FIELD GUIDE COMMERCIAL MARINE AND BRACKISH WATER SPECIES OF PAKISTAN FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES PROJECT UNDP/FAO PAK/77/033 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Raheema Tahir

This field guide includes the marine and brackish-water species of bony fishes, sharks, batoid fishes, lobsters, shrimps, crabs and cephalopods believed to be of interest to fisheries in Pakistan. Each major resources group is introduced by a general section on technical terms, followed by an annotated and illustrated list of the more important species which includes FAO names, local names commonly used (Sindhi, Baluchi and English), maximum size, habitat, fishing gear and interest to fisheries. A composite index of scientific and vernacular family and species names is also provided.

FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES PROJECT UNDP/FAO PAK/77/033 FIELD GUIDE COMMERCIAL MARINE AND BRACKISH WATER SPECIES OF PAKISTAN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES FIELD GUIDE TO THE COMMERCIAL MARINE AND BRACKISH-WATER SPECIES OF PAKISTAN by Gabriella Bianchi Consultant Marine Resources Service Fishery Resources and Environment Division Fisheries Department, FAO Prepared with the support of PAK/77/033 and FAO (FIRM) Regular Programme FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome 1985 - ii - The designations employed and the presentation of mater al in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boudaries. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 1984 - iii PREPARATION OF DOCUMENT This document was prepared under the UNDP/FAO Marine Fisheries Development Project (PAK/77/033), in collaboration with the FAO Regular Programme. The author travelled to Pakistan in November 1984 for the purpose of assessing, at landing places and in markets, present constraints in local routine work involving identification and denomination of commercial marine and brackish-water species, and to examine, in collaboration with national counterpart personnel, the species composition of catches at selected places, for the purpose of collecting data and information by species to be used for the preparation of this field guide. Additional information, especially on local denominations, was provided by Dr B.C. Russell, who travelled to Pakistan in September/October 1985. The basic reference used during the mission was the recently published set of FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes - Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51) which proved to be invaluable for this purpose. However, this document is somewhat cumbersome to use for the average data collector since it includes many species not landed in Pakistan. It also does not provide local species denominations used within the country. The preparation of the actual field guide was carried out by using illustrations and taxonomic data from the above-mentioned set of Identification Sheets, as well as the notes and local species names collected during the field mission. The final document was prepared under the FAO Species Identification Programme, and the printing was funded by the FAO Regular Programme. The author wishes to express her gratitude to all those who have contributed in one way or another to the implementation of this project, and particularly to: - Dr W. Brandhorst, Chief Technical Adviser, UNDP/FAO Marine Fisheries Development Project (Pakistan) for his effective support to the field activities in Pakistan and to the elaboration of the final document at FAO/HQ. - Dr Abdul Majid, Director General, Marine Fisheries Department (Pakistan). - Ms Nadira Mirza, Museum Curator, Marine Fisheries Department (Pakistan) for her valuable help in the collection of data by species throughout the mission. - Messrs M. Khalil Uddin, Research Officer and A.H. Zaidi, Senior Statistician, Marine Fisheries Department (Pakistan), for providing valuable information especially on local species names and statistical data, respectively. - Messrs M. Moazzam Khan, Senior Research Officer, Directorate of Fisheries Government of Baluchistan and M. Sadic Niazi, Zoologist, Zoological Survey Department (Pakistan), for having provided precious information on local species denominations and fisheries of the Baluchistan region. Mr Niazi, in particular, made available an unpublished work on "The commercial fishes of Pakistan" (by M. Farooq Ahmad and M. Sadiq Niazi). - Mr N.P. van Zalinge, Resources Management Adviser, UNDP/FAO Marine Fisheries Development Project, Karachi (Pakistan), for the information on the shrimp fisheries of Pakistan. - To the FAO staff in Pakistan and at FAO/HQ for their valuable assistance at the various stages of the work and in particular to Mrs M. Kautenberger-Longo who skillfully assisted with the typing and page composition of the document. - To Dr J.E. Randall, B. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, for kindly providing his valuable colour slides which were already used in the Species Identification Sheets for the Western Indian Ocean. Special thanks are due to: - Dr B.C. Russell, Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Australia, for his substantial contribution in the collection of local names and additional information on habitat and biology of several species. - Dr Mathias Stehmann, Institut für Seefischerei, Zoologisches Institut and Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany, for having provided all the taxonomic information on the batoid fishes of Pakistan. This section could not have been included without his help. - Dr L.B. Holthuis, Rijksmuseum Van Natuurlijke Histoire, The Netherlands, for helping in the selection of species of crabs and for providing information and iconographic sources for this group. Technical Editor: W. Fischer Senior Fishery Resources Officer Marine Resources Service Fishery Resources and Environment Division For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows: Bianchi, G., 1985 FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine and brackish-water species of Pakistan. Prepared with the support of PAK/77/033 and FAO (FIRM) Regular Programme. Rome, FAO, 200 p. - iv - Summary This field guide includes the marine and brackish-water species of bony fishes, sharks, batoid fishes, lobsters, shrimps, crabs and cephalopods believed to be of interest to fisheries in Pakistan. Each major resources group is introduced by a general section on technical terms, followed by an annotated and illustrated list of the more i mportant species which includes FAO names, local names commonly used (Sindhi, Baluchi and English), maximum size, habitat, fishing gear and interest to fisheries. A composite index of scientific and vernacular family and species names is also provided. click for next page click for previous page - v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I N TROD UCTI ON BON Y FI S HES TECHNICAL TERMS Families Megalopidae - Tarpons Albulidae - Bonefishes Elopidae - Tenpounders Clupeidae - Sardinellas, sardines, herrings, shads, pellonas Engraulidae - Anchovies, thryssas Chirocentridae - Wolf-herrings Muraenidae - Morays Muraenesocidae - Pike congers Congridae - Congers Ariidae - Sea catfishes Plotosidae - Eel catfishes Chanidae - Milkfishes Synodontidae - Lizardfishes Harpadontidae - Bombay ducks Bregmacerotidae - Codlets Exocoetidae - Flyingfishes Hemiramphidae - Halfbeaks Belonidae - Needlefishes Holocentridae - Squirrelfishes, soldierfishes Fistulariidae - Cornetfishes Scorpaenidae - Scorpionfishes, stingfishes, etc Triglidae - Gurnards Platycephalidae - Flatheads Centropomidae - Barramundis Serranidae - Groupers, seabasses, rockcods, etc Teraponidae - Terapon perches, terapons Sillaginidae - Sillagos Lactariidae - False trevallies Rachycentridae - Cobias Echeneididae - Sharksuckers Carangidae - Jacks, trevallies, scads, runners, etc Coryphaenidae - Dolphinfishes Menidae - Moonfishes Leiognathidae - Ponyfishes, toothponies Gerreidae - Silver-biddies Lutjanidae - Jobfishes, snappers Nemipteridae - Threadfin breams, monocle breams Lobotidae - Tripletails Haemulidae (Pomadasyidae) - Sweetlips, rubberlips, hotlips, grunters, piggies Lethrinidae - Emperors, pig-face breams, large-eye breams Sparidae - Seabreams, soldierbreams Sciaenidae - Croakers, drums, etc Mullidae - Goatfishes Ephippidae - Spadefishes Drepanidae - Sicklefishes Platacidae - Batfishes Scatophagidae - Scats Pomacanthidae - Angelfishes Pomacentridae - Damselfishes Mugilidae - Mullets Sphyraenidae - Barracudas Polynemidae - Threadfins Labridae - Wrasses Scaridae - Parrotfishes Siganidae - Spinefoots, rabbitfishes Scombridae - Albacores, bonitos, kawakawas, mackerels, etc Trichiuridae - Hairtails Istiophoridae - Sailfishes, marlins Xiphiidae - Swordfishes Stromateidae - Silver pomfrets Nomeidae - Driftfishes Ariommidae - Ariommas Psettodidae - Spiny turbots Bothidae - Lefteye flounders xi 1 3 3 3 4 11 14 15 16 17 18 22 23 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 28 29 29 30 31 31 36 37 38 38 38 39 53 53 54 57 58 64 67 68 73 74 78 86 89 89 89 90 90 90 91 95 97 98 98 99 100 104 105 107 107 108 109 109 109 - vi Page Soleidae - Soles Cynoglossidae - Tonguesoles Balistidae - Triggerfishes Monacanthidae - Leatherjackets Tetraodontidae - Pufferfishes Triacanthidae - Tripodfishes S HARKS TECHNICAL TERMS Families Alopiidae - Thresher sharks Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks Ginglymostomatidae - Nurse sharks Hemigaleidae - Snaggletooth sharks Hemiscylliidae - Carpetsharks Lamnidae - Makos Odontaspididae - Tigersharks Rhiniodontidae - Whalesharks Scyliorhinidae - Catsharks Sphyrnidae - Hammerheads Stegostomatidae - Zebra sharks Triakidae - Topes BATOI D FI S HES TECHNICAL TERMS Families Dasyatidae - Stingrays, whiprays Gymnuridae - Butterfly rays Mobulidae - Devilrays, mantas Myliobatidae - Eaglerays Narcinidae - Electric rays Narkidae - Numbrays Pristidae - Sawfishes Rajidae - Skates Rhinobatidae - Guitarfishes Rhinopteridae - Cownose rays Rhynchobatidae - Wedgefishes Torpedinidae - Electric rays LOBS TERS TECHNICAL TERMS Families Palinuridae - Spiny lobsters Scyllaridae - Locust lobsters S HRI MP S AN D P RAW N S TECHNICAL TERMS Families Penaeidae - Penaeid shrimps, penaeid prawns Solenoceridae - Mud shrimps 112 115 115 115 116 117 118 119 124 125 125 126 126 127 127 127 129 129 131 132 135 135 136 138 138 139 139 140 141 141 142 143 144 146 147 148 155 TRUE CRAB S TECHNICAL TERMS Families Portunidae - Coral crabs, swimming crabs Calappidae - Box crabs CEP HALOP OD S TECHNICAL TERMS Families Loliginidae - Squids Octopodidae - Octopuses Sepiidae - Cuttlefishes I N D EX OF S CI EN TI FI C AN D VERN ACULAR N AMES 157 158 159 161 163 164 167 169 COLOUR P LATES click for next page click for previous page - vii - COLOUR PLATES PLATE I MEGALOPIDAE CLUPEIDAE ENGRAULIDAE SYNODONTIDAE 1 2 3 4 5 6 Megalops cyprinoides 580 mm TL, Madagascar Anodontostoma chacunda 105 mm SL, India Hilsa kelee 228 mm TL, Madagascar Sardinella albella 148 mm TL, Madagascar Stolephorus commersonii 95 mm SL, India Saurida undosquamis 363 mm TL, Bahrain Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: G. Bianchi J.E. Randall G. Bianchi G. Bianchi J.E. Randall J.E. Randall Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: G. Bianchi J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J. E. Randall J. E. Randall J. E. Randall Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: G. Bianchi J.E. Randall J.E. Randall G. Bianchi G. Bianchi J.E. Randall Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall G. Bianchi G. Bianchi G. Bianchi Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: G. Bianchi G. Bianchi J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall G. Bianchi PLATE II HEMIRAMPHIDAE BELONIDAE SERRANIDAE 7 9 10 11 12 Hemiramphus far 355 mm TL, Madagascar Strongylura strongylura 343 mm SL, India Epinephelus bleekeri 337 mm SL, India Epinephelus chlorostigma 327 mm SL, Red Sea Epinephelus diacanthus 329 mm SL, India Epinephelus fasciatus 153 mm SL, Mauritius PLATE III 13 14 15 16 17 18 Epinephelus Epinephelus Epinephelus Epinephelus Epinephelus Epinephelus fuscoguttatus 90 mm SL, Red Sea latifasciatus 274 mm SL, India malabaricus 584 mm SL, Red Sea morrhua 345 mm SL, Red Sea tauvina 310 mm SL, Red Sea undulosus 158 mm SL, the Philippines PLATE IV TERAPONIDAE SILLAGINIDAE CARANGIDAE 19 20 21 22 23 24 Terapon jarbua 138 mm TL, Madagascar Terapon pota 105 mm SL, Bahrain Sillag o sihama 1B7 mm SL, India Alectis i ndicus 265 mm TL, Madagascar Alepes djedaba 185 mm TL, Madagascar Carangoides bajad 430 mm SL, Bahrain PLATE V 25 26 27 28 29 30 Carangoides chrysophrys 262 mm FL, India Carangoides ferdau 243 mm SL, Bahrain Carangoides malabaricus 272 mm SL, Bahrain Caranx ignobilis 215 mm TL, Madagascar Caranx sexfasciatus 705 mm TL, Madagascar Megalaspis cordata 372 mm TL, Madagascar PLATE VI MENIDAE 31 32 33 34 35 36 Scomberoides ly san 202 mm TL, Madagascar Scomberoides tol 365 mm TL, Madagascar Trachinotus blochii 687 mm TL, Bahrain Trachinotus mookalee 548 mm FL, India Trachurus indicus 189 mm TL, The Gulf Mene maculata 175 mm TL, Madagascar PLATE VII LEIOGNATHIDAE 37 38 39 40 41 42 Gazza minuta 127 mm TL Leiognathus berbis 93 mm TL Leiognathus bindus 123 mm TL Leiognathus blochi 90 mm TL Leiognathus brevirostris 104 mm TL Leiognathus daura 131 mm TL Drawing prov. by Drawing prov. by Drawing prov.by Drawing prov. by Drawing prov.by Drawing prov.by P.S.B.R. James P.S.B.R. James P.S.B.R. James P.S.B.R. James P.S.B.R. James P.S.B.R. James Drawing prov. by Drawing prov. by Drawing prov. by Drawing prov.by Drawing prov.by Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James P.S.B.R. James P.S.B.R. James P.S.B.R. James P.S.B.R. James P.S.B.R. James PLATE VIII 43 44 45 46 47 48 Leiognathus Leiognathus Leiognathus Leiognathus Leiognathus Leiognathus dussumieri 131 mm TL equulus 156 mm TL fasciatus 90 mm TL leuciscus 125 mm TL lineolatus 103 mm TL splendens 120 mm TL - viii - PLATE IX LUTJANIDAE 49 50 51 52 53 54 Secutor insidiator 107 mm TL Aphareus furcatus Aprion virescens Etelis carbunculus Lipocheilus carnolabrum Lutjanus argentimaculatus Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James Drawing: M. Thompson Drawing: R. Swainston Drawing: M. Thompson Drawing: M. Thompson Drawing: R. Swainston PLATE X 55 56 57 58 59 60 Lutj anus Lutjanus Lutjanus Lutjanus Lutjanus Lutjanus bengalensis bohar caeruleolineatus ehrenbergii erythropterus fulviflamma Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: M. M. M. M. R. R. Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Swainston Swainston Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: M. Thompson R. Swainston R. Swainston M. Thompson R. Swainston M. Thompson Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: R. Swainston R. Swainston M. Thompson R. Swainston M. Thompson R. Swainston Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: Drawing: R. Swainston R. Swainston R. Swainston P. Lastrico M. Thompson M. Thompson PLATE XI 61 62 63 64 65 66 Lutjanus Lutjanus Lutjanus Lutjanus Lutjanus Lutjanus fulvus g i bbus j ohnii kasmira lemniscatus lunulatus PLATE XII 67 68 69 70 71 72 Lutjanus Lutj anus Lutjanus Lutjanus Lutjanus Lutj anus lutjanus malabaricus rivulatus russelli sanquineus sebae PLATE XIII 73 74 75 76 77 78 Lutjanus vitta Macolor niger Paracaesio xanthurus Pinjalo pinjalo Pristipomoides multidens Pristipomoides zonatus PLATE XIV NEMIPTERIDAE 79 80 81 82 83 84 Nemipterus bipunctatus Nemipterus j aponicus 186 mm SL, Madras, India Nemipterus metopias Parascolopis eriomma 198 mm SL, Ryukyu Islands Scolopsis vosmeri 159 mm SL, Sri Lanka Scolopsis bimaculatus 90 mm SL, Mulloor Point, India Drawing: D. Eggleston Photo: J.E. Randall Drawing: D. Eggleston Photo: J.E. Randall Photo: J.E. Randall Photo: J.E. Randall PLATE XV LOBOTIDAE HAEMULIDAE 85 86 87 88 89 90 Scolopsis ghanam 150 mm SL, Red Sea Lobotes surinamensis 480 mm TL, Madagascar Diagramma pictum 504 mm SL, Red Sea Plectorhinchus gibbosus 277 mm SL, Seychelles Plectorhinchus orientalis 216 mm SL, Sri Lanka Pomadasys furcatus 230 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: J.E. Randall G. Bianchi J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall G. Bianchi Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: J.E. Randall G. Bianchi J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall PLATE XVI LETHRINIDAE 91 92 93 94 95 96 Pomadasys maculatura 122 mm SL, India Pomadasys kaakan 212 mm TL Madagascar Lethrinus elongatus 430 mm SL, Marshall Islands Lethrinus harak 207 mm SL, Sudan Lethrinus microdon 122 mm SL, New Britain Lethrinus nebulosus 234 mm SL, India - ix - PLATE XVII SPARIDAE 97 98 99 100 101 102 Lethrinus ramak 295 mm SL, Marshall Islands Monotaxis grandoculis 220 mm SL, Marshall Islands Acanthopagrus berda 185 mm TL, Madagascar Acanthopagrus bifasciatus 260 mm SL, Bahrain Argyrops sinifer 288 mm SL, Bahrain Crenidens crenidens 198 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: J.E. Randall Photo: J.E. Randall Photo: G. Bianchi Photo: J.E. Randall Photo: J.E. Randall Photo: G. Bianchi PLATE XVIII SCIAENIDAE MULLIDAE 103 104 105 106 107 108 Dendrophysa russelli 137 mm SL, India Otolithes ruber 217 mm SL, India Mulloides flavolineatus 158 mm SL, Mauritius Mulloides vanicolensis 150 mm SL, Tanzania Parupeneus barberinus 243 mm SL, Fanning Islands Parupeneus bifasciatus 198 mm SL, Oaku, Hawaii Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: J.E. J.E. J.E. J.E. J.E. J.E. Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: J.E. J.E. J.E. J.E. J.E. J.E. Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: J.E. J.E. J.E. J.E. J.E. J.E. Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall G. Bianchi PLATE XIX 109 110 111 112 113 114 Parupeneus cinnabarinus 234 mm SL, Lord Howe Islands Parupeneus cyclostomus 159 mm SL, Marshall Islands Parupeneus cyclostomus 222 mm SL, Kona, India Parupeneus indicus 164 mm SL, Tuticorin, India Parupeneus macronema 151 mm SL, Red Sea Upeneus moluccensis 136 mm SL, Ambon, Indonesia PLATE XX DREPANIDAE PLATACIDAE 115 116 117 118 119 120 Upeneus sulphureus 160 mm SL, Madras, India Upeneus taeniopterus 120 mm SL, Madras, India Upeneus tragula 116 mm SL, Bahrain Upeneus vittatus 155 mm SL, Mauritius Drepane punctata 159 mm SL, India Platax orbicularis , Maldives PLATE XXI SCATOPHAGIDAE Mugilidae POLYNEMIDAE 121 122 123 124 125 126 Scatophagus argus , India Liza parsia 217 mm SL, India Mugil cephalus 254 mm SL, India Valamugil speigler i 122 mm SL, India Eleutheronema tetradactylum 125 mm SL, India Polynemus sextarius 186 mm TL, Madagascar PLATE XXII SIGANIDAE SCOMBRIDAE 127 128 129 130 131 132 Siganus canaliculatus Siganus ja vus Siganus sinus Auxis thazard 401 mm FL, Bahrain Rastrelliger kanagurta 238 mm FL, Cochin, India Scomberomorus commerson 658 mm FL, Bahrain Drawing: A. Meschini Drawing: A. Meschini Drawing: A. Meschini Photo: J.E. Randall Photo: J.E. Randall Photo: J.E. Randall PLATE XXIII PSETTODIDAE SOLEIDAE BOTHIDAE BALISTIDAE TRIACANTHIDAE 133 134 135 136 137 138 Psettodes erumei Madagascar Euryglossa orientalis 170 mm SL Bothus pantherinus 124 mm SL, Bahrain Abalistes stellatus 280 mm SL, Bahrain Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer 75 mm SL Triacanthus biaculeatus 175 mm SL Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: G. Bianchi J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall J.E. Randall Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: Photo: J.E. J.E. J.E. J.E. J.E. PLATE XXIV CARCHARHINIDAE EHINOBATIDAE RHYNCHOBATIDAE 139 140 141 142 143 Carcharhinus leucas 690 mm TL, India Loxodon macrorhinus 723 mm TL, India Rhizoprionodon acutus 515 mm TL, India Rhinobatos granulatus 716 mm TL, India Rhynchobatus djeddensis 705 mm TL, India Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall click for next page click for previous page - xi - INTRODUCTION This guide is designed as a practical tool for all fisheries workers within Pakistan, particularly those who are confronted with the daily task of collecting fisheries statistics and other data by species on landing places and in fish markets. It includes those marine and brackish water species of bony fishes, sharks, batoid fishes, lobsters, shrimps, crabs and cephalopods considered as regular components of the catches along the Pakistan coast. Correct identification of species entering the catches is of significant importance for the i mprovement of the quality of statistical data utilized by the Fisheries Division and other relevant units i n the Pakistan administration, in order to facilitate an adequate planning of fisheries development and management of the country's living marine and brackish-water resources.. Because of the great species diversity characteristic of this area, the considerable difficulties in separating similar species, in establishing meaningful groupings of species, and the unavailability of proper taxonomic literature, it is essential to provide national fishery workers with practical and reliable guidance in this field. Our leading idea was to achieve a compact and easily manageable booklet that would be at the reach of fishery workers at all levels. Consequently, the guide had to be based largely an illustrations, while the text was kept as succint as possible. This obviously implies certain limitations of the guide as a means of scientific identification of all species. It is therefore strongly recommended, in case of doubt, to consult the regional set of FAO Species Identification Sheets for the Western Indian Ocean, which is more comprehensive in species coverage and gives a much more detailed account of the diagnostic characters of each species. Pakistan has a coastline of 527 nautical miles and has an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extending offshore to 200 nautical miles. There are two main fishing areas: Karachi-Sind, extending southeast from Karachi to the Indian border (about 180 miles) and the Mekran coast, west of Karachi and along the coast of Baluchistan to the Iranian border (about 350 miles). The former area, with Karachi harbour as its main base, is characterized by a broad continental shelf (extending about 60 nautical miles out from the coast to a depth of 200 m), a coastline marked by innumerable small creeks and the Delta of the Indus River, and by a muddy, easily trawlable bottom. The sparsely populated Mekran coastline is formed by large bays and has a narrow (25 to 30 miles wide), abruptly descending shelf (to 1 500 to 3 000 m), and many widely despersed landing places. The bottom is mostly rocky and the fishing is only possible within the narrow plain ground of the shelf which varies in its width from 10 Thl entire shelf areas are estimated to be about 35 740 km in the Karachi/Sind area and to 30 miles. about 14 530 km in the Mekran area. The climate and oceanographic conditions are generally tropical and subject to monsoons during the summer to autumn. Upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich, low-oxygen waters occur all year round but is stronger during the southwest monsoon period and greatly affects the distribution and migration of fish in the region. The total annual fish production of Pakistan is in the order of 300 000 t of which about 260 000 t is marine fish. Of this total, about 20 000 t are shrimp. At present, fishermen using traditional fishing craft and gear, exploit coastal waters to a depth of about 10 to 15 m. Apart from the foreign joint venture trawlers operating in the EEZ, there is little or no local fishing in deeper waters. The major groups taken are rays, sharks, sardines, catfish, jewfish and croakers, mackerels, tuna and Indian Shad. Most of the shrimp is frozen and exported to Japan, USA, UK, Singapore, Belgium, France, etc. Finfish is dried or dried-salted and exported mainly to Sri Lanka. Presentation and Format Each one of the major commercial groups is introduced by a schematic illustration showing the main parts of a typical representative and some measurements and technical terms of general use to fishery workers. Families (block letters in boxes at upper right corner of the sheets) are arranged by similarity for the bony fishes and in alphabetical order for the other groups. Species are arranged in alphabetical order (by scientific names) within each family. Texts for each species are restricted to information on names (scientific, regional and local) size, fishing gear and habitat. Families including several species are introduced by a general section where information on interest to fisheries of that group is also given. The words in brackets following local names indicate the language to which the name belongs: Sindhi (Sin), Baluchi (Bat) or English (En). All i nformation on species identification is presented in the form of captions and arrows directly on the species illustrations. click for next page - 1 - click for previous page BONY FISHES TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS total length standard length fork length interdorsal space 1st dorsal fin base head length 2nd dorsal fin base postorbital lenght preorbital lenght lenght of caudal peduncle eye depth of body anal fin base length of pectoral fin General Nomenclature of the External Morphology 1st dorsal fin upper jaw 2nd dorsal fin opercle premaxilla maxilla nostrils opercular membrane preopercle caudal fin (upper lobe) 2nd dorsal fin origin nape chin low er jaw caudal peduncle anus suborbital plate branchiostegal rays caudal fin (lower lobe) lateral line pectoral fin pelvic fin anal fin -2- BONY FISHES Details (all schematic examples) incisor like terminal canine-like subterminal retracted inferior protracted molar-like protrusible superior most common types of teeth types of mouth spines (unsegmented, always unbranched) villiform so (se ft ray gm s en u bra sual ted, nch ly ed ) finlets adipose fin example of a continuous dorsal fin of a spiny-rayed fish gill arch (upper part) posterior margin spiny posterior margin smooth gill filaments cycloid gill rake ctenoid gill arch (lower part) schematic examples of "normal" scales rounded truncate emarginate first left gill arch lunate forked pointed pointed and separated from the dorsal and anal fins most common types of caudal fin click for next page click for previous page -3BONY FISHES Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782) PLATE I, 1 MEGALOPIDAE Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kinarhal (Sin); Mota (Bal) Tarpon (En) FAO names : En - Indo-Pacific tarpon Fr - Tarpon indo-pacifique Sp - Tarpon indo-pacifico Size : Max.: 55 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, seines and trawls Habitat and biology : A pelagic species, usually found in coastal waters, including lagoons and estuaries. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans Interest to fisheries : Present all along the coast, but caught only in small quantities underside of head ALBULIDAE Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Viat (Sin); Mushk (Bal) Lady fish (En) FAO names : En - Roundjaw bonefish Fr - Banane lèvre ronde Sp - Macabi boca redonda Size : Max.: to at least 50 cm Fishing gear : Taken mainly with gillnets, on hook and line and by castnets Habitat and biology : Usually found over sand and mud bottoms, in shallow coastal waters. Feeds on the bottom, using the snout for grubbing Interest to fisheries : Caught only occasionally, no special fishery for this species. good. The flesh is said to be rather NOTE: The species Albula vulpes has recently been separated into two new species, A. glossodonta and A. neoguinaica because of differences in the shape of the mouth and of the parasphenoid and basibranchial tooth patches. For questions of simplicity, and since more research is still needed, we use here the old name A. vulpes for both forms ELOPIDAE Elops machnata (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms Elops saurus ( misidentification) Loc. names : Kinarhal (Sin); Nar, Bagga (Bal) Tenpounder (En) FAO names : En - Tenpounder Fr - Guinée saumon Sp - Malacho salmòn Size : Max.: 90 cm; common to 50 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gillnets and handlines Habitat and biology : Pelagic, i n coastal waters, sometimes entering lagoons and estuaries. Spawning probably takes place at sea and the larvae migrate to inshore nursery areas. Feeds on small fishes and crustaceans Interest to fisheries : Caught occasionally, no special fishery for this species underside of head - 4- BONY FISHES CLUPEIDAE Loc. names : Palli, Palla, Goi, Mittoo, etc. FAO names : En - Herrings, shads, sardinellas, sprats, sardines, etc. Fr - Sardinelles, aloses, shadines, harengs, chardins, etc. Sp - Sardinelas, sábalos , sardines , sardine's , arenques, etc. Size : Most species are rather small (between 15 and 20 cm) except for Tenualosa species which may reach 60 cm Fishing gear : Seines, trawls, gillnets, castnets, beach seines and stakenets Habitat and biology : Most species are marine but several ( Dussumieria, Thrissocles and Ilisha species) can stand low salinities and are often caught in estuaries. Tenualosa ilisha ascends rivers for breeding. Most species form large schools Interest to fisheries : The combined annual catches of clupeid fishes (from 1972 to 1983) averaged 32 533 t and were represented mainly by Tenualosa ilisha and Sardinella longiceps ( Marine Fisheries Department, Government Most of these small of Pakistan, 1984). However, these figures probably include many other clupeid species. pelagic fishes are caught together in mixed catches and are used for fishmeal Anodontostoma chacunda ( Ham.Buch., 1822) Synonyms PLATE I, 2 None Loc. names : Daddi-palli (Sin); Goi (Bal) Shortnose gizzard shad (En) FAO names : En - Chacunda gizzard-shad Fr - Alose chaconde Sp - Sábalo chacunda Size : Max.: 17 cm; common to 14 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, shallow trawls, castnets and wire nets (modified purse seine) Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in inshore waters. Feeds upon detritus, phytoplankton and zooplankton (predominantly small copepods and larval fishes). Sexually ripe from November to January Interest to fisheries : Caught mainly in November and December on the Baluchistan coast. Dried and used for the production of fishmeal -5- BONY FISHES Dussumieria acuta Valenciennes, 1847 Synonyms None Loc. names : Tel-tampri (Sin) Common sprat (En) FAO names : En - Rainbow sardine Fr - Sardine arc-en-ciel Sp - Sardina arco iris Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with setnets, beach and purse seines and shallow water trawls Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in inshore waters Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes, 1847) Synonyms : Kowala thoracata Fowler, 1941 Kowala coval auct. Loc. names : Mithoo (Sin); Bee-chum (Bal) White sardine, Transparent herring (En) FAO names : En - White sardine Fr - Alose bianche Sp - Sardina bianca Size : Max.: 10 cm; common to 8 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and shallow trawls Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters. Feeds on zooplankton (copepods, crab and bivalve larvae, fish eggs) and on phytoplankton Hilsa kelee (Cuvier, 1829) Synonyms PLATE I, 3 : Macrura kelee Fowler, 1941 Hilsa kanaqurta (Bleeker, 1852) Loc. names : Palli (Sin); Kolgar, Barrag (juv.)(Bal) Fivespot herring (En) FAO names : En - Kelee shad Fr - Alose palli Sp - Sábalo chandano Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 20 cm seines, liftnets and Fishing gear : Caught with trawls. Consumed fresh but also processed to fishmeal Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters CLUPEIDAE -6- BONY FISHES CLUPEIDAE Ilisha megaloptera (Swainson, 1839) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Palli (Sin); Bee-chum (Bal) FAO names : En - Bigeye ilisha Fr - Alosa à gros yeux Sp - Sardineta ojigrande Size : Max.: 28 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters Ilisha melastoma (Schneider, 1801) Synonyms Ilisha indica (Swainson, 1839) Ilisha brachysoma (Bleeker, 1852) Ilisha filigera (Valenciennes) (mis.) Loc. names : Palli (Sin); Bee-chum (Bal) Jewelled shad (En) FAO names : En - Indian ilisha Fr - Alose indienne Sp - Sardineta indica Size : Max.: 13 cm; common to 12 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls in shallow waters Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795) Synonyms None Loc. names : Daddi-palli (Sin); Goi (Bal) Long-ray bony bream (En) FAO names : En - Bloch's gizzard-shad Fr - Chardin gros nez Sp - Machuelo narigón Size : Max.: 22 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in coastal waters, also entering estuaries. Found in large numbers in creeks -7BONY FISHES CLUPEIDAE Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier, 1829) Synonyms None Loc. names : Koor, Palli (Sin); Portuk (Bal) Long finned herring . (En) Big-eyed herring (En) FAO names : En - Tardoore Fr - Poisson-papiér tarture Sp - Arenquillo tardore Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 18 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls in shallow waters Habitat and biology : Pelagic, i n waters, most abundant in creeks shallow coastal Pellona ditchela Valenciennes, 1847 Synonyms Pellona hoevenii Bleeker, 1852 Loc. names : Palli (Sin); Bee-chum (Bal) Toothed shad (En) FAO names : En - Indian pellona Fr - Alose-écaille indienne Sp - Sardinata indica Size : Max.: 16 cm; common to 13 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls in shallow waters Habitat and biology : Usually found in shallow coastal waters, but sometimes abundant in estuaries, lagoons and even rivers PLATE I, 4 Sardinella albella (Valenciennes, 1847) Synonyms Sardinella bulan (Sleeker, 1849) Sardinella perforata (Cantor, 1850) Harengula dollfusi Chabanaud, 1933 Loc. names : Tarli, Luar (Sin); Lugger, Luar (Bal) Short-bodied sardine (En) FAO names : En - White sardinella Fr - Sardinelle blanche Sp - Sardinela bianca Size : Max.: 14 cm; common to 10 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gilinets and trawls in shallow waters Habitat and biology : A schooling species, usually in coastal waters. Due to misidentifications, published biological data are quite unreliable. Said to spawn in February to April. Feeds on zooplankton (crustaceans, larval molluscs) and on phytoplankton scale -8- BONY FISHES CLUPEIDAE Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849) Synonyms : Sardinella jussieu (Lacepède 1803) (no Sardinella tembang (Bleeker, 1851) Sardinella taiwanensis Raja & Hiyama, 1969 Loc. names : Tarli, Luar (Sin); Lugger, Luar (Bal) FAO names : En - Goldstripe sardinella Fr - Sardinelle dorée Sp - Sardinela dorada Size : Max.: 17 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines and trawls Habitat and biology : Coastal, pelagic, schooling. The possible confusion with other Sardinella species, especially S. fimbriata, makes published biological data not fully reliable scale Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes, 1847 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Tarli, Luar (Sin); Lugger, Luar (Bal) Oil sardine (En) FAO names : En - Indian oil-sardine Fr - Sardinelle indienne Sp - Sardinela aceitera Size : Max.: 23 cm; common to 16 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines and trawls, castnets and wire nets (modified purse seine) Habitat and biology : A pelagic species, mainly coastal. Forms large schools and is highly migratory. Feeds mainly on phytoplankton and detritus. Especially abundant along the Baluchistan coast. Sexually ripe from July to December Interest to fisheries : Caught throughout the year, but in the Gwader area on the Baluchistan coast occurs in abundance during May and September. Separate catch statistics reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 4 008 t (1974) to 56 346 t (1981) with an average of 25 059 t. However, these figures probably also include other species of Sardinella click for next page click for previous page -9BONY FISHES CLUPEIDAE Sardinella melanura (Cuvier, 1829) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Tarli, Lunar (Sin); Lugger, Luar, Bee-chum (Bal) FAO names : En - Blacktip sardinella Fr - Sardinelle queue noire Sp - Sardinela rabo negro Size : Max.: 12 cm; common to 10 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines and trawls Habitat and biology : A coastal pelagic species, forming schools but never abundant Sardinella sindensis (Day, 1878) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Tarli, Luar (Sin); Lugger, Luar (Bal) FAO names : En - Sind sardinella Fr - Sardinelle miyako Sp - Sardinela sinda Size : Max.: 17 cm; common to 14 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with seines and trawls pelagic Habitat and biology : A species, found in coastal waters schooling scale Spratelloides delicatulus (Bennett, 1831) Synonyms : Stolephorus delicatulus: Fowler, 1941 Loc. names : Tel-tampri (Sin); Pasali (Bal) FAO names : En - Delicate round herring Fr - Hareng rond Sp - Arenquillo fino Size : Max.: 7 cm; common to 6 cm Fishing gear : Beach seines Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in shallow coastal waters - 10 BONY FISHES CLUPEIDAE Spratelloides gracilis (Schlegel, 1846) Synonyms : Stolephorus japonicus : Fowler, 1941 Loc. names : Tel-tampri (Sin); Basali (Bal) Blue sprat ? (En) FAO names : En - Striped round herring Fr - Hareng gracile Sp - Arenquillo de banda Size : Max.: 9.5 cm; common to 7 cm Fishing gear : Caught with beach seines Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in shallow coastal waters Tenualosa ilisha (Ham.Buch., 1822) Synonyms : Hilsa ilisha : Fowler, 1941; Whitehead, 1973 Loc. names : Palla (Sin); Palwar, Tikki palwar (Bal) River shad, Indian shad (En) FAO names : En - Hilsa shad Fr - Alose paluva Sp - Sábalo de la India Size : Max.: 60 cm; common to 36 cm Fishing gear : Caught with fishing weirs and drift gillnets during the upstream migration in rivers, with gillnets and seines in the sea Habitat and biology : A pelagic species, found in estuarine areas and in rivers. This species breeds in the upper reaches of rivers, where eggs, larvae and juveniles are found during the southwest monsoon season (main breeding season). The young and juveniles migrate to the lower reaches of estuarine areas and to the sea from about November onwards. The variation of the intensity of the monsoon during the breeding season seems to be responsible for the considerable fluctuations in the abundance of this fish. This species is heterosexual but cases of hermaphroditism have been observed. Feeds on both zoo- and phytoplankton, filtered with the closely-set, sieve-like gillrakers. (For further information see FAO Synopsis FB/S25, 1963) Interest to fisheries : Separate catch statistics reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 1 592 t (1983) to 11 795 t (1973) with an average of 7 474 t. However, these figures probably also include T. toli - 11 BONY FISHES Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes, 1847) Synonyms CLUPEIDAE : Hilsa toli : Fowler, 1941; Whitehead, 1973 Loc. names : Nur -palla (Sin); Palwar (Bal) Tali shad (En) FAO names : En - Toli shad Fr - Alose toll Sp - Sábalo toli Size : Max.: 50 cm; common to 40 cm Fishing gear : Mainly caught with gillnets and seines Habitat and biology : It occurs in coastal waters, and forms large concentrations in bays and creeks. Unlike T. ilisha , it is said not to ascend rivers to breed. Feeds on detritus, phytoplankton and zooplankton Interest to fisheries : Mainly caught along the Baluchistan coast. Separate statistics are not officially reported for this fish, although Burney et al . (1985) report about 1 450 t caught from the Baluchistan coast in 1983 ENGRAULIDAE Loc. names : Patia, Phyasa, Kagaya, etc. FAO names : En - Anchovies, thryssas Fr - Anchois, alices, anchois-moustache Sp - Anchoas, boquerones, bocartes Size : Max.: about 20 cm, but most common between 7 and 15 cm Fishing gear : Seines, bagnets, stakenets, gillnets and trawls Habitat and biology : Found mainly in coastal waters, including creeks and estuaries. Some species form large schools Interest to fisheries : Some species ( Coilia dussumieri and Thryssa species) concentrate in large numbers in creeks along the Sind coast, especially during the cold season. Most species are caught in mixed catches and are mainly used for fishmeal. No separate statistics are reported Coilia dussumieri Valenciennes, 1848 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Patia (Sin); Padni (Bal) Dussumier's flag-tail anchovy (En) FAO names : En - Gold-spotted grenadier anchovy Fr - Alice taches d'or Sp - Anchoa granadera dorada Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, bagnets and trawls in shallow waters Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters and eastuaries - 12 BONY FISHES ENGRAULIDAE Coilia neglecta Whitehead, 1968 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Patia (Sin); Padni (Bal) Flag-tail anchovy (En) FAO names : En - Neglected grenadier anchovy Fr - Alice franche Sp - Anchoa granadera plebeya Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines and trawls in shallow waters Habitat and biology : Inhabits estuaries coastal waters and Stolephorus commersonii Lacepède, 1803 Synonyms PLATE I, 5 : Anchoviella commersonii : Fowler, 1941 Loc. names : Phyasa (Sin); Padni (Bal) Commerson's anchovy (En) FAO names : En - Commerson's anchovy Fr - Anchois bombra Sp - Boquerón bombra Size : Max.: 10 cm; common of 8 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in coastal waters Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt, 1823) Synonyms : Anchoviella indica : Fowler, 1941 Loc. names : Phyasa (Sin); Padni (Bal) Indian anchovy (En) FAO names : En - Indian anchovy Fr - Anchois indien Sp - Boquerón indio Size : Max.: 15.5 cm; common to 12 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, trawls and stakenets in shallow waters Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters - 13 BONY FISHES ENGRAULIDAE Thryssa hamiltonii (Gray, 1835) Synonyms : Thrissocles hamiltonii : Fowler, 1941 Loc. names : Phyasa (small), Paddan (large) (Sin); Padni (Bal) FAO names : En - Hamilton's thryssa Fr - Anchois-moustache mamata Sp - Bocarte bolinado Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 17 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gillnets and trawls in shallow waters Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters, perhaps alto in estuaries Thryssa malabarica (Bloch, 1795) Synonyms : Thrissocles malabarica: Fowler, 1941 Loc. names : Phyasa (small), Paddan (large) (Sin); Padni (Bal) Malabar anchovy (En) FAO names : En - Malabar thryssa Fr - Anchois-moustache malabar Sp - Bocarte malabarico Size : Max.: 18 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with boat seines, gillnets and trawls, in shallow waters Habitat and biology : Pelagic, maybe also in estuaries in coastal waters, Thryssa mystax (Schneider, 1801) Synonyms : Thrissocles mystax : Fowler, 1941 Loc. names : Phyasa (small), Paddan (large) (Sin) Padni (Bal) Moustached anchovy (En) FAO names : En - Moustached thryssa Fr - Anchois-moustache sardelle Sp - Bocarte dompilón Size : Max.: 16 cm; common to 14 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gillnets and trawls in shallow waters Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters, also in estuaries - 14 - BONY FISHES ENGRAULIDAE Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet, 1782) Synonyms Thrissocles setirostris : Fowler, 1941 Loc. names : Phyasa (small); Paddan (large) (Sin); Gore padni (Bal) Long-jaw anchovy (En) FAO names : En - Longjaw thryssa Fr - Anchois-moustache cornu Sp - Bocarte de cuernos Size : Max.: 15 cm; common to 12 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gillnets and trawls in shallow waters Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters, also in estuaries Thryssa vitrirostris ( Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908) Synonyms Thrissocles vitrirostris : Fowler, 1941 Loc. names : Phyasa (small), Paddan (large) (Sin); Padni (Bal) FAO names : En - Orangemouth anchovy Fr - Anchois-moustache cristal Sp - Bocarte cristal Size : Max.: Fishing gear : Boat seines, gillnets and trawls in shallow waters Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in coastal waters, also in estuaries CHIROCENTRIDAE Loc. names : Kerli, Gairi (Sin); Pashant (Bal) FAO names : En - Wolf-herrings Fr - Chirocentres Sp - Arencones Size : Max.: 100 cm; common to 60 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, seines, shallow trawls and traps Habitat and biology : Pelagic, inshore species, feeding mainly on small fishes, crustaceans and other invertebrates. Sexually ripe specimens of C. dorab are found in August and December on the Baluchistan coast, but detailed information about breeding season lacking. C . nudus and C. dorab are often confused sand the information on the biology of the two species can hardly be used Interest to fisheries : Separate statistics are given for Chirocentrus dorab , but they probably also represent catches of C. nudus. Catches reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 353 t (1983) to 10 574 t (1982), with an average of 4 217 t. Marketed fresh or salted-dried. Exported to Sri Lanka - 15 - BONY FISHES Species of Chirocentridae CHIROCENTRIDAE Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål , 1775) Dorab wolf-herring size: to 100 cm Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839 Whiten wolf-herring size: to 100 cm MURAENIDAE Loc. names : Barn, Sand (Sin); Riami slang (Bal) FAO names : En - Morays Fr - Mourns Sp - Arenas Size : Max.: to over 400 cm total length Fishing gear : Caught mainly with loneliness , trawls, traps and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Mostly found in rocky areas of shallow waters where they inhabit holes and crevices. Some species are found in turbid waters and estuaries. Active at night, they feed on bottom-dwelling fishes and crustaceans. Their powerful jaws and teeth can inflict deep and painful wounds. Interest to fisheries : There is no special fishery for members of this family. Only occasionally caught and consumed fresh. Species of Muraenidae Echidna nebulosa (Ahl, 1789) Starry moray size: to 80 cm Thyroidea mercer (Bleeker, 1854) Giant slender moray size: to 400 cm click for next page click for previous page - 16 - BONY FISHES MURAENESOCIDAE Loc. names : Barn, Sankh (Sin); Saang, etc.