellus (Linnaeus, 1758) † Orbicularia orbiculata (Wood, 1828) {Lim, 1963 [Elizia orbiculata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Elizia orbiculata]; Tan & Chou, 2000} Pharella acuminata (Hanley, 1842) {Chou et al., 1994b} Pharella javanica (Lamarck, 1818) {Morris & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2007; Ng et al., 2008} Phaxas scalpra (Gould, 1851) {Chuang, 1973 [Cultellus subellipticus]} Siliqua fasciata (Spengler, 1794) † 14 SUPERFAMILY TELLINOIDEA FAMILY TELLINIDAE Acropagia pinguis (Hanley, 1844) {Chuang, 1973 [Tellina pinguis]; Chou et al., 1994b} Jactellina hungerfordi (Sowerby, 1894) {Chuang, 1973 [Tellina hungerfordi]; Chou et al., 1994b [Tellina hungerfordi]} Macalia bruguieri (Hanley, 1844) {Chuang, 1973 [Macalina bruguierei]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Macoma bruguierei]} Macoma fallax Bertin, 1878 {Chuang, 1973 [Tellina fallax]; Chou et al., 1994b [Tellina fallax]} Pharaonella aurea (Perry, 1811) {Chuang, 1973} Pharaonella rostrata (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Tellina rostrata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Tellina rostrata]} Scutarcopagia linguafelis (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Tellina linguafelis]} Scutarcopagia scobinata (Linnaeus, 1758) {Morris & Purchon, 1981} Tellina capsoides Lamarck, 1818 {Chuang, 1973 [Tellina pristis]} Tellina emarginata (Sowerby, 1825) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Tellina remies Linnaeus, 1758 {Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Cyclotellina remies]; Tan & Chou, 2000} Tellina rhodon Hanley, 1844 {Chuang, 1973 [Tellina rodon]; Chou et al., 1994b [Tellina rodon]} Tellina robusta Hanley, 1844 {Chuang, 1973} Tellina scalpellum Hanley, 1844 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Tellina spengleri Gmelin, 1791 {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Tellinella spengleri]} Tellina staurella Lamarck, 1818 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Tellina virgata Linnaeus, 1758 {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Tellinella virgata]} Tellinella pulcherrima (Sowerby, 1835) † FAMILY SEMELIDAE Semele carnicolor (Hanley, 1847) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Semele exarata (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848) {Chou et al., 1994b [Macha exarata]} Semele sinensis A. Adams, 1853 {Wong, 2008d) FAMILY PSAMMOBIIDAE Asaphis violascens (Forsskål, 1775) {Chuang, 1973 [Asaphis deflorata]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Asaphis deflorata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Asaphis deflorata]; Tan & Chou, 2000} Gari ambigua (Reeve, 1850) {Chuang, 1973 [Psammotaea malaccensis]; Chou et al., 1994b [Psammotella malaccensis]} 15 Gari elongatus (Lamarck, 1818) {Willan, 1993; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999 [Gari elongata]} Gari maculosa (Lamarck, 1818) {Willan, 1993} Gari pallida (Deshayes, 1855) {Chou et al., 1994b} Gari togata (Deshayes, 1855) {Lim, 1963; Chuang, 1973; Willan, 1993; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng et al., 2008} FAMILY SOLECURTIDAE Azorinus coarctatus (Gmelin, 1791) † Solecurtus species † FAMILY DONACIDAE Donax cuneatus Linnaeus, 1758 {Tan & Chou, 2000 [Donax sp.]} Donax faba Gmelin, 1791 {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Donax sp.]} SUPERFAMILY DREISSENOIDEA FAMILY DREISSENIDAE Mytilopsis adamsi Morrison, 1946 {Tan & Ng, 1988 [Mytilopsis]; Chan, 1997a; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999 [Mytilopsis sallei]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Mytilopsis sallei]; Maasen, 2001; Goh et al., 2002 [Mytilopsis sallei]; Tan & Morton, 2006 [Mytilopsis sallei]} SUPERFAMILY ARCTICOIDEA FAMILY TRAPEZIDAE Coralliophaga coralliophaga (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Trapezium sublaevigatum (Lamarck, 1819) {Chuang, 1973 [Trapezium vellicatum]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Neotrapezium sublaevigatum]; Chou et al., 1994b [Trapezium vellicatum]; Tan & Chou, 2000} SUPERFAMILY CORBICULOIDEA FAMILY CORBICULIDAE Corbicula cf. fluminea (Müller, 1774) † Corbicula species {Chan, 1996d} Geloina erosa (Solander, 1786) {Lim, 1963 [Geloina ceylonica]; Chuang, 1973 [Geloina ceylonica]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Geloina coaxans]; Morton, 1984 [Polymesoda erosa]; Chou et al., 1994b [Geloina ceylonica; Polymesoda zeylanica]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008} 16 Geloina expansa (Mousson, 1849) {Morton, 1984 [Polymesoda expansa]; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999 [Polymesoda expansa]; Tan & Chou, 2000} FAMILY SPHAERIIDAE Pisidium javanum van Benthem Jutting, 1931 {Chan, 1996d; Maasen, 2001; Clements et al., 2006} SUPERFAMILY VENEROIDEA FAMILY VENERIDAE Anomalocardia squamosa (Linnaeus, 1758) {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Anomalodiscus squamosus]; Chou et al., 1994b [Anomalcardia squamosa]; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Anomalocardia (Anomalocardia) squamosa]} Anomalocardia malonei (Vanatta, 1901) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Antigona lamellaris Schumacher, 1817 {Morris & Purchon, 1981} Bassina foliacea (Philippi, 1846) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Callista chinensis (Holten, 1803) {Chuang, 1973} Circe scripta (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010; Project Semakau} Circe tumefacta Sowerby, 1851 {Chuang, 1973 [Circe scripta tumefacta]; Chou et al., 1994b} Clementia papyracea (Gray, 1825) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Clementia (Clementia) papyracea]} Dosinia cretacea (Reeve, 1850) {Morris & Purchon, 1981} Dosinia exasperata (Philippi, 1847) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Dosinia juvenilis (Gmelin, 1791) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Dosinia laminata (Reeve, 1850) {Chuang, 1973} Dosinia trigona (Reeve, 1851) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Pelecyora trigona]} Gafrarium dispar (Dillwyn, 1817) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Gafrarium divaricatum (Röding, 1798) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} Gafrarium pectinatum (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} Gafrarium tumidum (Röding, 1798) {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} Irus irus (Linnaeus, 1758) † Marcia hiantina (Lamarck, 1818) {Chuang, 1973 [Katelysia hiantina]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Hemitapes hiantinus]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Marcia (Hemitapes) hiantinus]} 17 Marcia flammea (Gmelin, 1791) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Marcia japonica (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973 [Katelysia striata]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Hemitapes japonica]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Marcia (Hemitapes) japonica]} Marcia marmorata (Lamarck, 1818) {Chuang, 1973 [Hemitapes marmorata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Hemitapes marmorartus]; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008} Meretrix lusoria (Röding, 1798) {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981} Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) {Lim, 1963; Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Paphia alapapilionis Röding, 1798 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Paphia ala-papilionis]} Paphia gallus (Gmelin, 1791) {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973 [Paphia malabarica]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Protapes gallus]; Chou et al., 1994b; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Paphia rotundata (Linnaeus, 1758) {Morris & Purchon, 1981} Paphia sinuosa (Lamarck, 1818) {Chuang, 1973 [Tapes sinuosus]; Chou et al., 1994b [Paphia sinuosus]} Paphia textile (Gmelin, 1791) {Tan & Chou, 2000} Paphia undulata (Born, 1778) {Chuang, 1973 [Tapes undulata]; Chou et al., 1994b} Periglypta ata (Deshayes, 1854) {Chuang, 1973} Periglypta crispata (Deshayes, 1854) † Periglypta puerpera (Linnaeus, 1771) {Chuang, 1973 [Periglypta lacerata; Venus lacerata]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Venue lacerata]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Pitar affinis (Gmelin, 1791) {Morris & Purchon, 1981} Pitar citrinus (Lamarck, 1818) {Chuang, 1973 [Pitar citrina]} Pitar belcheri Römer, 1857 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Pitar deshayesi (Pfeiffer, 1869) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Pitar marrowae Healy & Lamprell, 1992 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Pitar (Pitarina) marrowae]} Pitar striata (Gray, 1838) {Chuang, 1973} Placamen calophyllum (Philippi, 1836) {Chuang, 1973 [Bassina calophylla; Chione calophylla; Circumphalus calophylla]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Callanaitis calophylla]; Chou et al., 1994b [Circomphalus calophylla]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Placamen callophylla]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Placamen chlorotica (Philippi, 1849) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Placamen isabellina Philippi, 1849 {Chuang, 1973 [Circomphalus (Placamen) isabellina; Placamen isabellinum]; Chou et al., 1994b [Circomphalus isabellina]} Ruditapes philippinarum (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) {Chuang, 1973 [Paphia philippinarum]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Tapes philippinarum]; Chou et al., 1994b [Paphia philippinarum]} Ruditapes variegatus (Sowerby, 1852) {Chuang, 1973 [Tapes variegata} Tapes belcheri Sowerby, 1852 {Chuang, 1973 [Tapes phenax]; Chou et al., 1994b [Paphia phenax]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} 18 Tapes literatus (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Tapes literata]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Paphia litterata]} Timoclea arakana (Nevill, 1871) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Timoclea chuangi Fischer-Piette & Vukadinovic, 1977 {Chuang, 1973 [Chione layardi]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Timoclea decorata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1830) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Timoclea lionota (Smith, 1885) {Chou et al., 1994b [Venus lionata]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Timoclea (Timoclea) lionota} Venerupis chinensis Deshayes, 1854 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Venus toreuma (Gould, 1850) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} FAMILY GLAUCONOMIDAE Glauconome corrugata Reeve, 1844 {Chuang, 1973 [Glauconome chinensis]} Glauconome rugosa Reeve, 1844 {Lim, 1963; Chuang, 1974; Tan & Ng, 1988; Chou et al., 1994b} Glauconome virens (Linnaeus, 1767) {Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} FAMILY PETRICOLIDAE Petricola lapicida (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973} ORDER MYOIDA SUPERFAMILY MYOIDEA FAMILY CORBULIDAE Corbula crassa Hinds, 1843 {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Aloidis crassa]} Corbula monilis Hinds, 1843 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Aloidis monilis]} Corbula rugifera A. Adams in Smith, , 1903 {Chou et al., 1994b [Aloidis rugifera]} Corbula scaphoides Hinds, 1843 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Corbula solidula Hinds, 1843 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994 [Aloidis solidula]} Corbula tunicata Hinds, 1843 {Chou et al., 1994b [Aloidis tunicata]} Corbula ustulata Reeve, 1844 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} 19 SUPERFAMILY GASTROCHAENOIDEA FAMILY GASTROCHAENIDAE Cucurbitula cymbium (Spengler, 1783) {Tan & Chou, 2000} Gastrochaena cuneiformis Spengler, 1783 {Chuang, 1973 [Gastrochaena (Rocellaria) cuneiformis]; Morris & Purchon, 1981} Gastrochaena indistincta Deshayes, 1854 {Chou et al., 1994b} SUPERFAMILY PHOLADOIDEA FAMILY PHOLADIDAE Barnea dilatata (Souleyet, 1843) † Jouannetia cumingii (Sowerby, 1849) {Chuang, 1973} Jouannetia globulosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) {Chuang, 1973} Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758) {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988 ; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008} Pholas australasiae Sowerby, 1849 † Pholas orientalis Gmelin, 1791 {Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Chou, 2000} FAMILY TEREDINIDAE Bactronophorus thoracites (Gould, 1856) {Chuang, 1973 [Teredo thoracites]; Chou et al., 1994b} Bankia campanellata Moll & Roch, 1931 {Chou et al., 1994b} Bankia carinata (Gray, 1827) {Chou et al., 1994b} Bankia destructa Clench & Turner, 1946 {Chou et al., 1994b} Bankia gracilis (Moll, 1935) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} Bankia nordi Moll, 1935 {Chuang, 1973; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Bankia rochi Moll & Roch, 1931 {Chuang, 1973} Dicyathifer manni (Wright, 1866) {Lim, 1963 [Teredo manii]; Chuang, 1973 [Teredo manni]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Teredo manni]; Chou et al., 1994b [Teredo manii]} Lyrodus massa (Lamy, 1923) {Chuang, 1973 [Teredo massa]; Chou et al., 1994b; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Lyrodus pedicellatus (Quatrefages, 1849) {Chuang, 1973 [Teredo pedicellatus]; Chou et al., 1994b} Nototeredo edax (Hedley, 1895) {Chuang, 1973 [Teredo edax]} Spathoteredo obtusa (Sivickis, 1828) {Chuang, 1973 [Teredo obtusa]; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Psiloteredo amboinensis]} 20 Teredo clappi Bartsch, 1923 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Teredo fulleri Clapp, 1924 {Chuang, 1973} Teredo furcifera von Martens, {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Teredo johnsoni Clapp, 1924 {Chou et al., 1994b} ORDER PHOLADOMYOIDA SUPERFAMILY PANDOROIDEA FAMILY LATERNULIDAE Laternula anatina (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Laternula subrostrata]} Laternula laterna (Lamarck, 1818) {Morris & Purchon, 1981} Laternula marilina (Reeve, 1860) {Chuang, 1973 [Laternula limicola]} Laternula spengleri (Gmelin, 1791) {Lim, 1963 [Laternula truncata]; Chuang, 1973 [Laternula truncata]; Morris & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Laternula truncata]; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999 [Laternula truncata]; Ng et al., 2008 [Laternula truncata]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Exolaternula spengleri]} FAMILY PANDORIDAE Pandora flexuosa Sowerby, 1822 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} FAMILY MYOCHAMIDAE Myadora plana Reeve, 1844 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Myodora plana]} SUPERFAMILY CLAVAGELLOIDEA FAMILY CLAVAGELLIDAE Brechites penis (Linnaeus, 1758) {Purchon, 1956; Chuang, 1973; Morris & Purchon, 1981 [Penicillus penis]; Tan & Ng, 1988; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b [Verpa annulosa]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Chou & Tan, 2008} FAMILY CUSPIDARIIDAE Cardiomya singaporensis (Hinds, 1843) {Chuang, 1973 [Cuspidaria singaporensis]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Cuspidaria approximata Smith, 1896 {Chuang, 1973} 21 CLASS SCAPHOPODA ORDER DENTALIIDA FAMILY DENTALIIDAE Antalis pilsbryi (Rehder, 1942) {Chou et al., 1994b [Dentalium pseudoshexagonum]} Dentalium aprinum Linnaeus, 1767 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Dentalium bisexangulatum Sowerby, 1860 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Dentalium octangulatum Donovan, 1804 {Tan & Chou, 2000} Paradentalium hexagonum (Gould, 1859) {Chou et al., 1994b [Dentalium hexagonum]} Tesseracme dispar (Sowerby, 1860) {Steiner & Kabat, 2004; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} FAMILY GADILINIDAE Episiphon subrectum (Jeffreys, 1882) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Episiphon subtorquatus (Fischer, 1871) {Chou et al., 1994b [Laevidentalium subtorquatum]} FAMILY LAEVIDENTALIIDAE Laevidentalium eburneum (Linnaeus, 1767) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} FAMILY GADILIDAE Gadila singaporensis (Sharp & Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898) {Chou et al., 1994b [Cadulus singaporensis]; Steiner & Kabat, 2004} CLASS GASTROPODA CLADE PATELLOGASTROPODA SUPERFAMILY NACELLOIDEA FAMILY NACELLIDAE Cellana radiata (Born, 1778) {Tan & Chou, 2000; Goh et al., 2002} Cellana testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} 22 SUPERFAMILY LOTTIOIDEA FAMILY ACMAEIDAE Acmaea pygmaea (Dunker, 1882) {Chuang, 1973 [Acmaea bombayana]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Acmaea bombayana]; Chou et al., 1994b [Acmaea bombayana]} Patelloida saccharinoides Habe & Kosuge, 1966 {Tan & Chou, 2000; Goh et al., 2002; Ng et al., 2007; Ng, 2009} CLADE VETIGASTROPODA SUPERFAMILY FISSURELLOIDEA FAMILY FISSURELLIDAE Diodora reevei (Schepman, 1908) † Diodora excelsa (A. Adams & Reeve, 1840) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Diodora singaporensis (Reeve, 1850) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Emarginula cucullata A. Adams, 1851 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Emarginula scabricostata A. Adams, 1851 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Scutus unguis (Linnaeus, 1758) {Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Chou, 2000; Chou & Tan, 2008} Scutus sinensis (Blainville, 1825) {Chuang, 1973} SUPERFAMILY HALIOTOIDEA FAMILY HALIOTIDAE Haliotis asinina Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou & Tan, 2008} Haliotis clathrata Reeve, 1846 {Chuang, 1973 [Haliotis ruber clathrata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Haliotis ruber clathrata]; Chou & Tan, 2008} Haliotis dohrniana Dunker, 1863 {Chou & Tan, 2008; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Haliotis varia Reeve, 1846 {Chou & Tan, 2008} Haliotis ovina Gmelin, 1791 {Chuang, 1973; Chou & Tan, 2008} Haliotis planata Sowerby, 1882 {Tan & Chou, 2000; Chou & Tan, 2008; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998– 2010} Haliotis pustulata Reeve, 1846 {Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} 23 SUPERFAMILY TROCHOIDEA FAMILY TROCHIDAE Chrysostoma paradoxum (Born, 1780) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Chrysostoma paradoxus]} Clanculus granosus Brazier, 1877 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Clanculus margaritarius (Philippi, 1846) {Chuang, 1973 [Clanculus unedo]; Chou et al., 1994b [Clanculus unedo]} Ethminolia vitiliginea (Menke, 1843) {Chuang, 1973 [Minolia vitiliginea]; Chou et al., 1994b [Isanda vitiliginea]} Euchelus asper (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973} Euchelus atratus (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Euchelus stratus]; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Euchelus quadricarinatus (Holten, 1802) † Granata sulcifera (Lamarck, 1822) {Chuang, 1973 [Hybochelus sulcifera]} Hybochelus cancellatus (Krauss, 1848) † Minolia biangulosa (A. Adams, 1855) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Minolia holdsworthana (G. & H. Nevill, 1871) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Isanda holdsworthana]} Minolia singaporensis Pilsbry, 1889 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Isanda singaporiensis]} Monilea callifera (Lamarck, 1822) † Monilea lentiginosa A. Adams, 1853 {Chuang, 1973} Monilea solanderi (Philippi, 1851) {Chou et al., 1994b [Monilea solandri]} Monodonta labio (Linnaeus, 1758) {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Lim et al., 1994; Tan & Chou, 2000; Goh et al., 2002; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Pagodatrochus variabilis (H. Adams, 1873) {Chuang, 1973 [Minolia variabilis]; Chou et al., 1994b [Isanda variabilis]} Pseudominolia musiva (Gould, 1861) † Tectus pyramis (Born, 1778) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Thaliota zebuensis A. Adams, 1851 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Trochus maculatus Linnaeus, 1758 {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Ng, 1988 ; Tan & Chou, 2000} Trochus niloticus Linnaeus, 1767 {Chuang, 1973 [Tectus niloticus; Tectus niloticus maximus]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2007; Chou & Tan, 2008; Project Semakau} Trochus radiatus Gmelin, 1791 {Chuang, 1973; Lee, 2003 [Trochus sp.]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998– 2010} Trochus tentorium Gmelin, 1791 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Trochus tricatenatus Reeve, 1861 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Turcica maculata (Brazier, 1877) † 24 Umbonium vestiarium (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994a [Umbonium vestiarum]; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Umbonium vestiarum]; Lee, 2003 [Umbonium vestiarum]; Ng et al., 2007 [Umbonium vestiarum]; Wang & Jaafar, 2007a} FAMILY CALLIOSTOMATIDAE Calliostoma scobinatum (A. Adams, 1863) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Calliostoma tranquebarica (Röding, 1798) † FAMILY STOMATELLIDAE Pseudostomatella decolarata (Gould, 1848) † Stomatia phymotis Helbling, 1779 † SUPERFAMILY TURBINOIDEA FAMILY TURBINIDAE Angaria delphinus (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Angaria delphinus atrata]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Angaria atrata]; Tan & Chou, 2000} Astralium calcar (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Astraea calcar]; Chou et al., 1994b [Astraea calcar]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Astraea calcar]; Project Semakau [Astraea calcar]} Guildfordia triumphans (Philippi, 1841) {Chuang, 1973} Liotina peronii (Kiener, 1839) † Tricolia fordiana (Pilsbry, 1888) {Chuang, 1973 [Phasianella fordiana]; Chou et al., 1994b [Phasianella fordiana]} Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798) {Chuang, 1973 [Turbo ticaonicus]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Turbo ticaonicus]; Lim et al., 1994 [Turbo brunneus]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Goh et al., 2002; Ng et al., 2007} Turbo heterocheilus Pilsbry, 1888 † Turbo intercostalis Menke, 1846 {Tweedie, 1967; Tan & Ng, 1988 [Turbo brunneus]; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758 {Tan & Chou, 2000} Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Chou & Tan, 2008} FAMILY SKENEIDAE Cyclostrema archeri Tryon, 1888 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Cyclostrema marchei Jousseaume, 1872 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Cyclostrema ocrinum Melvill & Standen, 1901 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Cyclostrema quinquecarinatum Melvill, 1906 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Cyclostrema quinquecarinata]} 25 Cyclostrema reeveana A. Adams, 1850 {Chuang, 1973 [Liotina reevena]; Chou et al., 1994b [Lictia reeveana]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Cyclostrema solariellum Melvill, 1893 {Chuang, 1973 [Liotina solariellum]; Chou et al., 1994b [Liotina solariellum]} Cyclostrema tornata A. Adams in Sowerby, 1863 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Leucorhynchia crossei (Tryon, 1888) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998– 2010} Leucorhynchia tryoni Pilsbry, 1891 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} CLADE CYCLONERITIMORPHA SUPERFAMILY NERITOIDEA FAMILY NERITIDAE Clithon faba (Sowerby, 1836) {Tan & Chou, 2000; Maasen, 2001; Tan & Clements, 2008} Clithon oualaniensis Lesson, 1831 {Chuang, 1973 [Theodoxus (Clithon) oualaniensis]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988 ; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Chou & Tan, 2008; Tan & Clements, 2008; Ng, 2009} Dostia cornucopia (Benson, 1836) {Ng & Sivasothi, 1999 [Dostia violacea]; Ng et al., 2008; Tan & Clements, 2008 [Neritina cornucopia]; Ng, 2009 [Neritina cornucopia]} Dostia violacea (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973 [Nerita crepidularia]; Chou et al., 1994b [Neritina crepidularia; Neritina violacea]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008; Tan & Clements, 2008 [Neritina violacea]; Ng, 2009 [Neritina violacea]} Nerita albicilla Linnaeus, 1758 {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Tan & Clements, 2008; Ng, 2009} Nerita articulata Gould, 1847 {Lim, 1963 [Nerita birmanica]; Chuang, 1973 [Nerita birmanica]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Nerita lineata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Nerita balteata; Nerita birmanica; Nerita lineata]; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999 [Nerita lineata]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Nerita lineata]; Goh et al., 2002 [Nerita lineata]; Ng et al., 2007 [Nerita lineata]; Wang & Jaafar, 2007a; Wang & Jaafar, 2007b [Nerita lineata]; Ng et al., 2008; Tan & Clements, 2008; Ng, 2009} Nerita chamaeleon Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Goh et al., 2002; Tan & Clements, 2008; Project Semakau} Nerita costata Gmelin, 1791 {Tan & Clements, 2008} Nerita grayana Récluz, 1843 {Tan & Clements, 2008} Nerita histrio Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Nerita squamulata]; Ng et al., 2007; Tan & Clements, 2008; Ng, 2009 [Nerita sp.]; Project Semakau} Nerita planospira Anton, 1839 {Lim, 1963 [Nerita sp.]; Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Nerita plancapira]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Chou & Tan, 2008; Ng et al., 2008; Tan & Clements, 2008; Project Semakau} Nerita plicata Linnaeus, 1758 {Tan & Clements, 2008} Nerita polita Linnaeus, 1758 {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973 [Nerita rumphii]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Clements, 2008} Nerita signata Lamarck, 1822 {Way & Purchon, 1981 [Nerita reticulata]; Tan & Clements, 2008} 26 Nerita undata Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Goh et al., 2002; Tan & Clements, 2008; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Neritina auriculata Lamarck, 1816 {Tan & Clements, 2008} Neritina siquijorensis (Récluz, 1843) {Tan & Clements, 2008} Neritina sulculosa (von Martens, 1879) {Tan & Clements, 2008} Vittina coromandeliana (Sowerby, 1832) {Tan & Clements, 2008 [Neritina coromandeliana]} FAMILY PHENACOLEPADIDAE Phenacolepas cinnamomea (Gould, 1846) {Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Chou, 2000} SUPERFAMILY NERITOPSOIDEA FAMILY NERITOPSIDAE Neritopsis radula (Linnaeus, 1758) † CLADE CAENOGASTROPODA SUPERFAMILY AMPULLARIOIDEA FAMILY AMPULLARIIDAE Pila ampullacea (Linnaeus, 1758) † Pila scutata (Mousson, 1848) {Ng, 1991; Chou et al., 1994b [Pila conica]; Chan, 1996b; Perera & Walls, 1996 [Pila conica]; Maasen, 2001; Goh et al., 2002; Clements et al., 2006} Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) {Ng, 1991 [Pomacea]; Chan, 1996b; Maasen, 2001 [Pomacea lineata]; Goh et al., 2002; Clements et al., 2006} SUPERFAMILY CYCLOPHOROIDEA FAMILY CYCLOPHORIDAE Cyclophorus perdix aquila (Sowerby, 1843) {Tweedie, 1967 [Cyclophorus perdix]; Lim, 1969 [Cyclophorus perdix]; Chou et al., 1994b [Cyclophorus cerdix aquila]; Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001} Cyclotus rostellatus (Pfeiffer, 1851) {Tenison-Woods, 1888; Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001 [Opisthoporus rostellatus]} Ditropopsis cf. koperbergi Zilch, 1955 {Ho, 1995 [Ditropis cf. koperbergi]; Maasen, 2001} Japonia ciliocinctum (Martens, 1865) {Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995 [Lagochilus ciliocinctum]} 27 FAMILY DIPLOMMATINIDAE Diplommatina adversa (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1851) {Maasen, 2001} Diplommatina nevilli Crosse, 1879 {Tweedie, 1967 [Diplommatina canaliculata]; Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995} SUPERFAMILY VIVIPAROIDEA FAMILY VIVIPARIDAE Filopaludina doliaris (Gould, 1844) {Chou et al., 1994b [Viviparus doliaris]; Maasen, 2001} Filopaludina martensi (von Frauenfeld, 1865) {Chan, 1996b [Filopaludina javanica]; Clements et al., 2006} Filopaludina sumatrensis peninsularis (Brandt, 1974) {Chan, 1996b; Clements et al., 2006} Filopaludina sumatrensis polygramma (Martens, 1860) † Taia polyzonata (von Frauenfeld, 1862) {Ng, 1991; Chan, 1996b; Clements et al., 2006} CLADE SORBEOCONCHA SUPERFAMILY CERITHIOIDEA FAMILY CERITHIIDAE Cerithium coralium Kiener, 1841 {Houbrick, 1992; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008} Cerithium dialeucum Philippi, 1849 {Houbrick, 1992} Cerithium lifuense Melvill & Standen, 1895 {Houbrick, 1992} Cerithium nodulosum Bruguière, 1792 {Chuang, 1973} Cerithium torresi Smith, 1884 {Houbrick, 1992} Cerithium traillii Sowerby, 1835 {Chuang, 1973 [Clypeomorus trailli]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Cerithium trailli]; Houbrick, 1992; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Chou & Tan, 2008} Cerithium zonatum (Wood, 1828) {Chuang, 1973 [Cerithium purpurascens; Cerithium lemniscatum; Cerithium robustum; Clypeomorus purpurascens]; Houbrick, 1992; Chou et al., 1994b [Cerithium lemniscatum; Cerithium robustum]; Ng et al., 2007} Clypeomorus adunca (Gould, 1849) {Chuang, 1973 [Cerithium dorsuosum]} Clypeomorus batillariaeformis Habe & Kosuge, 1966 {Houbrick, 1985} Clypeomorus bifasciata bifasciata (Sowerby, 1855) {Chuang, 1973 [Cerithium penthusans; Clypeomorus bifasciatus]; Houbrick, 1985; Chou et al., 1994b [Cerithium morus]} Clypeomorus brevis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) {Chuang, 1973 [Cerithium breve]} Clypeomorus irrorata (Gould, 1849) {Chuang, 1973 [Cerithium irroratum]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Cerithium obesum]; Houbrick, 1985; Chou et al., 1994b [Cerithium obesum]} 28 Clypeomorus pellucida (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1852) {Chuang, 1973 [Cerithium patulum]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Cerithium patulum]; Chou et al., 1994b [Cerithium patulum]; Houbrick, 1985; Tan & Chou, 2000} Clypeomorus petrosa petrosa (Wood, 1829) {Houbrick, 1985} Clypeomorus petrosa chemnitziana (Pilsbry, 1901) {Chuang, 1973 [Cerithium chemnitzianum; Clypeomorus chemnitziana]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Cerithium chemnitzianum]; Houbrick, 1985; Chou et al., 1994b [Cerithium chemnitsianum]} Clypeomorus purpurastoma (Houbrick, 1985) {Houbrick, 1985} Rhinoclavis aspera (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Rhinoclavis asper]; Chou et al., 1994b [Vertagus asper]} Rhinoclavis obeliscus (Bruguière, 1792) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Vertagus obeliscus]} Rhinoclavis sinensis (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Rhinoclavis vertagus (Linnaeus, 1758) {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Vertagus vertagus]} FAMILY BATILLARIIDAE Batillaria zonalis (Bruguière, 1792) {Lim, 1963 [Cerithium coralium]; Chuang, 1973; Tan & Ng, 1988; Lim et al., 1994; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} FAMILY LITIOPIDAE Alaba virgata (Philippi, 1849) † FAMILY MELANOPSIDAE Faunus ater (Linnaeus, 1758) † FAMILY PLANAXIDAE Couthouyia styliferinus (Nevil, 1884) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Couthouyia styliferina]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Fissilabia decollata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) {Chuang, 1973 [Planaxia (Fissilabia) decollata]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Quoyia decollata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Quoyia decollata]} Planaxis sulcatus (Born, 1778) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988 [Planaxis]; Chou et al., 1994b [Planaxis suleatus]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} FAMILY POTAMIDIDAE Cerithidea alata (Philippi, 1847) † Cerithidea cingulata (Gmelin, 1791) {Lim, 1963; Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973 [Potamides cingulatus]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008; Ng, 2009} Cerithidea djadjariensis (Martin, 1899) † 29 Cerithidea microptera (Kiener, 1842) {Chuang, 1973 [Potamides micropterus; Tympanotus micropterus]; Chou et al., 1994b [Tympanotonus micropterus]} Cerithidea obtusa (Lamarck, 1822) {Lim, 1963; Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988 ; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008; Ng, 2009} Cerithidea quadrata Sowerby, 1866 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999 [Cerithidea obtusa]; Lee, 2003 [Cerithidea obtusa]; Wang & Jaafar, 2007b [Cerithidea obtusa]; Ng et al., 2008; Ng, 2009 [Cerithidea obtusa]} Terebralia palustris (Linnaeus, 1767) {Houbrick, 1991; Ng et al., 2008; Project Semakau} Terebralia sulcata (Born, 1778) {Lim, 1963; Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988 ; Houbrick, 1991; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Tan & Chou, 2000; Maasen, 2001; Ng et al., 2008; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Telescopium telescopium (Linnaeus, 1758) {Lim, 1963; Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Tan & Ng, 1988 ; Houbrick, 1991; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} FAMILY SCALIOLIDAE Finella pupoides A. Adams, 1860 {Chuang, 1973 [Eufenella pupoides; Eufenella pyrrhacme]; Chou et al., 1994b [Finella pyrrachme]} Finella vulnerata (Hedley, 1909) {Chuang, 1973 [Eufenella vulnerata]; Chou et al., 1994b} FAMILY SILIQUARIIDAE Siliquaria anguina (Linnaeus, 1758) {Way & Purchon, 1981} Siliquaria cumingi (Mörch, 1860) † Siliquaria ponderosa (Mörch, 1860) † FAMILY THIARIDAE Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) {Ng, 1991; Chou et al., 1994b [Thiara tuberculata]; Chan, 1996b; Maasen, 2001; Goh et al., 2002 [Melanoides sp.]; Clements et al., 2006} Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1822) {Chan, 1996b [Melanoides granifera]; Clements et al., 2006} Sermyla riqueti (Grateloup, 1840) {Chou et al., 1994b; Chan, 1996b [Thiara (Sermyla) riqueti]; Clements et al., 2006} Thiara scabra (Müller, 1774) {Chan, 1996b; Clements et al., 2006} FAMILY TURRITELLIDAE Turritella terebra (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Chou & Tan, 2008} 30 CLADE LITTORINIMORPHA SUPERFAMILY CALYPTRAEOIDEA FAMILY CALYPTRAEIDAE Calyptraea extinctorium (Lamarck, 1822) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Calyptraea extincterium]; Tan & Chou, 2000} Crepidula walshi (Reeve, 1859) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} FAMILY CAPULIDAE Capulus species † Lippistes helicoides (Gmelin, 1791) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} SUPERFAMILY CYPRAEOIDEA FAMILY CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea annulus Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Chou & Tan, 2008} Cypraea arabica Linnaeus, 1758 {Tweedie, 1967 [Mauritia arabica]; Chuang, 1973 [Cypraea (Arabica) arabica]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988 ; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Lim et al., 1994; Tan & Chou, 2000; Yeo & Wang, 2008; Chou & Tan, 2008} Cypraea argus Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea asselus Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea bistrinotata Schilder & Schilder, 1937 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Pustularia bistrinotata bistrinotata]} Cypraea caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973 [Cypraea (Ravitrona) caputserpentis]; Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea carneola Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea caurica Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea clandestina Linnaeus, 1767 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea coloba Melvill, 1888 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea cribraria Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea cylindrica Born, 1778 {Chuang, 1973 [Cypraea (Errones) cylindrica]; Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea eglantina Duclos, 1833 {Chuang, 1973 [Cypraea (Arabica) eglantina]} Cypraea erosa Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea errones Linnaeus, 1758 {Tweedie, 1967 [Erronea errones]; Chuang, 1973 [Cypraea (Erronea) errones]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988 ; Chou et al., 1994b; Lim et al., 1994; Tan & Chou, 2000; Lee, 2003; Ng et al., 2007; Project Semakau} 31 Cypraea felina Gmelin, 1791 {Chou et al., 1994b [Cypraea felina listeri]} Cypraea fimbriata Gmelin, 1791 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea gangranosa Dillwyn, 1817 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Erosaria gangranosa]} Cypraea gracilis Gaskoin, 1849 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea hammondae Iredale, 1939 {Chou et al., 1994b [Cypraea hammondae raysummersi} Cypraea hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea histrio Gmelin, 1791 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea interrupta Gray, 1824 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea kieneri Hidalgo, 1906 {Chou et al., 1994b [Cypraea kieneri depriesteri]} Cypraea lamarckii Gray, 1825 {Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea lutea Gmelin, 1791 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea lynx Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea mappa Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea margarita Dilwyn, 1817 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea mariae Schilder, 1927 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea miliaris Gmelin, 1791 {Chuang, 1973 [Cypraea (Erosaria) miliaris]; Chou et al., 1994b; Lim et al., 1994; Ng et al., 2007} Cypraea minoridens Melvill, 1901 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, 1758 {Ng et al., 2007} Cypraea nebrites Mevill, 1888 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Erosaria nebrites]} Cypraea nivosa Broderip, 1827 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea nucleus Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea onyx Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973 [Cypraea (Adusta) onyx]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng et al., 2007} Cypraea ovum Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Cypraea pallida Gray, 1824 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea pulchella Gray, 1824 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Cypraea pulehella]} Cypraea punctata Linnaeus, 1771 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea pyriformis Gray, 1824 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea quadrimaculata Gray, 1824 {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea rabaulensis Schilder, 1964 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea staphylaea Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea stolida Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973 [Cypraea (Derstolida) stolida]; Chou et al., 1994b} 32 Cypraea talpa Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea tigris Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b [Cypraea tigris pardalis]; Chou & Tan, 2008; Ng, 2009} Cypraea ursellus Gmelin, 1791 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea ventriculus Lamarck, 1810 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea vitellus Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea walkeri Sowerby, 1832 {Chou et al., 1994b} Cypraea ziczac Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} FAMILY OVULIDAE Aclyvolva lanceolata (Sowerby, 1848) {Chou et al., 1994b [Neosimnia lanceolata]} Calpurnus verrucosus (Linnaeus, 1758) {Cate, 1973; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Carpiscula bullata (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848) {Cate, 1973; Lorenz & Fehse, 2009; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Crenavolva aureola (Fehse, 2002) {Lorenz & Fehse, 2009} Crenavolva leopardus Fehse, 2002 {Lorenz & Fehse, 2009; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Crenavolva cf. rosewateri Cate, 1973 {Goh et al., 1999} Crenavolva trailli (A. Adams, 1855) {Goh et al., 1999 [Crenavolva cf. striatula traillii]; Lorenz & Fehse, 2009} Cuspivolva queenslandica (Cate, 1974) {Lorenz & Fehse, 2009} Cymbovula deflexa (Sowerby, 1848) {Cate, 1973; Wong, 2008a; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Cymbovula segaliana Cate, 1973 {Wong, 2008a} Dentiovula dorsuosa (Hinds, 1844) {Cate, 1973; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Diminovula alabaster (Reeve, 1865) {Cate, 1973; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Hiatavolva depressa (Sowerby, 1875) † Margovula pyriformis (Sowerby, 1828) † Phenacovolva cf. barbieri Lorenz & Fehse, 2009 {Lorenz & Fehse, 2009} Phenacovolva brevirostris (Schumacher, 1817) {Chuang, 1973 [Volva brevirostris]; Lorenz & Fehse, 2009} Phenacovolva dancei Cate, 1973 {Cate, 1973; Lorenz & Fehse, 2009; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Phenacovolva improcera (Azuma & Cate, 1971) † Phenacovolva nectarea (Iredale, 1930) {Goh et al., 1999 [Phenacovolva cf. tokioi]; Lorenz & Fehse, 2009} Phenacovolva cf. rosea (A. Adams, 1854) {Lorenz & Fehse, 2009} Prionovolva brevis (Sowerby, 1828) † Pseudosimnia marginata (Sowerby, 1828) † 33 Volva volva (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chou et al., 1994b [Amphiperas volva]} SUPERFAMILY FICOIDEA FAMILY FICIDAE Ficus ficus (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973} Ficus variegata Röding, 1798 † SUPERFAMILY LITTORINOIDEA FAMILY LITTORINIDAE Echinolittorina malaccana (Philippi, 1847) {Chuang, 1973 [Nodilittorina pyramidalis]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Nodilittorina pyramidalis]; Chou et al., 1994b [Nodilittorina malaccensis]; Lim et al, 1994 [Nodilittorina sp.]