(Bal) FAO names : En - Pike congers Fr - Morénésoces Sp - Morenocios Size : Max.: to 250 cm Fishing gear : Caught with longlines , draftiest and trawls Habitat and biology . Found on the continental shelf and slope. Species inhabiting shallow waters are known to be nocturnal and to feed on bottom-living fishes and crustaceans Interest to fisheries : Muraenesox species constitute the bulk of eels caught in Pakistan, but catch statistics Annual reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) include Conger species as well. catch figures range from 350 t (1980) to 3 921 t (1982). They are good food fishes and sold mostly fresh, drysalted or used as bait for shark fishing Congresox talabonoides (Bleeker, 1853) Synonyms : Muraenesox talabonoides (Bleeker, 1853) Loc. names : Barn, Sand (Sin); Saang, Tayabi saang, Barn (Bal) Pike eel (En) FAO names : En - Indian pike conger Fr - Morénésoce indien Sp -Morenocio i ndio Size : Max.: 250 cm; common to 180 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly by lobeline , driftnets and trawls at night Habitat and biology : Lives on soft bottoms in coastal waters to about 100 m depth; also in estuaries. Feeds mainly on bottom-dwelling fishes and on crustaceans Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms Muraenesox arabicus (Schneider, 1801) Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Barn, Saang, Tayabi saang (Bal) Silver conger eel (En) FAO names : En - Daggertooth pike conger Fr - Morenesoce dague Sp - Morenocio dentón Size : Max.: 200 cm; common to 150 cm Fishing gear : Caught with longlines and handlines, driftnets, bottom set gillnets and trawls. Habitat and biology: Found on the continental shelf and slope. In shallow waters, known to be nocturnal. Feeds on bottom-living fishes and crustaceans. Sexually ripe specimens found in November to January on the Baluchistan coast. Interest to fisheries : Separate statistics are not officially reported for this species. However, Burney et al . (1985) report total landings of about 746 000 t for the Baluchistan coast in 1983. Dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka. Also used as bait for shark fishing dorsal view of head - 17 BONY FISHES Muraenesox bagio ( Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) Synonyms MURAENESOCIDAE Muraenesox yamaguchiensis Katayama & Takai, 1954 Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Bam, Tayabi saang (Bal) FAO names : En - Common pike conger Fr - Morénésoce commun Sp - Morenocio común Size : Max.: 180 cm; common to 150 cm Fishing gear : Caught with driftnets, longlines and trawls Habitat and biology : Lives on soft bottoms, down to 100 m depth. A nocturnal species feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling fish and on crustaceans dorsal view of head CONGRIDAE Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Bam, Saang (Bal) FAO names : En - Conger eels Fr - Congres Sp - Congrios Size : Max.: to 80 cm Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line and in trawls Habitat and biology : Conger eels occur from the coast to deep waters of the shelf and slope. They are mostly active at night, hiding They feed on in burrows during daytime. bottom-dwelling organisms Interest to fisheries : These fishes are valued as food and are sold mostly fresh. Conger cinereus cinereus Rüppell, 1828 Synonyms Conger cinereus Rüppell, 1828 Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Bam, Saang (Bal) FAO names : En - Longfin African conger Fr Congre oiro Sp - Congrio de aleta larga ( Africa) Size : Max.: 80 cm; common to 50 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly by hook and line Habitat and biology : A common reef species, mostly active at night. Feeds on small reef organisms - 18 BONY FISHES CONGRIDAE Uroconger lepturus (Richardson, 1848) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Bam, Saang (Bal) FAO names : En - Slender conger Fr - Congre gracile Sp - Congrio coludo Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught with fine-meshed trawls Habitat and biology : Lives offshore on sandy and muddy bottoms. Feeds on bottom-dwelling crustaceans Interest to fisheries : No special fishery but appears regularly in the catches. Marketed mostly fresh. roof of mouth ARIIDAE Loc. names : Khagga, Singhara (Sin); Kun (Bal) FAO names : En - Sea catfishes Fr - Mâchoirons Sp - Bagres Size : Max.: to over 100 cm total length Fishing gear : Bottom trawls, bagnets, dipnets. stake traps, shore seines and on hook. and Habitat and biology : Sea catfishes are mostly marine but occur also in brackish and fresh waters. They are usually confined to muddy coastal waters to 50 m depth, but a few species are caught at greater depths. The sharp pectoral and dorsal fin spines can inflict painful wounds Interest to fisheries : The sea catfishes may occur in large quantities and their flesh is said to be good. They are usually marketed fresh, but also dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka, and used for the production of fishmeal. The combined catches of ariid catfishes reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 7 382 t (1983) to 28 642 t (1978) with an average of 16 952 t Arius maculatus (Thunberg, 1792) Synonyms : Arius falcarius Richardson, 1844 Tachysurus maculatus (Thunberg, 1792) Loc. names : khagga, Singhara (Sin); Aasi, Raingi Spotted catfish (En) FAO names : En - Spotted catfish Fr - Machoiron tacheté Sp - Bagre manchado Size : Max.: 61 cm; common to 40 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bagnets, dipnets, bamboo-stake traps and with line gear Habitat and biology : Found in inshore waters and estuaries. Feeds on invertebrates and small fishes. Full maturity is attained by males and females at about 16 cm length - 19 BONY FISHES ARIIDAE Arius platystomus Day, 1877 Synonyms : Tachysurus platystomus ( Day, 1877) Loc. names : Khagga, Singhara (Sin); Khaggi (Bal) Flat-mouth catfish (En) FAO names : En - Flatmouth sea catfish Fr - Mâchoiron canard Sp - Bagre pato Size : Max.: 15 cm; common to 10 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, stake traps, shore seines, set bagnets and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Lives close to the coast, in marine waters as well as in estuaries Arius tenuispinis Day, 1877 Synonyms Hemipuniclodus tenuispinis Misra, 1976 Tachysurus tenuispinis (Day, 1877) Loc. names : Khagga, Singhara (Sin); Kun (Bal) FAO names : En - Thinspine catfish Fr - Mâchoiron aiguillette Sp - Bagre aqujilla Size : Max.: 36 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bagnets, dipnets, bamboo-stake traps and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Common in marine coastal waters, to about 50 m depth Arius thalassinus (Rüppell, 1837) Synonyms Arius serratus Day, 1877 Tachysurus serratus (Day, 1877) Tachysurus thalassinus (Rüppell , 1837) Netuma thalassinus (Rüppell, 1837) Loc. names : Khagga, Singhara (Sin); Kun (large), Kup-a-go (Bal) Giant catfish (En) FAO names : En - Giant catfish Fr - Mâchoiron titan Sp - Bagre titan Size : Max.: 185 cm; common to 70 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets, bamboo-stake traps, with handlines, longlines and on hook and line Habitat and biology : A marine species, often found in estuaries and brackish water, but never entering freshwater. Feeds on crabs, prawns and other crustaceans, but also on fishes and molluscs. Sexually ripe specimens found in January and April. Mass spawning occurs in the last week of March and first week of April along the Baluchistan coast a d u lt juvenile - 20 BONY FISHES Other species of Ariidae ARIIDAE t e e t h o n ro o f o f m o uth d o rs a l v ie w o f h e a d t e e t h o n ro o f o f m o u t h d o rs a l v ie w of he ad Arius arius Hamilton, 1822 Threadfin sea catfish Bagga, Singhara (Sin) Bargai (Bal) size: to 20 cm Arius caelatus Valenciennes, 1840 Engraved catfish Bagga, Singhara (Sin) Shazada, Siah-gosh khaggi (Bal) size: to 45 cm t e e t h o n ro o f o f m o uth d o rs a l v ie w o f h e a d Arius crossocheilus Bleeker, 1846 Roughback sea catfish Bagga, Singhara (Sin) Bargai (Bal) size: to 40 cm t e e t h o n ro o f o f m o uth d o rs a l v ie w o f h e a d Arius dussumieri Valenciennes, 1840 Blacktip sea catfish Bagga, Singhara (Sin) Gallo (Bal) size: to 30 cm - 21BONY FISHES Other species of Ariidae ARIIDAE t e e t h o n ro o f o f m o u t h d o rs a l v ie w o f h e a d t e e t h o n ro o f o f m o uth Arius sagor (Hamilton, 1822) Sagor catfish Khagga, Singhara (Sin) Bargai (Bal) size: to 45 cm Arius sona (Hamilton, 1822) Sona sea catfish Khagga, Singhara (Sin) Torro gallo (Bal) size: to 90 cm t e e t h o n ro o f o f m o uth d o rs a l v ie w o f h e a d Arius subrostratus Valenciennes, 1840 Shovelnose sea catfish Bagga, Singhara (Sin) Kun (Bal) size: to 30 cm t e e t h o n ro o f o f m o uth Arius sumatranus Bennett, 1830 Goat catfish Bagga, Singhara (Sin) Matar (Bal) size: to 30 cm - 22 BONY FISHES ARIIDAE Batrachocephalus mino (Hamilton, 1822) Synonyms : None Loc. names : khagga (Sin); Chonaro (Bal) Beardless sea catfish (En) FAO names : En - Beardless sea catfish Fr - Mâchoiron i mberbe Sp - Barge lampiño Size : Max.: 25 cm; common from 8 to 10 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets, bamboo-stake traps, hook and line and lobeline Habitat and biology : A marine species, occurring in shallow coastal waters, estuaries and tidal rivers Osteogeneiosus militaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms : Osteogeneiosus sthenocephalus Day, 1877 Loc. names : khagga, Singhara (Sin); Kun (Bal) FAO names : En - Soldier catfish Fr - Mâchoiron soldat Sp - Bagre soldado Size : Max.: 35 cm; common from 20 to 26 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, dipnets, bamboo stake traps and on hook and line Habitat and biology : A marine coastal species, occurring also in estuaries and river mouths, mostly in turbid waters. Feeds on invertebrates and small fishes PLOTOSIDAE Loc. names : Bam-khagga (Sin); Robila (Bal) FAO names : En - Eel catfishes Fr - Balibots Sp - Patunas Size : Max.: to over 40 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, seines, traps and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters, including reef areas, estuaries and tidal pools. Feed on crustaceans, molluscs and fishes. The dorsal and pectoral spines are venomous and may inflict painful wounds. Gregarious in habits, the juveniles of P. limbatus form large aggregations Interest to fisheries : Species of this family do not form the object of a special fishery and some fishermen dread handling them. The flesh is said to be delicate in taste - 23 BONY FISHES Species of Plotosidae PLOTOSIDAE Plotosus limbatus Valenciennes , 1840 Darkfin eel catfish size: to 41 cm Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787) Striped eel catfish size: to 30 cm *This species has been often misidentified as P. canius which may also occur in the area. In P. canius the maxillary barbels extend to the pectoral fin base CHANIDAE Chanos chanos (Forsskål , 1775) Synonyms None Loc. names : Ghonshi (Sin); Murro, Murra (Bal) FAO names : En - Milkfish Fr - Chanos Sp - Chano Size : Max.: 180 cm; common to 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught with scoopnets, dragnets, setnets and traps Habitat and biology : This is a coastal species, entering estuaries, fresh waters and lakes. The eggs are found at The occurrence of fry seems to be restricted to specific sea. The larval stages shift slowly toward the coast. areas of the Indo-Pacific region (i.e. ., southern India and Sri Lanka, Indonesia, etc.). The distribution of the species seems to depend on the temperature and on predators. Feeds on bottom invertebrates. Much experimental data are available on this species but very little is known of its biology and life cycle in its natural habitat (see FAO Synopsis No. 4 (1960) for further information) Interest to fisheries This species is very important in many countries of the Indo-Pacific region where it is cultured in ponds and tanks. In Pakistan it is occasionally caught and sold fresh SYNODONTIDAE Loc. names : Koniari (Sin); Bombala (Bal) FAO names : En - Lizardfishes Fr - Anolis Sp - Lagartos Size : Max.: Some species may exceed 45 cm Fishing gear : It is accidentally caught with bottom trawls Habitat and biology : They are bottom-dwelling fishes, found around coral reefs and on open flats to about 500 m depth. Most species are fish eaters and they usually wait motionless to seize the prey with a rapid motion Interest to fisheries : There is no special fishery for any of the species of this family and there are no separate statistics reported. If caught it is marketed fresh or used for fishmeal. The flesh is said to be of good quality undosquamis and S. tumbil are the most widespread and abundant, as and flavour although quite bony. Saurida well as the largest, members of the family click for next page click for previous page - 24 BONY FISHES SYNODONTIDAE Species of Synodontidae Saurida longimanus Norman, 1939 Longfin lizardfish size: to 25 cm Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795) Greater lizardfish size: exceeds 40 cm Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848) Brushtooth lizardfish size: to 45 cm or, more PLATE I, 6 Synodus indicus (Day, 1873) Indian lizardfish size: to 20 cm Synodus macrops Tanaka, 1917 Triplecross lizardfish size: to 18 cm Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801) Bluntnose lizardfish size: to 40 cm Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) Synonyms HARPADONTIDAE None Loc. names : Bombil (Sin); Bombala (Bal) Bombay duck (En) FAO names : En - Bombay duck Fr - Bumalo Sp - Bumalo Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters and estuaries Interest to fisheries : This species is not as important in Pakistan as in India and no separate statistics are reported from this country in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan. It is usually marketed driedsalted - 25 BONY FISHES BREGMACEROTIDAE Bregmaceros macclellandi Thompson, 1840 Synonyms None Loc. names : Mac Lelland's Unicorn-codfish (En) FAO names : En - Spotted codlet Fr - Varlet de l'Océan Indien Sp - Bregmacero manchado Size : Max.: 10 cm; common to 7 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bagnets and trawls Habitat and biology : Over the continental shelf but possibly also oceanic, sometimes found in estuaries. mainly on planktonic crustaceans Feeds Interest to fisheries : No special fishery for this species which is only accidentally caught EXOCOETIDAE Loc. names : Thuri (Sin); Jirri (Bal) FAO names : En - Flyingfishes Fr - Exocoets Sp - Voladores Size : Some species reach to 25 cm Fishing gear : No special fishing gear has been developed for these particular fishes in Pakistan They are well known for Habitat and biology : Species of this family inhabit surface waters of open oceans. leeping out of the water and gliding over a long distance with open pectoral and sometimes pelvic fins. Young (up to 10 cm) are quite different from adults, with different shape of fins and often with conspicuous barbels at chin Interest to fisheries : An important fisheries for flying fishes has developed in India but they are not known of The flesh is said to be of excellent being of commercial value in Pakistan where they are not yet exploited. quality Species of Exocoetidae Cheilopogon nigricans (Bennett, 1840) African flyingfish size: to 24 cm Exocoetus monocirrhus Richardson, 1846 Barbel flyingfish size: to 20 cm - 26 BONY FISHES Species of Exocoetidae EXOCOETIDAE Exocoetus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) Tropical two-wing flyingfish size: to 18 cm Hirundichthys coromandelensis ( Hornell, 1923) Coromandel flyingfish size: to 19 cm Hirundichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1852) Bony flyingfish size: to 20 cm HEMIRAMPHIDAE Loc. names : Thute (Sin); Murrant (Bal) FAO names : En - Halfbeaks Fr - Demi-becs Sp - Agujetas Size : Max.: to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, pelagic trawls, and dipnets Habitat and biology : Mainly marine, but some species are found in brackish as well as fresh waters. They are epipelagic, sometimes leaping out of the water and gliding on the surface by vibrating the lower lobe of caudal fin. They are omnivorous, feeding on floating sea grass, crustaceans and small fishes Interest to fisheries : These species are not of great commercial value but they are regularly found in local markets. The flesh is said to be of excellent quality - 27 BONY FISHES Species of Hemiramphidae HEMIRAMPHIDAE Hemiramphus far (Forsskål, 1775) Blackbarred halfbeak size: to 44 cm PLATE II, 7 Hyporhamphus (Reporhamphus) dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1846) Dussumier's halfbeak size: to 30 cm Hyporhamphus ( Hyporhamphus) limbatus (Valenciennes, 1846) Congaturi halfbeak size: to 22 cm BELONIDAE Loc. names : Kango, Kungi (Sin); Aabre (Bal) FAO names : En - Needlefishes Fr - Aiguillettes Sp - Agujones Size : May attain a very large size (to 200 cm) Fishing gear : Caught with lines and by trolling Habitat and biology : They occur in marine as well as brackish and fresh waters. leap out of the water and skitter on the surface. They feed mainly on small fishes They are pelagic and able to Interest to fisheries : Most species are found frequently in markets. The flesh is said to be excellent but some people have misgivings about consuming this fish because of the green colour of the bones Species of Belonidae Ablennes hians (Valenciennes, 1846) Flat needlefish size: to 120 cm Platybelone argalus platyura (Bennett, 1837) Keeltail needlefish size: to 40 cm . Strongylura leiura (Bleeker, 1850) Banded needlefish size: to about 80 cm - 28 BONY FISHES Species of Belonidae BELONIDAE Strongylura strongylura (van Hasselt, 1823) Spottail needlefish size: to 40 cm PLATE II, 8 Tylosurus acus melanotus (Bleeker, 1850) Agujon needlefish size: to 90 cm Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (Peron & LeSueur, 1821) Hound needlefish size: to 125 cm HOLOCENTRIDAE Loc. names : Gilhari (Sin); Koh mitar (Bal) large FAO names : En - Squirrelfishes, soldierfishes Fr - Marignans Sp - Candiles Size : Max.: to about 45 cm Fishing gear : Probably taken in gillnets, traps and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Usually found in shallow waters and coral reef areas or on rocky bottoms. Feed on invertebrates. The preopercular spine of Sargocentron is venomous Interest to fisheries : Only occasionally caught in artisanal fisheries FISTULARIIDAE Loc. names : Bangri (Sin); Moorat (Bal) FAO names : En - Cornetfishes, Flutemouths Fr - Cornettes Sp - Cornetas Size : Max.: 200 cm Fishing gear : Occasionally caught in bottom trawls and in artisanal fisheries Habitat and biology : Two species occur: Fistularia petimba generally occurs in deeper waters offshore while F. commersonii usually occurs in shallow inshore waters, often associated with reefs. Feed on small fishes and shrimps Interest to fisheries : Only occasionally caught - 29 BONY FISHES SCORPAENIDAE Loc. names Serin (Sin); Bheel-alari (Bal) FAO names : En Scorpionfishes, Stingfihes, etc . Fr - Rascasses Sp - Rascacios Size : Max.: to 40 cm Fishing gear : Occasionally caught in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Mostly found in inshore waters on rocky bottoms and coral reefs, but also occurring on sandy or muddy bottoms further offshore. Scorpionfishes have venomous spines and should be handled with extreme care. Wounds can cause intense pain, respiratory distress and, in some cases, death. Immerse wound in hot water to relieve pain. Interest to fisheries : The flesh is white and good eating but these fishes are not valued as food in Pakistan TRIGLIDAE Loc. names : Bheel-alari (Bal) Sea robin (En) FAO names : En - Gurnards Fr - Grondins Sp - Cabetes Size : Max.: to about 16 cm Fishing gear : Accidentally caught in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Bottom-living species, found between 50 and about 250 m depth, usually in deeper waters They occur on sandy and muddy substrates, rubble or reef-type bottoms, using the free rays of of their range. their pectoral fins to search for food. Interest to fisheries : There is no special fishery and if caught they are used for fishmeal Species of Triglidae (dorsal view) rostral process (dorsal view) rostral process Lepidotrigla bispinosa (Steindachner, 1898) Bullhorn gurnard size: to 16 cm Lepidotrigla spiloptera Günther, 1880 Spottedwing gurnard size: to 10 cm (dorsal view) rostral process Lepidotrigla omanensis Regan, 1905 Oman gurnard size: to 12.5 cm - 30 - BONY FISHES PLATYCEPHALIDAE Loc. names : Khuker (Sin); Khuker (Bal) FAO names : En - Flatheads Fr - Platycéphales Sp - Chatos Size : Max.: 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Bottom-living fishes, found on mud Some species are assoor sand, to about 75 m depth. ciated with rocky shores and coral reefs Interest to fisheries : These species are only accidentally caught. Although quite frequent in the catches, they are species are good foodnever in large quantities. Most fishes dorsal view Species of Platycephalidae Cociella crocodila (Tilesius, 1812) Crocodile flathead size: to 50 cm Grammoplites suppositus (Troschel, 1840) Spotfin flathead size: to 25 cm Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bartail flathead size: to 100 cm click for next page - 31 - click for previous page BONY FISHES CENTROPOMIDAE Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Dangri (Sin); Dangri (Bal) Cock-up, Giant perch (En) FAO names : En - Barramundi Fr - Barramundi Sp - Barramundi Size : Max.: 200 cm; common between 25 and 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, handlines, bottom gillnets and traps; also in sport fishing Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters, estuaries and lagoons, usually at depths between 10 and 40 m. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans Interest to fisheries : Catches of this species reported in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (197383) range from 457 t (1980) to 3 018 t (1982), with an average of 936 t. Marketed fresh SERRANIDAE Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Chanco, Klancho (Bal) FAO names : En - Groupers, seabasses, rockcods, etc. Fr - Vielles, mérous, serrans, etc. Sp - Chernas, meros, serranos, etc. Size : May exceed 200 cm Fishing gear : They are usually taken in traps, on hook and line, on longlines and in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : These are mostly demersal fishes, ranging from shallow coastal waters to moderate depths, rarely beyond 200 m. Most occur in rocky or reef areas, but some species show preference for sandy or muddy areas or seagrass beds. They are mostly solitary species and they only form breeding aggregations. Juveniles are often found in estuaries. They feed on fish and invertebrates (including crabs and spiny lobsters). Most are hermaphrodites, beginning life as females and then becoming males, or are synchronous hermaphrodites Interest to fisheries : Many are excellent foodfishes, fetching high prices in local markets and thus sought in commercial fisheries. Usually marketed fresh for local consumption and exported to Arabian Gulf countries. Also dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka. Catch of Epinephelus species reported in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 410 t (1974) to 5 463 t (1982), with an average of 1 784 t. More than 30 species belonging to this family have been reported from Pakistan. Separate information will be given only for the most important species. The remaining ones are only illustrated in plates Epinephelns bleekeri (Vaillant, 1877) Synonyms PLATE II, 9 : Epinephelus coromandelicus Day, 1878 Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Golori (Jiwani area) Klancho (Bal) Bleeker's reef cod (En) FAO names : En - Duskytail grouper Fr - Mérou demideuil Sp - Mero medioluto Size : Max.: 70 cm Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : On rocky bottoms and reef areas - 32 - BONY FISHES SERRANIDAE Epinephelus chlorostigma (Valenciennes, 1828) Synonyms PLATE II, 10 None. A similar, possibly undescribed species of Epinephelus , also co-occurs with E. chlorostig ma. This species differs notably in having 15 to 17 soft dorsal rays and in having spots present only on the inner surface of the pectoral fin. Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Klancho, Golori (Jiwani area)(Bal) FAO names : En - Brownspotted grouper Fr - Mérou pintade Sp - Mero pintado Size : Max.: 75 cm Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : Occurs on coral reefs and rocky bottoms, from the shore to 280 m depths Epinephelus diacanthus (Valenciennes, 1828) Synonyms PLATE II, 11 : None Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Chancho (Bal) FAO names : En - Thornycheek grouper Fr - Mérou épineux Sp - Mero espinudo Size : Max.: 52 cm Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, gillnets, traps, liftnets and in trawls Habitat and biology : A bottom living species, sometimes forming large aggregations. 2 and 50 m depth Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål , 1775) Synonyms Occurs in waters between PLATE II, 12 : Epinephelus emoryi Schultz, 1953 Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Chancho (Bal) Banded reef cod (En) FAO names : En - Redbanded grouper Fr - Mérou oriflamme Sp - Mero banderilla Size : Max.: 40 cm Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, traps and gillnets Habitat and biology : Occurs on coral reefs and rocky bottoms from the shore to 160 m depth. Feeds upon bottom-living invertebrates such as molluscs and prawns, and also small fishes. Sexually ripe specimens found in July and August and in December on the Baluchistan coast - 33 BONY FISHES SERRANIDAE Epinephelus flavocaeruleus (Lacepède, 1802) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal) Blue and yellow reef cod (En) FAO names : En - Blue and yellow grouper Fr - Mérou faraud Sp - Mero azul y amarillo Size : Max.: 90 cm Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line, in traps and gillnets Habitat and biology : Occurs in coral reef areas and on rocky bottoms, from the shore to 160 m depth Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE III, 13 Synonyms : Epinephelus horridus (Valenciennes, 1828) Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal) FAO names : En - Brown-marbled grouper Fr - Mérou marbré Sp - Mero manchado Size : Max.: 90 cm; 11 kg Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line and gillnets as well as in traps Habitat and biology : Mainly in reef areas, to at least 30 m depth Epinephelus latifasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) Synonyms PLATE III, 14 : None Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal) FAO names : En - Banded grouper Fr - Mérou à bandes Sp - Mero abanderado Size : Max.: 70 cm Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, in traps, gillnets and trawls Habitat and biology : Occurs between 20 and 200 m depth, juveniles over muddy or sandy bottoms, adults in rocky areas ju v e n ile - 34 - BONY FISHES SERRANIDAE Epinephelus malabaricus (Schneider, 1801) PLATE III, 15 Synonyms Often misidentification as " Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål, 1775)", which is a different species Loc. names Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal) FAO names En - Malabar grouper Fr - Mérou malabare Sp - Mero malabarico Size : Max.: 100 cm (perhaps 200 cm) Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line, in traps, gillnets and trawls Habitat and biology : Occurring in turbid waters, i.e., estuarine areas, harbours, as well as in reef areas, to about 30 m depth. This is the most common inshore species of grouper of the Western Indian Ocean Epinephelus morrhua (Valenciennes, 1833) Synonyms PLATE III, 16 : Epinephelus cometae Tanaka, 1927 Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal) Banded-cheek reefcod (En) FAO names : En - Comet grouper Fr - Mérou comète Sp - Mero cometa Size : Max.: 90 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and in trawls Habitat and biology : Found from about 100 to more than 350 m depth Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms PLATE III, 17 : Epinephelus elongatus Schultz, 1953 Epinephelus chewa Morgans, 1965 Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari, Mait (large)(Bal) Greasy reefcod (En) FAO names : En - Greasy grouper Fr - Mérou loutre Sp - Mero lutra Size : Max.: 65 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines and longlines (using shrimp bait), traps and gillnets. Main fishery season is from November to April. Habitat and biology : Mainly found in coral reef areas from 1 to 50 m depth. Feeds on bottom-living crustaceans, especially shrimp and small fishes. Sexually ripe specimens are found in December and March along the Baluchistan coast - 35 BONY FISHES SERRANIDAE Epinephelus tukula Morgans, 1959 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal) FAO names : En - Potato grouper Fr - Mérou patate Sp - Mero patata Size : Max.: 200 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with hook and line Habitat and biology : Occurs on rocky bottoms, from 10 to 150 m depth Epinephelus undulosus ( Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Synonyms PLATE III, 18 : None Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotinri (Bal) FAO names : En - Midwater grouper Fr - Mérou nodulé Sp - Mero ondulado Size : Max.: 75 cm; 7 kg Fishing gear : Caught with trawls and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Over sandy banks, from 20 to 90 m depth. Feeds on fishes, small crustaceans and tunicates Promicrops lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Mait (large)(Bal) Grouper (En) FAO names : En - Brindle grouper Fr - Mérou lancéolé Sp - Mero lanceolado Size : Max.: 270 cm (over 400 kg) Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line and spears Habitat and biology : Common in harbours, estuaries and around wrecks, from 5 to 100 m depth ju v e n ile - 36 BONY FISHES TERAPONIDAE Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Adhi kuli, Kabloosh (Bal) FAO names : En - Terapon-perches, terapons Fr - Violons Sp - Baraongas Size : Max.: usually not exceeding 30 cm Fishing gear : They are likely to be caught with many types of inshore artisanal fishing gear, including: gillnets, traps, hook and line, handlines and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Species of this family inhabit inshore waters and some are common in estuaries and in fresh water Interest to fisheries : They are good foodfishes and they are rather common in the catches. None of these species, however, is important enough to support a special fishery Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch, 1790) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Adhi kuli (Bal) Trumpeter perch (En) FAO names : En - Fourlined terapon Fr - Violon crépuscule Sp - Baraonga aurora Size : Max.: 30 cm, common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with traps, gillnets, handlines and in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Occurs in inshore waters, often in estuaries. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms PLATE IV, 19 : Holocentrus servus Bloch, 1790 Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Adhi kuli, Kabloosh (Bal) Crescentperch (En) FAO names : En - Jarbua terapon Fr - Violon jarbua Sp - Baraonga jarbua Size : Max.. 30 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with all types of inshore fishi ng gear, including gillnets, traps, handlines and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Found in inshore waters, sometimes in estuaries and fresh waters. Feeds on fishes and invertebrates, also a scale-eater - 37 - BONY FISHES Terapon puta ( Cuvier, 1829) Synonyms TERAPONIDAE PLATE IV, 20 : Authistes puts Whitley, 1943 Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Gwarak (large), Kabloosh (Bal) Small-scaled banded grunt (En) FAO names : En - Smallscaled terapon Fr - Violon grogneur Sp - Baraonga ronco Size : Max.: 15 cm; common to 12 cm Fishing gear : Caught with all types of inshore fishing gear, including gillnets, traps, handlines and in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Found mainly in inshore waters, also in estuaries and in fresh waters. Feeds on fishes and invertebrates Terapon theraps (Cuvier, 1829) Synonyms Eutherapon theraps: Whitley, 1943 Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Adhi kuli (Bal) Large-scaled banded grunt (En) FAO names : En - Largescaled terapon Fr - Violon tigre Sp - Baraonga tigre Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with all types of inshore fishing gear including gillnets, traps, handlines and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Found in inshore areas, sometimes in brackish waters. Feeds on invertebrates and fish SILLAGINIDAE Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms PLATE IV, 21 None Loc. names : Bhambor (Sin); Hashoor (Bal) Silver whiting (En) FAO names : En - Silver sillago Fr - Pêche- madame ardent Sp - Silago plateado Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with beach seines and handlines Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow sandy bottoms of shores and bays; also in creeks and estuaries. small invertebrates Feeds on Interest to fisheries : The main fishery for this species takes place in June-July (Undo ) together with mullet and prawns. It is said to be caught in creeks in very large numbers when the sea is rough and the fishermen do not go far from shore. The flesh is said to be tasty. The catches reported in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 102 t (1980) to 859 t (1982) with an average of 404 t click for next page click for previous page - 38 BONY FISHES LACTARIIDAE Lactarius lactarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Synonyms Lactarius delicatulus Valenciennes, 1833 Loc. names : Bukko (Sin); chilanker (Bal) White milkfish (En) FAO names : En - False trivially Fr - Péliau chanos Sp - Pagapa Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught seines and traps mainly with bottom trawls, Habitat and biology : Found in various types of habitats, usually in waters shallower than 100 m. Feeds on bottomlivi ng organisms Interest to fisheries : A popular fish, sold fresh or dried salted. 650 t in 1982 (FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1982) The reported catches from Pakistan totalled RACHYCENTRIDAE Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Sanghra, Aangh (Sin); Sanglor (Bal) Black kingfish (En) FAO names : En - Cobia Fr - Mafou Sp - Cobia Size : Max.: 200 cm; common to 110 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, bottom trawls, driftnets and floating gillnets Habitat and biology : This is an essentially pelagic species, sometimes occurring over shallow coral reefs and off rocky shores; also in estuaries. Feeds on crabs, squid, fishes and sea snakes. Sexually ripe specimens found in March and April along the Baluchistan coast. Interest to fisheries : A rather common species, with a very delicate flesh, usually sold fresh, or dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka. The catches reported in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 606 t (1980) to 1 971 t (1982), with an average of 1 231 t ECHENEIDIDAE Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms dorsal view of head showing cephalic disc : None Loc. names : Masi (Sin); Li-ching remora (En) (Bal) FAO names : En - Live sharksucker Fr - Rémora commun Sp - Pegatimón Size : Max.: to more than 75 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with handlines, but more often captured attached to the body of its host Habitat and biology : Formed in shallow, coastal waters, often free-swimming but will attach temporarily to a wide range of host such as sharks, seaturtles and ships. Feeds mainly on food scraps of the host species Interest to fisheries : Of little commercial interest, but sometimes taken in coastal fisheries along with other species, and sold in local markets - 39 - BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Trachinotus Atropus Decapterus Scomberoides Caranx Examples of body shapes Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar, Seem, etc. (Sin); Pattar, Kakkawan, Gishran, Seem, etc. (Bal) FAO names : En - Jacks, trevallies, scads, runners, amberjacks, pompanos, pomfrets Fr - Carangues, cordonniers, pompanos, comères, castagnolines Sp - Jureles, pampanos , macarelas , palometones, palometas Size : Some species may exceed 200 cm Fishing gear : They are caught with trawls, purse seines, traps and on line gear Habitat and biology : This family covers a large number of species with rather different habitats and behaviour. Some species are pelagic and schooling, some, especially the juveniles, are found in estuaries and brackish waters, some are oceanic, found far offshore. Interest to fisheries : This is one of the most important families of commercial fishes, often occurring in large quantities, their flesh being highly appreciated. Marketed mostly fresh. The only carangid fishes identified separately for reported purposes by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83), are species of Scomberoides , catches of which range from 92 t (1983) to 9 106 t (1979). However, these figures probably also included other carangid species - 40 BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1788) Synonyms Atlantic Ocean: Alectis crinitus ( Mitchill, 1826) or Blepharis crinitus Mitchill, 1826) Hawaii: Carangoides ajax Snyder, 1904 Loc. names : Patted (Sin); Siah-pattar, Ushtar, Banzali (juv.)