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Nodilittorina trochoides]; Goh et al., 2002 [Nodilittorina trochoides]; Reid, 2007; Ng et al., 2007 [Nodilittorina trochoides]; Ng, 2009 [Nodilittorina trochoides]} Echinolittorina melanacme (Smith, 1876) {Tan & Chou, 2000 [Nodilittorina novaezelandiae]; Reid, 2007} Echinolittorina vidua (Gould, 1859) {Chuang, 1973 [Littorina ventricosa]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Nodilittorina vidua]; Reid, 2007; Ng et al., 2007 [Nodilittorina vidua]; Ng, 2009 [Nodilittorina vidua]} Littoraria ardouiniana (Heude, 1885) {Reid, 1986 [Littoraria (Littorinopsis) ardouiniana]; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Littoraria (Littorinopsis) ardouiniana]} Littoraria articulata (Philippi, 1846) {Reid, 1986 [Littoraria (Palustorina) articulata]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Goh et al., 2002; Ng et al., 2007; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Littoraria (Palustorina) articulata]} Littoraria carinifera (Menke, 1830) {Lim, 1963 [Littorina carinifera]; Chuang, 1973 [Littorina carinifera]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Littorina carinifera]; Reid, 1986 [Littoraria (Palustorina) carinifera]; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Tan & Chou, 2000; Goh et al., 2002; Ng, 2009; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Littoraria conica (Philippi, 1846) {Reid, 1986 [Littoraria (Palustorina) conica]; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008} Littoraria intermedia (Philippi, 1846) {Reid, 1986 [Littoraria (Littorinopsis) intermedia]; Tan & Chou, 2000} Littoraria lutea (Philippi, 1847) {Reid, 1986 [Littoraria (Littorinopsis) lutea]; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Littoraria (Littorinopsis) lutea]} Littoraria melanostoma (Gray, 1839) {Lim, 1963 [Littorina melanostoma; Littoriina melanostoma]Chuang, 1973 [Littorina melanostoma]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Littorina melanostoma]; Reid, 1986 [Littoraria (Palustorina) melanostoma]; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008; Ng, 2009; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Littoraria pallescens (Philippi, 1846) {Reid, 1986 [Littoraria (Littorinopsis) pallescens]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng, 2009 [Littoraria carinifera]} Littoraria scabra (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Littorina scabra]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Reid, 1986 [Littoraria (Littorinopsis) scabra]; Chou et al., 1994b} Littoraria strigata (Philippi, 1846) {Reid, 1986 [Littoraria (Palustorina) strigata]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2007; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Littoraria (Palustorina) strigata]} 34 Littoraria undulata (Gray, 1839) {Chuang, 1973 [Littorina undulata]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Littorina undulata]; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} Littoraria vespacea Reid, 1986 {Reid, 1986 [Littoraria (Littoraria) vespacea]; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Littoraria (Littoraria) vespacea]; Project Semakau} Mainwaringia leithii (Smith, 1876) {Tan & Chou, 2000} Mainwaringia rhizophila Reid, 1986 {Tan & Chou, 2000} Peasiella lutulenta Reid, 1989 {Tan & Chou, 2000} Peasiella patula Reid & Mak, 1998 {Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Peasiella roepstorffiana (Nevill, 1885) {Tan & Chou, 2000} SUPERFAMILY NATICOIDEA FAMILY NATICIDAE Eunaticina coarctata (Reeve, 1864) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Eunaticina linneana (Récluz, 1843) † Eunaticina papilla (Gmelin, 1791) † Natica alapapilionis (Röding, 1798) {Chuang, 1973} Natica arachnoidea (Gmelin, 1791) † Natica euzona (Récluz, 1844) † Natica gualteriana (Récluz, 1844) {Chuang, 1973 [Natica marochiensis]; Chou et al., 1994b [Natica marochiensis]; Lim et al., 1994 [Polynices sp.]} Natica lineata (Röding, 1798) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Chou, 2000} Natica onca (Röding, 1798) {Chuang, 1973} Natica tigrina (Röding, 1798) {Tweedie, 1967 [Natica maculosa]; Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Natica maculosa]; Tan & Ng, 1988 [Natica maculata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Natica maculosa]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Chou & Tan, 2008; Ng et al., 2008} Natica undulata (Röding, 1798) {Chou et al., 1994b} Natica vitellus (Linnaeus, 1758) † Natica zonalis (Récluz, 1850) † Polinices albumen (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Polynices albumen]} Polinices didyma (Röding, 1798) {Chuang, 1973 [Polynices didyma]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Natica didyma]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2007} Polinices mammilla (Linnaeus, 1758) {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973 [Polynices mammilla; Polynices pyriformis]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Polinices tumidus]; Lim et al., 1994 [Polinices sp.]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Polinices mammatus]; Ng et al., 2007 [Polinices mammatus]; Ng, 2009 [Polinices mammatus]; Project Semakau [Polinices mammatus]} Polinices mammatus (Röding, 1798) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} 35 Polinices melanostomoides (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) {Chuang, 1973 [Polynices melanostomoides]; Chou et al., 1994b [Polynices melancstomoides]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Polinices (Mammilla) macrostoma]} Polinices melanostomus (Gmelin, 1791) † Polinices peselephanti (Link, 1807) † Polinices powisianus (Récluz, 1844) † Polinices sebae (Récluz, 1844) † Sigatica pomatiella (Melvill, 1893) † Sinum delessertii (Récluz, 1843) {Chuang, 1973} Sinum eximium (Reeve, 1846) † Sinum haliotoideum (Linnaeus, 1758) † Sinum incisum (Reeve, 1864) † Sinum neritoideum (Gmelin, 1791) {Way & Purchon, 1981} SUPERFAMILY RISSOOIDEA FAMILY RISSOIDAE Alvania versoverana (Melvill, 1893) {Chuang, 1973 [Rissoina versoverana]; Chou et al., 1994b} Rissoina clathrata A. Adams, 1853 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Rissoina gigantea (Deshayes, 1848) † Rissoina reticulata (Sowerby, 1824) † Rissoina striata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Rissoina (Moerchiella) striata]} FAMILY ASSIMINEIDAE Assiminea cf. beddomeana Nevill, 1880 {Maasen, 2001} Assiminea brevicula (Pfeiffer, 1854) {Lim, 1963 [Syncera brevicula]; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Ng, 1988; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999 [Sphaerassiminea miniata]; Wang & Jaafar, 2007b [Sphaerassiminea miniata]; Ng et al., 2008; Ng, 2009; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Assiminea philippinica Boettger, 1887 {Maasen, 2001} Assiminea cf. quadrasi von Moellendorf, 1895 {Maasen, 2001} Assiminea cf. spiralis Brandt, 1974 {Maasen, 2001} Cyclotropis cf. bedaliensis (Rensch, 1934) {Maasen, 2001} Cyclotropis scalaris (Huede, 1882) † 36 FAMILY BITHYNIIDAE Digoniostoma pulchella (Benson, 1836) {Chan, 1996b [Bithynia pulchella]; Clements et al., 2006} Bithynia species {Chan, 1996b; Clements et al., 2006} FAMILY IRAVADIIDAE Iravadia bombayana (Stolizcka, 1868) {Tan & Chou, 2000} Iravadia ornata Blanford, 1867 {Tan & Chou, 2000} Iravadia quadrasi (Boettger, 1893) † FAMILY STENOTHYRIDAE Stenothyra cf. blanfordi Nevill, 1880 {Maasen, 2001} Stenothyra cf. deltae (Benson, 1836) {Maasen, 2001} Stenothyra monilifera (Benson, 1856) † Stenothyra polita (A. Adams, 1851) {Maasen, 2001} Stenothyra cf. prasongi Brandt, 1974 {Maasen, 2001} FAMILY VITRINELLIDAE Vitrinella assimilis Thiele, 1925 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Teinostoma hidalgoana Pilsbry, 1895 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} FAMILY TRUNCATELLIDAE Truncatella guerinii A. & J. Villa, 1841 {Tan & Chou, 2000} SUPERFAMILY STROMBOIDEA FAMILY STROMBIDAE Lambis chiragra (Linnaeus, 1758) † Lambis lambis (Linnaeus, 1758) {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Lim et al., 1994; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2007; Chou & Tan, 2008; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Strombus aratrum (Röding, 1798) {Chuang, 1973 [Strombus aurisdiane]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Strombus aurisdianae aurisdianae]; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Chou & Tan, 2008 [Strombus atratum]; Chim et al., 2009 [Strombus aurisdianae]} Strombus dilatatus Swainson, 1821 † 37 Strombus epidromis Linnaeus, 1758 {Way & Purchon, 1981} Strombus marginatus robustus Sowerby, 1875 {Chuang, 1973 [Strombus succinctus]; Chou et al., 1994b [Strombus succinctus]; Chim et al., 2009 [Strombus (Dolomena) marginatus sowerbyorum; Strombus succinctus]} Strombus turturella (Röding, 1798) {Tweedie, 1967 [Strombus isabella]; Chuang, 1973 [Strombus isabella]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Strombus canarium form turturella]; Tan & Ng, 1988 [Strombus canarium]; Chou et al., 1994b [Strombus canarium; Strombus isabella]; Lim et al., 1994 [Strombus canarium]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Strombus canarium]; Ng et al., 2007 [Laevistrombus canarium]; Chim et al., 2009 [Strombus canarium; Strombus isabella]; Ng, 2009 [Strombus canarium]; Project Semakau} Strombus urceus Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988 ; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Lim et al., 1994; Tan & Chou, 2000; Chou & Tan, 2008; Chim et al., 2009; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Strombus variabilis Swainson, 1820 {Way & Purchon, 1981 [Strombus variabilis variabilis]} Strombus vittatus apicatus Man in't Veld & Visser, 1993 {Chuang, 1973 [Strombus vittatus]; Chou et al., 1994b [Strombus vittatus]; Chim et al., 2009 [Strombus vittatus]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Strombus (Doxander) vittatus apicatus]; Project Semakau [Strombus vittatus]} Tibia fusus (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973} SUPERFAMILY TONNOIDEA FAMILY TONNIDAE Tonna dolium (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Tonna sulcosa (Born, 1778) † FAMILY CASSIDAE Phalium decussatum (Linnaeus, 1758) † Phalium glaucum (Linnaeus, 1758) {Abbott, 1968; Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b [Cassis glauca]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Chou & Tan, 2008} Semicassis bisulcata (Schubert & Wagner, 1829) † FAMILY BURSIDAE Bufonaria perelegans Beu, 1987 † Bufonaria rana (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Bursa rana]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Bursa rana]; Chou et al., 1994b [Bursa rana]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Bufonaria sp.]} FAMILY PERSONIDAE Distorsio anus (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973} Distorsio decipiens (Reeve, 1844) {Chuang, 1973} Distorsio reticularis (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Distorsio reticulata]} 38 FAMILY RANELLIDAE Biplex perca Perry, 1811 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Cymatium caudatum (Gmelin, 1791) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Cymatium (Ranularia) caudatum]} Cymatium cutaceum (Lamarck, 1816) † Cymatium labiosum (Wood, 1828) {Chuang, 1973 [Cymatium (Tritoniscus) labiosus]} Cymatium pfeifferianum (Reeve, 1844) † Cymatium tranquebaricum (Lamarck, 1816) {Chuang, 1973 [Cymatium transquebaricum]; Chou et al., 1994b; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Cymatium tranquebarica]} Gyrineum bituberculare (Lamarck, 1816) † Gyrineum natator (Röding, 1798) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Gyrineum gyrinum (Linnaeus, 1758) † Gyrineum lacunatum (Mighels, 1845) † SUPERFAMILY VANIKOROIDEA FAMILY VANIKORIDAE Vanikoro cancellata (Lamarck, 1822) † Vanikoro gueriniana (Récluz, 1845) † Vanikoro ligata (Récluz, 1843) {Way & Purchon, 1981} FAMILY HIPPONICIDAE Cheilea tectumsinense (Lamarck, 1822) † Sabia conica (Schumacher, 1817) † SUPERFAMILY VELUTINOIDEA FAMILY TRIVIIDAE Alaerato angulifera (Sowerby, 1859) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Proterato angiostoma (Sowerby, 1832) {Chou et al., 1994b [Erato angistoma]} Trivia edgari Shaw, 1909 {Chou et al., 1994b} Trivia globosa (Sowerby, 1832) {Chuang, 1973} Trivia oryza (Lamarck, 1811) {Chuang, 1973 [Trivirostra (Trivia) oryza]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994a [Trivirostra oryza oryza]; Chou et al., 1994b; Chou & Tan, 2008 [Trivirostra oryza oryza]} 39 Trivia pellucidula (Gaskoin, 1846) † Trivia rubinicolor (Gaskoin, 1836) † SUPERFAMILY VERMETOIDEA FAMILY VERMETIDAE Serpulorbis species {Chuang, 1973} Vermetus species {Tan & Chou, 2000} SUPERFAMILY XENOPHOROIDEA FAMILY XENOPHORIDAE Onustus indicus (Gmelin, 1791) {Way & Purchon, 1981 [Tugurium indicum]} Xenophora solarioides (Reeve, 1845) † Stellaria solaris (Linnaeus, 1764) {Way & Purchon, 1981 [Haliphoebus solaris]} CLADE PTENOGLOSSA SUPERFAMILY EPITONIOIDEA FAMILY EPITONIIDAE Acrilla acuminata (Sowerby, 1844) † Acrilla minor (Sowerby, 1873) † Amaea xenicima (Mevill & Standen, 1903) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Amaea (Acrilla) xenicima]} Amaea magnifica (Sowerby, 1844) † Amaea ogaitoi Masahito & Habe, 1975 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Cirsotrema bavayi (de Boury, 1912) † Cirsotrema cloveri Brown, 2002 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Cirsotrema (Cirsotrema) clover]} Cirsotrema multiperforata (Sowerby, 1874) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Cirsotrema (Cirsotrema) multiperforata]} Cycloscala hyalina (Sowerby, 1844) † Eglisia tricarinata A. Adams & Reeve, 1850 † Epitonium bulbulum (Sowerby, 1844) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Epitonium (Epitonium) bulbulum]} 40 Epitonium clementinum Grateloup, 1840 † Epitonium hayashii Habe, 1961 † Epitonium inexpertum Brown & Weil, 1999 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) † Epitonium lineolatum (Sowerby, 1844) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Epitonium (Papyriscala) lineolatum]} Epitonium pallasi neglectum (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) † Epitonium replicatum (Sowerby, 1844) † Epitonium sexcostum Jousseaume, 1912 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Epitonium (Epitonium) sexcostum]} Epitonium tomlini (de Boury, 1913) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Epitonium (Sodaliscala) tomlini]} Filiscala martinii (Wood, 1828) † FAMILY JANTHINIDAE Janthina exigua Lamarck, 1816 {Chuang, 1973 [Janthina globosa]} SUPERFAMILY EULIMOIDEA FAMILY EULIMIDAE Melanella aciculata (Pease, 1861) † Melanella martinii (A. Adams, 1854) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Niso hizenensis Kuroda & Habe, 1850 † Pyramidelloides miranda (A. Adams, 1861) {Warén, 1983; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} SUPERFAMILY TRIPHOROIDEA FAMILY TRIPHORIDAE Inella maxillaris (Hinds, 1843) † Mastonia rubra Hinds, 1843 † Viriola corrugata (Hinds, 1843) † FAMILY CERITHIOPSIDAE Cerithiopsis sykesii Melvill, 1896 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Carithiopsis sykesii]} 41 CLADE NEOGASTROPODA SUPERFAMILY BUCCINOIDEA FAMILY BUCCINIDAE Babylonia lutosa (Lamarck, 1822) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Cantharus cecillei (Philippi, 1844) † Cantharus fumosus (Dilwyn, 1817) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Pollia proteus]; Goh et al., 1999; Tan & Chou, 2000} Cantharus melanostomus (Sowerby, 1825) † Cantharus spiralis Gray, 1839 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Cantharus undosus (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Pollia undosa]} Engina alveolata (Kiener, 1836) † Engina armillata (Reeve, 1846) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Engina armilleta]; Tan & Chou, 2000} Engina menkeana (Dunker, 1860) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Hindsia nivea (A. Adams, 1851) {Way & Purchon, 1981} Macron rapulum (Reeve, 1846) † Nassaria acuminata (Reeve, 1844) {Chou et al., 1994b [Nassaria suturalis]} Nassaria pusilla (Röding, 1798) {Chou et al., 1994b [Fassaria nivea]} Phos roseatus (Hinds, 1844) † Phos senticosus (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981} Pisania ignea (Gmelin, 1791) {Way & Purchon, 1981} Pseudoneptunea varicosa (Gmelin, 1791) † FAMILY COLUMBELLIDAE Anachis melitoma (Melvill & Standen, 1901) {Chuang, 1973 [Pyrene melitoma]; Chou et al., 1994b [Pyrene melitoma]} Euplica scripta (Lamarck, 1822) {Tweedie, 1967 [Columbella versicolor]; Chuang, 1973 [Pyrene versicolor]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Pyrene scripta]; Chou et al., 1994b [Pyrene versicolor]} Mitrella brookei (Reeve, 1859) † Mitrella moleculina (Duclos, 1840) {Wong, 2008b} Parametaria epamella (Duclos, 1846) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Parametaria philippinarum (Reeve, 1843) {Way & Purchon, 1981 [Pyrene philippinarum]} Pardalina testudinaria (Link, 1807) {Chuang, 1973 [Pyrene pardalina]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Pyrene testudinaria]; Chou et al., 1994b [Pyrene pardalina]} 42 Pictocolumbella ocellata (Link, 1807) {Tweedie, 1967 [Columbella fulgurans]; Chuang, 1973 [Pyrene fulgurans]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Pyrene ocellata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Pyrene fulgurans]; Lim et al., 1994 [Pyrene]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2007; Ng, 2009} Pseudanachis basedowi (Hedley, 1918) {Ng & Sivasothi, 1999 [Columbella duclosiana]} Pyrene flava (Bruguière, 1789) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Pyrene punctata (Bruguière, 1789) † Zafra atrata (Gould, 1860) {Chuang, 1973 [Pyrene atrata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Pyrene atrata]} Zafra minuscula (Gould, 1860) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Zafra sulcosa (Sowerby, 1832) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} FAMILY FASCIOLARIIDAE Fusinus colus (Linnaeus, 1758) † FAMILY NASSARIIDAE Cyllene pulchella A. Adams & Reeve, 1850 † Hebra subspinosa (Lamarck, 1822) {Way & Purchon, 1981 [Nassarius subspinosus]; Cernohorsky, 1984; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Nassarius arcularia (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Nassarius arcularius]; Chou et al., 1994b} Nassarius bimaculosus (A. Adams, 1852) {Cernohorsky, 1984} Nassarius castus (Gould, 1850) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Nassarius coronatus (Bruguière, 1789) {Cernohorsky, 1984} Nassarius comptus (A. Adams, 1852) {Cernohorsky, 1984} Nassarius concinnus (Powys, 1835) {Chuang, 1973 [Nassarius concinna]} Nassarius crematus (Hinds, 1844) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Nassarius (Zeuxis) crematus]} Nassarius crenoliratus (A. Adams, 1852) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Nassarius (Niotha) crenoliratus]} Nassarius echinatus (A. Adams, 1852) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Nassarius exulatus (Smith, 1911) † Nassarius festivus (Powys, 1835) {Cernohorsky, 1984; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Nassarius (Niotha) festivus]} Nassarius foveolatus (Dunker, 1847) {Cernohorsky, 1984} Nassarius glans (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Nassarius suturalis]} Nassarius globosus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) {Cernohorsky, 1984} Nassarius harpularia (Marrat, 1877) {Ng et al., 2008} 43 Nassarius hepaticus Pulteney, 1799 {Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Nassarius himeroessa (Mevill & Standen, 1903) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Nassarius (Niotha) himeroessa]} Nassarius jacksonianus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Ng et al., 2008; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Nassarius (Niotha) jacksonianus]} Nassarius javanus (Schepman, 1891) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Nassarius (Telasco) javanus]} Nassarius leptospirus (A. Adams, 1852) † Nassarius limnaeiformis (Dunker, 1847) {Cernohorsky, 1984} Nassarius livescens (Philippi, 1849) {Chuang, 1973 [Nassarius sordidus]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988 ; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2007; Ng et al., 2008; Ng, 2009; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Nassarius (Niotha) livescens]; Project Semakau} Nassarius luridus (Gould, 1850) {Chou et al., 1994b} Nassarius margaritifer (Dunker, 1847) {Cernohorsky, 1984; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Nassarius (Zeuxis) margaritifer]} Nassarius mitralis (A. Adams, 1852) {Chou et al., 1994b; Ng et al., 2008} Nassarius nodifer (Powys, 1835) {Cernohorsky, 1984; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Nassarius (Niotha) nodiferus]} Nassarius olivaceus (Bruguière, 1789) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008; Ng, 2009} Nassarius pauperus (Gould, 1850) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Nassarius praematuratus Kuroda & Habe, 1852 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Nassarius pullus (Linnaeus, 1758) {Tweedie, 1967 [Nassarius thersites]; Chuang, 1973 [Nassarius thersites]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Nassarius thersites]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng, 2009} Nassarius quadrasi (Hidalgo, 1904) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Nassarius (Niotha) quadrasi]} Nassarius sinusigerus (A. Adams, 1852) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Nassarius (Niotha) sinusigerus]} Nassarius siquijorensis (A. Adams, 1852) {Tweedie, 1967 [Nassarius crenulatus]} Nassarius stolatus (Gmelin, 1791) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Nassarius succinctus (A. Adams, 1852) {Chou et al., 1994b} Nassarius teretiusculus (A. Adams, 1851) {Cernohorsky, 1984} FAMILY MELONGENIDAE Hemifusus elongatus (Lamarck, 1822) {Chan, 2009} Hemifusus ternatanus (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973 [Hemifusus ternatana]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Chan, 2009 [Hemifusus cariniferus; Melongena ternatanus; Pugilina ternatana]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Volema (Hemifusus) ternatanus]} Pugilina cochlidium (Linnaeus, 1758) {Lim, 1963 [Melongena pugilina; Melangena pugilina]; Tweedie, 1967 [Semifusus pugilina]; Chuang, 1973 [Melongena pugilina; Pugilina wardiana]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Melongena pugilina]; Tan & Ng, 1988 [Melongena pugilina]; Chou et al., 1994b [Melingena pugilina]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Chan, 44 2009 [Melongena pugilina; Pugilina wardiana; Semifusus pugilina; Volema cochlidium]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Melongena pugilina]; Project Semakau} Volema myristica (Röding, 1798) {Chuang, 1973 [Melongena galeodes]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Melongena galeodes]; Chan, 2009 [Melongena myristica; Volema galeodes; Volema paradisiaca]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} SUPERFAMILY MURICOIDEA FAMILY MURICIDAE Aspella anceps (Lamarck, 1822) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Chicoreus axicornis (Lamarck, 1822) {Chuang, 1973 [Murex axicornis]} Chicoreus banksii (Sowerby, 1841) † Chicoreus brunneus (Link, 1807) {Tweedie, 1967 [Murex adustus]; Chuang, 1973 [Chicoreus adustus; Murex adustus; Murex brunneus]; Tan & Ng, 1988 [Chicoreus adustus]; Lim et al., 1994 [Chicoreus]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Chicoreus torrefactus]} Chicoreus capucinus (Lamarck, 1822) {Lim, 1963 [Drupa musiva]; Chuang, 1973 [Murex capucinus]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Naquetia capucina]; Tan & Ng, 1988; Chou et al., 1994b [Murex capucinus]; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2008; Ng, 2009 [Chicocerus capucinus]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Naquetia capucina]} Chicoreus ramosus (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Murex ramosus]; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Chou & Tan, 2008} Chicoreus torrefactus (Sowerby, 1841) {Chuang, 1973 [Murex torrefactus]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Murex torrefactus]} Coralliophila rubrococcinea Melvill & Standen, 1901 {Wong, 2008c} Cronia margariticola (Broderip, 1833) {Chuang, 1973 [Drupa margariticola]; Chou et al., 1994b [Drupa margariticola]; Lim et al., 1994 [Cronia margoritirola]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Morula margariticola]} Drupella concatenata (Lamarck, 1822) {Tan & Chou, 2000} Ergalatax contracta (Reeve, 1846) {Chuang, 1973 [Drupa contracta]; Chou et al., 1994b [Drupa contracta]; Goh et al., 1999 [Morula (Cronia) contracta]} Favartia cirrosa (Hinds, 1844) {Chuang, 1973 [Murex cirrosus]; Chou et al., 1994b [Murex cirrosus]} Favartia peasei (Tryon, 1880) {Chou et al., 1994b} Favartia sykesi (Preston, 1904) {Chuang, 1973 [Murex sykesi]; Chou et al., 1994b [Murex sykesi]} Lataxiena blosvillei (Deshayes, 1832) † Lataxiena fimbriata (Hinds, 1844) {Chuang, 1973 [Murex luculentus]; Chou et al., 1994b [Murex luculentus]} Mancinella echinata (Blainville, 1832) {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Mancinella echinulata (Lamarck, 1822) {Chuang, 1973 [Thais echinulata]} Mipus gyratus (Hinds, 1844) † Morula andrewsi (Smith, 1909) {Chuang, 1973 [Drupa andrewsi]} 45 Morula spinosa (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853) {Chuang, 1973 [Drupa ambusta]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Habromorula spinosa]} Morula musiva (Kiener, 1835) {Chuang, 1973 [Drupa musiva]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Drupa musiva]; Tan & Chou, 2000} Morula subnodulosa Melvill, 1893 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Muricodrupa fiscella (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973 [Drupa fiscella]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Moricodrupa funiculus]} Muricodrupa stellaris (Hombron & Jaquinot, 1853) † Murex ternispina Lamarck, 1822 {Chuang, 1973 [Murex nigrispinosus]} Murex trapa Röding, 1798 {Lim, 1963 [Murex martineanus]; Chuang, 1973 [Murex martineanus]; Tan & Ng, 1988 [Murex martineanus]; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b [Murex martineanus]; Tan & Chou, 2000; Chou & Tan, 2008} Murex troscheli Lischke, 1868 {Chuang, 1973} Orania ficula (Reeve, 1848) {Chuang, 1973 [Ocenebra zerotina]} Phyllocoma species † Phyllonotus lacinatus Sowerby, 1841 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Pterynotus alatus (Röding, 1798) † Purpura bufo (Lamarck, 1822) † Rapana rapiformis (Born, 1778) † Semiricinula fusca (Küster, 1862) {Chuang, 1973 [Morulina fusca]; Tan & Chou, 2000} Semiricinula muricoides (Blainville, 1832) {Tan & Chou, 2000 [Thais muricoides]} Thais bitubercularis (Lamarck, 1822) {Chuang, 1973; Tan & Ng, 1988 [Thais echinulata]; Tan & Sigurdsson, 1990; Chou et al., 1994b; Lim et al., 1994; Tan & Sigurdsson, 1990 [Thais kieneri; Thais undata]; Tan & Sigurdsson, 1996a; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2007} Thais clavigera (Küster, 1860) {Tan & Sigurdsson, 1990; Tan & Sigurdsson, 1996a; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Thais gradata (Jonas, 1846) {Lim, 1963 [Thais tissoti]; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Ng et al., 2008} Thais javanica (Philippi, 1848) {Tan & Sigurdsson, 1996b} Thais jubilaea Tan & Sigurdsson, 1990 {Tan & Sigurdsson, 1990; Tan & Chou, 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Thais lacera (Born, 1778) {Chuang, 1973 [Thais carinifera]; Tan & Ng, 1988 [Thais carinifera]; Chou et al., 1994b [Thais carinifera]} Thais malayensis Tan & Sigurdsson, 1996 {Tan & Sigurdsson, 1996b; Ng et al., 2008} Thais rufotincta Tan & Sigurdsson, 1996 {Chuang, 1973 [Thais tissoti]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Thais tissoti]; Chou et al., 1994b [Thais tissoti]; Tan & Sigurdsson, 1996a; Tan & Chou, 2000} Thais sacellum (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973 [Thais rugosa]; Chou et al., 1994b [Thais rugosa]} Vitularia miliaris (Gmelin, 1791) {Chou et al., 1994b [Vitularia crenifera]} 46 FAMILY COSTELLARIIDAE Vexillum balteolatum (Reeve, 1844) {Chuang, 1973 [Mitra balteolatum]} Vexillum coccineum (Reeve, 1844) {Chuang, 1973 [Vexillum ornatum coccineum]} Vexillum costellarum (Lamarck, 1811) {Way & Purchon, 1981} Vexillum curviliratum (Sowerby, 1874) † Vexillum echinatum (A. Adams, 1853) † Vexillum gruneri (Reeve, 1844) † Vexillum ligatum (A. Adams, 1853) {Chuang, 1973 [Mitra ligata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Mitra ligata]} Vexillum vulpeculum (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chou et al., 1994b [Mitra melongena]} Vexillum subdivisum (Gmelin, 1791) {Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Vexillum (Vexillum) subdivisum]} Vexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811) {Chuang, 1973} FAMILY HARPIDAE Harpa major Röding, 1798 {Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Chou & Tan, 2008} FAMILY MARGINELLIDAE Cryptospira glauca (Jousseaume 1875) {Lipe, 1991; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Cryptospira strigata (Dillwyn, 1817) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Cryptospira tricincta Hinds, 1844 {Abbott & Dance, 1982 [Marginella tricincta]} Cryptospira ventricosa (Fischer, 1807) {Chuang, 1973 [Marginella ventricosa]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Marginella ventricosa]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} FAMILY MITRIDAE Cancilla filiaris (Linnaeus, 1771) {Chuang, 1973 [Mitra (Tiara) filiaris} Cancilla granatina (Lamarck, 1811) † Mitra ambigua Swainson, 1829 {Chuang, 1973 [Chrysame ambigua]} Mitra fraga Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 {Chuang, 1973 [Mitra peregra]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Mitra peregra]} Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chou et al., 1994b} Mitra proscissa Reeve, 1844 {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b [Mitra prosaissa]} Mitra puncticulata Lamarck, 1811 {Chuang, 1973 [Mitra (Nebularia) puncticulata]} Mitra rosacea Reeve, 1845 † 47 Mitra scutulata (Gmelin, 1791) {Way & Purchon, 1981} Mitra stictica (Link, 1807) {Way & Purchon, 1981} Neocancilla circula (Kiener, 1838) {Chuang, 1973 [Mitra circula]} Pterygia dactylus (Linnaeus, 1767) {Way & Purchon, 1981} Pterygia undulosa (Reeve, 1844) {Chuang, 1973 [Mitra undulosa]} Subcancilla interlirata (Reeve, 1844) † Ziba insculpta (A. Adams, 1853) † FAMILY VOLUTIDAE Cymbiola nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786) {Tweedie, 1967 [Aulica scapha]; Chuang, 1973 [Volutocorona nobilis]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Abbott & Dance, 1982; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b [Voluta scapha]; Lim et al., 1994 [Voluta nobilis]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Voluta nobilis]; Lee, 2003; Ng et al., 2007 [Voluta nobilis]; Wang & Jaafar, 2007a; Chou & Tan, 2008; Ng, 2009; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010; Project Semakau} Melo broderipii (Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834) {Tan & Chan, 2008} Melo melo (Lightfoot, 1786) {Tweedie, 1967 [Cymbium melo]; Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Ng, 1988 [Cymbium melo]; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000; Ng et al., 2007; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} SUPERFAMILY OLIVOIDEA FAMILY OLIVIDAE Oliva irisans Lamarck, 1811 {Chuang, 1973} Oliva lignaria Marrat, 1868 {Chuang, 1973 [Oliva episcopalis]} Oliva miniacea Röding, 1798 {Chou et al., 1994a [Oliva sericea]; Chou et al., 1994b [Oliva sericea]; Chou & Tan, 2008 [Oliva sericea]} Oliva mustelina Lamarck, 1811 {Chuang, 1973} Oliva oliva (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Oliva ispidula] Oliva reticulata Röding, 1798 {Chuang, 1973 [Oliva sanguinolenta]} Oliva sidelia Duclos, 1835 † Oliva tigridella Duclos, 1835 † Olivella plana (Marrat, 1871) † SUPERFAMILY CONOIDEA FAMILY CONIDAE Conus achatinus Gmelin, 1791 {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} 48 Conus aulicus Linnaeus, 1758 {Tan & Chou, 2000} Conus capitaneus Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Conus caracteristicus Fischer von Waldheim, 1807 {Chou et al., 1994b [Conus characteristicus]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Conus consors Sowerby, 1833 {Chuang, 1973; Tan & Ng, 1988; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Chou & Tan, 2008} Conus coronatus Gmelin, 1791 {Chuang, 1973} Conus generalis Linnaeus, 1767 {Chou et al., 1994b} Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758 {Tan & Ng, 1988; Tan & Chou, 2000} Conus glans Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 {Chou et al., 1994b} Conus gubernator Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 {Chou et al., 1994b} Conus hyaena Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Conus magus Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981} Conus marmoreus Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Conus mustelinus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 {Chou et al., 1994b} Conus planorbis Born, 1778 {Chou et al., 1994b} Conus recluzianus Bernardi, 1853 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758 {Ng et al., 2007} Conus sulcatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 {Way & Purchon, 1981} Conus tessulatus Born, 1778 {Chou et al., 1994b} Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758 {Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Yeo & Wang, 2008; Chou & Tan, 2008} Conus virgo Linnaeus, 1758 {Chou et al., 1994b} Conus zeylandicus Gmelin, 1791 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Gymnobela fulvocincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) {Chou et al., 1994b [Cythara fulvocinata]} FAMILY TEREBRIDAE Duplicaria duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Terebra duplicata]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Terebra duplicata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Terebra duplicata]} Hastula anomala (Gray, 1834) {Bratcher & Cernohorsky, 1987} Hastula bacillus (Deshayes, 1859) {Bratcher & Cernohorsky, 1987} Terebra anilis (Röding, 1798) † Terebra commaculata (Gmelin, 1791) † 49 FAMILY TURRIDAE Brachytoma tuberosa (Smith, 1875) {Chuang, 1973} Epidirona multiseriata (Smith, 1877) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Eucithara celebensis (Hinds, 1843) † Gemmula cosmoi (Sykes, 1930) {Chuang, 1973} Gemmula deshayesii (Doumet, 1839) † Inquisitor intertincta (Smith, 1877) † Inquisitor kurodai (Habe & Kosuge, 1966) † Lienardia rubida (Hinds, 1844) † Lophiotoma acuta (Perry, 1811) {Chuang, 1973 [Turris acuta]; Way & Purchon, 1981; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Lophiotoma leucotropis (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) {Chuang, 1973 [Turris leucotropis]} Lophioturris polytropa (Helbling, 1779) {Chuang, 1973 [Turris polytropa]} Pseudodaphnella granicostata (Reeve, 1846) {Chou et al., 1994b [Hemilienardia granicostata]} Ptychobela suturalis (Gray, 1838) {Way & Purchon, 1981 [Inquisitor suturalis]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Thelycytharella vitrea (Reeve, 1845) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Turricula javana (Linnaeus, 1767) † SUPERFAMILY CANCELLARIOIDEA FAMILY CANCELLARIIDAE Cancellaria asperella Lamarck, 1822 † Cancellaria elegans Sowerby, 1822 {Chuang, 1973 [Aphera reeveana]} Fusiaphera macrospira (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) † Scalptia verreauxii (Kiener, 1841) † Trigonostoma antiquata (Hinds, 1843) † Trigonostoma bicolor (Hinds, 1843) {Chuang, 1973 [Trigonaphera bicolor]} Trigonostoma lamellosa (Hinds, 1843) † Trigonostoma scalariformis (Lamarck, 1822) {Chuang, 1973 [Trigonaphera bocageana]} Trigonostoma scalarina (Lamarck, 1822) † 50 CLADE HETEROBRANCHIA SUPERFAMILY ACTEONOIDEA FAMILY ACTEONIDAE Acteon kirai Habe, 1949 † Pupa nitidula (Lamarck, 1822) {Pilsbry, 1893 [Solidula nitidula]} Pupa solidula (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Pupa sulcata (Gmelin, 1791) {Pilsbry, 1893 [Solidula sulcata]} FAMILY HYDATINIDAE Hydatina albocincta (van der Hoeven, 1839) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Hydatina albocinata]} Hydatina zonata (Solander in Lightfoot, 1786) {Chuang, 1973 [Hydatina velum]; Chou et al., 1994b [Hydatina velum]} SUPERFAMILY ARCHITECTONICOIDEA FAMILY ARCHITECTONICIDAE Architectonica perdix (Hinds, 1844) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Architectonica perspectiva (Linnaeus, 1758) {Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Chou & Tan, 2008} Heliacus caelatus (Hinds, 1844) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Heliacus (Torinista) caelatus]} Heliacus costatus (Schepman, 1909) {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Heliacus (Torinista) costatus]} Heliacus stramineus (Gmelin, 1791) † SUPERFAMILY PYRAMIDELLOIDEA FAMILY PYRAMIDELLIDAE Odostomia antelia Melvill, 1896 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Odostomia cincta de Folin & Perier, 1879 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Otopleura auriscati (Dillwyn, 1817) {Chuang, 1973 [Pyramidella auris-catae]; Chou et al., 1994b [Pyramidella auriscatae]} Pyramidella dolabrata (Linnaeus, 1758) † Pyramidella ventricosa Guerin, 1831 {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b} Syrnola eminuta de Folin & Perier, 1879 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Syrnola (Stylopsis) eminuta]} 51 Tropaeas subulata (A. Adams, 1855) {Chuang, 1973 [Tropeas subulata]; Chou et al., 1994b} Turbonilla archeri Dall & Bartsch, 1904 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Turbonilla laminedentata de Folin & Perier, 1879 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Turbonilla martensi Clessin, 1901 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010 [Turbonilla (Dunkeria) martensi]} FAMILY AMATHINIDAE Amathina tricarinata (Linnaeus, 1767) † SUPERFAMILY RINGICULOIDEA FAMILY RINGICULIDAE Ringicula acuta Philippi, 1849 {Pilsbry, 1893} Ringicula folini Morelet, 1878 {Pilsbry, 1893} Ringicula grandinosa Hinds, 1844 {Chuang, 1973} Ringicula propinquans Hinds, 1844 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} CLADE CEPHALASPIDEA SUPERFAMILY BULLOIDEA FAMILY BULLIDAE Bulla ampulla Linnaeus, 1758 {Chuang, 1973} SUPERFAMILY HAMINOEOIDEA FAMILY HAMINOEIDAE Atys cylindrica (Helbling, 1779) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Atys cylindricus]} Atys naucum (Linnaeus, 1758) {Pilsbry, 1893; Chuang, 1973} Atys tortuosa Reeve, 1878 {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b} Haminoea galba Pease, 1861 {Chou et al., 1994b [Haminea galba]} Haminoea tenera (A. Adams, 1850) {Chuang, 1973 [Haminea tenera]; Chou et al., 1994b [Haminea tenera]} 52 SUPERFAMILY PHILINOIDEA FAMILY PHILINIDAE Philine orientalis A. Adams, 1854 † FAMILY AGLAJIDAE Chelidonura pallida Risbec, 1951 {Ng, 2009} Philinopsis cf. pilsbryi (Eliot, 1900) † Philinopsis reticulata (Eliot, 1903) † FAMILY CYLICHNIDAE Acteocina capitata (Pilsbry, 1893) {Pilsbry, 1893 [Tornatina capitata]; Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b [Acteocina capitate]} Acteocina singaporensis (Pilsbry, 1893) {Pilsbry, 1893 [Tornatina singaporensis]} Cylichna bizona A. Adams, 1850 {Pilsbry, 1893; Chou et al., 1994b [Cyclichna bizona]} Cylichna cylindracea (Pennant, 1777) {Chou et al., 1994b [Cyclichna cylindracea]} FAMILY RETUSIDAE Pyrunculus species † Retusa pellyi (Smith, 1872) {Chuang, 1973 [Pyrunculus pellyi]; Chou et al., 1994b} Volvulella acuminata (Bruguière, 1792) {Chuang, 1973 [Volvula acuminata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Volvula acuminata]} CLADE THECOSOMATA SUPERFAMILY CAVOLINIOIDEA FAMILY CAVOLINIIDAE Cavolinia longirostris (Blainville, 1821) {Chou et al., 1994b} 53 CLADE APLYSIOMORPHA SUPERFAMILY APLYSIOIDEA FAMILY APLYSIIDAE Aplysia cornigera Sowerby, 1869 {Way & Purchon, 1981} Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 {Chou et al., 1994b [Aplysis dactylomela]} Aplysia extraordinaria (Allan, 1932) † Aplysia kurodai Baba, 1937 {Way & Purchon, 1981} Bursatella leachii de Blainville, 1817 {Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng et al., 2007 [Bursatella sp.]} Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786) {Chou et al., 1994b [Dolabella auricula]} Placobranchus virgatus Bergh, 1888 {Chou et al., 1994b} Stylocheilus species † Syphonota geographica (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) {Ng et al., 2007} CLADE SACOGLOSSA SUPERFAMILY ELYSIOIDEA FAMILY ELYSIIDAE Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1858 {Chou et al., 1994b} Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1840) {Lee, 2003; Jensen, 2009} Elysia cf. verrucosa Jensen, 1985 {Jensen, 2009} Elysiella pusilla Bergh, 1872 {Jensen, 2009} Thuridilla gracilis (Risbec, 1928) {Yeo & Wang, 2008 [Thuridilla bayeri]} Thuridilla ratna (Marcus, 1965) {Jensen, 2009} SUPERFAMILY OXYNOOIDEA FAMILY VOLVATELLIDAE Volvatella vigourouxi (Montrouzier in Souverbie, 1861) {Jensen, 2009} Volvatella species {Jensen, 2009} 54 SUPERFAMILY LIMAPONTIOIDEA FAMILY LIMAPONTIIDAE Costasiella kuroshimae Ichikawa, 1993 {Jensen, 2009} Costasiella paweli Ichikawa, 1993 {Jensen, 2009} Costasiella usagi Ichikawa, 1993 {Jensen, 2009} Placida daguilarensis Jensen, 1990 {Jensen, 2009} Placida dendritica (Alder & Hancock, 1843) † Stiliger smaragdinus Baba, 1949 {Jensen, 2009} FAMILY CALLIPHYLIDAE Lobifera species {Chou et al., 1994b} Polybranchia orientalis (Kelaart, 1858) † CLADE NUDIPLEURA SUPERFAMILY PLEUROBRANCHOIDEA FAMILY PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Pleurobranchus forskalii (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828) † CLADE EUCTENIDIACEA SUPERFAMILY DORIDOIDEA FAMILY DORIDIDAE Actinocyclus japonica (Eliot, 1913) {Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Actinocyclus cf. papillatus (Bergh, 1878) † Actinocyclus verrucosus Ehrenberg, 1831 {Chou et al., 1994b [Actinocyclus japonicus]} Asteronotus cespitosus (van Hasselt, 1824) {Ng, 2009} Atagema intecta (Kelaart, 1858) {Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Atagema spongiosa (Kelaart, 1858) † Hoplodoris nodulosa (Angas, 1864) † 55 Jorunna funebris Kelaart, 1858 {Tan & Ng, 1988; Lim et al., 1994; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Lee, 2003; Ng et al., 2007; Wang & Jaafar, 2007a; Yeo & Wang, 2008; Ng, 2009 [Jorruna funebris]; Project Semakau} Platydoris flammulata Bergh, 1905 {Chou et al., 1994b; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Platydoris scabra (Cuvier, 1804) {Chou et al., 1994b [Platydoris sibogae]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Rostanga bifurcata Rudman, 1989 {Chou et al., 1994b [Rostanga arbutus]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Rostanga species {Chou et al., 1994b} Sebadoris nubilosa (Pease, 1871) {Project Semakau} FAMILY CHROMODORIDIDAE Cadlinella ornatissima Risbec, 1928 {Chou et al., 1994b; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Ceratosoma gracillimum Bergh, 1876 {Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Lee, 2003; Ng, 2009} Ceratosoma sinuatum (van Hasselt, 1824) {Ng et al., 2007; Wang & Jaafar, 2007a; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Ceratosoma trilobatum (Gray, 1827) {Chou et al., 1994b [Ceratosoma cornigerum]; Ng, 2009} Chromodoris coi (Risbec, 1956) † Chromodoris elisabethina Bergh, 1877 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Chromodoris fidelis (Kelaart, 1858) {Chou et al., 1994b [Glossodoris fidelis]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Ng, 2009} Chromodoris lineolata Hasselt, 1824 {Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Ng et al, 2007; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Chromodoris orientalis Rudman, 1983 † Chromodoris quadricolor (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828) {Chou et al., 1994b [Glossodoris quadricolor]} Chromodoris sinensis Rudman, 1985 {Chou et al., 1994b [Glossodoris marginata]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Chromodoris striatella Bergh, 1877 {Chou et al., 1994b [Glossodoris lineolata]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Chromodoris tumulifera Collingwood, 1881 {Chou et al., 1994b [Glossodoris pallescens]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Glossodoris atromarginata (Cuvier, 1804) {Chou et al., 1994b [Casella atromarginata]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Lee, 2003; Ng et al., 2007; Wang & Jaafar, 2007a; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Glossodoris cincta (Bergh, 1888) † Glossodoris misakinosibogae Baba, 1988 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Glossodoris pallida (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828) † Glossodoris rufomarginata (Bergh, 1890) † Hypselodoris bullockii Collingwood, 1881 {Chou et al., 1994b [Glossodoris sibogae]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Ng, 2009} Hypselodoris emma Rudman, 1977 † Hypselodoris infucata (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1830) † 56 Hypselodoris kanga Rudman, 1977 {Ng et al., 2007} Hypselodoris placida (Baba, 1949) {Chou et al., 1994b [Glossodoris placida]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Mexichromis multituberculata (Baba, 1953) † Pectenodoris trilineata (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) {Chou et al., 1994b [Glossodoris virgata]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} FAMILY DISCODORIDIDAE Discodoris boholiensis Bergh, 1877 {Chou et al., 1994b; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Ng et al., 2007; Wang & Jaafar, 2007a; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Discodoris fragilis (Alder & Hancock, 1864) {Chou et al., 1994b [Discodoris concinna]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) † Discodoris cf. palma Allan, 1933 {Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Doriopsis granulosa Pease, 1860 {Chou et al., 1994b [Ctenodoris aurantiaca]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Thordisa villosa (Alder & Hancock, 1864) † SUPERFAMILY PHYLLIDIOIDEA FAMILY PHYLLIDIIDAE Phyllidia elegans Bergh, 1869 {Chou et al., 1994b; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Ng, 2009} Phyllidia ocellata Cuvier, 1804 {Chou et al., 1994b [Phyllidia aponica}; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Lee, 2003; Yeo & Wang, 2008; Ng, 2009} Phyllidia varicosa Lamarck, 1801 {Chou et al., 1994b; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Ng, 2009} Phyllidiella nigra (Hasselt, 1824) {Chou et al., 1994b [Phyllidia sereni]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Phyllidiella pustulosa (Cuvier, 1804) {Chou et al., 1994b [Phyllidiella rotunda]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Lee, 2003; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Phyllidiopsis loricata (Bergh, 1873) {Chou et al., 1994b [Phyllidia loricata]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} FAMILY DENDRODORIDIDAE Dendrodoris denisoni (Angas, 1864) {Chou et al., 1994b [Dendrodoris gemmacea]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Ng et al., 2007; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Dendrodoris elongata Baba, 1936 {Chou et al., 1994b [Dendrodoris albobrunnea]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Dendrodoris fumata (Rüppell & Leukart, 1831) {Chou et al., 1994b [Dendrodoris erubescens]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Dendrodoris kranjiensis Lim & Chou, 1970 {Chou et al., 1994b; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} 57 Dendrodoris singaporensis Lim & Chou, 1970 {Chou et al., 1994b; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Dendrodoris rubra (Kelaart, 1858) {Chou et al., 1994b} Dendrodoris tuberculosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) {Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} SUPERFAMILY ONCHIDORIDOIDEA FAMILY GONIODORIDIDAE Goniodoridella savignyi Pruvot-Fol, 1933 † Okenia purpurata Rudman, 2004 † Murphydoris singaporensis Sigurdsson, 1991 {Sigurdsson, 1991; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} SUPERFAMILY POLYCEROIDEA FAMILY POLYCERIDAE Kalinga ornata Alder & Hancock, 1864 † Plocamopherus ceylonicus (Kelaart, 1858) † Tambja species {Ng, 2009} Thecacera species † FAMILY GYMNODORIDIDAE Gymnodoris alba Bergh, 1877 {Chou et al., 1994b; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Ng, 2009} Gymnodoris ceylonica (Kelaart, 1858) {Chou et al., 1994b; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Gymnodoris citrina Bergh, 1877 {Chou et al., 1994b [Gymnodoris citina]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Gymnodoris inornata Bergh, 1880 † Gymnodoris rubropapulosa Bergh, 1905 {Chou et al., 1994b; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Lee, 2003; Ng et al., 2007; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} CLADE CLADOBRANCHIA FAMILY DOTIDAE Doto species 1 † Doto species 2 † 58 FAMILY PROCTONOTIDAE Janolus species † SUPERFAMILY ARMINOIDEA FAMILY ARMINIDAE Armina babai (Tchang, 1934) † Armina carneola Lim & Chou, 1970 {Chou et al., 1994b [Arminia carneola]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Armina semperi (Bergh, 1861) {Ng et al., 2007} Dermatobranchus albus (Eliot, 1904) † Dermatobranchus ornatus (Bergh, 1874) {Chou et al., 1994b; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Dermatobranchus species † SUPERFAMILY TRITONIOIDEA FAMILY TRITONIIDAE Tritonia bollandi Smith & Gosliner, 2003 † Tritonia species {Goh et al., 1999} FAMILY BORNELLIDAE Bornella anguilla Johnson, 1984 {Ng, 2009} Bornella stellifer (A. Adams & Reeve in A. Adams, 1848) {Chou et al., 1994b [Bornella digitata]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Ng et al., 2007; Project Semakau} Bornella species † FAMILY LOMANOTIDAE Lomanotus vermiformis Eliot, 1908 † FAMILY SCYLLAEIDAE Crosslandia daedali Poorman & Mulliner, 1981 † Notobryon species † 59 FAMILY TETHYDIDAE Melibe pilosa Pease, 1860 {Chou et al., 1994 [Melibe vexillifera]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Melibe viridis Kelaart, 1858 † SUPERFAMILY FLABELLINOIDEA FAMILY FLABELLINIDAE Flabellina rubrolineata (O'Donoghue, 1929) † SUPERFAMILY FIONOIDEA FAMILY TERGIPEDIDAE Cuthona sibogae (Bergh, 1905) {Lee, 2003; Ng et al., 2007; Ng, 2009} Phestilla melanobrachia Bergh, 1874 {Chou et al., 1994b; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000} Subcuthona species {Chou et al., 1994b} SUPERFAMILY AEOLIDIOIDEA FAMILY AEOLIDIIDAE Cerberilla asamusiensis Baba, 1940 † FAMILY FACELINIDAE Cratena lineata (Eliot, 1905) † Cratena species † Favorinus mirabilis Baba, 1955 † Phidiana militaris (Alder & Hancock, 1864) † Phyllodesmium briareum (Bergh, 1896) {Ng, 2009} Phyllodesmium magnum Rudman, 1991 † Pteraeolidia ianthina (Angas, 1864) {Chou et al., 1994 [Pteraeolidia semperi]; Sachidhanandam et al., 2000; Lee, 2003; Ng et al., 2007; Yeo & Wang, 2008; Ng, 2009} Sakuraeolis nungunoides Rudman, 1980 † FAMILY GLAUCIDAE Glaucus species {Chou et al., 1994b} 60 CLADE BASOMMATOPHORA SUPERFAMILY AMPHIBOLOIDEA FAMILY AMPHIBOLIDAE Salinator burmana (Blandford, 1867) {Maasen, 2001 [Salinator fragilis]} SUPERFAMILY SIPHONARIOIDEA FAMILY SIPHONARIIDAE Siphonaria atra Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 {Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000} Siphonaria guamensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 {Tan & Chou, 2000; Goh et al., 2002; Ng, 2009; Project Semakau} Siphonaria javanica (Lamarck, 1819) {Chuang, 1973 [Siphonaria exigua]; Way & Purchon, 1981 [Siphonaria laciniosa var. exigua]; Chou et al., 1994b [Siphonaria exigua]; Tan & Chou, 2000} Siphonaria laciniosa (Linnaeus, 1758) {Chuang, 1973 [Siphonaria sipho]; Chou et al., 1994b [Siphonaria sipho]; The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} Williamia tomlini Robson, 1913 {The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1998–2010} SUPERFAMILY LYMNAEOIDEA FAMILY LYMNAEIDAE Lymnaea auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758) {Ng, 1991 [Lymnaea rubiginosa]; Chou et al., 1994b [Lymnaea doveri]; Maasen, 2001 [Lymnaea auricularia rubiginosa]; Clements et al., 2006 [Lymnaea rubiginosa]} Lymnaea viridis Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 {Clements et al., 2006} SUPERFAMILY PLANORBOIDEA FAMILY ANCYLIDAE Gundlachia species {Chan, 1996d [Ferrissia javana]; Maasen, 2001 [Laevaplex javana]; Clements et al., 2006} FAMILY PLANORBIDAE Amerianna carinata (H. Adams, 1861) {Clements et al., 2006} Gyraulus bakeri Brandt, 1974 † Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton, 1849) {Ng, 1991; Clements et al., 2006} Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1834) {Ng, 1991; Chou et al., 1994b; Maasen, 2001; Clements et al., 2006} 61 Physastra sumatrana (von Martens, 1897) {Clements et al., 2006} Segmentina species † FAMILY PHYSIDAE Stenophysa spathidophallus Taylor, 2003 {Taylor, 2003} CLADE EUPULMONATA SUPERFAMILY ELLOBIOIDEA FAMILY ELLOBIIDAE Auriculastra brachyspira (Möllendorff, 1895) {Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Auriculastra duplicata (Pfeiffer, 1854) {Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Auriculastra oparica (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854) {Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Auriculastra semiplicata (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854) {Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Auriculastra siamensis (Brandt, 1974) {Maasen, 2001 [Cylindrotis siamensis]; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Auriculastra subula (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) {Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Blauneria quadrasi Möllendorff in Quadras & Möllendorff, 1895 {Chuang, 1973 [Cassidulina quadrasi]; Chou et al., 1994b [Cassidula quadrasi]; Maasen, 2001 [Cylindrotis quadrasi]; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Cassidula aurisfelis (Bruguière, 1792) {Lim, 1963 [Cassidula sp.]; Chuang, 1973 [Cassidulina aurisfelis]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Chou, 2000; Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007; Ng et al., 2008} Cassidula doliolum (Petit de la Saussaye, 1843) {Chuang, 1973 [Cassidulina doliolum]} Cassidula nucleus (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973 [Cassidulina mustelina]; Chou et al., 1994b [Cassidula mustelina]; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Cassidula mustelina]; Maasen, 2001 [Cassidula mustelina]; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007; Ng et al., 2008; Ng, 2009 [Cassidula mustelina]} Cassidula sowerbyana (Pfeiffer in Menke & Pfeiffer, 1853) {Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Cassidula vespertilionis (Lesson, 1831) {Maasen, 2001 [Cassidula bensoni; Cassidula multiplicata; Cassidula turgida]; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Ellobium aurisjudae (Linnaeus, 1758) {Lim, 1963 [Ellobium auris-judae]; Chuang, 1973 [Ellobium auris-judae]; Way & Purchon, 1981; Chou et al., 1994b; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Maasen, 2001; Ng et al., 2008; Tan et al., 2009} Ellobium aurismidae (Linnaeus, 1758) {Lim, 1963 [Ellobium auris-midae]; Tweedie, 1967; Chuang, 1973; Way & Purchon, 1981; Tan & Chou, 2000; Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007; Ng, 2009; Tan et al., 2009} Ellobium scheepmakeri (Petit de la Saussaye, 1850) {Chou et al., 1994a [Ellobium aurismalchi]; Chou et al., 1994b [Ellobium aurismalchi]; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007; Chou & Tan, 2008 [Ellobium aurismalchi]; Tan et al., 2009} Ellobium tornatelliforme (Petit de la Saussaye, 1850) {Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Laemodonta minuta (Möllendorff, 1885) {Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} 62 Laemodonta punctatostriata (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854) {Chuang, 1973 [Plecotrema punctostriata]; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999; Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Laemodonta punctigera (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854) {Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Laemodonta