(Bal) Thread-finned trivially (En) young of 13 cm standard length FAO names : En - African pompano Fr - Cordonnier fil Sp - Pampano de hebra Size : Mar.: (possible) 150 cm total length; common to 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line (adults), with beach seines (juveniles and in trawls) Habitat and biology : Solitary, found in coastal waters to about 100 m depth. Juveniles are pelagic and drifting. Feeds mainly on slowswimming or sedentary crustaceans Alectis indicus (Rüppell, 1830) Synonyms PLATE IV, 22 : None young Loc. names : Patted (Sin); Ushtar , Safay-pattar (Bal) Indian threadfinned trevally (En) FAO names : En - Indian threadfish Fr - Cordonnier plume Sp - Pampano i ndico Size : Mar.: 150 cm (total length) Fishing gear : Taken on hook and line (adults), in beach seines (juveniles) and in bottom tram Is. An appreciated sportsfish Habitat and biology : Adults are reported to form large schools, mainly in coastal maters. Juveniles are usually solitary and often enter estuaries. Feeds on fish, small squid and crustaceans Alepes djedaba (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms PLATE IV, 23 : Atule dje daba (Forsskål 1775) Caranx djedaba ( Forsskål, 1775) Loc. names : Bangra, Seem (Sin); Bakoi (Bal) FAO names . En - Shrimp scad Fr - Sélar subari Sp - Jurel subari Size : Max.: 29 cm (fork length) Fishing gear : Caught with trawls and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Occurs in coastal maters, around reefs as well as in more turbid areas. Often forming large schools. Feeds on invertebrates (crustaceans and copepods), the larger specimens also on small fish - 41 - BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Alepes melanoptera Swainson, 1839 Synonyms Caranx malam (Bleeker, 1851) Alepes malam (Bleeker, 1851) Caranx nigripinnis Day, 1876 Caranx pectoralis Chan, 1968 Loc. names : Bangra, Seem (Sin); Kakawan pattar (Bal) FAO names : En - Blackfin scad Fr - Sélar aile noire Sp - Jurel alinegro Size : Max.: 21 cm (fork length) Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Found in inshore waters. Feeds on shrimp, copepods and other small invertebrates Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) Synonyms Caranx macrurus (Bleeker, 1852) Alepes macrurus (Bleeker, 1852) Alepes qlabra Fowler, 1904 Loc. names : Bangra, Seem (Sin); Kakaan pattar (Bal) FAO names : En - Herring scad Fr - Sélar harangule Sp - Jurel arenque Size : Max.: 46 cm (fork length) Fishing gear : Caught in trawls and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Common in shallow coastal waters. small fishes Feeds on shrimps, copepodes, decapod crustaceans and Atropus atropos (Schneider, 1801) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Mori, Pattal (Sin); Pattar (Bal) Kuwehs (En) FAO names : En -Cleftbelly trevally Fr - Pompano à quille noire Sp - Pampano de quilla Size : Mar.: 23 cm (fork length); possibly to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with bottom trawls Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters, often swimFeeds on shrimps, copepods, ming near the surface. decapod crustaceans and small fishes u n d e rs id e o f b e lly - 42 BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Atule mate (Cuvier, 1833) Synonyms Caranx mate Cuvier, 1833 Caranx affinis Rüppell, 1836 Decametres politus (Jenkins, 1904) Decapterus lundini Jordan & Seale, 1906 Decapterus normani Bertin & Dollfus, 1948 Loc. names : Seem (Sin); Pattar (Bal) One-finlet scad, King fish (En) FAO names : En - Yellowtail scad Fr - Selar queue jaune Sp - Jurel rabo amarillo Size : Max.: 28 cm (fork length); common to 26 cm Fishing gear : Caught in trawls, on hook and line and various types of artisanal gear Habitat and biology : A schooling species, found in shallow coastal waters to about 50 m depth. Feeds on crustaceans and cephalopods Carangoides caeruleopinnatus (Rüppell, 1830) Synonyms : Caranx caeruleopinnatus Rüppell, 1830 Carangoides altissimus Jordan & Seale, 1907 Caranx formosanus Jordan & Snyder, 1910 Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Pattar (Bal) FAO names : En - Coastal trevally Fr - Carangue côtière Sp - Jurel costero Size : Max.: 36 cm (fork length) Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, on hook and line, in gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : In coastal waters, but rarely close to the shore; also found in deeper reef areas. A rather sluggish fish Carangoides chrysophrys ( Cuvier, 1833) Synonyms PLATE V, 25 Caranx chrysophrys Cuvier, 1833 Carangoides chrysophryoides Bleeker, 1851 Caranx typus Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917 Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Pattar (Bal) Dusky trevally (En) FAO names : En - Longnose trevally Fr - Carangue tapir Sp - Jurel tapir Size : Max.: 60 cm (total length) Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line, in bottom trawls, with gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal about 60 m depth, juveniles in estuaries waters to - 43 BONY FISHES Carangoides ferdau (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms PLATE V, 26 Caranx ferdau (Forsskål, 1775) Carangoides hemigymnostethus Bleeker, 1857, Caranx gilberti Jordan & Seale, 1906 Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Pattar, Gal-bat (Bal) Ferdau's trevally (Eh) FAO names : En - Blue trevally Fr - Carangue tachetée Sp - Jurel manchado Size : Mar.: 70 cm (total length) Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls, on hook and line, with gillnets and in traps Habitat and biology : In coastal waters, especially over sandy bottoms, to about 60 m depth. Feeds on prawns, crabs and small fish Carangoides fulvoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms : Caranx fulvoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) Turrum emburyi Whitley, 1932 Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Kakawan (Bal) FAO names : En - Yellowspotted trevally Fr - Carabeue pailletée Sp - Jurel centellante Size : Max.: 80 cm (fork length) Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, on hook and line and by spearing; also with gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : Prefers rocky and coral reefs, but occasionally found over offshore banks to about 100 m depth. Feeds mainly on small invertebrates and fishes Carangoides gymnostethus (Cuvier, 1833) Synonyms Caranx qymnostethus (Cuvier, 1833) Carangoides gymnostethoides Bleeker, 1851 Loc. names Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Kakkawan (Bal) FAO names : En - Bludger Fr - Carangue balo Sp - Jurel balo Size : Max.: about 80 cm (fork length) Fishing gear : Caught with trawls, on hook and line, in gillnets and traps Habitat and biology ; Adults are solitary in deeper offshore reefs; juveniles form large schools. Feeds on small invertebrates and fishes CARANGIDAE - 44 - BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Carangoides malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Synonyms PLATE V, 27 Caranx malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Carangoides rectipinnis Williams, 1958 Carangoides rhomboides Kotthaus, 1974 Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Pattar (Bal) FAO names : En - Malabar trevally Fr - Carangue monique Sp - Jurel malabarico Size : Max.: about 25 cm (fork length) Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, on hook and line, with gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : Usually on rocky and coral reefs, but also in shallow, sandy bays. Feeds on crustaceans, small squid and shrimp Other species of Carangoides Carangoides bajad (Forsskål, 1775) Bangra, Kakkar (Sin) Kakkawan (Bal) size: to 55 cm (TL) PLATE IV, 24 Carangoides oblongus ( Cuvier, 1833) Coachwhip trevally Bangra, Kakkar (Sin) Pattar (Bal) size: to 40 cm (FL) Carangoides hedlandensis ( Whitley, 1933) Bumpnose trevally Bangra, Kakkar (Sin) Pattar (Bal) size: to about 30 cm (FL) Carangoides plagiotaenia Bleeker, 1857 Barcheek trevally Bangra, Kakkar (Sin) Kakkawan (Bal) size: to 40 cm (FL) click for next page click for previous page - 45 BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Other species of Carangoides Carangoides praeustus (Bennett, 1830) Brownback trevally Bangra, Kakkar (Sin) Kakkawan (Bal) size: to 28 cm (FL) Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål , 1775) Synonyms Carangoides talamparoides Bleeker, 1852 I mposter trevally Bangra, Kakkar (Sin) Pattar (Bal) size: to 28 cm (FL) PLATE V, 28 : None Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Gishran (Bal) Yellow-fin trevally (En) FAO names : En - Giant trevally Fr - Carangue têtue Sp - Jurel gigante Size : Max.: 146 cm (fork length); common to 80 cm Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, with hook and line, by spearing, in gillnets and traps. An excellent sportfish Habitat and biology : Abundant in all marine habitats; juveniles often encountered in estuaries. Feeds primarily on fish common less common rare underside of head types of solation patterns on breast Caranx melampygus Cuvier, 1833 Synonyms Caranx stellatus Eydoux & Souleyet, 1841 Caranx medusicola Jordan & Starks, 1895 Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Gishran, Gal-bat (Bal) Bluffing jack (En) FAO names : En - Bluefin trevally Fr - Carangue aile bleue Sp - Jurel de aleta azul Size : Max.: 100 cm (fork length) Fishing gear : Caught primarily on hook and line and by spearing; also with traps and gillnets Habitat and biology : Mostly associated areas. Feeds primarily on fish to reef - 46 - BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Synonyms PLATE V, 29 Caranx marginatus Gill, 1863 Caranx elacate Jordan & Evermann, 1904 Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Kakawan (Bal) FAO names : En - Bigeye trevally Fr - Carangue vorace Sp - Jurel voraz Size : Max.: 78 cm (fork length); common to 60 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with hook and line at night using light; also with gillnets, purse seines and other artisanal gear Habitat and biology : A reef-associated species, the juveniles in estuarine areas. crustaceans Feeds primarily on fish and "Caranx " para Cuvier, 1833 Synonyms Caranx kalla Cuvier, 1833 (misapplied to C. para Caranx microchir Cuvier, 1833 Caranx miyakamii Wakiya, 1924 Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Bakko (Bal) FAO names : En - Banded scad Fr - Comère ruban Sp - Macarela bandoneada Size : Max.: to about 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, on hook and line and in gillnets Habitat and biology : An inshore coastal species, feeding mainly on planktonic crustaceans and larval fishes Decapterus macrosoma Bleeker, 1851 Synonyms Decapterus lalang Bleeker (A synomym of D. russelli , but this name has often been misapplied to D. macrosoma) Decapterus afuerae Hildebrand, 1946 Loc. names : Seem (Sin); Seem (Bal) Jack mackerel (En) FAO names : En - Shortfin scad Fr - Comère fine Sp - Macarela alicorta Size : Max.: 30 cm (fork length) Fishing gear : Caught in trawls and purse seines Habitat and biology : A schooling species, usually occurring between 30 and 170 m depth. Feeds on small planktonic invertebrates - 47 BONY FISHES Decapterus russelli (Rüppell , 1830) Synonyms CARANGIDAE Decapterus kiliche ( Cuvier, 1833) Decapterus lalang Bleeker, 1885 (This name has often been misapplied to D. macrosoma) Decapterus dayi Wakiya , 1928 Decapterus tabl Berry, 1968 (A valid species for which the name D. russelli has often been misapplied in Japan) Loc. names : Seem (Sin); Seem (Bal) Jack mackerel (En) FAO names : En - Indian scad Fr - Comère indienne Sp - Macarela indica Size : Max.: 35 cm (fork length); common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with purse seines and trawls Habitat and biology : This i s the most common Decapterus species in the Western Indian Ocean. It occurs in schools in waters not exceeding 100 m depth. Reaches maturity during the first year of life, at about 12 cm total length. Feeds primarily on small planktonic invertebrates Elagatis bipinnulata ( Quay & Gaimard, 1824) Synonyms None Loc. names : Santo (Bal) FAO names : En - Rainbow runner Fr - Comère saumon Sp - Macarela salmon Size : Max.: 120 cm (fork length) Fishing gear. Caught mainly on hook and line; also in gillnets, trawls and seines Habitat and biology : A pelagic species, usually near the May form sizeable schools. Feeds on invertesurface. brates and small fishes Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms : Caranx speciosus (Forsskål, 1775) Loc. names : Bangra (Sin); Gishran (Bal) Golden toothless trevally (En) FAO names : En - Golden trevally Fr - Carangue royale jaune Sp - Jurel dorado Size : Max.: 110 cm (fork length) Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets and by spearing Habitat and biology : In coastal waters, including rocky reefs, deep lagoons, etc. A bottom feeder, on crustaceans, molluscs and small fish. Sexually ripe specimens found in October and November along Baluchistan coast - 48 - BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus, 1758) PLATE V, 30 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Bangra (Sin); Datum , Dardumb (Bal) Torpedo trevally (En) FAO names : En - Torpedo scad Fr - Comère tortilla St - Macarela torpedo Size : Max.: 80 cm (total length); common to 40 cm Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line, with beach seines, trawls, purse seines and traps Habitat and biology : A pelagic, schooling species, feeding on fish and small crustaceans . Sexually ripe specimens found in October and December along the Baluchistan coast Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Naucrates indicus Lesson, 1830 Loc. names : Karoo (Sin); Zarkao, Zrkaok (Bal) Pilotfish (En) FAO names : En - Pilotfish Fr - Poisson pilote Sp - Pez piloto Size : Mar.: 70 cm; common to 35 cm Fishing gear : Caught with pelagic trawls Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in oceanic waters, usually associated with sharks, rays, sea turtles, other fishes, ships and driftwood Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) Synonyms : Apolectus niger (Bloch, 1795) Formio niger (Bloch, 1795) Citula halli Everrnann & Seale, 1907 Loc. names : Karopitho, Kala-poplet (Sin); Siah tighlum, Kala pithoo (Bal) Brown pomfret (En) FAO names : En - Black pomfret Fr - Castagnoline noire St - Palometa negra Size : Max.: 55 cm (total length); common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, trawls and seines Habitat and biology : Usually found over muddy bottoms between 15 and 40 m depth. Near the bottom during the day, rises near the surface at night. Feeds on zooplankton, crustaceans and small fishes. Sexually ripe specimens found in August to October - 49 BONY FISHES Scomberoides commersonnianus Lacepède, 1802 Synonyms CARANGIDAE Chorinemus commersonnianus (Lacepède, 1802) Loc. names : Aal, Saram (Sin); Saram gazdani (Bal) Blacktipped leather skin (En) FAO names : En - Talang queenfish Fr - Sauteur talang Sp - Jurel saltador Size : Max.: 120 cm (total length) Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, seines, on hook and line and in trawls. The main fishing season for this species is "Katti" (August to October), but it is also caught, in smaller quantities, in "Chetta" (April to May) and "Unaro" (June to July) Habitat and biology : Mostly a coastal species, sometimes entering estuaries. Forms small schools. Feeds primarily on fish, cephalopods and other pelagic organisms; young are scale-eaters. Sexually ripe specimens are -found in August and September along the Baluchistan coast. The spines of first dorsal and anal fins are venomous Scomberoides lysan (Forsskål , 1775) Synonyms PLATE VI, 31 Chorinemus sanctipetri Cuvier, 1832 Chorinemus orientalis Temminck & Schlegel, 1844 Loc. names : Aal, Saram (Sin); Saram alari (Bal) Leather skin (En) FAO names : En - Doublespotted queenfish Fr - Sauteur sabre Sp - Jurel sable Size : Max.: 60 cm (fork length) Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, seines, on hook and line and in trawls. The main fishing season for this species is "Katti" (August to October), but it is also caught, in smaller quantities, in "Chetta" (April to May) and "Unaro" (June to July) Habitat and biology : Lives from close inshore to 100 m depth, from shallow lagoons to offshore areas. Forms small schools and it is reported to be attracted by hitting the surface of the water repeatedly in rapid succession. Feeds primarily on fishes, the young are scale-eaters. The spines of first dorsal and anal fins are venomous Scomberoides tol (Cuvier, 1832) Synonyms PLATE VI, 32 Chorinemus tol Cuvier, 1832 Loc. names : Aal, Saram (Sin); Saram kainchan (Bal) Slender queenfish (En) FAO names : En - Needlescaled queenfish Fr - Sauteur leurre Sp - Jurel saltarin Size : Max.: 50 cm (fork length) The main fishing season for this Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, seines, on hook and line and in trawls. species is "Katti" (August to October), but it is also caught, in smaller quantities, in "Chetta" (April to May) and "Unaro" (June to July) Habitat and biology : A coastal species, usually found in small schools near the surface. juveniles are scale-eaters. The spines of the first dorsal and anal fins are venomous Feeds primarily on fish, - 50 - BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) Synonyms Trachurops crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) Loc. names : Seem (Sin); Chum-na, Tailgo seem (Bal) Kingfish (En) g ill c h a m b e r a ft e r lift in g o p e rc le FAO names : En - Bigeye scad Fr - Sélar coulisou Sp - Chicharro ojón Size : Max.: about 30 cm (standard length); common to 27 cm Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line, with beach seines, trawls, purse seines and traps Habitat and biology : Found from inshore waters to about 170 m depth; occurs in small to large schools. Feeds on planktonic and benthic invertebrates, including shrimps, crabs and foraminifers; also on fish Selaroides leptolepis ( Cuvier, 1833) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Seem (Sin); Bakoi (Bal) FAO names : En - Yellowstripe scad Fr - Sélar à bande dorée Sp - Chicharro banda dorada Size : Max.: to about 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : A demersal species, sometimes forming large schools, usually on soft bottoms to 50 m depth. Feeds on various invertebrates and on small fish Seriolina nigrofasciata (Rüppell, 1829) Synonyms : Zonichthys nigrofasciata ( Rüppell, 1829) Loc. names : Seem (Sin); Sarkao, Zarkaok (Bal) Blackbanded kingfish (En) FAO names : En - Blackbanded trevally Fr - Sériole amourez Sp - Medregal listado Size : Max.: about 70 cm (total length) Fishing gear : Caught with seines, traps, gillnets and on hook and line Habitat and biology : A solitary species, mostly around offshore reefs, at depths between 20 and 150 m depth. Feeds on demersal fish, cephalopods and prawns juvenile - 51 - BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Trachinotus africanus Smith, 1967 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Sonaf (Sin); Sonam, Sonab (Bal) Pompano (En) FAO names : En - African pompano Fr - Pompaneau africain Sp - Pàmpano africano Size : Max.: about 90 cm Fishing gear : Caught with traps, gillnets, handlines, bottom trawls and by spearing Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters, mainly around reefs and rocky outcrops. Usually solitary or in pairs, may form larger aggregations during the breeding season. Feeds on molluscs (mainly rock mussels) and on crabs Trachinotus bailloni (Lacepède, 1801) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Sonaf (Sin); Kainchan (Bal) Pompano (En) FAO names : En - Smallspotted dart Fr - Pompaneau muscadin Sp - Pàmpano abotonado Size : Max.: 40 cm Fishing gear : Caught with traps, gillnets, handlines and in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters Trachinotus blochii (Lacepède, 1801) Synonyms PLATE VI, 33 : None Loc. names : Sonaf (Sin); Sonam, Sonab (Bal) Bloch's dart, Pompano (En) FAO names : En - Snubnose pompano Fr - Pompaneau lune Sp - Pompano lunero Size : Max.: about 90 cm (total length) Fishing gear : Caught with traps, gillnets, trawls and handlines Habitat and biology : Occurs in shallow coastal waters, mainly around coral and rocky reefs juvenile - 52 BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Trachinotus mookalee Cuvier, 1832 PLATE VI, 34 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Sonaf (Sin); Sonam, Sonab (Bal) Pompano (En) FAO names : En - Indian pompano Fr - Pompaneau indien Sp - Pámpano i ndico Size : Max.: about 90 cm Fishing gear : Caught with traps, gillnets, handlines and in trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow coastal waters Treacherous indicus Nekrasov, 1966 Synonyms PLATE VI, 35 : None Loc. names : Sonaf (Sin); Seem, Chum-ma (Bal) FAO names : En - Arabian scad Fr - Chinchard d'Arabie Sp - Jurel arabigo Size : Max.: 35 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with bottom trawls, handlines and gillnets Habitat and biology : A demersal, schooling species, occurring between 20 and 100 m depth. Reported not to occur in waters colder than 20-C or with oxygen saturation below 30%. Feeds on small crustaceans and fish fry Uraspis secunda (Poey, 1860) Synonyms Caranx hullianus McCulloch, 1909 Bassetina hullianus ( McCulloch, 1909) Uraspis reversa Jordan, Evermann & Wakiya, 1927 Uraspis heidi Fowler, 1938 Uraspis wakiyai Williams, 1961 Uraspis cadenati Blache & Rossignol, 1962 Loc. names : Kakkar (Sin); Pattar (Bal) FAO names : En - Cottonmouth jack Fr - Carangue coton Sp - Jurel volantin Size : Max.: about 50 cm Fishing gear : Caught with trawls, purse seines, longlines and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Mainly oceanic, solitary, forming small schools at times click for next page - 53 - click for previous page BONY FISHES CORYPHAENIDAE Loc. names : Mahlar (Sin); Amlooshk, Amrusk (Bal) Dolphin fish (En) FAO names : En - Dolphinfishes Fr- Coryphènes Sp - Dorados Size : Max.: 200 cm; common to 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught by trolling on tuna longlines and in driftnets Habitat and biology : Pelagic, inhabit open waters, sometimes approaching the coast. Follow ships and form. small concentrations below floating objects. Feed on fish, crustaceans and squids. Breed, in open sea. Sexually ripe specimens of C. hippurus are found in May and June along the Baluchistan coast. Interest to fisheries : The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of C. hippurus ranging from 309 t (1979) to 751 t (1983), but these figures probably also include C. equiselis . The flesh is highly appreciated Species of Coryphaenidae Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus, 1758 Pompano dolphinfish size: to 75 cm Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 Common dolphinfish size: to 200 cm MENIDAE Mene maculata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Synonyms PLATE VI, 36 None Loc. names : Girpai (Sin); Mith (Bal) Moon fish (En) FAO names : En - Moonfish Fr- Luneur Sp - Lunero Size : Max.: 24 cm; common to 18 cm Fishing gear : Taken with bottom trawls and various types of artisanal gear, especially beach seines and traps Habitat and biology : Inhabits deeper coastal waters, sometimes entering estuaries. Feeds on small invertebrates Interest to fisheries : Although it has little flesh, the quality is excellent. It is usually marketed fresh - 54 BONY FISHES LEIOGNATHIDAE Loc. names : Kaanteri (Sin); Mith (Bal) FAO names : En - Ponyfishes, toothponies Fr - Sapsaps Sp - Motambos Size : Max.: to 25 cm, but most species to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, shore seines, bagnets and other types of artisanal gear Habitat and biology : Found in shallow coastal waters, including brackish waters and especially estuaries. Some species are found in dense schools Interest to fisheries : Although most species are rather small, they may be rather abundant, particularly in creeks Gazza minuta (Bloch, 1797) Synonyms PLATE VII, 37 None Loc. names : Neela punto (Sin); Mith (Bal) Toothed ponyfish (En) FAO names : En - Toothpony Fr - Sapsap dentu Sp - Motambo dentudo Size : Max.: 14 cm; common to 10 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, also in bagnets and shore seines Habitat and biology : coastal waters, down to bout 40 m depth, predominantly near the bottom. Feeds on small fishes, prawns and other crustaceans and on polychaets Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier, 1829) Synonyms PLATE VIII, 48 None Loc. names : Kaanteri (Sin); Mith (Bal) Ponyfish (En) FAO names : En - Splendid ponyfish Fr - Sapsap soleil Sp - Motambo esplendor Size : Max.: 14 cm; common to 10 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with trawls, but also with shore seines bottom Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow waters to about 40 m depth; found near the bottom, in schools, often entering estuaries. Feeds on small crustaceans, foraminifera and bivalves - 55 BONY FISHES LEIOGNATHIDAE Other species of Leiognathus Leiognathus berbis (Valenciennes, 1835) Berber ponyfish size: to 11 cm PLATE VII, 38 Leiognathus bindus (Valenciennes, 1835) Orangefin ponyfish size: to 11 cm PLATE VII, 39 Leiognathus blochi (Valenciennes, 1835) Two-blotch ponyfish size: to 10 cm PLATE VII, 40 Leiognathus brevirostris (Valenciennes, 1835) Shortnose ponyfish size: to 13.5 cm PLATE VII, 41 Leiognathus daura ( Cuvier, 1829) Goldstripe ponyfish size: to 14 cm PLATE VII, 42 - 56 - BONY FISHES Other species of Leiognathus LEIOGNATHIDAE PLATE VIII, 43 PLATE VIII, 44 Leiognathus dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1835) Dussumier's ponyfish size: to 14 cm Leiognathus equulus (Forsskål , 1775) Common ponyfish size: to 24 cm Leiognathus leuciscus (Günther, 1860) Whipfin ponyfish size: to 12 cm Leiognathus fasciatus (Lecepède, 1803) Striped ponyfish size: to 21 cm PLATE VIII, 46 PLATE VIII, 45 Leiognathus lineolatus ( Valenciennes, 1835) Ornate ponyfish PLATE VIII, 47 size: to 9.5 cm Secutor insidiator (Bloch, 1787) Synonyms PLATE IX, 49 : Leiognathus insidiator Weber & de Beaufort, 1931 Loc. names : Kaanteri (Sin); Mith (Bal) Slender barred ponyfish (En) FAO names : En - Pugnose ponyfish Fr - Sapsap boxeur Sp - Motambo boxeador Size : Max.: 10.5 cm; common to S cm Fishing gear : Caught with shore seines and bagnets bottom trawls, Habitat and biology : Lives near the bottom, in shallow coastal waters to about 40 m depth; usually in schools. Feeds on small crustaceans click for next page - 57 - click for previous page BONY FISHES GERREIDAE Loc. names : Jerki (Sin); Mudro (Bal) FAO names : En - Silver-biddies Fr - Blanches Sp - Mojarras Size : Max.: to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, beach seines, stakenets and other types of artisanal gear in shallow coastal Habitat and biology : Found waters, some species also in brackish waters, lagoons and estuaries. Bottom-living, feed on benthic organism. Interest to fisheries : Species of this family are rather common and are frequently caught in creeks, often in large quantities. They are dried with or without salt or used in manure Gerres filamentosus Cuvier, 1829 Synonyms Gerres punctatus Cuvier, 1830 Pertica filamentosa Munro, 1955 ?Gerres macracanthus Bleeker, 1854 Loc. names : Jerki (Sin); Mudro (Bal) Long-rayed silver-biddy (En) FAO names : En - Whipfin silver-biddy Fr - Blanche fil Sp - Mojarra de hebra Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with beach seines and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Lives in shallow coastal waters, to about 50 m depth, on sandy bottoms, but also in rocky and coralline areas Gerres oyena (Forsskål , 1775) Synonyms None Loc. names : Jerki (Sin); Mudro (Bal) Lined silver-biddy (En) FAO names : En - Common silver-biddy Fr - Blanche commune Sp - Mojarra común Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and seines Habitat and biology : Common on sandy beaches, also entering estuaries and brackish lagoons. Lives on small benthic organisms - 58 - BONY FISHES GERREIDAE Gerres poieti Cuvier, 1829 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Jerki (Sin); Mudro (Bal) FAO names : En - Strongspine silver-biddy Fr - Blanche armée Sp - Mojarra espinuda Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Taken and beach seines with stakenets, liftnets Habitat and biology : Common in estuaries and coastal lasons; forms small schools . Feeds on small benthic invertebrates Pentaprion longimanus ( Cantor, 1850) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Jerki (Sin); Mudro (Bal) FAO names : En - Longfin silver-biddy Fr - Blanche à pagaies Sp - Mojarra alona Size : Max.: 15 cm; common to 10 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Lives near the bottom, to . about 70 m depth; forms large schools. Feeds on small benthic organisms LUTJANIDAE Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) FAO names : En - Snappers, jobfishes, etc. Fr - Vivaneaux, colas, etc. Sp - Pargos , panchitos, etc. Size : Some species may exceed 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with bottom trawls, handlines, longlines, gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : These are mostly demersal species, found from inshore waters to considerable depths (continental slope), the juveniles of some species entering estuaries. They are not schooling species but some form aggregations. They feed mainly at night, on the bottom, on fish, crustaceans, cuttlefish and worms. Interest to fisheries : Snappers are usually of high commercial value because of their delicate flesh. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of Lutjanus species ranging from 940 t (1983) to 4 365 t (1973), with an average of 2 241 t - 59 BONY FISHES LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE IX, 54 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) Red snapper (En) FAO names : En - Mangrove red snapper Fr - Vivaneau des mangroves Sp - Pargo de manglar Size : Max.: 120 cm; common to 80 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, bottom trawls and bottom longlines Habitat and biology : A coastal species, the juveniles in shallow water and mangrove areas, the adults to 80 m depth. Feeds mainly on crustaceans and fishes Lutjanus erythropterus Bloch, 1790 Synonyms PLATE X, 59 Lutjanus altifrontalis Lutjanus malabaricus (non-Bloch & Schneider) Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin), Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) FAO names : En - Crimson snapper Fr - Vivaneau cramoisi Sp - Pargo carmesi Size : Mar.: 60 cm; common to 45 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow coastal waters to about 60 m depth. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and fish Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms PLATE X, 60 : Lutjanus fulviflammus (Forsskål , 1775) Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) One-spot golden snapper (En) FAO names : En - Blackspot snapper Fr - Vivaneau gibelot Sp - Pargo tintero Size : Mar.: 35 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, traps and gillnets coastal waters, mainly Habitat and biology : Shallow around mangroves on muddy or rocky bottoms; also in reef areas. Feeds on invertebrates and small fishes. - 60 BONY FISHES LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus johnii (Bloch, 1792) PLATE XI, 63 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) Moses perch (En) FAO names : En - John's snapper Fr - Vivaneau ziebelo Sp - Pargo jaspeado Size : Max.: 70 cm; common to 50 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly bottom trawls and traps with handlines, Habitat and biology : Shallow coastal waters, including mangrove areas; also found down to depths of 80 m. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and fishes Lutjanus lunulatus (Park, 1797) Synonyms PLATE XI, 66 : None Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) Crescent snapper (En) FAO names : En - Lunartail snapper Fr - Vivaneau queue lune Sp - Pargo raboluna Size : Max.: 35 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, traps and gillnets Habitat and biology : Mainly in reef areas, to about 50 m depth. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch, 1790 Synonyms PLATE XII, 67 : Lutjanus lineolatus (Rüppell, 1828) Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) Rosy snapper (En) FAO names : En - Bigeye snapper Fr - Vivaneau gros yeux Sp - Pargo de Madras Size : Max.. 30 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught and bottom trawls mainly with handlines Habitat and biology : In coastal waters to 80 m depth, including reef areas. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and fishes - 61 BONY FISHES Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Synonyms LUTJANIDAE PLATE XII, 68 : Lutjanus sanguineus (Cuvier, 1828) Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Hiro, Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) Malabar snapper (En) FAO names : En - Malabar blood snapper Fr - Vivaneau malabar Sp - Pargo malabárico Size : Max.: 90 cm; common to 50 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, bottom longlines and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 100 m depth. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates Lutjanus rivulatus ( Cuvier, 1828) Synonyms PLATE XII, 69 : None Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) Blue-lined snapper (En) FAO names : En - Blubberlip snapper Fr - Vivaneau maori Sp - Pargo maori Size : Max.: 65 cm; common to 35 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, gillnets. Occasionally trawled traps, Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters to 150 m depth, usually around rocks and coral reefs. The adults are solitary. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans Lutjanus sebae (Cuvier, 1828) Synonyms PLATE XII, 72 : None Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) FAO names : En - Emperor red snapper Fr - Vivaneau bourgeois Sp - Pargo imperial Size : Max.: over 100 cm; common to 60 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines and bottom trawls Habitat and biology :In coastal waters, the juveniles in mangrove and seagrass areas, the adults down to 100 m depth. Feeds on crustaceans and bottom living fishes - 62 - BONY FISHES Other species of Lutjanidae Aphareus furcatus (Lacepède, 1802) Small-toothed jobfish size: to 40 cm PLATE IX, 50 LUTJANIDAE Apron virescens Valenciennes, 1830 Green jobfish PLATE IX, 51 size: to 80 cm h e a d o f la rg e a d u lt Lipocheilus carnolabrum (Chan, 1970) Tang's snapper size: to 60 cm PLATE IX, 53 Etelis carbunculus ( Cuvier in Cuv. & Val. 1830) Ruby snapper size: to 70 cm PLATE IX, 52 Lutjanus bohar (Forsskål, 1775) Two-spot red snapper size: to 75 cm PLATE X, 56 Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskål, 1775) Humpback red snapper size: to 50 cm PLATE XI, 62 Lutjanus lemniscatus (Valenciennes, 1830) Yellowstreaked snapper size: to 65 cm PLATE XI, 65 - 63 BONY FISHES Other species of Lu t ja n id a e LUTJANIDAE PLATE XII, 71 Lutjanus sanguineus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828 Humped snapper size: to 85 cm Lutjanus fulvus (Schneider, 1801) Blacktail snapper size: to 50 cm PLATE XI, 61 PLATE X, 55 Lutjanus bengalensis (Bloch, 1790) Bengal snapper size: to 30 cm PLATE X, 57 Lutjanus coeruleolineatus (Rüppell , 1835) Blueline snapper size: to 35 cm PLATE XI, 64 Lutjanus Kashmir (Forsskål 1775) Common bluestripe snapper size: to 30 cm PLATE X, 58 Lutjanus ehrenargii (Peters, 1869) Ehremberg's snapper size: to 30 cm PLATE XII, 70 Lutjanus russelli (Bleeker, 1849) Russell's snapper size: to 40 cm PLATE XIII, 73 Lutjanus vitta (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Brownstripe snapper size: to 40 cm - 64 BONY FISHES Other species of Lutjanidae LUTJANIDAE PLATE XIII, 76 PLATE XIII, 74 Macolor niger (Forsskål , 1775) Black and white snapper Gazi-gwazi (Bal) size: to 60 cm Pinjalo pinjalo (Bleeker, 1850) Pinjalo snapper size: to 80 cm top of head PLATE XIII, 77 PLATE XIII, 75 Paracaesio xanthurus Bleeker, 1869 Yellowtail blue snapper size: to 45 cm Pristipomoides multidens (Day, 1870) Goldband job size: to 90 cm PLATE XIII, 78 Pristipomoides zonatus (Valenciennes, 1830) Oblique-banded snapper size: to 50 cm NEMIPTERIDAE Loc. names : Katti (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) FAO names : En - Threadfin breams, monocle breams, dwarf monocle breams Fr - Cohanas, mamilas Sp - Bagas, besugatos Size : Max.: 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and on line gear Habitat and biology : Small to mediumsized fishes, mostly living in shallow coastal waters, on sandy or muddy bottoms as well as in coral reef areas, but also in deeper waters (to 400 m depth). They feed chiefly on bottom-living invertebrates Interest to fisheries : Some species, i.e., Nemipterus japonicus, form large schools and are excellent foodfishes. In Pakistan , however, they are mainly used for fishmeal. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (197383) reported 81 t of Nemipterus only for 1983. Nemipterus species are however an important part of the catch of the joint venture trawl fishery click for next page - 65 - click for previous page BONY FISHES Nemipterus bipunctatus (Ehrenberg in Cuv. & Val., 1830) PLATE XIV, 79 NEMIPTERIDAE Synonyms : Nemipterus bleekeri (Day, 1875) Nemipterus delagoae Smith, 1941 Loc. names : Katti (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) FAO names : En - Delasa threadfin bream Fr - Cohana delogoa Sp - Baga delagoa Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and on line gear Habitat and biology : Bottom-living, to 100 m depth. Very little is known about the biology and feeding habits of this species Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791)* PLATE XIV, 80 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Katti (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) Japanese threadfin bream (En) FAO names : En - Japanese threadfin bream Fr - Cohana japonaise Sp - Baga japonesa Size : Mar.: 30 cm (standard length); 25 cm common to Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : In coastal waters to about 60 m depth; males grow to a larger size than females. Feeds on worms, crustaceans, mussels, cephalopods and fishes; young prefer small crustaceans * N. japonicus is often caught in combination with an undescribed species of Nemipterus. Since these two forms are very similar, they have, until now, always been considered as one species under the name N. japonicus. The new species however, differs from N. japonicus in having yellow markings on the lower 3/4 of the dorsal fin; a reddish caudal filament and a yellow band along the anal fin Nemipterus metopias (Bleeker, 1852) Synonyms PLATE XIV, 81 : None Loc. names : Katti (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) FAO names : En - Slender threadfin bream Fr - Cohana élégante Sp - Baga elegante Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Bottom-living, at depths of 30 to 100 m. Very little is known on the biology of this species - 66 BONY FISHES NEMIPTERIDAE Nemipterus peronii (Valenciennes, 1830) Synonyms : Nemipterus tolu (Valenciennes, 1830) (as used in SIS for Areas 57/71) Loc. names : Katti (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) FAO names : En - Peron's threadfin bream Fr - Cohana tolu Sp - Baga tolu Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Bottom-living, usually to 60 m depth. Feeds on bottom-living organisms Parascolopsis aspinosa (Rao & Rao, 1981) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Katti (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) FAO names : En - Smooth dwarf monocle bream Fr - Mamila lisse Sp - Besugato liso Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits offshore waters, from 60 to 500 m depth, usually over soft bottoms Other species of N e m ip t e rid a e PLATE XIV, 82 Parascolopsis boesemani (Rao & Rao, 1981) Redfin dwarf monocle bream size: to 15 cm Parascolopsis eriomma Jordan & Richardson, 1909 Rosy dwarf monocle bream size: to 30 cm PLATE XIV, 84 Parascolopsis townsendi Boulenger, 1901 Scaly dwarf monocle bream size: to 20 cm Scolopsis bimaculatus Rüppell, 1828 Thumbprint monocle bream size: to 30 cm - 67 BONY FISHES Other species of Nemipteridae NEMIPTERIDAE PLATE XV, 85 Scolopsis ghanam (Forsskål, 1775) Arabian monocle bream size: to 30 cm Scolopsis taeniatus (Cuvier, 1830) Banded monocle bream size: to 30 cm PLATE XIV, 83 Scolopsis vomeri (Bloch, 1792) Whitecheek monocle bream size: to 25 cm also Pandya (Sin); Shahar bano (Bal) LOBOTIDAE Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790) Synonyms PLATE XV, 86 None Loc. names : Dai (Sin); Dai, Gazi-gwazi (Bal) Brown triple-tail (En) FAO names : En - Tripletail Fr - Croupia roche Sp - Dormilona Size : Mar.: 100 cm; common to 50 cm Fishing gear : Caught with beach seines, gillnets, traps and on hook and line Habitat and biology : A sluggish fish, living in coastal waters, mainly in muddy estuarine areas. The juveniles float on their sides and look like dead mangrove leaves. Feeds on bottom-dwelling crustaceans and on fish Interest to fisheries : Although never found in large quanfor the quality of its flesh. tities, it is a valuable foolish It is marketed fresh click for next page click for previous page - 68 - BONY FISHES HAEMULIDAE (= POMADASYIDAE) Loc. names : Dother, Dhotri gisser, Jabal-moi, etc. (Sin) Kumpo, Chippil, Soredaf, etc. (Bal) FAO names : En - Grunts, sweetlips, rubberlips, hotlips Fr - Diagrammes, grondeurs, gorets Sp - Burros, corocoros, roncos Size : Max. : to 80 cm Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, with longlines, gillnets, etc. Habitat and biology : Small to medium-sized fishes, usually i nhabiting shallow coastal waters. They occur in coral reef areas, as well as in muddy or weedy waters. Feed mainly on Bottom invertebrates and fishes Interest to fisheries : Several of the species belonging to this family are rather common in Pakistan. Their flesh is said to be of excellent quality and keep for a fairly long time without spoiling and thus it is much esteemed as food. Marketed fresh, also dry-salted. The main fishing season is "Katti" (August to October), and small quantities are also caught in "Siyaro" (November to January) and "Charo" (February to March). The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of haemulids ranging from 1 334 t (1980) to 5 069 t (1982) with an average of 3 436 t Diaqramma pictum (Thunberg, 1792) Synonyms PLATE XV, 87 : Spilotichthys pictus Munro, 1955 Plectorhynchus pictus (Thunberg, 1792) Loc. names : Jabal -moi, Dhotri-gisser (Sin); Chippil (Bal) Painted sweetlip (En) FAO names : En - Painted sweetlips Fr - Diagramme voilier Sp - Burro velero Size : Max. : 60 cm; common to 45 cm Fishing gear : Caught by handlines, traps, bottom longlines and trawls Habitat and biology : Shallow coastal waters and reef areas, to 80 m depth. Feeds on bottom invertebrates and fishes Plectorhinchus gibbosus (Lacepède, 1802) Synonyms PLATE XV, 88 : Pseudopristipoma nigra Munro, 1955 Gaterin niger (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830) Plectorhynchus crassispina (Rüppell , 1835) Plectorhynchus nigrus ( Cuvier, 1830) Loc. names : Dhotri-gisser, Jabal-moi (Sin); Lunti, Soredab, Soredaf (Bal) Black sweetlip (En) FAO names : En - Harry hotlips Fr - Diagramme noire Sp - Burro negro Size : Max. : 70 cm Fishing gear : Caught by handlines, spears and gillnets Habitat and biology : Lives in coastal waters, mainly around reefs, sandbanks and near estuaries - 69 - BONY FISHES Plectorhinchus orientalis (Bloch, 1793) Synonyms : HAEMULIDAE (= POMADASYIDAE) PLATE XV, 89 Gaterin orientalis (Bloch, 1793) Loc. names : Jabal-moi, Dhotri-gisser (Sin); Chippil, Soredaf (Bal) Oriental sweetlip (En) FAO names : En - Oriental sweetlips Fr - Diagramme oriental Sp - Burro oriental Size : Max. : 60 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly by handlines and spears Habitat and biology : Inhabits coral reef areas and inshore rocky bottoms juvenile Plectorhinchus Synonyms pictus (Tortonese, 1935) Plectorhynchus fangi Whitley, 1951 Gaterin cinctus Munro, 1955 Loc. names : Dhotri-gisser, Jabal -moi (Sin); Chippil, Soredaf (Bal) Three-banded sweetlip (En) FAO names : En - Trout sweetlips Fr - Diagramme truité Sp - Burro trucha Size : Max. : 60 cm Fishing gear : Caught by handlines and in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters Plectorhinchus schotaf (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms : Gaterin schotaf (Forsskål, 1775) Loc. names : Jabal-moi, Dhotri-gisser (Sin); Soredaf (Bal) Grey sweetlip (En) FAO names : En - Minstrel sweetlip Fr - Diagramme ménestrel Sp - Burro trovador Size : Max. : 80 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught by handlines and spears, occasionally in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters, near reefs - 70 BONY FISHES HAEMULIDAE (= POMADASYIDAE) Pomadasys argenteus (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms : Pomadasys hasta (Bloch, 1790) Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Kimpo (Bal) Lined silver grunter (En) FAO names : En - Silver grunt Fr - Grondeur argenté Sp - Corocoro plateado Size : Max. : to 50 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, bottom longlines, handlines, gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters. Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes. Sexually ripe specimens found in March and May on the Baluchistan coast juvenile Pomadasys argyreus (Valenciennes, 1833) Synonyms None Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Kumpo (Bal) Silver grunter (En) FAO names En - Bluecheek silver grunt Fr - Grondeur à joues bleues Sp - Corocoro mejilla azul Size : Max. : 40 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, bottom longlines, handlines, gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters Pomadasys commersonni (Lacepède, 1802) Synonyms Pristipoma operculare Day, 1878 Pomadasys operculare Smith, 1949 Loc. names : Dhother, Holoola (Sin); Aloola (Bal) Blotched grunter (En) FAO names : En - Smallspotted grunter Fr - Grondeur moucheté Sp - Corocoro arvejado Size : Max.: 50 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, bottom longlines, gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters, sheltered estuaries and tidal creeks. Feeds on crustaceans and fishes - 71 BONY FISHES Pomadasys furcatus (Schneider, 1801) Synonyms HAEMULIDAE (= POMADASYIDAE) PLATE XV, 90 : Rhonciscus furcatus (Schneider, 1801) Rhonciscus anas (Valenciennes, 1862) Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Paarlari (Bal) Banded grunter (En) FAO names : En Banded grunt Fr - Goret à six bandes Sp - Ronco de seis bandas Size : Max.: 38 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines and gillnets Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters, near reefs PLATE XVI, 92 Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier, 1830) Synonyms : Pristipoma hasta (non-Bloch, 1797) Pomadasys nageb (Rüppell, 1835) Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Kumpo (Bal) FAO names : En -Javelin grunter Fr - Grandeur javelot Sp - Corocoro jabalina Size : Max. : 80 cm; common to 50 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, bottom longlines, gillnets and traps Habitat and biology :Inhabits coastal waters to depth. Feeds on crustaceans and fishes Pomadasys maculatum (Bloch, 1797) Synonyms 60 m PLATE XVI, 91 : None Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Tantar (Bal) Spotted grunter (En) FAO names : En - Saddle grunt Fr - Grandeur selle Sp - Corocoro montura Size : Max. : 50 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, handlines and traps Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 40 m depth. Feeds on crustaceans and fishes - 72 BONY FISHES HAEMULIDAE (= POMADASYIDAE) Pomadasys multimaculatum (Playfair, 1866) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Kumpo (Bal) FAO names : En - Cock grunter Fr - Grandeur coq Sp - Corocoro gallito Size : Max. : about 80 cm; common ng 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters Pomadasys olivaceum ( Day, 1875) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Kumpo (Bal) Olive grunter (En) FAO names : En - Olive grunt Fr - Goret olive Sp - Corocoro aceituna Size : Max. : 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, bottom longlines, gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters Pomadasys stridens (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms : Rhonciscus stridens Forsskål, 1775 Loc. names : Bukra (Sin); Kumpo (Bal) Stripped grunter (En) FAO names : En - Striped piggy Fr - Goret à trois bandes Sp - Ronco de tres bandas Size : Max. : 16 cm Fishing gear : Caught by hook and line and in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters. Feeds on crustaceans and fishes click for next page - 73 - click for previous page BONY FISHES LETHRINIDAE Loc. names : Mulla (Sin), Gadeer (Bal) FAO names : En - Emperors, pigface breams, large-eye breams Fr - Empereurs Sp - Emperadores Size : Max. : to 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, gillnets, traps, spears and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Moderate to large-size fishes, inhabiting coastal waters, especially coral reefs and rocky areas. Most species have molariform teeth, with which they crush moll uscs, sea urchins and other hard shelled invertebrates. They are slow swimmers, close to the bottom, and form small schools. Some species are capable of rapidly adopting a dark mottled or reticular colour pattern and just as rapidly turning it off Interest to fisheries : Although most species belonging to this family are excellent as foodfishes , they are not of great commercial importance in Pakistan because they are not very often caught. Usually marketed fresh or dry salted for export to Sri Lanka Lethrinus elongatus Valenciennes, 1830 Synonyms PLATE XVI, 93 Lethrinus miniata (non Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Lethrinus rostratus Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus waigiensis Valenciennes, 1830 Loc. names : Mulla (Sin); Gadeer (Bal) Longnose pigface bream (En) FAO names : En - Longface emperor Fr - Empereur gueule longue Sp - Emperador trompudo Size : Max. : 100 cm; common to 60 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, gillnets, longlines and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits bottoms of the continental shelf down to 190 m depth, but it is most abundant in coral reef areas. Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms Lethrinus Lethrinus Lethrinus Lethrinus PLATE XVI, 96 choerorynchus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) fraenatus Valenciennes, 1830 fletus Whitley, 1943 opercularis Valenciennes, 1830 Loc. names : Mulla (Sin); Gadeer (Bal) Starry pigface bream (En) FAO names : En - Spangled emperor Fr - Empereur moris Sp - Emperador relámpago Size : Max. : about 90 cm; common to 60 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, seine nets, traps, gillnets and handlines (shrimp used as bait). Main fishing season from July to October on the Baluchistan coast. Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow coastal waters, to about 50 m depth, mainly in reef areas but also in mangrove creeks and around jetties. The juveniles live in shallower waters than the adults. Feeds on molluscs, Sexually ripe specimens found in July and August along the crustaceans, echinoderms and small fishes. Baluchistan coast - 74 - BONY FISHES LETHRINIDAE Other species of Lethrinidae PLATE XVI, 95 Lethrinus microdon Valenciennes, 1830 Smaltooth emperor size: to 60 cm PLATE XVI, 94 Lethrinus harak (Forsskål, 1775) Thumbprint emperor size: to 60 cm PLATE XVII, 97 PLATE XVII, 98 Lethrinus ramak (Forsskål , 1775) Yellow banded emperor size: to 50 cm la t e ra l v ie w o f m o u t h Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskål, 1775) Humpnose big-eye bream Tails (Bal) size: to 60 cm SPARIDAE Loc. names : Dandya, Dateri, Kissi, etc. (Sin) Tintle, Shumala, Nawar , etc. (Bal) FAO names : En - Seabreams, soldierbreams Fr - Pagres, sargues, spares Sp - Argos , salemas Size : Max.: 75 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets, longlines , traps, etc. Habitat and biology : Seabreams are demersal fishes inhabiting sandy, muddy or rough bottoms of the continental shelf; occasionally also found in estuaries, used as nurseries. Most are carnivorous, feeding on crustaceans, moll uscs and small fish, but some species feed also on algae and seagrass. Hermaphroditism is widespread in this family Interest to fisheries : Some species (i.e., Argyrops spinifer , Crenidens crenidens , Acanthopaqrus beta ) are very common. The flesh is excellent and highly esteemed. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of Acanthopagrus berda as ranging from 293 t (1983) to 5 091 t (1982) with an average of 2 519 t. However, these figures probably also include other species of seabreams - 75 - BONY FISHES PLATE XVII, 99 SPARIDAE Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms : Mylio berda (Forsskål, 1775) Loc. names : Dandya, Daleri (Sin); Tintle (Bal) Black bream (En) FAO names : En - Picnic seabream Fr - Pagre picnic Sp - Sargo picnic Size : Max. : 75 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, handlines and gillnets. Main fishing seasons along the Baluchistan coast are April, May and November-February Habitat and biology : Inhabits sandy and muddy grounds, particularly in estuaries, to about 50 m depth. Feeds on worms, echinoderms, crustaceans, molluscs and other invertebrates. Sexually ripe specimens are found in March and April along the Baluchistan coast Acanthopagrus bifasciatus (Forsskål ,1775) PLATE XVII, 100 Synonyms : Sparus bifasciatus Forsskål, 1775 Mylio bifasciatus (Forsskål, 1775) Loc. names : Dandya, Daleri, Daro-dandya (Sin); Shumala (Bal) FAO names : En - Twobar seabream Fr - Pagre double bande Sp - Sargo de dos bandas Size : Max. : 50 cm; common to 35 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, longlines, stakenets and traps Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters, mainly in estuaries and around reefs Acanthopagrus latus ( Houttuyn, 1782) Synonyms Sparus latus Houttuyn, 1782 Mylio latus (Houttuyn, 1782) Loc. names : Dandya, Daleri (Sin); Tintle (Bal) Japanese silver bream (En) FAO names : En - Yellowfin seabream Fr - Pagre à nageoires jaunes Sp - Sargo aleta amarilla Size : Max. : 45 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and lines Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow coastal waters to 50 m depth, enters estuaries. Carnivorous, feeds on invertebrates (echinoderms, worms, crustaceans and molluscs) - 76 - BONY FISHES SPARIDAE Argyrops spinifer (Forsskål 1775) Synonyms PLATE ål, XVII, 101 Sparus spinifer Forsskål, 1775 Loc. names : Dhand (Sin); Sorro, Malelak (Bal) Long-spined red bream (En) FAO names : En - King soldierbream Fr - Spare royal Sp - Sargo real Size : Max. : 65 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets, longlines and handlines. Shrimp used as bait Habitat and biology : Inhabits various types of bottoms, from 5 to 100 m depth. Juveniles occur in shallow waters, including estuaries, adults in deeper waters. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates, mainly on molluscs and shrimps. Sexually ripe speci mens common in december and April. Juvenies up to 3 cm common in July along the Baluchistan coast Interest to fisheries : The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports an annual catch of 1959 t for this species in 1983. Fished throughout the year but largest catches in October on the Baluchistan coast Cheimerius nufar (Valenciennes, 1830) Synonyms : Dentex nufar Valenciennes, 1830 Loc. names : Dandya (Sin); Shumala, Tinles (Bal) FAO names : En - Anter seabream Fr - Denté nufar Sp - Dentón nufar Size : Max. : 60 cm; common to 35 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, longlines and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters, young seek shelter in estuaries when stormy weather approaches Crenidens crenidens (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms PLATE XVII, 102 None Loc. names : Kissi, Karo-dandia (Sin); Nawar (Bal) FAO names : En - Karanteen seabream Fr - Saupe de Mer Rouge Sp - Salema del Mar Rojo Size : Max. : 30 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with trammel nets and beach seines Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters, often in estuaries. Feeds mainly on algae but also on invertebrates (crustaceans, worms, etc.) upper and lower tooth - 77 BONY FISHES Diplodus sargus kotschyi (Steindachner, 1876) Synonyms SPARIDAE : Diplodus noct Valenciennes, 1830 pro parte Loc. names : Kissi, Kukkidia (Sin); Tippuch (Bal) FAO names : En - One spot seabream Fr - Sar lune Sp - Sargo luna llena Size : Max. : 30 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : A common species, especially in rocky shallow coastal waters. Feeds on algae and small invertebrates Rhabdosargus sarba (Forsskål 1775) Synonyms : Sparus sarba Forsskål, 1775 Loc. names : Dandya, Kissi (Sin); Chah (Bal) Tarwhine silverbream, Guilt bream (En) FAO names : En - Goldlined seabream Fr - Sargue doré Sp - Sargo dorado Size : Max. : 60 cm; common to 40 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets, longlines, handlines and stake traps Habitat and biology : A shallow water species, occurring in waters never deeper than 60 m. Juveniles are found in estuaries and move to deeper waters with growth. Feeds on bottom invertebrates, particularly molluscs rig h t h a lf o f u p p e r ja w Sparidentex hasta (Valenciennes, 1830) Synonyms Chrysophrys cuvieri Day, 1875 Acanthopagrus cuvieri (Day, 1875) Loc. names : Dandya (Sin); Nawar (Bao) FAO names : En - Sobaity seabream Fr - Spare sobaity Sp - Sargo sobaity Size : Max. : 35 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and on line gear Habitat and biology : From shallow coastal waters to moderate depths. Carnivorous click for next page click for previous page - 78 BONY FISHES SCIAENIDAE Loc. names : Mushka, Chan, Boro, etc. (Sin); Tont, Mushka, etc. (Bal) FAO names : En - Croakers, drums, meagres, weakfishes Fr - Courbines, maigres, verrues Sp - Corvinas, bombaches Size : Max.: to 160 cm, but most species to 30 cm Fishing gear : The smaller sciaenids are taken in bottom trawls while the larger ones are caught with trawls, gillnets or with encircling nets Habitat and biology : Coastal waters, mainly over muddy bottoms, and in estuaries. Most feed on small crustaceans, fishes and benthic organisms Interest to fisheries : The croaker fishery is very important in Pakistan. During the periods February to April and September to November , large schools of Protonibea diacanthus and other species move toward the east of the Arabian Sea. When forming a school they swim close to the surface. Swimbladders of the larger species are dried and exported to India and Far East countries for manufacturing isinglass used in the wine industry as clarifying agent. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports combined catches of sciaenids ranging from 8,000 t (1977) to 18,658 t (1980), with an average of 12 477 t Argyrosomus amoyensis (Bleeker, 1863) Synonyms Pseudosciaena amoyensis Bleeker, 1863 Sciaena bleekeri Day, 1876 Argyrosomus bleekeri: Talwar & Joglekar, 1972 Nibea milchthyoides Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963 Pseudosciaena indica Tang, 1937 Loc. names : Mushka (Sin); Bhola (Bal) FAO names : En - Amoy croaker Fr - Maigre d'Amoy Sp - Corvina de Amoy Size : Max.: 38 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters over muddy bottoms, to about 60 m depth; forms small schools Argyrosomus hololepidotus (Lacepède, 1802) Synonyms Sciaena antarctica Castelnau, 1872 Sciaena margaritifera Haly, 1875 Sciaena neglecta Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886 Loc. names : Mushka (Sin); Sooli (Bal) FAO names : En - Southern meagre Fr - Maigre africain Sp - Corvina africana Size : Max.: 150 cm; common to 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters - 79 BONY FISHES Dendrophysa russelli ( Cuvier, 1830) Synonyms SCIAENIDAE PLATE XVIII, 103 : Umbrina russelli Cuvier, 1830 Sciaena russelli : Bleeker, 1874; Weber & de Beaufort, 1936; Lin, 1938; Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963 Umbrina kuhlii Cuvier, 1830 Loc. names : Mushka, Chan (Sin); Tont (Bal) Russell's jewfish (En) FAO names : En - Goatee croaker Fr - Bourrugue chèvre Sp - Lambe chivato Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters to 50 m depth. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates Johnieops aneus (Bloch, 1793) Synonyms : Sciaena osseus Day, 1876 Johnius osseus : Munro, 1955; Misra, 1962 Wak osseus : Talwar, 1971; Khalaf, 1961 Johnieops osseus : Mohan, 1972 Johnius (Johnieops) aneus : Trewavas, 1977 Loc. names : Mushka, Chan (Sin); Mundsar-tont (Bal) Grey-fin jewfish (En) FAO names : En - Greyfin croaker Fr - Courbine grise Sp - Covina plomiza Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, boat and shore seines Habitat and biology : Inhabits inshore waters to 30 m depth. Feeds on small crustaceans, benthic worms and small fishes sagitta (inner surface) - 80 BONY FISHES SCIAENIDAE Johnieops sina (Cuvier, 1830) Synonyms : Corvina sina Cuvier, 1830 Sciaena parva Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908 Wak sina : Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963 Wak menoni Talwar & Joglekar, 1970 Johnius (Johnieops ) sina : Trewavas, 1977 Loc. names : Sua (Sin); Tont (Bal) Small salmon, Drab jewfish (En) teeth in Johnieops sp. sagitta (inner surface) FAO names : En - Sin croaker Fr - Courbime chinoise Sp - Corvina china Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 13 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, bottom gillnets, etc. Habitat and biology : Found in inshore waters to 40 m depth. Feeds on small crustaceans Johnius belangerii ( Cuvier, 1830) Synonyms : Sciaena belengeri Day, 1876 Corvina lobata Cuvier, 1830 Corvina carouna Cuvier, 1830 Sciaena (Corvina) nasus Steindachner, 1866 Corvina australis Günther , 1880 Corvina comes de Vis, 1884 sagitta (inner surface) Pseudomycterus maccullochi Ogilby, 1908 Johnius fasciatus Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963 Loc. names : Mushka, Chan (Sin); Bholari-tont (Bal) Jewfish (En) FAO names : En - Belanger's croaker Fr - Courbine de Belanger Sp - Corvina de Belanger Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with trawls and boat seines bottom Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 40 m depth. Feeds on invertebrates, particularly benthic worms swimbladder - 81 BONY FISHES SCIAENIDAE Johnius carutta Bloch, 1793 sagitta (inner surface) Synonyms : Sciaena carutta : Day, 1876 Loc. names : Mushka, Chan (Sin); Tont (Bal) Purple jewfish (En) FAO names : En - Karut croaker Fr - Combine carutte Sp - Corvina carota first gill arch swlmbladder Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, seines and gillnets Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 40 cm depth. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates Johnius dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1833) Synonyms Umbrina dussumieri Valenciennes, 1833 Sciaena dussumieri Bleeker, 1872; Fowler, 1933; Weber & de Beaufort, 1936; Len, 1938 Dendrophysa dussumieri : Trewavas, 1964 Umbrena amblycephala Bleeder , 1855 Johnius amblycephalus: Cuu, Lo & Wu, 1963; Trewavas, 1977 sagitta (inner surface) Umbrina fuscolineata von Bonde, 1923 Blythsciaena dussumleri : Talwar, 1971 Loc. names : Musuka, Chan (Sin); Tont (Bal) Dussumier's croaker, Silver jewfesu (En) swimbladder FAO names : En - Bearded croaker Fr - Combine barbecue Sp - Corvina de barba Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and boat seines Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 40 m depth. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates click for next page click for previous page - 82 - BONY FISHES SCIAENIDAE Johnius glaucus (Day, 1876) Synonyms sagitta (inner surface) : Sciaena dussumieri (non Cuvier & Valenciennes): Day, 1865 Sciaena glaucus : Day, 1878 Loc. names : Mushka, Boro (Sin); Tont (Bal) FAO names : En -Pale spotfin croaker Fr - Courbine alle tachetée Sp - Corvina glauca swimbladder Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and boat seines Habitat and biology : Coastal waters over muddy bottoms to 30 m depth Kathala axillaris (Cuvier, 1830) Synonyms : Corvina axillaris Cuvier, 1830 Sciaena axillaris : Day, 1876 Pseudosciaena axillaris : Weber & deBeaufort, 1936 Wak azillaris : Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963 Dhoma axillaris : Talwar & Joglekar, 1970 Loc. names : Mushka, Boro (Sin); Mundsar bholari (Bal) Black-spot jewfish (En) swimbladder FAO names : En - Kathala croaker Fr - Courbine kathala Sp - Corvina catala Size : Max.: 27 cm; common to 18 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines Habitat and biology :Inhabits shallow coastal waters - 83 - BONY FISHES SCIAENIDAE Nibea maculata (Schneider, 1801) Synonyms Johnius maculatus : Fowler, 1933; Weber & de Beaufort, 1936 Sciaena maculata : Day, 1876 Loc. names : Mushka, Chan (Sin); Tont, Riami tont (Bal) Black-banded jewfish (En) FAO names : En - Blotched croaker Fr - Courbine tachetée Sp - Corvina manchada Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 22 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and boat seines Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters Nibea soldado (Lacepède, 1802) Synonyms Johnius soldado : Fowler, 1933 Pseudosciaena soldado : Weber & de Beaufort, 1936 Wak soldado : Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963 Corvina miles Cuvier, 1829 in n e r s u rfa c e o u t e r s u rfa c e Sciaena miles : Day, 1876 s a g it t a Loc. names : Mushka, Boro (Sin); Soli chuk, Karra (Bal) Greenback jewfish (En) FAO names : En - Soldier croaker Fr - Courbine soldat Sp - Corvina soldato Size : Max.: 60 cm; common to 40 cm Fis h in g g e a r : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters, to 40 m depth. Feeds on small fishes and i nvertebrates Otolithes cuvieri Trewavas, 1974 Synonyms None Loc. names : Mushka (Sin); Baddi, Mushka, Mushko, Pandasi, Warna musko (Bal) FAO names : En - Lesser tigertooth croaker Fr - Verrue tigre Sp - Bombache tigre Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines Habitat and biology : Inhabits inshore and coastal waters s w im b la d d e r - 84 - BONY FISHES SCIAENIDAE Otolithes ruber (Schneider, 1801) Synonyms PLATE XVIII, 104 Otolithus argenteus Cuvier, 1830 (quoted in Day, 1876) Otolithes argenteus : Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963 Loc. names : Mushka (Sin); Baddi, Mushka, Mushko, Pandasi, Warna musko (Bal) Longtoothed salmon; Rosy jewfish (En) FAO names : En - Tigertooth croaker Fr - Grande verrue tigre Sp - Bombache tigre mayor Size : Max.: 70 cm; common to 40 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines (sardinella and anchovies used as bait). Along the Baluchistan coast caught mainly with gillnets from November to April, and by handlines from July to September Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 40 m depth. Feeds on fishes and invertebrates. Sexually ripe specimens abundant in December and March and in lesser numbers throghout the year along the Baluchistan coast. Juveniles up to 10 cm caught in abundance along the Baluchistan coast in July and August first gill arch Otolithoides biauritus (Cantor, 1850) Synonyms Otolithus brunneus Day, 1873 Sciaenoides brunneus : Day, 1876 Otolithoides brunneus : Fowler, 1933; Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963 Loc. names : Rangan (Sin); Bhola, Mushka (Bal) Jew fish (En) s a g it t a ( in n e r s u rfa c e ) FAO names : En - Bronze croaker Fr - Verrue bronzée Sp - Bombache bronzeado Size : Max.: 160 cm; common to 90 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal and inshore waters. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates Paranibea semiluctuosa ( Cuvier, 1830) Synonyms Nibea luctuosa (Cuvier, 1830), in FAO Species Identification Sheets Areas 57/71 Corvina semiluctuosa Cuvier, 1830 Johnius semiluctuosus : Weber & deBeaufort, 1936; Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963 Sciaena semiluctuosa : Day, 1876 Loc. names : Mushka (Sin); Mushka (Bal) Jew fish (En) FAO names : En - Half-mourning coraker Fr - Combine lugubre Sp - Corvina lugubre Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters - 85 BONY FISHES SCIAENIDAE Pennahia macrophthalmus (Bleeker, 1850) Synonyms : Sciaena aeneus (non Bloch): Day, 1876 Loc. names : Mushka (Sin); Mushka (Bal) FAO names : En - Bigeye croaker Fr - Courbine gros yeux Sp - Corvina ojona Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and seine nets Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 60 m depth. Feeds on small shrimps and fishes Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepède, 1802) Synonyms Corvina maculata (part, nec Schneider), 1830 Corvina catalea Valenciennes, 1834 Johnius valenciennii Eydoux & Souleyet, post-1848 Sciaena diacanthus : Day, 1865 Corvina nigromaculata Borodin, 1930 Pseudosciaena diacanthus : Weber & de Beaufort, 1936 Sciaena antarctica rex Whitley, 1945 Nibea diacanthus: Lin, 1938; Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963 Sciaena Boma Tanaka, 1915, quoted in Matsubara, 1937 (inner surface) sagitta Loc. names : Ghol, Sua (Sin); Kir (Bal) Two-spined jewfish (En) FAO names : En - Spotted croaker Fr - Courbine pintade Sp - Corvina pintada Size : Max.: 120 cm; common to 70 cm Fishing gear : Caught with longlines, handlines, bottom-set and drift gillnets, encircling nets and bottom trawls. Main fishing seasons are from March to May and October to November. Very large catches of schooling fish occur along the Baluchistan coast in March and April Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters to 60 m depth; mainly over muddy bottoms. Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes. Sexually ripe specimens found in March and April and July and August along the Baluchistan coast Umbrina canariensis Valenciennes, 1843 Synonyms Umbrina sinuata Day, 1876 Sciaena sinuata : J.L.B. Smith, 1949 Umbrina striata Boulenger, 1888 Loc. names : Mushka, Boro (Sin); Tont (Bal) Tasselfish (En) FAO names : En - Canary drum Fr - Ombrine bronze Sp - Verrugato de Canarias Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow coastal waters click for next page click for previous page - 86 BONY FISHES MULLIDAE Loc. names : Manori (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) FAO names : En - Goatfishes Fr - Rougets-barbets Sp - Salmonetes Size : Some species may reach 50 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, shore seines, traps, gillnets and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Goatfishes live mostly in shallow waters, on sandy or muddy bottoms or in coral reef areas. Their barbels are used to locate food organisms in the sediment, particularly crustaceans and worms Interest to fisheries : The flesh of goatfishes is of good quality and highly esteemed in certain areas. These fishes are common but not particularly abundant in Pakistani waters Mulloides vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) Synonyms PLATE XVIII, 106 : Mulloides auriflamma Mulloides erythrinus Klunzinger, 1884 Loc. names : Manori (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) Golden banded goatfish (En) FAO names : En - Yellowfin goatfish Fr - Capucin de Vanicolo Sp - Salmonte vanicolense Size : Max.: 38 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught by traps, gillnets and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Found in shallow coastal waters, forming aggregations on coral reefs during the day and feeding individually at night; also in coral reef areas Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker, 1855) Synonyms PLATE XIX, 114 : None Loc. names : Manori (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) FAO names : En - Goldband goatfish Fr - Rouget-souris bande or Sp - Salmonete de banda dorada Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with shore seines and bottom trawls, sometimes with traps Habitat and biology : Lives in shallow coastal waters, from 10 to 40 m depth - 87 BONY FISHES MULLIDAE Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier, 1829 Synonyms PLATE XX, 115 : None Loc. names : Manori (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) FAO names : En - Sulphur goatfish Fr - Rouget-souris aurore Sp - Salmonete aurora Size : Max.: 23 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught bottom trawls with shore seines and Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters, sometimes entering estuaries, between 20 and 60 m depth; usually in schools Upeneus taeniopterus Cuvier, 1829 Synonyms PLATE XX, 116 : Upeneus arge Jordan & Evermann, 1902 Loc. names : Manori (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) FAO names : En - Fin-stripe goatfish Fr - Rouget-souris rayé Sp - Salmonete estriado Size : Max.: 33 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, traps and also in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : A shallow water species, usually on sandy bottoms and coral reef areas Upeneus vittatus (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms PLATE XX, 118 : None Loc. names : Manori (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) Yellow-striped goatfish (En) FAO names : En - Striped goatfish Fr - Rouget-souris orangé Sp - Salmonete naranjero Size : Max.: 28 cm; common to 18 cm mainly Fishing gear : Caught trawls and shore seines with bottom Habitat and biology : Usually in turbid waters, from a few to 100 m depth; occurs in schools - 88 BONY FISHES Other species of Mu llid a e MULLIDAE P LATE XVI I I , 1 0 5 Mulloides flavolineatus (Lacepède, 1802) Yellowstripe goatfish size: to 40 cm P LATE XVI I I , 1 0 7 Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepède, 1801) Dash-and-dot goatfish size: to 50 cm P LATE XVI I I , 1 0 8 Parupeneus bifasciatus (Lacepède, 1801) Doublebar goatfish size: to 35 cm P LATE XI X, 1 0 9 Parupeneus cinnabarinus (Cuvier, 1829) Cinnabar goatfish size: to 30 cm P LATE XI X, 1 1 0 Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacepède, 1801) Goldsaddle goatfish size: to 50 cm P LATE XI X, 1 1 2 Parupeneus indicus (Shaw, 1803) Indian goatfish size: to 40 cm P LATE XI X, 1 1 3 Parupeneus macronema (Lacepède, 1801) Longbarbel goatfish size: to 32 cm P LATE XX, 1 1 7 , Upeneus tragula Richardson, 1845 Freckled goatfish Upeneus sundaicus (Bleeker, 1855) Ochreband goatfish size: to 20 cm - 89 BONY FISHES EPHIPPIDAE Ephippus orbis (Bloch, 1787) Synonyms : Chaetodon orbis Bloch, 1787 Loc. names : Phanna (Sin); Riami sarando (Bal) Spadefish (En) FAO names : En - Spadefish Fr - Disque Sp - Paguala Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with handlines and traps Habitat and biology : Found in shallow water from 10 to 30 m. Feeds on bottom living invertebrates and fishes Interest to fisheries : Common in creeks. Separate statistics are not reported for this species Drepane punctata (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms PLATE XX, 119 DREPANIDAE Chaetondon punctata Linnaeus, 1758 Loc. names : Rupichand (Sin); Sarando (Bal) Spotted batfish (En) FAO names : En - Spotted sicklefish Fr - Forgeron tacheté Sp - Catemo manchado Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, traps and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : A coastal species, often entering estuaries. Probably migrating to deeper waters during the winter season. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and fishes Interest to fisheries : A rather common species, its flesh is said to be of excellent quality. Separate statistics are not reported for this species Platax orbicularis (Forsskål, 1775) PLATACIDAE PLATE XX, 120 Synonyms : Platax vespertilio (Bloch, 1802) Loc. names : Tanak-chand (Sin); Riami sarando (Bal) FAO names : En - Batfish Fr - Poule d'eau Sp - Dalapugan Size : Max.: 50 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with handlines and nets Habitat and biology : Inhabits creeks, shores, juveniles in brackish water bays and rocky Interest to fisheries : Common but not particularly abundant. Appreciated as aquarium fish - 90 BONY FISHES SCATOPHAGIDAE Scatophagus argus (Bloch, 1788) PLATE XXI, 121 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Korgi (Sin); Dateera (Bal) Spotted butterfish (En) FAO names : En - Spotted scat Fr - Pavillon tacheté Sp - Pingo manchado Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught with traps and gillnets Habitat and biology : Inhabits brackish estuaries, mangroves, harbours, etc., usually occurring in schools. Feeds on bottom detritus and small benthic invertebrates Interest to fisheries : A quite common species, especially i n creeks POMACANTHIDAE Loc. names : Jabal koi (Sin); Datero (Bal) FAO names : En - Angelfishes Fr - Demoiselles Sp - Isabelitas Size : Max.: to 60 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with traps and gillnets. Taken accidentally in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Usually inhabit shallow coral reef areas but a few species range to depths of 80m or more. Adults are omnivorous, juveniles are mainly herbivorous Interest to fisheries : Not important as foodfish, but juveniles of some species are popular aquarium fishes POMACENTRIDAE Loc. names : Kohmai (Bal) FAO names : En - Damselfishes Fr - Chauffets Sp - Petacas Size : Most species less than 15 cm Fishing gear : Accidentally caught in trawls Habitat and biology : Found mainly in shallow rocky areas and coral reefs, but some species occur in deeper offshore waters. Plankton feeder, or omnivorous Interest to fisheries : Not important as foodfish, but some species are popular aquarium fish click for next page click for previous page - 91 BONY FISHES MUGILIDAE Loc. names : Boi, Mori, Chhodi, Pharra, etc. (Sin); Murbo, Mundi, etc. (Bal) FAO names : En - Mullets Fr - Mulets Sp - Lisas, pardetes Size : Max.: to 90 cm Fishing gear : Caught with castnets, setnets, liftnets and beach seines Habitat and biology :Inhabit coastal marine waters, estuaries and fresh water. great changes in salinity, from almost fresh water to salinities of 75 °/°°. Most species are adaptable to Most species spawn at sea and feed on bottom detritus by taking in sand and mud and rejecting the most indigestible parts. Due to their rapid growth and hardiness, they are often used in fish pond culture Interest to fisheries : These have been important foodfishes since ancient times. They are appreciated as food and usually marketed fresh or dry-salted. Some species also used for bait for handline and longline. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of mullets ranging from 1 018 t (1981) to 8 768 t (1978), with an average of 4 575 t Liza abu ( Heckel, 1846) Synonyms Mugil (Liza) abu zarondnyi Berg, 1949 Mugil hashni Misra, 1943 Loc. names : Boi, Mori (Sin); Anjara (Bal) FAO names : En - Abu mullet Fr - Mulet abu Sp - Lisa abu Size : Max. : 20 cm; common to 17 cm Fishing gear : Caught with artisanal gear Habitat and biology : Occurs in small schools, mainly in freshwater, sometimes in estuaries Liza carinata (Valenciennes, 1836) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Boi, Mori (Sin); Murbo (Bal) FAO names : En - Keeled mullet Fr - Mulet caréné Sp - Lisa de carena Size : Max.: Fishing gear : Caught with castnets, setnets, liftnets and beach seines Habitat and biology : Lives coastal waters mainly in marine - 92 BONY FISHES MUGILIDAE Liza macrolepis (Smith, 1849) Synonyms : Mugil borneensis Bleeker, 1851 Mugil troschelii Bleeker, 1858 Liza akame Tanaka , 1916 Loc. names : Boi, Chhodi (Sin); Mundi, Murbo (Bal) FAO names : En - Largescale mullet Fr - Mulet à grandes écailles Sp - Lisa godeya Size : Max.: 60 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets, barrier nets, liftnets and beach seines Habitat and biology :Inhabits shallow coastal, waters estuaries and backwaters, forming large schools during the spawning season. Able to survive 87 °/oo salinity. Feeds on detritus small algae, diatoms, etc. taken in with sand or mud. This is one of the most common species of mullet in the Indian Ocean Liza melinoptera (Valenciennes, 1836) Synonyms Mugil ceramensis Bleeker, 1852 Mugil oligolepis Day, 1876; Smith, 1935, 1948, 1949, non-Bleeker, 1859 Mugil anpinensis Oshima, 1922 Loc. names : Boi, Mori (Sin); Murbo (Bal) Large-scale grey mullet (En) FAO names : En - Otomebora mullet Fr - Mulet otomebora Sp - Lisa otomebora Size : Max.: 22 cm; common to 18 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets and beach seines Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters and estuaries. Spawning takes place at sea. Feeds on algae, diatoms, minute bottom-living organisms and organic material found in mud or sand Liza parsia (Hamilton & Buchanan, 1822) PLATE XXI, 122 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Boi, Parse (Sin); Polat, Murba (Bal) FAO names : En - Gold-spot mullet Fr Mulet joue d'or Sp - Lisa mejilla dorada Size : Max.: 16 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets, liftnets and beach seines Habitat and biology : A schooling species, found in shallow coastal waters including brackish waters. Capable to survive in waters with salinity up to 87 °/°°. Spawning takes place at sea. Feeds on small bottom invertebrates and detritus found in sand or mud - 93 - BONY FISHES MUGILIDAE Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) Synonyms : Mugil dussumieri Valenciennes, 1836 Mugil jerdoni Day, 1876 Loc. names : Boi, Chhodi (Sin); Maing, Murbo (BAL) FAO names : En - Greenback mullet Fr - Mulet dos vert Sp - Lisa lomo verde Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets, liftnets and beach seines Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters, including estuarine areas. Spawning takes place at sea. Feeds on detritus and small bottom organisms, taken in with sand or mud Liza tade (Forsskål , 1775) Synonyms : Mugil planiceps Valenciennes, 1836 Loc. names : Boi, Chhodi (Sin); Mundi (Bal) FAO names : En - Tade mullet Fr - Mulet tade Sp - Lisa tade Size : Max.: 70 cm; common to 33 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets, castnets, stakenets and beach seines Habitat and biology : Mainly a marine species, often entering estuaries and backwaters. Feeds on small algae, diatoms and other organic matter taken in with sand and mud Liza vaigiensis ( Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Synonyms : None Loc. names Mangan (Sin); Murbo , Gid, Pee-ant (juv.)(Bal) Diamond-scale grey mullet (En) FAO names En - Square-tail mullet Fr - Mulet mopiro Sp - Lisa mopiro Size : Max.: 55 cm; common to 35 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with castnets, stakenets and beach seines Feeds on small bottom Habitat and biology : A coastal species, entering rivers during the rainy season. organisms, algae, diatoms and detritus, taken in with mud and sand. Sexually ripe specimens common in March and July along the Baluchistan coast - 94 BONY FISHES MUGILIDAE Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 PLATE XXI, 123 Synonyms : Mugil oür Forsskål, 1775 Mugil japonicus Schlegel, 1845 Loc. names : Boi, Meengh (Sin); Murbo, Tagan (Bal) Grey mullet; Springer (En) FAO names : En - Flathead mullet Fr - Mulet cabot Sp - Pardete Size-: Max.: 90 cm; common to 35 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets, barrier nets, liftnets and beach seines Habitat and biology :'A coastal species , found also in estuaries and freshwater, capable of standing salinities up to 87 °/°° of and temperatures between 12 and 25 C. Feeds on detritus, algae and small bottom organisms, taken in with sand and mud and rejecting the indigestable parts. During the spawning migration the feeding is reduced or completely interrupted. For furhter information see CSIRO Fisheries Synopsis No.1 Valamugil cunnesius (Valenciennes, 1836) Synonyms Mugil Mugil Mugil Mugil Mugil amarulus Valencien es, 1836 strongylocephalus Richardson, 1846 ophuysenii Bleeker, 1859 longimanus Gcnther , 1861 kelaartii Günther, 1861 Loc. names : Pharra, Boi (Sin); Murbo, Palo (Bal) Roundhead grey mullet (En) FAO names : En - Longarm mullet Fr - Mulet longue aile Sp - Lisa de aleta larga Size : Max.: 41 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets, barrier nets, beach seines and occasionally in trawls Habitat and biology : A schooling species, found in coastal waters, estuaries and backwaters. Forms large aggregations when spawning takes place. Feeds on algae, diatoms, small bottom organisms and detritus taken in with sand and mud Valamugil seheli (Forsskål, 1775) Synonyms : Mugil axillaris Valenciennes, 1836 Mugil caeruleomaculatus Lacepède, 1803 Loc. names : Boi, Pharra (Sin); Murbo, Guarez, Mundsar (Bal) Bluespot grey mullet (En) FAO names : En - Blue-spot mullet Fr - Mulet à tache bleue Sp - Lisa de mancha azul Size : Max.: 50 cm; common to 24 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, stakenets, barrier nets and beach seines Habitat and biology : A schooling species, found in estuaries and backwaters; spawning takes place at sea. Feeds on algae, diatoms, small bottom organisms and detritus taken in with sand and mud - 95 BONY FISHES Valamugil speigleri (Bleeker, 1858) Synonyms None MUGILIDAE PLATE XXI, 124 Loc. names : Boi, Pharra (Sin); Anjara, Murbo, Badli (juv.) (Bal) FAO names : En - Speigler's mullet Fr - Mulet chiraya Sp - Lisa chiraya Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 14 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets, barrier nets, beach seines and trawls Habitat and biology : A coastal species, also in estuaries, backwaters and often entering fresh water. Feeds on small algae, diatoms, small bottom organisms and detritus taken in with sand or mud SPHYRAENIDAE Loc. names : Kund (Sin); Kund (Bal) FAO names : En - Barracudas Fr - Barracudas, bécunes Sp - Barracudas, picudas Size : Max.: 180 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly by trolling but also in trawls and gillnets Habitat and biology : Mostly occurring in coastal waters, from the surface to 100 m depth. The young form large schools, adults are usually solitary. Known to be particularly voracious, the adults of the larger species being dangerous to man. Attacks are most frequent in shallow murky waters Interest to fisheries : The Sphyraenidae are of some importance as food, the flesh being delicate and well The Handbook of Fisheries flavoured. Usually marketed fresh, but also dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka. Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of barracudas ranging from 1 962 t (1980) to 3 606 t (1981) Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792) Synonyms : Sphyraena picuda Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Loc. names : Kund (Sin); Kund (Bal) Barracuda (En) FAO names : En - Great barracuda Fr - Barracuda Sp - Picuda barracuda Fishing gear : Taken by trolling, in trawls and in nets Habitat and biology :In coastal waters, from near the surface to 100 m depth, the juveniles in shallow waters, including mangrove swamps and estuaries. This species is everywhere dreaded for its ferocity, the large i ndividuals attacking man and not uncommonly causing death - 96 BONY FISHES SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier, 1829 Synonyms None Loc. names : Kund (Sin); Kund (Bal) Barracuda (En) FAO names : En - Bigeye barracuda Fr - Bécune de Forster Sp - Picuda de Forster Size : Max.: 64 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught by trolling and in trawls Habitat and biology : In coastal waters over shallow banks, mainly close to the bottom. shrimps and cephalopods Feeds on fishes, peneid Sphyraena jello Cuvier, 1829 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kund (Sin); Kund (Bal) Barracuda (En) FAO names : En - Pickhandle barracuda Fr - Barracuda jello Sp - Picuda serpentina Size : Max.: 150 cm; common to 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught by trolling and in trawls Habitat and biology : In coastal waters, predominantly near the surface. schools and sometimes enter rivers. Feeds on fish and squid Adults are solitary, young occur in Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier, 1829 Synonyms Sphyraena chrysotaenia Klunzinger, 1884 Sphyraenella chrysotaenia: Dutt & Seshagiri Rao, 1867 Loc. names Kund (Sin); Kund (Bal) Barracuda (En) FAO names : En - Obtuse barracuda Fr - Bécune obtuse Sp - Picuda obtusa Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 25 crn Fishing gear : Caught by trolling (using Sardinella species as bait), in trawls and with bottom gillnets Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters from the surface to the bottom, smaller individuals occurring in schools. Feeds mainly on fishes. Sexually ripe specimens found in December and April along the Baluchistan coast - 97 BONY FISHES SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena putnamiae Jordan & Seale, 1905 Synonyms : Sphyraena bleekeri Williams, 1959 Loc. names : Kund (Sin); Kund (Bal) Barracuda (En) FAO names : En - Chevron barracuda Fr - Bécune chevronnée Sp - Picuda galoneada Size : Max.: 90 cm Fishing gear : Caught in seines, bottom trawls and by trolling Habitat and biology : A schooling species, mainly near the surface; primarily nocturnal POLYNEMIDAE Loc. names : Seeri, Ranwas (Sin); Gwanz (Bal) Tasselfishes (En) FAO names : En - Threadfins Fr - Barbures Sp - Barbudos Size : Some species may reach 200 cm Fishing gear : Caught with beach seines, gillnets, traps and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Found in shallow coastal waters, over sandy or muddy bottoms, some species in brackish waters and entering river mouths. Feed mainly on crustaceans and small fishes Interest to fisheries : Some species of this family attain a large size and occur in large shoals in shallow coastal waters and creeks. Their flesh is highly appreciated. The air-bladder of Polynemus indicus is used for isinglass. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of threadfins ranging from 276 t (1983) to 3 166 t (1982) with an average of 785 t Species of Polynemidae PLATE XXI, 125 Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) Four finger threadfin size: to 200 cm Polynemus indicus Shaw, 1804 Indian threadfin size: to 140 cm - 98 - BONY FISHES Species of P o ly n e m id a e Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758 Paradise threadfin size: to 23 cm POLYNEMIDAE Polynemus plebeius Broussonet, 1782 Striped threadfin size: to 45 cm PLATE XXI, 126 Polynemus sextarius Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Blackspots threadfin size: to 30 cm LABRIDAE Loc. names FAO names : En - Wrasses Fr - Labres, Vielles Sp - Viejas Size : Max.: 200 cm, but most species are less than 20 cm Fishing gear : Bottom trawls, gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : Common in shallow, coastal habiFeed mostly on tats, but really rare in many areas. Most species are protogynous bottom invertebrates. hermaphrodites and some are sexual dichromatic Interest to fisheries : Many species are too small to be of commercial importance but the larger ones are excellent foodfishes. Rarely caught SCARIDAE Loc. names FAO names : En - Parrot fishes Fr - Perroquets Sp - Loros Size : Max.: to about 50 cm Fishing gear : Caught in gillnets and traps Habitat and biology : Most species are very colourful and exhibit striking sexual dichromatism. Many species of the family are protogynous hermaphrodites (individuals mature first as females and then sexually transform into males; this transformation is usually accompanied by changes in colour pattern). Parrotfishes inhabit inshore areas usually associated with rocky bottoms and coral reefs. They are benthic grazers and feed by scraping the algal coating from rocks, dead coral and compacted sand with their beak-like plates Interest to fisheries : Only occasionally caught click for next page - 99 - click for previous page BONY FISHES SIGANIDAE Loc. names : Kakina (Sin); Mahparri (Bal) FAO names : En - Spinefoots, rabbitfishes Fr - Sigans Sp - Siganos Size : Max.: to 45 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls and traps Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters, including mangroves, estuaries and brackish lagoons. Some species occur in schools, others in pairs or solitary. Herbivorous, feed by scraping algae from rocks and corals and by brousing on seaweeds and seagrasses. The fin spines are venomous and care should be taken when handling these fishes Interest to fisheries : The members of this family do not form the object of a special fishery in Pakistan, because, although they are very good fishes, they do not seem to occur in large quanties Species of Siganidae Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797) White-spotted spinefoot size: to 30 cm P LATE XXI I , 1 2 7 Siganus javus (Linnaeus, 1766) Streaked spinefoot size: to 45 cm P LATE XXI I , 1 2 8 Siganus spinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Little spinefoot size: to 21 cm P LATE XXI I , 1 2 9 - 100 - BONY FISHES SCOMBRIDAE Loc. names : Surmai, Dawan, Chuki, Gidder, etc. (Sin); Ahore, Gore, Chunki, Kulgun, etc. (Bal) FAO names : En - Albacores, bonitos, kawakawas, mackerels, seerfishes, tunas and wahoos Fr - Thazards, bonitous, thonines, bonites, maquereaux, thons Sp - Petos, atunes, melvas, melveras, bacoretas, carites, etc. Size : Some species exceed 3 m Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets, longlines and by trolling. The boats used are of fairly large size, "bedi" or "hors" in deeper waters and "dhatti hora" (outrigger boat) near the shore. Twelve to 14 fishermen work on large boats when gillnets are used and only 3 when lines are used Habitat and biology : A rather diverse group of pelagic fishes, some, especially the smaller species, inhabit coastal waters while the larger ones, especially Thunnus species carry out wide transoceanic migrations. Feeding habits also vary from one species to the other, some being plankton feeders, others feeding on small schooling fishes, cephalopods, crustaceans, etc. Interest to fisheries : Some species (Scomberomorous species, Euthynnus affinis , Katsuwonus pelamis ) are rather common. These fishes are highly priced if sold fresh. Some are dry-salted and exported to Sri Lanka. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports combined catches of mackerels ranging from 1963 t (1980) to 8 243 t (1983), with an average of 6 247 t; and of tunas from 2 921 t (1983 to 14 470 t 1975) with an average of 10 256 t Acanthocybium solandri ( Cuvier, 1831) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Ghore (Sin); Gore (Bal) Yahoo (En) FAO names : En - Yahoo Fr - Thazard-bâtard Sp - Peto Size : Max.: 210 cm (fork length) Fishing gear : There is no special fishery for this species. It is occasionally caught by trolling Habitat and biology : An epipelagic, oceanic species, mostly solitary but also forming small aggregations. Fecundity is believed to be quite high. Feeds on pelagic and bottom fishes and on cephalopods - 101 - BONY FISHES Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800) Synonyms PLATE XXII, 130 SCOMBRIDAE : Auxis tapeinosoma Bleeker, 1854 Auxis hira Kishinouye, 1915 Loc. names : Chuki (Sin); Chunki (Bal) Frigate mackerel (En) FAO names : En - Frigate tuna Fr - Auxide Sp - Melva S iz e : Max.: about 50 cm fork length Fishing gear : Caught mainly by trolling and gillnetting Habitat and biology : An epipelagic, neritic as well as oceanic species. The spawning season extends from January to April and fecundity of fish (in Indian waters) ranged between 200,000 and 1.06 million eggs per spawning, depending on the size of the female (see also FAO Species Synopses Nos. 47, 71 and 124) Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) Synonyms : Euthynnus yaito Kishinouye, 1915 Loc. names : Dawan (Sin); Ulus (Bal) Mackerel tuna (En) FAO names : En - Kawakawa Fr - Thonine orientale Sp - Bacoreta oriental Size : Max.: 100 cm; common to 60 cm Fishing gear : Gillnetting and trolling are the major fishing techniques in use Habitat and biology : An epipelagic, neritic species, found in waters of 18- to 20-C temperature. This species tends to form multispecies schools with small Thunnus albacares , Katsuwonus pelamis , Auxis thazard and Megalaspis cordyla . Kawakawa is a predator, feeding on fish, shrimps and cephalopods. It is preyed upon by martins and sharks (see also FAO Species Synopses Nos. 48, 50 and 122) Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms : Euthynnus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) Loc. names : Chuki (Sin); Kishki, Ahore (Bal) Striped tuna; Skipjack; Bonito (En) FAO names : En - Skipjack tuna Fr - Bonite à ventre rayè Sp - Listado Size : Max.: 100 cm (fork length); common to 80 cm Fishing gear : Caught in gillnets and by trolling ° Habitat and biology : An epipelagic , oceanic species, adults in waters warmer than 15 C, larvae in waters with surface temperatures of about 25 C. It is distributed from the surface to about 260 m depth during the day, Feeds on a wide variety of small fishes, cephalopods (especially squids) and mainly near surface at night. crustaceans. Cannibalism is also common. It is preyed upon by tunas and killifishes . Sexually ripe specimens found in March and April along the Baluchistan coast (see also FAO Species Synopses Nos. 64 and 136) - 102 BONY FISHES SCOMBRIDAE Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) Synonyms PLATE XXII, 131 : Rastrelliger chrysozonus (Rüppell, 1836) Loc. names : Surmai, Surmaya, Bangra (Sin); Bangra (Bal) Rake-gilled mackerel (En) FAO names : En - Indian mackerel Fr - Mâquereau des Indes Sp - Caballa de la India Size : Max.: 35 cm; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught with purse seines, liftnets and bamboo stake traps ° Habitat and biology : An epipelagic, neritic species, found in waters warmer than 17 C. Forms large schools. Feeds on phyto- and zooplankton (juveniles) and on fish and shrimp larvae (adults). The lifespan is believed to be about 4 years (see also FAO Species Synopsis No. 29) Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepède, 1801) PLATE XXII, 132 Synonyms : Cybium commersoni (Lacepède, 1801) Loc. names : Ghore (Sin); Gore (Bal) Barred Spanish mackerel (En) FAO names : En - Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel Fr - Thazard rayé (Indo-Pacifique) Sp - Carite estriado del Indo-Pacifico Size : Max.: 220 cm; common to 90 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets and by trolled handlines. Along the Baluchistan coast it is caught mainly by handlines in July-August and April-May, and November to February it is mostly fished for with drift gillnets Habitat and biology : An epipelagic, neritic species, known to undertake longshore migrations. Feeds primarily on small fish (Stolephorus and Sardinella species) and on carangids, slipmouths, squids, etc. Feeding seems to take place exclusively at night. Sexually ripe specimens found in September and December along the Baluchistan coast. Interest to fisheries : Separate statistics are not officially reported for this species, but along the Baluchistan coast about 4 100 t were caught in 1983 (Burney et al. 1985) Scomberomorus lineolatus (Cuvier, 1831) 1 Synonyms : Cybium lineolatum Cuvier, 1831 Indocybium lineolatum : Munro, 1955 Loc. names : Kalgund (Sin); Kulgun (Bal) Streaked Spanish mackerel (En) FAO names : En -Streaked seerfish Fr - Thazard cirrus Sp - Carite rayado Size : Max.: 80 cm; common to 70 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets and by trolling Habitat and biology : The biology of this species i s rather poorly known. It is epipelagic and neritic - 103 BONY FISHES Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Synonyms SCOMBRIDAE : Cybium guttatum : Cuvier, 1829 Indocybium guttatum : Munro, 1955 Loc. names : Kalgund (Sin); Kulgun (Bal) Spotted Spanish mackerel (En) FAO names : En - Indo-Pacific king mackerel Fr - Thazard ponctué (Indo-Pacifique) Sp - Carite del Indo-Pacifico Size : Max.: 76 cm fork length Fishing gear : Caught mainly seines and by trolling with gillnets, purse Habitat and biology : Epipelagic and neritic, less migratory than S. commersoni , found at depths from 15 to 200 m. Sometimes entering turbid estuarine waters. Forms small schools. Feeds primarily on small schooling fishes (sardinellas and anchovies), squids and crustaceans. Sexually ripe specimens found in August and December along the Baluchistan coast. The main fishing season is from September to November and from January to March along the Baluchistan coast Scomberomorus koreanus ( Kishinouye, 1915) Synonyms : Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Loc. names : Kalgund (Sin); Kulgun (Bal) FAO names : En - Korean seer fish Fr - Thazard coréen Sp - Carite coreano Size : Max.: 150 cm (fork length); common to 60 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets and by trolling Habitat and biology : Pelagic and neritic. Feeds mainly on small schooling fishes (anchovies and sardinellas) and on shrimp Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) Synonyms Neothunnus macropterus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) Neothunnus albacora (Lowe, 1839) Thynnus argentivittatus ( Cuvier, 1831) Loc. names : Gidder (Sin); Gidder, Goshi, Zarday (Bal) Albacore (En) FAO names : En - Yellowfin tuna Fr - Albacore Sp - Rabil Size : Max.: 195 cm (fork length); common to 150 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines and purse seines Habitat and biology : An epipelagic and oceanic species, whose vertical distribution seems to be influenced by the thermal structure of the water column. Oxygen concentrations less than 2 ml/l (encountered below the thermocline) and strong thermocline gradients exclude its presence below the discontinuity layer. Schooling occurs near the surface, sometimes in multispecies groups. Feeds on a wide variety of fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods (see also FAO Species Synopsis No. 53) - 104 - BONY FISHES SCOMBRIDAE Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839) Synonyms : Parathunnus mebachi Kishinouye, 1923 Parathunnus sibi (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) Loc. names : Gidder (Sin); Bum, Batali (Bal) FAO names : En - Bigeye tuna Fr - Thon obèse Sp - Patudo Size : Max.: over 200 cm; common to 180 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines and purse seines Habitat and biology : A pelagic, oceanic species taken from the surface to depths of 250 m. Juveniles school with yellowfin and/or skipjack tuna. Feeds on fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans (see also FAO Species Synopsis No. 61) Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker, 1851) Synonyms : Kishinoella tonggol (Bleeker, 1851) Loc. names : Dawan (Sin); Ahore, Dawan (Bal) Bluefin tuna (En) FAO names : En - Longtail tuna Fr- Thon mignon Sp - Atun tongol Size : Max.: 130 cm; common to 70 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines Habitat and biology : Epipelagic, predominantly neritic, not found in turbid waters and areas with reduced salinity such as estuaries. Feeds on crustaceans, cephalopods and fishes (see also FAO Species Synopsis No. 74) TRICHIURIDAE Loc. names : Talwar (Sin); Tinji, Chindi (Bal) FAO names : En - Hairtails Fr - Poissons sabre Sp - Peces sables Size : Max.: 120 cm; common to less than 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bagnets in estuaries, seines in inshore waters and with trawls offshore Habitat and biology : Benthopelagic species, found in coastal waters to about 100 m depth. Often come near the surface at night. Feed on small fishes and crustaceans Interest to fisheries : Species of this family occur in large quantities. Catches up to 6 t/hr were obtained by the R/V DR F. NANSEN in September 1983, off the Makran coast (O. Nakken, Fisheries Resources Survey, Pakistan, 5-16 September 1983). The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports annual catches of hairtails ranging from 398 t (1978) to 6 642 t (1982) - 105 - BONY FISHES Species of Trichiuridae TRICHIURIDAE Leptoracanthos savala ( Cuvier, 1829) Savalai hairtail size: to 120 cm Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 Largehead hairtail Size: to 120 cm ISTIOPHORIDAE Loc. names : Ghori (Sin); Asp (Bal) FAO names : En - Sailfishes, marlins Fr - Voiliers Sp - Peces vela Size : Max.: to more than 450 cm total length Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines Habitat and biology : Oceanic, highly migratory and epipelagic, they usually inhabit the upper layers of water above the thermocline. Feed on a wide variety of fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods Interest to fisheries : All killifishes are excellent foodfishes and highly priced throughout the world. The reported catches of killifishes from Pakistan totalled about 520 t in 1983 (see FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1983). Mostly dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka. The main fishing season for Makaira indica is in April, May and November along the Baluchistan coast Istiophoros platypterus (Shaw & Nodder, 1792) Synonyms Istiophoros gladius (Bloch, 1793) Histiophorus gladius (Bloch, 1793) Histiophoros orientalis Temminck & Schlegel, 1844 Istiophoros orientalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) Loc. names : Ghori (Sin); Asp (Bal) FAO names : En - Sailfish Fr - Voilier Sp - Pez vela Size : Max.: about 320 cm total length, common to 270 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines Habitat and biology : Oceanic, epipelagic and highly migratory, usually above the thermocline. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods - 106 - BONY FISHES ISTIOPHORIDAE Makaira indica ( Cuvier, 1832) Synonyms : Makaira marlina Jordan & Hill, 1926 Istiompax marlina (Jordan & Hill, 1926) Istiompax indicus (Cuvier, 1832) Loc. names : Ghori (Sin); Asp (Bal) Indian spearfish (En) FAO names : En - Black marlin Fr - Makaire noir Sp - Aguja negra Size : Max.: about 460 cm (total length); common to 380 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines Habitat and biology : Oceanic, highly migratory and epipelagic, usually above the thermocline. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods Tetrapturus angustirostris Tanaka, 1915 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Ghori (Sin); Asp (Bal) Short-nosed swordfish (En) FAO names : En - Shortbill spearfish Fr - Makaire à rostre court Sp - Marlin trompa corta Size : Max.: 230 cm (total length); common to 190 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines Habitat and biology : Highly migratory oceanic and epipelagic, usually above the thermocline. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods Tetrapturus audax (Philippi, 1887) Synonyms : Tetrapturus mitsukurii Jordan & Snyder, 1901 Makaira mitsukurii (Jordan & Snyder, 1901) Makaira audax (Philippi, 1887) Loc. names : Ghori (Sin); Asp (Bal) FAO names : En - Striped marlin Fr - Marlin rayé Sp - Marlin rayado Size : Max.: about 340 cm (total length); common to 290 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines Habitat and biology : Oceanic and highly migratory, epipelagic, usually above the thermocline. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods click for next page click for previous page - 107 - BONY FISHES XIPHIIDAE Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms : Xiphias estara Phillipps, 1932 Xiphias gladius estara : Whitley, 1968 Loc. names : Ghori (Sin); Asp (Bal) Broadbill swordfish (En) FAO names : En - Swordfish Fr- Espadon Sp - Pez espada Size : Max.: 444 cm (total length); common to 300 cm Fishing gear : Caught with longlines Habitat and biology : Epipelagic, oceanic, sometimes in coastal waters. Highly migratory, does not form schools. Found above the thermocline but also to depths of 800 m. Feeds mainly on schooling fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods Interest to fisheries : The flesh of this species is oily and tasty and appreciated worldwide. swordfish in Pakistan totalled 200 t in 1983 (see FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1983) The catches of STROMATEIDAE Loc. names : Achopitho, Sufaid-poplet (Sin); Tighlum, Pithoo, Wanag, etc. (Bal) FAO names: En - Silver pomfrets Fr - Ailerons Sp - Palometones Size : Max.: 60 cm; most common between 20 and 30 cm Fishing gear : Taken with bottom trawls, occasionally with driftnets and bottom gillnets . Main fishing, seasons are January, February, May and September to December along the Baluchistan coast Habitat and biology : Campus argenteus is found in coastal waters from 5 to 100 m depth and it is usually associated with prawns, species of Nemipterus and Leiognathus . Pampus chinensis is found in shallow waters, sometimes in estuaries. They both feed on ctenophores, salps, medusae, etc. Sexually ripe specimens of P. argenteus found in July and October along the Baluchistan coast Interest to fisheries : The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports annual catches of Pampus argenteus ranging from 2 694 t (1980) to 6 276 t (1979) with an average of 4 195 t. However, these figures probably also include P. chinensis , as well as the black pomfret, Parastromateus niger . Highly desirable fish, marketed fresh - 108 - BONY FISHES Species of Stromateidae STROMATEIDAE Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) Silver pomfret Achopito, Sufaid poplet (Sin) Tighul, Pithoo (Bal) size: to 60 cm Pampus chinensis (Euphrasen, 1788) Chinese silver pomfret Achopito, Sufaid-poplet (Sin) Marz (Jiwani area), Wanag (Bal) size: to 60 cm NOMEIDAE Psenes squamiceps (Lloyd, 1909) Synonyms Cubiceps natalensis Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1923 Cubiceps squamiceps (Lloyd, 1909) Mulichthys squamiceps Lloyd, 1909 Loc. names FAO names : En - Indian driftfish Fr - Dérivant indien Sp - Savorin indio Size : Max.: 18 cm; common to 14 cm Fishing gear : Not exploited in Pakistan at present Habitat and biology : Pelagic or near the bottom, from the edge of the continental shelf to about 450 m depth - 109 - BONY FISHES ARIOMMIDAE Ariomma indica ( Day, 1870) Synonyms Psenes indicus Day, 1870 Psenes africanus Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1923 Psenes extraneus Herre, 1950 Cubiceps dollfusi Chabanaud, 1930 Loc. names : Katni (Sin); Katni (Bal) Driftfish (English) FAO names : En - Indian ariomma Fr - Ariomme indienne Sp - Arioma indica Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 18 cm Fishing gear : Not exploited in Pakistan at present Habitat and biology : Found from 20 to 300 m depth, demersal during the day, pelagic at night. Often associated with species of Saurida , Gerres , Trichiurus , Decapterus , Nemipterus and Lutjanus . Feeds mostly on zooplankton Psettodes erumei (Schneider, 1801) PSETTODIDAE PLATE XXIII, 133 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Hajam (Sin); Dandani swaso, Kochuk (Bal) Indian halibut, Turbot (English) FAO names : En - Indian spiny turbot Fr - Turbot épineux indien Sp - Lenguado espinudo indio Size : Max.: 60 cm; common to 40 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls and bottom gillnets Habitat and biology : Lives on sandy muddy bottoms of the continental shelf, down to about 100 m depth. Feeds on bottom-living animals. Sexually ripe specimens found in July along the Baluchistan coast Interest to fisheries : This species is rather common and very often caught, although never in very large quantities. The main fishing season is from July to November along the Baluchistan coast. Marketed fresh, an excellent foodfish BOTHIDAE Loc. names : Kuker-jeeb (Sin); Buti, Swaso (Bal) FAO names : En - Lefteye flounders Fr - Rombous Sp - Lenguados Size : Some species may reach 40 cm, ba usually less than 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Bottom-dwelling, usually burrowing in sand or mud bottoms of the continental shelf. They are able to rapidly change their colour pattern in order to match the background. In some species there is a strong sexual dimorphism in length of rays, colour pattern, etc. Interest to fisheries : Although never caught in large quantities, some species are often present in the catches. The flesh is of good quality but most species are quite small in size - 110 BONY FISHES Species of Bothidae female BOTHIDAE male Bothus pantherinus ( Rüppell, 1828) Leopard flounder size: to 25 cm PLATE XXIII, 135 Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822) Largetooth flounder size: to 35 cm Pseudorhombus elevatus Ogilby, 1912 Deep flounder size: to 20 cm Pseudorhombus javanicus (Bleeker, 1853) Java flounder size: to 35 cm Pseudorhombus triocellatus (Schneider, 1801) Three-spotted flounder size: to 15 cm - 111 BONY FISHES SOLEIDAE Loc. names : Phani, Bans-patta (Sin) Buti, Swaso (Bal) FAO names : En - Soles Fr - Soles Sp - Lenguados Size : Some species may reach a maximum size of 30 cm but the common size is around 15 to 20 cm Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls and shore seines Habitat and biology : Found in shallow coastal waters, over sandy and muddy bottoms. Feed on bottom-living invertebrates. Capable of changing colour pattern to adapt to the background Interest to fisheries : Although quite common in the catches, due to their small size and relatively low abundance, soles are of low commercial value Species of Soleidae Euryglossa orientalis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Oriental sole size: to 24 cm PLATE XXIII, 134 Solea elongata Day, 1877 Elongate sole size: to 30 cm Synaptura commersoniana ( Lacepède, 1802) Commerson's sole size: to 32 cm - 112 - BONY FISHES Species of Soleidae SOLEIDAE Zebrias quagga Kaup, 1858 Fringefin sebra sole size: to 15 cm CYNOGLOSSIDAE Loc. names : Sole (Sin) Muna swasoo (Bal) FAO names : En - Tonguesoles Fr- Langues Sp - Lenguas Size : Max.: to 50 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : On muddy bottoms of the continental shelf including estuaries, but some species down to 400 m depth. Feed predominantly on bottom-living invertebrates Interest to fisheries : Excellent foodfishes. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports annual catches of Cynoglossus species ranging from 427 t (1980) to 2 474 t (1973) with an average of 996 t. These figures, however, also include landings of turbot (Psettodes) , Bothidae and Soleidae Cynoglossus arel (Schneider, 1801) Synonyms : Cynoglossus macrolepidotus (Bleeker, 1801) Loc. names : Sole (Sin); Munsa swasoo (Bal) Brown tonguesole (English) FAO names : En - Largescale tonguesole Fr - Langue à grandes écailles Sp - Lengua escamuda Size : Max.: 38 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms of the continental shelf. Feeds predominantly on bottomliving invertebrates - 113 BONY FISHES Cynoglossus bilineatus ( Lacepède, 1802) Synonyms : Cynoglossus quadrilineata (Bleeker, 1851) Loc. names : Sole (Sin); Munsa swasoo (Ba!) Fourlined tonguesole (English) FAO names En - Fourlined tonguesole Fr - Langue à quatre lignes Sp - Lengua de cuatro lineas Size: Max.: 35 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms of the continental shelf, down to 80 m depth. Feeds predominantly on bottom-living invertebrates Cynoglossus dispar Day, 1877 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Sole (Sin); Munsa swasoo ( Bal) FAO names : En - Roundhead tonguesole Fr - Langue à tête ronde Sp - Lengua roma Size : Max.: 38 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms of the continental shelf. Feeds predominantly on bottom-living invertebrates Cynoglossus dubius Day, 1873 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Sole (Sin); Munsa swasoo (Bal) FAO names : En - Carrot tonguesole Fr - Languecarote Sp - Lengua zanahoria Size: Max.: 50 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls Habitat and biology :Inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms of the continental shelf. Feeds mainly on bottom-living invertebrates CYNOGLOSSIDAE - 114 - BONY FISHES CYNOGLOSSIDAE Cynoglossus lachneri Menon, 1977 Synonyms : None Loc. names: Sole (Sin); Munsa swasoo (Bal) FAO names : En - Lachner's tonguesole Fr - Langue de Lachner Sp - Lengua de Lachner Size : Max.: 45 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms of the continental shelf. Feeds mainly on bottom-living invertebrates Other species of Cynoglossidae - Cynoglossus carpenteri Alcock, 1889 Hooked tonguesole size: to 23 cm Cynoglossus puncticeps ( Richardson, 1846) Speckled tonguesole size: to 18 cm Paraplagusia bilineata ( Bloch, 1784) Doublelsned tonguesole size: to 30 cm click for next page - 115 - click for previous page BONY FISHES Abalistes stellatus (Lacepède, 1798) Synonyms BALISTIDAE PLATE XXIII, 136 Abalistes stellaris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Loc. names : Sukura (Sin); Toora, Tooro (Bal) FAO names : En - Starry triggerfish Fr - Baliste étoilé Sp - Pejepuerco estrellado Size : Max.: 60 cm; common to 40 cm Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Over sandy, weedy bottoms, to 100 m depth. Feeds on benthic animals Interest to fisheries : Only accidentally caught as bycatch in commercial bottom trawls Alutera monoceros (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms MONACANTHIDAE None Loc. names : Kakoo (Sin); Pooki (Bal) Yellow-lined leather jacket , Unicorn filefish (En) FAO names : En - Unicorn leatherjacket Fr - Bourse loulou Sp - Lija barbuda Size : Max.: 55 cm; common to 40 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : On the continental shelf, down to 50 m depth Interest to fisheries : Caught as bycatch TETRAODONTIDAE Loc. names : Toroo (Sin); Toroo (Bal) FAO names : En - Pufferfishes Fr - Compères Sp - Tamboriles Size : Max.: up to 75 cm Fishing gear : Accidentally caught in bottom trawls and in traps shallow i nshore Habitat and biology : Inhabits waters, sometimes entering brackish and fresh They have the ability to inflate themwaters. selves with air or water as a deterrent to predators. In addition, the skin and viscera of several species are poisonous Interest to fisheries : These fishes are mostly poisonous and are usually avoided - 116 - BONY FISHES TRIACANTHIDAE Loc. names : Khokh (Sin); Pooki (Bal) FAO names : En - Tripodfishes Fr - Tripodins Sp - Tripodinos Size : Max.: 30 cm; usually smaller than 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught as bycatch in bottom trawls and gillnets Habitat and biology : Benthic, occurring on sandy and weed-covered bottoms. Feed on bottom-living invertebrates Interest to fisheries : These fishes are not used as food and considered as trash fish. They are used for fishmeal Species of Triacanthidae Triacanthus biaculeatus ( Bloch, 1786) Short-nosed tripodfish size: to 30 cm PLATE XXIII, 138 Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer (Cantor, 1849) Long-spined tripodfish size: to 25 cm PLATE XXIII, 137 click for next page click for previous page - 117 - SHARKS TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENT (Straight-line distances) fin dorsal fin spine second dorsal fin fin precaudal pit keel interdorsal space spiracle snout caudal peduncle labial folds nostrils mouth clasper (male sex organ) slits length of pectoral fin head anal fin pelvic fin gill caudal pectoral fin trunk tail total lenght (caudal fin depressed to body axis) Sharks sustain an important fishery in the coastal waters of Pakistan. Species of Galeocerdo , Carcharhinus , Scoliodon , Sphyrna , Chiloscyllium , Stegostoma and Triaenodon constitute a considerable part of the commercial catches. The most important aspect of the exploitation of sharks is the extraction of oil from the liver which has, in many species, a high content of vitamin A but it is used mainly for smearing boats. Shark fins are exported to China. The skin of some species is used for polishing (shagreen) or for leather. In the Sind, sharks generally are commercially graded by size, with three differently named groups being recognized: Mangra - small-size, less than 80 cm; Barkali - medium-size, between 80 and 140 cm; and Paggas - large-size, greater than 140 cm. Fishermen, on the other hand, have more specific names for each species. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports annual catches of sharks ranging from 8 127 t (1983) to 43 769 t (1973) with an average of 25 763 t. - 118 - SHARKS ALOPIIDAE Loc. names : Dummi-mangar (Sin); Dumbi, Mushk (Bal) FAO names : En - Thresher sharks Fr - Renards Sp - Zorros Size : Max.: to 500 cm Fishing gear : Caught with longlines and on hook and line Habitat and biology : Found in coastal and offshore waters to more than 500 m depth. Ovoviviparous, with 2 to 4 young per litter. Feeds on small fishes and pelagic invertebrates Interest to fisheries : Species of this family are not very often caught Species of Alopiidae Alopias pelagicus Nakamura, 1936 Pelagic thresher size: to 350 cm d o rs a l v ie w o f h e a d Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839) Bigeye thresher size: to 500 cm - 119 BONY FISHES CARCHARHINIDAE Loc. names : Mangra, Barkali (Sin) Nur-mani (Bal) FAO names : En - Requiem sharks Fr - Requins Sp - Cazones picudos, tiburones, tintoreras Size : Small to large sharks, some species to more than 600 cm Fishing gear : Longlines and handlines, drift nets, gilinets, also caught in trawls e ye Habitat and biology : Species of this family are all strong swimmers and occur mainly over the continental shelf, often very close inshore, some species entering river mouths and even fresh waters. Not much is known about habitat and biology of several species. All are voracious predators and feed on a wide variety of organisms. The larger carcharhinids are dangerous to people Interest to fisheries : Certainly the most important shark family for fisheries in Pakistan, as well as in the whole Yestern Indian Ocean. Mainly used for fishmeal, except for the liver from which oil is extracted. The fins are dried and exported for the oriental sharkfin soup market. Juveniles are marketed fresh Carcharhinus melanopterus ( Ouoy & Gaimard, 1824) Synonyms Hypoprion playfairi (Günther, 1870) Loc . names : Mangra, Barkal (Sin); Barkali (Bal) Black shark (En) underside of head FAO names : En - Blacktip reef shark Fr - Requin pointes noires Sp - Tiburón de puntas negras Size : Max.: 200 cm, most adults less than 160 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines and gillnets Habitat and biology : A rather common shark, mainly in inshore shallow waters, including brackish waters. Feeds on small bony fishes, octopuses and small sharks. There have been several reports of attacks on humans, but it should not be considered as a particularly dangerous shark due to its small size Carcharhinus sorrah (Valenciennes, in Müller & Henle, 1839) Synonyms Carcharhinus bleekeri ( Dumeril, 1865) Loc. names : Kanatyan, Mangra (Sin); Kanaitor (Bal) Small grey shark (En) FAO names : En - Spottail shark Fr - Requin tacheté Sp - Tiburón rabo manchado Size : Max.: to 160 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets lines and long- Habitat and biology : A rather common shark, inhabiting the continental shelf from inshore waters to about 140 m depth. Feeds on small bony fishes and cephalopods. Probably not dangerous to people due to its small size - 120 SHARKS CARCHARHINIDAE Galeocerdo cuvieri (Peron & LeSueur, in LeSueur, 1822) Synonyms : Galeocerdo arcticus (Faber, 1829) Galeocerdo rayneri McDonald & Barron, 1868 Loc. names : Mangra, Mohr (Sin); Nur-mani (Bal) underside of head FAO names : En - Tiger shark Fr - Requin tigre commun Sp - Tintorera Size : Max.: at least 650 cm, possibly more than 750 cm; common to 400 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and line gear. Live Pomadasys, Therapon or flesh of ray and eel are used as bait Habitat and biology : From inshore coastal waters to offshore waters, close to the surface or to the bottom, sometimes entering brackish waters, river mouths and even fresh waters. Ovoviviparous and very prolific, with 10 to more than 80 young in a litter. Mature embryos found in May-June. Very voracious, feeds on a wide variety of animals and also on carrion. Often gulps also undigestable items. Considered as one of the most dangerous sharks because of its occurrence in shallow waters, its large teeth and size, and its indiscriminate appetite Other species of Carcharhinidae Carcharinus amblyrhynchoides (Whitley, 1934) Graceful shark Mangra, Gussi (Sin) Mussi (Bal) size: to 170 cm Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker, 1856) Greyreef shark Gandan, Kanatyan (Sin) Gurrin paggas (Bal) size: to 250 cm upper tooth Carcharhinus amboinensis ( Müller & Henle 1839) Pigeye shark Mangra, Lon (Sin); Ham (Bal) size: to 280 cm - 121 SHARKS Other species of Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus dussumieri (Valenciennes, in Müller & Henle, 1839) Yhitecheek shark Mangra, Kanatyan (Sin) Gusso pishik (Bal) size: to 100 cm CARCHARHINIDAE underside of head uppe r to o th Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron in Müller & Henle, 1839) Silky shark Mangra, Kanatyan (Sin) Kanaitar paggas (Bal) size: to 350 cm uppe r to o th Carcharhinus hemiodon (Valenciennes, in Müller & Henle, 1839) Pondicherry shark Mangra (Sin); Barkali (Bal) size: to 200 cm uppe r to o th uppe r to o th Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, in Müller & Henle, 1839) Bullshark Mangra, Kanatyan (Sin) Bargore warook (Bal) size: to 350 cm PLATE XXIV, 139 Carcharhinus limbatus Valenciennes, in Müller & Henle, 1839) Blacktip shark Mangra, Gandan (Sin) Kalawani kanaitor (Bal) size: to 250 cm Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861) Oceanic whitetip shark Mangra, Kanatyan (Sin) Jagri ham (Bal) size: to 350 cm - 122 - SHARKS Other species of Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus macloti ( Muller & Henle, 1839) Hardnose shark Mangra, Hangor (Sin) Jaroi pishik (Bal) size: to 100 cm CARCHARHINIDAE underside of head Lamiopsis temmincki ( Müller & Henle, 1839) Broadfin shark Mangra (Sin); Gusso pishik (Bal) size: to 170 cm Negaprion acutidens (Rüppell, 1837) Sicklefin lemonshark Mangra (Sin); Jagriham (Bal) size: to 310cm Glyphis gangeticus ( Müller & Henle, 1839) Synonyms Carcharhinus g angeticus ( Müller & Henle, 1839) Carcharhinus temmincki ( Müller & Henle, 1839) Loc. names : Gandan, Mangra (Sin); Gwareen (Bal) Gangese grey shark (En) FAO names : En - Ganges shark Fr - Requin du Gange Sp - Tiburón del Ganges Size : Max.: uncertain, probably over 200 cm Fishing gear : Probably caught like other sharks of similar habits and habitat, with gillnets and on line gear Habitat and biology : This species has often been confused with Carcharhinus leucas or other species and for this reason not much is known of its habitat and biology. It is known to occur in inshore waters and to enter river mouths and swim upstream. The feeding habits are also unknown but the large jaws suggest large prey like bony fishes, other sharks, etc. It has been reported to be dangerous to man but the reports might have actually referred to C. leucas - 123 - SHARKS Loxodon macrorhinus Müller & Henle, 1839 Synonyms PLATE XXIV, 140 CARCHARHINIDAE Scoliodon acutus ( Rüppell, ü 1837) Scoliodon ceylonensis Setna & Sarangdhar, 1946 Loc. names : Mangra (Sin); Tailgo pishik (Bal) FAO names : En - Sliteye shark Fr - Requin sagrin Sp - Tiburón ojuelo Size : Max.: about 90 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and on line gear. Occasionally also in bottom trawls eye Habitat and biology : Found in clear, coastal waters, from 7 to about 80 m depth. Viviparous, number of young per litter usually 2. A harmless shark, feeding on small fishes and crustaceans Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) Synonyms PLATE XXIV, 141 Scoliodon acutus ( Rüppell, 1837) Scoliodon palasorra (Bleeker, 1853) Scoliodon walbeehmi ( Bleeker, 1856) Loc. names : Mangra, Kamot (Sin); Sorapi pishik (Bal) underside of head FAO names : En - Milk shark Fr - Requin à museau pointu Sp - Cazón picudo Size : Max.: to about 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and on line gear Habitat and biology : A very common small shark, found in coastal waters to about 50 m depth, close to the surface as well as the bottom. Viviparous, with 2 to 8 young in a litter, size at birth about 30 cm. Feeds on small bony fishes and crustaceans, harmless to people Rhizoprionodon oligolinx Springer, 1964 Synonyms : Scoliodon palasorra (Bleeker, 1853) Loc. names : Mangra, Kamot (Sin); Tailgo pishik (Bal) FAO names : En - Grey sharpnose shark Fr - Requin aiguille gris Sp - Cazón picudo gris Size : Max.: to about 60 cm Fishing gear : Caught with longlines and gillnets Habitat and biology : In coastal waters, to about 40 m depth. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates. Probably harmless to people underside of head - 124 - SHARKS CARCHARHINIDAE Scoliodon laticaudus Muller & Henle, 1838 Synonyms Physodon muelleri (Valenciennes , in Müller & Henle, 1839) Scoliodon palasorra (Bleeker, 1853T Scoliodon sorrakowa (Bleeker, 1853) Loc. names : Mangra (Sin); Bhambol pishik (Bal) FAO names : En - Spadenose shark Fr - Reguin épée Sp - Cazón espadachin Size : Max.: to about 75 cm, but most individuals smaller Fishing gear : Caught with line gear and gillnets Habitat and biology : In coastal waters, near the bottom in rocky areas. Viviparous, with 5 to 14 young per litter, very abundant where it occurs. Forms large schools. Feeds on small schooling fishes, including anchovies, the bombay duck, bregmacerotids, etc. Mature embryos present in June Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell, 1837) Synonyms None Loc. names : Mangra, Lone (Sin); Lone (Bal) Light-tip shark (En) u n d e rs id e o f h e a d FAO names : En - Whitetip reef shark Fr - Requin corail Sp - Cazón coralero trompacorta Size : Max.: to more than 200 cm, but most adults below 160 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and on line gear Habitat and biology : In coastal clear waters, often in holes and crevices. Viviparous, 1 to 5 young in a litter. Feeds on small fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans. Reported to be dangerous to man. Mature embryos present i n May-June Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1830) Synonyms GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE : Nebrius concolor Rüppell, 1837 Ginglymostoma ferrugineum ( Lesson, 1830) Nebrius doldi Smith, 1953 Loc. names : Mangra (Sin); Pishi (Bal) Sluggish shark (En) u n d e rs id e o f h e a d FAO names : En - Tawny nurse shark Fr - Requin-nourrice fauve Sp - Gata riodriza atezada Size : Max.: 320 cm; common to 250 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and on line gear Habitat and biology : In coastal waters to about 70 m depth. A sluggish, bottom-living shark, common in lagoons, on sand flats and around coral reefs. Feeds on bottom invertebrates and small fishes Interest to fisheries : Fins are used for the sharkfin oriental trade and oil is extracted from the liver. The offal is used for fishmeal - 125 - SHARKS HEMIGALEIDAE Loc. names : Mangra, Lone (Sin); Lone, Pishi (Bal) FAO names : En - Weasel sharks Fr - Milandres Sp - Comadrejas Size : Max.: usually rather small (not much more than 100 cm); H. elongatus said to reach 240 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets , longlines and other line gear Habitat and biology : These sharks live on the continental shelf, mainly in coastal areas, not deeper than 100 m. Viviparous, with about 4 young per litter. Feed on a variety of small bony fishes, cephalopods, crustaceans and echinoderms Interest to fisheries : Species of this family are commonly caught although their abundance is rather modest. The fins are used for the oriental sharkfin trade and oil is extracted from the liver Species of He m ig a le id a e upper and lower teeth underside of head upper and lower teeth underside of head Chaenogaleus macrostoma (Bleeker, 1852) Hooktooth shark Mangra, Lone (Sin); Lone (Bal) size: to 100 cm Hemipristis elongatus (Klunzinger, 1871) Snaggletooth shark Mangra, Gandan (Sin); Pishi (Bal) size: to 240 cm HEMISCYLLIIDAE Loc. names : Kamot, Mangra (Sin); Pishi (Bal) FAO names : En - Longtail carpetsharks Fr - Requins-cabot Sp - Bamboas Size : Max.: small sharks, usually less than 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls and gillnets Habitat and biology : Slow-swimming, bottom-dwelling inshore sharks, feeding on small fishes and invertebrates. Oviparous, eggs are deposited in cases on the bottom Interest to fisheries : These sharks are among the most abundant along the coast of Pakistan - 12 6 SHARKS HEMISCYLLIIDAE Species of Hemiscylliidae young Chiloscyllium griseum Muller & Henle, 1839 Grey bambooshark size: at least 75 cm Chiloscyllium indicum ( Gmelin, 1789) Slender bambooshark size: to 65 cm LAMNIDAE Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810 Synonyms : Isurus gl aucus ( Muller & Henle, 1839) Loc. names : Mangra, Dandani (Sin); Nar manger (Bal) FAO names : En - Shortfin mako Fr - Taupe bleu Sp - Marrajo dientuso Size : Max.: 400 cm; common to 270 cm Fishing gear : Caught with longlines and probably also with gillnets and on hook and line Habitat and biology : An oceanic, as well as coastal species, usually in surface waters and known to leap out of the water. Ovoviviparous, 1 to 6 young in a litter. Feeds on schooling fishes and on larger species, such as tunas and swordfishes. Known to be very dangerous and to attack swimmers and boats Interest to fisheries : The flesh of this species is renowned for being a delicacy, oil is extracted from the liver because of the high vitamin content, the skin can be processed into leather and the fins used for sharkfin soup ODONTASPIDIDAE Eugomphodus taurus (Rafinesque, 1810) Synonyms A poorly known species, Eugomphodus tricuspidate (Day, 1878) might be a synonym of E. taurus Loc. names : Mangra, Dandanee (Sin) FAO names : En - Sand tigershark Fr - Requin taureau Sp - Toro bacota Size : Max.: about 318 cm; most adults between 220 and 280 cm Fishing gear : Caught with longlines, handlines and gillnets Habitat and biology : A coastal species, living in or near sandy bays. Ovoviviparous, with 1 or 2 young per litter. Feeds on a variety of small fishes, sharks and rays, squid and occasionally crabs and lobsters Interest to fisheries ; Used m ainly for oil extracted from the liver - 127 BONY FISHES Rhiniodon typus Smith, 1828 RHINIODONTIDAE Synonyms : Rhincodon typus Smith, 1829 Loc. names : Andhi-mangar (Sin); Baran (Bal) FAO names : En - Whale shark Fr - Requin baleine Sp - Tiburón ballena Size : Max.: uncertain, probably to 18 m, but most specimens rarely above 12 m Fishing gear : Harpoons Habitat and biology : An epipelagic, oceanic, as well as coastal species, observed well offshore but also close inshore and entering lagoons. Found individually or forming large schools. It seems to prefer areas with upwelling waters, probably because of the more favorable conditions for the production of plankton. Not much is known about its development. Egg cases of football size are deposited and the eggs hatch when the young is over 35 cm long. Filter-feeder, feeds on a wide variety of planktonic and nektonic organisms (crustaceans, schooling fishes, anchovies, sardines and squid) Interest to fisheries : Although this species can weigh several tonnes, the flesh is not used for human consumption. Oil is extracted from the liver and used for smearing boats Atelomycterus marmoratus (Bennett, 1830) Synonyms SCYLIORHINIDAE None Loc. names : Mangra (Sin); Tikki pishi (Bal) FAO names : En - Marbled catshark Fr - Chien corail Sp - Pintarroja coral Size : Max.: about 70 cm Fishing gear : Probably caught with line gear and gillnets Habitat and biology : Found in lnshore waters. Oviparous Interest to fisheries : Like other sharks, is used mainly for fishmeal and oil SPHYRNIDAE Loc. names : Julia-mangar (Sin); Buther (adult); Kanti (juv.)(Bal) FAO names : En - Hammerhead sharks Fr - Requins marteau Sp - Cornudas Size : Max.: medium to large sized, some species to more than 600 cm underside of head Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and longlines Habitat and biology : Mainly in surface waters, the adults of most species are semi-oceanic while the young are found close inshore. Feed on bony fishes, sharks and rays. Reported to be dangerous to man Interest to fisheries : Species of this family are abundant in Pakistan and sustain rather important fisheries. They are used mainly for extracting oil which seems to have a high content of vitamin A - 128 - SHARKS SPHYRNIDAE Eusphyra blochii (Cuvier, 1817: Synonyms : Sphyrna blochii (Cuvier, 1817) Loc. names : Julia-mangar (Sin); Buther, Dokzai, Dokan (Bal) Arrow-headed shark (En) underside of head FAO names : En - Winghead shark Fr - Requin marteau planeur Sp - Cornuda planeadora Size : Max.: about 150 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and longlines Habitat and biology : Mainly in inshore waters. Viviparous, with 6 to 11 young per litter Sphyrna lewini (Cuvier, Griffith & Smith, 1834) Synonyms : Sphyrna diplana Springer, 1941 Loc. names : Julia-mangar (Sin); Bhuther, Alwandi , Kanti (juv.)(Bal) underside of head FAO names : En - Scalloped hammerhead Fr - Requin marteau halicorne Sp - Cornuda común Size : Max.: 420 cm; common to 360 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and longlines. Flesh of rays and eels are used as bait Habitat and biology : An offshore and semi-oceanic species, often encountered in inshore waters and estuaries, probably in search of food. Viviparous, number of young per litter up to 30. Feeds on small pelagic fishes, other sharks and rays and also in invertebrates. Adults considered to be dangerous to man. The most common hammerhead in the area Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell , 1837) Synonyms : Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) Loc. names : Julia-mangar (Sin); Buther, Maish, Katial (medium) (Bal) u n d e rs id e o f h e a d FAO names : En - Great hammerhead Fr - Grand requin marteau Sp - Cornuda gigante Size : Max.: 600 cm, but possibly more; common to about 360 cm Fishing gear : Caught with longlines and gillnets Habitat and biology : A coastal, as well as semi-oceanic species. Viviparous, with 18 to 38 young per litter. Feeds on bony fishes, other sharks, rays, squids and lobsters - 129 SHARKS STEGOSTOMATIDAE Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783) Synonyms Steqostoma varium (Seba, 1758) Stegostoma tygrinus or tigrinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) Loc. names Billi, Pusuni (Sin) Pishi (Bal) FAO names : En - Zebra shark Fr - Requin zèbre Sp - Tiburón acebrado Size : Max.: to more than 300 cm, but most specimens much smaller Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, gillnets and longlines young Habitat and biology : An inshore shark, found near the bottom or on coral reefs. in oblong cases. Feeds mainly on molluscs but also on small fishes Oviparous, eggs are deposited Interest to fisheries : Quite common, but not particularly abundant. It is used for fishmeal, oil and the fins are dried for the oriental sharkfin trade TRIAKIDAE Loc. names : Mangra, Kari-mangar (Sin); Chao, Zaid (Bal) FAO names : En - Houndsharks, smoothhounds Fr - Requins-hâ , emissoles Sp - Cazones, musolas Size : Small sharks, usually smaller than 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, with gillnets and on line gear Habitat and biology : Bottom-living sharks, found on the continental shelf, as well as in deeper waters, possibly to 2,200 m depth. Viviparous, feed on small bottom-living invertebrates and small fishes Interest to fisheries : Not particularly abundant. If caught, used for fishmeal and oil. The fins are dried for the oriental sharkfin trade Species of Triakidae Iago omanensis (Norman, 1939) Mangra (Sin); Chao (Bal) Bigeye houndshark size: to 60 cm Mustelus mosis Hemprich & Heremberg, 1899 Kari-mangar (Sin); Zaid (Bal) Arabian smoothhound size: to 106 cm click for next page click for previous page - 131 - BATOID FISHES TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS USED (Straight-line distances only) thorns of median row spiracle pelvic fin, anterior lobe orbit pelvic fin, posterior lobe clasper of males 1st dorsal fin 2nd dorsal fin caudal fin lateral tail fold lenght of snout, preorbital axil of pectoral fin Up p e r s id e o f a t y p ic a l s k a t e length of disc lenght of snout, preoral anus width of disc nasal apertures length of tail mouth Lower side of a typical skate gill slits The batoid fishes constitute an important part of the commercial catches of Pakistan. Oil is extracted from the liver of some species and used mainly for smearing boats. They are not consumed as food but used mainly for fishmeal. - 132 - BATOID FISHES DASYATIDAE Loc. names : Pittan (Sin); Pittan (Bal) FAO names : En - Stingrays, whiprays Fr - Pastenagues Sp - Rayas latigo Size : Variable, may reach more than 200 cm disc width Fishing gear : Caught with lines, harpoons and in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Stingrays are found mainly in shallow waters, including lagoons, river mouths and mangrove areas. Some species enter fresh waters. All species are ovoviviparous. The spines present on the tail can be rather dangerous and can inflict painful wounds which may take a long time to heal Interest to fisheries : Not locally consumed, but the flaps are dried for export or used for fishmeal. Oil is extracted from the liver but the quality is said to be rather low. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports annual catches of stingrays ranging from 10 116 t (1983) to 49 017 t (1982), with an average of 29 600 t Species of Dasyatidae Dasyatis kuhlii ( Miller & Henle, 1841) Pittan (Sin) Chittipittan, Pittan, Phulano (Bal) Dasyatis zugei ( Miller & Henle, 1841) Pittan (Sin); Uthar pittan (Bal) - 133 - BATOID FISHES Species of D a s y a t id a e Himantura bleekeri (Blyth, 1800) Pittan (Sin); Uthar pittan, Gore dum (Bal) size: to more than 100 cm (disc width) Himantura qerrardi ( Gray, 1851) Pittan (Sin); Uthar pittan (Bal) Himantura imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Pittan (Sin); Uthar pittan (Bal) size: to 25 cm (disc width) Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775) Pittan (Sin); Gara; Garamari (Bal) Himantura walga ( Müller & Henle, 1841) Pittan (Sin); Uther pittan (Bal) - 134 - BATOID FISHES DASYATIDAE Species of D a s y a t id a e Hypolophus sephen (Forsskål, 1775) Pittan (Sin); Pittan dum (Bal) Taeniura melanospilos Bleeker, 1853 Pittan (Sin); Pittan, Limpmi garamari (Bal) Taeniura lymna (Forsskål, 1775) Pittan (Sin); Pittan (Bal) Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Pittan (Sin); Pittan (Bal) - 135 BATOID FISHES GYMNURIDAE Loc. names : Pittan (Sin); Pappo (Bal) FAO names : En - Butterfly rays Fr - Raies-papillon Sp - Rayamariposas Size : Max.: to more than 200 cm disc width Fishing gear : Caught with lines and in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Usually found on sandy and muddy bottoms in shallow coastal waters, including estuaries and river mouths. Ovoviviparous, feed mainly on crustaceans and clams Interest to fisheries : Not locally consumed, but dried for export or used for fishmeal Aetoplatea tentaculata Müller & Henle, 1841 Gymnura poecilura (Shaw, 1804) MOBULIDAE Loc. names : Karunj (Sin); Kareenaij (Bal) FAO names : En - Devil rays, mantas Fr - Diables de mer, mantes Sp - Diablitos, mantas Size : Max.: over 700 cm disc width Fishing gear : Caught with line gear, harpoons and i n trawls. Larger specimens known to pull a boat for several miles when hooked or harpooned Habitat and biology : Pelagic and highly migratory, swimming at the surface by flapping their large wing-like pectoral fins and occasionally leaping out of the water. They are mainly Usually over the continental shelf. planktonic feeders, but also feed on small schooling fishes. Ovoviviparous Interest to fisheries : Not used for food but mainly for fishmeal. Oil is extracted from the liver and used for smearing boats - 136 BATOID FISHES MOBULIDAE Species of Mo b u lid a e u n d e rs id e o f h e a d u n d e rs id e o f h e a d Manta species Mobula diabola * (Shaw, 1804) * Mobula japanica (Müller & Henle, 1841) is also likely to occur in Pakistan. It can be distinguished from M. diabola for the presence of a stinging spine at base of tail MYLIOBATIDAE Loc. names : Karunj, Ghido (Sin); Chombo, Mulla pittan, Golat pittan (Bal) FAO names : En - Eagle rays Fr - Aigles de mer Sp - Aguilas, chuchos Aetobatus Aetomylaeus, Myliobatis arrangement of teeth in upper jaw Size : Max.: up to 250 cm disc width Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, harpoons and in trawls Habitat and biology : Quick and active swimmers, capable of travelling long distances, usually over the continental shelf. All species are ovoviviparous and the newly-born closely resemble their parents. Although often observed leaping out of the water, they sometimes swim in groups close to the bottom where they feed on crustaceans and on hard-shelled molluscs Interest to fisheries : Although species of this family are rather common and abundant, they are not locally used for food, but mainly processed fishmeal. The oil extracted from the liver is used for smearing boats click for next page - 137 - click for previous page BATOID FISHES Species of My lio b a t id a e MYLIOBATIDAE Aetobatus narinari (Blainville, 1816)* Karunj (Sin); Chombo (Bal) Aetomylaeus nichofii (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Ghido (Sin); Golat pittan (Bal) lateral view of head Aetomylaeus maculatus (Gray, 1834) Ghido (Sin); Mulla pittan (Bal) Myliobatis species * Aetobatus flagellum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) also occurs in Pakistan waters. Like A. narinari has a single series of teeth in each jaw, but it can be distinguished from this species for having a uniform colour pattern - 138 BATOID FISHES NARCINIDAE Loc. names : Ghido (Sin); Botan (Bal) FAO names : En - Electric rays Fr - Trembleurs Sp - Tembladores Size : Max.: at least 50 cm total length Fishing gear : Only occasionally caught as bycatch Habitat and biology : Mainly in shallow coastal waters. Electric organs are used to stun the prey. The electrical discharge can be rather strong under water, but it cannot be perceived out of the water Interest to fisheries : Not often caught Species of Narcinidae Narcine timlei (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Ghido, Botan Two additional species occur in Pakistan: Narcine indica Henle, 1834 and N. brunnea Annadale, 1909, which can be distinguised from N. timlei by having pectoral margins overlapping the anterior part of the pelvic fins and a plain coloured upper side of disc, respectively Narke dipteryqia (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Synonyms : Narcine dipteryqia Henle, 1834 Astrape dipterygia Müller & Henle, 1841 Narce dipterygia Chabanaud, 1926 Loc. names : Ghido (Sin); Botan (Bal) Numb-fish (En) FAO names : En - Numbray Fr Sp Size : Max.: at least 30 cm total length Fishing gear : Only occasionally caught as bycatch Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters. The electric organs present on disc are used to stun the prey Interest to fisheries : Not often caught NARKIDAE - 139 BATOID FISHES PRISTIDAE Loc. names : Khari-mangar, Lair, Lairo (Sin) Suddo, Chaiti (Bal) FAO names : En - Sawfishes Fr - Poissons -scie Sp - Pejesierras Size : Max.: to more than 500 cm total length Fishing gear : Frequently caught with longlines and bottom trawls, mainly as bycatch Habitat and biology : Mainly in inshore waters, including estuaries and river mouths, as well as in fresh water. They prefer sandy or muddy bottoms and are rarely found in waters deeper than 10 m. Ovoviviparous, feed on various bottom-dwelling organisms and small schooling fishes. The toothed snout is used for feeding purposes and there have been reports of serious injuries to unlucky bathers Interest to fisheries : Species of this family are quite common in Pakistan. Their liver oil has a high content of vitamin A. The saw is reported to be used by some fishermen for religious purposes Species of P ris t id a e Anoxypristis cuspidata (Latham, 1794) Khari-mangar, Lair, Lairo (Sin) Suddo, Chaiti, Blundo (Jiwani area)(Bal) Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794 Khari-mangar, Lair, Lairo (Sin) Suddo, Blundo (Jiwani area)(Bal) Pristis pristis Linnaeus, 1758 Khari-mangar, Lair, Lairo (Sin) Suddo, Blundo (Jiwani area)(Bal) Pristis zisjron Bleeker, 1851 Khari-mangar, Lair, Lairo (Sin) Suddo, Blundo (Jiwani area)(Bal) - 140 - BATOID FISHES RAJIDAE FAO names : En - Skates Fr - Raies Sp - Rayas Size : Max.: to more than 200 cm total length Fishing gear : Not reported to be caught in Pakistan, probably because of their occurrence in deep waters Habitat and biology : Most rays occurring in Pakistan are deepwater species (to about 1,500 m depth). One species, Raja ( Okamejei ) powelli Alcock, 1898, is likely to occur on the deeper part of the continental shelf and upper slope. Oviparous, feed on various bottom-dwelling organisms Interest to fisheries : Presently not exploited RHINOBATIDAE Loc. names : Kair (Sin); Zahro, Palore (Bal) FAO names : En - Guitarfishes Fr - Poissons-guitares Sp - Guitaras Size : Max.: to more than 200 cm total length Fishing gear : Caught with line gear, and in trawls Habitat and biology : Guitarfishes live on sandy or muddy bottoms in shallow coastal waters, including brackish and freshwaters. Feed on various bottom-dwelling invertebrates Interest to fisheries : Species of this family may be caught in large quantities and together with other batoid fishes, they constitute a considerable part of the commercial catches Species of Rhinobatidae underside of head Rhinobatos annandalei Norman, 1926 Kair (Sin); Zahro (Bal) P LATE XXI V, 1 4 2 Rhinobatos qranulatus Cuvier, 1829 Kair (Sin); Zahro (Bal) - 141 BATOID FISHES Species of Rhinobatidae RHINOBATDAE Rhinobatos halavi (Forsskål, 1775) Kair (Sin); Palore (Bal) Rhinobatos thouini (Lacepède, 1798) Kair (Sin); Palore (Bal) Rhinoptera j avanica Muller & Henle, 1841 RHINOPTERIDAE Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kair (Sin); Dolant pittan (Bal) FAO names : En - Javanese cownose ray Fr - Mourine javanaise Sp - Gavilán javanés Size : Known to reach 150 cm, but possibly reaching larger sizes Fishing gear : Caught in shore seines, setnets and in trawls Habitat and biology : Gregarious, often occurring in large numbers Interest to fisheries : Not known RHYNCHOBATIDAE Loc. names : Matyabyllia (Sin); Kobayyadri, Baradri (Bal) FAO names : En - Wedgefishes Fr - Poissons-paille Sp - Peces cuña Size : Max.: to at least 180 cm Fishing gear : Caught with line gear and in trawls Habitat and biology : Sluggish, bottom-living fishes, on sandy and muddy bottoms of shallow coastal waters. Feeds on a wide variety of bottom-dwelling animals Interest to fisheries : Although there is no special fishery for these species, they are rather commonly caught and constitute, together with other batoid fishes, a considerbly part of the commercial catches - 142 - BATOID FISHES Species of Rhynchobatidae Rhina ancylostoma Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Matyabyllia (Sin) Kabayyadri, Kohbaradri, Baradri (Bal) RHYNCHOBATIDAE PLATE XXIV, 143 Rhynchobatus djeddensis (Forsskål, 1775) Muchcho (Sin); Khail (Bal) TORPEDINIDAE Loc. names : Ghido (Sin); Tikki bhotan (Bal) FAO names : En - Torpedos Fr - Torpilles Sp - Torpedos Size : Most species less than 100 cm total length Fishing gear : Caught as bycatch of other fisheries Habitat and biology : Mainly in shallow, inshore waters, over soft bottoms, often buried in sand or mud. Feed on various bottom-living invertebrates but also on fishes. Two well-developed and powerful electric organs flank the head along its entire length and are used to stun the prey Interest to fisheries : Not often caught Species of Torpedinidae Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers, 1831 Ghido (Sin) Tikki bhotan (Bal) Two additional species have been recorded from Pakistan: Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters, 1855 and T. panther Olfers, 1831. They can be distinguished from T. sinuspersici for having 6 or 7 spiracular tentacles and the rear end of the first dorsal fin base at level of, or anterior to, rear end of pelvic fin bases click for next page click for previous page - 143 - LOBSTERS TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS antennal peduncle antennular flagella leg 2 leg 1 leg 3 antennular peduncle leg 4 fontal horn antennular plate eye lenght of carapace antennal flagellum leg 5 body lenght transverse grooves abdominal segments lenght of tail tail fan telson uropods general shape (dorsal view) of a spiny lobster (Panulirus sp.Xno rostrum, no pincers) rostrum transverse grooves eye lateral rostral spines postrostral spines antennal spine pleura of 2nd and 3rd segments cervical groove abdominal appendages (pleopods) tail fan uropods telson carapace (dorsal view) of a lobsterette (Metanephrops sp.) tail (abdomen) in lateral view Lobster fisheries are only of moderate importance in Pakistan. Two species, Panulirus polyphagus and P. ornatus have greatest commercial value. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83 reports annual catches of lobsters ranging from 48 t (1980) to 805 t (1983), with an average of 172 t - 144 - LOBSTERS PALINURIDAE Panulirus ornatus (Fabricius, 1798) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kikat (Sin); Kikka (Bal) FAO names : En - Ornate spiny lobster Fr - Langouste ornée Sp - Langosta ornamentada a n t e n n u la r p la t e Size : Max.: 50 cm body length; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught in beach seines and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow coastal waters from 1 to 8 m depth, including river mouths and coral reefs, on various types of bottoms. Lives solitary or in pairs Panulirus polyphagus (Herbst, 1793) Synonyms : Panulirus fasciatus (Fabricius, 1798) Loc. names : Kikat (Sin); Kikka (Bal) FAO names : En - Mud spiny lobster Fr - Langouste de vase Sp - Langosta fanguera Size : Max.: 37 cm body length; common to 25 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls and in beach seines Habitat and biology : Found on muddy bottoms, in turbid waters, often close to river mouths. Reported in depths from 3 to 90 m. This species is the most common lobster in Pakistan waters a n t e n n u la r p la t e - 145 - LOBSTERS PALINURIDAE Panulirus versicolor (Latreille, 1804) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kikat (Sin); Kikka (Bal) FAO names : En - Painted spiny lobster Fr - Langouste barriolée Sp - Langosta colorete Size : Max.: about 40 cm body length; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Only accidentally bycatch of other fisheries caught as Habitat and biology : Found in shallow waters, to about 15 m depth in areas with clear, strong-flowing waters. A nocturnal and gregarious species, during daytime hides in deep caverns and cavities in the rocks Puerulus sewelli Ramadan, 1938 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kikat (Sin); Kikka, Khadda kikka (Bal) FAO names : En - Whip lobster Fr - Langouste fouet Sp - Langosta de fusta Size : Max.: about 20 cm body length Fishing gear : Only taken by deepsea trawls Habitat and biology : Known to occur in depths between 180 and 1,300 m depth, but most common between 180 and 300 m, on coarse sand, mud or shell bottoms - 146 - LOBSTERS SCYLLARIDAE Thenus orientalis (Lund, 1793) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kikat (Sin); Kikka (Bal) FAO names : En - Flathead locust lobster Fr - Cigale raquette Sp - Cigarro chato Size : Max.: about 25 cm body length Fishing gear : Taken accidentally in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Found on sandy or muddy bottoms between 8 and 70 m depth, usually between 10 and 50 click for next page click for previous page - 147 - SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS TECHNICAL TERMS longitudinal suture antennal flagellum transverse suture flagella rostrum carapace 1 to 6 abdominal segments (or somites) antennula dorsal crest antenna telson pleopods uropod pereopods or legs rostrum rostral teeth apical portion (tip) orbital margin postorbital spine epigastric (or 1st rostral) tooth suprahepatic spin cervical groove hepatic spine antennal crest orbito -antennal groove epatic crest gastrofrontal crest gastrofrontal groove gastro-orbital crest carapace (lateral view) median groove postrostral crest adrostral groove adrostral crest non-grooved carapace carapace (dorsal view) spines fixed spines movable types of spined telsons tail fan - 148 SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS PENAEIDAE FAO names : En - Penaeid shrimps, pennies prawns Fr - Crevettes, crevettes chamois, crevettes royales Sp - Camarones peneiedo s, gambas Size : Max.: to more than 30 cm total length, but most species much smaller Fishing gear : Various kinds of seines, stakenets and castnets, used in shallow waters, and trawlers in offshore waters Habitat and biology : Benthic, living on a large variety of bottoms such as rock, mud, sand, etc. In the genus Penaeus spawning takes place offshore, at depths between 10 and 80 m. Females bear sperm sacs attached to the thelycum (genital modification between the last pair of walking legs) which are used when the eggs are shed. After fertilization, the eggs hatch in a few hours. The planktonic larvae are carried by currents toward the shore where they arrive after about 3 weeks, at a size of 6 to 14 mm. Further development to the adult stage takes place in brackish waters, river mouths, creeks, mangrove areas and the cycle is completed with migration to offshore waters for spawning. Interest to fisheries : This family contains the greatest number of commercially important species of shrimps in The fishery is carried out in shallow waters from October to March, while in Pakistan, as well as worldwide. July, August and September shrimps and prawns are caught in creeks and backwaters. Most of the catches are frozen for export to the USA and European markets. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of peneid shrimps and prawns ranging from 15 829 t (1974) to 30 000 t (1981), with an average of 22 285 t Metapenaeus affinis (H.Milne Edwards, 1837) Synonyms : Metapenaeus mutatus (Lanchester, 1901) Metapenaeus alcocki George & Rao, 1968 Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Kalri, Madak (Bal) FAO names : En - Jinga shrimp Fr - Crevette jinga Sp - Camarón jinga Size : 15 cm (males) and 19 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught with shrimp trawls offshore, and seines, stakenets and other types of artisanal gear in shallow inshore waters Habitat and biology : From the coastline to about 60 m depth (sometimes deeper) on mud and sandy-mud bottoms. Juveniles inhabit estuarine areas and backwaters petasma, ventral view thelycum - 149 - SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS PENAEIDAE Metapenaeus brevicornis (H.Milne Edwards, 1837) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Jaira (Sin); Jaira, Lassa (Bal) FAO names : En - Yellow shrimp Fr - Crevette jaune. Sp - Camarón amarillo Size : 10 cm (males) and 13 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught with stakenets, traps, castnets and other types of artisanal gear; also in trawls Habitat and biology : A marine to almost freshwater species, on sandy or muddy bottoms to about 40 m depth, but also reported in depths of Juveniles are found in estuaries, creeks 90 m. and backwaters petasma, ventral view Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Kalri (Bal) FAO names : En - Speckled shrimp Fr - Crevette mouchetée Sp - Camarón moteado Size : 15 cm (males) and 20 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught with shrimp trawls in offshore waters, and seines, stakenets, castnets and other types of artisanal gear in inshore and nearshore waters Habitat and biology : From the coastline to 70 m depth, but also reported from 170 m depth, on sandy, mud or silt bottoms. Juveniles inhabit estuaries, backwaters and inshore waters. Breeds in deeper waters off Karachi and Somniani Bay, during winter and spring (February to May) thelycum - 150 SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS PENAEIDAE Metapenaeus stebbingi Nobili, 1904 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Kalri (Bal) FAO names : En - Peregrine shrimp Fr - Crevette fauçon Sp - Camarón peregrino Size : 11 cm (males) and 14 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught in trawls in deeper waters, and with seines, stakenets, castnets and other types of artisanal gear in shallow, i nshore waters Habitat and biology : Found from the shore to about 90 m depth on sandy or muddy bottoms. Juveniles are found nearshore telson Parapenaeopsis hardwickii ( Miers, 1878) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kiddi (Sin); Kalri (Bal) FAO names : En - Spear shrimp Fr - Crevette javelot Sp - Camarón lanzón Size : 11 cm (males) and 14 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught in trawls, stakenets, seines and other types of artisanal gear Habitat and biology : From the coastline to about 90 m depth, on mud, sandy-mud or sandy bottoms merus of fifth pereopod (male) petasma, ventral view thelycum - 151 SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS PENAEIDAE Parapenaeopsis sculptilis (Heller, 1862) Synonyms : Parapenaeopsis affinis sensu Hall, 1962 rostrum in large males Loc. names : Kiddi (Sin); Kalri (Bal) Tiger shrimp (English) FAO names : En - Rainbow shrimp Fr - Crevette arc-en-ciel Sp - Camarón arco iris Size : 11 cm (males) and 17 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught and in trawls with stakenets, seines Habitat and biology : In shallow waters, from the coastline to 40 m depth on sandy, mud or mixed bottoms Parapenaeopsis stylifera (H.Milne Edwards, 1837) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kiddi (Sin); Kiddi, Madak (Bal) FAO names : En - Kiddi shrimp Fr - Crevette kidi Sp - Camarón kidi Size : 12 cm (males) and 15 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught with seines, stakenets and in trawls Habitat and biology : Most common from the coastline to 50 m depth, but also occurring to 90 m depth, on mud or sandy-mud bottoms. The entire life cycle takes place at sea. Breeding occurs in February and March telson petasma, ventral view - 152 - SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS PENAEIDAE Panaeus ( Melicertus) canaliculatus (Oliver, 1811) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Madak (Bal) FAO names : En - Witch prawn Fr - Crevette sorcière Sp - Camarón brujo Size : 15 cm (males) and 18 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught with stakenets and bagnets, possibly also in trawls Habitat and biology : From the coastline to about 50 m depth, also in estuaries and backwaters Penaeus ( Marsupenaeus ) japonicus Bate, 1888 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Kalri, Pata patti ( Kalmat area) (Bal) FAO names : En - Kuruma shrimp Fr - Crevette kuruma Sp - Camarón kuruma Size : 20 cm (males) and 24 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught in trawls, driftnets and stakenets Habitat and biology : From the coastline to about 50m depth on sandy bottoms. Adults bury in the substrate during daytime - 153 - SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus ) indicus H.Milne Edwards, 1837 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Jaira (Sin); Jaira (Bal) FAO names : En - Indian white shrimp Fr - Crevette royale blanche (des Indes) Sp - Camarón bianco de la India Size : 18 cm (males) and 23 cm (females) maximum total length Habitat and biology : Found from the coastline to about 90 m depth but most common to 30 m, over sandy or mud bottoms Penaeus ( Fenneropenaeus ) marguiensis De Man, 1888 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Jaira (Sin); Jaira (Bal) FAO names : En - Banana shrimp Fr - Crevette banane Sp - Camarón banana Size : 20 cm (males) and 24 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught mainly in trawls, shrimp driftnets, set gillnets, stakenets, seines, scoopnets and other types of artisanal gear Habitat and biology : Found from the coastline to about 50 m depth, but most abundant to 20 m, on sandy and sandy-mud bottoms. Prefers turbid waters. This species together with P. penicillatus is by far the most important in Pakistan. Breeding occurs in deeper waters from December to April PENAEIDAE - 15 4 - SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS Penaeus ( Penaeus) monodon Fabricius , 1798 Synonyms : Penaeus bubulus Kubo , 1949 Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Tiger madak, Kalri (Bal) Tiger shrimp (En) FAO names : En - Giant tiger shrimp Fr - Crevette géante tigrée Sp - Camarón tigre gigante Size : 27 cm (males) and 34 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught with trawls, seines, stakenets, traps, etc. Habitat and biology : From the coastline to about 150 m depth, occasionally in deeper waters. Large concentrations are found at about 60 m, on mud or sand. Juveniles in mangrove swamps, estuaries and backwaters Penaeus ( Fenneropenaeus ) penicillatus Alcock, 1905 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Jaira (Sin); Jaira (Bal) FAO names : En - Red tail prawn Fr - Crevette queue rouge Sp - Camarón colorado Size : 16 cm (males) and 21 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught with trawls and seines (adults) and scoopnets and other artisanal gear (juveniles and subadults ) Habitat and biology : Found from the coastline to 90 m depth, but most abundant in shallow waters near the shore, on sandy and mud bottoms. Breeding occurs in October to May PENAEIDAE - 155 - SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS PENAEIDAE Penaeus ( Penaeus) semisulcatus DeHaan, 1844 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Jaira (Bal) FAO names : En - Green tiger prawn Fr - Crevette tigrée verte Sp - Camarón tigre verde Size : 18 cm (males) and 23 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught with trawls and driftand other types of nets, seines, stakenets artisanal gear Habitat and biology : Found from the coastline to about 130 m depth, but most abundant to 60 m depth on mud, sandy-mud or sandy-grit bottoms. Buries in the substrate during daytime. Breeding occurs in January to May SOLENOCERIDAE Solenocera crassicornis (H.Milne Edwards, 1837) Synonyms : Solenocera indica Nataraj, 1945 Solenocera subnuda Kilo, 1949 Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Madak (Bal) FAO names : En - Coastal mud shrimp Fr - Salicoque des vases côtières Sp - Camarón fanguero de orilla Size : 9 cm (males) and 14 cm (females) maximum total length Fishing gear : Caught with trawls, stakenets and seines Habitat and biology : Found from the coastline to about 80 m depth, but most common to 20 m depth on muddy bottoms telson click for next page click for previous page - 157 - TRUE CRABS TECHNICAL TERMS hand palm dactyl 1 antennule eye rostrum antenna 2 walking legs 1 to 4 lateral spine carapace abdomen 3 dorsal view 4 telson thoracic sternites abdomen of male abdomen of female ventral view Crabs are not exploited in Pakistan at present because of the low demand. Some species, however, have a high nutritional value and seem to be abundant enough to have a potential commercial value - 158 CRABS PORTUNIDAE Charybdis feriata (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Charybdis cruciata (Herbst, 1794) Loc. names : Kekra (Sin); Kukri (Bal) FAO names : En - Coral crab Fr - Crabe corail Sp - Cangrejo de coral Size : Max.: to 16 cm carapace width Fishing gear : Caught accidentally in bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Found in waters from 5 to 15 m depth, over sandy or muddy bottoms, but also in deeper waters, on hard bottoms Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms : Neptunus pelagicus (Linnaeus , 1758) Loc. names : Kekra (Sin); Kukri, Googoo tanga (Bal) FAO names : En - Blue swimming crab Fr -. Etrille bleue SP - Jaiba azul Size : Max.: almost to 20 cm carapace width Fishing gear : No special fishery, only occasionally caught by hand, in the littoral zone, or by hook and line and nets in deeper waters Habitat and biology : A coastal marine species (in waters to about 40 m depth) also found in brackish waters, estuaries and lagoons. Mainly pelagic, swims close to the bottom hiding in the sand in case of danger. Usually found on sandy or sandy-mud bottoms. The largest specimens are usually in deeper waters. Sexual maturity is attained at about 11 cm carapace width in females, at 10 cm in males. Males seem to attain a larger size than the females. There is a strong sexual dimorphism, the males having much longer chelipeds and first pair of walking legs, and bright blue carapace and legs, while the females are more drably coloured. Carnivorous, feeds on various fishes and invertebrates. Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst, 1796) Synonyms None Loc. names : Kekra (Sin); Kukri, Googoo tanga (Bal) FAO names : En - Redspot swimming crab Fr - Etrille tache rouge SP - Jaiba colorete Size : Max.: to 18 cm carapace width Fishing gear : No special fishery, only occasionally caught by hand, in shallow waters, or as bycatch in gillnets and trawls in deeper waters Habitat and biology : A marine species, inhabiting waters from 3 to 30 m depth, over sandy or sandy-mud bottoms. Also found in brackish waters. Swims to the surface at night. Reproduction seems to take place, quite irregularly, all year long. Feeds on fishes and various invertebrates - 159 - CRABS PORTUNIDAE Scylla serrata (Forsskål , 1775) Synonyms : None Loc. names : Khakua (Sin); Kukri (Bal) FAO names : En - Indo-Pacific swamp crab Fr - Crabe des palétuviers Sp - Cangrejo de manglares Size : Max.: 20 cm carapace width Fishing gear : No special fishery, occasionally caught by hand or with hooks Habitat and biology : A coastal marine species, also living in brackish waters, estuaries, mangrove areas and even in fresh water. Spawning takes place at sea in inshore waters. The females are usually smaller than the males and shed about 2 million eggs. The juveniles migrate into river mouths and swim upstream searching for food and shelter. This species lives in holes excavated in muddy or sandy-mud bottoms. Feeds on shrimp, small fishes, molluscs and small crabs. It has also been observed feeding on carrion, seaweeds and small fragments of wood Other species of Crabs all Kekra (Sin); Kukri (Bal) Charybdis callianassa ( Herbst, 1789) (Family: PORTUNIDAE) Mutula lunaris (Forsskål, 1775) Family: CALAPPIDAE) Matuta planipes Fabricius Family: CALAPPIDAE) click for next page click for previous page - 161 - CEPHALOPODS TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS 1 suckers 2 3 4 arms tentacle carpus (fixing apparaus) funnel groove funnel head manus funnel-mantle fusion funnel locking cartilage mantle locking cartilage mantle dactylus photophores fin lamellae modified portion fin lenght tail mantle lenght normal suckers a composite diagram illustrating basic squid (teuthoid) features ventral view example of hectocotylized arm in male (lllex) arm I (dorsal) Although cuttlefishes, squids and octopuses are rather common in Pakistan waters, they are not commercially exploited and they occur in the catches as bycatch of other fisheries. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports annual catches ranging from 49 t (1982) to 152 t (1983) - 162 CEPHALOPODS tentacular club 4 3 2 medial suckers ( moderately enlarged) stalk 1 hectocotylus tentacular club mantle funnel fin modified portion spine diagram of basic cuttlefish features (ventral view) hectocotylus mantle length eye dorsal mantle suckers ` funnel ventral total length diagram of basic octopus features (lateral view) - 163 CEPHALOPODS Loligo duvauceli Orbigny, 1848 Synonyms : Loligo oshimai Sasaki, 1929 Loligo indica Pfeffer, 1884 Loc. names : Mayya (Sin); Mus (Bal) FAO names : En - Indian squid Fr - Calmar indien Sp - Calamar indico Size : Max.: 29 cm mantle length Fishing gear : No special fishery, taken as bycatch of other fisheries Habitat and biology : A neritic species, living in waters between 30 and 170 m depth. Forms large aggregations during the spawning season. Spawning takes place throughout the year, but peaks are recorded when the water temperature increases. The smallest sexually mature individuals are about one year old. Feeds on crustaceans, fishes and squids Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830 Synonyms : Sepioteuthis sieboldi Joubin, 1898 Sepioteuthis malayana Wülker, 1913 Sepioteuthis krempfi Robson, 1928 Loc. names : Mayya (Sin); Mus (Bal) FAO names : En - Bigfin reef squid Fr - Calmar tonnelet Sp - Calamar manopla Size : Max.: 36 cm dorsal mantle length Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught as bycatch of other fisheries Habitat and biology : A neritic species, found from the surface to about 100 m depth. Finger-shaped egg capsules are attached to twigs, rocks, seaweeds, etc., in coastal waters. Sexual maturity is attained at the age of 10 to 14 months in males and from 12 to 17 months in females. Feeds primarily on shrimps and fishes LOLIGINIDAE - 164 CEPHALOPODS OCTOPODIDAE Octopus aegina Gray, 1849 Synonyms : Octopus kagoshimensis Ortmann, 1888 Loc. names : Hasht-pa (Sin); Mus (Bal) FAO names : En - Sandbird octopus Fr - Poulpe des sables Sp - Pulpo reticulado Size : Max.: 30 cm total length Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught as bycatch of other fisheries Habitat and biology : A bottom-living species, found on the continental shelf from 30 to 120 m depth dorsal view tip of hectocotylized right arm III of male Octopus cyaneus Gray, 1849 Synonyms : Octopus marmoratus Hoyle, 1885 Octopus horsti Joubin, 1898 Loc. names : Hasht-pa (Sin); Mus (Bal) FAO names : En - Big blue octopus Fr - Gros poulpe bleu Sp - Pulpo azulón Size : Max.: 120 cm total length Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught as bycatch of other fisheries Habitat and biology : A bottom-living species, found i n shallow coastal waters. Unlike other octopuses, this species is active during daytime dorsal view lateral view of body and head tip of hectocotylized right arm III of male - 165 CEPHALOPODS OCTOPODIDAE Octopus macropus Risso, 1826 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Hasht-pa (Sin); Mus (Bal) FAO names : En - White-spotted octopus Fr - Poulpe tacheté Sp - Pulpo manchado Size : Max.: 150 cm total length Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught accidentally as bycatch Habitat and biology : A bottom-dwelling, shallowwater species, with a lifespan of about 1 year. Feeds on crustaceans, molluscs and fishes Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Hasht-pa (Sin); Mus (Bal) FAO names : En - Common octopus Fr - Pieuvre Sp - Pulpo común Size : Max.: 130 cm total length Fishing gear : No special fishery, only accidentally caught as bycatch habitats, various Habitat and biology : Lives on from the coastline to the edge of the continental shelf. Eggs are deposited in the form of strings in crevices and holes in shallow-water areas. Feeds on bivalves and crustaceans dorsal view - 166 CEPHALOPODS OCTOPODIDAE Octopus membranaceus Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 Synonyms : Octopus ocellatus Gray, 1849 Loc. names : Hasht-pa (Sin); Mus (Bal) FAO names : En - Webfoot octopus Fr - Poulpe à quatre yeux Sp - Pulpo membranoso Size : Max.: 30 cm total length Fishing gear : No special fishery, accidentally caught as bycatch Habitat and biology : A bottom-living, shallowwater species, occurring in depths of about 60 m. Hides in holes on flat bottoms dorsal view Cistopus indicus (Orbigny, 1840) Synonyms : Octopus indicus Orbigny, 1840 Cistopus bursarius Steenstrup in Hoyle, 1886 Loc. names : Hasht-pa (Sin); Mus (Bal) FAO names : En - Old woman octopus Fr - Poulpe vieille femme Sp - Pulpo perforado Size : Max.: 60 cm total length Fishing gear : No special fishery, only accidentally caught as bycatch Habitat and biology : A benthic species, occurring on soft bottoms to about 50 m depth dorsal view - 167 CEPHALOPODS SEPIIDAE Sepia latimanus Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 Synonyms : Sepia rappiana Ferussac, 1835 Sepia mozambica Rochebrune, 1884 Sepia hercules Pilsbry, 1894 Loc. names : Mayya (Sin); Mus (Bal) FAO names : En - Broadclub cuttlefish Fr - Seiche grandes mains Sp - Sepia mazuda Size : Max.: 50 cm mantle length Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught as bycatch of other fisheries Habitat and biology : A shallow-water species, inhabiting waters to 30 m depth dorsal view Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 Synonyms : Sepia rouxi Orbigny, 1841 Sepia formosana Berry, 1912 Sepia tigris Sasaki, 1929 Loc. names : Mayya (Sin); Mus (Bal) FAO names : En - Pharaoh cuttlefish Fr - Seiche pharaon Sp - Sepia faraonica Size : Max.: 43 cm mantle length Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught as bycatch in trawls Habitat and biology : A demersal species, occurring from the coastline to about 110 m depth. Spawning takes place in very shallow waters, where the eggs are attached in clusters to plants, shells, etc. Longevity is estimated at about 2 years. Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes dorsal view - 168 CEPHALOPODS SEPIIDAE Sepia prashadi Winckworth, 1936 Synonyms : None Loc. names : Mayya (Sin); Mus (Bal) FAO names : En - Hooded cuttlefish Fr - Seiche capuchon Sp - Sepia caperuza Size : Max.: 14 cm mantle length tentacular club Fishing gear : No special fishery, taken as bycatch of other fisheries Habitat and biology : A bottom-living species, found from the coastline to about 40 m depth dorsal view Sepiella inermis Orbigny, 1848 Synonyms : Sepia (Sepiella) microcheirus Gray, 1849 Sepia affinis Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852 Sepiella maindroni Rochebrune, 1884 Loc. names : Makul (Sin); Mus (Bal) FAO names : En - Spineless cuttlefish Fr - Sépia inerme Sp - Sepia inerme tentacular club Size : Max.: 13 cm mantle length Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught as bycatch Habitat and biology : A bottom-living, shallowwater species found to depths of 40 m. Capsules containing eggs are attached to various substrates i n shallow waters. Feeds on small dermersal fishes, crustaceans and other cephalopods dorsal view click for next page click for previous page INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND VERNACULAR NAMES EXPLANATION OF THE SYSTEM Type faces used: Italics : Valid scientific names (genera and species) : Synonyms (preceded by an asterisk) ROMAN (caps) : Family names Roman : International (FAO) species names : Local names 41 - 171 - PAGE A * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Aal Aalore Aangh Abalistes stellaris Abalistes stellatus Ablennes hians Abu mullet abu, Liza Acanthocybium solandri Acanthopagrus berda Acanthopagrus bifasciatus Acanthopagrus cuvieri Acanthopagrus latus Achopitho Achopito acuta, Dussumieria acutidens, Negaprion acutus, Rhizoprionodon acutus, Scoliodon Adhi kuli aegina, Octopus aeneus, Sciaena Aetobatus flagellum Aetobatus narinari Aetomylaeus maculatus Aetomylaeus nichofii Aetoplatea tentaculata affinis, Caranx affinis, Euthynnus affinis, Metapenaeus affinis, Sepia African flyingfish African pompano africanus, Psenes africanus, Trachinotus afuerae, Decapterus Aguilas Aguja negra Agu jetas Agujon needlefish Agujones Ahore Aigles de mer Aiguillettes Ailerons ajax, Carangoides akame, Liza aibacares, Thunnus albacora, Neothunnus Albacore Albacores albella, Sardinella Albula vulpes ALBULIDAE alcocki, Metapenaeus Alectis ciliaris Alectis crinitus Alectis indicus Alepes djedaba Alepes glabra 49 27 38 115 115 27 91 91 100 75 75 77 75 107 108 5 122 123 123 36-37 164 85 137 137 137 137 135 42 101 148 168 25 40,51 109 51 46 136 106 26 28 27 100-101,104 136 27 107 40 92 103 103 103 100 7 3 3 148 40 40 40 40 41 PAGE * Alepes macrurus * Alepes malam Alepes melanoptera Alepes vari Alice franche Alice taches d'or Al ices Aloola Alopias pelagicus Alopias superciliosus ALOPIIDAE Alosa à gros yeux Alose blanche Alose chaconde Alose i ndienne Alose palli Alose paluva Alose toli Alose -écaille indienne Aloses * altifrontalis, Lutjanus * altissimus, Carangoides Alutera monoceros Alwandi * amarulus, Mugil Amberjacks * amblycephala, Umbrina * amblycephalus, Johnius amblyrhynchoides, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, Carcharhinus amboinensis , Carcharhinus Amlooshk Amoy croaker amoyensis, Argyrosomus * amoyensis, Pseudosciaena Amrusk * anas, Rhonciscus Anchoa granadera plebeya Anchoa granadera dorada Anchoas Anchois Anchois bombra Anchois indien Anchois-moustache Anchois-moustache cristal Anchois-moustache malabar Anchois-moustache mamata Anchois-moustache sardelle Anchois-moustache cornu * Anchoviella commersonii * Anchoviella indica Anchovies ancylostoma, Rhina Andhi-mangar aneus, Johnieops * aneus, Johnius (Johnieops) Angelfishes angustirostris, Tetrapturus Anjara annandalei , Rhinobatos 41 41 41 41 12 11 11 70 118 118 118 6 5 4 6 5 10 11 7 4 59 42 115 128 94 39 81 81 120 120 120 53 78 78 78 53 71 12 11 11 11 12 12 11 14 13 13 13 14 12 12 11 142 127 79 79 90 106 91,95 140 - 172 PAGE PAGE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Annandales guitarfish Anodontostoma chacunda Anolis Anoxypristis cuspidata anpinensis, Mugil antarctica, Sciaena Aphareus furcatus Apolectus niger Aprion virescens Arabian monocle bream Arabian scad Arabian smooth hound arabicus, Muraenesox arcticus, Galeocerdo arel, Cynoglossus Arencones Arenques Arenquillo de banda Arenquillo fino Arenquillo tardore argenteus, Otolithes argenteus, Otolithus argenteus, Pampus argenteus, Pomadasys argentimaculatus, Lutjanus argentivittatus, Thynnus arge, Upeneus argus, Scatophagus argyreus, Pomadasys Argyrops spinifer Argyrosomus amoyensis Argyrosomus bleekeri Argyrosomus hololepidotus ARIIDAE Arioma indica Ariomma indica Ariomme indienne ARIOMMIDAE Arius arius Arius caelatus Arius crossocheilus Arius dussumieri Arius falcarius Arius maculatus Arius platystomus Arius sagor Arius serratus Arius sona Arius subrostratus Arius sumatranus Arius tenuispinis Arius thalassinus arius, Arius Arrow-headed shark arsius, Pseudorhombus Asp asperrimus, Urogymnus aspinosa, Parascolopsis Astrape dipterygia Atelomycterus marmoratus atropos, Atropus Atropus atropos Atule djedaba Atule mate Atun tongol 140 4 23 139 92 78,85 62 48 62 67 52 129 16 120 112 14 4 10 9 7 84 84 108 70 59 103 87 90 70 76 78 78 78 18-22 109 109 109 109 20 20 20 20 18 18 19 21 19 21 21 21 19 19 20 128 110 105-107 134 65 138 127 41 41 40 42 104 * * * * * * * * * * * * Atunes audax, Makaira audax, Tetrapturus auriflamma, Mulloides australis, Corvina Authistes puta Auxide Auxis hira Auxis tapeinosoma Auxis thazard axillaris, Corvina axillaris, Dhoma axillaris, Kathala axillaris, Mugil axillaris, Pseudosciaena axillaris, Sciaena axillaris, Wak 100 106 106 86 80 37 101 101 101 101 82 82 82 94 82 82 82 B Bacoreta oriental Bacoretas Baddi Badli Baga delagoa Baga elegante Baga japonesa Baga tolu Bagas Bagga bagio, Muraenesox Bagre aqujilla Bagre manchado Bagre pato Bagre soldado Bagre titan Bagres baillonii, Trachinotus bajad, Carangoides Bakko Bakoi Balibots Baliste étoilé BALISTIDAE Bam Bamboas Banana shrimp Banane l èvre ronde Banded grouper Banded grunt Banded grunter Banded monocle bream Banded needlefish Banded reef cod Banded scad Banded-cheek reefcod Bangai Bangra 101 100 83-84 95 65 65 65 66 64 3 17 19 18 19 22 19 18 51 44 46 40,50 22 115 115 15-17,22 125 153 3 33 71 71 67 27 32 46 34 18 39-48,102 - 173 - PAGE * * * * * Bangri Bans-patta Banzali Baradri Baran Baraonga aurora Baraonga jarbua Baraonga ronco Baraonga tigre Baraongas Barbel flyingfish barberinus, Parupeneus Barbudos Barbures Barcheek trevally Bargai Barge lampiño Bargore warook Barkal Barkali Barracuda Barracuda jello Barracudas barracuda, Sphyraena Barrag Barramundi Barred Spanish mackerel Bartail flathead Basali Bassetina hullianus Batali Batfish Batrachocephalus mino Bearded croaker Beardless sea catfish Bécune chevron née Bécune de Forster Bécune obtuse Bécunes Bee-chum Belanger's croaker belangerii, Johnius belengeri, Sciaena BELONIDAE Bengal snapper bengalensis, Lutjanus Berber ponyfish berbes, Leiognathus berda, Acanthopagrus berda, Mylio Besugato liso Besugatos Bhambol pishik Bhambor Bhangan Bheel -alari Bhola Bholari-tont biaculeatus, Triacanthus biauritus, Otolithoides bifasciatus, Acanthopagrus bifasciatus, Mylio bifasciatus, Parupeneus bifasciatus, Sparus Big blue octopus 28 111 40 141-142 127 36 36 37 37 36 25 88 97 97 44 20-21 22 121 119 117,119,121 95-97 96 95 95 5 31 102 30 10 52 104 89 22 81 22 97 96 96 95 5-7,9 80 80 80 27-28 63 63 55 55 75 75 66 64 124 37 93 29 78,84 80 116 84 75 75 88 75 164 PAGE * * * * * * * Big-eyed herring Bigeye barracuda Bigeye croaker Bigeye houndshark Bigeye ilisha Bigeye scad Bigeye snapper Bigeye thresher Bigeye trevally Bigeye tuna Bigfin reef squid bilineata, Paraplagusia bilineatus, Cynoglossus Billi bimaculatus, Scolopsis bindus, Leiognathus bipinnulata, Elagatis bipunctatus, Nemipterus bispinosa, Lepidotrigla Black and white snapper Black bream Black kingfish Black marlin Black pomfret Black shark Black sweetlip Black-banded jewfish Black-spot jewfish Blackbanded kingfish Blackbanded trevally Blackbarred halfbeak Blackfin scad Blackspot snapper Blackspot threadfin Blacktail snapper Blacktip reef shark Blacktip sardinella Blacktip sea catfish Blacktip shark Blacktipped leather skin Blanche à pagaies Blanche armée Blanche commune Blanche fil Blanches Bleeker's reef cod bleekeri, Argyrosomus bleekeri, Carcharhinus bleekeri, Epinephelus bleekeri, Himantura bleekeri, Nemipterus bleekeri, Sciaena bleekeri, Sphyraena Blepharis crinitus Bloch's dart Bloch's gizzard-shad blochii, Eusphyra blochii, Sphyrna blochii, Trachinotus blochi, Leiognathus Blotched croaker Blotched grunter Blubberlip snapper Bludger 7 96 85 129 6 50 60 118 46 104 163 114 113 129 66 55 47 65 29 64 75 38 106 48 119 68 83 82 50 50 27 41 59 98 63 119 9 20 121 49 58 58 57 57 57 31 78 119 31 133 65 78 97 '40 51 6 128 128 51 55 83 70 61 43 - 174 PAGE PAGE Blue and yellow grouper Blue and yellow reef cod Blue spotted stingray Blue swimming crab Blue trevally Blue-banded eagle ray Blue-lined snapper Blue-spot mullet Blue-sprat Bluecheek silver grunt Bluefin jack Bluefin trevally Bluefin tuna Blueline snapper Bluespot grey mullet Blundo Bluntnose lizardfish * Blythsciaena dussumieri Bocarte bolinado Bocarte cristal Bocarte de cuernos Bocarte dompilón Bocarte malabarico Bocartes boesemani, Parascolopsis bohar, Lutjanus Boi Bombache bronzeado Bombache tigre Bombache tigre mayor Bombaches Bombala Bombay duck Bombil Bonite à ventre rayè Bonites Bonito Bonitos Bonitous Bony flyingfish Boquerón bombra Boquerón i ndio Boquerones * borneensis, Mugil Boro Botan BOTHIDAE Bothus pantherinus Bourrugue chèvre Bourse loulou Bowmouth wedgefish * brachysoma, llisha Bregmacero manchado Bregmaceros macclellandi BREGMACEROTIDAE brevicornis, Metapenaeus brevirostris, Leiognathus Brindle grouper Broadbill swordfish Broadclub cuttlefish Broadfin shark Bronze croaker Brown pomfret Brown tonguesole 33 33 132 158 43 137 61 94 10 70 45 45 104 63 94 139 24 81 13 14 14 13 13 11 66 62 91-95 84 83 84 78 23-24 24 24 101 100 101 100 100 26 12 12 11 92 78,82-83,85 138 109-110 110 79 115 142 6 25 25 25 143 55 35 107 167 122 84 48 112 * * * * * * Brown triple-tail Brown-marbled grouper Brownback trevally Brownspotted grouper Brownstripe snapper brunnea, Narcine brunneus, Otolithoides brunneus, Otolithus brunneus, Sciaenoides Brushtooth lizardfish bubulus, Penaeus Bukko Bukra bulan, Sardinella Bullhorn gurnard Bullshark Bum Bumalo Bumpnose trevally Burro negro Burro oriental Burro trovador Burro trucha Burro velero Burros bursarius, Cistopus Buther Buti Butterfly rays 67 33 45 32 63 138 84 84 84 24 154 38 72 7 29 121 104 24 44 68 69 69 69 68 68 166 127-128 109,111 135 C Caballa de l a India Cabetes * cadenati, Uraspis caelatus, Arius * caeruleomaculatus, Mugil caeruleopinnatus, Carangoides * caeruleopinnatus, Caranx Calamar índico Calamar manopla CALAPPIDAE calcarifer, Lates callianassa, Charybdis Calmar i ndien Calmar tonnelet Camarón amarillo Camarón arco iris Camarón banana Camarón bianco de l a India Camarón brujo Camarón colorado Camarón fanguero de orilla Camarón jinga Camarón kidi Camarón kuruma 102 29 52 20 94 42 42 163 163 159 31 159 163 163 143 151 153 153 152 154 155 148 151 152 - 175 PAGE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Camarón lanzón Camarón moteado Camarón peregrino Camarón tigre gigante Camarón tigre verde Camarones peneidos canadum, Rachycentron canaliculatus, Panaeus (Melicertus) canaliculatus, Siganus canariensis, Umbrina Canary drum Candiles Cangrejo de coral Cangrejo de manglares Capucin de Vanicolo CARANGIDAE Carangoides ajax Carangoides altissimus Carangoides bajad Carangoides caeruleopinnatus Carangoides chrysophryoides Carangoides chrysophrys Carangoides ferdau Carangoides fulvoguttatus Carangoides gymnostethoides Carangoides gymnostethus Carangoides hedlandensis Carangoides hemigymnostethus Carangoides malabaricus Carangoides oblongus Carangoides plagiotaenia Carangoides praeustus Carangoides rectipinnis Carangoides rhomboides Carangoides talampariodes Carangue aile bleue Carangue balo Carangue côtière Carangue coton Carangue monique Carangue pailletée Carangue royale jaune Carangue tachetée Carangue tapir Carangue têtue Carangue vorace Carangues Caranx affinis Caranx caeruleopinnatus Caranx chrysophrys Caranx djedaba Caranx elacate Caranx ferdau Caranx formosanus Caranx fulvoguttatus Caranx gilberti Caranx gymnostethus Caranx hullianus Caranx ignobilis Caranx kalla Caranx macrurus Caranx malabaricus Caranx malam Caranx marginatus 150 143 150 154 155 148 38 152 99 85 85 28 158 159 86 39-52 40 42 44 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 43 44 44 44 45 44 44 45 45 43 42 52 44 43 47 43 42 45 46 39 42 42 42 40 46 43 42 43 43 43 52 45 46 41 44 41 46 PAGE * Caranx mate * Caranx medusicola Caranx melampygus * Caranx microchir * Caranx miyakamii * Caranx nigripinnis Caranx para * Caranx pectoralis Caranx sexfasciatus * Caranx speciosus * Caranx stellatus * Caranx typus carbunculus, Etelis CARCHARHINIDAE Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Carcharhinus amboinensis * Carcharhinus bleekeri Carcharhinus dussumieri Carcharhinus falciformis * Carcharhinus gangeticus Carcharhinus hemiodon Carcharhinus leucas Carcharhinus limbatus Carcharhinus longimanus Carcharhinus macloti Carcharhinus melanopterus Carcharhinus sorrah * Carcharhinus temmincki carinata, Liza Carite coreano Carite del I ndoPacifico Carite estriado del I ndo- Pacifico Carite rayado Carites carnolabrum, Lipocheilus * carouna, Corvina carpenteri, Cynoglossus Carrot tonguesole carutta, Johnius * carutta, Sciaena Castagnoline noire Castagnolines * catalea, Corvina Catemo manchado Cazón coralero trompacorta Cazón espadachín Cazón picudo Cazón picudo gris Cazones Cazones picudos CENTROPOMIDAE cephalus, Mugil * ceramensis, Mugil * ceylonensis, Scoliodon Chacunda gizzard-shad chacunda, Anodontostoma Chaenogaleus macrostoma * Chaetodon orbis * Chaetondon punctata Chah Chaiti 42 45 45 46 46 41 46 41 46 47 45 42 62 119-124 120 120 120 119 121 121 122 121 121-122 121 121 122 119 119 122 91 103 103 102 102 100 62 80 114 113 81 81 48 39 85 89 124 124 123 123 129 119 31 94 92 123 4 4 125 89 89 77 139 - 176 PAGE PAGE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chan Chancho Chanco CHANIDAE Chano Chanos Chanos chanos chanos, Chanos Chao Chardin gros nez Chardins Charybdis callianassa Charybdis cruciata Charybdis feriata Chatos Chauffets Cheilopogon nigricans Cheimerius nufar Chernas Chevron barracuda chewa, Epinephelus Chhodi Chicharro banda dorada Chicharro ojón Chien corail Chilanker Chiloscyllium griseum Chiloscyllium indicum Chinchard d'Arabie Chindi chinensis, Pampus Chinese silver pomfret Chippil Chirocentres CHIROCENTRIDAE Chirocentrus dorab Chirocentrus nudus Chittipittan chlorostigma, Epinephelus choerorynchus, Lethrinus Chombo Chonaro Chorinemus commersonnianus Chorinemus orientalis Chorinemus sanctipetri Chorinemus tot chrysophryoides, Carangoides Chrysophrys cuvieri chrysophrys, Carangoides chrysophrys, Caranx chrysotaenia, Sphyraena chrysotaenia, Sphyraenella chrysozonus, Rastrelliger Chuchos Chuki Chum-ma Chum-na Chunki Cigale raquette Cigarro chato ciliaris, Alectis cinctus, Gaterin cinereus, Conger cinereus, Conger cinereus cinereus, Muraenesox 78-81,83 32 31 23 23 23 23 23 129 6 4 159 158 158 30 90 25 76 31 97 34 91-93 50 50 127 38 126 126 52 104 108 108 68-69 14 14-15 15 15 132 32 73 136-137 22 49 49 49 49 42 77 42 42 96 96 102 136 100-101 52 50 100-101 146 146 40 69 17 17 16 * * * * * * * * * Cinnabar goatfish cinnabarinus, Parupeneus Cistopus bursarius Cistopus indicus Citula halli Cleftbelly trevally CLUPEIDAE Coachwhip trevally Coastal mud shrimp Coastal trevally Cobia Cociella crocodila Cock grunter Cock-up coeruleolineatus, Lutjanus Cohana delogoa Cohana élégante Cohana japonaise Cohana tolu Cohanas Coilia dussumieri Coilia neglecta Colas Comadrejas Comère fine Comère indienne Comère ruban Comère saumon Comère torpille Comères comes, Corvina Comet grouper cometae, Epinephelus Commerson's anchovy Commerson's sole commersoniana, Synaptura commersoni, Cybium commersonii, Anchoviella commersonii, Fistularia commersonii, Stolephorus commersonnianus, Chorinemus commersonnianus, Scomberoides commersonni, Pomadasys commerson, Scomberomorus Common bluestripe snapper Common dolphinfish Common octopus Common pike conger Common ponyfish Common sawfish Common silver-biddy Common sprat Compères concolor, Nebrius Congaturi halfbeak Conger cinereus Conger cinereus cinereus Conger eels Congre gracile Congre oiro Congres Congresox talabonoides CONGRIDAE Congrio coludo 88 88 166 166 48 41 4-11 44 155 42 38 30 72 31 63 65 65 65 66 64 11 12 58 125 46 47 46 47 48 39 80 34 34 12 112 112 102 12 28 12 49 49 70 102 63 53 165 17 56 139 57 5 115 124 27 17 17 17 18 17 17 16 17-18 18 - 177 PAGE * * * * * * * * * * * * Congrio de aleta larga ( Africa) Congrios Coral crab Cordonnier fil Cordonnier plume Cordonniers cordyla, Megalaspis Cornetas Cornetfishes Cornettes Cornuda común Cornuda gigante Cornuda planeadora Cornudas Corocoro aceituna Corocoro arvejado Corroboro gallito Corocoro jabalina Corocoro mejilla azul Corocoro montura Corocoro plateado Corocoros Coromandel flyingfish coromandelensis, Hirundichthys coromandelicus, Epinephelus Corvina australis Corvina axillaris Corvina carouna Corvina catalea Corvina comes Corvina lobata Corvina maculata Corvina miles Corvina nigromaculata Corvina semiluctuosa Corvina sina Corvina africana Corvina carota Corvina catala Corvina china Corvina de Amoy Corvina de barba Corvina de Belanger Corvina glauca Corvina lugubre Corvina manchada Corvina ojona Corvina pintada Corvina plomiza Corvina soldato Corvinas Coryphaena equiselis Coryphaena hippurus CORYPHAENIDAE Coryphènes Cottonmouth j ack Courbine aile tachetée Courbine barbiche Courbine carutte Courbine chinoise Courbine de Belanger Courbine grise Courbine gros yeux Courbine kathala PAGE 17 17 158 40 40 39 48 28 28 28 128 128 128 127 72 70 72 71 70 71 70 68 26 26 31 80 82 80 85 80 80 85 83 85 84 80 78 81 82 80 78 81 80 82 84 83 85 85 79 83 78 53 53 53 53 52 82 81 81 80 80 79 85 82 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Courbine lugubre Courbine pintade Courbine soldat Courbine tachetée Courbines covai, Kowala Crabe corail Crabe des palétuviers crassicornis, Solenocera crassispina, Plectorhynchus Crenidens crenidens crenidens, Crenidens Crescent snapper Crescentperch Crevette arc-en-ciel Crevette banane Crevette fauçon Crevette géante tigrée Crevette jaune Crevette javelot Crevette jinga Crevette kidi Crevette kuruma Crevette mouchetée Crevette queue rouge Crevette royale blanche (des Indes) Crevette sorcière Crevette tigrée verte Crevettes Crevettes chamois Crevettes royales Crimson snapper crinitus, Alectis crinitus, Blepharis Croakers crocodila, Cociella Crocodile flathead crocodilus, Tylosurus crocodilus crossocheilus; Arius Croupia roche cruciata, Charybdis crumenophthalmus, Selar crumenophthalmus, Trachurops Cubiceps dollfusi Cubiceps natalensis Cubiceps squamiceps cunnesius, Valamugil cuspidata, Anoxypristis cuvieri, Acanthopagrus cuvieri, Chrysophrys cuvieri, Galeocerdo cuvieri, Otolithes cyaneus, Octopus Cybium commersoni Cybium guttatum Cybium lineolatum cyclostomus, Parupeneus CYNOGLOSSIDAE Cynoglossus arel Cynoglossus bilineatus Cynoglossus carpenteri Cynoglossus dispar Cynoglossus dubius 84 85 83 83 78 5 158 159 155 68 76 76 60 36 151 153 150 154 143 150 148 151 152 143 154 153 152 155 148 148 148 59 40 40 78 30 30 28 20 67 158 50 50 109 108 108 94 139 77 77 120 83 164 102 103 102 88 112-114 112 113 114 113 113 - 178 - PAGE PAGE Cynoglossus lachneri * Cynoglossus macrolepidotus Cynoglossus puncticeps * Cynoglossus quadrilineata cyprinoides, Megalops 114 112 114 113 3 * * D * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Daddi-palli Daggertooth pike conger Dai Dalapugan Daleri Damselfishes Dandanee Dandani Dandani swaso Dandya Dangri Dardum Dardumb Darkfin eel catfish Daro-dandya Dash-and-dot goatfish DASYATIDAE Dasyatis kuhlii Dasyatis zugei Dateera Dateri Datero daura, Leiognathus Dawan dayi, Decapterus Decapterus afuerae Decapterus dayi Decapterus kiliche Decapterus lalang Decapterus lundini Decapterus macrosoma Decapterus normani Decapterus politus Decapterus russelli Decapterus tabi Deep flounder Delagoa threadfin bream delagoae, Nemipterus Delicate round herring delicatulus, Lactarius delicatulus, Spratelloides delicatulus, Stolephorus Demi-becs Demoiselles Dendrophysa dussumieri Dendrophysa russelli Denté nufar Dentex nufar Denton nufar Dérivant indien * * 4,6 16 67 89 75 90 126 126 109 74-77 31 48 48 23 75 88 132-134 132 132 90 74 90 55 100-101,104 47 46 47 47 46-47 42 46 42 42 46-47 47 110 65 65 9 38 9 9 26 90 81 79 76 76 76 108 * * * * * * * * * * Devil rays Dhambo Dhand Dhoma axillaris Dhother Dhotri -g isser Diables de mer Diablitos diabola, Mobula diacanthus, Epinephelus diacanthus, Nibea diacanthus, Protonibea diacanthus, Pseudosciaena diacanthus, Sciaena Diagramma pictum Diagramme ménestrel Diagramme noire Diagramme oriental Diagramme truité Diagramme voilier Diagrammes Diamond-scale grey mullet diplana, Sphyrna Diplodus noct Diplodus sargus kotschyi dipterygia, Astrape dipterygia, Narce dipterygia, Narcine dipterygia, Narke dispar, Cynoglossus Disque ditchela, Pellona djedaba, Alepes djedaba, Atule djedaba, Caranx djeddensis, Rhynchobatus Dokan Dokzai Dolant pittan doldi, Nebrius dollfusi, Cubiceps dollfusi, Harengula Dolphin fish Dolphinfishes Dorab wolf herring dorab, Chirocentrus Dorados Dormilona Doublebar goatfish Doublelined tonguesole Doublespotted queenfish Drab jewfish Drepane punctata DREPANIDAE Driftfish Drums dubius, Cynoglossus ductor, Naucrates Dumbi Dummi-mangar Dusky trevaIly Duskytail grouper Dussumier's croaker Dussumier's flag-tail 135 31-35 76 82 68,70-72 68-69 135 135 136 32 85 85 85 85 68 69 68 69 69 68 68 93 128 77 77 138 138 138 138 113 89 7 40 40 40 142 128 128 141 124 109 7 53 53 15 15 53 67 88 114 49 80 89 89 109 78 113 48 118 118 42 31 81 11 - 179 - PAGE • • • • • Dussumier's flag-tail Dussumier's halfbeak Dussumier's ponyfish Dussumieria acuta dussumieri, Arius dussumieri, Blythsciaena dussumieri, Carcharhinus dussumieri, Coilia dussumieri, Dendrophysa dussumieri, Hyporhamphus dussumieri, Johnius dussumieri, Leiognathus dussumieri, Mugil dussumieri, Sciaena dussumieri, Umbrina duvauceli, Lol igo Dwarf monocle breams 11 27 56 5 20 81 121 11 81 27 81 56 93 81-82 81 163 64 E * * * * * * Eagle ray Eagle rays ECHENEIDIDAE Echeneis naucrates Echidna nebulosa Eel catfishes Ehremberg's snapper ehrenbergii, Lutjanus elacate, Caranx Elagatis bipinnulata Electric rays Eleutheronema tetradactylum elevatus, Pseudorhombus elongata, Solea Elongate sole elongatus, Epinephelus elongatus, Hemipristis elongatus, Lethrinus ELOPIDAE Elops machnata Elops saurus emburyi, Turrum Emissoles emoryi, Epinephelus Emperador relámpago Emperador trompudo Emperadores Empereur gueule longue Empereur moris Empereurs Emperor red snapper Emperors ENGRAULIDAE Engraved catfish EPHIPPIDAE Ephippus orbis Epinephelus bleekeri Epinephelus chewa 137 136 38 38 15 22 63 63 46 47 138 97 110 112 112 34 125 73 3 3 3 43 129 32 73 73 73 73 73 73 61 73 11-14 20 89 89 31 34 PAGE Epinephelus chlorostigma * Epinephelus cometae * Epinephelus coromandelicus Epinephelus diacanthus * Epinephelus elongatus * Epinephelus emoryi Epinephelus fasciatus Epinephelus flavocaeruleus Epinephelus fuscoguttatus * Epinephelus horridus Epinephelus latifasciatus Epinephelus malabaricus Epinephelus morrhua Epinephelus tauvina Epinephelus tukula Epinephelus undulosus equiselis, Coryphaena equulus, Leiognathus eriomma, Parascolopsis erumei, Psettodes * erythrinus, Mulloides erythropterus, Lutjanus Escualosa thoracata Espadon * estara, Xiphias * estara, Xiphias gladius Etelis carbunculus Etrille bleue Etrille tache rouge Eugomphodus taurus * Eugomphodus tricuspidatus Euryglossa orientalis Eusphyra blochii * Eutherapon theraps Euthynnus affinis * Euthynnus pelamis * Euthynnus yaito EXOCOETIDAE Exocoets Exocoetus monocirrhus Exocoetus volitans * extraneus, Psenes 32 34 31 32 34 32 32 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 53 56 66 109 86 59 5 107 107 107 62 158 158 126 126 112 128 37 101 101 101 25-26 25 25 26 109 F * falcarius, Arius falciformis, Carcharhinus False trevally * fangi, Plectorhynchus Fantail stingray far, Hemiramphus fasciatum, Stegostoma fasciatus, Epinephelus * fasciatus, Johnius fasciatus, Leiognathus * fasciatus, Panulirus Feathertail stingray Ferdau's trevally 18 121 38 69 134 27 129 32 80 56 144 134 43 - 180 - PAGE ferdau, Carangoides * ferdau, Caranx feriata, Charybdis * ferrugineum, Ginglymostoma ferrugineus, Nebrius * filamentosa, Pertica filamentosus, Gerres * filigera, llisha Fin-stripe goatfish Fistularia commersonii Fistularia petimba FISTULARIIDAE Fivespot herring Flag-tail anchovy flagellum, Aetobatus Flat needlefish Flat-mouth catfish Flathead locust lobster Flathead mullet Flatheads Flatmouth sea catfish flavocaeruleus, Epinephelus flavolineatus, Mulloides * fletus, Lethrinus Flutemouths Flyingfishes Forgeron tacheté * Formio niger * formosana, Sepia * formosanus, Caranx forsteri, Sphyraena Four finger threadfin Fourlined terapon Fourlined tonguesole * fraenatus, Lethrinus Freckled goatfish Frigate mackerel Frigate tuna Fringefin sebra sole fulviflamma, Lutjanus * fulviflammus, Lutjanus fulvoguttatus, Carangoides * fulvoguttatus, Caranx fulvus, Lutjanus furcatus, Aphareus furcatus, Pomadasys * furcatus, Rhonciscus fuscoguttatus, Epinephelus * fuscolineata, Umbrina fuscomaculata, Torpedo 43 43 158 124 124 57 57 6 87 28 28 28 5 12 137 27 19 146 94 30 19 33 88 73 28 25 89 48 167 42 96 97 36 113 73 88 101 101 112 59 59 43 43 63 62 71 71 33 81 142 G Gadeer Gairi Gal-bat * Galeocerdo arcticus Galeocerdo cuvieri 73 14 43,45 120 120 PAGE * Galeocerdo rayneri Gallo Gambas Gandan Ganges shark Gangese grey shark * gangeticus, Carcharhinus gangeticus, Glyphis Gara Garamari Gata riodriza atezada * Gaterin cinctus * Gaterin niger * Gaterin orientalis * Gaterin schotaf Gavilán javanés Gazi-gwazi Gazza minuta gerrardi, Himantura GERREIDAE Gerres filamentosus * Gerres macracanthus Gerres oyena Gerres poieti * Gerres punctatus ghanam, Scolopsis Ghido Ghol Ghonshi Ghore Ghori Giant catfish Giant perch Giant slender moray Giant tiger shrimp Giant trevally gibbosa, Sardinella gibbosus, Plectorhinchus gibbus, Lutjanus Gid Gidder * gilberti, Caranx Gilhari Ginghra * Ginglymostoma ferrugineum GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE Girpai Gishran Gisser * glabra, Alepes * gladius, Histiophorus * gladius, Istiophorus gladius, Xiphias * glaucus, Isurus glaucus, Johnius * glaucus, Sciaena Glyphis gangeticus Gnathanodon speciosus Goat catfish Goatee croaker Goatfishes Goi Golat pittan Gold-spot mullet Gold-spotted grenadier 120 18,20 148 120-122,125 122 122 122 122 133 133 124 69 68 69 69 141 64,67 54 133 57-58 57 57 57 58 57 67 136-138,142 85 23 100,102 105-107 19 31 15 154 45 8 68 62 93 100,103-104 43 28 36-37 124 124 53 39,45,47 31-35 41 105 105 107 126 82 82 122 47 21 79 86 4,6 136-137 92 11 - 181 PAGE Gold-spotted grenadier Goldband goatfish Goldband jobfish Golden banded goatfish Golden toothless trevally Golden trevally Goldlined seabream Goldsaddle goatfish Goldstripe ponyfish Goldstripe sardinella Golori * goma, Sciaena Googoo tanga Gore Gore dum Gore padni Goret à six bandes Goret à trois bandes Goret olive Gorets Goshi Graceful shark gracilis, Spratelloides Grammoplites suppositus Grand requin marteau Grande verrue tigre grandoculis, Monotaxis Granulated guitarfish granulatus, Rhinobatos Greasy grouper Greasy reefcod Great barracuda Great hammerhead Greater lizardfish Green jobfish Green sawfish Green tiger prawn Greenback jewfish Greenback mullet Grey bambooshark Grey mullet Grey sharpnose shark Grey sweetlip Grey-fin jewfish Greyfin croaker Greyreef shark griseum, Chiloscyllium Grondeur à joues bleues Grondeur argenté Grondeur coq Grondeur javelot Grondeur moucheté Grondeur selle Grondeurs Grondins Gros poulpe bleu Grouper Groupers Grunts Guarez Guilt bream Guinée saumon Guitaras Guitarfishes 11 86 64 86 47 47 77 88 55 8 31-32 85 158 100,102 133 14 71 72 72 68 103 120 10 30 128 84 74 140 140 34 34 95 128 24 62 139 155 83 93 126 94 123 69 79 79 120 126 70 70 72 71 70 71 68 29 164 35 31 68 94 77 3 140 140 PAGE * * * * Gurnards Gurrin paggas Gussi Gusso pishik guttatum, Cybium guttatum, Indocybium guttatus, Scomberomorus Gwanz Gwarak Gwareen gymnostethoides, Carangoides gymnostethus, Carangoides gymnostethus, Caranx Gymnura poecilura GYMNURIDAE 29 120 120 121-122 103 103 103 97 37 122 43 43 43 135 135 H * * * * * * * * * HAEMULIDAE Hairtails Hajam halavi, Rhinobatos Half-mourning croaker Halfbeaks halli, Citula Ham Hamilton's thryssa hamiltonii, Thryssa Hammerhead sharks Hangor harak, Lethrinus Hardnose shark hardwickii, Parapenaeopsis Hareng gracile Hareng rond Harengs Harengula dollfusi Harpadon nehereus HARPADONTIDAE Harry hotlips hashni, Mugil Hashoor Hasht-pa hasta, Pomadasys hasta, Pristipoma hasta, Sparidentex hedlandensis, Carangoides heidi, Uraspis HEMIGALEIDAE hemigymnostethus, Carangoides hemiodon, Carcharhinus Hemipristis elongatus Hemipuniclodus tenuispinis HEMIRAMPHIDAE Hemiramphus far HEMISCYLLIIDAE hercules, Sepia Herring scad 68-72 104 109 141 84 26 48 120 13 13 127 122 74 122 150 10 9 4 7 24 24 68 91 37 164-166 70 71 77 44 52 125 43 121 125 19 26-27 27 125-126 167 41 - 182 - PAGE PAGE * * * * * * * * * * * * * Herrings hians, Ablennes Hilsa ilisha Hilsa kanagurta Hilsa kelee Hilsa toli Hilsa shad Himantura bleekeri Himantura gerrardi Himantura imbricata Himantura uarnak Himantura walga hippurus, Coryphaena Hira hira, Auxis Hiro Hirundichthys coromandelensis Hirundichthys oxycephalus Histiophorus gladius Histiophorus orientalis hoevenii, Pellona HOLOCENTRIDAE Holocentrus servus hololepidotus, Argyrosomus Holoola Hooded cuttlefish Hooked tonguesole Hooktooth shark horridus, Epinephelus horsti, Octopus Hotlips Hound needlefish Houndsharks hullianus, Bassetina hullianus, Caranx Humpback red snapper Humphead snapper Humpnose big-eye bream Hypolophus sephen Hypoprion playfairi Hyporhamphus dussumieri Hyporhamphus limbatus 4 27 10 5 5 11 10 133 133 133 133 133 53 58-61 101 58-61 26 26 105 105 7 28 36 78 70 168 114 125 33 164 68 28 129 52 52 62 63 74 134 119 27 27 * * * * * * * * * * * I * * * * lago omanensis ignobilis , Caranx Ilisha brachysoma Ilisha filigera Ilisha indica Ilisha megaloptera llisha melastoma ilisha, Hilsa ilisha, Tenualosa i mbricata, Himantura Imposter trevally Indian anchovy Indian ariomma * 129 45 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 133 45 12 109 * * * * * Indian driftfish Indian goatfish ndian halibut Indian ilisha Indian lizardfish Indian mackerel Indian oil-sardine Indian pellona Indian pike conger Indian pompano Indian scad Indian shad Indian spearfish Indian spiny turbot Indian squid Indian threadfin Indian threadfin trevally Indian white shrimp indica, Anchoviella indica, Ariomma indica, Ilisha indica, Loligo indica, Makaira indica, Narcine indica, Pseudosciaena indica, Solenocera indicum, Chiloscyllium indicus, Alectis indicus, Cistopus indicus, Istiompax indicus, Naucrates indicus, Octopus indicus, Parupeneus indicus, Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) indicus, Platycephalus indicus, Polynemus indicus, Psenes indicus, Stolephorus indicus, Synodus indicus, Trachurus Indo-Pacific king mackerel Indo-pacific swamp crab Indo-Pacific tarpon Indocybium guttatum Indocybium lineolatum inermis, Sepiella insidiator, Leiognathus insidiator, Secutor Isabelitas Istiompax indicus Istiompax marlina I STIOPHORIDAE lstiophorus gladius lstiophorus orientalis lstiophorus platypterus Isurus glaucus Isurus oxyrinchus 108 88 109 6 24 102 8 7 16 52 47 10 106 109 163 40,97 40 153 12 109 6 163 106 138 78 155 126 40 166 106 48 166 88 153 30 97 109 12 24 52 103 159 3 103 102 168 56 56 90 106 106 105-106 105 105 105 126 126 - 183 PAGE J Jabal koi Jabal-mol Jack mackerel Jacks Jagri ham Jagriham Jaiba azul Jaiba colorete Jaira Japanese silver bream . Japanese threadfin bream japanica, Mobula * japonicus, Mugil japonicus, Nemipterus japonicus, Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) * japonicus, Stolephorus Jarbua terapon jarbua, Terapon Jaroi pishik Java flounder Javanese cownose ray javanica, Rhinoptera javanicus, Pseudorhombus Javelin grunter javus, Siganus jello, Sphyraena * jerdoni, Mugil Jerki Jew fish Jewelled shad Jewfish Jinga shrimp Jirri Jobfishes John's snapper Johnieops aneus * Johnieops osseus Johnieops sina johnii, Lutjanus * Johnius (Johnieops) aneus * Johnius (Johnieops) sina * Johnius amblycephalus Johnius belangerii Johnius carutta Johnius dussumieri * Johnius fasciatus Johnius glaucus * Johnius maculatus * Johnius osseus * Johnius semiluctuosus * Johnius soldado * Johnius valenciennii Julia-mangar Jurel alinegro Jurel arabigo Jurel arenque Jurel balo Jurel centellante 90 68-69 46-47 39 121 122 158 158 143,153-155 75 65 PAGE Jurel costero Jurel de aleta azul Jurel dorado Jurel gigante Jurel malabarico Jurel manchado Jurel rabo amarillo Jurel sable Jurel saltador Jurel saltarín Jurel subari Jurel tapir Jurel volantín Jurel voraz Jureles * jussieu, Sardinella 42 45 47 45 44 43 42 49 49 49 40 42 52 46 39 8 136 94 65 152 10 36 36 122 110 141 141 110 71 99 96 93 57-58 84 6 80 148 25 58 60 79 79 80 60 79 80 81 80 81 81 80 82 83 79 84 83 85 127-128 41 52 41 43 43 K kaakan, Pomadasys Kaanteri Kabloosh Kagaya * kagoshimensis, Octopus Kainchan Kair Kakawan Kakawan pattar Kakina Kakkar Kakkawan Kakoo Kala pithoo Kala-poplet Kalawani kanaitor Kalgund * kalla, Caranx Kalri Kamot * kanagurta, Hilsa kanagurta, Rastrelliger Kanaitar paggas Kanaitor Kanalcha Kanatyan Kango Kanti Karachi coral crab Karanteen seabream Kareenaij Kari-mangar Karo-dandia Karoo Karopitho Karra Karuni Karunj 71 54,56 36-37 11 164 51 140-141 43,46 41 99 39,42-46,52 39,44-45 115 48 48 121 102-103 46 143,148,150-152, 154-155 123,125 5 102 121 119 58-61 119-121 27 127-128 159 76 135 129 76 48 48 83 137 135-137 - 184 - PAGE PAGE * * * * * * * * Karut croaker kasmira, Lutjanus Kathala axillaris Kathala croaker Katial Katni Katsuwonus pelamis Katti Kawakawa Kawakawas Keeled mullet Keeltail needlefish Kekra kelaartii, Mugil Kelee shad kelee, Hilsa kelee, Macrura Kerli Khadda kikka Khagga Khaggi Khail Khakua Khari-mangar Khokh Khuker Kiddi Kiddi shrimp Kikat Kikka kiliche, Decapterus Kimpo Kinarhal King fish King soldierbream Kingfish Kir Kishinoella tonggol Kishki Kissi Klancho Kobayyadri Kochuk Koh mitar Kohbaradri Kohmai Kolgar Kolonto Koniari Koor Korean seerfish koreanus, Scomberomorus Korgi kotschyi, Diplodusargus Kowala coval Kowala thoracata krempfi, Sepiotheuthis kuhlii, Dasyatis kuhlii, Umbrina Kuker-jeeb Kukkidia Kukri Kulgun Kumpo Kun 81 63 82 82 128 109 101 64-66 101 100 91 27 158-159 94 5 5 5 14 145 18-22 19 142 159 139 116 30 150-151 151 144-146 144-146 47 70 3 42 76 50 85 104 101 74,76-77 31-32 141-142 109 28 142 90 5 64-66,86-87 23 7 103 103 90 77 5 5 163 132 79 109 77 158-159 100,102-103 68,70-72 19,21-22 95-97 27 58-61 19 152 41 Kund Kungi Kunla Kup-a-go Kuruma shrimp Kuwehs L * * * * Labres LABRIDAE Lachner's tonguesole lachneri, Cynoglossus LACTARIIDAE Lactarius delicatulus Lactarius Lactarius lactarius, Lactarius Lady fish Lagartos Lair Lairo lalang, Decapterus Lambe chivato Lamiopsis temmincki LAMNIDAE lanceolatus, Promicrops Langosta colorete Langosta de fusta Langosta fanguera Langosta ornamentada Langouste barriolée Langouste de vase Langouste fouet Langouste ornée Langue à grandes écailles Langue à quatre lignes Langue à tête ronde Langue carotte Langue de Lachner Langues Large-eye breams Large-scale grey mullet Large-scaled banded grunt Largehead hairtail Largescale mullet Largescale tonguesole Largescaled terapon Largetooth flounder Lassa Lates calcarifer laticaudus, Scoliodon latifasciatus, Epinephelus latimanus, Sepia latus, Acanthopagrus latus, Mylio latus, Sparus 98 98 114 114 38 38 38 38 3 23 139 139 46-47 79 122 126 35 145 145 144 144 145 144 145 144 112 113 113 113 114 112 73 92 37 105 92 112 37 110 143 31 124 33 167 75 75 75 - 185 - PAGE * * * * * * * * * Leather skin Lefteye flounders LEIOGNATHIDAE Leiognathus berbes Leiognathus bindus Leiognathus blochi Leiognathus brevirostris Leiognathus daura Leiognathus dussumieri Leiognathus equulus Leiognathus fasciatus Leiognathus insidiator Leiognathus leuciscus Leiognathus lineolatus Leiognathus splendens leiura, Strongylura lemniscatus, Lutjanus Lengua de cuatro lineas Lengua de Lachner Lengua escamuda Lengua roma Lengua zanahoria Lenguado espinudo i ndio Lenguados Lenguas Leopard flounder Leopard stingray Lepidotrigla bispinosa Lepidotrigla omanensis Lepidotrigla spiloptera leptolepis, Selaroides Lepturacanthus savala lepturus, Trichiurus lepturus, Uroconger Lesser devilray Lesser tigertooth croaker lessoniana, Sepioteuthis LETHRINIDAE Lethrinus choerorynchus Lethrinus elongatus Lethrinus fletus Lethrinus fraenatus Lethrinus harak Lethrinus microdon Lethrinus miniata Lethrinus nebulosus Lethrinus opercularis Lethrinus ramak Lethrinus rostratus Lethrinus waigiensis leucas, Carcharhinus leuciscus, Leiognathus lewini, Sphyrna Li -ching Light-tip shark Lija barbuda limbatus, Carcharhinus li mbatus, Hyporhamphus li mbatus, Plotosus Limpmi garamari lineatus, Plotosus Lined silver grunter Lined silver-biddy lineolatum, Cybium 49 109 54-56 55 55 55 55 55 56 56 56 56 56 56 54 27 62 113 114 112 113 113 109 109,111 112 110 133 29 29 29 50 105 105 18 136 83 163 73-74 73 73 73 73 74 74 73 73 73 74 73 73 121-122 56 128 38 124 115 121 27 23 134 23 70 57 102 PAGE * lineolatum, Indocybium lineolatus, Leiognathus * lineolatus, Lutjanus