siamensis (Morelet, 1875) {Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007; Ng et al., 2008} Laemodonta typica (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854) {Chuang, 1973 [Plecotrema lirata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Plecotrema lirata]; Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Melampus fasciatus (Deshayes, 1830) {Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Melampus flavus (Gmelin, 1791) {Chuang, 1973} Melampus nucleolus von Martens, 1865 {Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Melampus pulchellus (Petit de la Saussaye, 1843) {Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Melampus sincaporensis Pfeiffer, 1855 {Chuang, 1973 [Melampus singaporensis]; Chou et al., 1994b [Melampus singaporensis]; Maasen, 2001 [Melampus siamensis]; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Microtralia alba (Gassies, 1865) {Maasen, 2001 [Detracia alba]; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Microtralia species {Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Pythia plicata (Férrusac, 1821) {Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007} Pythia scarabaeus (Linnaeus, 1785) † Pythia trigona (Troschel, 1838) {Chuang, 1973; Chou et al., 1994b; Tan & Chou, 2000 [Pythia scarabaeus]; Maasen, 2001; Raven & Vermeulen, 2007; Ng et al., 2008} CLADE SYSTELLOMMATOPHORA SUPERFAMILY ONCHIDIOIDEA FAMILY ONCHIDIIDAE Onchidium abberans Semper, 1885 {Liow, 1996/1997; Dayrat, 2009} Onchidium ambiguum Semper, 1885 {Dayrat, 2009} Onchidium griseofuscum (Hoffmann, 1928) {Dayrat, 2009} Onchidium griseum Plate, 1893 {Liow, 1996/1997; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999} Onchidium martensi Plate, 1893 {Dayrat, 2009} Onchidium nigrum Plate, 1893 {Liow, 1996/1997; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999} Onchidium cf. steenstrupi Semper, 1885 {Liow, 1996/1997} Onchidium tumidum Semper, 1885 {Liow, 1996/1997; Dayrat, 2009} Onchidium species {Liow, 1996/1997} Paraonchidium species 1 {Liow, 1996/1997; Ng & Sivasothi, 1999} Paraonchidium species 2 {Liow, 1996/1997} 63 Paraonchidium species 3 {Liow, 1996/1997} Peronia verruculata (Cuvier, 1830) {Liow, 1996/1997} Peronina alta Plate, 1893 {Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Liow, 1996/1997; Chou & Tan, 2008} Platevindex coriaceus (Semper, 1885) {Liow, 1996/1997; Dayrat, 2009} Platevindex luteus (Semper, 1885) {Liow, 1996/1997; Dayrat, 2009} Platevindex species 1 {Liow, 1996/1997} Platevindex species 2 {Liow, 1996/1997} SUPERFAMILY VERONICELLOIDEA FAMILY VERONICELLIDAE Laevicaulis alte (Ferussac, 1823) {Ho, 1995 [Filicaulis alte]; Maasen, 2001} Semperula carusi (Simroth, 1893) {Gomes & Thomé, 2002} Semperula maculata (Templeton, 1858) {Lim, 1969 [Semperula variegatula]; Ho, 1995 [Vaginula maculata; Vaginula variegatula]; Maasen, 2001; Gomes & Thomé, 2002} FAMILY RATHOUISIIDAE Atopos species 1 {Tan & Chan, 2009} Atopos species 2 {Tan & Chan, 2009} CLADE STYLOMMATOPHORA SUPERFAMILY SUCCINEOIDEA FAMILY SUCCINEIDAE Succinea minuta Martens, 1867 {Ho, 1995} Succinea taylori (Pfeiffer, 1851) {Tenison-Woods, 1888; Lim, 1969 [Succinea cf. taylori]; Maasen, 2001 [Indosuccinea taylori]} SUPERFAMILY ACHATINOIDEA FAMILY ACHATINIDAE Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822 {Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995; Goh et al., 2002; Wang & Wee, 2008} Limicolaria flammea (Müller, 1774) † 64 FAMILY SUBULINIDAE Subulina octona (Bruguière, 1789) {Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001; Goh et al., 2002} Lamellaxis clavulinus (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) {Ho, 1995} Lamellaxis gracilis (Hutton, 1834) {Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001 [Allopeas gracilis]} Opeas didyma Westerlund, 1887 {Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001} Opeas pumilum (Pfeiffer, 1840) {Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001 [Opeas pumilus]} Paropeas achatinaceum (Pfeiffer, 1846) {Maasen, 2001} Prosopeas tchehelense (De Morgan, 1885) {Ho, 1995} SUPERFAMILY STREPTAXOIDEA FAMILY STREPTAXIDAE Gulella bicolor (Hutton, 1834) {van Benthem Jutting, 1961; Lim, 1969 [Gulella (Huttonella) bicolor]; Ho, 1995 [Gulella (Huttonella) bicolor]} SUPERFAMILY DYAKIOIDEA FAMILY DYAKIIDAE Dyakia kintana (de Morgan, 1885) {Lim, 1969 [Dyakia janus]; Ho, 1995 [Dyakia sp.]; Maasen, 2001 [Dyakia janus]; Goh et al, 2002 [Dyakia sp.]} Quantula striata (Gray, 1834) {Tenison-Woods, 1888 [Nanina naninoides]; Lim, 1969 [Nanina striata]; Chou et al., 1994b [Hemiplecta striata]; Ho, 1995 [Dyakia (Quantula) striata]; Maasen, 2001; Wang & Wee, 2008} SUPERFAMILY GASTRODONTOIDEA FAMILY EUCONULIDAE Coneuplecta olivacea Vermeulen, 1996 {Tan, 2007} Liardetia convexoconica (Moellendorff, 1897) {Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001} Liardetia doliolum (Pfeiffer, 1846) {Ho, 1995} Liardetia indifferens (Boettger, 1891) {Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001} Liardetia platyconus (von Moellendorff, 1897) {Maasen, 2001} Liardetia reticulata van Benthem Jutting, 1950 {Maasen, 2001} Liardetia samoensis (Mousson, 1865) {Ho, 1995} Microcystina species {Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995} 65 FAMILY TROCHOMORPHIDAE Geotrochus lychnia (Benson, 1852) {Tenison-Woods, 1888 [Trochonanina lychnia]; Lim, 1969 [Trochomorpha sp.]; Ho, 1995 [Trochomorpha sp.]; Chan, 1997b; Maasen, 2001 [Eurybasis lychnia} Videna bicolor (Martens, 1846) {Chan, 1997b [Trochomorpha bicolor]; Maasen, 2001} SUPERFAMILY HELICARIONOIDEA FAMILY ARIOPHANTIDAE Hemiplecta humphreysiana (Lea, 1841) {Tenison-Woods, 1888 [Nanina humphreysiana]; Tweedie, 1967; Lim, 1969 [Hemiplecta cymatium]; Ho, 1995 [Hemiplecta cymatium]; Maasen, 2001} Macrochlamys resplendens (Philippi, 1864) {Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001 [Sarika resplendens]; Wang & Wee, 2008} Mariaella dussumieri Gray, 1855 {Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001} Microparmarion strubelli Simroth, 1893 {Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001} Parmarion martensi Simroth, 1893 {Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001; Wang & Wee, 2008} Parmarion pupillaris Humbert, 1864 {Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001} Parmarion species {Lim, 1969} FAMILY HELICARIONIDAE Helicarion perfragilis (Moellendorff, 1897) {Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995 [Helixarion perfragilis]; Maasen, 2001} Wilhelminaia mathildae Preston, 1913 {Ho, 1995} SUPERFAMILY HELICOIDEA FAMILY BRADYBAENIDAE Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821) {Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995; Maasen, 2001; Wang & Wee, 2008} FAMILY CAMAENIDAE Amphidromus atricallosus perakensis Fulton, 1901 {Tweedie, 1967 [Amphidromus perakensis]; Lim, 1969 [Amphidromus atricallosus form perakensis]; Chou et al., 1994a; Chou et al., 1994b; Ho, 1995 [Amphidromus atricallosus]; Chan, 1996a [Amphidromus atricallosus]; Maasen, 2001; Chou & Tan, 2008; Lok & Tan, 2008} Amphidromus inversus (Müller, 1774) {Tenison-Woods, 1888 [Bulimus inversus]; Lim, 1969; Ho, 1995; Chan, 1996a; Maasen, 2001; Chou & Tan, 2008; Lok & Tan, 2008} Amphidromus mundus (Pfeiffer, 1853) {Tenison-Woods, 1888 [Bulimus mundus]; Laidlaw & Solem, 1961 [Bulimus mundus]; Maasen, 2001; Lok & Tan, 2008} 66 Amphidromus perversus melanoma (Pfeiffer, 1852) {Tenison-Woods, 1888 [Bulimus melanoma]; Laidlaw & Solem, 1961; Ho, 1995; Chan, 1996a [Amphidromus perversus]; Maasen, 2001; Lok & Tan, 2008} Trachia gabata pudica (Godwin-Austen 1891) {Chan, 1996a [Chloritis wrayi]} CLASS CEPHALOPODA ORDER NAUTILIDA SUPERFAMILY NAUTILOIDEA FAMILY NAUTILIDAE Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758 {Norman & Lu, 2000; Tan & Chou, 2000} ORDER SEPIIDA SUPERFAMILY SEPIACEA FAMILY SEPIIDAE Sepia aculeata Van Hasselt, 1835 in Férussac & D'Orbigny, 1834-1848 {Chou et al., 1994b} Sepia brevimana Streenstrup, 1875 {Chou et al., 1994b} Sepia esculenta Holye, 1885 {Chou et al., 1994b} Sepia latimanus Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 {Chou et al., 1994b} Sepia lycidas Gray, 1849 {Chou et al., 1994b} Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 {Chou et al., 1994b} Sepia recurvirostra Steenstrup, 1875 {Chou et al., 1994b [Sepia singaporensis]} Sepiella inermis (Van Hasselt, 1835 in Férussac & D'Orbigny, 1834-1848) {Chou et al., 1994b [Sepialla inermis]} FAMILY SEPIADARIIDAE Sepiadarium kochii Steenstrup, 1881 {Chou et al., 1994b [Sepiadaruim malayense]; Norman & Reid, 1998} FAMILY SEPIOLIDAE Euprymna morsei (Verrill, 1881) {Chou et al., 1994b [Inioteuthis bursa]} Sepiola birostrata Sasaki, 1918 {Reid & Norman, 1998} Sepiola trirostrata Voss, 1962 {Norman & Lu, 2000} 67 FAMILY IDIOSEPIIDAE Idiosepius species † ORDER TEUTHIDA SUPERFAMILY MYOPSIDA FAMILY LOLIGINIDAE Sepioteuthis lessoniana Férussac, 1831 in Lesson, 1830-1831 {Chou et al., 1994b [Sepioteuthis indica]} Uroteuthis chinensis (Gray, 1849) {Chou et al., 1994b [Loligo formosana]} Uroteuthis duvaucelii (D'Orbigny, 1835 in Férussac & D'Orbigny, 1834-1848) {Chou et al., 1994b [Loligo duvaucelii; Loligo oshimai]} Uroteuthis sibogae (Adam, 1954) {Norman & Lu, 2000} ORDER OCTOPODA SUPERFAMILY OCTOPODOIDEA FAMILY OCTOPODIDAE Cistopus indicus (Rapp, 1835) {Chou et al., 1994b} Hapalochlaena maculosa (Hoyle, 1883) {Chou et al., 1994b [Hapalochlaena maculora]} Hapalochlaena nierstrazi (Adam, 1938) {Norman & Lu, 2000} Octopus aegina Gray, 1849 {Chou et al., 1994b} Octopus australis Hoyle, 1885 {Chou et al., 1994b} Octopus filamentosus Blainville, 1826 {Chou et al., 1994b} Octopus microphthalmus Goodrich, 1896 {Norman & Lu, 2000} Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 {Chou et al., 1994b [Octopus rugosus]} CONCLUSIONS From the current compilation, 1,264 species are listed. This includes some 875 Gastropoda, 351 Bivalvia, 10 Scaphopoda, three Polyplacophora, and 25 Cephalopoda in 133, 55, four, two, and seven families, respectively. These numbers are however, at best a provisional representation of Singapore’s malacofauna diversity because the taxonomic accuracy of many taxa is tentative. Verification of the majority of existing records in the literature is also unachievable owing to the lack of information or voucher specimens. Additionally, this list is not an exhaustive compilation and many more species may have been overlooked in publications and scattered papers that were not accessed. A number of species we have observed―especially the micros―were also knowingly omitted because they were not identifiable to the genus, and sometimes not even to the family. On the other hand, we would not be surprised if the different taxa listed prove to refer to the same species that have been reported under different names owing to misidentifications or differing taxonomic opinions. Therefore this checklist must be considered preliminary as it is mainly a compilation of reported taxa involving little critical investigative studies. 68 On a final note, we acknowledge that this checklist may contain inaccuracies or questionable entries, so welcome constructive feedback from readers. Although this checklist is an attempt to provide an updated look at the Singapore malacofauna species composition, it is not intended to be a proper taxonomic revision. Work on the systematics of molluscs in Singapore is wanting and decisions on the ‘correct’ name to use in species that have been published under different names are often difficult. This is unfortunately unavoidable, and the use of some names over others for certain species may not satisfy everyone. It must be reiterated that the taxonomic decisions expressed here were our personal opinions, and may not necessarily reflect popular usage nor be supported by the current literature. Nevertheless, we are confident that the information herein is an advancement of the current knowledge of the composition of the local malacofauna. And other than being a source of information for research purposes, we hope that this list will inspire interest in molluscs and thereby setting the stage for more work on the monitoring and documenting of the molluscan diversity in Singapore. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank H. T. W. Tan, and L. K. Wang for the stimulus that has resulted in this work. Thanks are due to colleagues and friends―B. K. H. Boo, M. K. K. Chan, S. Y. Chan, R. Clements, T. M. Leong, K. K. P. Lim, H. E. Ng, L. H. S. Nguang, H. H. Tan, and H. W. Wong for past discussions, and their sharing of much invaluable information. C. H. Toh graciously furnished us with her private data on photographic records of local nudibranchs and seaslugs including many unpublished accounts, which greatly enhanced the completeness of this work. S. Y. Chan, S. H. Tan, L. K. Wang, H. W. Wong and R. K. H. Yeo kindly helped with some of the references used. HPMW would also like to express her gratitude to W. Q. Ng for her support. Assistance rendered by M. E. Y. Low during the preparation of the manuscript is much appreciated. Last but not least, special thanks must go to S. Y. Chan for his many suggestions and role in proofreading the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Abbott, R. T., 1968. The helmet shells of the world (Cassidae). Part 1. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 2(9): 7–202. Abbott, R. T. & S. P. Dance, 1982. Compendium of Seashells. E. P. Dutton, New York. i–x + 411 pp. Benthem Jutting, W. S. S. van, 1961. The Malayan Streptaxidae genera Huttonella and Sinoenna. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 26: 5–33, pls. 1–7. Bouchet, P. & J. P. 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INDEX Acanthopleura ........................3 Acanthocardia ......................13 Acar ........................................4 Achatina................................64 Achatinidae...........................64 Achatinoidea.........................64 Aclyvolva ..............................33 Acmaea .................................23 Acmaeidae ............................23 Acrilla ...................................40 Acropagia .............................15 Acrosterigma ........................12 Acteocina ..............................53 Acteon................................... 51 Acteonidae ........................... 51 Acteonoidea.......................... 51 Actinocyclus ................... 55, 56 Adusta................................... 32 Aenigma ................................. 9 Aeolidiidae ........................... 60 Aeolidioidea ......................... 60 Aglajidae .............................. 53 Alaba .................................... 29 Alaerato................................ 39 Alectryonella .......................... 8 Allopeas................................ 65 72 Aloidis ...................................19 Alvania..................................36 Amaea ...................................40 Amathina...............................52 Amathinidae......................... 52 Amerianna.............................61 Amphibolidae ...................... 61 Amphiboloidea .................... 61 Amphidromus..................66, 67 Amphiperas ...........................34 Ampullariidae ...................... 27 Ampullarioidea .................... 27 Amusium ................................ 9 Anachis .................................42 Anadara ..................................4 Ancylidae..............................61 Angaria .................................25 Anodonta...............................10 Anodontia .............................10 Anomalocardia .....................17 Anomalodiscus......................17 Anomia....................................9 Anomioidea ............................9 Anomiidae ..............................9 Antalis...................................22 Antigona ...............................17 Aphera ..................................50 Aplysia ..................................54 Aplysiidae.............................54 Aplysioidea...........................54 Aplysiomorpha .....................54 Aplysis ..................................54 Arabica .................................31 Arca ....................................4, 5 Architectonica.......................51 Architectonicidae..................51 Architectonicoidea................51 Arcidae ...................................4 Arcoida ...................................4 Arcoidea .................................4 Arcopsis ..................................5 Arctioidea .............................16 Arcuatula ................................5 Ariophantidae .......................66 Armina ..................................59 Arminia .................................59 Arminidae .............................59 Arminoidea ...........................59 Asaphis .................................15 Aspella ..................................45 Assiminea..............................36 Assimineidae ........................36 Asteronotus ...........................55 Astraea..................................25 Astralium ..............................25 Atactodea..............................14 Atagema................................55 Atopos...................................64 Atrina......................................7 Atys .......................................52 Aulica....................................48 Auriculastra..........................62 Austriella ..............................10 Azorinus................................16 Babylonia..............................42 Bactronophorus ....................20 Bankia...................................20 Barbatia..................................4 Barnea ..................................20 Basommatophora ..................61 Bassina ...........................17, 18 Batillaria...............................29 Batillariidae ..........................29 Beguina ................................ 11 Biplex ................................... 39 Bithynia ................................ 37 Bithyniidae ........................... 37 Blauneria.............................. 62 Bornella................................ 59 Bornellidae ........................... 59 Botula .................................... 5 Bivalvia .................................. 3 Brachidontes .......................... 5 Brachytoma .......................... 50 Bradybaena .......................... 66 Bradybaenidae...................... 66 Brechites............................... 21 Buccinidae............................ 42 Buccinoidea.......................... 42 Bufonaria ............................. 38 Bulimus........................... 66, 67 Bulla ..................................... 52 Bullidae ................................ 52 Bullioidea ............................. 52 Bursa .................................... 38 Bursatella ............................. 54 Bursidae ............................... 38 Cadlinella............................. 56 Cadulus ................................ 22 Caecella ............................... 14 Caenogastropoda .................. 27 Callanaitis ............................ 18 Calliostoma .......................... 25 Calliostomatidae................... 25 Calliphylidae ........................ 55 Callista ................................. 17 Callochiton............................. 3 Calpurnus............................. 33 Calyptraea............................ 31 Calyptraeidae........................ 31 Calyptraeoidea...................... 31 Camaenidae .......................... 66 Cancellaria........................... 50 Cancellariidae....................... 50 Cancellarioidea..................... 50 Cancilla................................ 47 Cantharus............................. 42 Capulidae ............................. 31 Capulus ................................ 31 Cardiidae .............................. 12 Cardioidea ............................ 12 Cardiolucina ........................ 10 Cardiomya............................ 21 Cardita ................................. 11 Carditella ............................. 11 Carditellona ......................... 11 Carditidae ............................. 11 Carditoidea ........................... 11 Cardium ......................... 12, 13 Carithiopsis .......................... 41 Carpiscula............................ 33 Casella ................................. 56 Cassidae ............................... 38 73 Cassidula ..............................62 Cassidulina .......................... 62 Cassis....................................38 Cavolinia...............................53 Cavoliniidae..........................53 Cavolinioidea....................... 53 Cellana..................................22 Cephalaspidea ...................... 52 Cephalopoda ........................ 67 Ceratosoma...........................56 Cerberilla..............................60 Cerithidea .......................29, 30 Cerithiidae............................ 28 Cerithioidea.......................... 28 Cerithiopsidae .......................41 Cerithiopsis...........................41 Cerithium ........................28, 29 Chama...................................11 Chamidae ............................. 11 Chamoidea ........................... 11 Cheilea..................................39 Chelidonura ..........................53 Chicoreus..............................45 Chione.............................18, 19 Chitonidae.............................. 3 Chlamys ................................. 9 Chloritis ............................... 67 Chromodorididae ................. 56 Chromodoris .........................56 Chrysame ..............................47 Chrysostoma .........................24 Circe .....................................17 Circomphalus........................18 Circumphalus........................18 Cirsotrema ............................40 Cistopus ................................68 Cladobranchia .......................58 Clanculus ..............................24 Clavagellidae ....................... 21 Clavagelloidea ..................... 21 Clementia............................. 17 Clithon ..................................26 Clypeomorus ...................28, 29 Codakia.................................10 Coecella ................................14 Columbella......................42, 43 Columbellidae...................... 42 Comptopallium ...................... 9 Coneuplecta ......................... 65 Conus ..............................48, 49 Conidae ................................ 48 Conoidea .............................. 48 Coralliophaga.......................16 Coralliophila.........................45 Corbicula ..............................16 Corbiculidae......................... 16 Corbiculoidea....................... 16 Corbula .................................19 Corbulidae............................ 19 Corculum ..............................12 Costasiella ............................55 Costellariidae........................47 Couthouyia ...........................29 Crassatella............................12 Crassatellidae........................12 Crassatellites ........................12 Crassatelloidea......................12 Crassostrea.............................8 Cratena .................................60 Crenavolva ...........................33 Crepidula..............................31 Cronia...................................45 Crosslandia...........................59 Cryptospira...........................47 Ctenodoris ............................57 Cucullaea................................5 Cucullaeidae ...........................5 Cucurbitula...........................20 Cultellus................................14 Cuspidaria ............................21 Cuspidariidae........................21 Cuspivolva ............................33 Cuthona ................................60 Cycladicama .........................10 Cyclichna..............................53 Cycloneritimorpha ................26 Cyclophoridae.......................27 Cyclophoroidea.....................27 Cyclophorus..........................27 Cycloscala ............................40 Cyclostrema....................25, 26 Cyclotellina...........................15 Cyclotropis ...........................36 Cyclotus ................................27 Cylichna................................53 Cylichnidae...........................53 Cylindrotis ............................62 Cyllene..................................43 Cymatium..............................39 Cymbiola...............................48 Cymbium...............................48 Cymbovula............................33 Cypraea ....................31, 32, 33 Cypraeidae............................31 Cypraeoidea..........................31 Cythara .................................49 Davila ...................................14 Decatopecten ..........................9 Dendostrea .............................8 Dendrodorididae ...................57 Dendrodoris....................57, 58 Dentaliida .............................22 Dentaliidae............................22 Dentalium .............................22 Dentiovula ............................33 Dermatobranchus .................59 Derstolida .............................32 Detracia................................63 Dicyathifer............................20 Digoniostoma .......................37 Diminovula........................... 33 Diodora ................................ 23 Diplodonta ........................... 10 Diplommatina....................... 28 Diplommatinidae.................. 28 Discodorididae ..................... 57 Discodoris ............................ 57 Distorsio............................... 38 Ditropis ................................ 27 Ditropopsis........................... 27 Dolabella.............................. 54 Dolomena ............................. 38 Donacidae............................. 16 Donax ................................... 16 Dorididae.............................. 55 Doridoidea............................ 55 Doriopsis.............................. 57 Dosinia ................................. 17 Dostia .................................. 26 Dotidae ................................. 58 Doto .................................. 58 Doxander.............................. 38 Dreissenidae ......................... 16 Dreissenoidea ....................... 16 Drupa ............................. 45, 46 Drupella ............................... 45 Dunkeria............................... 52 Duplicaria ............................ 49 Dyakia .................................. 65 Dyakiidae ............................. 65 Dyakioidae ........................... 65 Echinolittorina ..................... 34 Eglisia .................................. 40 Electroma ............................... 6 Elizia .................................... 14 Ellobiidae ............................. 62 Ellobioidea ........................... 62 Ellobium ......................... 62, 63 Elysia.................................... 54 Elysiidae............................... 54 Elysioidea............................. 54 Emarginula........................... 23 Engina .................................. 42 Enigmonia .............................. 9 Ensiculus .............................. 14 Ensidens ............................... 10 Epidirona ............................. 50 Episiphon ............................. 22 Epitoniidae ........................... 40 Epitonioidea ......................... 40 Epitonium ....................... 40, 41 Erato..................................... 39 Ergalatax.............................. 45 Erosaria ............................... 32 Erronea ................................ 31 Errones................................. 31 Ethminolia ............................ 24 Euchelus ............................... 24 Eucithara.............................. 50 Euconulidae.......................... 65 74 Euctenidiacea ........................55 Eufenella ...............................30 Eulimidae............................. 41 Eulimoidea........................... 41 Eunaticina.............................45 Euplica..................................42 Euprymna..............................67 Eupulmonata ........................ 62 Eurybasis ..............................66 Exolaternula .........................21 Facelinidae .......................... 60 Fasciolariidae....................... 43 Fassaria ................................42 Faunus ..................................29 Favartia ................................45 Favorinus..............................60 Ferrissia................................61 Ficidae ................................. 34 Ficoidea................................ 34 Ficus ................................... 34 Filicaulis ...............................64 Filopaludina .........................28 Finella...................................30 Fionoidea ............................. 60 Fissilabia ..............................29 Fissurellidae......................... 23 Fissurelloidea....................... 23 Flabellina..............................60 Flabellinidae ........................ 60 Flabellinoidea ...................... 60 Fragum ................................ 12 Fulvia....................................12 Fusiaphera............................50 Fusinus..................................43 Gadila ...................................22 Gadilidae.............................. 22 Gadilinidae........................... 22 Gafrarium .............................17 Galeomma.............................11 Galeommatidae .................... 11 Galeommatoidea .................. 11 Gari.................................15, 16 Gastrochaena........................20 Gastrochaenidae................... 20 Gastrochaenoidea................. 20 Gastrodontoidea ................... 65 Gastropoda........................... 22 Geloina ...........................16, 17 Gemmula...............................50 Geotrochus........................... 66 Glaucidae ............................. 60 Glauconome..........................19 Glauconomidae .....................19 Glaucus .................................60 Glossodoris .....................56, 57 Goniodoridella......................58 Goniodorididae .................... 58 Granata.................................24 Gryphaeidae........................... 8 Guildfordia ...........................25 Gulella ..................................65 Gundlachia ...........................61 Gymnobela............................49 Gymnodorididae ...................58 Gymnodoris ..........................58 Gyraulus ...............................61 Gyrineum ..............................39 Habromorula ........................46 Haliotidae .............................23 Haliotis .................................23 Haliotoidea ...........................23 Haliphoebus..........................40 Haminea ...............................52 Haminoea .............................52 Haminoeidae.........................52 Haminoeoidea.......................52 Hapalochlaena .....................68 Harpa....................................47 Harpidae ...............................47 Hastula .................................49 Hebra................................... 43 Heliacus................................51 Helicarion.............................66 Helicarionidae.......................66 Helicarionoidea.....................66 Helicoidea.............................66 Helixarion.............................66 Hemicardia ...........................12 Hemifusus .............................44 Hemilienardia.......................50 Hemiplecta......................65, 66 Hemitapes .............................18 Heterobranchia .....................51 Heterocardia.........................13 Hiatavolva ............................33 Hindsia .................................42 Hipponicidae.........................39 Hippopus...............................13 Hoplodoris............................55 Huttonella .............................65 Hybochelus ...........................24 Hydatina ...............................51 Hydatinidae...........................51 Hyotissa ..................................8 Hypselodoris...................56, 57 Idiosepiidae ..........................68 Idiosepius..............................68 Indoaustriella .......................10 Indoplanorbis .......................61 Indosuccinea.........................64 Inella.....................................41 Inioteuthis .............................67 Inquisitor ..............................50 Iravadia ................................37 Iravadiidae ............................37 Irus........................................17 Isanda ...................................24 Ischnochitonidae.....................3 Isognomon ..............................7 Isognomonidae .......................7 Jactellina.............................. 15 Janolus ................................. 59 Janthina................................ 41 Janthinidae ........................... 41 Japonia................................. 27 Jorruna................................. 56 Jorunna ................................ 56 Jouannetia............................ 20 Kalinga................................. 58 Katelysia......................... 17, 18 Kodakia ................................ 10 Laemodonta.................... 62, 63 Laevaplex ........................... 61 Laevicardium........................ 12 Laevicaulis ........................... 64 Laevichlamys.......................... 9 Laevidentaliidae ................... 22 Laevidentalium..................... 22 Laevistrombus ...................... 38 Lagochilus........................... 27 Lambis.................................. 37 Lamellaxis ............................ 65 Lanulicardia......................... 12 Lataxiena.............................. 45 Laternula.............................. 21 Laternulidae.......................... 21 Lena .................................... 3 Lepidozona ............................. 3 Leucorhynchia...................... 26 Liardetia............................... 65 Lienardia.............................. 50 Lima ................................... 7, 8 Limapontiidae ...................... 55 Limapontioidea .................... 55 Limaria................................... 8 Limatula ................................. 8 Limicolaria........................... 64 Limidae .................................. 7 Limoida .................................. 7 Limoidea ................................ 7 Limopsidae............................. 6 Limopsis ................................. 6 Limopsoidea........................... 6 Liotina .................................. 25 Lippistes ............................... 31 Lithophaga ............................. 5 Litiopidae ............................. 29 Littoraria........................ 34, 35 Littorina ......................... 34, 35 Littorinidae........................... 34 Littorinimorpha ................... 31 Littorinoidea......................... 34 Littorinopsis ......................... 34 Lobifera................................ 55 Loliginidae ........................... 68 Loligo ................................... 68 Lomanotidae......................... 59 Lomanotus............................ 59 Lopha ..................................... 8 Lophiotoma .......................... 50 75 Lophioturris ..........................50 Lottioidea............................. 23 Lucina ...................................10 Lucinidae ............................. 10 Lucinoida ............................. 10 Lucinoidea ........................... 10 Lunulicardia .........................12 Lutraria................................ 13 Lymnaea................................61 Lymnaeidae.......................... 61 Lymnaeoidea.........................61 Lyrodus .................................20 Macalia .................................15 Macalina ...............................15 Macha ...................................15 Macoma ................................15 Macrochlamys.......................66 Macron..................................42 Mactra ..................................13 Mactridae ............................. 13 Mactrinula ............................13 Mactroidea ........................... 13 Magnavicula .......................... 7 Mainwaringia .......................35 Malleidae ............................... 7 Malleus .................................. 7 Mammilla............................. 36 Mancinella ........................... 45 Mantellum .............................. 8 Maoricardium ...................... 12 Marcia ............................17, 18 Marginella ............................47 Marginellidae....................... 47 Margovula.............................33 Mariaella ..............................66 Martesia................................20 Mastonia ...............................41 Mauritia ................................31 Melampus..............................63 Melanella ..............................41 Melanoides........................... 30 Melanopsidae....................... 29 Melibe ...................................60 Melingena ............................ 44 Melo ......................................48 Melongena ............................45 Melongenidae ...................... 44 Meretrix ................................18 Meropesta .............................13 Mesodesmatidae................... 14 Mexichromis .........................57 Microcystina .........................65 Micromactra .........................14 Microparmarion ...................66 Microtralia............................63 Minnivola............................... 