lineolatus, Scomberomorus Lipocheilus carnolabrum Lisa abu Lisa chiraya Lisa de aleta larga Lisa de carena Lisa de mancha azul Lisa godeya Lisa lomo verde Lisa mejilla dorada Lisa mopiro Lisa otomebora Lisa tade Lisas Listado Little spinefoot Live sharksucker Liza abu * Liza akame Liza carinata Liza macrolepis Liza melinoptera Liza parsia Liza subviridis Liza tade Liza vaigiensis Lizardfishes * lobata, Corvina Lobotes surinamensis LOBOTIDAE LOLIGINIDAE Loligo duvauceli * Loligo indica * Loligo oshimai Lon Lone Long finned herring Long tail butterfly ray Long-jaw anchovy Long-ray bony bream Long-rayed silver-biddy Long-spined red bream Long-spined tripodfish Longarm mullet Longbarbel goatfish Longface emperor Longfin African conger Longfin lizardfish Longfin silver-biddy longiceps, Sardinella longimanus, Carcharhinus * longimanus, Mugil longimanus, Pentaprion longimanus, Saurida Longjaw thryssa Longnose guitarfish Long nose pigface bream Longnose trevally Longtail carpetsharks Longtail stingray Longtail tuna Longtoothed salmon 102 56 60 102 62 91 95 94 91 94 92 93 92 93 92 93 91 101 99 38 91 92 91 92 92 92 93 93 93 23 80 67 67 163 163 163 163 120 124-125 7 135 14 6 57 76 116 94 88 73 17 24 58 8 121 94 58 24 14 141 73 42 125 133 104 84 - 186 - PAGE * * * * * * * Loros Lotari Loxodon macrorhinus Luar luctuosa, Nibea Lugger lunaris, Matuta Lunartail snapper lundini, Decapterus Lunero Luneur Lunti lunulatus, Lutjanus LUTJ ANIDAE Lutjanus altifrontalis Lutjanus argentimaculatus Lutjanus bengalensis Lutjanus bohar Lutjanus coeruleolineatus Lutjanus ehrenbergii Lutjanus erythropterus Lutjanus fulviflamma Lutjanus fulviflammus Lutjanus fulvus Lutjanus gibbus Lutjanus johnii Lutjanus kasmira Lutjanus lemniscatus Lutjanus lineolatus Lutjanus lunulatus Lutjanus lutjanus Lutjanus malabaricus Lutjanus rivulatus Lutjanus russelli Lutjanus sanguineus Lutjanus sebae Lutjanus vitta lutjanus, Lutjanus lymna, Taeniura lysan, Scomberoides 98 33-35 123 7-9 84 7-9 159 60 42 53 53 68 60 58-64 59 59 63 62 63 63 59 59 59 63 62 60 63 62 60 60 60 59,61 61 63 61,63 61 63 60 134 49 PAGE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * M Mac Lelland's unicornMacabí boca redonda Macarela alicorta Macarela bandoneada Macarela indica Macarela salmon Macarela torpedo Macarelas macclellandi, Bregmaceros * maccullochi, Pseudomycterus machnata, Elops Màchoiron aiguillette Mâchoiron canard Mâchoiron i mberbe Màchoiron soldat 25 3 46 46 47 47 48 39 25 80 3 19 19 22 22 * * * * * * Mâchoiron tacheté Mâchoiron titan Mâchoirons Machuelo narigón Mackerel tuna Mackerels macloti, Carcharhinus Macolor niger macracanthus, Gerres macrolepidotus, Cynoglossus macrolepis, Liza macronema, Parupeneus macrophthalmus, Pennahia macrops, Synodus macropterus, Neothunnus macropus, Octopus macrorhinus, Loxodon macrosoma, Decapterus macrostoma, Chaenogaleus Macrura kelee macrura, Thyrsoidea macrurus, Alepes macrurus, Caranx maculata, Corvina maculata, Mene maculata, Nibea maculate, Sciaena maculatum, Pomadasys maculatus, Aetomylaeus maculatus, Arius maculatus, Johnius maculatus, Tachysurus Madak Mafou Mahparri Maigre africain Maigre d'Amoy Maigres maindroni, Sepiella Maing Maish Mait Makaira audax Makaira indica Makaira marlina Makaira mitsukurii Makaire à rostre court Makaire noir Makul Malabar anchovy Malabar blood snapper Malabar grouper Malabar snapper Malabar thryssa Malabar trevally malabarica, Thrissocles malabarica, Thryssa malabaricus, Carangoides malabaricus, Caranx malabaricus, Epinephelus malabaricus, Lutjanus Malacho salmón malam, Alepes malam, Caranx malayana, Sepiotheuthis 18 19 18 6 101 100 122 64 57 112 92 88 85 24 103 165 123 46 125 5 15 41 41 85 53 83 83 71 137 18 83 18 148,151-152,155 38 99 78 78 78 168 93 128 34-35 106 106 106 106 106 106 168 13 61 34 61 13 44 13 13 44 44 34 59,61 3 41 41 163 - 187 - PAGE * * * * * * * * * Malelak Malhar Mamila lisse Mamilas Mangra Mangrove red snapper Manori Manta sp. Mantas Mantes Mâquereau des Indes Maquereaux Marbled catshark margaritifera, Sciaena marginatus, Caranx marguiensis, Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) Marignans Marlin rayado Marlin rayé Marlin trompa corta marlina, Istiompax marlina, Makaira Marlins marmoratus, Atelomycterus marmoratus, Octopus Marrajo dientuso Marz Masi Matar mate, Atule mate, Caranx Matuta lunaris Matuta planipes Matyabyllia Mayya Meagres mebachi, Parathunnus Medregal listado medusicola, Caranx Meengh Megalaspis cordyla MEGALOPIDAE Megalops cyprinoides megaloptera, Ilisha melampygus, Caranx melanoptera, Alepes melanopterus, Carcharhinus melanospilos, Taeniura melanotus, Tylosacus melanura, Sardinella melastoma, Ilisha melanoptera, Liza Melva Melvas Melveras membranaceus, Octopus Mene maculata MENIDAE menoni, Wak Mero abanderado Mero azul y amarillo Mero banderilla Mero cometa Mero espinudo PAGE 76 53 66 64 117,119-127,129 59 86-87 136 135 135 102 100 127 78 46 153 28 106 106 106 106 106 105 127 164 126 108 38 21 42 42 159 159 141-142 163,167-168 78 104 50 45 94 48 3 3 6 45 41 119 134 28 9 6 92 101 100 100 166 53 53 80 33 33 32 34 32 * * * * * * * * * * * Mero lanceolado. Mero lutra Mero malabarico Mero manchado Mero medioluto Mero ondulado Mero patata Mero pintado Meros Mérou à bandes Mérou comète Mérou demideuil Mérou épineux Mérou faraud Mérou lancéolé Mérou loutre Mérou malabare Mérou marbré Mérou ondulé Mérou oriflamme Mérou patate Mérou pintade Mérous Metapenaeus affinis Metapenaeus alcocki Metapenaeus brevicornis Metapenaeus monoceros Metapenaeus mutatus Metapenaeus stebbingi metopias, Nemipterus microcheirus, Sepia (Sepie Ila) microchir, Caranx microdon, Lethrinus Midwater grouper Milandres milchthyoides, Nibea miles, Corvina miles, Sciaena militaris, Osteogeneiosus Milk shark Milkfish miniata, Lethrinus mino, Batrachocephalus Minstrel sweetlip minuta, Gazza Mith Mi thoo mitsukurii, Makaira mitsukurii, Tetrapturus Mittoo miyakamii, Caranx Mobula diabola Mobula japanica MOBULIDAE Mohr Mojarra alona Mojarra común Mojarra de hebra Mojarra espinuda Mojarras mokarran, Sphyrna moluccensis, Upeneus MONACANTHIDAE monoceros, Alutera 35 34 34 33 31 35 35 32 31 33 34 31 32 33 35 34 34 33 35 32 35 32 31 148 148 143 143 148 150 65 168 46 74 35 125 78 83 83 22 123 23 73 22 69 54 53-54,56 5 106 106 4 46 136 136 135-136 120 58 57 57 58 57 128 86 115 115 - 188 - PAGE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * monoceros, Metapenaeus monocirrhus, Exocoetus Monocle breams monodon, Penaeus (Penaeus) Monotaxis grandoculis mookalee, Trachinotus Moon fish Moonfish Moorat Morays Morenas Morénésoce commun Morénésoce dague Morénésoce indien Morénésoces Morenocio común Morenocio dentón Morenocio indio Morenocios Mori morrhua, Epinephelus Moses perch mosis, Mustelus Mota Motambo boxeador Motambo dentudo Motambo esplendor Motambos Mottled eagle ray Mourine javanaise Moustached anchovy Moustached thryssa mozambica, Sepia Muchicho Mud spiny lobster Mudro muelleri, Physodon Mugil abu zarondnyi Mugil amarulus Mugil anpinensis Mugil axillaris Mugil borneensis Mugil caeruleomaculatus Mugil cephalus Mugil ceramensis Mugil dussumieri Mugil hashni Mugil japonicus Mugil jerdoni Mugil kelaartii Mugil longimanus Mugil oligolepis Mugil ophuysenii Mugil oür Mugil planiceps Mugil strongylocephalus Mugil troschelii MUGILIDAE Mulet à grandes écailles Mulet à tache bleue Mulet abu Mulet cabot Mulet caréné Mulet chiraya 143 25 64 154 74 52 53 53 28 15 15 17 16 16 16 17 16 16 16 41,91 34 60 129 3 56 54 54 54 137 141 13 13 167 142 144 57-58 124 91 94 92 94 92 94 94 92 93 91 94 93 94 94 92 94 94 93 94 92 91-95 92 94 91 94 91 95 PAGE * * * * * * * * * * * Mulet dos vert Mulet joue d'or Mulet longue alle Mulet mopiro Mulet otomebora Mulet tade Mulets Mulichthys squamiceps Mulla Mulla pittan Mullets MULLIDAE Mulloides auriflamma Mulloides erythrinus Mulloides flavolineatus Mulloides vanicolensis multidens, Pristipomoides multimaculatum, Pomadasys Muna swasoo Mundi Mundsar Mundsar bholari Mundsar-tont Munsa swasoo MURAENESOCIDAE Muraenesox arabicus Muraenesox bagio Muraenesox cinereus Muraenesox talabonoides Muraenesox yamaguchiensis MURAENIDAE Murba Murbo Murènes Murra Murrant Murro Mus Mushk Mushka Mushko Musolas Mussi Mustelus mosis mutatus, Metapenaeus Mylio berda Mylio bifasciatus Mylio latus MYLIOBATIDAE Myliobatis sp. myops, Trachinocephalus mystax, Thrissocles mystax, Thryssa 93 92 94 93 92 93 91 108 73 136-137 91 86-88 86 86 88 86 64 72 112 91-93 94 82 79 113-114 16-17 16 17 16 16 17 15 92 91-95 15 23 26 23 163-168 3,118 78-85 83-84 129 120 129 148 75 75 75 136-137 137 24 13 13 N * nageb, Pomadasys Nambo 71 31,33-35 - 189 - PAGE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Nar Nar mangar Narce dipterygia Narcine brunnea Narcine dipterygia Narcine indica Narcine timlei NARCINIDAE narinari, Aetobatus Narke dipterygia NARKIDAE Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel nasus, Nematalosa nasus, Sciaena (Corvina) natalensis, Cubiceps Naucrates ductor Naucrates indicus naucrates, Echeneis Nawar Nebrius concolor Nebrius doldi Nebrius frrugineus nebulosa, Echidna nebulosus, Lethrinus Needlefishes Needlescaled queenfish Neela punto Negaprion acutidens neglecta, Coilia neglecta, Sciaena Neglected grenadier anchovy nehereus, Harpadon Nematalosa nasus NEMIPTERIDAE Nemipterus bipunctatus Nemipterus bleekerl Nemipterus delagoae Nemipterus japonicus Nemipterus metopias Nemipterus peronii Nemipterus tolu Neothunnus albacora Neothunnus macropterus Neptunus pelagicus Netuma thalassinus Nibea diacanthus Nibea luctuosa Nibea maculata Nibea milchthyoides Nibea soldado nichofii, Aetomylaeus niger, Apolectus niger, Formio niger, Gaterin niger, Macolor niger, Parastromateus nigra, Pseudopristipoma nigricans, Cheilopogon nigripinnis, Caranx nigrofasciata, Seriolina nigrofasciata, Zonichthys nigromaculata, Corvina nigrus, Plectorhynchus 3 126 138 138 138 138 138 138 137 138 138 102 6 80 108 48 48 38 74,76-77 124 124 124 15 73 27 49 54 122 12 78 12 24 6 64-67 65 65 65 65 65 66 66 103 103 158 19 85 84 83 78 83 137 48 48 68 64 48 68 25 41 50 50 85 68 PAGE * noct, Diplodus NOMEIDAE * normani, Decapterus nudus, Chirocentrus nufar, Cheimerius * nufar, Dentex Numb-fish Numbray Nur-mani Nur-palla 77 108 42 15 76 76 138 138 119-120 11 o * * * * * * * * * * * * obesus, Thunnus obesus, Triaenodon Oblique-banded snapper oblongus, Carangoides obtusata, Sphyraena Obtuse barracuda Oceanic whitetip shark ocellatus, Octopus Ochreband goatfish OCTOPODIDAE Octopus aegina Octopus cyaneus Octopus horsti Octopus indicus Octopus kagoshimensis Octopus macropus Octopus marmoratus Octopus membranaceus Octopus ocellatus Octopus vulgaris ODONTASPIDIDAE Oil sardine Old woman octopus oligolepis, Mugil oligolinx, Rhizoprionodon olivaceum, Pomadasys Olive grunt Oliver grunter Oman gurnard omanensis, lago omanensis, Lepidotrigla Ombrine bronze One spot seabream One-fin let scad One-spot golden snapper operculare, Pomadasys operculare, Pristipoma opercularis, Lethrinus ophuysenii, Mugil Opisthopterus tardoore Orangefin ponyfish Orangemouth anchovy Orangespotted trevally . orbicularis, Platax orbis, Chaetodon 104 124 64 44 96 96 121 166 88 164-166 164 164 164 166 164 165 164 166 166 165 126 8 166 92 123 72 72 72 29 129 29 85 77 42 59 70 70 73 94 7 55 14 44 89 89 - 190 - PAGE PAGE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • orbis, Ephippus Oriental sole Oriental sweetlips orientalis, Chorinemus orientalis, Euryglossa orientalis, Gaterin orientalis, Histiophorus orientalis, Istiophorus orientalis, Plectorhinchus orientalis, Thenus Ornate ponyfish Ornate spiny lobster Ornate torpedo ornatus, Panulirus oshimai, Loligo osseus, Johnieops osseus, Johnius osseus, Sciaena osseus, Wak Osteogeneiosus militaris Osteogeneiosus sthenocephalus Otolithes argenteus Otolithes cuvieri Otolithes ruber Otolithoides biauritus Otolithoides brunneus Otolithus argenteus Otolithus brunneus Otomebora mullet our, Mugil oxycephalus, Hirundichthys oxyrinchus, Isurus oyena, Gerres 89 112 69 49 112 69 105 105 69 146 56 144 142 144 163 79 79 79 79 22 22 84 83 84 84 84 84 84 92 94 26 126 57 * * P Paarlari Paddan Padni Pagapa Paggas Pagre à nageoires jaunes Pagre double bande Pagre picnic Pagres Paguala Painted spiny lobster Painted sweetlips • palasorra, Scoliodon Pale spotfin croaker PALINURIDAE Palla Palli Palo Palometa negra Palometas Palometones * 71 13-14 11-14 38 117 75 75 75 74 89 145 68 123-124 82 144-145 4,10 4-7 94 48 39 39,107 * * Palore Palore guitarfish Palwar Pámpano abotonado Pámpano africano Pampano de hebra Pampano de quilla Pampano indico Pámpano indico Pámpano lunero Pampanos Pampus argenteus Pampus chinensis Panaeus (Melicertus) canaliculatus Panchitos Pandasi pantherinus, Bothus panther, Torpedo Panulirus fasciatus Panulirus ornatus Panulirus polyphagus Panulirus versicolor Pappo Paracaesio xanthurus para, Caranx Paradise threadfin paradiseus, Polynemus Paranibea semiluctuosa Parapenaeopsis hardwickii Parapenaeopsis sculptilis Parapenaeopsis stylifera Paraplagusia bilineata Parascolopsis aspinosa Parascolopsis boesemani Parascolopsis eriomma Parascolopsis townsendi Parastromateus niger Parathunnus mebachi Parathunnus sibi Pardete Pardetes Pargo carmesi Pargo de Madras Pargo de manglar Pargo imperial Pargo jaspeado Pargo malabárico Pargo maori Pargo raboluna Pargo tintero Pargos Parrotfishes Parse parsia, Liza Parupeneus barberinus Parupeneus bifasciatus Parupeneus cinnabarinus Parupeneus cyclostomus Parupeneus indicus Parupeneus macronema parva, Sciaena Pasali Pashant Pastenagues 140-141 141 10-11 51 51 40 41 40 52 51 39 108 108 152 58 83-84 110 142 144 144 144 145 135 64 46 98 98 84 150 151 151 114 66 66 66 66 48 104 104 94 91 59 60 59 61 60 61 61 60 59 58 98 92 92 88 88 88 88 88 88 80 9 14 132 - 191 - PAGE * * * * * * * Pata patti 152 Patia 11-12 Pattal 40 Pattar 39,41-45,52 Patudo 104 Patunas 22 Pavillon tacheté 90 Peces cuña 141 Peces sables 104 Peces vela 105 Pêche- madame argenté 37 pectinata, Pristis 139 pectoralis, Caranx 41 Pee-ant 93 Pegatimón 38 Pejepuerco estrellado 115 Pejesierras 139 Pelagic thresher 118 pelagicus, Alopias 118 pelagicus, Neptunus 158 pelagicus, Portunus 158 pelamis, Euthynnus 101 pelamis, Katsuwonus 101 Pelates quadrilineatus 36 Péliau chanos 38 Pellona ditchela 7 Pellona hoevenii 7 Penaeid prawns 148 Penaeid shrimps 148 PENAEIDAE 143,148,150-155 Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) 153 indicus 153 Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus ) marguiensis Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) 154 penicillatus Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) 152 japonicus Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon 154 Penaeus (Penaeus) semisulcatus 155 Penaeus bubulus 154 154 penicillatus, Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) Pennahia macrophthalmus 85 Pentaprion longimanus 58 Peregrine shrimp 150 perforata, Sardinella 7 Peron's threadfin bream 66 peronii, Nemipterus 66 Perroquets 98 Pertica filamentosa 57 Petacas 90 petimba, Fistularia 28 Peto 100 Petos 100 Pez espada 107 Pez piloto 48 Pez vela 105 Phani 111 Phanna 89 Pharaoh cuttlefish 167 pharaonis, Sepia 167 Pharra 91,94-95 Phulano 132 Phyasa 11-14 PAGE * Physodon muelleri Pickhandle barracuda Picnic seabream pictum, Diagramma pictus, Plectorhinchus * pictus. Plectorhynchus * pictus, Spilotichthys Picuda barracuda Picuda de Forster Picuda galoneada Picuda obtusa Picuda serpentina Picudas * picuda, Sphyraena Pieuvre Pigeye shark Pigface breams Pike congers Pike eel Pilotfish Pingo manchado Pinjalo pinjalo Pinjalo snapper pinjalo, Pinjalo Pintarroja coral Pishi Pithoo Pittan Pittan dum plagiotaenia, Carangoides Plain eagle ray * planiceps, Mugil planipes, Matuta PLATACIDAE Platax orbicularis * Platax vespertilio Platybelone argalus platyura Platycéphales PLATYCEPHALIDAE Platycephalus indicus platypterus, Istiophorus platystomus, Arius * platystomus, Tachysurus platyura, Platybelargalus * playfairi, Hypoprion plebeius, Polynemus Plectorhinchus gibbosus Plectorhinchus orientalis Plectorhinchus pictus Plectorhinchus schotaf * Plectorhynchus crassispina * Plectorhynchus fangi * Plectorhynchus nigrus * Plectorhynchus pictus PLOTOSIDAE Plotosus limbatus Plotosus lineatus poecilura, Gymnura poieti, Gerres Pointed sawfish Poisson pilote Poisson -papiér tarture Poissons sabre Poissons-guitares Poissons-paille 124 96 75 68 69 68 68 95 96 97 96 96 95 95 165 120 73 16 16 48 90 64 64 64 127 124-125,129 107-108 132-135 134 44 137 93 159 89 89 89 27 30 30 30 105 19 19 27 119 98 68 69 69 69 68 *69 68 68 22-23 23 23 135 58 139 48 7 104 140 141 - 192 - PAGE PAGE * * * * * * * * * Poissons-scie Polat politus, Decapterus POLYNEMIDAE Polynemus indicus Polynemus paradiseus Polynemus plebeius Polynemus sextarius polyphagus, Panulirus POMACANTHIDAE POMACENTRIDAE POMADASYIDAE Pomadasys argenteus Pomadasys argyreus Pomadasys commersonni Pomadasys furcatus Pomadasys hasta Pomadasys kaakan Pomadasys maculatum Pomadasys multimaculatum Pomadasys nageb Pomadasys olivaceum Pomadasys operculare Pomadasys stridens Pomfrets Pompaneau africain Pompaneau indien Pompaneau lune Pompaneau muscadin Pompano Pompano à quille noire Pompano dolphinfish Pompanos Pondicherry shark Ponyfish Ponyfishes Pooki Portuk PORTUNIDAE Portunus pelagicus Portunus sanguinolentus Potato grouper Poule d'eau Poulpe à quatre yeux Poulpe des sables Poulpe tacheté M Poulpe vieille femme praeustus, Carangoides prashadi, Sepia PRISTIDAE Pristipoma haste Pristipoma operculare Pristipomoides multidens Pristipomoides zonatus Pristis pectinata Pristis pristis Pristis zisjron pristis, Pristis Promicrops lanceolatus Protonibea diacanthus Psenes africanus Psenes extraneus Psenes indicus Psenes squamiceps Psettodes erumei 139 92 42 97-98 97 98 98 98 144 90 90 68-72 70 70 70 71 70 71 71 72 71 72 70 72 39 51 52 51 51 51-52 41 53 39 121 54 54 115-116 7 158-159Q 158 158 35 89 166 164 165 166 45 168 139 71 70 64 64 139 139 139 139 35 85 109 109 109 108 109 * * * * * * * PSETTODIDAE Pseudomycterus maccullochi Pseudopristipoma nigra Pseudorhombus arsius Pseudorhombus elevatus Pseudorhombus javanicus Pseudorhombus triocellatus Pseudosciaena amoyensis Pseudosciaena axillaris Pseudosciaena diacanthus Pseudosciaena indica Pseudosciaena soldado Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer Puerulus sewelli Pufferfishes Pugnose ponyfish Pulpo azulón Pulpo común Pulpo manchado Pulpo membranoso Pulpo perforado Pulpo reticulado punctata, Chaetondon punctata, Drepane punctatus, Gerres puncticeps, Cynoglossus Purple j ewfish Pusuni puta, Authistes puta, Terapon putnamiae, Sphyraena 109 80 68 110 110 110 110 78 82 85 78 83 116 145 115 56 164 165 165 166 166 164 89 89 57 114 81 129 37 37 97 Q * quadrilineata, Cynoglossus quadrilineatus, Pelates quagga, Zebrias 113 36 112 R Rabbitfishes Rabil RACHYCENTRIDAE Rachycentron canadum Raies Raies-papillon Rainbow runner Rainbow sardine Rainbow shrimp RAJIDAE Rake-gilled mackerel 99 103 38 38 140 135 47 5 151 140 102 - 193 - PAGE * * * * * * * * * * ramak, Lethrinus Rangan Ranwas rappiana, Sepia Rascacios Rascasses Rastrelliger chrysozonus Rastrelliger kanagurta Rayamariposas Rayas Rayas latigo rayneri, Galeocerdo rectipinnis, Carangoides Red snapper Redbanded grouper Redfin dwarf monocle bream Redspot swimming crab Redspotted box crab Redtail prawn Remora Rémora commun Renards Requiem sharks Requin á museau pointu Requin aiguille gris Requin baleine Requin corail Requin du Gange Requin épée Requin marteau halicorne Requin marteau planeur Requin pointes noires Requin sagrin Requin tacheté Requin taureau Requin tigre commun Requin zèbre Requin-nourrice fauve Requins Requins marteau Requins-cabot Requins-hâ Reticulated box crab reversa, Uraspis Rhabdosargus sarba Rhina ancylostoma Rhincodon typus Rhiniodon typus RHINIODONTIDAE RHINOBATIDAE Rhinobatos annandalei Rhinobatos granulatus Rhinobatos halavi Rhinobatos thouini Rhinoptera javanica RHINOPTERIDAE Rhizoprionodon acutus Rhizoprionodon oligolinx rhomboides, Carangoides Rhonciscus anas Rhonciscus furcatus Rhonciscus stridens RHYNCHOBATIDAE 74 84 97 167 29 29 102 102 135 140 132 120 44 59 32 66 158 159 154 38 38 118 119 123 123 127 124 122 124 128 128 119 123 119 126 120 129 124 119 127 125 129 159 52 77 142 127 127 127 140-141 140 140 141 141 141 141 123 123 44 71 71 72 141-142 PAGE * * * * * Rhynchobatus djeddensis Riami saang Riami sarando Riami tont Ribbontail stingray River shad rivulatus, Lutjanus Robila Rockcods Rombous Ronco de seis bandes Ronco de tres bandas Roncos rostratus, Lethrinus Rosy dwarf monocle bream Rosy jewfish Rosy snapper Rouget-souris aurore Rouget-souris bande or Rouget-souris orangé Rouget-souris rayé Rougets-barbets Roughback sea catfish Roundhead grey mullet Roundhead tonguesole Roundjaw bonefish rouxi, Sepia Rubberlips ruber, Otolithes Ruby snapper Runners Rupichand Russell's jewfish Russell's snapper russelli, Decapterus russelli, Dendrophysa russelli, Lutjanus russelli, Sciaena russelli, Umbrina 142 15 89 83 134 10 61 22 31 109 71 72 68 73 66 84 60 87 86 87 87 86 20 94 113 3 167 68 84 62 39 89 79 63 46-47 79 63 79 79 S Saang Sábalo cachunda Sábalo chandano Sábalo de la India Sábalo toli Sábalos Saddle grunt Safay-pattar Sagor catfish sagor, Arius Sailfish Sailfishes Salema de Mar Rojo Salemas Salicoque des vases 16-17 4 5 10 11 4 71 40 21 21 105 105 76 74 155 - 194 - PAGE PAGE * * * * * * * * Salicoque des vases Salmonete aurora Salmonete de banda dorada Salmonete estriado Salmonete naranjero Salmonetes Salmonte vanicolense sanctipetri, Chorinemus Sand tigershark Sand bird octopus Sanghra Sanglor sanguineus, Lutjanus sanguinolentus, Portunus Sank Sankh Sanpoo Santer seabream Sapsap boxeur Sapsap dentu Sapsap soleil Sapsaps Sar lune Saram Saram alari Saram gazdani Saran kainchan Sarando sarba, Rhabdosargus sarba, Sparus Sardina arco iris Sardina blanca Sardinas Sardinata i ndica Sardine arc-en-ciel Sardinela aceitera Sardinela blanca Sardinela dorada Sardinela rabo negro Sardinela sinda Sardinelas Sardinella albella Sardinella bulan Sardinella gibbosa Sardinella jussieu Sardinella longiceps Sardinella melanura Sardinella perforata Sardinella sindensis Sardinella taiwanensis Sardinella tembang Sardinellas Sardinelle blanche Sardinelle dorée Sardinelle indienne Sardinelle miyako Sardinelle queue noire Sardinelles Sardines Sardineta indica Sardineta ojigrande Sardinetas Sargo aleta amarilla Sargo de dos bandas 155 87 86 87 87 86 86 49 126 164 38 38 61,63 158 18 15-17 47 76 56 54 54 54 77 49 49 49 49 89 77 77 5 5 4 7 5 8 7 8 9 9 4 7 7 8 8 8 9 7 9 8 8 4 7 8 8 9 9 4 4 6 6 4 75 75 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Sargo dorado Sargo luna Ilena Sargo picnic Sargo real Sargo sobaity Sargos Sargue doré Sargues Saupe de Mer Rouge Saurida longimanus Saurida tumbil Saurida undosquamis saurus, Elops Sauteur leurre Sauteur sabre Sauteur talang Savalai hairtail savala, Lepturacanthus Savorín i ndio Sawfishes Scads Scalloped hammerhead Scaly dwarf monocle bream Scaly stingray SCARIDAE SCATOPHAGIDAE Scatophagus argus schotaf, Gaterin schotaf, Plectorhinchus Sciaena (Corvina) nasus Sciaena aeneus Sciaena antarctica Sciaena axillaris Sciaena belengeri Sciaena bleekeri Sciaena carutta Sciaena diacanthus Sciaena dussumieri Sciaena glaucus Sciaena goma Sciaena maculata Sciaena margaritifera Sciaena miles Sciaena neglecta Sciaena osseus Sciaena parva Sciaena russelli Sciaena semiluctuosa Sciaena sinuata SCIAENIDAE Sciaenoides brunneus Scoliodon acutus Scoliodon ceylonensis Scoliodon laticaudus Scoliodon palasorra Scoliodon sorrakowa Scoliodon walbeehmi Scolopsis bimaculatus Scolopsis ghanam Scolopsis taeniatus Scolopsis vosmeri Scomberoides commersonnianus Scomberoides lysan Scomberoides tol 77 77 75 76 77 74 77 74 76 24 24 24 3 49 49 49 105 105 108 139 39 128 66 133 98 90 90 69 69 80 85 78,85 82 80 78 81 85 81-82 82 85 83 78 83 78 79 80 79 84 85 78-85 84 123 123 124 123-124 124 123 66 67 67 67 49 49 49 - 195 - PAGE Scomberomorus commerson Scomberomorus guttatus Scomberomorus koreanus Scomberomorus lineolatus SCOMBRIDAE SCORPAENIDAE Scorpionfishes sculptilis, Parapenaeopsis SCYLIORHINIDAE Scylla serrata SCYLLARIDAE Sea catfishes Sea robin Seabasses Seabreams sebae, Lutjanus secunda, Uraspis Secutor insidiator Seem Seerfishes Serri seheli, Valamugil Seiche capuchon Seiche grandes mains Seiche pharaon Selar crumenophthalmus Sélar à bande dorée Sélar aile noire Sélar coulisou Sélar harangule Selar queue jaune Sélar subari Selaroides leptolepis * semiluctuosa, Corvina semiluctuosa, Paranibea * semiluctuosa, Sciaena * semiluctuosus, Johnius semisulcatus, Penaeus (Penaeus) * * * * * * * * * * * * sephen, Hypolophus Sepia (Sepiella) microcheirus Sepia affinis Sepia formosana Sepia hercules Sepia latimanus Sepia mozambica Sepia pharaonis Sepia prashadi Sepia rappiana Sepia rouxi Sepia tigris Sepia caperuza Sepia faraonica Sépia i nerme Sepia i nerme Sepia mazuda Sepiella inermis Sepiella maindroni SEPIIDAE Sepioteuthis lessoniana Sepiotheuthis krempfi Sepiotheuthis malayana Sepiotheuthis sieboldi Serin 102 103 103 102 100-104 29 29 151 127 159 146 18 29 31 74 61 52 56 39-42,46-47, 50,52 100 97 94 168 167 167 50 50 41 50 41 42 40 50 84 84 84 84 155 134 168 168 167 167 167 167 167 168 167 167 167 168 167 168 168 167 168 168 167-168 163 163 163 163 29 PAGE * * * * * * * * * Sériole amourez Seriolina nigrofasciata SERRANIDAE Serranos Serrans serrata, Scylla serratus, Arius serratus, Tachysurus servus, Holocentrus setirostris, Thrissocles setirostris, Thryssa sewelli, Puerulus sexfasciatus, Caranx sextarius, Polynemus Shadines Shads Sharpnose stingray Shazada Short-bodied sardine Short-nose swordfish Short-nosed tripodfish Short-tail butterfly ray Short-tail stingray Shortbill spearfish Shortfin mako Shortfin scad Shortnose gizzard shad Shortnose ponyfish Shovelnose sea catfish Shrimp scad Shumala Siah tighlum Siah-gosh khaggi Siah-pattar sibi, Parathunnus Sicklefin lemonshark sieboldi, Sepiotheuthis SIGANIDAE Siganos Sigans Siganus canaliculatus Siganus javus Siganus spinus sihama, Sillago Silago plateado Silky shark SILLAGINIDAE Sillago sihama Silver conger Silver grunt Silver grunter Silver jewfish Silver pomfret Silver pomfrets Silver sillago Silver whiting Silver-biddies Sin croaker sina, Corvina sina, Johnieops sina, Johnius (Johnieops) sina, Wak Sind sardinella sindensis, Sardinella 50 50 31-35 31 31 159 19 19 36 14 14 145 46 98 4 4 132 20 7 106 116 135 133 106 126 46 4 55 21 40 74-76 48 20 40 104 122 163 99 99 99 99 99 99 37 37 121 37 37 16 70 70 81 108 107 37 37 57 80 80 80 80 80 9 9 - 196 - PAGE PAGE Singhara * sinuata, Sciaena * sinuata, Umbrina sinuspersici, Torpedo Skates Skipjack Skipjack tuna Slender bambooshark Slender barred ponyfish Slender conger Slender queenfish Slender threadfin bream Sliteye shark Sluggish shark Small grey shark Small salmon Small spotted dart Small-scaled banded grunt Small-toothed jobfish Smallscaled terapon Smallspotted grunter Smalltooth emperor Smalltooth sawfish Smooth dwarf monocle bream Smoothhounds Snaggletooth shark Snappers Snubnose pompano Sobaity seabream solandri, Acanthocybium * soldado, Johnius soldado, Nibea * soldado, Pseudosciaena * soldado, Wak Soldier catfish Soldier croaker Soldierbreams Soldierfishes Sole Solea elongata SOLEIDAE Solenocera crassicornis * Solenocera indica * Solenocera subnuda SOLENOCERIDAE Soles Soli chuk Sona sea catfish sona, Arius Sonab Sonaf Sonam Sooli Sorapi pishik Soredab Soredaf sorrah, Carcharhinus * sorrakowa, Scoliodon Sorro Southern meagre Spadefish Spadenose shark Spangled emperor 19-22 85 85 142 140 101 101 126 56 18 49 65 123 124 119 80 51 37 62 37 70 74 139 66 129 125 58 51 77 100 83 83 83 83 22 83 74 28 112-114 112 111-112 155 155 155 155 111 83 21 21 51-52 51-52 51-52 78 123 68 68-69 119 124 76 78 89 124 73 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Spare royal Spare sobaity Spares SPARIDAE Sparidentex hasta Sparus bifasciatus Sparus latus Sparus sarba Sparus spinifer Spear shrimp speciosus, Caranx speciosus, Gnathanodon Speckled shrimp Speckled tonguesole Speigler's mullet speigleri, Valamugil Sphyraena barracuda Sphyraena bleekeri Sphyraena chrysotaenia Sphyraena forsteri Sphyraena jello Sphyraena obtusata Sphyraena picuda Sphyraena putnamiae Sphyraenella chrysotaenia SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyrna blochii Sphyrna diplana Sphyrna lewini Sphyrna mokarran Sphyrna tudes SPHYRNIDAE spiloptera, Lepidotrigla Spilotichthys pictus Spinefoots Spineless cuttlefish spinifer, Argyrops spinifer, Sparus spinus, Siganus splendens, Leiognathus Splendid ponyfish Spotfin flathead Spottail needlefish Spottail shark Spotted batfish Spotted butterfish Spotted catfish Spotted codlet Spotted croaker Spotted eagle ray Spotted electric ray Spotted grunter Spotted scat Spotted sicklefish Spotted Spanish mackerel Spottedwing gurnard Spratelloides delicatulus Spratelloides gracilis Sprats Springer squamiceps, Cubiceps squamiceps, Mulichthys squamiceps, Psenes Square-tail mullet 76 77 74 74-77 77 75 75 77 76 150 47 47 143 114 95 95 95 97 96 96 96 96 95 97 96 95-97 128 128 128 128 128 127-128 29 68 99 168 76 76 99 54 54 30 28 119 89 90 18 25 85 137 138 71 90 89 103 29 9 10 4 94 108 108 108 93 - 197 - PAGE * * * * * * * * * * * Squirrelfishes Starry moray Starry pigface bream Starry triggerfish stebbingi, Metapenaeus Stegostoma fasciatum Stegostoma tygrinus Stegostoma varium STEGOSTOMATIDAE stellaris, Abalistes stellatus, Abalistes stellatus, Caranx sthenocephalus, Osteogeneiosus Stingfishes Stingrays Stolephorus commersonii Stolephorus delicatulus Stolephorus indicus Stolephorus japonicus Stonefishes Streaked seerfish Streaked Spanish mackerel Streaked spinefoot striata, Umbrina stridens, Pomadasys stridens, Rhonciscus strigilifer, Pseudotriacanthus Striped eel catfish Striped goatfish Striped marlin Striped piggy Striped ponyfish Striped round herring Striped threadfin Striped tuna Stripped grunter STROMATEIDAE Strongspine silverbiddy strongylocephalus, Mugil Strongylura leiura Strongylura strongylura strongylura, Strongylura stylifera, Parapenaeopsis Sua subnuda, Solenocera subrostratus, Arius subviridis, Liza Suddo Sufaid-poplet Sukura Sulphur goatfish sulphureus, Upeneus sumatranus, Arius sundaicus, Upeneus superciliosus, Alopias suppositus, Grammoplites surinamensis, Lobotes Surmai Surmaya Swaso Sweetlips Swordfish Synaptura commersoniana 28 15 73 115 150 129 129 129 129 115 115 45 22 29 132 12 9 12 10 29 102 102 99 85 72 72 116 23 87 106 72 56 10 98 101 72 107-108 58 94 27 28 28 151 80,85 155 21 93 139 107-108 115 87 87 21 88 118 30 67 100,102 102 109,111 68 107 112 PAGE SYNODONTIDAE Synodus indicus Synodus macrops 23-24 24 24 T * * * * * * * * * * * * * tabi, Decapterus Tachysurus maculatus Tachysurus platystomus Tachysurus serratus Tachysurus tenuispinis Tachysurus thalassinus Tade mullet fade, Liza taeniatus, Scolopsis taeniopterus, Upeneus Taeniura lymna Taeniura melanospilos Tagan Tailgo pishik Tailgo seem taiwanensis, Sardinella talabonoides, Congresox talabonoides, Muraenesox talampariodes, Carangoides Talang queenfish Talwar Tamboriles Tanak-chand Tang's snapper Tantar tapeinosoma, Auxis Tardoore tardoore, Opisthopterus Tarli Tarpon Tarpon indo-pacífico Tarpon i ndo-pacifique Tarwhine silverbream Tasselfish Tasselfishes Taupe bleu taurus, Eugomphodus tauvina, Epinephelus Tawny nurse shark Tayabi saang Tel-tampri tembang, Sardinella Tembladores temmincki, Carcharhinus temmincki, Lamiopsis Tenpounder tentaculata, Aetoplatea Tenualosa ilisha Tenualosa toli tenuispinis, Arius tenuispinis, Hemipuniclodus tenuispinis, Tachysurus 47 18 19 19 19 19 93 93 67 87 134 134 94 123 50 8 16 16 45 49 104 115 89 62 71 101 7 7 7-9 3 3 3 77 85 97 126 126 34 124 16-17 5,9-10 8 138 122 122 3 135 10 11 19 19 19 - 198 - PAGE PAGE * * * * * * * * * * Terapon jarbua Terapon puta Terapon theraps Terapon-perches TERAPONIDAE Terapons tetradactylum, Eleutheronema TETRAODONTIDAE Tetrapturus angustirostris Tetrapturus audax Tetrapturus mitsukurii thalassinus, Arius thalassinus, Netuma thalassinus, Tachysurus Thazard cirrus Thazard coréen Thazard ponctué (IndoPacifique) Thazard rayé (IndoPacifique) Thazard-bâtard thazard, Auxis Thazards Thenus orientalis theraps, Eutherapon theraps, Terapon Thinspine catfish Thon mignon Thon obèse Thonine orientale Thonines Thons thoracata, Escualosa thoracata, Kowala Thorny stingray Thornycheek grouper thouini, Rhinobatos Threadfin breams Threadfin sea catfish Threadfins Three-banded sweetlip Three-spotted flounder Thresher sharks Thrissocles malabarica Thrissocles mystax Thrissocles setirostris Thrissocles vitrirostris Thryssa hamiltonii Thryssa malabarica Thryssa mystax Thryssa setirostris Thryssa vitrirostris Thryssas Thumbprint emperor Thumbprint monocle bream Thunnus albacares Thunnus obesus Thunnus tonggol Thuri Thute Thynnus argentivittatus Thyrsoidea macrura Tiburón acebrado Tiburón ballena 36 37 37 36 36-37 36 97 115 106 106 106 19 19 19 102 103 103 102 100 101 100 146 37 37 19 104 104 101 100 100 5 5 134 32 141 64 20 97 69 110 118 13 13 14 14 13 13 13 14 14 11 74 66 103 104 104 25 26 103 15 129 127 * * * * * Tiburón de puntas negras Tiburón del Ganges Tiburón ojuelo Tiburón rabo manchado Tiburones Tiger madak Tiger shark Tiger shrimp Tigertooth croaker Tighlum tigris, Sepia Tikki bhotan Tikki palwar Tikki pishi ti mlei, Narcine Tinji Tintle Tintorera Tintoreras Tippuch tol, Chorinemus Toli shad toli, Hilsa toli, Tenualosa tol, Scomberoides tolu, Nemipterus tonggol, Kishinoella tonggol, Thunnus Tonguesoles Tont Toora Tooro Toothed ponyfish Toothed shad Toothponies Toothpony Toro Toro bacota TORPEDINIDAE Torpedo fuscomaculata Torpedo panther Torpedo sinuspersici Torpedo scad Torpedo trevally Torpedos Torpilles Torro gallo townsendi, Parascolopsis Trachinocephalus myops Trachinotus africanus Trachinotus baillonii Trachinotus blochii Trachinotus mookalee Trachurops crumenophthalmus Trachurus indicus tragula, Upeneus Transparent herring Tread-finned trevally Trembleurs Trevallies TRIACANTHIDAE Triacanthus biaculeatus Triaenodon obesus TRIAKIDAE 119 122 123 119 119 154 120 151,154 84 107-108 167 142 10 127 138 104 74-76 120 119 77 49 11 11 11 49 66 104 104 112 78-83,85 115 115 54 7 54 54 18 126 142 142 142 142 48 48 142 142 21 66 24 51 51 51 52 50 52 88 5 40 138 39 116 116 124 129 - 199 - PAGE * * * * * * * TRICHIURIDAE Trichiurus lepturus tricuspidatus, Eugomphodus TRIGLIDAE triocellatus, Pseudorhombus Triplecross Iizardfish Tripletail Tripodfishes Tripodinos Tripodins Tropical two-wing flyingfish troschelii, Mugil Trout sweetlips Trumpeter perch tudes, Sphyrna tukula, Epinephelus tumbil, Saurida Tunas Turbot Turbot épineux indien Turrum emburyi Two-blotch ponyfish Two-spined jewfish Two-spot red snapper Twobar seabream tygrinus, Stegostoma Tylosurus acus melanotus Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus typus, Caranx typus, Rhincodon typus, Rhiniodon 104-105 105 126 29 110 24 67 116 116 116 26 92 69 36 128 35 24 100 109 109 43 55 85 62 75 129 28 28 42 127 127 PAGE * Uraspis reversa Uraspis secunda * Uraspis wakiyai Uroconger lepturus Urogymnus asperrimus Ushtar Uthar pittan V * * * U * * * * * * * * * * uarnak, Himantura Ulus Umbrina amblycephala Umbrina canariensis Umbrina dussumieri Umbrina fuscolineata Umbrina khlii Umbrina russelli Umbrina sinuata Umbrina striata undosquamis, Saurida undulosus, Epinephelus Unicorn filefísh Unicorn l eatherjacket Upeneus arge Upeneus moluccensis Upeneus sulphureus Upeneus sundaicus Upeneus taeniopterus Upeneus tragula Upeneus vittatus Uraspis cadenati Uraspis heidi 133 101 81 85 81 81 79 79 85 85 24 35 115 115 87 86 87 88 87 88 87 52 52 52 52 52 18 134 40 132-133 * vaigiensis, Liza Valamugil cunnesius Valamugil seheli Valamugil speigleri valenciennii, Johnius vanicolensis, Mulloides vari, Alepes varium, Stegostoma Varlet de I' Océan Indien Verrue bronzée Verrue tigre Verrues Verrugato de Canarias versicolor, Panulirus vespertillo, Platax Viat Viejas Vielles Violon crépuscule Violon grogneur Violon jarbua Violon tigre Violons virescens, Aprion vitrirostris, Thrissocles vitrirostris, Thryssa vitta, Lutjanus vittatus, Upeneus Vivaneau bourgeois Vivaneau cramoisi Vivaneau des mangroves Vivaneau gibelot Vivaneau gros yeux Vivaneau malabar Vivaneau mauri Vivaneau queue lune Vivaneau ziebelo Vivaneaux Voilier Voiliers Voladores volitans, Exocoetus vosmeri, Scolopsis vulgaris, Octopus vulpes, Albula 93 94 94 95 85 86 41 129 25 84 83 78 85 145 89 3 98 31,98 36 37 36 37 36 62 14 14 63 87 61 59 59 59 60 61 61 60 60 58 105 105 25 26 67 165 3 - 200 - PAGE Y W * * * * * * * * Wahoo Wahoos waigiensis, Lethrinus Wak axillaris Wak menoni Wak osseus Wak sina Wak soldado wakiyai, Uraspis walbeehmi, Scoliodon walga, Himantura Wanag Warna musko Weakfishes Weasel sharks Webfoot octopus Wedgefishes Whale shark Whip lobster Whipfin ponyfish Whiprays Whiptail stingray White milkfish White sardine White sardinella White-spotted octopus White-spotted spinefoot Whitecheek monocle bream Whitecheek shark Whitefin wolf-herring Whitespotted wedgefish Whitetip reef shark Winghead shark Witch prawn Wolf-herrings Wrasses PAGE 100 100 73 82 80 79 80 83 52 123 133 107-108 83-84 78 125 166 141 127 145 56 132 133 38 5 7 165 99 67 121 15 142 124 128 152 14 98 * yaito, Euthynnus * yamaguchiensis, Muraenesox Yellow banded emperor Yellow shrimp Yellow-fin trevally Yellow-lined l eather j acket Yellow-striped goatfish Yellowfin goatfish Yellowfin seabream Yellowfin tuna Yellowspotted trevally Yellowstreaked snapper Yellowstripe goatflsh Yellowstripe scad Yellowtail blue snapper Yellowtail scad 101 17 74 143 45 115 87 86 75 103 43 62 88 50 64 42 Z Zahro Zaid Zarday Zarkao Zarkaok * zarondnyi, Mugiabu Zebra shark Zebrias quagga zisjron, Pristis zonatus, Pristipomoides Zonichthys nigrofasciata Zorros Zrkaok zugei, Dasyatis 140 129 103 48,50 50 91 129 112 139 64 50 118 48 132 X xanthurus, Paracaesio * Xiphias estara Xiphias gladius * Xiphias gladius estara XIPHIIDAE 64 107 107 107 107 click for next page click for previous page PLATE I 1) Megalops cyprinoides MEGALOPIDAE CLUPEIDAE ENGRAULIDAE SYNODONTI DAE 2) Anodontostoma chacunda 3) Hilsa kelee 4) Sardinella albella 5) Stolephorus commersonii 6) Saurida undosquamis PLATE II HEMIRAMPHIDAE BELONIDAE SERRANIDAE 7) Hemiramphus far 8) Strongylura strongylura 9) Epinephelus bleekeri 10) Epinephelus chlorostigma 11) Epinephelus diacanthus 12) Epinephelus fasciatus PLATE III SERRANIDAE 13) Epinephelus fuscoguttatus 14) Epinephelus latifasciatus 15) Epinephelus malabricus 16) Epinephelus morrhua 17) Epinephelus tauvina 18) Epinephelus undulosus PLATE IV TERAPOMDAE CARANGIDAE 19) Terapon jarbua 20) Terapon puta 21) Sillago sihama 22) Alectis indicus 23) Alepes djedaba 24) Carangoides bajad PLATE V 25) Carangoides chrysophrys 27) Carangoides malabaricus CARANGIDAE 26) Carangoides ferdau 28) Caranx ignobilis 29) Caranx sexfasciatus 30) Megalaspis cordyla PLATE VI CARANGIDAE MENIDAE 31) Scomberoides lysan 33) Trachinotus blochii 35) Trachurus indicus 32) Scomberoides tol 34) Trachinotus mookalee 36) Mene maculata click for next page click for previous page PLATE VII LEIOGNATHIDAE 37) Gazza minuta 38) Leiognathus berbis 39) Leiognathus bindus 40) Leiognathus blochi 41) Leiognathus brevirostris 42) Leiognathus daura PLATE VIII LEIOGN ATHIDAE 43) Leiognathus dussumieri 44) Leiognathus equulus 45) Leiognathus fasciatus 46) Leiognathus leuciscus 47) Leiognathus lineolatus 48) Leiognathus splendens PLATE IX LEIOGNATHIDAE LUTJANIDAE 49) Secutor insidiator 50) Aphareus furcatus 51) Aprion virescens 52) Etelis carbunculus 53) Lipochelius carnolabrum 54) Lutjanus argentimaculatus PLATE X LUTJANIDAE 55) Lutjanus bengalensis 56) Lutjanus bohar 57) Lutjanus caeruleolineatus 58) Lutjanus ehrembergii 59) Lutjanus erythropterus 54) Lutjanus argentimaculatus click for next page click for previous page PLATE XI LUTJANIDAE 61) Lutjanus fulvus 62) Lutjanus gibbus 63) Lutjanus johnii 64) Lutjanus kasmira 65) Lutjanus lemniscatus 66) Lutjanus lunulatus LUTJANIDAE PLATE XII 67) Lutjanus lutjanus 68) Lutjanus malabricus 69) Lutjanus rivulatus 70) Lutjanus russelli 71) Lutjanus sanguineus 72) Lutjanus sebae PLATE XIII LUTJANIDAE 73) Lutjanus vitta 74) Macolor niger 75) Paracaesio xanthurus 76) Pinjalo pinjalo 77) Pristipomoides multidens 78) Pristipomoides zonatus NEMIPTERIDAE PLATE XIV 79) Nemipterus bipunctatus 80) Nemipterus japonicus 81) Nemipterus metopias 82) Parascolopsis eriomma 77) Pristipomoides multidens 84) Scolopsis bimaculatus PLATE XV NEMIPTERIDAE LOBOTIDAE HAEMULIDAE 85) Scolopsis ghanam 86) Lobotes surinamensis 87) Diagramma pictum 88) Plectorhinchus gibbosus 89) Plectorhinchus orientalis 90) Pomadasys furcatus click for next page click for previous page PLATE XVI 91) Pomadasys maculatum 93) Lethrinus elongatus 95) Lethrinus microdon HAEMULIDAE LETHRINIDAE 92) Pomadasys kaakan 94) Lethrinus harak 96) Lethrinus nebulosus PLATE XVII 97) Lethrinus ramak LETHRINIDAE SPARIDAE 98) Monotaxis grandoculis 99) Acanthopagrus berda 100) Acanthopagrus bifasciatus 101) Agryrops spinifer 102) Crenidens crenidens PLATE XVIII SCIAENIDAE MULLIDAE 103) Dendrophysa russelli 104) Otolithes ruber 105) Mulloides flavolineatus 106) Mulloides vanicolensis 107) Parupeneus barberinus 108) Parupeneus bifasciatus PLATE XIX 109) Parupeneus cinnabarinus 111) Parupeneus cyclostomus 222 mm S.L. 113) Parupeneus macronema MULLIDAE 110) Parupeneus cyclostomus 159 mm S.L. 112) Parupeneus indicus 114) Upeneus moluccensis MULLIDAE DREPANIDAE PLATACIDAE PLATE XX 115) Upeneus sulphureus 117) Upeneus tragula 116) Upeneus taeniopterus 118) Upeneus vittatus 119) Drepane punctata 120) Platax orbicularis click for next page click for previous page PLATE XXI SCATOPHAGIDAE MUGILIDAE POLYNEMIDAE 122) Liza parsia 121) Scatophagus argus 123) Mugil cephalus 125) Eleutheronema tetradactylum 124) Valamugil speigleri 126) Polynemus sextarius PLATE XXII SIGANIDAE SCOMBRIDAE 127) Siganus canaliculatus 128) Siganus javus 129) Siganus spinus 130) Auxis thazard 131) Rastrelliger kanagurta 132) Scomberomorus commerson PLATE XXIII PSETTODIDAE SOLEIDAE BOTHIDAE BALISTIDAE TRIACANTHIDAE 133) Psettodes erumei 134) Euryglossa orientalis 135) Bothus pantherinus 136) Abalistes stellatus 137) Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer 138) Triacanthus biaculeatus PLATE XXIV CARCHARHINIDAE RHINOBATIDAE RHYNCHOBATIDAE 139) Carcharhinus leucas 140) Loxodon macrorhinus 141) Rhizoprionodon acutus 142) Rhinobatos granulatus 143) Rhynchobatus djeddensis

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FIELD GUIDE COMMERCIAL MARINE AND BRACKISH WATER SPECIES OF PAKISTAN FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES PROJECT UNDP/FAO PAK/77/033 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

FIELD GUIDE COMMERCIAL MARINE AND BRACKISH WATER SPECIES OF PAKISTAN FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES PROJECT UNDP/FAO PAK/77/033 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

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