9 Minolia..................................24 Mipus ....................................46 Mitra ...............................47, 48 Mitrella .................................42 Mitridae ................................47 Modiola ..............................5, 6 Modiolus .............................5, 6 Modiolusia..............................5 Moerchiella...........................36 Monilea.................................24 Monodonta............................24 Montacuta.............................11 Moricodrupa.........................46 Morula ............................45, 46 Morulina ...............................46 Murex..............................45, 46 Muricidae..............................45 Muricodrupa.........................46 Muricoidea............................45 Murphydoris .........................58 Musculus.................................6 Myadora ...............................21 Myochamidae .......................21 Myoida..................................19 Myoidea................................19 Myopsida ..............................68 Mytilicardia ..........................11 Mytilidae.................................5 Mytiloida ................................5 Mytiloidea...............................5 Mytilopsis .............................16 Mytilus ....................................6 Nacellidae .............................22 Nacelloidea ...........................22 Nanina ............................65, 66 Naquetia ...............................45 Nassaria................................42 Nassariidae ...........................43 Nassarius ........................43, 44 Natica ...................................35 Naticidae...............................35 Naticoidea.............................35 Nautilida ...............................67 Nautilidae .............................67 Nautiloidea ...........................67 Nautilus ................................67 Nebularia..............................47 Neocancilla...........................48 Neogastropoda......................42 Neoloricata .............................3 Neosimnia .............................33 Neotrapezium........................16 Nerita..............................26, 27 Neritidae ...............................26 Neritina...........................26, 27 Neritoidea .............................26 Neritopsidae..........................27 Neritopsis..............................27 Neritopsoidea........................27 Niotha .............................43, 44 Niso.......................................41 Nodilittorina .........................34 Noetiidae.................................5 Notobryon .............................59 Nototeredo............................ 20 Nuculoida ............................... 3 Nuculoidea ............................. 3 Nuculidae ............................... 3 Nucula .................................... 3 Nuculanoidea.......................... 3 Nuculanidae............................ 3 Nuculana ................................ 3 Nudipleura............................ 55 Ocenebra.............................. 46 Octopoda .............................. 68 Octopodidae ......................... 68 Octopodoidea ....................... 68 Octopus ................................ 68 Odostomia ............................ 51 Okenia .................................. 58 Oliva..................................... 48 Olivella................................. 48 Olividae................................ 48 Olivoidea.............................. 48 Onchidiidae .......................... 63 Onchidioidea ........................ 63 Onchidium...................... 63, 64 Onchidoridoidea................... 58 Onustus................................. 40 Opeas ................................... 65 Opisthoporus ........................ 27 Orania .................................. 46 Orbicularia........................... 14 Ostrea..................................... 8 Ostreidae ................................ 8 Ostreoida ................................ 8 Ostreoidea .............................. 8 Otopleura ............................. 51 Ovulidae ............................... 33 Oxynooidea .......................... 54 Pagodatrochus ..................... 24 Palustorina........................... 34 Pandora................................ 21 Pandoridae............................ 21 Pandoroidea.......................... 21 Paphia ............................ 18, 19 Paphies................................. 14 Papyridea ............................. 12 Papyriscala .......................... 41 Paradentalium...................... 22 Parahyotissa........................... 8 Paraonchidium............... 63, 64 Parametaria ......................... 42 Pardalina ............................. 42 Parmarion ............................ 66 Paropeas .............................. 65 Patellogastropoda ................. 22 Patelloida ............................. 23 Peasiella............................... 35 Pectenodoris......................... 57 Pectinidae ............................... 9 Pectinoidea ............................. 9 Pectunculus ............................ 6 Pedum..................................... 9 76 Pelecyora ..............................17 Penicillus ..............................21 Periglypta .............................18 Perna ..................................... 6 Peronia .................................64 Peronina ...............................64 Personidae............................ 38 Petricola ...............................19 Petricolidae .......................... 19 Phalium.................................38 Pharaonella ..........................15 Pharella ................................14 Pharidae ............................... 14 Phasianella ...........................25 Phaxas ................................. 14 Phenacolepadidae................. 27 Phenacolepas........................27 Phenacovolva........................33 Phestilla ................................60 Phidiana................................60 Philine...................................53 Philinidae ............................. 53 Philinoidea ........................... 53 Philinopsis ........................... 53 Pholadidae............................ 20 Pholadoidea.......................... 20 Pholadomyoida .................... 21 Pholas ...................................20 Phos ......................................42 Phyllidia................................57 Phyllidiella............................57 Phyllidiidae .......................... 57 Phyllidioidea .........................57 Phyllidiopsis .........................57 Phyllocoma ...........................46 Phyllodesmium......................60 Phyllonotus ...........................46 Physastra ..............................62 Physidae............................... 62 Pictocolumbella ....................43 Pila........................................27 Pilsbryconcha .......................10 Pinna...................................... 7 Pinctada................................. 6 Pinnidae ................................. 7 Pinnoidea ............................... 7 Pisania ..................................42 Pisidium ................................17 Pitar ......................................18 Pitarina .................................18 Placamen ..............................18 Placida................................. 55 Placobranchus ......................54 Placuna .................................. 9 Placunidae.............................. 9 Planaxidae............................ 29 Planaxis ................................29 Planorbidae .......................... 61 Planorboidea ........................ 61 Planostrea.............................. 8 Platevindex ...........................64 Platydoris .............................56 Plecotrema............................63 Pleurobranchus ....................55 Pleurobranchidae ..................55 Pleurobranchoidea ................55 Plicatula .................................8 Plicatulidae .............................8 Plicatuloidea ...........................8 Plocamopherus .....................58 Pododesmus............................9 Polinices .........................35, 36 Pollia ....................................42 Polybranchia ........................55 Polyceridae ...........................58 Polyceroidea .........................58 Polymesoda...........................17 Polynices.........................35, 36 Polyplacophora .......................3 Pomacea ...............................27 Potamides .............................29 Potamididae ..........................29 Pretostrea ...............................8 Prionovolva ..........................33 Proctonotidae........................59 Propeamussiidae .....................9 Prosopeas .............................65 Protapes................................18 Proterato...............................39 Psammobiidae.......................15 Psammotaea .........................16 Pseudanachis........................43 Pseudodaphnella ..................50 Pseudodon ............................10 Pseudominolia ......................24 Pseudoneptunea....................42 Pseudosimnia........................33 Pseudostomatella..................25 Psiloteredo............................20 Ptenoglossa ...........................40 Pteraeolidia ..........................60 Pteria ..................................6, 7 Pteriidae..................................6 Pterioida..................................6 Pterioidea................................6 Pterygia ................................48 Pterynotus.............................46 Ptychobela ............................50 Pugilina ..........................44, 45 Pupa......................................51 Purpura ................................46 Pustularia .............................31 Pyramidella ..........................51 Pyramidellidae ......................51 Pyramidelloidea ....................51 Pyramidelloides ....................41 Pyrene.............................42, 43 Pyrunculus............................53 Pythia....................................63 Quantula ...............................65 Quoyia.................................. 29 Raeta .................................... 14 Ranellidae............................. 39 Ranularia ............................. 39 Rapana ................................. 46 Rathouisiidae........................ 64 Ravitrona.............................. 31 Retusa................................... 53 Retusidae.............................. 53 Rhinoclavis........................... 29 Ringicula .............................. 52 Ringiculidae ......................... 52 Ringiculoidea ....................... 52 Rissoidae .............................. 36 Rissoina................................ 36 Rissooidea ............................ 36 Rocellaria............................. 20 Rostanga............................... 56 Ruditapes.............................. 18 Sabia..................................... 39 Saccella .................................. 3 Saccostrea .............................. 8 Sacoglossa............................ 54 Sakuraeolis........................... 60 Salinator............................... 61 Sarika ................................... 66 Saxostrea................................ 8 Scaliolidae ............................ 30 Scalptia................................. 50 Scapharca............................... 4 Scaphopoda .......................... 22 Scintilla ................................ 11 Scutarcopagia ...................... 15 Scutus ................................... 23 Scyllaeidae ........................... 59 Sebadoris.............................. 56 Segmentina ........................... 62 Semele .................................. 15 Semelidae ............................. 15 Semicassis ............................ 38 Semifusus........................ 44, 45 Semiricinula ......................... 46 Semperula............................. 64 Sepia..................................... 67 Sepiacea ............................... 67 Sepiadariidae ........................ 67 Sepiadarium ......................... 67 Sepialla................................. 67 Sepiella................................. 67 Sepiida.................................. 67 Sepiidae................................ 67 Sepiola.................................. 67 Sepiolidae............................. 67 Sepioteuthis .......................... 68 Septifer ................................... 6 Sermyla................................. 30 Serpulorbis ........................... 40 Sigatica................................. 36 Siliqua .................................. 14 Siliquaria.............................. 30 77 Siliquariidae......................... 30 Sinum ....................................36 Siphonaria.............................61 Siphonariidae ....................... 61 Siphonarioidea ..................... 61 Skeneidae............................. 25 Sodaliscala........................... 41 Solecurtidae ......................... 16 Solecurtus .............................16 Solen .....................................14 Solenidae.............................. 14 Solenoidea............................ 14 Solidula ................................ 51 Sorbeoconcha....................... 28 Spathoteredo .........................20 Sphaerassiminea ...................36 Sphaeriidae ...........................17 Spisula ..................................14 Spondylidae ......................... 10 Spondylus..............................10 Standella .........................13, 14 Stellaria.................................40 Stenophysa ............................62 Stenothyra .............................37 Stenothyridae ....................... 37 Stiliger ..................................55 Stomatellidae ....................... 25 Stomatia ................................25 Streptaxidae ......................... 65 Streptaxoidea ....................... 65 Striarca ...............................4, 5 Striostrea................................ 8 Strombidae........................... 37 Stromboidea......................... 37 Strombus .........................37, 38 Stylocheilus ...........................54 Stylommatophora................. 64 Stylopsis ............................... 51 Subcancilla ...........................48 Subcuthona ...........................60 Subulina ................................65 Subulinidae .......................... 65 Succinea................................64 Succineidae .......................... 64 Succineoidea ........................ 64 Syncera .................................36 Syrnola..................................51 Syphonota .............................54 Systellommatophora ............ 63 Taia.......................................28 Tambja ..................................58 Tapes...............................18, 19 Tarebia..................................30 Tectus....................................24 Teinostoma........................... 37 Telasco................................. 44 Telescopium ......................... 30 Tellina ...................................15 Tellinella ...............................15 Tellinidae ............................. 15 Tellinoidea............................15 Terebra .................................49 Terebralia .............................30 Terebridae.............................49 Teredinidae ...........................20 Teredo.............................20, 21 Tergipedidae .........................60 Tesseracme ...........................22 Tethydidae ............................60 Teuthida................................68 Thais ...............................45, 46 Thecacera .............................58 Thecosomata.........................53 Thelycytharella .....................50 Theodoxus.............................26 Thiara ...................................30 Thiaridae...............................30 Thordisa................................57 Thuridilla..............................54 Tiara .....................................47 Tibia......................................38 Timoclea ...............................19 Tonna....................................38 Tonnidae ...............................38 Tonnoidea .............................38 Torinista ...............................51 Tornatina ..............................53 Trachia .................................67 Trachycardium .....................12 Trapezidae ............................16 Trapezium .............................16 Trichomya...............................6 Tricolia .................................25 Tridacna ...............................13 Tridacnidae ...........................13 Tridacnoidea .........................13 Trigonaphera........................50 Trigonostoma........................50 Triphoridae ...........................41 Triphoroidea .........................41 Trisidos...................................4 Tritonia .................................59 Tritoniidae ............................59 Tritonioidea ..........................59 Tritoniscus ............................39 Trivia ..............................39, 40 Triviidae ...............................39 Trivirostra.............................39 Trochidae..............................24 Trochoidea............................24 Trochomorpha ......................66 Trochomorphidae..................66 Trochonanina .......................66 Trochus .................................24 Tropaeas ...............................52 Tropeas .................................52 Truncatella ...........................37 Truncatellidae .......................37 Tugurium ..............................40 Turbinidae.............................25 Turbinoidea .......................... 25 Turbo.................................... 25 Turbonilla............................. 52 Turcica ................................. 24 Turricula .............................. 50 Turridae................................ 50 Turris.................................... 50 Turritella .............................. 30 Turritellidae.......................... 30 Tympanotonus ...................... 30 Tympanotus .......................... 30 Umbonium............................ 25 Ungulinidae .......................... 10 Unionidae ............................. 10 Unionoida............................. 10 Unionoidea ........................... 10 Uroteuthis............................. 68 Vaginula ............................... 64 Vanikoro............................... 39 Vanikoridae .......................... 39 Vanikoroidea ........................ 39 Vasticardium ........................ 12 Velutinoidea ......................... 39 Veneridae ............................. 17 Veneroida ............................. 11 Veneroidea ........................... 17 Venerupis ............................. 19 Venus.............................. 18, 19 Vepricardium.................. 12, 13 Vermetidae ........................... 40 Vermetoidea ......................... 40 Vermetus............................... 40 Veronicelloidea .................... 64 Veronicellidae ...................... 64 Verpa.................................... 21 Vertagus ............................... 29 Vetigastropoda ..................... 23 Vexillum ............................... 47 Videna .................................. 66 Vitrinella .............................. 37 Vitrinellidae.......................... 37 Viriola .................................. 41 Vittina................................... 27 Vitularia ............................... 46 Viviparidae........................... 28 Viviparoidea......................... 28 Viviparus .............................. 28 Volachlamys ........................... 9 Volema ........................... 44, 45 Voluta ................................... 48 Volutidae.............................. 48 Volutocorona........................ 48 Volva .................................... 34 Volvatella ............................. 54 Volvatellidae ........................ 54 Volvula ................................. 53 Volvulella ............................. 53 Vulsella................................... 7 Wilhelminaia ........................ 66 Williamia.............................. 61 78 Xenophora.............................40 Xenophoridae....................... 40 Xenophoroidea..................... 40 Xenostrobus ........................... 6 Yoldia .................................... 3 Yoldiidae................................ 3 Zafra .....................................43 Zeuxis..............................43, 44 Ziba...................................... 48